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HENRY LEBBEUS OAK 
 
WORKS 
 
 OF 
 
 HENRY L. OAK 
 
 VOL. XI. 
 
 PIONEER REGISTER 
 
 LITERARY INDUSTRIES 
 
 MISCELLANY 
 
 (In part from the Bancroft History and Native Races.} 
 
 AUTHOR'S COPY 
 1893 
 
UJf 
 
 X 
 
 I. 
 
 PIONEER REGISTER 
 
 OF 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 (From the History of California, Vol. II.-V.) 
 
PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 1542-1848. 
 
 ALL history, as a record of the acts of men, is biography. In these pages 
 it is proposed by means of an alphabetic index to make available as biograph 
 ical matter the first five volumes of this work, covering the annals of Califor 
 nia from its discovery to 1848. Through this index the reader may have access 
 directly to all that is told in the work about any man of the thousands whose 
 acts make up the country's early history. The names will not in most cases 
 be repeated in the general index at the end of vol. vii.; but to that index the 
 reader is referred for additional matter relating to such of these persons as 
 were prominent after 1848, and also for information about men who, though 
 mentioned in the history, did not come to California. 
 
 But I propose to carry this record far beyond the limits of a mere index. 
 To the thousands of names mentioned in the history will be added other 
 thousands which it has not been necessary to mention there. Thus will be 
 presented a complete register of pioneers, or early Californians. Something 
 more is done, however, than merely to register names and dates. In many cases 
 indeed, in all when it is desirable and possible information is given respect 
 ing the nationality, occupation, achievements, death, and family connections 
 of each subject, as well as about the date and manner of his coming to Califor 
 nia and his connection in public capacities with the country's annals. In this 
 way the index and register is expanded into a kind of biographic dictionary. 
 
 Of foreign pioneers that is, not of Spanish and Indian blood including 
 both residents and visitors, my register contains all the names I have been 
 able to obtain, except those found in the shipping articles and crew-lists of 
 trading vessels and muster-rolls of naval craft. Some of the former and many 
 of the latter are accessible, but they would imiltiply my lists to no good pur 
 pose. Yet when a sailor returned to California in later years I have regarded 
 him as a pioneer under the date of his earliest visit. Of Spaniards, Mexicans, 
 and native Californians, I have not attempted to present complete lists; 
 yet the aim has been to register all who acquired any sort of prominence in 
 territorial or local affairs, all the well-known traders and rancheros, all the 
 friars, all the military and civil officials, all the leading families in each sec 
 tion. The reader is also referred to the list published at the end of vol. i., 
 many of the same names being repeated here with additional information. 
 
 Obviously the most rigid condensation has been necessary, and the bio 
 graphic notes must be very brief ; yet the natural impression at first glance 
 that they are too short will in most cases be removed on closer examination. 
 Seven eighths of the names even if we could obtain additional information 
 and had space for its presentment would in their connection with Califor- 
 nian history call for nothing beyond what is here given. Of the rest, a large 
 proportion is that of public men whose acts are sufficiently recorded and dis- 
 
 (C83) 
 
684 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 cussed elsewhere, requiring only the index reference. I would call particular 
 attention to this phase of the matter and to a cognate one. Ask a pioneer 
 for his reminiscences or a sketch of his life, and he will fill his narrative 
 chiefly with the journey of his immigrant party across the plains, the organi 
 zation of his regiment and its voyage round Cape Horn, his service in the 
 California battalion, his experience in the Bear Flag revolt, or at the fight 
 of San Pascual, or with other well-known historic happenings in which he 
 took part, and which he remembers with pride. But these events are fully 
 treated elsewhere, and the pages devoted to an immigrant party are added by 
 the index to the biography of each member of the party; the chapter on the 
 New York volunteers, or the Mormon colony, to the life of each volunteer 
 and colonist; that on the Graham affair to the record of each exile. Thus a 
 large amount of matter not biographical on its face is legitimately added to 
 the Pioneer Register. It is also to be noted that the lives of many early 
 friars and officers have been given in connection with their departure or death, 
 requiring only a reference here. True, there remains after all a class of pio- 
 iieers, a hundred or two in number, permanent residents, representative citi 
 zens, founders of families, but not directly connected with public affairs, to 
 each of whom a few pages instead of a few lines might be devoted with inter 
 est, often with profit; yet these are the men who are given in this register the 
 greatest average space, and it is doubtful if that space could be increased con 
 sistently with the scope of such a work. 
 
 There will be noted an .entire absence of the indiscriminate eulogy so often 
 deemed an essential feature of pioneer sketches. I have neither space nor 
 disposition to indulge in praise or blame, either for the purpose of pleasing or 
 displeasing pioneers or their descendants, or of adding the interest of mild scan 
 dal to my sketches. Of private individuals, as a rule, no attempt is made to 
 depict the character, to picture them as 'nature's noblemen,' or to point out 
 the fact that they were not members of temperance societies. It is taken for 
 granted that they were more or less good, bad, and indifferent citizens accord 
 ing to circumstances; but their weaknesses and virtues, within certain limits, 
 do not concern me or my readers. Doubtless I have recorded many items 
 about individuals that they and their friends would prefer to have suppressed, 
 and suppressed many items that to enemies would be most agreeable reading; 
 but in each case I have acted on my own judgment and with strict impartial 
 ity. Where a man's distinguishing traits are so clearly marked that they may 
 be fairly presented in few words, especially in the case of men locally famous, 
 I have not hesitated to write the few wdrds, whether complimentary or other 
 wise. Public men are freely criticised, but mainly in other parts of the work 
 where their acts are recorded, only a summary or moderate reflection of gen 
 eral conclusions being introduced here. In the comparative extent and gen 
 eral tone of the notices, no distinction is made by reason of race between 
 Spaniards, Mexicans, Californians, and foreigners; between soldiers and 
 civilians, friars and laymen, sailors and immigrants, traders and rancheros, 
 rich and poor, the living and the dead; but, other things being equal, more 
 space is given to early pioneers than to those of later years. If a line or two 
 of extra space is occasionally devoted to a man who has furnished documentary 
 and other evidence on early times, and the record of another man who has 
 
PREFACE. C85 
 
 shown no interest is briefer, the difference does not necessarily indicate par 
 tiality, since in many instances certain kinds of information about a man can 
 be obtained only from himself or some member of his family. 
 
 From the nature of the case, my authorities, except in special instances, 
 cannot be cited. Such citations would involve endless repetition, and would 
 fill much space that can be utilized to better advantage. The reader is re 
 ferred to the general list of authorities in vol. i.; but it is proper to specify 
 here some classes that have been particularly prolific in items for this regis 
 ter. First in importance are the archives, public, private, and missionary; 
 especially in their records of naturalization and passports, custom-house 
 records, military rosters, local census lists, voting and official lists, mission 
 registers of births and marriages and deaths, and the correspondence of 
 officials, friars, and citizens; particularly important among the private archives 
 being the commercial correspondence and account-books of such men as Lar- 
 kin, Cooper, Hartnell, Spear, and many others. Next should be mentioned 
 the several hundred volumes of personal reminiscences furnished for my use 
 by early Calif ornians, native and foreign, each containing a few some very 
 many personal items in addition to those relating to the narrator and his 
 family. Third may be noted the work of such specialists as Clark on the 
 N. Y. volunteers, Tyler on the Mormon battalion, McGlashan on the Donner 
 party, Kooser on the artillery company, Lancey on the conquest in general, 
 etc. ; with valuable muster-rolls kindly furnished me by the military depart 
 ment at Washington. Fourth, and amply worthy of separate mention, we 
 have the biographic gleanings of Ben Hayes on the pioneers of southern 
 California; while in the same connection may be mentioned the patient re 
 searches of Alex. S. Taylor. Fifth, the archives of the Society of Pioneers 
 contain, besides lists of members, partials rolls of the Cal. battalion; while 
 the government lists of those who held 'Cal. claims/' Wheeler's list of San 
 Francisco lot-owners, the voluminous testimony in famous land cases, and 
 e3pecially the valuable New Helvetia diary of '45-8, furnished me by Wm F. 
 Swasey, should not be forgotten. Sixth are to be noted the newspapers of 
 '47-85, with their thousands of obituary and biographic items, so faulty in 
 individual cases, so extremely valuable in the aggregate; and, similar in 
 many respects, the county and local histories of recent years, from which I 
 have drawn much material. Finally, I must allude to special correspondence 
 v/itii many pioneers from time to time as particular information has been 
 needed; hundreds having replied, and a few such as John Bidwell, Wm H. 
 Davis, Wm Glover, S. H. Willey, John A. Swan, and others meriting fuller 
 acknowledgment than my space permits. 
 
 That this register will be appreciated in any degree commensurate with 
 the labor it has cost is not to be expected. Within my knowledge nothing 
 of the kind has ever been attempted in any new country. The value that in 
 any of the older communities would now be attached to such a record, had it 
 been made at the beginning, is my basis for estimating the prospective useful 
 ness of this. 
 
 The references are to the History of California, vol. i.-v.; that is, 'iii. 
 475,' in connection with a man's name, indicates that on page 475, vol. iii. of 
 the Hist. Cal., some information about the man, or at least a mention, will be 
 
686 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX!. 
 
 found; when the reference is enclosed in parentheses, as, (v. 340,) the reader 
 is directed to some event or party with which the man was connected, with 
 out a mention of his name. With a view to condensation, abbreviations are 
 freely used, but none, I think, which require explanation. The register will 
 be continued alphabetically at the end of vol. iii., iv., and v. 
 
 Abbott (Austin R.), 1847, Co. K, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499), living at Sacramento 
 '82. Abeck (Francois), 1847, a Swiss in Sutter's empoy at N. Helv. in '47-8. 
 One of the earliest gold-miners. 
 
 Abell (Alex. G.), 1847, native of N.Y., who went to Honolulu in '45; 
 arrived at S. F. in Nov. on the Currency Lass. Member of the firm J. B. Mc- 
 Clurg & Co. at Los Angeles till Feb. '48. From '49 well known as a business 
 man at S. F., member of the state senate in 'G3, and prominent in the masonic 
 order in later years. Living at S.F. in '85. A son, John, came with him in 
 '47; another son, E. A., died in '84. 
 
 Abella (Juan), 1842, Mex. captain, of Ind. race, who came with Michel- 
 torena and departed with him in '45. Acting comandante of the batalloii fija 
 (iv. 287, 351, et seq.), after the departure of Tellez, and com. of the post at 
 Monterey in '45. He left his business affairs in charge of Larkin, at whose 
 house he had lived, and wrote to L. from S. Bias. He signed his name 'Abeya. ' 
 See vol. iv. p. 289, 357, 405, 460, 487, 514-15, 652. 
 
 Abella (Ramon), 1798, Span, friar, who served chiefly at S. F., S. Carlos, 
 and S. Luis Ob. , dying in 1842; for many years the only survivor of those who 
 came before 1800. Biog., iv. 647; mention in i. list of auth., p. 432, 577, 712, 
 732; ii. 130-2, 159-60, 198, 288, 321-3, 329-30, 373, 375, 383, 394, 616, G55; 
 iii. 92, 96, 191, 319, 356, 396, 446, 588, 622, 679, 681, 683; iv. 46, 372, 657. 
 
 Abernethy (John J.), 1847, asst surgeon, U. S. Lexington. Aborn (John), 
 1846, in Sta Clara val., apparently an overland immig., serving perhaps in 
 Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358-60). Abrego (Emigdio), 1842, Mex. lieut of the 
 batallon fijo, '42-5. See iv. 289. 
 
 Abrego (Jose"), 1834, Mex. hatter and trader, who came with the H. & P. 
 colony (iii. 259 et seq.), and opened a store at Mont. Young, intelligent, with 
 some capital, and of good repute, he soon became a prominent citizen, holding 
 office continuously from '36, as comisario de policia, administrator of S. An 
 tonio mission, customs officei% member of the assembly, substitute member of 
 the tribunal superior, and treasurer. As sub-comisario and treasurer he was 
 in charge of the territorial finances in 1839-46, possessing the confidence of 
 all classes. In '41-2 he was involved in controversies with Gen. Vallejo in 
 the matter of distributing funds, as also in '45-6 with Pico's administration; 
 but these quarrels resulted from his position rather than his character, no one 
 questioning his integrity or ability. He revisited Mex. in '43-4. In '44 he \vas 
 the grantee of the Pt Pinos rancho, and later claimant for S. Francisquito. 
 After the U. S. occupation he deemed it his duty as a Mex. to decline office for 
 a time, but later held some local positions. He continued his career as hatter, 
 soap-manufacturer, and merchant, with more or less success and undiminished 
 popularity, till his death in '78, at the age of 65. In '36 he married Josefa Es 
 trada, half-sister of Gov. Alvarado, who survived him with six of their children. 
 The two daughters were married to Judge Webb of Salinas and J. Bolado of 
 S. F. One of the sons married a daughter of Jacob P. Leese. For mention of 
 Abrego, see vol. i. list of auth.; iii. 263, 592, 597, 601-2, 672, 675, 678, 687-8; 
 iv. 97, 99, 198, 210, 282, 327-8, 341, 357, 377, 401-3, 432, 520, 522, 532, 
 540, 557-8, 563; v. 35, 38, 41, 289, 455, 570, 636. 
 
 Acacio, Indian of S. Jos< involved in troubles with Sutter's Ind. in 1840. 
 iv. 137-8. Accolti (M.), 1848, Jesuit prominent in educational affairs at 
 Sta Clara college, and St Ignatius, S. F., dying in '78; perhaps from Or. in 
 '48. Acebedo (Francisco), soldier who came before 1780, sergeant of the S. 
 Diego Co. from 1798, and a settler at Los Ang. in 1808-19. i. 647; ii. 101, 350, 
 354. A. (Jos<). i. 569. A. (Julian), i. 303. See also list i. 732. Acedo 
 (Ignacio), resid. of Brancif. 1801-10; com. de policia, Mont., '33; Mex. coil- 
 
ACEDO-AFANADOK GS7 
 
 Viet, '34; cavalry sold, at Mont., and employe" at S. F. Solano, '30. Doubtless 
 several distinct persons, ii. 1G7; iii. G73, 720. A. (Tiburcio), had a Cal. claim 
 in '46 (v. 462-8) for 83,670. Acevcs (Antonio), settler at S. Jose" and grantee 
 of Salinas rancho 1790-5. i. 473, 683; ii. 664. A. (Jos6), hero of the 1st 
 marriage at Sta Cruz in 1794-5. i. 495. See also list i. 732. Ackerman (J. 
 Howard), 1847, clerk for Wm A. Leidesdorff at S. F., '47-8, and owner of a 
 town lot. v. 685. Ackley (Henry), 1847, Co. E, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). Acres 
 (Hiram), 1845, Amer. immig. from Or. in the McMahon-Clyman co. (iv. 472- 
 
 4, 587). At N. Helv., Sonoma, and Napa in '46-8, perhaps later. B. Akers, 
 probably the same or a son, served in the Cal. Bat. ( v. 358-60). Acuna, 1818, 
 one of Bouchard's men. ii. 220-49, 232. Adair (Wesley), 1847, Co. C, Morm. 
 Bat. (v. 469-98). In '82 an Ariz, farmer. 
 
 Adams, 1847, mr of the Loo Choo. v. 511, 576. Adams, master of the 
 Forrester, on the coast perhaps in '15. ii. 274. Adams, Amer., aged 30, at 
 Branciforte, padron of '45. A. (Charles), 1840, Scotch sailor, who left the 
 Columbia and became a lumberman in '41. 
 
 Adams (David L.), 1846, Amer. immig. from Indiana, age 10 (v. 528). His 
 father died on the way, and he lived on the Yuba a while with his mother 
 who married Abner Bryan and sisters. At S. Jose" '47 and from '49; Pla- 
 cerville mines '48-9. After a course of study at the Univ. of the Pac. in '59- 
 61, he settled on a farm near Sta Cruz in '62, marrying Julia Bennett of the 
 '43 immig. in '63. In '81, and I suppose later, he lived in the town of Sta 
 Cruz with a family of 6 children, being in the lumber trade. Sta Cruz Co. 
 Hist. , 27-8. In March '85 he writes me from S. Bernardino. 
 
 Adams (Elisha), 1846, said by Hall to have come to the Sta Clara val. 
 A. (Henry), mr of the Paradisein '27. iii. 148. Another Henry A. is vaguely 
 accredited to '44. iv. 453; and another, or the same, is named by Tinkham as 
 a boy on Howard's vessel in '46, later pres. of the Stockton Pion. Soc. 
 
 Adams (James Harmon), 1847, Co. A, N. Y. Vol., trans, to Co. G (v. 
 499). Born in N. Y. '19; opened a shoe-shop at L. Ang. '47, while still in the 
 service; policeman at S. F. '49-54; at Vallejo '55-60; and at S. F. '61-85. 
 His wife of '39, Matilda Smith, one of the original members of the 1st Presb. 
 church of S. F., died in '79. A son, James Hardie A., born on the voy. to 
 Cal., died in '49; a daughter died at L. Ang. in '48. Another son, John 
 Quincy A., 3 years old on arrival, was educated in the 1st public schools at 
 
 5. F. ; presented with a gold nugget on the plaza by a miner as the 1st school 
 boy he had seen in Cal.; played juvenile parts in the Jenny Lind theatre; 
 served on the U. S. Warren '55-6; office-boy for Com. Farragut at Mare Isl. 
 '57-8; law student at Benicia '66-7; lawyer at S. F. from '73. He has been 
 orator at pioneer celebrations, sec. of surviving N. Y. Vol., and has afforded 
 me some aid in the collection of historical material. 
 
 Adams (John), 1846, lieut Co. C, 1st U. S. Dragoons (v. 536). A. (John), 
 1846, midshipman on the U. S. Dale. Another John Adams had a Cal. 
 claim (v. 462-8) of $200 in '46; voted at S. Diego in '48; and settled near 
 Napa perhaps 2 or 3 different men. A. (Jos. H.), lieut on the Savannah 
 and Levant in '44-5. A. (Orson B.), sergt in Co. C, Morm. Bat. '47-8. v. 477. 
 
 Adams (Walter W.), 1840, Boston sailor arrested at Mont, but not exiled, 
 iv. 17, 120. Shipped on the California in '42, and later on the Laura. In 
 '44 disabled at Sta B. and Mont. , being aided by the U. S. consulate, and get 
 ting a carta ; but in Aug. he shipped on the Chas W. Morgan. A. (Wash 
 ington), 1847, Co. B, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). A. (Wm), named by Hall as hav 
 ing come to Sta Clara val. in '46. 
 
 Add i son (Isaac), 1846, a Mormon of the Brooklyn colony, v. 546, with his 
 wife and daughter. He was excommunicated from the church, and returned 
 east before Jan. '47. S. K. Addison bought a town lot at S. F. in '48. 
 
 Adler (Lewis), 1846, German cooper who came from Honolulu on the Euphe- 
 mia. Clerk for Leidesdorff and Dickson & Hay, at S. F. in '46-7, also owning 
 a town lot. A trader from '48 at Son. , where he still lived in '85, at the age of 65. 
 
 Adrian (Geo. ), 1836, named in a S. Jose padron as a foreign resident. Afa- 
 nadon, or Afanador, chaplain who came in '22 with the Can6nigo Fernandez. 
 
688 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 ii. 458. Agate, scientist attach 6 of the U. S. ex. exped. in '41. iv. 243. 
 Agazini (Flaminio), '25, mr of the transport Morolos. iii. 148. Agnew (Hugh) 
 1847, Co. H, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). Agredo, doubtful name of a school-boy at 
 Mont. '15-20. ii. 429. Agricia (Jose 1 ), grantee of the Laureles rancho in '44. 
 iv. 655. Aguado (Ignacio), Mex. lieut of the batallon fijo in '42-5. iv. 280. 
 Aguiar (Francisco), soldier of 1769etseq. ; sergt at S. Diego in 1777. i. 314, 732. 
 
 Aguila ( Jose"), Mex. settler at S. F. in 1791-1800. i. 710; munic. elector at 
 S. F. in 1827. ii. 592. From '28 Jose Aguila, or Jos6 M. Aguiiar (between 
 which names there is evident confusion), was a somewhat prominent citizen 
 of Mont. In '31-34 he was sindico; in '32-3 regidor and com. de policia. iii. 
 672-3; in '33 vocal of the diputacion. iii. 246; in '36 admin, at Soledad. iii. 
 690-1; in '38-9 clerk to admin, of S. Antonio, iii. 687-8; and in '44 grantee 
 of the Canada de Nogales rancho. iv. 634. In a Mont, padron of '36 Jose 1 
 Aguila is described as a painter, 50 years of age, native of Cclaya, married to 
 Maria Fran. Garcia, a native of Mont., aged 37. Aguila (Felipe), land near 
 Mont, in' 35. iii. 678. A. (Joaquin), claimant for land at Sta Ine"s in '47. 
 A. (Lugardo), resid. of S. Gabriel in '46. A. (Ramon), soldier of S. F. in '37- 
 43. iv. 667. See list i. 732. 
 
 Aguiiar (Bias), son of Rosario A., born at S. Diego about 1808. In '31 
 majordomo of S. D. mission, and in '34 at Tem<5cu!a. Lived in '38-43 at the 
 Palomares rancho, Los Ang. Co. In '41 got land at S. Juan Cap., where in 
 '46 he was living at the age of 38 with his wife Antonia Gutierrez, aged 29. 
 Padron; where he was alcalde in '48, and where he still lived in '76. See 
 mention in ii. 443, 550; iii. 620; iv. 626; v. 624. An Agtiilar is ment. as one 
 of Bouchard's men in '1.8. ii. 232. A. (Antonio), soldier at S. F. '19-23; 
 resid. of Los Ang. in '38, murdered in '42. iii. 564-5; iv. 632. A. (Casildo), 
 trader at Los Ang., age 26, in '39; juez de aguas in '46. iv. 625; claimant for 
 La Cie"nega. A. (Crist6bal), resid. of Los Ang., age 24, from '38, when he 
 was alcalde suplente; in '44-5, regidor. iii. 636; iv. 633. 
 
 Aguiiar (Francisco Javier), soldier of the Loreto co., who served in the 
 exped. of 1769 et seq. to S. Diego and Mont., but never came to live in Cal. 
 A sergt from 1795; in command at C. S. Liicas of a militia co. 1795-1800. 
 A. (Gabino), at San Juan Cap. in '46, age 30, with his wife Maria Ant. Seseua 
 and 6 children. Padron. A. (Ignacio), said to have fired the gun at Mer- 
 vine's defeat '46. v. 319. A. (Jose" M.), settler at Los Ang. fr. '14; regidor 
 '21, '25-6; in trouble with Gov. Victoria in '31. In the padron of '39 he is 
 noted as a bricklayer, age 54. ii. 349, 359, 559-60; iii. 196. (See also Aguila, 
 Josd.) A. (Macedonio), resid. of Los Ang. in '39, age 30; juez de campo in '43- 
 5. iv. 632-4. A. (Martin), Span. com. of one of Vizcaino's explor. vessels in 
 1602-3. i. 98, 104, 242. A. (Ramon), killed by the Ind. in '46. v. 617. 
 
 Aguiiar (Rosario), corporal of the escolta at S. Diego and S. Luis Rcy 
 missions from shortly after 1800. Lived at S. Diego fr. about '30, being 
 majordomo of the mission in '38, and getting a grant of the Paguai rancho 
 which he is said to have refused in '39. In '41 he was juez de paz at S. D., 
 but obtained land at S. Juan Cap., where he was juez in '43-4, and where he 
 died about '45. ii. 546; iii. 612, 619, 620-3, 626-7. His daughter married Jose" 
 Ant. Serrano. A. (Santiago), Mex. sergt, age 22, at Mont, in '36. In charge 
 of the printing-office, and took part in the revolt against Alvarado, '37. iii. 
 470, 523-5. A. (Simon), executed at Mont. '31. iii. 190-1, 669, .673, 679. 
 
 Aguirre (Jose" Antonio), 1834, Span. Basque, born about 1793; a wealthy 
 trader at Guaymas, when in '33-4 he engaged in the Cal. trade, owning sev 
 eral vessels, and visiting Cal. frequently. From about '38 he made Sta B. his 
 home, marrying Maria del Rosario, a daughter of Jose" Ant. Estudillo, in '42. 
 His second wife was a sister of the first. Grantee of the Tejon rancho in '43, 
 and his wife of S. Jacinto Viejo y Nuevo in '46. On account of his great 
 size he was sometimes nicknamed Aguirron; of fine presence, affable in man 
 ner, and well liked by all. An excellent type of the old-time Spanish mer 
 chant, keeping aloof for the most part from smuggling and politics, though 
 often employed by the government. Still a resident of Sta B. after 1854. 
 Ment. in iii. 620, 37, 659, 660, 727; iv. 12, 61, 100, 104, 332, 621, 635; v. 587, 
 
AGUIRRE ALEXANDER. 689 
 
 619. A<niirre (Juan B.), 1775, Span, mate and master of different transport 
 ships on the coast in 1773-90. i. 240, 287, 328, 444. A. (Severo), 1S42, Mex. 
 sergt in the batallon fijo '43-5. iv. 289. 
 
 Ahumada, 1813, Dominican of B. Cal., preaching at S. Diego, ii. 345. 
 
 Ainsworth (John), 1828, Engl. sailor ordered to be shipped to Sand. Isl. 
 by 1st vessel. Perhaps 'Rainsford,' q.v. 
 
 Ajuria (Gregorio), 1845, Span, supercargo of the Hannah, fr. Mazatlan, 
 with a letter of introd. from Parrot to Lai-kin. He finally settled at Los Ang. , 
 married the daughter of John Temple, and became rich. He went to Mex. 
 about '56 to engage in heavy and unprofitable financial operations. On the fall 
 of Comonfort went to Paris, where he died in '64, aged 47, leaving a widow 
 and several children. Akers (B.), 1846, in Cal. Bat. Probably same as 
 'Acres,' q.v. 
 
 Alanis (Mariano), 1800, Mex. settler at Los Ang. 1800-39. ii. 349. Padran. 
 A. (Maximo), 1819, resid. of Los Ang.; arrested for smuggling in '21, and for 
 political misdeeds in '31. Owner ot the S. Jose" de Buenos Aires rancho in '40- 
 3. ii. 354, 441; iii. 196, 634; iv. 633. A. (Nicolas), a settler at L. Ang. in 
 1807. ii. 350; and Marcos A. in '46. 
 
 Alarcon (Caspar), 1602, Span. com. of one of Vizcaino's ships, i. 98. A. 
 (Hernando). 1540, com. of an cxplor. vessel at the head of the gulf; may have 
 seen Cal. territory, i. 68. Alarico, 1840, Ind. chief arrested by Sutter. iv. 
 137. Alariza (Juan P.), Cal. claim for $11,565 in '46 (v. 462-8). 
 
 Alava (Jose" Manuel), 1793-4, Span, brigadier of the navy, or commodore, 
 who visited Cal. in connection with the Nootka affair. He fell at the battle of 
 Trafalgar in 1803. i. 509, 523-3, 533. Alballo (Feliciano), 1777, one of the 1st 
 settlers at S. F. i. 297. Albcrger (John), 1847, Co. A, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Alberni (Pedro), 1796, Span, lieut-col, and capt. of Catalan vol., who 
 came in connection with the project of founding Branciforte. By his rank ho 
 was com. of the S. F. post in 1796-1800, and com. de armas of Cal. at Mont. 
 in 1801-2, dying in 1802. See biog., ii. 5-6; mention in i. 535, 539-41, 543, 
 565-7, 615, 630, 639, 679. 693, 705, 729; ii. 2, 140. 
 
 Albert (J. C.), 1833, mr of whaler Isabel, iii. 382. Albet (Ibre), 1825-6, 
 mr of whaler Triton, iii. 149. Albin (Charles), 1845, Amer. at Mont. ; prob. 
 same as Chas Albien, who got a lot at S. F. in '47. iv. 587, 685. Albright 
 (James), 1845, Amer. sailor fr. the Tasso at S. F., aided by U. S. consul. 
 Alcantara (Pedro), 1792-5, mason-instructor, i. 615, 684. 
 
 Alden (Fernando), 1832, at Mont, in '47. Amer. who testified at S. F. '53, 
 in U. S. vs Oastillero, that he came in '32, and had lived 25 years in Cal. and 
 Mex. A. (James), 1841, lieut in U. S. ex. exped. iv. 241. Later a commo 
 dore. Alderman (Isaac W.), 1848, Amer. miner from Or.; killed by C. E. 
 Pickett at Sacramento. See Hist. Or. , i. 459. 
 
 Aldrich (James), 1847, Co. I, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. in Va '64. A. 
 (Prudence), 1846, widow in the Mormon col, v. 546, with son and daughter, 
 her husband, Silas Aldrich, having died on the voyage. She was owne of a 
 S. F. lot in '47; but returned to Utah, where she still lived with her daughter 
 in '84. Her son Jasper died in Utah. 
 
 Alegre (Antonio), 1790-5, settler at S. Jose*, i. 478, 683. . Aleponzoni 
 (Flavio), 1791, alferez in Malaspina's exped. i. 490. Alered (Jesus), 1846, 
 resid. of S. Bernardino. Alexander, 1834, Engl. sailor in a Mont. list. 
 
 Alexander (Cyrus), 1832, Amer. tanner born in Penn. 1805, but moving 
 with his parents to 111. in 1810. In '31, or perhaps earlier, after an unprofit 
 able experience in lead-mining at Galena, he started for the far west as a trap 
 per for the Sublette Co., and came to Cal. by way of Sta Fe. The date has 
 been variously given from '27 to '35; but original archive evidence of '37-45 
 leaves no doubt that he came in '32 or '33. For 7 or 8 years he remained in 
 the south, engaged in hunting, fishing, trading, soap-making, and stock-rais 
 ing. He received Mex. naturalization papers on March 18, 1837, though he 
 applied for new papers in '45. About '40 he came north and took charge on 
 shares of Henry D. Fitch's Sotoyome rancho, now Healdsburg, obtaining for 
 himself 2 leagues of the rancho in '47. In Dec. '44 he was married by Sutter 
 HIST. CAL., VOL. II. 44- 
 
690 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 to Rufina Lucero, a sister of Wm Gordon's wife, from N. Mex. There was 
 trouble about this marriage, which had to be repeated by a priest at Sta Clara. 
 During the flush times Alexander, though unlucky as a miner, became rich 
 by the sale of rancho products and increase in the value of his land. Hia 
 name in many ways is prominently and honorably connected with the history 
 of Healdsburg. Unlike any other Cal. ex-trapper known to history or tradi 
 tion, he was converted, joined the presbyterian church, and finally became a 
 methodist, giving liberally to church and educational enterprises; but he was 
 also charitable in other respects, acquiring an enviable reputation locally as 
 an honest, unassuming citizen. He died in '72, after 7 years of partial paraly- 
 sis, leaving a widow and 4 of his 12 children. Mention in iii. 388, 408; iv. 
 117, 674. His portrait is given in the Sonoma Co. Hist., 91. A MS. in my 
 collection Life and Times of Cyrus Alexander, by his nephew Charles Alex 
 ander contains many details. 
 
 Alexander (David W.), 1841, Irish trader from N. Mex. At first a ran- 
 chero in the S. Bernardino region, and later in trade at L. Ang. with Temple. 
 He strongly favored the Amer. in the troubles of '46; was one of the prisoners 
 taken at Chino (v. 311-14); and after the war was made collector of customs 
 at S. Pedro in '47-8. Successful claimant for the ranches of Tujunga and 
 Providencia. In '50 regidor of Los Ang., and county sheriff in '55-6 and '76-7. 
 His wife was a daughter of Manuel Requena. Still living, '85, in the vicinity 
 of Los Ang. Mentioned in iv. 278-9; v. 314, 441, 572, 575, 626, 634-5. 
 Alexander (G.), 1848, pass, from Honolulu. A. (Horace M.), 1847, Co. B, 
 Morm. Bat. (v. 469-98). Alexy (John), 1825, mr whaler Factor, iii. 147. 
 Alfaro (Joaquin), 1834, accused of murder at Mont. iii. 673. Alfe (Alfon), 
 1827, mr whaler Orion, iii. 148. 
 
 Alford (Landy), 1846, overland immig. who worked as a carpenter at Mont., 
 and at Benicia in '47-8, afterwards settling in Suisun valley. His daughter was 
 the wife of Nathan Barbour. v. 672. 
 
 Alipas (Damaso), 1831, engaged in the S. Diego revolt, iii. 201. A. (Ger- 
 vasio), in same revolt; also executed by the vigilantes at Los Ang., in '36. iii. 
 417-19. A. (Jos6), resid. at S. Juan Cap., age 37, in '41-6; com. of a mil. 
 force at S. Luis Rey in '46. iv. 620-1, 626. A. (Martin), 1846, resid. at Los 
 Aug. A. (Santos), 1846, killed at the Pauma massacre, iv. 617. Allamando 
 (Victorino), 1841, resid. at S. Jose", age 35. 
 
 Allen, 1832, trapper with Nidever in '30, and thought by N. to have come to 
 Cal. a little later, iii. 408. Allen, 1847, in Sutter's employ. Allen ( Albern), 
 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469-98). A. (Andy), 1846, said by Hall to have 
 come to Sta Clara val. with his brothers Thos and Wm, and his sisters Melissa 
 and Rebecca. Perhaps brothers, etc., of J. M. Allen, q.v. 
 
 Allen (Daniel), 1848, a Mormon killed by Ind. in exploring for a new road 
 over the Sierra on the return to Utah. v. 496. Tyler calls him Daniel, but there 
 is no such name on the rolls. Bigler calls him Ezrah H. Perhaps it was Elijah or 
 George Allen, who were privates in Co. B. Another George A. was in Co. E. 
 
 Allen (David), 1847, Amer. immig. in Brown's co. of '46, but left sick 011 
 the way, going to Or. and visiting Cal. in '47. His wife died on the overland 
 journey (v. 52(5-30). See Jas M. Allen. 
 
 Allen (George), 1822, Irishman, said to have been a quaker, also called 
 Scotch and English in some records, who landed at Mont, at age of 26. He 
 was baptized as Josef Jorge Tomds at S. Carlos in '24, and in '26 married Petra 
 Boronda, a native of S. Jose", age 14. Naturalized in '29. He kept a little shop 
 or inn at Mont., in comp. with Wm Gralbatch, but sold out to Mclntosh in '3J 
 for $90. In one way or another his name appears in the records of almost every 
 year, as he was a favorite witness to divers contracts, had petty transactions 
 with everybody, and served on occasion as surgeon and dentist. He was several 
 times a member and oftener an employe" of the ayuntamiento. In a padron of 
 '36, when he was munic. treasurer, he is noted as a trader, 40 years old, with 
 wife and 4 children. In '42 he was justice-of the peace, and seems to have got a 
 lot at S. F., though he never lived there. In '44-5 teacher by the governor's 
 appointment, and in '45-6 clerk in the U. S. consulate, being an excellent pen- 
 
ALLEN ALLSO PP. 691 
 
 man, and evidently a man of some education. He sometimes signed Gco. W. Al 
 len. He died at Mont, in '47, and his widow was still living in '83; his sons were 
 Miguel, b. in '27 in 'S3 living in Inyo Co. Jose" George, b. in '33. and Alonzo, 
 who in '83 kept a saloon in Mont. ; one daughter married Dr Martin of S. Jose", 
 and the other lived in '83 with her mother, ii. 478, 496, 525, 609, 674; iii. 409, 
 17G; iv. 117, 653, 669; v. 681. 
 
 Allen (Geo. Trail), 1848, appointed Nov. '48 Hawaiian consul in Cal. v. 
 615. Perhaps did not arrive till '49. A. (Henry), 1847, owner of a S. F. lot. 
 A. (James), capt. 1st U. S. dragoons, who organized and commanded the 
 Morm. Bat. in '46, but died before reaching Cal. v. 473-8. 
 
 Allen (James M.), 1846, Amer. immig. from Mo. (v. 526-30), son of David 
 Allen, q. v. With his brothers and sisters he went to Sta Clara, where he lived 
 also serving in Weber's company, and getting a lot at S. F. in '46-8. He was 
 a gold-miner in '48, also visiting Oregon. From '49, trader in live-stock, founder 
 of the town of Fremont in '49, and sheriff of Yolo Co. in '50. From '53 in Contra 
 Costa; from '61 at S. F., though interested in Nevada mines; and in '65-8 adj.- 
 gen. of Cal. militia, subsequently engaging in i-eal estate business at Livermore, 
 where he still lived at the age of 56 in '84. His wife was Sidesia Mendenhall, 
 his children Eugene and Delora (Mrs Biddle). A. (Jesse H. ), 1846, Co. E, Cal. 
 Bat. (v. 358-60), under Capt. Grisby '46-7. 
 
 Allen (John), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. v. 489-90. A hard case, who was 
 drummed out of the battalion and ex-corn, from the church at Los Ang. Owner 
 of a S. F. lot in '47. v. 685. Later a ' terror' in the Placer Co. mines, being 
 killed in a quarrel at Grass Valley in '51. A. (Otis), 1841, named as a Maine 
 man, resid. in Sonoma Co. '50-'77. A. (Rufus C.), 1847, Co. A> Morm. Bat. 
 (v. 469); a Utah farmer in '81. A. (Theodore Henry), 1847, Pion. Soc. record. 
 A. (Thomas), 1841, succeeded Ridley in charge of Sutter's launch. 
 
 Allgeier (Nicolaus), 1840, German trapper, some time in H. B. Co.'s em 
 ploy, who came by land fr. Or. and worked for Sutter at N. Helv. His name 
 was generally, and perhaps correctly, written Altgeier. He often quarrelled 
 with the capt., who once accused Le Grand Nicolas of having tried to kill him; 
 but A. was not discharged as threatened. In '42 he got from Sutter a tract 
 of land on the Sac. just below Bear River, where he managed a ferry at the 
 crossing between N. Helv. and Hock, building a hut of poles, and later an 
 adobe house; and here the little town of Nicolaus bears his name. In '44 he 
 was naturalized, and is often named in the N. Helv. Diary of '46-8. He still 
 lived on his rancho in '49, and is remembered in '52-5 by Bid well; still living 
 in '60. He left children. Mention in iv. 117, 120, 139, 229; v. 108. 
 
 Allig, see Elick. Allison (Francis), 1845, one of Fremont's men, though 
 there is some doubt about the date. v. 583, 587. Wounded in '50 in a fight 
 with Incl. in El Dorado Co. In '84 a gardener at Oakland. Allmand (Albert), 
 1846-7, act. lieut U. S. N.; lieut Co. D, Stockton's Bat. v. 386. 
 
 Allrecl (Reddick R.), 1847, sergt Co. A, Morm. Bat. Also Q. M. sergt, and 
 capt. of 50 on the return, v. 477, 493. In '81 a bishop and col of militia in 
 Utah. J. R. Allred is also named by Tyler in connection with the march to 
 Utah in '48. Allshouse (Joseph), 1841, marine on the Vincennes, killed acci 
 dentally in crossing S. F. bar. iv. 279. 
 
 Allsopp (James P. C.), 1848, native of La, his father being of an old well- 
 known Engl. -Amer. family and his mother of the Span, family of Alfaro de 
 Villahermosa. Educated in England. A volunteer in the Mex. war, being 
 wounded at Cerro Gordo. In '48 came overland with an immig. party from 
 N. Orleans, v. 556; and kept a boarding-house in '48-51 at S. F., subsequently 
 making several voyages as master of a vessel, in which he went east in '54. 
 In '57 he made a 2d overland trip from V. Cruz to Tepic, and came to S. F., 
 making several later voyages, and adding a shipwreck to his catalogue of adven 
 tures. In '60 a miner in Tuolumne, writing besides for the newspapers, as he 
 did occasionally at all stages of his career. In '61 married Angelina, daughter 
 of R. R. Hunter of N. J. In '61-'79, with a few intervals of mining and trade, 
 he was a teacher in many public and 1 private institutions of Cal. and Or. In 
 '80-4 he did good service as a gleaner of hiatoric data in my library; and in 
 
692 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 '85 is teaching in a Berkeley institution. His Leaves from my Log Book is an 
 interesting addition to my store of pioneer reminiscences; and few of the thou 
 sands named in this list have had so varied an experience. Allyn, 1848, mr 
 of the Isaac Walton, v. 578. 
 
 Almenares (Fruto), resid. of S. Bern, and Los Aug. '46-8. A. (Ign.), Los 
 Ang. 1813. ii. 359. A. (Jose" M.), Los Aug. '46. A. (Pedro), soldier at S. 
 F. and Sonoma, '39-42. 
 
 Alpen (James), 1828-9, Engl. sailor at Mont. Perhaps 'Halpin.' 
 Altamirano (Abelino), at Los Ang. '40. A. (Domingo), S. F. soldier '37- 
 43. iii. 638, 667. A. (Francisco), S. Jose" '41, married to Encarnacion Bernal. 
 
 A. (Gonzalo), soldier at S. F. '23-9; sent to Mex. '30. iii. 85. A. (Jose" C.), 
 Los Ang. '46. A. (Juan C.), regidor at S. Joss 1809. ii. 134. A. (Justo), 
 settlerS. F. 1791-1800; inval. '19-23. i. 716. A. (Lucas), soldier at S. Juan 
 1800. i. 588. A. (Luis), alfe"rez at Los Ang. '45-8. iv. 505. A. (Marcos), 
 soldier S. F. '19-24. A. (Rafael), at N. Helv. '47. A. (Salvador), soldier 
 of S. F. comp. '32-42. A. (Victoriano), soldier at S. F. '23-9; sent to Mex. 
 '30. ii. 85. See also list in i. 732. 
 
 Altimira (Jose"), 1820, Span, friar at S. F. and Solano, of which latter he 
 was the founder. He left Cal. in '28. A padre who had a will of his own. See 
 biog. in ii. 579; list of auth. in vol. i. ; mention in ii. 375, 394, 496-505, 595, 
 597, 655; iii. 24, 93-4. 
 
 Alurel (J. B.), 1836, French saddler at Mont. Perhaps 'Mutrel,' q.v. 
 
 Alva (Manuel), 1833, Mex. surgeon of the Cal. forces who came to Mont, 
 with Gov. Figueroa, and before '36 married Nicolasa Gajiola. In '37, with 
 other Mex., he took part in the revolt against Alvarado, for which he was 
 arrested and confined at S. Miguel; but escaping, joined the Cnrrillo faction in 
 the south, only to be rearrested in '38 by Castro at S. Buen. and released on 
 promise of non-interference in politics. At first he was noted as a free 
 thinker, but with illness became devout. In '40, being disabled at the age 
 of 53, he got a passport for Mex., and his successor was appointed. No defi 
 nite record of his departure or death, iii. 236, 240, 296, 463, 523-4, 555. 
 Alva (Valentin). Resid. of S. Bernardino in '46. 
 
 Alvarado (Francisco Javier), soldier of S. Diego from 1780, and of Sta- 
 
 B. comp. from 1789. In 1795-6 corporal, and comisionado at Los Ang.; in 
 1S05 sergt; and in 1809-10 again comisionado, dying before 1818. He mar 
 ried Maria Ignacia, daughter of Pedro Amador, about 1788. i. 601; ii. 110- 
 1 1, 349, 356-7. A. (Francisco Javier), probably a son of the preceding, born 
 in 1807, and a resid. of Los Ang., where he was suplente member of the dip. 
 in '33, alcalde in '35, and again suplente in '37. In a padron of '39 he figures 
 as a trader, age 32, and still lived at Los Ang. in '48. iii. 246, 282, 506, 565, 
 629. A. (Francisco Maria), perhaps a brother of the preceding, though there 
 may be confusion between two or more of the same name. Grantee of Peiias- 
 quitos rancho in '23, '34, '36, on which he lived; regidor of S. Diego '37; 
 grantee of Soledad rancho in '38; aux. alcalde and regidor at Los Ang. (?) 
 '38-9; treasurer at S. Diego '40-1; and juez in '45. ii. 547, 612, 618, 663; iv. 
 53-4, 495, 612, 616, 619, 620-1, 636. See also list i. 732. A. (Fran. M.), at 
 Los Ang. '39, age 25. 
 
 Alvarado (Ignacio Maria), witness in the Herrera trial '27; regidor at Los 
 Ang. '32-3; juezdecampo '35; si'ndico '37; prisoner in.'38; resid. of Los Ang., 
 age 27, in '39; juez de paz '41; still at Los Ang. '48. Very likely more than 
 one of the name. iii. 62, 517, 554-5, 635-6; iv. 632.. A. (Ignacio Rafael), 
 1774, soldier and later sergt of S. D. and Sta B. <comp. ; may have been the 
 father of some of the preceding and following. Biog. i. 647, 452. A. (Isidro 
 M.), aux. alcalde in Angeles dist. 'SS; age 26 in '39; grantee of Monserrate 
 rancho '46. iii. 636; v. 619. He seems to have been the man who died at S. 
 Luis Rey '62, and at whose grave- the mourners were attacked by the sheriff 
 r.ncl one killed. A. (Joaquin), regidor at Mont. '31-2. Born at S. D. in 
 1800; married to Juana de Dios Higuera; 5 children in '36, Juan Jose", Fe 
 lipe, Jose A., Maria Ana, and Francisco, iii. 114, 672-3; iv., 653. A. (Joa- 
 quina), grantee of the Canada Larga rancho '41. rv. 642: 
 
ALVARADO. G93 
 
 Alvarado (Jose Francisco), 1805, sergt Mont co. Son of Juan B. , and father 
 of Juan B. (the governor). Died in 1809. Biog. ii. 141. A. (Jose" M.), grantee 
 of Vallecitos rancho '40; juez at S. D. '41-2;" killed at Pauma '40. iii. 012; iv. 
 C19; v. G17. A. (Josefa), owner of house at Los Ang. '31. iii. 539; also '48; 
 as was Juana Alv. A. (Juan), regidor of Los Ang. '31. iii. 196. A. (Juan 
 A.), memb. of dip. '37. iii. 506. A. (Juan Bautista), father of Jose" Fran, 
 as above, a soldier who came in the 1st exped. of 1709, but did not remain, 
 iii. 141. 
 
 Alvarado (Juan Bautista), son of Sergt Jose" F. Alvarado and Maria Josefa 
 Vallejo, born at Mont. Feb. 14, 1809. To a man like this, \\ho for years was 
 a central figure in California history, and to whom many pages are devoted in 
 other parts of this work, but scanty justice can be done in this register. I 
 attempt no more here than to present a brief chronologic outline of salient 
 points, to index the pages devoted to the subject in other volumes, and to add 
 some general remarks on the man, his character, and his career. Alvarado's 
 official life began in '27, from which date to '34 he was secretary of the dip- 
 utacion, being named in '31 as comisionado for S. Luis Ob., and meanwhile 
 employed as clerk by different Monterey merchants. From '34 to '36 he was 
 a vista, or appraiser, in the Mont, custom-house. In '34 he was elected mem 
 ber of the dip. for the term of '35-6, and in '36 was president of that body. 
 For a biog. sketch down to '36, see iii. 450-3; mention for the same period, 
 in ii. 429; iii. 36-43, 49-50, 69, 82, 186, 216, 245, 249-50, 291, 295-6, 3C7, 
 374, 378, 422, 426, 429, 441, 443, 679, 682. Leading a revolution against Gov. 
 Gutierrez, Alvarado was revolutionary gov. of Cal. from Dec. 7, '36, to July 
 9, '37; from that date, by submitting to Mex., he became regular gov. ad int. 
 r.s pres. of the dip. till Nov. 24, '39, when he became constitutional gov. by 
 Mex. appointment of Aug. On his revolution, struggle with the south, cam- 
 
 87, et seq., 101, 149-50. On Alvarado's rule in ; 39-42, including his marriage, 
 eceiii. 579-94,039; controversy with Vallejo, iii. 595-607; iv. 190-205,281-4; 
 acts in the Graham affair, iv. 1-41; policy in mission and Ind. affairs, iv. 47- 
 73, 194-8, 330-41; commerce and finance, iv. 91-100, 206-25, 341-2; treatment 
 of foreigners, Sutter, Russians, etc., iv. 107-89, 228-52; Com. Jones' affair, 
 iv. 307-19; succession of Micheltorena, iv. 291-7. Alvarado's governorship 
 ended on Dec. 31, '42; but from '43 he held a commission of colonel in the Mex. 
 army with pay; and from '47 that of colonel of the defensores de la patria. He 
 was a leading spirit in the revolution of '44-5 that made Pico gov. , and by the 
 latter was made admin, of the Mont, custom-house. He was elected to con 
 gress in '45, but did not go to Mex., being also the grantee of several ranchos, 
 including the famous Mariposas. Though serving as colonel under Castro, he 
 took but slight part in the affairs of '40, being arrested and paroled in Sept., 
 and residing as a citizen in '47-8 at his rancho near Monterey, though the 
 Mex. govt had appointed him ayud. inspector of the Cal. presidial companies. 
 For mention of A. in this part of his career, '43-8, see iv. 357, 366-7, 403-4, 
 407-9, 453, 485, 488-508, 518-20,524, 536-7, 539-40,544, 556-82, 601-2, 621, 
 C72-3; v. 5, 28, 31-2, 41, 69, 137, 231, 201, 267, 282, 289, 363, 433, 455, 561, 
 05-6; iii. 712. In the flush times and period of land litigation Alvarado saved 
 no land or money; but subsequently moved to the San Pablo estate inherited 
 by his wife Martina, daughter of Francisco Castro, whom he married in ? 39 
 where, though the property was always in litigation, he was enabled to live 
 comfortably until his death on July 13, 1882. His wife had died in '75, but he 
 left several children, including two sons and a married daughter. He had also 
 several natural daughters before his marriage. In physique Don Juan Bautista 
 was of medium stature, stout build, fair complexion, and light hair; of genial 
 temperament, courteous manners, and rare powers of winning friends. Re 
 specting his character I must refer the reader to the discussion elsewhere of his 
 various acts. Much will be found in him to praise, much to condemn. Most 
 that is bad in his conduct may be traced to his environment, to his position as a 
 
694 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 politician forced by circumstances to support himself by intrigue, and to his 
 unfortunate indulgence in intoxicating drink. From '39 he was reckless, dissi 
 pated, and in some degree disposed to permit rascalities on the part of associates 
 and subordinates; though, indeed, all he could have done to prevent such con 
 duct was to resign and leave the responsibility to another. Nor can it be said 
 tliat he passed through the ordeal of later land litigation without discredit. 
 In his favor it may be said that he had more brains, energy, and executive 
 ability than any three of his contemporaries combined; that in most of his many 
 controversies he was right as well as successful; that he w y as patriotic, and at 
 the first full of good intentions for his country; that the politicians who forced 
 him to expend his energies and the country's substance in sectional quarrels 
 arc largely responsible for his failure; that none of his countrymen could have 
 done so well in his place; that he was honorable in his private dealings, true 
 to his political friends, and never used his position to enrich himself. Pic has 
 been accused, and for the most part unjustly, through church influence, of hav- 
 ing-plundered the missions; but for their inevitable ruin he was responsible 
 only in being gov. while it was accomplished. Still more grossly exaggerated, 
 and even false, have been the accusations of such men as Farnham and Hastings, 
 founded on Alvarado's policy toward foreigners. In my list of authorities will 
 be found many of Alvarado's writings. His original letters of '36-42 merit 
 only praise as the best authority extant on the history of that period. His 
 Jilxtoria de California, dictated for my use in 76, is valuable in many parts 
 and worthless in many others. 
 
 Alvarado (Juan B.), son of Fran. J. Alvarado, born in 1790, regidor of Los 
 Aug. in '30-1; at S. D. as regidor and com. dc policiain '35-G; at Los Ang. in 
 '37; memb. of the dip. in '39. ii. 561; iii. 509, 584, 634, 615-16. Grantee of 
 llincon del Diablo in '43. He died in '47, leaving a family. A. (Juan Jose"), 
 soldier and corp. at S.Diego fr. 1793, and settler at Los Aug. in '15. ii. 330. 
 Another of the same name was a son of Joaquin A., born at Mont, in '26. 
 A. (Juan N.), settler at Los Ang, '12; regidor in '32, '35-6, age 46 in '39. A. 
 (Juana), land-owner at Los Ang. '48. A. (Maria Joaq. ), wife of Gab. Moraga. 
 ii. 571. A. (Mariano), at Los Ang. '46. A. (Miguel), soldier of Sta B. and 
 S. F. '26-37; in '44 at Sonoma, age 44, and grantee of Yulupa rancho. iv. 
 (,"4. A. (N.), soldier at Mont. '45. iv. 487. A. (Tomasa), house and lot at 
 S. Diego, 1830. ii. 546; iii. 612. 
 
 Alvarez, murdered at Sta B. 1794. i. 669, A. (Felipe), settler at Mont. 
 1791. i. 606. A. (Jos<5), artilleryman teacher at S. F. 1797-1800. i. 644. 
 
 A. (Jos6 F.), sec. of ayunt. S. Diego '38; clerk in Mont, custom-house '43-4. 
 iii. 610; iv. 377, 431. A. (Juan), Ind. on the S. Antonio, 1709. i. 131; guard 
 at S. D. 1775. i. 250; settler at Los Ang. 1790. i. 460. A. (Miguel), r.t Sta 
 
 B. '37, wife Paula Lara. At Los Ang. in '4G. A. (Pedro), ab Los An. 1799. 
 ii. 340. A. (Pedro M.), mcj. at S. D., murdered '14. ii. 346. A. (Tibnr- 
 cio), plotting with Ind. '39. iii. 587. 
 
 Alvires (Claudio), settler at S. Jose"fr. 1780; land in 1783; regidor in 1785, 
 1305. i. 477-8, 350; ii. 134. A. (Francisco), settler at S. F. 1791-1800. i. 
 710; Id., resid. S. Gab. '46. A. (Juan), soldier who came before 1790. i. 
 733. A. (Juan), perhaps son of the preceding; alcalde of S. Jose 1812-13. ii. 
 G04-5; ale. of Mont. '26. ii. 611-12; grantee of La-guna Seca rancho '34; ale. 
 of S. Jose" '37. iii. 430, 712, 729-30; mention in '44-6. iv. 466, 470; v. 6, 61. 
 
 Alviso (Agustin), son of Ignacio, b. at S. F. 1809; soon going to Sta Clara; 
 married Maria Ant. Pacheco in '30; maj. of S. Jose" mission '40-1; grantee of 
 Potrero de los Cerritos rancho '44. iv. 672, and later owner of Sta Rita in 
 Livermore Val. He was a prosperous ranchero, locally well known. Arrested 
 by Butter in '44 in the Micheltorena affair. His wife died in '70; his children 
 v.-cre Margarita b. in '31, mar. in ; 59 to Andronico Soto, at S. Luis Ob. in '85 
 v/ith 5 children; Jos3 b. in '34, Salvio b. in '37, Valentin b. in '41; Jesus M. 
 1>. in '44, mar. Ignacio Pacheco in '65, at Pleasanton in '85; Jose" B. b. in '50, 
 Akin. Co. '85; Guadalupe b. in '52, Alam. Co. '85. Don Agustin died in '80. 
 
 Alviso (Anastasio), con of Francisco Jav., said not to have, married. Id., 
 con of Ign:Lcio, rcsid. of S. Jo.3u in '41, r.^o 43; v/ifo i.Iovi'a Ant. Altamirano; 
 
ALVISO. 695 
 
 child., Bias b. in '28, Isabel '32, Antonia '37, Ignacio '39. Bias Alviso is 
 known from his connection with the affair of Aree's horses in '46, and his con 
 sequent claim on the govt. v. ICG, 4GO. 
 
 Alviso (Domingo), son of Igiiacio, b. at S. F. about 1817; in '41 a resid. 
 of S. Jose"; wife Maria S. Pacheco; child., Rafael and Lie's. In '45 he was 
 elected *Jd alcalde, iv. GS3. See also list i. 733. There was also a corporal Al 
 viso at Sta B. in '24. ii. 531. 
 
 Alviso (Fran. Javier), bro. of Ignacio, who came as a S. F. settler with Anza 
 in 75-G. i. 297, 716; said to have mar. Maria Ant. Beltran, by whom he had 
 Nicolas, Francisco, and Anastasio; but in '17 at S. Carlos was married Fran 
 cisco son of Francisco and Maria tie los Reyes Duarte to Gertrudis Villa- 
 vicencio. Francisco (the son?) was a sold, in S. F. comp. to '22; it was his 
 daughter, perhaps, that married Jose" M. Amador. ii. 585. Fran. ment. at Los 
 Aug. in '31. iii. 208. In the S. Jos<S padron of '41 is Francisco (1st), Calif., 
 age 51; wife Maria B. Linares; child., Maria S. b. in '29, Maria L. '32, Felipe 
 '35, Maria H. '36, Maria R. '37. Also Francisco (2d), age 25; wife Maria I. 
 Miranda; child, Maria B. Francisco was grantee of Canada de los Vaqueros 
 rancho in '44. iv. 671. Another Francisco, grantee of Agua Puerca in '43. iv. 
 G55; alcalde of Branciforte '44, iv. 664; was in '45 living at Brancif., age 51, 
 native of S. Jose"; wife Bernabela Garcia; child., Josefa b. in '29, Maria T. 
 '32, Guillermo '35, Sabas '39, Manuelita '42. 
 
 Alviso (Gabriel), son of Ignacio, b. in 1802; soldier at S. F. '19-30, also 
 at S. F. in '37; in '41 at S. Jose"; wife Francisca Higuera, child., Juan 
 Ign. b. ; 24, Maria '27, Nicolas '29, Maria A. '31, Jose" R. and Jose" S. '34, 
 Margarita '35, Tomas '39, Jose E. '40. Also at S. J. in '47. v. 665. 
 
 Alviso (Ignacio), native of Sonora, b. in 1772; son of Domingo A. and An 
 gela Trejo, Spaniards; came with his mother, brother, and sister as member of 
 Anza's S. F. colonists in '75-6. i. 257. In '90 enlisted in S. F. comp., serving 
 as a private till 1805, and as corp. to 1819, when he became an invalido, or 
 pensioner, with the rank of sergt and half pay by order of the king. He re 
 mained for some years at S. F., being an elector in '27, and militiaman in '37. 
 ii. 592. Then he went to Sta Clara; was grantee of Rincon de los Esteros rancho 
 in '38. iii. 712; and was admin, of Sta Clara mission in '40-3; juez in '47. v. 
 662. He died in '48, leaving a large estate. He may be regarded as the original 
 Alviso of Cal. , and a town in Sta Clara Co. bears his name. His wife was Marga 
 rita Bernal, mar. in '94 at S. F. ; his children, Agustin, Jose" Ant., Gabriel, 
 Anastasio, Jose" M., Domingo, Concepcion, and Dolores. Another Ignacio 
 A. was a native of Cal., age 65, at S. Jos6 in '41; wife Luisa Peralta. 
 
 Alviso (Jose Ant.), son of Ignacio. Soldier in S. F. co. down to '24; regidor 
 at S. Jos6 '28. ii. 605; elector and militiaman S. F. '37. iii. 705; juez at S. 
 Francisquito and S. Jose" '39, '43. iii. 705; iv. 685. Ment. down to '55, when 
 he was claimant for Arr. de Purisima rancho. v. 371, 637, 677. He died be 
 fore '85, leaving a large estate. A. (Jose Ant.), probably another man and 
 son of Nicolas, at Salinas in '77 gave me his interesting Campana de Nativi- 
 <l-i'l, MS. A. (Jose" Maria), son of Ignacio, b. about 1798; sold, at S. F. 
 '10-27; grantee of Milpitas in '35. iii. 712; alcalde at S. Jose" '36. iii. 729- 
 33; in '41 resid. of S. Jose", with wife Juana Galindo; child., Josefa b. '22, Car 
 men '30, Agustina '32, Florencina '34, Antonio '33, Gabriel '38. A. ( Jose" M. ), 
 sold, at S. F. '27-32 and later; militia officer at S. Jos6 '37. iii. 732; grantee 
 of Canada Verde '38, and later claimant for Quito (perhaps dif. men), iii. G77; 
 i .-. 672; in '41 at S. Jose", age 29; wife Manuela Cantua; child., Francisco and 
 Igiiacia; with Arce in com. of troops '46. v. 106-9, 662. A. (Juan), resid. of 
 S. Jose" '41, age 52, wife Lugarda Briones, child Juan. A. (Loreto), sister of 
 Ignacio, who came in 1776, and married Luis Peralta. A. (Manuel), soldier 
 ao S. F. from '27; died in '64. 
 
 Alviso (Nicolas), son of Fran. J., at Mont. '26. ii. 612; grantee of Alisal, 
 Sauzal, and Natividad. ii. 616, 664, 677; suplente of dip. '27-8. iii. 36, 41; 
 i:uij. and ale. at Soledad. iii. 354, 674, 690-1; took part in arrest of Graham 
 '40. iv. 21-2. His wife was Barbara Butron. Another Nic. Alviso lived at 
 Branciforte in '45, age 28; wife Juana Lorenzana; child Rosa. A. (Severe), 
 soldier of S. F. comp. '23-32. 
 
696 PIOXEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Alviso (Valentin), son of Agustin, b. at S. Jose" in '41; educated in Mass.; 
 married '68 Josefa Livermore, by whom he had 4 child., Cristina, Antonia, 
 Rosa, and Ernesto. His home has been at Livermore, where he has been 
 farmer and real estate agent, serving also as supervisor and assemblyman. In 
 '85 he is an employe of the U. S. mint at S. F. Deeply interested in the 
 history of his country, he has furnished me the valuable Documentos para la 
 Hist. CaL, forming the Alviso family archives; and has rendered aid mother 
 matters, besides contributing the Livermore Papers. 
 
 Alvitre (Sebastian), settler and incorrigible scamp at S. Jose" 1783 and Los 
 Ang. fr. 1790. i. 350, 460-1, 477, 484, 640. In '40-6 a dozen Alvitres lived in 
 the L. Ang. region, one being mentioned in iv. 637. 
 
 Amador (Jose" Maria), son of Pedro, b. in 1794 at S. F. Died at Gilroy in 
 '83. See biog. sketch ii. 585-6; also mention ii. 232, 319, 335, 339, 372, 425, 
 446, 599; iii. 713, 725; iv. 75, 681; i. list of auth. A. (Marcos), sold, at S. F. 
 '19-23; resid. of Branciforte '28-30. ii. 627. A. (Pedro), Mex. sergt of the 
 1st exped. in 1769, who died in 1824. See biog. sketch in ii. 384-5; also men 
 tion in i. 141, 472, 477, 495, 510-11, 548, 551, 555-6, 566, 574, 680, 693, 710; 
 ii. 126. A. (Rafael), famous courier of '34. ii. 271. A. (Valentin), militia 
 man at S. F. '37; in '41 at S. Jose", age 23, wife Ciriaca Pacheco; in '43 juez de 
 campo. iv. 685. 
 
 Amao (Domingo), sec. of S. D. ayunt. in '36-7. iii. 508, 615-16. Amari- 
 llas (Juan A.), sold, killed by Ind. 1781. i. 362. Amaya (Antonio), native of 
 Cal., age 40, at the Trinidad rancho '36; wife Maria Ant. Larios; children, 
 Benito, Esperanza, Casimiro, Ezequiel, Refugio, Dario. Amejar (Antonio), 
 at S. Mateo '35. 
 
 Ambris (Doroteo), 1841, Ind. novice who came with the bishop, iv. 195. 
 Sub- deacon at Sta Inds college in '44. iv. 426. He soon became a priest; 
 officiating as curate at Mont, occasionally from '46 to '51, v. 638-40, but liv 
 ing at S. Antonio until his death, which occurred about 1880. He was an 
 ignorant man, and reputed more or less vicious. However, he gave me some 
 old papers, which covers a multitude of sins, in my eyes. Ambrosio, Moque- 
 lumne chief shot in '38. iv. 75. 
 
 Ames, 1846, Amer. immig. from Mo., who enlisted in the Cal. Bat. under 
 Capt. Burroughs, and like his leader was killed at Natividad in Nov. v. 371. 
 He was buried at Gomez' rancho, and his effects were sold at N. Helv. in 
 Sept. '47 by Peter Wimmer. A. (Edward T.), 1847. Co. D, N. Y. Vol. (v. 
 499). Ames (Josiah P.), 1847, Engl., Co. B, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); settling at 
 Sac,, and about '55 at Half Moon Bay; farmer, supervisor, assemblyman of 
 77-8, and warden of state prison in '82. Clark. 
 
 Ames (Thaddeus M.), 1847, Co. C, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499-518); later a doc- 
 tor in Meudocino Co., memb. of the assembly in '62-3, and died at Green 
 Valley, Sonoma Co., in '76. A native of N. Y. 
 
 Amesti (Jose"), 1822, Span. Basque, who came on the Panther, at the age 
 of 30, swore allegiance to Mex. , and became a prominent citizen and merchant 
 of the Monterey district, ii. 475; iii. 51-2. In '24 he married Prudenciana, 
 daughter of Ignacio Vallejo, by whom he had three daughters, Carmen b. in 
 '25, Epitacia in '26, Celedonia in '29. Grantee of Corralitos rancho in '27 
 and '44. ii. 616, 664; iv. 655. In '32 joined the comp. extranjera. iii. 221; 
 took slight part in the politics of '36. iii. 469; was juez in '41, and alcalde in 
 '44 at Mont. iv. 653, 656. In '46 being plundered by the Amer., he had a 
 Cal. claim (v. 462-8) of $7,000. v. 358-9. Though sometimes involved in 
 quarrels by reason of a fiery temper, Amesti was a man of good character, 
 being not only wealthy but respected. Larkin, in his Notes of '45, described 
 him as a man disgusted with the Mex. govt and favoring a change. He died 
 about '56, and his widow after '77. A. (Felipe), alcalde at S. Juan B. in '35. 
 iii. 692. Amestoy (Marcos), 1804, Span, friar, who served at Sta B., and 
 left Cal. in 1814. See ii. 364; also ii. 121, 159-60, 394. 
 
 Amezquita. Several of the name among the early sold, and settlers of 
 S. F. and S. Jose 1 fr. 1775. See list i. 733; also mention of Jose", i. 679; Juan 
 Antonio, i. 478, 617; Manuel, i. 297, 312, 350. Juan Amdzquita in '36 was a 
 
. AMEZQUITA ANDERSON. 697 
 
 native Calif., age 40, living at Buenavista rancho near Mont, with his wife 
 Gregoria Arcco and 6 child., Bdrbara b. in '25, Tiburcio '27, Concepcion '29, 
 Guadalupe '30, Casildo '33, Anita '34. Manuel was regidor at S. Jos6 in 
 1806. ii. 134. Ramon, juez de campo at Pajaro in '35. iii. 674; in '36 lived 
 at S. Miguel rancho, age 36, with his wife Ana M. Villa and 6 child., Juan 
 b. in '25, Vicente '28, Maria C. '30, Pablo '31, Refugio '32, Casimira '34. 
 Salvador in '36 lived at the Salinas raiicho, age 48, wife Garcia Martinez; 
 child., Salom^ b. iii '25, Rosa '27, Salvador '29, Ramon '32, Jos6 '35. 
 
 Amist (LA 1834, mr of an Engl. brig. iii. 384. 
 
 Amoros (Juan), 1804, Span, friar of Cataluua, who served at S. Carlos 
 and S. Rafael, where he died in '32. Prominent in early annals of the north 
 ern frontier. Biog., iii. 715-16; mention in ii. 88, 147, 159-60, 218, 284, 330, 
 383, 394, 418, 483, 500, 587, 596, 655, 666; iii. 96, 256, 319, 351; iv. 159-60. 
 
 Amos, 1816, carpenter of the Li/dia at Sta B. ii. 275. Amurrio (Gre- 
 gorio), 1773, Span, friar; founder of S. Juan Cap.; left Cal. in 1779. See biog. 
 in i. 458; mention in i. 194-5, 224, 248-9, 266-7, 300, 303-4. Anangua, 1813, 
 capt. of the Tagle. ii. 268. Anastasio, 1831, executed at Mont, for robbery, 
 iii. 669, 673. Anaya, 1834, lieut on the Morelos. iii. 269. 
 
 Anderson, 1845, doubtful name of Grigsby-Ide co. of immig. iv. 578-9. 
 Anderson, 1848, of firm Edmondson & A. at S. F. v. 682. A. (Cameron), 
 1848, lot in S. F. A. (Chas), 1826-8, mr of the Solitude, iii. 148. A. (Chas), 
 1831, acting as doctor at S. Gab., prob. from a vessel, iii. 209. A. (Chas), 
 1846, Co. G, Cal. Bat. (v. 358), trans, to Co. B, artill. Enlisted at S. Jose". 
 
 Anderson (Chas C.), 1847, lieut Co. C, N. Y. Vol.; com. garrison at N. 
 Helv. v. 504, 514, 675. He died at S. F. in Sept. '47, and his body was the 
 1st buried in the North Beach cemetery. A. (Frank P.), 1847, Co." D, N. Y. 
 Vol. ; printer on the Calif or nian. After an adventurous career fr. '55 with 
 Walker in Nicaragua, and as colonel in the confederate army, he returned 
 to S. F., where he became a special policeman, dying in Oct. '81. A. (Geo.), 
 1844, Amer. sailor and cook on the Hibernia, aided by the consul, and dis 
 charged in '46. iv. 453. A. (Jacob), 1842, Amer. steward on the California. 
 A. (J.), 1848, came fr. Honolulu. A. (J. D.), 1846, master's mate on the 
 Savannah. A. (James), 1832, trapper of Young's co., murdered near Los 
 Ang. iii. 388. A. (Lewis), 1843, Amer. immig. of Chiles- Walker co., iv. 392, 
 who in '44 applied for a pass to return home via Los Ang. Anderson (Mary), 
 1829-30, Scotch wife of Geo. Kinlock, and the 1st foreign woman to settle in 
 Cal. A. (Robert), 1846, Fauntleroy's dragoons (v. 232-47). 
 
 Anderson (Stephen), 1828, Scotch trader and sometimes physician, partner 
 of Jas Goldie of Lima, who spent much of his time in Cal. from '28 to '32 as 
 supercargo of the Fanchal, Thos Nowlan, and Ayacucho. He was often ac 
 companied by his family, and was known to everybody. I have much of his 
 commercial corresp. He went to Europe from Lima in '33, and perhaps did 
 not return to the Pacific coast, as he was at Edinburgh in '36. See mention, 
 in iii. 71, 73, 81, 99-100, 147, 178, 381. Anderson (Walter), 1848, Amer. 
 immig. said to have come with his wife to Lake Co. in '48 (?), being the 3d 
 settler. In '51 went to Mendocino Co., to a place named for him Anderson 
 Valley, where he became rich, but died in poverty. Lake Co. Hist., 63. 
 
 Anderson (Win), 1837, Engl. sailor who left a whaler, or perhaps the 
 Kent, at Mont. Known as 'Mountain Bill,' or 'Red Bill.' A fluent narrator 
 in cockney dialect of his own exploits, not afraid of aguardiente. He was one 
 of Graham's 'riflemen,' and in '40 one of the exiles to S. Bias. iv. 18, 23, 33, 
 37, US, 393; but came back with a pass and claim for damages which yielded 
 him a little money. In '42 he got a carta, and soon married a native. In 
 '38-48 his name constantly appears in Larkin's books and other records. In 
 '46-7 besides having a 'Cal. claim,' as who did not? he made soap for Lar- 
 kiu, and had a flouring-mill on the Salinas plain, sold to Panaud in Sept. '47. 
 A little later he was nearly kille'd by one Callaghan, but recovered, served as 
 alcalde (though this may have been another Win) at Sta Cruz in '48-9, v. 
 641-2, and in '84 was, I think, still in the land of the living, perhaps the latest 
 survivor of the famous exiles. A. (Wm), 1846, an old man with a fain, desir- 
 
698 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 ing land on the Sac. Lark. Doc., v. 74; perhaps the old bear-hunter ment. 
 in Colusa Co. Hist., 38. A. (Wm), 1846, Co. C, 1st U. S. dragoons, (v. 336.) 
 A. (Wm), 1846, painter on the Dale, who was a shipbuilder at S. F. in '49-54, 
 according to Lancey. A. (Wm), 1848, sailor-carpenter at Mont., aided by 
 the consul, perhaps same as preceding. 
 
 Andrade (Jose" M.), 1836, admin, at S. Antonio, iii. 687-8; arrested at 
 Sta B. in '39. iii. 654-5; grantee of land at S. F. in '46. A., or Andrado 
 (Juan), 1846. Mex. said to have lost a leg at S. Pascual (v. 340-55); mur 
 dered in '63. Andreef, 1806, pilot with Rezanof. ii. 70. Andre's, Ind. 
 alcalde at Sta B. '24. ii. 528-30; robber at S. Carlos '31. iii. 191; grantee of 
 Guajome '45. Andrew (Hiram), 1846, Co. C, 1st U. S. dragoons (v. 330). 
 Andrews, 1848, mr of a Lima ship at S. F. Andrews, 1848, left Honolulu 
 for S. F. on the Sarjadahoc. A. (Allen), 1847, Co. G, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499- 
 518); died at Los Ang. Dec. '47. 
 
 Andrews (Augustus A.), 1840, Amer. carpenter of Mass., who at the age 
 of 22 came on the California fr. Honolulu to Mont. , obtaining naturalization 
 and settling at S. F. , where he married Rosalia de Haro, got a lot, and built a 
 house. His name often appears iu records of '44-6. I think he died in '47 or 
 a little later. His widow married Chas Brown, and still lives at S. F. in '85. 
 Mention in iv. 102, 120, 669; v. 683. A. (Thomas), 1848, mr of the 
 Charles, v. 576-7. Anduian? (Alex.), 1845, French resid. at Branciforte. 
 
 Angel, 1848, at Sutter's in Feb. ; in July one of Weber's prospectors, for 
 whom Angel's creek and camp were named. Carson. Angel (Anson), 1847, 
 resid. of Sta Clara '47-8. Sta Clara Co. Hist., 544. Angel (Woodson), 1847, 
 builder of a mill for Magnent at S. Josd; still living in that region '66. Alta. 
 Angelino (Bias), resid. of S. F. dist. from '35 or earlier; sindico in '37; at 
 Sonoma '44-6, being perhaps concerned in troubles with the Bears, iii. 705; 
 v. 162. Augelo (Chas A. ), 1848, named in the Annals of S. F. as living in '54. 
 Angle (Miles B.), 1847, on the Pion. Soc. records as a deceased member, from 
 N. Y. Angulo (Pedro), 1825, com. of the Span. Acjuila. iii. 27, 146. 
 
 Anselin (Alfred), 1843, French surgeon of the batallou fijo '43-5. iv. 399; 
 at S. F. iu '44. iv. 483; had a 'Gal. claim' (v. 642-8) in '46. He remained in 
 Cal., and died at S. Benito rancho in '53. S. F. Herald. Anson (Geo.), 1794, 
 com. of Vancouver's storeship. i. 511. Anthony (Alex. H.), 1847, a mason 
 at Mont. A. (Bascom F.), sou of Elihu; b. at S. Jose" in Oct. '47; a miner in 
 Calaveras '84. 
 
 Anthony (Elihu), 1847, native of N. Y. ; overland immig. and methodist 
 preacher of Ind., accompanied by his wife, Sarah A. Van Anda, and infant 
 daughter. After a short stay at S. Jose" he settled at Sta Cruz, where he still 
 resides in '85. Engaged in trade and prominent in religious affairs having 
 preached at the S. F. school-house in Sept. '48 he also takes pride in having 
 built the 1st wharf and foundery at Sta Cruz. His children are Mrs Huntingdon 
 of Sta Cruz, b. in '46, Bascom '47, Almon '49, Gilbert '51, Frank '55. Men 
 tion in v. 641. A. (James), 1847, employed by Larkin at Mont, and S. F. 
 A. (James G.), 1846, Co. G, Cal. Bat. (v. 358-60), enlisting at S. Jose". A. 
 (Louis), 1847, at N. Helv. fr. Sonoma. A. (L. C.), 1847, sheriff at S. Jose\ 
 v. 662. Antolino, 1846, neoph. of S. Jose" mission, v. 23. 
 
 Antonio, 1838, grantee of Saca rancho. iii. 655. Antonio, 1846, N. Mex. 
 of the Donner party, who perished, v. 531, 534, 537. A. (Juan), 1847, 
 Cahuilla chief, v. 617. A. (Manuel), 1776, at Sta Clara, i. 306. A. (Ma 
 nuel), grantee of Potrero Grande '45. iv. 635. A., mate of Elizabeth in '48. 
 
 Anza (Juan Bautista), 1774, Mex. lieut-col, son of a famous officer of 
 Sonora, who in '74 led the 1st exploring exped. from Son. to Cal. by land. i. 
 221-4. In '75-6 he brought a large comp. of colonists over the same route, 
 intended for the foundation of S. F. , keeping a diary of the trip which is still 
 extant, i. 257-78, and making an exploration of the S. F. peninsula, i. 279- 
 83. For other mention, see i. 124, 215, 218, 244, 248, 354-5, 288, 290, 294, 355, 
 551; ii. 43-4. Anza was an officer of marked ability and good character, mak 
 ing an excellent record in Cal. , in Souora, and in New Mexico, where he served 
 as governor in 1778-87 
 
ANZAR ARCE. 699 
 
 Anzar (Jose* Ant.), 1832, Mex. friar of the Guadalupe college, who seems 
 to have come at least a year before the other Zacatecanos under circumstances 
 of which I find no record. He was in charge of a Sonora mission in 1824, 
 and was possibly a member of the Quere'taro col. transferred after his arrival. 
 His missionary service was at 8. Luis Rey in '32, and at S. Juan B. from '33, 
 though in '44-6 he also had charge of Sta Cruz and S. Carlos. He was also 
 president of the Zacatecanos from '43. His name appears as curate on the 
 IS. Juan books till 1855, when I suppose he left Cal. Though involved in 
 occasional troubles, P. Anzar seems to have been a priest of fair character and 
 abilities. See mention in iii. 250, 317, 622, 691; iv. 372, 453, 460, 553, 565, 
 638,. 040, 657, 661-2. 
 
 Anzar (Juan Maria), brother of the padre; grantee of Aromitas, etc., in 
 '35, and of Sta Ana, etc., in '39. iii. 676, 679, 713; juez, acting at times as 
 prefect, in '39-41 at S. Juan. iii. 661, 675, 693; suplente of the junta in '42- 
 3. iii. 296; iv. 361. He was described in Larkin's Notes of '45 as a man of 
 wealth and character, favoring the U. S. cause. I find no trace of him after 
 '52, when he was claimant for certain ranches; but in '53 Maria Ant. de 
 Anzar appears as cl. for others apparently his widow, and daughter of A. 
 M. Castro; though A. is said by Larkin to have been married in Mex. 
 
 Apalategui (Antonio), 1834, Span, clerk, age 33, who came from Mex. 
 with the H. & P. colony (iii. 259, etc.); leader in the Los Ang. revolt against 
 Gov. Figueroa in '35, for which he was exiled to Mex. iii. 284-90. Apis 
 (Pablo), S. Luis Rey neoph. and chief; grantee of Teme'cula in '45. iii. 617, 
 621, 624. Apolinario (Mariano), Dom. friar of B. Cal. at S. Diego 1791- 
 1SOO. i. 655. Aquino (Tomas), Span, friar who acted as chaplain in Viz 
 caino's exped. 1602-3. i. 98, 102. 
 
 Araiza (Francisco), 1840, Mex. shop-keeper at Mont., who in '42-5 made 
 some money under the patronage of Col Tellez; militia officer and juez in 
 '44-5. iv. 652-6. His wife was a daughter of Capt. Segura; but soon after 
 '46 he left his fam. and went to Mex. Aralde (Eno), doubtful name in a 
 Los Ang. list of '46. Aralon (Win), 1829, mr of a schr. at S. Pedro, iii. 135. 
 
 Aram (Joseph), 1846, native of N. Y., and overl. immig. from 111. (v. 256- 
 30), with his family. He organized and commanded a comp. of volunteers to 
 garrison Sta Clara and protect the families of immigrants serving in the 
 batallion '46-7, and took part in the ' battle ' of Sta Clara, v. 378-81. A firm 
 of Aram & Belcher at Mont, is ment. in '47. A miner in '48; a member of the 
 constitutional convention in '49, and later of the 1st legislature. Then he be 
 came a farmer near S. Jos<, where he still lived in '85. His wife died in '73. 
 
 Arana (Antonio), 1823, mr of the Sta Apolonia, who down to '41 had not ac 
 counted for a consignment of mission products, ii. 492, 619. Arana (Gregorio), 
 Span, at Mont, in '36. A. (Jose"), at Mont. '35. iii. 674; grantee of Rinconde 
 S. Pedro, Sta Cruz, '42. iv. 656; in trouble '45. iv. 653. Aranda (Maria P.), 
 1798. i. 606. 
 
 Araujo (Buenaventura), 1834, Mex. naval capt. who came with the H. fe 
 P. colony (iii. 259, et seq. ) to take com. of the Cal. fleet of the future. In 
 volved in the troubles of '35, he was sent to Mex. by Figueroa. iii. 266-7, 271, 
 281, 288-9, 378. In '33 com. of a battery at S. Juan de Uhia; and in '47 
 distinguished himself during the bombardment of V. Cruz by Scott. 
 
 Araujo (Francisco), 1833, Mex. cadet with Figueroa, and ayud. de plaza at 
 Mont. iii. 672. In '36 he was com. of the vigilante force at Los Ang., incurring 
 the displeasure of Gov. Chico, and perhaps sent out of the country, iii. 418, 
 432. Arce (Bernardo), Span, who died at S. Jose" in '57, said to have favored 
 the Amer. in '46-7. S. F. Bulletin. Arce (Eugenio), settler at S. Juan Cap. 
 '41. iv. 626. 
 
 Arce (Francisco C.), 1833, Mex. of L. Cal., who came at the age of 11 and 
 was educated at Mont, by P. Real and at Romero's school. From '39 to '45 
 employed as clerk, often acting as sec. in the offices of gov. and prefect, iii. 
 675; iv. 294, 354. In '44 grantee of Sta Isabel rancho, and also employed to 
 collect debts due the missions, iv. 423, 656. He declined to take part against 
 Micheltorena. iv. 460; and after that officer's departure in '45 became sec. ad. 
 
700 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 int. of Gen. Castro, being also alfdrez of auxiliaries, iv. 520; v. 41. He is 
 best known for his part in the affair of the captured horses at the outbreak of 
 the Bear revolt in '46, though not in command as is generally stated. He had 
 a 'Cal claim ' of $5,000; and also claimed to have a grant of S. Jose" mission 
 land. v. 106-9, 127. He went to Mex. with Castro, v. 277, and served 
 throughout the war with the U. S. as lieut (nominally of the S. Diego comp.) 
 and finally brevet capt. At one time, as a member of the S. Patricio legion 
 of Irish deserters, being taken prisoner, he narrowly escaped death on account 
 of his Irish physique. In '48 he served in L. Cal. , and in '49 came to Mont, 
 without leave, serving again as sec. of the prefecture. In '52 he was back in 
 L. Cal. asking for antedated leave of absence, Mex. naturalization, and land, 
 also marrying in '53. Subsequently he came north again; and in '77 was liv 
 ing on the Alisal rancho near Salinas. He gave me a collection of Doc. Hist. 
 Cal.; and also dictated for my use his Memorias Hist6ricas, which, notwith 
 standing Don Francicco's tendency to magnify his own exploits and those of 
 his friends, have value as well as interest. He died early in '78, leaving a family 
 in straitened circumstances. Arce (Joaquin), sergt in the S. Diego comp. 
 1803-17. ii. 12-14, 101, 341, 345. A sergt Arce is also mentioned in 1783. 
 i. 453. See list in i. 733. Arce (Jose" Ign.), juez on the L. Cal. frontier in '46. 
 
 Arceo, settler of Branciforte in 1798. i. 571. Arceo (Felipe), native of 
 Brancif. ; at Mont. '28-36, when he was 28 years old; wife Carmen Arroyo; 
 child., Lauriano, Juan Francisco, Maria F., Rafaela. iii. 67, 673. A. (Jos6 
 Maria), Mex. settler at Brancif. in 1797. i. 569; in '36 juez de campo, iii. 675, 
 and living at Pilarcitos rancho, age 58; wife Cecilia Serrano; adopted son Juan 
 Jose. A. (Juan Ant.), at Pilarcitos '36, age 32, native of Cal.; wife Juana 
 Vasquez; child, Guillermo. A. (Leonardo), sent to Mex. in '30. iii. 85. 
 
 Archambeau (Auguste), 1845, Canadian, one of Fremont's mountain men. 
 iv. 583. He served in Co. A, Cal. Bat. (v. 358-68) '46-7, but did not remain 
 much longer in Cal. His death was in '81. 
 
 Archuleta (Florentine), alcalde at S. Jose" in '29. ii. 605; iv. 74-5. Still a 
 resid. in '41, age 41; native of Cal.; wife Antonia Higuera. I have doc. signed 
 by him in '46. A. (Ignacio), employe at S. F. mission, who in 1777 married 
 Gertrudis Pacheco, and went to S. Jose", where he was alcalde in 1783, 1803, 
 1806. No record of him after 1807. i. 297, 312, 350, 478, 480; ii. 134-5. A. 
 (Jose"), nat. of Cal., age 52, at S. Jose" in '41; wife Juana Montero; child., 
 Josef a b. '24, Miguel A. '27, Jose" Ant. '30, Maria D. '32, Maria L. '35, Con- 
 cepcion '39. A. (Jose Noberto), sou of Ign., b. at S. Jose in 1778; probably 
 same as preceding, though age does not agree. A. (Miguel Geronimo), sou 
 of Ign., b. at S. F. in 1779. Became a soldier at S. F., promoted to corp. ; 
 transferred to Mont, to become a school-master about 1811. Many Calif, of 
 later prominence attended his school in '11-20. ii. 381, 427-9. His wife was 
 Maria Ant. Garcia. Arci (Jose"), 1811, mr of the Mexicana. ii. 267. 
 
 Ardisson (Este"van), 1840-1, French trader who settled at Sta B. He \vas 
 perhaps the Ed Ardison who in July '40 had a claim against the govt. Mcnt. 
 by Mofras in '41-2. His name frequently occurs in '42-7; he had a 'Cal. 
 claim' in '46; and in '48 was alcalde, iv. 279, 587, 611, 631. Still living at 
 El Rincon in '50. Arellanes, maj. at Purisiina '24. ii. 429. A. (Francisco), 
 Sta B. ranchero '37-45, with wife Petra Ruiz and 2 child. A. (Jos6), ditto; 
 wife Josefa Sanchez and 5 child. A. (Josd Aut.), at Sta B. '37; wife Manuela 
 Ortega. A. (Luis), grantee cf Punta de la Laguna, S. Luis Ob. in '44. iv. 
 655; still in Sta B. district in '50. A. (Teodoro), grantee of Rincon in '35, 
 and Guadalupe in '40. iii. 655, 677. His wife was Josefa Rodriguez and they 
 had 3 child, before '37. Still at Sta B. in '50. Don Teodoro was a very large, 
 fine-looking man, of genial temper and gentlemanly manners, locally a kind 
 of ranchero prince. 
 
 Arellano (Ignacio R.), a priest visiting and officiating at S. Juan Cap. in '44. 
 v. 523. A. (Juan R. or Manuel), settler and alcalde at Los Ang. 1790-8. i. 
 461, 598, 661. A. (Luis), Mex. sold, of the Hidalgo piquete '36 at Mont. 
 
 Arenas (Cayetano), Mex. who came to Cal. as a boy. In '46 employed as 
 clerk in the secretaria; grantee of S. Mateo rancho. v. 661. In '54-5 a resid. 
 
ARENAS ARGUELLO. 701 
 
 of Los Aug. and witness in the Limantour case. A. (Jose* M.), sent as a 
 prisoner to Mex. in '30. iii. 85. A. (Jose"), Mex. at Brancif. in '45, age 52; 
 wife Feliciana; child., Felipe b. in '23, Maria '29, Florencio '31, Jose" Ant. '33, 
 Omebon (?) '36, Juan '3S ; Carmen '41, Zenona '44. A. (Luis), 1834, Mex. 
 trader who perhaps came with the colony (iii. 259 et seq.), settled at Los 
 Ang. , where he was alcalde in '38, and was prominent in the opposition to Alva- 
 rado. iii. 491, 504, 555, 577, 636. In '37 one of the grantees of S. Jose" rancho, 
 and in '40-1 grantee of Azuza. iii. 633. In '44 regidor. iv. 633. In '44-5 grantee 
 of Pauba, Los Huecos, Cahuenga, and Sta Clara orchard, iv. 621; v. 561, 665, 
 627. Also capt. of the defensores. v. 140. Still trading on the coast in '47; but 
 I have no later record of him. 
 
 Arenaza (Pascual M.), 1786, Span, friar at S. Carlos, who left Cal. in 1797 
 and died in '99. See i. 685; also i. 388-423, 469, 575-7, 579. Argiielles 
 (Luis), Mex. shoemaker at Mont, in '36. 
 
 Arguello (Concepcion), daughter of Jose" D., b. at S. F. in 1790; d. at Beni- 
 cia in 1857. Famous for her romance with Rezanof in 1806, for account of 
 which, with sketch of her life, see ii. 72-4, 77-8. Her full name was Maria de 
 la Coucepcion Marcela. See also mention in ii. 287; iii. 568, 660; iv. 219. 
 
 Arguello (Gervasio), son of Jos6 D., b. at Sta B. 1786. In 1804 he entered 
 the military service as soldado distinguido of the S. F. comp. , in which he was 
 cadet 1807-17, serving also as habilitado in 1808-16. ii. 117, 125, 303, 370. 
 Sent in '16 to Ross, writing a report of his visit, ii. 309, 631; i. list of auth. 
 In '14 he married Encarnacion Bernal; and in '16 was sent to Mex. as habili 
 tado general, never returning to Cal., and holding this office till '32, besides 
 being a suplente in congress in '27-8. Meanwhile, fr. '17 he was on the pay 
 roll of the S. Diego comp. as alfe"rez till '31, when he was promoted tolieut of 
 the Mont, comp., and in '34 commissioned capt., but immediately retired as 
 lieut on full pay, with permission to reside in Jalisco, ii. 213-14. 217, 261, 
 421-2, 514-15,543, 671; iii. 33-4, 45, 378, 671. In Cal. Don Gervasio was re 
 puted to be a youth of good conduct and fair abilities, though disposed to 
 'put on airs.' In Mex. he accomplished nothing, either as habilitado gen. or 
 congressman, having no special fitness for the positions; yet a man of ten 
 times his ability would very likely have failed equally in getting money for 
 Cal. from the Mex. govt. I have private letters written by him from Guada 
 lajara in '49 and '52, filled with pious complaints of poverty, which would be 
 intolerable but for aid received from Cal. 
 
 Arguello (Jose" Dario), 1781, founder of the Arguello family; Mex. alfe"rez, 
 later lieut and capt.; comandante at S. F., Mont., and StaB. ; acting gov. of 
 Cal. in '14-15; gov. of L. Cal. in '15-22. Died at Guadalajara '28; his wife was 
 Ignacia Moraga, who died at Guad. in '29. For many years Don Jose" was 
 the most prominent, influential, and respected man in Cal. See biog. sketch 
 in this vol., 358-61, includ. 4 of the children who did not remain in Cal.; 
 also mention of Don Jose" in i. 340-2, 347, 372, 396, 445, 463, 468, 470-2, 478, 
 484, 498, 501-2, 511-13, 525, 531-2, 588-94, 678-80, 692-4, 708, 717, 721, and 
 list of auth.; ii. 30, 44, 68-74, 86, 99, 117, 125, 127, 133, 135, 187, 190, 207-8, 
 210-11, 246, 305-7, 450, 565, 571; iii. 11. Arguello (Jose" Ign. Max.), oldest 
 son of Jose" D.; b. at S. Gabriel in 1782; educ. in Mex. as a priest; visited Cal. 
 in 1809. ii. 359-60, 122. A. (Jose" Ramon), son of Santiago, at San Juan 
 Cap. in '40-1. iii. 626-7. Sec. to prefect at Los Ang. in '42. iv. 632. Suplente 
 juezat S. Diego in '45. iv. 620. Sub-prefect in '46. v. 618. A. (Jose' Ramon), 
 son of Luis Ant., b. at S. F. in '28; living at Sta Clara and Mont, till '44; 
 on the coast of Mex. '44-6; lived with his mother from '46 at Las Pulgas and 
 Sta Clara, where he died in '76. A. (Julian), a Sonoran with Zamorano at 
 Mont, in '36, age 16. 
 
 Arguello (Luis Antonio), son of Jose" D., b. at S. F. in 1784; cadet at 
 S. F. 1799; alf. 1800; lieut and com. 1806; capt. from '18. Gov. ad int. of 
 Cal. from Nov. 22d, '22, to Nov. '25. Died at S. F. '30. First wife, Rafaela 
 Sal, 1807-14; 2d wife, Soledad Ortega, '19, who died at Sta Clara in '74. Hia 
 children were Francisco, by 1st wife, who died soon after '30; by 2d wife, 
 Concepcion, b. in '24; Josefa, '26; Jose" Ramon, as above; and Luis, who, I 
 
702 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 think, still lives at Sta Clara in '85. Don Luis, as military officer and gov., 
 left an excellent record in respect of honesty and ability and popularity. Un 
 like his father, he had enemies, and was involved in controversies; but these 
 were due largely to his position and the times. He often disregarded the let 
 ter of the Span, and Mex. laws, but it was always for what he believed the 
 welfare of his country, and never for his own interests. His private record 
 was that of a dissipated spendthrift, yet never accused of dishonorable con 
 duct. See biog. sketch in iii. 9-13; list of auth. in i. ; mention in ii. 35, 46, 48, 
 68 et sea., 125-6, 129-30, 137, 203-4, 210, 230-2, 243-4, 268-9, 272, 279, 284-5, 
 288, 300-1, 305, 307, 309, 312, 328, 330-1, 370, 372, 390, 425-6, 443-9, 451, 
 455, 461, 464, 466-8, 479-80, 482 et seq., 493, 510-38, 549, 551, 559, 565. 583, 
 591-2, 594, 596-7, 605, 607, 614, 643, 645, 647, 659, 664; iii. 2, 7, 9-10, 18- 
 19, 24-7, 40, 75, 89, 119, 148, 712. Argiiello (Luis), lieut in the Cal. Bat. 
 '46-7. v. 360, 386. I cannot say who he was. A. (Romano), sec. in prefect's 
 office in '45. Larkin. 
 
 Argiiello (Santiago), son of Jose D. ; b. at Mont, in 1791. He entered the 
 military service as cadet in the S. F. comp. 1805, but was trans, in 1806 to Sta, 
 B. ii. 46, 117, 275, 361, 425. In 17-27 he was alf. of the S. F. comp., though 
 serving from '18 as habilitado at S. Diego, where he was involved in several 
 controversies, also visiting the north and making a trip to Ross and Sonoma. 
 ii. 240-2, 258, 341, 370, 424, 442, 457, 470, 507, 510, 537, 542-3, 583; iii. 12, 
 291. In '27-31 he was lieut of the S. D. comp., being comandante from '28, 
 in which year he was elected suplente member of congress; in '30 suplente of 
 the diputacion. ii. 541-3; iii. 45-6, 50, 64, 135, 196. In '31-5 he was capt. of 
 the co., taking part somewhat unwillingly in the revolt against Victoria, serv 
 ing as diputado and comisionado for S. Diego mission in '33-4, and being finally 
 retired with full pay in theory, iii. 201, 204, 216-19, 327, 331-2, 372, 608, 
 C12, 620; iv. 408. In '36 he was alcalde of S. Diego, using his influence against 
 the Alvarado govt, but acting as comisionado and admin, of S. Juan Cap. in 
 '38-40, and as vocal of the junta in '40. iii. 422, 482, 520, 590, 604, 606, 615, 
 626-7. In '40-3 he held the position of prefect at Los Ang., and in '41 his 
 name was given to the pueblo of S. Juan; in '45 holding the offices of suplente 
 of the tribunal, vocal of the junta, and sub-prefect of S. Diego, iii. 640; iv. 
 193, 195, 295, 319, 532, 540, 620-2, 626-7, 632-3. In '46 he M'as friendly to 
 the Amer., held an honorary com. as capt. in the Cal. Bat. (?), was appointed 
 member of the legis. council in '47, and was made collector of the port of S. 
 Diego (?). v. 37, 282, 329, 360, 433, 446, 467, 572, 618-19. Meanwhile in '29 
 he had obtained the Tia Juana rancho, in '41 the Trabuco, and in '46 the S. 
 Diego mission estate, iii. 612; iv. 635; v. 561, 619-20, 627. Argiiello when very 
 young married Pilar, daughter of Francisco Ortega of Sta B. , by whom he had 
 22 children, among them the following, who lived and had issue: Francisco, 
 Ignacio, Jose" Antonio, Jose" Ramon, Santiago E. ; Refugio, who married Juan 
 Bandini; Teresa, who married Josd M. Bandini; Luisa, wife of A. V. Zamo- 
 rano; and Concepcion, wife of Agustin Olvera, Don Santiago was tall, stout, 
 and of fine presence, with fair complexion and black hair; reserved in manner, 
 yet of kindly disposition. His record, public and private, was an honorable 
 if not a brilliant one. He was often in trouble with his brother officers and 
 with men of other classes, and especially in the earlier years was by no means 
 a popular man. This was chiefly due to a peculiar reserve or haughtiness of 
 manner, attributed to family pride and regarded as an assumption of superi 
 ority. He died at Tia Juana, on the frontier, in '62, and his widow soon after 
 '78. The rancho is still owned by the family. 
 
 Argiiello (Santiago E. ), son of Santiago, b. about 1813. Receptor at S. Diego 
 '33-4. iii. 277, 609. Grantee of Melyo (Maligo ?) '33. iii. 612. Took part with 
 the south against Alrarado in '36-7, being then in charge of the ranches Otay 
 and S. Antonio Abad. iii. 482-3, 517, 612. Majordomo and land-owner at S. 
 Juan Cap. '41. iv. 626-7. Suplente in assemb., and juez at S. Diego '45-6. iv. 
 540; v. 161. In '46 he aided the Amer., served as captain in Stockton's bat 
 talion, and had a 'Cal. claim' for $11,548 for damages to his property, v. 378, 
 386. I think he may have been the capt. in Cal. Bat. and collector of the port, 
 
ARGUELLO ARROYO. 703 
 
 instead of his father, as above. Ho died at Maligo in '57. His wife was Guada- 
 lupe Estudillo, who survived him with 2 sons and 2 (or 4) daughters; one of 
 the latter married A. H. Wilcox and another Win B. Coutts. 
 
 Arias (Francisco), S. F. settler of 1791-1800. i. 716. A. (Francisco), 
 grantee of ranchos in Mont, district '39, '44. iii. 676; iv. 655; suplente prefect 
 in '41, being juez at S. Juan '41-3, and regidor at Mont, in '46. iv. 652-3, 661; 
 v. 636. A. (Rafael R.), 1791, contador in Malaspina's exped. i. 490. 
 
 Armas (Baltasar), 1602, piloto in Vizcaino's exped. i. 98. F., P., and J. 
 Armas, named as at Honolulu from Cal. in '48. 
 
 Armeuta (Cristobal), sirviente at Sta Clara 1776. i. 306. A. (Joaq.), 
 sold, at S. Diego 1775-6; later at Los Ang. i. 250, 303, 461. A. (Jos6 M.), 
 grantee of Punta de Pinos rancho '33, '44. iii. 678. A. (' Tio '), retired soldier 
 who kept a shop and sometimes a school at Mont, in '11-20. ii. 381-3, 420. 
 
 Armijo (Antonio), native of N. Mex. , at S. Jose in '41, age 37; wife Maria D. 
 Duarte; child., Antonio, Jesus, F6lix, Matias. Probably same as the Francisco 
 Armijo who was a S. F. militiaman in '37; and perhaps same as Antonio M. 
 Armijo who settled in the Suisun region in '43. was in trouble '47 for outrages 
 on Ind. v. 569, 610; and died in '50. A. (Francisco), at S. Mateo in '35; al 
 calde in the contra costa '37. iii. 705; at S. F. '47. Spear, Pap. A. (Jose" 
 F.), grantee of Tolenas rancho '40. iv. 674. A. (Jesus M.), at Sonoma '44, 
 age 18. A. (JuanTT.), at Sonoma '44, age 42. A. (Salvador), at Los Ang. 
 '39-46. I have not been able to obtain much definite information about any 
 branch of the Armijo family. 
 
 Armon (Chas), 1836, at Mont., named in Larkin's books. 
 
 Armstrong (James), 1842, com. of the United States; and of the Savannah 
 in later visits of '44-6. iv. 307-8, 301, 313, 459, 509. A. (John), 1840, Amer. 
 ranchero in the Mont, district; exiled to S. Bias with the Graham party, iv. 
 18, 120. In '46 he wrote a letter against Larkin, which appeared in a St Louis 
 paper, causing L. to get statements in his own defence from several prominent 
 men. A. (John), in '46 at Monterey, and in '47 employed on Larkin's Sac. 
 rancho. Possibly same as preceding. Arnand, 1848, mr of the Con de Valpa 
 raiso from Honolulu for S. F. 
 
 Amaz (Jose"), 1841, Span, supercargo of the Clara in Virmond's employ, iv. 
 102: and later in Aguirre's Joven Guipvzcoana. In '44 he opened a store at Los 
 Ang., suffering much from depredations of the cholos. iv. 364; and in '45 
 leased the mission estate of S. Buen., which in '46 he purchased, as he claimed, 
 but was not permitted to retain possession, iv. 553, 558, 561, 645; v. 400, 632, 
 643, 665. He still retained considerable property, however; and I found him 
 in '74 living at his Sta Ana rancho near S. Buen., a genial gentleman of 54 
 years, who then and later gave me 100 pages of his interesting Recuerdos on 
 the life and customs of the traders and rancheros in early times. Probably 
 living in '85. In '47 he married Mercedes Avila, who died iii '67, leaving several 
 children. His 2d wife was a daughter of Juan Camarrillo. Arnold (Robert), 
 1828, Scotch turner, age 20, at Mont. '28-9. 
 
 Arrieta (Sebastian), 1820, Span, intendente, com. of the royal order of Isabel 
 the catholic, who came from Peru with the king's license to live in Cal. with a 
 pension of $3,000; but died at S. Juan B. in '2f, age 54. 
 
 Arrillaga (Jose" Joaquin), 1793, Span. capt. and lieut-gov. of the Cals at 
 Loreto '83-92; gov. ad int. '93-4 at Mont.; lieut-col and lieut-gov. at L. 
 '94-9; gov. ad int. 1800-4; gov. of Alta Cal. from 1804 coming to Mont, in 
 1806 to 1814, when he died at Soledad at the age of 64. Arrillaga was an 
 efficient and honest officer, of most excellent private character, and a model 
 governor so far as the performance of routine duties was concerned. See biog. 
 in ii. 204-7; i. list of auth. ; also mention in i. 471, 482, 484, 488, 501-29, 531- 
 6, 574, 602, 611, 631, 637-8, 658, 661, 663, 671, 729; ii. 2-204 passim, 269, 
 301-5, 386-7, 416-1 7, 566. Arriola (Jos6 F. ), blacksmith instructor in 1792- 
 5. i. 615. A. (Maria), wife of J. V. Lawrence, ii. 496. A. (Rafael), settler 
 at Los Ang. from 1797. i. 606; ii. 350. 
 
 Arroita (Francisco Jose"), 1786, Span, friar at Purisima, who left Cal. in '96. 
 See biog. notice, i. 675; ment. i. 388, 423, 425, 459, 575-7. Arroyo, 1795. i. 
 
704 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 253. A. (Ign.), exile of 1842. iv. 653. A. (Joaqtiin), grantee of Tucho '46. 
 v. 637. A. (Jose"), 1792-5. i. 615. A. (Josd Man.), i. 250-3. A. (Jose 
 Isidro); at Mont. '36, age 53, nat. of S.F.; wife Isabel; child. Ignacio, Cata- 
 rinn, Joaquina, Concepcion, Maria P. A. (Victor), 1820-39. ii. 382; iii. 587 
 
 Arroyo de la Cuesta (Felipe), 1808, Span, friar, serving chiefly at San Juan 
 B. ; d. at Sta Ines in '40. Noted for learning as well as piety; author of several 
 works on Ind. lang. See biog. in iii. 662; list of auth. i. ; ment. inii. 140, 154, 
 159-60, 284, 316, 338, 394, 492, 526, 655; iv. 63. See also 'Cuesta.' Arteaga 
 (Ignacio), 1777-80, Span. com. of explor^and transport ships, i. 296, 323, 329. 
 
 Arther (James P.), 1829, German mate of the Brooklyn in '29-30. iii. 138- 
 9, 146, 179. Master of Bryant & Sturgis' Boston ship California on 4 or 5 voy 
 ages to Cal. in '34-46. iii. 381; iv. 101, 564. Mr of Thos Perkins in '47. v. 
 511, 580. Often called James D. Arthur, but I have many of his autograph 
 letters. A skilful mariner, though close-fisted and not very popular on the 
 coast. Said by Thomes to be still living in Mass. '84. 
 
 Aruz (Domingo), settler at Los Ang. 1790-1810; not allowed to devote all 
 his prop, to masses for his soul. i. 460; ii. 167. A. (Jose"), elector and memb. 
 of the dip. at Mont. '22-4. ii. 454, 462, 513, 536, 616. Arzaga (Manuel), sec. 
 of ayunt. at Los Ang. '34-5; sec. of vigilantes '36. iii. 418, 631, 635, 638. 
 
 Ascension (Antonio), 1602, friar with Vizcaino, i. 98. I have his autograph. 
 Ashley (Geo. H.), 1848, native of Mass.; memb. of S. Joaquin Co. pioneers 
 '84 (?). Ashmead (Geo.), 1846, Co. C, IstU. S. dragoons; killed at S. Pascual. 
 v. 346. Ashton (A. B.), 1846, clerk on the Dale. A. (Geo. H.), 1847, Co. 
 D, N.Y.Vol.; killed by Ind. in S. Joaq. Val. in '47. Asken (Win), 1840, 
 Engl. pilot of the A/infa; at Mont. '41. Aspiroz (Salvador), 1814, teacher 
 with Gov. Sola. ii. 426. Quarrel with Guerra '17. ii. 382. Asuncion (Fr. An 
 dres), 1602, with Vizcaino, i. 98. Atanasio, Ind. executed at Mont. '31. iii. 
 190. Atensio (Gregorio), at Los Ang. '46. v. 308; also Ign. Atensio. 
 
 Atherton (Faxon Dean), 1836, native of Mass.,who as a boy went to Valpa 
 raiso; memb. of a firm engaged in the hide and tallow trade. Visited Cal. in 
 '36-7, and later kept up a corresp. with Larkin and others. I have many of his 
 letters on personal, political, and business affairs,, sometimes signed Feliz D. 
 Atherton. Went to Honolulu and Boston in '38-9, but returned in '41. iv. 91, 
 103, 117-18, 141. Said to have sent descriptions of the coast to Wash., and 
 to have had a corresp. with Webster about Cal. Visited Cal.. again in '49-50 
 to make investments, and became a resident in '59. Besides being the owner 
 of a large estate in San Mateo Co. , he was prominent in building railroads, 
 banking, and various financial enterprises. Died at Fair Oaks in '77, leaving 
 a widow native of Chile, still living in '85 and 7 children. Three of his 
 daughters married respectively Wm Macondray, Maj. Rathbone, U. S. A., 
 and Edmunds of Valparaiso. 
 
 Atherton (Geo. D.), 1847, Co. D, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499-518). A. (Robert), 
 1847, brother of Faxon D., who came with a letter of in trod, to Vallejo, 'para 
 probar su fortuna en Cal. ; ' and was employed as a clerk by Larkin. A. ( Wm ), 
 1845, mr of Parrott's Star of the West. iv. 568. A. (Wm), 1846, Mormon of 
 the Brooklyn colony, with wife. v. 546. Lot at S. F. '47; also at N. Helv.; in 
 the mines '48. In later times a pressman on the Oakland Transcript. 
 
 Atillan (Pierre), 1841, French sailor married to a native at Mont. Cox 
 swain of the custom-house boat, and tax collector. Attacked and mutilated 
 by the cholos in '44; got a pension from the Mex. govt till '47, when Gov. 
 Mason was not able to continue it; and Pierre was supported till his- death by 
 charity, iv. 279, 339, 364, 414, 615, 653. 
 
 Atkins, 1846, mr of the Jeanette. Atkinson, 1848, a physician at Sac. 
 according to Burnett. Atkinson (Chas A.), 1847, Co. D, N. Y. VoL (v. 499 - 
 518). Called a 'judge' at S. Jos6 '77; d. at Mariposa in '82. A. (James or 
 John), 1843, Amer., who after an adventurous career in Texas and Mex. came 
 to Cal. accord, to newspaper sketches at a date varying '40 to '46, but appar 
 ently with the Chiles- Walker party of '43. iv. 392, 399. Known as Old Wheat 
 for his reputed reliability; at Mont, in '45; served with. Stockton in '46-7; long 
 a resident of Los Ang.; in 71 pensioned as a veteran. of 1812; died in the (S. 
 
ATKINSON AVILA. 70o 
 
 Joaq.?) county hospital in 74 at the age of about 80. Atnay, 1810, kanaka 
 sailor arrested at Sta B. ii. 275. Atterville (James), 1840, doubtful name 
 in Farnham's list. iv. 17. Aubens (N.), 1848, pass, from Honolulu. 
 
 Aulick (J. H.), 1841, com. of the U. S. Yorktown, at Mont, and S. F. 
 iv. 38, 570. Later a commodore. Auntroy (John), 1840, arrested at Los 
 Ang. in the Graham affair, iv. 14. Aurelio, 1797, neoph. who killed his 
 wife. i. 659. Aurweller (John), 1847, Co. C, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); at S. F. 
 '82; called also Auwaerter. 
 
 Austin, 1822, mr of the Panther, ii. 474. Austin, 1847, mid. on U. S. 
 Independence. A. (David), 1846, Fauntleroy's dragoons (v. 232-47). A. 
 (Henry), 1838, Canadian carpenter, naturalized in '41, when he was at S. Jose", 
 iv. 119. A. (Horace G.), 1846, on roll of Pion. Soc.; error in iv. 587. A. 
 (Joseph C.), 1848, on roll of Pion. Soc. A. (Julius C.), 1846, Mormon on the 
 Brooklyn, with wife and 3 children, v. 546. Ment. as a law r yer at S. Bernardino 
 in '81; also as in Utah, '84. A. (J. Wemys), 1848, of Findley, Johnson & Co. 
 at S. F. Still at S. F. '54. A. (\Vm), 1826, mr of the Mercury, iii. 148. 
 
 Avalos (Joaquin), tanner-instructor 1792-5. i. 615. Averett (Elisha), 
 1847, in com. of a party of Morm. Bat. on the return, v. 493. Avery, 1842, 
 lieut with Com. Jones, iv. 308. A. (Elihu), 1844, boy on a whaler at S. F.; 
 mr of Let/al Tender, '82, accord, to a newsp. sketch. Avieta (Jose Ant.), 
 1834, with a party from N. Mex. iii. 396. 
 
 Avila (Anastasio), son of Cornelio; settler at Los Ang. 1799. iii. 349; re 
 gidor in 1810, '19, alcalde in '20-1. ii. 110, 337, 350-1, 354, 559; grantee of Ta- 
 janta in '43. ir. 635. A. (Antonio), 1825, Mex. convict sent to Cal. for 
 robberies and murder in Puebla. In the Solis revolt of '29, and in the Zamo- 
 rano regime of '32 he aided the govt, in the hope of getting a release; but 
 had to remain and serve out his time till about '38. iii. 16, 76, 83-4, 230, 669. 
 Another Ant. A. in '37-9 apparently, iii. 504, 639. 
 
 Avila (Antonio Ignacio), 1783, son of Cornelio; native of Sonora, who 
 settled at Los Ang. ; in 1804 married Rosa Ruiz at Sta B. ; in '20-1 regidor; 
 grantee of Sauzal Redondo in '22 and '37; juez de campo most of the time in 
 '3.~>-4S; and always prominent in the pursuit of Ind. horse-thieves, ii. 349-51, 
 353, 559, 566, 664; iii. 396, 565, 626, 632-7. He died in '58, aged 74. A. 
 (Cornelio), 1783, settler Los Ang. from Sonora, with his wife Isabel Urqui- 
 des and 8 children, i. 663 A. (Bruno), son of Cornelio; settler at Los Ang. 
 '15; later claimant of Aguage del Centinela. ii. 349-50; iv. 634. A. (En 
 rique), prob. son of Anastasio; 2d alcalde at Los Ang. '47; claimant for Ta- 
 janta rancho. iv. 635; v. 626. A. (Francisco), a 'hard case' at S. F. and 
 S. Jose" 1783-1800. i. 350, 484, 640, 716. A. (Francisco), drowned in the 
 Tulares 1796. i. 661. A. (Francisco), son of Cornelio; in Los Ang. region 
 1804; alcalde in '10; applicant for dif. ranches, and grantee of Cienegasin '23, 
 '34. He had probably been a sold, at Sta B. ii. 110, 116, 172, 349-50, 354, 
 505, 664; iii. 633. A. (Francisco), resid. of S. Jos6 '41, age 44; wife, Maria 
 Ant. Alviso; child., Francisco, Encarnacion, Geronima, and Viviana. A. 
 (Fran.), resid. of Brancif. '45, age 40. A. (Guadalupe). i. 175. A. (Ja- 
 nuario), prob. son of Francisco; regidor of Los Ang. '34-9; claimant for Ciene- 
 gas. iii. 633-6. A. (Jose'), at Los Ang. '39-46. A. (Jose), settler at S. F. 
 1791-1800. i. 606, 716. A. (Joaquin), 1842, sub-lieut of the batallon. iv? 289. 
 A. (Jose" Joaquin), surgeon of the Cal. forces 1774-83. His wife died at S. F. 
 iii '79. Prov. St. Pap., v. 57-8. 
 
 Avila (Jos6 Maria), son of Cornelio. Alcalde of Los Ang. in '25. In the 
 battle of '31 he killed Capt. Pacheco, and was himself killed. See biog. iii. 
 206-9; ment. ii. 559; iii. 196, 200. A. (Jose" de Sta Ana), son of Corne 
 lio; maj. at Sta B. 1801-6. ii. 120; mar. Maria Josef a Osuna. A. (Jose" 
 de los Santos), sec. of ayuut. at Brancif. '34. iii. 696. A. (J. S.), colegial at 
 Sta In e"s '44. iv. 426. 
 
 the fight near Los Ang. in 
 juez de campo at Los Ang. 
 ______, J carried a flag of truce for 
 
 Stockton to the people of Los Ang. v. 396. He married Soledad Yorba; one 
 HIST. CAL., VOL. II. 15 
 
706 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 daughter married M. A. Forster, and another Paul Pryor. Don Juan was a 
 man of excellent repute, who avoided political complications, but had good 
 powers of observation and memory. At S. Juan Cap. in 77 he gave me his 
 recollections Notas Catifornianas of early times, including valuable testi 
 mony on several matters. 
 
 Avila (Miguel), son of Jose" Sta Ana; b. at Sta B. in 1796; educ. at S. F.; 
 served as copyist at Mont. In '16 he enlisted in the Mont, comp.; and in '24 
 was corporal of the escolta at S. Luis Ob., having a quarrel with the padre. 
 ii. 516-17, 619; sindico at Mont, and alf. of militia '35-6. iii. 447, 474, 673-4. 
 In '26 he had married Maria Inocenta, daughter of Dolores Pico; and in '36 
 lived at Mont, with 5 child., Rafaela, Jesus Domingo, Francisco de Paula, 
 Jose" Ant. R., Josefa de los Ang. Ment. in '37, '41. iii, 501; iv. 653; grantee 
 of S. Miguelito in '42, '46, and Laguna in '45. iv. 637, 642, 656. Also ment. 
 in '45-8. iv. 491; v. 321, 639. Alcalde of S. Luis Ob. in '49. He had a fond 
 ness for preserving documents, but most of his collection was burned with 
 his house. Died in '74, leaving his S. Miguelito rancho to his widow and 
 children. Dona Maria Iiioceiita gave me not only her own recollections on 
 old-time Cosas de Cod., ii. 242, 427, but also the remnant of Don Miguel's Doc. 
 Hist. CaL, containing several important papers. A. (Pedro), juez de campo 
 at Los Ang. '44. iv. 633. 
 
 Avis (Wm P.), 1842, Boston man from Honolulu, with letters from Peirce 
 & Brewer, to go into business as a commission merchant. 
 
 Ayala (Carmen), at Sta B. '45. iv. 642. A. (Cris6gono), ranchero at 
 Sta B. '37-50; grantee of Sta Ana; maj. of S. Buen. in '42-4. iii. 656; iv. 
 644-5. His wife was Bdrbara Vanegas, and they had 5 children. A. (Ger- 
 vasio), juez de policia at Sta B. '48. v. 631. His wife was Rafaela Moraga, 
 1 child before '37. A. (Joaquin), owner of land near Sta Lie's, v. 632. 
 A. (Jose"), invalido at Sta B. '32; wife Juana Felix; child., Maria, Rafael, 
 Juan, Prudencio, Antonio. A. (Jose* M.), soldier at StaB. '32; wife Emedia 
 Valencia. A. (Juan B.), 1775, lieut and com. of S. Carlos; explorer of S. 
 F. bay. i. 241, 245-7. A. (Juan Man.), 1778, com. of Santiago, i. 328. A. 
 (Juan Nepomuceno), 1834, Mex. clerk, age 20, who came with the H. & P. 
 colony, iii. 263; took part in the revolt against Alvarado in '37. iii. 523-5. 
 
 Ayala (Juan Pablo), sergt of Sta B. comp. '35. iii. 650; lieut '38-9. iii. 
 583, 651. Admin. S. Luis Ob. '39-40. iii. 683; acting com. Sta B. '45; iv. 
 641; capt. of defensores and 2d juez '46. v. 140, 631; proposed revolt in '48. v. 
 586. A. (Pablo), admin. S. F. Solano '37-8. iii. 720-1. A. (Wm), 1832-3, 
 mr of the Roxana. iii. 384. Ayals (Manuel M.), 1837, Span, physician in 
 Alameda Co. '76, said to have come in '37 (?). A lam. Hist. Atlas. 
 
 Ayer (Franklin H.), 1848, Amer. carpenter who arr. on the Sabine in 
 May from Boston at S. F. . and went to the Mormon Isl. mines. Ment. by Gov. 
 Mason as having furnished gold specimens for Wash. In '52 an advertisement 
 for him from his bro. in China and parents in Somerville, Mass., appears in 
 the Alta. In '72 he wrote me a letter on his Personal Adventures, from Gray- 
 son, Stanislaus Co. A letter to that address in '82 brought no reply. Ayot 
 (Alexis), 1S44, perhaps came to Cal. with Fre"mont. iv. 437. 
 
 Ayres (Geo. Wash.), 1812-13, mr of the Mercury, captured at Sta B. ii. 
 26H-70, 295, 304, 362. In '20 he was interested with Abel Stearns in obtain 
 ing lands in the Sac. Val. for a settlement, but prob. did not revisit Cal. 
 Dept. Itec., MS., viii. 38. A. (R. B.), 1847, lieut Co. F, 3d U. S. artillery . 
 (v. 518). Azcona, lieut on the Morelos '34. iii. 269. 
 
 Babcock (Benj. E.), 1848, on the roll of Pion. Soc., died before '81. B. 
 (J.), 1848, sup. of the Mary. Bacey (James), 1831, one of Young's trappers; 
 perhaps did not come to Cal. iii. 388. Bachelor (Fred.), 1841, Amer. cooper 
 of the Workman -Rowland party from N. Mex.; went east in '42, iv. 278, but 
 ret. to Cal. in later years, living at Noon's rancho, where he died in '76. 
 
 Bachelot (Alexis), 1832, French missionary prefect of the Sand. Isl. in ex 
 ile; served at S. Gabriel in '32-7; ret. to the Isl. in '37; died '38 on a voy. to 
 the South Sea IsL iii. 317-18, 364, 384, 408, 643; iv. 102. Bacon (J.), 1846, 
 
BACON-BALDWIN. 707 
 
 Co. B, Cal. Bat., artillery (v. 358). Badeau (Francois), 1844, one of Fre 
 mont's Canadians, iv. 437. 
 
 Baden (James Collins), 1847, Co. F, 3d artill. (v. 518); clerk and copyist 
 for the comp., commandant, and dept. to '51, not deserting like most of his 
 comrades; later a teacher; d. at Watsonville '68, aged 50. He was a son of a 
 colonel in U. S. service, and b. at Baltimore. Ment. by Gen. Sherman, Mem., 
 as his clerk: obituary in Sta Cruz Sentinel, Sept. '68. Bader (Christopher), 
 
 1847, Co. B, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); a miner at Coloma and elsewhere '48-52; set 
 tled later in Butte Co., and lived for many years at Cherokee, where he was in 
 '82, but died before '85, leaving a widow and 9 children, most of them grown. 
 One of the sons, H. F. Bader, writes me from Cherokee April '85. Badger ( Wm 
 G. B. ), 1848, pass, on the Sabine from Boston; at the Mormon Isl. mines. Ba- 
 dillo (Francisco), 1825, Mex. convict who continued his lawless career in Cal.; 
 wife Rafaela Garcia, 4 child. ; lynched in '60 with one of his sons. iii. 16, 549, 
 652. Baewdsxig (?), mr of the Nikolai in '40. iv. 105. Bagley ( Alden S. ), 
 
 1848, part owner of the Coloma mill in Dec. 
 
 Bailey (Addison), 1847, Co. C, Morin. Bat. (v. 469), reenlist. at L. Ang. 
 B. (James), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat.; made bricks at S.F. B. (Jefferson), 
 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat., perhaps same as the Jeff. B. who had a farm in 
 Sta Clara Co. '50-74. B. (Theodorus), 1847, lient, com. of the U. S. Lex 
 ington; rear-admiral in the war of '61-5. v. 578. Portrait in the Century, 
 April '85. B. (Wm J.), 1834, Engl. sailor at Mont., age 25; drove cattle 
 to Or. '37; perhaps the Wm Bailey exiled in '40. iv. 18, 85, 412. Baillie 
 (Thomas), 1844, com. of the Engl. Modeste. iv. 567. Bailon (Pascaal), 1782, 
 corporal killed on the Colorado, i. 364. Bails (Jonas), 1836, Amer. tailor at 
 Los Ang. from N. Mex., age 29. 
 
 Baker, 1845-6, mr of the Montezuma. B., 1848, of the firm S. H.Williams 
 & Co. at S. F. B. (Andy), 1846, Co. G, Cal. Bat. (v. 358); at Stockton 
 with Weber '47-8; also employed as a builder in '47, at Mont, in '47; called 
 also Antonio B.; ment. at N. Helv. '48; very likely the 'Antonio' employed 
 by Larkin at S. F. B. (Isaac Munroe), 1846, nat. of Mel, b. in '20; marine 
 on the U. S. Dale '46-9; one of Marston's men in the Sanchez campaign (v. 
 379). Being disch. in N. Y. he came to S. F. in '50-65; in the east '65-8; owner 
 of a place at La Honda, Sta Cruz mts, from '64, but in the grocery business at 
 S. F., '75-85. Married Mary A. Smith '75, has 3 children '85. In an interview 
 he gave many items about S. F. in '46-7. B. (John), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. 
 dragoons (v. 336). B. (JohnF.), 1848. Passport from Honolulu. B. (Wm), 
 1845; Amer. sailor at Mont. Balderrama (Jose), 1798. i. 606, 733. Should 
 be written Valderrama. Baldomero, grantee of Corral de Padilla '36. iii. 677. 
 
 Baldridge (Wm), 1843, Tenn. mill-wright, b. in '11, resid. of Mo. from 
 '20; overl. immig. in the Walker-Chiles party, iv. 392, 399. After working at 
 his trade in different places, in '45 he settled on a Napa rancho as a partner 
 of Chiles; in '46 a member of the Bear organization, v. iii. 179, 189, and later 
 served as lieut of Co. C, Cal. Bat. v. 361, 434. Then he resumed his trade for 
 a time, and I have a contract signed by him in '47 to build a saw-mill for Salv. 
 Vallejo. From '52 Baldridge lived on his rancho at Oakville, always command 
 ing the respect of his neighbors. His Days of '46, written in '77, is an interest 
 ing part of my collection; and in the testimony given by him at various times 
 for newspapers and books there is to be noted exceptional accuracy. Never 
 married. Still living in '81, and I think in '85. A good sketch of his life, and 
 portrait, in Napa Co. Hist., 387, 20. 
 
 Baldwin (Alfred), 1846, native of N.Y.; overl. immig. to Or. in '45 and in 
 '46 to Cal. v. 546. Served at S. Jose under Watmough, and went south with the 
 Cal. Bat. (v. 358). Resid. of Sta Cruz '47-85. His wife was Fannie Wiilard, 
 whom he married in '66. B. (Charles H.), 1846, passed mid. on the U.S. 
 Congress, left by Stockton in com. of a guard at Mont. '46-7, until the coming 
 of the artill. comp. v. 290, 519; lieut in war of '61-5, and com. of a gunboat in 
 the Pacific; later an admiral in com. of North Pac. station at Mare Isl. ; in Cal. 
 '83, as was also a son. B. (James M.), 1814, Engl. sailor left at Mont, by 
 the Isaac Todd. ii. 272. B. (James H.), 1847; Co. B, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). 
 
708 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 B. (John), 1841, at Los Ang. from the Juan Jose, but required to depart. B. 
 (Josiah L.), 1847, Co. I, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. at S. Jos< '50. B. (Timothy), 
 1847, Co. E, N.Y. Vol. 
 
 Bale (Edward Turner), 1837, Engl. surgeon, who landed from a vessel at 
 Mont., age 29. ii. 117-18. For 5 or 6 years he practised medicine at Mont., 
 being in '40-3 surg. of the Cal. forces by Gen. Vallejo's appointment, and hav 
 ing married Maria Ignacia Soberanes. Bale was a man of good education, but 
 always more or less in trouble on account of his debts and personal quarrels. 
 In '40 he opened a liquor-shop in a room hired of Larkin for a drug-store, and 
 was arrested in the resulting complications with the authorities. I have many 
 original documents written by and about him; but have no intention of cata 
 loguing his troubles. In '41 he was naturalized and got a grant of the Carne 
 Humana rancho in Napa valley, where he went in '43, though his family 
 lived for a time at S. F. with John Fuller, iv. 669, 671; v. 678-9. In '44, hav 
 ing been whipped by Salv. Vallejo, he attempted to shoot the latter, was put 
 in jail, and narrowly saved his life. iv. 444-5, 678; the rumored intention of 
 the Kelseys and other foreigners to rescue the doctor also caused much excite 
 ment. In '46 he built a saw-mill, and in '47-8 did a large business in lumber, 
 the increased value of his land making him a rich man; but he died '49 or '50, 
 leaving a widow still living in '85 2 sons and 4 daughters. His son P]dward 
 was commissioned in '64 capt. of Co. D, 1st Bat. Nat. Cal. cavalry; and in 71 
 was in business at Napa. Bale (Wm), 1831, Engl. carpenter at Los Ang. in 
 '36, age 29. iii. 405. Possibly Wm 'Bailey,' q.v. 
 
 Ball (Franklin), 1847, Co. E, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); blacksmith at Sta Cruz in 
 Nov. Ballard (John), 1847, Co. C, N. Y. Vol. Ballenback (Wm), 1846, 
 marine on the Dale, acting as baker at S. F. in '47; in the mines later. 
 
 Ballesteros (Carlos), killed at Chino rancho '46. v. 313. B. (Felipe) and 
 B. (Francisco), at L. Ang. '46. B. (Juan), regidor at L. Ang. '23, '32, '38; 
 grantee of Rosa del Castillo rancho '31. ii. 559; iii. 633-6. He was prob. Juan 
 Arit., son of J. de Dios. B. (Juan de Dios), corp. of the Sta B. comp. 1787; 
 com. of escolta at S. Ant., S. Luis Ob., and S. Juan B. 1791-7. Also named at 
 L. Ang. 1796, 1819. His wife was Teresa Sepiilveda, and his sons Juan An 
 tonio, b. '87, and Fran. Javier Ant., b. '97. Before '86 he had been a sergt, but 
 was reduced to the ranks for desertion, i. 557, 718; ii. 349, 354. 
 
 Ballhaus (Fred.), 1846, German immig. (v. 526), with Hoppe and Harlan; 
 in Cal. Bat. (v. 358), at the Natividad fight, and in Co. B artill. in the south; 
 worked at S. F. and N. Helv. '47-8; in the mines much of the time '48-CO; 
 married Katrina Franck '53; to Frazer River '58; from '61 at S. F., brewer, 
 vegetable gardener, and man of property; still living in '85, age 69, with wife 
 and 3 children. He has kept a diary, and tells no end of interesting details of 
 his Cal. experiences. Baltasar, 1824, Ind. executed at Purisima. Balteco 
 (John), 1846, Fauntleroy's dragoons (v. 232). Balygin, 1808, mr of the Niko 
 lai, ii. 80. 
 
 Bancroft (Jerry), 1811, sailor at Drake's Bay. ii. 95. B. (John), 1836, 
 mr of the Convoy, iv. 103, 118. In '37-8, mr of the Loriot and Llama; killed 
 by Ind. at the Sta B. islands, iv. 90, 105; iii. 652-3. His wife, fatally wounded 
 at the same time, was a half-breed Hawaiian, Miss Holmes, a sister of Nathan 
 Spear's wife. 
 
 Bandini (Josd), 1819, Span. b. in Andalucia 1771; came to Amer. '93; a 
 mariner whose home was at Lima, where he married twice and had 7 children 
 living in '28, only one of them ever known in Cal. In '19 as mr of the Span. 
 Edna de, Los Angeles he brought to Cal. fr. S. Bias a cargo of war supplies, 
 making another trip in '21, and doing a little in contraband trade, ii. 253, 261, 
 439-40. On returning to S. Bias he raised the Mex. flag on the Keina, which, 
 as he claimed, was the 1st vessel to fly independent colors in all the republic. 
 For this and other services Don Jose" was made by I turbid e capt. of militia, 
 and in '22 was retired with that rank, the fuero militar, and right to wear 
 the uniform. A few years later, being a widower, and suffering from gout, 
 he came with his son to S. Diego, where he built a house and spent the rest 
 of his life, taking the oath of allegiance required by the law of '27. iii. 51, 176. 
 
BAXDINL 709 
 
 In '27 he wrote a long Carta IlisWrica y Descriptiva de Cal to Eustace Barren, 
 iv. 151. Erroneously attributed to his son in the 1st ed. of vol. i., list of auth. 
 He died at the Sta Ana rancho in '41. 
 
 Bandini (Juan), 1824, son of Jose", b. at Lima in 1800, and educ. there. 
 The exact date of arrival is not known ; but in Dec. '28 his father stated that he 
 had 4 child, by his Cal. wife. It is possible that he came with his father in '19 
 or '21. His public life began in '27-8 as member of the diputacion; '28-32 sub- 
 comisario of revenues at S. D. ; suplente congressman '31-2. Mention in this 
 part of his career, ii. 543, 546-7, 549, 563-4; iii. 36-42, 50, 61-5, 86, 126, 136, 
 217, 367, 375-6. In '31 he took a leading part in fomenting the revolution 
 against Gov. Victoria, and in opposing Zamorano's counter-revolt of '32. iii. 
 188-9, 197, 200-1, 203-4, 206, 210, 225. In '33 he went to Mexico as member 
 of congress, but came back in '34 as vice-president of Hijar and Padres' grand 
 colonization and commercial co., supercargo of the co.'s vessel, the Natalia, 
 and inspector of customs for Cal. The disastrous failure of the colony scheme, 
 and the refusal of Cal. to recognize his authority as inspector, were regarded 
 by Don Juan as the most serious misfortunes of his whole life and of his 
 adopted country's history, his failure being rendered the more humiliating by 
 the detection of certain smuggling operations in which he had engaged, iii. 
 242, 246, 260-7, 297, 365, 370-3, 383, 613, 670. In '36-8 Bandini was in sev 
 eral respects the leading spirit of the southern opposition to Alvarado's govt; 
 at each triumph of the arribenos he was lucky enough to escape arrest, and 
 lost no time in fomenting new revolts. His position was a most unwise one, 
 productive of great harm to Cal.; his motive was chiefly personal feeling 
 against Angel Ramirez, whom he regarded as influential in the new adminis 
 tration, for he had been a personal friend of the northern leaders and a sup 
 porter of their general views; and his record as a politician throughout the 
 sectional troubles was neither dignified, patriotic, nor in any way creditable. 
 Under Carrillo he was nominally still in charge of the S.D. custom-house, iii. 
 415, 419-20, 423-4, 480, 482-3, 488-90, 515-21, 539, 548, 556, 558, 564-6, 578, 
 609, 614; iv. 98. He was the owner of the Tecate rancho on the frontier, which 
 was sacked by the Ind. in '37-8, B. and his family being reduced to poverty 
 and serious want; but Gov. Alvarado made him admin, of S. Gabriel mission 
 '38-40, granting him also in '38 Jurupa, in '39 Eincon and Cajon de Muscu- 
 piabe, and land at S. Juan Cap. '41. iii. 612, 633, 644-5; iv. 68, 92, 297, 626. 
 He was appointed fiscal of the tribunal superior '40-2, was comisionado at the 
 new pueblo of S. Juan de Arguello in '41, and sindico at L. Ang. '44, taking 
 but slight part in the troubles with Gov. Micheltorena. iii. 605; iv. 196, 296, 
 365, 411, 624, 626-7, 633. In '45-6 Don Juan was Gov. Pico's sec., and a zeal 
 ous supporter of his admin. , particularly in mission affairs and opposition to 
 Castro, being also a member of the assembly and originator of the projected 
 conscjo general, iv. 511, 519, 530-2, 540, 549; v. 35, 37, 39-40, 44-5, 48, 51, 
 66, 264, 278, 559. Later, however, he espoused the U.S. cause, furnished sup 
 plies for Stockton's battalion, was offered the collectorship, and named as mem 
 ber of the legislative council in '47, and alcalde of S.Diego in '48. v. 282, 328- 
 30, 356, 433, 618-19. In '49 he declined a judgeship; is said to have impaired 
 his fortune by erecting a costly building in '50 at S.D., where he kept a store; 
 and subsequently appears to have gone across the frontier, where the estate 
 of Guadalupe had been granted him in '46, resuming his Mex. citizenship and 
 serving as juez in '52. He still dabbled to some extent in revolutionary poli 
 tics, and as a supporter of Melendres had to quit the country with all his live 
 stock in '55. He died at Los Angeles in '59. It is evident from the preceding 
 resume of what is for the most part more fully told elsewhere that Juan Bau- 
 dini must be regarded as one of the most prominent men of his time in Cal. 
 He was a man of fair abilities and education, of generous impulses, of jovial 
 temperament, a most interesting man socially, famous for his gentlemanly 
 manners, of good courage in the midst of personal misfortunes, and always 
 well liked and respected; indeed, his record as a citizen was an excellent one. 
 He also performed honestly and efficiently the duties of his various official 
 positions. In his grander attempts as a would-be statesman, Don Juan waa 
 
710 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 less fortunate. His ideas were good enough, never absurd if never brilliant? 
 but when once an idea became fixed in his brain, he never could understand 
 the failure of Calif ornian affairs to revolve around that idea as a centre; 
 and in his struggles against fate and the stupidit)' of his compatriots he became 
 absurdly diplomatic and tricky as a politician. He was an eloquent speaker 
 and fluent writer, though always disposed to use a good many long \vords 
 when a few short ones would better serve the purpose. I have hundreds of his 
 original communications, official and private, in various private archives, be 
 sides the valuable collection of Doc. Hist. Col. left by Bandini and given me 
 by his widow. By the kindness of the same lady I also obtained an original 
 MS. Historia de California left by Don Juan at his death, which though brief 
 is important, especially when supplemented and explained by the author's 
 private correspondence. Bandini's 1st wife was Dolores, daughter of Capt. 
 Jose" M. Estudillo, whose children were Arcadia Mrs Abel Stearns and later 
 Mrs Robt S. Baker; Isidora, who married Col Cave J. Coutts; Josefa, the wife 
 of Pedro C. Carrillo; Jose" Maria, whose wife was Teresa Argiiello; and Juanito. 
 His 2d -wife was Refugio, daughter of Santiago Argiiello, whose children were 
 Juan de la Cruz, Alfredo, Arturo, and two daughters, who married Chas R. 
 Johnson and Dr James B. Winston. Bandini's daughters were famous for their 
 beauty; all or most of his children still live in southern Cal. in '85, some wealthy, 
 all in comfortable circumstances and of respectable family connections. 
 
 Bane (C.), 1835, mr of the Primavera. iii. 383. Banks (Archibald), 1833, 
 Scotch carpenter at Mont. '33-6; d. at S. F. '38. 409. B. (J. H.), 1848, 
 passp. fr. Honolulu. Bannard (Geo.), 1847, Co. K, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). 
 Bantam (Geo.), 1846, Amer. sailor on the Cyane; in Stockton's bat., wounded 
 at the S. Gabriel Jan. '47. v. 395. Baptiste (Jean), 1846, French fr. N. 
 Mex., survivor of the Donner party perhaps, v. 531-41; at N. Helv. '47-8, 
 and one of the earliest miners. There are several of this name not to be iden 
 tified. See also 'Bautista.' Barajas, sirviente at Sta Cruz, 1795. i. 496. 
 
 Barber (A. H.), 1848, of N. Y.; vet. of the Mex. war; settled at Sutter- 
 ville; lived at Chico from '51 to his death in '66, age 51. B. and sons at 
 Mont. '47-8. Consul. Arch. ; perhaps the following. B. (John and John, Jr), 
 1847, at Mont, and in the redwoods '47-8. B. (John), 1848, nat. of Conn., 
 farmer in Napa Val. to '53. Napa Co. Reporter. B. (Matthew), 1847, farmer 
 near Martinez in '60, when he testified in S. F. that he was public admin, in 
 '47-9. Barbosa (Jose"), settler at Brancif. 1797. i. 569. B. (Mariano), 1818, 
 sailor who taught Cal. boys to make hats. Barbot (M.), 1848, at S. Jose 1 ''81. 
 
 Barbour (John), 1847, lot-owner at S. F. Perhaps 'Barber,' q.v. B. 
 (Nathan), 1846, nat. of N.Y., migrating to Ky, La, Mo., and finally overland 
 to Cal. (v. 526), with his wife Nancy, daughter of Lancly Alford. He served 
 in Co. B, Cal. Bat. (v. 358); had a 'Cal. claim' of $250; and in '47 settled 
 at Benicia, where he built several houses, being in the lumber business with 
 Alford. v. 467, 672. His daughter Amelia was the 1st child born at Benicia, 
 and he had 6 others. In '50 the family moved to a farm in Suisun Valley, 
 where the wife died in '68 and the husband in '82, age 69. B. (Roswell), 
 1 846, brother of Nathan, whom he seems to have accompanied in all his Cal. 
 experiences until his death in '71. 
 
 Barcelo (Juain), 1826, mr of the Mero, doubtful record, iii. 148. Bdr- 
 cena (Jose"), 1798. i. 606. Barcenar (Guadalupe), drummer at S. F. '23-31. 
 
 Barcenilla (Isidore). 1797, Span, friar; founder of the S. Jose" mission, 
 who left Cal. in 1804. 'See biog. ii. 114; mention i. 555-6, 577; ii. 131, 137, 
 159-60. Bargeman (Augustus), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Barger (Wm W.), 1847, Co. D, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). At Slitter's mill when 
 gold was discovered; said to have been the first man to whom the discoverer 
 showed the metal. Went to Utah later. Often called James B. 
 
 Baric (Charles), 1834, French from Mex. in the H. & P. colony, iii. 263, 
 412. For 10 years or more a trader at Los Ang., being 27 years old at ar 
 rival, a,nd marrying in Cal. In '37 aided Bandini to capture the town. iii. 518; 
 in '40 had charge of Aguirre's business; interested in the S. Francisquito 
 mines '42; iv. 297, 631; in '44 owner or mr of the Primavera. iv. 468. 
 
BARKER BARTHROP. 711 
 
 Barker, 1838, mr of the ftastelas. iv. 105. Barker (perhaps Vaca), 1846-7, 
 mr of the Joven Guipuzcoana. v. 578. Barker, 1848, on the Sacjadalioc fr. 
 Honolulu. B. (John S.), 1847, mr of the Edward, v. 577. B. (Peter), 
 1834, Engl. carpenter working for Kinlock at Mont. B. (Robert S.), 1SG2, 
 Amer. who joined the comp. extranjera at Mont., iii. 221, 408, and whose 
 name appears on Larkin's books to '36, getting a lot in '35. 
 
 Barmore, 1848, mr of the Sagadahoc. v. 580. Barnard, 1846, mr of the Abi 
 gail, v. 576. B. ('Major'), 1846, doubtful mention, v. 111. Barnes (John), 
 J847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518), who deserted; also named as a laborer at 
 Mont. , and ment. by Sherman. Mem. i. 31. Barnes, 1822, mr of Orion, ii. 474. 
 
 Barnett (Elias), 1841, Amer. immig. of the Bartleson party, iv. 270, 275, 
 279. Lived with Yount till '43, then settled in Pope Valley, marrying the 
 widow of Wm Pope. Napa Co. Hist., 55-6. Had a house in the Sac. Valley 
 '46, ace. to Bryant and Lancey; also seems to have signed a doc. at L. Ang. 
 in June '46. Dept. St. Pop., vii. 65. Served in Co. E, Cal. Bat. (v. 358); and 
 had a 'Cal. claim' (v. 462) of $135. Returning to his Napa rancho, he spent 
 the rest of his life there, dying shortly before '50. B. (E. P.), 1848, from 
 Or. in May on the Man/ Ann, and after good luck in the mines went back for 
 his family. Barney (Walter), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). 
 
 Barnum, 1843, in the Hastings party from Or. iv. 390. Prob. went back 
 soon. B. (Edgar M.), 1847, Co. I, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); died at Mont. '47. 
 B. (Geo.), 1845, mr of a vessel at Mont, and S. F. 
 
 Barona (Jose), 1798, Span, friar at S. Diego and S. Juan Cap., where he 
 died in 1831. See biog. iii. 625; mention i. 577, 654-5; ii. 107, 110, 159, 345, 
 348, 394, 553, 555, 655; iii. 96, 310, 351. Barque (Oscar de Grande), 1845- 
 53, doubtful record, iv. 587. 
 
 Barragan (Barbaro), Mex. soldier age 28, murdered at Mont. '36. iii. 675. 
 
 B. (Manuel), settler at the Colorado pueblo, killed by Ind. 1780-1. i. 359-62. 
 Barrena (Jose), juez de campo S. Dieguito '41. iv. 628. B. (Tadeo), ditto. 
 Barreiieche (Juan Ant.), 1779-80, Franciscan missionary of the Quere"taro col 
 lege, killed at the Colorado River missions, i. 357-63. Barreras (Jose" M.), 
 killed at Los Ang. '45. iv. 492. B. (Juan), resid. of Los Ang. '46. 
 
 Barrett, 1845, immig. fr. Or. in McMahon-Clyman party, who prob. went 
 back in '46. iv. 572, 587, 526. Perhaps James B. B. (Francis H.), 1847, Co. 
 
 C, N.Y. Vol., at S. F. '48. B. (James), 1846, claimant for supplies to Fre"- 
 mont, and owner of S. F. lot '47. v. 676. B. (Wm J.), 1847, accidentally 
 killed at Sac. '80; said to have come with Stevenson's reg. Sac. Bee. Bar- 
 reto (Fabian), 1827, grantee of Pescadero '36; a Mex. resid. of Mont., age 26, 
 wife Carmen Garcia, child. Manuel Fructuoso and Maria Juliana. The widow 
 had a 'Cal. claim' of $2,582 in '46-7. v. 462. 
 
 Barren (A.), 1845, contractor at Mont.; in '58 pass. fr. Honolulu. B. 
 (Charles), 1846, Co. H, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). Barroso (Leonardo Diez), 1830, 
 Mex. lieut sent to Cal. and promoted to capt. iii. 54; employed in an investi 
 gation at Los Ang. '31. iii. 196; in com. at Paso de Bartolo and Los Ang. '32. 
 iii. 227; departed for Mex. '33. iii. 365. 
 
 Barrowman (John), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); tried by court-mar 
 tial for sleeping on guard at S. Diego; a Utah farmer in '81. Barrus (Ruel), 
 1847, lieut Co. B, Morm. Bat., also of the reenlisted co. ; in com. at S. Luis 
 Rey; sentenced by court-martial to 5 years (red. by gov. to 1 year) of hard 
 labor for passing counterfeit coin. v. 477, 495, 610, 625. A Utah farmer in '81. 
 
 Barry (Benj.), 1847, Co. E, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). B. (F. E.), 1841, acting 
 mr of the U. S. St Louis. B. (Richard), 1828-9, mr of the Vulture, iii. 141- 
 2, 149. B. (W. D.), 1845 (?), immig. from Mo. at Sutter's fort. iv. 578, 587; 
 at Sta Clara '50-76. 
 
 Bartel (Wm), 1845, Amer. immig. fr. Or. in McMahon-Clyman party, iv. 
 572, 587; served '46-7 in the Cal. Bat.; still in Cal. '49. Bartels (Lewis), 
 1847, Co. D, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). Batthelow (J. M.), 1848, doubtful record. 
 Barthote, 1846, at L. Ang., doubtful record. Barthrop (Edward), 1847, Co. 
 A, N.Y. Vol.; resid. of S. F. '74-85; asst sup. of the Industrial school; nat. of 
 London; miner in Tuolumiie to '61; soldier in 2d Cal. cavalry during the war 
 of '61-5; 4 children in '85. 
 
712 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Bartleson (John), 1841, capt. of the 1st regular immig. party that crossed 
 
 the Sierra to Cal. He returned to Mo., where he died. iv. 267-76, 342, 684. 
 
 Bartlett (A.), 1848, arr. at Honolulu on the Julian fr. S. F. B. (Chas H.), 
 
 1847, Co. E, N.Y.Vol.(v. 499), died at S. F. '81; a Boston man. B. (J.), 
 
 1848, passp. fr. Honolulu. B. (John A.), 1847, Co. E, N.Y.Vol.; nat. of 
 Mass., b. in '28; at Sonoma and S.F. after his disch. ; went to Nic. with Walker; 
 in Boston '58-61; a vol. in the war of '61-5; at Cambridgeport, Mass., in '85. 
 
 Bartlett (Washington Allen), 1845, lieut on the U. S. Portsmouth '45-8; 
 alcalde of S. F. in '46-7; captured by the Calif ornians while out on a raid 
 for cattle. He performed the routine duties of his position in a satisfactory 
 manner, having the advantage of a knowledge of Spanish. See mention iv. 
 587; v. 126, 128-9, 137, 295, 379-80, 383, 539, 644-5, 648, 654 ; 659, 686. Later 
 he commanded a vessel in coast survey service in the Pacific; was sent to 
 Europe on a mission connected with lighthouses; and while serving on the 
 African coast in '55 had his name stricken from the rolls of the navy by the 
 retiring board. In Carroll's Star of the West, 278-344, is an elaborate defence 
 and eulogy with favorable testimony from many naval officers, also a portrait. 
 His daughter was the heroine of the famous ' diamond wedding ' of the 
 Cuban Oviedo. Bartlett died I think between '70 and '80. 
 
 Barton (James R. or H.), 1845, at L. Ang., serving in the Micheltorena 
 campaign, iv. 495. Lieut in the Cal. Bat. '46-7, serving under Stockton, v. 
 265, 360, 435. Later a resid. of L. Ang. ; killed in '57 by the ' Manilas ' while 
 acting as sheriff in their pursuit. B. (Wm), 1839, Amer. sailor on the Cali 
 fornia; one of the exiles of '40 to S. Bias, but returned with a claim for dam 
 ages; at Sta Cruz '43. iv. 18, 21, 33, 119. 356. Bartow, 1842, chaplain with 
 Com. Jones, iv. 310. Bartram (Wm), 1843, Scotchman who worked at the 
 N. Almaden mine in '46; a witness in later litigation; testifying that he was at 
 S. F. in '43, and at Sonoma in '36-7. I met him near S. Luis Ob. in 74. iv. 
 399. Bartusee (Zaraa), 1847, Co. F, 3d artill. (v. 518). 
 
 Basadre y Vega (Vicente), 1786, Span, commissioner for estab. a fur-trade 
 between Cal. and China, i. 438-42. Basilio, 1824, mr of the Rurik. ii. 519. 
 Basilio, 1847, in Slitter's employ. Bassett (Nathaniel S.), 1831, mr of the 
 Marcus, iii. 383. 
 
 Bassham (Wm R.), 1845, Kentuckian immig. of the Grigsby-Ide party, 
 age 23. iv. 578, 587. He was a clerk at L. Ang. for Dalton in '46; and for 
 Leidesdorff and later Howard & Mellus at S. F. in '47-9, being also the owner 
 of several town lots; a member of the Cal. senate in '49-50; later a resid. of 
 S. Josd and in business with Belden. In '55-6 he was a witness in the Santi- 
 llan case, but I find no later record of him. Bastian (James), 1848, English 
 man fr. Honolulu who died at S. F. in Oct. Basualdo (Francisco), 1828, Mex. 
 artilleryman, later sergt at Sta B. and S. Diego; killed by the Ind. at Pauma 
 '46. iii. 78, 615, 617. Batan (Ddsire), 1845, mr of the Espadon. iv. 565. 
 Batchelor (Geo.), 1847, drum-major N.Y.Vol. v. 503; died before '82. 
 
 Bateman (E. B.), 1847, Amer. immig. fr. Mo.; member of the 1st legisla 
 ture '49-50; a physician at Stockton '75, and perhaps later. B. (Lorenzo), 
 1846, Fauntleroy's dragoons at Mont. (v. 232-47). Baten (Wm), doubtful 
 name in a Brancif. list of '45; Amer., age 37. Bates, 1840, purser of the St 
 Louis. Bates (Dr), 1846, had an acct with Larkin; in '47-8 often ment. at 
 N. Helv., sometimes as a physician, oftener on the sick-list, and finally pros- 
 
 rting for gold and quicksilver. Possibly same as E. B. 'Bateman,' q.v. 
 (Asher B), 1848, New Yorker who came round the Horn; d. at S. F. '73, 
 age 63. B. (Frank), 1848; alcalde at Sac.; vice-pres. of a public meeting in 
 Jan. '49; ment. by Colton as owner of Vernon. Perhaps same as the ' doctor. ' 
 B. (Manuel), 1826; mr of the Sta Apolonia. iii. 148. Bathgate (Geo.), 
 1848, Co. F, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); d. before '82. 
 
 Baugh (Theodore E. ), 1845, of firm Sweeny & B., who built an observatory 
 on Telegraph Hill in '45 (?), and in '52 opened the 1st telegraph. A Pennsyl- 
 vanian, who died at S.F. in '81, age 58. S. JostPion. ; iv. 587- Baum (John), 
 1848, overl. immig. fr. Ohio to Or. '47; and to the Cal. mines '48; returning to 
 Or. in '50. Bausford (John), 1829, Irish sawyer at S. F. '40, age 36; came 
 
BAUSFORD BECKWOURTH. 713 
 
 by sea in '29; alias 'Solis.' DivineUe. Bautista (Juan), 1846, Mexican sur 
 vivor of the Donner party, said to be still living in '80. v. 531, 535, 541. 
 Perhaps he was of French blood, and named ' Baptiste,' q.v. Bauzd (Felipe), 
 1791, scientist of Malaspina's exped. i. 490. 
 
 Bawden (J.), 1848, commission merchant at S. F.; advert, in Star. Bax 
 ter (J. G.), 1845 (?), Mass, farmer in Sta Clara 74-6. iv. 587. Baxter (Win 
 Owen), 1847, Co. E, N.Y.Vol.(v. 499); of Engl. birth; 30 years in the mines; 
 living at Sta M6nica '85, age 58, with wife and 4 children. Bay, 1848, named 
 in the Californian as a member of the Sonoma council. Bayley, 1848, (?), at 
 Coloma. El Dorado Co. Hist., 177. Bazard, 1847-8, at Sta Clara. 
 
 Beale (Edward F.), 1846, passed mid. and acting master of the U.S. Con 
 gress, serving in Stockton's battalion. With Gillespie's party sent in Dec. to 
 meet Kearny, and sent back to S. D. with despatches after the fight of S. Pas- 
 cual. v. 340, 350, 402. In Feb. '47 he was sent east with despatches, v. 430, 
 436; and at the end of the year was a witness in the Frdmont court-martial. 
 v. 456. Returned to Cal. in time to start east again in July '48 with despatches 
 respecting the gold discovery. Soon left the navy, and in '52-4 was supt of Ind. 
 affairs in Cal., and subsequently surveyor-general of the state. Becoming the 
 owner of large Californian estates, in later years Gen. Beale became a resident 
 of Washington, where he still lives in '85. He was at one time U.S. minister to 
 Austria. B. (Thos W.), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons, (v. 534.) B. 
 (Win), 1845, overl. immig. of the Swasey-Todd party, iv. 576. At N. Helv. '46. 
 
 Bean (Archi), 1816, sail-maker on the Lydia at Sta B. ii. 275. B. (Rob 
 ert or Wm), trapper with Dye and Nidever in '30; not clear that he came to 
 Cal. Beard (E. L.), 1846-7 (?), settler in S. Jose" valley. Beardsley (Amos 
 F.), 1848, New Yorker who came by sea; died at S.F. '69, age 49. B. (F.), 
 1848, came from Honolulu on the SS in Jan., and ret. on the Julian in Nov.; 
 possibly same as preceding. 
 
 Beasley (Jesse), 1843. perhaps an immig. of the Chiles- Walker party, iv, 
 393; member of the Sonoma town council, '47. v. 668. In comp. with Cooper 
 '48; had a Sonoma rancho '49; living '71 at Stony Creek, Colusa Co. Beattie 
 (Belden), 1847, Co. H, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. at S.F. '49. Beaulieu (Olivier), 
 1844, Canad. of Fremont's 1st exped., left in Cal. iv. 437, 439, 453. He lived 
 at Sonoma '45-7, being occasionally ment. at N. Helv.; apparently claimant 
 in '53 for the Cabeza de Sta Rosa rancho; still living near S. Jose" in '81 ace. 
 to 8. J. Pion., March 19, '81. Becerra, soldier at Mont. '28. ii. 615. B. 
 (Pilar), 1824, Mex. convict liberated in '35. 
 
 Becher (Fred. G.), 1835, German assoc. in business with Virmond of Mex., 
 supercargo of the Catalina and Leonor, who spent most of his time in Cal. fr. 
 '35 to '37. A young man of many accomplishments, linguistic, commercial, 
 diplomatic, and equestrian. Very popular, but in trouble with Alvarado's 
 govt on account of his Mex. interests and sympathies. His name appears in 
 mission accounts of '39-40. Vischer tells us that B. became head of a firm at 
 Mazatlan, and died there at the age of 37. Ment. in iii. 288, 381, 383, 413, 
 429, 459, 512; iv. 102. Becker (John), 1847, Co. A, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); at 
 N. Helv. fr. S. Joaquin '48. Beckstead (Gordon S.), 1847,- Co. A, Morm. 
 Bat. (v. 469); reenlisted; living in Utah '81. B. (Orin M.), 1847, Co. A, 
 Morm. Bat. ; reenlisted. Beckwith (Seth Lee), 1848, nat. of Conn. , who came 
 from Honolulu on the Kamehameha and went to the Amador and Calaveras 
 mines; from '50, as before '48, a traveller in many parts of the world, but re 
 garding S. F. as his home, where he still lives in '85, at the age of 64, with a 
 son and daughter. 
 
 Beckwourth (James P.), 1844, mulatto of Va, who became in the great 
 west a famous hunter, guide, Indian-fighter, chief of the Crows, and horse- 
 thief. No re'sumd can do justice to his adventures, nor can the slightest 
 faith be put in his statements. See Banner's Life of Beckwourth. He carne to 
 Cal. from N. Mex. '44. iv. 453, 495; and was one of the mountaineers serving 
 against Micheltorena, at the 'battle of Cahuenga' in '45 (v. 494, 503), of 
 which he gives an absurdly false account. Before the troubles of '46 he left 
 Cal. with a large drove of stolen horses to continue his career in N. Mex. 
 
714 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 and on the plains. Returning after '48 to take part in no end of stirring events 
 in the flush times, he discovered the pass that bears his name, opening in '52 
 a hotel and trading-post in Beckwourth Valley. Therein he dictated to Bon- 
 ner the events of his life as published in '58. But Jim was accused of divers 
 unlawful acts, and besides was unable to content himself long in one place; 
 so he returned to his old life of trapper and trader on the plains, and died in 
 the North Platte country in '67, age about 70. Bedibey (Frank), 1841, of 
 -the Workman-Rowland party from N. Mex. ; did not remain in Cal. iv. 278. 
 
 Bedwell (Franklin), 1840 (?), Tennesseean who went to Mo. with his 
 parents in '19; for many years a trapper in the Rocky Mts and great basin, 
 from the Yellowstone to Sta Fe" } with the usual adventures of his class, iv. 
 117, 120. Ace. to the Sonoma Co. History, with portraits, he came to Cal. in 
 '-40-1; continued his trapper life for several years, occasionally visiting the 
 settlements, and working a while in the Sta Clara redwoods; but about '43 
 settled on a Russ. River rancho bought of Cyrus Alexander (?); joined the 
 Bears in '46, being apparently with Ford at Olompali; went south with Fr6- 
 mont, being with Gillespie's garrison at L. Ang., and later one of Stockton's 
 army; returned to his rancho after the peace; went to the mines in '48-9; 
 and finally settled permanently in his Russ. River home. All this may be 
 accurate, though it seems strange that of so early a man, taking part in so 
 many events, I find no original or contemporary mention before '48. In '48 
 or '49 he seems to have met in Cal. his mother and brother, from whom he 
 had been separated many years. In '58 he married Selina McMinn of Tenn., 
 but had no children. Bedwell was still living in '83, and probably in '85, hale 
 and hearty, though over 70 years of age. 
 
 Bee (Henry Jubilee), 1830, Engl. sailor and blacksmith who left the Dryad 
 at Mont. iii. 180; joined the comp. extranjera in '31. iii. 221; and perhaps 
 went to S. Jose 1 as early as '33, though his home for some years seems to have 
 been near Mont., and his occupation that of guiding strangers about the coun 
 try; baptized as Enrique Ascension, and married in '38 to Clara Moreno. 
 His name appears on Larkin's books and various other records nearly every 
 year. In '36-7 Bee was one of Graham's 'riflemen.' iii. 461, 525; and in Al- 
 varado's service performed more than one feat of valor, if we credit his own 
 version. In '40 he was arrested but not exiled, iv. 9, 17, 23; moving soon to 
 Sta Cruz; and living in '43 at Yerba Buena, where he got a lot, iv. 669, and 
 another later. In '46 he carried despatches from Sloat to Fremont, v. 247, as 
 appears from his receipt of July 12th, for 8160, including the value of two 
 horses killed in the service, in Mont. Consul. Arch., though there has been 
 
 potatoes for a few years; 
 worked as carpenter till '60. He lost his wife in '53, his son in '60, and at 
 the same time a leg in an encounter with the desperado Felipe Hernandez. 
 In '77 he dictated his Recollections for my use; and has furnished many rem 
 iniscences for the Pioneer and other papers. Harry is inclined to draw some 
 what heavily on his imagination for historical details; but there is generally 
 a substratum of fact underlying his yarns. Living in '83, and I think in '85. 
 
 Beebe (J. W.), 1847, named as the 1st Amer. magistrate at S. Buenaven 
 tura. Signal. Perhaps same as the following. B. (Wm L.), 1847, nat. of N. 
 Y.; one of the 1st supervisors at S. Luis Ob.; later county judge; still living 
 in '83. S. Luis Ob. Co. Hist. Beechay, 1840, doubtful name in Farnham's 
 list of arrested foreigners. Beechey (Fred. Win), 1826, com. of the Brit, ex 
 ploring vessel Blossom, and author of a Narrative of the exploration, iii. 120 
 -5, 110, 146; i. 432; ii. 588, 590, 592, 599-600, 603, 610, 614-16. B. (Rich 
 ard B.), 1826, mid. on the Blossom, iii. 121. Beener (John S.), 1847, adver 
 tises loss of a pocket-book between S. Joaq. and S.F. in Star; still at S.F. in 
 '54. Beere (Wm), 1848, cabinet-maker at S.F. v. 682. Beers (Wm), 1847, 
 Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). Beeson (Henry), 1846, claimant for supplies to 
 Fremont (v. 462). Perhaps this was ' Bee,' q.v. 
 
 Beggs (Peter), 1847, negro servant of Capt. A. J. Smith, accused of rob- 
 
BEGGS-BELLOW. 715 
 
 bery at Los Ang. Behn (John), 1841 (?), native of Baden, accredited by Wil- 
 s jn to the "Workman party fr. N. Mex. ; but not in Rowland's list, and not 
 remembered by Given, iv. 278-9. Appears in the records fr. '44 as otter-hunter 
 and trader at Los Ang. He quit business in '53, and died '68, leaving several 
 children. Be" jar, see 'Ve"jar.' 
 
 Belcher, 1848, mr of the Mary at S.F. fr. Columbia Riv. B. (Edward), 
 1826, lieut on the Blossom in Beechey's exped. iii. 121; in '37-9, com. of the 
 Sulpkur, and author of a Narrative of the expedition, iii. 614, 670, 699; iv. 
 9.>, 106, 142-6. B. (Lewis F.), 1847, at Mont, in company with Aram; in 
 the gold mines '48; about '50 a large dealer in cattle. An eccentric character, 
 native of N.Y., who acquired a large property. Murdered at Mont, in ; 56. 
 
 Belden (Josiah), 1841, nat. of Conn., b. in '15, who after a varied commer 
 cial experience in N.Y., La, and Miss., came to Cal. in the 1st immig. party 
 under Capt. Bartleson. iv. 267, 270, 275, 279. Going to Mont., he took charge 
 for Larkin of a branch store and lumber business at Sta Cruz in '42-4, taking 
 part in the raising of the U.S. flag at the time of the Com. Jones affair, iv. 312, 
 340, 651, 662-4. I have many of his original letters of these and later years. 
 In '44 he obtained naturalization papers, and a grant of the Barranca Colorada 
 rancho in the Sac. Valley, iv. 670. The firm of B. & Chard appears at Mont, 
 in '44-5; B. took some part in preserving order during Gov. Micheltorena's 
 absence; and in Dec. '45 went up to his rancho, returning in March '46. jV. 
 Jidv. Diary, 22, 37. For some months in '46 B. took charge of a store for 
 Capt. Paty at S.F., v. 682, and later in '46-7 worked as clerk and collector 
 for Wm H. Davis, obtaining lots at S.F. and Benicia. v. 672, 676; also inter 
 ested in a quicksilver mine. Larkm'sDoc., v. 361. In '48 he opened atS. Jos 
 a branch store of Mellus & Howard, but soon followed his customers to the 
 mines for a few w r eeks, leaving the store in charge of Branham. In '49 he closed 
 up the business, and married Miss Sarah M. Jones, a pioneer of '46. In '50 he 
 was the 1st mayor of S. Jos6, being later member of the council, and in '76 a 
 delegate to the republican national convention. Fortunate purchases and judi 
 cious management of S.F. real estate made Belden a capitalist. He continued 
 to reside at S. Jose with his wife, two sons, and three daughters until about 
 '81, when he changed his residence to New York, where he still lives in '85. 
 A good sketch of his life, with portrait, is found in the Contemp. Biog., i. 246; 
 and in '78 he dictated for my use his Historical Statement, a MS. of 70 pp. , just 
 such a narrative as might be expected from a clear-headed man of business. 
 
 Bell (Alex.), 1842, nat. of Pa, who since '23 had lived in Mex. provinces, 
 becoming a citizen. He came from Sonora on the Esmeralda, iv. 341, settling 
 at Los Ang., where he married Nieves Guirado in '44, and engaged in trade 
 for many years. He was prominent in '45 among the foreigners who opposed 
 Micheltorena and Sutter. iv. 495; in '46-7, being sindico at L. Aug., v. 625, 
 served as capt. in the Cal. Bat., v. 360, apparently quitting the town with Gil- 
 lespie and returning with Stockton; and he had 'Cal. claims' of about $3,500 
 (v. 462). In '49 Bell built a warehouse at S. Pedro; and in later years was 
 prominent among the vigilantes. He seems to have retired from trade about 
 '54, but continued to reside at Los Ang. till his death in '71, age 70. B. 
 (Geo. W.), 1845, doubtful name of an overl. immig.; perhaps went to Or. 
 iv. 578. B. (John H.), 1831, mr of the Whalehound, said to have discov. 
 oysters in S.F. bay. iii. 699. B. (Richard H.), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. 
 v. 519. B. (Wm), 1843, named at Los Ang., perhaps by error. 
 
 Bellomy (Geo.W.), 1843, Virginian fr. Or. in the Hastings party, wounded 
 by Ind. on the way. iv. 390-1, 399. In '44 he got a carta de seguridad, and 
 next year had a shop at S. Jose 1 , where he complained of being robbed, and 
 signed the. call to foreigners in March, iv. 599. He does not seem to have 
 served in the Cal. Bat. '46, but had a claim of $42, which was paid; in '47 
 was imprisoned for disobedience to decrees of Judge Burton's court; in '48 
 owner of the Sta Clara House, still in legal troubles. His wife from '45 was 
 Maria de Jesus Bernal, later wife of J. T. Perez. Bellomy or Bellamy 
 died in '62. Bellow (J. Mitch.), 1846, said to have come in the navy; nat. 
 of La, who was long a policeman at S. Jose, and died in '79. S. J. Pion. 
 
716 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Belt (Geo. Gordon), 1847, Q. M. sergt N.Y.Vol. v. 503; alcalde at Stock 
 ton '49; became a rich trader, and was murdered at Stockton by Win Dennis 
 in '69. Beltran (Nicolas), corporal 1776-81, killed on the Colorado, i. 304, 
 363. Belty (Wm), 1841. German immig. from Mo. in the Bartleson party. 
 iv. 270, 275, 279. Some say he went back and died in the east; but a man of 
 the same name served in Co. A, Cal. Bat. (v. 358); is named on Larkin's 
 books at Mont, in '47-8; and ace. to Dally, who helped to bury him, Mas 
 killed by a fall from his horse in the mines in '48. 
 
 Ben, 1846, negro servant with Gillespie. v. 24. Benavides (Elias). 1847, 
 at N. Hclv. B. (3 oa6), soldier at S. F. '44; grantee of a lot '46. v. 630. 
 B. (Joce" M.), settler at S. F. 1791-1800, prob. father of the preceding, i. 716. 
 B. (Maria), 1847, had bonnets for sale at S. F. Star. B. (Miguel), soldier 
 at S. F. '27-31; in '41 living at S. Jose", age 29; wife Josefa Garcia; child., 
 Patrick), Jose* Ant., Concepcion, Antonia, Nanita, Trinidad. Benedict (C. 
 L.), 1847, owner of a house at Benicia. v. 672. Bengachea (Jose* Ign.), set 
 tler at the Colorado Riv. pueblos 1780-1. i. 359, 362. Benitez (Joes' M.), 
 1803-7, surgeon of the forces at Mont. ii. 140. Benito, neoph. rebel at Sta 
 B. '24-6. ii. 532, 537. 
 
 Benitz (Wm), 1841-2, German in Sutter's employ. Arrived Oct. '42 ace. 
 to rolls of the Soc. Cal. Pion. ; but in applying for naturalization in '44 he 
 claimed to have come in '41. iv. 341. After being for a time in charge of 
 Hock farm, in '43 he took charge of the Ross estate for Sutter, succeeding 
 Bidwell. iv. 186, 679. In '44 grantee of the Briesgau rancho in Shasta co. iv. 
 670; in '45 he rented the Ross rancho from Sutter, and later bought a part of 
 it; bondsman for some of the Grigsby-Ide immig. iv. 679, 544, 581. Benitz 
 is said to have been the man who was swindled to the extent of $6,000 by the 
 Sutter-Muldrow claim. He lived at Ross till '67; then moved to Oakland; and 
 in '74 went to the Argentine Republic, where he had a brother. He died there 
 in '76, at the age of 62, leaving a family. Benjamin (Fordyce J.), 1846, Co. 
 H, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); alcalde at N. Helv. '48; at Sonoma '74. 
 
 Bennett (A. B.), 1846, Co. F, Cal. Bat., enlisting at S. Juan Oct. (v. 358). 
 B. (Charles), 1847, at Sutter's Fort fr. Or.; at the Coloma mill in '48 when 
 gold was found; said to have been killed by Ind. in Or. about '55. B. 
 (Dennis), 1843, prob. son of Vardamon, fr. Or. in the Hastings party, iv. 
 390, 399. Named in a S. F. padron of '44 as an Amer. carpenter, age 19. 
 B. (Jackson), 1843, brother of Dennis, age 17 in '44, said to have been slightly 
 wounded at the battle ' of Sta Clara in '47. iv. 390, 400; v. 381. B. (Nar- 
 ciso), grantee of land at Sta Clara in '45; perhaps another son of Varda 
 mon, who came in '43. iv. 587, 673. B. (Thomas), 1816, sailor on the Lydia. 
 ii. 275. B. (Titus), 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Bennett (Vardamon), 1843, nat. of Ga, who went to Ark. '30, crossed the 
 plains to Or. '42, and came to Cal. in the Hastings party with a large family, 
 iv. 390, 399. After a brief stay in the Sac. Valley B. went to S. F. , where he 
 appears in the padron of '44 as an Amer. carpenter, age 40; where he appears 
 in other records of '45-7, including a petition for naturalization in '46; and 
 where he kept a grog-shop, bowling alley, etc. v. 685; being also owner of a 
 Benicia lot. v. 672. He died at S. F. in '49. His wife, Mary, was a good 
 woman, but one of masculine attributes, who had a 'mind of her own,' 
 and body also, in many respects head of the family. In '45 she asked for a 
 separation, complaining to the authorities of her husband's failure to provide 
 for herself and 8 children. In '46 she and some of the children were living 
 at S. Jose", having a 'Cal. claim' (v. 462). She married Harry Love, and died 
 near Watsonville in '68, age 66. B. (Wm), 1845, doubtful name of an overl. 
 immig. iv. 578. B. (Wm), 1844, immig. fr. Or. in the Kelsey party, iv. 
 444, 453. Seems to have settled near S. Jose", where ace. to Hittell he was a 
 wealthy man in '60; perhaps same as Win H. on the rolls of the Soc. Cal. 
 Pion., as having arr. March '44. 
 
 Bennett (Winston), 1843, son of Vardamon, whom he accomp. to Cal. in 
 the Hastings party, iv. 390, 400. He is named in the S.F. padron of '44 as 25 
 years of age; but he did not remain long at S.F. or in any other place; roam- 
 
BENNETT BERNAL. 717 
 
 ing from the Sac. Valley to Marin Co., Yerba Buena, Sta Clara, and Sta-Cruz, 
 
 career in many places as miner and trader; lived at Sta Clara and Sta Cruz in 
 '50-3, being constable and deputy sheriff part of the time; on a rancho at Pes- 
 cadero '53-65; at Sta Clara with his mother '65-72; and again on his rancho 
 fr. '72, having married Maria J. Perez in 71. His Pioneer of 43, a narrative 
 of his overland trip and experiences in Cal., was printed in the 8. Jose Pio 
 neer of '77, containing many interesting details. He seems to have been a very 
 unlucky man in respect of accidents, the breaking of a leg or arm being by no 
 means a rare occurrence; and it appears that this luck with his old propensity to 
 roam is still retained; for as I write, in '85, the papers announce the accidental 
 breaking of his leg at Silver City, N. Mex. 
 
 Benschoten (John W.), 1848, New Yorker who served in the Mex. war, 
 coming to Cal. prob. with Graham's dragoons (v. 522); worked in the mines, 
 and finally settled in S. Joaquiu, where he married Jessie McKay in 'G6. 
 Benson (Christian), 1847, perhaps one of the N.Y. Vol. under another name. 
 B. (Geo.), 1847, Co. F, 3d U. S. artill. (v. 518). B. (John), 1840, Amer. sailor 
 of the Morse at S.F., to be shipped on the Don Quixote. Bent (Silas), 1848, 
 mr of the Preble. Bentley (John), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 544). Ben- 
 ton, 1848, firm of Ross, B. & Co. at S. F. 
 
 Bercier (Francis), 1847, Engl. at N. Helv. Berdle (John), 1836, arms in 
 his possess, seized at L. Ang. Berenback (Antoine), 1847, Co. F, 3d artill. 
 (v. 518). Berier, 1847, at N. Helv.; prob. same as 'Bercier.' Beristain, 
 1847-8, mr of the Concepcion. v. 577. B. (Maximo), 1829, at S. Diego, iii. 
 141. Beritzhoff (Alex.), 1847, named in a newspaper as mate of the J6ven 
 Guipuzcoana. iv. 587; went from N.Y. to Valparaiso on ship Zenobia. From 
 Val. to Mont, on brig Thos H. Benton in '47. Owner of Stockton Independent 
 '05-75. Later U.S. storekeeper int. rev. at S.F. 
 
 Bermudez (Antonio, Atansio, Dolores), at L. Ang. '46. B. (Domingo), 
 1832, at Sta B. B. (Francisco), 1832, soldier at Sta B., wife Concepcion 
 Pico, 2 child. B. (Jose 1 ), at L. Ang. '15-28. ii. 349, 354, 560; two or three 
 of the name at S. Bernardino and S. Gabriel '46. B. (Jose"), at rancho na- 
 cional, Mont., '36, age 28, wife Ana M. Martinez, child. Jose" and Martiana. 
 Bernabe", 1824, rebel neoph. at Sta B. ii. 532, 537. Bernaci (Juan), 1791, 
 lieut in Malaspina's exped. i. 490. 
 
 Bernal, 1826, majordomo of S. Jose", ii. 599. I am unable to trace defi 
 nitely the dif . branches of the Bernal family in Cal. , but name many individ 
 uals. See list of those in Cal. before 1800 iu i. 734. B. (Agustin), soldier 
 at S. F. '19-27; in '37 lieut of militia at S. Jose", iii. 732; in '41 at S. Jose, 
 age 39; wife Maria Juana Higuera; child. Jose b. '25, Guadalupe '29, Presen- 
 tacion '32, Abelino '34, Nicolas '37, Juana '39; in '46 juez de campo. v. GG2; 
 '53 claimant of Sta Teresa rancho. iii. 713; prob. son of Joaquin. B. (Agus 
 tin, Jr), son of the preceding, b. '48; mar. Francisca Soto in Alameda Co. '78. 
 B. (Ana Maria), mar. 1784 to Gabriel Moraga. ii. 571. B. (Antonio), sol 
 dier at S. F. '41-3. iv. 667; still at S. Jose" '50. B. (Apolinario), born in 
 Cal. 1780-90; regidor at S. Jose" 1802; killed by Ind. '13. ii. 134, 339. B. 
 (Basilio), grantee of Sta Clara embarcadero '45-8; also claimant in '53. iv. 
 373; v. 665. B. (Bruno), in '41 at S. Jos*':, age 39 (prob. older); wife Anto- 
 nia Ortega; children, Antonio b. in '25, Dolores '27, Francisco '31, Pedro '33, 
 Jose" and Gertrudis '35, Guadalupe '36, Rufina '37, Luis '39; Cal. claim of 
 $10,000 in '46; claimant for Alisal, Mont. Co. iii. 676. B. (Jesus), juez de 
 campo at S. Jose" '41. iv. 684. B. (Joaquin), soldier of S. F. at Sta Cruz 
 1795. i. 496; inval. '19-32; grantee of Sta Teresa rancho '34, being then 94 
 years old. iii. 713. B. (Jose 1 ), soldier at S. F. '19-30. B. (Jose" 2d), sol 
 dier at S. F. '19-24. B. (Jose 1 ]!, born at S. Jose" in '23; married Alta Gracia 
 Higuera in '55; 10 children; living in Alameda Co. in '80. B. (Jose" Ant.), 
 soldier at S. F. '29-'42. B. (Jose Ant.), farmer at S. Jose" '41, age 25; wife 
 Guadalupe Butron; children, Juan and Trinidad. B. (Jose" Cornelio), regidor 
 
718 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 of S. Jose* '28. ii. 605; grantee of land at Mission Dolores '34; elector and mili 
 tiaman at S. F. '37. iii. 705; grantee of Rincon de Salinas, etc., and Rincon 
 de Ballena '39. iii. 678, 712; in '42 at S. F., age 46, wife Carmen Cibrian, 
 son Jose de Jesus b. '29; still living '53-4. His widow lived at the mission 
 until after '67. i. 293. B. (Jos6 Dionisio), soldier of the Soledad escolta 
 1791-1800. i. 499. B. (Jose" Jesus), grantee in '39 of the Canada de Pala 
 rancho. iii. 711; in '41 farmer at S. Josd, age 31; wife Maria Ant. Higuera; 
 children, Jos6 Gabriel b. '34, Jesus M. '35, Jos<5 Jesus '37, Dionisio '37. B. 
 (Juan), cattle-owners in S. F. district 1793. i. 707. B. (Juan), soldier at S. F. 
 '20-30; elector and militiaman at S.F. '37. iii. 705; grantee of Laguna de Palos 
 Col. in the contra costa '35-41. iii. 712; iv. 671; in '41 at S. Jose", age 38; wife 
 Encarnacion Soto (who as a widow was owner of S. F. lots fr. '44. iv. 609; 
 v. 685); children, Guadalupe b.'Sl, Nicolas '35, Apolinario '37, Juan '40. B. 
 (Juan), farmer at S. Jose" '41, age 31; wife Rafaela Felix; child., Francisco 
 b. '35, Juan '38, Guadalupe '39, Refugio '40; juez de campo '44. iv. 685. B. 
 (Juan), son of Joaquin, at S. Jose" in '77, age 67, who gave me his Memoria of 
 several old-time occurrences; perhaps same as preceding. B. (Juan), de 
 scribed by Larkin in '45 as a man of some wealth and local influence at Sta 
 Cruz. B. (Maria D. Castro de), at S. Jose" '41, age 52; children, Juan b. '20, 
 Gregorio and Francisco '27, Ramon '30. 
 
 Bernier (Baptiste), 1844, one of Fremont's men. iv. 437. 
 
 Berreyesa (Antonio), son of Nicolas, who in '77 at S. Jose" gave me his 
 Relation of the murder of his uncle by Fremont's men in '46 (v. 171), and of 
 the troubles of his father's family with the squatters and land lawyers. B. 
 (Felix), soldier at S. F. and musician '34-42. B. (Francisco), soldier at 
 S. F. '37; sergt '39; grantee in '46 of Canada de Capay and Rincon de 
 Musulacon. v. 669, 675; claimant for Rincon de Esteros '53. iii. 712. B. 
 (Jos<5 Ign.), at S. Jose" '41, age 34; children, Jesus Maria, Jos<S Jesus, Adelaida, 
 Maria Los Angeles, and Gabriela; grantee of Chiniles rancho '46. v. 669. 
 B. (Jose" Jesus), soldier at S. F. '32-3; sentenced for stealing horses at 
 Mont. '35. iii. 674; at Sonoma, age 28, in '44; grantee of Las Putas '43, and 
 Yacuy '46. iv. 672; v. 669. B. (Jos<5 de los Reyes), nat. of Cal., son of 
 Nicolas, b. about 1787; sold, at S. F. '19-29, sergt from '30; also employed 
 as a teacher at S. F. in '23. ii. 591, 584; iii. Ill, 701; in '31-5 sec. of ayunt. 
 at S. Jos<5. iii. 729-30; in '41 at S. Jose"; wife Maria S. Bernal; children, 
 Domingo b. '22, Francisco '26, Fernando '28, Encarnacion '30, Demesio '33, 
 Madelina '34, but there were several others older; in '42 grantee of S.Vicente 
 rancho. iv. 673. In June '46 while on his way to visit his son at Sonoma the 
 old man was murdered at S. Rafael by Fremont's men. v. 171-4. B. (Jose 
 de los Santos), son of Jose" Reyes; sergt S. F. comp. at Sonoma '40-2. iii. 
 702; iv. 678; grantee of Malacomes rancho '43. iv. 671-3; in '46 alcalde at 
 Sonoma, v. 124, 154, 159, 668; in '55 a witness in the Santillan case. B. 
 (Maria de la Luz), mar. to Joaq. Soto 1803, the 1st marriage at S. Jose", ii. 
 138. B. (Martin), sold, at Sonoma '42. B. (Nasario), corporal at S. F. '19- 
 24. B. (Nicolas), settler at S. F. 1777-1800. i. 297, 716; wife Gertrudis 
 Peralta, children Gabriela, Maria de la Luz, Jose" de los Reyes, Nasario, 
 Nicolas, Juan Jose', ace. to S. Josd padron of 1793. B. (Nicolas), son of pre 
 ceding; sold, at S. F. '19-30; grantee of Milpitas '34. iii. 712; regidor at 
 S. Jose" '36-7, iii. 730; at S. Jose" '41. age 51, wife Gracia Padilla, children, 
 Jose b. '18, Nicolds '22, Francisco '26, Jose" '28, Antonio '31, Mariano '34, 
 Agustin '36. The murder of his brother Reyes and the plundering of his 
 cattle by the battalion in '46, the later lynching of his brother Demesio, the 
 continued struggle w r ith squatters and land lawyers, in which all his property 
 was stripped from him, drove the old man to madness; and several of his sons 
 also became insane. He died in '63. B. (Rudesindo), ment. in '42. iv. 240. 
 B. (Santiago), at S. Jose" '41, age 37; wife Maria Rosario Valencia, child 
 Maria Josefa. B. (Sixto), soldier in S.F. comp. '38-42; grantee of Las Putas 
 '43. iv. 672. 
 
 Berry, 1848, from Or., one of the 1st miners at Grass Valley. Nev. Co. 
 Hist., 52, 64. B. (Daniel K.), 1846, overl. immig. from Mo. with his family. 
 
BERRY BIDWELL. 719 
 
 v. 529; served in Co. C, Cal. Bat. (v. 358); fr. '48 one of the 1st settlers of 
 Suisun Valley, where he still lived in 'GO. B. (James Richard), 1836, Irish 
 man who had lived long in .Span, provinces, a great traveller and a man of 
 many accomplishments; grantee of Puuta de Reyes in '36. iii. 71*2; iv. 118; 
 owner of lots at S.F. '41-4. iv. 669; v. 679; at Sonoma in '44, aged 52. I find 
 no later record of him. Bertodano (Cosme), 1794-6, Span. com. of the Valdcs, 
 Activa, Aranzazu. i. 523-4, 540. Bertran (Luis), Mex. at Mont. '36, age 40, 
 wife Tomasa Carrillo. Bertrand (Emile), 1847, Co. C, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Boston (Thos), 1847, at N. Helv., with family; apparently an immig. v. 
 556. Bestor (Norman S.), 1846, assistant to Lieut Emory with Kearny's 
 force, v. 337; at Mont. Feb. '48; had a store at Coloma '48-9. Sherman. 
 Beuseman (Chris. M.), 1817, Prussian in the Russ. service, noble of the 4th 
 class; inr of the Chirikof, and Baikal, '11-12, '25-8. ii. 298, 312, 648; iii. 146. 
 Beverley (McKenzie), 1847, owner of S.F. lot; murderer of Dornte; later a 
 desperado at large. ,'. 586, 646, 663, 676, 684. 
 
 Bianchi (Nicholas), 1834-5, mr of the Rom. iii. 384. Bicholl (John), 
 1843, Amer. in charge of Sutter's cattle at Hock; naturalized '44. iv. 400; 
 name written 'Bignol' and also 'Rignoll.' Bickmore (Gilbert), 1847, Co. A, 
 Morm. Bat. (v. 469). Biddle (James), 1847-8, corn, of the Pac. squadron U. 
 
 5. N. on the Columbus, v. 437-8, 450, 577. Bideler (Thos), 1836, Amer., 
 doubtful name at Los. Ang. Bidilton (John), 1828-9, Engl. catholic at Mont. 
 
 Bidwell (John), 1841, nat. of N. Y., born in 1819, who went with his 
 parents to Penn. and Ohio; a school-teacher in Ohio and Iowa; an immig. from 
 Mo. to Cal. in the Bartleson party. For an account of this party, including 
 much about Bidwell personally, and about his diary sent east and published 
 as A Journey to California, now of great rarity, see iv. 266-76, 279, 346-7. I 
 have the original bond signed by Thos G. Bowen in B.'s favor on Nov. 18, '41. 
 He entered Sutter's employ, and in '42-3 w r as in charge of the Ross estate at 
 Bodega, iv. 186, 233, 665, 679; in '43-4 at Hock farm. I have much of his 
 original corresp. of these and later years. In '44, visiting Mont, with a recom 
 mend, from Sutter to the gov., he obtained naturalization papers and a grant 
 of the Ulpinos rancho. iv. 674. In return Bidwell was active in support of 
 Micheltorena, going south with Sutter's army, being taken prisoner at the 
 'battle' of Cahuenga, and even having something to say 40 years later in de 
 fence of that most unwise movement of the foreigners, iv. 366, 479-83, 485- 
 
 6, 508. Returning to N. Helvetia, he continued in Sutter's service as agent and 
 clerk, being the writer of portions of the N. Helv. Diary, and his movements 
 from day to day being recorded in other portions; also grantee of the Colus 
 rancho in '45. iv. 516, 671. His travels in the valley and foothills were exten 
 sive, and he had many narrow escapes from making the grand discovery of 
 gold. Early in '46 he made arrangements to open a school at Mont. , Larkin^s 
 Doc., iv. 54; but circumstances occurred to prevent this. He did not at first 
 take an active part in the settlers' revolt, being a Mex. citizen and apparently 
 not warmly in sympathy with this most senseless filibusterism; but he was at 
 one time in charge of the prisoners at the fort, and in July was sec. at the for 
 mal organization at Sonoma, v. 100, 125, 128, 179. He went south with Fre 
 mont; was put in com. of S. Luis Rey in Aug., and made a perilous trip by- 
 sea from S. Diego to S. Pedro for supplies during the Flores revolt; ranking 
 as capt. in the Cal. Bat., and serving as quartermaster with rank of major 
 under Stockton in '46-7. v. 286, 317-18,324-5, 361, 385, 420, 620-2. Return 
 ing to the Sacramento, Bidwell continued his labors as Sutter's agent and 
 surveyor in different parts of the valley until the discovery of gold, when he 
 became the pioneer miner on Feather River, where Bidwell's Bar was named 
 for him. Of his mining experience, as of his official career in later years, I shall 
 have occasion to say something in vol. vi.-vii. of this work. Becoming owner 
 of the Arroyo Chico ranchos granted to Dickey and Farwell, he made here his 
 permanent home, site of the town of Chico from '60, becoming a man of great 
 wealth, and one of the most prominent agriculturists of the state. He was 
 chosen as a member of the constit. convention of '49, though not serving; a 
 senator in the 1st legislature of '49-50; a delegate to the national democratic 
 
720 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 convention of '60 at Charleston; appointed brigadier-gen, of militia in '63 by 
 Gov. Stanford; delegate to the national union convention in '64; and a mem 
 ber of congress '64-7, being in '75 a defeated, non-partisan, anti-monopoly 
 candidate for gov. of Cal. But it is to the agricultural and industrial develop 
 ment of his county and state that he has given his chief attention, and it is 
 his success in this direction that has evidently given him most satisfaction. 
 His record is in all respects that of an honorable as well as successful man, one 
 of the chief testimonials in his favor being the flimsy nature of the inevitable 
 charges made against him as a candidate for office. His position as the lead 
 ing representative of his class, that of immigrant farmers, will be questioned, 
 as his success will be begrudged, by none. His California in '41-ti, a MS. of 
 233 psges, was dictated for my use in '77, and is regarded as one of the most 
 valuable volumes in my collection of pioneer reminiscences. He has also in 
 later correspondence furnished many useful items for this register. In '68 he 
 married Miss Annie Kennedy of Washington, D.C.; has no children; still re 
 siding at Chico in '85. 
 
 Biggerton (Susan), 1845, illegally married at Sac., so wrote Leidesdorff. iv. 
 587. 'Big Jim,' 1830, Irish trapper of Young's party, killed by Higgins. 
 iii. 174. Biggs (Matthew H.), 1848, mining man from Valparaiso with let 
 ters from Atherton; named also by Brooks at Mormon diggings. 
 
 Bigler (Henry W.), 1847, Virginian of Co. B, Morm. Bat. v. 478, 493, 495. 
 His father was formerly a Methodist preacher, moving to Mo. in '38. After 
 the mustering-out of the bat., B. entered Slitter's employ, and was one of the 
 men working at the Coloma mill when gold was found. His Diary of a Mor 
 mon, copied by himself in '72, is not only an excellent narrative of the march 
 of the battalion one of Tyler's chief authorities but is one of the best 
 authorities extant on details of the gold discovery. Soon after the mining ex 
 citement began Bigler returned to Utah, where he still lived at St George in 
 '81. Biglcy (John), 1847, owner of a S. F. lot; witness in a lawsuit of '65. 
 
 Bihler (Win), 1848, German butcher from Baltimore round the Horn; fol 
 lowing his trade at S. F. '48-50; on a Sonoma rancho '51-9; on a Lakeville 
 rancho '59-80, being a large land-owner, giving particular attention to the 
 breeding of blood stock. Sonoma Co. Hist. 
 
 Bill, several men known only by this name, most of whom cannot be iden 
 tified, and none of the others requiring notice. Billings (Orson), 1847, Co. 
 B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). 'Billy the Cooper,' 1845, Engl. sailor from a whaler 
 at Mont.; killed at the Natividad light in Nov. '46. iv. 587; v. 371. Ace. to 
 Swan, his full name was never known in Cal. 
 
 Bines (Robert), 1846, Fauntleroy's dragoons, (v. 232-47. ) Bingham (Eras- 
 tus), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). B. (George), 1842, somewhat doubt 
 fully recorded as a boy on one of Com. Jones' vessels at Mont.; returning to 
 Cal. in '49; policeman, miner, saloon-keeper, and soldier to '79, when he lived 
 at Vallejo. Solano Co. Hist., 332-3; iv. 341. B. (Thos), 1847, Co. B, Morm. 
 Bat. Binley (John), 1847, Mormon of Kearny's return escort, v. 453, 492. 
 
 Bird (David T.), 1844, overl. immig. of the Kelscy party from Or. iv. 444- 
 5, 453. Also called David S. and David F. In '45 one of Slitter's men in the 
 Micheltorena campaign, iv. 486; perhaps the Burt arrested by Castro at S. Josa 
 in July '46. v. 136; later lieut of Co. E, Cal. Bat., enlisting at Sonoma in Oct. 
 v. 361. He settled in Yolo Co., and was still at Woodland in '79. B. (Win), 
 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); in '81 at Paris, Id. Birnie (James), 18o7, 
 Scotch officer of the H. B. Co. at Vancouver, who came on the Llama to buy 
 cattle, iv. 85-6, 90. In '47 his name appears in a S. F. list of uncalled-for let 
 ters. B. (Robert), 1832, Amer. who got a passport in Aug. 
 
 Birnie (Robert), 1841, son of James, born in Or. '24; came on the Cowlitz 
 as clerk for Rae. iv. 217, 279; left the vessel and H. B. Co. at Honolulu in 
 '42, but returned and worked as clerk at Sta B. and S. F., and supercargo of 
 the Jv.an Jos6 till '45; his part in the capture of Slitter's gun '44. iv. 483; in 
 Or. '45-7, returning to Cal. '48; clerk for Forbes at N. Almaden '49-50. After 
 engaging in mining, farming, and various other occupations, Birnie became a 
 real estate agent at Oakland, where he still lived in '72 with his wife and three 
 
BIRNIE BLASDELL. 721 
 
 daughters. He gave me a narrative of his Personal Adventures. Bishop (Ste 
 phen A.), 184G, Co. C, 1st U. S. dragoons, (v. 3G). Eissie, 1848, named as 
 a Frenchman hanged at Hangtown in Jan. '49 for robbery on the Stanislaus 
 in '48. Black, 1827, named as one of the Jed. Smith party, iii. 160. B. 
 (David), 1847, with the Morm. Bat. (v. 409); a step-son of Capt. Brown. 
 B. (James), 1847, Co. I, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); owner of lots at S.F., or this may 
 have been the following. 
 
 Black (James), 1832, Scotch sailor left sick at Mont, in Jan., age about 
 25. v. 408. Other accounts represent him as having deserted at 3. F. In apply 
 ing for naturalization in Sept. '43 he claimed 10 years' residence. For a year 
 or two he hunted otter with Mclntosh, being named in Larkin's books from 
 '34. A witness at Sonoma in '36; met by Edwards near S. Rafael in '37. iv. 83. 
 About '40 he perhaps settled on the Jonive rancho, which after his naturaliza 
 tion and marriage in '43 was formally granted him in '45. iv. 117, 671; named 
 in a Sonoma list of '44 as 34 years old; 2d alcalde of S. Rafael in '45. iv. 677. 
 B. seems to have taken no part in the political troubles of '45-6. About '48 he 
 exchanged his Jonive estate for that of Nicasio, where he spent the rest^of his 
 life. He was a judge in '50, and assessor in '52-3; evidently a man of indus 
 trious habits and good character for one of his class, though a hard drinker in 
 the later years. Died in '70, leaving a large estate about which there was 
 much litigation resulting from an attempt to break his will. His first wife 
 was Agustina Sais, who died in '64, leaving a daughter, Mrs Burdell, who 
 was living in '80. In '65 he married the widow Pacheco, who survived him. 
 Black (Joseph), 1845, hatter at N. Helv. '45-7; often named in the Diary, iv. 
 587; lot owner at S. F. ; on the 1st jury at S. Jose* '48; perhaps his name was 
 'Block;' or there may have been another Block. B. (Wm), 1814, com. of the 
 Raccoon, ii. 272, 304, 373. 
 
 Blackburn (Wm), 1845, Virginian cabinet-maker bom in 1814; overl. 
 immig. in the Swasey-Todd party, iv. 576, 587. He went to work at Sta 
 Cruz as a lumberman, being a witness at the trial of Williams for killing 
 Naile in April '46. v. 671; but after serving a while in Famitleroy's dragoons, 
 he joined the Cal. Bat. and was made 2d lieut of Co. A, artillery, v. 361, 435. 
 Returning to Sta Cruz, but also obtaining a lot at S. F., B. opened a store; 
 and served '47-9 as alcalde by the governor's appointment, v. 641-2; being 
 also county judge in '50 after a brief experience in the mines. The decisions 
 of his court are famous for their originality; but if technically somewhat 
 irregular, they were always in accord with common sense and justice. He is 
 said to have built a schooner at Sta Cruz in '48. v. 581; and was chosen a 
 member of the convention of '49, though not serving; claimant of the Aras- 
 tradero rancho. iv. 655. Blackburn was an intelligent, shrewd fellow; honest 
 and straightforward in his dealings; always jovial and popular whether drunk 
 or sober; in a small way a leader among his companions. After '51 he gave 
 up politics and gave his attention to agriculture, first to raising potatoes, for 
 which he got a premium at the N. Y. fair, and later to fruit culture, his 
 orchard being for many years one of the chief attractions of Sta Cruz. He 
 died in '67, leaving a widow. Several of his brothers came to Cal. after '48. 
 
 Blair (ChasD.), 1847, Co. E, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). B. (Nicholas), 1847, 
 ditto; d. at Los Ang. '55. B. (Wm), 1836, doubtful name in Taylor's list, 
 from N. Mex. Blaisdle, 1837, doubtful name at Pt Reyes. 
 
 Blake (B.), 1828, agent of a Manila firm at Mont. B. (Geo. C.), 1846, 
 com. of H. B. M. S. Juno. v. 579. B. (Homer C.), 1847, officer on the U. 
 S. Prcble; commodore '79; died '80. B. (Wm), 1832, doubtful record of a 
 carpenter in Solano Co. '69-77. iii. 408. 
 
 Blanca (J.), 1841, mr of theAyacucho. iv. 563. Blanchard. 1848, at S. 
 F. from Honolulu in Nov. on the Currency Lass. B. (Ira), 1848, in the 
 mines; furnished gold specimens to Gov. Mason; corporal of S. F. guards. 
 B. (Wm), 1811, mr of the Catherine, ii. 96, 267. Blanco, at S. D. and Los 
 Ang. '36-46. B. (Juan), 1798. i. 606. B. (Miguel), at S. Gabriel '46. B. 
 (Thos), grantee of land, Mont. '44. iv. 656. Blanks, see 'Banks.' 
 
 Blasdell (Lewis), 1848, passp. from Honolulu. B. (Wm), 1842, German 
 HIST. CAL., VOL. II. 4G 
 
722 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 at Mont, on the California from Honolulu; permitted to land; a blacksmith 
 age 39. Blast (Thomas), 1845, doubtful name of a trader. 
 
 Blea (Rafael), 1840, at Los Ang. and S. Bernardino. Blecksmith, (Leo 
 pold), 1847, Co. B, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). Blevins (Alex.), 1843, doubtful 
 newspaper mention. 
 
 * Blind Tom,' 1833, Engl. sailor at S. Jose". Sta Clara Co. Hist. Blind- 
 enberg (L. B.), 1832-3, mr of the Friend, iii. 382. Blinn (John), 1836, mr 
 of the Loriot '36-7. iv. 105; mr of the Clementina '39 and pass, on the Alciope. 
 iv. 100, 102; mr of the Maryland '41, in which year he died. iv. 207, 567. 
 Blirkin (Wm), 1840, doubtful name in Farnham's 'list of arrested foreigners. 
 Bliss (Robert S.), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). Block, see 'Black.' 
 
 Bloomfield (Wm), 1840, one of the exiled foreigners, iv. 18. Blossom 
 (J. W.), 1848, at S. F. from Honolulu on the Sagadahoc. 'Blue> Jacket,' 
 1846, nickname of one of the guard at Sutter's Fort. v. 125. 
 
 Blume (Fred. Gustavus), 1842, German surgeon of the whaleship Alex. 
 Barclay at Sauzalito Dec. '42-March '43. iv. 341. Late in '46 he came back 
 to Cal. on the Currency Lass from Honolulu with a stock of goods sold at S. 
 F. ; and again in April '47 on the Gen. Kearny, this time to stay, opening a 
 store at Sonoma with M. J. Haan. In '48 he moved to a rancho in the Bodega 
 region, near Freestone and Bloomfield the latter named for him where iii 
 '49 he married the widow Maria Ant. Caceres de Dawson. Both were living 
 in '80 without children. Dr B. held several local offices, and is postmaster at 
 Freestone in '85. His portrait is found in Sonoma Co. Hist., 280. Blury 
 (Arthur de), 1846, Fauntleroy's dragoons (v. 232-47). 
 
 Boardman (John), 1843, overl. immig. of the Chiles- Walker party, iv. 
 392, 400; witness to a doc. at Sonoma '47. * Bob.' or Juan Crist6bal, 1816, 
 the pioneer negro, left by Capt. Smith of the Albatross, ii. 248, 277, 393. 
 'Bob, 'Irish servant of Colton at Mont. '48, who made his fortune in the 
 mines. ' Bob,' a tattooed Marquesan in the mines, ment. by Buffum. Bobo, 
 (Zarah), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons, (v. 336). Bocalon (Agustin), 1808, 
 com. of the Concepcion. ii. 87. Bochon (Procopi), 1847, Co. D, N.Y. Vol. 
 (v. 499). Bode (Nicholas F.), 1847, Co. F, 3d U. S. artill. (v. 518). 
 
 Bodega y Cuadra (Juan Francisco), 1775, Span, lieut in com. of the explor 
 ing vessel Sonora, discovering and naming Bodega bay. i. 241-3, 518; ii. 81; 
 in 1779 com. of the Favorita. i. 329; in 1792-3, com. of the S. Bias naval es 
 tablishment, and commissioner to settle the Nootka troubles with England, 
 visiting Cal., and dying in '93. i. 506, 509-12, 519-20, 522-4, 539, 682. See 
 also Hist. N. W. Coast, i. Bodie (Waterman S. ), vaguely alluded to as having 
 come in '48. Bogart (Henry), 1847, Co. E, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Boggs (Albert G.), 1846, son of Lilburn W., and overl. immig. with his 
 father and brothers (v. 526); later a prominent citizen of Napa, and county 
 treasurer; still living in '81. B. (Guadalupe Vallejo), son of Wm M., born 
 at Petaluma Jan. 4, '47, often named incorrectly as the 1st child of Amer. 
 parents born in Cal. B. (Lilburn W.), 1846, Kentuckian, b. in 1798; overl. 
 immig. with wife and 8 children, v. 528. He lived many years in Mo., where 
 he was a very prominent man, as pioneer, trader, and public officer, being 
 elected gov. of the state in '36. He took a prominent part in the expulsion of 
 the Mormons, to whose vengeance is attributed a later attempt to murder 
 him which was very nearly successful. Spending the winter at Petaluma and 
 settling at Sonoma he engaged in trade with Scott, and was appointed alcalde 
 to succeed Nash from '47. v. 433, 609-10, 668-9, 681; holding the office till 
 '49, and being elected a member of the constitutional convention, though not 
 serving. In '52 he moved to Napa, where he died in '61. His first wife was a 
 daughter of Silas Bent, and the second, who accompanied him to Cal., a grand 
 daughter of Daniel Boone, dying in Napa in '80 at the age of '97. A good sketch 
 of Ex-gov. Boggs' life is found in the Napa Co. Hist. , 373 ; and a portrait in Mene- 
 fte's Sketchbook, 264. Many of his descendants still live in Cal., but respect 
 ing most of them I have no definite information. 
 
 Boggs (Wm M.), 1846, son of Lilburn W., b. in Mo. '26; member of the 
 same immigrant party, of which he was captain during part of the journey 
 
BOGGS-BONIFACIO. 723 
 
 his bridal tour, be having married Sonora Hicklin just before the start. He 
 took some slight part in the final campaign of the war against Sanchez in '46- 
 7. v. 383; and after an adventurous career in the mines settled at Napa, where 
 in '7- he wrote for me his Reminiscences of early life in Mo., his father's life, 
 the trip to Cal., and his experiences in '46-8. His Trip across the Plains, in the 
 newspapers, covers nearly the same ground. He has occupied several official 
 positions, and has raised a family of five sons Guadalupe V., Lilburn W., Jr., 
 Angus, Jefferson, and Win, and a daughter, to whose education special care 
 has been devoted, several of them being teachers. Bohorques, see ' Bojorges. ' 
 
 Boinger (Fred.), 1847, Co. G, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). Bois (Juan), 1828, 
 mr of the Wilmantic. iii. 149. Boissd (Gabriel), 1798, Boston sailor at S. 
 Diego, i. 645, 654. Bojorges more properly written Bohorques (Angel), 
 at S.F. '37-9; at Sonoma '44, age 33. B. (Bartolo), soldier at S.F. '19; invd- 
 lido '22-41; regidor at S. Jose '24-5; elector at S.F. '35. ii. 605; iii. 704; 
 grantee of Laguna de S. Antonio '45, and claimant '54. iv. 673. B. (Gerardo), 
 at S.F. '37. B. (Hermenegildo), soldier of the S. Jos6 escolta 1797-1800. i. 
 556. B. (Ignacio), soldier of the S.F. comp. '35-42; at Sonoma '44, age 26. 
 B. (Jos6 Ramon), corporal of the Sta Clara escolta 1776-7; inval. at S. Jose", 
 1790-1821. i. 296-7, 306, 478; his wife was Francisca Romero; died '22. B. 
 (Juan), soldier of S.F. comp. '23-31; at Sonoma '44, age 35. iv. 363. In '77 at 
 Sta Clara he gave me his Recuerdos of Ind. campaigns. B. (Pedro), settler 
 at S. F. 1791-1800; regidor at S. Jose" 1810. i. 716; ii. 134. B. (Pedro), at 
 S. F. '37; at Sonoma '44, age 24. 
 
 Bolan (A. J.), 1845, at gutter's '45-6, ace. to the N. Helv. Diary; iv. 578. 
 Bolanos (Francisco), 1595, one of Cermenon's men at Pt Reyes; also with Viz 
 caino in 1602. i. 96, 98. Bolbeda (Louis), 1826, French trapper of Jed. 
 Smith's party, who rem. in Cal. iii. 160, 176. 
 
 Bolcof (Jose 1 Antonio), 1815, the earliest Russian settler; native of Kam 
 chatka, who left his vessel at Mont., age about 20. ii. 274, 393. In '17 he was 
 baptized at Soledad. or at least had his Greek church baptism 'ratified;' in '22 
 married to Candida Castro, and perhaps made a trip to Mex. ii. 479; in '24 
 arrested for smuggling, and from that time often named in local records of 
 Branciforte and Sta Cruz. ii. 519, 522, 627; iv. 117, 544; in '29 named as a 
 shoemaker of good conduct; in '31 obtained lands; naturalized in '33; alcalde at 
 Brancif. '34, also '39-42, '45-6. iii. 695-7; iv. 662-4; v. 57, 641-2; being also in 
 charge of the ex-mission from '39; grantee of the Refugio rancho '41. iv. 655. 
 In the Brancif. padron of '45 B. is named with his wife and 11 children as fol 
 lows: Amadeo b. '25, Francisco '27, Juan '29, Encarnacion '32, Guadalupe 
 '36, Josefa '39, Carmen '37, Jose" Ramon '40; Jose" Dolores '41, Maria Ant. '42, 
 and Maria de los Angeles '44. He took no part in the political troubles of 
 '45-7, but in '48 engaged in mining with his sons, being very successful; but not 
 content to let well enough alone, and imbibing somewhat too freely the new 
 epirit of progress, the old man fell a victim to sharpers, gradually lost his lands 
 and money, and died in poverty in '66. I have no record of his sons after '45. 
 
 Boles, see 'Bowles.' Bollon (Jose" Maria), 1834, Portuguese at Mont. 
 Bolton ( James R.), 1847, trader at Mazatlan, having some commercial relations 
 with Cal. , which country he visited for the first time in June '47 on the Lady 
 Shaii} Stewart. In later years he became known as the principal claimant for 
 the Mission Dolores estate in the famous Santillan case; in '85 a capitalist re 
 siding at S. F. 
 
 Bon (John), 1829, mr of the Wilmington, iii. 149. 'Bonaparte,' 1836, 
 Frenchman with Yount in Napa Val. Bond (Thos), 1833, named as one of 
 Walker's party, iii. 391. B. (Wm), 1847, Co. D, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499.) 
 Bonechu (Louis), 1824, French vineyardist at L. Ang. '40, age 57, claiming 
 to have been 16 years in Cal. B*ones (John), 1821, Irish carpenter at S. 
 Miguel '29-30, 31 years old, and 9 years in Cal. ii. 444; possibly 'Burns.' 
 
 Bonifacio (Juan B.), 1822, Italian or Austrian who landed from the John 
 JBeyfj with the governor's permission and was employed by Hartnell as steve 
 dore, ii. 478; an illiterate, honest fellow about 24 years old, who married Car 
 men Pinto in '27; naturalized in '29; 2d in com. of the comp. extranjera '32, 
 iii. 221, 223, 225; died about '34, leaving a widow and 3 children. 
 
724 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Bonilla (Jose" Mariano), 1834, Mex. lawyer and teacher, who came with the 
 H. & P. colony; implicated in the Apal.itegui revolt, but not sent away. iii. 
 263, 286. A man of the same name was member of the Cal. junta in Mex. '25- 
 7. iii. 3. A young man of 27 on his arrival, well educated at the Colegio 
 Nacional; teacher at Sta B. '35. iii. 657; clerk and sec. in dif. public offices 
 '30-40. iii. 463, 605, 685; admin, of S. Luis Ob., and auxiliary juez '42. iv. 
 331, 657-8; grantee of Huerhuero, or Huerfano, rancho in '42-4. iv. 655-6; 
 partisan of Micheltorena in '45; sec. and appointed fiscal of the tribunal supe 
 rior, iv. 532; juez and alcalde at S. Luis '46-8, being at one time arrested by 
 Fremont, v. 638-9, 375; sub-prefect '49; later county judge, district attorney, 
 and supervisor.. Bonilla was a man who always commanded respect, though 
 not always in sympathy with the Californians, and one whose advice, by rea 
 son of his superior education, was always in demand. In '37 he married 
 Dolores, daughter of Inocente Garcia, who in '78 gave me the Bonilla collec 
 tion of Doc. Hist. Cal. He died in '78. B. (Patricio), at Los Ang. '46. 
 
 Bonnet, 1844, rar of the Lion '44-5. iv. 567; iii. 382-3; also in '46; possibly 
 in '35. Bonney (Jarvis), 1845, Amer. immig. of Grigsby-Ide party, with his 
 family, iv. 578, 580; v. 526. He buried two children at N. Helv. March '46, 
 ami in April went to Or., where he was in June. B. (Truman), 1845, prob. 
 r, brother of .Jarvis, whom he accomp. to Cal. and to Or. with his family, v. 
 578. He also lost a son at N. Helv. ; and his daughter was married in Feb. '46 
 to A. Sanders. Next year a man named Bonny, very likely one of this family, 
 was met on his way alone from Or. to the states. Bryant, 137. Bonny- 
 castle (John C.), 1847, lieut and adj. N. Y. Vol. v. 503; 'later lieut of 4th U. 
 S. infantry '48-61; at Louisville, Ky, '82. Bons (Wm), 1840, arrested at 
 Branciforte, having no carta. Boiisall or Bonsell (Jacob), 1848, owner of 
 a ferry on the S. Joaquin with Doak. 
 
 Booker (Henry), 1844, Amer. named in Larkin's accounts '44-5 at Mont.; 
 living on the Sac. '46. Tustin. Joining the Bears, he was the messenger who 
 carried Ide's proclamation to Mont. Later in the year he went south with 
 Frdmont; was probably one of Gillespie's garrison at L. Ang. ; with Mer- 
 vine's force defeated at S. Pedro; one of Stockton's men at S. Diego; one of 
 the party sent to reenforce Kearny; and finally killed at S. PascuaL iv. 453; 
 v. 110, 159, 346. Perhaps no other man in Cal. had so varied an experience 
 in this most eventful year. 
 
 Booth (J.), 1847, atS. F. on the Currency Lass from Honolulu. B. (Wm), 
 1847, said to have settled at Sta Clara with his family. Sta Clara Co. Hist. 
 Borbosa, settler at Mont. 1800. i. 679. Borden. 1847, mr of the Bowditch. 
 v. 576. Borel, 1847, at N. Helvetia. Borenback (Antoine), 1847, Co. F, 
 3d artill. (v. 518), ace. to Lancey; not on the rolls. Borgas (Jose M.), grantee 
 of Pajaro in '43 (Vargas ?). 
 
 Borica (Diego), 1794, Span, colonel, gov. of Cal. from Oct. '94 to Jan. 16, 
 1800; dying at Durango in July 1800. See i. 530-3 and 726-30, with inter 
 vening pages, passim, for the events of Borica 's rule; also list of auth. in vol. 
 i. He was one of the .ablest and best rulers the country ever had, always 
 striving for progress in different directions, avoiding controversy, and person 
 ally interesting himself in the welfare of all classes; a jovial bon-vivant, 
 knight of Santiago, and man of wealth. His wife, who accompanied him to 
 Cal., was Dona Magdalena de Urquides. Bork (Louis), 1845, Engl. who got 
 a pass for Sonora at Los Ang. B. (Manuel), 1845, ditto. 
 
 Boronda (Jose" Canute), son of Corp. Manuel B. and his wife Gertrudis 
 Higuera, b. at S. F. 1792; soldier of Mont. comp. from 1812 in the escolta of 
 S. Antonio, S. Miguel, and S. Juan. ii. 232; in the S. F. comp. '26-7; in '28 
 alcalde of Branciforte. ii. 627; wife Francisca Castro, children Maria, Con- 
 cepcion, Antonia, Juan Jose", and Francisco; grantee of land in Mont, district 
 '43. iv. 656; juez at S. Juan B. '44. iv. 661. In '78 he was living with his 
 daughter Concepcion grantee of the Potrero. iv. 655 near S. Luis Obispo, 
 and dictated for me his Notasoi old-time adventures, ii. 339, 446. B. (Jose" 
 Eusebio), perhaps a brother of Canute, in '36 majordomo of the Verjeles 
 rancho. iii. 679; age 26, wife Josefa Buelna, children Jos6 de los Santos and 
 
BOROND A BOTTS. 725 
 
 Maria del Carmen; in '49 grantee of Rinconada del Zanjon. iii. G78, and juez 
 aux. '41. iv. Goo; still living at Salinas in 77, but kisApuntes Higtdrico* was 
 very brief and unimportant. B. (Jose" Manuel), prob. son of Manuel, at 
 Salinas rancho '35-6, being juez de campo. iii. 674, 678; age 33, wife Juaua 
 Cota, children Juan de Mata b. '21, Carlota '22, Josefa '25, Isabel '28, Ascension 
 '30, Franciso '31, Juan '33, Jose Manuel '36, grantee of Los Laurelesin '39. iii. 
 6(i7 ; and perhaps of Tucho in '35. iii. 679; still living in '50. B. (Juan de Mata), 
 juez at S. Carlos '46; named as the man who killed Capt. Burroughs at Nativi- 
 dad. v. 370, 637; son of Jose" Manuel. B. (Manuel), corporal and carpenter, 
 teacher at S. F. and Mont. 17GO-181S. i. 64.3; ii. 78,383,427. B. ('Tia'), 
 woman who kept a little shop at Mont. 1811-36, perhaps a sister of Manuel, 
 ii. 4-20, 614; iii. 454-5. 
 
 Borrego, 1822, Mex. priest who came as a companion of Can6nigo Fernan 
 dez; not of the best reputation; perhaps a nickname, ii. 458. Borris (James 
 Win), 1823, New Yorker whose father was Eugl. and mother Dutch; baptized 
 in '24 and employed by Capt. de la Guerra as a physician for the troops at 
 Sta B. ii. 495, 526. Very likely his name was Burroughs. 
 
 Boscana (Geronimo), 1806, Span, friar who served in the south until his 
 death at S. Gabriel in '31; a man of learning, whose treatise on the Ind. 
 Chlniijchinlck was published later, but whose conduct was not in all respects 
 exemplary. Biog. iii. 641-2; ment. i. list of auth.; ii. 123, 159-60, 345-8, 
 555-6, 366, 394,. 488, 517, 567, 655; iii. 96, 102, 310, 351; iv. 344-5. Bosco 
 (John^, 1847, with the Morm. Bat. (v. 469), in the fam. of Capt. Hunt. Bose 
 (Geo. A.), 1848, German farmer in Sta Clara Val. 76. Bosque (Thomas), 
 1847, Co. G, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. at L. Ang. '47. Bostwick (James C. ), 1847, 
 Co. D, N. Y. Vol. Botaires (Pascual), 1846, Cal. claim of $36 (v. 462). 
 Botello (Joaquin), tailor instructor at Mont. 1792-1801. i. 615; ii. 174. 
 
 Botello (Narciso), 1833, Mex., native of Alamos, Sonora, who came with 
 John Forster by land, and again with James Johnson in '34, age 24. Erro 
 neously named as sec. at Los Ang. in '26. ii. 560. At first B. tended Rice's 
 billiard-saloon, and soon opened a grocery at L. Ang. Sindico of the ayunt. 
 '35; sec. of the ayunt. from '36, taking a prominent part in many public mat 
 ters, especially in the southern opposition to Alvarado in '36-8. iii. 419, 518- 
 19, 550, 555, 558, 565-6, 635-6; sec. of prefecture '39-43, of the tribunal su 
 perior '42, and grantee of land at S. Juan Cap. '41. iiL 605, 640; iv. 626, 632 
 -3; vocal of the assembly '43-6, taking a leading part in all deliberations of 
 that body, also one of the lessees of S. Buen. mission '45, iv. 361, 410-11, 425, 
 495, 521, 540, 553, 558, 645; active against the Amer. invasion June- Aug. '46, 
 and also as assemblyman and sec. of Gov. Flores in '46-7, but did not go with 
 F. to Mex. as he wished to do. v. 37-8, 50, 264, 321-2, 408, 625; grantee of 
 La Cie"nega '46. In '48-50 B. made several not very successful attempts at 
 gold-mining, also engaging in trade at L. Ang. and S. Juan B. ; in later years 
 justice of the peace and notary public. He was a man of good abilities and fair 
 education; always a partisan of his country, Mexico, against Cal. and the U. 
 S., as also of the south against the north. In 78, living at the Sta Maria 
 rancho near S. Diego in great poverty at the age of 63, Botello dictated for me 
 his Anales del Sur, a very valuable narrative of the political and other com 
 plications of his Cal. experience. He had no family. 
 
 Botero (Pablo), 1801, prospective settler at Branciforte. ii. 171. Botiller 
 (Anastasio), at Los Ang. '46. B. (Francisco and Vicente), ditto. B. (Joa 
 quin), teacher at Los Ang. '30. ii. 564. B. (Jose" Ant.), at Los Ang. '19, and 
 S. Antonio rancho '29. ii. 354, 616; in '36 at Mont., age 50, wife Maria de la 
 Luz Morales, child. Jose" de Jesus b. '14, Peregrino '24 employed by Larkin 
 as a courier '46 Jose" Joaq. '26. B. (Jose del Carmen), 1842. iv. 653. B. 
 (Xarciso), courier '46. v. 72. Botta (Paolo Emilio), 1827, Ital. scientist on 
 the IJerofs '27-8; author of Osservazioni. i. list of auth.; ii. 551; iii. 128-30. 
 Bottene, 1846, mr of the Cabinet at S.F. 
 
 Botts (Charles T.), 1848, Virginian, who came on the Matilda with an ap 
 pointment as U.S. naval storekeeper at Mont. I have the letter of introd. to 
 Larkin which he brought from Corn. Sloat, as well as many naval account* 
 
726 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 signed by B. He went to the mines with Colton; was a member of the consti 
 tutional convention in '49; member of a leading law firm in S.F. from '50; from 
 '08 a Sacramento journalist, publishing the Standard; state printer in '01; also 
 district judge of Sac. district. After the war he spent some years in the south, 
 but returned to the practice of his profession in Cal., residing chiefly at Oak- 
 laud, where he died in '84 at the age of 75. His wife, who outlived their chil 
 dren, died a few years before her husband; but B. left two granddaughters, 
 daughters of Dr Aylette of Stockton. Judge Botts was a brother of John M. 
 Botts, the famous Virginian politician, and was himself a politician of the better 
 sort, a successful lawyer of marked ability, and a citizen of wide influence. 
 
 Bouchaltz (Theodore), 1847, Co. A, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. at Mariposa '83. 
 T'ouchard (Hypolite), 1818, French com. of the Buenos Aires insurgents on 
 the Cal. coast. See ii. 220-49, 252, 348, 383, 389. Nothing is known of his 
 earlier or later career. Bouchet (Louis), 1828, French cooper with Mex. 
 passp. at Mont. 28-9. ii. 558; iii. 178; owner of a vineyard with W. L. Hill 
 at Los Ang.; naturalized in '31, and soon married; one of the vigilantes '36 
 (iii. 430); met by Mofras in '41, who calls him Win, also called Bauchet and 
 Bauchot in some records. He signed a proclamation against Castro in '46; and 
 ace. to Los Ang. Co. Hist., 33, died Oct. '47; but I find his name in an origi 
 nal list of '48. Boudinet (W. E.), 1847, owner of a S.F. lot. Bouet (Jean), 
 1848, French trader at Los Ang. age 30. Doubtful record. Boulanger (Fran 
 cis), 1847, Co. B,N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). Bousol, 1846, came to S. Jose Valley. 
 Hall. Bouzet (E. de), 1846, com. of the French corvette Brillante. v. 576. 
 
 Bowden (John H.), 1848, from Honolulu; kept a bakery and owned a lot at 
 S.F. Bowen (Asa M. ), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336), who took part 
 in the battle of S. Pascual, on which he furnished me in '76 a Statement. Still 
 at S.F. '84-5, and in serious trouble with the officers of justice. Bowen (Thos 
 G.), 1834, Amer. trapper from N. Mex.; settled at S. Jos<5 from '36. iii. 117; 
 iv. 412. He kept a distillery, and his name, variously written, appears in Lar- 
 kin's books and other records from year to year; one of Graham's riflemen '36 
 (iii. 457); grantee of Canada de S. Felipe in '39, having been naturalized and 
 married, iii. 677, 711; arrested but not exiled '40. iv. 17; in '41, being a S. 
 Jose" trader age '33, with one child, he became security for some of the Bartle- 
 soii immig. iv. 275, 684, 686; failed in business '44; signed the call to foreign 
 ers '45. iv. 599. I find no record of him after '46. B. (Thos), 1846, prob. a 
 oon of the preceding, named by Fremont as a wild young fellow of S. Jose 1 , 
 whose mother owned land at the mission. B. ( Wm), 1844-5, sailor from the 
 Sterling at Mont. iv. 587. B. (Wm J.), 1847, came from Honolulu on the 
 Currency Lass; later miner, and lumberman at Bodega; part owner of the Sa- 
 blne, making several voyages, married at Sidney. In '82 he had for many years 
 been a resident of Berkeley. Very likely same as preceding. 
 
 Bowers (James H.), 1847, Co. D, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); later hotel-keeper at 
 Stockton; died at S. F. '70. Bowing (Henry), 1847, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); 
 reenlisted at Los Ang. Bowles or Boles (Joseph), 1838, Amer. on Larkin's 
 books at Mont. ; somewhat prominent in the Graham affair of '40, and exiled 
 to S. Bias, but came back in '41 after a visit to N.Y. to urge his claim for 
 damages, iv. 18, 31, 33, 119. On the Alert at Sta B. '42; perhaps at N. Helv. 
 '47. B. (Samuel), 1848, overl. immig. with Allsopp, whose partner he was 
 in a S. F. boarding-house till '50; when he went to the mines. Bowman 
 (Joaquin, Joseph, or Gilbert), 1826, Kentuckian trapper of Jed. Smith's party. 
 ii. 558; iii. 155, 160, 176; settled at S. Gabriel as a miller, and still lived 
 there in '44 at the age of 63. 
 
 Boy (John), 1847, owner of lots at S. F. Boyce (Geo. W.), 1847, Co. D, 
 Morm. Bat. (v. 469); at Salt Lake City '82. Boyd (Wm), 1847, Co. D, Morm. 
 Bat. B. (Geo.), 1848, perhaps at S. F. B. (R. ), 1848, passp. from Honolulu. 
 Boyer, 1848, mr of the Perseverance, v. 579. Boyers (Wm), 1847, Co. E, N. 
 Y. Vol. (v. 499); at S. F. '82. Boyle (Dr), 1845, doubtful name of an immig. 
 iv. 578. B. (Henry G.), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. v. 481, 496; in Utah '82, 
 chaplain of the legislature. B. (James), 1846, Amer. carpenter at Mont. '46-8. 
 
 Brackenberry (Benj. B. ), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. ( v. 409). Brackenridge 
 
BRACKENRIDGE BRANNAN. 727 
 
 (J. D.), 1841, "botanist of U. S. ex. exped. iv. 241-2, 245. Brackett (John 
 Ely), 1847, lieut 2d U. S. artillery; capt. Co. C, N.Y.Vol. y. 504; com. of the 
 Sonoma garrison '47-8. v. 609-10, 007, 009; later a lawyer, being a member of the 
 legislature of '49-50, and major-gen, of Cal. militia. He died at Rock Island, 
 111., Jan. '55. His son or brother for I have lost the reference Col Albert 
 G. Brackett, com. of the mil. district of Nevada 'CO, furnished me in 76 a 
 Sketch of the 1st Reg. N. Y. Vol., and several other MSS. containing useful in 
 formation. See i. list of auth. Bradford (Win), 1840, lieut on the U.S. Warren. 
 
 Bradley (Thomas Westly), 1843, Tennesseean imrnig. from Mo. in the Chiles 
 party, iv. 392, 400; employed a while by Sutter, but in '44-9 lived in Napa 
 Valley, joining the Bears, v. Ill; but not apparently going south with the 
 battalion, and marrying Rebecca Allen of Mo. in Dec. '46. From '49 he lived 
 in Contra Costa county, and in '85 was still on his farm near Lafayette with 
 a large family. Of his six sons, James Warren was b. in '47 and John Willard 
 in '48; there were 4 daughters, 3 of them married before '85. Portrait in Con 
 tra Costa Co. Hist., 296. Bradley, 1841 (?), a man who accompanied Brooks 
 Four Months, etc. in his gold-hunting tour of '48, being named on nearly 
 every page; claimed to have been in Cal. eight years, to have been an officer 
 of volunteers in the war, and to be a friend of Capt. Folsom. iv. 279. 
 
 Bradshaw (John), 1827, one of the best known Boston traders on the 
 coast; master of the Franklin in '27-8, of the Pocahontas '30-2, and of the 
 Lufjoda '34-5. Often in trouble with the authorities 011 account of his smug 
 gling exploits, as elsewhere narrated, ii. 551; iii. 132-4, 147-8, 165-7, 176-7, 
 210, 3S2-3. Capt. B. never returned to Cal. after '35. but I have his letter to 
 Capt. Cooper in '36; and a letter of Jan. '84 from his daughter, Mrs H. E. 
 Roundj^, informs me that he died at his home in Beverley, Mass., May '80, at 
 the age of 94. B. (Julian), 1845, overl. immig. in the Grigsby-Ide party; 
 bonds given by Yount; prob. went to Or. in '46. iv. 526, 578. B. (Samuel), 
 1848, in the mines with Brooks; formerly carpenter on a whaler. B. (Win 
 D.), 1846, lieut Co. D, Cal. Bat. v. 361; had a Cal. claim of $132 (v. 462). 
 Brady, 1848, with Newell & Gilbert. B. (James), 1846, at N. Helv. in Jan.; 
 perhaps same as preceding. B. (James), 1847, Co. K, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 B. (John R.), 1847, Co. B, N.Y.Vol.; died at Stockton after '50. 
 
 Braham (A.), 1845, atN. Helv.; prob. 'Bruheim,' q.v. Bralee (Thomas), 
 1846, Engl. sailor disch. from the Savannah; a resid. of Mont, and Carmelo 
 Val., except 2 years at the mines, to : 77 and later, being a dairyman, with 
 two sons and a daughter. Braley (Albert), 1845, mate on the Morea. 
 
 Branch (Francis Ziba), 1831, trapper of the Wolf skill party from N. Mex. 
 iii. 387, 405; a nat. of N. Y. After a few years of hunting he opened a store 
 and boarding-house at Sta B. , though often engaging in a hunt, to keep up 
 memories of old times. He married Manuela Carlon in '35. iv. 117; and the 
 padron of '36 shows that he had then one son. Selling his store in '37, he ap 
 plied for naturalization obtained in '39 and got a grant of the Sta Manuela 
 rancho near S. Luis Obispo. iii. 679; iv. 655; where he spent the rest of his 
 life, a rich man of good repute. He died in '74 at the age of 72, leaving many 
 children and grandchildren. His portrait is given in S. Luis Ob. Co. hist., 
 216. Branda (Juan), at Sonoma '44. 
 
 Brander (Win), 1833, Scotch carpenter, 29 years old, at Mont., his name 
 appearing often on Larkin's books and other records in '33-45. iii. 409; ar 
 rested but not exiled in '40. iv. 17; got a carta, and in '41-2 was a lumber 
 man near Sta Cruz. In Oct. '45 he \vas found dead on Amesti's rancho, be 
 lieved to have been killed by Ind. iv. 543. 
 
 Branham (Benj. F.), 1846, son of Isaac and overl. immig. at the age of 
 one year; sheriff of Sta Clara Co. '85. B. (Isaac), 1846, Kentuckian immig. 
 (v. 526), with his wife Amanda A. Bailey and son Benj. F., settling at S. 
 Jose", where he was a member of the town council '46-7. v. 664; and where 
 he still lived in '81. Portrait in Sta Clara Co. Hint. , 304. He had a son Charles 
 b. '54, and a daughter Mary b. '60; besides 4 children born before he came to 
 Cal. Branisan (Floria), 1846, pass, on the Gitijmzcoana from Callao. Banks 
 (Robert), 18-18, visited S. F. from Honolulu on the Julian. Braunan (Peter), 
 
728 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 1846, Irish bricklayer who served in the Cal. Bat. at the Natividad fight? 
 later worked at his trade; in the mines '48; soon after drowned at S. F. Swan. 
 Perhaps his name was Brennan. 
 
 Brannaii (Samuel), 1846, Mormon elder and chief of the colony sent from 
 N.Y. on the Brooklyn. See full account of the colony, v. 544 et seq.; mention 
 v. 471, 644-5. B. was born at Saco, Me, in '19; learned the printer's trade in 
 Ohio from '33; travelled as a printer through many parts of the country; and 
 from '42 published the N. Y. Messenger and later the Prophet, as organs of the 
 Mormon church. Of his conversion and early experience as a latter-day saint 
 not much is known, the subject being avoided both by himself and his old 
 associates; but he was clearly a leading spirit in the church, and was just the 
 man to take charge of the Californian scheme. There is no good reason to 
 doubt his devotion to the cause, but it was his firm intention to build up his 
 own fortunes with those of his sect; he was greatly displeased with President 
 Young's change of plans respecting Cal. ; and having failed during a visit to 
 Salt Lake to modify the president's views, it required but few years to divest 
 himself entirely his of old-time religious fervor and become an apostate. Mean 
 while, at S. F. he was a leading spirit from the first, preaching eloquently on 
 Sundays, publishing the Star, buying town lots, taking part in political con 
 troversies, working zealously for the advancement of the town's educational 
 and other interests, always aggressive but liberal in his views, showing no 
 signs of sectarianism. For mention in this part of his career '46-7, see v. 
 494, 649-51, 666-8, 681-2. In '47 he established the firm of C. C. Smith & 
 Co. at Sac., later Brannan & Co., in which Mellus & Howard and Wm Stout 
 were partners. The immense profits of his store after the discovery of gold in 
 '48-9, with his mining operations at Mormon Island, and the increase of S.F. 
 real estate, made him a little later the richest man in Cal. Of his career after 
 '48 something will be found in vol. vi. of this work ; also in my Popular Tri 
 bimals, B. having been prominent in connection with the vigilance committees. 
 I do not attempt even to outline his most remarkable career as capitalist and 
 speculator. In many parts of the state and even beyond its limits he acquired 
 immense interests, showing in their management the ability and energy so 
 characteristic of the man. He probably did more for S.F. and for other places 
 than was effected by the combined efforts of scores of better men; and indeed, 
 in many respects he was not a bad man, being as a rule straightforward as well 
 as shrewd in his dealings, as famous for his acts of charity and open-handed 
 liberality as for his enterprise, giving also frequent proofs of personal bravery. 
 In '59 he purchased the Calistoga estate, in connection with the improvement 
 of which his name is perhaps most widely known. Here he established a dis 
 tillery on a grand scale, and here in '68 he received eight bullets and nearly 
 lost his life in a quarrel for possession of a mill. Meanwhile he had given him 
 self up to strong drink; for 20 years or more he was rarely sober after noon; 
 and he became as well known for his dissolute habits and drunken freaks as 
 he had been for his \vealth and ability. Domestic troubles led to divorce from 
 the wife married in '44, who with their child had come with him in '46 and 
 borne him other children in Cal.; division of the estate was followed by un 
 lucky speculations, and Brannan's vast wealth melted gradually away. In the 
 days of his prosperity he had liberally supported the cause of Mexico against 
 the French invasion and its tool Maximilian, and just before 1880 he obtained 
 in return a grant of lands in Sonora, embarking with somewhat of his old en 
 ergy in a grand scheme of colonization, which has thus far proved a total fail 
 ure. For the last year or two down to '85 Brannan has lived at Guaymas or on 
 the frontier, remarried to a Mexican woman, a sorry wreck physically and 
 financially, yet clear-headed as ever and full of courage for the future. Thou 
 sands of pioneers in Cal. remember this erratic genius with the kindliest of 
 feelings, and hope that he may yet add a brilliant closing chapter to the record 
 of one of the most remarkable characters in California!! annals. 
 
 Brant (Henry), 1845, one of Fremont's men. iv. 583. Brasher (S. M.), 
 1841, mid. on the St Louis. Brass (Benj.), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); 
 reenlisted at Los Aug. Brasseau (Chas), 1847, at N. Helv. Braun (Jean 
 
BRAUN BREWER. 729 
 
 Louis), 1831, Frenchman, 26 years old, from N. Hex. perhaps with Wolfskill 
 or Jackson, iii. 387. Braun (Philip), 1847, Co. H7 N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). 
 Braunc (Chas J. W.), 1845, perhaps one of Fremont's men. iv. 583, 587; ac 
 cidentally burned to death in El JDorado Co. '79. 
 
 Bravo (David), soldier at Mont. '30, age 43. B. (Juan de Dios), 1832, 
 in the comp. extranjera at Mont. iii. 221; regidor at Los Ang. '35. iii. 635 
 B. (JuanN.), 1842-5, sub-Iieut of the batallou fijo. iv. 289. B. (Manuel), 
 1842, ditto, iv. 289. B. (Marcelino), inval. at Brancif. 1799. i. 571. 
 
 Bray (Edmund), 1844, Irish immig. in the Stevens party, age 37. iv. 445, 
 453. He was employed by Sutter from '45, serving in the Micheltorena cam 
 paign, iv. 486; went to the mines in '48. He was disabled by a fall in '56, and 
 in '72 had been for 6 years in the Sac. county hospital, where he wrote for me 
 his Memoir, an excellent narrative of the journey overland. B. (Edward), 
 1847, mr of the Henry, v. 578; owner of a S.F. lot. Brazier (Richard), 1847, 
 sergt Co. E, Morm. Bat. v. 477; prob. did not come to Cal. Breager, with 
 a party of trappers between '32 and '40. iii. 392. 
 
 Breck (James Win), 1829-30, Boston man who perhaps visited Cal. on a 
 whaler, and possibly remained at that time, ii. 573, iii. 179, though some say 
 he came back from Honolulu in '37 to become a permanent resid. of Sta B., 
 where he married and had many children; still living in '76 at the age of 76. 
 Also named as owner of a rancho near S. Luis Ob., and as an otter-hunter in 
 '41-5. Information about him is very unsatisfactory. Breckenridge (Thomas 
 E.), 1845, one of Fremont's men, serving in the Cal. Bat., and as one of the 
 Sta B. garrison '46. v. 306, 453, 583; had a Cal. claim (v. 462) of $20, and was 
 at Washington May '48 to testify at the court-martial. 
 
 Breen (Patrick), 1846, Irishman who came to Amer. in '28, and from Iowa 
 overland in the Donner party (v. 530-44, where all the members of this fam 
 ily are named), with his wife Margaret and 7 children, the whole family sur 
 viving the perils of that terrible journey. Breen's original Diary of tie Donner 
 Party is one of the most highly prized treasures of my Library. The Breens 
 lived at Murphy's on the Cosumnes till Sept. '47, then at S. Jose till Feb. '48, 
 when they settled at S. Juan B. Here Patrick died in '68 and his widow in 
 '74. Portraits and biog. sketches of the family in McGlasharis Donner Part:/. 
 The Breens have always been regarded as honest, hard-working people. B. 
 (Edward J.), 1846, son of Patrick. His sufferings on the overland trip were 
 aggravated by a broken leg; living at S. Juan in '85 with 2d wife and 5 chil 
 dren. B. (Isabella), 1846, infant daughter of Patrick; married Thos McMa- 
 hon '69; at Hollister '85. B. (James F.), 1846, son of Patrick, b. in Iowa 
 '41; educated at Sta Clara college; lawyer at S. Juan B. He has been district 
 attorney, assemblyman, county judge, and from '79 superior judge of S. Be- 
 nito. Married in '70, and living in '85 with wife and two children. B. (John), 
 1846, oldest son of Patrick, 14 years old, and strongest of the family except 
 the mother, yet barely escaping death. In the mines at Mormon Isl. '48, and 
 in the winter built a house where Placerville stood later. Returning to S. 
 Juan and buying the old residence of Gen. Castro, he married a daughter of 
 Ed. Smith in '52, and in '85 still lived there with wife and 9 children. In his 
 Pioneer Memoirs, Breen has contributed an interesting narrative of 80 p. to 
 my collection. B. (Patrick, Jr), 1846, son of Patrick, 9 years old on arrival; 
 a farmer at S. Juan, married in '65, and living in '85 with wife and 4 chil 
 dren. B. (Peter), 1846, son of Patrick, a child in '46; died unmarried in '70. 
 B. (Simon P.), 1846, son of Patrick; living '85 at S. Juan with wife and 2 
 children. B. (Wm M.), 1848, son of Patrick, b. at S. Juan; died 74, leaving 
 a widow and child. 
 
 Brenard (Sam.), 1848, named as one of the murderers of the Reed family. 
 v. 640. Brenerd (T.), 1848. at Mont. Brennan, see 'Brannan.' Bressak, 
 1845, at Mont. Brestone (Robert), 1838, named in Larkin's Accts. Bret- 
 ely (Jose), 1841, at Sta B. 
 
 Brewer (Charles), 1832, mr of the Victoria, iii. 384. A Boston man of the 
 well-known firm, of Peirce & B. at Honolulu. Revisited Cal. in '79 with his 
 daughter; living at Jamaica Plains, Mass., at the age of 80 in '84, when he 
 
730 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 also printed for his family a small vol. of Reminiscences, of which he presented 
 a copy for my collection. B. (C, 2d, G. W., and H. B.), 1848, passp. from 
 Honolulu. Brewerton (Geo. D.), 1847, lieut Co. C, N.Y. Vol., trans, to Co. 
 K. v. 504; went east in '48 with Carson's party to N. Mex. (see Brewertoris 
 Hide, in i. list of auth.); later lieut 1st U.S. infantry; colonel in 78; living 
 in N.Y. '79. Brewster, 1829, said to have been master of the whaler Al- 
 vins (?). B. (F. M.), 1848, on the Julian. 
 
 Brian (Henry), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). Briant (John S.), 
 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 409); reenlisted at Los Ang. Bridger (James), 
 1835 (?), noted trapper of the plains and mountains. It is not clear that he 
 visited Cal. before '49, but he is likely to have done so. iii. 413. Bridges 
 (J. C.), 1843, Kentuckian immig. from Or. in the Hastings party; employed 
 by Sutter and perhaps by Smith at Bodega, but died in the winter of '43-4. 
 iv. 390, 390, 400, Brieu (D. L.), 1847, asst surg. U.S. Columbus. 
 
 Briggs (1846), in Sutter's employ. B., 1832, mr of the Phoebe, reported 
 as dead the same year. B. (C. P.), 1844, sailor at S.F. from the Morea. iv. 
 453; later in Leidesdorff's employ; and perhaps one of the Bears in '46 (v. 
 101); but all seems to rest on his own statement in '72. He was perhaps the 
 P. A. Briggs who joined Co. G, Cal. Bat. (v. 358), at S. Jose in Nov; and the 
 C. P. A. Briggs married at S.F. '47 to Catherine Coombs. (See i. list of auth.) 
 B. (Calvin T.), 1837 (?), overl. immig., nat. of Vt, died '68, aged 60. Soc. 
 Pion., records; also reported to have come in. '32 on a whaler, to have been a 
 trapper on the coast, and later resid. of S. Joaquin. S. F. Examiner, iii. 408. 
 B. (Castor, or Caspar), 1847, Co. E, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); at S. F. '74-82. B. 
 (Charles), 1847, settler at Benicia; B. & Russell, lumber dealers, v. 672. B. 
 (Francis), 1845, perhaps one of Fremont's men; in Cal. Bat. (v. 358); one of 
 Talbot's garrison at Sta B. iv. 583; v. 316. B. (Geo.), 1847, mr of the Isa 
 bella, v. 511. Briggs, 1848, of sloop Stockton running from S.F. to Sonoma. 
 v. 646. Brigham (E. R.), 1847, Co. B, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). Brincken (Wil- 
 helm), 1840, one of the Graham exiles who did not return, iv. 18. Bringas 
 (Luis M.), ment. in connection with J. M. Herrera's trial '27. iii. 61-2. 
 Brinsmadc (A. A.), 1848, at S. F. August-Sept., treasurer S. F. guards. 
 
 Brionea (Antonio), corporal at S. Juan Cap., killed by Ind. i. 315. B. 
 (Antonio), soldier and Ind. fighter 1810; smuggler '20-1. ii. 91, 411, 440-1, 
 564. B. (Canute), S. F. militia '37. B. (Desiderio), ditto; at S. F. '41; 
 wounded by Ind. '39; juez de campo S. Jose" '43. iv. 76, 685. B. (Felipe), 
 regidor at S. Jose" '20. ii. 378; on S. Mateo rancho, elector S. F. '35. iii. 704; 
 killed by Ind. '40. iv. 76. B. (Gregorio), soldier of S. F. comp. '16-27. ii. 
 371; militiaman S. F. '37; alcalde contra costa '35. iii. 704; regidor S. F. '36. 
 iii. 705; alcalde S. Mateo '38. iii. 705; owner of lots at S. F. '41-5. iv. 669; v. 
 683; at Sonoma '44, age 47; juez at S. Rafael, and grantee of Baulines '46. iv. 
 C77; v. 669-70. B. (Juana), mentioned as a widow at S. F., and also as the 
 wife of Apolinario Miranda, noted for her kindness to sick and deserting sail 
 ors; had an adobe house in the North Beach region in '36; owner of lot '41-5. 
 iii. 709; iv. 669; later claimant for Purisima rancho, Sta Clara Co. iii. 712; 
 still living at Mayfield '78 at a very advanced age. B. (Manuel), soldier at 
 S. Juan B. before 1800. i. 558. B. (Manuela Valencia de), widow at S. Jose" 
 '41, age 47; children, Ramon b. '13, Desiderio '16, Isidora '20, Casimiro '24, 
 Felipa '18, Maria Ant. '27, Angela '30, Encarnacion '32, Marcelino '34, Vicente 
 '36, Carmen '38. B. (Marcos), soldier at Soledad, inval. at Brancif. 1791- 
 1800. i. 499, 571; comisionado at Brancif. 1812. ii. 390; still living at S. Jos< 
 '41, a native of Sinaloa, age 87. B. (Pablo), in Marin Co. and Sonoma from 
 '37, prob. son of Gregorio. B. (Ramon), soldier at S.F. '37, '44. 
 
 Bristler (John), 1846, bugler in Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). Bris- 
 tow (Elijah), 1845, an old Kentuckian at N. Helv. iv. 578; an overl. immig. 
 and called by some a Mormon. J. H. Brown says that B. came with himself 
 and in the Grigsby-Ide party. Wintering at the fort, where he was badly 
 hurt by being thrown from a horse, he went to Or. in '46. v. 526; where he 
 died hi '72. Hist. Or., i. 568-9. Britton, 1845, at N. Helv. Dec., perhaps 
 an error. B. (W. P.), 1848, passp. from Honolulu. Brizzee (Henry W.), 
 1847, Co. D, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); reenl. at L. Ang.; in Arizona '82. 
 
BROADHURST BROWN. 731 
 
 Broadhurst (Stephen), 1848, overl. iminig. from Mo. with his wife; in Mer 
 ced Co. 73. Brock (Elisha E.), 1848, Virginian, overl. immig., accomp. by 
 his family; a miner on the Yuba; farmer at Sta Clara, and from '62 near Gil- 
 roy, where he died in '09. His widow, Eliza S. Day, survived him: there were 
 9 children, 3 of them boni in Cal. B. (Hiram), 1846, Cal. Bat. '46-7 (v. 358); 
 in S. Joaq. Valley '48. Brockee (Joseph), 1847, Co. E, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); 
 drowned in Stanislaus Riv. '47. Broder (Andrew H.), 1847, Soc. Cal. Pion. 
 rolls. Brohan (John), 1847, Co. A, N.Y.Vol. ; died at Stockton '50. 
 
 Brolaski (Henry Lyons), 1841, overl. immig. of the Bartleson party, iv. 
 267, 270, 275, 342; at Mont. Feb. '42, but soon sailed for Callao, from which 
 place he writes in '44 to Larkin and T. H. Green. He succeeded his brother 
 in business at Callao for three years from '44; at St Louis Sept. '48, anxious to 
 come to Cal. and establish a saw-mill; but said to have been living in Mo. as 
 late as '70. He sometimes signed Brolaskey. Brooks (S. S.), 1848 (?), store 
 keeper at Colima. El Dorado Co. Hist. Brooker (Alex. V. ), 1846, at S. Jose" ; 
 in '47 digging a cellar for Larkin at S.F. Brookey, overl. immig. with Bry 
 ant, v. 528; inent. by Sherman as a worthless fellow at S.F. '47; prob. same as 
 preceding. Brookman (Israel), 1846, doubtful mention as a Bear Flag man 
 living in '62. Brooks (Chas W.), 1847, Co. K, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). B. (Ed 
 ward J. ), 1847, Co. I, N.Y.Vol. B. (Geo. ), 1848, passp. froin Honolulu. B. 
 (H. L.), 1848, ditto. B. (J. Tyrwhitt), 1848, Engl. physician, who came by 
 sea from Or., and made a tour in the mines; author of Four Months among the 
 Gold-Finders. B. (Wm S.), 1847, on the U.S. Preble; later in govt employ 
 at S.F. and Mare Isl., where he was in '79; twice married with 8 children. 
 Sola no Co. Hist., 334. 
 
 Brotchie (Wm), 1837, Engl. master of the Cadborb, Llama, Nereid, and 
 Coiditz, on ths coast '37-42, in service of H. B. Co. from Vancouver, iv. 101, 
 105, 564. Brothers (P.), to Honolulu from S. F. on the Francisea. Brough- 
 ton (Wm Robert), 1792, com. of the H. B. M. S. Chatham; and of the Prov 
 idence 1796. i. 510-13, 538-9, 685; author of Voy. of Discov. to the North Pac. 
 Ocean, Lond. 1804. B. (Sam. Q.), 1846-7, Co. B, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). Brower 
 (Geo.), 1845, at Mont, from N. Y. Browett (Daniel), 1847, sergt Co. E, 
 Mono. Bat. (v. 477); in Sutter's employ '47-8 as carpenter and boat-builder; 
 killed by Ind. on his way to Utah July '48. v. 496. 
 
 Brown, 1793, mr of an Engl. vessel, i. 514, 705. B., 1803, mr of the 
 Alexander, ii. 12, 15-17, 94, 103, 108, 130, 144. B., 1831, deserter from the 
 Fanny. B., 1845, cook for Sutter from Oct. B., '46-8, often named at N. 
 Helv.; may be the preceding or one or more of the following. B., 1848, 
 came with Peter J. Davis; family. B., 1848, mining at Coloma. B., 1847, 
 from Honolulu to S. F. on the Guipuzcoana. Brown (Albert), 1844, Arner. 
 28 years old at S.F. B. (Alex.), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); in '82 at 
 Lynne, Utah. B. (Benj.), 1832, named in a board bill at Mont. 
 
 Brown (Charles), 1833, nat. of N. Y., b. in '14, who deserted from the 
 whaler Helvetius at S. F. iii. 409, 382; ii. 590-1. In later years Brown always 
 claimed to have come in '29; but the archive evidence is conclusive against 
 the statement, both himself and his comrade deserters testifying in early 
 years and in different doc. that they came in '33, to say nothing of the fact 
 that the Helvetius does not appear in the lists of '29. He lived for a time at 
 Pinole with Felipe Briones; served P. Quijas at S. Rafael; went to Sonoma 
 with the H. P. colony; got a land grant in '34 in Napa Valley, which he 
 sold to Capt. Stokes, iii. 712; was severely wounded in an Ind. exped. to the 
 north, iii. 360; and worked at shingle-making for Geo. Yourit all this by 
 his own account before the end of '35, but most of these events are prob. 
 antedated. The 1st original evidence of his presence is a permission to cut 
 timber given by Vallejo in May '37; in '38 he was baptized by P. Quijas 
 as Carlos de Jesus, and about the same time married a daughter of Antonio 
 Garcia of S. *Tose; arrested in '40 but not exiled, being at that time at work 
 in the redwoods of Sta Clara Co. iv. 9, 17, 23; naturalized in '41, claiming 9 
 years' residence; in '44 named in a S. F. list, owning a lot at the mission, iv. 
 676, 673; in '45 took part in the Micheltorena campaign by exchanging him- 
 
732 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 self as a prisoner for Manuel Castro, iv. 487. To about '49 he lived on a 
 rancho near Searsville, and later at the Mission Dolores, where in '78 he gave 
 me his narrative of Early Events, and where he died in '83 at the age of G9. 
 His second wife was Rosalia de Haro, widow of A. A. Andrews, who survived 
 him with several grown children, and who I think still lives in '85. Brown 
 (Uhas), 1845. iv. 587; real name 'Dittmann,' q.v. B. (Chas), 1847, Co. E, 
 N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). B. (Chas), 1848, at Sta Cruz '81. S. J. Pioneer. 
 
 Brown (Ebenezer), 1847, sergt Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); at Mont. '48. 
 B. (Edmund Lee), 1847, sergt Co. E, Morm. Bat. v. 495; reenl. at Los Aug.; 
 a Virginian who remained in Cal. ; alcalde at S. Diego and in charge of the 
 mission '47-8. v. 618-20; claimant for Laguna de Santos Calle rancho. iv. 671; 
 died at Davisville '72 age 68. 
 
 Brown (Elam), 1846, nat. of N. Y., b. in 1797, moving to Mass., Ohio, 111., 
 Mo. , and finally overland to Cal. with his children in a party of which he 
 was captain, v. 528. He went to Sta Clara; served in Aram's comp. (v. 378); 
 was named for the proposed legis. council in '47. v. 433; bought the Acalanes 
 rancho. iii. 711; and was juez of the contra coata in '48. v. 662. In '49 he was 
 a member of the constitutional convention, and also of the first two legisla 
 tures. From '48 to '85, being now 88 years old, Brown has lived on his Contra 
 Costa farm, a rich man and respected citizen. His second wife, married in '47, 
 was Mrs Margaret Allen, who died in '84 at the age of 89. His daughter Mar- 
 geline became the wife of Napoleon B. Smith, and was still living in Contra 
 Costa Co. '85. His sons were Thomas A., Warren J., and Lawrence M. The 
 Contra Costa Co. Hist., 515, contains Brown's reminiscences of his overland 
 trip and Californian experience, in which as is common with '46 immig., an 
 exaggerated importance is attached to the Sanchez campaign of Sta Clara. See 
 also list of auth. vol. i. Brown (E.), 1S48, passp. from Honolulu. 
 
 Brown (Francis), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). B. (Geo.), 1844, 
 Amer. sailor on the Admittance, discharged sick in '45. B. (James), 1847, 
 capt. Co. C, Morm. Bat.; left behind in N. Mex., but came to Cal. by the 
 Truckee route before the end of '47. v. 477, 482, 494; delivered an oration at 
 a battalion reunion at Salt Lake City '55. B. (James), 1847, returned with 
 Stockton or Fremont; a witness at Washington Jan '48. v. 454; possibly same 
 as preceding. B. (James), 1847, Co. D, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). B. (James 
 S.), 1847, Co. D, Morm. Bat.; in Sutter's employ; at the Coloma mill when 
 
 fold was discov.; at Salt Lake City '82. B. (James), 1837, named in Lar- 
 in's books; cook on the California in '40. B. (Jeffery), 1836, on Larkin's 
 books '36-40; arrested at Los Aug. in '40. iv. 14, 118. 
 
 Brown (John), 1828 (?), Swede known as Juan Flaco or 'lean John,' and 
 famous for his ride from Los Aug. to Mont, with despatches in '46. iii. 173; 
 v. 303-4. He claimed to have come on a Mex. vessel in '28 after an adventu 
 rous career in the Engl. navy and the service of Bolivar in S. Amer. ; also to 
 have been one of Graham's men in '36-7 (iii. 457), and one of Sutter's men in 
 the campaign of '44-5 (iv. 476) ; he died at Stockton in '59. I find no original 
 evidence of his presence before '46; bnt there was a John Brown on Larkin's 
 books '37-9; a Jean Louis Braun at Los Ang. '36; and a John ' Moreno, ' Dutch 
 sawyer at S.F. '42. B. (John), 1804, negro deserter from O'Cain's ship at 
 S.D.; sent to S. Bias. ii. 26. B. (John), 1825-7, mr of the Joven Tartar (?). 
 iii. 149. B. (John), 1846, Co.C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). B. (John), 1847, 
 Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); Utah farmer '81. B. (John G.), 1841, in U.S. 
 ex. exped. iv. 241. 
 
 Brown (John Henry), 1843-5, Engl. sailor who came to Amer. about '30, 
 wandered westward, and about '40 went to live with the Cherokee Ind. In 
 '43, with a party of Cherokee fur-traders under Dan Coodey the half-breed, he 
 crossed the country by the Humboldt and Truckee route, spending the winter 
 at what was later Johnson's rancho not visiting Sutter's fort, though some 
 of the Ind. did so returning in the spring of '44 eastward, and meeting the 
 Stevens party (iv. 445) on the way. After many adventures in the great basin 
 and Texas, Brown came back to Cal. in '45 with the Grigsby-Ide party (iv. 578). 
 All this rests solely on his own statement; but there is little doubt that he 
 
BROWN BRUNER. 733 
 
 came overland in '45, in a party that was with the Grigsby-Ide part of the way, 
 end about which there is much confusion that I am unable to clear up (iv. 
 578, 587). He may have been the B. employed by Sutter as cook in Oct. '45; 
 but the 1st definite record is that of his departure from N. Helv. for S.F. Jan. 
 14, '46. At S.F. he was a well-known character as bar-tender and hotel-keeper 
 '40-50. At 1st with Ridley; kept the Portsmouth House from Oct. '46; the 
 City Hotel, cor. Kearny and Clay streets, sometimes known as Brown's Hotel, 
 at different times in '47-50; nominal owner of a dozen city lots or more in '48. 
 A-. 672, 680. In Dec. '46 he married Hetty C., daughter of E. Ward Pell, and 
 in April '47 advertised her as having left him; but he soon married again 
 and had children by his 2d wife. In '50-81 he lived at Sta Cruz, and then re 
 turned to S.F., where in '85 he keeps a grocery, being 75 years old. John 
 Henry is one of those who claim ' to know more than any other live man ' about 
 early times in S.F. , and one of these days he is going to publish what he knows, 
 thus gaining no end of fame and money. He gave me, however, some useful 
 items. B. (J. H.), 1847-8, made a trip to Honolulu on the Mary Ann, re 
 turning in Dec. '48; perhaps same as the preceding. 
 
 Brown (Lawrence M.), 1846, son of Elam; died in Contra Costa Co. '77, 
 leaving a widow and 2 children still living in ! 85. B. (Martin), 1845, immig. 
 from Or. in the McMahon-Clyman party; probably returned to Or. '46. v. 
 572, 526. B. (Philip), 1847, lot-owner at S.F. v. 676. B. (R.), 1848, passp. 
 from Honolulu. B. (Richard), 1845-7, a Delaware Ind. of Fremont's comp. 
 B. (Robert), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). B. (Robt), 1828, 'Roberto 
 el Baleado,' a horse-thief operating in Cal.; the reference may be to Peg-leg 
 Smith or to Juan Flaco. B. (Sam.), 1946, overl. immig. of German descent 
 who in '47 built houses for Larkin at Benicia. v. 671; in Napa Valley '48; went 
 to Or. about '50, becoming a farmer at French Prairie, and a candidate for 
 the state senate in '66. B. (Talbot), 1844, Amer. at Mont., who got a pass 
 port for one year. B. (Thomas), 1839* named in Larkin's books '39-40; said 
 to have come in '34. Sta Clara Co. Hist. Atlas. 
 
 Brown (Thomas A.), 1847, son of Elam, b. in 111. '23, overl. immig. to Or. 
 '43, who visited Cal. '47. In '48 he came to Cal. to stay, settling at Martinez 
 in '49. In Or. a surveyor; in Cal. at 1st miner and trader; holding several 
 town and county offices, and becoming a lawyer; married in '51 to Caroline 
 Camron. County judge '56-64, and '74-80; assemblyman '65-8; candidate 
 for U. S. senate; judge of the superior court of Contra Costa from '80; still 
 living '85, with wife and 3 sons. Portrait in Contra Costa Co. Hist. , 56. B. 
 (Warren J.), 1847,. son of Elam, b. in 111. '26; started with his father in '46, 
 but was left sick at Ft Bridger and went to Or., coming to Cal. in Sept. '47. 
 Lumberman and miner '47-8; storekeeper '49-50 at Martinez, where he lived 
 till 71, having married Laura A. Hastings in '54. He held the offices of 
 county surveyor, assemblyman, and sheriff. From 75 he lived on a farm at 
 Lafayette, where he was still in '85; no children. B. (Wm), 1844, sail-maker 
 on the Vandalia, implicated in a robbery. B. (Wm), 1847, witness at Wash. 
 in Fremont court-martial Jan. '48; perhaps went easii with F. or Stockton, v. 
 454. B. (W. B.), 1847, in list of letters S. F. B. (WmH.), 1847, N.Y.Vol., 
 under another name; at Oakland 74. B. (W. H.), 1841, acting lieut on U.S. 
 St Louis. B. (Win W.)> 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); reenlisted. 
 
 Brownell (Russell G. ), 1847, musician Co. C, Morm. Bat. ( v. 469). Brown 
 ing (John W. ), 1847, Co. K, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Brownlea (J. J.), 1841, assist 
 surg. on U. S. St Louis. 
 
 Bruce (David), 1845-^7, sail-maker on the U.S. Portsmouth. Brucon (John), 
 1840, Amer. deserter from the Morse, age 19, at S. F. Bruen (John H ), 1847, 
 perhaps of N.Y.Vol. under another name; died at S. Isidro 78. Bruheim 
 (Adolf), 1842, German, age 21, who came on the California from Honolulu as 
 servant to a passenger, being permitted to remain, iv. 341; went to N. Helv.; 
 employed by Cordua on Feather River '45-6; and named as one of the 1st 
 Donner relief party, v. 539; no record of him after '47, but I think he lived 
 at S. F. in later years under another name. Bruner (Christian), 1846, overl. 
 immig. with his wife and brother; employed by Sutter '47, also owning a lot 
 
734 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 at S. F. ; in '57 at S. F. he was sentenced to state prison for 11 years for 
 murder committed when in liquor. S. F. Herald. B. (Jacob), 1846, brother 
 of the preceding; settled at Sonoma. Brunson (Clinton D.), 1847, Co. A, 
 Morm. Bat. (v. 469); in Utah '81. Brusle (Jackson), 1847, Co. E, N.Y.Vol. 
 (v. 499); d. Contra Costa Co. '54. B. (Wash.), 1847, Co. E, N.Y.Vol. 
 
 Bryan (Abner), 1845, at N. Helv. '45-6; iv. 578, 587; testified before the 
 land com. after '50. I am informed by D. L. Adams, whose mother B. mar 
 ried, that he is still living '85 in Sta B. Co. B. (J. W.), 1847, farmer in Sta 
 Clara Co. '47-76; a native of Mo. B. (Wm), 1848, at Monterey; perhaps 
 'Bryant.' Bryant (A.), 1847, acting mr of the U. S. Jpale. 
 
 Bryant (Edwin), 1846, nat. of Mass., and a journalist of Ky, who came 
 overland at the head of a party, v. 527-36. He took a prominent part in en 
 listing men for the Cal. Bat., in which he served as lieut of Co. H. v. 359. 
 361; alcalde of S. F. Feb.-May '47, also lot-owner, v. 648, 676; returned 
 east with Gen. Kearny, and testified at the Fremont court-martial, v. 452, 
 456, 543. He came back across the plains in '49, and was for 4 or 5 years a 
 prominent citizen, property owner, and politician; also visited Cal. several 
 times after he went east to live; died at Louisville, Ky, in : 69 at the age of 
 64. His What I Saw in Cal., published just after his 1st visit, is a standard 
 authority on events of '46-7. B. (Nathaniel C.), 1846, mid., acting master 
 of the U. S. Dale. B. (Stephen), 1842, Amer. cook on the schr California. 
 B. (Wm), 1846, overl. immig. accompanied by his wife Lucy Ann. v. 528; at 
 Benicia '47-8, where he built houses for Larkin. v. 672; in the mines from end 
 of '48, and died of cholera in '50. According to testimony in later litigation, 
 he was the owner of Mare Island, living on it in '47-8. His widow married a 
 man named Grissoin, and in '77 was living in Sonoma Co. Bryen (Geo.), 1846, 
 Co. C, 1st U. S. dragoons, v. 336. 
 
 Buchalas, 1846, doubtful name of an immig. v. 529. Buchanan, 1845, 
 Amer. immig. from Or. in the McMahon-Clyman party, iv. 572, 587; per 
 haps at N. Helv. '47-8. B. (John), 1847, Co. D, Morm. Bat.; at Manti, 
 Utah, '82. B. (John C.), 1846, Kentnckian immig. with Bryant's party, v. 
 528; of the firm McDonald & B. at S.F., auctioneers, Jan.-May '48; owner 
 of many city lots; alcalde's clerk '47. v. 648, 651, 676, 682-3. Perhaps a 
 resid of S. F. in later years. B. (McKean), 1846, nat. of Penn., purser of 
 the U. S. .Dale '46-7; died in Mass. '71; father of the actor of the same name. 
 Buck (Nicholas), 1847, sail-maker on the U. S. Independence. Buckbee 
 (Flavius), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Buckelew (Benj. R.), 1846, New Yorker and overl. immig. with Hoppe 
 and Harlan. (v. 526); kept a jewelry and watch-maker's shop at Clark's Point 
 S. F. '47-8, being also publisher of the Californian, owner of many lots, and 
 member of the town council, v. 648-9, 658, 672, 684. He was interested in 
 several newspapers and was engaged in trade after '49. Claimant of the Pt 
 Quintin rancho. iii. 712; and owner of part of the Nicasio rancho. Died in 
 Marin Co. '59 at the age of 37, leaving a family. Buckland ( Alondus D. L. ), 
 1846, of the Mormon colony with family, v. 546; one of the founder's of New 
 Hope on the Stanislaus, which he was the last to leave, settling at Stockton 
 in '47-8, and later builder of the Buckland House in S. F. B. (Hannah D.), 
 1846, mother of Alondus. v. 546; owner of S. F. lot; in Utah '84. Buckle 
 (Robert), 1847, Co. E, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); owner of a lot at S. F. 
 
 Buckle (Samuel), 1821-3, Engl. sailor and laborer at Mont. '29, claiming 
 6 years' residence, age 28; in '33 a contractor to furnish lumber; in '40-1 de 
 scribed as an Engl. sawyer, age 45, and residence 19 years; naturalized in '41, 
 when he lived at Branciforte, having been baptized as Jose" Samuel, often 
 called Manuel, and his name being written also Boc, Bocle, Bockel, Bokle, 
 Bugle, and Buchel. ii. 445, 495; iii. 180. In '45 named in the Brancif. padron 
 as a bachelor aged 50. No more is heard of him by the name of Buckle; but 
 he seems to have been the Samuel Thompson who appears often in Larkin 's 
 books and corresp. as a lumberman at Sta Cruz from '33 to '48. The news 
 papers tell us how Samuel sailed for many years in search of his brother Wm, but 
 gave up the search and settled at Mont. , soon meeting his brother accidentally 
 
BUCKLE-BUFFUM. 735 
 
 at Sta Cruz; but about dates and details of this strange meeting there is much 
 confusion. Nor have I any clew to the motive of the two for using two names, 
 Buckle and Thompson. Samuel died at the house of Chas Martin in the Sta 
 Cruz Mts in '72. 
 
 Buckle (Wm), 1823, baptized as Jose" Guillermo, brother of Samuel, at 
 Mont. '29, age 25, and married; also claiming 16 years' residence in ; 39, when 
 he was naturalized, having moved with his brother to Branciforte and obtained 
 the grant of La Cabonera in '38. ii. 495; iii. 677; in '43 he signed a doc. 
 against Graham, iv. 356, and obtained a license to build a vessel of 35 tons. 
 In '45 he is named in the Brancif. padron as 42 years of age; wife Antonia 
 Castro, children Guillermo b. '33, Jose" Ant. '35, Maria Teresa 31, Maria 
 Sebola (?) '36, Francisco '38, Guillerma '39, Josefa '40, and Maria Jesus '44 
 all b. at Branciforte. It was at his house that Henry Naile was killed in '46. 
 v. 641. There is no later record of Buckle, but Wm Thompson appears in 
 Larkin's accounts und other records from '33 to '47; was one of the foreigners 
 arrested in '40; and was 2d juez at Sta Cruz in '46. He died about '59. ii. 479; 
 iii. 4C9; iv. 17; v. 641. Buckler, 1845, a settler in the Sac. Val. Buckley 
 (Newman), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); a book agent in Sprihgville, 
 Utah, '82. Buckner (Thos M.), 1848, Kentuckian miner from Or.; at Span 
 ish Dry Diggings, El JUorado Co., '82. Budington, 1843-4, mr of the Wm 
 C. Nye. iv. 570; in Conn. '82. Budd (Chas K.), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 
 499); in Sonoma '68. Buel (Frederic), 1841, said to have visited Mont, by 
 sea before '46. Oakland Home Jour. , Nov. 1, '73; said also to have served after 
 graduation at Yale on the whaler Brafjanza. Wood's Rc.colL, 39; and this ves 
 sel was on the coast in '41. v. 279. B. was a presbyterian clergyman, agent 
 for the Amer. Bible Soc. on the Pac. coast for 20 years; d. at Oakland '73. 
 
 Buelna (Antonio), Mex. soldier before 1780; in the Soledad escolta, settler 
 at S. F., holder of a rancho near Mont, before 1801. i. 499, 683, 716, 734; ii. 
 171; teacher at Mont, and S. Jose" 1818-21, '29. ii. 378-9, 427, 603, 613. B. 
 (Antonio), perhaps son of the preceding, also a soldier at one time, possibly 
 confounded with his father or another Antonio in some records; member of 
 the diputacion from '28. iii. 36, 41-3, 50, 63; alcalde of Mont. '31. iii. 187, 
 194, 212, 672; dip. again in '35-9; com. of S. Jose troops in Alvarado's revolt, 
 sent to the south as comisionado '37. iii. 291, 454-5, 457, 460, 469, 481, 491, 
 506, 585, 692; grantee of S. Gregorio aud S. Francisquito in '39. iii. 678, 713; 
 in com. of exped. against Ind. and foreigners '39-40. iv. 22, 256. In '41 at 
 S. Jose 1 , age 50, wife Concepcion Valencia, children Juan b. '16, Concepcion 
 '38; juez de paz at Sta Clara '41-2. iv. 6S3-6; but died in '42. Though some 
 what prominent as shown above, B. was a very ignorant and commonplace 
 man. B. (E.), prob. son of Ant., and claimant of S. Gregorio in '52. iii. 678. 
 B. (Fe"lix), resid. of S. Jos6 from '37; 2d alcalde '39, '44, '45. iii. 731; iv. 685; 
 in '41, age 27, wife Bernarda Sepiilveda, child. Juliana and Maria; '46 2d juez. 
 v. 664; sub-prefect '49; moved to Mont. '54. He furnished a Narration for my 
 use in 76. B. (Joaquin), brother of Antonio, writer of various verses; comi 
 sionado at Brancif. 1818. ii. 244-5, 390; teacher at S. Jose" '21. ii. 603; alcalde 
 or juez auxiliar at Brancif. '26, '32, '38-9. ii. 627, 696-7; grantee of Sayante 
 rancho '33. iii. 679; sec. ayunt. '36. iii. 697; juez aux. at Pilarcitos, Refugio, 
 etc. '40-2, '46. iii. 676; iv. 653; v. 637. B. (Jose" F.), elector at S. Jose" '43. 
 iv. 361, 685. B. (Jose" Ramon), grantee of Potrero y Rincon de S. Pedro 
 '38. iii. 678; alcalde at Brancif. '45. v. 664; age 30, wife Rafaela Perez, child. 
 Guadalupe, Matilde, and Juan. B. (Juan), at S. F. and Mont, from '26. ii. 
 612; in '41 at S. Jose", age 49, wife Ascension Bernal, child. Trinidad, Antonia 
 M., Francisco, and Alta Gracia. B. (Maria Antonia), teacher at Mont. '18- 
 24. B. (Ramon), soldier before 1780; settler at Los Ang. from '93-1819; regi- 
 dor in 1802. ii. 1 10, 349-50, 354. Buenaventura (Jose"), 1829, Irishman, fam 
 ily name not known; at Los Ang. with certif. of good character, age 47. 
 
 Buffin, 1845, possibly in the Grigsby-Ide party, but prob. went to Or. iv. 
 578-9. Buffum (Edward Gould), 1847, lieut Co. B, N.Y.Vol. v. 504; having 
 been previously connected with the N. Y. Herald. After his discharge went 
 to the mines in '48, and in '49-50 was a reporter on the Alta, serving also as 
 
736 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 sec. of various public meetings. Then he went east and published his Six 
 Months in the Gold Mines, Phila, 1850. Returning to Cal. '53, he rejoined the 
 Alta corps, acting at times as editor, notably during the time of the vigilance 
 com. of '06; member of the legislature '55; went in '57 to Paris, where he wrote 
 letters for the Alta and N. Y. Herald, and where he committed suicide in '67, 
 at the age of about 45. He was a man of good character and abilities. Buhne 
 (H. H.), 1847, Danish mate of the Clementine, who came back in '49, and from 
 '50 was a pioneer of Humboldt Co. , where he still lived in '82 with wife and 
 5 children, a prominent man of business. Portrait in Uumb. Co. Hist., 164. 
 Bujan (Antonio), 1844, a militiaman at S. F., called Buyano, aged 25, and 
 Mex., but he was a foreigner who came earlier, perhaps in '42, witness in the 
 Santillan case; in later times he kept a wayside inn and saloon in Visitacion. 
 Valley, S.F., where he still is perhaps in '85. 
 
 Bull (James H.), 1844, at S. F. Bull, 1848, mr of the Olga. Bullard, 
 1846, owner of a Los Ang. rancho (?). Bullen (Newell), 1846, of the Morm. 
 col. with wife and 3 children, v. 546; owner of a S. F. lot '47. v. 680; died 
 in Utah, where his family resided '84. Bullock (Ezekial), 1847, Co. E, NY. 
 Vol. (v. 499); at S. F. '74-82. B. (James D.), 1848, mid. on the U. S. War 
 ren. Bultice (Vincent), 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); died before '82. 
 
 Bund (John), 1847, Co. I, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at Hawkeye, Calaveras Co. 
 71-4. Bunker (Benj.), 1841, gunner on the U. S. St Louis, and in J 47 on 
 the Independence. B. (Alex.), 1822, mr of the Ontario, ii. 474. B. (Ed 
 ward), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); a bishop in Utah '82. 
 
 Burch (Chas H.), 1846, claimant for supplies to Fremont (v. 462) to the 
 extent of $39; at N. Heir. '47-8; went to Or. and ret. in '48. Burger 
 (Chas), German of the Donner party w r ho died in the mts. v. 531, 534. 
 Burgeman (Emil), 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Burgess, 1846, immig. 
 with Bryant; perhaps did not come to Cal. B. (Edward), 1847, Co. B, N. 
 Y.Vol., transf. to Co. G (v. 499); owner of a S. F. lot. v. 676; went to Hon 
 olulu on the Julia '47, ret. in '48; at Honolulu 71. B. (Thos H.), 1845, 
 Kentuckian immig. in the Grigsby-Ide party, iv. 578, 587; joined the Bears, 
 with Ford at Olompali in '46. v. 167; Cal. claim of $35 (v. 462); went south 
 with Frdmont; with Gillespie at Los Ang., and at S. Pascual. v. 347, 350; at 
 N. Helv. '47-8. Burhell (Richard), 1846, Co. B, Cal. Bat. (v. 358), enlisting 
 at S. Jose". Burke (Jas), 1847, Co. A, N.Y.Vol.; died on the Stanislaus '51. 
 
 Burke (James W.), 1824, Irish trader from S. Amer. on iheJoven Tartar, 
 who settled at Sta B. in '28, ii. 526, 573, being then 30 years old. His name 
 often Santiago and Walter appears often in commercial and other records 
 from '30; married Josefa Boronda, and in '36 had 6 children, being then regi- 
 dor and an applicant for lands, iii. 426, 654. Still living at Sta B. 76, but 
 seems to have died a year or two later. Burkins (James), 1847, Co. F, 3d 
 U. S. artill. (v. 518). Burling (Joseph), 1795, Irish sailor at Sta B. desir 
 ing to remain, but sent to Spain '96. i. 538-40. 
 
 Burnett (Horace), 1848, nephew of Peter H., with whom he came from 
 Or. and engaged in mining. B. (Peter H.), 1848, nat. of Tenn., b. in 1807; 
 a trader and lawyer in Tenn. and Mo.; overl. immig. to Or. in '43; farmer, 
 member of legislature, and judge of supreme court in Or.; came to Cal. by 
 land after the discov. of gold, and worked in the mines for a month or more 
 in '48. In Dec. he came to N. Helv. , and became agent for young Slitter in 
 settling the captain's complicated business and the sale of town lots, thus 
 
 paying off old debts and laying the foundation of a handsome fortune. His 
 family came from Or. in May '49, and his management of Sutter's business 
 ceased in July. He took a prominent part in public meetings to secure a state 
 govt; went to S. F. ; was made judge of the supreme court; sold half his 
 Sacramento property for $50,000; moved to S. Josd; and was finally elected 
 governor of Cal. all before the end of '49. He was one of the luckiest men 
 of the time. Resigning his office in Jan. '51, he devoted himself mainly to 
 the management of his private business, practising law to a limited extent, 
 residing at S. Jose except in '52-3 at Sac. and several long visits to the east. 
 He was judge of the supreme court in '57-8; in '60 published The Path Wiuck 
 
BURNETT-BURTON. 737 
 
 Led a Protestant Lawyer to the Catholic Church; and from '63 was president of 
 the Pacific Bank at S.F. His Recollections, in MS., were copied for my Library 
 in '78 and published in '80. Still living in '85, possessing great wealth and a 
 good reputation. Burnett has never been credited with any brilliant abilities, 
 nor charged with any great weakness; lacking force and decision in official 
 positions; an honest, industrious, kind-hearted, diplomatic, lucky man; of 
 many but harmless whims in private life. His wife died in '58; but he has 
 several sons and a married daughter. 
 
 Burnie, 1829, mr of the Ann. iii. 146. Burns (Daniel M.), 1840 (?), sec. 
 of state in '80; native of Tenn., age 49 in '79; said in newspaper sketches to 
 have come to Cal. at the age of 10. iv. 120; his name is in a list of letters 
 at S. F. in '48. B. (James), 1840, in Farnham's list of arrested foreigners. 
 B. (John), 1830, Amer. atS. Miguel, iii. 180; joined the comp. extranjcra in 
 '32. iii. 221; was perhaps the John Byrnes on Larkin's books '34. B. (P. T.), 
 1847, in Slitter's employ at N. Hclv. B. (Wm), 1839, Engl. who came with 
 Sutler, iv. 119, 138; in '40 he asked for a pass to quit N. Helv. and settle at 
 Sta Cruz; in Farnham's list of arrested foreigners, iv. 17. Burques (Pedro), 
 soldier at the Colorado Riv. pueblos 1780-1, killed by Ind. i. 359, 302. 
 
 Burr (Chas C.), 1846, of the Morm. colony with wife and child, one child 
 having died at sea. v. 546; owner of S. F. lot '47. v. 678; in Utah '84. B. 
 (Nathan), 1846, of the Morm. col. with wife, father of Chas. C. ; died in 
 Utah before '84. v. 546. Burrell (Chas), 1846, sailor on the U. S. Dale, long 
 a resident of S. F. in later years. B. (Cuthbert), 1846, at Gilroy '78. 
 
 Burroughs (Chas), 1846, apparently an immig. of this year; prominent in 
 raising men for the Cal. Bat., in which he seems to have ranked as captain 
 or perhaps was to have been made captain. Chief in com. at the fight of Nati- 
 vidad, where he was killed in Nov. v. 3GO, 363-71. Beyond the part that he 
 took in this affair, and his general reputation as a brave and popular man, 
 though a gambler, nothing seems to be known of him. His name is often writ 
 ten Burns and Burrows, and it is not sure that his name was Charles or that 
 he came in '46. B. or Borris (Wm), Amer. doctor at Sta B. 1823-4. ii. 
 495, 576. Burrows, 1841, from Or. with wife and child in Emmon's party 
 of the U.S. ex. exped. iv. 278. 
 
 Burt, 1846, doubtful name of a man captured with Weber by Castro, v. 
 136; probably 'Bird,' q.v. B. (Wm), 1847, Co.C, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). Bur 
 ton (E. F.), 1848, memb. of N.Y. territorial pioneers '78. Upham's Notes. 
 
 Burton ( Henry S.), 1847, lieut-cclN.Y. Vol., and for a time in com. at StaB. 
 v. 503, 511, 513, 630-1 ; in com. of the exped. to La Paz '47-8. v. 583. He was 
 a graduate of West Point and lieut of Co. F, 3d artill., of which he took com. 
 as capt. on the mustering-out of the regt. v. 515, 520. He remained several 
 years in Cal., and was collector of customs at Mont. '48-9. He was promoted 
 to major in '61, and in '65 to brevet brigadier-gen., dying in R.I. '69. His wife, 
 who survived him with two children, was Dona Amparo Ruiz of Lower Cal., 
 whose father and grandfather were prominent in the early annals of the penin 
 sula, and who has gained some literary as well as social distinction. Bur 
 ton (B.), 1847, lieut who raised and commanded a volunteer cavalry comp. 
 at Mont, in April, v. 449, 521, 636. I am unable to say who he was. B. 
 (James), J. B. & Co. ment. at Mont, in connection with naval stores. B. 
 (James C.), 1847, Co. E, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Burton (John), 1825 (?), Amer., who at S. Josd in '29 claimed to have come 
 as master of the Juan fiatfey, lost at S. Diego, and to have been 3 years and 
 5 months in Cal. ; a native of Provincetown, who left home in '22; then 40 years 
 old. iii. 29, 147. In '30 a farmer, also engaged in trade, ii. 602; generally said 
 to have arrived in '30; married in '31 Juana Galindo; often named in various 
 records from this time; regidor of S. Jos6 '37. iii. 730; arrested in '40 as a 
 formality, but not exiled. In '41, age 48, children Jose" Miguel, Juan, and Sil- 
 
 HIST. CAL., VOL. II. 
 
733 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Mont. B. (Joseph), 1848, Boston man age 30, who came from Honolulu 
 in Aug. and died at S.F. in Oct. 
 
 Burton (Lewis T.), 1831, Tennesseean from N. Mcx. with the Wolfskill 
 party, v. 386, 405; settling at Sta B., and engaging in otter-hunting, trade, and 
 finally farming, iv. 117. In '30 he described himself as a catholic bachelor, 
 24 years old, in business with Branch; in '39 he married Maria Antonia, daugh 
 ter of Cdrlos Carrillo; naturalized in '42. Larkin gave him a high character in 
 his Notes of '45; and he had a Cal. claim of $400 in '46 (v. 462), 304. He be 
 came a wealthy merchant and ranchero; claimant for the Jesus Marfa and 
 Chamizal ranchos. v. 655, 677; and died at Sta B. in '79. A second wife was the 
 daughter of Josd Ant. Carrillo. 
 
 Bush (Richard), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). Bushane (Leandro), 
 1847, died at N. Helv., formerly a corporal at the fort, and apparently an 
 Ind. ; Otith B. also died. Bustamante y Guerra (Jose 1 ), 1791, com. of the 
 Atrevida in Malaspina's exped. i. 490. Buten (Wm), 1845, doubtful name 
 of an Amer. in a Branciforte padron, age 37. Butler, 1846, bugler in Cal. 
 Bat. v. 374. Butler (Amos), 1847, at S. F. from Astoria on the Henry; in 
 list of letters '48. B. (Nathaniel), 1847, at Mont. July. 
 
 Butron (Felipe), named in '40 in connection with the Graham affair, iv. 6; 
 leader in a proposed attack on Mont. '45. iv. 515, being then a capt. of aux. 
 cavalry; in '46 a lieut in the Cal. Bat. v. 3CO; in '47 lieut in an exped. against 
 Ind. v. 662. B. (Juan de Dios), soldier in Mont. comp. '36, age 31. B. 
 (Manuel), soldier of Mont. comp. 1775, married to a neophyte, and the 1st 
 grantee of land. i. 311, 608, 610, 683; a settler at S. Jose" 1786. i. 477. B. 
 (Manuel), prob. son of preceding, grantee of Alisal '28, and of Natividad '30, 
 '37. ii. 616, 664, 677; in '36 living at Natividad, a-e 58, wife Maria Ignacia 
 Higuera, children Josefa b. 1806, Nicolas '21, Ramona '21, Manuel '24. B. 
 (Ramon), son of Manuel, claimant for Natividad. iii. 677. B. (Sebastian), 
 settler before 1800; in '41 at S. Jose", age 01. 
 
 Butteriield (Jacob K.), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); at Taylorville, 
 Utah, '81. Butters (Thomas), 1841, Engl. sailor disch. from the Leonor; 
 Bidwell mentions a Thos Battus at Bodega about the same time. Button 
 (Montgomery), 1847, Co. D, Morrn. Bat. 
 
 Buzzell (Joseph Willard), 1841 (?), deserter from the whaler Orizaba at 
 Halfmoon Bay, spending some time with Graham at Sta Cruz, later a trapper 
 at N. Helv., till he went to Or. in '43, where he married apparently one of the 
 Kelsey family. This is his own statement in newspaper sketches, iv. 279. In 
 '44 he came from Or. in the Kelsey party, v. 444; served Sutter in the Mich- 
 eltorena campaign; signed the call to foreigners at S. Jose '45. iv. 599; and 
 worked for Leidesdorff at S. F. His name often appears in the N. Helv. 
 .Diary, and occasionally in records of Mont, and S. Josd. A daughter Ellen is 
 said to have been born at N. Helv. '45. In '46-7 B. served in the Cal. Bat. 
 ,(v. 358), under Fremont, Gillespie, Mervine, and Stockton in the south. Re 
 turning he went to Stockton with Weber, acquiring land on which the town 
 stood later, and building a cabin. Tinkham, Carson, etc. A son was born '47. 
 S. J. Pion. His name appears at Sutter's fort '47-8; daughter Lizzie Agnes 
 born at Stockton, Sept. '48. Still living in '60; ace. to Yolo Co. Hint, drowned 
 at Halfmoon Bay a few years before '79. 
 
 Bybee (Henry G.), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). B. (John), 1847, 
 ditto. Byers, 1847, at Honolulu from Mont, on the Maria Helena. B. 
 (Josiah Stoddart), 1846, applicant for land at S. Jose'; a mid. on the U. S. 
 Congress. Sta Clara Co. Hist., 331. Byrens (Allen T.), 1846, mid. on the U. 
 S. Dale, at S. Jose", Dec. Byrnes (Ed. ), 1834, Irish, in Mont. list. B. ( Wm), 
 .1848, at Honolulu from S. F.'; declined to serve as alcalde at S. Jose", v. 662. 
 
 Caamaiio (Jacinto), 1792, Span. com. of the Aranzazu, engaged in northern 
 coast explor. i. 509-11; Hist. N. W.C., i. 207 et seq.; com. of the Princena in 
 1797 and of the Concepcion 1798. i. 540, 543-4. Caatrell (John), 1846, cloubt- 
 .ful name .in a Los Ang. list. Caballer, see 'Cavalier.' 
 
 Caballero (Andre's A.), 1781, lieut of the escort to Cal. and return to 
 
CABALLERO CALLAGHAK 739 
 
 Sonora. i. 342. C. (Felix), 1833, Dominican friar of L. Cal.; a famous mis 
 sionary of the frontier, who crossed the line to Cal. '23, '29, '33, and doubtless 
 on other occasions, ii. 486, 507; iii. 96, 557. C. (Francisco), Sta B. ranchero 
 '45. C. (Maria Antonia), grantee of Sisquoc in '33. iii. 656. Cabello (Mar 
 tin S.), 1834, Mex. revenue officer with the H. & P. colony; receptor in charge 
 of S. Diego custom-house '34-8; prob. left Cal. about '38. iii. 267, 377, 499- 
 501, 609, 613; iv. 98; Cabiner, 1846, mr of the Isaac Howland. 
 
 Cabot (Juan), 1805, Span, friar who served for 30 years in Cal., chiefly at 
 S. Miguel, retiring to his college in 1835. Biog. in iii. 683-4; ment. i. list 
 auth.; ii. 123, 149, 159-60, 325, 327, 331, 375, 384-6, 393, 536, 620, 622, 655; 
 iii. 92, 96, 169, 309. C. (Miguel), 1836, nephew of the two friars, who came 
 to Cal. to receive the stipend due Fr. Pedro after his death. C. (Pedro), 
 1804, Span, friar, brother of Juan, who served 32 years in Cal., chiefly at S. 
 Antonio, dying at S. Fernando '36. Biog. iii. 645-6; ment. ii. 152, 159-60, 385, 
 394, 621-3, 655; iii. 92, 96, 418, 686. Cabott (F.), 1848, passp. from Hono 
 lulu. Cabrera (Agapito), at Sta Ine"s college '44. iv. 426. C. (Pedro), 
 Peruvian, juez de polic/a at Los Ang. '47. v. 626. 
 
 Cabrillo (Juan Rodriguez), 1542, Portuguese discoverer of Cal., who died 
 at the Sta B. islands in Jan. 1543. See full account of the voy. of exploration. 
 i. 69-81; also Hist. N. Mex. States, i. 133. 
 
 Cace (Henry P.), 1845, nat. of R. I. at Mont; perhaps 'Case.' Caceres 
 (Francisco), Span, ex-sergt of dragoons, who was regidor at Mont, in '28-29. 
 ii. 612; iii. 51, 53; and in '31 the only Span, in S. F. district, iii. 399, 699. 
 He is named as a resid. and house-owner of S.F. from '38, being sindico in '39. 
 iii. 705; v. 684. He died at Freestone in '48 at the age of 76. His wife was 
 Anastasia Boronda who died in '49. The children were Antonia, Francisco, 
 Carmen, Guadalupe Antonio, Julian, Rafaela, Giro, Helena, and Teresa; all 
 dead before '85 except Giro and Francisco. The latter is named in a Sonoma 
 list of '44 as 18 years old. The daughter Antonia married James Dawson '40, 
 and Dr Fred. Blume in '49, dying in '80 without children. She was the 'grantee 
 and claimant of Pogolomi rancho. iv. 672. Cacho (Rafael), grantee of S. 
 Ger6nimo rancho '44. iv. 673. 
 
 Cade (Jonathan), 1846, of the Mormon col. with wife. v. 546; perhaps his 
 name was Kincaid; sergt-at-arms in S. F. council '49; but died in Utah. 
 Cadel or Kadel (Peter), 1846, said to have arrived in July; at N. Helv. 
 from S. Rafael and Sonoma '47-8; lot-owner S.F. '47; died at Oakland '75, age 
 61. G. (Tobias), 1847, lot at S. F.; at N. Helv. '48. Cadena (Antonio), 
 1836, Mex. corporal in Hidalgo bat. at Mont, age 30; tried for murder, iii. 
 675. Cady (Chas L.), 1845 (?), said to have been in Lake Co. as a hunter, 
 being also there in '75. Lakeport Bee; iv. 587; in '46-7 member of the -2d Don- 
 ner relief, v. 539; estab. a mail service July '47 bet. S. F. and Sac. via Sauza- 
 lito and Sonoma. Calif ornian, July 24th; kept a store at Coloma with Shan 
 non '48-9. El Dorado Co. Hist., 177. Cahill (Martin), 1847, Co. A, N.Y. 
 Vol. (v. 499); at Stockton '71-82. 
 
 (ialder (Lawsou M.), 1847, Co. E, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). Caldwell (Arthur 
 S. C.), 1346, overl. immig. in Young's party with family, v. 529; wife Mar 
 garet, son, and three daughters; in Cal. Bat., enlisting at Mont. Nov. (v. 358); 
 bought a house at S. Jose" '48. Pico, Doc., i. 140; named as a wealthy citizen 
 in '60. C. (Colohill), 1846, Cal. Bat., enlisting at S. Juan; Cal. claim of $3 
 (v. 462); prob. son of preceding, or possibly the same. C. (Matthew), 1847, 
 Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); Utah farmer *'S2. Calheart (Seth), 1827, mr of 
 the Massachusetts, iii. 148. Calkin (Milo), 1846, house lately occupied by 
 him rented to another Jan. '47. Calkins (Ed R.), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. 
 (v. 469); ree'nl. at Los Ang. C. (Sylvanus), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. 
 
 Call (Daniel), 1816, Amer. carpenter, age 17, who landed from the Atala 
 at Sta B., where in ; 36 he had a wife and two children, ii. 248, 282, 393. 
 Callaghan, 1846, three brothers in the Los Ang. region, iv. 495; their names 
 as signed to a doc. of June '46 seem to be 'Ein,' 'Epli,' and 'Geral,' but it ap 
 pears that 2 of them were Evan and Isaac. They served under Gillespie, and 
 were among the chino prisoners, v. 314; in '47 one was in charge of S. Buen. 
 
740 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 mission, being juez de paz in '48. v. 634: and another had some petty position 
 at S. Pedro. Ace. to B. D. Wilson, Evan C. came to Cal. in '44. C. (James), 
 1847, drowned at S. F.'ol; said to have been one of the N.Y.Vol., but not on 
 the rolls. C. (John), 1847, lot-owner at S. F.; still there '50. Callahan 
 (Carolus B.), 1846, Co. C, 1st U. S. dragoons (v. 336). C. (Thos W.), 1847, 
 Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 400); rec-nl. at Los Ang. Callegan, 1769, com. of the 
 8. Jose, lost on the voy. to Cal. i. 124. Callender (Mills L.), 1847, Co. K, 
 N.Y.Vol.; lots at S. F. '47-8. v. 679; sec. of town council '48; still there 
 '52-4; d. Brooklyn, N. Y., '71 (?). Callis (Eulalia), 1783, wife of Gov. Pedro 
 Pages, i. 389-93, 487. 
 
 Calvin (Vincent), 1844, overl. immig. of Stevens party, iv. 445; at N. 
 Helv. and S. Josd '45-8. Calzada (Jose^Ant.), 1787, Span, friar who served 
 27 years in Cal., being founder of Sta Lie's, where he died 1814. Biog. ii. 3G8; 
 ment. i. 388, 459, 575, 577, 664-5; ii. 28-9, 123, 159, 394. Calzado (Dioni- 
 sio), at Branciforte 1803. ii. 156. Calzado (Jose"), 1798. i. 606. 
 
 Cam (Isidro), 1830, New Yorker, age 26, whose only known exploit was 
 to fight with Leandry about a dog, for which he served a month in. the chain- 
 gang at Mont. Camacho, com. of transport vessel 1783-90. i. 444. C., 
 killed at Jamul '37. iii. 614. C. (Anastasio), soldier at S. Diego 1775. i. 255. 
 C. (Tomas M.), soldier killed on the Colorado by Ind. 1781. i. 363. Cama- 
 reno (Nicolas), settler at S. F. 1791-1800. i. 716. Camarrillo (Juan), 1834, 
 Mex. who came prob. with the H. & P. col. (iii. 259); trader at Sta B., where 
 he was slndico and juez at different times '40-6. iii. 655; iv. 490, 631, 642; 
 moved to S. Buen. '59, where he became owner of the Calleguas rancho. He 
 died '80, at the age of 68; his wife was Martina Hernandez, married in '40; and 
 he left 7 children, one of his daughters being the wife of Jose Arnaz. Portrait 
 in Sta B. Co. Hist., 392. 
 
 Cambon (Pedro Benito), 1779, Span, friar who served chiefly at S. F., but 
 was founder of S. Gabriel and S. Buen., retiring to his college '91. Biog. 
 i. 712; ment. i. 173, 176, 179-81, 187-9, 193-4, 285-6, 246,255,271, 287,289- 
 90. 292, 297, 329-30, 352, 373, 376, 378, 382, 388, 399, 469, 473, 575-6. Cam- 
 buston (Henri), 1841, Frenchman from Mex., who became a teacher at Mont. 
 iv. 279; married Gabriela Soberanes; fined for smuggling '44. iv. 566; quarrel 
 at Mont, with Prefect Castro '46. v. 34; at the military junta, v. 61; grantee 
 of land iii Butte Co. v. 675. A man of some ability, but often in trouble on 
 acct of intemperate habits; witness in the Limantour case; sent to the Stock 
 ton insane asylum about '56, where he died 4 or 5 years later. Camero 
 (Manuel), 1781, mulatto settler at Los Aug.; regidor in '89. i. 348-9,461. 
 Cameron, 1848, at Slitter's Fort. C. (James), 1845, doubtful record of an 
 overl. immig. iv. 578. C. (John), 1847, Co. C, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). C. (John), 
 real name of John 'Gilroy,' q.v. 
 
 Camp, 1837, of the Willamette cattle comp. iv. 85. C. (J. G.), 1847, Co. 
 
 B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). Campa y Cos (Miguel), 1775, Span friar of L. Cal. 
 1769-73, who was chaplain of Heceta's exped. at Mont, and on the north 
 coast '75. i. 122-3, 194, 235, 240-2, 247. 
 
 Campbell, 1806, otter-hunter, ii. 40-1. C. (Anthony), 1840, Engl. sailor 
 disch. from the Fly at S. F., and killed by Ind. near Sta Clara on his way to 
 Mont. April '41. iv. 120, 280, 684, 680. C. (Benj.), 1846, Kentuckian set 
 tler at Sta Clara, building a saw-mill on Campbell's Creek in '47-8; still liv 
 ing in '76. C. (Colin), 1840, Scotch sailor at Mont. iv. 120; presbyterian 
 sawyer at Aptos '41-2. C. (James), 1846, sailor of the Congress in Stock 
 ton's bat., wounded at the Mesa Jan. '47. v. 395. C. (James T.), 1847, Co. 
 E, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); d. S. F. '53. C. (JohnG.), 1844, one of Frdmont'smen; 
 also in '45; Cal. Bat. Co. A. iv. 437, 583. C. (Jonathan), 1847, Co. E, Morm. 
 Bat. (v. 469). C. (Patrick), 1846, sailor on the Cytme, in Stockton's bat., 
 wounded at S. Gabriel Jan. '47. v. 395. C. (Joseph T.), 1846, Co. C, 1st U. 
 S. dragoons, killed at S. Pascual. v. 346. C. (Peter), 1847, Co. H, N.Y.Vol. 
 
 C. (Richard), 1827, said to have come from N. Orleans to S. Diego, iii. 102. 
 C. (Reuben P.), 1848, lieut of Graham's dragoons, v. 522. C. (Samuel), 
 1833 (?), accredited to this year by the newspapers, and said to have been a 
 
CAMPBELL CAPLES. 741 
 
 rich merchant of S. F.; d. Red Bluff 70. iii. 409. C. (Samuel), 1847, Co. E, 
 Morm. Bat. (v. 469). C. (Thomas), 1846, Kentuckian overl. immig. from 
 Mo. with his wife ami her parents and brothers named \Vest. v. 528. Known 
 as Major C. on the trip; one of Burroughs' men at Natividad (v. 363); and 
 went south with the Cal. Bat. ; surveyor at S. Jose", and member of the council 
 '47. v. i>64; in the mines '48-9; later resid. of S. Jos< to '77 and later. C. 
 (Wm), 1842, said to have been killed, iv. 686. C. (Wm), 1846, apparently 
 overl. immig. and perhaps a brother of Thomas; came to S. Jose" with his 
 family; surveyor '47. v. 664. In Tulare '83, age 90, veteran of 1812 and battle 
 of N. Orleans; 2 sons. C. (Wm), 1847, Co. K, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); deserted, 
 and was hanged in Dec. '48 at S. Jose" for robbery and attempted murder, v. 
 663-4. C. (Wm), 1848, overl. with Lawton and Johnson; editor of Sierra 
 Democrat and clerk of legislature '56; county judge of Sierra to '63; district 
 attorney at Virginia City, dying '76. Nevada Transcript, Jan. 28, '76. Campo, 
 see ' Fernandez ' del C. and ' Perez ' del C. 
 
 Cane" (Vicente), 1825, Span, sailor landing from the Asia at Mont. iii. 51, 
 92-3; permitted to remain and marry in '28; grantee of S. Bernardo rancho 
 '40; admin, and juez at S. Luis Ob. '40-1. v. 657, 683. Canedo (Dolores), 
 at Los Ang. '46. C. (Geronimo), settler at Los Ang. 1812. ii. 350. C. 
 (Jos6), soldier and corp. '23-4. ii. 555-6. C. (Jose"), soldier at Sta B. '32, 
 wife Luisa Valenzuela. C. (Jose"), at S. Juan Cap., age 58, wife Maria, 
 children Antonia b. '26, Felipe '28, Juliana '31, Juan '37, Leonardo '43. C. 
 (Jose" Maria), at S. Juan Cap. '41-6. iv. 626; age 36, wife Feliciana. C. 
 (Juan), at Los Ang. '46. C. (Juan K), at S. Juan Cap. '41. iv. 626. C. 
 (Manuel), soldier killed on the Colorado, i. 363. C. (Rafael), at Los Ang. 
 '46. C. (Silvestre), ditto. Caiiete (Joaquin), sent to escort Gov. Fages' 
 wife to Cal. 1783. i. 390. 
 
 Canfield (Cyrus C.), 1847, lieut Co. D, Morm. Bat. v. 477; also lieut of the 
 reenl. men. v. 495; collector of the port of S. D. '48. v. 619; acquitted on trial 
 for passing counterfeit money, v. 610-11. C. (Geo. W.), 1847, Co. E, N.Y. 
 Vol. (v. 499); at Phil. '82. C. (0. F.), 1847, in Sonoma Co. '50-77. Sonoma 
 Co. Hist. , 102. Canian (Wm), 1832, doubtful name of a mr of the California. 
 Caiiizares (Jose"), 1769, pilotin who kept a diary of Rivera's exped. to Cal.; 
 com. of S. Antonio '74, of S. Cdrlos '76, being an explorer of S.F. bay and 
 planner of the presidio; again at Mont. '84; com. of Aranzazu '89. i. 132, 136, 
 208, 225, 246, 287, 289, 329, 410-11, 438, 441, 444. Cann (Dan. M.), 1847, 
 Co. F, 3d artill. (v. 518). Lancey, not on roll. Cannell (John), 1847, lot at 
 S.F. Cannifax (Abstrum R.), 1847, contractor at mission S. Jose" to make 
 shingles for Larkin. Cannon (Manena), 1840, one of the Mormons, who prob. 
 did not come to Cal. v. 517. Cano (Gil.), com. de policia at Mont. '36. iii. 
 675; Mex., age 23, wife Josef a Soto, children Rafael, Maria, Luisa, Nicolas. 
 
 Cantan (Gustavus A. ), 1847, lot at S.F. Cantua (Dolores), soldier of S.F. 
 comp. '19-27; ment. in '18. ii. 232. C. (Guadalupe), in '36 at the Guadalupe 
 rancho, Mont, district, age 51, wife Carmen Castro, children Josefa b. '18, 
 Gracia '29, Ramon '31, Ramona '33; majordomo and juez de campo '35-6; in 
 '41 grantee of S. Luisito near S. Luis Ob. iii. 674-7; iv. 656. C. (Ignacio), 
 settler at S.F. 1791-1800. i. 716. C. (Juan Ign.), son of Vicente, wounded 
 at the Natividad fight '46. v. 307. C. (Julian), at S. Isidro rancho '36, age 
 40, wife Isabel Ortega, child. Manuel b. '16, Manuela '20, Faustina '22. C. 
 (Manuel), soldier of S.F. comp. '32-9; at Sonoma '44, age 25; in Sutter's ser 
 vice '45; militia alferez killed at Olompali*'46. v. 166. C. (Manuel), son of 
 Julian, at S. Jos< '50. C. (Manuel), at Los Ang. '46; connected with the 
 Flores revolt, a good judge of aguardiente, nicknamed 'governor' for a time. 
 v. 308, 331. C. (Pablo), soldier of -S.F. comp. at Sonoma '42. C. (Vicente), 
 majordomo at Patrocinio (Alisal), '36, age 45, wife Juana Soto, child. Juan 
 Ign. b. '28, Juan Maria '31, Maria Ant. '33, Carmen '36; juez de campo and 
 auxiliar '35, '39, '41. iii. 674-5; iv. 653; grantee of rancho nacional '39. iii. 
 677; admin. Soledad '39-40. iii. 691; Cal. claim (v. 462) of $3,661 in '46; still 
 in Mont. dist. '50. Cantwell (Thos), 1847, in S. Diego district. Caples 
 (James), 1847, roll of the Soc. Cal. Pion. 
 
742 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Carabajal (Rafael), at Los Aug. '48. Carabanas (Nicolds), corp. of the S. 
 Juan Cap. escolta 1776. i. 303. Carabantes (Agustin), settler at Los Ang. 
 1807. ii. 350. C. (Salvador), at Sta B. 1797. Carbajal, surg. of the Prin- 
 cesa, 1786. i. 397. C. (Josefa), wife of Surgeon Davila, d. S.F. 1780. i. 468. 
 Carbit (Thos), 1847, said to have come with the N.Y. Vol., but not on the 
 roll; d. Oregon City, Gal. '61, age 35. S. F. Herald. 
 
 Card (Geo. H.), 1840, nat. of R. I., mate of a trader probably the A lert 
 on the coast '40-2; returned in '48; wrote newspaper articles on his Cal. ex 
 periences; d. at Stockton after '68, age 74. iv. 120, 136. Cardenas (Josd), 
 1825, officer of the Asia; mr of the Rover '26. iii. 25-G, 120. C. (Melchor), 
 sirviente at S.F. 1777 r i. 297. Cardwell (Henry), 1848, sheriff at Los Ang. 
 v. 626; perhaps same as following. C. (Herman C.), 1844. nat. of Vt (or 
 Va), who came to Cal. on a whaler, settling at Los Ang. perhaps in '46; in 
 Cal. Bat. (v. 358), having a Cal. claim (v. 462) under name of H. H. C.; in 
 the mines '48-9; memb. of 1st legisl. '49-50; seriously injured in '50 by a fall 
 from his horse; d. at Los Ang. '59,. I find little about him except in newspaper 
 sketches. Cariaga (Saturnine), grantee of Real de las A*guiias '44. iv. 655. 
 Carl (John), 1847, at S. Buen. Carlon, soldier killed in 1790. i. 465. C. 
 ( Josd), invalido at Sta B. '32. C. (Seferino), soldier of Sta B. comp. ; grantee 
 of Arroyo Grande rancho '41. iv. 655; one of this family was the wife of F. 
 Z. Branch. Cdrlos, neophyte leader of rebels at S. Diego 1775-6. i. 253, 
 286. Carlton, 1848 (?), later a judge in Tuolumne Co.; d. '55. Carltoii 
 (W. H.), 1848, clerk for A. J. Graysou, S.F. Carmen (Jos6 del), Ind. chief 
 killed '44. iv. 409. 
 
 Carmichael (Lawrence), 1833, Scotch trapper from N. Mex., who went to 
 Or. '34 with Young and Kelley. iii. 388, 409; returned to drive a band of cat 
 tle to the Willamette '37. iv. 85; and again came back on the Nereid via Hon 
 olulu '38. iv. 105; and settled at S. Jose 1 . He was one of the exiles of '40, 
 but returned in '41 with a pass and a claim for $7,000 damages for interrupted 
 business, iv. 18, 32-3, 116. His name often appears in the records from '41; 
 in '45 one of the party capturing Prefect Castro, iv. 487; in July '46 had 
 trouble with Henry Naile about a house; in Aug. sec. of the juez at Sta Cruz. 
 v. 641 ; and later in '46 shot by a party of Mex. for the alleged reason that he 
 was bearer of despatches for the Amer. , but very little is known of this affair, 
 of which I find no contemporary record. 
 
 Carnes (Henry S.), 1847, lieut Co. F, N.Y. Vol. v. 504; collector of the 
 port of Sta B. '48. v. 575; later a member of the legisl., district judge, and 
 postmaster at Sta B., where he lived in '79; at S. Buen. '82. C. (Thos), 
 1847, Co. B, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); drowned at Stockton '51. Carnicer (Balta- 
 sar), 1797, Span, friar who served chiefly at S. Carlos and retired in 1808. 
 Biog. ii. 147; merit, i. 500 ? 561, 577, 686; ii. 7, 149, 159-60. 
 
 Carpenter (Benj.), 1845, Amer. immig. from Or. in the McMahon-Clyman 
 party; prob. went back to Or. '46. iv. 572, 576. C. (Chas R.), 1847, Co. F, 
 N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); died in Cuba '60. C. (Isaac), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. 
 (v. 469). C. (John), 1845, named as a captive exchanged for Manuel Castro, 
 iv. 487, doubtful. C. (Lemuel or Samuel), 1832, Amer. from N. Mex. iii. 
 388, 408; accredited to '31 and '33 in two lists of '36; prob. came in winter of 
 '32-3; 22 years old in '36, 28 in '40; had a soap-factory on the S. Gabriel River 
 and a vineyard in co. with Chard; one of the vigilantes '36, and not arrested 
 '40; served '45 against Micheltorena. iv. 495; in '48 had an orchard near S. 
 Buen. Claimant for Sta Gertrudis '53. iii. 634; where on account of financial 
 troubles he committed suicide in '59. C. (Roman), 1840, named on Larkin's 
 books; perhaps the 'Roman carpenter' or 'Roman the carpenter.' C. (Wm), 
 1841, doubtful record at Los Ang. C. (Wm M.), 1848, physician at N. 
 Hclv., room-mate of P. H. Burnett. Carpentier, memb. of legisl. '55, ac 
 credited to '48 in the Chart. 
 
 Carr (Overton), 1841, lieut U. S. ex. exped. iv. 241, 567. C. (Griffith), 
 1846, Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358), enlisting at Sonoma. C. (Stephen), 1847, Co. 
 A, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. Stanislaus Co. '49. Carranza (Domingo), 1798, ^Span. 
 friar, who served at Sta Cruz and S. Luis Rey, retiring in 1810. Biog. ii. 108; 
 
CARRAXZA CARRILLO. 743 
 
 meat. i. 4CS, 577; ii. 154-5, 159-60, 107. Carrasco (Jose" M.), Sonoran at 
 Mont. '30, age 39, single; at Mont, and other places to '47. C. (Juan), 1701, 
 com. schr Ilorcasitas. i. 493. C. (Juan), uat. of Buenos Aires, insane, found 
 dead at Arroyo Mocho '38. iii. 732. Carreaga (Saturnino), 1845, juez at S. 
 Juan 13. iv. 002; see 'Caviaga,' prob. the same man. 
 
 Carrigan (Thos), 1847, Co. H, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Carriger (Daniel S.), 
 1S40, Cat. Bat. (v. 358), enlisting at Sonoma, C. (Nicholas), 1840, Tennes- 
 seean immig. from Mo. with family, v. 528; his father died and a daughter 
 was born on the journey. He served in the Sonoma garrison and as mail-car 
 rier from Sonora to S. Rafael during the war; a miner in '48-9; farmer at 
 Sonoma from '50, where he still lived in 'SO, aged 04, with 9 living children. 
 I obtained from him a brief Autobiography; portrait in SonomaCo. Hist., 312; 
 a son, Dav. W., was born in '47. Carrillo, sirviente at Sta Cruz 1795. i. 490. 
 
 Carrillo (Anastasio), son of Jose" Raim., b. at Sta B. 1788; sergt distin- 
 guido of the Sta B. comp., named in connection with many Ind. exped., etc. 
 lolS-SO. ii. 235, 334, 301, 528-9, 501, 572; iii. 78, 103; comisionado in charge 
 of Los Ang. '18-25. ii. 350, 559; member of the dip. '27-8; habilitado '27, 
 '29-34. ii. 572; iii. 30-42, 03; '31-G alf<rez of the comp. iii. 650-1, 281; in 
 '32 his family consisted of his wife Concepcion Garcia and child. Micaela, 
 Manuela, Soledad, Francisco, and Luis; his other sons being Guillermo and 
 Raimundo; commisionado to secularize Sta B. '34. iii. 346, 657; in '33 retired 
 from the army on full pay; in '37 com. to treat with Alvarado, majordomo 
 at S. Fernando, grantee of Pt Concepcion. iii. 519, 647, 055; '38 comisario 
 sub. at Sta B. 549, 651; memb. of dip. '39-40. iii. 590; grantee of Cieneguita 
 '45. iv. 642; sub-prefect '45-6. iv. 631, 641. Thus it will be seen that Don 
 Anastasio was a prominent man of Sta B., where he still lived after '50. 
 
 Carrillo (Carlos Antonio de Jesus), son of Jose" Raimundo, b. at Sta B. 
 1783; soldier in the Mont. comp. from 1797, and soldado distinguido from 
 '99; named as clerk in a murder trial 1806. ii. 191; sergt of the Sta B. comp. 
 from '11 to about '25, taking an active part in defensive operations against 
 Bouchard in '18 and the rebel Ind. in '24. ii. 236-7, 275-6, 361, 363, 492, 534, 
 537, 572. Quitting the military service, Don Carlos was partido elector in '27, 
 and memb. of the dip. '28. iii. 33, 41, 140, 572; being in '30 elected member 
 of congress for '31-2, and working earnestly in Mex., if we may judge by 
 his own corresp., for the interests of his country, iii. 50,' 214, 232-5, 260, 311- 
 13, 319, 398. He worked particularly in favor of the missions, drawing his 
 inspiration from Capt. de la Guerra; and also in the interest of Calif ornian as 
 against Mex. officers. One of his speeches, the Exposition sobre el Fondo Pia- 
 doso, was the first production of a native Californian printed in book form. 
 Back in Cal., he was grantee of the Sespe rancho '33, was memb. of the 
 dip. '34-5, and was made comisionado for the secularization of S. Buen. in 
 '36. iii. 240, 249-50, 258, 342, 353, 421, 488, 549, 656, 660-1; iv. 40. He was 
 a warm supporter of Alvarado's revolutionary govt in '36, and not as has been 
 often said a leader of the southern opposition, iii. 490-2. In '37, however, his 
 brother obtained for him in Mex. an appointment as gov.; and Don Carlos, 
 making Los Ang. his capital, strove ineffectually in '37-8 to assume the gov 
 ernorship, which Alvarado very properly refused to surrender. This interest 
 ing but somewhat ridiculous episode of Cal. history, with its attendant mili 
 tary campaigns, is fully recorded in iii. 534-81, 594, 012, 614, 631, 699; iv. 47, 
 81, 89. In '43-5 he was member of the junta, and in '45 grantee of Sta Rosa 
 Island, iv. 157, 361, 495-6, 521, 547, 643; Cal. claim of 14,000 '46-7. v. 467; 
 memb. of the Sta B. ayunt. '49. Carrillo died in '52 at the age of 69. In person 
 Don Curios Antonio, like most of his brothers and cousins, was large and of 
 magnificent presence; distinguished for his courteous and gentlemanly man 
 ners. In all Cal. there was no more kind-hearted, generous, popular, and in 
 offensive citizen than he. For public life he was much too timid and irresolute; 
 as congressman he was but the mouth-piece of his brother-in-law Capt. de la 
 Guerra; as politician and aspirant for the governorship he was the softest of 
 wax in the hands of his astute brother Jose" Antonio; as military leader in 
 the burlesque child's-play warfare of '38 he cut but a sorry figure; yet every- 
 
744 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 body understood his character and he had no enemies. His wife was Josefa 
 Castro, who died in '53; his sons Jose", Pedro C., and Jos6 Jesus; his daughters 
 Josefa wife of "Wm G. Dana, Encarnacion wife of Thos Robbins, Francisca 
 wife of A. B. Thompson, Manuela wife of John C. Jones, and Antonia wife 
 of Lewis Burton. Carrillo (Dolores), at Sonoma, age 20, in '44. 
 
 Carrillo (Domingo Antonio Ignacio), son of Josu Raimundo, b. at S. Diego 
 1791; soldado distinguido in S. Diego comp. from 1807; cadet from 1809; 
 prosecutor in a case of '11. ii. 341, 345. In '18 he had left the service, and 
 Capt. de la Guerra wished to send him to Mex. for a few years; but failing in 
 this had him restored as sold, disting. of the Sta B. comp., and in '21 he was 
 transf. as cadet to S. Diego. Ment. in '24-9 at S. D., sometimes as revenue 
 col. and habilitado, promoted to alfe"rez in '27. ii. 536, 543, 547, 572; iii.. 41, 
 134, 141. In '30 he was transf. to Sta B., where he was elector, acting com., 
 and a supporter of Victoria, ii. 572; iii. 50, 99, 223: in '34 prom, to lieut, ad 
 min, of Purisima, and grantee of Las Virgenes. iii. 346, 349, 634-5, 650-1, 
 665-6. In '36 com. at Sta B., and though having trouble with Gov. Chico, 
 opposed Alvarado unlike other Barbarenos, and was removed from the com. ; 
 but in '38 he opposed Carrillo. iii. 422, 436, 485, 503, 565. I find no record of 
 Don Domingo after '37, and cannot give the date of his death. His wife, mar 
 ried in 1810, was Concepcion, sister of Pio Pico; his sons Joaquin, Jos6 An 
 tonio, Francisco, Alejandro, and Felipe; daughters Maria wife of Jose" M. 
 Covarrubias, Angela wife of Ignacio del Valle, and Antonia. His widow in 
 78 gave me a small col. of Doc. Hist. Cal, remnant of the family archives, 
 including no less a paper than the original treaty of Cahuenga. C. (Fran 
 cisco), son of Anastasio, who died young. C. (Francisco), son of Domingo; 
 married Dorotea Lugo. C. (Guillermo), 1769, corporal of the S. D. comp., 
 and later sergt; died in 1782. i. 301-2, 314, 452. I do not know that he left 
 any descendants. C. (Guillermo), son of Anastasio; married Manuela Ortega; 
 still living in '79. 
 
 Carrillo (Joaquin), nat. of Lower Cal., for 22 years a soldier, part of the 
 time at S. Diego, where, having retired from the service, he lived with his 
 family in '27. He was probably a cousin of Jose" Raimundo, but I find no in 
 formation about his parentage. It is related that he played w r ell on the violin, 
 and was once put in the stocks by Com. Rifiz because he was too long tuning 
 his instrument for a favorite air. The romantic marriage of his daughter to 
 Capt. Fitch in '27 is recorded in iii. 140-4; marriage of another daughter to 
 M. G. Vallejo '32. iii. 472. In '35 he tried to get a grant of the S. D. mission 
 estate; and the same year his wife called upon the gov. to prevent his sale of 
 the garden given to their children by Com. Ruiz, their godfather, iii. 617. I 
 suppose he died before '40. His widow W 7 as Maria Ignacia Lopez, who in ; 41 
 was grantee of the Cabeza de Sta Rosa rancho in Sonoma Co. iii. 673; and 
 for whom was built about this time the 1st house in the Sta Rosa region. 
 Among the sons were Joaquin, Julio, and Jos6 Ramon; daughters, Josefa wife 
 of Hen. D. Fitch, Francisca Benicia wife of M. G. Vallejo, Maria de la Lnz 
 wife of Salvador Vallejo, Ramona wife of Romualdo Pacheco and later of John 
 Wilson, Juana, and Felicidad who was claimant of part of the Sta Rosa es 
 tate and wife of Victor Castro. C. (Joaquin), son of Joaquin, at Sonoma 
 '44, age 24; grantee of Llano de Sta Rosa the same year, for which he was 
 later claimant, iv. 673; first settler in Analy township. In '46 2d alcalde of 
 Sonoma, imprisoned by the Bears, v. 129, 157, 162. 
 
 Carrillo (Joaquin), son of Domingo, who seems to have been a cadet in the 
 Sta B. comp. '28. ii. 576; in '35 or a little later he married his cousin Manuela, 
 daughter of Anastasio; maj. and later admin, of Purisima. iii. 353-4, 612, 
 666; grantee of Lompoc '37. iii. 655; juez at Sta B. '40-2, being proposed for 
 sub-prefect, iii. 655; iv. 641-2; in '45 lessee of Sta Lie's, suplente in assembly, 
 
 frantee of Mision Vieja de Purisima, and S. Carlos de Jonata. iv. 540, 553, 
 58, 643, 647; in '46 juez and assemblyman, and purchaser of Stalne"s. v. 38, 
 321, 561, 635. He was appointed prefect in '49, was subsequently county 
 judge, and was district judge for a dozen years from '52, being a man of broad 
 views and good sense, and though not speaking English and knowing but little 
 
CARRILLO. 745 
 
 of legal technicalities, he had good advisers and left a good reputation. He 
 died in '68. C. (Jose"), son of Carlos Antonio, ment. in '29 as prospective mr 
 of a Cal, schr. iii. 140; also ment. in '31. iii. 535; grantee of Las Pozas '34. 
 iii. G55; took some part in the political troubles of '37-9. iii. 556, 580; capt. 
 of auxiliary cavalry and acting com. at Sta B. '45-6. iv. 538-9, 641;' v. 35. 
 Still living in '50 and later. His wife was Catarina Ortega, by whom he had 
 4 children before '37; his 2d wife, and widow, was Dolores Dominguez, who 
 in '78 gave me what were left of Don Jose"s Doc. Hist. Cal., including sev 
 eral valuable papers. 
 
 Carrillo (Jose" Antonio Ezequiel), son of Jose" Raimundo, b. 1796 at S.F.; 
 said to have been a teacher at S. Diego in 1813 and later, ii. 344; house-lot 
 at Los Aug. '21. ii. 562; member of dip. '22-4; governor's sec. '26; alcalde of 
 Los Ang. '27-8; elector in '29-30, but defeated for congress, ii. 462, 513, 536, 
 560-1, 563-4; iii. 7, 13, 50, 63, 95. In '31, having a quarrel with Alcalde 
 Sanchez, and being arrested and exiled, he became a leading instigator of the 
 movement against Gov. Victoria, iii. 196-7, 203-4, 206-8, 630, 652; in '32 
 favored Pico against Echeandia. iii. 218; in '33-4 suplente congressman, 
 member of the dip., and alcalde of Los Ang. iii. 242, 246-50, 258, 275, 327, 
 342, 366, 373, 635, 637, 644. In ; 35-6 C. was in Mex. as member of congress; 
 otherwise as 1st vocal of the dip. he would have been gov. ad. int. instead of 
 Castro in '35; and might in '36-7 have given a more formidable aspect to the 
 southern opposition to Alvarado. iii. 258, 291-2, 299. He came back at the 
 end of '37, and from that time to the beginning of '39 engaged in fruitless 
 efforts to rule Cal. by making his brother Don Carlos gov., being more than 
 once a prisoner, and on one occasion spending some months in captivity at 
 Sonoma, where by his diplomatic skill he wellnigh won over Gen. Vallejo to 
 his cause, iii. 534-45, 547-9, 551, 555, 558-9, 564, 566, 570-1, 573, 578, 580; 
 memb. of the dip., ministro of the tribunal superior, believed to be engaged 
 in various plots '40-3. iii. 602, 604-7, 632; iv. 193, 282, 284, 296, 319; in '43- 
 4, grantee with his brother of Sta Rosa Isl., capt. of Los Ang. defensores, and 
 not very active openly in opposition to Micheltorena. iv. 351, 407, 462, 475, 
 643; but finally induced in '45 to join the revolutionists, iv. 491-3, 509, 522. 
 Under the new administration in '45, after declining the appointment of 1st 
 justice of the tribunal, C. become lieut-col of militia, comaiidante de escua- 
 dron, and com. principal of the southern line. In this capacit^y as representa 
 tive of Gen. Castro in the south he became a northern partisan in the sectional 
 quarrels, and w r as banished to the frontier by Gov. Pico. iv. 520, 523, 531-2, 
 538-41. Returning in '46 he joined Castro at Sta Clara, as mayor-gen, of the 
 Cal. forces, and retreated to the south in July. v. 39, 41, 53, 105, 134-5. In 
 Flores' revolt C. was 2d in com. , defeating Mervine, and frightening Stockton 
 away from S. Pedro; then engaging in a plot against Flores, but resuming his 
 allegiance for the final struggle against the invaders, and finally signing the 
 treaty of Cahuenga as Mex. commissioner in Jan. '47. v. 309, 318-20, 324, 
 331-3, 391, 404-5. In '49 he was a member of the constitutional convention, 
 and this would seem to have been the end of his public life. He died at Sta 
 B. in '62. His 1st wife was Estefana Pico, and his second Jacinto Pico, both 
 sisters of Don Pio. A daughter married Lewis T. Burton, but I know nothing 
 of any other children. Thus Don Jose" Antonio's name was constantly before 
 the Cal. public for over 25 years. He was a man of remarkable natural abili 
 ties for the most part unimproved and wasted. Slight modifications in the 
 conditions and his character might have made him the foremost of Califor- 
 nians either the best or worst. None excelled him in intrigue, and he was 
 never without a plot on hand. A gambler, of loose habits, and utterly careless 
 in his associations, he yet never lost the privilege of associating with the best 
 or the power of winning their friendship. There was nothing he would not do 
 to oblige a friend or get the better of a foe; and there were few of any note 
 who were not at one time or another both his foes and friends. No Califor- 
 nian could drink so much brandy as he with so little effect. A man of fine 
 appearance and iron constitution; of generous impulses, without much princi 
 ple; one of the few original and prominent characters in early Calif ornian 
 
746 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 annals. C. (Josd Antonio), son of Domingo, at school in Lima '29; grantee 
 of Lorapoc '37 and Purisima misioii vieja '45; also in charge of S. Miguel, iii. 
 G55; iv. G43, GGO; his wife was Felicidad Gutierrez. 
 
 Carrillo (Jose" Raimundo), 1769, mit. of Loreto, who came as a soldier and 
 rose to be capt., dying in 1809. He may be regarded as the founder of the Car 
 rillo family, which must be considered in several respects the leading one in 
 Cal., by reason of the number and prominence of its members and of their 
 connection by marriage with so many of the best families, both native and 
 pioneer. The captain's wife was Tomasa Ignacia Lugo; his sons and some of 
 his grandsons are named in these pages; his only daughter, Maria Antonia, 
 married Capt. Jose" de la Guerra y Noriega. See biog. ii. 99-101; ment. i. 
 403, 406, 551-2, 665, 079-82, 692-3, 701; ii. 28, 30, 116-19, 140, 143-4, 174. 
 He signed his name Raymundo, dropping the Jose. C. (Jose* Ramon), son 
 of Joaquin (of S. Diego), who in '44 was at Sonoma, age 21, having come north 
 with his mother a few years before. In '46 he was an officer in Padilla's band 
 of Californians who captured and killed Cowie and Fowler during the Bear 
 revolt, v. 160-4. It was claimed by himself and friends, then and later, that 
 the murder was committed against his protest or without his knowledge, and 
 I have no reason to suppose that he was in any way responsible for that un 
 fortunate occurrence. He joined Castro's force as lieut., and with him went 
 south, taking part with his countrymen in the last campaigns of the war '46-7. 
 v. 30S, 312, 325, 329, 331, 351, 388, 617; and remained in the south. He was 
 a rough and reckless fellow, often in bad company, but not regarded as a bad 
 man by those who knew him best. He was tried by the courts and by the 
 vigilantes for murder, and acquitted; but soon, in May '64, he was shot from 
 behind the trees at Cucarnonga. Whether this murder was committed by a 
 vigilante not pleased with the verdict, by some avenger of the Sonoma vic 
 tims, or by a private foe, was never known. C. (Jose" Ramon), at Sta B. 
 '44; grantee of Matzultaquea rancho '45. iv. 496, 635. Perhaps same as pre 
 ceding; if not, I have no idea who he was. C. (Juan), soldier of the S.F. 
 coinp. at Sonoma '41. 
 
 Carrillo (Julio), son of Joaquin, brother of Ramon, who came north with 
 his mother about '40, and in '44 is ment. in a Sonoma list as 19 years of age. 
 In '46, going to visit his brother-in-law, Gen. Vallejo, a prisoner at Suttcr's 
 Fort, Don Julio was himself thrown into prison for several months, v. 124, 
 128, 298-9; had a Cal. claim of $17,500, most of which was disallowed, v. 
 467. From '49 he was a resident of Sta Rosa, where he was the owner of a 
 large tract of his mother's rancho. iv. 673; but like most of his countrymen 
 lost his land. Still living at Sta Rosa, '85, in poverty, but a man of good re 
 pute. C. (Luis), son of Anastasio; married Refugio Ortega; 2d alcalde of 
 Sta B. '47. v. 631; died in early times. C. (Maria del Espiritu Santo), 
 grantee of Loma del Esp. Sto rancho, Mont. dist. '39. iii. 677. I am unable 
 to say who she was. 
 
 Carrillo (Mariano), 1769, brother of Guillermo, uncle of Jose* Raim., had 
 a brother Raimundo who never came to Cal.; their parents were Juan Car 
 rillo and Efigenia Millar. Came as a corp. and d. as alferez in 1782; had no 
 family. Biog. i. 385-6; ment. 252-3, 304, 315-16, 335-40, 426-7. C. 
 (Pedro C.), son of Carlos Antonio, educated at Honolulu and Boston; arrested 
 at Sta B. by Castro '38. iii. 555, 569; grantee of Alamos y Aj,ua Caliente, and 
 Camulos '43, and S. Diego Isl. '46. iv. 634, 642; v. 619; elector at Los. Ang. 
 '45. iv. 540; receptor at S.D. '46. v. 618-19. In the troubles of '46-7 Don 
 Pedro favored the Americans from the first, and was made collector at S. 
 Pedro, S. Diego, and finally at Sta B. v. 267, 287, 402, 446, 572, 626, 631; 
 alcalde of Sta B. '48. v. 586-7, 631, 611. He was town surveyor of Sta B.; 
 and later justice of the peace at Los. Ang., where he still resides in '85. In 
 '77 he allowed me to copy his col. of Doc. Hint. Cal., including his father's 
 original commission as gov. His wife was Josefa Bandini, and there are sev 
 eral sons and daughters. 
 
 Carrillo (Raimundo), son of Anastasio; clerk at Sta B. mission '35, and 
 admin. '36-8. iii. 657-8; sub-prefect '39-40. iii. 634-5; iv. 15,641; secretary 
 
CARRILLO-CARTER. 747 
 
 of juez, '41. iv. 632, 641; in '41 grantee of S. Miguel rancho. iv. 643; in '43 
 juez at Sta B. and grantee of Nojoqui. iv. 642-3; capt. of defeusores '49. iv. 
 407: suplente of sup. court, and elector of StaB. '45. iv. 532, 540; in '46 com. 
 at Sta B. v. 330, 400, 630. He was alcalde of Sta B. in '49, and still lived 
 there in '50 and later. His wife was Dolores Ortega, and there were several 
 children. Carrillo (Ramona), daughter of Joaquin; grantee of rancho at S. 
 Luis Ob. '41. iv. 655; later Mrs Wilson; still living in '85. C. (Tomas M.), 
 1848, named by Brooks as a robber shot by Bradley. C. (Vicente), soldier of 
 S.F. comp. at Sonoma '41-2. C. (W.), 1841, nat. of L. Gal.; in Sonoma 
 Co. '51-77. Carrion (Manuel), 1837, Frenchman at Sta Cruz desiring to 
 rnarry. iv. 118. C., several of the name at Los Ang. '46. 
 
 Carson (Christopher), 1830(?),Kentuckian trapper, guide, and Ind. -fighter, 
 born in 1809, who claimed to have come to Cal. with Ewing Young, and 
 very likely did so. i : .i. 175, 180. At any rate, he came in '44 as guide and 
 hunter with Frdmont; and again with the same officer in '45. iv. 437, 583. 
 His acts in '46, in connection with F.'s operations at Gavilan in thd Sac. Val 
 ley, on the Or. frontier, in the S. Rafael campaign of the Bear revolt, are 
 mentioned in v. 3, 6, 24-5, 94, 121, 127, 171-2, 175. Going south, he was sent 
 cast with despatches in Aug., but met Kearny in N. Mex. and returned with 
 him, taking part in the S. Pascual fight, and subsequently serving in the Los 
 Ang. campaign, v. 216, 236-7, 350, 417. In March '47 he was again sent to 
 Washington with despatches, accompanying Lieut Beale. At Wash, he was 
 appointed lieut though the appointment was not confirmed and sent back 
 to Cal., arriving in Dec., returning in '48, and then settling in N. Mex. Again 
 in '53 he came to Cal. with a flock of sheep. In N. Mex. he was farmer, 
 hunter, and guide; an Ind. agent from '54; colonel and brevet brigadier-gen, of 
 volunteers at the end of the war of '61-5. He died sit Ft Lyon, Colorado, in 
 '68, at ths age of 59. His first wife was an Indian woman, by whom he had 
 a daughter; the 2d wife was Josefa Jaramillo, who bore him 3 children. 
 Peters' Life and Adven. of Kit Carson was published in '59; Abbott's Christo 
 pher Carson in '76. Kit Carson was a small, wiry man, of undoubted bravery 
 and skill in all that pertained to his profession, comparatively quiet in man 
 ner, and somewhat less garrulous and boastful than many of the frontiersmen; 
 yet the difference between him and others of his class in character and skill 
 was by no means so marked as has been represented in eulogistic biog. sketches. 
 No one, however, begrudges Kit the fame his biographers have given him. 
 It is their custotn, ignoring faults, to concentrate in one trapper all the virtues 
 of his class for dramatic effect. Carson's statements on his Cat. experience were 
 not noticeable for their accuracy; his connection with the Haro-Berreyesa mur 
 der though he doubtless obeyed orders is not creditable; and I suppose his 
 influence to have had much to* do with Fremont's stupid folly of the Gavilan, 
 and Kcarny's disaster at S. Pascual. 
 
 Carson (James H.), 1847, nat. of Va; sergt in Co. F, 3d artill. v. 519-20; 
 in the mines '48; an active prospector, who gave his name to several 'dig 
 gings,' and whose little baok Early Recoil, of the Mines was pub. at Stock 
 ton in '52. He died in '53, his wife and child arriving a little later, but return 
 ing to the east. C. (John), owner of S.F. lot '46; went to U.S. C. (Jose 
 Manuel,) 1840, at S. Gabriel with a Sonora pass to visit Cal. C. (Lindsay), 
 1847, settler in Russ. Riv. Valley; still there after '56. Son. Co. Hist., 358. 
 Carson (Moses), 1832, brother of Kit, from N. Mex. with Ewiug Young, iii. 
 388, 408. He remained for some time in the Los Ang. region, and in '36 ob 
 tained a certif. of 10 years' resid. in Mex. Territory and 4 in Cal., being then 
 31 years old. In '45 he went north to take charge of Capt. Fitch's Russ. Riv. 
 rancho; joined the Bears in '46, and was the messenger who announced the 
 capture of Sonoma at N. Helv. ; also in Cal. Bat. (v. 358), and had a Cal. 
 claim of $653, not allowed ( v. 462). After his discharge he returned to Healds- 
 burg, but soon after '50 recrossed the continent and soon died. C. (Richard), 
 1847, sup. of the Confederation, v. 577. Carstens (H.), 1848, German said 
 to have come this year; in S. Mateo Co. '59-78. 
 
 Carter, 1825, mr of the Jura. iii. 147. C., 1845, a physician at N. Helv. 
 
748 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 '45-6. iv. 580; perhaps Geo. C., 1848, mr of the KameTiamehallL; of C. 
 & Davis at S.F.; perhaps Joseph 0. C. (David), 1848, at Mont, from Bos 
 ton \vith letters from J. C.Jones. C. (Geo.), 1845, immig. apparently of 
 the Giigsby-Ide party, iv. 578, 587; perhaps the G. S. Carter who served in 
 the Cal. Bat. (v. 358). C. (Geo.), 1843, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 330). 
 C. (Geo.), 1847, Co. B, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). C. (Henry), 1831, mr of the Wm 
 Little, iii. 384. C. (J. B.), 1846, lieu t on the Savan no. h. C. (John), 1844, 
 Amer. sailor from the Tasso; landed sick at S.D. iv. 453; sent to Mont, en 
 the Admittance; aided by the consul, and shipped in '46. C. (John), 1847, 
 Co. K. N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). C. (Joseph 0.), 1831, Amer. mr of the Volunteer 
 and Harriet Blanchard '31-3, and of the Easselas '36-8. iii. 382, 384, 405; 
 iv. 105, 141. His wife and child often accomp. him on his voy. bet. Cal. and 
 the islands. Went to Boston on the Altiope in '40. iv. 100; d. at Honolulu 
 about '51. His son Henry A. Carter was Hawaiian min. at Wash, '84. Also 
 called J. D. and John O. ; possibly more than one man. C. (Philo J.), 1847, 
 Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); reenl. at Los Ang. C. (R.), 1847, Co. B, Morm. 
 Bat. C. (R.R.), 1846, mid. on the U.S. Savannah. 
 
 Cartney (Barthol.), 1847, lot-owner at S.F. Cartwright, 1841, mr of the 
 Sapphire, iv. 568. C. (H. B.), 1848, at Benicia. Yuba Co. Hist., 86. Carver 
 (M.M.), 1848, Kentuckian from Or., and member of the const, convention 
 '49. Gary (Lewis), 1848 (?), in Colusa '80; said to have come by the isthmus 
 in '48. Col. Co. Hist., 81. Cdsares, see 'Caceres.' Casarin, see 'Jimeno C.' 
 
 Case (A. L.), 1841, lieut U.S. ex. exped. iv. 241. C. (B. A.), 1847, nat. 
 of Conn.; settler at Sta Cruz; died in Mendocino '71. His wife, Mary Amney 
 of Vt, taught at Sta Cruz '48, and still lived there in '80. Casement (Wm), 
 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). Casey (Michael), 1847, Co. I, N.Y. 
 Vol. (v. 499). C. (Neil), Co. B, N.Y. Vol. Cash (A.), 1837, mr of the Har 
 vest, iv. 104. C. (James H.), 1844, Amer. sailor from a whaler at Mont. iv. 
 453; enlisted Nov. '46 in Co. G, Cal. Bat., and was wounded at Natividad. 
 v. 371; mentioned also in '48. C. (John C.), 1847, lieut of marines on the 
 Columbus. Casper (Win W.), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); Utah 
 farmer and col of militia '81. Cassel (John), 1847, perhaps of N.Y.Vol., not 
 on roll. Cassidy (Hugh), 1847, Co. F, 3d artill. (v. 518). Cassin (John 
 W.), 1846, sergtCo. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 338); went east '49, but returned 
 from Washington Ter. '52, settling in Tuolumne; a farmer in Tehama '62-77, 
 the time of his death. Castauares (Gregorio), regidor at Mont. '44. iv. 653. 
 C. (Jose), juez de campo at Mont. '35. iii. 674. 
 
 Castanares (Jose" Maria), 1833, Mex. from Puebla; clerk for the admin, 
 of customs Rafael Gonzalez, whose daughter, Ana Maria, was his wife; 29 
 years old in '36, when his amours with Ildefonsa Herrera were the basis of a 
 causa celebre at Mont. iii. 436-9. He was a handsome fellow, but arrogant in 
 manner. He went to Mex. a little later, but in '40 came back on the Catalina. 
 iv. 31; in '42 fiscal and ministro suplente of the tribunal, iii. 605; iv. 299, 
 296; in '43 grantee of the Arroyo de los Calzoncillos rancho. iv. 671; in '44 
 lieut-col of the defensores and a supporter of Micheltorena. iv. 405, 407, 509, 
 654; in '45 sent to Mex. by Gen. Castro on a mission of which little is known, 
 and never returned, iv. 530, 601 ; v. 32. In '47 he appears as a colonel in the 
 Mex. army. C. (Manuel), 1840, brother of Josi Maria, who came from 
 Mex. to take charge of the Mont, custom-house, but became, instead, sec. of 
 the prefecture '40-2. iii. 675; iv. 31, 626, 652; in '42 sent to Mex. by Alva- 
 rado as a commissioner, returning with appointment as admin, of customs; 
 also fiscal of the tribunal, iv. 283-5, 296, 312, 339, 341, 352, 563; in '43 still 
 admin, of customs, elector for Mont., grantee of Mariposas, and finally 
 elected member of congress, iv. 355, 357, 361, 377, 386, 672. His labors in 
 congress '44-5, as shown by his Coleccion de Documentos published in '45, are 
 recorded in iv. 412-18, 431, 449-50, 457, 524-5; v. 32. He never returned to 
 Cal., but in later years gave testimony in the Limantour case, which was 
 pronounced false by Judge Hoffman. He was a man of some ability, and more 
 popular than his brother. I think his family came and went with him. 
 
 CastaHeda (Juan), 1837, Mex. capt., nat. of Texas, and com. of the L. Cal. 
 
CASTAftEDA-CASTRO. 749 
 
 frontier, who came to Cal. with Jose" Ant. Carrillo, and took a prominent 
 part in the mil. operations to support Carlos Carrillo in '38, until captured, 
 iii. 540, 549-50, 553-5, 509, 001. In '39 he was made sec. of the com. gen., 
 and sent on a mission to Mex. by Vallejo. iii. 599; iv. 285; returned in '42 
 with Micheltorena, or at least about the same time; in '43-6 not much is 
 heard of him, but he was the grantee, as was claimed, of several pieces of land, 
 having a lot at S.F. iv. 352, 609, 671; v. 41, 561, 605, 680. After '50 a wit 
 ness in land cases. A man of good manners, fair education, and little force. 
 Castillero (Andrea), 1830, Mex. capt. of the L. Cal. frontier comp., who 
 came to Mont, apparently with Gov. Chico; at the downfall of Gutierrez he 
 was not exiled, but chose to go away, perhaps to Mex. iii. 460-3; in '37 he 
 came back as a comisionado of the Mex. govt and induced Alvarado to sub 
 mit to centralism, being at once sent back to Mex. to work for Alvarado's 
 interests, iii. 521, 526-31, 572, 624. Successful again, he returned to Cal. in 
 '38. iii. 574-6; iv. 101; in '39 was grantee of Sta Cruz Isl., and went to Mex. 
 as congressman and habilitado-gen. of the Cal. companies, iii. 582, 590, 
 650; iv. 66, 100, 102, 143. In '45 he came back once more as a comisionado 
 of the govt to prepare for the reception of Mex. troops and defence against 
 Amer. invaders, iv. 528, 535, 537, 602-3, 006, 614; v. 17. It was at this time 
 that Castillero found and denounced the famous New Almaden quicksilver 
 mine, for which 
 He was sent 
 till after 
 of '49-01, during which he resided chiefly in Mex. 
 
 Castillo (Ambrosio, Enrique, Gabriel, Jose" M., Loreto, and Manuel), at Los 
 Ang. '46. C. (Felipe), Sonoran cigar-maker and trader, age 25, who took part 
 in the Apaldtegui revolt at Los Aug. '35. iii. 282-5; went to Son. but returned 
 in '45. iv. 572; grantee of Valle de S. Felipe, and sent overland with de 
 spatches to Son. '46. v. 332, 619. C. (Jose'), juez aux. Mont. '44. iv. 653. 
 C. (Jose Maria), soldier at S. Jose' mission 1797-1800. i. 556. C. (Jose* 
 Maria), regidor at Mont. '31-2. iii. 672-3. C. (Francisco), sec. to sub-prefect 
 at Sta B. and to prefect at Los Ang. '39-40. iii. 640, 654-5. C. (Pedro del), 
 Mex. infantry sergtfrom S. Bias about '25; elector at S.F. '27. ii. 592; regidor 
 Mont. '33. iii. 673; receptor of customs at S.F. '33-6; iii. 377, 700. C. 
 (Xicanor de Jesus Garnica del), 1842, came from N. Mex. in a colony, and 
 after a short stay at S. Luis Ob. came to Mont., living later at S. Jose", and 
 finally near Salinas, where in '77 he gave me some Recuerdos of events in '44-6. 
 Castillo Bueno (Juan), 1602, sergt in Vizcaino's exped. i. 98. Castillo 
 Negrete (Francisco Javier), 1834, came from Mex. with the H. &P. col.; sin- 
 dico and sec. of ayunt. at Mont. '35; sec. of Gov. Chico; grantee of Quien 
 Sabe and Sta Ana ranchos '36; either exiled with Gutierrez or sent by Chico 
 as an agent to Mex. a little earlier in '36. See iii. 466; also 263, 426, 674, 678. 
 C. N. (Luis), 1834, Span, lawyer, brother of Fran. J., who also came with the 
 colony as district judge of Cal. ; a bitter opponent of Alvarado's govt, who 
 went away voluntarily with Gutierrez in '36; a poet as well as lawyer; later 
 gov. of L. Cal.; died in '43. Biog. iii. 463-6; ment. iii. 263, 267, 277, 372, 
 415, 480, 484, 486-7, 534, 586. Castle(John), 1845, deserter from the Hope- 
 wdl, at S. Diego. Casto (James), 1847, Co. D., Morm. Bat. (v. 469). Cas- 
 ton (Geo. R.), 1847, Co. D., N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Castro. Except in the case of a few of the most prominent of the name, no 
 attempt is made here to follow the complicated connections of this family or 
 group of families, doubtless the most numerous in Cal. ^Castro, in a S.F. 
 padron '44, age 25. C. ( Agustiu), son of Mariano, at Las Animas '36, age 24. 
 C. (Albino), son of Francisco M., age 16, in '41; d. without issue before '52. 
 C. (Angel), sub-maj. of S. Juan B. '35. iii. 692; at S.F. del Rosario rancho 
 '36. iii. 678; nat. of Cal., age 45, wife Isabel Butron, child. Ramon b. '16, 
 Guadalupe '20, Jose" '23, Josefa '30, Concepcion '32, Juana M. '31, Jose" Joaq. 
 '33, Josefa '34; ment. '40. iv. 6; in '42 grantee of Los Paicines, and com. of a 
 militia comp. at S. Jose" and Brancif. iv. 655, 683, 686; juez at S. Juan B. '44, 
 '46; family insulted by Fremont's men. iv. 561; v. 9, 640; tax-payer in Mont. 
 
750 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 C. (Antonio), perhaps son of Ant. Maria, or in some items there may be con 
 fusion bet. him and his father and others; regidor of Mont. '30-1. ii. 612; iii. 
 212, 672; comis. of S. Antonio mis. '31. iii. 307, 687; ale. at Pajaro '35. iii. 
 674; supl. juez at S. Juan B. '39, '46. iii. 693; v. 640. C. (Antonio), pos 
 sibly the same, or the son of Fran. M., at S. Jose '41, age 41, wife Barbara 
 Soto, child. Francisca b. '24, Concepcion '28, Jose" de Jesus '29, Maria S. '30, 
 Gabriela '12, Jose" '36, Jose" Ant. '39. C. (Antonio Maria), son of Joaquin, 
 at S. Jose" '41, age 16. C. (Bias), son of Jos6 Ant., at S. Antonio rancho '36, 
 age 20. C. (Cdiidida), wife of Jose" Bolcof. ii. 479; grantee in '39, with her 
 sisters, of Refugio rancho. 
 
 Castro (Carlos), bro. of Francisco, Ignacio, and Mariano; maj. at Sta Cruz 
 '12. ii. 388; supl. of the dip. '22-4. ii. 462, 543-4; sindico at S. Jose" '28, also 
 supl. vocal '28-9. ii. 605; iii. 42-3; in '34 grantee of Las Llagas rancho, Sta 
 Clara Co. iii. 674, 677, 712; where he lived in '36, age 60, nat. of Cal., wife 
 Maria del Rosario Garcia; supl. vocal of junta '39. iii. 590. Don Carlos is 
 described as an eccentric old fellow, who tempered his hospitality by an affec 
 tation of abusing his guests. By a padron of '41 he was a Sonoran, age '62, 
 while his wife was a year younger than in '36! C. (Carlos), ment. at S. Luis 
 Rey '39. iii. 625. C. ('Chanate'), see 'C. (Manuel).' C. (Crisanto), son of 
 Mariano, at S. Jose" '41, age 11. C. (Cruz), at S. Bern. '46, age 28. C. 
 (Evaristo), son of Jose", at Las Animas '38, age 22. C. (Felipe), prob. son of 
 Mariano, soldier at Mont. '36, age 26. C. (Francisco), piloto and master of 
 transport vessels 1776-8. i. 287, 266, 328. 
 
 Castro (Francisco Maria), nat. of Siiialoa, b. 1775; prob. bro. of Carlos, 
 Ign., and Mariano; for 43 years artill. soldier and corp. ; settler at S.F. before 
 1800, in which year he was alcalde, i. 716, 718. In '22 elector, member of clip., 
 ale. at S. Jose* (?). ii. 454, 462, 584, 604; in '23 explor. exped. north of bay, 
 and grant of the S. Pablo rancho, renewed in '34, where Don Francisco spent 
 the rest of his life. ii. 497-9, 594-5, 664; iii. 713; vocal and elector '25, '27. 
 ii. 592; iii. 17-18. Duhant-Cilly, Viaggio ii. 88-9, says that Don Francisco 
 was of French descent; I find 110 other evidence of this fact, or of any direct 
 relationship to the other Castros. He died in '31, leaving a widow, Gabriela 
 Berreyesa, who died in '51; 7 sous Alvino, Antonio, Gabriel Vicente, Jesus 
 Maria, Joaquin Isidro, Juan Jose", and Victor; 4 daughters Maria de Jesus 
 who d. before '52 without issue, Maria Gregoria who married Jose" Ramon 
 Estrada and died without issue before '52, Francisca who married Joaq. 
 Moraga and died before '52 leaving 5 children, and Martina the wife of Gov. 
 Alvarado. iii. 593, 679. The San Pablo estate was left half to the widow and 
 half to the 11 children, and by deaths and the mother's will Dona Martina C. 
 de Alvarado became owner of 15-22. But the lawyers got in their work in the 
 distribution, and the whole family has been kept in a state of landed poverty 
 by litigation, which in '85 is not entirely at an end. C. (Francisco), son of 
 Guillermo, at Mont. , '36-41, age 4-7. C. (Fran. ), son of Juan Jose", at S. Jose" 
 '41, age 8. C. (Fran.), son of Rafael, at Brancif. '45, age 20. C. (Fran.), 
 son of Simeon, at Mont. '36, age 4. C. (Fran.), Cal. claim of $3,045 in '46. 
 
 Castro (Gabriel Vicente), sou of Francisco M., resid. at S. Pablo; elector 
 at S.F. '35. iii. 704; sergt in militia comp. '37; juez de campo '43. iv. 685; 
 ment. in '44. iv. 463; lawsuit '47. v. 663. C. (Guadalupe), bro. of Rafael 
 and Juan Jose" at Brancif. '45, age 30, single; juez de paz '43. iv. 663. C. 
 (Guad.), son of Angel, age 16 in '36. C. (Guad.), son of Joaquin, at Brancif. 
 '28; claimant of S. Andre's rancho '52. iii. 678. C. (Guad.), son of Juan Jose", 
 at Brancif. '45, age 19. C. (Guillermo), prob. son of Carlos, at Las Llagas 
 '36. iii. 677; lieut of S. Jose" militia '37. iii. 732; grantee of S. Lorenzo rancho 
 '38-41. iii. 711, 713; iv. 673; in '38 surveyor at S. Jose", iii. 730; in ? 41 at his 
 rancho, age 31, wife Luisa Peralta, child. Juan b. '31, Francisco '34, Jose" 
 Ramon Simon '34, Concepcion '35, Encarnacion '46, Loreto '37, Luisa '38; in 
 '41-4 juez of the contra costa. iv. 684-5; in '45 suplente min. of the sup. tri 
 bunal, iv. 532. 
 
CASTRO. 731 
 
 Castro (Ignacio), bro. of Cdrlos, Fran., and Mariano; soldier of S.F. 1780; 
 settler at S. Jose" 1786; alcalde 1799, 1804, '9, '10. i. 477-8, 716; ii. 134; 
 perhaps the same man who was drowned near Mission S. Jose in '17. ii. 382. 
 
 F. militia '37. C. (Jesus M.), son of Juan Jose", at Brancif. '28, age 13. 
 C. (Joaquin), soldier of S.F. comp. 1777; wife Martina Botiller; settler at S. 
 Jose 1790, etc. i. 478, 617; perhaps the same who owned the Buenavista 
 rancho near Mont. '95, and obtained La Brea 1801-2. i. 683; ii. 171, 664. 
 C. (Joaquin), invalido soldier and settler at Brancif. from 1799. i. 571; mar 
 ried Maria Ant. Amador; maj. of Sta Cruz '18. ii. 244-5; fined '27. jii. 627; 
 in '28 at Brancif., a widower, child. Guadalupe, Ignacio, Joaquin, Vicenta, 
 Daria; Rafael, and Juan Jose" were apparently his sons; there had also 
 been a daughter PUcida de Jesus, b. 1803; ment. in '30. ii. 627; alcalde 
 '31. iii. 696-7; grantee of S. Andres rancho '33. iii. 678. C. (Joaquin), son 
 of preceding; at Brancif. '45, age 25, wife Eusebia Valencia, child. Jose" and 
 Marcelina. C. (Joaquin), prob. son of Joaq. of '95; at La Brea '36, age 41; 
 at S. Jose 1 '41, age 47; wife Maria Ine"s Sepulveda, child. Mariano b. '21, 
 Antonio M. '23, Lugarda '28. C. (Joaquin Isidro), son of Francisco M. ; re- 
 gidor at S.F. '35. iii. 704; lieut of the civic comp. '37. iii. 701; grantee of El 
 Sobrante '41. iv. 673-4; ment. '41-3. iv. 199, 684, 686; Cal. claim of $8,516 (v. 
 462) in '46; claimant for S. Pablo, and executor of his father's estate, iii. 713. 
 Castro (Jos<), son of Jose" Tiburcio, b. about 1810; at school in Mont. '15- 
 20. ii. 429; his 1st public service seems to have been as sec. of the Mont. 
 ayunt. in '28. ii. 612; though in these years it is difficult to distinguish in 
 the records between him and his father, both called generally Jose. Arrested 
 by the rebels of '29. iii. 69, 89; sec. in '30, also arrested again for expressing 
 contempt for the Mex. iii. 49-50; ii. 612. Besides being engaged to some ex 
 tent in otter-hunting '31-4, Castro was still sec. of the ayunt. '31, also named 
 as comisionado to secularize S. Miguel, and a member of the dip. which Vic 
 toria refused to convene, iii. 186 et seq., 307, 374, 394, 684-5; 7th vocal of 
 the dip. '33. iii. 246, 249-50, 291; 3d vocal in '35, but acting as 1st in the 
 absence of the 1st and 2d, and thus acting gov. Sept. '35 to Jan. '36. iii. 298- 
 300, 414-16, 426; also comisionado at S. Juan B. in '35. iii. 692. He took 
 part in the troubles with Gov. Chico. iii. 424, 440; and in Oct. -Nov. '36 was 
 Alvarado's chief supporter as mil. com. in the overthrow of Gutierrez, iii. 
 453-75. From Nov. 5th, the downfall of G., he was com. gen. of Cal. to Nov. 
 29th, and gov. as presid. of the dip. to Dec. 7th; then, as lieut- col of civic 
 militia under Vallejo, who remained at the north as com. gen. he went 
 south to take charge of Alvarado's cause in the complicated campaigns of 
 '37-8. iii. 493, 501, 503, 505, 509-10, 520-1, 522-3, 526, 546, 551-6, 558-62, 
 577-8, 580, 582; claiming also a grant of Yerba Buena Isl. in '38. iii. 713. In 
 '39 he was commissioned by the Mex. govt as capt. of the Mont. comp. iii. 
 584, 671; was vocal of the junta, one of the terna for gov., and grantee of S. 
 Justo rancho; and prefect of the Mont, district '39-40. iii. 584-6, 588, 590, 
 603-4, 675, 678; iv. 75. In '40 Castro arrested the foreigners and went with 
 them to S. Bias, being tried by court-martial and acquitted in Mex., and re- . 
 turning to Cal. in '41. iv. 6, 11-35, 37, 193, 202-4; mention in '41-3 as capt, ' 
 promoted to lieut-col in '42, member of the junta, etc. iv. 282, 292, 295, 313, 
 339, 357, 360-2, 364, 652; in '44 lieut-col of the defensores, and sent to estab 
 lish a frontier garrison in the S. Joaq. Val. iv. 407-9; a leader in the revolt 
 against Micheltorena '44-5, and after M.'s overthrow became com. gen. of 
 Cal. iv. 458, 460, 463, 483, 485, 488-510; his official acts in '45, controversy 
 with Gov. Pico, precautions against foreign invasion, tour in the north, treat 
 ment of immigrants, etc. iv. 518-45, 556, 558-60, 589-90, 601, 603, 606-7, 
 652; continuation of the controversy in '46, troubles with Fremont and the 
 Bears, negotiations with Larkin, operations at Sta Clara, and retreat to the 
 south in July. v. 5-53, 60-1, 72, 78-100, 105-9, 132-3, 185, 230-3, 245, 637, 
 661, 675; final operations in the south, negotiations with Stockton, and flight 
 
752 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 to Mex. Aug. '46. v. 261-78, 407-9. Don Jose" came back to Cal. from Sina- 
 loa in '48, v. 585-6, 640, 6/8, and lived as a private citizen at Mont, and S. 
 Juan till '53, when he went again to Mex., being made sub-jefe politico and 
 mil. com. of the L. Cal. frontier from about '56. In '60, while holding this office, 
 he was killed in a drunken brawl or, as some say, assassinated by one 
 Manuel Marquez. His widow, Modesta Castro, was still living in Cal. as late 
 as '77. Thus, Jose' Castro was the most prominent of his name as a public man. 
 No Californian has been so thoroughly abused as he in what has passed for 
 history. It should be stated at the outset that nine tenths of all that has been 
 said against him by American writers has no foundation in truth. Of his con 
 duct in the sectional quarrels of '45-6, there is not much to be said in his 
 favor, except that it was somewhat less discreditable than that of his oppo 
 nent, Pico; but with his acts in the contest with the settlers and the U.S. little 
 fault can be justly found. He did not maltreat the exiles of '40, as charged 
 by Farnham and others. He did not break his pledge to Fremont in the spring 
 of '46, nor did he do any of the absurd things attributed to him in connection 
 with the Gavilan affair; but his conduct was far more honorable, dignified, 
 and consistent than that of Fre'mont. He did not threaten to drive the immi 
 grants back into the snows of the Sierra, but treated them with uniform 
 kindness; nor did he incite the Ind. to burn Sutter's grain-fields. In the 
 southern negotiations of August he bore a much more honorable part than did 
 Com. Stockton. He was not a very able man, but with ten times his ability 
 and resources no resistance could have been offered to the U.S. ; he was not a 
 very brave man, but he showed no cowardice in the operations of '46. Indeed, 
 his record as a public man in Upper Cal. was, on the whole, not a bad one. 
 He had much energy, was popular with most classes, was true to his friends, 
 and as a public officer fairly honest. About his private character chere is great 
 difference of opinion among competent witnesses, native and foreign, who 
 knew him well. He must have had some good qualities, yet it ?s clear that he 
 had some very bad ones. He was addicted to many vices, and when drunk, 
 especially in the later years, was rough to the verge of brutality; yet a kind- 
 hearted man when sober. Of commonplace abilities and education, in most re 
 spects inferior to such men as Vallejo, Bandini, Alvarado, and Carrillo, he 
 was yet by no means the cowardly, incompetent braggart that he has been 
 generally painted. Castro (Jos), sirviente at S.F. mis. 1777. i. 297. C. 
 (Jose), soldier of S.F. comp. '19-22; in '36 at Las Animas, age 39, wife In<s 
 Robles, child. Evaristo b. '14, Juana '21, Estefana '23, Salvador '26; prob. a 
 son of Mariano. C. (Jose" Antonio), nat. of Sinaloa; at S. Antonio rancho 
 '36, age 50, wife Merced Ortega, child. Bias b. '16, Mariano '18, Rudesindo 
 '20, Estefana '21, Bautista '23, Emiliana '24, Blanca '25, Manuel '28, Francisco 
 '29, Perseverancia '30, Tomas '31, Juan '32, Ventura '34. iii. 678; grantee of 
 Lornas Muertas and Estanislao '42-3. iv. 655, 672; in S. Jose" dist. '50. C. 
 (Jose" Ant.), son of Mariano, at S. Josd '41, age 14. C. (Jose" Ant.), son of 
 Rafael, at Brancif. '45, age 18. C. (Jose Ant.), son of Simeon, at Mont. '36, 
 age 6. C. (Jose" Ignacio), at Brancif. '45, age '28, wife Ricarda Rodriguez, 
 child. Jose" Ramon b. '37, Jose" Simon '39, Maria '44. C. (Jose" J.), at S. Jos6 
 '39. iii. 731. C. (Jose" Jesus), son of Antonio, at S. Jose" '41, age 12. C. 
 (Jose 1 Joaquin), son of Angel, age 3, '36. C. (Jose" Manuel), son of Juan Jose, 
 at Brancif. '45, age 21. C. (Jose 1 Maria), son of Rafael, at Branoif., age 22, 
 in '45; witness in the Santillan case. C. (Jose" Ramon Simon), son of Gui- 
 llermo, at S. Jose" '41, age 7. C. (Jose" Saturnino), soldier at S.F. '19-22. 
 
 Castro (Jos6 Tiburcio), son of Macario, nat. of Sinaloa, who came to Cal. 
 prob. before 1800; perhaps the man ment. 1801, '16. ii, 152, 371. He was a 
 soldier, and finally a corporal. In '19 alcalde of S. Jose", having a rancho in 
 that vicinity, ii. 378; suplente or vocal of the dip. '22, '24, '27. ii. 462, 510- 
 11, 612; iii. 36; alcalde of Mont. '27. ii. 612; in '28-9, memb. of dip. and 
 partido elector, ii. 613; iii. '41-4; ale. '29. ii. 612; iii. 69, 73; vocal '31, tak 
 ing part against Victoria, iii. 187, 189; comisionado for Soledad '31. iii. 307, 
 690; grantee of Sauzal rancho '34, '45. iii. 679; maj. and admin, at S. Juan 
 B. '35-6. iii. 354, 692; memb. of the junta dip. '39. iii. 590; prefect of the 
 
CASTRO. 7C3 
 
 1st disk in '40, succeeding his son. iii. 652, 656, 675-6. His wife seems to 
 have been an Alvarez; but I have no record of any children except Jose and 
 the wife of Santiago Moreno, nor of the date of his death. Don Tiburcio was 
 a man of little ability and still less education, but of excellent character. C. 
 (Juan), had a son in the Mont, school '46. C. (Juan), son of Guillermo, S. 
 Jose" dist. '41, age 10. C. (Juan Bautista), son of Jose" Ant., at S. Antonio 
 rancho '36, age 13; perhaps the alf<rez of aux. cavalry at Mont. '45-6 of same 
 name. v. 41. C. (Juan B.), son of Simeon, b. '35; in later years a prosper 
 ous ranchero at Castroville, where he still resides in '85. C. (Juan Jose"), 
 son of Francisco M. ; militiaman S.F. '37; grantee of Y. B. Isl. '38; in '41 in 
 8. Jose" dist (at S. Pablo), age 38, wife Petra Bernal, child. Maiseta (?) b. '28, 
 Magin '30, Francisco '33, Jose" Maria and Narcisa '38; grantee of El Sobrante 
 and other lands in the contra costa '41, '44. iv. 671; living in '52; d. before 
 'S2, the date of his widow's death. C. (Juan Jose"), bro. of Rafael and Gua- 
 dalupe, at Brancif. '2&, wife Manuela Juarez, son Manuel; regidor '33. ii. 627, 
 696; in '45 at Brancif., age 38, wife (2cl) Rita Josefa, child. Jose" Manuel b. 
 '24, Guadalupe '26, Trinidad '28, Jesus Maria '32, Jose" Domingo '33, Carmen 
 '34, Amoina (?) '36, Angustias '42. C. (Juan Maria), at Mont. '36, age 14; 
 Mrs M. Castro de Estrada was apparently his sister. C. (Leandro), son of 
 Simeon, b. '34; in later years ranchero near Castroville; still living '85. C. 
 (Luis), Span, soldier who left the Aquiies at Sta B. iii. 27, 51-2; at S. Gabriel 
 '28-9, 60 years old, single, of good conduct. C. (Luis), at Los Ang. '46, pos 
 sibly the preceding. 
 
 Castro (Macario), native of Sinaloa, soldier from 1778, who came to-Cal. 
 in 1784; was corp. of the S. D. comp. at S. Juan Cap. '85-7; and at S. Jose 1 
 and Soledad '90-4, being comisionado of S. Jose" '92-4. i. 479, 499, 716; 
 sergt from '94. i. 680; frequent mention '95-1800, in con. with Ind. afi'aiYs 
 and explor. exped. i. 548-9. 552, 558-9, 683, list auth. ; inval. and comis 
 ionado at S. Jose" 1788-1807, and a prominent citizen in many respects, ii. 
 16, 132, 134-5, 140-1. I find no record of him after 1807. His wife, who 
 came with him to Cal., was Maria Potenciana Ramirez; their children were 
 Jose" Tiburcio, Agapito, Simeon, Mariano, Maria de Jesus, Maria Dolores, 
 and Carmen, all born before 1793. Don Macario, as the grandfather of 
 Jose" and Manuel, may be regarded as the most prominent among the Castro 
 founders. C. (Magin), son of Juan Jose", S. Jose" dist. '41, age 11. C. 
 (Manuel de Jesus), son of Simeon, b. '21; sec. and collector at Mont. 39. iii. 
 675; sec. of the prefecture '42-3. iv. 652. He was prime mover in the revolt 
 against Micheltorena, taking an active part throughout in '44-5, being once 
 captured and exchanged, and finally comisionado to make a treaty, iv. 458-9, 
 462-8, 486-7, 500-509. Under the new admin, he was made prefect of the 
 Monterey district in '45, being also made lieut of the Mont, comp., and 
 taking a most prominent part in public affairs, as representative of the civil 
 authority and supporter of Gov. Pico against Gen. Castro in the north, iv. 
 533, 536-7, 606, 652. In '46, besides being promoted to capt. of the Sta B. 
 comp., getting a land grant, having a Cal. claim of $10,000, and continuing 
 his services as prefect, v. 636-7, he took a prominent and honorable part in 
 the troubles with Fremont, v. 4, 12. 17; quarrel with Cambuston. v. 34; 
 efforts for defence against the settlers and the U. S. v. 41, 45, 56, 131, 134-5; 
 sent south in July as comisionado to effect a reconciliation bet. the general 
 and gov. v. 136, 143-4, 261; left in com. at Los Ang. on Gen. C.'s departure 
 in Aug., but there is doubt whether he was one of the officers captured and 
 paroled by Stockton's men. v. 266, 282, 361. On the outbreak of Flores' re 
 volt in Oct. Castro was put in com. of the northern division and commanded 
 in the Natividad campaign, v, 321, 361-72, 639; flight to Mex. with Flores 
 '47. v. 407-9. In Mex. Don Manuel continued his military services for sev 
 eral years, and in '49 was put in com. of the frontier comp. of L. Cal., in place 
 of Andre's Castillero, taking charge of the military colony of Santo Tomas 
 till '52, when he had to yield to Castillo Negrete. See Hist. North Mex. 
 States, ii. Since '52 Castro has resided for the most part in S.F. down to '85, 
 never becoming a citizen of the U. S., often interested in IJex. colonisation- . 
 HIST. CAL., VOL. II. 48 
 
754 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 schemes, and ranking as colonel in the Mex. army perhaps brevet general 
 in the last years. He was never married. Don Manuel was an abler man 
 than his cousin, the general, and his public record in Cal. down to '47 was 
 in most respects an excellent one. True to his country's cause, with no sym 
 pathy for foreign filibusters, he exerted himself, for the most part in vain, to 
 heal foolish dissensions between Calif, chiefs and direct their force against 
 the invaders. Of his later record not so much can be said in praise. Various 
 ' ways that are dark ' are popularly attributed to him, and, while charges are 
 doubtless exaggerated, it is possible that he has yielded somewhat to tempta 
 tions offered by land litigation, politics, dislike of the Yankees, and chronic 
 impecuniosity. But at least he has contributed grandly to the store of mate 
 rial for Cal. history. The Castro, Doc. Hist. Cal., in 3 vols, is a most im 
 portant collection ot original papers presented by him in '75; and a few years 
 later he contributed a still larger and richer col. of Doc. Hist. Cal., with im 
 portant L. Cal. material somewhat unwillingly, it is true, some of my assist 
 ants having to adopt the policy of 'fighting the devil with fire;' and finally 
 I obtained his Relation de Alia CaL, none the less valuable because after it 
 had been written at my expense one of my wicked collaborators had to steal 
 a copy for my use. C. (Manuel), brother of the preceding, b. in '24; nick 
 named 'Chanate;' capturer of despatches in '46. v. 235; perhaps the same 
 who married the widow of Wm R. Garner, and a tax-payer at Mont. '50. 
 C. (Manuel R.), soldier of the Mont. comp. from '36, sergt from '38; alferez 
 from '46. iii. 671; v. 41; went to Mex. with Gen. Castro, continued in mil. 
 service, and in '51 was at Sto Tomds on the frontier. C. (Manuel), son of 
 Juan Jose", at Brancif. '28; perhaps same as the preceding. C. (Manuel), 
 son of Jos6 Ant. ; at S. Antonio rancho '36, age 8. C. (M.), sentenced to 
 presidio '45. iv. 654. C. (Maria Encarnacion), wife of Stirg. Davila 1782. i. 
 468. C. (Maria de Los Angeles), wife of J. L. Majors; grantee of Refugio 
 '39. iii. 678. 
 
 Castro (Mariano), apparently bro. of Carlos and Francisco M., and perhaps 
 cousin of Macario; came to Cal. before 1800, in 1801 went to Mex. and ob 
 tained a grant of La Brea, or Las Ananas, rancho in Sta Clara Co., about 
 which he had considerable trouble later, though the grant was conf. in '35. 
 ii. 7, 153, 163, 171, 594, 603, 673, 676, 711; alcalde at S. Jose" '27, '30. ii. 605-6. 
 He died before '35. His wife was Josefa Romero, living at La Brea '36, age 
 55, with her sons Agustin b. '12 and Vicente '18. One of their daughters, 
 Lugarda, married Thos Doak in '20. ii. 277. I think another daughter, Maria, 
 was the wife of Carlos Ant. Carrillo. There were 4 children in 1801. C. 
 (Mariano), son of Macario; probably the same who in '41 lived at S. Jose", age 
 57, wife Trinidad Peralta, child. Mercedes b. '13, Angela '17, Ignacio '21, 
 Jose" Ant. '27, Josefa '28, Crisanto '30, Susana '32; grantee of S. Ramon '33, 
 and Solis '35, and of land in Mont. dist. '39 (Rufina C. being cl. of 2 of these 
 ranchos and prob. his daughter), iii. 679, 713; juez depolicia '42, '44. iii. 512; 
 iv. 685. Perhaps the same man was one of the three of that name who voted 
 at S. Josd in '50, or the Mont, tax-payer of the same year, .or the claimant for 
 Refugio rancho in '52; or some of these items may apply to one of the follow 
 ing. C. (Mariano), soldier of S. F. comp. '19-22. C. (Mariano), son of Joa- 
 quin, at La Brea '36, age 15. C. (Mariano), son of Jose Ant., at S. Antonio 
 rancho '36, age 18. C. (Mariano I. ), soldier of S. F. comp. ; 19-22. C. (Mar 
 tina), grantee of Shoquel '33, and Palo de Yesca '34, and claimant '52. C. 
 (Matias), settler at the Colorado pueblos 1780-1. i. 359. C. (Miguel), sol 
 dier '30, ii. 660. C. (Miguel), alferez of aux. cavalry Mont. '45; Cal. claim 
 $174 in '46. C. (Modesta), wife of Gen. C., grantee of Canada de los Osos, 
 '44. iv. 655. C. (Pedro), son of Simeon, at Mont. '36, age 8. C. (Prime), 
 at Las Animas '36, age 60. 
 
 Castro (Rafael), son of Joaquin, juez de campo at Brancif. '32. iii. 696; 
 grantee of Aptos '33. iii. 676; sindico '34. iii. 696; alcalde aux. and juez '36, 
 '42-3. iii. 663, 697; in '45 officer of election, iv. 664, then living at Brancif. , 
 age 40, wife Soledad Cota, child, Jose Maria b. '23, Francisco '25, Jos Ant. 
 '27, Vicente '35, Maria '31, Maria de los Angeles '33, Rafaela '35, Angustias 
 
CASTRO CERMEftoN. 755 
 
 '44. He died at Aptos in 78. Newspaper notices of his death give his age as 
 78, state that he was formerly a soldier and capt. before '30 doubtless an 
 error and that he had 11 children, 8 of them living in '78. Don Rafael, like 
 his brothers, was an industrious and prosperous ranchero of good repute, 
 not meddling much in politics. C. (Ramon), sou of Angel, age 20 in '36. 
 C. (Rudesindo), son of Jose" Ant., at S. Ant. rancho '36, age 16. C. (Salva 
 dor), son of Jose", at Las Animas '36, age 10; '46 memb. of S. Jose" council, 
 v. 664; claimant of S. Gregorio '52. C. (Ramon), at S. Bern. '46, age 24. 
 
 Castro (Simeon), full name Jos6 Simeon Juan Nepomuceno, son of Macario, 
 b. in 1784 at Sta B. ; soldier of the Mont. comp. 1809; grantee of BolsaNueva 
 y Moro Cojo '25 and later, ii. 615, 664, 672, 677; regidor at Mont. '33-4, '37. 
 iii. 673, 675; in '36 at Mont., age 52, wife Maria Antonio Pico, child. Juana 
 b. '17, Manuel J. '22, Manuel '24, Maria Antonio '26, Pedro '28, Jose" Ant. 
 '30, Francisco '32, Leandro '34, Juan B. '35. In '38-9 alcalde at Mont. iii. 577, 
 675; in '41 juez de paz, and grantee of Tucho. ii. 616; iv. 653, 656; in '42 
 grantee of Aiio Nuevo. iv. 655. He died about '42. His widow was the claim 
 ant for Bolsa Nueva and Corral de Padilla in '52. iii. 677; continued to live 
 at Mont. ; and died in '84. C. (Vicente), son of Mariano, at Las Animas '36, 
 age 18. C. (Victor), son of Francisco M., ment. '36 in connection with Ind. 
 affairs, iv. 71; militiaman '37; grantee of Mare Isl. '40-1. iii. 712; iv. 672; 
 in '41 living at S. Pablo, age 24, wife Luisa Martinez (daughter of Don Igna- 
 cio), child Jose"; juez de campo '43. iv. 685; ment. '44, '46. iv. 473; v. 105; 
 Cal. claim (v. 462) of $12,912. Still a resid. of Contra Costa Co. '85. In early 
 troubles with the Ind. as well as in later contests with the squatters, Don 
 Victor has repeatedly shown himself to be a brave and determined man. His 
 second wife was Felicidad Carrillo, and the third an American. Caswell (J. 
 F.), 1848, passp. from Honolulu. 
 
 Catala (Magin), 1794, Span, friar, who had previously been chaplain at 
 Nootka, and who served at Sta Clara for 36 years, till his death in 1830. Cer 
 tain miraculous powers were popularly attributed to Fray Magin, and on the 
 strength of these, I suppose, the preliminary steps for his beatification were 
 taken by the church in '84. Biog. in ii. 600-1; ment. in i. 523, 556-7, 576, 587, 
 638, 719-20, 723: ii. 137, 159, 394, 577, 655; iii. 96, 351. Catalan (Benito), 
 1796, Span, friar who served at S. Antonio till his retirement in 1800 on ac 
 count of insanity, i. 577, 689. Catharte, (?) 1823, mr of the Massachusetts. 
 ii. 492. Catlin (Geo. W. ), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). Catts (Samuel 
 A.), 1847, Co. B, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); nat. of Md; resid. of Stockton 74-84; 
 Caulfield, (David), 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. C. (Patrick), 1847, ditto. Ca 
 valier (Jose"), 1771, Span, friar, founder of S. Luis Ob., where he served till his 
 death in 1789. Biog. i. 469; ment. i. 173, 176, 188, 196, 299, 388. Caveli (J.), 
 1848, passp. from Honolulu. Cavenecia (Jose"), 1814; master of the Lima 
 ship Tayle; of the S. Antonio in '17. ii. 222, 271, 282-3, 271. Cayuelas, 
 1790-1820, several of the name prob., soldier, corp., settler at S.F. and S. Jose", 
 and invalido at Mont., in trade and known as ' Tio.' Francisco C. waain '28 
 a Span, invalido, age 80. i. 478, 610, 690, 716; ii. 383, 420; iii. 51. 
 
 Ccballos (Ignacio), alcalde at S. Jose" '32. Cebet (Pierre Jean), 1831, 
 Frenchman who got a carta in Oct. prob. ' Chevrette,' q. v. Cecil (B.), 1847, 
 advertises for a lost pocket-book bet. S.F. and S.J. C. (T. M.), 1846, car 
 penter of the Savannah, who built Fort Stockton at Mont. ; prob. same as 
 preceding. Ce"lis (Eulogio), 1836, Span, supercargo in Virmond's employ, 
 who was on the Lconor in '36, and perhaps on the Catalina earlier, as he cer 
 tainly was in '41-2; often named in various records '36-42 and later, iii. 146, 
 381, 428-9; iv. 198, 237, 564. Ce"lis made Los Ang. his home; was one of 
 the grantees of the S. Fernando estate in '46; had a famous claim for cattle 
 furnished to Fremont; and to '48 and later was a wealthy man of business 
 well known in all parts of Cal. v. 365, 396, 435, 448, 561, 580, 627, 630. He 
 went to Spain in '53 and died in '68. His wife was Josefa, daughter of Luis 
 Ant. Arguello, who came back to Cal. after her husband's death. Three sons, 
 the eldest P^ulogio, still live at Los Ang., I think, in '85; two sons and two 
 daughters remained in Spain. Cermeflon (Sebastian Rodriguez), 1595, Span. 
 
75S PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 voyager at Pt Reyes, who prob. gave the name S. Francisco later trans 
 ferred to another bav to his anchorage, i. 89, 96-7. Cervantes (Andres), 
 Mex. artill. &ergt at" Mont. '29-86. iii. 69, 74, 671; age 48 in '36, wife En- 
 carnacion Alcivar, of Tepic. C. (Cruz), Mex. majordomo at Tucho rancho 
 '36, age 40, wife Filomena Arroyo, child. Ancleta b. '31, Celedouia '33, Tco- 
 dosio '35; grantee of S. Joaquin or Rosa Morada '36, for which he was claim 
 ant in later years, iii. 678-9. C. (Pablo V.), soldier killed by Ind. on the 
 Colorado 1781. i. 363. Cesena (Ramon S.), 1846, resid. of Sta Clara Co. '81; 
 a Mexican. 
 
 Chabolla, juez of S. Juan B. '46. v. 359, 640. C. (Anastacio), soldier of 
 S.F. comp. '23-31; nat. of Cal.; in '41 at S. Jose", age 31, wife Josefa 
 Higuera, child. Jose" Ant. b. '35, Fernando '37, Jose" J. '39, Angel Maria '40; 
 in '44 grantee of Sanjon de Moquelumnes. iv. 673; d. before '53. Maria C., 
 
 tefana '35, Antonia '38, Auisez (?) '39; juez de policia '43. iv. 685; claimant 
 for Y. B. '53. C. (Gervasio), at S. Josa '41, age '37, wife Miguela Linares, 
 child. Juan b. '33, Francisco '38, Marcos '39. C. (Jose de la Cruz), son of 
 Marcos, b. 1796 at S.F.; at S. Jose" '41, wife Maxima Vasquez, child. Jose" de 
 la Cruz b, '24, Tomasa '30, Soledad '35, Juana '37, Nemesio '41. C. (Luis), 
 son of Marcos; sindico of S. Jose" '31, '35, '43. iii. 729-30; iv. 685; in '41, age 
 48, wife Guadalupe Romero. C. (Marcos), Span, soldier, corp., and set 
 tler at S.F. before 1800; alcalde 1796-7. i. 716, 719; his wife was Teresa 
 Bernal; child, in '93, Pedro, Salvador, and Luis. C. (Pedro Regalado), son 
 of Marcos, b. S.F. 1789; soldier of S.F. comp. '19-22; in '30 sindico of S. 
 Jose", ii. 606; in '34 alcalde, iii. 329-30; in trouble '37-8. iii. 525, 573; juez 
 de campo. '41, '44. iv. 684-5; age 47 ace. to padrou of '41, wife Gertrudis 
 Ortega, child. Jose" Miguel and Josefa b. '30, Jose" de Jesus '35, Alejandro 
 '36, Salvador '37, Maria '38, Teresa '39; alcalde in '46. v. 662. Still 
 a resid. of S. Jose in '60. 
 
 Chace (Henry P,), 1843, nat. of R. I., at Mont, and Los Ang. '45-6, bound 
 to Sonora; on Pion. Soc. roll as having arr. in Oct. '43. iv. 400. Chaden 
 (Charles), 1845, Amer. at Brancif., age 36, wife Mary, also Amer., child. 
 S. Dionisio b. '31, Matilde '34, Josefa '36, Tomas '38, Maria '40, Elisa '42. I 
 don't think this was the man's real name, but cannot identify him. Chadwick 
 (W.), 1822-5, mr of the Plowboy. ii. 479; iii. 148. Chaffield, 1848, mr of 
 the Sdbine. v. 580. Chaland (Fred.), 1847, lieut on the Independence. 
 
 Chamberlain (John), 1839, Irish blacksmith who came on the California 
 from Acapulco, having deserted from a whaler on the Mex. coast, iv. 119; 
 worked at his trade at Mont., was arrested in '40, and though not exiled was 
 obliged to make shackles for the other prisoners, iv. 9, 17, 2:4, 28; on Lar- 
 kin's books to '41 ; a little later went to the Sac. ; naturalized in '44 and got 
 a grant of Socayac. iv. 674; enlisted in Gantt's com. for Sutter's campaign of 
 '45, but on account of illness did not go south, iv. 486; married in Jan. '46 
 to Nancy Hess only one of some 19 similar contracts on his part as popular 
 tradition has it and soon went to Or. v. 526. But he returned after 18 or 
 20 years, and in '77 was working at his trade at Mont., where he dictated his 
 Memoirs for my use, and where I think he still lives in '85. C. (John), 
 1846, Co. C, 1st U. 8. dragoons (r. 336). C. (Levi), 1840, on the Don 
 Quixote at Mont. iv. 103. C. (Ventura), 1841, on the Jdven Carolina. 
 Chamisso (Adelbert von), 1816, naturalist of Kotzebue's exped., and author 
 of Reise and Remark* with inform, on Cal. ii. 279-81, 309-11, 372-3, 420. 
 Champion, 1848, came on a vessel from Honolulu ace. to his later testimony. 
 Champlain (Win M.), 1844, from N. Y. ; doubtful newspaper record. 
 
 Ghana (Claude), 1846, French cooper, who came to N. Orleans in '39, to 
 Mo. '41, and overland to Cal. in '46. He worked for Sutter; was one of the 
 earliest gold-miners in '48; became owner of the Nemshas rancho on Bear 
 River, iv. 672; long a resident of Wheatland, where he died in '82 at the 
 age of 71. I suppose the original name was 'Chanon, ' as indeed it is writ- 
 
GHANA CHARD. 757 
 
 ten in the N. Tlelv. Diary. Chance (Dr), 1846, overl. immig. who lived at 
 Mont, and Stockton till '50 or later, then went to Texas, but returned, and 
 was in southern Cal. '69; S. F. Examiner. Chancey (Alex.), 1847, Co. F, 
 3d U. S. artillery (v. 518). Chandler (David W.), 1841, overl. immig. of 
 the Bartleson party, iv. 267, 270, 27'5, 279; interested at Benicia '47. v. 672; 
 went to Honolulu, but came back in '48. I have no later record than his letter 
 at S.F. Nov. '48, but he is said to have died in Cal. C. (John A.), 1847, 
 Co. D, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); at Boston '82. C. (Ralph), 1847, mid. on the 
 U.S. Independence. C. (Wm), 1848, lot-owner at S.F. 
 
 Chapel (Geo.), 1840, one of the exiles to San Bias who came back in '41 and 
 settled in the Sia Cruz redwoods, iv. 18, 33, 37, 120; in '45 on the Brancif. 
 pudion as English, age 27, wife JosefaSoto, child. Manuel b. '40, Jose C. '44; 
 at Mont. '47. Chapin (Geo.), 1847, of Morm. Bat. (v. 469); wounded by 
 Ind.; perhaps same as following. C. (Samuel), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. C. 
 (Sam. M.), 1847, blacksmith at Mont. '47-8. Chapman (Charles), 1847, 
 worked for Leidesdorff; witness in the Limantour case '54, residing at S.F., 
 age 30. C. (Geo. W.), 1847, lieut of the U.S. Independence and Columbus. 
 
 Chapman (Joseph), 1818, Amer. carpenter and blacksmith, one of Bou 
 chard's insurgeutes impressed into that service at the Sandwich Isl., as he 
 claimed taken prisoner at Mont., and soon finding a home in the south, ii. 
 229, 248, 292, 393. Foster, First American in Los Angeles, tells a most in 
 teresting but inaccurate story of his capture at Sta B. by Lugo. In '20 Joseph 
 was employed at Sta Lie's, where in '21 he built a grist-mill, and obtained from 
 Gov. Sola the king's amnesty to Anglo- Amer. prisoners, ii.444; then he went 
 to S. Gabriel to build another mill. ii. 568; and was baptized at S. Baen. in 
 '22 as Jos6 Juan, being married the same year at Sta Ines to Guadalupe Or 
 tega, by whom he had five children, ii. 479. In '24-6 he bought a house at Los 
 Aug. and got a piece of land, where he planted a vineyard of 4,000 vines, ii. 
 526; but still continued to do odd jobs at the missions, being a jack-of-all-trades, 
 who apparently could make or repair anything that was needed. He was a 
 great favorite of the friars, especially F. Sanchez, who declared it a marvel that 
 one so long in the darkness of baptist faith could give such example of true 
 catholic piety to older Christians. In '29, armed with certificates from lead 
 ing men of all classes, and defying the world to find any fault with his record, 
 he asked for naturalization, which he got in '31, having meanwhile built a 
 schooner and served on occasion as surgeon, ii. 558; iii. 140, 209, 363, 382. 
 His age in '29 is variously given as 33 to 48; he himself seems to say he was 
 33 or 34 in '22, but is now 48. He soon moved to Sta B., where in '36, age 52, 
 he lived with wife and 5 children; in '38 grantee of S. Pedro rancho. iii. 656; 
 is ment. in '45, and by Bryant in '47 as living near S. Buen.; but seems to have 
 died in '48 or '49. Jjwe and Foster. His widow was claimant for the rancho 
 '52; and I think some of his descendants still live, '85, in Ventura Co. Among 
 all the earliest pioneers of Cal. there was no more attractive character, no more 
 popular and useful man, than Joseph Chapman the Yankee. C. (Juan), at 
 Los Ang. '45; perhaps a son of Joseph. C. (Manuel), 1844, one of Fremont's 
 men. iv. 437. C. (Thos), 1833, rnr of the Charles Eyes, iii. 381. Chaquette 
 (Heman), 1847, Co. G, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). Charbonneau (Jean B.), 1847, 
 guide to the Morm. Bat. v. 483; in '48 alcalde at S. Luis Key. v. 621, 623. 
 
 Chard (Win Geo.), 1832, New Yorker from N. Mex. with Alexander, Car 
 penter, etc. iii. 388, 408; at Los Ang., where he had a vineyard, till '36, ap 
 pearing in several records and being one of the vigilantes (iii. 430); in '37 
 naturalized, being then at Sta B., protestant, age 27, a trader on the coast. 
 The same year went north to the Sta Cruz region, apparently with Graham's 
 comp., and his name often appears on Larkin's books from '37. In '40, living 
 at Brancif., he was exiled to S. Bias, but returned in '41, and next to Graham 
 was loudest in his demands for justice and damages, until the courts spoiled his 
 little game by showing his Mex. citizenship, iv. 17-18, 24, 31, 33, 39-40, 116. 
 In '43-5 C. had a store and sailor boarding-house at Mont, in partnership with 
 Josiah Belden; in '44 he got a grant of Las Flores, Tehama Co., on which he 
 put his cattle in '45. iv. 671; earlier in '45 he signed the call to foreigners at 
 
758 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 S. Jose", iv. 599; in '45-7 he was employed by Andres Castillero to work the 
 New Almaden mine; but before the end of '47 he settled, apparently, on his 
 Tehama rancho, where he still lived in '58, and where he died, I think, about 
 '80. His wife was a Californian of the Robles family, who died in '72. The 
 family seems to have resided at Sta Clara for some years after Chard went to 
 Tehama. Stephen Chard, a son of Win G. was still in 'SO and later, a pros 
 perous farmer of Tehama. 
 
 Charlefoux, 1837, Canadian from N. Mex. in com. of a party of ' Chagua- 
 nosos,' or Shawnees, who were trappers, soldiers, traders, or horse-thieves 
 whichever profession might be most profitable at the time in '37-40. He aided 
 Dandini and the sureuos against Alvarado in '37. iii. 495, 518, 520; iv. 118. 
 Charles, 1846, in Slitter's employ, and guard over the Sonoma prisoners '46-7. 
 v. 125. Charley, 1845, Delaware Ind. of Fremont's party. '45-7. Charles 
 (Michael), 1826, Irish blacksmith who landed sick from a whaler; at Mont. 
 '40, age 57. iii. 176. Charles (Joseph), 1844, sailor on the California, wit 
 ness at Mont. Charquin, rebel neopli. of S.F. 1793. i. 709. 
 
 Chase (Charles), 1846, on the 1st jury at Mont. v. 289. C. (C.), 1846, 
 fleet surgeon on the Savannah; perhaps same as preceding. C. (Hiram), 
 1847, Co. J, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); d. before '82. C. (Hiram B.), 1847, Co. A, 
 Morm Bat. (v. 469); in Utah '81. C. (Sam.), 1844, Engl. with a pass, for a 
 year at Mont. C. (Sam.), 1847, at Gutter's July; at Mont. Dec.; in '48 in 
 charge of Larkin's rancho on the Sac., but soon quit farming for the mines. 
 C. (S. M.), 1846, doubtful record of a Bear Flag man, at Sonoma in '62. C. 
 (S.U.), 1845, New Yorker of quaker parentage, who came west in : 38, crossed 
 the plains to Or. '43, and came to Cal. '45 in the McMahon-Clyman party, iv. 
 572, 577, 587. After visiting Sta Cruz and Mont, he ret. to the Sac., and went 
 to Or. in '46; came back to the mines '48-9; later a farmer in Solano and 
 Napa; about '66 settled in Yolo, where he still lived inCapay Val. '79. Never 
 married. Portrait in Yolo Co. Hist., 26. Chaseagre?(J.), 1833-5, rnr of the 
 Mariquita. iii. 383. Chatard (Fred.), 1847, lieuton the U.S. Independence. 
 Chath'eld, 1848, mr of the Sabine. Chatozo (Pedro), named by Lancey as 
 builder of a mill at N. Almaden '24. Chaudiere (H. ), 1835, mr of the Grange. 
 iii. 382. Chauncey (Alex.), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518), ace. to 
 Lancey, but not on the roll; at Livermore '48. 
 
 Chavarria (Nicolas), 1818, S. Amer. of Bouchard's insurgents, captured at 
 Mont., and remained in Cal. ii. 227, 230-2, 241; soldier of S.F. comp. '28-31. 
 Chavez (Jose" Ant.), 1833, Mex. brought to Cal. by Gov. Figueroa, whose 
 natural sou he is supposed by many to have been; tax collector at Mont. '43. 
 iv. 653; one of the prime movers in the movement against Micheltorena '44, 
 also sec. of ayunt. iv. 588-9, 653; grantee of Cienega del Gavilaii '43, and 
 Pleito '45. iv. 655; celador at Mont. '46. v. 570. Pie took part in various 
 military operations of '46 as lieut, being sent by Castro to Fremont's camp at 
 Gavilan. v. 11; and later the captor of Larkin and 2d in com. at Natividad, 
 where he was wounded, escaping capture a few days later by being hidden in 
 bed between two well-known ladies of Mont. v. 362, 364, 366-72. Leaving 
 Cal. in '48, v. 585-6, he went to S. Bias, and was later prominent with Man 
 uel Castro on the L. Cal. frontier. Chavez, 1818, painter at S. Juan B. ii. 
 3S6. C. (Jose), 1798, i. 606. C. (Julian), supl. alcalde Los Ang. '38. iii. 
 G.JG; regidor '46-7, and grantee of Las Animas '46. v. 625-7. C. (Mariano), 
 at Los Ang. '46. Chavira (Jose), 1798, i. 606. Chavira y Lerma (Josefa), 
 wife of Pedro y Gil, 1781. i. 451. Chavon, 1847, mr of the Adelaide. 
 
 Check, 1816, on the Lydia, arrested at Sta B. ii. 275. Cheney (Zacheus), 
 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat.' (v. 469). Chever (Henry), 1846, nat. of Mass., 
 who had lived long in Valparaiso and Manila; ace. to his brother's statement 
 v/as mr of the Hannah, v. 578; but he seems to have come to S.F. from Hon 
 olulu on the Elizabeth; had a lot at S.F. '46; member of the firm J.B. McClurg 
 & Co. at Los Ang., dissolved Feb. '48; also connected with Ward & Smith 
 '47; and later with Hastings & Co. atColoma. He was one of the founders of 
 Yuba City; at S.F. '51-3 in poor health; died in Napa Val. '54, leaving no 
 family. His brother Edward E. was in Cal. '49-54, and again '83-5. Chev- 
 
CIIEVRETTE CHRISTIAN. 759 
 
 rettc (Pierre J. ), 1832, signed roll of the comp. extranjera. iii. 221. Chi- 
 chester (Chas), 1848, overl. immig. with Allsopp; went to the mines. C. 
 (Henry T.), 147, Co. E, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); deserter. Chico, ind. chief 
 killed 1781. i. 466. 
 
 Chico (Mariano), 1836, Mcx. col and menib. of congress from Guanajuato, 
 appointed gov. of Cal. Dec. '35, arriving in April '30 on the Leaner, and as 
 suming his office May 2d. He encountered a bitter prejudice against Mex. 
 rulers, and his position was made so uncomfortable by an unmanageable di- 
 putacicn and other soi-disant opponents of centralism that he was virtually 
 forced to depart in Aug., his rule ending July 31st. He was a man of fair 
 abilities and good education; by no means the villain, fool, or madman that 
 the Californians generally represent him; but he was fussy, conceited, and 
 gifted with no tact for making friends or overcoming obstacles. He also scan 
 dalized Mont, society by bringing a mistress, Dofia Cruz, whom he introduced 
 as his niece. On his rule, see iii. 420-44, also ment. iii. 300, 399, 652-3, G70; 
 iv. 44-7, 72, 82-3, 1C2, 104-5, 112. In '43-4 Don Mariano was gov. of Aguas- 
 calientcs, where he is said to have written many verses, making himself 
 somewhat popular socially, though less so than his wife, Dofia Ignacia Alegre. 
 Gonzalez, Jlist. A<juas. 128-30. In '40 he was com. gen. of Guanajuato. Chie- 
 nes (Alex.), 1842,' mr of thcPrimawra. iv. 568. Childers (Morris Pv.), 1845, 
 Anicr. carpenter from Or. in the McMahon-Clyman party, iv. 572; prob. went 
 back in '46. iv. 520; but visited S.F. in '47 on the Henry horn Astoria. C. 
 (Moses), 1843, said to have crossed the plains and to have been in Amador 
 Co. '48. Amador Co. Hist., 182; perhaps a vague ref. to the preceding. Childs 
 (Mark D.), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons; wounded at the Mesa Jan. '47. v. 
 395; name also given Mark A. Child. 
 
 Chiles (Joseph B.), 1841, Kentuckian b. 1810; in Mo. from '30; took part 
 in the Florida war '38; and in '41 came overl. to Cal. with the Bartleson 
 party, iv. 207, 270, 275, 279. After visiting Monterey, Sonoma, and other 
 parts of the country, and obtaining from VaJcjo the promise of a mill site, 
 he returned east in '42 for the mill. iv. 276, 342. In '43 ho came back with 
 the party that bears his name, one portion of the party under Walker taking 
 a southern route and being obliged to leave Chiles' mill on the way. iv. 392- 
 5, G79. In '44 he was grantee of Catacula rancho in NapaVal. iv.'671; ment. 
 also iv. 448, 453; in '45 dgns bonds for some of the new immigrants, iv. 581. 
 I do not find any definite record that he joined either the Bears or the Cal. 
 Bat. in '46, though he may have done so, and certainly aided Fremont with 
 supplies and information, v. 297-8. He went east in '47, prob. as guide and 
 hunter in Stockton's party, v. 454; was at Washington to testify at the 
 Fremont court-martial; and in '48 made his 3d overl. trip to Cal. at the head 
 of a party, v. 557, which included his own family of a son and 3 daughters, 
 his wife having died in '37. The son was, I suppose, the Kit Chiles named in 
 Yolo Co. Hist., 74, as having settled at Washington in '48; the daughters were 
 Fanny wife of Jerome Davis, Elizabeth wife of Daniel Brown, and Mary, Mrs 
 Tully. Colonel Joe Chiles, as he is familiarly known, married M. G. Garnett 
 in '53; and has resided in Napaayd Lake counties down to '85, I think, a fa 
 mous hunter notwithstanding his years, and a good citizen. A brief narrative 
 of his Visit to Cal. in '41 was furnished by him in '78. Chinook (Wm), 1845, 
 Ind. of Fremont's party, one of the Sta B. garrison, iv. 583. Chipmaii 
 ( Walter), 1847, sergt Co. A, N.Y.Vol., at Cedar Springs, Mich., '83. .Chiron, 
 
 1837, in Fetit-Thouar's cxped., surveying S.F. Bay. iv. 149. 
 
 Choquet (Diego), 1770, mr of the&. Antonio, i. 287, 301. Choris (Louis), 
 1810, artist with Kotzebue; author of the Voyage, Pittorrcsque. ii. 281, 372. 
 Christian (Chas), 1847, perhaps of N.Y.Vol. (v. 499), under another name. 
 C. (ChasW. H.), 1848, in charge of S.F. school Dec. Calif ornian. C. (John), 
 
 1838, one of the exiles to S. Bias, not known to have returned, iv. 18. C. 
 (Kail), 1840, mr of the Catalina. iv. 31. C. (W. A.). 1848, purser U.S.N., 
 at S.F. on the Lady Adorns. C. (Win. H.), 1847, Co. K, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); 
 brig.-gen. in war of '61-5; at Los Ang. '71; at Utica, N.Y., '74-82; perhaps 
 the Chas and Chas W. H. meiit. above. A man of the same name was at S. 
 
760 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Jose" in '50. Christiancy (James), 1846, Fauntleroy's dragoons (v. 232-47). 
 Christie (H.), 1848, left Honolulu for S. F. C. (John G.), 1847, at S.F. on 
 the Currency Last* from Hon.; at Mont. '48. Chulte, in Sutler's employ '47; 
 perhaps an Ind. Chumazero (Ignacio), at Sta Cruz 1794. i. 496. Church 
 (HadenW.), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). C. (Wm S.), 1843, Amer. 
 carpenter from Sandwich Isl., who died at the house of Temple at Los Ang. 
 '43, his effects being sold Jan. '44. iv. 400. C. (Wm S.), 1841, mate of the 
 Maryland, who took com. on the return from Mazatlan to Hon. '42. Capt. 
 Peirce says he saw him at S.F. in '49; else he would appear same as preced 
 ing. Churchman (T.), 1848, worked for Sutter on his mill from May. 
 Chute, 1847, convicted of manslaughter at S. Jose", v. 663. 
 
 Cibrian (Bias), soldier of S.F. comp. '27-33; his wife was Paula Mesa, 
 living at Mont. '36, age 28, child. Francisco b. '23, Maria de la Cruz '27, Jose" 
 PruJencio '30. Jose" Bias '32, Refugio '34, Jose" Estanislao '36. C. (Carmen), 
 wife of Cornciio Bernal, resid. at S.F. mission from '38 and earlier to '67 and 
 later. C. (Eusebio), at S. Jose" '41, age 41; at S.F. mission '46; witness 
 in Santillan case. C. (Francisco), soldier of S.F. comp. '39-43. iv. 667; at 
 S. Josd '50. C. (Gabriel), at S.F. '55, age 36. C. (Leocadio), soldier and 
 settler of 1791-1800. i. 499, 416. C. (Maria Rosa Pacheco de), widow, at 
 S. Jcs<5 '41, age '44, child. Isidro b. '22, Ignacio '24, Eusebia '27, Florencio 
 '30, Jose" Manuel '32, Carlos '33, Encarnacion '40. C. (Pablo), settler at S. 
 F. 1791-1800. i. 716. Ciel, 1838, doubtful name at Sta. B. Cimental, 
 (Cris.), reg. at Mont. 1805. ii. 156. Cins, see 'Zinns.' Cipre"s (Marcelino), 
 1795, Spun, friar who served at S. Antonio and S. Luis Ob. till his death in 
 1810. Biog. ii. 148; ment. i. 576, 689; ii. 23, 28, 50, 147, 151-2, 159-60, 191. 
 Cipriano, Ind. associate of Estanislao '29. iii. 110; perhaps the same who 
 died in '78 in the region of N. Almaden at the age of 100 or more. 
 
 Clamp (Richard), 1847, Co. A, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); at Chinese Camp, 
 Cal. '71-82. Clap (Curtis), 1840, mr. of the Alciope; sup. of the Califor 
 nia '42-3; a Boston and Sandw. Isl. trader, iv. 100, 564. Clapin (Joseph), 
 1846, corp. Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). Clapp (Chas D.), 1847, Co. 
 D, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); died in Australia after '50. Clar (Juan), 1836, 
 Span, of Minorca; translator and keeper of the archives, well known in S.F. 
 '49-84; said to have visited Cal. as early as '36 as prof, of mathematics on a 
 man-of-war, and again with Com. Jones in '42. He died at S.F. '84. Clare 
 (Wm), 1847, Co, F, 3d U. S. artill. (v. 518); an Engl. who joined the comp. 
 at Valparaiso; served as clerk in Col Mason's office, but like most of his 
 comrades deserted for the mines in '48. Said to have inherited a fortune later 
 and to have settled down at Liverpool. 
 
 Clark, 1836, mr of Ionic, iv. 104. C., 1845, in Slitter's army. iv. 486. 
 C., 1847, mr of the Vesper, v. 580. C., 1847, 'Father Clark,' said to 
 have celebrated his 49th birthday at S. Diego, in '72, 25 years and 6 mo. 
 after his arrival. S. D. World. C., 1847, left Hon. for S.F. on the Eveline. 
 C. (Albert), 1847; Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). C. (Daniel), 1848, Irish 
 immig. to Or. of earlier years, who came to the Cal. mines '48-50, going 
 back to Or. , where he has been' a well-known citizen. Hist. Or. , i. 468. C. 
 (Daniel P.), 1847, Co. B, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); owner of S.F. lot. v. 680; at 
 S. Diego from '71, where he died '79. C. (E. St Clair), 1847, sec. U. S. Co- 
 Iambus. C. (Francis), 1843, doubtful immig. of the Hastings party, iv. 390. 
 C. (Francis C.), 1847, Co. D, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); shot on Merced Riv. '53. 
 
 Clark (Francis D.), 1847, Co. D, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); nat. of N. Y.; a 
 miner in '48-9; in '49-55 trader, ferryman, and justice of the peace in S. 
 Joaquin; N.Y. city trader '55-60; major and mil. sec. in the war of '61-5; 
 and later a business man of N. Y. city. Clark has been sec. and one of the 
 most active members of the N.Y. society of Cal. Pioneers; and has particu 
 larly interested himself in keeping awake memories of pioneer times by the 
 publication of rolls of surviving comrades of '47 in '71 and '74; and finally 
 by The First Regiment of N. Y. Volunteers, bringing the record down to 'S3. 
 See v. 503, et seq. That work also contains the author's portrait. His Pioneer 
 of '4? is a somewhat minute narrative of his experience in '47-55. I have 
 
CLARK-CLOUD. 761 
 
 followed his record of the N. Y. Vol. with a few corrections and additions. 
 C. (Geo.), 1847, Co. E, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). C. (Geo. S.), 1847, Co. B, Morm. 
 Bat. (v. 409). C. (H.), 1847. sup. of the Eveline. C. (John), 1847, Co. G, 
 N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); an Irishman, drowned at S.F. '54. C. (John Case), 1843, 
 said to have visited the coast on a man-of-war, iv. 400; miner from '49; at 
 Red Bluff a few years from '57; at S. Diego from 'G9 to his death in '73. 
 C. (John N.), 1847, Co. I, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); bro. of Francis C. ; miner and 
 painter, at Stockton '71-4; died in Fresno Co. '79. C. (Joseph), 1847. Co. 
 A, Morm. Bat. (v. 4G9). C. (Lorenzo), 1847, lieut Co. A, Morm. Bat. v. 477; 
 tanner in Utah '81. C. (M.), 1848, passp. from Honolulu. C. (Nicholas), 
 184G, at Sutter's Fort; one of the 2d Donner relief, v. 540; portrait in Mc- 
 Clashan, 184; living in '79. C. (Obed), 1822-3, mr of the Gideon, ii. 474, 
 492. C. (Ransom), 1844. perhaps of Fremont's party, iv. 437; at S. Jose" '50. 
 C. (Riley P.), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 4C9); reenl. at Los Aug. C. 
 (Smith Douglas), 1845, Engl. with a passp. for Sonora. C. (Sophia P.), 1846, 
 one of the Mormon col. v. 576; prob. Mrs King at Ogden '84. C. (Terence), 
 1848? an early settler at Sonora. C. (Win), 1823-6, mr of the Thos Now- 
 Ian. ii. 492, 519; iii. 149. 
 
 Clark (Wm Squire), 1846, nat. of Md, b. in 1807. grandson of Abraham C. 
 signer of the declaration of independence; educated in Ohio; a business man 
 in the south and west; and an overland imtnig. of '46 (v. 526). He came di 
 rectly to S.F., and served apparently under Marston in the Sta Clara campaign. 
 Obtaining a lot at what was named for him Clark's Point which lot is still 
 owned by him 40 years later he built a warehouse and a wharf, driving the 
 first piles in the bay. In '47-8 he was not only one of the most prominent 
 business men in town, becoming the owner of dozens of city lots, but he was a 
 member of the council, president of public meetings, and otherwise active in 
 public affairs, v. 648, 650, 652-4, 656, 678, 680, 685. I know of no foundation 
 for Gen. Sherman's statement that Clark was a Mormon, v. 547. In '48 he was 
 a successful miner, but soon returned to S.F. , where his land investments made 
 him eventually a millionnaire. He married Alice A. Duncan in '68, and in '70 
 went to live at S. Jose", where he still is in '85, with a son, Wm S., Jr, and 4 
 daughters. He wrote his Recollections for my use in '85, and in an interview 
 gave me many details of old San Francisco. C. ( W. W. ), 1847, mr of a whaler. 
 
 Classen (John C.), 1848, Pion. Soc. roll. Claudio, 1837, leader of hostile 
 Ind. S. Diego, iii. 614. Clausen (Win), 1847, musician Co. D, N.Y.Vol. 
 (v. 499). Clavell, 1844, officer on H.B.M.S. Modeste. Clawson (JohnR.), 
 
 1847, Co. D, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); reenl. at Los. Ang. Claviter (Edward), 
 
 1848, passp. from Honolulu; resid. of Mt Eden, Alameda Co. '49-78; at Ala- 
 meda from '78 to his death in '84. 
 
 Clayton (Charles), 1848, nat. of Engl., who came to the U.S. in '42 and 
 crossed the plains to Or. in '47, coming to Cal. in April '48 on the Henry. 
 After a year in the mines he opened a store at Sta Clara, where he also held 
 local offices. From '53 he become a prominent commission merchant in S.F., 
 filling also with credit the offices of supervisor,, member of the legislature, sur 
 veyor of the port, and member of congress. He married Hannah Morgan in 
 '54; and still resides in S.F. in '85, age 60. Clements, 1845, at S. F., N. 
 Helv., and again at S.F. with a family; seems to have gone east with Clyman 
 in '46. iv. 526, 578. Name also written Clemence, Clement, and Clemens. 
 Wm demons is named in one list as a member of the Stevens party of '44, and 
 was perhaps the same, though he may have gone first to Or. Clements (Lam 
 beth B.), 1S47, of N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); comp. not known; lot at S.F. '47; at 
 S.F. '54; at Soquel '74. Cleveland (Richard J.), 1803, owner and 1st officer 
 of the Lelia Byrd; involved in smuggling exploits; author of a Narrative. 
 ii. 10-14, 21, 102-3. Clifford (Corntlius), 1847, Co. B, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); 
 d. at S. Juan B. after 1850. C. (J.), 1848, passp. from Honolulu. C. 
 (0. G.), 1848, ditto. Cliit (James), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 469): reenl. 
 at Los Ang. C. (Robert), 1847, lieut Co. C, Morm. Bat. v. 477; lieut of the 
 rccnl. comp. v. 495; alcalde of S. Diego '47-8. v. 491, 618-19. Clipper, 
 doubtful name-of a corporal killed at S. Pascual. Cloud (J. H.), 1847, major 
 
7G2 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 and paymaster U.S.A., who came with the Morm. Bat. v. 483, 440; killed at 
 Sutter's Fort Aug. 3d by a fail from his horse. Clough (Wrn), 1837, named in 
 Larkin's accounts. 
 
 Clyman (James), 1845, Virginian who, after an adventurous career as sur 
 veyor ajid trapper in the great west, came overland to Or. in '44, and to Cal. 
 the next year as a leader in the McMahon-Clyman party, v. 572-4, 587. He 
 travelled over the country as far as Monterey; spent the winter hunting in 
 the Napa and other valleys, v. 17; and in the spring of '46 after a union 
 with Fremont's comp. had been declined, v. 23 returned to the states over 
 land, meeting the Donner and other parties on the way. v. 526. He came back 
 to Cal. in later years, and lived at Napa till his death in '81, at the age of 84. 
 Colonel Clyman 's Note-book, a MS. diary of his wanderings of '44-6, is one of 
 the most complete and important records of its class in my library. Clymari'a 
 Diary is an abridgment of the same, with a few documentary additions. 
 Ciymer, 1842, with Com. Jones at Los Ang. iv. 321. 
 
 Coates (Geo.), 1846, served in the Cal. Bat. (v. 358), enlisting at S. Juan 
 Oct.; prob. same as the following. C. (James), 1843, Amer. shoemaker, 
 farmer, tanner, and overl. immig. from Or. in the Hastings party, iv. 300. 
 Naturalized '44, then living at AJont.; in '45 a lieut in Sutter's force, at one 
 time a prisoner, iv. 486, 500; in '46 perhaps in the Cal. Bat. as above; in '47 
 lot-owner at S.F., tanner at N. Helv., and finally moving to a house on Amer. 
 River. I ha~se no later record than March '48, when Coates was seriously in 
 jured by a fall from his horse, being also robbed of 300. Cobb, 1S40, on 
 the Don Quixote from Hon. iv. 103. C. (Chas), 1848, owner of S.F. lots; 
 same name in S.F. directory of '52. 
 
 Cochran (Thos), 1845, nat. of N.C., who crossed the plains to Or. '43, and 
 came to Cal. in the McMahon-Clyman party, iv. 572, 574, 587. Named at N. 
 Helv. several times in '45-8; in '49 built a hotel, the 1st building at Cache- 
 ville; an eccentric man, who in '51 suddenly departed for Australia. Cocket 
 (C.), 1848, passp. from Honolulu. Cocks (Henry), 1846, English marine on 
 the U. S. Dak, who after his disch. in '48 lived at Mont, and married a 
 daughter of Fraaicisco Garcia, moving in '53 to the S. Bernab6 rancho, or 
 Cock's station, of which he \vas the claimant, iv. 655, 679. In '66 he went 
 with the telegraph exped. to Alaska and Siberia; had an appointment on the 
 Tule River Ind. reservation; accomp. Wheeler's explor. exped. on the Colo 
 rado; and in '75 was living near his old place in Mont. Co., where he still is, 
 I think, in '85. Coe (John J.), 1847, Co. F, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). Coeur 
 (Francois), 1846, with Kearny's force, v. 337. 
 
 Coffelt (Geo.), 1846, teamster Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). Coffe- 
 meyer (Edward), 1846, sailor at N. Helv. '47-8; member of 1st and 4th Don 
 ner relief, v. 538, 541. Coffin (Ephraim), 1841, of U.S. ex. exped.; died in 
 Cal. iv. 279. C. (Henry), 1844, Amer. sailor of the Monmouth, aided by the 
 consul. C. (Ivory), 1846, seaman or marine on the Savannah; wounded at 
 the S. Gabriel Jan. 9, '47. v. 395. C. (James), 1835, mr of the Peor e*Nada. 
 C. (J. W.), 1847, on a whaler; came back in '50; of S. F. firm C. & Hendry; 
 d. before '85, leaving a son and daughter. C. (L.), 1848, at S.F. on the Lady 
 Adam* from Callao. C. (Win), 1826, mr of the Franklin, iii. 147. C. ( Wm), 
 1847, Co. B, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). C. , 1847, mr of the Chart Drew. Coghlan 
 (James), 1848, sailor on the Elizabeth. Cogswell, 1845, at N. Helv. Dec. 
 Colin (Moritz), 1847, musician N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). C. (Philip), 1847, Co. D, 
 N.Y.Vol. 
 
 Colbath (Lemuel), 1846, mate of the Euphemia '46-8; a New Englander. 
 Colbert, (John), 1834, Engl. shipwright, age 26; naturalized '39; still at S. F. 
 '40. iii. 412. Cole (James B.), 1847, Co. D, Morm. Bat.; at Springville, 
 Utah, '82. C. (John), 1826, sailor on the Rover. C. (Thomas), 1833, Engl. 
 sailor whose name often appears in Larkin's accounts of '33-49. iii. 409. Ace. 
 to John Price, in S. Lui* Ob. Co. //*., 63, he deserted from the Kent, but I 
 have no record of that vessel before '36. Cole was one of Graham's riflemen of 
 '36-8. (iii. 457); arrested but not exiled '40. iv. 17; grantee of lands in Salinas 
 Val. '42-4. iv. 656; in '44 flogged by the Calif, for revealing to Micheltorena 
 
COLE CONNOR. 703 
 
 the place where certain powder and lead had been buried, so says Swan; in 
 '4.">-(j often employed to carry despatches, v. 29, 235, also signing the call to 
 foreigners at S. Jose, iv. 599, and accomp. Lieut Revere on a hunting trip. 
 Mentioned by Revere, Sherman, and Colton, the latter naming him as a man 
 who stole a horse. His name appears on the assessment rolls of '50; and ace. 
 to Taylor's List, he died at Mont, in '58. Coleman (Geo.), 1827, at Sta B. 
 and 8. Buen. '27-8. ii. 580; iii. 94, 176. C. (Michael), 1845, overl. immig. 
 of Grigsby-Ide party; bonds given by Wm Benitz Nov. 21st; prob. went to 
 Or. in '46. iv. 52C, 578. C. (Thos), 1847, carpenter on the U. S. Preble. 
 Colespedriguez (Bruno), 1829, mr of the Rosalia, iii. 148. 
 
 Colgau (James A.), 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Colima (Tomas San 
 chez), at Los Aug. '43; juez de campo '44. iv. 633; cl. for Sta Gertrudis '53. 
 iv. 629, 635. Collie (Alex.), 1826-7, surg. of H.B.M.S. Blossom; made a 
 trip from S.F. to Mont, and back by land. iii. 121. Colligau, 1847, attempts 
 murder at Sta Cruz. S. F. Star, Nov. 20th; perhaps 'Callaghan.' C. (Wm), 
 1S4G, sailor of the navy; at Mont, in July; went south with the Cal. Bat.; in 
 '75 and later a broker and politician of N. Y. City. Collins (John), 1847, 
 boatswain of the Cyane. C. (Napoleon), 1847, lot-owner at S.F. ; perhaps 
 the C. who was wrecked in the bay and rescued by the Tasso's boat. Alta, 
 Feb. 17, '67. C. (Peter), 1842, in the Sta Cruz redwoods, iv. 341; in '43 
 kept a bar at Mont. ; killed at Pacheco Pass about '54. C. (Robert H. ), 1 847, 
 Co. D, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); in '82 at Huntingdon, Utah. Colombet (Clem 
 ent), 1844, Frenchman who kept a hotel at S. Jose" '49. iv. 453; made a for 
 tune in the mines, lost later and regained; married a daughter of Thos Kell; 
 in '6C at Warm Springs, Alameda Co., age 43; living at S. Jose" '81. Colton 
 (Chas E.), 1847, servant to an officer in Morm. Bat. (v. 409). C. (Patrick), 
 1847, Co. F, 3d U. S. artill. (v. 518). C. (Philander), 1847, Co. B, Morm. 
 Bat.; a mason who made bricks and worked on 1st brick house at S. Diego. 
 
 Colton (Walter), 1846, chaplain U.S.N., who came on the Congress, and 
 was alcalde at Mont, in '46-8; also judge of the admiralty; an earnest, kind- 
 hearted, and sensible man, whose official and private record in Cal. was a 
 most excellent one. In partnership with Robert Semple, he edited and pub 
 lished the California^ the 1st Cal. newspaper, in '46-7, making a visit to the 
 mines in the autumn of '48, and causing the erection of a school-house at Mont., 
 named for him Colton Hall. His Deck and Port,, and Three Years in CaL, 
 published in '50, are journals of his experience and observations, full of inter 
 est, and justly regarded as standard works on the annals of '46-8. He went 
 east early in '49, but I have no record of his later career, v. 254, 288-93, 433, 
 COS, 637-8, 658. Columbo (A.), 1847, Amer. farmer at S. Buen. Colwell 
 (J.), 1845, doubtful name of an immig. iv. 578. 
 
 Combs (Abram), 1847, one of the Mormon col. with wife and 3 child, v. 
 54G; in Utah '84, his wife being dead. Comelero (Pedro), 1836, Italian cook 
 from Lima at Los Ang. Comfort (Geo. F.), 1838, mr of the Ayacucho. iv. 
 101. Comstock (Cortey), 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Conanse (Jose), 1791-1800, visiting friar at S. Diego, i. 655. Concha 
 (Juan), 1791, lieut in Malaspina's exped. i. 490. Conde (Pedro), 1818, lieut, 
 coin, of one of Bouchard's vessels, ii. 226-7. Condels, 1845, doubtful name 
 of an Amer. at Brancif., age 24. Condit (Jeptha), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat 
 (v. 469); reenl. at Los Ang. Conduian (Alex.), 1845, doubtful name of a 
 Frenchman at Brancif., age 25. Conejo (Casimiro), 1798, i. 606. Conley 
 (James H.), 1847, carpenter on the Dale. Conley (Marston F.), 1847, per- 
 laaps of N.Y.Vol. under another name. Conn (John), 1843, doubtful mem 
 ber of the Chiles- Walker party, iv. 393; in '52 claimant of aNapaCo. rancho. 
 Connell (John), 1847, Co. I, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); died at sea bet. Or. and Cal. 
 '82. Connell (John), 1847, sergt Co. G, N.Y.Vol. v. 504; lot-owner S. F. 
 v. 685. Connelly (Michael), 1847, Co. B, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); resid. of Stock 
 ton from '49 to his death in '57. C. (Wm), 1847, Co. B, N.Y.Vol. Conners 
 (John), 1844, said to have arrived in Sta Clara Co. iv. 453; called Connessby 
 Hall. Conner (W.E.), 1848. passp. from Honolulu. Connolly (Jarnes H.), 
 1846, carpenter on the U.S. Dale. Connor (James), 1845, Delaware Iiid. of 
 
764 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Fremont's comp. '45-7; wounded in the service, iv. 583. Conover (Francis 
 S. ), 1847, mid. on the U.S. Independence. Conrad (Henry), 1847, Co. C, N. Y. 
 Vol. (v. 499); atN. Helv.; later mayor (?) at Sonoma. Clark. C. (Edward), 
 1844, on the roll of the Pion. Soc. ; at Riverside '81. C. (John P. ) 1847, Co. C, 
 N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at S.F. 74; d. before '82. C. (Win), 1848, keeper of the 
 Colonnade House S.F. v. 683. 
 
 Coock (John), 1847, Co. F, 3d artill. (v. 518). Cook (Chas), 1845, N. 
 Yorker who died suddenly at Mont. iv. 587. C. (Geo.), 1844, Amer. natu 
 ralized this year. iv. 453; ment. by Bryant as owner of a rancho at S. Jost% 
 '46. C. (Goodwin), 1848, in Slitter's employ. C. (Grove C.), 1841, Ken- 
 tuckian hunter, and overl. immig. in Bartleson party, iv. 270, 275, 279; wan 
 dering about for a few years; often named in Larkin's accounts from '43; 
 naturalized in '44; at Slitter's fort '45 working on a distillery. His shooting 
 of a Walla Walla chief in July caused much excitement, iv. 544-5; v. 300-1; 
 and in Dec. he was married by Sutter to Rebecca Kelsey, who presently had 
 some reason to regret it. In '46 Cook went to Yerba Buena, and settled more 
 or less at S. Jose", where he took some slight part in the mil. campaign, was 
 member of the council and junta, v. 664, and in '49 was a man of wealth, 
 subsequently lost. He died at Sta Cruz in '52. He is described as a man whose 
 wit and generosity went far to counterbalance some less desirable qualities. 
 C. (Jackson), 1847, atN. Helv.; apparently Grove Cook, q.v. C. (James), 
 1830, at work on Cooper's rancho. iii. 180; joined the comp. extranjera at 
 Mont. '32. iii. 221. C. (Jonas), 1846, doubtful name of the Mormon col. v. 
 547. C. (Manuel), 1830, Amer. who got a carta in Oct. C. (Sam.), 1830, 
 mr of the Danube, iii. 146. C. (Win), 1843, disabled seaman of the John 
 Jay; aided by consul, and worked on ranches, but shipped late in '44. 
 
 Cooke (Henry D.), 1847, sup. and part owner of the Lambayacann from 
 Valparaiso; also of the Com. Snubrick; lot-owner at S.F. ; of firm Ruckle & 
 Co.; a prominent business man of S.F. '49-54; figuring later at Washington 
 in the credit mobilier and other financial operations; a relation of Jay Cooke. 
 C. (Philip St George), 1847, capt 1st U.S. dragoons, who came to Cal. as lieut- 
 col, commanding the Mormon Bat. v. 428, 477, 483-6. He was for a time 
 commandant of the southern district, taking some part in the quarrel with 
 Fremont, v. 437, 440, 445-6; resigned his com. and went east with Gen. 
 Kearny, being a witness at the Fre'mont court-martial, v. 450. 452, 456, 489. 
 His Journal of the march of the Bat. was published by the govt. v. 483; and 
 was republished with additions by the author then brevet major-general U. 
 S.A. in '78 as the Conquest of Cal. and N. Mex., a good narrative of Cooke's 
 experiences and those of his men, but of no value whatever in its assumed 
 character as a complete record of the conquest. He also wrote Scenes and Ad 
 ventures in the Army. It is noticeable that a part of his journal was lost in 
 Cal., and in Jan. '48 was purchased by Sutter from an Ind. JV. Helv. Diary, 
 MS., 164. Coombs (Chas), 1824, cook on the Rover. C. (Catherine), 1847, 
 married at S.F. to C.P.A.Briggs. Star. 
 
 Coombs (Nathan), 1843, native of Mass, who came to Or. overland in '42, 
 and to Cal. in the Hastings' party at the age of about 18. v. 390, 400. After 
 working a while for Stephen Smith, iv. 396, he went to Gordon's place on 
 Cache Creek, where he won the heart of Uncle Billy's daughter Isabel, and 
 was nearly killed by a grizzly bear, also asking for naturalization in '44. In 
 '45 he seems to have served in Sutter's force, iv. 486, 501 ; then married and 
 settled on a Napa Valley rancho purchased of Salv. Vallejo; took no active 
 part in the troubles of '46; and in '48 laid out the town of Napa on his rancho. 
 v. 670. He became wealthy, was active in local politics, served in the legis 
 lature of '55, was capt. of militia '63, but was best known as a patron of the 
 turf and the owner of blood-stock. Portrait in Napa Co. Hist., 42. He died at 
 his Napa home in '77, leaving a widow, 4 sons Wm, Nathan, Frank, and 
 Levi and a daughter, Eva, wife of John M. Coghlan. Coon (Win), 1846, 
 member of the 1st Douiier relief, v. 539. C. (Wm), 1847, sergt Co. D, 
 Morm. Bat. (v. 469). 
 
 'Cooper, 1831, said to have come from N. Mex. in the Wolfskill party, and 
 
COOPER. 765 
 
 to have died at Sta B. iii. 387, 405. C. (Charles H.), 1840, Amer. exile to 
 S. B.'as, who returned before '42 to urge his claim for damages, iv. 18, 33, 120. 
 C. (Daniel, or David), 1834, Amer. sailor with but one arm, possibly a rela 
 tion of Capt. J.B.R. Cooper. I have the original Boston passport to Daniel 
 and the Hawaiian passp. to Dav. of '34. He came on the Ayacucho. iv. 412; 
 his name appears often in corresp. ; mate of the California in '40; died at S. 
 F. May '41 of apoplexy which a large quantity of aguardiente had not cured. 
 C. (Fernando M.), 1835, named in Larkin's accounts '3G-8. iv. 118; in '38 at 
 Los Ang. signs a certif. as a physician. Prob. the same who in '35 embalmed 
 the body of Gov. Figueroa. iii. 96. C. (Henry), 1836, named in Larkin's 
 accounts '36-43. iv. 118; arrested in '40. iv. 17; called by Morris an Ind. at 
 Sta Cruz; apparently in Sutter's employ '47. C. (J.W.), 1846, Cal. Bat. (v. 
 358); enlisting at S. Juan in Nov.; perhaps same as following. C. (James), 
 1846, kept a hotel at Sonoma '48; ment. by Hittell as a rich man near Bcnicia 
 in '60. C. (James IV, 1847, Co. F, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). C. (John Burwood), 
 1830, known as ' sailor Jack,' said by some authorities to have come to S.F. 
 as early as '24-5, or by others on a whaler in '33, or in '36. iii. 409; iv. 118. 
 Juan Coopet, prob. the same, was an artilleryman at S.F. in '30-1; named as 
 English at Mont, in '34; a N. York sailor and calker, age 43, at Mont, in 
 '36 in the artill. barracks; built houses at S.F. '40, '44. v. 683-4; Engl. re 
 tired artill., ngc 56, in S.F. padron of '44; at S.F. also '45-6, receiving some 
 votes for collector, v. 295. Thus there may have been two John Coopers at 
 least. John B. settled on a S. Mateo rancho, married a native, and died in '62, 
 leaving a family. His monument at the S.F. mission cemetery is inscribed 
 John Baptist Burwood Cooper, nat. of Engl., age 68; his wife was Maria Ce 
 cilia , d, '53, age 27; children Maria Jesus b. '41, Agapito, Juan B. Ani- 
 
 ceto, Narciso Nievcs, Maria Julia Dolores, and Juan Lorenzo d. '61, age 10. 
 Cooper (John Bautista Roger), 1823, nat. of the Alderney Isl., who came 
 to Mass, as a boy with his mother, who by a 2d marriage became the mother 
 of Thos 0. Larkin. I have his 'protection paper' of 1816, certifying his U. S. 
 citizenship, and describing him as 24 years old, 5 ft 5 in. in height, with light 
 complex., sandy hair, and blue eyes, with a scar on the left arm and nerves 
 of the left hand contracted. From this deformity he was known in Cal. as 
 Don Juan el Manco. He came as master of the Rover from Boston, selling the 
 vessel to Gov. Argiiello, and continuing to command her on voyages to China 
 till '26. ii. 492-3, 495, 519-20, 614; iii. 24, 119, 148. From '26 he became a 
 resident of Mont. , and there is not a year from '26 to '48 in which his name 
 does not occur in many original records. In '27 he was baptized, his original 
 name of John Roger being transformed into Juan Bautista Roger, married 
 Encarnacion Vallejo, became a rival of Hartnell & Co. in trade, and signed 
 bonds for Jed. Smith, ii. 616; iii. 128, 158-60. In '28 began his legal quarrels 
 with Luis Argiiello. ii. 583; iii. 12; in '29 he bought for $2,000 from Joaq. de 
 la Torre the rancho of Bolsa del Potrero y Moro Cojo, or Sagrada Familia. ii. 
 615; and in '39 was naturalized, being ment. besides in connection with the 
 Solis revolt and the Fitch romance, as well as in commercial records, ii. 609; 
 iii. 71, 83, 142, 145. His business corresp. shows not only that he was always 
 complaining of some injustice, but that he often gave cause of complaint to 
 those who traded with him. In '32 on the roll of the comp. extranjcra. iii. 
 221; in '33 licensed to hunt otter, and granted the Molino rancho, Sonoma, 
 iii. 394, 712; regidor at Mott. '34-5. iii. 673; in '36 living with wife, 2 chil 
 dren, mother-in-law, and her 3 daughters at Mont., having also cattle and a 
 mill on the Sonoma rancho confirmed to him this year. iii. 429; iv. 116; his 
 mill visited by Edwards '37. iv. 86. In '39 Capt. C. resumed his seafaring 
 life as master of the gort schooner California, making many trips in the next 
 5 years to the Mex. coast and to the islands, of which I have his original Log 
 of the California, iv. 102, 282, 289, 346, 361, 563-4; in '40 obtained land at 
 S.F. and the Punta de Quintin rancho, iii. 706, 712, v. 683, but was in trouble 
 about $5,250 which the govt had owed him since '26; perhaps the Juan Cooper 
 to whom the Nicasio rancho was granted '44. iv. 672; sick at Acapulco at end 
 of '44; but was back again iu '45, only to depart for Peru, where, in '46, he 
 
706 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 was matriculated as 2d piloto. He visited Cal. in '47, and in '48 seems to have 
 been in com. of the Elizabeth, wrecked at Sta B. In '49 he commanded the 
 Erdine on a voy. to China; but soon quit the sea; was harbor-master at Mont. 
 in '51; and was claimant for the Bolsas, Molino, and El Sur ranches, iii. G79. 
 He continued to live at Mont., much of the time on his rancho, till after I860; 
 and died at S. F. in '72, in his 80th year. There were few of the old Cal. pio 
 neers more widely known or better liked than Capt. Cooper, though as a 
 trader he had some peculiarities that, in the earlier years particularly, kept 
 him in hot water with other traders much of the time. Besides hundreds of 
 his letters scattered in dif. archives, his family papers fill several volumes of 
 the Vallejo, Doc. Hist. Cal. , which should properly bear his name. In addi 
 tion to his Log of '39-44, I have also a book of Accounts of '27. His widow 
 still lives, '85, in S.F. His children were Ana Maria Guadalupe b. '29 wife 
 of Herman Wohler, Juan Baut. Guillermo b. '31, Henry B., Francisco G., 
 Amelia (Mrs Molera), George Howard, and Wm Roger who died in 73. 
 
 Cooper (J. M.), 1846, gunner on the U.S. Savannah. C. (Luther), 1834, 
 named often in Larkin's accounts '34-7. iii. 412. C. (Martin), 1835, Amer. 
 at S. Luis Ob. ; also on Larkin's books '35-7. iii. 413. C. (Samuel E.), 1846, 
 teamster of Co. C, 1st U. S. dragoons (v. 336). C. (Sarchel), 1846, son of 
 Stephen, miner at Park's Bar '48; d. at Colusa '74. C. (Sidney), 1831, 
 doubtful record of a trapper of Young's party, iii. 388. 
 
 Cooper (Stephen), 1846, Kentuckian b. 1797, moved to Mo. 1817, guide 
 and scout in the Sta F6 trade and various Ind. wars, Ind. agent and member 
 of the legislature, who came overl. to Cal. as capt. of a small party, v. 528, 
 with his wife Melinda and 6 children. From Yount's, in Napa Val., he went 
 to S.F., where in Feb. '47 he presided over a public meeting of citizens dis 
 satisfied with the composition of the proposed governor's council. Star; y. 
 433; in the autumn settled at Benicia. v. 672-3; alcalde in '48. v. 673; judge 
 of 1st instance of the Sonoma district from Aug. '49, having also mined at 
 Park's Bar for a short time. In '54 went to Colusa, where he was justice of 
 the peace for 12 years, and where he still lived in '80; went later to Modoc 
 Co., and in '85 lives at Winters, Yolo Co. Portrait in Yolo Co. Hist., 26; biog. 
 sketch from Cooper's own statement by 'F. S.'in Colusa Sun June 17, '71. 
 Mrs. C. died in '72 at the age of 71. Of the two sons, Sarchel died about '74, 
 and Thos B. lives in Modoc Co. '85; the daughters were Francis wife of Rob 
 ert Semple and later of I. N. Van Winkle, living in Oakland '85, Susan wife 
 of John Wolfskill, Elizabeth wife of Waller Calmes, and Martha wife of 
 Amos Roberts. In '71 Maj. Cooper had 6 children and 16 grandchildren liv 
 ing. C. (Wm C.), 1845, overl. immig. of the Grigsby-Ide party; prob. went 
 to Or. in '46. iv. 526, 578. 
 
 Cope (Wm), 1846, seaman of the Savannah, wounded at the S. Gabriel, 
 Jan. '47. v. 395; perhaps 'Coxe.' Copeland (Alex.), 1843, Amer. immig. from 
 Or. in the Hastings party; got a carta in Nov., calling himself a clerk, and 
 was employed by Stephen Smith at Bodega, iv. 390, 396; early in '46 at Sut- 
 ter's Fort; prob. identical with the following. C. (Andrew), 1846, lieut Co. 
 B, Cal. Bat. v. 361; Cal. claim of $82 (v. 462); A. M. Copeland voted at S. 
 Jose" '50. Copenger (Chas), 1847, Co. G, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). Copey (John), 
 1832, doubtful ment. at S.F. 
 
 Coppinger (John), 1835, prob. deserter from a British vessel at S.F. iii. 
 413; said to have been a lieut in the British army or navy; generally called 
 Engl., but Amer. ace. to his naturalization papers, while Quigley makes him 
 a nat. of Cork and near relative of a Bishop Coppinger, and in a S.F. padron 
 he appears as a Dublin sawyer. On Larkin's books from '36; in '36-8 lieut of 
 Graham's foreign comp. in Alvarado's service, iii. 458-9, 491 ; naturalized '39 
 and juez at Corte Madera. iii. 705; arrested but not exiled in '40, being also 
 the grantee of Canada de Raimundo in S. Mateo. iii. 711; iv. 17. From '41 
 he seems to have lived on the raucho, being included in S.F. padrones, one of 
 the defensores of the patria, 30 years old in '42 and 35 in '44; aided Michel- 
 torena in '45. iv. 487; seems to have taken no part in the troubles of '46 ex 
 cept that Weber accused him of giving inform, that led to his, W.'s, arrest. I 
 
COPPINGER CORONA. 767 
 
 find no record of him later except an unintelligible one in S. Mateo Co, Hist., 
 4, that during the war he \vas carried as a prisoner to Mex. where he died. 
 His widow was Maria Luisa Soto, who before '52 married a man named Greer, 
 and was a claimant of the rancho, living at Mayfield in late years. 
 
 Coray (Win), 1847, sergt Co. B. Morni. Bat. v. 477, 496. Corcoran, or 
 Corgan (Geo. A.), Co. D, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); at Chicago '82. C. (Martin), 
 1844, nat. of Nova Scotia, who came from Honolulu as seaman on the U.S. 
 Levant, iv. 433. In '46 he came back, on the Savannah probably, and was one 
 of Bartlett's party captured by Sanchez (v. 379), prob. the only survivor of 
 that party; disch. from the navy in N.Y. ; ret. to Cal. '49 and went to the 
 mines. From '51 he was engaged in many kinds of business, chiefly that of 
 hotel-keeper, at S. F., Alviso, S. Jose", and Sta Clara, being R.R. agent, tax 
 collector, and county treasurer. In '85, at the age of 61, wharfinger at S.F. 
 
 Cordero, killed a't S. Buen. '38. iii. 554. C., a leader in disturbance at 
 Los Ang. '45. iv. 523. C. (Ambrosio), soldier of S.F. comp. at Sonoma '41- 
 2. C. (Clemente), Sta B. soldier before '37. C. (Fermin), settler at Brancif. 
 1797; regidor 1802. i. 569, 639; ii. 156. C. (Francisco), at Sta B. '37, wife 
 Petra Pico, 1 child. C. (Jose"), soldier of S.F. comp. '34-42. C. (Juan), at 
 Sta B. '37, wife Autonia Valenzuela and 7 child. C. (Mariano), 1st marriage 
 S.F., to Juana Pinto 1776. i. 296. C. (Miguel), at Sta B. before '37, wife 
 Antonia Jimeno and 5 children; maj. at Sta Ine~s '40-3. iii. 646-8, 663-4; at 
 Sta B. '50. C. (Pedro), at Sta B. '37, wife Dolores Quijada and 4 child.; juez 
 de paz '39-40. iii. 654-5; grantee of Canada de Salsipuedes '44. iv. 642. 
 
 Cordoba (Alberto de), 1796, Span, lieut of engineers sent to Cal. to inspect 
 coast defences, and superintend the founding of Branciforte, 1796-8; author 
 of an Informe. i. 497, 541-2, 545, 565-70, 652, 682, 700, 719. I have other 
 engineering reports by him before his visit to Cal. 
 
 Cordua (Theodore), 1842, German trader and farmer from Honolulu on the 
 California, after corresp. with Sutter, whom he had known before, iv. 229, 
 341. In '43 settled on Feather River near the site of the later Marysville, 
 where Dr Sandels found him a fat, jolly, whist-loving man, popular with 
 everybody. He had a straw hut at first, soon replaced by an adobe structure, 
 the place being named New Mecklenburg, but better known as Cordua's ran 
 cho. In '44 he was naturalized and got the Honcut rancho. iv. 671 ; had a 
 lighter, the Yuba, running on the river, often visiting the settlements, and* 
 his name often appeared in various commercial and other records of the time. 
 Larkin described him in '45 as a man of 52 years, with property, respectability, 
 and local influence; enlisted in Sutter's force, but wisely left it on the march 
 south; often named in the JV. Helv, Diary '45-8; took no part in the conflict 
 of '46-7. In '48-9 sold his land and cattle for $30,000 and opened a store in 
 the mines, where he is said to have lost his wealth; still in the Sac. Val. '54; 
 but broken in health as well as property, he is said by Gilbert to have returned 
 to the Sand. Isl., where he died. 
 
 Corey, 1846, mr of the Isaac Rowland, v. 578. C. (P.), 1848, passp. from 
 Honolulu. Corne (L. P.), 1840, sailor on the California. Cornelio (D.), 
 1828, mr of the Minerva, iii. 148. Corning (Otto), 1847, Co. G, N. Y. Vol. 
 (v. 499). Cornwall (Pierre B.), 1848, nat. of N.Y. who came overland and 
 made a large fortune in trade at Sacramento '48-9 as member of the firm 
 Priest, Lee, & Co.; from '59 a resident and prominent business man of S.F., 
 being at one time president of the Soc. of Cal. Pioneers. Still living in S.F., I 
 think, in '85. Cornwell (Geo. N.), Co. H, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); nat. of N.Y., 
 who on his discharge, after a brief experience in the mines, settled at Napa, 
 where as trader, farmer, owner in quicksilver mines, postmaster, member of 
 the legislature, supervisor, deputy sheriff, and politician, he has always been 
 a prominent man. He married Anna J. West of N.H. in '54, and in '72, when 
 he furnished me a MS. Sketch of My Life, they had 3 children, Fannie L. , 
 Clara, and Norris, 3 having died. Claimant of rancho. iv. 674. Still living at 
 Napa in '82, and I think in '85. Corona (Jos<), com. de policia S. Diego '36 
 iii. 616. C. (Jose" M. ), at Los Ang. '46. C (Juan B. ), com. policia (?) at S. 
 Diego '36. iii. 613. 
 
763 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Coronel (Antonio Francisco), 18,34, son of Ignacio, with whom he came to 
 Cal. at the age of 17. His 1st public service seerns to have been as sergt of 
 artill. in support of Carlos Carrillo in '38; in '41 applicant for a lot at S. Juan 
 Cap. iv. 620; in '43 juez de paz at Los Ang., and interventor at the transfer 
 of 8. Fernando, iv. 633, 039; in '45 comisionado of the junta to treat with 
 Micheltorena, and elector of Los Ang., declining the sub-prefecture, iv. 497, 
 540, G33; grantee of Sierra de los Verdugos '46. v. 628; also taking part as 
 capt. in all the southern military operations against the U.S. in '46-7, start 
 ing at one time for Mex. with a flag taken from Mervine at S. Pedro, and 
 narrowly escaping capture by Kearny's men on the way. v. 331-2. In '48 he 
 was a successful miner; and in later years held many local positions, though 
 giving chief attention to his vineyard and to agricultural interests; county 
 assessor '50 et seq.; mayor in '53; member of the council '54-67; state treas 
 urer '67-71. A man of wealth and influence, still residing at his Los Ang. 
 vineyard and orange orchard in '85. In '77 he dictated for my use his Coxas 
 de California, or recollections of early events, a MS. of 265 pp., and one of 
 the best narratives of its class in my collection. He also gave me a valuable 
 col. of Doc. Hist. Cal. from his family archives. C. (Guillermo), 1842-5, 
 sub-lieut in the batallon fijo. iv. 289. C. (Ignacio), 1834, Mex. teacher who 
 with his family came in the H. & P. colony, iii. 263. In Mex. Don Ignacio 
 had been a soldier from 1810 in the Span, army, being made corporal of cav 
 alry in '14, a sergt of the Cliolnl&realistas urbanas in '18, and prob. in '22 was 
 retired with the rank of alftfrez; at least, he got all the necessary certificates, 
 including one that he had served the cause of independence and had ceded all 
 his back pay to the national treasury. Coronel. Doc., MS. The failure of the 
 colony was a bitter disappointment, as his appointment of teacher at Solan o 
 at $1,000 per year brought in no funds, and he was even ordered to be sent 
 to Mex. for complicity in the supposed revolt of '35, but did not go. iii. 287, 
 291. In '36 he was living at Corralitos rancho, Mont, dist., age 41, wife 
 Francisca Romero, child. Josefa b. '16, Antonio '18, Micaela '21, Soledad '26, 
 and Manuel '32. iii. 677. The same year he was named as comisionado to 
 secularize S. Miguel, iii. 685; iv. 46; and in '37 he went to Los Ang., taking 
 com. at S. Gabriel, and aiding Carrillo in the campaign of Las Flores. iii. 
 520, 522, 558. In '38-9 he taught a school at Los Ang., having also a little 
 store, and serving as sec. of the ayunt. iii. 631, 635-6; also sec. in '44-7. iv. 
 633-4; v. 625-6; grantee of La Canada '43 and of Cajon de los Negros '46. iv. 
 635; v. 627, ministro suplente of the tribunal sup. '45. iv. 532; receptor atS. 
 Pedro '46. v. 264, 625. He died at Los Ang. in '62. C. (Juan Ant.), 1769, 
 arriero in the 1st exped. i. 135. 
 
 Correa (Jose" M.), 1842, sub-lieut of the batallon fijo '42-5. iv. 289, 407. 
 Cortds (Anastasio), com. dcpoliclaat S. Jose"; killed by Jose J. Castro '39; but 
 named as sub-lieut of artill. at Mont. '45. iv. 731, 652. C. (Felipe), invalido 
 at Sta B. '32, wife Maria de Jesus Lara. C. (Fernando), Mex. convict of '25. 
 iii. 16. C. (Juan Lope), 1796, Span, friar who served at S. Gabriel and Sta 
 B., retiring in 1805. Biog. ii. 120-1; ment. i. 577, 588-90, 594, 664, 672; ii. 
 159-60. Cortis (Henry), 1848, passp. from Honolulu. 
 
 Corville, 1847, at Sutter's Fort and New Mecklenburg, Corvan (Toribio 
 Gomez de), .1602, com. of one of Vizcaino's vessels, i. 98, 102. Corwin (Mrs 
 Fanny M.), 1846, of the Mormon colony, v. 546; remained in Cal.; prob. at 
 S.F. '85. Cory (Benj.), 1847, nat of Ohio, b. in '22, a physician who went 
 to Or. '47 and came to Cal. on the Henry in Nov.; settled at S. Jose", but 
 went to the mines in '48. A rumor that he had found new placers on the Mo- 
 quelumne induced 500 men to quit the old diggings and follow his trail, so 
 wrote Schallenberger in Aug. Member of 1st legislature '49-50; memb. of S. 
 Jos6 council '50-4; married Sarah Ann Braly '53; trustee of normal school 
 from '72; county physician '81. Still living at S. Jose" in '82 with 8 children. 
 
 Cosio (Bias), 1820, mr of the 8. F. de Paula, ii. 293. C. (Jose" Maria), 
 sec. of the gov. '34; ayud. de plaza at Mont, and fiscal '36. iii. 672, 687. 
 Costa (Beruabal), 1836, Ital. sailor at Los Ang. from Lima, age 36. Costan, 
 1774, surg. on the Santiago, i. 228, Costans6 (Miguel), 1769, Span. alfe"rez 
 
COSTANSO-COULTER. 709 
 
 and engineer who accomp. the 1st exped. to Cal. as cosmographer, and whose 
 Ltiario Jl-iitorico was pub. in Mex. 1776. He was later very prominent in his 
 profession, and I have some of his original reports relating to proposed de 
 fences in Cal. 1794-5, as well as to the fortifications of V. Cruz and drainage 
 of Mcx. ; still living in 1811, being then a mariscal decampo. i. 128, 131, 130, 
 140-1, 147-51,154-5, 168, 171-2, 534-5, GC2, G15, 624, and list of auth.; Hist. 
 Alex. iv. 134. Coster (Antonio), at Sonoma '44, age 16. 
 
 Cot (Antonio Jos6), 1820, Span, trader from Lima, partner of Juan Ign. 
 Mancisidor, visiting the coast apparently in '20; in '22 brought his family 
 from Lima; named in various commercial records from '23. ii. 493. In '28 he 
 was required to quit Cal. as a Span, supposed to be unfriendly to Mex., and 
 after some delays to arrange his business affairs perhaps departing and re 
 turning meanwhile he sailed with wife and 3 child, in '30. iii. 51. 99. He 
 came back, however, in '35-6; is ment. in mission accounts of '40. iii. 620, 
 657; and became a permanent resident at Los Ang., prominent in commercial 
 affairs in '46-7, being the purchaser of S. Luis Rey, and having a claim for 
 supplies furnished the U.S. v. 435, 464, 467, 561, 620-1. He died at Sta B. 
 about '60. His wife was Mariana Estevanez of Lima. C. (Daniel), at StaB. 
 before '37, wife Bruna Garcia, 2 child. 
 
 Cota, see list, in vol. i. p. 735, of those of this name before 1800; infor 
 mation about this family is very fragmentary. C., corporal at Sta Lie's '24. 
 ii. 528. C. (Antonia Maria), cl. of Tepusquet, widow of Tomas Olivera. iii. 
 656. C. (Benito), at Los Ang. '46. C. (Francisco), soldier at Sta B. before 
 '37; com. and admin, at Sta Lie's '37-41. iii. 663-4; grantee of Sta Rosa ran- 
 cho '39. iii. 656; juez at Sta In6s '41, '48. iv. 646-8; v. 635; still at Sta B. 
 '50. His widow and cl. for the rancho '52 was Marfa Jesus Olivera. C. 
 (Francisco Atanasio), elector at Sta B. '28. ii. 572; iii. 44. C. (Guillermo), 
 corp. of the escoltaat S. Fern. 1806-10. ii. 92, 115, 192; comisionado of Los 
 Ang. '10-17. ii. 110, 208, 349-50; sergt of Sta B. comp. from '11. ii. 361, 
 572; at S. Fern. '32. ii. 570; comis. at Los Ang. '23-5. ii. 559-61; alcalde 
 '27-9. ii. 5GO-1; age 70 in '39, still at Los Ang. C. (Joaquin), engaged in 
 revolt at Sta B. '29. iii. 78; wife Ventura Ortega. C. (Jos6 Manuel), settler 
 at Los Ang. '15; rcgidor '32. ii. 349, 635; iii. 638; at La Ballona '39, age 37. 
 C. (Jose Maria), at Sta B. '32, wife Antonia Dominguez, 2 child. C. (Josef a), 
 widow of A. M. Nieto, grantee of Sta Gertrudis rancho '34; at Los Ang. *48. 
 C. (Juan), at Los Ang. '46. C. (Leonardo), alfe"rez of defensores '45. iv. 539; 
 regidor of Los Ang. '45-6. iv. 633; v. 625; grantee of Rio de las Animas '46. 
 v. 627; and operating against the U. S. in S. Diego region as capt. v. 325, 
 342, 351-2. C. (Manuel), soldier of Sta B. comp. before 1800, and corp. of 
 the Sta Lie's escolta '28. ii. 459, 582; in '32 at Sta B., wife Maria Ant. Valen- 
 zuela, 4 child.; admin. StaB. mission '38-9. iii. 656-8. In'39alieut. iii. 583; 
 ment. in '47. v. 617; father and son of the same name; see also Jose" Manuel. 
 C. (Marcos), at Los Ang. '46. C. (Maria Isabel), wife of Dolores Pico; d. 
 '69. C. (Mariano), soldier of Sta B. comp. before 1790; inval. 1819, when 
 he was killed by Ind. at S. Buen. ii. 333. C. (Martin), named in '36. iii. 
 401. C. (Miguel), at Sta B. before '37, wife Manuela Ortega, 2 children; 
 arrested in '41. iv. 642. C. (Pablo Antonio), soldier of 1769-74; corp. atS. 
 Antonio '78-9; sergt in com. at S. Buen. '82-7; alfe>ez from '88;. died at Sta 
 
 B. 1800, age 56. Biog. i. 665; ment. i. 425, 463, 466,477, 553, 639, list auth.; 
 ii. 28. His wife was Rosa Maria Lugo; a son Manuel Ant. was b. 1779; a 
 daughter Maria do los Angeles was the wife of Joaq. de la Torre. C. (Pa- 
 cfilco), son of Valentin, at Sta B. '48 in con. with the 'canon perdido.' v. 588.. 
 
 C. (Raimundoand Ramon), nt Los Ang. T 46. C. \Roque), soldier before 1780;. 
 settler at Los Ang. 1790. i. 347, 461. C. (Simon), sec. of alcalde at Soledad 
 '26. ii. 623. C. (Valentin), son of Manuel, juez aux. Sta B. '33. iii. 654; 
 capt. of militia and later of StaB. comp. '36-9, supporting Alvarado. iii_47.4, 
 553, 583, 651; grantee of Rio Sta Clai*a rancho '37. iii. 655; in charge of. Sta 
 Ines '42. iv. 646; in '46 resigns mil. rank; sub-prefect of Sta B. iv. 538;. v. 
 35, 49. His wife was Luz Gonzalez. 
 
 Coulter (John), 1834, visitor, perhaps; at any rate, author of a trashy book. 
 HIST. CAL., VOL. II. 49 
 
770 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 of Adventures describing a visit, iii. 411. C. (Thomas). 1831, Engl. visitor 
 and scientist, who joined the comp. extranjera in ',32, and published valuable 
 Notes on Upper Cal. 1 have his letter of 'SJfrom Guanajuato; also a note due 
 him sent for collection in '38. iii. 221. 406-8. Coupe (Geo.), 1848, passp. 
 from Honolulu. Courteau (Philibert), 1844, perhaps \v.ith Fremont in 1st 
 and 2d exped. '44, '45-7; at N. Helv. '48. iv. 437, 583. Named as ' Philibert' 
 in Cal. Bat. '46-7. (v. 358). Coustner (And. J.), 1840, Co. C, 1st dragoons 
 (v. 33G). Coutan (Gustavus J.), 1847, Co. H, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Coutts (Cave Johnson), 1848, nat. of Tenn. and graduate of West Point 
 in '43. After serving in the Mex. war he came to Cal. from Coahuila with 
 Graham's battalion as lieutof the 1st U.S. dragoons, v. 522. He subsequently 
 went with his comp. to the frontier on boundary-survey service; but in '51 
 resigned his commission, married. Isidora Bandiiii, and settled at S. Diego, 
 where he served as county judge. In '54 he moved to the Guajome rancho, a 
 wedding gift of Abel Stearns to Dona Isidora; and there he spent the rest of 
 his life, becoming rich in lands and live-stock, always popular and respected, 
 though as bitter in his enmities as warm in his friendships, making Guajonu 
 a centre of the famed hospitality of southern Cal. Claimant also for Soledad 
 rancho. iii. 612. He gave me in '74 a copy of Ins Diary of the overland march 
 and early experience in Cal., besides rendering other valuable aid. Col Coutts 
 died in '74 or '75, when he was 54 -years of age. His widow still lived on the 
 rancho in '82, having 8 surviving children. Perhaps the name should be writ 
 ten 'Couts.' A good biog. sketch in S. Bern. Co. Hist., 196-7. Couzens 
 (John H.), 1847, had a lot and slaughter-house at S.F. ; kept sheep on Yerba 
 Buena Isl.; owned a lot at Benicia. v. 672, 685; he went to Honolulu and re 
 turned in '48. 
 
 Covarrubias (Jose" Maria), 1834, nat. of France, naturalized citizen of Mex., 
 who came in the H. & P. col., intending to be a teacher, iii. 263, 412. In '3G-7 
 com. for secularization of Sta In6s. iii. 663-4; sec. of the dip. '37 and in '39; 
 a partizan of Carrillo in the contest of '38. iii. 549, 556, 569, 580; in '39 par- 
 tido elector at Sta B., and sec. of the prefecture at Mont. iii. 590, 675; took 
 part in arrest of foreigners '40, and accomp. the exiles to S. Bias, going to 
 Mex., where he rec'tl a cross of honor for services in that city during the dis 
 turbances of J^uly; returned in '40. iv. 11, 13, 15, 23, 30, 102. He was grantee 
 of Castac rancho in '43. iv. 634; in '44 sec. of the assembly and alcalde of 
 Sta B. iv. 410, 642; in '45 succeeded Bandini as sec. of Gov. Pico, and was 
 lessee of Sta Ines. iv. 490, 519, 523, 531, 553, 558, 647; sent as comisionado 
 to Mex. in '46, also grantee of Sta Lie's, v. 32, 210, 561, 632; at Sta Ines '48. 
 v. 589, 635; being a justice of the sup. court. In '49 he was a member of the 
 constit. convention, and of the 1st legislature, being 4 times reflected, and 
 county judge of Sta B. in '61. Covarrubias died in '70 at the age of 69, leav 
 ing a family. His wife was Maria, daughter of Domingo Carrillo; his eldest 
 son, Nicolas, was for a long time sheriff of Sta B. County. 
 
 Covell (Hiram), 1834, mr of the By Chance, iii. 381. Covil (John Q. A. ), 
 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); reenl. at Los Aug. Covillaud (Charles), 
 1846, nat. of France, who had lived in La and Mo. for some years; oveyl. im- 
 mig. to Cal. (v. 526). He is named in the N. Helv. Diary, '47-8, being an 
 overseer at Cordua's rancho, and later prospector on the Yuba; had a trading- 
 post at Cordua's '48-9 in partnership with his brothers-in-law, and in '49-57 
 the post was at Sacramento. Meanwhile, in '48, C., with others, had bought 
 Cordua's rancho at New Mecklenburg, and here in '50 they laid out a new 
 town, named Marysville in honor of C.'s wife, Mary Murphy, a survivor of 
 the Donner party. Judge Stephen J. Field, the 1st alcalde of Marysville, 
 gives an interesting account of the founding. R>>min., 20 et seq. Here C. spent 
 the rest of his life, gaining an enviable reputation for his open-handed liber 
 ality, and filling some local offices. He died in '87 at the age of 51 ; his widow 
 died later in the same year. 
 
 Cowie (Thomas), 1843, Amer. immig. of the Chiles-Walker party. From 
 Feb. '44, when Walker applied for a pass in his behalf, nothing appears about 
 .him till June '46, when he joined the Bears and was killed by the Califoruians 
 
COWIE CRISTOBAL. 771 
 
 near Sta Rosa. iv. 392-3; v. 110, 148, 100-4. C. (R.), 1837, came from 
 Honolulu, iv. 104. Cox (Alex. J.), 1847, Co. C, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); a news 
 paper man, founder of the Sonoma Bulletin and Napa Importer; at Napa '71- 
 80; in Meudocino Co. '82. C. (Amos), 1847, Co. D, Morm. Bat. (v. 409); in 
 Iowa '82. C. (Henderson), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat.; at N. Helv. '47-8 in 
 Slitter's employ; killed by Ind. on" the return to Salt Lake '48. v. 496; prob. 
 the man called Henry W. by Bigler. C. (Henry), 1846, mariner on the U.S. 
 Dale; one of Marston's men (v. 379); disch. in Cal.; at Colton, S. Bern. Co., 
 '85. C. (John), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); in Slitter's employ '47-8. 
 C. (John), 1846. sergt Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons; killed at S. Pascual. v. 340. 
 C. (Patrick), 1847, Co.F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). Coxe(Wm), 1847, wounded 
 at the S. Gabriel, v. 395; perhaps 'Cope.' Coyan (Fred.), 1847, Co. F, 3d 
 U.S. artill. (v. 518); a laborer at Mont. '48. C. (Fred.), 1847, Co. G, N.Y. 
 Vol. (v. 499); at Vallejo '41-4; prob. some error. 
 
 Crabb (H. G. and H. N.), 1848, at Honolulu from Mont. Crabb (Jere 
 miah), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 33G). Crafts (Albert B.), 1847, 
 Co. H, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); d. S.F. '49. Crafton (T.), 1845, boy in the Grigs- 
 by-Ide immig party, iv. 578-9, 587. Craig (James), 1832, said by Dye to 
 have crossed the mts with him and to be in S.F. '69; doubtful, iii. 388, 408. 
 C. (John), 1846, leader of an immig. party, who in Apr. -May '47 was at N. 
 Helv. preparing to return east with a party, v. 528. Star. C. (Otto), 1847, 
 Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. v. 518. Crain (Walter C.), 1846, mid. on the U. S. 
 Warren. Crane, or Ne-ta-me-commin, 1845, Del. Ind. in Fremont's party; 
 killed on the Or. frontier '46. iv. 583; v. 25. C., 1847, had a restaurant at 
 Mont. C. (Geo. W.), 1846, Virginian said to have arr. in May; served in 
 the Cal. Bat. (v. 358); miner in '48; became a lawyer; memb. of legisl. from 
 Yolo '50. and from Mont. '57; d. at S. Juan B. '68, age 41, leaving a widow 
 and several children. All this comes from his obituary as memb. of Soc. Cal. 
 Pion. C. (J. C.), 1848, on the Charles at Honolulu from Mont.; in Cal. '55. 
 C. (W. 0.), 1846, mid. on the U.S. Warren. Craven (James A. M.), 1846, 
 Kent on the U.S. Dale; nat. of N. H., and brother of Rear-adm. C.; killed at 
 Mobile '64 in com. of the monitor Tecumseh. Lancty. Crawford (Geo.), 
 1846, boatswain's mate on the U.S. Cyane: wounded at the Mesa Jan. '47. v. 
 395. Crawley (Philip), 1843, worked for Steph. Smith at Bodega ace. to the 
 county histories, iv. 396. 
 
 Crebbe, 1847, doubtful name, in Sutter's employ '47-8. Creen (Hugh 
 W.), 1847, purser on the U.S. Independence. Creighton (James), 1848. at 
 Benicia, prospective partner of Pfister; vice-pres. of S.F. guards '48-9; elected 
 to legisl. from S. F. '49. C. (Johnston Blakely), 1846, passed mid. on the 
 Dale and Lexington '47; in '77-8 com. of Norfolk navy-yard. Crelis (Michel), 
 1844, perhaps one of Fremont's men. iv. 437. 
 
 Crespi (Juan), 1769, Span, friar who came with the 1st exped. by land to 
 Cal. after 17 years of missionary service in New Spain; wrote a diary of the 
 1st Vittja by land from S. Diego to Mont., and several other important diaries 
 of early years, i. list of auth., also i. 141, 151, 224, 284, 386; and served 13 
 years in Cal., chiefly at S. Carlos, till his death in 1782. Biog. i. 386; ment. 
 i. 121-2, 132-6, 140-4, 148-52, 158, 165, 167-9, 171, 175-6, 183-9, 196, 227, 
 231, 284-5, 351, 388. 410, 473-6; ii. 44. Crespo (Manuel), Mex. phleboto- 
 mist and teacher at Mont, from '29 or earlier, ii. 613; comisionado of S. Car 
 los '31. iii. 307, 679; vocal of the dip. '33. iii. 246; in '35 comisionado to 
 secularize S. Antonio, iii. 354, 687-8. In '36 C. was living at Mont., age 28, 
 wife Nicolasa Velarde, child. Tomasa A. b. '19 at Tepic, Adelaida '32, Man 
 uel '33, Carolina '36; also vocal of the dip., taking part in a small way in the 
 stirring political events, iii. 426, 454-5, 460, 463, 469. I have no record of 
 him after his arrest in ! 37 for plotting against Alvarado. iii. 525. Cretaine 
 (Julio), 1846, at Los Ang.; had a claim for supplies of stationery and clothing 
 (v. 462). Creutzfeldt (F.), 1845, probably one of Fremont's men '45-7, , as 
 he was in '48. iv. 583; v. 453. Cristan (Joseph), 1840, permitted to settle 
 at S. Juan Cap. iv. 626. Cristen (C.), 1830, mr of the Catalina; doubtful, 
 iii. 146. Cristobal, neoph. grantee of Ulistac '45. C. (Juan), or ' Bob,* 
 1816, negro settler, ii. 393. 
 
772 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Crocker (David), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). Crockett, 184S, 
 at S.F. from Hon. on the Racjadahoc. Cromwell, 1848 (?), Winters & C., hotel 
 at Coloma. Croustead ( Philip). 1845, deserter from the JJopewell&t S. Diego; 
 prob. ' Crossthwaite,' q.v. Crooks (Stephen), 1847, apparently an overl. 
 immig. ; in Sutter's employ '48. Crosby, 1847, mr of the Toulon, v. 5SO. 
 C. (A. H.), 1845, Amer. carpenter and overl. immig. of the Hastings-Semple 
 party; employed by Sutter; prob. went back in '46. iv. 686; v. 526. C. 
 (Edmund P.), 1847, sergt Co. C, N.Y.Vol. v. 504. C. (Thos), 1846, Co. C, 
 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). Cross (Alex.), 1848, S.F. merchant, of C., Hob- 
 son, & Co. v. 681. C. (Geo.), 1846, overl. immig. who served in theCal. Bat. 
 (v. 358), enlisting at S. Juan in Oct.; in Sta Clara Co. '76. C. (John), 1846, 
 prob. a brother of Geo.; in Cal. Bat.; on 1st jury at S. Jose" '48. C. (John), 
 1838, named in Larkin's accounts. Grossman (Gideon), 1847, Amer. at N. 
 Helv. Crossthwaite (Philip), 1845, landed from a vessel at S. Diego, iv. 587; 
 ment. in '46. v. 352; 2d juez at S. D. '47. v. 618; married Josefa Lopez '48, 
 also lessee of S. .Diego mission, v. 620; went to the mines; memb. of ayunt. 
 '49-50; county clerk '52; later deputy sheriff; still at S. D. '72. 
 
 Crouch (Henry), 1847, builder of a house at Benicia. v. 672; a Baltimore 
 carpenter who went to the mines in '48. W. A. Crouch is also named as 
 having settled at Benicia '47, perhaps another man. C. (Henry J.), 1841, 
 mr of the Rosalind '41-2. iv. 196, 568. Crowell (Joseph), 1836, Engl. sailor 
 from a whaler at Sta B. C. (Wai H. ), 1835 (?), nat. of Conn., somewhat prom 
 inent from '49 as trader and local official in Sac., S.F., Sonoma, and Mendo- 
 cino; said as a ship's boy to have touched at S.F. and other points as early as 
 '35; died at Ukiah '69. Mendoc. Dem., Aug. 6, '69; iii. 413. Crowley, 1846, 
 overl. immig. with Boggs. v. 528. C. (Michael), 1847, Co. K, N. Y. Vol. 
 (v. 499). C. (Philip), 1846, Cal. claim $50. (v. 462); perhaps 'Crawley,' q.v. 
 Crowninshields (Jacob), 1848, lot-owner at S.F. Cruceno (Antonio), at Sta 
 
 B. '32, wife Teresa Verdugo, 5 child. Cruell (Robert), 1846, doubtful name 
 in Sta B. region, v. 330. Cruz (Faustino Jose"), settler at Los Ang. 1790. i. 
 461. C. (Jose), killed by Ind. atPauma '46. v. 617. C. (Jose" M.), grantee 
 of Canada de Pinacates in '35. iii. 633. C. (Santiago), at Los Ang. '46. 
 
 C. (Tomas), sirv. at S.F. 1777. i. 297. C. (Trinidad), convictfromMex. '29- 
 33. Cruzado (Antonio), 1771, Span, friar who served at S. Gabriel for 33 
 years and died in 1804. Biog. ii. 113; ment. i. 173, 176, 181, 196, 223, 299, 
 388, 459, 575, 664; ii. 159-60. 
 
 Cuani (Keaniu), 1847, lot-owner at S. F. v. 679. Cucar (Thos), 1819, 
 Engl. ii. 293. Cuculla (Fran.), Dom. friar of L. Cal., at S. Gabriel '31-2. 
 iii. 311, 641. " Cue (James), 1828, Engl. sailor, age 26, at Mont. '28-9. 
 Cuesta, additional mention omitted by error on p. 704 for 'Arroyo de la Cu- 
 esta,' q.v. ii. 166, 386, 398, 496, 623; iii. 92, 96, 664, 681, 683, 691. Cueva 
 (Pedro), 1804, Span, friar who served at S. Jose" mission two years, being 
 wounded by the Ind. in 1805, and retiring 1806. Biog. ii 137-8; ment. ii. 34, 
 107, 109-10, 159-60. Cuevas, 1834, mate of the Natalia, iii. 268. Cule- 
 bras (Miguel), 1828, Span, trader, who had been a lieut in the war of Indep., 
 apparently not allowed to remain after '30. iii. 51-2. Cullingham (James), 
 1847, locksmith at Mont.; name variously written. Culverwell (Stephen 
 S.), 1842, boy on the United States in Jones' fleet at the taking of Mont.; liv 
 ing in S.F. '85. iv. 304, 341. 
 
 Cummings (James), 1847, Co. G, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). C. (Joseph W.), 
 1847, Co. F, 3d U. S. artill. v. 518. Cummins (Thos), 1842, Amer. trader 
 who carne from Hon. on the Fama for his health, age 38. iv. 141, 341; again 
 at S. F. '48. Cumuchi, chief of horse-thieves shot at Sonoma, iv. 73. 
 Cunningham (Alex. S.), Co. B, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); in Fresno Co. '82. C. 
 (Stephen), 1847, perhaps of N. Y. Vol. under another name. C. (Wm H.), 
 1826, Mass, man, mr of the Courier '26-8, spending much of his time on shore, 
 befriending Jed. Smith and Pattie, taking an active part in trade at all the 
 ports, and vainly attempting to establish himself on StaCatalinalsl. iii. 128, 
 146, 154, 165, 176. In '31 at Boston, but thinking of another trip to Cal. ; said 
 by Peirce to have been still living in Mass, after '80. Cupper (Geo.), 1847, 
 at Hon. from Mont, on the Xylon. 
 
CURIEL DALTON. 773 
 
 Curiel (Bernardo), Mex. soldier at Mont. '36, age 32, single. C. (Fer 
 nando), arrested '29. iii. GO. Curler (Anastase), 1830, French trapper of 
 Young's party, iii. 174. Curl (James D.), 1846, Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358); 
 lot at S.F. '47; at S. Jose" '50, as was Robert C. Curman (Lewis), 1847, 
 sergt Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. v. 519. Curphey, 1847, mr of the Maria Helena. 
 v. 579. Currau (Edward), 1846. Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). C. 
 (Michael), 1846, ditto. Curren (Edward), 1847, Co. A, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); 
 died in Cal. '60. 
 
 Curtis (Dabney), 1846, asst draughtsman with Kearny. Lancey. C. 
 (Dorr P.), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). C. (Foster), 1847, Co. D, 
 Morm. Bat. C. (Josiah), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. C. (Jotham), 1846, 
 overl. immig. with his wife; connected with the 1st Donner relief, and 
 roundly abused with how much of reason I know not by McCutchen and 
 Thornton; owner of a lot at S.F. '47. v. 538-9, 678. C. (VVm), 1846, Ken- 
 tuckian in Cal. Bat. (v. 358). Gurus, 1847, mr of the Europa. v. 578. 
 
 Gushing, 1843, sup. of the Admittance, who had much trouble with the 
 capt. and consignee, and was sent home. Thames. Gushing (Bela), 1847, 
 Co. C, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); a printer of Boston; d. Sonoma '48. Cushman 
 (Benj.), 1845, mr of the Morea. iv. 567. C. (James and Stephen), 1837, 
 named in Larkin's accounts. Custer (John), 1846, Fauntleroy's dragoons 
 (v. 232); Co. G, Cal. Bat. (v. 358); settled near Napa'48. Custot (Octave), 
 1837, Frenchman who signed a contract to take charge of Rafael Gomez' 
 rancho in May. iv. 118; at S. Pablo '38 trying to make beet sugar; later in 
 duced Vallejo to employ him to superintend this industry at Petaluma on a 
 larger scale, but failed to produce any sugar except some cakes of an imported 
 article remelted to keep the general in good courage. In '39 he joined Sutter, 
 and for several years was a kind of superintendent at N. Helv. iv. 219. He 
 seems to have disappeared before '45, as his name does not occur in the N. 
 Helv. Diary. 
 
 Cutler (John), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). Cutrell (Wm E.), 
 
 1847, lieut Co. E, N.Y.Vol. v. 504; went to Sandw. Isl., where he married 
 and had several children; returned to S. F., where he died '68. Cutting,. 
 
 1848, doubtful record of a man who came overl. to Or. from Ind. in '47, and 
 ret. from Cal. in '48 with large quantities of gold-dust. Solano Co. Hint. , 380. 
 Cuvellier (Emil), 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Cyrus (Enoch), 1846, overl. immig. with wife and 3 sons, who settled in 
 Xapa Valley, v. 529. C. and two of the sons died of small-pox in '53, and 
 the widow, Rebecca Cook, died in 73, age 77, at the farm near Calistoga, 
 where the family had lived since '50. C. (John), 1846, son of Enoch, b. in 
 111. '31; married Lovina Graves of the Donner party in '50; still living with 
 5 children near Galistoga in '81. 
 
 Daggett(Ed), 1832, mr of the Balance, iii. 381, D. (Timothy), 1822-3, 
 mr of the Almira. ii. 474, 492. Dailey (Peter), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. 
 (v. 518). Daily, 1833, possibly in Walker's comp. iii. 391. Dailey ami 
 Daily, see 'Daly.' Dake (Morris B.), 1842, asst surg. on the United State*. 
 Daleman (John), 1846, marine on the Dale; in Phil. '84. Dall (John), 1847 
 Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. Lancey. Dally, 1846, mr of the Golden Gate. 
 
 Dally (Henry J.), 1843, nat. of N.Y., who after an adventurous career as 
 sailor in many parts of the world landed at Mont, from the whaler Chas W. 
 Morgan, iv. 400. He worked at Mont, for Kinlock, Larkin, and others; made 
 an otter-hunting trip in '45; soon went to S. Luis Ob., where he married a 
 Rodriguez and lived but for a brief tour in the mines '48 till '52, serving as 
 sheriff in '49-51 ; then settled at Sta B. , where he still lived in '78, age 63. His 
 MS. Narrative, besides an account of his early wanderings, contains testimony 
 on early affairs at S. Luis, especially in '46, v. 375, and on the acts of outlaws 
 in the south after '49. 
 
 Dalton (Henry), 1843, Engl. trader from Lima; sup. of the Soledad. iv. 
 400, 56S. In his Notes of '45 Larkin describes D. as 40 years old, a man of 
 property, intelligence, and local influence; and from that time his name often 
 
774 PIONEER EEGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 appears in commercial records, his home being at Los Ang. In '45 he served 
 against Micheltorena, bought land at S. Gabriel, was sup. of the Star of the 
 West, and grantee of S. Francisquito. iv. 495, 548, 568, 035; in '46 encargado 
 at S. Gabriel, affording important financial aid to his brother-in-law Gen. 
 Flores. v. 332, 628; in '47 purchaser of Sta Anita, for which and for Azuza, 
 his permanent home, he was claimant in '52. v. 628, 633, 635. Still living in 
 '80. His wife was the daughter of A. V. Zamorano. iii. 561; and his son, 
 Henry, Jr, was probably born before the end of '48. D. (John), 1844, mr of 
 the Julian. D. (Wm), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336); killed at S. 
 Pascual. v. 346. 
 
 Daly, 1842, doubtful record at Mont.; perhaps Nathan. D. (Henry), 
 1844, mentioned at Mont. D. (J. and S.), 1846, Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358); 
 prob. one man. D. (Nathan), 1834, Amer. named in Larkin's books '34-40. 
 iii. 412; exiled in '40 and not known to have returned, iv. 18, 24. D. ( Wm), 
 1834(?), said to have arrived in Sta Clara Co. ; arrested '43, as appears from a 
 letter of Forbes inquiring about him as a British subject; at Sutter's Fort with 
 his wife '47; in the mines '48; had a rancho on the Cosumnes '49. Perhaps 
 more than one man of the name. iii. 412. Dana (James D. ), 1841, mineral 
 ogist of U.S. ex. exped. iv. 241-3. D. (Richard H., Jr), 1835, Boston sailor 
 on the Pilgrim; author of the famous Two Years Before the Jfast; later an 
 eminent la wyer and writer, iii. 367, 412-13, 613, 652; iv. 140, 142. 
 
 Dana (Win Goodwin), 1826, nat. of Boston, and mr of the Waverly '26-8. 
 iii. 118, 149, 154, 176. Among his first acts was falling in love with Josefa 
 Carrillo, daughter of Don Carlos, and he was greatly troubled at having to 
 wait for baptism and naturalization before getting married. I have his original 
 letter to Capt. Cooper in '27-8 on this subject, with a quaint intermixture of 
 business affairs. He had no objection to changing his religion and country, but 
 damned the institutions that forced him to lose time. However, he was bap 
 tized in '27, got provisional papers in '28, was married to Dona Josefa, age 16, 
 the same year, and in July '30 in a business letter announced the birth and 
 death of his 2d child, cheerfully adding, ' We will soon have enough' as they 
 did, 21 in all. Meanwhile he had engaged in trade, agriculture, stock-raising, 
 and soap-making, besides building the schr Sta Barbara and buying the wreck 
 and cargo of the Danube, ii. 573; iii. 140, 146. Every branch of his business 
 was always on the point of going to the dogs, if we credit the letters of this 
 inveterate grumbler. One source of revenue was the letting-out for a percent 
 age of results of his otter license tu foreigners, who could get no such paper. 
 Final naturalization in '35; appraiser at Purisima. iii. 665; capt. of the port. 
 iii. 654; in '36 akalde of Sta B. iii. 483, 654; iv. 117. In '37 he was grantee 
 of the Nipomo rancho, S. Luis Ob., iii. 655, on which he lived from about '39, 
 having in '38 rendered some aid to his father-in-law in his political troubles, 
 iii. 569. Sometimes named as a physician and architect. In '45 Larkin gave 
 him an excellent character as a man of greater influence than any other for 
 eigner of Sta B. region. Ment. '46. having also a Cal. claim, v. 321, 639. 
 Prefect in '49; county treasurer in '51. Of his children 8 died in infancy, one, 
 Mrs. Pollard, in '78, and in '83 the survivors were Chas C. at S. Luis, Wm C. 
 at Los Berros, and on the home farm, John F., Henry C., Frank, Edward G., 
 Fred. A., Adelina E., David A., Eliseo C., and Samuel A. 
 
 Daniel, 1824, Amer., surname not given, said to have been killed by Ind. 
 at Sta B. ii. 527, 534. Daniels, 1836, Boston cook, age 26, with Angel Ra 
 mirez at Mont, iv. 118; arrested in '40. Daniels, 1816, mr of the Colonel. 
 ii. 278, 382. D. (John), 1839, Scotch in El Dorado Co.; doubtful date. iv. 
 119. D. (Wm), 1846, nat. of Engl.; overl. immig. with family; settled at 
 S. Jose"; known as judge; died '73, age 71. Danti (Antonio), 1790, Span, 
 friar who served at S.F., retiring in 1796. Biog. i. 712-13; ment. i. 388, 474, 
 492, 510, 551-2, 552, 575-6, 679, 709, list auth. Dare (Robert H.), 1838, 
 mr of the Fear naught and of the Ayucucho '39-40. iv. 101, 103. Darley 
 (Henry L.), 1846, at Mont. Darlington (B. S. B.), 1841, lieut on the U. S. 
 8t Louis. Darrah (Decatur), 1847, Co. D, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). Darren 
 (Henry E.), 1847, Co. A, N.Y.Vol.; drowned in the Sac. Riv. '49. 
 
DAUBENBISS DAVIS. 775 
 
 Daubenbiss (John), 1843, nat. of Bavaria, who came to Amer. '35 at the 
 age of 19, and found his way westward by short stages for 7 years, coming 
 overland to Or. in '42 and to Cal. next year in the Hastings party, iv. 390, 
 400. After working on mills for Smith at Bodega, iv. 390,' and Vallejo at 
 Mission S. Jose", he served Sutter in the Micheltorena campaign, was natu 
 ralized and got a grant of Coluses rancho in '44. iv. 671; in '45 signed the S. 
 Jose call to foreigners, iv. 599; and in '46 carried despatches between Sloat 
 and Fre'mont, v. 16, 245, 247, then going south with the Cal. Bat. to S. Diego 
 and Los Aug., but returning with Maddox. Later he reenlisted in Co. F of 
 the Bat. to take part in the final campaign. Returning to S. Jose early in '47, 
 he married Sarah C. Lard ami moved to his raiicho at Soquel, where he built 
 a flour-mill. In partnership with John Hames '48, also going to the mines; 
 elected to constit. convention '49, though not serving. In '79 he had 8 chil 
 dren; prob. still living in '85. His Bioy. Sketch contains many interesting 
 adventures; portrait in Sta Cruz Co. /list., 26. 
 
 Davalos (Miguel), 1780-2, chaplain of the Santiago and Princesa. i. 329, 
 378. D. (Teresa), wife of liivera y Moncada. i. 364. Davenport (Alfred), 
 1846, Co. A, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). Daveson (Peter), 1841 (?), nat. of the Ionic 
 Isl., who came in '41-3, ace. to dif. authorities, iv. 279; signed the S. Jos6 
 call to foreigners '45. iv. 599; ment. in '45-7 in employ of Weber and South 
 ward; also kept an inn, and went to the mines in '48; still living in '84 at S. 
 Jose". His wife was a granddaughter of Luis Peralta. David (Alex.), 1845, 
 in Cal. iv. 587; perhaps Davis. David (Edward), 1827, mr of the Isabella 
 or Sarah and Elizabeth, iii. 147. Davidof, 1806, lieut with Rezanof at S.F. 
 ii. 68, 70. Davidson, 1843, mate of the Admittance, nat. of N.H.; killed at 
 S.F. '44 by falling from the ship's foretopsail yard. Thames. D. (Hunter), 
 1845, mid. on the Portsmouth. D. (John W.), 1846, lieut 1st U.S. dragoons, 
 who came with Kearny and fought at S. Pascual and the later conflicts of 
 '46-7. v. 336-7, 340, 343-7, 385-6, 446; later col of 2d cavalry and brevet 
 brig. -gen., serving on the Pac. coast to '59, and dying in Minn. '81. Davila 
 (Agustin), sec. to juez at Brancif. '41-2. iv. 663; grantee of Corral de Cuati 
 '45. iv. 642; killed by Foxen near Sta lues '48. v. 611, 631. D. (Jose), 1771, 
 surg. of the Cal. forces at Mont. '71-83. Biog. i. 668; ment. i. 224, 228, 385. 
 
 Davis, 1811-12, mr of the Isabella, ii. 93, 267, 269, 282; possibly Wm H., 
 Sr. D., 1845, doubtful memb. of Grigsby-Ide party, iv. 579. D., 1846, 
 said to have been mr of a coaster; later a highwayman known as Red Davis, 
 hanged at Stockton about '52. D., 1847, memb. of Sonoma council. D., 
 1848, two of the name on the Sayadahoc from Honolulu. D., 1848, miner 
 at Thompson's Flat. 
 
 Davis (Benj. B.), 1847, Co. H, KY.Vol. (v. 499); miner in Mariposa; vol. 
 in war of : 61-5; died at Merced Aug. '78. D. (Daniel C.), 1847, capt. Co. 
 E, Morm. Bat., and of the reenl. comp.; in com. at S. Diego, v. 477, 490, 
 495, 617; accomp. by his wife and son, Dan. C., Jr, the latter being wounded 
 in a fight with wild cattle on the inarch to Cal. D. (David A.), 1846, at S. 
 Jos6 in April; perhaps an immig. of '45; one of Fauntleroy's dragoons (v. 
 232); lieut of Co. G, Cal. Bat. v. 361; in '47-8 had a store and ferry at Be- 
 nicia. v. 673. D. (David A.), 1847, Co. H, KY.Vol. (v. 499); a deserter 
 who was hanged at S. Jos<5 for robbery and attempted murder in Dec. '48. v. 
 663-4. D. (Eleazer), 1847, Co. D, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). 
 
 Davis (Geo.), 1843, Irish immig. from Or. in the Hastings party, iv. 390- 
 2, 400. Married by Sutter to Lizzie Sumner, whose parents came in the same 
 party; naturalized in '44; often named in the N. llelv. Diary '45-6; later en 
 gaged in tanning and raising stock in the Sta Cruz region; in '60 settled in S. 
 Luis Ob. Co., where he still lived hi '83. D. (Isaac), 1848, sentenced for 
 larceny at S. F. Calijonnan. D. ( Jerome C.), 1845, apparently one of Fr<3- 
 mont's men, iv. 583, 587, who served in the Cal. Bat. '46-7. v. 358. It was 
 for him, I think, that the town of Davisville was named; still living at Sac. 
 in '7S. D. (John), 1828, Norwegian carpenter, age 23, who came from the 
 Sand w. Isl. and in '39-6 was a resid. of Los Ang. ii. 558; iii. 178. D. (John), 
 1848, passp. from Honolulu; letters at S.F. 
 
776 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Davis (John Cal vert), 1839, Engl. ship-carpenter and blacksmith, who had 
 been a sailor, and for 5 years on Mex. vessels, probably touching in Cal. ports 
 some years earlier; naturalized, got a lot, and built a house and shop at S.F. 
 '39. iii. 705; iv. 119; v. (582-3. In Nov. '41 he had built, in Napa Creek, a 
 schr called the Susana, for which he asked permission to use the Mex. flag, 
 and in her made a trip to Mazatlan and back in '42-3. In records of the time 
 he is often mentioned as a Yerba Buena blacksmith, and was 32 years old in 
 '42; formed a partnership with Rose and Reynolds, and the firm built houses 
 as well as boats, including a mill for Salv. Vallejo in Napa Val.; corporal of 
 S.F. defensores '44, when he got new naturalization papers, having lost the 
 original on his trip down the coast. He married a daughter of Geo. Yount, 
 prob. in '44, since in April he writes to Larkin for gold earrings and material 
 for a lady's dress all to be kept a profound secret, though L. may guess the 
 object. The same year he built the Londresa; often named in records of '44-7, 
 being a witness at the Rae inquest in '45, iv. 593, and town treasurer in '46. 
 v. 648. I find no later record than Nov. '47, and he is said to have died in 
 '48, committing suicide, according to Sutter. His widow married Eugene Sul 
 livan. He left a son John D., living at Napa '85 and 2 daughters. D. 
 (Joseph), 1845. Amer. sailor and immig. from Or. in the McMahon-Clyman 
 party, iv. 572, 587. Lived for a time at Gordon's; served '46-7 in Co. B, Cal. 
 Bat. (v. 358); claimant for supplies to Fremont, (v. 462); called also M. J. 
 Davis. D. (J. H.), 1848, passp. from Honolulu. 
 
 Davis (Pedro), 1843-5, Ital. resid. of Mont. iv. 400. D. (Peter), 1848 (?), 
 nat. of Mass., long a resid. of Loreto, perhaps came to Cal. before end of '48; 
 Capt. 1). died at Mont. '53. D. (Peter J.), 1848, nat. of N.C., overl. immig. 
 with family; miner on Feather River '48-50; later farmer in S. Joaquin; d. 
 in Humboldt "73. His 1st wife, Phoebe Hunter, died in ; 49; in '73 there were 
 3 surviving children. D. (Robert G.), 1839, clerk on the Monsoon, iv. 105, 
 279; nat. of Honolulu, bro. of Wm H., educated in Boston. He came back 
 on the Julia Ann with goods, which were sold at S.F. '41-2. iv. 566; later in 
 trade at Honolulu, being also Peruvian consul and a judge; died about '72. 
 D. (Robert P.), 1848, nat. of Mo., overl. immig., miner and resid. of Coloma 
 till his death by a fall from his wagon in '57. D. (Samuel H.), 1843, Amer. 
 immig. from Or. in the Hastings party, iv. 390; prob. returned to Or. in 
 '43-4. D. (Sterling), 1847, Co. D, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). D. (Thos), 1846, 
 one of Fauntleroy's dragoons (v. 2,32); Co. G, Cal. Bat., enlisting at S. Jos6 
 Nov. (v. 358); perhaps the 'Uncle Tommy' Davis who died at Sta Cruz '83. 
 A lumberman of same name ment. at S. Buen. '47. D. (W.), 1825, mr of 
 the Maria Ester, iii. 147. 
 
 Davis (Wm Heath), 1816 (?), Boston ship-master who, according to the 
 statement of his son, was owner and mr of the Eagle from Boston to the 
 Sandw. Isl. about '14, for some years in the China trade, and visited Cal. 
 accomp. by his wife, still on the Eagle, about '16, making other trips to the N. 
 W. coast and perhaps to Cal. I have no record of any such vessel on the coast, 
 and there is probably some error in the dates; indeed, it is not unlikely that 
 this was Capt. Davis of the Isabella, 1811-13, whose presence on the coast is 
 ment. in ii. 93, 267, 269, 282. He was related to Gen. Heath, of revolutionary 
 fame; and was for years U.S. commercial agent at Honolulu. His wife was a 
 daughter of Oliver Holmes, another Mass, ship-master who lived lorg at the 
 Sandwich Isl., being at one time gov. of Oahu under Kamehameha 1st. An 
 other daughter of Holmes was the wife of Nathan Spear. Capt. D. died at 
 Honolulu in '23, leaving two sons, Robert G. and Wm H., both named in this 
 register. D. (Win Heath, Jr), 1831, son of the preceding, b. at Honolulu in 
 '22, came to Cal. as a boy on the Louisa, iii. 383, 405; again on the Volunteer 
 in '33; and a 3d time on the Don Quixote in '38, iv. 103, having meanwhile 
 attended school and worked as clerk for a Boston firm at Honolulu. From '38 
 D. was clerk and manager for his uncle, Nathan Spear, at S. F., much of his 
 time being spent in trading trips around the bay. iv. 82, 116, 245, 250-1; in 
 '39 he commanded the ' fleet' that took John A. Sutter and his company up 
 the Sac. Riv. to N. Helv. iv. 130-1; in '40 was arrested as a matter of form, 
 
DAVIS DAY. 777 
 
 but not sent farther than the mission,. though the troubles of this year prob. 
 prevented the granting of his petition for naturalization, iv. 10, 17. In '42 he 
 left Spear's service, and made a trip to Hon. as sup. of the Don QuixUc, Capt. 
 Paty, returning in '43, and in '43-3 acted as agent at S.F. for the firm of Paty, 
 McKinley, & Co. iv. 314, 565; v. 679; in '45 at Los Ang. during the Michel- 
 torena campaign, though not a combatant, bought a lot at S.F., and went to 
 Honolulu on the Don Quixote, iv. 505, 512: v. 679. He now formed a partner 
 ship with Hiram Grimes, buying the Euphemia with a cargo of merchandise, 
 and returning on her to Cal. in '46, from which date he was a prominent mer 
 chant under his own name at S.F., owning several lots and buildings, but 
 spending much of his time on the vessel, which visited the islands and all the 
 ports, v. 240, 578, 653, 681, 683. He took but slight part in political affairs, 
 though acting as inspector of elections, as school trustee, and in '49 as mem 
 ber of the town council, v. 295, 646, 651-2, 656-7; Cal. claim of $3,000 in 
 '46-7 (v. 462); in Nov. '47 married Maria de Jesus, daughter of Joaquin 
 Estudillo. iv. 305; v. 686; in '48 of the firm Davis & Carter; in '49 memb. 
 of the S.F. guard, and vice-president of mass-meeting. His name was given 
 to Davis street, S.F. All the records of early times point to Davis as an 
 honest, genial, industrious, and successful merchant, who laid well the foun 
 dations of a handsome fortune, which, however, in one way or another, slipped 
 from his grasp in the later years. In '85, as for a long time preceding, he re 
 sides at Oakland with his family. In various private archives of my collection 
 I have many of his original business letters, in personal interviews much use 
 ful information has been obtained from him, and he has besides dictated for 
 my use over 300 pages of his Glimpses of the Past, which contains not only 
 his own experiences, but hundreds of interesting items respecting early men 
 and times, especially on commercial methods, and social manners and customs 
 of native and foreign pioneers. His memory is excellent, and has been re 
 freshed by frequent reference to his original correspondence. The value of his 
 historical testimony is somewhat impaired by a tendency to eulogize every 
 body, or to suppress in the narrative such happenings as might call for un 
 friendly comment. If he ever had enemies, there is no indication of the fact in 
 his statements or in any other records that I have seen. Let us hope that all 
 the early Californians were as good as he paints them. David (John W.), 
 1845, one of the Warren's men, lost in S.F. bay '46. iv. 587; v. 384. 
 
 Dawson, 1846, from Honolulu on the Euphemia. D. (J.), 1848, passp. 
 from Honolulu. D. (Fleurnaye), 1843, Amer immig. of the Walker-Chiles 
 party, who applied for a passport in '44. iv. 392-3. D. (James), 1S24(?), 
 Irish sailor on the Rover in '26, who possibly came on the same vessel in '23, 
 raid who, in Dec. '41, at Sonoma, asking for naturalization, claimed a residence 
 of 17 years. I have his autograph on a contract to employ John Fuller in '39. 
 He married Maria Antonia Caceres in '40, and settled on the Estero Ameri 
 cano rancho near Bodega. Quarrelling with his partner about the title, Dawson 
 sawed their house in two parts and moved his half to the Pogoloml rancho, for 
 a grant of which he applied, but died in Oct. '43, and the rancho was granted 
 in '44 to his widow, who was married to Fred. Blume in '49. Though D. is 
 said on good authority to have died in '43. I find records in the archives 
 which seem to show that he was alive in July '44. iv. 448; Vallejo Doc., xii. 
 55. D. (James), 1841, immig. of the Bartleson party, iv. 270; also known 
 as V. W. 'Cheyenne,' John, and 'Long Jim' Dawson; said to have been 
 drowned in the Columbia River. D. (Nicholas), 1841, prob. abro. of James, 
 also in Bartleson party, iv. 270, 275, 279. Known also as 'Bear,' 'Berry,' 
 and ' Birny ' Dawson; kept a store at Sta Cruz in '43, but closed it and went 
 away; said to have left Cal. and died. 
 
 Day (Abraham), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). D. (Benj.}, 1831-2, 
 perhaps of Young's trappers from N. Mex. iii. 388, 408; Amer. hatter at 
 Mont. '34-6. D. (Edward), 1847, perhaps of N. Y.Vol. (v. 499) under an 
 other name. D. (Francis), 1840, naturalized citizen at Brancif. ; licensed to 
 hunt otter '43; ment. in '46. iv. 120; v. 23. D. (John S.), 1847, licut Co. 
 H, N.Y. Vol. v. 504; died at Chicago '51. D. (Manuel), 1838, named in Lar- 
 
778 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 kin's books. D. (Wm), 1832, Kentuckian hatter at Mont. '34; very !ikely 
 one of Young's trappers, and perhaps same as Benjamin, iii. 388, 408. In '35, 
 keeping a iiquor-shop at Los Aug., he stabbed Abel Stearns in a quarrel and 
 was kept in prison a year. iii. 631; ace. to the County Hist, died in Sonora, 
 having settled at Los Ang. in '31. 
 
 Day lor (Win), 1835 (?), Engl. sailor said to have left his vessel this year, 
 to have entered Sutter's service in '40-1, and to have settled on the Cosumnes 
 with Sheldon, his brother-in-law, about '44. iii. 413; iv. 138. Yates met him 
 in '42-3 and speaks in high praise of his character. From '45 he is often named 
 in the N. Hdv. Diary, having fights with Hess and Kampt in '4G; Cal. claim 
 of $50 in '4G-7 (v. 462); Gen. Kearny camped on his rancho '47. v. 452; min 
 ing with Weber '48; Iiid. killed on his rancho '49. Placer Times. lie died of 
 cholera in '50. His widow originally Sarah Rhoads married in '47- was mar 
 ried in '51 to Wm R. Grimshaw, whose Narrative, MS., is the best un'ciiorioy 
 on Daylor's life. Days (Wolberton), 1841, New Yorker who lived long in 
 Brazil, hospital steward on U. S. ex. exped., who came back to Cal. in '49, 
 settling at Grass Val. iv. 279; Nevada Co. Hist. Dayton (W.), 1848, passp. 
 from Honolulu. D. (Wm J.), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); reenlisted; 
 also called Willard Y. 
 
 Deal (John), 1844, Amer. sailor of the Benj. Morgan, landed sick, aided 
 by the consul at Mont. '44-5. Dean (Geo. C.), 1847, Co. F, 3d artill. (v. 
 518); at Mont, to '49. D. (Geo. C.), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 409); at Vi- 
 salia '74-82, Clark; prob. some confusion bet. him and the preceding. D. 
 (Gilbert E.), 1847, Co. A, N.Y.Vol.; at Fort Lee, N.J., '74-82. D. (James), 
 1837, at Mont. Deas (James), 1847, Co. E, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Deck (Au 
 gustus), 1846, owner of S.F. lot. v. 685. Decker (Zachariah B.), 1847, Co. 
 A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); at Sutter's Fort '48; in Utah '81. 
 
 Dedmond (Joel P.), 1838 (?), Amer. carpenter who in '44, returning appar 
 ently from Honolulu on the Fama, claimed a residence of 6 years, obtaining 
 naturalization, a lot at S.F., and the S. Juan rancho in the Sac. Val. iv. 119, 
 C69, 673, G83. He prob. served Micheltorena under Sutter; appears in the N. 
 Hdv. Diary '45-7; but seems to have made a trip to Honolulu in '46. In '47 
 he sold out his land to Sutter and was employed at S.F. by Larkin as sur 
 veyor. Deflect (Wm H.), 1847, owner of S.F. lot. Deforcl (Isaac), 1847, 
 Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). Deitch (Lewis), 1847, ditto. Dekin (An 
 thony), 1847, owner of S.F. lot. Deland (Francis), 1844, Canad. immig. of 
 the Stevens party, iv. 445; perhaps went to Or., as nothing more is known 
 of him, unless it was 'Delone,' q.v. Delaney (Rich. E.), 1847, Co. F, N.Y. 
 Vol. (v. 493); d. S.F. 76. Delehaye (Chas), 1847, Co. C, N.Y.Vol. 
 
 Deleisseques (Olivier), 1838, Frenchman in Mont, district, chiefly at S. 
 Juan B., '38-47; possibly as early as '36. iii. 469; iv. 119; sindico at Mont. 
 '45. iv. 653; purchaser of S. Juan B. orchard '46. v. 561, 637, 640-1. lie had 
 a family, but I know nothing of them or him after '47. His name is variously 
 written, Mofras calling him Leyssegues, which is perhaps the correct form. 
 He may have come in the colony of '34. Delenau (Philibert), 1846, doubtful 
 name of the Cal. Bat. Delfin, neoph. at S. Juan Cap. iii. 626. Delgadillo 
 (Ignacio), 1829-33, Mex. convict. Delgado (Cristina), grantee of Rincon de 
 Salinas rancho '33. D. (Ger6nimo), 1791, piloto in Malaspina's exped. i. 
 490. D. (Ignacio), 1819, Mex. alferez of the Mazatlan comp. at Sta B. ; prob. 
 died or left Cal. soon after '27. His wife is said to have been very skiliul in 
 fine needle- work, making artificial flowers, etc., and to have taught her art 
 to several Cal. girls; perhaps she was the Cristina named above, ii. 254, 361, 
 573, 675. Delick (John), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Delone (Fran 
 cis), 1846, at N. Helv. '46-8, being under arrest in June '46; also called De- 
 long; prob. same as 'Deland' of '44, q.v. Delong (Wm F.), 1846, master 
 U.S.N. in Marstoii's force against Sanchez, .v. 380. ~ 
 
 Demarante (Manuel), 1836, Portuguese skipper of S. F. mission launch, 
 also fanner and sawyer who, in '41, asking for naturalization, claimed a rcsid. 
 of 4^ years in Cal. iv. 118. Demard, 1848, doubtful mention of a Mormon 
 preacher at S.F. Demedrion (Juan B.), 1834, Greek fisherman at Mont. 
 
DEMEDRION DEWELL. 779 
 
 '34-7; two Italians. Luis .and Matias, with him. Demetrius, 1839. mr of 
 theJSaikal. iv. 101. 
 
 Den (Nicholas Augustus), 1S3G, Irish physician who came on the Kent, 
 landing in Dec. at Sta B., where he became a permanent settler, often named 
 in records of later years, iv. 117-18. In '39 not permitted to build on his 
 lot; in '40 applied for naturalization, which was prob. obtained in '41; 
 soon married a daughter of Daniel Hill. In '42 collector at Sta B., and grantee 
 of Dos Pueblos rancho. iv. G42; in '43 grantee of S. Antonio rancho. iv. 633; 
 in '4.') alcalde of Sta B., and with his father-in-law lessee of the mission, iv. 
 420, 42, 553, G42, G44; v. 558; in '4G grantee of S. Marcos, Cal. claim of about 
 $2,000. v. G32-3, 3G5 (462). Dr Den is said to have been of good family, and 
 became in Cal. a most popular stock-raiser of considerable wealth and excel 
 lent reputation. He died at Sta B. in 'G2 at the age of 50; his children were 
 Catherine wife of John Bell, Mary wife of Thos More, d. '78, Susan, Em 
 manuel, Nicholas, Win, Alfred, Alphonso, and Augustus. Portrait in Sta B. 
 Co. JJitit., 46. D. (Richard Somerset), 1843, Irish physician, bro. o.' Nicho 
 las A., who settled at Los Ang. iv. 400; ment. at Los Aug. '46. v. 3 '4; pur 
 chaser of StaB. mission estate, v. 501, 632-3; Cal. claim of $1,020 (v. 462); 
 ir.ent. in '47. v. 365; cl. for S. Antonio rancho. iv. 635. Living at Los Ang. 
 '80. Deng (Fred.), 1848, left Gen. Lane's party and settled at Yreka. 
 
 Denikc (Geo.), 1S4G, baker and saloon-keeper atS.F. '46-8. v. G4G, 684; 
 perhaps correctly written 'Denecke.' Deniston (Garrett V.), 1847, mid. on 
 the U.S. Independence. Deiikers (Chas W.), 1847, Co. A, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); 
 died at Sac. "71 ('81 ?). Dennett (Daniel Q.), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 
 4G9). Dennis (Jemmy), 1831, doubtful men. of an Irishman at Reed's rancho, 
 Marin Co. Dennison (Nathaniel), 1816, on the Lydla at Sta B. ii. 275. 
 
 Denniston (James G.), 1847, sergt Co. B, N.Y.Vol. v. 504; nat. of N. J.; 
 twice a member of the legisl. from S. Mateo; died at S.F. '69, leaving a, widow 
 and 3 children. Denny, 1845, Ind. of Fremont's party, iv. 583, 5S7; per 
 haps killed on the Or. frontier '46. Dent (Lewis), 1847, nat. of Mo., lawyer 
 at Mont. ; of firm D. & Martin; in '49 member of the constit. convention, and 
 from '49 judge of the superior and circuit court; later a lawyer and politician 
 in Miss., Mo., and Washington; a brother-in-law of Gen. Grant. Died in '74 
 at the age of 51. Denton, 1S31-2, one of Young's trappers, said to have re 
 mained some years in Cal. iii. 388, 408. Denton (David), 1846, doubtful 
 name at Los Ang. D. (John), 1846, one of the Donner party from 111., who 
 died in the mts. v. 530, 534. Deny (Wm), 1828, mr of the Vernle. iii. 149. 
 Dcpeaux (Louis). 1847, resid. at Sta'Cruz '47-63 ace. to his testimony in '65. 
 Depen (Joseph H.), 1848, visited S.F. on the Julian from Honolulu. 
 
 Dcppc (Ferdinand), 1832. German supercargo of Virmond's vessels, often in 
 Cul. '3J-G; perhaps from '29-30. iii. 350, 40S, 105, 142. Said to have made a 
 drawing of S. Gabriel in '35. iii. G44. Also a naturalist devoting his spare 
 time to the collection of birds, plants, and shells. Sailed with his specimens 
 on the Iiosse'ns '3G; and ace. to Vischer subsequently devoted himself to hor 
 ticulture in the royal gardens at Pottsdam. David Spence is said to have re 
 ceived a letter from Doppe at Berlin in '73. Derby (J.), 1848, passp. from 
 Honolulu. Derosier (Baptiste), 1844, one of Fremont's party, who wandered 
 from camp in Cal. and was not heard of again, iv. 437, 439. 
 
 Desforges (Auguste), 1834, Frenchman who came with the H. P. col. 
 from Mex. (iii. 249), though in '40, being then a bachelor, age 28, in the Mont, 
 district, he claimed a resicl. of 8 years. Janssens. Vida, 32 et seq., his compan 
 ion in the trip from S. Diego to Sonoma, has much to say of him. In : 3 he 
 worked on the Palo Colorado rancho; named in Larkin's accounts '34-43; in 
 '49 aux. alcalde of S. Jose". Despau, 1837, one of the party from Or. for cat 
 tle, iv. 85. Desprairies, 1846, mr of the Valiant, v. 580. Deston (Geo.), 
 1843, mr of the North America, iv. 567. Devoll (Philip H.), 1S:X) (?), said 
 to have been on the coast on a whaler as early as '30; resid. of Stockton and 
 Sea Cruz from '08. iii. 180. 
 
 Devvell (Benj.), 1843, nat. of Ohio, ovcrl. immig. from Ind. in Grigsby- 
 Jde party, iv. 579, 587. Spending the winter in Napa Val., he joined the 
 
780 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Bears in '46. v. 79, 110, 148; remained in the Sonoma garrison after the U.S. 
 occupation, but in Oct. enlisted in the Gal. Bat. (v. 3<"8), Co. E, and served in 
 the southern campaign. Returning, he lived '47-54 in the Guilicos valley of 
 Sonoma Co., and then moved to a farm near Upper Lake, where he still lived 
 in '81 at the age of 58. His wife was Celia H. Elliott, married in '50, and in 
 '81 they had 8 surviving children. Lake Co. Hist., 230. Do Witt (Alfred), 
 1848, cf S.F. firm of DC Witt & Harrison, v. CG5; remained at S.F. till '54. 
 Dexter, 1848, from Honolulu, according to his later testimony. Dey (Nathan 
 B.), 1C47, Co. E, N.Y.Vol. (v. 409). 
 
 Diaz, 1824, soldier at Sta B. ii. 532. D. (Benito), Mex. receptor of cus 
 toms at Sta B. '35-7. iii. 377, 491, 054; iv. 98; celador at Mont. '42-3. iv. 
 339, 377; receptor at S. F. '44-5, being also agente de policia, owner of lots, 
 builder of the custom-house, and locally prominent in other ways. iv. 42.3, 
 430-1, 403, 557, C54, GGG, GG9, G84; again mcnt. as in charge of the revenues 
 in '4G, S.F. delegate to the consejo gen., and grantee, as was claimed, of Pt 
 Lobo;3 and the Sta Clara orchard, v. 3G, 45, 5G1, 570, G44, GGO, GG5-G, G8J ; 
 had a Cal. claim of $1,500 (v. 4G2). Witness in the Santillan and N. Almaden 
 cases '55, '57, ago 43, still living in 'G8. D. (Francisco), juez do paz at S. 
 Juan B. '43-5. iv. GG1-2; at S. Jose" '50. D. (Gabriel), soldier killed at the 
 Colorado pueblos 1781. i. 359-G2. D., chaplain of the S. Carlos, at Serra's 
 funeral, i. 411. D. (Juan M.). 1774, Span, friar who came to Cal. with 
 Anza, and was missionary on the Colorado, where he was killed by Ind. in 
 1781. i. 221, 223, 259, 3G2. D. (Manuel), Mex. trader, mr of the Trinidad 
 '43; perhaps had visited Cal. before, iv. 5G9. In '40 alcalde of Mont., grantee 
 of Sacramento rancho, on the 1st jury, and memb. of the council after U. S. 
 occupation, v. 15, 234, 289, G3G-8, G75. He is said to have bought the schr 
 Sta Cruz, and in her to have removed his family and effects to L. Cal. about 
 '48; but there was a Manuel D. at Mont, in '51. In '45 Larkin described him 
 as aged 35, a quiet man, of some influence and property, well disposed to the 
 U.S. D. (Melchor), 1540, one of Coronado's officers, who crossed the Col 
 orado, and perhaps looked upon Cal. territory, i. G8. D. (Nicolas), Los Ang. 
 hatter '39-4G. Dibble (Jonas), 1847, advertises cale of the schr William in 
 Mont. Californian; he was carpenter on the Columbus. ' Dick,' 1S4G, Cal. 
 Bat. v. 358. Dickens (Wm), 1836, doubtful name in a Los Ang. list; perhaps 
 'Dickey,' q.v. 
 
 Dickenson (Gallant Duncan), 1846, nat. of Penn., reared in Va, who came 
 overland from Mo. with his wife Isabella McCrary, married '28 4 sons, and 
 2 daughters, v. 528-9. He spent the winter at Sta Clara, being a member of 
 Aram's garrison, going thence to Sta Cruz and Mont., where in '47 he made 
 bricks and built the 1st brick house in Cal. v. G3G. Going to the mines in '48, 
 he gave his name to Dickenson Gulch, Tuolumne Co. ; in '49 settled at Stock 
 ton as a hotel-keeper, being also alcalde and memb. of thcconstit. convention. 
 His daughters are said to have been the 1st Amer. women married at Stock 
 ton, Margaret to A. G. Lawrey, and the other to N. B. Stoneroad. In '52 D. 
 moved to the Tuolumne River, where he kept a ferry and hotel, and from 'G7 
 lived in Merced Co., dying in '70. As a methodist he took an active part in 
 church affairs. His widow died at S. Jos<5 in '77. D. (Geo. W.), 1846, son 
 of G. D., b. in Mo.; settled in Merced Co. '58; in '81 had a farm and hotel at 
 Chester, or Dickenson's Ferry. His wife was Mary Ann Brooks, and they had 
 5 children. D. (W. L.), 1846, bro. of Geo. W.*, representing Merced and 
 Stanislaus in the legisl. of '63; resid. Horr's rancho, nat. of Tenn., age 32. 
 Dickey (D.), 1848, memb. of 1st Mont, jury; perhaps David who was at S. 
 Jos6 in '50. D. (H. W.), 1848, passp. from Honolulu. 
 
 Dickey (Wm), 1832, Irishman who got a pass in July, iii. 408, though 
 there may possibly be an error in the year. From '38 his name appears in Lar 
 kin 's accts and other records; arrested iii '40, but not exiled, iii. 408; iv. 17; 
 in '42 obtained a renewal of his pass, claiming about 7 years' residence; and 
 about the same time he moved from the Sta Cruz region to N. Helvetia. In 
 '43 he accomp. Dr Sandels in his travels through the Sac. Val., where ho had 
 already selected a rancho, the Arroyo Chico adjoining Keyser's, for which he 
 
riCKEY-DOCICRILL. 781 
 
 petitioned the same year. In '44 he was naturalized and got his rancho, iv. 
 070, being recom. bySutter, under whom he prob. served in the Michekorena 
 campaign, iv. 480; signed the order for Weber's arrest, iv. 483; appears in 
 t'ne list of Cal. claimants (v. 402); and is named in the N. Hdv. Diary '40-8. 
 He may havs been the 'Dick ' of the Cal. Bat. as above. In '48 he was a part 
 ner of Bid well in the Feather River mines; went east in '49, living at Liberty, 
 Pcun., and dying before '00. Dickinson (F.), 1848, of U.S.N., at S.F. on the 
 Lady Adams. D. (M.), 1848, alcalde in Calaveras Co. ace. to a nev/spaper 
 mention. Dickson, 1847, S. F. merchant of firm D. & Hay, of the Beehive 
 store; owner of town-lots '47-8. v. 044-5, 084; the firm still in business in '50. 
 I suppose this may have been John Dickson, who came from Honolulu on the 
 Providence; name often written 'Dixon.' 
 
 Diddleson (Augustus), 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Diel (J.F.), 1S4G, 
 Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). D. (Valentine), 1840, ditto; lot at S.F. '48. The 
 name was perhaps ' Diehl,' who, ace. to Ballhaus, was an overl. immig. M'ith 
 Hoppe and Harlan; still at S.F.. a grocer, '52-4; later a farmer near Mayficld, 
 where he died about '82. Dierkin (A.), 1848, corporal of S. F. guards. 
 Di^or (Henry), 1840, Fauntleroy's dragoons, v. 232. Dillaway (John), 1013, 
 pilot of the Mercury, ii. 208. Dillon (James, 1847, Co. F, 3d 'U.S. artill. (v. 
 518). D. (Joseph), 1824, Amer. quarrymau at Mont. '29, age 28, 5 years iu 
 Cai. ii. 520. 
 
 Dimmick (Kimball H.), 1847, nat. of Conn., N.Y. lawyer and militia offi 
 cer, who came as capt. of Co. K, N.Y.Vol. v. 504; election inspector at S.F. 
 '48. v. 052; alcalde of S. Jose '49. v. 002; also judge of the sup. tribunal and 
 memb. of the constit. convention; a Sac. printer '50; went east '51, but re 
 turned to Los Ang., where he was district attorney, justice of the peace, and 
 county judge. He died in '01 at the age of 50. Dimond (J.), 1847, at S. F. 
 from Or. on the Henry. Dittmann (Carl), 1844, German sailor, known in 
 Cal. as Charley Brown, who came on the Euphemia, engaging in otter-hunt 
 ing with Nidever and others, an occupation interrupted by mining in '43-50. 
 Sta B. was his home down to '78, when he dictated for me his Narrative of a 
 Sea-faring Life, an interesting record of many adventures, iv. 450; v. 317. 
 Dix (J.), 1848, on the Julian from Honolulu. Dixon (James), 1840, Faunt- 
 leroy's dragoons (v. 232). D. (J.), 1847, at Honolulu from Cal.; perhaps 
 ' Dickson ' of D. & Hay, q.v. D. (James F.), 1847, Co. A, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); 
 drowned in Gold Lake 'SO. D. (Joseph), 1832, Amer. who joined the comp. 
 extranjera at Mont. iii. 221, 408; on Larkin's books and other records '34- 
 48; got a pass '44; in Sutter's employ '45-0; sometimes called an Englishman, 
 and there may have been two of the name. 
 
 Doak (Thomas W.), 1810, the 1st Amer. settler in Cal., nat. of Boston, 
 who came on the Albatross, name often written Duke and Doc. ii. 275, 277, 
 393. He was baptized at S. Carlos in '10 as Felipe Santiago; in '18 employed 
 to paint the mission church of S. Juan B., where he was married in '20, by 
 viceregal permission of '19, to Maria Lugarda, daughter of Mariano Castro, 
 ii. 248, 272, 380; in '29 his age is given as 42, and from this time his name 
 appears in various records as a carpenter of good habits. He lived for sorno 
 years at Sta Cruz, or at least two of his children were born there; in '32 
 joined the comp. extranjera at Mont. iii. 221; said to have been at S. Joso in 
 '33; on Larkin's books from '33; in '34 had children ace. to the padron; in 
 '30 living in the Mont, dist., at or near Las Animas, age 50, wife Lugarda 
 Castro age 30, child. Juan B. b. '21, Valeriano '23, Ana Maria '29, and Ce- 
 cilio '33. I have his autograph of '27 and '47, but no later record of him or 
 his family. Taylor says he died before '48. D. (John), 1847, overl. immig., 
 who went 1st to Sta Cruz and then to the mines in '48, presently establishing 
 a ferry on the S. Joaquin, and becoming one of the earliest business men of 
 Stockton. I believe that he, or one of his sons, was somewhat prominent in 
 S. Joaq. politics in later years. Doatey, 1847, at N. Helv. 
 
 Dobson, 1840, doubtful name in a Los Ang. list. D. (Joseph), 1847, Co, 
 A, Morm. Eat. (v. 409). Docente (Chas), 1847, owner of S. F. lot. v. 070. 
 Dockrill (Joseph, or James), 1847, printer from Canada, whose real name is 
 
782 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 said to have been Joseph Armstrong; foreman and perhaps part owner of the 
 Ccd'fornian '47-8. v. 658; worked in newspaper offices S.F. till '52, becoming 
 dissipated and losing his property; then went to the mines; died at Dry Creek 
 '50. Dodd (Matthew), 1847, carpenter on the U.S. Cyane. D. (Solomon), 
 1848, name in list of letters; at S. Jose '50. Dodero (Nicolas), 1827, Italian 
 sailor who left the Maria Ester at S. F., was sent to Mont., and in '29 was 
 living at S. Jose", age 25. iii. 176; married an Higuera; in '40 a naturalized 
 citizen at Branciforte; in '44 grantee of Tres Ojos de Agua, Sta Cruz Co. iv. 
 656; in '46 had a son in the Mont, school. Dodge (Augustus), 1847, Co. C, 
 Morm. Bat. (v. 469); Utah farmer '82. Dodge (Chas F. and Theophilus), 
 1848 (?), early settlers of Sonora. D. (Edwin T.), 1847 (?), policeman and 
 sheriff of Yuba Co., who in '58 went to B. Col., and later to Wash. Ter. ; 
 said to have been a sergt in N.Y.Vol., but there is no such name on the roll. 
 
 Dodson (Eli), 1847, Co. A, Morm Bat. (v. 469). D. (Jacob), 1844, servant 
 of Fremont in 1st and 2d exped.; F.'s companion in the famous ride of '47. 
 iv. 437; v. 443. D. (Wm), 1845, overl. immig. from 111. iv. 578; who went 
 to Or. with Bristow in '46. v. 526. Doekin (Anthony), 1847, owner of S. F. 
 lot. Dofar, or Dojan (Matthew), 1847, named as one of the 2d Donner re 
 lief, v. 540. Dofit (Joseph), 1831, named as one of Young's trappers, iii. 
 388. Doge (J. F.), 1847, doubtful name at Mont. Doggte (Tim.), 1823, 
 mr of the Balance; perhaps Daggett. ii. 492. Dohling (Geo.), 1846, at S.F. 
 and N. Helv. ; owner of lots. v. 684; Cal. claim, apparently for service in Cul. 
 Bat. (v. 358); owner of land at S. Jose" '48. Doiron (A.), 1848, passp. from 
 Honolulu. Doke (James), 1841, from N. Mex. in the Workman-Rowland 
 party, iv. 278; a nat. of Tenn.; started to return to Sta Fe with Rowland in 
 '43, and was drowned in Green River. Given. Dolan (Patrick), 1846, Irish 
 man of the Donner party, from Keokuk, Iowa; died in an attempt to obtain 
 relief for the rest. v. 530, 534, 537. Doliver, 1816, carpenter of the Lydia. 
 ii. 275. Dolman (John), 1846, seaman in the navy; later Phil, lawyer. S.J. 
 Pioneer. Doll (John), 1847, Co. F, 3d U. S. artill. (v. 518). Dollman 
 (Fred.), 1847, Co. A, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Dolton (Henry S.), 1847, Co. B, 
 Morm. Bat. (v. 469); at Cacheville, Utah, '81. 
 
 Dom (Antonio), weaver instructor 1792-5. i. 615. Domer (Peter), 1847, 
 Co. I, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); d. S. Diego '48. Domingo, neophyte leader in the 
 fight at S. Bueu, 1795. i. 675. D. (Juan), 1830, Dutch ship-carpenter on 
 the Danube from Lima, age about 28. iii. 180; settled at Los Ang., where he 
 was living in '36; married a Felix before '40; became a man of some wealth; 
 had a Cal. claim in '46 (v. 402), 627; died in '58. 
 
 Dominguez, known as Dominguito, killed at Pauma '46. v. 617. D. (An 
 tonio), soldier of Sta B. comp. before '37. D. (Carlos), at Los Ang. '39, age 
 29. D. (Carmen), juez de campoat Sta B. '35. iii. 654; wife Isabel Romero, 
 6 children. D. (Cristobal), soldier of S. Diego comp. before 1800; sergt 1 817- 
 25; grantee of S. Pedro rancho '22; nephew of Juan Jos6; died '25. i. 662; ii. 
 341, 424, 543, 565. His wife was Maria de los Reyes Ibaues; child. Maria 
 Victoria wife of Jos<3 Ant. Estudillo, Luis Gonzaga, Manuel, Maria Fran. 
 Marcelina wife of Wm A. Gale, Maria Elena Ramona, Jos6 Nasario, and 
 Pedro Juan Agapito. D. (Demesio), mentioned '31-47. iii. 198; v. 400; at 
 Los Ang. '39, age 48, on the Virgenes rancho. D. (Domingo), soldier of Sta 
 B. comp. '32; another at S. Bern. '46, age 24. D. (Francisco), son of Jos6 
 Ant., el. of S. Emigdio rancho. iv. 635. D. (Jesus), 1846, at Los Ang. D. 
 (Jose"), comisionado at S. Jose" 1785, when he died. i. 478. D. (Jose" Ant.), 
 grantee of S. Emigdio '42. iv. 635. D. (Jos6 Dolores), soldier of S. D. at S. 
 Juan Cap. 1776. i. 303; corporal of the S. Antonio escolta 1780; prob. the 
 Jos<5 who died in '85 as above. D. (Jos<5 Maria), soldier at Sta B. 1800. i. 
 639; iuval. at Sta B. '32, wife Marcelina Felix, 4 children; grantee of Las 
 Virgenes '37. iii. 634; died in '45 at age of about 100; his widow died '65 at 
 age of 105, leaving over 100 descendants through 7 sons and 7 daughters. One 
 son was Jose"; 2 daughters were Luisa and Maria. D. (Josd Maria), at Los 
 Ang. '39, age 39; also '43. iv. 642. D. (Jose" Maria), at Brancif. '45, age 25, 
 wife Concepcion Galatan, child. Manuel and Guadalupe. D. (Juan Jos6), 
 
DOMINGUEZ-DOOR. 783' 
 
 settler of Los Art. 1785-90, soldier in earlier years, i. 246, 461; grantee of S. 
 Pedro rancho 1800-22. i. C62; ii. Ill, 350, 353, 634, GG3. 
 
 Dominguez (Manuel), son of Cristobal, who from about '25 lived on the S. 
 Pedro rancho. In '27-8, of terna for contador, suplcntc of the dip., and elector 
 for Los Ang. ii. 5GO; iii. 42, 44, 63; in '29 regidor. ii. 501; in '32 alcalde of 
 Los Ang. iii. 216, G35; in '33-G aux. alcalde at 8. Pedro, iii. 635-6; opposition 
 to Gov. Alvarado '36-7. iii. 491, 406; in '39 2d alcalde Los Ang. iii. 636; 
 '42-3 jucz de paz. iv. 632-3; in '43 prefect of 2d district, iv. 632-3; in '44 
 capt. of defensores. iv. 407. In '46 his rancho was occupied by the Amer. in 
 Oct. v. 319; in '49 he was a member of the constit. convention; in '52 county 
 supervisor, cl. for the S. Pedro rancho. iii. 634. Don Manuel was always a 
 man of influence and of excellent repute. Still living on his home rancho in 
 '80 at the age of 77, entirely blind for some years; died, I think, a few years 
 later. His wife was Maria Alta Gracia Cota, and they had 10 children, of 
 whom 6 daughters survived in '80. D. (Mariano), Los Ang. trader, age 50, 
 in '39. D. (Nasario). bro. of Manuel, a wild fellow, but a successful ranchero. 
 He sold his share of the rancho to his brother. D. (Nemesio), soldier at So 
 noma '41. D. (Pedro), at Los Ang. : 38; juez de campo at S. Pedro '40. iii. 
 564-5, G37; age 29 in '39. D. (Serapio), Mex. soldier of the piquete de Hi 
 dalgo at Mont. '36, age 23. D. (Vicente), at Los Ang. '46. D. (Vicente 
 Sotclo dc), at Los Ang. '38. iii. 566. 
 
 Dominis (John), Ib35, mr of the Bolivar, iii. 381; mr of the Joseph Pea- 
 body '39-42. iv. 104. 566; native of Trieste, who was lost on the Noble about 
 '45. His widow lived at Honolulu '84, and his son John 0. was brother-in-law 
 of the king. Peirce. Donald (M.), 1848, miner said to have been drowned 
 in the Yuba. D. (Neal), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); reenl.; died at 
 S. Diego Nov. Donaldson (A. C.), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). 
 Donegan (John), 1847, Co. C, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). Donnelly, 1848, kept a 
 gambling and grog shop at Sta B. , ordered to be broken up by govt. D. 
 (John), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). 
 
 Donner (Geo.), 1846, nat. of N. C., who came from Springfield, 111., in the 
 famous immig. party that bears his name. For a full account of this terrible 
 journey, see v. 530-44. He was accompanied by his wife Tamsen, widow 
 Dozier, maiden name Eustis, a woman of 'culture and education, formerly a 
 teacher, v. 530, 541, 544; two daughters by a former wife, Elitha C., v. 534, 
 and Leanna C., v. 534; and three daughters by Tamsen, Frances E., Georgia 
 A., and Eliza P. v. 535. The father and mother both perished, the latter de 
 liberately sacrificing her own life in order to cheer the dying hours of her 
 husband; but the children were all rescued. Elitha married Perry McCoon in 
 '47, and after his death Benj. W. Wilder: and in 'SO lived at Elk Grove, Sac. 
 Co., with 6 children. Leanna married John App in '52, and in '80 lived at 
 Jamestown, Tuol. Co., with 3 children. Frances married Wm R. Wilder, and 
 in '80 lived in Contra Costa Co. with 5 children. Georgia married W. A. Bab- 
 cock in '63. and in '80 lived at Mountain View, Sta Clara Co., with 3 children. 
 Eliza, the youngest, a small child in '46, married S. 0. Houghton in '61, and 
 in '80 was living at S. Jose with 6 children. McGlashan gives many details 
 about the members of this farrily, with a portrait of Georgia. 
 
 Donner (Jacob), 1846, brother of Geo., and member of the same party, 
 with his wife Elizabeth, 4 sons, and a daughter, v. 530-44. The father, 
 mother, and 3 sons Isaac, Lewis, and Samuel perished in the mountains; 
 but one son and the daughter survived. Geo. D. , Jr, married Margaret J. Wat 
 son in '62, and died at Sebastopol, Sonoma Co., in '74, leaving a widow and 6 
 children living in '80. A S.F. lot was granted him in '47. His sister, Mary M. 
 Donner, was married* in '59 to S. O. Houghton, and died in '60, leaving a 
 daughter, still living in '80. Mrs Elizabeth D. also had two sons by a fonner 
 marriage, named 'Hook,'q.v. Donnavan (B.), 1848, passp. from Honolulu. 
 Doody (Patrick), 1847, Co. I, KY.Vol. (v. 499); at Coloma '49 with his wife. 
 Doolan (John), 1847, Co. D, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). Dobley (Thomas), 1846, 
 Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). D. (Thos), 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. Clark; 
 prob. an error. Door (James), 1840, arrested foreigner, doubtful, iv. 14. 
 
784 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Dopken (Jacob), 1845, at S. F. '45-6; Johana D., apparently his wife; at 
 N. Hclv. '47; lot at S.F. iv. 587; v. G78. Doran (John), 1847, Co. F, 3d U. 
 S. artill. (v. 518). Dormaii (Henry), 1846, overl. immig. with Ballhaus (v. 
 526); vincyardist in Sac. Val.; d. about '54. D. (John), 1834, Engl. tailor 
 at Mont. Dornin (Thomas), 1842, com. of the U. S. Dale. iv. 314, 5G5. 
 Dornte (C.), 1845, at N. Helv. with a family, iv. 578; possibly went to Or. v. 
 526; but was probably the D. who settled at S. F. in '46, and was murdered 
 by Beverley in Nov. '47. v. 646, 684. Dorr (Ebenezer), 1796, mr of the 
 (stfer, the 1st Amer. vessel in a Cal. port. i. 539-40, 618, 644, 685. Dorset, 
 1C47, on the Currency Lass from Honolulu. Dorty (Wm). 1841, employed 
 on Leese's launch. Dotson, 1846, doubtful name at Chino rancho. v. 314. 
 Dotter (Wm C.), 1847, Co. C, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); lot at S. F., where he still 
 lived 71-82; ex-member of the legislature. 
 
 Doucett (Louis), 1847, lot-owner at S.F. Dougherty, 1846, at S.F. with 
 family; prob. 'Dornte,' q. v. D. (James), 1847, Co. C, N. Y. Vol. (v. 409). 
 D. (John), 1847, Irish, at N. Helv. I). (Joseph), 1832, one of Young's trap 
 pers who perhaps remained in Cal. iii. 388. Douglas, 1845, Engl. pass to 
 Sonora. D. (David), 1830, Scotch botanist on the Dryad from the Columbia 
 Riv. ; joined the'comp. extranjera at Mont. '32; touched again at S. F. '33; 
 died at the Sandw. Isl. '34. iii. 221, 382, 403-5, 699. D. (David F.), 1 848, 
 nat. of Teim. who came as wagoner from Mcx. with Graham's dragoons (v. 
 522); memb. of 1st legisl. '49-50; U.S. marshal; sec. of state '55-7; from '57 
 on a farm in S. Joaq. to his death in '72, age 51. D. (Sir James), 1841, agent 
 of the H.B.Co., who came on the Columbia, iv. 80, 194, 209-17, 564, 619, 650, 
 665. See also JJist. Brit. Col., this series. My collection contains his Private 
 Papers and Journal, including the Voyage, to Cal. He died at Victoria in '77. 
 D. (James), 1847, Co. D, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); later in Slitter's employ. D. 
 (John), 1823, sailor on the Rover. D. (Thos), 1847, teacher and graduate of 
 Yale, who came from Honolulu on the Francesco, with letters from Judd to 
 Larkin, and in '48 took charge of the S. F. public school, v. 656-7. D. 
 (Thos A.), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). 
 
 Dove (James G.), 1833, Engl. sailor from the whaler Kitty at Mont. iii. 
 409; named in a Los Ang. list of '36 as a single London carpenter, age 22, 
 from Peru; a trapper for some years; in '40 exiled to S. Bias, but came back 
 with a pass and claim for damages, iv. 18, 33, 37. He is named in a S. Gabriel 
 list of '44; but I find no trace of him in '46-7; in the mines '48-52, and later 
 at Stockton, Fresno, and Tuolumne, where he lived in '71. Dow (Joseph G. ), 
 
 1847, Co. C, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); memb. of leg'sl. ! 62; in Sonoma Co. '71-9; in 
 Mendocino '82. Dowd (Michael), 1841, mr of the Corxair. iv. 564. Dowl- 
 ing (Geo.), 1847, owner of S.F. lots; prob. same as ' Dohling,' q.v. D. (John), 
 
 1848, in the mines with Brooks; wounded by Ind. D. (Thos H.). 184S, 
 Irish overl. immig.; claimant for Yerba Buena Isl.; left .Cal. '67; died at 
 Wash. '72, age 62. Downes (John), 1846, passed mid. on the U. S. Dale; 
 acting mr of the Portsmouth '47. Downey (Chas H.). 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. 
 artill. (v. 518). D. (Joseph), 1846, doubtful name at S. F. v. 649. Down 
 ing (Helms), 1845, overl. immig. in the Hastings party, iv. 586-7; at N. 
 Helv. '46; served in the Cal. Bat. (v. 358); prob. went east soon after '47. 
 Doyle (James), 1836, employee of Leese at S.F., who on being dismissed en 
 gaged in stealing horses in the interior, for which he was arrested and brought 
 to Sonoma for trial, iii. 722; iv. 113, 118. It may have been the same or an 
 other James D. who appears as a laborer on Larkin's books from '44 and got 
 land at S.F. and Mont, in '46-7. 
 
 Drabe (David R.), 1845, mr of the Martha, iv. 567. Drake (Andrew J.), 
 1847, lieut on the U. S. Columbus. D. (Francis), 1579, Eugl. navigator on 
 the coast of Cal.; full account of his visit in i. 81-94. Drayton (Joseph), 
 1841, artist in U.S. ex. exped. iv. 241. D. (Percival), 1847, lieut on the U. 
 S. Columbus. Drear, see 'Dryer.' Drennan (James), 1847, Co. B, N. Y. 
 Vol. (v. 499); d. Tuolumne '71. Dresher (Jacob), 1846, Co. C, 1st U. S. 
 dragoons (v. 336). Dreyer (Henry), 1847, Co. F, 3d U. S. artill. (v. 518). 
 Drieher (Jacob), 1847, Co. E, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). Dring (David), 1847, mr 
 
DRING DUNCAN. 785 
 
 of the Janet, v. 578; a business man of S.F. '48-9 and later. Driscoll, 1848, 
 at S.F. from Tahiti. Druco (Lozuel), 1841, carpenter from tbc Alert at S. 
 Pedro; ordered to reembark, Sttarns being lined for keeping D. at his house; 
 written also ' Dince ' and ' Dance.' Drummond (John W. H.), 1847, had a 
 lot and house at Benicia. v. 072. Dryer (John), 1847, Co. B, N.Y.Vol. (v. 
 499); at Sta Cruz '71-82. 
 
 Dnarte (Alberto), soldier in S.F. militia comp. '37. D. (Andres), grantee 
 of Azuza '41, and of a S. Gabriel lot '46. v. 628, 034; his name is still retained 
 by a settlement in this region. D. (Angel, Felipe, Francisco, Jose", Julio, 
 Manuel, Martin, Nasario, Rafael, Ramon, Vicente), living in the Los Ang. 
 region '46. D. (Antonio Ign.), soldier at Sta B. '32, wife Eulalia Higuera. 
 D. (Cayetano), settler at Los Ang. '13. ii. 350. D. (Jos6), ranchero and 
 militiaman in S.F. dist '35-7; at S. Jos6 '41, age 33, wife Maria Soto, child 
 Antonio. D. (Jos6), shot for murder at Los Ang. '41. iv. 630. D. (Juan 
 Jose), settler at Los Ang. '14. ii. 350. D. (Juan Jose), soldier at Sta B. '32, 
 wife Maria Serrano. D. (Juan Maria), soldier at Sta B. before '37. D. 
 (Leandro), settler at Los Ang. ii. 350. D. (Manuel), soldier at the Colorado 
 pueblos, killed by Ind. 1781. i. 359, 362. D. (Manuel), sindico at S. Jos6 
 '27. ii. 605; aux. alcalde at Sta Gertrudis '37. iii. 636. D. (Mariano), soldier 
 of S.F. comp. '19; alcalde of S. Jose' '31, in controversy with Gov. Victoria, 
 iii. 194-5, 609, 729; in '41 at S. Jose", age 68, nat. of Cal., wife Tcodora Peralta, 
 child. Albino b. '21, Loreto '27, Luisa '32; in '45 a school-master on trial for 
 grave crimes, iv. 686. 
 
 Dubosc (Pierre), 1840, Frenchman killed by an Ind. at Mclntosh's rancho. 
 Mofras blamed the authorities for neglect to arrest the murderer, iv. 120, 252. 
 Duchene, 1845, perhaps with Fremont, iv. 583. Duckworth (Walter), 1829 
 (?), Engl. sailor who in '32 joined the comp. extranjera at Mont. iii. 179-80, 
 221, 408; often named in records of '32-43; in '36 at Mont., age 32, wife An- 
 tonia Armenta, child. Guillermo b. '30, Santiago '32, Maria Adelaida '35. The 
 age of his son is the only evidence I have that he came before '32. In '41 he 
 accompanied Douglas on a trip from Mont, to S.F. ; prob. died soon after '43. 
 He was often called Santiago, and was juez del monte at Mont. '35. iii. 674. 
 The son Santiago had a Cal. claim of $3,950 in '46-7 (v. 462). Ducoigne 
 (Eugene), 1846, Cal. Bat., artill. Co. B (v. 358), enlisting at S.F. Oct.; Cal. 
 claim for services, 161. Dueuas, 1842, perhaps an alferez of the batallon 
 iijo, said to have remained in Cal. '45. iv. 513. 
 
 Dufrd (Jacques), 1840, arrested at Los Ang. iv. 14; prob. the name was 
 ' Dufras.' Dnhaut-Cilly (Auguste), 1827-8, mr of the French trader Ittros. 
 and author of the Voyage autour du Monde, containing much valuable matter 
 about Cal. iii. 94-5, 128-31, 133, 147; also ment. of his work and local de 
 scriptions, ii. 548, 550-1, 563-4, 574-5, 579, 589-90, 595, 598, 603, 610-11, 
 014, GIG, 626, 631, 650. Duhy (John), 1848, came from Sandw. Isl. Hist. 
 Or., ii. 334. Duisenberg (Edward), 1848, German business man of S.F. '80, 
 who may have arrived from Valparaiso before the end of '48. Contemp. J3log. 
 i. 416. Duketel (Sidney), 1845, perhaps one of Fremont's men, as he was 
 in '48-9. v. 453, 583. Dulanto (Andres), 1804, Span, friar who served at S. 
 Juan B., and died in 1808. ii. 154, 159-60. Dulany, 1842, lieut U.S. N. with 
 Com. Jones, iv. 308. Dumetz (Francisco), 1771, Span, friar who served as 
 missionary for 40 years, chiefly at S. Buen. , S. Fern., and S. Gabriel, where 
 he died in 1811. Biog. ii. 355; ment. i. 173, 175-6, 178-9, 187-9, 19G, 237, 
 246, 255, 276, 282, 351, 388, 405, 466, 562, 575, 578, 674; ii. 113-15, 159, 394. 
 Duncan, 1815, on the Columbia, not permitted to remain in Cal. ii. 273. 
 D., 1845, immig. from Or. in the McMahon-Clyman party, prob. went back 
 in '46. iv. 572, 526. D. (Alex.), 1843, mrof the Vancouver, iv. 569; perhaps 
 of the Columbia '47. v. 577. D. (James M.), 1846, passed mid. on the Con- 
 f//v.s-x; acting capt. of Co. F, Stockton's Bat. '46-7, and in Gillespie's party 
 meeting Kearny. v. 340, 385. D. (Robert)* 1846, Scotchman from New 
 Zealand with his wife and 4 children; lived at S.F., where he owned a lot in 
 '47; in the mines '48-9; settled in Sta Clara Co., where he died '57. Portrait 
 in Hesperian Nov. '59. D. (Thomas), 1839, Scotch mr of the Juan Jose "39- 
 IIisi. CAL., VOL. II. 50 
 
786 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 44; naturalized in '44; at Mont. '45. iv. 104, 119, 566. D. (Thos). 1846 (?), 
 Kentuckian; at Sac. '48-9; at Emigrant Gap, Nev. '82. Reno Gazette. Dun- 
 comb (C.), 1848, nat. of Conn.; doctor and farmer; in legisl. '63 from Sac., 
 age 70. D. (John), 1846, owner of S.F. lot. v. 684. Dundas, 1844, officer 
 on the Modeste. Dunderfeldt (John), 1816, sailor on the Lydia at StaB. ii. 
 275. Dunham (Albert), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Eat. (v. 469); died at S. Diego 
 '47. Dunitch (Ernest F.), 1847, musician of N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); nearPlacer- 
 ville '83. Dunlap (John), 1846, Co. C, 1st U. S. dragoons (v. 336). D. 
 (John G.), 1847, Co. F, 3d U. S. artill. (v. 518). Dunfeavy (James G. T.), 
 1846, overl. immig. and methodist preacher, who was a lot-owner at S. F., 
 and was prominent in town affairs of '47, being municipal clerk and taking 
 part in public meetings, v. 528-9, 645, 648-9, 653; in '47-8 preacher and 
 acting alcalde at Sta Cruz. v. 641-2; also preached at the gold-mines '48. I 
 lind no later record of him. His 3d initial is often printed S. or W., but I 
 have his autograph. Dunlevy (James), 1847, Co. F, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Dunn (Alex.), 1836, Amer. hatter from N. Mex. at Los Aug., age 29. 
 D. (Alex.), 1847, Co. F, 3d U. S. artill.;' in the mines from '48; in Mariposa 
 '51-2; from '56 at Stockton, where he was drowned in '77. D. (E. H. ), 1846, 
 1st officer of the Fama, in trouble with the capt. D. (Ed. T.), 1847, purser 
 of the U.S. Columbus. D. (James H.), 1846, Fauntleroy's dragoons (v. 232). 
 D. (Patrick H.), 1846, nat. of Me, who landed from a whaler and went to 
 Sonoma Co. ; also accredited to N.Y.Vol. ; a printer; said to have frozen his 
 feet in one of the Donner relief parties. In southern Cal. he belonged to a 
 gang of desperadoes, being twice tried for murder. Went to Ariz, in '57; 
 edited a paper; served in the legisl., and as county judge; and died near 
 Tucson in '71, or, as some say, in '66. See John ' Dunne.' D. (Thos), 1847, 
 Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); at Goose Creek, Id., '81. ' Dunne (John), 1847, 
 Co. G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); a printer from Me, who lived 3 years at Sonoma; 
 badly wounded in a fight with desperadoes at Sta B. about '53; drowned in 
 Kern Riv. '55. Evidently there is much confusion between this man and Pat. 
 H. ' Dunn,' q.v. D. (Win Burden), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336); 
 nat. of Ireland and resid. of Los Ang. '76. I have his MS. Notes on S. Pas- 
 cual. Dunklemugger (John), 1846, doubtful name in '71. Alta. Dupas 
 (J.), 1845, in Sutter's employ '45-8. iv. 587: often named in the N. Ilelv. 
 Diary; also written 'Duped,' and 'Dupeis,' 'Dupont,'and 'Dupos'; perhaps 
 the man called 'Dofar,' q.v. Dupont (Samuel F.), 1846, com. of the U. S. 
 Congress, transferred to the Cyane. v. 251, 253, 267, 284, 577; uat. of N. J.; 
 rear-admiral in the war of '61-5; d. in '65. 
 
 Puran (Narciso), 1806, Span, friar, who served 40 years as missionary in 
 Cat., chiefly at S. Jose" and Sta B.; one of the most prominent and influen 
 tial of the Franciscans, especially in the later years; president and prefect; 
 died at Sta B. in '46, the last survivor but two of the Fernandinos in Cal. 
 Biog. v. 633-4; ment. ii. 136, 138, 159-60, 163, 218, 329-30, 335, 375, 387, 
 394, 493, 500, 502, 504, 518, 599-600, 644, 655, 657; iii. 18-20, 74-5, 87, 89, 
 96, 114, 156, 198-9, 250, 257-8, 308-10, 316, 318, 320, 328-36, 338, 346-7, 
 423, 434-6, 492, 510, 530, 550, 566, 577, 582, 595, 611, 652-3, 656, 733-4; iv. 
 45-8, 57, 60, 63-4, 159, 253, 331, 371-2, 423, 546-51, 553, 565, 643. Durand 
 (St Vrain), 1845, Canadian sawyer from Or. in the McMahon-Clyman party, 
 iv. 572, 587. He went south with Fremont in '46, and was one of Talbot's men 
 at Sta B. v. 316; later served in Co. A, Cal. Bat. (v. 358), enlisting at Mont, 
 in Sept. Durbin (Daniel), 1844, possibly of the Stevens' immig. party (iv. 
 445), but prob. went to Or. D. (M. L.),'lS48, nat. of Cal., farmer in Solano 
 Co. '78; prob. son of the following. D. (W. Perry), 1846, nat. of Mo., prob. 
 overl. immig.; farmer in Solano Co. '51-78. Durick (Patrick), 1842, Irish 
 carpenter from Honolulu on the Fama, age 31 ; still at Mont. '46. Durivage, 
 1848 (?), editorial writer on the Alta and other papers from '49; left N. Orleans 
 for Cal. via Chihuahua in '48 and possibly arrived at the end of the year. 
 Durkue (Anthony), 1847, Co. K, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). Dustin (C. H.), 1848, 
 nat. of Vt; in Sta Clara '53-76. 
 
 Dutcher (Thomas P.), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); reenlisted. Du- 
 
DUTHA DE VARGAS EAGAR. 787 
 
 tra de Vargas (Manuel), 1841, Portug. trader, age 19, who came from S. Amer. 
 ou the J6i~c.il Carolina, and was naturalized in '42, having a Mex. wife. He 
 kept a saloon at Mont, in '43, and was prob. the ' Dutre ' named by Colton 
 in '47. iv. 279. Button (C.), 1846, at Sutter's Fort in Feb. 
 
 Button (David Bewey), 1840, nat. of Mass, who crossed the plains to Or. 
 in '39, and in '40 was a passenger on the Lausanne, touching at Bodega and 
 going to Honolulu, iv. 104, 117, 120-1. In '43 he came back from S. Amer. 
 with Stephen Smith, iv. 390; worked a while at Bodega; went to N. Helv., 
 being employed as cook by Sutter, and settled on Butte (Jr., being naturalized 
 in '44. iv. 229, 396. v. 102. Soon after '48 he moved to Solano Co., where he 
 still lived at Vacaville after '80. His wife was Martha J. Pearson, married in 
 '06; and they had 7 children in '79. Portrait in Solano Co. Hist., 80. But 
 ton (Baniel), 1847, owner of lot at S.F. Buval, 1843, mr of the Fanny, iv. 
 565; mr of the Parachute and Covinyton '46-7, perhaps the same man. v. 
 577, 579. B. (J., or Marius), 1846, asst surg. on the Portsmouth; visited N. 
 Helv.; inMarston's exped. Jan. '47. v. 102, 380. Buvall (Robert C.), 1816. 
 mid. on the U.S. Savannah; acting lieut in Stockton's Bat. '46-7. v. 3G6. 
 Buvanchelle (E.), 1848, passp. from Honolulu. Bwyer (Win), 1846 (?), Irish 
 cabin-boy on a trader; came back after '48; famous as a saloon-keeper and 
 bruiser; killed in S.F. '73. Bye (Hazard), 1847, Co. K, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Bye (Job Francis), 1832, Kentuckian trapper from N. Mex. in Young's 
 party, iii. 388, 408. For a year or more Bye engaged in otter-hunting on the 
 coast, iii. 394, and late in '33 took charge of Capt. Cooper's live-stock at the 
 Rancho del Sur; from this date his name appears on Larkiii's books; and he 
 still made occasional otter-hunting trips. In '35 he established a distillery at 
 Sayante near Sta Cruz, at first with Tornliuson, later with Majors, whom he 
 bought out in '40, having applied for naturalization in '39. Met by Edwards 
 ; 37. iv. 86; arrested but not exiled in '40, being accused by Morris of taking 
 part against the foreigners, iv. 9, 17, 22. He had a store and mill as well as 
 distillery at Sta Cruz; but claims, rather unintelligibly, that his business was 
 ruined by Castro and other Mex. officials, and he was forced to start anew in 
 a small way as trader at Mont. In '44 he got a grant of the Rio de Berreudos 
 rancho, Tehama Co. iv. 672; and in '45 put stock on the place, N. Helv. 
 Diary, though still residing at Mont. In '46 he was regidor, served as guide 
 for Fauntleroy's dragoons, and was employed to carry despatches from Sloat 
 at Mont, to S.F. v. 238, 636. In '47 he advertised his house for sale, but con 
 tinued his business in partnership with Packard, and perhaps built an adobe 
 house on his Antelope Cr. property. In '48 he made a successful tour in the 
 mines, and in company with Larkin chartered the Mary, on which he brought 
 a cargo of goods from Mazatlan* bringing a drove of mules from Sonora by 
 land the next year; in '50 a trader at Sacramento, and later engaged in stock- 
 raising on his Tehama rancho. In '77 he lived on his farm near Corralitos, Sta 
 Cruz, and gave me his Recollections of Cat. in MS., substantially the same 
 narrative being that printed in the Sta Cruz Sentinel of '69. Here he died in 
 'S3 at the age of 78, leaving 4 grown children, James and Newton Bye of Sta 
 Cruz Co., Mrs J. S. Butler of Oakland, and Mrs C. M. Hays of Silver City, 
 Id. S. J. Pioneer. Byer (W.H.), 1847, nat. of Mass.; in Alameda Co. '56- 
 78. Alam. Co. Hist. Atla*. Byes (W. W.), 1841, taxidermist in U. S. ex. 
 exped. iv. 241. Byke (Simon), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); in Ari 
 zona '82. Dykes (Geo. P.), 1847, lieut Co. B, Morm. Bat., and adj. of the 
 battalion; his actions severely criticised by the Mormons, v. 477, 480, 482-3. 
 
 Eagar (John), 1846, nat. of N\Y., one of the Mormon colony, with his 
 mother Mrs LucyE., brother, and two sisters, v. 546. He was Brannan's 
 clerk, also printer, and for a time associate editor of the Star, being owner 
 of lots at S.F. in '47. v. 658, 682. I have his original application to Larkin 
 fora clerkship, dated Feb. 21, '47. His mother had been excommunicated 
 from the church on the voy., and wished to remove her children from Mormon 
 influences. Lieut W. A. Bartlett, at her request, wrote a very flattering rec 
 ommendation for John, adding his opinion that E.'s absence would 'kill this 
 
738 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 lying Mormon paper and its editor at once ! ' The plan was not successful, or 
 at least John did not apostatize, but went to Utah, where he died. I have a 
 brief narrative by him of the voyage of the colony. Mrs E. kept a little store 
 at S.F. in '46, also obtaining a lot; but she went to Mont, with her daughters 
 in '47, where one of them taught a school, v. 636. Mary Eagar married Milton 
 Little in '48, and as a widow is perhaps still living at Mont, in '85. The other 
 daughter, Arabella, married a man named Knapp, and was at S.F. about '81. 
 
 E. (Thomas), 1846, bro. of John, also on the Brooklyn, age 18; owner of a S. 
 
 F. lot '47; clerk at Mont, and Los Ang. '47-8; in the mines '48; at S.F. '49- 
 54. From '54 he was in the lumber business at East Oakland, where in '54 he 
 married Angelina A. Tupper, and where he lived with his family in '78; a 
 member of the legisl. '59, '60, '65; living in Nevada '85; portrait in Halley's 
 Cent. Year-Book, 544. Eagle (F.), 1840, doubtful name in Farnham's list of 
 arrested foreigners, iv. 17. E. (Robert Nelson). 1842, trader, age 22, who 
 came from Hon. on the California for his health. Eames, see 'Ames.' 
 
 Earl (Jacob), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); reenl. E. (James C.), 
 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. E. (Jesse), 1847, musician Co. E, Morm. Bat. 
 E. (Justice C.), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. Earle (Peter), 1847, Co. E, N.Y. 
 Vol. (v. 499); later an actor and cultivator of hops; d. at Sac. '71. Earley 
 (James), 1847, owner of lots at S.F.; perhaps with Kearny in '46. v. 337, 083. 
 
 Eastham, 1848, mr of the Luia Perry. Eastin (James W.), 1847, Ken- 
 tuckian overl. immig. with wife; at Sonoma '47-8, also at Mormon Isl. and 
 S.F., where twins were born '48, one of them, a son, still living in '83; at Sta 
 Clara from '50, and still living in '83, when his wife died. Eastland (Addi- 
 son G. ), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). Eastman (Isaac E. ), 1848, miner 
 near Volcano. Amador Co. Hist. E. (Marcus N. ), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. 
 (v. 469). Eaton, 1847, at Hon. from S. F. on the Georgiana. E. (Geo.), 
 1847, Co. G, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). E. (Henry), 1839, sailor on the Monsoon, 
 who went up the Sac. with Sutter; remained on the coast till '41; at S.F. '73. 
 His Pioneer of '38 is a letter of '73 to Benj. Hayes narrating the visit, iv. 119. 
 E. (Thos), 1836, doubtful name of an Amer., age 60, in a Los Ang. list. 
 
 Ebbetts (John, Jr), 1830, Amer. sup. of the Volunteer '30-1. iii. 180, 384; 
 on the coast again in '32-4 on the Henriqueta; and again in '34-5, being men 
 tioned in mission accts in '39-40. iiii. 623. Peirce says that he died in N.Y. 
 soon after '42, and his father prob. Thos J. of '36, iv. 141 at Honolulu in 
 '41. I have many of E/s business letters; and some of them, besides dry details 
 of hides, tallow, and goods, reveal in sentimental phrases the writer's attach 
 ment to a well-known senorita of Mont. , who, greatly to the sorrow of John. Jr, 
 preferred another Americano. Eberhardt, see'Everhart.' Echeandia ( Jose" 
 Maria), 1825, Mex. lieut-col of engineers, who was gov. and com. gen. of Cal. from 
 Nov. '25 to end of Jan. '31, and again if there was any such official from Dec. 
 '31 to Jan. '33, though Pio Pico is generally and inaccurately named as gov. He 
 left Cal. in May '33, was still living in Mex. '56, but seems to have died before 71. 
 See biog. with references, iii. 243-5; mention i. 364; ii. 543-54, 560, 572, 574, 587, 
 592, 607, 614, 648-52, 664, 674, 680; on appointment, arrival, and acts in '25. 
 iii. 8-30; '23-30, rule, politics, etc. iii. 31-55; acts on finance, Solis revolt, 56 
 -86; mission and Ind. affairs, 87-115; maritime and commercial affairs, Fitch 
 romance, 116-46; policy with foreigners, Smith and Pattie, 150-80; acts of '31. 
 iii. 181-7,' 195, 201-4, 203, 209, 212, 301-6; acts of '32. iii. 217-39, 314-15; 
 acts of '33. iii. 238-9, 326, 335, 613. It was Echeandia's fortune to rule Cal. 
 at a time when secularization of the missions was first seriously agitated, and 
 he has been a shining mark for severe criticism, and even abuse, from partisans 
 of the friars, for the most part undeserved. His views were sound and his in 
 tentions good, but he lacked firmness and energy, and made some mistakes. 
 His character is fully discussed elsewhere. Echevarria (Nicolas), at La 
 Brea, Mont, district, '36, age 45, wife Maria del Pilar Larios, child. Juliana 
 b. '28, Maria '30, Juan. '32, Antonio '35. Echeverria (Agustin), 1782, com. 
 of the Favorita. i. 378. Ecker (John), 1847, musician N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). 
 Eddy (Wm H.), 1846, one of the Donner party from. Belleville, 111. His 
 wife Eleanor, son James P., and daughter Mary all perished in the Sierra, 
 
EDDY ELIZALDE. 789 
 
 but the father survived, being one of the most active in saving other members 
 of the party, v. 531, 234, 540-4. Eddy married Mrs F. Alfred at Gilroy in 
 '48, and Miss A. M. Pardoe in '56, dying at Petaluma in '59. A son James, 
 with family, and daughter Eleanor (Mrs S.B. Anderson), lived at S. Jos6 '80; 
 and a son Alonzo was a physician in Colorado. Eddy, 1844, mr of the Jane, 
 iv. 566. Edelin (James), 1847, capt. of marines on the Independence, 
 Edgington (Wm), 1846, overl. immig., who served in Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358); 
 lived from '48 near Napa, where he died in '84, leaving a widow, 9 children, 
 and a fortune. Edmonds (Nathan), 1834, Amer. in a Mont list. Edmon- 
 son (Alfred), 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); lot in S.F. '47; of E. & Ander 
 son, butchers and market-men '48. v. 682. E, 1847, Co. H, N.Y.Vol.; at 
 S.F. '82; perhaps same as preceding. 
 
 Edwards, 1847, mr of the Euphrates, v. 578. E, 1847, mr of the Pacific. 
 v. 579. E. (David), 1826, mr of the Paragon, iii. 148. E. (John), 1846, 
 negro imprisoned at Mont, for robbery; shot in attempting to escape. E. 
 (John S.), 1847, Co. D, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); drowned in S. Joaq. Riv. '54. 
 E. (Philip L.), 1837, nat. of Ky, who came overl. to Or. in '34, and in '37 
 visited Cal. to purchase cattle for the Willamette Valley, iii. 358, 699; iv. 85- 
 7, 117-18. He went east the same year, studied law, married Mary Allen in 
 '40, and practised his profession at Richmond, being a meinb. of the Va legis- 
 lature, and taking an active part in politics; came again to Cal. in '50 and 
 lived at Sac. till his death in '69; prominent as a lawyer and orator, memb. 
 of legisl., and candidate for congress; a man of exceptional ability and at 
 tainments. His MS. Diary of a Visit to Cal. in 1837 is an interesting narrative 
 of personal observations, presented by his daughter. 
 
 Egbert (Robert C.), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). Egger (John W.), 
 
 1847, tried for murder of Ind. in the Sac, Val., but apparently acquitted. 
 v. 569, 610. Eggleston (Geo.), 1848, had a market at S. F. v. 683. E. (J. 
 W.), 1847, had a lot at Benicia. v. 672; very likely the same as Geo. Egu- 
 ren (Francisco), 1842, Mex. lieut of the batallon tijo '42-5, who was still in 
 Cal. '46. iv. 289; v. 41, 49. Ehlers (August), 1847, Co. A, N.Y.Vol. (v. 
 499); at Los Ang. '74-82. Ehrenberg (Herman), 1847, German engineer and 
 explorer, who after many adventures as revolutionist in Texas crossed the 
 plains to Or. in '44, and came to Cal. by sea, visiting also the Sandw. Isl. 
 and Mex. coast in '47. In the mines '48-9; discoverer of the mouth of the 
 Klamath and Gold Bluff '50, publishing a map of that region; and in '54 a 
 filibuster in Sonora. He became a pioneer of Ariz., where a town bears his 
 name; and was murdered by an Ind. at Dos Palmas in '66. Eixarch (Tomas), 
 1775, Franciscan with Anza; remained on the Colorado while A. came to Cal. 
 i. 258, 273, 354. 
 
 Elb (Fred.), 1847, Co. C, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); German aged about 45, who 
 died in '48 on the Carolina bet. S. F. and Sac. Elbourne (John), 1846, mr 
 of a whaler. Eld, 1841, mid. in U. S. ex. exped. iv. 245. E. (Henry N.), 
 
 1848, owner of lotsa,t S, F. Elder (Turner), 1846, prob. overl. immig. with 
 wife and 3 children, who built a cabin on Dry Creek, S. Joaq. Co. ; moved in 
 '47 to the Moquelumne; later at Daylor's rancho and in the mines; went to 
 Mo. '49, and was still there in '79. His wife was a daughter of Thos Rhoads; 
 twin children were born in '47, John living in Fresno Co. '79, Nancy (Mrs 
 Reese) in Mo. S. Joaq. Co. Hist. , 19. Eldred (Nathaniel B. ), 1848, came from 
 Honolulu to S. F. ; went to the Sandw. Isl. '50-1 ; wandered over Ariz., Utah, 
 and Or. ; near Stockton '66, and perhaps died in '69. Eldridge (Geo.), 1848, 
 on the first jury at S. Jose. 
 
 Elijah, 1833, Ind. cook from Conn, on the Helvetius; went to Japan with 
 Capt. Cooper in '42. Gluts Brown. Elijah, 1845, Walla Walla Ind. shot by 
 Grove Cook at N. Helv. v. 300-1. Eliot de Castro (John), 1814, sup. of 
 the Ilmen, arrested in '15, left Cal. with Kotzebue in '16. ii. 210, 274, 279, 
 307-11, 373, 384. Elisa (Francisco), 1790-2, Span. com. of the Concepcion 
 and Activa in Cal. and at Nootka. i. 493, 506, 517; see also Hist. N. W. Coast, 
 index, and list of auth. Elizalde (Joaquin), at Los Ang. '46. E. (Jose"), 
 his doggerel of '38. iii. 577. E. (Juan), ment. in '29. iii. 68-9; soldier at 
 
700 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Sonoma '41. E. (Mariano), attacked by the Bears '46. v. 162. E. (Nico 
 las), at Los Ang. '39. E. (Vicente), at Los Ang. '46. 
 
 Ellick (John), 1845, German shoemaker from Or. in McMahon-Clyman 
 party, iv. 572, 587. In '46, applying for naturalization, he claimed 3 years' 
 residence, and may, therefore, have visited Cal. before going to Or. He set 
 tled at S. F., where he got a lot and kept a bakery with Denike, also a grog 
 shop, v. 684-5. Still at S. F. '48-9; name written Alleck, Allig, Ellig, and 
 Ilig, the last being perhaps the correct form. Elliott (Albion R.), 1845, Co. 
 E, Cal. Bat. (v. 358), enlisting at Sonoma; prob. a son of W. B. E. (Ems), 
 
 1845, a son of "Win B; said to have been one of a party that disco v. the 
 Geysers. E. (J. L.), 1841, chaplain of U. S. ex. exped., detached at S. F. 
 E. (Milton), 1846, one of the Donner party from 111. ; perished, v. 530, 534. 
 The Milton Elliott of Or. named by McBride in Tullidge's Mag., July '84, is 
 1:0 b the Donner-party man, as he writes me from Astoria in '85. E. (Thos), 
 1847, Co. F, 3d U. S. artill. (v. 518); later in the mines. 
 
 Elliott (Win B.), 1845, nat. of N.C., overl. immig. of the Grigsby-Ide party 
 from Mo. with wife Elizabeth Patton, married in '21 and 7 children, v. 
 579, 587; summoned before Castro as a repres. of the immig. iv. 606. He be 
 came a famous hunter, and on one of his early exped. is credited with having 
 discovered the Geysers. He built a cabin on Mark West Cr., worked for Smith 
 at Bodega, but left his family in Napa Val. He joined the Bears in '46, and 
 Mrs E. is said to have furnished cloth and needles for the famous flag. v. 110, 
 148. One or more of his sons went south with the Cal. Bat. (v. 358). The old 
 hunter raised grain and cattle in Napa and Sonoma; kept a hotel in '49; and 
 in '54 moved to a farm in Lake Co., near Upper Lake, where he died in '76 at 
 the age of 78. One of his daughters married Benj. Dewell, another pioneer. 
 
 Ellis (Alfred J. ), 1847, nat. of N.Y., who came from Honolulu with wife 
 and 3 children on the Francisca; owner of a lot and keeper of a boarding-house 
 at S.F. from '47. v. 684; made a trip to Hon. and back with his son in '48 on 
 the Euphemia; member of S.F. guard '48-9, and of city council '49; member 
 of the constit. convention '49. Still at S.F. in '54 and later. E. (Robert), 
 1826, sailor on the Rover. E. (Thos W.), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 Ellison (Pleasant), 1836, named in Larkin's books. Ellsworth, 1845, from 
 Hon. on the Fama. Elmer (Elijah), 1847, sergt Co. C, Morm. Bat. v. 477; 
 a carpenter at Mont. '48; d. in Utah '80. Elson (Thos), 1826-7, mr of the 
 Blossom, iii. 121. 
 
 Elwell (Robert J.), 1827, nat. of Mass, who went to Honolulu in '23, and 
 came to Cal. '27 as mr of the Tamaahmaah. and of the Washington in '28. ii. 
 573; iii. 149, 176-7. Often said to have come in '25 or earlier, and this may 
 be so, though in a padron of '36 he is said to have come 9 years before. He 
 settled at Sta B. , was naturalized '28, and in '29 married Vicenta Sanchez, 
 being engaged in trade, iv. 117. Many of his commercial letters for the fol 
 lowing years are extant. In '36, age 39, with 4 children; in '42 got a grant of 
 land at S.F. iv. 673; in '45 grantee of Sacramento Isl.; died at Sta B. '53. 
 He is remembered by Davis and others as a comical genius, and his wife as a 
 handsome woman. 
 
 Embly (James), 1846, doubtful member of the Mormon col. v. 547. Em 
 erson (John Calvin), 1847 r Co. I, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at Bath, N.Y., '82. E. 
 (Wm), 1832, one of Young's trappers, still at Los Anaj. '34. iii. 388. Emery 
 (John), 1847, a resid. of S. F. from '52. Emmett, 1837, mr of the Toward 
 Castle, iv. 106. Emmons (Geo. F.), 1841, lieut U.S.N., of U. S. ex. exped. 
 iv. 232, 241-5, 278; visited Cal. again in '48 on the Ohio, being owner of S.F. 
 lots; later rear-admiral; died in N. J. '84 at age of 72. Emory (Oliver C.), 
 
 1846, came as wagon-master (with Kearny?); kept a livery-stable at Stockton 
 and a ferry on the Stanislaus; in '50 county judge of S. Joaq.; later a farmer. 
 
 Emory (Wm H.), 1846, lieut of topographical engineers U.S.A., who came 
 with Kearny from N.Mex. and took part in the fight at S. Pascual. v. 336-7, 
 343-7, 350. Having acted as adj.-gen. of Stockton's force in the campaign of 
 '46-7, and planned the fortifications of Los Ang., he was sent east with de 
 spatches, and testified at the Frdmont court-martial, v. 385, 398-9, 420, 428, 
 
EMORY-ESPINOSA. 791 
 
 456. His Notes of a Mil. Reconnaissance pub. by govt in '48 is a valuable 
 record of the march across the continent and the final campaign of the war. 
 He ret. to Cal. in '49, and was prominent in the surveys of the Mex. boundary 
 commission. In the war of 1861-5 he rose to the rank of maj. -general. 
 
 Engelberg (Emil August), 1847, Co. F, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); at S. F. '82. 
 English, 1845, doubtful name of an overl. iminig. ; prob. went to Or. iv. 578. 
 E. (Earl), 1847, mid. on the U. S. Independence. E. (John), 1832, ment. in 
 '32; perhaps ' English John.' Ennis (John), 1847, Co. A, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 Ennughty (Thos), 1846, Fauntleroy's dragoons (v. 232). Enright (James), 
 1846, nat. of Ireland, who settled in Sta Clara Co. with his wife; prob. overl. 
 iminig. ; lots at S.F. '47; still living in Sta Clara '81, cl. fora rancho. iv. 673. 
 Enriquez (Antonio), weaver and coldier before 1800. i. 558, 676, 684. En 
 sign (Elias), 1846, of the Morm. col. who died at sea, as did his daughter 
 Eliza. The widow, Jernsha, and a son arrived at S. F. v. 546. Ensloe (Hi 
 ram), 1848, had a store at Mormon Diggings. Brooks. Entinin (Francis), 
 1845, doubtful name of an Amer. in a Brancif. padron, age 29. 
 
 Erequette, 1837, doubtful name of one of Young's men driving cattle to 
 Or. iv. 85. Enckson (L.), 1848, at Hon. from S.F. on the Julian. Ermat- 
 inger (Francis), 1831, in com. of the H.B. Co. 's trappers in Cal. '41-4. iv. 218, 
 220, 279. Ernest (Valentine), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). 
 
 Escalante (Gregorio), 1833, nat. of Manila, who deserted from the Hel- 
 v!ius. Lived at S.F. '40-4, owning a lot, being sindico in '42, and 40 years old 
 in '44. iv. 655, 665, 684. Ace. to Chas Brown he married, raised a family, 
 made and lost a fortune, and in '78 was in the poor-house at Mayfield. Esca- 
 milla (Bias A.), grantee of S. Vicente '46. v. 641. E. (Joaquin de los Santos), 
 lieut of aux. cavalry at Mont. '44. iv. 652; elector '45. iv. 540, 651; 2d al 
 calde '45-6. iv. 653; v. 134, 636. E. (Serapio), soldier of S.F. comp. '22-3; 
 concerned in revolt of '28, and sent to Mex. '30. ii. 615; iii. 85. E. (Tomds), 
 Mex. convict 1797. i. 606. Escherick (Carl), 1847, musician N. Y. Vol. (v. 
 499); died in southern Cal. '74. 
 
 Escobar (Agustin). juez de campo at Mont. '46. v. 637; in '77 at Mont, 
 gave me his recollections of the Campana de '.#>. E. (Marcelino), Mex., who 
 in '24 made a trip to China on the Hover, ii. 520; sindico at Mont. '30. ii. 612; 
 alcalde '33, '36-7; iii. 673-5; in '36 at Mont., age 39, wife Tomasa Garcia, 
 child. Agustin b. '17, Juan '22, Josefa '23, Jose" Maria '26, Nicolas Antonio 
 '27, Jacoba '29, Amparo '31, Refugio '32, Fernanda '34; in '39 grantee of S. 
 Jose" y Sur Chiquito, and juez int. at S. Carlos, iii. 678, 680; in '44 regidor, in 
 '45 alcalde, iv. 653-6. Escude" (Jaime). 1812, Span, friar of S. Fern, college, 
 b. at Gandesa, Cataluiia, 1779; took the habit 1799; left Cadiz 1810; left Mex. 
 for Cal. 1811. He served as missionary at Sta Cruz '12-18, and at S.. Luis 
 Rey '18-22, after which I have no record of him, and suppose him to have re 
 tired. He was reported by his superiors as a zealous worker of excellent char 
 acter. Autob. Autog. de los Padres, MS.; Arch. Sta B., iii. 124; see mention 
 in ii. 246, 346, 387, 394, 452-3, 553, 655. 
 
 Esparza( Lorenzo), carpenter at S. D. 1779; wife Maria Davila d. '81; pen 
 sion granted in '95. i. 636. Espeleta, 1825, sup. of the Merope. iii. 148. 
 Espi (Jose" de la Cruz), 1792, Span, friar who served for short terms at several 
 northern missions, retiring in 1800. Biog. i. 712; ment. i. 498, 500,. 576-7, 617, 
 689. Espindola (Ramon), Span, artilleryman, age 60, with wife and 3 child, 
 named in list sent to Mex. '28. 
 
 Espinosa, soldier killed by Ind. 1790. i. 465. E., mr of fhe-Magallanes. 
 i. 544. E., punished in 1821. ii. 660. E., corporal at Sta B.. '24.' ii. 531. 
 E., soldier wounded by Ind. '29. iii. 113. E., guard of courier '34. iii. 271. 
 E. (Antonio), soldier killed on the Colorado 1781. i. 363. E.. (Ascension), 
 at Sta B. '32, wife Nicolasa Pico, 6 children. E. (Carlos^ grantee of Poza 
 de los Ositos '39. iii. 678; ment. in '46. v. 363; in Mont. Co. '50. E. (Ca- 
 yetano), soldier at Soledad 1791-1800. i. 499. E. (Clemente), soldier at 
 Mont. '36, age 20; an alferez '38-9. iii. 566, 583; at Sta Rita, near S. Jose", in 
 '77 he gave me some brief Apuntes. E. (Estiivan), ment. in the revolt of 
 '29. iii. 69; grantee of rancho '40. iii. 679; in '36 at Salinas rancho, age 25, 
 
792 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 wife Antonia Aniczqv.ita, child Antonio b. '32. E. (Feliciano), juez de 
 campo at Mont. '30. hi. G75. E. (Gabriel), ment. in '22. ii. G14; in revolt 
 of '29. iii. G8-9; in trouble '31 . iii. G73; grantee of Salinas in '36. iii. G78. 
 In '36 he lived at Salinas, age 38, wife Mauricia Tapia, child. Jose Maria b. 
 '19, Estefana '22, Antonio '25, Marcelino '29, Juana '28, Francisca '30, Bar 
 bara '31, Juan '35. E. (Gabriel), grantee of Pilarcitos '35. iii. 678; in '36 
 at the rancho, age 46, wife Guadalupe Boronda, child. Gabriel b. '22, Igna- 
 cia '25, Pedro '26, Maria '27, Francisco '30, Juan M. '33, Guillermo '35. E. 
 (Gregoria), wife of SergtVerdugo before 1800. i. GG3. E. (Joaquin), soldier 
 killed on the Colorado 1781. i. 303. E. (Hipulito), at Los Ang. '46, age 30. 
 E. (Jose"), 1791, lieut in Malaspina's exped. i. 490. E. (Jose"), regidor of 
 Mont. '30. ii. 612; at Mont. '50. E. (Juan), sirviente at S. F. 1777. i. 297- 
 E. (Juan'B.), in comp. extranjera '32. iii. 672. E. (Luis), Mex. soldier of 
 the Hidalgo piquete at Mont. '36, age 34. E. (Manuel), at S. Bern. '46, had 
 Cal. claim (v. 462). E. (Miguel), soldier of Mont. comp. 1791-1800. i. 499; 
 sergt 1809-13. ii. 141, 339. E. (Prudencio), at Alisal, Mont. '30, age 33, 
 wife Antonia Buelna, child. Jos6 Manuel b. ; 28, Antonio '31, Ramon '32, 
 Leonardo '33, Trinidad '36, Concepcion '27. In '46 he was juez suplente of 
 the valley ranchos, and carried a message from Larkin to Fremont, v. 14-15, 
 637. E. (Salvador), named as sirviente and soldier 1777-1800. i. 297, 499. 
 E. (Salvador), alcalde at Mont. '31-2. iii. 223, 225, 672-3; in '35 regidor. 
 iii. 673; in '36 at San Miguel rancho, age 40, wife Lugarda Castro, child. 
 Carlos b. '16, Jose" Ant. '18, Jose" Maria '20, Asuncion '24; in '37 grantee of S. 
 Miguel, or Escarpin. ii. 616, 664, 677-8; admin, of Soledad '30-9. iii. 690-1; 
 in '43 juez at Refugio. iii. 653. E. (Trinidad), grantee of Los Gatos, or Sta 
 Rita '20, '37. iii. 677, 672; at S. Miguel rancho '36, being juez de campo. iii. 
 675, 678, age 43, wife Jacinta Archuleta, son Mariano b. '17; in '45 at battle 
 of Cahuenga and juez at Refugio. iv. 506, 653. E. (Vicente), Cal. claim '4G 
 of $2,285 (v. 462). 
 
 Esquerra (Cayetano), messenger Sta Cruz '18. ii. 225. E. (Manuel), 
 1791, contad or in Malaspina's exped. i. 490. Est, 1817, left at Sta B. ii. 
 286; prob. 'Lester,' q.v. Estabrook (Ethan), 1840, left at Mont, as U. S. 
 consular agent to attend to the claims of the Graham exiles. He was not 
 recog. by the govt, and sailed for Mazatlan in '41 ; at Mazatlan in '46. iv. 
 .36-7, 194, 207, 214. Estanislao, kills his wife 1792. i. 687-8. Estanislao, 
 renegade neophyte and hostile chief. 29-35; the name of Stanislaus County 
 .comes indirectly from him. ii. 110-14, 362. 
 
 Este"nega (Tomas Eleuterio), 1820, Span, friar who served at S. Miguel, 
 .S. F., and S. Gabriel, dying at the latter mission in '47. Biog. v. 629; meiit. 
 ii. 384, 394, 440, 595-6, 620, 655; iii. 7, 12, 19, 91, 96, 121, 257, 319, 349, 359, 
 642-3, 713, 716; iv. 331, 371, 422, 549-50, 623, 629, 636-7. Estevan (Jose), 
 settler at the Colorado pueblos, killed by Ind. 1781. i. 359-62. E. (Jose), 
 1821, Span. capt. and com. of Horcasitas, Sonora, who fled to Cal. on refus 
 ing oath of indep., on the Zertaje. ii. 431. E. (Pedro de S. Jose), 1794, 
 Span, friar who served at S. Diego and S. Gabriel, retiring in 1802. Biog. ii. 
 113; ment. i. 576, 655, 657, 664; ii. 159. E., executed at Purisima '24. 
 Estirten (Felix), 1829, mr of the Trident; doubtful, iii. 149. 
 
 Estrada (Francisco), at Chualar rancho '36. iii. 677; at S. Jose" '41, age 23, 
 wife Lac's Castro; grantee of Pastoria de las Borregas and Refugio '42. iv. 
 672. E. (Joaquin), in T 36 at Chualar, age 19, single, iii. 677; grantee of Sta 
 Margarita '41. iv. 656; juez de paz at S. Luis Ob. '45. iv. 658-9; arrested by 
 Fremont '46. v. 37"*; county judge '53; still at S. Luis '77. E. (Jos< Ant.), 
 represented Gov. Alvarado at his wedding "39. iii. 593; admin, of S. Jose" 
 mission '40-1. iii. 725; iv. 681, 684. E. (Jose" Maria), alferez of the Loreto 
 comp., prob. father of Jose" Mariano and Raimundo, died 1791; never in Cal. 
 
 Estrada (Jose" Mariano), 1806, born at Loreto 1784, enlisted 1797, came to 
 Cal. as alfe>ez of the Mont, comp., which position he held for 12 years, being 
 habilitado most of the time. ii. 140, 206, 379-89. He was made brevet licut 
 in '18 for his services against Bouchard, and lieut '24 for services in suppress 
 ing the Ind. revolt, ii. 225-33, 243-4, 247, 531-3, 530, 608; also habilitado 
 
ESTRADA-ESTUDILLO. 793 
 
 and sometimes acting com.; ment. in connection with various affairs, i. 170; 
 ii. 451, 454, 461, 510; grantee of Buenavista ranchos '22-3. ii. 615, 664; iii. 
 677; admin, gen. of provincial finances '24. ii. 513, 521; mention '25-9, quar 
 rel with Capt. Gonzalez, vocal in diputacion, Herrera trial, revenue affairs. 
 ii. 612; iii. 25, 36-7, 39-40, 62-5, 159. He retired from the mil. service in '29; 
 in '30 executor of Luis Argiiello's estate, iii. 12; in '32-3 sub-comisario at 
 Mont. iii. 376, 672; juez de campo '35. iii. 674; in '36 at Buenavista, a wid 
 ower, child. Julian b. '16, and Francisco '20; ment. in the troubles at Mont. 
 '36, also in '44. iii. 439; iv. 408. I have no record of him after '45. Don Mari 
 ano was one of the most respected and influential men in northern California. 
 E. (Jos<3 Raimundo), 1806, brother of Jose" Mariano, who was cadet of the 
 Mont. comp. to '18. ii. 56, 88, 379; in 1812 married the widow Josef a Valle jo 
 de Alvarado. ii. 141; iii. 451 (where ' Ramon ' should read 'Raimundo'); ment. 
 perhaps in '24. ii. 537. In '24-30 Raimundo Estrada was cadet in the S.F. 
 comp. ii. 584, 669; and would seem to be the same man, though he appears 
 as a soldier at S.F. in '23; thus there may have been another of the name. 
 
 Estrada (Josd Ramon), son of Jose" Mariano; in school at Mont. '15-20. ii. 
 429; hunting otter '32-4. iii. 374, 394; grantee of El Toro '35. iii. 679; in '36 
 alcalde at Mont. iii. 430, 439, 674; being at that time 25 years of age, wife 
 Maria Castro; in '37 memb. of dip., in com. at Mont., and comisionado and 
 admin, at Sta Clara, iii. 507, 511, 672, 728; iv. 47; vocal again '39. iii. 585, 
 590. In '41-3 Estrada was prefect of the 1st district, iv. 357, 652, 656; in '42 
 
 frantee of S. Simeon, iv. 656; and in '42-5 memb. of the junta, iv. 295, 360- 
 , 410, 521, 540. He seems to have died in ? 45. E. (Julian), son of Jose" 
 Mariano, grantee of Sta Rosa rancho '41. iv. 656; still in S. Luis Ob. Co. '50- 
 60. E. (Nicanor), 1834, Mex. blacksmith and political exile with the H. & 
 P. col., who had been a capt. in Mex., and whose rank was restored in '35; 
 went to the L. Cal. frontier in '36 on the fall of Gutierrez, iii. 263, 467; being 
 at this time 30 years old, wife Guadalupe Diaz, child. Gumesinda b. '31, 
 Elena '34. In '37 he aided Bandini and others in their preparations against 
 Alvarado, and was perhaps sent as a comisionado to Mex. iii. 516, 520, 531; 
 but came back with Micheltorena in '42, and was capt. of the Mont. comp. in 
 '43-4. iv. 290, 357, 652. I have no later record of him. 
 
 Estrada (Patricio), 1825, alf^rez of the piquete de Hidalgo who came with 
 Echeandia, and in '36 was sent away with Gutierrez, iii. 13-15, 463, 467, 672. 
 He was 29 years old and single in '36. E. (Pedro), owner of lot at S.F. '41- 
 5. iv. 669; sub-lieut of militia; grantee of Asuncion in '45. iv. 655; still at 
 S. Luis Ob. '50-1. E. (Rafael), celador of Mont, custom-house '42-4. iv. 
 339, 377, 431; grantee of S. Lxicas rancho '42, and alf. of aux. cavalry. 655, 
 652; in '46 regidor at Mont. v. 636; still in Mont. Co. '53. E. (Raimundo), 
 cadet in S. F. comp. '24-30; prob. sa'me as Jose" Raimundo, q.v. E. (Santi 
 ago), son of Jose" Mariano, grantee with his brothers of Buenavista rancho '22- 
 3. ii. 615; iii. 677; made a trip to China on the Rover '24. ii. 520; sindico at 
 Mont. '33. iii. 673; in '35-6 aux. alcalde and juez de campo. iii. 674-5; then 
 living at Buevavista, age 27, wife Isidora Soto, child. Mariano, Francisco, 
 Maria dc los Angeles, and Juana. In '36-7 also named as sub-comisario and 
 comandante at Mont. iii. 513, 524, 672; iv. 96; in '38 courier and com. of 
 prisoners' guard, iii. 552, 567; in '39 partido elector, iii. 590; in '39-45 capt. 
 of aux. comp. at Mont. iv. 75, 197-8, 407, 515, 652; in '46 juez of the valley 
 ranchos. v. 637; still in Mont. Co. '50-1. 
 
 Estudillo ( Jose" Antonio), son of Jose" Maria, b. at Mont. 1805. ; in '27 of 
 terna for treasurer, and grantee of S. Diego lot. ii. 546-7; iii. 63; in '28-30, 
 revenue collector and treasurer atS.D. ii. 543; iii. 137; in '29 grantee of Otay 
 rancho. ii. 542, 547, 663; iii. 612. In '33-5 he was a memb. of the dip. iii. 
 246, 249-50; in '35 had a claim to the temporary governorship, iii. 299-300, 
 414-15; grantee of Temdcula. iii. 612; in '36-8 alcalde and juez of S. Die.^o. 
 iii. 485, 616; in '36-8 took part against Alvarado's govt. iv. 491, 548-9, 557, 
 568, 578; elector '39, treasurer '40, and justice of the sup. tribunal '40-2. iii. 
 605, 614, 616; iv. 296; admin, and maj. at S. Luis Rey '40-3, also owner of 
 land at S. Juan Cap. '41. iii. 623-4, 627; iv. 619, 623, 626; grantee of S. Ja- 
 
794 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 cinto '42. iv. 621, 618; claim against the govt '45. iv. 561; in '45-6 juez de 
 paz at S. Diego, iv. 618-20, but was neutral in the troubles wuh the U.S. v. 
 329; raent. : 47. v. 620. In later years he served under the U.S. rule as town 
 treasurer and county assessor. Died in '52. Don Jose" Antonio was a man of 
 excellent character, of good education for his time and country, and of wide 
 influence in the south. His wife was Maria Victoria Dominguez, locally well 
 known for her charities, who died in '73 at the age of 72, leaving 30 grand 
 children. The sons were Jos<3 Maria, Salvador, Jos6 Guadalupe, Josd Antonio, 
 and Francisco. Of the daughters, two, Francisca and Rosario, married Jose" 
 Ant. Aguirre, and another seems to have married Manuel A. Ferrer. E. 
 (Jose 1 Guadalupe), son of Jose" Antonio, b. '38; connected with a S. Diego 
 bank; county treasurer from '63; state treasurer from '75; still living in 
 Southern Cal. '85. 
 
 Estuclillo (Jos Joaquin), son of Jos6 Maria, b. 1798, who entered the mil. 
 service in '15 as soldado distinguido of the Mont, comp., but was transferred 
 to the S.F. comp. in '16 as cadet, which place he held until he left the service 
 in '23, having accompanied Luis Argiiello on the famous exped. to the far 
 north in '21. ii. 370, 445, 584. Ment. at S.F. '26-7. iii. 33,63; raunic. elector 
 '27, and supl. member of dip. '27, '29. ii. 592; iii. 36-41; in '34-5 comisionado 
 to secularize S.F. mission, iii. 346, 354, 714-15; in '35 elector, in '36 alcalde 
 at S.F. iii. 703-5; in '38 living at S. Leandro rancho, which in '42 was granted 
 to him. iii. 713; iv. 673, 314. in a padron of the S. Jose dist. of '41 he is named, 
 with wife Juana Martinez, child. Concepcion b. '25, Ramon '27, Gertrudis '29, 
 Antonio '30, Maria de Jesus '31, Jose" Vicente '33, Jose" Luis '36, Maria Gua 
 dalupe '38. Don Joaquin was juez de la contra costa in '43, also in '46-7, tak 
 ing but slight part in the war. iv. 685; v. 17, 129, 662. He died in '52. I have 
 much of his corresp. in dif. private archives; and also 2 vols of Estuclillo^ Doc. 
 Hist. Cat., presented by his son Jesus Maria in '75. He left 9 children, some 
 of whom in '85 still own a part of the original S. Leandro estate. Of his 
 daughters, the oldest, Concepcion, married John B. Ward, Mari'a de Jesus in 
 '47 became the wife of Wm H. Davis, Magdalena married John Nugent, and 
 Dolores married Chas H. Gushing. Of the sons Antonio lives in '85 at S. 
 Leandro, Luis at Oakland, Ramon and Vicente at S. Luis Ob., and Jesus 
 Maria at S.F. 
 
 Estudillo (Jos< Maria), 1806, Span, lieut of the Mont. comp. 1806-27, and 
 capt. of the S. Diego comp. from '27 to his death in '30. Biog. ii. 541-2; ment. 
 ii. 140, 171, 192, 226, 230, 234, 271, 285, 309, 335-6, 340-1, 379, 382, 383-4, 
 387-8, 412, 433, 442, 451, 454-5, 461, 467, 507-8, 512-13, 517, 523, 525, 539, 
 608; iii. 13, 39, 51-3, 60, 291, 422. Don Jos6 Maria was the founder of the 
 Estudillo family in Cal., one of the best of the old families, as judged by the 
 average prominence and character of its members. A faithful officer, though 
 of only medium abilities, he had some disagreeable qualities notably that of 
 vanity which made him at one time or another heartily disliked by most of 
 his brother officers, who were disposed to ridicule him and make him the butt 
 of practical jokes. His wife was Gertrudis Horcasitas. His daughter, Magda 
 lena, was grantee of part of Otay in '29. ii. 209, 373, 542, 547; v. 619. A 
 daughter married Lieut Manuel Gomez, ii. 470. E. (Jos6 Maria), cadet at 
 S.F. 1803-7. ii. 135. I do not know who he was. E. (Jose" Maria), son of 
 Josd Ant., b. at S. Diego '31; educ. at Sta B., Mont., and Lima '39-48; in 
 '50 agent for Aguirre, his brother-in-law; later a ranchero in the S.D. mission 
 valley, where, in '77, he gave me some interesting Datos Historicos. His wife 
 was a daughter of Juan Maria Marron. 
 
 Etholin (Adolf), 1827, mr of the Russian Baikal^-SO. ii. 649-51; iii. 
 146; i. list auth. Eusebio, Ind. in Sutter's employ '45-6; induced to testify 
 that Castro had instigated him to burn grain-fields,, etc. Eustice (Dabney), 
 1846, with Kearny from N. Mex. v. 337. Eustis; 1845, at N. Helv., per 
 haps an overl. immig. iv. 578. Euth (John), 1847, Co. G, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). 
 Evans (Geo. M.), 1847, brick-maker and owner of a S.F. lot. v. 685; pub 
 lished an article in defense of the Mormons in S.F. Californian July 31, '47. 
 E. (Israel), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); in Sutter's employ; went to 
 
EVANS EZQUER. 795 
 
 Utah '48. E. (John), 1826-7, clerk on the Blossom; trip from S.F. to Mont, 
 by land. iii. 121. E. (John), 1842, Austrian sailor and carpenter, landed 
 from a whaler with a broken leg. iv. 341 ; hunted otter with Dittmann '45; at 
 S.F. '46 with a family, getting a lot in '47. The original name was Evanowitz; 
 still at S.F. '79. E. (John), 1847, Co. F, 3d artillery. Lancey; not on roll. 
 E. (Joseph), 1847, sergt Co. I, N.Y. Vol. v. 504; 15 years in Cal.; at Newark 
 N. J. '84; a brother Geo. at S. Jose" '78. E. (0. H.), 1847, at S. F. from Or. 
 on the Henry. E. (Parley P.), 1847, nat. of Penn.; son of Wm, age 6 
 years; in '55 messenger in the assembly at Sac. ; I have a letter from him in 
 Utah '84. E. (Plummer B.), 1847, Co. I, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); at Hampton, 
 Va. '82. E. (Randolph), 1847, Co. F, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). E. (Wm), 1846, 
 of the Morm. col., with wife Hannah R., and 4 child. Amanda M., Jonathan 
 B., Parley P., and Wm. v. 546; owner of S.F. lot '47. v. 682; d. S.F. '52; the 
 family went to Utah '57, where the mother died in '84, when the children 
 were all living. E. (Wm), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); reenl. ; a mason 
 who in '48 was judge of election at S. Diego, v. 652. 
 
 Everett (C. T.), 1846, mr of a whaler at S. Pedro. E. (Elisha), 1847, 
 musician Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); capt. of a party on the return. Bigler. 
 E. (John C.), 1844, mr of the Vandalia '44-7; owner of S. F. lot. iv. 569; v. 
 580. E. (John H.), 1836, at Mont., prob. as clerk on the Alert, iv. 118, 141; 
 and again in '41-4 as sup. of the Tasso. iv. 460, 569. He is said to have been 
 much less popular with the Californians than other traders of the period. 
 Everhart (Lazarus), 1845, tailor in the McMahon-Clyman party from Or. iv. 
 572, 587; had crossed the plains from Mich, in '44. He went first to Mont., 
 but from '47 had a tailor-shop at S. F., where he was the owner of several 
 lots, a candidate for alcalde, and in '49 member of the council, v. 650, 676, 
 683. Eversfield (Chas), 1846, asst surg. on the U. S. Congress; acting as 
 surg. in Stockton's Bat. '47. v. 385. Everts (Henry), 1845, doubtful name 
 of an overl. immig. iv. 578. Evrett (Solomon), 1845, Del. Ind. in Fre"- 
 mont's party. 
 
 Ewel (James D.), 1846, came to S. Jose Valley. Hall Ewer. 1847, mr 
 of the Emily Morgan, v. 577. Exter (Richard), 1828, licensed by Mex. 
 govt to hunt in Cal. with Julian Wilson; no definite record of operations, 
 iii. 172-3. Eymerlun, 1845, doubtful name of a negro deserter from the 
 Heroine. Ezquer (Ignacio), 1833, Mex. clerk who came by sea at the age of 
 15; served as clerk for dif. admin, of missions; kept a bar '42-5, later a store 
 and billiard-room; in '38 temp, in charge of S. Juan Cap. iii. 558; in '48 
 candidate for munic. treasurer, iv. 653; in '46 regidor and acting alcalde of 
 Mont. v. 233, 636; in '49 again alcalde. He lived at Alisal '50-3, and in '54 
 went to S. Luis Ob., where he served several years as justice of the peace. 
 There in '78 he gave me his Memorias on early events. His first wife was 
 Josefa, daughter of Rafael Pico; the second a daughter of Gov. Alvarado. 
 
 To BE CONTINUED AT THE END OF VOL. III. 
 
PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 1542-1848. 
 
 CONTINUED ALPHABETICALLY FKOM VOLUME II. 
 
 Fabbol, 1845, one of Fremont's men '45-7. iv. 583. Fabregat (Narciso), 
 1819, Span, lieut of the Mazatlan cavalry, who served chiefly at Sta B., being 
 often mentioned in the military records down to '30; being suspended for a 
 time in '27-8 on account of his Span, birth, though he took the oath and gave 
 no cause of suspicion; retired from mil. service in '33. ii. 254, 336, 361, 441, 
 533-4, 572-3, 575, 675; iii. 51-3. In '29 he was 67 years old, had been three 
 times married, had a daughter in Sin. to whom he allowed one third of his 
 pay, and two small children by his last wife. He became a trader at Sta B., 
 and in '43 was grantee of the Catera or Pozitas rancho. iii. 655; iv. 642; ment. 
 in '44. iv. 408. I have no later record than '45, but think: the old lieut was 
 murdered by robbers soon after '48. 
 
 Fages (Pedro), 1769, Span, lieut of Catalan volunteers, who accomp. the 
 1st exped. as com. of the forces that came by sea; mil. com. of Cal. July '70 
 to May '74, being capt. from '71; came back as gov. and com. gen. of Cal. 
 Sept. '82 to April '91, being colonel from '89; in the city of Mex. '94, the date 
 of his death not being known. See biog. i. 481-7; his Voyage and other writ 
 ings, i. list of auth., 141, 396, 408, 443, 486; mention '69-74, including his 
 explor. of S.F. Bay and his quarrels with P. Serra. i. 117, 119, 128, 131, 134, 
 136, 140-1, 147, 151, 153, 168-9, 171-2, 175-6, 178-9, 181-92, 195-6, 207,210, 
 213, 215, 217-19, 223, 225-7, 229, 231-2, 245, 283-6, 290, 386, 671; ii. 44; 
 ment. in '81-2, including his appt as gov. and operations on the Colorado, i. 
 363, 366-70, 373, 376, 378, 383-5; mention in 1783-90, gen. record, includ. 
 family troubles, i. 387-408; mission affairs during his rule. i. 409-25; foreign 
 relations and commerce, i. 426-49; occasional ment. in con. with local mat 
 ters, i. 450-80; 1791-2, end of rule, departure, biog. i. 481-7; additional ref 
 erences, i. 492, 534, 583, 605, 609, 619, 625, 661-2, 666-7; ii. 44. Don Pedro 
 was a central figure in early Calif ornian annals; his character has been to me 
 a most attractive one; but I refer the reader to i. 486-7, for my views on the 
 subject. Fagins (Lucius), 1847, owner of a S.F. lot. 
 
 Fairbanks (Henry), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); at Payson, Utah, '82. 
 F. (W.R.), 1848, nat. of Vt, who came by sea with his cousins, named Hey- 
 maii, at the age of 10; in the mines to '55; 10 years in N.Y.j at Tomales '80 
 with wife, Belinda Scanlan, and 4 children. Marin Co. Hist., 493. Fairchiid 
 (Ephraim), 1847, prob. overl. immig. v. 556; blacksmith and wagon-maker, 
 who worked at N. Helv. '47-9; at Sac. in '71. F. (Wm H. ), 1846, connected 
 with the Mormon settlement on the Stanislaus in '46-7, though prob. not a 
 Mormon; settled at Stockton '47; county surveyor and supervisor '78-9. 
 Fairfax (D.M. ), 1847, mid. on the Columbus, acting master of the Erie. Fair- 
 field (Levi), 1848, miner from whom Gov. Mason obtained specimens of gold. 
 Fala (Francis), 1847, owner of lot at S.F. Fales (Bounty), 1846-7, doubtful 
 name, Cal. claims (v. 462). Falker (Joseph K.), 1844* Amer. who got a 
 
 rfor 1 year. Falkner (E.R.), 1848, clerk of Starky, Junion, & Co. at fj. 
 Pallet (1847), at N. Helv. Fallen (Daniel), 1826, mr of the Adam. iii. 
 145. F. (D.), 1846-7, in list of Cal. claims (v. 462). F. (Jeremiah), 1847, 
 owner of S.F. lot; also at S. Jos6. 
 
 Fallen (Thomas), 1844, Canadian generally said to have come with Fr6- 
 mont, though there is some doubt in the matter, iv. 453; also said by the 
 county histories to have lived for a time in Butte Co. The earliest original 
 
 (733) 
 
734 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 records of his presence are in Oct.-Nov. '45, when he was at Branciforte, age 
 26. In '46 he took part in enlisting men south of the bay to cooperate with the 
 Bear filibusters, v. 137; and in July, being known as 'captain,' raised the U. 
 S. flag at S. Jose", v. 245-6. Later in '46-7 he served in Co. F, Cal. Bat., en- 
 listing at S. Juan in Oct. (v. 358); several times named in the JV. Helv. Diary 
 '40-7; in the list of Cal. claimants (v. 462); in '48-9 a successful miner; mayor 
 of S. Jose" in '51; absent in Texas '52-4; later a capitalist of S.F. and S. Josd, 
 where he still lives in '85. His 1st wife, by whom he had 5 children, was, I 
 think, a daughter of Michael Lodge, the Irish pioneer of '22. She obtained a 
 divorce, as did the 2d wife; and in '84-5 the amorous old captain had to pay 
 damages in a breach-of-promise suit. F. (Win 0.), 1845, Irish trapper, 
 known as ' Mountaineer,' ' Big,' or ' Le Gros ' Fallen, who came fromN. Alex. 
 with a party of which little is known, and in Feb. '45 took part with the 
 Calif, against Micheltorena in the south, iv. 495, 587. In Aug. he was at N. 
 Helv. intending to start soon for the states; early in '46 he found Fremont's 
 men in the S. Joaq. Val. v. 6; in June joined the Bears in the capture of So 
 noma, and his signature appears in the original procl. of June 14th in my 
 possession, v. 110, 114. He served prob. in Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358), and had 
 a Cal. claim of $50 for a mule (v. 462); was a member of the 4th Donner re 
 lief, and his diary, published in the Star, was the foundation of the absurd 
 charges against Keseburg. v. 541-3. He went east with Gen. Kearny as guide. 
 v. 452; and in the S.F. Calif, of Sept. 2, '48, we read that he had started alone 
 from Ft Hall for Cal. , and it was feared he had been killed by Ind. 
 
 Falls (Richard J.), 1846, nat. of N.Y.; sergtCo. C, 1st U.S. dragoons, who 
 served under Kearny at S. Pascual, the S. Gabriel, and the Mesa '46-7. v. 
 347. He remained in Cal. after his disch., living on aNapa farm till '62, when 
 he went east to serve in the war with distinction and wounds for 3 years, ris 
 ing to the rank of colonel. Returning to Cal. he was in '69 an officer in the 
 custom-house; and in '83-5 a sergt of police in S. F. His daughter, Ivy I. 
 Falls, was appointed postmistress at Vallejo in '69. Famin (Ign.), 1847, 
 doubtful name of an Englishman at N. Helv. 
 
 Fannier (M.), 1846, doubtful name of the Cal. Bat. (v. 358). Fanning 
 (H.F.), 1847, resid. of Stockton. Tinkham. F. (R.C.), 1846, Co. F, Cal. 
 Bat. (v. 358); enlist at S. Juan, Oct. Farias (Jose" Maria), settler at Los 
 Ang. '15. ii. 350; still there '39-48. F. (Santiago), 1827, Scotchman, bapt. 
 at S. Diego; prob. James 'McFerion,' q.v. Farley (Anderson), 1846, Co. F, 
 Cal. Bat. (v. 358); prob. an overl. immig., cl. for a Napa rancho '52. F. 
 (Geo.), 1847, Co. B, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at The Dalles, Or., '82. F., 1846, 
 said by Lancey to have come with Kearny; owner of a S. F. lot '47. F. 
 (John F.), 1847, Co. B, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); died at Portland, Or., '69. Hist. 
 Or., i. 630. F. (John G.), 1847, father of John F., Co. B, N.Y.Vol. ; d. S.F. 
 '49. F. (Thos P.), 1847, Co. B, N.Y.Vol. ; at Portland, Or., '82. Farnesio 
 (Francisco), 1805, priest from Manila, at Mont., sent to Mex. ii. 31, 160. 
 
 Farnham (Thos Jefferson), 1840, nat. of Me, who came overl. to Or. in '39, 
 and to Cal. via Honolulu on the Don Quixote, returning east by S. Bias and 
 across Mex. , and writing books on Or. , Mex. , and Cal. as a result. See iii. 
 680; iv. 2, 4, 6-7, 10, 15-17, 25-8, 95, 103, 117, 120, 156-7, 192, 266. F. was 
 a lawyer of some ability, and a writer of somewhat fertile imagination. His 
 work on Cal. is criticised elsewhere in this work; here it must suffice to say 
 that in all those parts resting on his own observations it is worthless trash, 
 and in all that relates to the California!! people a tissue of falsehoods. He 
 came back to Cal. in '47 perhaps in '46, as he took part in a public meeting 
 at S.F. in June '47, v. 455 and died at S. F. in Sept. '48, age 42. He left * 
 widow and 3 children in N.Y. The former, Eliza W. Farnham, came to Cal. 
 by sea in '50, and in '56 published her California Indoors and Out, a pleasing 
 picture of life on the Pacific coast. She was a woman bent on doing the world 
 as much good as possible, and one of her hobbies was the bringing eastern 
 girls to Cal. in quest of husbands. She died in '64 at the age of 49. Farns- 
 worth (J.B.), 1839, Engl. at Mont. ace. to newsp. item of '72. F. (J.M.), 
 1846, doubtful uiemb. of the Mormon col. v. 547. Farnum, 1848, mr of a 
 
FARNUM FELIX. 735 
 
 vessel at Sta Cruz and Mont. Farr (Philip), 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Tol. (v. 499); 
 d. at Dutch Flat '83. 
 
 Farwell (Edward Augustus), 1842, Boston printer and sailor who came 
 from Honolulu with Capt. Cooper on the California, perhaps as mate, with 
 letters from Reynolds to Larkin, age 27. iv. 341. In '43 he was naturalized, 
 and in '44 got a grant of the Arroyo Chico rancho, Butte Co. iv. 670; I have 
 a letter of '45 from his brother Joseph R. in Bost. to the U.S. consul asking 
 for information about him. He went east overl. in '45, seeking relief from 
 weak eyes, returning in '48; was for a time in charge of Butter's launch run 
 ning on the Sac., and died at S. F. in Jan. '49. F. (James), 1840, doubtful 
 name in Farnham's list of arrested foreigners, iv. 17. Fatoute (Ezra), 1847, 
 Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); reenl. Faucon (Edward H.), 1835, mr of the 
 Boston ships Alert and Pilgrim '35-7. iii. 381, 383; iv. 105, 141. Wm H. 
 Thomes informs me that Capt. F. is still living in Mass. '85. Fauffer (Jo- 
 hann), 1847, musician of N.Y.Vol. (v.499); d. Wash. '64. Faulkner (James 
 Y.), 1847, Co. G,N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at S. Jose" '50 and 74; S.F. '71; in Or. '78. 
 Fauntleroy (Daingerfield), 1844, nat. of Va, b. 1799; capt. of state militia 
 about 1838; purser U.S.N. from '33; on the Savannah '44-7. iv. 453. The 
 service that has made him best known in Cal. was as capt. of a comp. of vol 
 unteer dragoons to which was intrusted the preservation of order in the 
 Mont, district July-Sept. '46, F. commanding the garrison of S. Juan B. and 
 making an exped. against hostile Ind. v. 232, 247-8, 254, 293-4. Died at 
 Pcnsacola navy -yard in '53. His son W.H.F., in interviews and letters of 
 '77, being then in S.F., gave me information about his father's life. 
 
 Faura (Jose"), 1798, Span, friar who served 12 years as missionary at S. 
 Luis Rey and S. Juan Cap. Biog. ii. 110; ment. i. 564, 577, 654, 657; ii. 110, 
 159-60. Faust (JohnB.), 1847, owner of S.F. lot. v. 685; in May intending 
 to start from Sonoma with a party to explore Trinidad Bay; in March '48 
 digging wells at Benicia. v. 673; d. at the Yuba mines Aug. 18th. Faus- 
 tino, 1845, leader in a distm-bance at Los Ang. iv. 523. Fautrel, 1837, mr 
 of the Nancy, iv. 105. Faxon (Wm. T.), 1840, Amer. trader who came by 
 sea and took charge of Larldn's store at Mont. '41. iv. 120. He went to Hon. in 
 '42 but returned in '44, his name frequently occurring in commercial corresp. 
 He left the country on the California in '40, and in a later letter Capt. Ar- 
 ther gave a very unfavorable report of his conduct on the voyage. 
 
 Febiger (Geo. Carson), 1846, lieut on the Dale, on land service at S.F. 
 F. (John C.j, 1846, passed mid. on the Dak; at Wash. '78. Feil (J.), 1837, 
 owner of S.F. lot. iii. 705; doubtful name. Feliciano (Alejo), 1777, sir- 
 viente at S.F. i. 297. Felipe, executed at Sta. B. '24. F. (A.), 1848, 
 passp. from Hon. 
 
 Fdlix, see list in i. 735-6 of those who came before 1800. Fe"lix (Anas- 
 tasio), at Los Ang. '46. F. (Antonio), at Los Ang. '39, age 28. F. (Anto 
 nio), soldier at S.F. '44, age 21. F. (Diego), at Mont. '36, age 26, wife 
 Maria del Rosario, child Andre's; inaj. at San Antonio '39. iii. 688; executed 
 for the murder of his wife '40. iii. 676. F. (Dolores), alfe"rez of cavalry at 
 Mont. '45. iv. 652. Still at Mont. '48. F. (Dorningo), murdered by his wife 
 and her paramour at Los Ang. '36, a crime that resulted in the 1st Cal. vig 
 ilance com. iii. 417-19, 631. F. (Domingo), militia sergt at S.F. '37 and 
 later; owner of S.F. lot '43, and grantee of S. Mateo rancho '44. iv. 669, 671, 
 673, 676, 683; still at S.F. '55, a witness in the Santillan case. F. (Doroteo), 
 settler at Los Ang. 1803. ii. 350. F. (Fernando), regidor at S. Jose" '31. iii. 
 729; at S. Mateo '35; grantee of Novato '39. iii. 712, and of Sanel '44. iv. 
 673; age 46 in '44; ment. by Revere. '46. ii. 297. F. (Francisco), settler at 
 Los Ang. 1791. ii. 350. F. (Hip61ito), French, at Brancif. '45, age 27. F. 
 (Ignacio), soldier at Sta. B. before '37. F. (Jacoba), cl. of S. Fran, rancho. 
 iii. 633. F. (Jesus), aux. alcalde at S. Jose" '36. iii. 636. F. (Jose), settler 
 at Los Ang. '13-19; ii. 349, 354. F. (Jose), at S.F. and Son. '42-4, age 15- 
 20. F. (Jose"), juez de campo S. Jose", v. 662. F. (Jose" Antonio), killed 
 by Ind. about '24. F. (Jose" Antonio), at Los Ang. '46. F. (Juan), soldier 
 at Sta. B. '32. F. (Juan), at Los Ang. '39, age 57. F. (Juan), killed by 
 
736 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Ind. at Refugio '45. iv. 642. F. (Juan Jos<), at Brancif. '28-45, age at latter 
 date 45; wife Antonia Castro, child. Rafaela, Miguel b. '22, Leon '25, Angel 
 '27, Antonio '32, Victoria '31, Josefa '39; juez de paz in '43. ii. 677; iv. 60'3. 
 F. (Julian), at S. Mateo '35. F. (Leonardo), soldier at S.F. '19-27; arrested 
 at Mont. '37. iii. 525. F. (Luciano), sentinel at S. Buen. '19. ii. 333; in 
 revolt at Sta B. '29. iii. 78; at the Natividad fight '46; in 49 juez de policia 
 at S. Luis Ob. F. (Luis), soldier at S.F. '44, age 17. F. (Luis), soldier at 
 Sta B. '32-7, wife Secundina Cordero, 3 children. F. (Manuel), in Los Ang. 
 dist. '46-56. F. (Nicolas), at Los Ang. '46. F. (Rafael), at S. Mateo '35; 
 S.F. militia '37; in '41 in S. Jos6 dist., age 44, wife Juana Ame'zquita, child. 
 Ramon b. '28, Urbano '29, Macario '31, Julia '27, Sinforosa '34, Jose d. '40. 
 F. (Rafael), soldier of S.F. comp. '39-42; detailed in '41 to accomp. capt. 
 Castaneda to Mex. ; grantee of Pescadero, S. Joaq. , '43. iv. 672; ment. in '46. 
 F. (Santiago), at S. Juan Cap. '46, age 30, wife Juana Riola, child. Juan, 
 Andrea, Alonza, and Ascension. F. (Tomas), soldier at Sta B. before '37. 
 F. (Vicente), invalido corp. in charge of Los Ang. as comisionado much of 
 the time 1785-1800. i. 347, 461, 479, 661; owner of the Felix rancho, JS02-16. 
 ii. Ill, 185, 353. F. (Vicente), soldier at Sta B. before '37, wife Filomena 
 Valenzuela; 5 children; in '36 maj. at Buena Esperanza rancho. iii. 677; 
 widower, age 26, child. Casiana, Ger6nimo, Juan, and Jos6; grantee of Moro 
 y Cayucos, S. Luis Ob., '42. iv. 655; in trouble with the auth. at S. Luis '47. 
 Perhaps 2 or 3 men of this name. 
 
 Fellom (Caius Julius), 1845 (?), Danish sailor, brother of Matthew, who 
 came to Cal. in '52 and again in '62, and at S. Jose' in '78 claimed to have 
 touched at Sta B. before '46 on the whaler Waverly. S. J. Pion. Jul. 6, '78. 
 F. (Matthew, or Felipe), 1821 (?), Danish hatter and sailor, who landed from a 
 whaler all the way from '21 to '24 ace. to dif. records, ii. 444, 526-7. He set 
 tled in the Gilroy region, and married after '34, when his age was 32. Felipe 
 was prob. his baptismal name in Cal.; on Larkin's books '41-7; in '42 making 
 soap at Gilroy's; in '46 juez at S. Juan B. v. 640. He is said to have become 
 rich in lands and cattle, and to have died in '68 or '73. Fellows (C. J.), 1845, 
 doubtful arrival, iv. 587. F. (Hiram W.), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); 
 ree'nl. Fendero (Jesus), Mex. soldier of thepiquete de Hidalgo at Mont. '36, 
 age 29. Fenley (Daniel), 1847, Co. A, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Ferguson, 1846, doubtful memb. of the Mormon Col. v. 547. F. (Adrian), 
 1835, at S. Jose; prob. Geo. A., q. v. F. (Daniel), 1824, Irish shoemaker 
 from N. Mex. ii. 526; iii. 156; joined the comp. extranjera at Mont. '32. iii. 
 221; in '36 a resid. of Los Ang., age 30, with a Cal. wife. He was one of the 
 vigilantes (iii. 430); but failed to secure a lot; and in '39 or earlier came 
 north, his name appearing on Larkin's books in '39-40. He was murdered in 
 Salinas Val. '41 by Arana, the paramour of F.'s wife, Carmen Ruiz. iv. 280, 
 653. F. (Geo. A.), 1831, Amer. sailor, cooper, and lumberman, who de 
 serted from the Fanny, working at S. Rafael, S. F. iv. 708-9, Mont, in '33, 
 and S. Jose from '34. iii. 405; arrested but not exiled in '40. iv. 17; in the 
 contra costa '44; signed the S. Jos6 call to foreigners '45. iv. 599; lot at S.F. 
 '47; perhaps had a store at Stockton '48; in '78-83 a resid. of Mayfield. F. 
 (James), 1847, sergt-maj. of Morm. Bat. v. 477, 483; in '58 adj. -gen. Utah; 
 delivered a lecture in Liverpool '55. F. (Jesse), 1828, Amer. trapper of 
 Pattie's party, who remained in Cal., settling at Los Ang.; married a Rendon 
 in '31; named in '36 as a trader, age 36; said to have died in L. Cal. a few 
 years later, ii. 558; iii. 163, 178. F. (J.C.), 1846, overl. immig., named by 
 Bryant; Co. C, Cal. Bat., enlisting at S. Juan in Oct. (v. 358); Joseph F. had 
 a Cal. claim (v. 462); Josiah F. was a witness in the Cal. claims and in the 
 Fremont court-martial, v. 454. These may have been all the same man; but 
 there was also a Ferguson at Sonoma in June before the arrival of the immig. 
 v. 110, 128. Fermor (Edward), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Fernandez (Antonio), regidor of Mont. '27-8. ii. 612. F. (Diego), 1827, 
 Span, trader on the Waverly; teacher at Sta B. '30. ii. 574; wife Brigida 
 Navarro, 2 child.; widower in '36, age 51, 3 child.; maj. at Purisima '42. iv. 
 648. F. (Dionisio), grantee with his bro.. Maximo of land in Butte '46. v. 
 
FERXAXDEZ FIELD. 737 
 
 675. F. (Francisco), 1825, Span, from the Aquilr-s; ordered away in '28-30. 
 iii. 51. F. (Gregorio), 1794, Span, friar, who served at S. Luis Ob. and. 
 Pudoima, retiring 1805. Biog. ii. 123; ment. i. 547, 576, 675, 689; ii. 159-60. 
 
 Fernandez (Jose"), 1817, Span, sailor who came from Peru with Rocquefeuil 
 as a sailor on the Bordelais, and served in the S. F. comp. as soldier and cor 
 poral in '19-27, going with Argiiello in '21 on the exped. to the north, ii. 232, 
 289, 446. In '28-9, like other Span., he was in some trouble with the Mex.- 
 auth. but was allowed to remain, iii. 51-2, 75; in '30 sec. of the ayunt. at S. 
 Jose", iii. 730; in '39 partido elector, iii. 590, 731; in '44 sindico. iv. 685; in 
 '46 juez de paz, capt. of defensores, serving in the south under Castro to Aug., 
 and after U.S. occupation memb. of the council, v. 140, 295, 662, 664; in '49 
 2d alcalde. In later years he resided at Sta Clara, being a witness in the N. 
 Almaden and many other cases. In '74 he dictated his recollections of early 
 days, a most interesting narrative called Cosas de California. He died a year 
 or two later, over 75 years of age. Capt. F. was a man who always merited 
 the respect and esteem of those who knew him. 
 
 Fernandez (Jose' Maria), 1796, Span, friar, \vho served at S. F., but was 
 obliged to retire in '97, insane from the effects of a blow on the head. i. 712- 
 13; also i. 577, 711. F. (Jose Perez), see 'Perez Fernandez.' F. (Jose" 
 Zenou), 1834, Mex. teacher who came in the H. & P. col., iii. 293, teaching for 
 a short time at Sta Clara, iii. 728. In '39 he was sec. of the S. Jose 1 ayunt. 
 and suplente juez de paz. iii. 731; in '40-1 sec. of the junta and ad int. of the 
 govt. iii. 604, 193; and grantee of Quito rancho. Sta Clara, in '41. iv. 672; in 
 '42 juez de paz at Mont., administering justice in a way not quite satisfactory 
 to Com. Jones, and going south with Jimeno Casarin as sec. iv. 39, 294, 653, 
 656; in '44 sec. of the assembly down to his death in Aug. iv. 410. F. 
 (Manuel), 1794, Span, friar who served at Sta Clara and Sta Cruz, retiring in 
 1798. Biog. i. 498; ment. i. 576-7, 618, 723. F. (Mariano), artillery corporal 
 at S.D. 1803-6. ii. 102-3. . F. (Mariano), of the custom-house guard at Mont. 
 '45, perhaps the same. F. (Maximo), grantee of rancho in Butte, and S. F. 
 lot : 46. v. 675, 684. F. (Pedro), builder of 1st frame house at S. Jose" '41. 
 iv. 684. F. (Sabas), Mex. corporal sent to Cal. for the Mont. comp. '37; 
 employed at Sonoma as lieut in com. of an Ind. comp. iii. 511; iv. 72. F. 
 (Santiago), soldier of S.F. comp. '41. 
 
 Fernandez del Campo (Jose"), 1828, Mex. lieut in com. of Cal. artill., sta 
 tioned at Mont.; arrested by insurgents '29; died in '31. ii. 608, 674; iii. 68, 
 70, 89, 190, 239. Fernandez de San Vicente (Agustin), 1822* Mex. priest 
 and canonigo, sent to Cal. as commissioner by Iturbide to superintend the 
 change of govt; skillful in politics and intrigue, a bon-vivant and gambler, 
 whose character was not admired by the friars. He departed in '23, and a few 
 years later was vicar at Sta Fd, N. Mex. ii. 457-70, 483, 496, 550, 591, 597, 
 631, 643-4, 661; iii. 11. Fernando, neoph. grantee of Eincon del Alisal '44. 
 Fernando, at Soledad '27. ii. 623. 
 
 Ferrelo (Bartolome'), 1542, piloto mayor in com. of one of Cabrillo's vessels 
 in the discov. of Cal. ; com. of the exped. after Cabrillo's death, continuing 
 the voyage to the north, i. 77-81. Ferrer (Antonio), 1825, on the Asia. 
 iii. 26. Ferrill (Thoa J.), 1846, Fauntleroy's dragoons (v. 232, 247). Fetz- 
 choror (Christian), 1847, musician of N. Y.Vol. (v. 499). Fetzer (John), 1840, 
 Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). 
 
 Fich (Henry), 1846, owner of S.F. lot; prob. Hen.D. 'Fitch,' q.v. Fick- 
 ett (S.H.), 1847, nat. of N.Y.; memb. of S. Joaq. pioneers '84. Fidalgo 
 (Salvador), 1790, Span, naval lieut. com. of the transports and explor. vessels 
 S. Carlos and Princesa, on the Cal. coast and at Nootka 1790-5. i. 444, 506, 
 509, 513, 517, 524, 533, 535, 543, list, of auth.; also Hist. N. W. Coast, index. 
 Fiel (W.H.), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons, trans, from Co. K.; killed at S. 
 Pascual. v. 346. Field (B. Oscar), 1847. nat. of Penii., captured as a boy 
 by Ind., and later interpreter and courier for the govt. Said to have come to 
 Cal. '47; in Sac. Val. '48; at S.F. from '50. Died at S.F. '64. Bulletin. F. 
 (Daniel), 1847, Co. F, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). F. (John), 1847, ditto. F. (Sam 
 uel),, 1845, overl. immig., perhaps of the Grigsby-Ide party, iv. 579. 
 HIST. CAL., VOL. III. 47 
 
733 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Fife (John), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 409). F. (Peter), 1847, Co. B, 
 ditto. F. (Wm), 1841, Scotch otter-hunter in Sta B. region from '45, and 
 prob. several years earlier, iv. 270; v. 317; went to the mines '48, but resumed 
 his hunting to '58 and later; murdered by a Sonoran at Sta B. in '06. Fifer, 
 see 'Pi'eifer.' Filield (Ira), 1S48, furnished specimens of gold toGov. Mason; 
 prob. same as following. F. (Levi), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 4GG); in 
 Suttcr's employ '47-8. 
 
 Figuer (Juan), 1772, Span, friar who served at S. Gabriel, San Luis Ob., 
 and S. Diego, dyin<? in 1784. Biog. i. 455; ment. i. 107, 192-3, 196, 272, 299, 
 310, 388, 457-9, 654, 10G-7. Figueroa (Felipe), soldier at Sta B. '32, wife 
 Ignacia Lopez; still at Sta B. in '50. F. (Francisco), 1833, Mex. capt. who 
 came with his brother, the gov., and was appointed contador at Mont, in '34. 
 iii. 236, 240, 378. In '3G he lived at Mont., age 32, wife Maria de Jesus Palo- 
 mares, age 18, son Guadalupe b. '30; in '37 involved in the revolt against Al- 
 varado. iii. 513, 523-0; from '39 in charge of his brother's Alamitos rancho 
 near Los Ang. iii. 633, 637. In '44-6 he was a member of the assembly, being 
 president of that body under Flores' administraticn, and taking some part 
 against the U.S. iv. 301, 411, 495-6. 521; v. 37-8, 49-50, 204, 321-2. Don 
 Francisco was city treasurer of Los Ang. in '50. F. (Guadalupe), grantee of 
 Corral de Tierra '36. 
 
 Figueroa (Jose"), 1833, Mex. brigadier-gen, who had been com. gen. of Son. 
 and Sin., and who was gov. and com. gen. of Cal. from Jan. 14, '33, to his 
 death on Sept. 29, '35. See full account of his arrival, rule, and death, includ 
 ing his troubles with Hijar, Padre's, and Apalategui, in iii. 234-98, espec. on 
 biog. and character, 234, 290-7; also ment. i. 662; ii. 508, 594; iii. 16, 305, 
 414, 613, 633, 652, 689-71; acts and policy i;i mission and Ind. affairs, iii. 
 318, 321-36, 339-62, 620; commercial and financial affairs, iii. 308-80; the 
 Russians, iv. 161-3. Figueroa is known as the best of California's Mex. gov 
 ernors, and in many respects merits his reputation. He was an intelligent 
 man, of good intentions and liberal views; not a model in respect of private 
 morality, and not always to be fully trusted; well versed in the arts of mak 
 ing friends and of gaining popularity by overcoming imaginary obstacles; was 
 fortunate in the circumstances under which he was called to rule the country; 
 and made no serious mistakes. F. (Manuel), settler at Los Ang. in '79. i. 
 461. Filibert (Francisco), 1825, Span, from the Aquilcs, in list sent to Mex. 
 '28; perhaps not sent away. iii. 51. 
 
 Finch (John), 1838, Engl. tinker and blacksmith who came to Mont, by 
 sea, age 28. iv. 119. From '40 he lived at S.F., getting a lot, and keeping 
 a saloon and bowling-alley at the cor. of Washington and Kearny streets. 
 v. 683. He was more commonly known as John 'Tinker'; died Aug. 20, '47. 
 Finch, 1847, mr of the Com. Mockton. Findla (James), 1847, overl. immig. 
 and carpenter from Mo., who worked at S.F. and became the owner of many 
 town lots in '47-8. v. 556. Went to the mines in '48-9; later in the real estate 
 business at S.F., where in '78 he dictated for my use his Statement of Early 
 Events, and where I think he still lives in '85. Findlay (John), 1847, Co. E, 
 Morm. Bat. (v. 469). F. (Wm), 1846, lieut arid later capt. of Co. A, Cal. 
 Bat. v. 361, 434; went east with Stockton or Kearny in '47. v. 454; at Wash, 
 as a witness Jan. '48; perhaps the Wm Finlay at S. Jose" '54 accredited to '45. 
 Annals of S.F. , 822. 
 
 Fine (J. H.), 1846, nat. of Ky; claimant for Suisun rancho. iv. 674; died 
 at Paso de Robles in '79, age 58. F. (Quin?), 1847, blacksmith at Benicia; 
 member of Sonoma council; died in '48. v. 668, 672-3. Fink (Nicholas), 
 1836, German shoemaker who came to Los Ang. with a Mex. passp. of '35; 
 age 30, and single in '40, when, having a shop in town, lie was robbed and 
 murdered, the 3 assassins being executed '41. iv. 118, 280, 629-30. 
 
 Finlay (Thomas), 1847, Co. D, Morin. Bat. (v. 469). Finlayson (Duncan), 
 1833, agent of the H.B. Co., toadied at S.F. on the Dryad, iii. 382, 404. 
 Finley ^Asa W.), 1846, overl. iimnig. with wife and 2 children; served under 
 Aram at Sta Clara (v. 378); a farmer at S. Josd for 17 years; later in Linn 
 Val., Kern Co., where he was in '79, having 2 sons, 3 married daughters, Mrs 
 
FINLAYSON-FITCH. 739 
 
 Henry Pascoe, L. A. Bearclsley, and J. P. Wilkes in Kern Co., and 2 daugh 
 ters in Or. JSakersfield Gazette. Finley, 1844, a half-breed assistant of La- 
 framboise. Yolo Co. Hist. F. (James), 1848, owner of lots at S.F. F. 
 (John), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). F. (John M.), 1848, of firm F., 
 Johnson, & Co., traders at S.F. v. 680. F. (Richard), 1848, miner from 
 Or. , where he still lived in '82. Finley (S. ), 1846, Cal. claim of $15 for a rifle 
 (v. 462). Fippard (Chas), 1833, Engl. carpenter from the Catalina, who 
 asked for a carta in '34, and was still at Mont. '35. iii. 409. 
 
 Fish (Wm), 1834, doubtful name in a Los Ang. list. Wisher, or Norris, 
 1818, negro of Bouchard's force, who rem. in Cal. There is no definite record 
 of his later career, he being perhaps confounded in such vague allusions as 
 exist with the following, ii. 248, 393. F., or Fisar, 1825, negro from Penn., 
 who came to Sta B. on the Sta Rosa; in '29 at Los Ang., a farmer 35 years 
 old, without religion, but of good conduct, iii. 29; ment. by Coronel, for 
 whom he had worked, in '46-7; and perhaps by Foster in '48-9. It is possi 
 ble, however, that this F. and the preceding were the same. F., 1846, of 
 Cal. Bat., said to have been attacked by Ind. near Los Ang. inr'47. Fremont's 
 Court-martial, 233. F., 1847, mr of the California, v. 576. F., 1848, at 
 Sutter's Fort from the quicksilver mines. 
 
 Fisher (Adam), 1843, named by Baldridgeas a memb. of the Chiles-Walker 
 inimig. party. F. (Daniel), 1845, signer of the S. Jose 1 call to foreigners, iv. 
 599. F. (Daniel), 1847, asst quartermaster in Stockton's Bat. Jan. v. 385. 
 F. (F.), 1839, captain ment. in Larkin's accts as being at Mont. Aug. F. 
 (Herman), 1848, German resid. of Sonoma Co. 73-7. Son. Co. Hist. F. 
 (Joseph 11.), 1846, one of the Mormon col., who rem. in Cal. v. 546. Fisher 
 (Mary Ann), 1846, ditto; died in the faith at Mission S. Jose", v. 546. F. 
 (Thomas M.), 1846, son of Win, age 4, who settled in Sta Clara Co., married 
 Anna Hanks in '61, and was still living, in '81, near Gilroy, with 5 children. 
 
 Fisher (Wm), 1845, nat. of Mass, who lived many years at Cape S. Lucas, 
 L. Cal., marrying Liberata Ceseiia, trading on the coast, possibly visiting 
 Upper Cal. earlier, but apparently coining for the 1st time in '45, when he got 
 a S.F. lot, and is mentioned in Larkin's corresp. iv. 587, 669, 684. It was 
 prob. on this visit that he purchased the Alvires, or Laguna Seca, rancho near 
 S. Jos6, for which his heirs were claimants in later years, iii. 712. In '46 he 
 brought his family and settled at Laguna Seca, being also engaged in trade 
 at S. Jose"; it was on his rancho that Fre'mont encamped, v. 6, 660; in Dec. 
 '46 memb. of council, v. 664, having declined the office of alcalde, v. 662. In 
 '49 he sold his S. Jos6 business to Belden, and died in '50. His children were 
 Mary C. wife of D. Murphy, Thos M., Cipriano W. (died), and Uloga Frico(?), 
 as named in Sta Clara (Jo. Hist. The widow married Geo. H. Ball of N. Y. 
 F. (Wm), 1825, mr of the Recovery, iii. 148. F. (Wm), 1830, at Los Ang. 
 ii. 555. Fishpan (?), (John), 1846, Fauntleroy's dragoons (v. 232, 247). 
 Fisk (Daniel), 1844, deserter from the Warren. Fiske (F.), 1841, mid. ou 
 the U.S. St Louis. 
 
 Fitch (Henry Delano), 1826, nat. of New Bedford, Mass., b. 1799, who 
 came to Cal. as mr of Virmond's Mex. brig. Maria Ester, iii. 147, 176. In 
 '27 he announced his intention of becoming a Mex. citizen; in '29 was bap 
 tized at S. Diego as Enrique Domingo Fitch; and was married at Valparaiso 
 in July of the same year to Josefa Carrillo, daughter of Don Joaquin of S. 
 Diego. For an account of his romantic elopement, return, and ecclesiastical 
 trial, see iii. 140-4; ii. 551, 562, 569, 615. In '30-1 he was mr of the Leonor, 
 iii. 49, 147, 383, his home being at S. Diego after his family troubles had beeu 
 settled; in '32 already apply ing for lands north of S.F. bay. Sup. GovtSt. Pap. t 
 viii. 37; sons were born '30, '32, '34; naturalized in '33. He had a store at S. 
 Diego; sindico in '35. iii. 615; com. de policia'36. iii. 616; afforded some aid 
 moistened powder, etc. to the surenos in the political quarrels of '37-8. 
 iii. 495, 553; in '39-40 presid. of election and juez de paz. iii. 614, 616-17. 
 Iii '40 Capt. Fitch went to Hon. as sup. of the California, and at the IsL 
 bought of Peirce & Brewer for 2,500 hides a half- interest in the Morse, which 
 he brought to Cal., renamed her the Ninfa, and made a trip to Mazatlan in 
 
740 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 '41. iv. 102, 105, 209, 249, 567. Stearns, McKinley, and Temple were liis 
 partners in this venture, and Paty a little later. In '41 he was grantee of the 
 Sotoyomi rancho, iv. 674; v. 297, 358, later Healclsburg, which was put in 
 charge of his agents, as he still lived at S. Diego, being much of the time at 
 sea. Receptor at S.D. '45-6; made a survey of town lands; juez depaz '46-7, 
 grantee of lands at S.F., being also meiit. in connection with various matters, 
 iv. 345, 557, 620; v. 267, 317, 618-20, 659-60, 679. He died at S. Diego in 
 '49, and was the last person buried on Presidio Hill. Capt. Fitch was one of 
 the earliest, most prominent, and most popular of the early pioneers; straight 
 forward in his dealings, generous in disposition, frank and cheerful in man 
 ner, in physique a very tall man inclined to corpulency. Dana is the only man 
 that has anything unfavorable to say of him, and it is hinted that D., a wild 
 young sailor disposed to put on airs by reason of his education and high con 
 nections, was once rather summarily ejected from Don Enrique's house, when 
 he and his companions applied for grog. I have hundreds of the captain's 
 business and personal letters in the collections of Vallejo and Cooper, besides 
 an immense vol. of the Fitch, Doc. Hist. Gal., presented by his widow in '75. 
 Dona Josefa born at S. D. 1810, and baptized as Maria Ant. Natalia Elijia 
 Carrillo, being called Josefa later because her godmother forgot the names, 
 and thought that one of them was Josefa! moved to the Healdsburg rancho 
 soon after her husband's death, and was still living there in '80, dictating for 
 my use in '75 a most interesting Narracion, besides presenting the doc. cited 
 above, including her marriage certificate and the captain's naturalization pa 
 pers. There were 11 children, as follows: Henry E. b. '30, Fred. '32, Wm '34, 
 Joseph '36, Josefa '37, John B. '#9, Isabella ''40, Charles '42, Michael '44, 
 Maria Ant. Natalia '45, and Anita '48. The last two died in '50-4; Josefa 
 became the wife of John Grant and a locally famous singer; Isabella married 
 John Balash; Wm, in '75, had a vineyard on Russian River; John B. was a 
 newspaper man, who visited my Library in 'S3. 
 
 Fitch, 1847, mr of the Armalta. v. 576. F. (Worfchington L.), 1847, 
 Co. B, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); d. S.F. '50. Fitzhugh (John W.}, 1848, immig. 
 whose widow lived at Snelling in '77. S. J. Pion. Fitzpatrick (John), 1836, 
 Engl. on a Los Ang. list, age 40. F. (Thos), well-known trapper and guide; 
 possibly came to Gal. before '40; guide of Bartleson party '41 and Fremont 
 '44, but did not come to Cal. then. iii. 392; iv. 268, 437. Fitzsimmons 
 (James), 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Flaco (Juan), see John Brown. Flandrew (J.B.), 1848, passp. from Hon. 
 Planning (H.T. ), 1845, nat. of N. Y. ; on the U.S. Portsmouth; later member of 
 S. Joaq. pioneers, iv. 587. Fleet (Wm H.), 1847, lot at S.F. Flectwood 
 (Robert), 1847, Co. F, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Flemming (James), 1829, Irish 
 'jack-at-ali-trades,' age 40, working for Cooper at Mont. iii. 179; in '36 liv 
 ing with Larkin, age 52! often named in records of '36-8. In '41-4 he appears 
 in the Sonoma and Bodega regions. Fletcher, 1579, chaplain of Francis 
 Drake's vessel, and author of a narrative of the voyage, i. 85 et seq. F. 
 (Philander), 1847, Co. D, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); reenl. Fleury (Ernest de), 
 1848, the Baron de Lisle, a French traveller and officer in Mex. under Maxi 
 milian; said to have visited Cal. in '48; died in N.Y. '67. Alta. 
 
 Fling (Guy Freeman), 1826, nat. of Me, on the Courier '26-8. iii. 176. In 
 
 appears 
 
 books and other records. He worked at his trade as blacksmith at Mont., and 
 in '36 at the Buenavista rancho, being then only 26 years old, ace. to the 
 padron. In '40 he had a shop at Natividad, and is accredited by tradition 
 with having refused to iron the foreign exiles, though John Chamberlain says 
 this was not so, as Fling was absent at the time. iv. 28. I find no definite 
 trace of him in '41-7, but he was prob. engaged in hunting, as he is said to 
 have been with Geo. Yount in Napa Val., and to have spent much of his 
 time among the Ind. He lived at Sonoma for some years; went to Napa about 
 '50, and died in the county infirmary in 70, at the reputed age of 80 years. 
 
FLINT FLtfGGE. 741 
 
 Flint (Amos K), 1847, Co. F, 3d U. S. artill. (v. 518). F. (Isaac A.), 
 1845, overl. immig. perhaps of the Grigsby-Ide party, who prob. went back 
 east with Clyinaix in '46. Iv. 579; v. 520. F. (Win), 1840, doubtful member 
 of the Mormon col. v. 547. Flomboy (John), 1844, half-breed Ind. and 
 overi. immig. of the Stevens party, ace. to Schallenberger and some of the 
 county histories, iv. 445. Flood (John), 1847, Co. A, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at 
 S.F. 71-4. 
 
 Flores (Amando), 1836, Mex. convict; later one of Murrieta's band. F. 
 (Antonio), 1602, piloto of one of Vizcaino's vessels; died on the voy. i. 98, 
 104. F. (Bernardo), settler at S.F. 1791-1800. i. 716. F. (Francisco), 1791, 
 surgeon of Malaspiua's exped. i. 490. F. (Francisco), soldier at mission S. 
 Jose" 1797-1800. i. 556. F. (Gumesindo), 1834, Mex. capt. and brevet lieut- 
 col, who came as a kind of political exile with the H. & P. col. iii. 283. In 
 '35-6 maj. and admin, of S.F. iii. 354, 714-15; in '39-42, having been rein 
 stated in his mil. rank, he was com. of the post at Mont. iii. 671; iv. 33, 652; 
 in '42-6 com. at Sta B.; in '45 leader in an outbreak of the troops, iv. 541, 
 641; v. 317, 630. Capt. F. continued to reside at Sta B. until shot and killed 
 in '60. His widow and daughter were still at Sta B. in '78. F. (Hermeue- 
 gildo), killed 1794. i. 454. F. (Isidro), soldier at S. Juan B. before 1800. i. 
 558. F. (Jose Bern.), sirviente at Soledad 1791-1800. i. 499. 
 
 Flores (Jose" Maria), 1842, Mex. capt. in the batallon fijo, who came with 
 Micheltorena as secretary, iv. 289; in '44 named as instructor of the Sta B. 
 defensores (?). iv. 407; but sent to Mex. as comisionado by the gov. to obtain 
 aid. iv. 402, 414, 534, 564, 568. Returning in '45, he remained after Michel- 
 torena's departure, and was the commissioner sent by Castro to treat with 
 Stockton in Aug. iv. 513; v. 41, 268-9, 280. On the revolt of the Californians 
 iii Sept., Flores was made gov. and com. gen. from Oct., in this capacity di 
 recting all the operations of this final campaign of the war, and linally re 
 treating to Sonora in Jan. '47. See v. 37-8, 309-25, 329-56, 365, 389-410, 
 563-5. In breaking his parole, Gen. Flores of course committed a most dishon 
 orable act, though much may be said in defence of the general rising against 
 the U.S. In other respects he acted with commendable energy, skill, and pa 
 triotism under difficult circumstances, meriting but little of the ridicule and 
 abuse of which he has been the object. After leaving Cal. he served in the 
 Mex. army, being in '49-50 sub-inspector, and in '51 et seq. com. gen. of the 
 military colonies of the west; visiting Cal. in '50 to bring his family; but I 
 think his wife, a daughter of A. V. Zamorano, did not leave Cal. He was at 
 Mazatlan in '55, and is said to have died there in '66, Los Any. Co. Hist., 24, 
 though a colonel of the same name was serving in Mitehoacan in '67 against 
 Maximilian. 
 
 Flores (Jose" Maria), at S. Jose" '25. ii. 605; in '41, age 48, wife Josef a Se- 
 pulveda, child. Miguel b. '23, Sebastian '31, Carmen '27, Jose" Maria '32, Juan 
 B. '34, Jose" '37, Paula '40, Fernando '41; jucz de policia '43. iv. 685; in '43 
 juez de campo at S.F. v. 648. F. (Jose" Maria), soldier at Sta B. from 1788. 
 F. (Jose Maria), grantee of Liebre rancho '46, also claimant in '53. v. 632. 
 F. (Jose" Miguel), maj. at S. Gabriel, 1791-6. i. 664. F. (Jos6 S.), Mex. con 
 vict '29-34. F. (Leandro), soldier in S. F. comp. '19-29; regidor at S. Jose" 
 '31. iii. 212, 729; in '41, age 42, wife Romana Martinez, child. Jose" Ant. b. 
 '33, Maria Ant. '16, Maria del Sac. '26, Refugio '34; in '43 juez del campo. 
 iv. 685. F. (M.), 1848, passp. from Hon. F. (Manuel), artilleryman at 
 Sta B. '24. ii. 532. F. (Manuel), in Hidalgo piquete at Mont. '36. F. 
 (Miguel), son of Jose" Maria, at S. Jos6 from '23 to '77, when he gave me his 
 liccuerdos Hisltiricos. v. 137. F. (Teodosio), alcalde of S. Jose" and also of 
 Mont? in '20. ii. 378, 611; at S. Jose" '41, age 52. F. (Victoriauo), sirviente 
 at S.F. 1777. i. 297. Florin (Joseph), 1833, Canadian gardener from Colom 
 bia at Los Ang. '36, '40, age 27, 31, and married, iii. 409. One record puts his 
 arrival in '30. 
 
 Flugge (Chas W.), 1841, German of the Bartleson immig. party who went 
 1st to Or., but came down by land to Cal. before the end of the year. iv. 269, 
 276, 279. In '42-3 he was employed by Sutter, who had known him before, 
 
742 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 as clerk and adviser, F. being a man of many accomplishments and having 
 some knowledge of law. He was sent by Sutter to conciliate Micheltorena. 
 iv. 389; got a lot at S.F. iv. C69, GTS; was naturalized at the end of '43; and 
 in '44 was grantee of a rancho on Feather River, iv. 670-1. He opened a store 
 at Los Ang.; used his influence for Sutter and Micheltorena. iv. 490; and at 
 the end of '45 went to Honolulu, returning on the Don Quixote early in '40. 
 He had a Cal. claim (v. 402), continuing in trade at Los Ang., and serving 
 as a messenger from Flores to Stockton in Jan. '47. v. 387. He is mentioned 
 with a wife (?) at N. Helv. in Sept. '47. N. IIclv. Diary, 110; perhaps an 
 error. At the end of '48 he left Cal., though McKinley, his partner, made 
 efforts to prevent his departure, and is said to have gone to Germany with a 
 considerable sum of money. Though admired for his accomplishments, he had 
 quarrelled sooner or later with most of those who were intimate with him, 
 showing divers eccentricities of conduct. In the winter of '51-2 he returned 
 to Los Ang., secluding himself from old friends, acting strangely in other 
 respects, and evidently insane. In Sept. '52 he wandered off into the country 
 and was found dead some 12 miles from town. Flundin (Joseph), 1842, 
 French steward of a hospital in Oakland '77, said to have visited S.F. in June 
 '42. iv. 341; S.J.Pion. Flying (Andrew), 1847, Co. F, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); 
 at Sta B. '71-82. 
 
 Fogo (Manuel), 1825, Span, from the Asia; still in Cal. '30. iii. 27, 51-2. 
 Foisy (M.G.), 1846, Or. pioneer of '44; a printer still in Or. '76, for whom it 
 is claimed that he published (?) the Calif ornian at Mont. Hist. Or., i. 467. 
 He may possibly have been a printer on that paper in '46 or '47, but prob. 
 not. v. 293. Foley (Alfred), 1847, Co. E, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). F. (Michael), 
 
 1846, Irish, of the Cal. Bat. (v. 358); owner of S.F. lot '47. v. 685; said to 
 have been killed in a brawl at the mission a few years later. Folger (Edward 
 F.), 1847, at S.F., agent, or perhaps partner, of Gelston & Co. F. (Wra D.), 
 
 1847, on roll of Soc. Cal. Pion. Follansbee (S. ), 1846, doubtful newsp. nient. 
 of a Shasta Co. pion. Follen (Julian), 1845, petitioner for land for a colony; 
 perhaps not in Cal. iv. 571. Follett (Win A.), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 
 469); in Ariz. '81. F. (Wm T.), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat.; at St George, 
 Utah, '82. 
 
 Folsom (Joseph Libbey), 1847, nat. of N. H., graduate of West Point in 
 '40, and later instructor in that institution; came to Cal. as capt. U.S.A. and 
 asst quartermaster in the N.Y. Vol.; and was chief of the Q.M. department 
 station at S.F., being also collector of the port for a time in '47-9. v. 98, 503, 
 511-13, 650, 659-60, 673. Capt. F. invested all the money he could raise in 
 town lots, which in a few years made him a rich man. During a trip to the 
 east in '49 he was smart and lucky enough to find the heirs of Win A. Leid- 
 esdorff and buy of them for a song their title to the immense Leidesdorff es 
 tate in S.F. He thus became one of the wealthiest men in Cal., owning large 
 estates in the country, including the Amer. River rancho on which the tow T n 
 of Folsom now bears his name, as does Folsom Street in S.F. His reputation 
 is that of a most enterprising man of business, an honorable gentleman of su 
 perior education and refinement, somewhat formal and haughty in manner. 
 He died at Mission San Jos< in '55 at the age of 38. F. (Wm H.), 1847, Co. 
 H, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); in N.Y. city '82. 
 
 Font (Jose"), 1796, Span, lieut of Catalan volunteers, com. of the comp. 
 after Alberni's death, also com. at S. Diego '99. Left Cal. with the Cal. Vol. 
 1803. i. 541, 647-8; ii. 5, 18-19, 78, 107, 153. F. (Pedro), 1775-6, Span, 
 friar, prob. of the Quere'taro Franciscans, who was chaplain of Anza's exped. 
 to Cal., of which he left an important Diario and map. i. 258-60, 262-4, 267- 
 9, 280-6, 330; ii. 44. Fontes (Pedro), sirviente at S.F. 1777. i. 297. For- 
 bagh, 1847, at Benicia. v. 672; prob. 'Forbush,' q.v. 
 
 Forbes (Alexander), Scotch merchant of Tepic; author of the standard 
 work on California pub. in '39. iv. 150-2. He had never visited Cal., though 
 meditating a visit in '26. iii. 176. It is stated, however, that later, in '46-8, 
 he came to Cal. in con. with the N. Almaden affairs; but I have no definite 
 record of his presence. He has often been confounded by writers with James 
 
FORBES FORD. 743 
 
 A. Forbes. F. (Eli B.), 1S47, Co. E, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); carpenter at Mont. 
 '47-8. F. (Hector M.), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Forbes (James Alex.), 1831, nat. of Scotland, who had lived for some years 
 in Span, countries, prob. in Chili or Peru. The first that is definitely known 
 of him is that in a trip to the isl. of the S. Amer. coast he was wrecked, 
 picked tip by the Nelso7i at or near the Galapagos, and transferred to the 
 whaler Fan in/, which brought him, rating as 4th mate, by way of the Mar 
 quesas to S.F. in Oct. '31, or possibly '30. iii. 403. In '32 he was acting as.a 
 kind of clerk or majordomo for P. Viader at Sta Clara; early in '33 asked for 
 naturalization, which he obtained in April '34, and in July married Ana Ma 
 ria, daughter of Juan C. Galindo, being then 27 years old, and having as wit 
 nesses Gco. Ferguson and Jas W. Weeks, who had come with him on the 
 Fanny. For several years his name does not appear, but he was doubtless en 
 gaged in trade and fanning at S. Jose", where from '36 he acted as agent for 
 the H.B.Co., being elector in '38 and sindico in '39, trying in '40 to obtain 
 a loan of mission sheep in comp. with Dr Marsh, signing bonds for some 
 of the Bartleson immig., and, ace. to the padron of '41, having two sons, Car 
 los b. '37, and Alejandro in '39. iii. 731; iv. 86, 117, 217-18, 275, 684. In '42 
 Forbes was appointed British vice-consul at Mont. , assuming the office in Oct. 
 '43, and performing some acts in his official capacity in the next few years, 
 though not residing at Mont. iv. 384, 479, 563, 651. Grantee of the Potrero 
 de Sta Clara '44. iv. 673; in '45-6 at S.F. in charge of the H.B.Co. property 
 after Rae's death, having apparently used his iniluence against Sutter and 
 Micheltorena, being involved in a controversy with Leidesdorff, and obtain 
 ing for himself and wife some beach lots in town. v. 486, 590-1, 649, 679-SO. 
 In" '4 6 Larkin reported F. to the Wash, govt as a man of moderate property, 
 whose private interests and official position clashed, but who wished the U. 
 S. to have Cal. F. asserted at the time, and in later years, that he had noth 
 ing to do with schemes for an English protectorate, and it is certain that those 
 schemes, as well as the vice-consul's agency, have been greatly exaggerated. 
 v. 68, 70, 614. In the troubles of '46-7 he took but slight part. v. 298, 378, 
 380, 382. Gov. Mason declined to permit F., as vice-consul, to introduce 
 goods free of duties. Don Diego was an intelligent man of good education, 
 whose knowledge of Spanish gave him an advantage, though he never lost his 
 broad Scotch accent, and whose record in early times was an excellent one, 
 though many writers have exaggerated his prominence. After the U.S. occu 
 pation, he became interested in the New Almaden mines, and was involved 
 in the complicated litigation that lasted for years, to the serious detriment of 
 his financial hopes, of his reputation, and especially of his temper. In later 
 years he led a life of retirement, nursing his intense, and perhaps not un 
 founded, bitterness against all that was American, and died at Oakland in 
 '81, at the age of 77. His children, as named by his son in '85, were Carlos 
 H., residing at Los Ang. with 10 children, Martha (deceased), James Alex., 
 Jr, Michael, Frederick, James Alonzo, Luis Felipe (deceased), Maria Clara, 
 Juan Tele'sforo, Margaret, Francis H., and Alfred 0. James Alex., Jr, was ed 
 ucated at Sta Clara college, has been state translator of the laws, and in '85 
 for some years has been employed as translator and keeper of the archives in 
 the U.S. surveyor-general's office. Though not in charge when my search of 
 the archives was made, he has afforded me aid on several points. 
 
 Forbes (John), 1833, Engl. on Larkin's books '33-5. iii. 409. F. (Robert 
 B.), 1825, mr of the Nile. iii. 148. Visiting S.F. again in '70, he delivered a 
 lecture which included reminiscences of '25; and in '78 he published his Per 
 sonal Reminiscences, which describes both the visits and the lecture; still 
 living at Milton, Mass., in '85. F. (Wm), 1835, Engl. who worked for Lar 
 kin at Mont. '35-6. iii. 413; one of the exiles of '40. iv. 18; perhaps cl. for a 
 Sonoma Co. rancho '52. iv. 671. Forbush (Benj.), 1847, from Hon. on the 
 Euphemia; at Benicia; perhaps Forbagh. F. (Lorin), 1847, Co. C, Morm. 
 Bat. (v. 469). 
 
 Ford (Henry L.), 1842-4, nat. of Vt or N.H., who prob. came by sea. He 
 claimed to have come in '42; the 1st original record is a certificate of his U.S. 
 
744 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 citizenship, dated at Mont. April 19, '44. iv. 341. He seems to have been one 
 of Capt, Gantt's men in the Micheltorena campaign of '45 (v. 484), and was 
 prominent among the Bears in '46, taking part in the stealing of Arce's horses 
 and the capture of Sonoma, v. 78, 107, 110, 147. As lieut of the Bear army 
 he commanded in the fight at Olompali, the only one of the revolt, v. 153, 
 164-9; went south with Frdmont; returned with Maddox in Aug.; and later 
 served in the final campaign as capt. of Co. B, Cal. Bat. v. 184, 282, 289, 361, 
 434. In '48 he settled in Tehama Co., where in '51 he married Susan Wilson, 
 a'nd in '56 was accidentally shot and killed at the age of 33. Ford's narrative 
 of the Bear Flag Revolt, a MS. furnished to me by Rev. S. H. Willey, for 
 whom it was written in '51, is noticed in v. 189. Not much is definitely 
 known of Ford, but he appears to have been a good man of strong prejudices. 
 F. (Henry). 1847, perhaps of N.Y.Vol. under another name. F. (John), 
 1827, mr of the Favorite, iii. 147. F. (Noah E.), 1847, in letter list at S.F. 
 '47-8. F. (Patrick), 1847, Co. E, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); a deserter in '48; killed 
 by Rogue Riv. Ind. '66. Forero (Ramon), doubtful name in a S.F. list '35. 
 
 Forney (Peter), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). Forrest (B.), 
 1841, clerk on the U.S. St Louis. F. (French), 1840-1, com. of the U.S. St 
 Louis, iv. 36-7, 106; commodore in Confed. navy '62. F. (Richard), 1846, 
 lieut on the Portsmouth and Levant. F. (Sam.), 1848, lot at S.F. For 
 rester (Geo. H. H.), 1847, Co. K, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Forsgreen (John), 
 1847, Co. D, Morin. Bat. (v. 469). 
 
 Forster (John), 1833, nat. of England, who came to Guaymas in '31, and 
 in '33 on the Facio belonging to his uncle James Johnson to Cal., return 
 ing to Sonora on the vessel as master, and coming back to Los Ang. by land 
 the same year. iii. 365, 382, 389, 397, 509. He made other trips to Son. for 
 his uncle, and in '36 announced his intention to remain permanently, claiming 
 7 years' residence in Mex. territory and 4 in Cal. ; in '37 married Isidora, sis 
 ter of Pio Pico; in '40-3 at S. Pedro as shipping agent, part of the time capt. 
 of the port. iv. 322, 636. In '44 he settled at S. Juan Cap., purchasing the 
 ex-mission estate in '45, and living there for 20 years, iv. 553, 558, 621, 627; 
 
 frantee of rancho de laNacion '45. iv. 621; juezde paz '45-7. iv. 627; v. 623- 
 ; in '46 for a time in charge of S. Luis Rey, having trouble with Fremont, 
 and aiding Gov. Pico to escape, v. 267, 278, 620; grantee of Trabuco. iv. 635; 
 had a Cal. claim (v. 462); aided Stockton in the campaign of '47. v. 388. In 
 '64 Forster bought the Sta Margarita rancho of Pio Pico, where he spent the 
 rest of his life, dying in '84 at the age of 70. Don Juan was a man who was 
 liked and respected by all who knew him, that is, by everybody in southern 
 Cal. and hundreds more, a genial ranchero, famous for the hospitalities of his 
 Sta Margarita home. He was for many years a man of immense wealth; 
 formed several plans for colonization on a grand scale, which were never car 
 ried out; but was harassed in the later years by litigation and other troubles; 
 and the estate was sold before his death. At his rancho in '74 he gave me a 
 narrative of early experiences; and in '78 dictated his more complete Pioneer 
 Data, giving also a few original papers. His wife died a short time before his 
 death. In '46, ace. to the S. Juan padron, there were 6 children: Emerico and 
 Dolores (perhaps error of copyist), Marcos Antonio b. '40, Fraiic&co '42, Ana 
 Maria '43, Juan Fernando '45. Francisco, or 'Chico,' killed by a woman at 
 Los Angeles after '80. Mark Antony and John still live in S. Diego Co. '85. 
 Two of Don Juan's brothers, Hugh and Thomas, came to Cal. after '48. 
 Fort, see ' Ford. ' Forsyth (Thomas), 1834, Irish ship-carpenter who came on 
 the Leonor; still at Mont. '37. 
 
 Fortuni (Buenaventura), 1806, Span, friar who served 34 years as a mis 
 sionary in Cal., chiefly at S. Jose" and Solano, dying at Sta B. in '40. Biog. 
 iii. 659; ment. ii. 138, 159-60, 322, 375, 394, 505*598-9,623, 655; iii. 96,318, 
 346, 622-3, 658, 660, 719; iv. 63, 66. Fosdick (Jay), 1846, of the Donner 
 party from 111.; died in the nits. v. 530, 534, 537. His wife, Sarah Graves, sur 
 vived, marrying Win Ritchie in '48, and Samuel Spiers in '56; died near 
 Watson ville in '71. 
 
 Foster, 1833, one of Hall J. Kelley's companions in the trip across Mex., 
 
FOSTER FOWLER. 745 
 
 whom K. denounces as a rascal, and who, as he learned, came to Mont, on a 
 whaler, was ordered away, shipped on a man-of-war, and in trying to desert 
 was drowned in the bay as a punishment for his sins. iii. 409; perhaps Chas 
 or Ed. C. described as Amcr. at Mont, in '34. F., 1846, of F. & Patterson, 
 Oil. claim (v. 462). F. (Benj. F.), 1847, Co. C, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); a printer 
 and part proprietor of the Calif or nian in '48; later foreman in the Alia offica 
 and connected with the Standard and other S. F. papers; making two trips 
 to the Sandw. Isl. He went east and died at Portsmouth, N.H., in 'Co, at the 
 age of 49. 
 
 Foster (Geo.), 1846, a Mo. immig. prob. of this year, who was killed at 
 Natividad in Nov. v. 367. He was known as Captain Foster. Possibly came 
 earlier, though those who imply this seem to confound him with another man. 
 F. (James), 1841, mid. on the U. S. St Louis. F. (John), 1847, apparently 
 sold lumber at Mont. F. (John R.), 1848, named by Lancey as a brother of 
 the man killed at Natividad. F. (Joseph), 1846, Co. F, Cal. Baf. (v. 358), 
 enlisting at S. Juan, Oct.; possibly identical with Geo. F. (Joseph), 1847, 
 member of the 4th, and perhaps 1st, Donner relief, v. 538, 541; said to have 
 been a sailor. F. (Joseph), 1846, Engl. who kept a saloon in S.F. '53-9; lost 
 a leg in '49; died in '59. Herald; perhaps same as preceding. F. (Joseph 
 E.), 1844, overl. immig. of the Stevens party, iv. 445, 453; named at N. 
 Helv. '45-6; served in Co. B, Cal. Bat. (v. 358); prob. identical with one of 
 the preceding. F. (Joseph R.), 1846, in the vicinity of Sta Cruz. F. (0. 
 H.), 1816, Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). 
 
 Foster (Stephen Clark), 1847, nat. of Me, b. in '20; graduate of Yale in 
 '40; teacher and medical student in Va, Ala, and La; physician in Mo. ; trader 
 in N. Mex. and Sonora; come to Cal. as interpreter with the Morm. Bat. 
 v. 483. He was alcalde at Los Ang. in '48-9. v. 610, 626-7; memb. of the 
 ccnstit. convention in '49, also prefect; member of the Cal. senate '50-3; 
 memb. of Los Ang. council '51, '58; mayor '54, '56. He married a Lugo, and 
 is still living at Los Ang. in '85. He has written to some extent on pioneer 
 topics for the newspapers, ii. 221, 292; and in '77 furnished for my use a 
 fragment on Los Angeles in '^7-9. He has had much to do with the Span, 
 archives of the south, in familiarity with which he is excelled by few, if any. 
 His official record in the early time, and so far as I know in later years, has 
 been a good one. He was a man of remarkable natural abilities and of fine 
 education. His prominent position in the past as a public man makes it 
 necessary to add that in respect of morality and sobriety his conduct in later 
 times is not exemplary. F. (Wm M.), 1846, surviving memb. of the Donner 
 party, from Penn. with wife and infant son George, the latter dying in the 
 nits. F. was also an active memb. of the 4th relief party, v. 531-5, 540-1. At 
 N. Helv. '47; had a furniture store at S.F. '47-8. v. 678; later kept a store 
 at the mines, giving his name to Foster's Bar. He died at S.F. in '74. His 
 wife, Sarah A. C. Murphy, was living at Marysville with her brother in '80. 
 F. (Wm S.), 1847, Co. A, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Fourcade (Richard), 1841, named in Larkin's books '41-8; called also Al 
 bert R., and John R. Fouchade. iv. 279. Fourgeaud (G.), 1847, brother of 
 Victor J., and overl. immig. at N. Helv.; owner of lot at S.F. F. (Victor 
 J.), 1847, nat. of N.C., physician at St Louis, and overl. immig., with his wife, 
 son, and brother, v. 556. He practised medicine at S.F. in '47-8, being a 
 school trustee and otherwise prominent, v. 651, 656-7, 680; also owner of 
 town lots, and author of an article on the Prospects of Cal. in the Star of '48. 
 He moved later to Sac., but returned about '63, and died at S.F. in '75 at the 
 age of 60. His widow died in '83, age 74. Fourri (Francois Ie),'l831, from 
 K Mex. in the Wolfskill party, iii. 387. 
 
 Fowler, 1846, Amer. of the Bear party murdered by the Calif ornians near 
 Sta Rosa in June. v. 110, 160-4. I cannot identify him; possibly Wm, Jr, of 
 '44; called B. Fowler of '45; also George. F. (Henry), 1844, son of Wm, 
 nat. of 111. who came overl. to Or. in '43 and to Cal. in the Kelsey party 
 with his father and brother, iv. 444-5. In '45 he worked for Sutter, asked 
 for naturalization, and perhaps settled in Napa. With his father he purchased, 
 
746 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 later, a farm near Calistoga; and in '7 1 was a resident of Napa City. F. (James 
 E.), 1841, resid. of Sonoma Co. '51-77; nat. of N.Y. Son. Co. Hist. F. (Je- 
 rusha), 1840, of the Mormon col. with 4 children, v. 546; rem. in Cal. F. 
 (John), 1843, overl. immig. who joined the Bears, v. Ill; went south vrifch 
 Frdmont, but returned with a broken arm in Nov. '46. This is his own state 
 ment in a narative of the Bear Flag given by him at Napa in '78. He may 
 be a brother of Henry, or possibly the name may be John Henry. There vras 
 a J. W. Fowler in the Cal. Bat. F. (John S.), 1847, nat. of N.J.; 2d alcalde 
 at Sac. '48-9; died at Sac. '60, age 42. 
 
 Fowler (Wm), 1844, nat. of N.Y., from 111. to Or. in '43, and to Cal. in 
 the Kelsey party with 2 or more sons. iv. 444-5. He brought a letter of rec 
 ommendation as a good catholic and carpenter from P. Dimers of the Wala- 
 met to P. Quijas. Worked for a time at Sonoma, after spending some timo in 
 Pope Va^cy; was at N. Helv. in '47, and finally with his son Henry bought 
 a farm of Dr Bale near Calistoga, where at the age of 72 he married a 2d wife, 
 and died in '65, at the age of 86. F. (Wm, Jr), 1844, son of Wm, who came 
 in the same party from Or., and worked as a carpenter at Sonoma, N. Helv., 
 and S. Rafael, iv. 444-5. In Or. he married Rebecca Kelsey, who left him on 
 arrival in Cal. Application was made to Larkin for a divorce, and despite his 
 lack of authority to grant it, she was married by Sutter to another man. As 
 I find no record of F. after '46, it is possible that he was the man killed with 
 Cowie during the Bear revolt. F. (Wm), immig. of the Bartleson party, '41, 
 going to Or. iv. 2G9; perhaps the Win named above. F. (W.), 1843, mr of 
 the Diamond, iv. 565. Fowrklinot (Jacobo), 1844, otter-hunter at Los Ang., 
 prob. 'Frankfort.' 
 
 Fox (J.), 1848, passp. from Honolulu. Foxen (Benj.), 1826, Engl. sailor 
 who came on the Courier and left that vessel in '28. iii. 176; ii. 573. He was 
 baptized as Wm Dorningo, though often called Julian; married Eduarda 
 Osuna (or Olivera); was naturalized in '37, when he was 38 years old, and had 3 
 children, being in trade at Sta B. A few years later he became owner of the 
 Tinaquaic rancho, iii. 656, where he spent the rest of his life, dying in '74 and 
 leaving 10 children and a large estate. He was a rough and violent man, often 
 in trouble with other rough men and with the authorities, being sentenced to 
 4 years in prison in '48 for killing Agustin Davila. v. 611, 613; yet accredited 
 with good qualities, such as bravery and honesty. His three daughters married 
 respectively C. W. Goodchild, F. Wickenden, and John R. Stone. His son, 
 Wm J. J., bom in '33, was in '83 a ranchero in Sta B. Co. Portrait of Benj. 
 and his wife in Sta B. Co. Hist., 322. 
 
 Fraezher(Geo.), see 'Frazer.' Framier (R.), 1846, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). 
 France (Joseph), 1846, doubtful memb. of the Mormon col. v. 547. Francis 
 (Alex.), 1842, Florida Ind., deserter from the U.S. Cyane '43. F. (Wm), 
 1847, lot at S.F. Francisco, neoph. at S. Diego 1775. i. 253. Francisco, 
 1818, negro of Bouchard's force captured at Mont. ii. 232. Franco (Jose), 
 convict settler 1797. i. 606. F. (Juan Jose 1 ), a recruit who came with Jose" 
 cle la Guerra y Noriega and J. J. de la Torre in 1801. F. (Pablo), convict 
 settler 1798; at Los Ang. '19. i. 606; ii. 354. Franec (Wm), 1845, doubtful 
 name of an Irishman at Branciforte, age 45, single. 
 
 Frank (Manuel), 1841, 1st frame house at S. Josd built for. iv. 684. 
 Frankfort (Jacob), 1841, German tailor from N. Mex. in the Workman party, 
 iv. 278-9; at Los Ang. '46; up and down the coast '47-8, making a trip to 
 Hon. and back on the Gen. Kearny and Eveline, and obtaining, a lot at S. F. 
 Franz (Fred W.), 1845, at Mont. iv. 587; lot at S. F. '47. Frapp, '32-40, 
 doubtful name of a trapper chief, iii. 392. Frare (Wm), 1844, Irish, who 
 got a pass for 1 year; prob. same as 'Frere,' q.v. Fraser, see 'Frazcr.' 
 Frawell (Ephraim P.), 1833, Phil, tailor who deserted from the whaler Ilcl- 
 vetius, and worked at his trade at dif. points round S.F. bay. iii. 409. He was 
 met by Wilkes at Mission S. Jose" in '41; lived from '43 at S. Jose", where he 
 died about '78; name also written 'Fravel.' Frayer (Henry or Eugene), 
 1844, German who got a pass. 
 
 Frazer (Abner), 1845, Amer. carpenter from Or. in the McMahon-Clyman 
 
FRAZER FREMONT. 747 
 
 party, and returned to Or. in '46, where he still lived after '75. iv. 572, 526; 
 written also 'Frazier.' F. (Alex.), 1827, signs as a witness at Mont. F. 
 (Geo. W.), 1833, Amer. trapper with Walkers party, iii. 391; iv. 409. He is 
 nient. in Mont, records of '34-5; in '40 exiled to S. Bias, but returned, ob 
 taining cartas in '41-2, when he lived near Sta Cruz. iv. 18, 33; in '43 at 
 Alviso's; in '45 signed the call to foreigners at S. Jose. iv. 599; applied for 
 land at S. Jose" '46; visited N. Hclv. '45-8; at Stockton '47-8. Name also 
 written 'Fraezher,' which was perhaps the correct form. F. (M.), 1836, 
 lumberman at S. Rafael, iv. 118. F. (Thos), 1847, Co. D, Morm. Bat. (v. 
 409); in Sutter's employ '47-8; name prob. 'Frazier.' F. (Win), 1845, 
 Amer. farmer from Or. in the McM.-Clyman party; prob. went back '46 with 
 Abner F. , who was perhaps his brother, iv. 572-3, 526. 
 
 Frederick (J.), 1846, Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). Fredingburg (H.), 1848, 
 passp. from Honolulu. Frceborn (John), 1847, Co. K, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); 
 passp. from Hon. "'48. Freeman, 1837. mr of the Indian, iv. 104. F. 
 (Duric). 1844, Amer. who obtained a carta at Mont. F. (Elijah), 1847, 
 Morm. Bat. (v. 469); prob. not in Cal. F. (F.), Co. G, Cal. Bat. (v. 358), 
 enlisting at S. Jose", Nov. F. (Isam), 1840, doubtful name of a naturalized 
 foreigner at Sta B. F. (Richard), 1846, bought a house of Capt. Fitch at S. 
 Diego. F. (Truman), 1844, Amer. age 25, in a S.F. padron. F. (W), 1848, 
 passp. from Hon. Freer (Matthew), 1848, hanged at S. Jose" for highway 
 robbery and attempted murder, v. 663-4. 
 
 Fremont (John Charles), 1844, nat. of Ga, b. in '13, sometime teacher of 
 mathematics and surveyor, lieut of top. engineers from '38, and husband of 
 a daughter of Thos H. Benton from '41. He is in some respects the most 
 famous of all the pioneers named in this register, and his California!! career 
 was the foundation of his fame. Full details of that career will be found in 
 other volumes of this work. His three exploring exped. of '42, '43-4, and '45, 
 in the 2d and 3d of which he reached Cal., are described, with their results, 
 in iv. 434-44, 452, 581-5, 679. Exploring and mapping regions before known 
 only to trappers and immigrants, narrating his labors with modesty and full 
 credit to those who preceded and accompanied him, he gained much credit at 
 home and abroad for his skill in the field and for his reports. As the pioneer 
 of scientific exploration in the far west, he deserves only praise. The ridicule 
 of which he has been the object in this connection resulted mainly from the 
 campaign of '56, in which his achievements as pathfinder were so magnified 
 for effect in the east as to excite the jealousy of western pioneers, a feeling 
 fomented by partisans for political purposes. Fremont's acts of Jan. -May '46 
 in Cal. are given in v. 1-29, 58-9, 644, 660. Being permitted by Gen. Castro 
 to rest his men and animals in the S. Joaquin Valley for a continuation of his 
 exploring trip to Or. , he forfeited the privilege by marching his party into S. 
 Josd and encamping for a week at Fisher's rancho; grossly insulted the alcalde 
 who, in the discharge of his routine duties, served a legal notice on him; and 
 finally marched over the Sta Cruz Mts and down the coast for Oregon ! When 
 the authorities very properly ordered him to leave Cal., he fortified a position 
 on Gavilan Peak and raised the U. S. flag. This was foolish bravado, as he 
 realized after a da} T or two of reflection, in connection with Consul Larkin's 
 advice and the sight of military preparations at San Juan; so he ran away in 
 the night. The current version of Castro's broken promise and subsequent 
 cowardly bluster is pure fiction, but it has long served its purpose that of 
 covering Fremont's folly. He was overtaken on the Or. frontier by despatches 
 from Wash, which required him to remain in Cal. His part in the Bear revolt 
 of June-July is recorded in v. 77-190. That most indefensible rising of the 
 settlers, w r hich interrupted negotiations for a pacific change of flag, would not 
 have occurred but for F.'s promise of active support when needed; therefore 
 he must be held responsible, not only for the bloodshed and bitterness of feel 
 ing that attended the conflict of '46-7, but for the much more disastrous state 
 of affairs that, but for the sheerest good luck, must have resulted. His alleged 
 motives were three fold: 1st, The welfare of Amer. settlers threatened with 
 oppression and expulsion a mere pretext, since the danger was wholly imagi- 
 
748 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 nary, as F. and the leaders well knew, though a few settlers were led to Be 
 lieve it real; 2d, the necessity of prompt action to save Cal. from England 
 ii excuse invented later, which has had a success out of all proportion to ita 
 merits, for had England entertained the idea of a protectorate the settlers' re 
 volt would have afforded the best possible occasion for interference; and 3d, 
 the receipt of instructions from Wash, to seize the first opportunity to wrest 
 Cal. from Mex. In a statement of '85 a MS. furnished by Gen. and Mrs F. 
 to Dr Josiah Royce, and by the kindness of the latter added, with the authors' 
 consent, to my collection he relies mainly on this 3d plea, and alleges posi 
 tively, as he and his friends have always implied, that he received such in 
 structions, guardedly expressed by Sec. Buchanan, and more openly by Benton 
 in a private letter. This is simply not true. I have the instructions sent from 
 Wash, in '45, both the original, signed by Buchanan, and the copy written 
 by Gillespie from memory on arrival, and they contain not a word t justify 
 any but conciliatory measures. The lieut disobeyed the letter and spirit of his 
 orders, unless deceived by Gillespie at Benton's instigation. His real motive 
 was a desire to make himself more prominent in the approaching occupation 
 by the U.S. than he could be if the whole matter were left to Larkin and the 
 naval officers. Doubtless he drew his inspiration largely from his brilliant 
 father-in-law. He saw several plausible avenues of escape from disgrace should 
 there be no war or should matters otherwise go wrong; but it is likely that 
 the young filibuster was far from anticipating the full measure of success that 
 good fortune was to give his deception. Once committed to the Bear cause, 
 he acted in most respects with commendable energy and consistency; yet it 
 must be stated that he meanly assumed for himself credit for the Bears' war 
 like acts, in which he took no active part; that never in his Cal. career was he 
 in the actual presence of an armed foe; that in his S. Rafael campaign, repre 
 sented by him as a grand victory, he was completely outwitted by Joaq. de 
 la Torre; and that the murder of the Haro brothers and Berreyesa is an inef 
 faceable stain on his record. This deed F. and his friends have chosen to ignore 
 as far as possible, alluding to it as a trivial occurrence incidental to a state of 
 war, falsely representing the Haros as spies, on whose bodies murderous in 
 structions from Castro were found; and finally, F. has the assurance to refer 
 to it as the act of his Delawares out on a scout, unknown to him till later. 
 For his part in the conquest proper, from July '46 to Jan. '47, see v. 231, 
 246-53, 266-7, 283, 286-7, 290, 295, 302, 304-5, 357-60, 372-6, 385-410, 412, 
 617, 630, 634, 639. At Mont., though Com. Sloat would not adopt his views, 
 F. found in Stockton a filibuster after his own heart, willing to incorporate 
 the Gavilan episode and the Bear revolt in the sacred cause of the U.S. As 
 major of the Cal. battalion, he aided in the occupation of S. Diego and Los 
 Ang. in Aug., returning north as mil. com. of Cal. Later he reorganized the 
 battalion, and marched south to take part in the final campaign, concluded 
 by his treaty of Cahuenga in Jan. '47. In all this period the major and com 
 modore merely overcame obstacles of their own creation, but the former effi 
 ciently performed somewhat difficult duties, and merits but little of the blame 
 and derision heaped upon him f or Ms methods of obtaining supplies, for his 
 disastrous crossing of the Sta In6s Mountain, and for his cautious approach 
 to Los Ang. His policy at Cahuenga deserves no more severe adjective than 
 the slangy one of ' cheeky. ' Next we have his proceedings at the capital in 
 Jan. -May as gov. of Cal. by Stockton's appointment, and his connection with 
 the complicated controversies of the commodore and general, as related in v. 
 421-68. In general terms, it may be said of these quarrels that Keamy was in 
 the right, Stockton in the wrong, and Fremont first right, then wrong. Though 
 techmcally disobeying mil. orders, F. could not, consistently with the honor 
 that should prevail among filibusters as well as thieves, abandon the chief 
 who had fathered his cause and given him office; but at last his disobedience 
 was renewed in so offensive a form as to move Kearny to wrath and the fullest 
 exercise of his authority. Crossing the continent in disgrace, he was con 
 demned by court-martial to dismissal from the army. v. 455-62. The verdict 
 was technically a just one, but the lieut-colonel refused to accept the presi- 
 
FREMONT FPJXK. 749 
 
 dernt's proffered pardon. He had just then no further use for the army; the 
 trial had been a splendid advertisement; and the popular verdict had doubt 
 less been in his favor. The evidence had been skilfully made to include as 
 much as possible of such Cal. annals as could be made to appear flattering to 
 the accused and unfavorable to his rivals; but if the accusers had had the 
 wish and power to present all the facts in their true light, the popular hero's 
 career might have been nipped in the bud. Something will be said in vol. vi. 
 of his later career so far as it pertains to Cal. ; of the rest my study has been 
 comparatively superficial; yet I find no indication of qualities not clearly 
 shown in the early record. In a 4th explor. exped. of '48 many of his men 
 perished in the snow before reaching N. Mex. , but the leader kept on and 
 reached Cal. in '49. He accepted an appointment as commissioner of the 
 boundary survey, but before beginning work was elected, in '50, to the U. S. 
 senate from Cal., doing 110 harm during his brief term as senator, which ex 
 pired in March '51. In '52, spending a year in Europe, he was once put in a 
 London jail on charges growing out of his Cal. operations of '47. In '53-4 he 
 made a 5th and last exploring tour across the continent between 38 and 39. 
 He had bought of ex-Gov. Alvarado in '46 the famous Mariposas estate, which 
 now bade fair to make him the richest man in America; and in '56 he was 
 nominated for the presidency by the republicans. He had no qualifications 
 for the office, but it was hoped, with much reason, that his fame as 'path 
 finder' and 'conqueror of Cal.' would make him an available candidate. At 
 this period appeared many biographic sketches, notably those of Bigelow, 
 Smucker, and Upham. Defeated by Buchanan, he lived a year or two in Cal., 
 visited Europe, and in '61-2 served in the war as maj.-gen. of volunteers; but 
 the govt not appreciating his military genius, he resigned, and devoted him 
 self to grand schemes of speculation in connection with railroads, being tem 
 porarily the candidate of a few dissatisfied republicans for the presidency, 
 and in '73 sentenced to fine and imprisonment for fraud by a French court. 
 In '78, when reduced to extreme poverty, he was appointed gov. of Ariz., 
 serving for a brief term, and subsequently resuming his speculations, which 
 are always on the point of making him rich. In '85 he resides with his wife 
 in N.Y. City, a venerable couple with several grown children. Fremont did 
 more than any other to prevent or retard the conquest of Cal., yet his fame 
 as 'conqueror' is the corner-stone of his greatness, and in all the structure 
 there are few blocks more solid. He is to be regarded as an adventurer of 
 marvellous good fortune, if it be good fortune for a man of moderate abilities 
 to be made conspicuous before the world, or to enjoy opportunities that can 
 not be utilized. He was, moreover, intelligent, well educated, brilliant within 
 certain limits, of gentlemanly manners, personally magnetic, full of enthusi 
 asm. Abuse has done more for him than eulogy; and doubtless from his 
 standpoint he has been a successful man. 
 
 French (Erasmus D.), 1846, Co. C, 1st U. S. dragoons (v. 336); nat of N. 
 Y., educated as a phj'sician, a miner '48-9, at S. Jose" '50-8, then at Chico 
 and the Coso mines; from '69 a farmer in S. Diego, where he still lived in '83, 
 age 60. with his wife, C.S. Cowles. S. Bern. Co. Hist. F. (H.), 1847, lieut on 
 the U.S. Columbus. F. (Wm), 1827, Amer. trader of Honolulu at Mont, in 
 '27, '30; sup. of the Europe in '36-7, aiding Alvarado in his revolution. Very 
 likely visited Cal. on other occasions, iii. 461; iv. 103, 141. Frere (Alex. 
 W.), 1842, Amer. who got a carta, in '32 ace. to one record; named in Cal. 
 till '44. iv. 341. Fresche (Francis), 1847, Co. G, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); atS.F. 
 '74. Freverdon (Wm), 1848, doubtful name of a lumberman at S. Jose". 
 Frew (Alex.), 1828, trader on the coast; d. before '32. 
 
 Frias (Mariano), Mex. soldier at Mont. '33-6, age 33. Fricher (John), 
 1842, Amer. blacksmith at S.F., age 36. Frink (Chris. L.), 1848, at Mont. 
 F. (Daniel), 1847, Co. K, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); miner in El Dorado '48; made a 
 trip to Chile and back; lumberman in Sonoma Co. '49-50; later owner of part 
 of Nicasio rancho, Marin Co. iv. 672; justice of the peace and assoc. judge; 
 memb. of legisl. '79; married in '52 to Pauline H. Reynolds; living '83 at 
 Mountain View, Sta Clara Co., with 6 children. Portrait in Sta Clara Co. 
 
750 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 H:st., 256. Frisbie (Eleazer), 1847, sergt Co. H, N.Y.Vol. v. 504; kept a 
 store at Sonoma '48-50; settled in Solano Co., and lived at Vallejo in '82 
 wii.li his wife, Carrie E. Klink, and 7 children; a brother of John B. 
 
 Frisbie (John B.), 1847, capt. Co. H, N.Y.Vol. v. 504, GG7; nat of N.Y., 
 b. in '23; a lawyer, politician, and militia officer in N. Y. After leaving the 
 mil. service Capt. F. was a candidate for lieut-gov. ia '49; married a daughter 
 of Gen. Vallejo; and became a prominent business man of the town of Vallejo, 
 interested in the building of railroads, president of a bank, and a man of con 
 siderable wealth; in 'GO sent the 1st cargo of wheat to Europe; a member of 
 the legislature in '67. Losing his fortune just before 1880, he moved with his 
 family to Mexico, where he still resides in '85, being engaged in mining oper 
 ations. He furnished me his Reminiscences, containing information on Mex. as 
 well as on early times in Cal. Portrait in Solano Co. Hist., 48. Friand 
 (Henry J. ), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499) ; died before '82. Froelich (Rosa), 
 1847, in Amador Co. from '54. Frost (Lafayette N.), 1847, Co. A, Morrn. 
 Bat. (v. 469); d. S. Diego Sept. Fructuoso, grantee of Potrero de S. Carlos 
 '37. iii. 678. Frymire (Walter), 1846, Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). Fuentes 
 (Jose" M.), grantee of Potrero '43. iv. 672. Fuller (Hazel), 1832, Amer. black 
 smith, deserter from the whaler Friends; still at Mont. '34. iii. 408. 
 
 Fuller (John Casimiro), 1823, Engl. sailor on the Rover; prob. made other 
 visits; well known from about '27; on Larkin's books at Mont, from '33. He 
 had been baptized at S. Bias, and married apparently at Sta B to Concep- 
 cion Avila; in '36 at Mont, with wife and a daughter, born in '36 at the Sand 
 wich Isl. In '37 he got a lot at S. F. iii. 705; v. 678; but also bought of 
 Watson the Beltran house at Mont., retransferred 2 years later; moved to S. 
 F. in '38; had a house there in '49. iii. 609, 678; being also sindico. iii. 705; 
 worked for Dawson at Sonoma '39; in Farnham's list of arrested foreigners 
 '40. iv. 17; naturalized '41, being also sindico. iv. 665; from 40 to 45 years 
 old in '42, when he had 5 children, 2 of whom were Concepcion and Santiago. 
 His name appears often in S.F. records to '47, when he took part in efforts for 
 the relief of the Dormer party, v. 539, and advertised that he would not be re 
 sponsible for his wife's debts; and he seems to have died in '49. He was a 
 butcher and cook well known to all the early traders; an alley in the city 
 still bears his name; and his widow and children were still at S.F. in '63. 
 
 Fuller (Thos), 1831, Engl. carpenter, landed sick at Mont., and still there 
 in '40, age 34. iii. 405. F. (Wm M.), 1847, Co. F, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); lot at 
 S.F. ; claimant in '53 for a MarinCo. ranch o. iv. 674. Fulma (Mores), 1846, 
 came to S. Jose". Hall. Funk (John), 1847, Co. B, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); in 
 Shasta Co. '74; doubtful name. Furbush, 1847, came from Hon. on the Eu- 
 phemia; prob. 'Forbush,' q.v. Fuster (Vicente), 1773, Span, friar who 
 served chiefly at S. Diego and S. Juan Cap., dying in 1800. See biog. i. 657; 
 inent. i. 194-5, 250-3, 266-7, 300, 302, 377, 388, 425, 458, 575, 577; ii. 109-10. 
 
 Gabel (Ludovico), 1843, German sailor from Boston on the Admittance, 
 under the name of Robt Foster, known as 'Bob the fisherman;' d. at Mont. 
 '72, Swan. Gabriel (Ralph), 1847, at S.F. to '70. Alta. Gafan (Carlos V.), 
 1837, mr of the Veloz Asturiano. iv. 106. Gaitan (Cayetano), at Jamacha 
 rancho '36. iii. 611. G. (Jose" M.), Mex. convict '29-35. Gajiola (Jose* 
 Ant.), sec. of ayunt. at Mont. '29. ii. 612; clerk at Soledad '36. iii. 690-1; 
 sec. at S. Jos6 '42-3. iv. 684. G. (Valentin), alfe"rez and habilitado at Mont. 
 '45-6. iv. 652; v. 41. Galbraith (Isaac), 1826, Amer. blacksmith and 
 hunter w<ho came with Jed. Smith's party and settled at San Gabriel, ii. 558; 
 iii. 153, 155-6, 158, 160, 176; a crack shot, and a man of gigantic size and 
 strength. I find no record of him after '29, when his age was 34. Gale 
 (Joseph), 1841-2, mr of the State of Oregon, iv. 568. G. (Joseph), 1831, 
 doubtful member of Young's party, iii. 388. 
 
 Gale (Wm Alden), 1810, Boston trader, who 1st visited Cal. as clerk on 
 the Albatross, which did a large business in furs at the Farallones. ii. 93-4. 
 In '22-3 he came back as sup. of the Sachem, the pioneer in the hide trade 
 with Boston, ii. 474-5, 478, 492-3, 614. Again he returned in '25-7, still on 
 
GALE GAMBLE. 751 
 
 the Sachem, taking back as wife Marcelina Estudillo, the 1st Cal. woman to 
 visit the 'hub,' who seems never to have returned to Cal. iii. 24, 62, 118, 
 MS. His next trip was cii the BrooHine in '29-30; and his last on the Iloxana, 
 ';}2, when he remained on the coast as agent of Bryant & Sturgis's ships till 
 '35, getting a carta in '33. iii. 137-8, 140, 381. He died in Mass. '41. He was 
 a most popular trader, famous for the zeal with which he drove his bargains 
 in broken Spanish. His most common nickname was Cuatro Ojos, by reason 
 of his spectacles; but his name was also translated into Tormenta, 'a gale;' 
 and he was sometimes called Cambahiche, or 'barter.' Galente (Rai'ael), 
 1847, lot at S.F. Gali (Francisco), 1584, Span, voyager down the Cal. coast. 
 i. 94-6. Galiano (Dionisio), 1792, Span. com. of the Sutil and Mcxicana in 
 an explor. exped. to Cal. and the N.W. Coast; killed at Trafalgar, i. 490. 
 50G-9; see also Hist. N. W. Coast, i. 
 
 Galindo (Bautista), soldier at S.F. '37; at S. Jos< '41, age 27, wife Alvisa (?) 
 Moreno. G. (Crisostomo), at S. Jose '41, age 67, wife Jacoba Bernal, 
 child. Francisco b. '24, Antonio '26, Jos6 '29, Agustin '31, Juan '39. His 
 daughter Ana Maria married J. A. Forbes; and the family home was at 
 Milpitas; grantee and cl. of S. Jos6 mission land. v. 665. The full name was 
 Juan C. See also Josd Jesus and Juan. G. (Eusebio), b. at S.F. 1802; sol 
 dier in S.F. comp. '28-9; ment. in '40. iv. 23; juez de paz at Sta Clara '45. 
 iv. 683. Still at Sta Clara in '77, when he gave me some historical Apuntes. 
 G. (Francisco), son of Crisostomo or Jos6 Jesus; in Alameda Co. '78. G. 
 (Francisco), Span, not required to quit Cal. in '30. iii. 52. G. (Jose"), sol 
 dier of S.F. comp. '37-43.' iv. 667. G. (Jose"), soldier of S.F. comp. '38-9. 
 G. (Jos<5 Ant.), grantee of Laguna de la Merced and Sauzalito '35. iii. 712-13^ 
 corp. S.F. militia '37; killed Jos< Peralta at S.F. in '38. G. (Jos6 de Jesus), 
 died at Milpitas in '77, at the reputed age of 106; his son Francisco was then 
 a resid. of Oakland; and his daughter Juana was the wife of Jos6 M. Alviso 
 and later of Jos6 Uridias, still living in '77. Jose Jesus may have been Crisos 
 tomo, q.v., whose age in '77 would have been 103. G. (Juan), corporal in 
 S.F. comp. '19-29; very likely Juan Crisostomo, q.v. G. (Leandro), regidor 
 at S. Jos6 '22. ii. 604; militiaman and elector at S.F. '37. iii. 705; lot at S.F. 
 mission '40. iv. 706; in '42 at S.F., age 55, wife Dominga Alaman, child. 
 Seferino b. '30, Maria '33, Antonio '35, Francisco '38, Gregoria '39, Genaro 
 '40, and Mariano '41; militia corporal '44; juez de campo and grantee of a lot 
 '46. v. 648, 684. G. (Manuel), 1825, Span, officer on the Constante. iii. 26. 
 G. (Xasario), son of Leandro; soldier, corp., and sergt of S.F. comp. '32-43. 
 iii. 567, 667, 678; in '55 near mission S. Jose", age 40. G. (Xicolds), settler 
 at S.F. 1791-1800. i. 716. G. (Rafael), soldier of S.F. comp. 1797-1800. i. 
 55G; also '34-7. perhaps another man. Galista (Josd Ant.), Mex. clerk at 
 Mont. '36, age 50, wife Andrea Jimeno, child. Dario b. '22 at Mont., Valen 
 tin '24, Domitila '27, Jos6 '29, Felipe '31, Maria G. '33, Jos< Ant. '36. 
 
 Gallagher (John), 1847, Co. B, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); an Irish farmer in So 
 noma Co. '71-83, when he was at Bodega. Gallant (Victor), 184G, Co. E, 
 Cal. Bat. (v. 358), enlist, at Sonoma, Oct. Gallardo (Anastasio), Mex. con 
 vict '29-35. G. (Felix), at Los Ang. '36. iii. 491; and '46. v. 312; 2 of the 
 name in '46. G. (Jos6 Ant.), a settler at Brancif. 1797. i. 569. G. (Juan), 
 soldier killed by Ind. at the Colorado 1781. i. 359-62. G. (Juan), Mex. 
 shoemaker, and leader in the Apalategui revolt of '35. iii. 282-6; still at Los 
 Ang. to '46, when he was alcalde, iii. 504, 564; v. 50, 143, 625-6; claimant in 
 '52 for land granted '38. G. (Rafael), at Los Ang. from '36; juez de paz '43. 
 iv. 633; regidor '47. v. 626. G. (Simon), at Los Ang. '48. Gallego (Car 
 los), settler on the Colorado, killed 1781. i. 359-62. G., trader forbidden to 
 hold raffles 1798. i. 642. G. (Pablo), at Sonoma '44, age 35. Gallegos, 
 drowned at Sta B. '30. ii. 576. Galusha (Elon A.), 1847, Co. F, N.Y.Vol. 
 (v. 499); d. at Rochester, N. Y., before '83. Galway (James), 1847 (?), said to 
 have come with his parents at the age of 5; page in the convention of '49; 
 with Walker in Kic. ; lieut in war of '61-5; editor of Sta Cruz Journal; d. in 
 '70. Sta Clara News, Sept. 24, '70. 
 
 Gamble (Wm), 1841, a young naturalist sent out from Phil, by Nuttall to 
 
752 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 collect specimens; came from N. Mex. in the Workman party, iv. 278-9. 
 Being financially crippled, he was employed by Com. Jones in '42 as clerk 0:1 
 the Uyanc, and perhaps went away on that vessel; in '44 at Callao; said by 
 Given to have ret. to Cal. about '49. G. (Win M.), 1845, mid. on the U. S. 
 Portsmouth. Gamon (Jose M.), 1844, mr of the Trinidad, iv. 5G9. G. 
 (Thos), 1826, at Mont. Gandara (Pedro), apparently a clerk of Pedrorena 
 '40-1. Gann (Nicholas), 1847, overl. immig. with wife Ruth, to whom, in 
 camp at Stockton, Oct., was born the 1st child in S. Joaq., named Wm; at 
 Gilroy '79-82. Gannon (Thos), 1847, Co. F, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. Sta B. 
 '55. Gansevoort (Stanwix), 1845, mid. on U.S. Portsmouth. 
 
 Gantt (John), 1843, member of the Chiles- Walker immig. party, iv. 392- 
 4, 400. In earlier times said to have been an officer in the U.S. army. Capt. 
 G. commanded Slitter's force in Micheltorena's service '44-5; and after the 
 campaign made a contract to attack Ind. horse-thieves for a share of the re 
 covered animals, iv. 480, 485-6, 506-7, 516-17, 543. In Sept. '46 Bryant 
 found him ill at Dr Marsh's rancho, and it is likely that sickness prevented 
 his taking part in the troubles of '46-7. In '47 he wrote from Sonoma asking 
 an appointment as sub-Ind. agent, and from Yount's place inNapa, proposing 
 to build a saw-mill on his ' mountain tract; ' in '48 of firm G. & Hannah at 
 Napa; in '49 mining on Feather River; died in Napa Val. later in '49. 
 
 Garaycoechea (Jose"), at S. F. 1795. i. 700. Garcds (Francisco T. H.), 
 1774, Span, friar of Quere'taro college, and missionary in Sonorafrom '68; with 
 Anza in his exped. to Cal. 1774-6; the 1st to explore the Tulare valley and 
 the route from Mojave to S. Gabriel; later missionary at the Colorado pueblos, 
 where he was killed by the Ind. in 1781. i. 221-3, 258-62, 273-8, 354-67, 
 573. and list of auth. ii. 43-4. 
 
 Garcia (Anastasio), a desperado who killed Joaq. de la Torre and several 
 other men in the Sta B. region '55. G. (Anselmo), at S. Jose" '47. G. 
 (Antonio), at Los Ang. '46. G. (Bernardino), son of Francisco, age 19 in 
 '41, when he enlis-ted in the S.F. comp. at Sonoma, iv. 667. He was the des 
 perado, ' Four-fingered Jack,' who killed Cowie and Fowler in '46. v. 161-2; 
 also ment. at Natividad. v. 370; Cal. claim of $1,375; I think he was hanged 
 in later years. G. (Bibiana Romero dc), widow at J. Jose '41, age 21, child. 
 Jose" Ant. b. '34, Francisco '36. G. (Bruno), settler at Los Ang. 1796. ii. 350. 
 G. (Carlos), ditto 1813. G. (Carmen), Cal. claim $2,152 (v. 462). 
 
 Garcia (Diego), 1787, Span, friar, who served chiefly at S.F. and retired in 
 '97. Biog. i. 713; ment. i. 388, 474, 498-500, 575, 577. G. (Dionisio), Mex. 
 sold, at Mont. '36, age 37; owner of S. F. lots '39-46. v. 676, 682. G. 
 (Eugenio), soldier at Sta B. '32. G. (Faustino), at Mont. '47. G. (Felipe), 
 Span. sold, of the Mont. comp. before 1780; had a garden at Mont, about 
 1815. ii. 209; his wife was Petra Lugo (or Rincon), and they had 20 children. 
 G. (Felipe Santiago), regidor at Los Ang. 1789-90. i. 461; perhaps same as 
 preceding. G. (Felipe Santiago), son of preceding, b. at Mont. 1782; in '35, 
 '46, juez de campo. iii. 674; v. 637; in '36 at Mont., wife Jacinta Fernandez, 
 child. Jose* de Jesus b. '22, Antonia '25, Manuel Este'van '27, Encarnacion 
 '29. In '54 he gave Taylor, Discov. and Founders, ii. 25, his recollections; 
 Cal. claim in '46 of $1,042 (v. 462); still living after '60. G. (Felipe), in Los 
 Ang. region '46, age 25. G. (Francisco), maj. at Sta B. 1811-1820. ii. 364. 
 G. (Francisco), Span, invalido of Sta B. comp. in '28-9, age 60. iii. 5L G. 
 (Francisco), soldier of S. F. '34-5. G. (Francisco), Mex. at Mont. '36, age 
 34, wife Josefa Gonzalez, child. Bernabe" b. '23, Pedro '25, Jose" '26, Epitacio 
 '28, Lugarda '30, Bonifacia '31, Maria Jesus '33, Micaela '34; grantee of 
 ranches in Mont, and Sta Clara '42, '45. iv. 655, 673; juez at S. Feliciano '45- 
 6; iv. 625, 634, 637. Cal. elaims of 814,625 and $2,170 in '46-7. (v. 462); still 
 in Mont. Co. '50. G. (Francisco), at Los Ang '46. G. (Francisco), one of 
 the Jack Powers gang hanged near S. Luis Ob. about '55; ment. in '46. v. IG2; 
 perhaps confounded with Bernardino. G. (Gabriel), at the S. Pascual fight 
 '46. v. 352; a soldier at Sta B. before '37. G. (Hilarion), maj. at S. Diego 
 '30. ii. 549; alfe"rez at Sta B. '39-46. iii. 583; iv. 642; v. 35. 
 
 Garcia (Inocente), son of Felipe, b. at Los Ang. 1791; soldier in Mont. 
 
G ARCI A-G AREOLO. 753 
 
 comp. from 1807, sending in the escolta of S. Miguel and Soledad; from '13 
 trader and soap-niaker; maj. of S. Juan B. '22-3. ii. C24; ment. at Mont. '28- 
 30. ii. 612; iii. 41; took part in Alvarado's revolt of '36, and in Ind. exped. 
 of '37-9. iii. 457, 460. 469; iv. 75; admin, of S. Miguel '37-45. iii. 555, 587, 
 685; iv. 659; arrested by Fremont '46. v. 375-6. He went to the mines in '48; 
 and for yeai's supposed himself to be owner of a rancho near S. Luis Ob., but 
 lost it. His wife was Maria del Cdrmen Ramirez, and there were many chil 
 dren. In '78 living at S. Luis in poverty, strong in body and mind, though 88 
 years old, and of good repute. He gave me his Hechos JJisWricos, a MS. full 
 of interesting details of the old soldier's life and observations, ii. 232, 338-9, 
 386. In '85 I have not heard of his death. G. (Jaeinto), soldier at S.F. 
 '27-40. G. (Jesus), at Los Ang. '46. G. (Joaq.), sent to Mex. '30. iii. 85. 
 Garcia (Jose*), 1800, Span, friar who served at S. Luis Rey, and retired in 
 1808. Biog. ii. 108; raent. i. 577; ii. 159-60. G. (Jose"), settler at Los Ang. 
 1808. ii. 350. G. (Jose"), soldier at S.F. '28-33. G. (Jose"), sent as prisoner 
 to Sonora '37. iii. 638. G. (Jose"), came in '36 from S. Amer.; flogged for 
 forgery at Mont. '37: clerk at S. Jose" '41-2. iv. 684-5; ment. in '46. v. 321; 
 said to have been killed at Xatividad. v. 372. G. (Jose" Ant.), 1st death at 
 Sta Clara, i. 306. G. (Jose" Ant.), petitioner for lands for N. Mex. colony 
 '45. iv. 572, 635, 637. G. (Jose* Dolores), ment. at Sta B. '48, in con. with 
 the Canon Perdido. v. 588. G. (Jose" E.), son of Jose" Maria, worked at Sta 
 B. for Capt. Bobbins '45; served under Carrillo and Flores '46. v. 400; took 
 part in hiding the cannon in '48; and in '78 gave me his Episodios. G. (Jose" 
 Manuel), lots at S.F. '39. G. (Jose" Maria), nat. of Sonora, of Span, parent 
 age; si'ndico at Sta B. '31-2. iii. 653, 212; maj. and admin, of Sta B. '34-6. 
 iii. 346, 353, 657-8; alcalde in '34. iii. 654. His wife was Maria Ant. Ayala. 
 G. (Jose" Miguel), militiaman at S.F. '37; at S. Jose" '41, age 21, wife Rafaela 
 Miranda, child. Guadalupe b. '39. G. (Jose" Norberto), murdered at S. Juan 
 B. '44. iv. 662. G. (Juan), soldier at S.F. 1797-1800. i. 556. G. (Juan), 
 soldier at Mont. '36, age 26. G. (Juan and Juan Jos), at Los Ang. '46. 
 G. (Juan B.), soldier of S. F. comp. '34-42. G. (Julian), at Los Ang. '46; 
 S. Luis Ob. '58. G. (Luis), at Brancif. '30. ii. 627; at S. Jose" '41, age 28. 
 G. (Luz), comisionado at Brancif. '15. ii. 390; invalido '28, wife Rosalia Vaz 
 quez, child. Rufino, Antonio, Jose" Maria. 
 
 Garcia (M.), grantee of S. Miguel rancho '46. v. 637. G. (Manuel), 1822, 
 mr of the S.F. de Paula, ii. 457, 474. G. (Manuel), at Los Ang. '46. G. 
 (Marcelino), 1844, one of the Bat. fijo. iv. 289, 405; in '77 at Salinas City, 
 where he gave me his Apunte sobre Micheltorena. G. (Matias and Miguel), 
 at Los Ang. '46. G. (Maximo), soldier of the piquete de Hidalgo at Mont. 
 '36, age 45. G. (Miguel), grantee of S. Miguel '46. G. (Norberto), at Sa 
 linas '36, age 35, wife Maria Victoria Gomez, child. Mari'a Francita b. '20, 
 Rita '23, Jose" '25, Juan Jose" '28, Guadalupe '31, Teodora '34. G, (Pascual), 
 soldier at Sta B. before ; 37. G. (Pascual), at La Brea '36, age 49, wife Juli 
 ana Sanchez. G. (Pedro), 1842, lieut of the batallon fijo. iv. 339. G. 
 (Pedro Gonzalez), armorer and instructor 1792-5. i. 615, 684. G. (Rafael), 
 soldier of S. F. comp. '23-33; at S. Rafael '24. ii. 598; grantee of Tamales 
 and Baulinas '36. iii. 713; grantee of land in Mendocino '44. iv. 672; raid on 
 the Ind. '45. iv. 541, 679. He died in '66 in Marin Co., age 75. G. (Rafael), 
 at Los Ang. '46; soldier at Sta B. '32. G. (Ramon), at S. Jose" '41, age 27. 
 G. (Reyes), in piquete de Hidalgo at Mont. '36. G. (Rosalio), son of Felipe; 
 went to Chili to avoid mil. service. G. (Salvador), Span, sailor of tlieAtia; 
 rem. in Cal. iii. 51-2. G. (Tomas), soldier at Sta B. before '37. G. (Tri- 
 fiou), grantee of Atascadero '42. iv. 655. 
 
 Garcia Diego (Francisco), 1833, Mex. friar of the Zacatecanos, who served 
 at Sta Clara to '35, being prefect of the northern missions, and in '41 came 
 back as bishop of Cal., dying in '46. Biog. v. 632-3; ment. iii. 318-24, 328- 
 36, 338, 347-8, 351-2, 726; iv. 63-5, 195-6, 219, 332-8, 372-4, 424-7, 519, 
 554, 565, 619, 640. Gard (Chas and John), 1848, at Mont. Gardner (Geo. 
 W.j, 1844, mr of the Nantucket. iv. 567. G. (Wyman), 1840, at Mont. (?). 
 G., 1848, worked for John Williams on Butte Cr. Gareolo (Valentin), lieut 
 HIST. CAL., VOL. III. 48 
 
754 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 in Cal. '45 (?). Garfias (Manuel), 1842, Mex. lieut in the batallon fijo '42-5. 
 iv. 289; grantee of S. Pascual '43. iv. 635; rem. in Cal., and took part in the 
 war against the U.S. '46-7, going to Mex. with I: lores, iv. 513; v. 41, 49, 310, 
 391, 407. He came back to Cal., and was county treasurer of Los Aug. 7)0-1; 
 in later years U.S. consul at Mazatlan, where he still lived, perhaps, in '77. 
 G. (Salvador), Span, at S. Jose 1 '41, age 41, wife Crecencia Cibriaii, child. Sal 
 vador b. 31, Ascension '36, Jose 1 Jesus, '34, Felicidad '29, Encarnacion '30, 
 Carmen '38, Josefa '40. Garibay (Gertrudis), accused of murder at Mont. 
 '34. iii. G73. Garner (Philip), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 4G9). G. (R.), 
 1848, landed at Sta B. (?). G. (Wm A.), 1847, ditto, made bricks and dug 
 a well at S. Diego. 
 
 Garner (Win Robert), 1824, nat. of London, b. in 1803, who deserted from 
 an English whaler at Sta B. , the date being often given as '26. ii. 526. In '29 
 he was refused naturalization; in '31 married a daughter of Manuel Butron; 
 in '32 joined the comp. extranjera at Mont. iii. 221. He was a lumberman, 
 and appears on Larkin's books from '33; in '36-7 was a lieut of Graham's 
 comp. in Alvarado's service, iii. 458-9, 512; and in '39 was naturalized, then 
 living at S. Juan B. His part in the Graham affair of '40 is recorded in iv. 5- 
 6, 10, 12, 21, 27, he being the man who revealed the plot of Graham and his 
 associates. It is not quite clear whether he simply acted in good faith as a 
 Mex. citizen, was prompted by hostility to G., or was entrapped by Castro 
 into confession for self-protection. Continuing his lumber business for a few 
 years, in '44-8 he kept a boarding-house at Mont., being also at times clerk, 
 policeman, translator, auctioneer, and alcalde's sec., besides serving appar 
 ently in the campaign against Micheltorena. iv. 495; v. G37. He went to the 
 mines with Colton, and with his sons made several mining trips, and then 
 moved to S. Luis Ob., from which point, in '49, he made an exped. against 
 the Ind. of the interior and was killed with 6 of his men. His son Jos<$ C., b. 
 about '32, in a letter of '75, gave me some information about his father; also 
 to the S. Jos6 Pion. of '78, w r hen he lived at S. Jose", as he does still, perhaps, 
 in '85. In their anger at the affair of '40, Graham and his friends accused Gar 
 ner not only of treachery in that matter, but of having been an Australian 
 convict, murderer, and desperado; but in the absence of proofs, it is well to 
 judge, the man's character by his Cal. record, which is in every respect better 
 than that of his accusers. He is said to have been of a good family, and was 
 an intelligent man of some education. Garnica del 'Castillo,' q.v. 
 
 Garra, Ind. chief at Pauma '46. v. 567-8. Garraleta (Antonio), clerk at 
 Sta B. mission '39. iii. 657. G. (Jose" Ant.), lieut of the frontier comp., 
 sometimes visiting S. Diego; killed in '41 by his wife. iv. G19. Garrick 
 (Peter), 1834, Engl. carpenter at Mont, in Spear's service; written Garruk 
 and Garrenk. Garriger (Solomon), 1846, Co. E, Cal. Bat. (v. 358), enlisting 
 at N. Helv. Oct. Garter (David), 1848, doubtful name. Game (Win), 
 1834, nat. of Sto Domingo, from Hon.; cooper at Los Aug. '36. iii. 412. 
 
 Gasquet (Louis), 1845, French consul at Mont. '45-7. iv. 385, 587, 590; v. 
 34, GO. 232-3, 3G4. Gastelum (Francisco J.), at Los Ang. '39-45. Gaten 
 (H.).. 1846, Co. B, artill., Cal. Bat. (v. 358). Gautier (Julian), 1843, d. at 
 Los Ang. ; his widow at Sonoma, Dec. Gavitt (John), 1847, lot at S. F. 
 Gay (Geo.), 1832, Engl. deserter from a whaler, iii. 408; went to Or. in '35, 
 and came back in '37 in the cattle exped. iv. 85; see Hist. Or., i. 98. 
 
 Geddes (Paul), see Green (Talbot H.). Gehringer (Andrew), 1847, Co. 
 H, N. Y. Vol. (T. 499); miner in '48-50; Sta Clara farmer '51-G3; in '63-83 
 near Concord, Contra Costa. Geiger (Wm), 1841, N.Y. teacher, age 24, 
 who came from Hon. on the Thos Perkins, iv. 104, 569; later in the year at 
 N. Hclv. Gelabert (Wm), 1846, Span, in U.S.N.; settled later at Stockton, 
 where he died in '82, leaving a wife and 3 children. Gelston (Roland), 1847, 
 mr of the Whiton, and a S. F. merchant of G. & Co. in '47-9; owner of tovra 
 lot and building; in '53 claimant for lands in Sac. and S.F. v. 581, G7G, G78, 
 683. Gendreau (Fra^ois), 1844, Canadian in Slitter's employ '45-8; com. 
 of an Ind. comp. in '46. iv. 453; 'v. 360. He, or his son Joseph, was in the 2d 
 Donner relief '47. v. 540. His wife was a Walla Walla Ind. , and their child 
 
GEXDREAU GILBERT. 755 
 
 was buried at S. Jose* Mission in Dec. '44. His name is often written Gendran, 
 Gcndron, Geandrcau, and even Jcndro. Genks, 1840, named at JST. Helv. 
 Gciiliug (Joaquin), doubtful name of a juez in Mont. dist. iv. 653. Gennon 
 (John), 1S47, named by Lancey as a member of Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. Genoa 
 y Aguirre (Fennin), 1817-18, sup. of the Hermosa Alexicana. ii. 2S2-3, 424. 
 George (J.), 1848, from Hon. on the Julian. 
 
 (icrardo (Rafael), maj. at Sta B. 1793-4. ii. 120. Gerke (Henry), 1847, 
 German irninig. at N. Helv. and S.F. in Oct. v. 556; lot-owner at S.F. '47-8. 
 v. 656; later a well-known vineyardist in Tehama Co., where he still lived in 
 '80. German (Antonio), juez de campo at La Brea and grantee of Juristac, 
 iii. C74, C7G, 711-12, being 50 years old in '36, wife Maria de la Luz Peiia, 
 child. Antonio b. '18, Juan '20, Jose" '22, Luis '24. In early times he had been 
 a soldier at Sta B. G. (Cayetano), at Los Ang. '46; cl. for the raucho in '53. 
 G. (Faustino), brother of Antonio, at Mont. '26. ii. 612; juez de campo '31, 
 '35. iii. 672, 674; grantee with Ant. of Juristac '35. iii. 712; in '36 at La 
 Brea, age 48, wife Maria Ant. Garcia, age 40. Faustino, like his brother, lost 
 all his land under the manipulations of Amer. sharpers, and died in poverty 
 at S. Juan in '83, at the age of 95, leaving his widow, aged 87, but no chil 
 dren. G. (John), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). G. (Juan), vecino 
 of S. Diego, killed in '26. ii. 549. G. (Jose* de los Santos), son of Antonio, 
 b. at Sta B. '23; in '78 at Tres Piuos, S. Benito Co., engaged in raising cattle 
 with his brother Luis C. German. The two gave me their recollections of Cal- 
 ifornian Sucesos, which, on several points, have proved valuable material for 
 history, iv. 359, 463; v. 167. G. (Manuel), soldier at Sta B. before '37; at 
 Los Ang. '30-48. Ger6nimo, Ind. alcalde at Soledad '26. ii. 623. Gerva- 
 sio (Jose"), soldier of S.F. comp. '37-42. Gessen, 1845, a German in the 
 south, iv. 490. Gettinger (Peter), 1847, Co. F, 3d U. S. artill. (v. 518). 
 Geurron (J.A.), 1846, Co. G, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). Gholston (Wm C.), 1846, 
 Co. K, 1st dragoons; killed at S. Pascual. v. 346. 
 
 Gibbins, 1840, at Mont. Gibbon (L.), 1841, mid. on U. S. St Louis. 
 Gibbs (John), 1845, overl. immig. of the Grigsby-Ide party, iv. 579, 587; of 
 committee repres. the immig. before Castro, iv. 606; prob. of the Bears, v. 
 110; settled in Napa; at N. Helv. Nov. '47. G., 1845, Amer. at Brancif., 
 age 40. Gibson, 1842, purser with Cora. Jones, iv. 308. G. (Horatio 
 Gates), 1847-8 (?), lieut in 3d U.S. artill.; at S. Diego, S.F., and other points 
 in Cal. to '61; colonel in war of '61-5; in 77 in com. of Fort Wardsworth, N. 
 Y. ; president of eastern assoc. of pioneers. I find no original record of such 
 an officer before '49. G. (Joseph), 1831, Amer. trapper and tailor ot 'Ha- 
 quinsor' (Arkansas!), from N". Mex. with Jackson or Wolfskill. iii. 387, 405; 
 at Los Ang. and S. Pedro '34-6; 44 years old in '36 and single. G. (Marion), 
 1S45, Amer. farmer from Or. in the McM.-Clyman party, iv. 572, 587; in the 
 mines with Job Dye '48; died at a date not recorded. G. (Samuel), 1845, 
 Amer. immig. from Or., prob. in the McM.-Clyman party, and possibly iden 
 tical with the preceding, iv. 578, 587. He took a prominent part in the pro 
 ceedings of the Bears, being sergt. v. 110, 153, 163-4, 168; went south with 
 Frdmont, remaining with Gillespie at Los Ang. and S. Diego, ranking as capt. 
 in the Cal. Bat., wounded at S. Pascual, and serving under Stockton in the 
 final campaign, v. 326-7, 340, 343-7, 360, 386, 434. In '48 he mined on 
 Feather River in partnership with G.P. Swift, and was drowned in the winter 
 of '48-9. Bidwdl. G. (Thos), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). 
 
 Gifford (James), 1846, applicant for timber-land near S. Diego. Gift 
 (Geo. W.>, 1848, nat. of Tenn.; mid. on the U.S. St Mary; left navy in '52; 
 banker at Sac. from '55; lieut in confed. navy from '61; newspaperman at S. 
 Rafael and Napa till his death in '79, leaving a wife and 4 children. Gil y 
 Taboada (Luis), 1801, Mex. friar of S. Fern, college, who served at many 
 missions, being founder of S. Rafael, and died at S. Luis Ob. '33. Biof. iii. 
 680-1, ment. ii. 29, 121, 131, 135, 137, 159, 329-30, 337, 351, 355, 364, 366, 
 387, 394, 425, 562, 618, 623, 625, 627, 655. Gilbert (Albert), 1830, from N. 
 Mex. to buy cattle; in trouble with the authorities; went to Hon. on the 
 
756 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Gilbert (Edward), 1847, N.Y. printer, and lieut Co. H, N.Y.Vol. v. 504. 
 He made a census of S.F. and wrote an article on the town published in the 
 Star. v. 647, 656; was a candidate for alcalde, and declined the collcctorship. 
 V. 575, 652, 659; but seems to have acted as Collector Folsom's deputy. He 
 took a prominent part from '48 in public affairs; was editor of the Alta from 
 its beginning in Jan. '49. v. 659; was a member of the constit. convention; 
 and in Nov. '49 was elected as the 1st congressman from Cal. One of his edi 
 torial articles drew out a letter which led him to challenge Gen. Jas W. 
 Denver, by whom he was killed in a duel near Sac. in '52 at the age of 33. 
 He was regarded as a man of unusual ability and promise. G., 1848, at 
 Mont.; of firm Newell, Brady, & G. G. (James), 1845, at N.Helv. in Sut 
 ler's service '45-6. G. (John), 1847, Co. D, MOTTO. Bat. (v. 469). G. (Wm), 
 1846, said to have been steward on the U.S. Savannah; at Stockton '79. 
 
 Gilchrist (Edward), 1846, surgeon on the Congress and Cyane; justice of 
 the peace at Mont. ; acted as surg. of the Cal. Bat. v. 231, 361, 637-8. Gil- 
 dea (Wm B.), 1845, Amer. physician who came overl. in the Swasey-Todd 
 party; died at N.Helv. Jan. '46. iv. 576, 580, 587. Gili (Bartolomu), 1791, 
 Span, friar, who served chiefly at S. Antonio and retired in '94. Biog. i. 689; 
 ment. i. 496, 500, 523-4, 576, 597. Gill (James), 1846, Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 
 358); enlisting at S. Juan Oct.; lot at S.F. '47. 
 
 Gillespie (Archibald H.), 1846, nat. of Penn. and lieut. of marines U.S.N., 
 who was sent in Oct. '45 from Wash, to Cal. as a bearer of a duplicate of 
 secret instructions to Larkin, with whom he was to cooperate, as was Fre 
 mont, in carrying out those instructions. He crossed Mex., destroying his 
 official despatch after committing its contents to memory, and arrived at Mont, 
 in April '46 on the Cyane via Honolulu, thence proceeding to the Oregon 
 frontier to overtake Fremont, v. 24-9, 200, 636, 644. The original of his des 
 patch is now in my possession, and also the copy written by him from mem 
 ory at Mont. Fremont claims to have received a very different despatch, and 
 there is a bare possibility that Gillespie deceived him. In the various events 
 of May-July, G. took an active part, being made adjutant of the Cal. Bat. at 
 its 1st organization, v. 79-80, 101-2, 127, 177, 184, 247, 252-3. Going south 
 in July, he was left at Los Ang. in com. of the garrison, and by his unwise 
 policy caused the people to revolt and drive him out in Oct. v. 286, 306-15, 
 319. Joining Stockton at S. Diego, he was sent with a reinforcement to meet 
 Kearny, and was wounded in the fight at S. Pascual in Dec. v. 328-9, 340, 
 343-7. Ranking as major of the battalion, G. commanded a division of Stock 
 ton's army, and was again wounded at the S. Gabriel in Jan. '47. v. 360, 386, 
 391-5. Declining the secretaryship of state under Fremont, he was relieved 
 from duty in Cal., and reported to Com. Biddle in May. v. 433, 437, 440, 445, 
 450. He went east overland with Stockton, and testified for Fremont at the 
 court-martial; also in the Cal. claims investigation, v. 453-6. He seems to 
 have returned overland to Cal. in '48, and to have spent much of his later life 
 here, though for some years previous to '61 he was in Mex., perhaps as sec. 
 of legation. He was never prominent after '49, having to a certain extent ' lost 
 his grip ' in the battle of life. He died at S.F. in '73, at the age of 60. 
 
 Gillespie (Chas V.), 1848, bro. of Arch. H., nat. of N. Y., who came 011 
 the Eagle from China with his family, a cargo of merchandise, and 2 Chinese 
 servants. He advertised in the Star as a merchant and conveyancer; and was 
 made notary public and judge of election, v. 648, 652, 680. He also made in 
 quiries for a rauclio, and wrote, ' One of my favorite projects is to introduce 
 Chinese immigrants into this country. ' He took a prominent part under How 
 ard in settling the Leidesdorff estate. In '85 he still lives in S.F., where he 
 has been well known as a lawyer and searcher of records. In '75 he contrib 
 uted for my use a statement on the Vigilance Committee and other topics of 
 early S.F. life; and later gave me some items about early buildings in the 
 city. Mrs G. organized a sabbath -school in '48, and has since been prominent 
 in church affairs, v. 657. G. (James), 1828, mr of the Te.emachus. iii. 149; 
 a Mass, man who was lost with the same vessel near Mazatlan. Forbes' Pcrs. 
 
 in., 90. G. (J..), 1848, mr of a vessel, or sup. Giiiingham (Henry), 
 
GILLIXGHAM GIVEN. 757 
 
 1847, musician Co. I, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); owner of S.F. lots '48. Gilman (G. 
 D.), 1848, from Honolulu; of firm Wetmore & G. at S.F. '48-9. 
 
 Gilroy (John), 1814, Scotch sailor, and the 1st foreigner to settle perma 
 nently in Cal., being left sick at Mont, by the Isaac Todd. ii. 204, 248, 272, 
 382, 393. His real name was John Cameron, but having run away from home 
 as a minor, he changed it to avoid being arrested and sent back. His parents 
 moved to England when John was very young; and indeed, he often claimed 
 to be a native of Sunderland, Engl. In Sept. '14 he was baptized at S. Carlos 
 by P. Sarn'a as Juan Antonio Maria Gilroy. In '18 Capt. Guerra, at Sta B., 
 sent to the viceroy his petition as an 'Amer. cooper ' for permission to remain 
 and marry in Cal., which was granted in '19; and in '21 he was married at S. 
 Juan B. to Maria Clara de la Asuncion, daughter of Ignacio Ortega. The 
 same year he accompanied Capt. Argiiello in his famous exped. ' to the Co 
 lumbia ' as guide, or rather, interpreter, for Amer. intruders were to be met 
 and talked to. ii. 444-5. The next we hear of him was in '33, when he ob 
 tained naturalization, producing certificates that he was a soap-maker and 
 millwright of good character, with wife and 4 children, having also some live 
 stock on the S. Isidro rancho. This rancho was granted the same year to the 
 Ortegas; G. owned a league of it, on which he built an adobe house and spent 
 the rest of his life. His name appears on Larkin's books from '34, when his 
 age was given as 45. In '35 he was aux. alcalde at ' Los Ortegas.' iii. C74; by 
 the padron of '36, age 40, \vife age 28, child. Nicodemus b. '20, Miguel '28. 
 iv. 117; age 46 in '40; not arrested in the Graham affair; often named in rec 
 ords of most years; said to have been sent to Fremont's Gavilan camp in '46. 
 v. 18. In '51 for the 1st time Gilroy wrote to his family in England, and I 
 have the original reply presented by Valentin Alviso of his brother Alex. 
 Cameron, tanner, at Newton Heath, near Manchester, dated June 29, '52. 
 Alex, is glad to learn that he has a brother living, for father, mother, and the 
 other brothers are all dead. John Gilroy was an honest, good-natured old 
 sailor-ranchero, well liked by everybody, much too fond of his grog and cards, 
 careless and improvident, and as powerless in the hands of land-lawyers as 
 were the natives themselves. He lost all his lands and cattle, but he lived to 
 see his old rancho the site of a flourishing town, which bears his adopted 
 name; Gilroy;' and he died, as poor as when he landed in Cal. more than half 
 a century before, in '69, at the age of about '75. I have no definite record of 
 his sons since '48. ' Juanita' (McPherson) has given many items on G.'s early 
 life, obtained from himself, in the Sla Clara Argus and other papers. Gilt 
 (Henry), 1840, atBrancif.; prob. 'Hill.' 
 
 Gines, executed at Purisima '24. Gingery, 1847, in Sutter's employ '47- 
 8; millwright and blacksmith. Gios (Jose"), sirv. S.F. 1777. i. 297. Girard 
 (A.), 1846, lieut in com. of Co. B, artill., Cal. Bat., v. 361, enlisting at S.F. 
 Oct. G. (Wm), 1846, came to S. Jose". Hall Giraudeau, 1841, French 
 viniculturist at Los Ang.; named by Mofras. Giribet (Miguel), 1785, Span, 
 friar who served at S.F. and S. Luis Ob., retiring in 1800. Biog. i. 689; ment. 
 i. 388, 422, 469, 473-4, 575, 577. Gitt, 1847, a physician named in the N. 
 IL-lv. Diary '47-8. 
 
 Given (Isaac L.), 1841, nat. of Ohio and civil engineer, who, on a visit to 
 the Missouri Paver region in '40, heard of Cal., and failing to reach Inde 
 pendence in time to join the Bartleson party, went to Sta F<, and with 4 of 
 his comrades joined the Workman-Rowland party, or in a sense originated 
 that party, v. 278-9. His 1st work in Cal. was to survey the Rowland rancho. 
 In '42 he came north to apply for land for himself; explored the Sac. Val. 
 with Capt. Merritt and others; visited Napa and Russian Riv.; and ret. to 
 Mont, to get naturalization. Here he found letters from home which caused 
 him to go east as clerk on the Dale. He came back in '49 by the Panamd route, 
 worked as a surveyor at Sac., and was later engaged for many years in min 
 ing operations. His wife is Mary A. Thomes, sister of Rob. H. Thomes, a 
 pioneer of '41. In '79-85 Maj. Given resides at Oakland, and his Immigrant 
 of '41 is a MS. narrative of much value and interest. Given, 1847, mr of 
 the Jit Vernon. v. 579. 
 
758 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Glande (Giovanni), 1827, Ital. trader still at Mont. '29, age 25. iii. 176. 
 Gleason (James H.), 184G, trader at Mont. '46-9; owner of S.F. lot. He came 
 from Hon. on the Don Quixote, and was agent for Paty & Co. ; one record has 
 it that he died in 'GO. G. (John), 1848, roll of Soc. Cal. Pion. 
 
 Glein (Carlos F. ), 1844, German blacksmith who came from Mazatlan on 
 the California, settling at S.F.. obtaining naturalization and a town lot the 
 same year, and having a blacksmith shop at the cor. of Montgom. and Pacific 
 streets from '45 to '49 and later, iv. 453, 563, 669; v. 684; also owner of a 
 Sonoma Co. rancho in '47; made a trip to Honolulu in '48. Later for many 
 years a dealer in hardware in S.F., where he still lives in '85. Gliddon 
 (Geo. R.), 1846, sup. of the Barnstable, at S.F., Sonoma, Petal unia, and N. 
 Ilelv. '46-8. Glines (James H. ), sergt-major of Morm. Bat. v. 477; did not 
 come to Cal. Gloria (Jacinto), at S. Juan Cap. 1776. i. 303. Gloss (John), 
 1847. Co. C, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Glover (Aquilla), 1846, memb. of 1st Dormer relief, v. 538; owner of S.F. 
 lots '47-8. v. 685. G. (Wm), 1846, member of the Mormon colony with 
 wife and 3 children, v. 546. He was the owner of S.F. lots, member of the 
 town council and of the school committee in '47. v. 648, 656, 682; a mason and 
 builder; also com. for settling the affairs of Brannan & Co.; a miner in '48, 
 being one of those who furnished Gov. Mason specimens of gold. He went a 
 little later with his family to Utah, where he still lives in '85 at Farmington. 
 His Mormons in Cal. is an important source of information on its topic, and 
 he has also sent me valuable items about early buildings in S.F. G. (R. 0. ), 
 1841, purser on the U.S. St Louis. Glynn (James), 1847, com. of the U.S. 
 Preble. v. 580. 
 
 Goche (Wm), 1838, Fr. shoemaker from N. Mex., age 31, at Los Ang. '40. 
 iv. 119. Goddard (Nicodemus), 1824, Amer. shoemaker on the Sachem, v. 
 526; at Sta B. '40, age 31, single and catholic. Godey (Alexis), 1844, nat. 
 of Mo., of Fr. Canadian parentage, a hunter in Fremont's 2d, 3d, and 4th 
 exped. iv. 437, 453, 583. He is named in connection with several of F. 's opera 
 tions in '46. v. 4, 15, 22, 24; went south and remained with Gillespie, was 
 for a time in charge at S. Luis Rey, and took part in the fight at S. Pas- 
 cual, ranking as lieut in the Cal. Bat. v. 314, 347, 353,360. He went east 
 with his party but came back in '49; married a sister of A. F. Coroncl, and 
 became a farmer and sheep-raiser, like his old associate, Kit Carson. As late as 
 '78 he was still living in southern Cal. Gooway (J. M.), 1847, from Or. on 
 the Henry. Goff (Daniel), 1840, one of the exiles to S. Bias, who did not 
 return, iv. 18. Golden (Edward), 1847, Co. E, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Gold 
 smith (Sam.), 1845, doubtful member of Fremont's party, iv. 583; said to 
 have died in Valparaiso in '69, leaving a fortune. Nev. Gazette. Goldwaite 
 (Richard M.), 1847, Co. H, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at Albany, N.Y., in '82. Go- 
 lovnin (V. M.), 1818, Russian visitor and author of Voy. of the Kamchatka. 
 ii. 251, 291, 317-18, 383, 416. 
 
 Gomez, killed at Mont. '31. iii. 673. G. (Ambrosio), sec. of ayunt. at 
 Mont. v. 636-7. G. (Felipe), at S.F. 5 37-44; owner of S.F. lot '40. iii. 706; 
 age 57 in '44. G. (Felipe), son of Rafael, trader at Mont., and sometimo 
 postmaster, to '85. G. (Francisco), 1769, Span, friar with the 1st division of 
 the 1st exped.; one of the party discovering S.F. bay; at S. Diego and Mont. 
 '70; retired in '71. Mention i. 127, 136, 140, 147, 151, 167, 175-6, 178. G. 
 (Francisco), at Sta Cruz 1794. i. 496. G. (Francisco), Mex. teacher at Mont. 
 '45. G. (Guillermo), policeman at Mont. '46. v. 637. 
 
 Gomez (Jose" Joaquiu), 1830, Mex. trader who came on the Leonor; cus 
 toms officer and comisario subaltemo at Mont. '31-2. iii. 224-5, 376, 672; in 
 '34 regidor and builder of the Peor es Nada. iii. 383, 673; in '35 regidor, 
 comisionado to secularize S. Carlos, and grantee of Los Verjeles. iii. 354, 673, 
 679, 680; in '36 member of the dip., being then 48 years old, having a wife 
 and children in Mex. iii. 426, 454, 460, 469. From '40 his rancho of Verjeles 
 is often mentioned, being on the way from Mont, to S. Jose"; here Larkin was 
 captured in '46, and the light of Natividad was in the vicinity; he was also 
 grantee of Tucho in '43. ii. 616; iv. 134, 212, 453, 656; v. 4, 14, 364. In '4G 
 
GOMEZ-GONGORA. 759 
 
 Don Joaquin was reported to the govt at Wash, by Larkin as a man of prop 
 erty ami character, friendly to the U.S.; in '48 Los Verjeles was advertised 
 for sale for the benefit of creditors. He had a son and a daughter, Dolores, who 
 came to Cal. after his arrival. The latter married and died at Mont, after 78. 
 G. (Jose" Maria), soldier in S.F. comp. '19-26; killed by Ind. '29. iii. 110. 
 
 Gomez (Jos6 Miguel), 1842, Mex. priest w ho served as curate at Purisima in 
 '42-4, and at S. Luis Ob. in '44-50; claimant for S. Simeon rancho. iv. 371, 
 421, 426, 647-8, 656-7, 659; v. 638-9. G. (Juan), soldier of S.F. comp. '19. 
 G. (Juan), 1834, mr of the Natalia, and of tho Leonidas '36. iii. 265-7, 383; 
 iv. 104. G. (Juan), son of Rafael, resid. of Mont, and S.F. in '75-85, who 
 gave me the privilege of copying a col. of his father's Doc, Hist. Cal. G. 
 (Manuel), Mex. sergt of artill. at S. F. and Mont, from '16; lieut from '19; 
 left Cal. in '22. Biog. ii. 470; ment. ii. 225-32, 247, 263, 371, 422, 451, 454, 
 461. G. (Nicolas), one of the mission guard at S. Juan Cap. 1776. i. 303. 
 G. (Pedro), executed at Sta Cruz '47 for killing his wife. v. 641. G. (Rafael), 
 convict settler at S. Jos6 1798-1808. i. 606, 638; ii. 192. 
 
 Gomez (Rafael), 1830, Mex. lawyer who came to Cal. as asesor, or legal 
 adviser of the govt, a relation of Joaquin. ii. 607, 677; ii. 46, 54. As a sup 
 porter of Gov. Victoria, or rather by his legal opinions in the criminal cases 
 of '31, he excited considerable opposition among the Californians, and tried to 
 escape after V.'s downfall; but failed and was not molested, iii. 190-2, 195, 
 213, 660-1; grantee of Sta Rosa in '31. iii. 713, 721; iv. 160; supports Zamo- 
 rano '32. iii. 222-3; action in P. Mercado's case '33. iii. 324; supports Figue- 
 roa : 34. iii. 277; but resigned his office. He was grantee of Tularcitos in '34. 
 iii. 679; regidor at Mont. '35. iii. 673; memb. of the dip. in '36, also ap 
 pointed agent in Mex., but did not go. iii. 426, 454; being at this time 36 
 years old; wife Josefa Estrada, child. Felipe b. '33, Maria Isabel '34, Juan '35. 
 His Diar-io de C'osas Notables de '36 (erroneously accredited to his son in list 
 of auth. ) I have found to be a very useful document, iii. 422. A few years 
 after '36, at his rancho of Tularcitos, he was accidentally killed by being en 
 tangled in the reata of a horse he was trying to drive away from his grain. 
 Don Rafael was a man of good character and a lawyer of much ability, who 
 came to Cal. in reality as a 1 kind of political exile. G. (Teodoro), soldier at 
 Soledad 1791-1800. i. 499. G. (Vicente), 1825. Mex. guerrillero chief in 
 the war of independence; a fiend known as El Capador, who, however, be 
 haved well enough in Cal. during his stay of a few months, iii. 16. 
 
 Gomez (Vicente Perfecto), 1842, son of Jose Joaquin and nat. of Guadala 
 jara, who came to Cal. as a clerk with Gov. Micheltorena. In '44 he was, or 
 at least claimed later to have been, the grantee of the Panocha Grande ran 
 cho. iv. 655, 672. This grant, rejected by the courts, was the foundation of 
 the famous McGarragan claim to the New Idria quicksilver mines; and Don 
 Vicente is the villain of Bret Harte's Story of a Mine. He was also the 
 unsuccessful claimant for Tucho. iv. 656. In '45 he was sec. of the juzgado at 
 Mont. iv. 653; aided Manuel Castro in Nov. '46. v. 366; had a Cal. claim of 
 611,500, of which $500 was paid (v. 462); and in '47-8 was for a time in 
 charge of S. Antonio mission, v. 640. As a witness in later land litigation he 
 met with some severe criticism, much of it doubtless undeserved; and though 
 an intelligent clerk and good penman, knowing little English, he had a hard 
 time in the later years to pay his grog bills. In '75-6 he worked for me in the 
 Library and various archives, doing much faithful service. Many were the 
 stories he told of old times in Cal. ; his fellow-laborers were instructed to 
 v, rite out his yarns; and the result is a large vol. of MS. called Gomez, Lo Que 
 .V'>, full of interest, and by no means devoid of historic value. He died at 
 Mont, in '84 at the age of about 60, a better man in several respects than he 
 has been given credit for. He had no family. 
 
 Gongora (Jos< Ant.), son of Jose" M., b. 1778 at S. Antonio; ment. in '22. 
 ii. 614; sergt of S. Diego comp. '25-8. ii. 543; in '42-3 juez at S. Diego, iv. 
 619-21. G. (Jos<5 Maria), soldier of S.D. comp. 1771; corp. of the guard at 
 S. Antonio '73; sergt from '75; ment. in connection with Anza's exped. '76. 
 i, 269-71, 287. In '79 Gov. Neve reported against his promotion; and. in. '82. 
 
760 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 he was retired as an invdlido and went to Loreto. His wife was Rosalia Max- 
 imiana Verdugo, married in 70, died '79 at S. Antonio. Goniiefgen (John 
 A.), 1840, copy of his German passport of '24 made at Los Ang. by Fink '40. 
 
 Gonzalez, soldier poisoned at Sta B. 1796. i. 670. G. (Alejo Ant.), of 
 the S.D. guard. 1775. i. 250. G. (Bernardo), settler at S. Jos< 1791-1800. 
 i. 716j wife Monica, child. Petra and Antonia. G. (Cirilo), sirv. at Sta 
 Clara 1776. i. 306. G. (Diego), 1781, Span, lieut in com. at Mont. '81-5, 
 and S.F. '85-7; an incompetent officer, of bad conduct, sent to the frontier 
 in '87 and dropped from the rolls in '93. i. 340-2, 466-70, 484, 678; ii. 44. 
 G. (Dionisio), 1842, Mex. capt. of the batallon fijo with Micheltorena. Noth 
 ing is recorded of him in Cal. iv. 289. G. (Felipe), at Brancif. '45, age 24, 
 wife Maria Soria, child Antonio. G. (Francisco), 1797, Span, friar who 
 served at Sta Cruz and retired in 1805. i. 498, 577; ii. 154-5, 159-60. G. 
 (Francisco), settler at S. Jose" 1791-1800; regidor in 1803. i. 716; ii. 134. 
 G. (Francisco), soldier of S.F. comp. '19-24; also '37-40, perhaps another. 
 G. (Francisco), corp. of the guard at Sta In^s '24. ii. 582. G. (Francisco), 
 at Brancif. '28-30, wife Maria Engracia, child. Felipe, Margarita, and Nativi- 
 dad. ii. 627. G. (Fran. ), at S. Felipe rancho, Mont. , '36, age 30. G. (Fran. ), 
 said to have been drowned '44-5. G. (Francisco), Cal. claim of 15,850, 
 '46-7 (v. 462). G. (Jacinto), sindico at Sta B. '28. ii. 572. G. (Jose), 
 soldier of S.F. comp. '23-32. G. (Jos< Ant.), at Sta Clara 1776. i. 306. 
 
 Gonzalez (Jose Maria de Jesus), 1833, Mex. friar of the Guadalupe college 
 at Zacatecas, a nat. of Guadalajara, b. in 1803, coming to Cal. with the 
 other Zacatecanos in '33. He served at S. Jos6 mission '33-42, being president 
 and vice-prefect of the northern missions in '38-43. iii. 318, 577, 593, 724; iv. 
 61, 64, 372, 680. From '43 he served at Sta B. iv. 426, 643. From ? 46 he was 
 the bishop's vicar, and after the bishop's death the same year was governor 
 of the diocese, v. 565, 634; thus being the chief ecclesiastical authority in 
 Cal. until the coming of Bishop Alemany in '50, and later vicar; president of 
 the Sta B. college of Franciscans '58-72; died at Sta B. in '75, the last sur 
 vivor of the Cal. missionaries, a man respected and beloved by all from the 
 beginning to the end of his career; one of the few Zacatecanos who in ability, 
 missionary zeal, and purity of life were the equals of the Span. Fernandinos. 
 Gonzalez Rubio was his full name. G. (J. M. J.), com. de policia Sta In<s 
 '35. iii. 291. G. (Juan), at Brancif. '28, wife Eusebia Pinto. G. (Juan), 
 at Brancif. '30. ii. 627; maj. and admin, of Sta Cruz '34-9. iii. 346, 694-5; 
 juez in '42. iv. 663; in '45, age 40, wife Maria Ana Rodriguez, both nat. of 
 Cal., child. Ramona b. '23. Melania '29, Francisca '30, Petra '33, Juaua '35, 
 Tomasa '38, Refugia '40, Rosa '36, Pedro '38, Gabriela '42. G. (Juan Jos6), 
 soldier in S.F. comp. '23-33; grantee of Peseadero, Sta Cruz, '33. iii. 678. 
 G. (Juan Pablo), officer in Mont, custom-house '27. 
 
 Gonzalez (Leandro), juez de campo at Sta B. '34; admin, and maj. of the 
 mission '40-3. iii. 657-8; iv. 643; his wife was Josefa Guevara, with 4 child, 
 before '37; still at Sta B. '50. G. (Macedonio), Mex. half-breed alferez on 
 the L. Cal. frontier from about '36; a famous Ind. fighter, who took some 
 part with the surenos in the troubles of '37-40, being once arrested and sent 
 to Sonoma, iii. 549, 606-7; iv. 6S-9. In later years he lived in Cal., and was 
 in S. Diego Co. '64, age over 70. G. (Manuel), settler at S. Jose" and S.F. 
 from 1777; alcalde of S. Jose" '85. v. 297, 312, 350, 478; wife Gertrudis Ace- 
 bedo, child. Francisco, Romualdo, Antonia, in '93. G. (Manuel), settler at 
 Los Ang. '14. ii. 350. G. (Manuel), at Sta B. '37. iii. 657; perhaps still 
 there in '52. G. (Manuel), executed at Mont, for murder '42. iv. 653-4, 686. 
 G-. (Mauricio), son of Rafael, appointed guarda of Mont, customs '29, but did 
 not come from Mex. till '40. iii. 136; iv. 31; grantee of Cholam, S. Luis Ob. 
 iv. 655; with Micheltorena in '45. iv. 511. In '77, living at Mont, with his 
 wife, the daughter of Manuel Crespo, he gave me his Memorias, and a col. of 
 Papeles Originates, that had belonged to his father; still living in '85. G. 
 (Miguel), 1825, Mex. capt. of artill., comandante de armas at Mont. '26-8, a 
 bad fellow, if we credit the Californians, often in trouble, and finally sent 
 away in '30. His daughter, Ildefonsa G. de Herrera. was more or less a famous 
 
GONZALEZ-GORDON. 701 
 
 character at Mont. iii. 39-41; also ii. 576, 605, 608, Gl^-ll, 614, 624, 674; 
 iii. 15, 44, 93, 121, 437. His full name was Gonzalez cle AVila. G. (Pablo), 
 of terna for contador '27. iii. 63. G. (Pedro), 1791, surg. in Malaspina's 
 exped. i. 490. 
 
 Gonzalez (Rafael), 1833, Mex. admin, of customs and sub-comisario at 
 Mont. '33-4, having been appointed in '29, but coming to Cal. with Figneroa 
 in '33. iii. 46, 136, 237-8, 240, 376-7, 437, 672. His Diarlo is an important 
 record of '32-3. He had been a lieut in the war of independence, and was an 
 ignorant man of good character. In '35 he was alcalde at Mont. iii. 673, 441; 
 also governor's sec. iii. 463; and grantee of S. Justo, ii. 678, being then 48 
 years old, wife Carmen Sierra, a Mex. He was arrested in the troubles of '37. 
 iii. 513; comamlante de celadores at the custom-house '37-46. iv. 339, 97, 210, 
 357, 377, 431, 577; v. 570; member of the junta '39-43, being also delegate to 
 the cousejo general of '46. iii. 590, 604; iv. 294-5, 360, 460; v. 45, 61; grantee 
 of S. Miguelito in '41, being cl. in '53. iv. 656; had a Cal. claim of $26,200. 
 Larkin reported him as a man of property and influence. He died at Mont, 
 in '68, at the age of 82. His Doc. Hist. Cal. were given me by his son Mau- 
 ricio; his daughter, Ana G. de Castauares, was a woman with a will. iii. 437- 
 8. G. (Rafael), 2d alcalde at S. Juan B. '35. iii. 692. G. (Rafael), son of 
 Raf. Gerardo, b. at Sta B. in 1797, sold, of the Sta B. comp. '16-27. ii. 223, 
 235, 237-8, 337, 429, 508, 536. In '29-32 he was alcalde of Sta B., and again 
 in '35 and '45. ii. 572; iii. 78, 212, 653-4; iv. 642; admin, and maj. of S. 
 Buen. '38-42. iii. 660-1; iv. 644-5. His wife was Antonia Guevara, and there 
 were 3 child, before '37. In '78 he was still living at Sta B., where he gave 
 me an interesting narrative of his early Experiencias. G. (Rafael G.), Mex. 
 soldier before 1800; wife Tomasa Quinteros. G. (Ramon T.), clerk of Crflis 
 at Los Ang. '40; at Sta Lie's '44. iv. 426; perhaps at S. Luis Ob. '50. 
 
 Gonzalez (Teodoro), 1825, Mex. who lived at Mont, from his arrival; 
 licensed to hunt otters '33. iii. 374; in '36 regidor and acting alcalde during 
 the troubles with Gov. Chico. iii. 439, 675; grantee in '36 of Rincon de la 
 Puente and Sur Chiquito. iii. 678; being then 30 years old, wife Guadalupe 
 Villarnel de Rico, the mother of Francisco Rico. Alcalde in '37; at Buena- 
 vista '40; juez de paz '42-3; aux. de polida in '46. iii. 525; iv. 24, 637, 653- 
 4, 656. He became a man of wealth and good standing in Cal. ; and in '78, 
 though his memory was failing with age, gave me some information about the 
 Rc'voluciones de Cal. His death occurred a few years later. His sons Mariano 
 and Alfredo were prominently connected with the Monterey and Salinas R. 
 R., and in '85 reside in S.F. with their mother. G. (Tiburcio), atMont. '36, 
 age 28, nat. of Cal., wife Cruz Espinosa, child. Ramonaand Jose". Gonzalvo 
 (M.), 1848, passp. from Honolulu. 
 
 Goodhue, 1843, mate of the Admittance, died at sea on the passage home 
 '45. Goodsell (J.), 1846, on the Cyane, acting commandant's clerk. Good- 
 speed (Galen), 1824, sailor and mate on the Hover '24-6. Goodwell (James 
 F.), 1847, Co. H, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). G. (James T.), 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. 
 Goodwin. 1 847, mr of the Eveline from Hon. , with wife. v. 578. G. (Andrew), 
 1847, Co.' A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). G. (Isaac), 1846, one of the Mormon 
 col., with 6 children, his wife dying on the voyage, v. 546; nat. of Conn., and 
 a ma.son who built a house for Larkin. Sent east to report to Brigham Young 
 on Cal. prospects; interviewed in Utah '78 by Codman. Pound Trip, 198-201. 
 Goodyear (Andrew). 1847, nat. of Conn, and overl. immig. ; at Benicia from 
 '49; still living in '79. G. (Miles), 1847, trapper and trader at Los Ang., 
 with a Cal. claim of 1,800 (v. 462); a nat. of Conn, who died in '49; perhaps 
 a brother of Andrew. Goosebfh, 1809, mr of the Coniach. ii. 81. 
 
 Gordon, 1844, officer on H.B.M.S. Modeste. G. (A. J.), 1846, nat. of Mo. 
 and overl. immig.; prob. son of Joseph; perhaps the G. at N. Helv. from 
 Benicia '47; in Sonoma Co. from '48; in Mendocino '77. G. (Benj.), 1848, 
 in the mines on Amer. Riv. ; at S. Jose" '50. G. (B.H.), 1846, married a 
 daughter of Ed. Pyle; father of John M. G. of Los Gatos in '80. G. (Gilman), 
 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). G. (G. van), 1846, nat. of Mich.; in S. 
 Luis Ob. '66-83. G. (Ira van), 1846, nat. of Penn. and overl. immig., prob. 
 
762 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 with Harlan, whose daughter Rebecca he married in '41; one of Aram's men 
 at Sta Clara; lot at S.F. '47; after several changes of residence and employ 
 ment, became a farmer from '68 in S. Luis Ob., where he still lived '83. By 
 some authorities he has been accredited to '43. iv. 393, 400. Either identical 
 with or a brother of the preceding or following. G. (John van), 1846, per 
 haps same as G., at N. Helv. May; not of '43. iv. 393, 400. G. (John), 
 1845, com. of H.B.M.S. America, iv. 562. G. (Jacob), 1846, overl. immig. 
 with Young, v. 529, with family; perhaps went to Or.; perhaps one of the 
 van G.'s. G. (Joseph), 1846, overl. immig. ment. by Bryant; with fam. ; 
 perhaps went to Or. or back east. v. 528-9. G. (Julian), 1844, in Sonoma 
 dist. '44-6; age 45 in '46. G. (Jemima), 1847, owner of S. F. lot. G. 
 (Nicholas), 1845, blacksmith at Mont. '45-8. iv. 587. G. (Robert), 1846, 
 came from Hon. on the Elizabeth; in '47-8 editor of the Californian at S.F., 
 and judge of election, v. 650, 658; at Sac. '48-9, active in politics. 
 
 Gordon (Win), 1841, nat. of Ohio, who became a Mex. citizen in N. Mex., 
 where he married Maria Lucero, and came to Cal. in the Rowland-Workman 
 party, iv. 277-9. In '42 came north to Sonoma, original passp. in my col. ; 
 and in '43 was grantee of Quesesosi rancho on Cache Cr., becoming the pioneer 
 settler of Yolo Co. Here he lived till about '66, then moved to Cobb Valley, 
 Lake Co., where he died in '76, at the age of 75. His wife died in '44, her 
 sister being the wife of Cyrus Alexander; and in '55 G. married Elizabeth 
 Corum. One of his daughters, Mrs Sarah Ingraham, died in Gordon Val. '68; 
 another, Isabel, was the wife of Nathan Coombs. 'Uncle Billy' had been a 
 trapper in his early years, and continued to be fond of the hunt in Cal. ; a 
 rough, uneducated, honest, and hospitable man. In '43-6 his place on Cache 
 Cr. was a general rendezvous for settlers and hunters, and is oftener men 
 tioned than any other place except Sutter's Fort and Sonoma. It was in the 
 vicinity of the modern town of Fre'mont. Portrait Yolo Co. Hist., 26; ment. 
 iv. 573, 672; v. iii. 672. Gorgonio, neoph. who killed his wife at S. Buen. 
 '17. ii. 424. G. (Josd), grantee of Purisima, Sta Clara, in '40. iii. 712. 
 Gorgy (D. ), doubtful name of a Russian owner of land near Bodega '37. ii. 638. 
 
 Gorman (Geo.), 1843, at Mont. G. (John), 1831, Irish, from Hon. with 
 a letter from P. Short, iii. 405; joined the comp. extranjera in '32. iii. 221 ; 
 got a lot in '35; in '36 at Hartnell's rancho, age 50 and single. Gormly (Mar 
 tin F.), 1847, Co. F, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); claimant for a Marin Co. rancho. iv. 
 674; mr of the Bostonian, and killed by explosion of the Secretary in '54. 
 Goss, 1847, on the Currency Lass from Hon. 
 
 Gould, 1848, mr of the Mary Frances. G. (John C.), 1847, Co. C, Morm. 
 Bat. (v. 469). G. (John R.), 1846, assisted in printing the Mont. Califor 
 nian. v. 293. G. (Samuel), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 489). Gouldin, 
 
 1847, doubtful name, Alameda Co. '55-78. Goulet (G.), 1845, in Sutter's 
 employ '45-6; and Geo. Goutler had a Cal. claim of $60 for shoeing horses 
 (v. 462). Gourville (Jean), 1836, Fr. laborer at Los Verjeles rancho, age 27. 
 Goycoechea (Felipe), 1783, Mex. lieut and com. of the Sta B. comp. 1784- 
 1802, being brevet capt. from 1797; habilitado gen. of Cal. in Mex. 1802-5; 
 gov. of L. Cal. 1806-14, where he died at Loreto. A prominent and able offi 
 cer. Biog. ii. 116-17; ment. i. list of auth., 396, 461-3, 464-6, 484, 501-2, 
 517, 521-2, 532, 537, 542, 573, 583, 588-94, 639; ii. 28, 30, 32-3, 36, 111, 
 154-6, 186, 188, 665, 669. 
 
 Grablo (Benj.J, 1841 (?), nat. of Ohio; d. S. Luis Ob. '76. iv. 279; date of 
 arrival prob. a misprint in Cal. Christ. Adv., Jul. 30, '76. Grady (Thomas), 
 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). Graf (Joseph), 1848, overl. immig. 
 with wife, who settled at Nicolaus; a teamster. Graff (Geo. J.), 1847, Co. 
 E, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); at S.F. 74-82. Grafton (Ed. C.), 1845, mid. on the 
 U.S. Portsmouth; acting lieut Co. C, Stockton's bat. '46-7. v. 385. Graham, 
 
 1848, from Or. with Martin; supposed to have been killed by Ind. the same 
 year at Murderers bar. G. (Chas K.), 1847, mid. on the U. S. Columbus; 
 maj.-gen. in war of '61-5; surveyor of port of N. Y. '79. G. (Geo.), 1847, 
 Co. F, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); passp. from Hon. '48. 
 
 Graham (Isaac), 1833-5, nat. of Ky, and for many years a trapper in the 
 
GRAHAM GRALBATCH. 703 
 
 great basin and N.Mex., whence he is generally said to have come to Cal. in 
 '3:5. iii. 388, 409. I have found no details of his arrival, which was very likely 
 in '34 or '35. In '36 he had a distillery and drinking-place at Natividad, and 
 from the loafers about his place, chiefly deserting sailors, raised a comp. of 
 ' riflemen ' to support Alvarado in his revolution, going south in that cause in 
 '37. See full details in iii. 454-9, 491, 524, 685. In '38 he was condemned to 
 8 months in the chain-gang for killing cattle on Gomez' rancho. Mont. Arch.; 
 and in '39 he and Naile tried to organize a comp. to cross the nits eastward. 
 In '40, with a dozen of his associates and enough other foreigners to make up 
 the number of 47, G. was sent to S. Bias on a charge of plotting against the 
 govt; but with 18 of the exiles came back the next year. iv. 2-41, 95, 116, 
 348. The current versions of this affair, as fully explained elsewhere, have but 
 a slight foundation in truth; the exiles were for the most part foreigners of 
 the worst class, who had come to Cal. in defiance of the laws; and while the 
 definite charges of conspiracy could not be proved, the arrest was only tech 
 nical, and in the case of a few, an outrage, for which Gov. Alvarado waa 
 willing that Mex. should pay damages. Statements that Alvarado broke hia 
 promises to G., and that the prisoners were brutally treated, have no better 
 foundation than the absurd ravings of Farnham and the complaints of the 
 victims hungry for damages. After his return, G., with Majors and others, 
 bought the Sayante rancho near Sta Cruz, built a saw-mill, and engaged also 
 to some extent in tanning. His name appears constantly on Larkin's books. 
 He made desperate efforts to get damages from Mex. through the U. S. govt 
 for his exile; it is a popular tradition that he succeeded in getting $36,000, 
 and possibly he did in later years get a small sum, but I find no definite evi 
 dence to that effect, iv. 40-1. In '43 he offered his support and that of his 
 associates without their knowledge to Gov. Micheltorena, who declined at 
 first, iv. 356; but he finally went south with Sutter's force in defense of the 
 gov. in '44-5; iv. 472, 478, 483, 486, 507. Tn '45 he induced a young Ameri 
 can woman to live with him, her mother making an effort through Consul 
 Larkin and the alcalde to oblige him to marry, but apparently without suc 
 cess; .though G. claimed that she was his wife, and she so appears in the pa- 
 dron of '45, when G. was 46 years old. I have much of the original corresp. con 
 nected with the scandal. At this time 20 of G.'s foreign fellow-citizens signed 
 a petition to the prefect for his expulsion from the community, as a dissolute, 
 lawless, quarrelsome corruptor of the public peace and morals. I think the 
 woman left him in '49, about the time that some of his children by a former 
 marriage came to Cal. The case of Graham vs Roussillon in '46 was the 1st 
 tried by a jury in Cal. v. 289. After the U.S. occupation, G. continued to live 
 on his Sta Cruz rancho, for which he was the claimant, iv. 656; and died at 
 S. F. in '63 at the age of nearly 70. Two of his daughters, very respectable 
 people, live in Sta Cruz Co. '85; and his brother also resided in Cal. for many 
 years. Respecting Graham's character, much is said in my narrative of the 
 events of '40. But for the unmerited praise that has been so profusely accorded 
 him, and his own never-ending abuse of better men, it might be in doubtful 
 taste to dwell on the man's true character. In N. Mex. and on the plains, 
 where he was well known by Nidever, B. D. Wilson, Job Dye, and others, he 
 had the worst of reputations, amply justified by his career in Cal. At the best, 
 he was a loud-mouthed, unprincipled, profligate, and reckless man, whose only 
 good qualities seem to have been the personal bravery and prodigal hospital 
 ity of his class, with undoubted skill as a hunter, and a degree of industry. 
 
 Graham (John), 1791, Boston boy of Malaspina's exped. who died at Mont., 
 called Groem. i. 491. G. (John), 1841, lieut on the U.S. St Low*. G. (Law 
 rence P.), 1848, brevet major 2d U. S. drag., in com. of a dragoon battalion 
 from Mex. arriving at the end of Dec.; mil. com. of the southern dist in '49. 
 v. 522, 618. G. (Wm), 1841, doubtful name at S. Jose. Bidwell. Grajera 
 (Antonio), Mex. lieut in com. of the S. Diego comp. 1793-9; capt. from '98; 
 conduct far from exemplary; left Cal. Jan. 1800, and died at sea 3 days after 
 sailing. Biog. i. 676; mcnt. i. 522, 532, 538, 543, 563, 588-94, 630, 634, 653, 
 656, 730. Gralbatch (Wm), 1825, Engl. sailor and cooper who landed at 
 
764 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Mont. ii. 609; iii. 29. In '29 he kept a shop with Geo. Allen and applied for 
 naturalization, age 20; a memb. of the corap. extranjera in '32. iii. 221; ou 
 Larkin's books from '33. In '36 he lived at S. Isidro rancho, being then single, 
 
 K, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); died at Milwaukee, Wis., '80. Granados (Fran.), 1846, 
 aux. depolicia. Mont. v. 637. Grant, 1844, off. on H.B.M.S.lfotfeste. G. 
 (B.), 1845, doubtful name of the Grigsby-Ide immig. party, iv. 579; prob. 
 went to Or. G. (James), 1825, Engl. waterman, age 25, protestant and sin 
 gle; in Mont. dist. '25-9. iii. 29. G. (Thos), 1832, got a carta. iii. 408. 
 
 Graves (Franklin W.), 1846, member of the Donner party from 111., accom 
 panied by wife Elizabeth, 3 sons, and 6 daughters. The father, mother, and 
 one son Franklin W., Jr, age 5 died in the Sierra, v. 528, 530, 534, 537. 
 Eight of the children survived. Jonathan B., age 7, and Elizabeth, Jr, died 
 near Sutter's Fort in '47. v. 530, 534. Wm C. was, in '80-1, a blacksmith at 
 Calistoga, and in '84 writes me from Merrimac, Plumas Co. ; he also wrote for 
 the newspapers a narrative of Crossing the Plains in '46. v. 530, 534, 536, 
 541. Eleanor married Wm McDonald in '49, and in '81 lived at Knight's Val., 
 Sonoma, with 8 children, v. 530, 534. Mary Ann married Ed. Pyle in '47, 
 and J. T. Clarke in '52, and in '81 lived at White River, Tulare, with 5 children. 
 Lovina married John Cyrus in '56, and in '81 lived near Calistoga with 5 
 children. Nancy married R. W. Williamson in '55, and in '81 lived at Los 
 Gatos, also with 5 children. A married daughter, also a survivor, was Mrs 
 'Fosdick,' q.v. G. (Hiram), 1848, at S.F. ace. to his later testimony. 
 
 Gray (Andrew F. V.), 1846, lieut on the U.S. Congress; com. of the force 
 sent by Stockton to Kearny's relief at S. Pascual; served as S.'s aide in the 
 final campaign of '47; went east overland with despatches; and testified at the 
 Fremont court-martial in Wash. v. 328, 350, 385, 420, 456. G. (Alonzo), 
 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). G. (B.), 1847, mr of the Antonita. v. 576. 
 G. (E. L.), 1846, from Hon. on the Euphemia; perhaps same as preceding. 
 G. (G. R.), 1841, lieut on the U.S. St Louis. G. (G.L.), 1847, at Hon. from 
 Cal. twice, 1st on the Currency Lass, 2d on the Gen. Kearny. G. (James 
 A.), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); nat. of Penn.; and memb. of 1st Cal. 
 legisl. '49-50; resid. at Salinas City '82. G. (John B.), 1847, came from Va 
 with letters from Fauntleroy and Minor to Larkin; at N.Helv. '48, interested 
 in mines. G. (L. C.), 1847, trader on the coast '47-8 from Honolulu on the 
 Gen. Kearny, Louise, and Undine; owner of S.F. lot. v. 679; at Benicia '49- 
 50, and perhaps the S. C. Gray whose lecture in Benicia is published in the 
 Solarto Co. Hist., 146; still living, I think, in '85. G. (Robt), 1788, mr of the 
 Washington, sighting the Cal. coast on his way north, i. 445, 499; see Hint. 
 N. W. Coast. G. (Wm), 1837, lumberman and militiaman at Sonoma. G. 
 (Wm D.), 1847, Co. K, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 ,Grayson (Andrew J.), 1846, nat. of La, and overl. immig. being at the 
 start in com. of a small party with wife and child, living for a time in the 
 Upper Sac. Val. v. 528. Active in raising men for the Cal. Bat., in which he 
 ranked as lieut; but remained in the north, and took part in the campaign 
 against Sanchez, v. 359, 361, 383. Mrs G. seems to have remained at Sonoma, 
 where she is named as a witness in Jan. '47. In '47-8 G. obtained lots at Be 
 nicia and S.F., where he kept a little stationery shop in the City Hotel, v. 
 672, 680; also acting as Capt. Folsom's agent at Corte Madera, Marin Co.,' 
 and soon founding on paper the town of Graysonville on the S. Joaq. Riv. 
 In these days, though a gambler and associate of Lippincott, McDougal, and 
 other like characters, he was regarded as a man of good abilities and char 
 acter. In '50 he settled at S. Jos<5 and gave his attention to the study of orni 
 thology, in which branch, and as an artist, he became widely known to scien 
 tific men in all parts of the world. In '57 he went with his wife to Mex. , and 
 died at Mazatlan in '69 at the age of 50. His descrip. and paintings of Pac. 
 coast birds have as yet, unfortunately, remained unpublished. His widow 
 returned to Cal., married Dr G. B. Crane, and was still living at St Helena 
 
GRAYSON GREEN. 765 
 
 in 77, as she is, I think, in '85. G. (Ned), 1846, at S. Jose* '54. Annals of 
 S.F., 822; perhaps the preceding or his son. 
 
 Green (Alfred A.), 1847, Co. B, N.Y.Vol. v. 513, 610; a nat. of New Bruns 
 wick, who after a brief experience in the mines became a somewhat promi 
 nent lawyer at S.F., being at one time memb. of the legislature, and well 
 known in connection with the pueblo land question, Santillan claim, and vigi 
 lance committee. In 78 he gave me a narrative of the Adventures of a 'Jfler, 
 containing many interesting details of early S.F. annals; still living in S.F. 
 '82, and I think in '85. There is some confusion in the records between him 
 and H.A. Green, at Sonoma in '47-8. G. (Alonzo), 1848 (?), doubtful date 
 of a Sonora settler. G. (Cambridge), 1832, one of Young's trappers, who 
 killed a man named Anderson, and is said to have been imprisoned at Los Ang. ; 
 also had a brother in the same party, iii. 388. G. (Daniel S. or C.), 1846, 
 Burgeon on the U. S. Dale; in confed. service '61-5. G. (Ephraim), 1847, 
 Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); at Sutter's and in the mines '48. G. (Francis), 
 1836, Amer. age 40, in a Los Ang. list; perhaps at Sta Cruz '39. G. (Geo. 
 W.), 1829, on the BrooEine. iii. 138-9; living in Mass. 72. G. (Harry), 
 1848, named by Glover as a Mormon who went to Utah '49. G. (Henry A. ), 
 1844 (?), a lumberman and builder possibly the G. at Sta Cruz '39 named 
 in various records of '44-6 at Mont, and Sta Cruz. iv. 455; Cal. claim of $76 
 (v. 462). In '47 he was at Sonoma, being a member of the town council, v. 
 608, and employed in preparing material, under a contract with Larkin, for 
 houses which were erected at Benicia in '48. v. 671-3. There was a Mrs G., 
 perhaps his wife, at Sonoma in '47. G. (H.F.A.), 1848, at Mont., ace. to 
 consulate arch. G. (Hugh W.), 1847, purser on the U. S. Independence. 
 G. (Jacob), 1846, Swiss trapper at N. Helv. '46-7; Cal. claim $25 (v. 462); 
 ment. by Ward in '48. G. (J.L.), 1848, owner of a S.F. lot. G. (James), 
 1847, doubtful member of N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at S.F. 74. G. (James), 1831, 
 perhaps of Young's party, iii. 388. G. (James M.), 1845, nat. of Conn., who 
 came on a whaler, iv. 587; long a resid. of Hon., and mr of vessels running 
 to Cal.; memb. of firm C. A. Williams & Co.; also ship-chandler at S. F.; 
 died in Stockton insane asylum '68. Newspapers. G. (John), 1847, Co. C, 
 Morm. Bat. (v. 469). G. (John D.), 1847, resid. at Sta Cruz, ace. to the 
 county hist. G. (Judson), 1846, overl. immig. with Steph. Cooper. G. 
 (Lewis), 1846 (?), at Los Ang. '59-76. G. (Michael), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. 
 dragoons (v. 336). G. (T.C.), 1847, at N. Helv. 
 
 Green (Talbot H.), 1841, nat. of Penn., and overl. immig. of the Bartleson 
 rty. iv. 268, 270, 275, 279. Early in '42 he entered Larkin's service at 
 tout, as clerk; and in May '43 made a contract to carry on L.'s business for 
 one year for $400 and 5 per cent of the profits. This arrangement was contin 
 ued to the end of '45, and in Jan. '46 G. made a contract for 3 years to take 
 the business, with $10,000 worth of goods, for one third of the profits, v. 55- 
 6. I have much of his business corresp. In '44 he got a renewal of his pass 
 port, possibly naturalization; in '46 served on the 1st jury, v. 289, and was 
 grantee of land near Mont. v. 637; and in '46-7 was collector of the port, 
 having also a Cal. claim of $10,855, and obtaining a lot at S.F. v. 289, 433, 
 467, 570, 572. He made a trip to Mazatlan, and contributed items for the 
 Calif ornian. In '48 visited the mines. From Jan. '49 he was a member of the 
 S.F. firm of Mellus & Howard, a prosperous and popular man of business, mem 
 ber of the town council, and taking an active part in political affairs. Pie 
 married the widow Montgomery, of the Stevens immig. party of '44, by whom 
 he had a son, in '85 state librarian at Sac., his mother, now Mrs Wallis, being 
 a resident of Mayfield. In '51 Green, being then a prominent candidate for 
 mayor, was recognized and denounced as Paul Geddes of Penn., a default 
 ing bank clerk, who had left a wife and children in the east. There is no 
 agreement about the circumstances of the discovery. The charge proved true, 
 but G. protested his innocence, and went east via Panama for the avowed 
 purpose of clearing his reputation, being escorted to the boat by a large com 
 pany of prominent citizens. There are several confused versions of his later 
 life. I have his letter to Larkin in '53, in which he expresses shame and pen- 
 
 pa 
 
 M< 
 
766 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 itence for the deception he had practised; says he has lost $3,200 from his 
 trunk, and is 'penniless and destitute, with spirits broken and energy gone;' 
 begs L.. 'for God's sake,' to send him his share of the proceeds of the Cal. 
 claims and other debts; confesses that he has deceived Thompson; but intends 
 to buy a small farm in Tenn. Some day he \vill send a full history of his life. 
 In '54 he visited Cal. and was seen by Wm F. White whose Grey^s Picture 
 ofPion. Times, 124-31, contains a good account of G.'s life and in '55 he 
 writes to Larkin from N.Y. that he had settled with Mr H. (Howard ?); that 
 Mr 13. (Brannan) had settled the Penn. affair; and that he is about to start 
 for Tenn. He is understood to have rejoined his 1st wife and to be still living 
 in '85. In the S. J. Pion. of Apr. 21, '77, it is stated that G. had been for 
 some time asst sec. of the U.S. senate, and that he visited Cal. in '76. Lieut 
 Maddox accused Green of dishonorable conduct in '46-7, and there are some 
 slight indications that his Penn. defalcation was not his only transgression; 
 but his Cal. record, as a whole, was excellent. 
 
 Green (Theodore P.), 1846, lieut on the U.S. Congress. G. (Wm), 1840, 
 one of the S. Bias exiles, arrested in the south, iv. 14, 18. G. (Wm G), 
 1847, Co. C, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. S. Rafael '71. Greenman (J. D.), 1848, 
 passp. from Honolulu. Greenock, 1846, ment. by Revere as the frontier 
 settler on a journey from Napa Val. to Clear Lake. I think there may be 
 some connection between this name and 'Guenoc,' that of a Lake Co. rancho 
 granted in '45 to Geo. ' Rock. ' Guenoc is still the name in use. 
 
 Greenwood (Caleb), 1844, trapper and mountaineer, who, with his two 
 sons, Britain and John, by a Crow wife, guided the Stevens imrnig. party 
 across the plains; and performed like service for other parties in '45-6, being 
 sent to Ft Hall to divert the Or. immig. to Cal. They served in Sutter's force 
 '45; Bryant met the old man in Lake Co. '46, when he claimed to be 83 years 
 old; Britain was with the 2d Donner relief of '47, and lived in Mendocino Co. 
 '84; S. S. Greenwood, apparently one of the 3, is said to have been a nat. of 
 Nova Scotia, to have come with Fremont, and to have been justice of the 
 peace and assessor at Sac., where he died in '78. John served in Co. E, Cal. 
 Bat. (v. 358), and had a trading-post in Greenwood Val. '48. It is impossible 
 to distinguish between the 3, or to locate any one of them at any definite 
 time. iv. 445, 453-4, 486, 539, 575, 579. . 
 
 Gregory (John), 1844, Engl. in Cal. '44-6; came back in '55; in Sonoma 
 Co. '61-80 with wife and 3 child. Son. Co. Hist., 691. G. (Robert), 1846, Co. 
 K, 1st U.S. drag., killed at S. Pascual. v. 346. G. (Thos), 1848, at S. F. 
 from Honolulu. Gregson (James), 1845, Engl. who came to Phil, as a boy, 
 and overl. to Cal. in the Grigsby-Ide party, with his wife, Elizabeth Marshall, 
 and her two brothers, mother, and sister, v. 579, 587. In '45-8 he worked as 
 a blacksmith for Sutter, serving in the Sac. garrison during the Bear revolt. 
 v. 79; and later in Co. B, Cal. Bat. (v. 358), being perhaps at the Natividad 
 fight, and taking part in the southern campaign of '46-7. Returning, he re 
 sumed work for ISutter, got a lot at S.F. v. 685, and was at work at the fa 
 mous mill when gold was discovered. Mrs G. is mentioned in '47 as passenger 
 on the 1st steamboat to Sac. v. 579. In '50-80 he lived in Green Val., Sonoma 
 Co., with 9 children. His daughter, Annie, b. Sept. 3, '40, married Robert 
 Reid of S. Luis Ob. ; another, M ary Ellen, b. '48, married McChristian. Prob. 
 still alive in '85. I have a MS. Statement from him. Portrait in Son. Co. Hint., 
 509. G. (Wm), 1834, Amer., age 29, in Spears service at Mont. Gremell, 
 1848, in list of letters, S.F. Grems, 1821, mr of the SigloeC>), at Sta B. ii. 
 440. Grey (Win), 1837, in S.F. militia. G. (Louisa C.), 1848, wife of 
 W.L.G., d. Stockton '79, age 31; named as 1st Amer. child bom in Sonoma. 
 Grien (Carl), 1844, blacksmith ?i Mont. Griffin, 1847, from Honolulu 
 on the Euphemia; in '48 mr of the Arid. v. 576. G. (John S.), 1846, asst 
 surg. U. S. A. from '40, prob. nat. of Ky, who came with Kearny from N. 
 Mex., being present in the fights of S. Pascual, S. Gabriel, and the Mesa. v. 
 336-7, 385. His Journal of '46-7 is one of the best authorities extant, and is 
 supplemented by his original Doc. Hist. Cal. in my collection. He was sta 
 tioned at S.D. and Los Ang. in charge of the mil. hospital; visited the mines 
 
GRIFFIN GRIMES. 707 
 
 on leave of absence in '49, became interested with Vallejo and Frisbie in Napa 
 lands, and was stationed at Benicia till '52, when he was transferred to the 
 south; went east in '53, and in '54 resigned and settled at Los Ang., where he 
 has since resided and practiced medicine down to '85. G. (M. ), 1847, at S. 
 
 F. from Honolulu. G. (Peter K.), 1844, Amer. at Mont., getting a pass for 
 a year. G. (Sam. P.), 184G, mid. on the U.S. Savannah; serving in garrison 
 at S. Jose", v. 378, where he applied for land. 
 
 Griffith (Calvin C.), 1845, nat. of N.C., who came with his parents in the 
 Grigsby-Ide party, iv. 579, 587. He served with the Bears, v. 110, and in the 
 Cal. Bat. (v. 358), later becoming a miner and farmer. In '81 he lived at Ruth 
 erford, Napa Co., with his wife, Lydia Lensibaugh, mar. in '55, and 7 children. 
 
 G. (F.G.), 1846, in Cal. Bat., and named in a list of Bears; perhaps a brother 
 of Calvin. G. (James A.), 1845, overl. immig. of Grigsby-Ide party, with 
 wife, Elizabeth II., aiid one or more sons. Bonds given by Yount Nov. 19th. 
 iv. 579, 587. The family settled in Napa Val. ; Cal. claim of $1,000 for repair 
 ing barracks (v. 462); died in Sonoma '68. G. (Jonathan), 1846, one of the 
 Morm. Col. with wife and 2 children, v. 546; lot at S.F. '47; Mrs G. and son 
 at Mont. '48. G. did not go to Utah. G. (Thomas), 1846, doubtful name of 
 a Bear; possibly a son of James A. G. (Joseph), doubtful name of a trapper 
 in S. Joaq. Val. in very early times. Mont. Co. Hist., 29. 
 
 Grigsby (Franklin F.), 1845, Co. E, Cal. Bat. '46-7 (v. 358); prob. a son 
 of John and immig. of '45. G. (Granville W. ), 1845, ditto. G. (John), 1845, 
 nat. of Tenn. , came to Cal. from Mo. in the immig. party that bears his name, 
 with his family, iv. 578-8 1 , 587. He was one of the most active in fomenting the 
 Bear revolt of '46; was for a few hours leader at Sonoma on June 14th ; com. the 
 guard that took the prisoners to N. Helv. ; and after the U. S. occup. was in 
 com. of the Sonoma garrison, being capt. of Co. B, Cal. Bat. v. 110, 114-19, 
 104, 168, 175, 184, 242-3, 296, 298. After the reorganization of the battalion 
 in Nov. Capt. G. com. Co. E, in the southern campaign, v. 358-61. He had a 
 Cal. claim (v. 462); and in '47 is mentioned in connection with political affairs 
 at Sonoma, v. 433, 609. He settled in Napa, where he continued to live till 
 about '72, when he went to Texas, and died in Mo. '76, at the age of 70. There 
 is a strange lack of information about him and his family after '46. Two of 
 the name, perhaps his sons, have been mentioned; his daughter was the wife 
 of Wm Edgington; and he had a brother Jesse in Cal. I have copies of a small 
 col. of Grigsby Papers furnished by the Sonoma Pion. Soc. Grijalva (Juan 
 Pablo), 1776, Mex. sergt with Anza's exped.; served at S.F. '76-86; alf. of S. 
 Diego comp. '86-96; retired as lieut '96-1806, the date of his death. His 
 daughters married Ant. Yorba and Pedro Peralta. Biog. ii. 104; ment. i. 258, 
 262-76, 286-7, 296-7, 359, 362, 452, 472-3, 547, 553, 647, 652-3, 663; ii. 57. 
 G. (Luciano), at Los Ang. in '33. 
 
 Grimes (Eliab), 1838, nat. of Mass.; lieut on a privateer in the war of 
 1812; later for 20 years a well-known merchant of Honolulu, of firm E. & H. 
 Grimes, iv. 141. In '38 he visited Cal. on the Rasselas, of which he was 
 owner, and went to Boston, iv. 105, 117, 119. His next visit was on the schr 
 California in '42, at which time he selected a rancho in the Sac. Val., which, 
 after he had returned from a trip to Hon. on the Fama, was granted to him 
 in '44. iv. 672. From this time Capt. G. may be regarded as a permanent resid. 
 of S.F., though he made another trip to Hon. on the Don Quixote in '47. He 
 had a lot and house, was a well-known trader, and was a mernb. of the legisl. 
 council in '47. v. 433, 653, 678, 680. G. & Sinclair had a Cal. claim for horses 
 (v. 462). For some years he made 'Kent Hall' his home while in town, and 
 kept there a case of extra fine liquors, which nothing would induce the old 
 man to open for convivial purposes but a story that could arouse his interest; 
 hence there w r as a continual rivalry in yarn-spinning among the younger mer 
 chants. As a boat was going up the Sac., after the gold excitement, the occu 
 pants were asked who was left at S.F., and ' nobody but old Grimes * was the 
 reply; but ' old Grimes ' died in Oct. '48, at the age of 69. G. (Hiram), 1847, 
 nephew and partner of Eliab at Honolulu; partner of Wm. H. Davis in '45- 
 6; came to Cal. in Feb. '47 on the Don Quixote; and again on the Euphemfa 
 
768 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 in July with his wife and child. Often named in S.F. annals of '48-9: claim 
 ant for several ranches, iv. 672-3; still in Cal. '54. G. (A. J. andB.), 1847- 
 8, doubtful mention; prob. confounded with the preceding. 
 
 Grimshaw (Wm Robinson), 1848, nat. of N.Y. city, b. in 1826 of Engl. 
 parents; sailor on the Isaac Walton, and after arrival on the tender Ani'n, 
 U.S.N. ; also mr of the launch Susanita, on the trip up the Sac. v. 580. He 
 worked as book-keeper for Brannan & Co. at Sac. in '48-9; and from Nov. '49 
 was partner of Wm Daylor in a store or Ind. trading-post on the Cosumnes. 
 Daylor having died in '50, G. married his widow in '51, and continued to 
 reside on the rancho, where in '72 he wrote for me his Narrative. This is not 
 only an interesting sketch of his own life and adventures, but one of the 
 best accounts extant of the events of '48-50 in the Sac. region. Still living in 
 '80, with 7 children, Wm R v , Jr, Thos W., Emma (Mrs W. D. Lawton of S.F.), 
 George, Francis, Frederick, and Walter. Grinnell, 1848, from Hon. on the 
 Starling. G. (Chas C.), 1847, Co. G, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. before '82. 
 Griswold (Theodore), 1847, at N.Helv.; lot at S.F.; named in '48. 
 
 ' Groem, 1791, see ' Graham.' i. 491. Groh (Jacob), 1847, Co. F, 3d artill. 
 (v. 518). Grogan (Alex.), 1848, from Valparaiso with letter from Atherton; 
 clerk for C. L. Ross at S.F. '48-9; still in S. F. after '80. Grove (Win), 1848, 
 lieut of S.F. guards. Grovecot, 1846, perhaps in Sta Clara. Grover (Sam. ), 
 1816, Mass, sailor bapt. at S. Carlos, ii. 276-7. Grow (Wm), 1847, sergt Co. 
 H, N.Y. Vol. v. 504; at Yreka '78; at Deadwood. Dakota, '83. Guadalupe 
 (Jos<S M.), soldier at S. Miguel 1797. i. 560. Guat (Santiago), 1836, juez de 
 de campo at Mont. iii. 678; prob. James ' Watt. ' Guchapa, Ind. chief at 
 S. Miguel 1804. ii. 150. 
 
 Guerra (Antonio Maria), son of Josd de la G. y N., b. '25; reg. and sec. of 
 ayunt. '49; memb. of the Cal. senate in '53, several times mayor of Sta. B., 
 holding other local offices; in the war of '61-5 a capt. of Cal. volunteers serv 
 ing in Ariz. He is said to have been one of the ablest of the family; but in 
 later years the loss of his palate and of his eyesight obliged him to lead a life of 
 retirement. He never married, and died at Sta B. in '81 at the age of 56. 
 G. (Bautista), 1831, from N. Mex. with Wolf skill, iii. 387. G. (Francisco), 
 son of Jose de la G. y N., b. '18; ace. to the padron of '32 there were two 
 Franciscos; from '43 member of the junta, elector at Sta B. '45, taking a some 
 what prominent part in political and mil. affairs in '46-7, and involved in 
 the imaginary Sta B. revolt of '48. iv. 361, 522, 540; v. 38-9, 404, 586. He 
 took no pains to conceal his hostility to Amer. , but after the change of flag 
 was mayor of Sta B. for several years from '51. He inherited a rancho, but 
 died poor in '78. His 1st wife was Maria Asuncion Sepiilveda, by whom he 
 had Francisco, Jr (county assessor of Sta B. in '82), and Maria Antonia; the 
 2d wife was Concepcioii Sepiilveda, sister of the 1st, and her children were 
 Juan, Osbaldo, Jose", Hercules, Pablo, Anibal, Anita (Mrs F. W. Thompson), 
 Erlinda, Rosa, and Diana. There were also two natural children legitimated. 
 G. (Joaquin), son of G. y N., b. '22; once sheriff; no family; d. before '70. 
 
 Guerra (Jose" Antonio), son of G. y N., b. 1805; cadet in the Sta B. comp. 
 '18-28. ii. 572, 576; accomp. his father to Mex. '19; sindico '29 and alcalde 
 '33. ii. 572; iii. 654; elector in '34. From '35 a memb. of the dip., taking a 
 prominent part in support of Alvarado's govt in '36-7. iii. 291, 426, 454-5, 
 461, 506; in '37^40 capt. of the port of Sta B., being made capt. by Vallejo, 
 and at times acting as mil. com. iii. 583, 601-2, 651, 654; iv. 98; vocal of the 
 dip., and grantee of Los A*lamos '39. iii. 585, 655. Prop, for sub-prefect '41. 
 iv. 641 ; admin, at Purisima '41-2. iv. 647-8; where there were serious charges 
 against him by P. Abella and others. In '43 he was capt. of the port, and in 
 '44 receptor, iv. 431-2, 640, 642; and in '44-6 a memb. of the assembly, be 
 ing in '45 leader in an outbreak at Sta B. iv. 410, 497-8, 541, 559; v. 37- 8, 
 142, 264, 280, 321-2. In '48 took part in the affair of the lost cannon at Sta 
 B. v. 588. In later years he was several times sheriff of S. Luis Ob., holding 
 that office or his son in '69. He had the whim of signing his name Jos6 
 Noriega, as he had no right to do. Don Jos6 Antonio's record was, in several 
 respects, not of the best, though there is nothing very bad to be said of him. 
 
GUERIIA GUERRA Y NORIEGA. 7G9 
 
 His wife was Maria Concepcion Ortega, and his children 6 of them born be 
 fore '40 were Jose" Ant. J., Ramoii (sheriff of S. Luis Ob.), Alejandro, Gui- 
 llerrao, Dolores, Catarina, Sola (?), Cristina, and Juana. G. (Juan J.), son 
 of G. y N., b. about 1810, educ. in England; later at the Mont, school under 
 Hartnell and P. Short; died in '33, unmarried; ment. i. 432. I have a long 
 letter, in good English, written by him in '28 from Stonyhurst College, Engl. 
 G. (Maximo), said to have been exiled in '29, and again in '39. iii. 78, 84-5, 
 580. G. (Miguel), son of G. y N., b. '23, wife Trinidad Ortega, child. Gas- 
 par, Ulpiano, Leon, Maria (wife of Alex. S. Taylor), Josefa, Olimpia, Joaquina, 
 and Paulina. Died at Sta 13. in '78. 
 
 Guerra (Pablo), son of G. y N., b. '19, educated in HartnelPs school at 
 Mont., where he is ment. in the padron of '36. His baptismal name was Pablo 
 Andres Antonio Maria Saturnino; and in '40 he is called Pablo Gaspar. From 
 '38 he was vista, and from '42 contador and acting administrator of the Mont, 
 custom-house, iii. 598; iv. 97, 309, 339, 353, 357, 364, 377, 431, 556, 570, 590; 
 in '44 grantee of Nicasio rancho. iv. 672; in '45 elector de partido. iv. 515, 
 540, C51. In '46 Don Pablo was active against the Amer., trying to reconcile 
 the hostile factions of his people, and favoring an Engl. protectorate, v. 43-4, 
 61, 68-9. On the raising of the U. S. flag he went south; served as Castro's 
 commissioner to Stockton, v. 235, 268-9; and after Castro's departure re 
 turned to Mont., where he was arrested in Nov. on the outbreak of Mores' 
 revolt, and kept a prisoner till Feb. '47. v. 363. He was alcalde of Sta B. in 
 '47, and was suspected of complicity in a revolutionary movement in '48. v. 
 631, 580. His next public service w 7 as as memb. of the constit. convention in 
 '49; anil subsequently he was state senator for several terms, acting lieut-gov., 
 U.S. marshal, and district judge from '64 to within a short time before his 
 death, in 74. Don Pablo was by far the most prominent of the Guerra family, 
 except his father; a man of good ability and education; of gertlemanly man 
 ners, though somewhat haughty and overbearing; a good speaker in Spanish 
 and English; and one whose family name gave him an influence in the south 
 greater than he could otherwise have acquired. It has been customary to eu 
 logize him far beyond his merits; he w^as a politician of not the best type, 
 trimming his sails adroitly to catch the breeze of popularity, and changing 
 somewhat abruptly from secessionist to union man in the race for office; yet 
 his record in office seems always to have been an honorable one. In private 
 life also he is reported to have been liberal and honest, though health and 
 property were largely sacrificed to his fondness for brandy and cards. He 
 mairied Josefa Moreno in '47 at S. Carlos; his children were Francisca (Mrs 
 Dibblee), Delfina, Ernina, Paulina, and a son whose name I do not find. 
 
 Guerra y Noriega (Jose" de la), 1801, nat. of Spain, b. Mar. 6, 1779, son of 
 Juan Jose" de la G. (died 1820) and Maria Teresa de Noriega (died 1815), both, 
 and especially the mother, of old and distinguished Span, families. In boy 
 hood he wished to be a friar, a freak that caused his parents much sorrow; 
 but soon he went to Mex. to be a clerk in the store of his uncle, Pedro Noriega. 
 In 1793 he left the store much to the displeasure of Don Pedro, who after 
 wards relented and gave him much aid and became asst in the office of 
 Habilitado gen. Carcaba, by whose influence he was enrolled as cadet in the 
 army and attached to the S. Diego comp. Respecting this and most other 
 parts of his life I have more original corresp. than I have room to utilize. In 
 1800 he was promoted to alfe"rez of the Mont, comp., and came to Cal. on the 
 Concepcion in Aug. 1801. At Mont, he was habilitado, and acting com. much 
 of the time, in 1802-6, being mentioned in con. with many minor affairs, ii. 
 50, 78, 132-3, 135, 140, 150, 153, 155; having in 1804, with permission of the 
 king, married Antonia, daughter of Raimundo Carrillo, with the condition 
 that she and her children should not be entitled to montepio unless he were 
 killed in. battle. In 1806 he was promoted to lieut of the Sta B. comp., and 
 sent to S. Diego as habilitado in 1806-9, being knocked down in a quar 
 rel with Lieut Ruiz, Mhich greatly alarmed his friends as likely to interfere 
 with his rapid promotion, ii. 85, 99-100, 117,540. From 1808 he received 
 large consignments of goods from his uncle Pedro in Mex., the sale of which 
 HIST. CAL., VOL. III. 49 
 
770 PIONEEE REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 greatly improved his financial condition, ii. 186. In 1 810 he was sent toMex. 
 as habilitado gen. of the Cals, but being arrested by insurgents at S. Bias, was 
 unable to reach the capital, and returned to Cal. in '11, taking his position at 
 Sta Ii., and continuing his commercial operations, though going to S. Diego 
 again as habilitado in '13-15. ii. 98, 188-9, 197-8, 341, 419-21. From '15 he 
 was com. at Sta B., taking part in the arrest of foreign smugglers, in defen 
 sive operations against Bouchard, having a quarrel with P. Sefian, and being 
 promoted to Capt. in '18. ii. 222-5, 235-42, 275, 284-5, 317, 332, 361, 3S2, 
 405, 416, 424. In '19 he was sent again to Mcx. as repres. of the Cal. compa 
 nies to obtain supplies, and prob. with a hope of getting an appointment as 
 gov., returning in '20 after accomplishing very little, though all that was pos 
 sible, ii. 260-2, 265, 354, 422. He was busied, besides his official duties, in 
 
 ~~ gov. , and but for his Span. ^^^^^ ^^.^*.i & ^ ^ ~^.*^^^~ ^^10^,- 
 quent opposition, would have been chosen; being also favored by the friars 
 for congressman, ii. 451, 453-4, 465-8. There is no truth in the statement of 
 Wilkcs, U.S. Explor. Exped., v. 173, on this matter, and but little in that of 
 Petit-Thouars, Voy., ii. 90; though his disappointment may have had an in 
 fluence on Don Jos6's later policy between Mexicans and natives. Mention iu 
 '23-5, including his acts in suppressing thelnd. revolt of '24. ii. 495, 510, 530, 
 533, 536-7, 561, 576; iii. 27. He was elected dip. to congress in '27, and 
 against the advice of many went to Mex. in '28, but was not given his seat, 
 returned iu '29, and was for some time, as a Span. , nominally suspended from 
 his command, ii. 570-1, 574-5, 676; iii. 33-4, 51-2, 61, 127; iv. 343. In '20- 
 30 he bought a schr, perhaps had another built, and bought the cargo of a 
 wrecked vessel, iii. 140, 146. He did not join the movement against Victoria 
 in '31. iii. 205, 210; controlled the policy of Carlos Carrillo in congress, iii. 
 214; and in all these years acted as a kind of treasurer and confidential ad 
 viser of the friars sindico apostolico; accused in '34 of being engaged in a 
 conspiracy against the govt. iii. 250, 257-8. In the sectional troubles of '36-8 
 Capt. G. was a firm supporter of Alvarado's cause, though personally a friend 
 of Carrillo. Alvarado wished to make him com. gen., and did grant him the 
 S. Julian or Nacional rancho. iii. 436, 492, 510, 533, 550, 582, 650-1. In '39 
 he made vain attempts to collect his back pay, being still com. at Sta B. iii. 
 5S4, 651; and having to his credit, including extra allowances, 51 years, 9 
 months, and 1 day of mil. service on May 10th. In '40 he asked for retirement 
 because he could not get the $12,000 due him, nor the promotion to which he 
 was entitled, and because of his ailments and age of 62. He finally retired 
 from the mil. service on April 1, '42. Ment. in '40-2. iii. 655; iv. 199, 632, 
 C40-1 ; went. '44-6. iv. 403, 408, 530; v. 282. Though not friendly to the U. 
 S., he kept quiet for the most part, and did not indulge in any offensive parti 
 sanship. In later years he was claimant for several ranches, iv. 643, 655-6; 
 living quietly at Sta B., and being a man of great wealth, most of which his 
 sons managed to squander even before their father's death. He died in '58, 
 leaving over 100 direct descendants. None of the pioneers here registered 
 exerted for so long a period so wide and good an influence as Capt. de la 
 Guerra. He was a man of excellent character and conduct throughout his 
 career, though no great or brilliant achievements can be placed to his credit, 
 though he had the advantage of rich and influential friends from the first, and 
 though his Span, birth prevented his reaching the highest rank; yet his hon 
 est and efficient performance of each duty, his well-balanced judgment, his 
 dignified conservatism, command admiration. At Sta B. he was known as the 
 patriarch, to whom the people were wont to apply as a matter of course to 
 settle their controversies; and he was famous for his charities. No man in Cal. 
 ever came so near, by peaceful, legitimate means, absolute control of his dis 
 trict. He did not purchase popularity at the cost of independence, for many 
 were his controversies, even with the friars, though their life-long friend and 
 a devout churchman. The Guerra,, Doc. Hist. Cal., copies of which I was per 
 mitted to make by the kindness of Mr Dibblee, executor of the estate, are the 
 
GUERRA Y NORIEGA GULNAC. 771 
 
 most extensive and valuable family archives in Cal. except those of Vallejo. 
 In person, Don Josd was short and stout, with a flat nose and an ugly face. 
 His intimate friends in their letters were fond of applying nicknames. Gen. 
 Caicaba and the leading friars used such endearing epithets as corcobado, 
 chato maldito, chatojlojo, etc. On account of pride in his wife's family he had 
 a fondness for her name, and was as often called Capt. Noriega as by his 
 proper name; in the case of his sous this became ridiculous affectation. His 
 wife, Maria Antonia Carrillo, died in '43. His 5 sons have been named in this 
 list, being for the most part prominent citizens of good enough abilities and 
 character, yet hardly w r hat a union of the two best families of Cal. should 
 have produced. The daughters, noted for beauty and intelligence, were 4, all 
 of whom eventually married foreigners. Teresa de Jesus, b. 1809, married W. 
 E. P. Hartnell, and still lives in '85, having furnished for my use valuable 
 documents of the family archives and a Narrative of personal recollections. 
 Maria de las Angus tias, b. 1815, married Manuel Jimeno Casarin, and later 
 Dr J. D. Ord; and she also is living in '85, her Ocurrencias being one of the 
 best personal narratives in my collection. Ana Maria, b. '20, married Alfred 
 Robinson and died in '55. Maria Antonia, b. '27, married Cesario Lataillade, 
 and later Gaspar Orefla, a Span, with whom she still lives at Sta B. in '85. 
 
 Guerrero y Palomares (Francisco), 1834, Mex. who came from Tepic, I 
 think, in the H. & P. colony, at the age of 23. iii. 263; but possibly in '28, as 
 per Soc. Cal. Pion. rolls and Lancey. He perhaps obtained a S.F. mission lot 
 in '36; was elector '37, '39. iii. 705, 590; receptor and admin, of customs 
 from '39 to '44. iii. 700; iv. 98, 375, 431, 483, 670; in '39-41 juez de paz and 
 alcalde, iii. 705-6; iv. 247, 665; grantee of several town lots and the rancho 
 de los Putos. iv. 669, 673, 676, 682. In '42 he was 31 years old, wife Josefa 
 de Haro, age 17, and one child; in '44 grantee of Corral de Tierra rancho; in 
 '45-6 sub-prefect at S.F., being often mentioned in local annals of the north, 
 iv. 667; v. 17, 129, 239, 241, 295, 455, 644, 648; in '49 again sub-prefect. He 
 continued to reside at the mission, where in '51 he was murdered, and where 
 his widow still lived in '80. A street in S.F. bears his name. Don Francisco 
 seems to have been a kind-hearted, genial man, of much intelligence, and good 
 character. G. (Jose" M.), at Los Ang. '46. G. (Jose" Vicente), ditto; sm- 
 dico '41; 2d alcalde '48. v. 626. G. (Joaquin), soldier killed on the Col. 
 17S1. i. 363. G. (Matias), teacher at Mont, about '15. ii. 427; sec. at S. 
 Jose" '24. ii. 605. G. (Pedro), ment. in '29-31. iii. 68-9, 208. Guescote 
 (Fran.), armero of S.F. comp. '42; perhaps 'Westcot.' Guest (John), 1846, 
 passed mid. on U.S. Congress, and act. lieut on the Warren; capt. in Stock 
 ton's bat. v. 350, 386; commodore in '72; d. '79, in com. of Portsmouth navy- 
 yard. Gueval (P. ), 1848, passp. from Hon. Guevara (Antonio), in revolt 
 at Sta B. ; sent to Mex. '29-30. iii. 78, 85. G. (Canuto), at Sta B. before '37; 
 wife Rafaela Lugo, 3 children. 
 
 Guibal (Eugene), 1847, Co. I, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); in S. Joaquin 71-5; d. 
 at Gilroy '83. Guilcost (Wm), 1826, mr of the Maria Teresa, iii. 148. 
 Guild (H.M. ), 1847, Co. B, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); carpenter at Mont. '48. Guile 
 (Wm), 1847, musician Co. K, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Guillen (Antonio), guard 
 at S. Diego 1803. ii. 13. G. (Isidore), son of Eulaiia Perez de G., sergt of 
 Sta B. comp., made alf. in '39. iii. 583, 650; juez de paz at S. Jose" '41-3. iv. 
 684-6. Guillon (Chas F.B.), 1847, asst surg. on the U.S. Columbus. Gui- 
 raclo (Bernardino), trader at Los Ang. from '39; supervisor in '58-9. G. 
 (Rafael), 1833, Mex. trader from Sonora, owner and sup. of the Leomdas, who 
 settled at Los Aug., age 32; in '35-6 regidor. iii. 283, 635-6; in '39 clerk at 
 S. Gabriel, iii. 645; owner of S.F. lot in '47. v. 684; coroner in '52; died at 
 Los Ang. in '72. 
 
 Gulnac (Wm), 1833, nat. of N.Y., who had lived long in L:Cal., and who 
 came on the Volunteer, via, Honolulu, with his family, settling at S. Jose\ iii. 
 409; iv. 86, 117. He was naturalized in '34; in '38 owner of S. F. land, and 
 employed to survey S. Josd town lands, iii. 705, 730; in '39 regidor, and pos 
 sibly arrested in '40. iii. 731; iv. 17, 120. In the padron of '41, age 40, wife 
 Isabel Ceseiia, child. Jose" Ramon b. '26, Juan Panfilo '31, Carlos Maria '33, 
 
772 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Susana '34, Isabel '36, and Luisa '38. In '44-5 he joined Sutter's army, some 
 what ) eluctantly, and was grantee of the French Camp rancho, sold to Weber, 
 iv. 402, 486, 071, 674; signed the S. Jos6 call to foreigners in '45. iv. 599; on 
 the 1st jury '48; and died in '51. Two of the sons, Carlos and Juan, served 
 with Fauntleroy's dragoons in '46 (v. 232, 247); and another, Pedro, is named 
 in '43. Gunn, see ' Gann.' 
 
 Gutche (Valentin), 1848, in Sutter's employ. Guthrie, 1845, apparently 
 one of Fremont's men. iv. 583. G. (Alfred), 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); 
 doubtful; at S.F. '74. G. (Dexter), 1846, overl. immig. from 111., who lived 
 in Napa Val. till his death by suicide in '81. G. (R.), 1846, one of Faunt 
 leroy's dragoons, v. 332, 347. G. (Wm), 1847, Co. H, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at 
 Coulterville '82. 
 
 Gutierrez, carpenter at S. Juan Cap. 1797. i. 658. G. (Cirilo), at S. Juan 
 Cap. '46, age 51, wife Ana M. Romero, child Pablo, b. '38. G. (Fran.), 
 sergt Catalan vol. 1796. i. 540. G. (Fran.), 1825, Span. prob. from the Asia, 
 iii. 27. G. (Joaquin), soldier at Mont. '36, age 20; juez aux. Mont, dist '42. 
 iv. 653; cl. for Potrero de S. Carlos. '52. iii. 678. G. (Jose" M.), Mex. at 
 Brancif. '45 5 age 40, wife Guadalupe. G. (Jose" de Jesus Maria), 1833, Mex. 
 friar of the Zacatecanos, who served at Solano, S.F., and S. Antonio till '45, 
 after which I find no record of him; prob. left Cal. iv. 680-1; iii. 318, 322, 
 353-4, 392, 399, 553, 660, 686-8, 713, 719. G. (Juan), 1842, sub-lieut of the 
 batallon fijo '42-5. iv. 289. G. (Manuel), Span, who came to Cal. before 
 1790; on the Dominguez rancho, Los Ang. dist. from 1811. ii. 350, 353, 380; 
 ment. '19. ii. 292; alcalde of Los Ang. '22-3. ii. 559; in '28-30, 80 years old, 
 claiming exemption from expulsion as a Span. iii. 51-2. G. (Manuel), Span, 
 who came in '21, age 43 in '28, claimed exemption, iii. 51-2; had a vineyard 
 at Los Ang.; alcalde at S. Pedro '36. iii. 635; at Sta Ines '42. iv. 646. 
 
 Gutierrez (Nicolas), 1833, Span. capt. in Mex. army, who came with Gov. 
 Figueroa and was prom, the same year to lieut-col. He was comisionado for 
 the secul. of S. Gabriel in '346; acting com. gen. Oct. 8, '35, to Jan. 2, '36, 
 and from that date gefe pol. and com. gen. to May 3d; mil. com. in the south 
 during Chico's rule; again gov. and com. gen. on Chico's departure from Sept. 
 6th to his own overthrow by Alvarado on Nov. 4, '36. See his rule and the 
 revolution, iii. 445-66, with biog. 448; ment. iii. 236, 240, 258, 281, 284-5, 
 288, 298-300, 346, 414-20, 422, 431, 433, 442, 644-5; iv. 83, 102, 112, 141, 
 164. Gov. Gutierrez was an easy-going, faithful officer, of ordinary abilities 
 and not very strict morals, the current charges against whom in justification 
 of the revolt have but slight foundation in fact. Nothing is known of his 
 later career. G. (Octaviano), Mex. artill. corp. at Sta B. from '24. ii. 532; 
 lieut in '39. iii. 583, 651; in '46 juez de paz, v. 635, and again in '49; claimant 
 for the Laguna rancho '53. iv. 642. G. (Pablo), Mex. grantee of rancho in 
 Yuba Co. '44. iv. 671; in Sutter's employ '44-5; made plans with Bidwell to 
 seek for gold on Bear Riv., but B. says he was captured and hanged by Castro 
 in the Micheltorena campaign. Sutter tells .a similar story; but I know noth 
 ing further of the matter. G. (Romualdo), 1804, Span, friar who served at 
 Sta Inds, and'retired on account of ill health in 1806. Biog. ii. 29; ment. ii. 
 122, 159-60. G. (Tomas), grantee of land at S. Juan Cap. '41. iv. 626; in 
 ; 46 at S. Juan, age 63, wife Maria Ant. Cota, child. Luis b. '33, Ignacia '34, 
 Francisco '37, Petra '39, Mariano '41, Ramona '45. Guy (Omnes), 1842, Fr. 
 sawyer at Sta Cruz who was naturalized in '44. iv. 341. Guzman, settler at 
 Brancif. 1797. i. 569. G. (Laureano), 1842, fifer in the batallon fijo '42-5. 
 iv. 289. G. (Manuel), 1829, mex. convict, pardoned in '34. 
 
 Gwinn (Frank), 1841, blacksmith from N. Mex. in the Workman-Rowland 
 party; went back the next year. iv. 278. Gyzelaar (Henry), 1816, mr. of 
 the Lydia, arrested at Sta B. ii. 275-8, 362-3, 382. In '18 he came back as 
 mr of the Clarion with a warning against Bouchard, ii. 222, 291. In 22-3 he 
 returned again as mr of the pioneer Boston trader Sachem, and remained in 
 Cal., ii. 474-5, 478, 492-3, being drowned in '25 or '26 in trying to cross Rus 
 sian River, iii. 29. 
 
HAAG-HALLECK. 773 
 
 Harg (Fred.), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Haan (Matthew J.), 1846, 
 from Hon. on the Elizabeth; trader at Sonoma '47, in partnership with Fred. G. 
 Blun.e, and later Victor Prudon; owner of S.F. lots. v. 680. Hace, 1831, 
 perhaps of Young's trappers, iii. 388. Hacker (Win), 1846, bugler Co. C, 
 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). Hackett (Pat.), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 
 499). Haenck (Tadeo), 1791, apothecary with Malaspina. i. 490. Hage- 
 nian (ChasK.), 1847, Co. D, X.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Hagemeister, 1817, Russ. 
 gov. of Alaska who visited Cal. on the Kutusof '17-18. ii. 216, 251, 283, 291, 
 315-18, 373, 383. Haggerty (John K.), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518); 
 a miner in '48. Hagler (Henry), 1843, German ship-carpenter and mill 
 wright with Stephen Smith from Baltimore, iv. 395, 4CO. He worked at Bo 
 dega; in '47-8 in charge of the farm of his brother-in-law F. G. Blume; seems 
 to have spent his life in Sonoma Co. ; died at Bodega in '73. His name was 
 perhaps Hegelar. 
 
 Haig (A.), 1822, mr of the Snipe, ii. 474. Haight (Jacob), 1846, artill. 
 of Stockton's bat., killed at the S. Gabriel, Jan. '47. v. 395. H. (Sam. W.), 
 1847, sutler of N.Y.Vol. (v. 503); often named in commercial records of '47- 
 8, being interested at Beniciaj d. S.F. '56. Hails (R. C. ), 1846, nat. of Tenn. 
 and overl. immig. ; several times memb. of the legisl. from Napa and Solano 
 down to '78, when he was 62 years old. Haines (John), 1837, named in 
 Larkin's books; in Sutter's employ '44; also ment. at N. Helv. '46. Hair- 
 bird (John), 1846, doubtful memb. of the Mormon col. v. 547. 
 
 Hale (Horatio), 1841, on the Cowlitz; of scientific corps U. S. ex. ex. iv. 
 218, 241-2, 246, 250. Haler (Lorenzo), 1845, one of Fremont's men in '48-9, 
 and perhaps in '45. iv. 583; v. 453. Halee, 1842, doubtful name at S. F. 
 Haley (John), 1828, Irish cooper at S. Pedro from an Engl. vessel; in '29-30 
 at S. Gab., age 34. ii. 558; written ' Geli. ' Hall (Basil), 1847, owner of S.F. 
 lot. v. 678. H. (Chas), 1832, Boston trader at Los Ang. '33-6; d. before 
 '62. iii. 408. H. (James), 1826, mate on the Rover. H. (James), 1831 (?), 
 mate of a trader, perhaps same as preceding; visited S.F. '81 from Me. H. 
 (James), 1844, disabled Amer. sailor aided by the consul; sailed on the Naii- 
 tucket. H. (James), 1848, at Mont., perhaps J. T. H. (J.T.), 1846, mr of 
 the Bai-nstdble and Elizabeth '46-8, perhaps 2 men. v. 576-7. H. (John), 
 1822, mr of the Lady Blackwood, author of notes on Cal. harbors, ii. 474; iv. 
 151. H. (John or Chas), 1847, Co. E, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); for many years a 
 miner in Nev., where he died in '77, leaving a widow and daughter. H. 
 (John T.), 1847, mr of the Malek Adhel. H. (R.R.), 1847, boatswain on the 
 Columbus. H. (Willard P.), 1847, memb. of congress from Mo., who came 
 as guide (?) with the Morm. Bat. v. 483; served in Co. C, Cal. Bat. (v. 358); 
 went east with Kearny. v. 452; and testified at Wash, in the Fremont court- 
 martial, v. 456. 
 
 Halleck (Henry Wager), 1847, nat. of N.Y., graduate of West Point, and 
 lieut of engineers U. S.A., who came with Co. F, 3d U. S. artill. to inspect 
 Pacific coast fortifications, v. 518-20. Besides attending to his duties as engi 
 neer officer, being soon brevetted captain, he went down the coast to take 
 part in the military operations at Mazatlan and in L. Cal.; prepared a report 
 on Cal. land titles; and acted in '48-9 as govt secretary and auditor of reve 
 nues. In '49 he was an active and influential member of the constitutional 
 convention; and in '50-4 acted as inspector of light-houses on the Pac. coasf. 
 Then he resigned his commission, and in '54-60 was a member of the law firm 
 of Halleck, Peachy, & Billings in S.F., taking part as counsellor in many of 
 the great land suits, acting as a kind of director of the New Almaden mines, 
 acquiring a vast estate, and in '60-1 serving as major-gen, of militia. In '61 
 he went east and was commissioned major -gen.; commanded thedept. of Mo. 
 in '61-2; was the highest mil. authority at Wash, as senior general, and later 
 as chief of staff in '62-5; commanded for a time at Richmond; was in '65-9 
 com. of the dept. of the Pacific; and from '69 of the dept of the South until 
 his death at Louisville, Ky, in '72, at the age of 56. No analysis of Gen. Hal- 
 leek's character is called for here; his reputation is national, though he was 
 essentially a Calif orniauj and the positions held by him are sufficient to show 
 
774 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 his abilities. He was a cold-blooded, generally unpopular man; plodding 
 rather than brilliant in all his efforts; arousing bitter enmity as well as pro 
 found admiration. He was the author of several professional works and trans 
 lations, and his treatises on military, mining, and international law are re 
 garded as of standard value. His wife was a daughter of John C. Hamilton, 
 and survived him with a son. H., 1847, brother of H.W., said to have been 
 in the Q.M. dept., and to have died at Mont. '48. It may be that there is an 
 error in the date of death, and that this was Jabez Halleck, who was col 
 lector, harbor-master, and com. of deeds in '49. 
 
 Haller (John J.), 1847, owner of S.F. lot. Halloran (Luke), 1846, memb. 
 of the Dormer party, who died before reaching Cal. v. 531. Halls (John), 
 1847, surveyor at S.F., Mont., and N. Helv. '47-8. v. GS3. Halpin (Michael), 
 
 1846, Irish bugler of Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). Halsey, 1846, mr 
 of the Caroline, v. 576. 
 
 Ham (Hiram), 1847, owner of S. F. lot. H. (R.S.), 1848, early settler 
 and alcalde at Sonora. H. (Zacarias), 1831, with Wolf skill from N. Mex.; 
 said to have been drowned in the Col. a little later, iii. 387. Hamel (Win), 
 
 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518); died in '84. Swan. Hamell (Dr), 1847, 
 doubtful name at N. Helv. Hames (John), 1844 (?), named at Soquel. iv. 
 453; in '45 signed the S. Jose" call to foreigners, iv. 599; ment. in '46. v. 641; 
 memb. of Sta Cruz council '48. v. 642; alcalde in '49; claimant of Arroyo del 
 Rodeo '53. iii. 677. Hamilton, 1847, of firm H. & Foster, Mont. H., 1845, 
 one of Fremont's men. iv. 5S3. H. (Geo. W.), 1846, of Cal. Bat. (v. 358); 
 lumber dealer at Mont. '48; at S. Jose" '50. H. (James), 1847, Co. A, N.Y. 
 Vol. (v. 499): d. at Jackson, Amador Co., '58. H. (J.R.), 1846, act. mid. 
 on the Dale.; lieut confed. navy '61-5. H. (Mary), 1846, one of the Mormon 
 col., perhaps with family, v. 546; Mary Sparks was her daughter. 
 
 Hamlen (Mortimer J.), 1847, Co. E, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). Hamley (Geo. 
 W.), 1846, mr of the Stonington. v. 578, 580; bearer of despatches from Stock 
 ton to Fre'mont in Jan. '47. v. 401; and in Dec. witness at Wash., D. C. ; in 
 '53 cl. for Giiejito rancho. v. 621. His name is written in many ways, but I 
 have his autograph. Hammer (Robert), 1847, Co. G, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. 
 on Amer. Riv. '49. Hammond (Francis A.), 1847, from Hon. on the Cur 
 rency Lass; kept a shoe-shop in S.F. '48. v. 685. H. (Thos C.). 1846, lieut 
 Co. K, 1st U.S. dragoons, v. 336, 341, 313; died of his wounds at S. Pascual. 
 v. 343-7. Hampton (Wade), 1841, Amer. gunsmith in Workman-Rowland 
 party from N. Mex. iv. 278; at Los Aug. '42; returned via Mazatlan in '43, 
 and was mysteriously killed on the way. Given. 
 
 Hance (Wm), 1838, Amer. sailor, who deserted from the Sarah and Caro 
 line, perhaps in '36. iv. 118; arrested, but not exiled, in '40. iv. 17; got a pass 
 in '41, being then a lumberman near Monterey. In '42 he signed an appeal on 
 the sufferings of the arrested party; in '44 got his pass renewed, living at S. 
 F., age 35. Hancock (Chas), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). H. (Geo. 
 W.), 1847, Co. C, ditto. H. (Levi W.), 1847, musician Co. E, Morm. Bat., 
 being also poet, preacher, and spiritual director of the battalion, v. 477, 485, 
 488, 493-4; in Utah '82. Hand, 1841, mr of the Hamilton, iv. 566. H. 
 (ChasS.), 1847, at Benicia '47-8. v. 673. H. (Patrick), 1847, sergt Co. F. 
 3d U.S. artill. v. 519. Handerick (James), 1847, owner of S.F. lots. v. 679. 
 Handford, 1847, mr of the J6ven Guipuzcoana. Handley (Win), 1837, mr of 
 the Loriot. iv. 105. Hands, 1848, arrested at S. Jose", v. 662. 
 
 Hanks (Ephraim). 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). H. (Ebenezer), 
 1847, sergt ditto, v. 477. H. (Julian), 1845, mr of the Maria Teresa, v. 
 587, 579; perhaps came earlier; at S. Jose" from '46, being member of the 
 council, v. 664; in '49 memb. of the constit. convention, a nat. of Conn, age 
 37. He went later to L. Cal. Hanley (James), 1835-7, mr of the Clementine. 
 iii. 382, 442; iv. 102. Hann (Win), 1847, owner of S.F. lot. Hanna, 1848, 
 mr of the Lady Adams, v. 579. Hannah (Dolphus), 1845, doubtful overl. 
 immig. iv. 578. Hanner (Joseph), 1842, Amer. from N. Mex. at Los Ang. 
 '42-3. Hannoah (Baptists), 1848, d. at N. Helv. Hanns (H.), 1848, at 
 Hon. from S.F. on the Julian. Hausen (Christian), 1840, mrof the Catalina 
 
HANSEN HARMON. 775 
 
 '40-2. iv. 192, 564; lieut in Mex. navy. Hanson (Geo. M.), 1846 (?), miner 
 in early times, and later publisher of newspapers; perhaps an immig. of '46, 
 died in Lake Co. 78. Hanton (Matthew O.), 1847, Co. G, N.Y. Vol. (v. 
 499). Harbin (James M.), 1846, overl. immig. (v. 526), who settled in Yolo 
 '47, and about '57 at the springs in Lake that bear his name; sometimes ac 
 credited to '44. iv. 446; cl. for land in Napa and Yolo; d. Lake Co. '77. H. 
 (Joshua), 1846, Co. E, Cal. Bat. (v. 358), enlisting at Son., Oct. H. (Mat 
 thew), 1844, son of J. M., and overl. immig. of the Stevens party, iv. 445, 
 453. He went south and was one of the prisoners at Chino. v. 31314; later 
 a resid. of Napa and Lake, and about '75 went to Mexico to engage in stock- 
 raising. Harcourt (Geo.), 1846, Fauntleroy's dragoons (v. 232, 247); Co. G, 
 Cal. Bat. (v. 358). 
 
 Hardcoop, 1846, Belgian of the Donner party, who died before reaching 
 the Sierra, v. 531-2. Hardie (James A.), 1847, lieut 3d artill. U.S.A., 
 major N.Y. Vol. v. 574; in com. of S.F. garrison '47-8. v. 513, 515, 649, 659; 
 owner of town lots. In the war of '61-5 a brig. -gen.; d. Wash. 76. Hard 
 ing, 1846, doubtful name at Los Aug. H., 1847, mr of the Thos H. Benion. 
 H. (Francis), 1847, owner of S.F. lot. H. (James), 1846, Co. G, Cal. Bat. 
 (v. 358). H. (Thomas), 1845, Amer. sailor of the Tasso and Vandatia, aided 
 by the consul, v. 587. Hardmont (Wm), 1847, Co. I, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499), 
 at S. Jose" '50; d. before '82. Hardy, 1848, com. of the U.S. Ohio. v. 579. 
 H. (Daniel), 1848, newspaper record. H. (H. C.), 1848, owner of S.F. lot. 
 
 Hardy (Thomas M.), 1843, Canadian who possibly came earlier or had 
 been naturalized in some other Mex. province, iv. 400; grantee this year of 
 Rio de Jesus Maria on the Sac. near mouth of Cache cr. ; in '44 named in sev 
 eral records as carpenter and translator in Sonoma district, age 43. iv. 448; 
 in '45-8 often named in N. Helv. Diary as visiting Slitter's Fort. I have an 
 original letter in Span, of May '46. The Bear captors of Vallejo and Prudon 
 spent the night at H.'s place, v. 120. He was unpopular with the settlers, 
 perhaps because of his sympathy for the Mex. Had a Cal. claim for 
 horses; in the gold mines May '48; and a little later in '48 or '49 he 
 \vas drowned in Suisun Bay, perhaps accidentally. His property was sold by 
 the public administrator, and as late as 70 the sons of John Hardy claimed 
 to be identical with Thos M. were trying in the courts to overthrow the 
 title of J. M. Harbin and other holders under the administrator's sale and 
 U.S. patent to the rancho. H. (Thos), 1847, at Benicia; perhaps same as 
 preceding. H. (Win H.), 1845, landed at Sta Cruz from a whaler, v. 587; 
 worked for Larkin and others as a carpenter and lumberman, building a 
 schooner '46; of H. & Jenkins '48; still at Sta Cruz '80. Hare (Henry), 
 1836, Engl. clerk with Jas Watson at Mont., age 26, and single. 
 
 Hargrave (Win), 1844, Amer. immig. from Or. in the Kelsey party, iv. 
 444-5, 453; settling in Napa as a hunter. He was prominent in the Bear re 
 volt, v. 78-9, 95, 104, 110. 119; and later served in the south as lieut of Co. 
 C, Cal. Bat. v. 361, 283. He is occasionally ment. in divers records of '45-8. 
 In 78 he still lived in Napa, where he dictated for my use an interesting nar 
 rative of California, in '^6'. Harlan (Geo.), 1846, overl. immig. from Ind. 
 with wife Elizabeth Duncan 2 sons, and 2 daughters, v. 528-30. He lived 
 at S.F., and later in Contra Costa, dying in Sta Clara '50, and his wife in '48. 
 H. (Elisha), 1846, son of Geo., in same party. H. (Joel), 1846, son of Geo., 
 b. Ind. '28; in '49 married Minerva, daughter of Wm Fowler; lived at many 
 dif. places, and from '82 in Amador Val., where he died in 72, leaving a 
 widow and 7 children. Portrait in Contra Costa Co. Hist., 78. Harlem (P. 
 W.), 1846, Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). Harley (Henry), 1847, Co. D, N.Y. Vol. 
 (v. 499); d. near Sac. after 70. 
 
 Harmand, see 'Harmon.' Harmes (Henry), 1847, owner of S. F. lot. 
 H. (Wm), 1847, ditto. Harmon (De Witt J.), 1847, Co. I, N.Y. Vol. (v. 
 499); at Murphy's, Calav. Co., 71-4. H. (Ebenezer), 1847, Co. C, Morm. 
 Bat. (v. 469). H. (Jacob), 1847, owner of lot at 8.7. v. 685; in '48 had a 
 garden at the mission, and a wife, Elenora, who obtained a divorce in '49. He 
 died at S.F. '50, leaving a widow and 2 children, Mary Ann and Jacob. The 
 
776 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 widow married Michael Foley in '50, and died at Sta Clara 'GO. H. (Lorenzo 
 P.), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); reenl. H. (Oliver N.), 1847, Co. E, 
 ditto; home missionary at Hoytsville, Utah, '82. 
 
 Harnden, 1847, mr of the Naslednik. v. 579. Harner (Joseph), 1843, 
 Amer. tailor from N. Mex., who had a shop at Mont., where he worked at 
 his trade, sold grog, and smuggled in a small way. Died in '44 of small-pox, 
 leaving property worth about $2,000, of which the consul wrote to his mother, 
 Dolly H. of Va, Harnes (Henry), 1847, Co. H, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Har 
 ness (Wm), 1846, at N. Helv. Jan.-March. 
 
 Haro (Francisco de), 1819, Mex. sub-lieut of the S. Bias infantry comp. 
 in Cal. ii. 253, 371. In '21 accomp. Argiiello on his trip to the north, ii. 445; 
 and in '22-3 served as sec. of the govt and dip. ii. 461-3, 486, 676. In '24 2d 
 in com. of the exped. against revolted neophytes, ii. 531-2; and the same 
 year retired from mil. service, ii. 675 (error in ii. 585); elector de partido '27. 
 ii. 584, 592; iii. 33; land grants in '29. ii. 595; iii. 75; suplente of the dip. 
 '30-1. iii. 50, 187; vocal '33-4. iii. 246, 249-50. In '35 and '38 he was alcalde 
 at S.F., and elector in '37. iii. 703-5; in '41-4 sec. of the juzgado, and owner 
 of town lots. iv. 665-6, 669, 676, 683. In '42, age 50, apparently a widower 
 (his wife had been a daughter of Jose" Sanchez), child. Francisco and Ramon 
 b. '27, Rosalia '28, Natividad '29, Prudencio '31, Carlota '33, Dolores '36, Je 
 sus Felipe '40, Alonzo. The oldest daughter, Josefa, b. '25, was the wife of 
 Fran. Guerrero, and cl. for the ranchos granted to her father and brothers. 
 Rosalia became the wife of A. A. Andrews, and later of Chas Brown, iv. 669. 
 In '46 Don Francisco was at times acting sub-prefect, inspector of election, 
 and candidate for alcalde, v. 295, 648. He died in '48. His twin sons, Fran 
 cisco and Ramon, were militiamen at S.F. in '43; were granted, or permitted 
 to occupy, the Potrero in '44. iv. 673; Ramon, or 'Chico,' was involved in 
 the Libbey assault of '45 (iv. 569); and both were murdered by Fremont's 
 men at S. Rafael in June '46. v. 171-4. H. (Ignacio), at Sonoma '44, age 20. 
 
 Harper (Thos W.), 1847, Co. B, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. Sta B. '56. Har- 
 ran (Geo. and Joel), 1847, lots at S.F., prob. 'Harlan,' q. v. Harriens (David), 
 1826, mr of the Cyrus; also in '30. iii. 146. Harrington (John), 1847, Co. 
 D, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). Harris, 1847, in prison atN. Helv. for stealing horses. 
 H., 1847, from Hon. on the Currency Lass. H. (Austin), 1848, passed mid. 
 on the U.S. Independence. H. (Geo. Aug.), 1826, trader who had a quarrel 
 with Dav. Spence. H. (Geo. C.), 1846, on the Sarah Parker ace. to Swan. 
 H. (Henry), 1846, of the Mormon col., joining at Hon., and somewhat prom 
 inent by reason of his suit against Brannan. Annals of S.F. , 750. At S.F. 
 
 '47-8; owner of town lots. v. 685. His wife was Mary , and their only 
 
 child, Henry Wm, died in '48. H. (James), 1830, shipwrecked sailor of the 
 Danube; still at Sta B. '36. iii. 180. H. (John), 1844, Engl. at Mont. H. 
 (John D.), 1847, owner of S.F. lot. v. 685. H. (J. H.), 1848, subscribes for 
 a ball at Mont. H. (Robert), 1847, captain's clerk on the Columbus; perhaps 
 same as preceding. H. (Robert), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). H. 
 (Silas), 1847, Co. B, ditto; a Utah farmer '81; mail-carrier '48. 
 
 Harris (Stephen), 1847, Q. M. sergt N.Y. Vol. v. 503; with wife and 2 
 daughters. One of the latter died at S.F. in Aug. ; the other was born on the 
 voy. , and christened Alta California at Rio Janeiro with much ceremony, v. 
 512, getting a S.F. lot in '48, as her father had in '47; candidate for council 
 in '47. v. 650; still in Cal. '54. H. (Stephen A.), 1848, owner of S.F. lot; 
 left Cal. in '50 and d. '67. His lot was claimed in '54 by Stephen, whose grantees 
 held it from '64; and the heirs of Stephen A., in '70-9, were unable to recover the 
 land in the courts. H. (Mrs S. E.), 1845, at Sonoma '77; maiden name not 
 given. H. (Wm), 1844, Amer. sailor put ashore by the Vandalia; shipped 
 by the consul on the C. W. Morgan. H. (Wm). 1846, Fanntleroy's dragoons 
 (v. 232, 247). H. (Wm A.), 1847, asst surg. on the Independence '47-8. 
 
 Harrison (Ed. H.), 1847, Q.M. clerk of N.Y.Vol. and of the dept at S.F.; 
 a prominent man from '48, school trustee, president of public meetings, owner 
 of lots, and collector of the port. v. 575, 650-1, 656-7, 659, 678, 685; appar 
 ently of DeWitt & H., a well-known S.F. firm. H. (G.), 1847, mid. on the 
 
HARRISON HARTNELL. 777 
 
 U.S. Columbus. H. (Henry A.), 1848, had a store in S.F.; memb. of coun 
 cil '49; died in N. Y. '57. H. (H.H.), 1841, mid. on the U. S. St Louis. 
 H. (Isaac), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); at Sandy, Utah, '81. H. 
 (Israeli, 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. H. (N.B.), 1846, mid. and act. master of 
 the U.S. Portsmouth: sent by Montgomery to Sloat with despatches, v. 228; 
 at Mont. '48. H. (Thos), 1846, doubtful mention; a Mrs Russell is also said 
 to have come in '46 with her father and mother named Harrison. Harron 
 (James), 1847, Co. D, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); at Sentinel, Fresno, '83. Harsh 
 (Dan.), 1847, in Napa Val. 
 
 Hart, 1839, mr of the Flibberty-gibbet. iv. 103-4. H. (Henry L.), 1847, 
 Co. A, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. in L.' Cal. '48. H. (James S.), 1847, Co. E, 
 Morm. Bat. (v. 469); reenl. H. (Jerome), 1847, Co. G, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); 
 d. in Shasta '52. H. (John), 1829-30, mr of a vessel on the coast. H. 
 (John), 1847, Co. D, ditto; at S.F. '71-4; d. before '82. H. (Joseph), 1846, 
 Co. G, Cal. Bat. (v. 358); enlisted at S. Jose, Oct. Hartcell (David), 1847, 
 Co. F, 3d U. S. artill. (v. 518). Hartman (Henry), 1847, owner of S.F. lot, 
 who had a tin-shop in '48. v. 684. Hartnell (Horatio Nelson), see 'Hart- 
 well.' H. (Jack), 1834, at Mont. H. (Win A.), 1846, celador of Mont, 
 custom-house, v. 570. 
 
 Hartnell (Win Edward Petty), 1822, nat. of Lancashire, Engl., b. 1798, 
 who, after a resid. of several years in S. Amer., came to Cal. on the John Begy, 
 as member of the firm McCulloch, H., & Co., agents of Begg & Co. of Lima, 
 and of the Brothertons in Liverpool and Edinburgh. This firm made a con 
 tract to take mission produce for 3 years from '23, and for some years did a 
 large business, ii. 474-9, 564, 591, 603, 659; iii. 24, 28. In '24 he was bap 
 tized at S. Carlos, the name Edward being added at that time (the ' Paty ' 
 of ii. 475 is prob. an error); and in '25 married Maria Teresa de la Guerra. 
 iii. 27, 29. His business was prosperous down to '26, and some loans were 
 made to the govt; but in '27-9 there came reverses that caused him to go to 
 S. Amer. in '29 to close the partnership, leaving him with a heavy burden of 
 debt. iii. 49, 57-8, 71, 118, 121-2, 127-8, 138, 147, 176. In '30 he was natural 
 ized, and in '31 undertook the life of a ranchero at Alisal in partnership with 
 the Soberanes. In '32 he com. the comp. extranjera at Monterey in support of 
 Zamorano. iii. 221-5, 672; and in '33-6 acted as Cal. agent of the Russian 
 comp. iv. 162-4; grantee in '34 of the Alisal, or Patrocinio, rancho, ii. 616, 
 where with Father Short he established a kind of college, called sometimes 
 Seminario de S. Jose", iii. 317, 670, 677-8. In '35-6 he was regidor. iii. 293, 
 673, 675; his children then being Guillermo Ant. b. '27, Adalberto '32, Jos< 
 '34, and Matilde '36, one or two having died and others perhaps not living at 
 the college, where there were then 13 students. He was also collector of taxes 
 and customs in '36-7, and employed to make a padron of the district, iii. 672; 
 iv. 96, 116; but about this time the school was given up as unprofitable, and 
 H. found it difficult to support his family. In '39-40 he served by Alvarado's 
 appointment as visitador general of missions, at a salary of $2,000, his faith 
 ful efforts for reform being recorded, with his reports, in iii. 600-1, 620, 624- 
 8, 645, 657-8, 661, 664, 666, 683, 685, 688, 691, 718, 720, 725, 728; iv. 9, 55- 
 62, 194-5. Visited by Douglas '41. iv. 212; interpreter in '42 for Com. Jones' 
 investig. of the Graham affair; in '43 an officer of customs, iv. 377, tithe col 
 lector, court clerk, and teacher; in '44, 1st officer, inspector, interpreter, and 
 acting admin, of the custom-house, having also an interesting corresp. with 
 Wyllie on plans of Engl. colonization, iv. 403, 430-1, 451-2, 654; ment. in 
 '45. iv. 515, 559; being still in the custom-house '45-6, somewhat unfriendly 
 to the U.S. until he lost all hope of an Engl. protectorate, v. 7, 9, 61, 235, 
 570. After the change of flag he was appointed by Stockton surveyor and 
 appraiser of customs, being elected councillor, serving on the 1st jury, and 
 making a trip to Honolulu in Dec. v. 289, 293, 637. In '47-50 H. was em 
 ployed by the U.S. authorities as official interpreter and translator, v. 609, in 
 which capacity he rendered most important services, both in connection with 
 legal and land matters and the constit. convention. Later he was county 
 assessor and held other positions, being claimant for two ranches, iv. 643; iii.. 
 
778 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 676; dying in '54 at the age of 56. Hartnell was a man who enjoyed and 
 merited the respect and friendship of all who knew him, being perfectly 
 honest and straightforward in all his transactions, of most genial tempera 
 ment, and too liberal for his own interests. In some directions he was a man 
 of rare ability, being a master of the Spanish, French, and German languages 
 besides his own. He was not a good business manager, lacking application, 
 method, and energy, and being always in financial trouble; but in any cleri 
 cal or subordinate capacity he was most reliable and efficient. In the later 
 years he drank to excess. Besides the original records of the Convention of '4$ 
 and the valuable Diario del Visitador Gen. '39-40, I have hundreds of his 
 letters in various private archives; and indeed, his family doc. form more than 
 one vol. of the Vallejo collection, which should bear his name. His correspond 
 ents were men of education and standing in many parts of the world. His 
 widow still lives at Salinas in '85, at the age of 76, being still owner of the 
 Alisal rancho. She gave me a personal Narrativa. There were 20 sons and 5 
 daughters ace. to her own statement. In '40 there had been 13, of whom 9 
 were living. Besides the 4 named above, I find the following in the Sta B. Co. 
 Hist.: Juan, Uldarico, Pablo, Alvano (?), Nathaniel (died), George, Frank, 
 Benjamin, Teresa, Anita, Magdalena, and Amelia. There was also an Estevau. 
 Ramon (perhaps Jos6) was majordomo at S. Juan in '40; Wm A. was custom 
 house guard in '45-6. Most of the sons seem to have inherited the father's 
 weaknesses rather than his abilities; but several became respectable citizens. 
 
 Hartwell (Lorenzo Nelson), 1834, Amer. sailor from the Catalina at S. 
 Diego, iii. 412; still there in '40, naturalized and married. Called generally 
 Horatio and Lawrence Hartnell, but 1 have his authograph of '38. H. 
 (Wm), 1834, Engl., age 36, testifies in favor of John Reed. Hartwig, 1847, 
 a naturalist at N. Helv. in June. Harvan (Wm), 1846, doubtful name at 
 Los Ang. Harvey (Thos), 1831, mate of the Catalina. 
 
 Hashagen, 1847, mr of the Clementine, v. 577. Haschal (A. G.), 1846, 
 one of the Mormon col. v. 546; lot at S.F. '47; did not go to Utah; perhaps 
 'Haskell.' Thales Haskell is also named. Haskell (Geo.), 1847, Co. B, 
 Morm. Bat. (v. 469). H. (J. G.), 1847, owner of S.F. lot. H. (John W.), 
 
 1847, Co. F, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. Sta B. 78. Hasking (Henry), 1847, at 
 Hon. from S.F. on the Julia. Haslitt (Geo.), 1845, perhaps one of Fremont's 
 men. iv. 583, 587; in Sonoma Co. '74; a Cherokee Ind. Hassard (J. G.), 
 
 1848, passp. from Hon. Hassel (H.), 1848, ditto. Hastie, 1848, from Hon. 
 on the Sagadahoc. 
 
 Hastings (Lansford W.), 1843, nat. of Ohio, b. '19, a lawyer who com. a 
 party crossing the plains to Or. '42, and came to Cal. '43 in com. of the immig. 
 party that bears his name. iv. 389-92, 400, 444. His views were those of a 
 filibuster, but he found that the time had not come for a successful movement; 
 so he went back in '44, by sea and across Mex. , to publish a worthless book 
 called an Emigrant's Guide, and to attract settlers and prospective revolu 
 tionists by lectures and other methods, iv. 396-9, 355-6, 2, 6, 20, 26. In '45 
 he returned with another party overland to Cal. iv. 585-6; but in the spring 
 of '46. after the settlers' revolt had been postponed, went with Clyman's party 
 to Salt Lake in search of more immig., and thus missed the Bear movement. 
 v. 526, 529; but returned in the autumn with Harlan's party, by H. 's new cut 
 off, which proved so fatal to the Donners, in time to serve as capt. of Co. F, 
 Cal. Bat. v. 529-30, 359, 361. Before going east, however, he and Bid well had 
 laid out the new town of Sutterville, reported at the time to be intended for 
 a Mormon town, v. 58; and indeed, H. was an agent for the Mormons in the 
 secular phases of their enterprise, v. 548; selecting- a site at Montezuma, 
 Solano, where some time in '47-8 he built an adobe house, still standing in '80, 
 and established a ferry across the S. Joaquin. v. 552. In '47-8 he also prac 
 tised law at S.F., being the owner of town lots. v. 579, 645, 678, 681. In March 
 -April '48 he was trying to recruit a battalion of volunteers to put down an 
 imaginary revolt in the south; in May was elected school trustee at S.F. ; in 
 July married Charlotte Catherine, daughter of Hopeful Toler, at Sac., and in 
 Sept. was appointed judge of the northern district. In '49 he was a member 
 
HASTINGS HAY. 779 
 
 of the constit. convention, utilizing his geographical acquirements in the fixing 
 of a boundary. He lived at or near Sac. till '57; then went to Arizona; came 
 back on a visit in '64; and is said to have died in Brazil about '70. He was an 
 intelligent, active man, never without some grand scheme on hand, not overbur 
 dened with conscientious scruples, but never getting caught in anything very 
 disreputable. H. (Sam. J.), 1841, mrof the Tasso '41-4. iv. 569. Haswell 
 (Robert), 1788, Engl. mate of the Washington in voy. to N. W. coast, the 1st 
 Amer. vessel to enter Cal. waters. H. kept a diary which was furnished me 
 by his daughter, Mrs John J. Clark, who died at Roxbury, Mass., in '83, at the 
 age of 80. 
 
 Hatch (James B.), 1842, mr of the Barnstable'42-3, '44-5; possibly on the 
 coast before, iv. 341, 563, 101; iii. 381; also mr of the Loo Chooin '47. v. 511. 
 H. (J. W.), 1848 (?), killed accidentally at Napa '79. H. (Meltliah), 1847, 
 Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 469): at Panguich, Utah, '82, H. (Orin), 1847, ditto, 
 at Bountiful, Utah, '82. H. (Prince G.), 1847, in S.F. list of letters. H. 
 (Sam. B.), 1843, at Sta Cruz. Hathaway (Humphrey)', 1838, came on a ves 
 sel com. by Capt. Howland, and worked as a carpenter at Mont. On Larkin's 
 books '38-43; in Farnham's list of arrests in '40; left Mont. and his debts 
 on the Rajah in '43. iv. 17, 119. H. (James M.), 1847, Co. A, N.Y.Vol. (v. 
 499); d. Downieville '51. H. 1848, from Hon. on the Sagadahoc. Hatler 
 (Alex.), 1847, owner of S.F. lots. v. 685. Hatton (Wm), 1826, on the Rover. 
 Hauff (Ernest), 1847, musician N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at S.F. '71-4; in Men- 
 docino Co. '83. Haughty (Michael), 1847, Co. I, ditto. Haulstorn (Alex.), 
 1830, doubtful name in a business account. Haun (JohnS.), 1846(?), nat. of 
 Mo.; in Sta Clara Co. '76; perhaps son of Wm. H. (Wm), 1846, settler at 
 Sta Clara with wife, Lavinia Whisman, the latter still living in '80. Haust 
 (Joseph), 1847, owner of S.F. lot. Havey (John), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 
 499); at West Point, Calaveras Co., '71-82. 
 
 Hawes (Horace), 1847, nat. of N. Y., who visited Cal. from Hon. on the 
 Angola, en route to Tahiti, where he had been appointed U.S. consul. In '49 
 he came back and was prefect at S.F.. where he spent the rest of his life as a 
 prominent lawyer and legislator. He was the author of an important treatise 
 on the Cal. mission cases, and of many other well-known briefs, political 
 pamphlets, and speeches; also of the S.F. consolidation bill of '56 and registry 
 law of '66; a member of the assembly for two terms, and of the state senate 
 in '63-4. Hawes was a self-made man, a shrewd lawyer, a man of powerful 
 mind, original in his views and methods, but full of conceit, suspicions by 
 nature, always unpopular, and eccentric to the verge of insanity in his later 
 years. He became a millionaire, and by his will of '71 the year of his death 
 at the age of 58 left the bulk of his estate for the foundation of Mount Eagle 
 University and a Chamber of Industry, making but a comfortable provision 
 for his heirs and relations. But the heirs, in a suit that is one of the causas 
 cclebres of Cal. , succeeded in breaking the will on the ground of the testator's 
 insanity, and thus defeated his plans for the public good and his own perma 
 nent fame. His 2d wife, married in '58, was Catherine Coombs, who survived 
 him with a son, Horace, who died in '84, and a daughter, Caroline, who mar 
 ried James, the son of Alfred Robinson, and is still living in '85. 
 
 Hawk (Nathan), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); overland mail-carrier 
 in '48, being employed by Brannan. H. (Wm), 1847, ditto; at Salt Lake 
 City '81. Hawkhurst, 1837, perhaps one of the men emploved to drive cat 
 tle to Or. iv. 85. Hawkins, 1848, lieut with Gen. Lane, Sta F< to Or. via 
 S. Diego. Coutts. H. (Benj.), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); in S. F. 
 letter list '48. H. (John A. or P.), 1847, perhaps of N.Y.Vol. under another 
 name (v. 499); d. at S. F. H. (Sam.), 1845, doubtful name of an overl. 
 immig. iv. 578. H. (Wm), 1830 (?), trapper of Ashley's comp., said to have 
 hunted in the S. Joaquin Val. in very early times, and again in '52. Mont. 
 Co. Hist., 29. H. (Zacarias), 1845, doctor and overl. immig. prob. to Or., 
 and not Cal. iv. 578. Hawley (Jos.), 1842, mr of the whaler Hague, '42, '44; 
 iv. 566. Haws (Alpheus P.), 1847, sergt Co. D, Morm. Bat. v. 477. 
 
 Hay, 1847, Scotchman, of H. & Dickson, S.F. traders at the 'Beehive' 
 
780 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 store '47-50; owner of town lots. v. 675, 684; left Gal. after '50. H. (G.C.), 
 1848, treasurer of S.F. ; called 'Dr'; perhaps same as preceding. Hayden 
 (Geo. W.j, 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 4<J9). Hayes, 1845, Amer. immig. 
 from Or. in the McM.-Clyman party; prob. went back in '46; but may have 
 been the H. wounded at Natividad. iv. 572; v. 526, 367. H., 1848, at Mont, 
 from Hon. on the S. Francisco. H. (Elias), 1833, Amer. at Mont. '33-6; in 
 '34-5 making shingles for Abel Stearns, iii. 409. H. (Jacob), 1846, one of 
 the Mormon col. v. 546; did not go to Utah; d. before 'SO; called also ' Hayse. ' 
 H. (James), 1846, at Mont, as a kind of policeman; in the Cal. Bat., wounded 
 at Natividad in Nov. v. 367; also called John. H. (Wm B.), 1847, mid. on 
 the U.S. Dale; died at sea in '49. Hayt (Elisha), 1848, doubtful name at 
 Mont. ; prob. * Hyatt. ' Hay wood (Philip H. ), 1846, mid. on the Independence; 
 lieut in Stockton's bat. '47. v. 386, 391-5. 
 
 Healy, 1845, on the Sterling at Mont. Hearn (Thos), 1847, Co. E, N.Y. 
 Vol. (v. 499). Heartstene (H.T.). 1842, lieut U. S. N., sent east by Com. 
 Jones with despatches, iv. 313. Heath (Chas), 1843, nat. of N.Y., who got 
 a carta in Oct., living at Sta Cruz. iv. 400, 356; ment. at N. Helv. '45-7; in 
 '47 owner of S.F. lot, and builder of a ferry-boat at Benicia. v. 671, 673, 678. 
 H. (Rich. W.), 1846 (?), came as quartermaster U.S.A., and later had a ferry- 
 on the Stanislaus. Tinkham. H. (Russell), 1847, doubtful mention at S. 
 Buen. H. (W.), 1848, passp. from Hon. Heathcoat, 1847, possibly of N. 
 Y.Vol. under another name. Heathcote (Theodore), 1846, sergt Co. C, 1st 
 U.S. dragoons; in '48 ordnance sergt at Los Ang. 
 
 Heceta (Bruno), 1775, Span. capt. and com. of the Santiago in explor. voy. 
 to Cal. and the N. W. coast, i. 241, 247-8, 280, 330. Hecox (Adna A.), 
 
 1846, nat. of Mich., b. 1806, and overland immig. with wife, Margaret M. 
 Hamer, and 3 children, v. 529. Remaining at Sta Clara during the winter- 
 that is, ' taking an active part in the war with Mexicans ' he went to the 
 Sta Cruz region, where he built a saw-mill, and worked as carpenter and 
 builder; went to the mines for a short time in '48; alcalde at Sta Cruz '48-9. 
 v. 642; later justice of the peace; county treasurer '61-3; from '70 in charge 
 of the Sta Cruz light-house till his death, in '83. He was a methodist, and one 
 of the first who preached protestant sermons in Cal. v. 641. His narr. of his 
 early life, overl. trip, and experience in Cal., was published in the S. Jose 
 Pioneer of '77, and was embodied by Willey in the Sta Cruz Co. Hist. His 
 testimony on events connected with the 'war' in '46-7, like that of so many 
 other immigrants, has little value. His widow survived him, with the follow 
 ing child.: Mrs M. E. Stampley of Carson, Nev., Mrs C. M. Brown of S.F., 
 and Adna H. Hecox of S. Luis Ob. , all pioneers of '46, and of those born in 
 Cal. Mrs M. Longley of Sta Cruz, Mrs A. Rigg, Laura J., and Orville S. Por 
 trait of Adna A. in Sta Cruz Hist. , 44. He was an active and respectable man 
 of business. Hedges, 1844, mr of the Monmouth. iv. 567. 
 
 Heeney (Robert), 1846, marine on the U.S. Dale; one of Marston's men in 
 the Sanchez campaign of '47; slightly wounded, v. 381. Hefferman (Chas), 
 
 1847, Co. F, N. Y.Vol. (v. 499); in the mines '48; died at S.F. before '82. 
 Heft (Geo.), 1816, sailor on the Lydia. ii. 275. Hegarty (Peter), 1845, 
 signer of the S. Jose" call to foreigners. iv.599;onthe 1st S.JostS jury'48. Hegel 
 (Fred.), 1841, named in Larkin's accts '41-2. iv. 279; said to have been in the 
 Bodega region '48-9; perhaps some confusion or relationship bet. him and 
 'Hiigler;' also 'Hugel,' q.v. Hehn (Henry), 1847, musician of N.Y.Vol. 
 (v. 499). Heil (Fred.), 1832, passp. at Mont. ; perhaps ' Hegel ' or ' Hugel.' 
 Heinrich (Chas), 1847, Co. B, N.Y.Vol. (v. 299); in the mines '48; later a 
 trader at Sac., where he still lived in '82; nat. of Germany, b. '24; wife from 
 '50, Sarah Neubauer. Heinricks (Ed. ), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). 
 Heitleman, 1847, from Mazatlan with letters from Talbot & Co. 
 
 Hcleno, grantee of Cosumnesrancho'44. Helmstadler (James), 1847, Co. 
 
 B, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Hembkey (Conrad), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons 
 (v. 336). Hemen (James), 1828, Irish sailor, age 40. at Mont. '28-9. Hem- 
 enror (M. W.), 1846, doubtful name at Los Ang. Hemerle (John), 1846, Co. 
 
 C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). Hempstead, 1847, mr of the Corea. v. 577. 
 
HEMPSTEAD HERMOSILLO. 781 
 
 Hempstead (Sidney C.), 1831, traderon the coast. Hen (Wm), 1846, doubt 
 ful name. IJittdl, and Soc. Cal. Pion. roll. See ' Haun. J Henderson (And. J.), 
 1S4G, asst surg. on the U.S. Portsmouth: at N.Helv. and Sonoma in Bear 
 times, v. 126, 128, 300; surg. of Stockton's bat. '47. v. 385. H. (Christian), 
 1S4G, Fuuntleroy's dragoons (v. 232, 247). H. (James), 1842, lieut U.S.N. 
 j\faxirdl. H. (Levin), 1846, sailor in navy, on sentry duty at Mont. ; deserts 
 with his escaping prisoners. H. (Moses), 1847, in S.F. letter list. H. (T.), 
 1848, passp. from Hon. H. (Wm,) 1826, mr of the Olive Branch '26-7. iii. 
 148, 154. H. (Wm), 1870, doubtful name in Farnham's list; perhaps 'An 
 derson,' q.v. H. (W. T.), 1848, nat. of Tenn., air. S.F.June; perhaps same 
 as T. above; in '50 slayer of Joaq. Murieta; in Fresno '80. Hendricks 
 (Joseph), 1844, at Sonoma, age 54. H. (Wm), 1848, barber at S.F. v. 682. 
 11. (Wm D.), 1S47, Co. D, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); at Richmond, Utah, '82. 
 Hendricksou (Henry), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at Vallejo '74. H. 
 (James), 1847, Co. C, Morm Bat. (v. 469). Hendy (James), 1846, marine on 
 the Conytws. wounded at the S. Gabriel, Jan. '47. v. 395. Henge (T. ), 1848, 
 passp. from Hon. 
 
 Hennet, 1829, mr of the John Coleman. iii. 147. Henriquez (Antonio), 
 artisan at Sta Cruz, 1795. i. 496. H. (Abraham), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. 
 (v. 518). Henry (Dan.), 1847, Co. D, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); at Monte, Utah, 
 '82. H. (Francis), 1844, Irish sailor of the VandaHa, arrested at Mont. 
 H. (James), 1844, Scotch sailor on the Vandalia; prob. same as preceding. 
 iv. 453. Known as 'Scotch Harry;' at Mont, and Sta Cruz '45-6; in Fallen's 
 comp. at S. Jose"; then served 2 years on the Portsmouth and Cyane. In '48 
 kept a shop at Mont.; in the mines '49-52; traveled 10 years in dif. parts of 
 the world; went to Frazer River, and died in the Sonoma Co. hospital '76. His 
 narr. was pub. in the Stockton Indep. of July 14, '76, but no reliance can 
 be put in details. H. (James), 1847, Co. E, K Y. Vol. (v. 499). H. 
 (Robert), 1847, owner of S.F. lot. v. 683. Henschel (H. L), 1848, German 
 custom-house broker in S.F. from '52 to '68, the year of his death; left a wife 
 and two daughters. Henshaw (Geo.), 1841, overl. immig. of the Bartleson 
 party, who went back in '42. iv. 266, 270, 275. H. (Hiram), 1846, doubt 
 ful name in list of Cal. claimants (v. 462). 
 
 Hensley (Samuel J.), 1843, nat. of Ky, and overl. immig. of the Chiles- 
 Walker party, iv. 392, 394, 400. He had been a trapper and had spent some 
 years in N. Mex. In '44 he was naturalized, got a grant of the Agua de Nie- 
 ves rancho, iv. 670, and entered Sutter's service as supercargo of the launch; 
 signing the order for Weber's arrest, iv. 483. He served as commissary in 
 Sutter's army during the Micheltorena campaign, iv. 485-7, 517. Returning 
 to the north, he took charge of Hock farm and attended to Sutter's general 
 business, being often named in the N. Hdv. Diary, In '46 he was prominent in 
 fomenting the Bear revolt, v. 80, 104, 127-8, 170; was capt., and later major, 
 of the Cal. Bat. in the south, v. 309, 328, 356, 360, 386, 391-5, 435; had a Cal. 
 claim (v. 462); and a S.F. lot. v. 685. Going east with Stockton in '47, he 
 testified at the Fremont court-martial, v. 454, 456; but returned to Cal. in 
 '48, and after a brief experience in the mines opened a store at Sac. in partner 
 ship with Reading. From '50 he engaged in navigation of the Sac. river, and 
 a little later was one of the founders of the Cal. Steam Nav. Co., of which he 
 became president. His residence for many years was at S. Jose", and he died 
 at Warm Springs, Alameda Co., in '66, at the age of 49. Of his career and 
 that of his fellow-filibusters Li '46 enough is said elsewhere; otherwise Maj. 
 Hcnsley's record is that of an honest and successful man of business, of strong 
 will and well-balanced mind, generous, temperate, and brave. His wife was 
 Helen, daughter of E. 0. Crosby, who survived him with a son and daughter. 
 Henysey (James), 1842, Scotch sawyer in a S.F. list. 
 
 Herbert (Thos), 1842, Engl. lumberman at S.F., age 33. Herd (Henry), 
 1834, Amer. in Mont. dist. '34-7. iii. 412. Heredia (Bernardo), settler at S. 
 Jose from 1791; in '95 owner of Chupadero rancho; in 1803 regidorat S. Jose", 
 i. 683, 716; ii. 134. Herman (Jacob), 1845, overl. immig. iv. 578, 587; lived 
 at S.F. mission '46-9 with a family; d. before '55. Hermosillo (Nicolas), 
 leader of a revolt at Los Ang. and S. Diego '46. v. 308, 329. 
 
782 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Hernandez (Antonio), saddler instructor 1702-6. i, 015, 084. H. (Anto 
 nio), soldier in S.F. comp. '19-33. H. (Cornelio), at S. Jose" '49, a soap- 
 maker. H. (Domingo), a Mex. convict whose term expired in '35. H. 
 (Dom.), nat. of Cal. and a noted desperado and murderer from '45-6; sentenced 
 to be hanged on one occasion, but saved by the breaking of the rope, only to 
 be hanged by vigilantes in later years. Some of his brothers and sisters are 
 said to have been criminals; but there is little definite information about any 
 of them. H. (Encarnacion), soldier murdered at Mont. '34. iii. 673. H. 
 (Felipe), convict settler of 1798; alcafcle of Branciforte 1805; grantee of La- 
 guna de Calabazas '33. i. 606; ii. 156; iii. 677. H. (Joae"), convict settler of 
 1798, pardoned 1803, grantee of llinconada de los Gatos '40. i. 606; ii. 156; iii. 
 712. H. (Juan), convict settler of 1798. i. 606. H. (Juan), regidor at S. 
 Jose" '22; stabbed by Mojica. ii. 604-5. H. (Juan Ant.), at S. Jose" '41, age 
 58. H. (Juan Maria), Mex. at S. Jose* '41, age 65, wife FranciscaLorenzana, 
 child. Pedro b. '20, Jose" Jesus '25; grantee of Ojo de Agua '35. iii. 712. H. 
 (Juana), poisoned her husband '43. iv. 364. H. (Mariano), at S. Jose" '41, 
 age 29, wife Rosario Bernal, child. Fernando b. '37, Maria '38, and 2 others] 
 grantee of Puerto in '44. iv. 672. H. (Santiago), soldier of S.F. comp. 
 '39-43. iv. 667. H. (Simon), soldier in the Hidalgo piquete at Mont. '36, 
 age 32. H. (Tomasa), Cal. claim $100 (v. 462). Hernano (Antonio), ment. 
 of his lawsuit '47. v. 663. 
 
 Herrera (Dolores), 1840, nat. of N. Mex., at S. Luis Ob. to '83. H. (Ig- 
 nacio), took church asylum '30. ii. 660. H. (Jose"), corp. of S.F. comp. prom, to 
 sergt 1811 for bra very in Ind. exped. ii. 91. Still sergt '20-4. H. (Jos6 Maria), 
 1825, Mex. sub-comisario at Mont., who was involved in controversies with 
 Gov. Echeandia and was sent to Mex. for alleged complicity in the Solis re 
 volt, ii. 551, 607, 614, 648; iii. 14, 33, 38, 59-85, 117, 125, 159. In '34 he 
 came back in the same capacity with the H. & P. colony; was in new troubles 
 arising from the amours of his wife, Ildefonsa Gonzalez; and was again exiled 
 in '36 because he refused to support the Alvarado govt. iii. 261-7, 377, 436- 
 9, 672; iv. 96. See also biog. ment. in iii. 466. He was a man of much ability 
 and good education, to whom the Californians, without much apparent reason, 
 give a bad character. In '36 he was 33 years old, and had 2 children at Mont., 
 Vicente b. '33, and Eulalia b. '35. H. (Jos< M.), regidor at Los Ang. '35-8; 
 age 33 in '39; served under Castro '47. iii. 481, 509, 564-5, 630; v. 363. II. 
 (Tomtis), grantee of S. Juan Cap. del Camote '46. v. 637; still a ranchero in 
 S. Luis Ob. '60, having held several local offices after '48. H. (Trineo), 
 Mex. at S. Miguel rancho, Mont., '36, age 28, wife Antonia Garcia, child 
 Teresa b. 32. 
 
 Herriot (Adam). 1846, at Sta Cruz. Herron (James C.), 1845, mid. on 
 the U.S. Portsmouth. H. (Walter), 1846, one of the Donner party from 111. 
 v. 530, 532. He came in advance over the mts with Reed; served in the Cal. 
 Bat., Co. B; got a S.F. lot in '47, and aided O'Farrell as a surveyor at Stock 
 ton; but I find no later record of him. Hersey (Stephen), 1832, mr of the 
 Neiccastle. iii. 383. Herven (Jon.), 1840, doubtful name of Farnham's list, 
 iv. 17. Hescock (Isaac), 1845, doubtful name of an Amer. in the Brancif. 
 padron, age 65, in the family of Isabel Patterson (?). Hess, 1845, at N. 
 Helv., prob. overl. immig. of Grigsby-Ide party, iv. 578-80. His daughter 
 Nancy married John Chamberlain in Jan. '40, and all the fam. went to Or. 
 
 Hetherington (Wm E.), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Hense (Sam. 
 E.), 1840, sailor in the navy; in Amador Co. '52-79, the date of his death. 
 Hcwen (Jon.), 1840, in Farnham's list. Hewes, 1847, mr of the Iris. v. 578. 
 Hewitt (A.), 1846, Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358); perhaps at N. Helv. '48; see 
 also 'Huet ' of '45. H. (Geo.), 1839, Amer. sailor and otter-hunter in Sta B. 
 dist. '39-41. iv. 119, 24. Hewlett (Palmer B.), 1847, lieut Co. I, N.Y.Vol. 
 v. 504; later militia gen.; in Sonoma Co. '71-82. Heyclenrich (Wm), 1847, 
 Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Heyerman (A.), 1847 (?), doctor said to have left 
 the Clementine; at N. Helv. May '48, on his way to the mines; also said to 
 have lived at Petaluma from '45 (?) to '52, and to have returned in '73. Hey- 
 land (John), 1847, Co. A, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). Heyward (James), 1847, 
 
HEYWARD HIGUERA. 783 
 
 nephew of Com. Slmbrick, at Mont, with letters to Larkin; returned to Hon 
 olulu '48. Heywood (Chas), 1847, lieut on the U.S. Independence. 
 
 Hibler (Geo.), 1845, Amer. immig. from Or. in McM.-Clyman party, iv. 
 572, 526; prob. went back in '46. Hickenlooper (Wm F.), 1847, Co. A, 
 Mann. Bat. (v. 469); reenl. Hickey, 1818, com. of an Engl. vessel at Mont, 
 ii. 291. Hickman (Thos), 1842(?), German butcher in Alameda '70-8. iv. 341. 
 Hickmot (John), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). Hicks (Harry), 1833, 
 Amer. in Mont. dist. '33-5; also called George, iii. 409. H. (Henry), 1839, 
 negro cook on the California. H. (Joseph), 1833, Amer. tailor on the Leonor; 
 at Sta B. '36; perhaps same as Harry, iii. 409. H. (Joseph), 1846, one of 
 the Mormon col. who remained in Cal. ; owner of S.F. lot '47; died before '80. 
 v. 546, 678. H. (Joseph Henry), 1841, built a house for Prudon at Sonoma; 
 prob. same as Harry and Joseph of '33. H. (Wm), 1843, nat. of Tenn., 
 overl. immig. from Mo. in Walker-Chiles party, iv. 392, 400; at Sutter's Fort 
 '47; claimed a land grant on theCosumnes, iv. 671, where the town of Hicks- 
 ville was named for him, and where he died in '84, at the age of 67. His wife 
 was a Mrs Wilson, who died a few years before him. Hicky, 1847, at N". 
 Helv. ; prob. Hicks. Hidalgo (Miguel), at Mont, and Los Ang. '35. iii. 285. 
 Higares (Francisco), 1833, named as a Dutch shoemaker from the U.S. at 
 Los Aug. in '36, age 29. iii. 409. Higgins, 1846, in Pt Reyes region. Marin 
 Co. Hist. H., 1848, from Australia with his family. El Dorado Co. Hist. 
 II., 1848, with Buffum in the mines. H., 1848, deserter arrested at S. Jose". 
 v. 663. H. (Edward), 1847, at work on Larkin's house at Benicia '48. v. 
 673. H. (Edward), 1846, act. lieut U.S.N., and capt. Stockton's bat. '46-7; 
 later capt. in merchant marine N.Y., and officer in confed. navy; in '75 agent 
 of P.M.S.S.Co. at S. F., where he died in that year. v. 386. H. (Isaac), 
 1848, in S.F. letter list. H. (James), 1841, mid. on the U.S. 8t Louis. H. 
 (James), 1830, one of Young's party, iii. 174. H. (John), 1830, Irish trap 
 per of Young's party from N. Mex., where he had been naturalized, iii. 180, 
 388. At Sta B. in '36, age 39, and single, being often a companion of Nidever 
 in hunting tours. From '37 named on Larkin's books at Mont. ; in '40 a lum 
 berman on Carmelo Creek, where he was arrested and sent to S. Bias. iv. 1$, 
 23; never came back. H. (Xelson), 1847, capt. Co. D, Morm. Bat. v. 477; 
 with wife and 4 children, but did not reach Cal. v. 477, 482. H. (N.D.), 
 1847, servant to officer of Morm. Bat. (v. 469). H. (Silas G.), 1847, Co. C, 
 N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). H. (W.D.), 1848, passp. from Hon, 
 
 Higuera, ment. in 1793-1808. i. 617, 640; ii. 192. H. in Mont, revolt 
 .'37. iii. 525. H. (Antonino), in S. Jose" district '41, age 38, wife Josefa 
 Alviso, 5 children named, but all called Alviso in the padron. The date of 
 this man's death, in '46, is the turning-point in litigation for the Livermore 
 rancho now in progress '85. Some papers of my col. bearing on the case in 
 which Antonino's name seems to have been rather clumsily forged before the 
 papers came into my hands were introduced as evidence. H. (Antonio), 
 soldier of S.F. comp. '19-22; at S. Mateo '35. H. (Bernarda Soto de), widow 
 at S. Jose" '41, age 52, child. Joaquin b. '15, Jose" Ant. '18, Ramona '22, Juan 
 Maria '25, Domiuga '32, Encarnacion '36. H. (Bernardo), in Los Ang. dist. 
 '19-43; grantee of Rincon de los Bueyes. ii. 355, 565; iv. 635. H. (Dolores), 
 arrested at Los Ang. '45. iv. 541. H. (Doroteo), at Los Ang. '46. H. 
 (Kate" van), soldier of S. F. comp. '19-30; militiaman '37. H. (Francisco),, 
 soldier of S.F. comp. '19-24; elector '27; drowned in '30. ii. 592, 594. H. 
 (Fran.), soldier of S. F. comp. '37-42. H. (Fran.), son of Bernardo; at S. 
 Pascual '46. v. 352; claimant of Rincon de Bueyes '52. iv. 635. H. (Fulgen- 
 cio), son of Jose"; soldier of S.F. comp. '19-30; alf. of militia at S. Jose" '37. 
 iii. 732; grantee of Agua Caliente., Alam. Co., '39. iii. 711; in '41 living at his 
 rancho, age 42, wife Clara Pacheco, child. Albino b. '24, Tomas '26, Narciso 
 '29, Gabriel '31, Jose* Jesus '32, Fernando '35, Leandro '37, Francisca '22, 
 Maria L. '27, Maria de los Ang. '36. H. (Gregorio), at Los Ang. '39, prob. 
 son of Bernardo, age 29. 
 
 Higuera (Ignacio), settler at S. Jose" 1790; majordomo in 1805, killed by 
 lud., but ment. in 1807. i. 478; ii. 34, 135. H. (Ignacio), soldier of S. F. 
 
784 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 comp. '30-40; at Sonoma in '44, age 33. H. (Ignacio), soldier of S.F. c,omp. 
 '35-6; sergt '39-40. iii. 702; encargado of the contra costa '39. iii. 705. H. 
 (Ignacio), soldier of Mont. comp. '36, age 24. H. (Ignacio), maj. at Sta B. 
 1799-1801. ii. 120. H. (Ignacio), soldier at Sta B. before '37. H. (Jer6n- 
 imo), at S. Jose" '41, age 23, wife Rosario F^lix, one child. H. (Joaquin), 
 settler at Los Ang. 1790; alcalde in 1800. i. 461, 661; ii. 349. H. (Joaquin), 
 regidor, alcalde, and juez de campo at S. Josd at dif. times '2046. ii. 378, 
 604-5; iii. 729; iv. 662, 684; Cal. claim '46-7 (v. 462); claimant for Pala, Sta 
 Clara Co., '52. 
 
 Higuera (Jose"), soldier of S.F. comp. '19-41; perhaps the man who settled 
 in Napa. H., at S. Jose" '41, age 66, wife Rarnona Garcia, child. Florencio 
 b. '36, Encarnacion '18 (?), Miguel '37, Rita '40. H. (Jose"), grantee of Tu- 
 larcitos and Llano del Abrevadero '21-2, and of Pala '35. ii. 594, 664, 712-13; 
 Antonia H. et al. were claimants. H. (Jose"), perhaps the same; the distrib. 
 of his estate took place in March '46, and I have the orig. expediente in Pico 
 (Ramon), Doc. Hist. Cal., i. 107-24, which shows the following heirs: Ful- 
 gencio, Valentin, Mariano, 5 minors whose guardian was Mariano (prob. 
 their father by a daughter of Jose"), Mrs Robert Livermore, wife of LazaroH., 
 Florentine Archuleta, and Antonio Mesa, each receiving 133 cattle, 88 vines, 
 and 10 fruit-trees. It was in these papers that the name of Antonino was 
 fraudulently introduced, as noted above. H. (Jose"), ment. in '46. v. 235. 
 H. (Jose" Ant.), son of Manuel; at S. Jose" '41, age 52, wife Ambrosia Pacheco, 
 child. Ricardo b. '22, Juan '24, Miguel '26, Leonardo '27, Isidro '29, Fernando 
 '33, and Encarnacion '31. H. (Jose" Maria), at Salinas rancho '36, age 50, 
 wife Maria de Jesus Cota, child. Juan b. '14, Tomas '18, Pilar '19, Bias '21, 
 Jose '26, Encarnacion '28, Gertrudis '31, Manuel '33, and Luisa '35. 
 
 Higuera (Juan), in '31 comisionado of S. Juan B. , and regidor of Mont, 
 iii. 212, 307, 672, 692; juez aux. '42. iv. 653; at S. Jose '50. H. (Juan), of 
 Sta Cruz, killed at Los Ang. '45. iv. 492. H. (Juan), at Los Ang. '39, 
 age 45. H. (Juan Jose"), soldier at S. Jose" mission 1797-1800. i. 556. H. 
 (Juan Jose"), juez at S. Juan B. '42. iv. 661. H. (Juan Jose"), at Los Ang. 
 '19, '25. ii. 354; iii. 7. H. (Lazaro), at N. Helv. '47; his wife was an 
 Higuera, daughter of Jose". H. (Leonardo), in Los Ang. revolt '46. v. 
 308; Cal. claim of $12,072 (v. 462); age 37 in '39. H. (Manuel), soldier 
 and settler at S. Jose" and S. Juan B. before 1800. i. 477, 558; in 1793 named 
 in S. Jose" padron as a soldier, wife Antonia Arredondo, child. Ignacia, 
 Ana Maria, Gabriela, Jose" Joaquin, and Jose" Ant. H. (Manuel), inv&- 
 lido of S.F. comp. '19-29, perhaps the same. H. (Manuel), at S. Jose 
 '41; age 32, wife Maria. N. Mesa, child. Antonio M. b. '30, Jose" Jesus '32, 
 Jose" Balfino '37, Jos< Maria '40, Argentina '34, Maria Ant. '36. H. (Man 
 uel), at Los Ang. '46. H. (Mariano), at Los Ang. '39-46. H. (Mariano), 
 at S. Jose" '41, age 26, wife Maria Antonia Higuera, child. Emilio b. '39, 
 Jose '41, Rosario '32, Maria Ascension '34, Ine"s '38. H. (Marta Frias 
 de), cl. of Entre Napa rancho. 
 
 Higuera (Nicolas), soldier of S.F. comp. '19-23; alcalde on the frontier and 
 grantee of Entre Napa and Carneros ranches '36. iii. 705, 711, 722; at N. Helv. 
 '48. H. (Policarpo), soldier at Sta B. before '37. H. (Salvador), soldier 
 and settler at Sta Cruz and S. Jos< 1791-1800. i. 495, 556, 716. H. (Secun- 
 dino), at Los Ang. '46. H. (Tomas), soldier of S.F. comp. '30-2. H. (Va 
 lentin), resid. of Sta Clara region from '41, grantee of Pescadero rancho '43. 
 iv. 672; juez de paz, suplente, '46, at S. Jose" '46. v. 662; died '79, age 70. 
 Hijar (Carlos N.), 1834, nephew of Jose" M., with whom he came in the colony 
 in '34, and again in '45; and in '77, then a resident of S. Jose", gave me his 
 recollections of California in '34. H. (Jose" Maria), 1834, a wealthy and in 
 fluential Mex. of Jalisco who joined J. M. Padre's and others in organizing the 
 Cal. colony that bears their name. He also got an appointment as gov. ; but 
 Gov. Figueroa refused to recognize his title, the colony was a failure, and H. 
 was sent to Mex. in '35 on a charge of conspiracy, which was but very slightly 
 founded in fact. iii. 259-69, 272-91, 344-5, 383, 613, 652, 670. Nothing is 
 known of his experience in Mex. ; but in '45 he was sent back to Cal. as a 
 
HIGUERA HINCKLEY.. 785 
 
 commissioner of the govt to prepare for resisting the U. S. He died at Los 
 Aug. very soon after his arrival, iv. 526-31, 631. He was an honorable man 
 of many accomplishments and frail health, with little fitness or fondness for 
 political wrangles. Hilgers (Gerard), 1846, at Mont. ; owner of S.F. lot '47. 
 Hill, 1848, called major at' Mont. H., 1847, at N. Helv.; brother of Tom 
 Hill, Delaware Ind. H., 1848, mr of the Rhone, v. 580. H. (Daniel 
 Antonio), 1823, nat. of Mass., who came from Hon. on the Rover, and settled 
 at Sta B. ii. 495, 573; iv. 117. He was baptized by P. Ripoll in '25, iii. 29, 
 being then 26 years old; and soon married Rafaela Ortega, being naturalized 
 in '29. Robinson, Life in Gal., 89, describes him as 'a sort of factotum for the 
 whole town, carpenter or mason by turns as his services were needed.' In '36 
 he had 6 children. In '45 he leased the Sta B. mission, iv. 553, 558, 644; in 
 '46 was the grantee of La Goleta rancho, having some trouble with the Flores 
 govt. v. 317, 330, 632, 644; regiclor in '49; went east in '60 on a visit; and 
 died at Sta B. in '65. A son, Ramon J. , was assemblyman and court interpre 
 ter, dying in '84. One of his daughters married Dr Nicholas Den, and another, 
 Susana, married T. W. More 'in '53. H. (Henry de Jesus), 1840, German 
 who got a pass, in June; perhaps Jos. Henry. H. (Henry), 1847, owner of 
 S.F. lot; nat. of Va, and memb. of the constit. convention in '49. H. (Johu), 
 1846, sailor of the navy, on sentry duty at Mont. ; deserts with his prisoners. 
 H. (John), 1847, later policeman. H. (John E.), 1847, Co. D, N.Y. Vol. 
 (v. 499.); d. at Pendleton, Or., '82. H. (Joseph Henry), 1834, German from 
 Mex. in the H. & P. col. iii. 412; at Sta Cruz '42-3. H. (Thos), 1845, Del 
 aware Ind. in Frdmont's party, who distinguished himself by bravery on 
 several occasions, iv. 583; v. 367, 371, 400. H. (Thos J.), 1847, Co. A, N. 
 Y. Vol. (v. 499); at S.F. '71-82. H. (Wm Luther), 1831, nat. of N.Y. and 
 partner of Louis Bouchet in a Los Ang. vineyard; died this year, making his 
 will on the Catalina in July. There was a property of $406 for his father, 
 Peter Hill. iii. 405. Hilton (Benj.), 1847, Co. D, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. 
 Mont. '47. H. (Giknan), 1845, one of the men lost on the Warren's launch, 
 iv. 587; v. 384. Hilts, 1848, mate of the Isaac Walton from N.Y. Grimshaw. 
 Hina (Jack), 1847, owner of S.F. lot. Hinckley, 1847, mr of the Alice, v. 
 576. H., 1848, mr of the Starling, v. 400. H., 1848, from Hon. on the 
 Currency Lass. H. (AzraE.), 1837, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); a Utah 
 farmer '81. H. (F. G.), 1842, in Dwindle 's list; wife Susana Suart (?); 
 doubtless a confused ref. to Capt. Wm S. H. (Sam. A.), 1844, Amer. who 
 rec'd naturalization in June. iv. 453. H. (Thomas), 1831-2, mr or sup. of 
 the Crusader, iii. 382. He was a brother of Wm S., a partner of Henry A. 
 Peirce at Honolulu, and died in Cent. America on his voy. home. H. (Wm 
 Crawley), 1847, nat. of Mass., from Valparaiso on the Georgiana; mr of the 
 Providence in '47-8, to Tahiti, Hon., Mazatlan, then up the Sac. from Sta 
 Cruz with a cargo of goods, converting the vessel temporarily into a country 
 store; at S.F. from '49 to "72, when he gave me an autobiog. sketch, v. 580. 
 Hinckley (Wm Sturgis), 1830, nat. of Mass., nephew of Wm Sturgis, for 
 several years a trader at Honolulu, and mr of the Volunteer, going to the U. 
 S. iii. 85, 149, 170, 179. In '33-4 he came again as sup. of the Don Quixote, 
 and in '34-5 mr of the Avon. iii. 381-2. After rendering aid to Alvarado in 
 his revolution of '36, for which he was poetically and otherwise sharply criti 
 cised by Mexicans, his vessel having been wrecked, apparently, he went to 
 Hon. on the Quixote, iii. 466-1, 487; iv. 82, 103, 116, 141. In '37-8 he was 
 mr of the Diana or Kamamalu, being arrested at S.F. for smuggling, still a 
 confidential friend of the gov., and from this time interested in business with 
 Nathan Spear and Leese at S.F., obtaining and occupying a lot on Montgomery 
 St. iii. 549, 699, 705, 709-10; iv. 699. In '39 he was mr and owner of the Corsair, 
 being again in trouble with the revenue authorities, also grantee of town lot. 
 iii. 705; iv. 103, 130; v. 681. In '42, dating his permanent residence from '40, 
 he was naturalized and married; in '44 was alcalde, getting more lots. iv. 666, 
 C76, 679, 683; in '45-6 capt. of the port, having much controversy with Leides- 
 dorflf and Forbes, escaping arrest by Fremont's men as a Mex. official by death 
 in June '46, at the age of 39. iv. 593, 666; v. 3, 131, 136, 178, 649, 681. His 
 HIST. CAL., VOL. III. 50 
 
786 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 1st wife went east in '37, iv. 101, and died in Mass. '40; his 2d wife was 
 Susana, daughter of Ignacio Martinez, who, after H.'s death, married Wm M. 
 Smith in '48. I have no record of children. Capt. Hinckley was a handsome, 
 jovial, intelligent man, immensely popular with the natives, somewhat reck 
 less in the use of his tongue when under the influence of liquor. If there was 
 anything he liked better than contraband trade it was probably practical 
 joking. Some of his jokes, like the one of Christmas night at S. Juan in '37, 
 are not exactly adapted to print; and for others space is lacking; but I may 
 note how, in an interview with Gov. Alvarado on matters of state, he disposed 
 of an over-inquisitive secretary who came in too often to snuff' the candle, by 
 filling the snuffers with powder; also how Gen. Vallejo avenged himself for 
 some prank by mounting H. on a bear-hunting horse at Sonoma. The horse 
 made it very lively for the mariner, who returned on foot with tales of en 
 counters with grizzlies not wholly credited by the listeners. Hinds (R. B.), 
 1837-9, surgeon in Belcher's exped. ; author of Regions of Vegetation, Botany 
 and Zoology of the exped. iv. 143-6. Hinton, see 'Hoornbeck.' Hintz 
 (Herman), 1847, owner of S.F. lot. 
 
 Hipwood (Thos), 1847, sergt Co. F, N. Y. Vol. v. 504; killed in L. Cal. 
 '48. Hitchcock, 1844, guide of the Stevens immig. party, iv. 475-6. Ace. 
 to Schallenberger he had no family, the boy generally called H. , Jr, being Pat 
 terson. Mrs P. of that party with 3 children was apparently H.'s daughter. 
 He claimed to have visited Cal. 11 years before, and had possibly been one of 
 Walker's party in '33. H. (Isaac), 1847, Co. F, 3d U. S. artill. (v. 518); in 
 the mines '49; in Salinas Val. '77-80; d. at Sta Rita, from an accident, in '81, 
 at the age of 64. H. (John C.), 1847, Co. E, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). H. (R. 
 B.), 1845, lieut on the U. S. Savannah. H. (Rufus), 1848, overl. immig., 
 who kept a boarding-house at N.Helv. in '48, with son and 2 daughters; later 
 kept a hotel on the Amer. Riv. and at Green Springs, where H. and wife died 
 of small-pox. One of the daughters, Mrs Lappeus, was in Or. '72; the other 
 dead. Hitt (Calvin), 1848, Co. H, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at Winona, Minn., '82. 
 Hoar (John A.), 1843 (?), prob. error in a list of pioneers; in S. F. '54. 
 Hoarde (John), 1833, said to have been a member of Walker's party, iii. 
 391. Hoban (Chas F.), 1847, nat. of N. Y., from Honolulu on the Com. 
 Shubrick; Brannan's clerk at Mormon Isl. '49; d. S.F. '63, age 43. Hobson 
 (Joseph), 1848, nat. of Md, perhaps came on the Lady Adams from Callao; 
 memb. of constit. conven. in '49. H. (Wm L.), 1847, from Valparaiso with 
 letters from Atherton; at Hon. as sup. of the Maria Helena; of S. F. guard 
 '49. Hodges (Hiram B.), mr of the Monmoulh. Hoen (Francis), 1845, 
 overl. immig. of the Swasey-Todd party, iv. 576, 587; for a time in Sutter's 
 employ; in '46 owner of S.F. lots and candidate for treasurer, v. 295, 684-5; 
 kept a cigar-store; still in S.F. '54. 
 
 Hoeppner (Andrew), 1844, German long in Russian employ at Sitka, where 
 he married a half-breed wife. The exact date and manner of his coming to 
 Cal. are not known, but he was here in '45. iv. 453. Lived at Yerba Buena 
 and Sonoma '45-9; a musician and man of many accomplishments, besides de 
 feating Vioget in an eating-match, 'as Davis relates. In '47 he had great ex 
 pectations from his warm springs of Annenthal, near Sonoma, as advertised in 
 the Star. v. 667. Markof visited him in '45 and Sherman in '47. In '48 he was 
 2d alcalde at Sonoma, v. 668; and is named at N. Helv. on his way to the 
 gold mines. About '49 he left his wife and went to Hon. and Chile, where he 
 is said to have died about '55. Hoffheins (Jacob), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. 
 (v. 469). Hoffman (Chas), 1847, perhaps of N.Y.Vol. under another name. 
 H. (Geo. W.), 1847, Co. A, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). H. (Henry), 1847, Co. F, 3d 
 U.S. artill. (v. 528). H. (Henry A.), 1847, ditto; corporal, v. 519. Hoff- 
 stetter(John J.), 1847, died at N. Helv.; property sold at auction. Hoit 
 (John), 1846, Co. G, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). 
 
 Holbrook (Washington), 1848, sup. of the Sabine; came back on the Eliz 
 abeth from Hon.; negotiates for lot at S.F. v. 681. Holdaway (Shadrach), 
 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); at Provo. Utah, '82. Holden (Dr), 1848, 
 with Gen. .Lane from N. Mex. for Or.; in S. Diego region Dec. H. (W. S.), 
 
HOLDEN HOPPER. 787 
 
 1848, p?.ssp. from Hon. Holland (F. S.), 1847, at Benicia. v. 673. H. 
 (J.), 1847, iu S.F. letter list. Hollingsworth (John McIIenry), 1847, lieut 
 Co. I, N.Y.Vol. v. 504; memb. of the constit. conveii. '49; at Georgetown, D. 
 C., '74-82. H. (Z.), 1846, an overl. immig. with Russell, at Sonoma; killed 
 by Ind. in the mines '48; left a family in Solano, consisting of Harriet (later 
 Mrs Anderson), John D., Hezekiah S., Joseph B., Win T., and Sarah E. 
 (later Mrs Duncan). Holloway (Adam), 1847, doubtful dace; veteran of the 
 Mex. war; at S. Jose" '52-79; brewer and chief of fire dept; left a family at 
 his death in 79; also accredited to '46. H. (M.), 1846, came to Sta Clara 
 Co. (?). Holly (Gray), 1834, named in Larkin's accts. Holman (James D.), 
 1848, left Cal. a week after the discov. of gold; d. at Portland, Or.-, '82. H. 
 1847, lieut of Morm. Bat. (?); prob. 'Holmes.' 
 
 Holmes, 1848, Conn, mechanic in the mines. H., 1841; surgeon of U.S. 
 ex. ex. (?). H. (H. P.), 1846, in Sonoma Co. '52-77; doubtful date of arrival. 
 H. (John Andrew Christian), 1827, Boston trader, sup. and mr of the Frank 
 lin, Maria Ester, and Catalina '27-32. iii. 147-8. 176-7, 381. He died in 
 March '32 between Acapulco and Callao. His wife Rachel came from Hon. to 
 Cal. the same year to meet him, but only to hear of his death; and she soon 
 married Thos 0. Larkin, a fellow- passenger on the Newcastle, iii. 408. H. 
 (Jonathan), 1847, Co. D, Morm. Bat, and presid. of a party on the return in 
 '48, after working as shoemaker at N. Helv. v. 496. Holstein (W.), 1845, 
 mr of the Maria, iv. 567. Holt (John), 1846, veteran of 1812, sailor in the 
 navy, in Stockton's bat., at S. Gabriel '72, age 81. Los Any. Express. H. 
 (Win), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). Holton (Benj. 1).), 1847, Co. F, 
 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). Hommitch (John), 1847, Co. K, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 Honey (Wm), 1847, owner of S.F. lot. 
 
 Hood (Frisbie), 1848, negro steward on the Isaac Walton; at Mokelumne 
 Hill '52. Grimshaw. H. (\Vm), 1846, Scotch carpenter at S.F. '47-8, of H. 
 Wilson; owner of lots and a house, v. 650, 684-5; in Sonoma Co. '50-77. 
 Hook (Henry), 1831, writes to Cooper from Sta Fe"; connected with the Globe, 
 and had apparently been in Cal. H. (Solomon), 1846, one of the Donner 
 party who survived; a son of Mrs Elizabeth Donner. v. 530, 534. W. C. 
 Graves tells me he saw H. in Lake Co. in '63-4. H. (Wm), 1846, brother 
 of Sol., who died in the Sierra, v. 530, 534. Hooker, 1841, sec. of Sir Geo. 
 Simuson. Hooker (Wm), 1840, sent to Mont, from Branciforte; written 
 'Guca.' Hooper (Simon), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). H. 
 (Win M.), 1833, from Boston, with a letter from Childs to Larkin, iii. 409; 
 went to Hon. in '45, and returned in '48; prob. the same who advertised as a 
 merchant at S. F. '48-9; of the firm Cross, Hobson & Co. Hoornbeck (A. 
 T.D.), 1848, known as Francis Hinton; died at S. Luis Rey '70. Hoover 
 (Westley), 1846, overl. immig. with a family, who settled at S. Jose", where 
 he served on the 1st jury in '48. v. 529. H., 1846, at N. Helv. in charge of 
 a launch in Feb. ; Sutter mentions him as a scientific man who superintended 
 his farm for several years, and who was thought to be living at Sta Clara in 
 'To; perhaps Westley, though he could not have been an immig. of '46. 
 
 Hope (Alex. W.), 1848, nat. of Va, who had been surg. in U.S.A.; at Los 
 Ang. '48-56, where he died; memb. of 1st Cal. senate. H. (Gerard), 1834, 
 Irish hatter of H. & Day at Mont. '34-6, age 30. iii. 412. H. (John), 1833, 
 named in Larkin's accts '33-4; perhaps the same. Hoppe (Jacob D.), 1846, 
 nat. of Md, and overl. immig. ; owner of town lots, proprietor and editor of 
 the Calif ornian, and candidate for alcalde in '47-8. v. 652, 658, 685; projector 
 of the new town of Halo Chemuck. v. 674; went to the mines, was a memb. of 
 the constit. convention of '49, and settled at S. Jose", where he made a for 
 tune in trade and lost it by speculation. Claimant of Ulistac rancho. v. 674; 
 killed by the explosion of the Jenny Lind in '53, at the age of about 40. He 
 was an enterprising and popular man, against whom nothing appears. 
 
 Hopper (Chas), 1841, nat. of N. C., a hunter who came with the Bartleson 
 party, but went back as guide with part of thecomp. in '42. iv. 270-1, 275-6, 
 279, 342. In '47 he came back overl. to Cal. with his family, v. 556, and bought 
 a Napa farm, where he spent the rest of his life, dying in '80, at the age of '81, 
 
738 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 and leaving 5 children. Hopper's Narrative in my col. was written from con 
 versations with H. by R. T. Montgomery in '71. Portrait in Menefee's Hist. 
 SIxtch-book, 128. H. (James), 184, in Sta Clara Val. '60. Ifittell. H. 
 (John), 1848, on 1st S. Jose" jury. H. (Thomas), 1847, nat. of Mo., and 
 overl. immig. with his wife, Minerva Young; in Sta Cruz region '47-8; in the 
 mines '48-9. From '49 at dif. places in Sonoma Co., being in 'SO a rich land 
 owner with 7 children. Portrait in Sonoma Co. Hist., 384. H. (Wm), 1847, 
 Co. G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); d. Los Ang. '47. 
 
 Horden (Stephen), 1844, doubtful name of an Amer. in S.F. list. Horn 
 (Win), 1846, settler in Sta Clara Val. with fam. j Cal. claim (v. 462). Horn- 
 clell (Joseph), 1847, Co. B, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); at St Louis, Mo., '82. Horner 
 (John M.), 1846, one of the Mormon col. from N. J. with wife. v. 546; settled 
 as a farmer at mission S. Jose", with a variation of mining experience in '48. 
 In partnership with his brother, who came in '49-50; he took a prominent part 
 in the early annals of Alameda Co. By agriculture, trade in farm produce, and 
 land speculations, the Homers became rich and extended their operations to 
 the peninsula of S.F., where their name is preserved in Homer's Addition. 
 They lost their property in '54, and from that time lived on their Alameda 
 farm till '80, when they went to the Sandwich Islands. Horra (Antonio de 
 la Concepcion), 1796, Span, friar who served -at S. Miguel for a very brief 
 term, and was sent away by Pres. Lasuen in '97 on a charge of insanity. In 
 Mex. he made a long report against the Cal. friars, and the investigation of 
 his charges formed one of the causas celebres of mission annals, i. 560-1, 567, 
 587-97. Horry (Irwin), 1847, owner of S.F. lot. H. (James), 1848, ser 
 vant of Brooks' party in the mines; killed by Ind. in Bear Valley. Horsely 
 (Joseph), 1833, at Mont. '33-4; also called Horseman. Horton, 1847, mr of 
 the Triad, v. 580. H. (Wm), 1840, in Farnham's list of arrested foreigners. 
 iv. 17. Hoseir (E.), 1848, in S.F. letter list. Hoskins (Henry), 1847, Co. 
 E, Morm. Bat. (v. 469.) Hotchkiss (H.), 1848, passp. from Hon. 
 
 Houck (James), 1845, Amer. immig. from Or. in the McM.-Clyman party, 
 iv. 572; about 10 days after arrival at Sutter's Fort lie was charged with an 
 attempt at rape, and nothing more is known of him. Hough (H.), 1845, 
 purser's clerk on the Savannah. Houghtailing, 1847, at Hon. from S.F. 
 Houghton (Sherman O.), 1847, sergt of Co. A, N.Y. Vol. v. 503. A nat. of N. 
 Y., who became a prominent lawyer of Sta Clara Co., being mayor of S. Jose", 
 county recorder, and member of congress '71-5. His 1st wife was Mary M. 
 Donner, who died in '60 leaving one daughter, Mary M.; the 2d wife was Eliza 
 P. Donner, who still lived in '85 with 7 children, Eliza P., Sherman O., Clara 
 H., Chas D., Francis J., Stanley W., and Herbert S. (died '76). Portrait of S. 
 O. H. in Sta Clara Co. Hist., 32. Houptman (Wm), 1840, German who got 
 passports in '40 and '44, the former in Mex., so that he may have come later, 
 iv. 120. House (James), 1844, at Sonoma, age 50. H. (Joseph), 1846, 
 came to S. Jose". Hall. Houston (Thos B. or T.), 1846, act. mid. on the U. 
 S. Dale; died '63, as lieut, at Naples. 
 
 How (Oliver H.), 1847, Co. C, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). Howard (Wm), 1848, 
 Swedish sailor on the U.S. St Mary, who quit the service at S.F., went to 
 the mines, and in '50 settled in Sonoma Co., where he still lived in '80, at a 
 R.R. station bearing his name; wife from '55 Caroline Kolmer of '46; 9 chil 
 dren. Portrait in Sonoma Co. Hist., 296. H. (Wm Davis Merry), 1839, nat. 
 of Boston, sent to sea by his mother with a view to needed discipline, who 
 came to Cal. as a cabin-boy on the California, iv. 117, 119; and worked fora 
 while as clerk for Stearns at Los Ang. He went east in '40, and came back in 
 '42 as sup. of the California. At Honolulu, on the way, he married Mary 
 Warren, adopted daughter of Capt. Grimes, a native of Hon. and daughter of 
 Wm Warren, q.v., who was returning on the vessel from Boston, where she 
 had been educated. In '43-5 H. acted as sup. of the Vandalia and California. 
 iv. 564, 569, 640; and in '45 opened a store at S.F. with Henry Mellus, buy 
 ing the H.B.Co. establishment. In '46-9 Mellus & H. were the leading firm 
 in town, and after the gold excitement did an immense business, having 
 branches at Sac. in charge of Brannan, and at S. Jos6 under Belden's care, 
 
HOWARD HUDSON. 789 
 
 both being partners in the interior business, as was Talbot H. Green in the 
 city. The firm was dissolved in '50, and H. retired a rich man. See mention 
 of H. in various minor matters, he being a member of the council, and admin, 
 of the Leidesdorff estate, v. 240, 321, 359, 539, 648-52, 678; cl. for the S. 
 Mateo rancko. v. 660. After a visit to the east in '53 his health failed, and 
 he died in '56, at the age of about 37. Howard was a large man, of fine per 
 sonal appearance; jovial, generous, and humorous; fond of practical jokes, 
 late suppers, and private theatricals; but always attentive to business. He 
 had no political ambitions, but was fond of helping his friends into office. 
 Among all the pioneer traders of S.F. there was probably no better man, nor 
 more deservedly popular. A street in the city bears his name. His 1st wife 
 died in '49, leaving one child, who died; and his 2d wife, Agnes Poett, mar 
 ried in '49, survived him, marrying his brother George, and later a man named 
 Bowie. A son by the 2d wife was still living in '80. 
 
 Howe (Elisha W.), 1848, nat of R. I., who came by sea and went to the 
 mines; in S. Luis Ob. '50-83; married Gabriela Estudillo, and had 6 children. 
 IT. (Franklin), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). H. (Eenry), 1848, 
 in Sonoma, as he stated later. Howell, 1848, from Honolulu. H. (Chas), 
 1848, mining at Rose Bar. H. (Isaac), 1846, nat. of N.Y., and overl. im- 
 mig., settling in Napa Co. with his family. In '69 he moved to S. Luis Ob., 
 where he died in '78, at the age of 80; known as Father Howell; left a widow 
 and 7 children, one or more of whom came with him in '46. A son is ment. at 
 N. Helv. in '48; the widow died in '83, also aged 80; two of the sons were 
 John and Joseph. H. (John), 1846, Cal. Bat. (v. 358); at Sonoma and N. 
 Helv. '47-8; perhaps son of Isaac. H. (T.C.D.), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. 
 (v. 469); in '82 a farmer at Clifton. Id. H. (Wm), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. 
 (v. 469). Howes (Horan), 1847. Soc. Cal. Pion. roll. Howland (Henry S.), 
 1837, mr of the Com. Rodgers '37-8. iv. 103. H. (Wm), 1848, sailor on /. 
 Walton. 
 
 Hoxie, 1847, mr of the S. Boston, v. 550. Hoyer (Cornelius), 1842, mr 
 of the Fama '42-3, and perhaps '41; at Hon. '36. iv. 141, 565; passp. from 
 Hon. '48. Hoyt (Aug. A.), 1846, Fauntleroy's dragoons (v. 232, 247); Co. 
 F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). H. (C.), 1847, at Mont. '47-8. H. (Daniel C.), 1847, 
 Co. K, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). H. (Henry P.), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 
 469); d. on the return journey. H. (R.C.M.), 1846, leased land and house 
 at Mont.; Taber & H., hotel-keepers at Mont. '47-8; at S. Jose" '50. 
 
 Hubbard, 1845, apparently one of Fremont's men; v. 453, 583, 587; at N. 
 Helv. Feb. '46; in F.'s exped. of '48, when he died. H. (Charles), 1834, Ger 
 man and naturalized Mex.; mr of the Peor es Nada '34-5, and of the Soledad 
 '43. iii. 383, 412; iv. 568. H. (Geo. C.), 1847, lieut Co. K, N.Y.Vol. v. 
 504; a printer; mem b. of legisl. '49; d. in 111. before '60. H. (JohnE.), 
 1848, nat. of Chile, who came with his parents to S.F. at the age of 6; liquor- 
 dealer at Vallejo'79. Solano Co. Hist. H. (T. W.), 1845, nat. of N.Y.; 
 came at age of 5; messenger in assembly '55. H. ( W. H.), 1847, rented a 
 house at Sonoma. Hubbell (Ezekiel), 1801, mr of the Enterprise, ii. 2. 
 Huber (Henry), 1841, overl. immig. of the Bartleson party, iv. 270, 275, 279; 
 grantee of Honcut rancho '45, for which he was an unsuccessful claimant in 
 '53. iv. 671; rnent. at Sutter's Fort '46; owner of lots at S.F. '47-8. v. 676. I 
 think he is the man who for 15 years or more, down to '85, has kept a well- 
 known liquor-store at S.F. Hubert (Nicholas), 1844, deserter from the 
 Warren. Huchas (Heinrich), 1847, musician N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Huddart (John M.), 1847, lieut Co. F, N.Y.Vol. v. 504; d. at the Sandw. 
 Isl. before '60. Hudgekison (David), 1847, contract to haul lumber at N. 
 Helv. Dec. Hudson (A. J.), 1845, at S. Luis Ob. '68-83. 8. Luis Ob. Co. 
 Jfist., 388. H. (Benj.), 1847, Co. K, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). H. (David), 1845, 
 nat. of Mo., b. '20, overl. immig. of the Grigsby-Ide party, iv. 578, 587, with 
 his brother, Win, and sister, Mrs York; settled in Napa Val., where but for 
 his service with the Bears, v. 110, later in the Cal. Bat. (v. 356), and a brief 
 mining experience in the mines '48 he lived till 73. Then he moved to a 
 farm in Coyote Val., Lake Co., where he lived in '81 with wife Francis 
 
790 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Griffith, married in '47 and 6 children, Rodney J. b. '50, Lavonia, Elbeit, 
 Ella, Ada, Bertha (died), and Robert L. Prob. still alive in '85. In '72, at 
 Calistoga, he wrote his Autobiography for me. Portrait in Lake Co. Hist., 188. 
 Six of his brothers and sisters came to Cal., sooner or later. H. (Edward), 
 181-7, owner of S.F. lot. v. 682; still in S.F. '52, a carpenter. H. (Hiram), 
 
 1847, laborer and watchman at Mont. H. ( James T.), 1845, a trader at B. 
 Pedro. H. (John T.), 1805-6, mr of the Tamana. ii. 24. H. (Martin), 
 
 1848, nat. of Va, brother of David, and overl. immig. with wife and 5 
 children; settled in Guilicos Val., Son. Co., '48-9 and lived there until his 
 death in '71, at the age of 64. His widow, Elizabeth McAlroy, and 7 children 
 were living in '80. The sons who came in '48, and were still living in '80, were 
 Michael E, John W., David A., and Matthew T. H. (Thos), 1844, said to 
 have come to Sta Clara Val. iv. 453; at Mont. '45; in '46-7 of Co. B, Cal. 
 Bat. (v. 358), serving also a courier in Oct. '46; at Mont. '47-8. H. (T. F.), 
 1843, settler in Sonoma Co.; at Sta Rosa '77. H. (Wilford), 1847, Co. A, 
 Morm. Bat. (v. 469); at Sutter's Fort in '48 when gold was discovered. H. 
 (Wm), 1845, brother of David, overl. immig. of the Grigsby-Ide party, 
 apparently with a family, iv. 579, 587; at Sta Rosa from '46, in which year 
 his daughter Mary, later Mrs McCormick, was born. His wife is credited 
 with having furnished some material for the famous Bear flag. v. 148. He 
 died in '66, leaving a large family. H. (Wm L.), 1841, com. of the U.S. 
 Peacock ia. U.S. ex. ex. iv. 241. 
 
 Hudspeth (Benj. M. or N.), 1846, lieut, and later capt., Co. A, Cal. Bat. v. 
 361. I lind nothing more about him. ' H. (James M. ), 1843, nat. of Ala, who 
 crossed the plains to Or. in '42, and came to Cal. in the Hastings party, iv. 
 390, 400. He worked for Stephen Smith at Bodega for a while, iv. 396; and 
 subsequently visited various parts of Cal., working as a lumberman at Sauza - 
 lito, and hunting in the Sac. Val.; served, perhaps, as a 2d lieut of Gantt's 
 comp. during the Micheltorena war of '44-5; and in the spring of '46 went 
 east to the Salt Lake region with Hastings and Clyman to aid in diverting 
 immig. and prospective filibusters from Or. to Cal. v. 526, 529. He re 
 turned in the autumn, v. 530, and served as lieut of Co. F, Cal. Bat., in '46-7. 
 v. 361, 435. After the war he bought land in Sonoma, and worked with 
 O'Farrell as surveyor at Benicia where he owned a lot, v. 672, as also at 8. 
 F. f v. 679 Napa, and other places; in the mines '49-50; later a farmer in 
 Sonoma Co.; memb. of legislature '52-5; and still living in '85. at the age of 
 63. His wife, from '54, was Matilda Fuller, and he had no children. Portrait 
 in Son. Co. Hist., 1GO. 
 
 Huefner (Win), 1847, Co. C, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); ment. at Sonoma, where 
 he took part in theatrical performances, and at N. Helv.; resid. of S. F. and 
 for a long time marshal of the pioneer society to '82; but I think died before 
 '85. Huerstel (Laurent), 1844 (?), in S.F. '81, said to have arrived in '44. 
 Soc. Cal. Pion. roll. iv. 453. Huet, 1845, Amer. farmer from Or. in McM.- 
 Clyman party, who prob. went back in '46. iv. 572, 526; perhaps 'Hewitt.' 
 Huff (Columbus), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518); in Napa '48. 
 
 Hugel (Fred. ), 1837, German who had been in Cal. 5 years when applying 
 for a pass in '42. iv. 118; at Sutter's Fort '46; in '47 bought land of Rufus in 
 Son. Co.; perhaps ' Hegel,' q.v. Hugenin (Dan. C.), 1846, mid. on the U. 
 S. Portsmouth; lost on the Warren's launch, iv. 587; v. 384. Hughes (H. 
 M.), 1839 (?), in Sonoma Co. '74-7. H. (John), 1847, Co. D, N. Y. Vol. (v. 
 499). H. (Wm), 1845, one of Fremont's men. iv. 583; Cal. claim '46-7 (v. 
 462). He was a nephew of Cyrus Alexander, and also in the exped. of '48. 
 H. (Wm), 1847, Co. F, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). H. (Wm O.), 1836, on Larkin's 
 books '36-7; perhaps 'Hewes.' Huguee, 1845, mr of the Mcdicis. iv. 567. 
 Huie (Geo. W.), 1847, physician said to have come with Lieut Thompson of 
 the U.S.N.; joined by his family '49 at S. F.; at Petaluma '53-68, and later 
 at S.F., where he died in '77. 
 
 Hulett (Sylvester), 1847, lieut Co. D, Morm. Bat. v. 477; in '82 at Manti, 
 Utah. Hull, 1844, mr of the Georgia, iv. 566. H. (Isaac), 1848, passp. 
 from Hon. H. (Joseph), 1848, nat. of Ohio, who came to Or. in '45, and to 
 
HULL HUTCHINSON. 791 
 
 Cal. on the discov. of gold; joined by his family '49; from '50 on a Sac. farm, 
 where he still lived in '80 with wife and 4 children. H. (Joseph B.), 1843, 
 com. of the U.S. Warren '43-7; in com. at S.F. '46-7, succeeding Mont 
 gomery, iv. 569; v. 284, 289, 380, 434, 539, 581, 649, 659. 
 
 Humphrey, 1840, at Mont.; Larkin urged to use his influence to start him 
 for home. H. (Benj. F.), 1847, Co. E, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). H. (Geo. L.), 
 1847, Co. H, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at Coulterville '74. H. (Isaac), 1848, nat. 
 of Ga, at Sutter's Fort when gold was discovered; having been a miner in Ga, 
 he hastened to the mill, made a rocker, and thus became the pioneer in a new 
 industry. Ment. in If. Helv. Diary in April. Died at Victoria in '67. H. 
 (Wm), 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at Coulterville 71-4; perhaps con 
 founded with Geo. L. H. (W.), 1848, passp. from Hon. Humphries, 1840, 
 mr of the Columbia '40-1. iv. 102-3, 564. H. (Stephen), 1848, in S.F. list. 
 
 Hunnewell (James), 1830, a well-known Boston trader in business at Hon. 
 for some years. The only evidence I have that he ever came to Cal. is a letter 
 of Oct. '30, in which he hopes to visit the country 'again;' but in '33 he was 
 in Mass, and intended to stay there. He died in '69. He may have visited 
 Cal. before '20. Hunsacker (Abraham), 1847, Co. D, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); 
 later sergt; in '82 a bishop at Brigham City, Utah. H. (Daniel), 1847, 
 overl. iminig. from Mo. with his family; ment. at N. Helv. in Aug. with news 
 of approaching immigration, v. 556. Settled at Benicia, and later in Contra 
 Costa, where he was treasurer of the county. Of his sons who came in '47, 
 Harrison K. was at one time deputy sheriff of Contra Costa; James C. was 
 sheriff, and lost on the Brother Jonathan; and Nicholas, also sheriff, was a 
 miner at Park's Bar in '48, and a resid. of S. Diego '74. 
 
 Hunt, 1813, agent of Astor's fur company, on the Pedler. ii. 271. H. 
 (Gilbert), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). H. (Jefferson), 1847, capt. Co. 
 A, Morm. Bat., and also preacher, v. 477-80, 488, 493; had a project for 
 raising a new battalion, v. 496. He was accomp. by his wife and 4 sons, 
 Hiram, John, Joseph, and Martial; and three daughters, Jane, Harriet, and 
 Mary; but it is doubtful if all the family came to Cal. In later years Capt. 
 H. came back to Cal. and represented S. Bernardino in the legisl. of '55. 
 H. (Martial), 1847, son of Capt. H., Co. A, Morm. Bat.; in '81 at Snowflake, 
 Ariz. H. (Timothy Dwight), 1841, protestant clergyman who came from 
 Honolulu in Nov., and was employed for a time as city chaplain. In '55 he 
 was in Cal. as the agent of the Amer. Home Miss. Soc. v. 657. 
 
 Hunter (Barry), 1846, doubtful name in a Los Ang. list. H. (Benj. F.), 
 
 1846, lieut on the U. S. Portsmouth; at N.Helv. June. v. 102; acting capt. of 
 Co. C, Stockton's bat. '46-7. v. 385. H. (Edward), 1847, Co. B, Morm. 
 Bat. (v. 469); in '82 a bishop in Utah. H. (Jesse D.), 1847, nat. of Ky, and 
 capt. Co. B, Morm. Bat. v. 477; in com. of S. Diego garrison, v. 488, 617. 
 Ind. agent for southern Cal. at S. Luis Rey from Aug. v. 492, 568, 621-2. 
 His wife died at S.D. in '47. v. 490. He remained in Cal., went to the mines 
 in '48, but returned to the south to act again as Ind. agent. He died at Los 
 Aug. in '77, at the age of 73, leaving 7 grown children with families. H. 
 (Win), 1847, musician of Morm. Bat., Co. B. (v. 469). Huntington (Dimick 
 B.), 1847, Co. D, Morm. Bat. (v. 499); at Salt Lake City '55. Huntley 
 (Ezra), 1847, Co. K, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). Huntsman (Isaiah), 1847, Co. B, 
 Morm. Bat. (v. 469); in Utah '81. 
 
 Huppertz (Gerard), 1834, succeeded Sill & Co. as baker at Sta B. Hurst, 
 
 1847, at N. Helv. from S.F., Oct. Hurtado (Joaquin), 1791, piloto in Malas- 
 pina'sexped. i. 490. Huse (Sam. E.), 1846, gunner on the U.S. Congress, and 
 in com. of a gun in Stockton's campaign of '46-7; in Amador Co. from '51 ; 
 died at Yount in '79. Hutcheon (Walter), 1847, Co. E, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); 
 d. Brooklyn, N. Y., '80. Hutcheson, 1848, sentenced to corporal punishment 
 by court-martial. Hutchins, 1846, mr of the whaler Columbus. Hutchin- 
 son (G.N.), 1846, in the U.S.N.; drowned in '78 at Vallejo, where he was mr 
 of the navy-yard yacht Freda, and had lived for 20 years. 
 
 Hutchinson (Jacob A.), 1846, overl. immig. with family, who in '49 set 
 tled on the Cosuinnes River, and soon started on a prospecting tour, from 
 
702 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 which he never returned. H. (Jacob A., Jr), 1847, son of the preceding; 
 living on the Cosumnes with family in '80; perhaps date of arrival should be 
 '46, or that of his father '47. The H. brothers are named as having bought 
 label's claim in S. Joaq. '48. H. (Joseph), 1846, Fauntleroy's dragoons (v. 
 232, 247). H. (Wm A.), 1848, advertised for a lost rifle at S.F. Hiitt- 
 mann (Francis), 1847, mr and sup. of the Matilda, Primavera, and Callao in 
 '47-8; made advances of money to Fremont, about which there was much 
 trouble later, v. 441, 465-6, 576. Hutton (James D.), 1847, surveyor of 
 pueblo lands at S. Jose 1 ; appointed official surveyor of the southern dept, but 
 the appointment was withdrawn on account of charges in connection with his 
 S. Jos6 work. v. 665. Huxley (J. Mead), 1847, Co. A, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); 
 at S.F. '54; officer in the war of '61-5; died before '82. 
 
 Hyatt (Elisha), 1846, one of the Mormon col. with wife and son. v. 546; 
 excommunicated at S. F.; and in Oct. at Mont., making tubs, etc. Hyde 
 (Geo.), 1846, nat. of Penn., who came on the U.S. Congress as Com. Stockton's 
 sec. For a time, in Aug., he was alcalde at S. Jose\ v. 294-5, 662; then came 
 to S.F., where he was 2d alcalde with Bartlett, and 1st alcalde from June '47 
 to March '48, having much trouble in his administration of the office, as fully 
 explained in v. 648-52, 680. There seems to have been but slight foundation 
 for the many and bitter charges against him. He was a lawyer, of good abil 
 ities and character. He was somewhat prominent in city politics in '49 and 
 the few years following; and has resided in S. F. ever since to '85, being in 
 the real 'estate business. In '78 he gave me a valuable statement of Historical 
 Facts, including not only his own controversies, but many other points of in 
 terest connected with early S.F. annals. Hyde (Wm), 1847, sergt Co. B, 
 Morm. Bat. , being also an elder and preacher, and a capt. of 50 on the return, 
 v. 477, 488, 490-1, 493. 
 
 To BE CONTINUED AT THE END OF VOL. IV. 
 
PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 1542-1848. 
 
 CONTINUED ALPHABETICALLY FROM 'VOLUME III. 
 
 Ibanez (Florencio), 1801, Span, friar who served at S. Antonio and Sole- 
 dad, dying in '18. Biog. ii. 385-6; ment. 152, 159, 205, 230, 394, 427. I. 
 (Dona Maria), mentioned at S. Diego '21 and '46. ii. 546; v. 329. I. (Se 
 bastian), Mex. at Mont. '48. 
 
 Ibarra (Agustin), at Los Ang. '46. I. (Andr6s), at Los Ang. '19. ii. 357; 
 took part in revol. of '31. iii. 201; juez de campo at S. Diego '36. iii. 615-16; 
 kept a dram-shop '41. iv. 619; grantee of Encinitos '42. iv. 620. I. (An 
 tonio), at Los Ang. '19, taking part in revol. of '31. ii. 357; iii. 201; at Sta 
 Gertrudis rancho '39, age 37. I. (Calixto), at Los Ang. '46. I. (Desi- 
 derio), settler at Los. Ang. '14, and regidor in '26-8. ii. 349, 560; still there 
 in '48. I. (Francisco), sirviente at Sta Clara 1776. i. 306. I. (Francisco 
 Gonzalez de), 1820, Span, friar who served at S. Fernando and S. Luis Rey, 
 dying in '42. Biog. iv. 622-3; ment. ii. 357, 394, 436, 569-70, 580; iii. 20-1, 
 96, 205, 353, 62J-4, 641, 646-7. I. (Gabriel), at Los Coyotes rancho, Los 
 Aug. '39, age 35. I. (Geronimo), at Los Ang. '46, wounded at the Chino 
 fight, v. 314. 
 
 Ibarra (Gil), sindico of Los Ang. '31. iii. 634. He was born at S. Diego in 
 1784. In '36-7 he was alcalde of Los Ang., and was prominent as a partisan of 
 the south against Alvarado's govt in '37-8, being more than once arrested by the 
 nortenos. iii, 485, 509, 518, 548, 555, 558, 565-6, 636; grantee of Rincon de la 
 Brea in '41. iv. 635; and still at Los Ang. '48. I. (Isidro), said to have 
 been the man who killed Avila in the battle of '31. iii. 208; at S. Luis Ob. 
 from '33. iii. 682. I. (Jose" M.), at Los Ang. '46. 
 
 Ibarra (Juan Maria), 1819, Mex. lieut of the escuadron de Mazatlan. ii. 254; 
 stationed at S. Diego '21-30, taking part in Ind. exped. and other affairs, ii. 
 534-6, 543, 549, 67o; iii. 88, 109; in '30-1 memb. of the junta to try P. Mar 
 tinez, fiscal in the trial of Atanasio, and defender of Alcalde Duarte. iii. 99, 
 190, 195. In '32 he was a prominent supporter of Zamorano, being sent south 
 in command of the northern forces, iii. 222-7; and in '33-6 was comandante 
 at Sta B. iii. 650-1; but was unwilling to submit to the new govt, and left 
 Cal. in '36. He is described as a rough, coarse man of very dark complexion, 
 but energetic and brave. He had a wife in Sinaloa. I. (Leonardo, Luis, and 
 Pedro), at Los Ang. '46. I. (Rafael), at S. Juan Cap. '46, age 48. I. (Ra 
 mon L.), juez de campo at Los Ang. '40, '42-4. iii. 637; iv. 632-3; still at Los 
 Ang. '46-8. I. (Severiano), at Los Ang. '39-48. Ibera (Nicolas), 1779, 
 chaplain of the Santiago, i. 328. Idahl (Christopher), 1847, Co. F, 3d U. S. 
 artLl. (v. 518). 
 
 Ide (Wm Brown), 1845, nat. of Mass, of pilgrim ancestry, b. in 1786, 
 who worked as a carpenter in Vt and N. H. to '33, and in '34-44 as carpenter, 
 farmer, and sometimes teacher, in Ohio and 111. In '45 he came overland in 
 the Grigsby-Ide party with his wife (Susan G. Haskell, married in '20), 4 sons, 
 and a daughter, iv. 578-81, 587. He encamped for the winter on Thomes' 
 rancho, and in the spring of '46 moved into a cabin on Belden's rancho, Te- 
 hama Co., owned by Ide later. In June '46 he joined the Bear party, being 
 apparently one of the few settlers who acted in good faith and was induced 
 to believe the false reports that the Americans were in danger. After the oc 
 cupation of Sonora and the departure of Capt. Grigsby, Ide was chosen com 
 mandant of the Bears, and held that position until the reorganization of the 
 
 (G88) 
 
IDE INGERSOLL. 689 
 
 forces under Frdmont in July, just before the cause was merged in that of the 
 U. S. For his acts in this capacity, including much that throws light on the 
 peculiar character of the man, see v. 78-100, 104, 110, 115-19, 145-69, 175, 
 179-84, 231; or, better still, all the chapters relating to the Bear movement. 
 Ide soon came to regard himself as leader in a grand revolutionary movement, 
 as the conqueror of Cal. ; his men regarded him simply as temporary com 
 mandant at Sonora, chosen to that position for his zeal in the cause and some 
 educational advantages, and they were willing to indulge him in harmless 
 eccentricities, paying but slight attention to his grandiloquent proclamations, 
 or to his peculiar views of himself and the republic he thought he had 
 founded. The assumption of the command by Fre"rnont was regarded by Ide 
 as a grievous wrong to himself; but his views and writings on this subject re 
 specting which his idiosyncrasy came very near to insanity are fully presented 
 elsewhere. After the change he served as a private in the Cal. Bat. during 
 the first expedition to the south, but returned to Sonoma in Sept. v. 298; and 
 to the Sac. Valley in Nov. In April '47 he was at Sonoma, taking part in a 
 public meeting in behalf of Alcalde Nash. v. 609; on June 7th he was ap 
 pointed by Gov. Mason surveyor for the northern department; on the 17th he 
 married a couple at Cache Cr. ; in July was referee in a slander case at So 
 noma; and in '48 was at Mont. In '48-9 he had some experience in the mines, 
 but the home of his family in these and later years was on the rancho Bar 
 ranca Colorada, bought of Belden, near Red Bluff, claimed by him in '52. iv. 
 670; and confirmed to his heirs in ';>5. In '51-2 he seems to have held pretty 
 nearly all the county offices in Colusa at the same time, the highest being 
 that of county judge, and the seat of his govt being at Monroe's rancho, 
 where he died in Dec. '52. He retained to the end his fondness for long re 
 ports and for political theorizing, but with all his eccentricity he was always a 
 most worthy and honest man, and had somewhat remarkable tact and exec 
 utive ability in several directions. The Biographic Sketch published in '80 by 
 his brother is noticed in v. 188-9. It is stated by several writers, including 
 Belden and Baldridge, that Ide was a Mormon, but I have found no positive 
 evidence on the subject. Mrs I. died a few years before her husband. Infor 
 mation about the children is meagre. The oldest son, James M., lived long 
 in Colusa and Tehama counties, then went to Utah, where he died in '78. 
 Win H. worked for Sutter a while in '45, then went south to the Sta Cruz 
 region, and is said to have been held a prisoner by Castro for a while in '46. 
 Daniel and Lemuel, small children in '45, lived with the family in Tehama, 
 and 1 think one of them still survived in '85. The daughter, Sarah E., be 
 came Mrs Healy, and lived at Sta Cruz in '80, when she contributed her 
 recollections of the overland trip, with other material, for the Bioy. Sketch. 
 There were 4 other children, but of the 9 only 2 survived in '80. 
 
 Idirbe (Basilic), 1834, mr of the Urup. iii. 384. Igadera (Jose"), 1798, 
 convict settler, i. 606. Iglesias (Jos6 M.), 1825, Span, from the Aquikft; 
 named in list sent to Mex. '28, and passport ordered in '30. iii. 51-2; in '32 
 joined the comp. extranjera at Mont. iii. 221. Hire (Geo.), 1847, Co. B, 
 N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). Iliasovich (Livovich), 1831-3, mr of the Baikal, doubtful 
 name. iii. 381. Illyn, 1806, pilot with Rezanof from Sitka. ii. 70. Illig, 
 see 'Ellick.' Imman, 1848, at N.Helv. Imparan (Jos6), 1779, com. of the 
 1st galleon that touched at Mont. i. 330. 
 
 Imus (Chas), 1846, nat. of N.Y. who came overland from 111., being capt. 
 of a party, and accompanied by his nephew, Chas A. Imus. v. 529. Both are 
 said to have served in the Cal. Bat. (v. 358); and later were stock-raisers OD 
 the S. Joaquin. Their parents came to Cal. in '50. The capt. died at Sta 
 Cruz in '56, and the nephew was perhaps still living in '77. Inciarte (Juan), 
 1791 , piloto in Malaspina's exped. i. 490. Indart, 1845, mr of a vessel. Iii- 
 estrumo, 1826, mr of the Argosy, iii. 146. Ingals (Dav.), 1845, doubtful 
 name of an overl. immig. iv. 578. Ingalls (Rufus), 1848, nat. of Me, lieut 
 1st U.S. dragoons, came on the Huntress to act as asst Q.M. ; in N.Y. '81 at 
 a pioneer reunion. Ingersoll (Chester), 1847, overl. iminig. from 111., who 
 bought land at Napa in Dec. In '48 he is said to have sent instructions east 
 HIST. CAL., VOL. IV. 44 
 
690 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 to sell his property, purchase 500 bbls of dried apples, and distribute the bal 
 ance among relatives, as he had made a fortune in Cal. Ho died in S.F. '49, 
 leaving a family. Initia (C.), doubtful name of grantee of Olompali '43. iv. 
 672. Inwood"(Geo. ), 1846, Co. B, Cal. Bat. ( v. 358). Inigo (Lope), grantee 
 of Posolomi and Pozito, Sta Clara, '44. iv. 672. Inigues (Juan), 1796, sergt 
 Catalan volunteers, i. 540. Iquina, 1793, Nootka Ind. baptized at Mont. 
 i. 498. 
 
 Ira, or Irea (Cyrus), 1 846, one of the Mormon colony, v. 546; left the church, 
 and was living in the eastern states '84. Irante (Antonio), at Los Ang. '46. 
 Irish, 1846, said to have been in the Pt Reyes region. Irvin (John), 1840, 
 one of the exiles to S. Bias. iv. 18. Irwin (Edward), 1847, sergt Co. A, N. 
 Y.Vol. v. 503; in the mines '48-50; then after a year or two in Nicaragua 
 a resident of Sierra Co., where he was sheriff '55-9; lived 3 years in Napa 
 and went to Nev. in '63, serving as sheriff and U.S. marshal in Nye and 
 White Pine counties. In '70 he returned to Cal. and settled in Lake Co., 
 where he still lived at Middleton in '83. I. (Wm), 184-7, doubtful memb. of 
 N. Y.Vol. (v. 499); at S.F. '74. Irwood (Henry), 1848, at Benicia. Yuba 
 Co, Jfi*t. 
 
 Isbel (James C.), 1846, physician from Ohio, overl. iminig. accomp. by his 
 wife. v. 529; settled in S. Joaquin '47, where he is mentioned in connection 
 with various mining operations in '48. His wife, Olive M., taught the 1st 
 English school in Sta Clara possibly in Cal. in the spring of '47, while the 
 immig. families were gathered there awaiting the close of the war. Both the 
 doctor and his wife were living in Ventura Co. as late as '79, the former dis 
 abled and the latter still a teacher. The name is also written Isbell and 
 Isabell. Isidore, Ind. said to have been killed at Olompali '46. v. l(J6. Isi- 
 dro, Ind. mentioned at Soledad '26. ii. 623. Islas (Santiago), Mex. alfdrez 
 commanding guard at the Colorado pueblos 1780-1; killed by Ind. i. 359-03. 
 
 Iturrate (Domingo Santiago), 1800, Span, friar, who served at S. Juan B. 
 until his departure from Cal. in 1S09. Biog. ii. 154; ment. i. 577; ii. 100, 
 159-60. Iven (Alfred), 1847. Co. D, N. Y.Vol. (v. 499); died at Acapulco 
 '49. Ives, 1845, at N. Helv. with family; prob. error for 'Ide.' Ivie 
 (Thomas C.), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); farmer at Scipo, Utah, '82. 
 Ivy (Richard A.), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); farmer in Utah '81. 
 
 Jackson, 1845, at N.Helv., prob. an overl. immig. iv. 578, 587; said to 
 have come to Napa with N. Coombs in '45, and to be living at Oakland '78. 
 J. (Mrs), 1846, Mormon woman on the Brooklyn (v. 544), wife of Col J. 
 Tulidge. J. (A.), 1848, steward on the Elizabeth; later in the City Hotel at 
 Mont. J. (B), 1848, from Hon. on the Sagadahoc. J. (Dav. E.), 1831, of 
 
 D, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); ree'nl. J. (James), 1845, passport from Los Ang. to 
 Sonora. J. (James M.), 1846, coxswain of Dale's launch, disch. at S.F. '49; 
 later mr of a vessel, and in the war of '61-5 ensign on the Comanche; at S.F. 
 '84. Lancey. J. (Joseph), 1827, Irish shoemaker in Mont. dist. '29, age 27. 
 iii. 176. J. (Joseph), 1848, passp. from Hon. J. (Sam.), 1847, asst surg. 
 on the U.S. Independence. J. (Wm), 1848, in S.F. list of letters. 
 
 Jacob (Richard Taylor), 1846, Kentuckian who accomp. Bryant on the 
 overland trip, and was capt. of Co. H, Cal. Bati in the campaign of '46-7, 
 returning east probably by way of Panama, with Lieut Emory, and being in 
 Wash, at the time of Fremont's court-martial, v. 359, 361, 454, 528. He later 
 married a daughter of Thos H. Benton; was col of the 9th Ky cavalry in the 
 war of '61-5; and became lieut-gov. of Ky. Jacobs (Sanford), 1847, Co. D, 
 Morm. Bat. (v. 469); employed by Brannan as mail-carrier in '48. Jacobson 
 (Andr6s), 1848, at S.F. from Valparaiso. 
 
 James, 1846, boy on the Savannah, said to be at Oakland in '76. Alta. 
 Jaime {Antonio), 1795, Span, friar who served chiefly at Soledad, and died 
 at Sta B. in '29. Biog. ii. 576-8; nient. i. 500, 576, 686; ii. 152, 159, 385, 394, 
 
JAIME-JENNISON. GDI 
 
 491, 530, 622, 655; iii. 96-7. Jalapa (Fran.), soldier of S.F. comp. '39-42; 
 at Sonoma '44, age 25. J., 1848, one of the Weber's prospectors, for whom 
 Jamestown \vas named. J. (Antonio), 1847, lumberman in S.F. disc. J. 
 (Noah), 1846, memb. of the Donner party from III., believed to be still living 
 in '80. v. 530,534. J. (Zacarias), 1832, debtor of Purisima mission. Jameson 
 (F. A.), 1848, passp. from Hon. Jamieson (Geo. Wm), 1847, Co. E, N.Y. 
 Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Jan (Barnaby), 1798, Boston sailor at S. Diego, i. 545, 654. Janes (Alden 
 \V.), 1847, Co. D, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); at Kenton, Ohio, '83; present at a 
 review of survivors in N.Y. '84. Janion (R. C.), 1847, Engl. trader who 
 came from Hon. on the Laura Ann; member of the S.F. firm of Starkey, J., 
 & Co. in '47-9, making several trips to the islands; died in England some 
 years later. Jansen (Cornelio), see 'Johnson.' 
 
 Janssens (Victor Eugene Auguste), 1834, Belgian who came from Mex. in 
 the H. & P. colony at the age of 17. iii. 263, 412. After the colony v,*as 
 broken xip he worked at the Corralitos rancho with the Coronel family in 
 '35-G. Later, in '36, he kept a shop at Mont, with Ayala, but on the down 
 fall of Gov. Gutierrez he wished to return to Mex., where his mother still lived, 
 and failing in this he went south, and in '37-8 took part in many of the Aha- 
 jefios' operations against Alvarado, besides serving against the Ind. on the S. 
 Diego frontier, iii. 504, 516-20, 558. Later he had an orchard and worked as 
 a distiller at Los Ang. ; and in '40-2 he lived at S. Juan Cap., acting as ma- 
 jordoaioand juez. iii. 627-8; iv. 624-7; naturalized in '41, and in '42 married 
 Maria Antonia, daughter of Vicente Pico. Subsequently he was agent for 
 Aguirro and partner of Lataillade at Sta B., obtaining the rancho of Lomas 
 do la Purficacion in '44. iv. 642; and perhaps elected alcalde for '45, but not 
 serving, iv. 491, 672. In '46 he was justice of the peace at Sta Lie's, and 
 under the Flores govt was mil. com. of that region, v. 320, 635. He was again 
 juez in '48-9, and lived on his rancho, confirmed to him by the courts, till 
 about '5i>, going to the mines in '48 for a time, but later residing at Sta B., 
 where at various times in '61-8 he served as county assessor, postmaster, 
 trustee, and deputy collector and sheriff. In '78, residing at Sta B., he dic 
 tated to me his Vida y Adventuras, an excellent narrative of colony affairs 
 and of later Cal. events; and also permitted me to copy his col. of Doc. Hist-. 
 Cat., containing several important records. He was an intelligent man of 
 good repute, a widower with two sons and a daughter. I think he is still 
 living in '85. Janston, 1846, mid. U. S. N. at Mont, with Baldwin in com. 
 of guard. Lanccy. Jantzen (Fred.), 1847, Co. G, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); liv- 
 at S. F. '74-83. Jaramillo (Juan Jose), at S. Bern. '46, age 30. Jarvis 
 (James J.), 1847, at S. Diego and Mont. '47-8, representing Everett of Hon. 
 Jatinil, Ind. chief on the S. Diego frontier, a faithful ally of the whites. 
 
 Jauffrey (Agustin), maj. at S. Juan Cap. '41. Jaume (Luis). 1771, Span, 
 friar, who served as missionary at S. Diego until killed by the Ind. on Nov. 
 5, 1775. i. 173, 176, 195, 229/250-2, 255, 455, 654, 657; ii. 106-7. Javier 
 (Fran.), Ind. chief on the Colorado 1781. i. 361. Jaw, or Jay, at N. Helv. 
 '47-8; doubtful name of a N. Y. vol. Jaynith (Ed.), 1847, doubtful name 
 of a Benicia settler. 
 
 Jefferson (Geo.), 1843-4, at S. F. in trouble about debts, etc.; prob. a 
 sailor. Jeffray (Wm), 1848, memb. of Soc. Cal. Pioneers; in S. F. '81-3. 
 Jcggc (Jacob), 1846, Co. C, 1st U. S. dragoons (v. 336). Jelvero (Fran.), 
 1825, Span, who came on the Aquilcs; at Sta B. '36, age 36, with wife and 5 
 children. Jcna(N.), 1840, mr of the Angelina, iv. 101. Jankins, named 
 by the Los Ang. vigilantes in '36 as having been killed, perhaps some years 
 earlier, iii. 419. J., 1848, of J. & Hardy, at Mont. (?) J. (A. and H.), 
 1848, passp. from Hon. J. (Jackson W.), 1846, overl. immig. apparently 
 with Aram. J. (John W.) 1846, Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358); perhaps same as 
 preceding. J. (Wm K.), 1847, Co. D, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). Jenks (Chas 
 N.), 1845, Amer., at Mont. Jennings, 1848, in the mines, from Or., later 
 asst Q. M. Gen.; in real estate business at Sac., but returned to Or. J. 
 (John), 1815, mr of the Columbia, ii. 273-4. Jennison (Dan.), 1823, at Sta 
 B. ii. 495. 
 
692 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Jesse (Archer C., or Archibald C.), 1846, overl. immig. who settled in 
 Napa Val., served as lieut of Co. E, Cal. Bat. v. 3G1, 529; and had a Cal. claim 
 of $13.50 (v. 402). I have no later information about him. Jesus (Felipe 
 de), at Soledad '26. ii. 623. J. (Jose), Ind. chief of S. Joaq., aiding the 
 whites '43-S. v. 360, 662. J. (Jose" Ant.), Mex. convict, set free in '33. 
 J. (oerafin), grantee of lot at S. Gabriel '43. iv. 637. Jeupas, 1847, mr of 
 the KfoneAna. v. 579. Jewell (Ben.), 1848, in Son. Co.; prob. 'Dewell,' 
 q. v. Jcwett (Enoch P.), 1847, from Hon. on the Eveline: owner of S. F. 
 Ijt. v. 685. J. (Geo.), 1836, Amer. who landed from a whaler at Sta B., 
 age 21. J. (Thomas), 1836, Amer. cooper, age 28, who came with Geo., and 
 was perhaps his brother, iv. 118; hi Larkin's employ at Mont. '40. Jim 
 ('Kanaka,' or ' Yankee '), in charge of Hock for Sutter '46. 
 
 Jimenez, 1791-1800, chaplain on one of the S. Bias transports. J. (An 
 tonio LL), Mex. priest at S. Gabriel and curate of Los Ang. from '44. iv. 422, 
 634, 637. He died at S. Gabriel in '53. Jimeno (Antonio), 1827, Mex. friar 
 of the S. Fernando college, who served as missionary or curate at Sta Cruz 
 in '27-3, at S. Buen. '40-3, and at Sta B. '29-40 and '44-56, being chosen su- 
 picnte president in '30. ii. 576, 625, 655; iii. 87, 433-4, 656, 658; iv. 45, 421-2, 
 
 420, 643-5. Padre Antonio is remembered as stout and dark in person, ami 
 able in disposition, kind to his neophytes, but strict in all religious matters. 
 Ho left Cal. in '56 or a little later, and in 71 was still living in the city of 
 Mex., blind and indigent, probably the last survivor of the Fernandinos. J. 
 (Jose" Joaquin), 1827, or perhaps '28, Mex. friar of S. Fernando college, 
 brother of Antonio, whose missionary service was at S. Luis Rey in '27-30, 
 Sta Cruz '30-3, Sta Inc"s '33-50, S. Gabriel '50-3, and StaB. '54-6. From '38 
 ho was president of the Fernandinos, being vicar in '38-9, and prefect after 
 Duran's death in '46. In '44 he was the founder of the Sta Ine~s seminary, of 
 which he was the rector to '50. In '54 he founded the missionary college of Do 
 lores at Sta B., of which he was president to his death in '56, at the age of 
 52. ii. 553, 618-19, 625, 655; iii. 309, 319, 433-4, 661, 693-4; iv. 63-4,^372, 
 
 421, 425-6, 549, 645; v. 620, 635. A good account of his life is given by P. 
 Gonzalez in his burial record. Savage, Doc., ii. 144-6. Padre Joaquin re 
 sembled Antonio in most respects, being somewhat shorter in stature and less 
 affable or more reserved in manner, being a very zealous missionary, though 
 sometimes in trouble with his ecclesiastical superiors. 
 
 Jimeno Casarin (Manuel), 1828, nat. of Mex., and brother of the friars 
 Jimeno, sub. comisario and contador in the Mont, custom-house in '28-30. 
 ii. 607; iii. 46, 65, 69, 86, 136. In '32 he was sindico of the Mout. ayunt. ; 
 in '34 alcalde, and grantee of Salsipuedes; in '35 member of the diputacion 
 and comisionado for the secularization of S. Luis Ob. iii. 291, 354, 673, 678, 
 682. In '37 he was again vocal, and in '39-42 \vas Alvarado's sec. of state, 
 besides being 1st vocal and often acting gov. during Alvarado's illness, and 
 grantee of Sta Rosa, Sta B. Co. in '39. iii. 506, 585, 590, 593-9, 604; iv. 133, 
 137, 193, 282, 294-5. Under Micheltorena he continued to serve as sec. iii 
 '43-5, being the grantee of Sta Paula in '43, and the Jimeno rancho, Colusa 
 Co., in '44. iv. 357, 360, 403, 409, 643, 671. In the troubles of '45-7 Don 
 Manuel seems to have taken no active part, but in these and later years gave 
 his whole attention to private business, being also in bad health. He does not 
 appear as claimant for any of the ranchos granted to him. He went to Mex. 
 early in '53, and died there in Dec. of that year. Jimeno was a man of good 
 character and abilities; a faithful official, well fitted for his position as govt 
 secretary; devoted to Mexico, but not bitter in his prejudices against for 
 eigners; small and lean in physique; vivacious and witty in conversation. 
 His wife, married about '32, was Dona Angustias de la Guerra, who later 
 married Dr Ord, and is still living in '85. There were 11 children, only 2 or 
 3 of whom survive. Two of the sons Antonio and Porfirio were sent east 
 with Lieut Sherman in '50 to be educated, and Porf.rio was a capt. of Cal. 
 volunteers in the war of '61-5. Jimkins (Henry), 1848, lumberman and 
 farmer at Sta Cruz to '61, later a soldier and miner in Nev. Jimrnerson 
 (Chas), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). Joaquin (Emilio), Ind. grantee 
 of S. Gabriel land '43. iv. 637. 
 
JOHN-JOHNSON. 693 
 
 John, 1836, cook from Coromandel, age 40, at Mont. John, 1836, Amer. 
 at Salinas, age 18. John (James), 1841, overl. immig. of the Baroicauii 
 party; went soon to Or. iv. 234, '210, 272, 275. Johns (Juan C.), 1833, at 
 Sonoma. Johnson, 1834, doubtful name of an Engl. sailor at Gomez' 
 rancho. J., 1840, blacksmith arrested at Los Ang., but escaped. J., 1843, 
 doubtful mention as an overl. immig. ; perhaps of Chiles-Walker party, iv. 
 392. J., 1846, midshipman arrested by Capt. Montgomery. J., 1847, 
 carpenter at Mont. J., 1847, fined at S. Diego for stabbing, v. 618. J., 
 1848, overl. immig. with Lawton. 
 
 Johnson (Archibald), 1832, testified in '68 that he had lived in Cal. since 
 '32. iii. 408. J. (A. B.), 1837. trader on the coast; also called Benjamin. 
 J. (A. M.), 1846, mid. on the U.S. Warren. J. (Chas), 1840, doubtful men 
 tion. J. (Chas F.), 1847, Co. K, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); owner of S.F. lot. 
 J. (Chas B.), 184b, memb. of Pion. Soc., at Los Ang. '54. Annuls. J. 
 (Chas H.), 1848, nat. of Md; S.F. trader in '48-9, of firm Findley, J., & Co.; 
 in '01 represented S. Luis Ob. in the legislature. J. (Chas R. ), 1846, auc 
 tioneer in S.F. '4S, who at Los Ang. '76 testified that he was in Cal. '46. There 
 is prob. some confusion between this man and the 2 preceding^ J. (Corne 
 lius Adru), 1826, German soldier from Mex. iii. 176; at work on HartnelFs 
 rancho '3b', age 60; in '40 worked for Leese at S.F. His name was perhaps 
 Jansen. 
 
 Johnson (David W.), 1846, farrier Co. K, C, 1st U.S. dragoons; killed at 
 S. Pascual. v. 346. J. (Ed.), 1845, nat. of Md, sailor on tlie U.S. Erie 
 '45-8. iv. 587; came back to Cal. '49-50, and again in '54; lived at S. Jose* 
 '58-81 and later. ,V. /. Pion. J. (Francis), 1840, sup. of the D. Quixote 
 and Maryland '40-1. iv. 103, 120, 567. He was a Mass, man who had been 
 clerk for Peirce & Brewer at Hon., and later in business for himself. He died 
 in Mass, abt '48. J. (Francis), 1845, at Los Ang., pleading exemption from 
 mil. service; went to Hon. on the Portsmouth; perhaps the son of Don Santi 
 ago. J. (Fred.), 1847, Co. G, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). J. (Geo. A.), 1848, nat. 
 of N.Y., who in the legislature of '63 represented S. Diego Co., age 37. J. 
 (Henry), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). J. (Ira), 1847, Co. I, N.Y. Vol. 
 (v. 409); smuggler at S. Diego and builder at Mont. '48. J. (Isaac C.), 1847, 
 Co. E, N.Y. Vol. (v. 469); at Astoria, Or., '82. 
 
 Johnson (James), 1833, Engl. trader, 8 years at Guaymas, engaged also in 
 pearl-fishing, who came to Cal. both by land and on the Facio, making sev 
 eral trips to Sonora and back in '33-4. iii. 382, 409. He represented some 
 kind of a Sonora company and bought the right of Manuel Gutierrez in the S. 
 Pedro rancho, with large quantities of live-stock; but presently became finan 
 cially embarrassed. He was accused of complicity in the Apalategui revolt 
 of '35, and is mentioned occasionally in Los Ang. annals of '36-40. iii. 285, 
 519; iv. 14, 117. Grantee of S. Jacinto and S. Gregorio, S. Diego Co., in '43. 
 iv. 621, 563. Don Santiago was a large stout man of variable temperament. 
 He died in '47. His widow, Carmen Guirado, sister of Eafael G. and Mrs 
 Manuel Hequena, still survived in '78, as does a son Francis in '85, he being 
 mentioned at Hartnell's school in '36, and as the owner of Los Ang. lands in 
 '48. There was another son named Santiago. The 3 daughters, Anita, Ade 
 laide, and Margarita, married respectively Henry and Francis Mellus and 
 James H. Lander. J. (James), 1836, Amer., age 32, who worked for Spear 
 at Mont. J. (John), 1845, at Mont. J. (John Michael), 1821, Scotchman 
 baptized at S. Buen. ii. 444. J. (John W.), 1846, Fauntleroy's dragoons 
 (v. 232. 247). J. (Joseph), 1845, deserter from the Hopewdl at S. Diego; in 
 '47 sentenced to 2 months of public works and $50 fine for stabbing Garcia at 
 Sta Isabel. 
 
 Johnson (Robert E.), 1841. in U.S. ex. ex. iv. 241. J. (Sampson W.), 
 1S46, "V irginian and overl. immig., perhaps via Or., who served in Co. E, Cal. 
 Bat. (v. 3J8); in the mines '48-9; at S. Jose" '50-4, serving as constable; 
 farmer in S. Joaq. '54-9; keeper of a stable at Pacheco and Martinez '00-80. 
 He married Annie McClellan in '50. J. (Sam.), of Morm. col., see 'Ladd. 1 
 J. (Win), 1832, memb. of the comp. extranjera at Mont. iii. 221. 
 
694 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Johnson (Wm), 1840, nat. of Boston and mate of the Alciope, engaged In 
 trade at S.F. and getting a pass, in June '41 ; also grantee of town lot in '44. iv. 
 669; v. 679. From '42 he owned a lighter in company with Leese; asking in 
 '44 for a license for his boat, he called himself an Irishman and naturalized Mex. 
 (There are indications that in '40-1 there were 2 of the name at S.F., one of 
 whom came as pilot on the Trinidad. ) In '45 he bought the Gutierrez ran- 
 cho on Bear River, where he lived from that time, being often named in the 
 N.lldv.. Diary as making trips up and down the river. His ranch was on the 
 immig. route and is mentioned by all parties from '45. v. 23, 452, 484. In 
 June '47 he married Mary Murphy, who in Nov. was advertised as having left 
 him and later became Mrs Covillaud. In '52 he was the claimant for his ran- 
 clio. iv. 671; and a little later (or earlier, as would appear but for the land 
 claim) he either died or went to the Sandwich Islands. J. (Wm), 1842, 
 surg. U.S.N. at Mont. Maxwell. J. (Wm), 1847, sergt Co. C, N.Y. Vol. v. 
 504; owner of S.F. lot. J. (Wm S.), 1847, Co. D, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); later 
 a prominent citizen of Monterey Co., holding several county offices; claimant 
 for El Pleito. iv. 655; cashier of the Salinas City bank '82. He is also said 
 to have lived in '48-9 and '75 at Stockton. 
 
 Johnston (Abraham R.), 1846, capt Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons, who came 
 with Kearny from N. Mex., and was killed at S. Pascual. v. 336, 343-4; 
 author of a published Journal of the march. J. (Wm J.), 1847, Co. C, 
 Morm. Bat. (v. 469); in Sutter's employ in '47-8, and at the Coloma mill 
 v/hen gold was discovered. Johnstone (A.), 1847, at S.F. from Hon. on the 
 Currency Lass; went back on the Columbia. J. (Charles), 1834, Dane in 
 the Mont, dist '347. iii. 412. Larkiu's Accts. Jonas, 1840, doubtful name 
 in Farnham's list of arrested foreigners. 
 
 Jones, 1841, com. of H. B. M. S. Ouragoa. iv. 38, 564. J., 1841, mr of 
 the Llama, iv. 567. J., 1846, orderly sergt Cal. Bat. Lancey. J., 1846, 
 sailor of the Savannah; in the mines '48. J., 1847, mr of the Confedera- 
 cion. v. 577. 
 
 Jones (A. F.), 1846, came to S. Josd with wife and 3 children. Hall; per 
 haps the J. ment. in the mines from S. Jos6 '48. J. (Albert G.), 1844, Amer. 
 who got naturalization papers, iv. 453. J. (C.), 1848, passp. from Hon. 
 J. (Carlos), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). J. (Chas B.), 1847, in 
 S.F. list of letters. J. (David H.), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). J. 
 (E.), 1846, purser's clerk on the Warren; at Mont. '48. 
 
 Jones (Elbert P.), 1846, Kentuckian lawyer and overl. immig. who prac 
 tised law in S.F., was the 1st editor of the Star in '47, kept the Portsmouth 
 House, was member and sec. of the town council, took an active part in polit 
 ical wrangles, became the owner of many city lots, and I think gave his 
 name to Jones St. v. 645, 648-53, 657-8, 676, 678, 680, 685. He married 
 Sarah Kittleman of the Mormon colony in '47, and lived in S.F. till after '50, 
 dying at Charleston S.C. in '52. Jones was a man of much talent and versa 
 tility, not in all respects of model character. J. (Eli), 1847, at Hon. from 
 S.F. on the Currency Lass. J. (H. L.), 1847, blacksmith in Sutter's employ 
 '47-8; had a family. J. (Harold), 1846, sailor on the U.S. Dale. 
 
 Jones (Mrs Isabella), 1846, one of the Mormon col. v. 546; owner of a S.F. 
 lot '47; never went to Utah. J. (James H.), 1842, Amer. farmer naturalized 
 in '44 claiming 2 years' residence, being then a resident of N.Helv., where he 
 still lived apparently in '45-7. iv. 341. J. (John), 1837, trader at S.F. J. 
 (John), 1846, at S. Jose. Hall. J. (John), 1847, Co. G, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); 
 d. before '53, when his widow, Sarah who came with him in '47 married D. 
 McC. Murray. She lived at Healdsburg, where she died in 79. 
 
 Jones (John Coffin, Jr), 1830, Boston man and long a merchant at Honolulu, 
 where he was also U.S. consul. He had large transactions with Cal. which he 
 visited nearly every year in '30-\8, as mr or sup. of his own vessels, the Vol 
 unteer, Louisa, Harriet Blanchard, Avon. Bolivar, Griffon, and Itasselas, finally 
 marrying Monuela, daughter of Carlos Carrillo. iii. 85, 145, 180, 381, 383-4, 
 4G1; iv. 101, 104-5, 117, 141. After settling his affairs at the Islands and 
 making a visit east, he came back on the Julia Ann from Panama in '41 and 
 
JONES-JOYNES. 695 
 
 settled at Sta B. , though still making visits to Hon. I have many of his 
 original business letters, and others on current events in the south which have 
 much historical value, iv. 291, 333, 523, 563, 560, 640. Early in '46 he sailed 
 with his family on the Admittance for Boston, where he died a few years 
 later. His widow was claimant for Sta liosa Isl. iv. 643; which Jones with 
 A. B. Thompson had stocked with cattle and sheep; also for La Calera. She 
 is still living in '85, having married, I think, a man named Kittle. J. (John 
 M.), 1846, nat. of Ky and prob. overl. iminig.; at S.F. and S. Jos6 '48-50; 
 memb. of constit. convention '49. 
 
 Jones (Nathaniel), 1846, nat. of Tenn. ; overl. immig. with wife and son 
 from Mo. Leaving his family at Chiles' rancho in Napa Val., he served in 
 tiie Sanchez, or Sta Clara, campaign, and then settled in Contra Costa, where 
 he still lived in : 82 with wife and 5 children. Portrait in Contra C. Co. Hist. y 
 264. He served as sheriff, public administrator, and county supervisor. His 
 daughter, Martha A., born in '47, married John Slitz. The son who came with 
 him, at the age of 2 years, was Eobinson M., a newspaper man, farmer, 
 teacher, county surveyor, and warehouseman, living at Martinez in '82 with 
 wife, Nettie Ken wick, and 3 children. J. (Nathaniel V.), 1847, sergt Co. 
 D, Morm. Bat.; in Kearny's return escort, v. 453, 477, 492. J. (Owen), 
 1S41, at S.F. J. (Peter), 1834-5, Frenchman at Mont. J. (Robert), 1836, 
 named in Mont, accounts. J. (Sam. E.), 1846, son of Zacarias; resident of 
 Mont. Co. '59-70. J. (T.), 1848, passp. from Hon. J. (Thomas), 1840, 
 one of the S. Bias exiles, arrested at Los Ang. iv. 14, 18. J. (Thomas), 
 1841, Amer. immig. of Bartleson party, iv. 270, 272, 275, 279; in '45 signed 
 tho S. Jose call to foreigners, iv. 599; in '46 applied for land at S. Jose\ J. 
 (T. H. or M.), 1848, at N. Helv. May. 
 
 Jones (Thoa Ap Catesby), 1842, commodore U.S.N., in com. of the Pac. 
 squadron, taking possession of Mont. See iv. 39, 208-323, 569, 631 , 636, 640, 
 6;52, GG5; v. 579. He was again in com. of the squadron in '48-9. J. (Thomas 
 Jeremiah), 1821, Engl. sawyer, baptized at S. Juan B. in '23, and naturalized 
 in '41, at which time he had a native wife. Jeremiah J., often meiit. in records 
 of '39-40, and perhaps one of the arrested foreigners, may have been the same 
 man. ii. 444, 496; iv. 17. 
 
 Jones (Walter), 1846, at S. Jose". Hall. J. (Wm), 1838, doubtful name 
 of an Amer. captured by Mex. pirates and forced to work as a slave in the 
 mines; at Mont, with wife and 2 children in '44, ace. to Geo. Keed, in S.F. 
 Calif., May 22, '47. iv. 119. J. (Wm), 1843, immig. from Or. in the Has 
 tings party, iv. 390; nothing more known of him unless he is the J. who left 
 N. Helv. for Or. in '46. v. 526. J. (Wm). 1847, Co. C, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); 
 at Sonoma '71-4. J. (W.D.) T 1847, in U.S.N. '47-54, spending the rest of 
 his life at Vallejo, where he died in '76. J. (Wm Owen), 1816, pilot of the 
 Lydia. ii. 275. J. (Zachariah), 1846, overl. immig. who settled at S. Jose" 
 with wife and 5 children, Margaret, Keuben, Sam. E., and Clark. He kept a 
 hotel in '47, built a saw-mill at Los Gatos '48, and was still living in '60. One 
 of his daughters married Josiah Belden in '49. Jongh (Wm F.D.), 1846, in 
 com. of a gun in Mars ton's Sta Clara campaign. Jonvera (Louis), 1829, 
 Frenchman, age 28, at S. Jose" April. 
 
 Jordan (J.), 1841, carpenter on the U.S. St Loui. J. (Jackson), 1848, 
 owner of S.F. lot; perhaps the same. J. (Louis), 1842, trader at Los Ang. 
 '42-6, being regidor in '45-6. iv. 341, 633-4; v. 625. J. (Mariano), 1846, at 
 Los Ang. J. (Philip), 1847, Co. F, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Jourdain (Etienne), 
 
 1847, at Los Ang.; Fr. consular agent at S.F. '48. v. 614-15. Joy (Man 
 uel), 1846, Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358); Cal. claim of $20 (v. 462). J. (Wm), 
 
 1848, clerk for C. L. Koss at S.F. ; still in S.F. '54. Joyce (John), 1846, one 
 of the Mormon col., with wife, Caroline, and 2 daughters, Augusta and Helen 
 F. v. 546. He was a carpenter who got a town lot in '47. v. 686; went to the 
 mines in '48; was still at S.F. in '50; and in '64 lived at Centreville, Alameda 
 Co., age 42. Possibly there was another Mrs J. and fain., who went to Utah 
 and died before '84. J. (Thos), 1848, passp. from Hon. Joynes (J.), 1845, 
 sailmaker 011 the U.S. Warren. 
 
696 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Juan (Luis), 1840, reward offered for the discov. of his murderers at 8. 
 Diego. Juan (Ricardo), 1845, Frenchman at Branci forte, age 28, wife Maria 
 Cota, child Jesus. Juan Bautista, 1836, Greek fisherman at Mont. Juan 
 de Dios, executed at Mont. '45. Juan Evangelista, neophyte taken to 
 Mex. by P. Serra. i. 321. Juarez (Andr6s), soldier of Mont. comp. '30, age 
 19; juez of valley ranchos '46. v. 637. 
 
 Juarez (Cayetauo), nat. of Cal.; soldier of S. F. comp. '28-31, corp. '32- 
 
 built an adobe house and spent tho rest of his life, being alcalde at Sonoma 
 in '45, and grantee of Yukaya (Ukiah) in the same year. iv. 674, 678. In '48 
 he somewhat distinguished himself by his plans to rescue the Bear prisoners. 
 v. 120; and by a famous swim of some 9 miles to escape capture. In '75 he 
 gave me some rambling Noias. He died at Napa in '83, at the age of about 75. 
 Portrait in Napa Co. Hist. J. (Francisco), at Branciforte '28-30. ii. 627; 
 sindico '36. iii. 697; his wife was Dolores Cota; children in '28, Mateo and 
 Antonio. J. (Francisco), at S. Jos6 '41, age 35, wife Andrea Pinto, child. 
 Narciso b. '29. Juan '31, Maria '32, Jesus '34, Paula '36, Juan de Dios '38, 
 Natividad '40. J. (Joaquin), at Brancif. '30-45, age 60 in '45, wife Pascuala 
 Lorenzana, child. Luis b. '17, Solano '33. ii. 627. J. (Jose), soldier of S.F. 
 comp. '37-9. J. (Jos6 C.), at Brancif. '45, age 26, wife Fernanda Figueroa. 
 child Jos<. J. (Jose Manuel), at Brancif. '28; at S. Isidro ; 36; at S. Jos6 
 '4!, age 39, wife Pascuala Figueroa, children Benjamin b. '29, Gertrudis '30, 
 Andrea, '35, Jost* M., Jr, '36. J. (JosS Maria), at Brancif. '30. ii. 627. J. 
 (Marcos), soldier at Mont. '34. iii. 673; at Sonoma '44, age 45. J. (Mateo), 
 at La Brea, Mont., '36, age 23, wife Tomasa Galindo, child Trinidad. J. 
 (Vicente), at S. Jose" '33-41, age 23 in '41; also a soldier in S.F. comp. '37. 
 
 Judd (Hiram), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). Judd (Zadock K.), 
 1847, ditto; in Utah '82. Judson (Henry), 1847, Co. D, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); 
 died Mokelumne Hill '49. Julian, 1845, at N. Helv. iv. 578, 587. He was 
 a French Canadian who settled on a rancho in the upper Sac. Val., and is 
 said by Bidwell to have joined Gillespie and Fremont, and to have been killed 
 by the Ind. in May '48. Julio, neophyte alcalde killed in '13 near Mission 
 S. Jose\ ii. 324-5. Julio C6sar, ex-neophyte of S. Luis Rey, living in '78 
 with a son and 3 grandchidren at Tres Pinos, S. Benito Co., where he gave 
 me an interesting narrative of old-time Cosas de Indlos. Juncosa (Domingo), 
 1771, Span, friar, nat. of Cataluiia, who came on the S. Antonio. He was one 
 of the first missionaries of S. Luis Ob., though not present al the founding, 
 and he served there until 1774, when he retired to his college. Very little ap 
 pears in the records about this padre; mention in i. 173, 176, 178, 188-9, 196. 
 
 Kaan, 1848, at N. Helv. Kal (C.), 1846, doubtful name at Los Ang. 
 Kalohe, 1848, passp. from Hon., with wife. Kamp (Harold), 1847, Co. C, 
 N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); at Sonoma '71-82. Kampt, 1846, blacksmith at N. 
 Helv., had a fight with Day lor. Kane (Elias K.), 1848, lieut of dragoons 
 in Graham's battalion from Mex. v. 522; capt. and asst Q. M. at Mont. '50. 
 K. (Peter), 1847, Co. I, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); died before '82. K. (Win S.), 
 1847, at S. Pedro. Kapawa, 1848, passp. from Hon. Kappis (Geo.), 1847, 
 Co. C, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). Karr (Win), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). 
 Katt (Win), 1798, Boston sailor at S. Diego, i. 545, 654. Kaufman (Julius), 
 1837, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Kay (James), 1838, at Mont. Kays (John 
 C.), 1846, at Los Ang.; at Sta B. from '48 to '85; his wife was Josefa Burke. 
 See 'Keyes.' 
 
 Keapnell (Fred.), 1847, Co, D, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). Kearney, 1843, com. 
 of the U.S. Constellation, iv. 564. K. (James), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. 
 (v. 518). K. (John), 1846, Co. F, Cal. Bat., enlisting at S. Juan Oct. (v. 
 358). Kearny (Stephen W.), 1846, nat. of N.J.; lieut of 13th U.S. in 
 fantry from 1812; col 1st dragoons '36-46, stationed much-of the time at Ft 
 Leavenworth. In '46, being put in com. of the exped. to N. Mex., he 
 
KEARNY KELSEY. 697 
 
 was made brigadier-gsn. and sent across the continent to occupy Cal. His 
 march to Cal., defeat at S. Pascual, and final mil. operations of '47 with 
 Stockton are recorded in v. 107, 328, 334-56, 385-99, 473, 483. For his con 
 troversies with Stockton and Fremont, his rule as mil. gov. from March 1 
 to May 31, '47, his return east overland, and his prosecution of Fremont, 
 see v. 411-02, 489-90, 543, 564, 645, 460-2. The affair at S. Pascual must be 
 regarded as an inexcusable blunder on Kearny's part, but otherwise his course 
 in Cal. was consistent and dignified in the midst of difficult circumstances, and 
 his military record throughout his whole career was an honorable one, the 
 violent tirades of Benton and other partisans of Stockton and Fremont being 
 for the most part without foundation in justice. He died in '48. His name is 
 borne by one of San Francisco's principal streets. His wife was a step-daughter 
 of Clarke, of Lewis and Clarke exploring fame. 
 
 Keeney (Jonathan), 1848, miner from Or., where he still lived in '82. 
 Keeny, 1845, of Grigs by-Ide party, iv. 579; prob. 'Kinuey,' q. v. Kefier 
 (J. L.), 1847, commander's clerk on the U.S. Columbus. Kehoe (Joseph H.), 
 1847, Co. D, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. at Mont. '48. Keith (Win), 1833, Amer. 
 physician who had lived some years in Souora. He came to Cal. prob. with 
 Santiago Johnson and John Forster. iii. 409; and lived at Los Ang. for 3 
 years as surgeon and trader, going back to Hermosillo in '36. He returned to 
 Cal. in '48, went to the mines, and died at or near Stockton soon after '49. 
 The Sonorense of Oct. 6, '48, contains a very flattering notice of his services 
 in Sonora. Kekuacaca, 1848, passp. from Hon. 
 
 Kell (John M.), 1843, mid. U.S.N., who took part in Marston's Sta Clara 
 campaign of '46-7. v. 380. K. (Thomas), 184G, nat. of Engl. and overl. 
 immig. from Mo. In the mines '48-9, and later a resident of S. Jose" or vicin 
 ity, till his death in 78 at the age of 84. He left 4 or more sons and 2 daugh 
 ters, the latter being the wives of C. Colombet and T. Carrol. Kellett, 1837, 
 lieut in com. of H. B. M. S. Starling of Belcher's exped. '37, '39. iv. 106, 
 142-6; capt. of the Herald in '46. v. 578. 
 
 Kelley, 1846, at N. Helv. K. (Geo.), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). 
 K. (Hall J.), 1834, Amer. enthusiast on the subject of Pacific coast coloniza 
 tion, who visited Cal. en route to Or. ; writer of books, pamphlets, and letters 
 on his favorite subject. See iii. 409-11; iv. 129, 147; also Hist. Or. K. 
 (Henry), 1831, Amer. sailor on the Leonor. iii. 405; at Sta B. '36, age 46 and 
 single. K. (James), 1840, in Farnham's list of arrested foreigners, iv. 17. 
 K. (John H.), 1842, sailor in Suiter's employ at Ross; at S. Jose" '44; at N. 
 Helv. '45. iv. 578, 587; prob. one of the Bears in '46. v. 110; in Co. E, Cal. 
 Bat. (v. 358); in the mines '48-50; last seen by Bid well '51. K. (Nicholas), 
 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). K. (Win), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. 
 (v. 469); in Sutter's employ '47-8 as boat-builder and lumberman. K. 
 (Win), 1826, mrofthe Washington, iii. 149. See also 'Kelly.' 
 
 Kelliher (Jeremiah), 1846, 'Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v" 336). Kellogg 
 (Benjamin F.), 1846, Co. E, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). The K. family seem to have 
 been overl. immig. of this year, but I -am unable to distinguish between the 
 members. K. (Frank), 1846, resid. of Napa Co. to '68 and later. K. (F. 
 E.), 1846, overl. immig. from 111. with a family; Napa Co. official '50, '56; 
 perhaps same as Frank. K. (Fred.), 1845, mid. on U.S. Warren. K. (H.), 
 184S, named in Mont, accounts. K. (Irwiu), 1846, near St Helena '69; 
 father-in-law of Wm Nash. 
 
 Kelly, 1816, mr of the Atala. ii. 282. K., 1824, mr of the Haivctii. ii. 
 519. K. (James), 1847, musician Co. I, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). K. (John), 
 1847, Co. K, ditto; at N. Helv.; owner of S.F. lot. K. (Philip), 1847, 
 Co. I, ditto; died in Calaveras '60. K. (Thomas). 1839, pilot of a Peruv. 
 brig at S.F. K. (Wm H.), 1847, mr of the American whaler Georgian; 
 died '72. 
 
 Kelsey (Andrew), 1841, overl. immig. of the Bartleson party, iv. 270. 275, 
 279; went to Or. in '43 with his brothers, but returned in '44 with the party 
 bearing his name. iv. 390, 444-5. He prob. served under Capt. Gantt in the 
 Micheltorena campaign of '44-5. iv. 486; and took part in the Bear revolt. 
 
698 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 v. 110; perhaps joining the Cal. Bat., though I find no definite record of his 
 name. In '47 he and his brother with others bought live-stock of Salvador 
 Vallejo and obtained the privilege of grazing their cattle near Clear Lake. 
 Andrew and a man named Stone went to live at the place where Kelseyville 
 so named for him now stands, thus becoming the 1st settlers of Lake Co. 
 The natives were numerous, and under oppression became hostile; K. and S. 
 were men who scorned to use conciliatory methods with ' Injuns and such 
 varmint;' and they were both killed, as they well deserved to be, in '49; but 
 soon a force was sent to butcher hundreds of the Ind. in vengeance. 
 
 Kelsey (Benj.), 1841, brother of Andrew, and one of the Bartleson party, 
 accomp. by his wife, Nancy A., the 1st woman who came to Cal. by the direct 
 overland route, iv. 270, 272, 275, 279. What has been said of Andrew above 
 may be applied to Benj., except what relates to the former's death, iv. 390, 
 444-5; v. 110, 148. The brothers called Napa Val. their home from '45, and 
 though they worked sometimes at N.Helv. they preferred the adventurous 
 life of hunters. They were rough men, often in trouble with the authorities. 
 Though one of the owners, Benj. did not live at the Clear Lake establishment, 
 but his treatment of Ind. carried practically as slaves to the mines did much 
 to provoke the killing of his brother. The family lived in Or. again '51-5, 
 later in Texas, and at various points of southern Cal. in '60-78 or later. There 
 were 2 children in '45, and the scalping of a daughter on the way to Texas is 
 mentioned. Ellen K., said to have been born at N.Helv. Aug. 2, '45, may 
 have been his daughter. 
 
 Kelsey (David), 1844, brother (or possibly father) of Andrew and Benj. ; 
 came to Or. in '43, and to Cal. in the Kelsey party of '44 with his wife, 3 
 daughters, and perhaps a son. iv. 444-5. He settled at French Camp, but died 
 at Stockton in '45 of small-pox, from the effects of which disease Mrs K. be 
 came blind, v. 674. Of the son nothing appears. A married daughter, Mrs 
 Rebecca Fowler, left her husband and was married by Sutter, in Dec. '45, to 
 Grove Cook. Josephine married Dr C. Grattan, and died at Stockton in '71. 
 America married Geo F. Wyman in '46; and a 4th daughter became the wife 
 of Willard Buzzell. K. (Samuel), 1844, brother of Andrew and Benj., and 
 member of the Kelsey party from Or., having started with Hastings in '43, 
 but turned back on meeting his brothers, iv. 269, 444-5, 453. I have his autog. 
 letter of Sept. 7, '44, at Sonoma, on troubles in which the brothers were in 
 volved in connection with the Bale affair. He was prominent in the Bear 
 revolt and a signer of the original proclamation of June 14th, in my possession. 
 v. 95, 104, 110, 153; also one of the Cal. claimants (v. 462). Nothing appears 
 about his family or what became of him. K. (Wm) 1847, boat-builder at 
 N.Helv. 
 
 Kemble (Edward C.), 1846, printer who came with the Mormon colony, 
 though possibly not a member of the church, v. 546. He served in Co. G, Cal. 
 Bat. (v. 358); and from April '47 was editor of the S. F. Star, succeeding 
 Jones, v. 657-9. His connection with the Star and its successors, the Star and 
 Calif ornian and Alia California, as editor or proprietor continued to '55, 
 though he was also the founder of the Sac. Placer Times and its editor in 
 April-June '49. He was sec. of the S.F. council in '48, and somewhat promi 
 nent in local matters, vi. 649, 656; being regarded as a young man of good 
 abilities and character. After '55 he went east, and in the war of '61-5 was 
 connected with the army as paymaster, subsequently spending some years 
 from '67 on the Pacific coast as inspector of Ind. affairs; and being later con 
 nected with the Associated Press in N.Y., where he still lives in '85, a card 
 from him on 'Early journalism in S.F.' appearing in the Bulletin of Feb. 
 Kempsey (Bartholomew ), 1848, died in '61. Herald. Kempst (Geo. W.), 
 1847, Co. I, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Keinsey (Thomas), 1846, Co. F, Cal. Bat. 
 (v. 358). 
 
 Ken (John M.), 1845, mid. on the U.S. Savannah. Kendall (Alva), 
 1847, Co. K, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Kendrick (John), 1789, mr of the Colum 
 bia, the 1st Amer. vessel to visit the N. W. coast, sighting the Cal. coast on 
 the way north. He visited Mont, in com. of the Aranzaza in 1794, and ir* 
 
KENDRICK KEYSER. 699 
 
 *99 was perhaps sup. of the Eliza, i. 445, 523-4, 545. Kennedy (Andy), 1 848, 
 said to have come to Cal. with Col Davis. K. (Edm. P.), 1836, com. of the 
 U.S. Peacock, iv. 104-5, 140-1. K. (Edw. P.), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 
 499). K. (James), 1831, Irishman who in '35 got a lot at Mont., and in '36 
 was a clerk for Watson, age 46, and single, iii. 405. Naturalized in '41, 
 when he lived at S. Jose", and claimed 10 years of residence in Cal.; at Sta 
 Cruz, '42-3. K. (Joseph), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons; fatally wounded 
 at S. Pascual. v. 346, 345. K. (Wm A.), 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 Kennersly (A. J.), 1847, Co. E, ditto. Kenney (Chas), 1847, watchman at 
 Mont. '47-8. K. (Wm S.), 1847, inspector of hides at S. Pedro; called 
 Guillermo S. Kene. Keno (T.), 1846, one of the Donner relief party (?); 
 had a claim on the Cosumnes; at Stockton in '80. Sac. Co. Hist. Kentz- 
 burg (Adolphus), 1847, Co. C, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Kenway (Geo. S.), 1847, 
 from Hon. on the Gen. Kearny, and went back on the Toulon. 
 
 Kerby (John), 1844, sailor on the schr California. Kern (Edward M.), 
 1845, artist of Fremont's exped., and author of a published Journal. From 
 the outbreak of the Bear Revolt he commanded the garrison at N. Helvetia, 
 ranking as lieut in the Cal. Bat. He started east with Stockton in '47, but 
 was left behind ill, and sailed from S. F. in Oct. on the Com. Shubrick; owner 
 of a S. F. lot; Kern river and county are named for him. iv. 583, 585; v. 3, 
 6, 123, 244, 298-9, 359-60, 450, 453-4, 538, 675. Kerphy, 1847, mr of the 
 Maria Helena. Kerr (Thomas), 1847, owner of S. F. lot. 
 
 Keseberg (Louis), 1846, Prussian, member of the Donner party, with wife 
 Philipine, and children Louis and Ada. Both the children perished, the 
 parents surviving, v. 531, 534, 541, 544. K. was the last of the party to be 
 rescued; was forced to subsist on human flesh longer than his companions, 
 among whom he had been unpopular from the first, and by some of whom 
 but chiefly by Capt. Fallon and his disappointed treasure-seekers of the last 
 relief party he was charged with robbery and murder. On this man have 
 been concentrated in the public mind all the horror and loathing arising from 
 the events of that terrible winter; he has been pictured as a fiend exulting 
 in his cannibalism. It is fair to state that the charges rest on no tangible 
 evidence, and that K. is entitled to be regarded as an unfortunate victim. 
 His narrative as given by McGlashan bears every mark of truth, while the 
 statements of his accusers are clearly tainted with exaggeration and false 
 hood. A portrait is given by McG., p. 220. Keseberg worked for Sutter as 
 supercargo of his launch in '47, and later for Vallejo at Sonoma; went to the 
 mines in 48-9; kept a boarding-house and hotel at Sac. ; and was later a 
 brewer at Calistoga and Sac. He made and lost several fortunes, being the 
 victim of successive reverses by fire and flood. His wife died in '77; and in 
 '80 he was living at Brighton, at the age of 66, in extreme poverty, with two 
 grown-up daughters, both idiots. Two other married daughters survived, 
 and 7 of his children had died. He was a man of intelligence, good educa 
 tion, and much business ability; and his record in Cal., except as affected by 
 suspicions growing out of the affair of '46, was a good one. In '85 1 have not 
 heard of his death. 
 
 Ketchum (Thomas E.), 1847, lieut Co. B, N.Y.Vol., leaving N.Y. with 
 recruits after the departure of the regiment, v. 503-4, 511; capt. of Cal. vol 
 unteers in the war of '61-5; and later brigadier-gen, of militia. A resident 
 of Stockton, 71-82. Kettle, 1848, at S. F. from Tahiti. Kettleman, see 
 Kittleman. Kcyes (John), 1843, Irish steward on the Soledad, who had a 
 barber-shop at Mont., but went soon to Los Ang. and Sta B., where he mar 
 ried a Miss Burke, and still lived in 70; claimant for Canada de Salsipuedes. 
 iv. 400, 642. Apparently identical with John C. 'Kays,' q. v. K. (Robert 
 C.), 1845, overl. immig. of the Grigsby-Ide party, who went to Or. early in 
 '46, but came back in '47; at Mont. '48; sheriff at S. Jose" '49. v. 526, 576, 
 579, 587. K. (Mrs), 1846, of the Donner party, but died before reaching 
 the Sierra. She had a son in Or., whom she expected to meet at Ft Hall, and 
 who was possibly Robt C. Keyser (Guy M.), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 
 469); in Utah '81. 
 
700 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Keyser (Sebastian), 1040, nat. of the Austrian Tyrol, a trapper who came 
 overland to Or. with Sutter in '38, and again joined him at N. Hclv., possibly 
 not till '41. The first definite record is a letter of introd. from Sutter to 
 Suiiol in Aug. '41. iv. 117, 120, 139. He accompanied Dr Sandels in his val- 
 
 Capt. Gantt's company, iv. 486. In '46 he was probably a Bear Flag man; 
 may have served in the Cal. Bat. (v. 358); had part of his left hand blown 
 off; and married Elizabeth Rhoads, who left him soon, but returned to make 
 him happy in '47. He was one of the 4th Donner relief party, v. 541; sold 
 his interest in the ranch o in '49; and subsequently lived on Daylor's place, 
 running a ferry on the Cosumnes for Daylor and Grimshaw, by the sinking of 
 which* craft he was drowned in '50. He left one child and 15,000 in gold- 
 dust. His widow became Mrs Pierce, and was living in Fresno Co. '72. I 
 have a letter of that year, in which she gives information about Keyser. 
 Khlebnikof (Cyril), 1820, agent of the Russ. Amer. Fur Co. at Sitka, who 
 visited Cal. in '20, '25-6, and '30-1. ii. 263, 317-19, 383, 644, 648; iii. 146, 
 213; iv. 1GO. Khorstof (Nicholas), 1806, mr of the Juno. ii. 70. 
 
 Kilbey (James), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 409), reenl. Kiddey (Wm), 
 1848 (?), Engl. liquor dealer at Sta Clara '76. Kiernan (John B.), 1847, Co. 
 E, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); d. Stockton after '60. Kiesler (Lafayette), 1847, Co. 
 C, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at Sonoma '48. Kilborn (Wm K.), 1847, mr and 
 owner of the Henry '47-8. v. 578; of the S.F. firm K., Lawton, & Co. '48-9. 
 Kilburn (Beiij.), 1846, Cal. Bat. Co. B, artill, enlisting at S. Jose' (v. 358); 
 owner of a S.F. lot '47. v. 676. K. (Ralph L.), 1842 (?), a settler of Napa 
 Val. from '44, but generally accredited to '42. iv. 341. In later years he 
 stated that he built a mill on Dr Bale's rancho in 43. I find nothing about 
 the manner of his coming. Naturalized '45, and subsequently married by Sut 
 ter; in '47-8 had an interest at Benicia, where he built houses for Larkin. v. 
 673. Alcalde at Napa '49; county treasurer '50; cl. for lands in '52. He died 
 at Rutherford in '79, age 70. His daughter married a man named Lockwood. 
 Kilcl (Adam H.), 1835, named as one of the owners of Palo Colorado rancho, 
 Mont. Kile ven (Tom), 1806, mate of the Peacock, in prison at iS. Juan Cap. 
 ii. 38; perhaps the following. 
 
 Kimball, 1806, mrof the Peacock, ii. 37-8, 109. K. (Hazen), 1848, over 
 land ?,Iormon immig. met by Bigler at the Humboldt sink in Aug.; memb. of 
 Soc. Cal. Pion., and a resident of S.F. '83. Kimsey (Alvis and Thos L. ), 1847, 
 owners of S.F. lots. Kinch, 1847, mr of the Coin. Stockton, v. 577. King 
 (Ed A.), 1847, mr of the Elizabeth and purchaser of the Primavera; mr of the 
 Hope in '48. v. 577, 580; lumber dealer and underwriters' agent at Mont. '48; 
 harbormaster '49 at S.F., where he still lived in '54. K. (Henry), 1839, clerk 
 in Sutter's employ. 
 
 King (Henry), 1845, one of Fremont's party, who served as capt. and 
 commissary of the Cal. Bat., and went east on the Com. Shubrick in Oct. '47. 
 v. 94, 360, 450, 453-4, 583. Joining Fremont's 4th exped. in '48, he was frozen 
 to death before reaching Sta FC", and probably eaten by his companion. He 
 seems to have been a brother of James King of William. K. (John H.), 
 1846, overland immig. who played poker in Eureka down to a late date ace. 
 to the papers. K. (John M.), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). K. (Man 
 uel), 1835, Portuguese on Larkin's books '35-8. iii. 413. K. (Robert), 1834, 
 Engl. lumberman, who was one of Graham's men in '36-8, and was arrested 
 in '40, but left at Sta B. sick. iii. 412; iv. 17. Naturalized in '41 and arrested 
 for stealii-g lumber at Sta Cruz in '42, but escaped from jail; perhaps the man 
 named in Larkin's Accts '45. K. (Thomas), 1848, passp. from Hon. K. 
 (Wm), 1846, came to S. Jose". Hall. K. (Wm), 1847, Co. F, N.Y.Vol. (v. 
 490). 
 
 King of William (James), 1848, nat. of Georgetown, D. C., assuming the 
 affix 'of William' at the age of 16, from his father's given name, to distinguish 
 himself from others named James King. He came to Cal. by way of Panama 
 
KING-KITTLEMAN. 701 
 
 and Valparaiso in Nov. '48, made some money in the mines, worked as clerk 
 for Reading & Co. at Sac., and in '49 opened a bank at S.F., his family from 
 the east joining him in '51. In '54-5 he was obliged to close his business, and 
 was employed by Adams & Co. until the failure of that firm. In Oct. '55 he 
 started the S.F. Evening Bulletin, and began a violent, fearless, and desperate 
 crusade against prevalent corruption in the city. Though harsh and often in 
 judicious in his methods, bitter in his prejudices, and generally disposed to 
 abuse all who did not agree with his ideas of reform, he was honest in stating 
 facts and aimed to be just in his attacks; and he was indirectly the instru 
 ment of great good to the community. He was shot in May '56 by James P. 
 Casey, a politician and newspaper man whose unsavory record he had ex 
 posed, and his murder led to the organization of the famous Vigilance 
 Committee. In my Popular Tribunals, vol. ii.. the reader will find much in 
 formation about King; and there is a sketch of his life and a portrait in the 
 Contemp. Biography. He left a widow and 6 children, some of whom still 
 live in S.F. in '85. Kingery (Sam.), 1848, nat. of Ohio; resid. of S. Luis 
 Ob. Co. '68-83. Kingsbury, 1846, doubtful mention of a major at Sutter- 
 ville. Sntter Co. Hist. ,18. K. (Elisha), 1818, on roll of Soc.Cal. Pion. Kings- 
 ley (Francis), 1846, Fauntleroy's dragoons (v. 232, 247). Kink (Robert), 
 1843, doubtful name of an Englishman at Branciforte in '45, age 36, wife 
 Estefana Juarez, child Robert, v. 43. Kinley, 1846, doubtful mention at 
 Hock Farm. 
 
 Kinlock (Geo.), 1830, Scotch carpenter and trader at Mont, with his wife, 
 Mary Anderson, also Scotch, and the 1st foreign woman who lived in Cal. As 
 their son Geo. David the 1st child of foreign parents born in Cal. was born 
 in '30, they may have arrived a year or two earlier. From '30 K.'s name ap 
 pears constantly in all kinds of Monterey records. In '36 his age was 39. He 
 died about '58. His sou Geo. D. in '48-9 was with Rose & Reynolds at Rose 
 Bar. There was a daughter Catalina, born in '33. iii. 179-80, 221, 609; iv. 17. 
 Kinnane (Patrick), 1847, Co. F. 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). Kinney (A. and S.), 
 1845, overl. immig., perhaps of the Grigsby-Ide party. A. had a family and 
 perhaps went to Or. in '46; S. was a 'hard case,' employed by Sutter during 
 the winter, and went back east in the spring, v. 526, 579. K. (James), 1847, 
 teamster in Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). Khms (Alex.), 1847, Co. C, 
 N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); d. at Sonoma Dec. '47. Kinsey, 1845, at N. Helv.: and 
 a Dan. D. Kinsey is named in one list as one of the Stevens party of '44. 
 Kintring (Chas M.), 1847, Co. E, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Kirby (Henry), 1839, Engl. steward of the Corsair, who kept a restau 
 rant at S. F. in '40; a witness against Capt. Hinckley in '40-1. iv. 119. K. 
 (James), 1844, attendant of a sick sailor at Mont.; perhaps same as John K., 
 a sailor. K. (Richard C.), 1846, Engl. tanner, who left a whaler on the 
 Or. coast in '45, and came by laud to Cal. with a party the next year. v. 526. 
 He worked at his trade for Sutter during Bear Flag'times, and later had a 
 small tannery in the North Beach region at S. F. In '47-8 he worked at Sta 
 Cruz; as miner and trader in the mines '48-9 he made a small fortune, which 
 he soon lost in a city speculation; and from '50 he was engaged in the manu 
 facture of leather at Sta Cruz, where he still lived in '79, and I think in '85. 
 Portrait in Sta Cruz Co. Hist., 16. Kirchner (Henry), 1848. partner of 
 Weber at Stockton. Tinkham. Kirk (Thomas), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. 
 (v. 469). Kirkwood (James and John), 1846, Co. B, Cal. Bat. (v. 358); 
 there was also a James, Jr, at Mont, in '47. The K.'s were overl. immig. 
 mentioned by Bryant. Kisling (John W.), 1846, Danish sailor at S. F., 
 who got a lot in '47, went to the mines in '48, and returning lived in town to 
 '59, later at S. Mateo, and died in '61, leaving a widow and 2 children. 
 
 Kittleman (John), 1846, one of the Mormon colony with a family; owner 
 of S.F. lot '47; died at Sta Cruz '52. His children, each of them obtaining a 
 S.F. lot, were George; Thomas, who married Angeline Lovett at S.F. in '47, 
 and was a constable in the same year; Sarah, who married E. P. Jones; and 
 Wm, who died in Utah '55, leaving a widow and 6 children living at Centre- 
 ville, Uiah, '85. None of John's 4 children survives in '85. v. 546, 678, 680, 
 
702 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 685. Kleinbroth (John), 1847, musician N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); owner of S.F. 
 lot. v. 678. Kleinscbrooth (John), 1847, Co. G, ditto; owner of S.F. lot; in 
 
 5 F. '52; in Germany '82. Klengel (Francis), 1847, Co. C, ditto. Klier 
 (Win), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). Klopper (Michael), 1847, Co. 
 K, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Knapp (Albert), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); at Mont. '48. K. 
 (Joel B.), 1848, came from Hon. and went to the mines. K. (M.), 1848, 
 from Hon. on the Julian. Knight, 1846, said by Lancey to have come with 
 Kearny; a newspaper writer in S.F. '84. Knight (Henry), 1840, one of the 
 S. Bias exiles, iv. 18. K. (Henry), 1844, Swiss, at S. F.; age 40; perhaps 
 same as preceding. K. (John), 1847, Co. K, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at Ukiah 
 71-82. K. (Thomas), 1841, German sailor and sawyer, who left the Alert 
 and got a passport. K. (Thomas), 1845, native of Me; trader in La, Ark., 
 and Mo.; overl. immig. of the Grigsby-Ide party, or of the Swasey-Todd 
 branch of that party, iv. 576, 579, 587. All his property, including a stock 
 of goods for sale, was destroyed by the explosion of a keg of powder under 
 his wagon in the Sierra. He settled in Napa Val., took part in the Bear re 
 volt, v. 1 10; and had some experience in the mines. In '51-70 he was a 
 farmer in Napa and Sonoma counties, being owner of the Moristal or Berrey- 
 esa rancho. v. 671-2; and later a dealer in real estate at S.F. In '72 he wrote 
 for me his Recollections, containing much information about early times and 
 men; and in '79 he dictated another and briefer statement of Early Events in 
 Cal. His wife was Serena Haines, married in '54; and in '72 they had two 
 children, Chas P. S. and Thos G. He still resides in S.F. '85, at the age of G5. 
 
 IxJiight (Wm), 1841, nat. of Ind., naturalized and married to a native in 
 N. i.lex., who came with the Workman-Rowland party, returning in '42 to 
 bring his family, v. 278-9. He settled in '43 on the Sacramento, at the place 
 named for him, Knight's Landing obtaining in '44 a renewal of his natu 
 ralization papers that had been lost. He served Micheltorena in Gantt's 
 comp. ; was a signer of the S. Jose" call to foreigners; got a land-grant in 
 '46; and took an active part in the Bear revolt, perhaps serving in the Cal. 
 Bat. iv. 486, 501, 573, 599: v. 106, 110, 114-19, 637. After the discovery of 
 gold he established Knight's Ferry on the Stanislaus, where he died in '49. 
 He was a great hunter, and though said to have been educated as a physi 
 cian, was a man of very rough ways, violent in temper, always ready to take 
 offence; and to settle all differences by force. His title to lands, resting on 
 Sutter's general title and a fraudulent grant from Pico, was not confirmed; 
 and though reputed to be rich, his heirs are said to have received very little. 
 Three of his daughters, still living in '85, I think, married respectively Chas 
 F. Reed, J. N. Snowball, and Nathaniel Jacobs. A good sketch of Knight is 
 given in Yolo Co. Hist., 31. 
 
 Knoss (M.), 1846, Co. B, artill. Cal. Bat., enlisting at Sac. in Oct. (v. 
 358). Knott, 1847, mr of the Sweden, bringing recruits for the N.Y.Vol. 
 v. 511. Knowles (Richard), 1846, one of the Mormon colony, with his wife; 
 owner of S.F. lot '47. v. 546, 678. He died in the faith, and his widow was 
 living in Utah '84. Knox (Sam. P.), 1841, com. of the Flying Fish, of U.S. 
 ex. ex. iv. 241, 565. 
 
 Kob(Geo.), 1847, Co. K, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Koeger (Henry E.), 1846, 
 at S. Jose". Hall. Kohler (Deoden), 1847, owner of S.F. lot. K. (Theo 
 dore G.), 1845, Raid to have arrived this year. iv. 587; in '49 a clerk for Wells 
 
 6 Co., S.F.; later connected with the Cal. press; died at S.F. '75. Kolan, 
 
 1846, doubtful name in a Los Ang. list. Kolmer (Michael), 1846, accomp. 
 by wife and 3 children; settled near Bodega, one daughter marrying Wm 
 Howard and another Wm Benitz. Sonoma Co. Hist., 201. Koenig (Wm), 
 
 1847, Co. C, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); drowned in Sac. Riv. '47. Koutz (John G.), 
 1847, Co. F, ditto. Kook (Chas), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). K. 
 (Theodore), 1839, at S. Diego. 
 
 Kooser (Benj. Park), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill.; nat. of Pa. He was a 
 printer and connected with the press, even before his discharge, working 
 as pressman on the Cdlifornian in '47, and writing letters for the eastern 
 
KOOSER LAFRENZ. 703 
 
 papers. To one of his letters on the gold disco v. in the N.Y. Herald is at 
 tributed much influence in directing the 1st stream of gold-seekers to Cal. 
 After quitting the mil. service he was connected chiefly with S. Joaquin Co. 
 papers till '65, having married Belle Ward of S. Jos<5 in '02. Then he became 
 editor and publisher of the Sta Cruz Sentinel for 1 1 years, his valedictory ad 
 dress appearing May 27, '76. He took a deep interest in pioneer reminis 
 cences, and wrote many articles on the subject, his Pioneer Soldiers of CaL, 
 an account of the artill. company, being published in the Alta of '64. v. 520. 
 In '76 he went east as centennial commissioner for Cal.; and died at Sta Cruz 
 in '78, at the age of 56. Korn (Julius), 1847, perhaps of N.Y.Vol. under 
 another name. Kornish, 1847, ditto. Kosier, 1848, mr of a launch at N. 
 Helv. Kostromitinof (Peter), 1829, Russ. manager of Ross. '29-36; and in 
 '40-1 agent for the sale of Ross and settling up all Russian business in Cal.; 
 also visiting the country several times in later years on the same mission, ii. 
 651piii. 426; iv. 161-4, 174-5, 178-80. Kotzebue (Otto von), 1816, com. of 
 the Russ. exploring ship fiurik, and author of a Voyage of Discovery; and 
 again com. of the Predpriate in '24, and author of a New Voyage. For notice 
 of his visit and writings, containing much useful information about Cal., see 
 ii. 212-13, 278-80, 299, 309-10, 373, 517, 519, 522-5, 587, 590, 592, 597, 602- 
 3, 645-6. Kountze (Win), 1847-8, Mormon, at Sutter's mill. Bigler. 
 
 Kraft (Chas), 1847, Co. F, 3d U. S. artill. (v. 518). Krauss (Chas), 1847, 
 musician, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Kreutzer (John), 1847, Co. F, 3d artill. (v. 
 518). Krewzburg, 1847, named at N. Helv. as one of the N.Y.Vol. Krie- 
 nan, 1847, named in '48 as a deserter from the N.Y.Vol. Krohn (John M.), 
 1847, Co. C, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Krusof (Stephen), 1822, mr of the Apollo. 
 ii. 643. 
 
 Kunhardt, 1848, from Hon. on the Sagudahoc. Kuntze (John C.), 1847, 
 at N. Helv. and S.F., where he owned a lot. Kuppertz (Gerard), 1836, mr 
 of the Peor es Nada. iv. 105; in '37 (or '34) he announces that he has suc 
 ceeded Sill & Co. as a baker at Sta B. Kuprianof (Ivan), 1840, ex-gov. of 
 the Russ. estab. in Alaska; visited Cal. on the Nikolai, iv. 105, 167, 174-G. 
 Kurtz (Lewis), 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Kuskof (Ivan A.), 1808, 
 Russ. explorer of the coast in 1808-11; founder of Ross in '12, and manager 
 of that establishment until succeeded by Schmidt in '21, having visited SJ?. 
 in '16. ii. 80-2, 88, 198, 203-4, 210, 212-13, 267, 280, 294-318, 373, 630, 
 672-3. Kutchback (Chas), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Kyburz (Daniel), 1847, owner of S.F. lot. K. (Sam. E.), 1846, overl. 
 immig. from Wisconsin with his wife and her brothers. Entered Sutter's em 
 ploy as a kind of superintendent, and is often mentioned in the N. Helv. 
 Diary '47-8, also owning a S.F. lot in '47. He took an active part in events 
 connected with the gold discovery; and in '48-9 kept a hotel at Sac. In '50-4 
 he seems to have been a trader at S. F. Mrs K. had two children born at 
 Sutter's Fort, one of them, a son, in Feb. '48; and she was living at Clarks- 
 ville, El Dorado Co., in '80. 
 
 Labastida, soldier-teacher at S. Jos6 '22. ii. 603. Labra (Juan Ant. ), 
 soldier, sentenced to death at Mont, for robbery 1781. Lacousse, 1848, Cana 
 dian at Bear River and Mormon Diggings. Brooks. Lacy (Sam.), 1839, 
 Hir of a Peruv. brig at S.F. Ladd (Milton), 1845, one of the men lost on the 
 Warren's launch '46. iv. 384, 587. L. (Sam.), 1846, one of the Mormon col 
 ony, who went by the name of Johnson; formerly a soldier, being a teacher 
 of tactics on the Brooklyn; went to Utah, where he still lived in '84. v. 546, 
 550. L. (S. G.), 1847, at Benicia. Laez (Mazario), claimed to have been 
 grantee of land in Sta Clara Co. 1785. 
 
 Lafleur (Louis), 1846, Canadian in Co. G, Cal. Bat., enlisting at S. Jose" 
 Nov.; went east with Com. Stockton '47. v. 454; but returned, and in Dec. 
 '48 was drowned in the Yuba. Laframboise (Michel), 1832 (?), chief of the 
 H. B. Co. hunters in Cal., making half a dozen or more visits in '32-46, espe 
 cially in '35-42. The date of the 1st visit is uncertain, iii. 392-3, 408; iv. 135, 
 213, 220. Lafrenz (C. F.), 1847, from Hon. on the Xylan. L. (J. H.), 
 
704 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 1848, passp. from Hon. Lagos (J. B.), 1848, ditto. Lagrace (Fran.), 1840, 
 perhaps one of the arrested foreigners, iv. 17. 
 
 Laidlaw (Geo.), 1847, Co. B, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Laighton (John B.), 
 1835, lieut in Mex. navy stationed at Mont. ; went to S. Bias to join his corps 
 in '36. He was an American. Laine (Thos II.), 1847, nat. of Mo., who came 
 to Cal. at the age of 15, and became a prominent lawyer of Sta Clara; memb. 
 of the state senate '74-7, and of the constit. convention of '78. Laird (John 
 W.), 1847, nat. of Pa and overl. iminig. with his family. In Feb. '48 he kept 
 a ferry on the Sac. Riv. at Montezuma. v. 674; ace. to the newspapers Mrs 
 L. had a son born on the Amer. Riv. in May, '47, but it was prob. in '48. 
 Laird kept a store at Angels, living also at Stockton and other places; but in 
 '50 settled in Stanislaus Co. , where he died in '78, leaving a widow a sister 
 of Thos Pyle and 3 children. 
 
 Lajeunesse (Basil), 1845, Canadian trapper and member of Fremont's ex 
 ploring party, who was killed by Ind. on the Or. frontier in the night attack 
 on Fremont's camp, April '46. iv. 583, 587; v. 24. L. (Fran9ois), 1833 (?), 
 probably brother of Basil, said to have visited Cal. either in the Walker 
 party or in one of the H. B. Co. parties. He was one of Fremont's men in 
 '44, but did not reach Cal. iii. 391. Lake (John), 1846, Fauntleroy's dra 
 goons (v. 232, 247). 
 
 Lamanon, 1786, with LaPdrouse. i. 435. Lambaren (Juan), 1842, adj. of 
 the batallon fijo, who died '44. iv. 289. Lambdon, 1847, at N. Helv. 
 Lambert (John A.), 1847, Co. E, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Lamoine, 1847, mr of 
 the Francois. Lamoreux (Louis), 1840, Canadian carpenter, age 37, at Los 
 Ang. with a N. Mex. passport; perhaps his name was Lamoreau, still at Los 
 Aug. '48. Lamotte (Francois), 1845, negro deserter from the Heroine at 
 Mont. Lamplicie (Win), 1824, mate of the Rover. Lamprnan (WmL.), 
 1847, Co. A, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); in Mexico '82. Lance (VVm), 1847, Co. E, 
 Morm. Bat. (v. 469); reenl. 
 
 Lancey (Thomas Crosby), 1846, nat. of Me., born in '24, and a sailor from 
 '42; a coxswain on the U.S. Dale in '46-9. After his discharge from the navy 
 in '49 he took charge of a store at Mormon Isl. , and later was drayman, 
 teamster, and stage-driver in the Sac. region till '51, when he came to S. F., 
 and has since resided here as mining agent and painter. For 4 or 5 years, in 
 '85, he has been confined to his room, and much of the time to his bed. He 
 kept a journal during his service in the navy, supplemented with many items 
 obtained from later observations, reading, and association with pioneers, with 
 a view to publication in book form as material for history. Being prevented 
 by failing health from carrying out his purpose, he furnished a part of his 
 historical gleanings to the S. J. Pioneer for publication in '79-81. The result, 
 Lancvy's Cruise of the Dale, preserved in my Library in scrap-book form, v. 
 190, is in many respects the most complete collection extant of data on the 
 conquest of Cal. The author has shown not only indefatigable zeal, but 
 marked ability in his researches. The matter is not always systematically ar 
 ranged; the effect is marred by typographic errors, resulting chiefly from the 
 newspaper medium of publication; the author is often in error respecting 
 matters resting on Spanish documentary evidence; and he is, in my opinion, 
 excessively American in his views; but with all its faults, the work merits 
 praise, and justifies me in placing the author high in the list of those who 
 have done faithful work on Cal. history. Lancey also wrote a sketch of the 
 N.Y. Volunteers, published in Clark's First Reylmcnt. (Died in '85.) 
 
 Landaeta (Martin), 1791, Span, friar, who served chiefly at 8. F., and died 
 atS. Fern, in 1810. Biog. ii. 115-16; mention i. 510, 514, 576-7, 706, 712, 
 721; ii. 130-1, 159-60. Landers (Ebenezer), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 
 4G9); at Salem, Utah, '82. L. (Wm), 1847, Co. H, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); sher 
 iff in '48; died at S. F. '50. Lane, 1848, sutler in Graham's battalion (v. 
 522). L. (Emmeline A.), 1846, one of the Mormon colony, v. 546. L. 
 (Joseph), 1848, passed through Cal. on his way from Sta Fd to Or.; a promi 
 nent man in the north. See Ifist. Or. L. (Lewis), 1847, sergt Co. D, Morm. 
 Bat. (v. 469). L. (Samuel), 1846, one of the men lost on the tTarren'tlaonch. 
 v. 384. Land,' 1842, doubtful name of a ranch owner near S. Luis Ob. 
 
LANG LARIOS. 705 
 
 Lang (Charles), 1828, Amer. smuggler at S. Diego '28-9; ii. 551; iii. 139, 
 168. L. (Chas), 1848, from Boston on the Sabine. L. (John P. and Wil 
 lis), 1848, brothers from Mo., at Slitter's Fort and in the mines. Langdon 
 (Maurice), 1846, came with Kearny. Lancey. Langenberger(A.), 1848, Ger 
 man miner on the Yuba and Stanislaus '48-9; later a trader at S. Gabriel and 
 Anaheim, where he lived in '80 with 7 children by his 1st wife, a daughter of 
 Juan P. Ontiveros, married in '50. Langle, 1786, with La Pe>ouse. i. 428, 
 431-3. Langlois (A.), 1848, passp. from Hon. Langlois (William), 1840, 
 Canadian, exiled with the Graham party, who returned in '41; perhaps the 
 Lainglcs named at Sonoma in '50. iv. 18, 33, 37, 120. Langsdorff (G. H. 
 von), 1806, German naturalist with Rezanof at S.F., and author of a book of 
 Voyages and Travels, containing a narrative of the author's visit and obser 
 vations in Cal. ii. 46-7, 65-76, 115, 128, 130, 138-40, 164, 176. Lanman 
 (Joseph), 1847, licut U. S.N., com. of the Warren '47-8. v. 581. L. 
 (Stephen), 1846, sailrnakeron the U.S. Dale. Lansing, 1847, mrof the Citi 
 zen, v. 577. Lanson (J.), 1847, blacksmith at S. Diego. 
 
 La Pdrouse (Jean F. G.), 1786, French navigator, the first foreign voyager 
 to touch the coast of Cal. after Span, occupation; and author of a VoyLQ 
 which contains much valuable information about Cal. See account of his 
 visit and book in i. 428-40; also ment. i. 282, 475, 509, 512, 519, 527, 619; 
 ii. 23, 131, 616. Lapierre (Louis), 1845, Canadian boat- maker of Fremont's 
 party. i\ r . 583. He is said to have built a schooner for Sainsevain at Sta Cruz 
 in later years. Laplace (Cyrille P. T.), 1839, com. of the French mau-of- 
 war Artemise, and author of a Campagne de Circumnavigation, iv. 152-5; 
 ment. iii. 695, 700; iv. 93, 101, 165. Lappeus (James H.), 1847, Co. H, 
 N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); owner of S.F. lot; trader at Sac. '48; married in '49 to 
 Ann Hitchcock. He went later to N.Y. and Idaho, and in '82 lived at Port 
 land, Or., where he had been city marshal, and for 12 years chief of police. 
 
 Lara, sentinel at Los Ang. '37. iii. 519. L. (Antonio), alguacil at Mont. 
 '36. iii. 675. L. (Casimiro), invalido of Sta B. comp. '32. L. (Fran.), sol 
 dier of S. F. comp. '39-42. L. (Fran.), killed at S. Pascual. v. 347. L. 
 (Jose"), one of the 1st settlers at Los Ang. 1781; Span., with an Ind. wife. 
 L. (Juan), soldier and corp. S.F. comp. '37-42. L. (Julian), soldier at Sta 
 B. before '37. L. (Romualdo), 1837, Mex. of the H. & P. colony, impli 
 cated in the troubles of '35, and sent to Mex. under arrest, iii. 281, 286, 288. 
 
 Lard (Fielding), 1846, overl. immig. with his family. The marriage of his 
 daughter (Mary to R. S. Moultrie) on the trip is mentioned by Bryant; at 
 Sutler's Fort in '47, and owner of a S.F. lot, but settled in Sta Clara Val., 
 where he still lived in '60; often called Wm. L. (Joseph A.), 1846, came to 
 Sta Clara; prob. son of Fielding. Lardner, 1842, lieut U.S.N., with Jones at 
 Mont. iv. 308. La Reintrie (Henry), 1842, commander's sec. on the York- 
 town. 
 
 Larios (Gracia), sent to Mex. as a prisoner '30. iii. 85. L. (Jose* Maria), 
 Mex. sold, who came between 1780 and '90; from '91 a settler at S. Jose", and 
 later at Las Aromas, near S. Juan B. He was a blacksmith and builder of 
 mills, but was chiefly noted as a bear-hunter, being killed by a grizzly in 
 1818. i. 642, 716, 718; ii. 135, 170, 387. His first wife was Juliana Linares, 
 and the 2d Eusebia Alvarez; his children were Antonio, Manuel, Jose" Do 
 lores, Justo, Maria del Pilar, Antonia, and Antonina. L. ( Justo), son of Jos<5 
 M., b. at S. Jose" 1808; soap-maker and ranchero who served as miltia artil 
 leryman in the war against Micheltorena '44-5, and for a short time under 
 Castro in '46; grantee of Canada de los Capitancillos in '42. iv. 671; all his 
 horses were taken by Fremont. He made two successful visits to the mines 
 in '49-50, but in later years lost all his land and other property, through no 
 fault of his own, as he believes. In '78, living at Gilroy, he gave me an in 
 teresting narrative called Convulsiones en California. His wife was Cecilia, 
 daughter of Joaquin Castro, married in '33; children '41, Adelino b. '34, Juan 
 '36, Olivero '39, Soledad '38. L. (Manuel), son of Jose M., b. at S. Jose" 
 1798. He seems to have served as a soldier in '15-29, and was later an alfe'rez 
 of militia, serving in Gov. Alvarado's time. In '39 he was grantee of Sta, 
 HIST. CAL.. VOL. IV. 45 
 
706 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Ana rancbo near S. Juan B., which was finally confirmed to him. iii. 679, 
 713. In '40 he was juez at S. Juan, and took part in the arrest of the for 
 eigners, iii, 693; iv. 20. He was, like his father, a famous bear-hunter, took 
 part in various exped., and his rancho suffered much from Ind. depredations, 
 iv. 302; v. 6G2. He died in '63. His wives were successively Maria A. Pacheco, 
 Guadalupe Castro, and Rosario Armas, by whom he is said to have had 22 
 children. In '78 his son (or grandson), Estolano Larios, gave me some informa 
 tion on the Vida y Adventures of Don Manuel. 
 
 Larkin (Thomas Oliver), 1832, nat. of Mass., b. at Charlestown in 1802, in 
 business at Wilmington, N.C., from '21 to '30, and in '31 accepting an invita 
 tion from Capt. Cooper, his half-brother, to join him at Monterey. His mother 
 was then married to a 3d husband, Mr Childs, L.'s passport from the gov. of 
 Mass, is dated Sept. 2, '31, and he came on the Newcastle via Honolulu, ar 
 riving in April '32. iii. 364, 408. In '32 he was employed by Cooper as clerk, 
 or accountant; in Feb.-Sept. '33 he did a small commission business, and 
 then with a capital of $500 he opened a little store at Mont, for the sale of 
 groceries, grog, produce, and dry goods, starting a flour- mill the next year, 
 and dealing to a considerable extent in lumber. In '33 he was also married on 
 board the Volunteer at Sta B., by Consul Jones of Honolulu, to Mrs Rachel 
 Holmes, ne'e Hobson, his fellow-pacsenger on the Newcastle, who had come to 
 Join her husband, Capt. John C. Holmes, but on arrival had found herself a 
 widow, iii. 365, 408, 652. She was the 1st Amer. woman to live in Cal., and 
 her son Thomas O., born in April '34, was the 1st child born of Amer. parents 
 in Cal. Having the proverbial Yankee shrewdness in trade, with no incon 
 venient veneration for the revenue laws, Larkin prospered from the first. In 
 his ledgers he has left careful memoranda of his wealth on Jan. 1st of each 
 year as follows: '35, $2,650; '36, $4,708; '37, $5,626 (chiefly in house and mill, 
 for he had spent all his money on the house and had no goods); '38, $11,013; 
 '39, $13,788; '40, $15,895; '41, $21,493; '42, $37,958; '43, $19,147; '44, $46,- 
 505; '45, $60,175; '46, $06,644. He did not seek to become a Mex. citizen, 
 but in '38 obtained a carta, which was renewed from year to year. He took 
 no part openly in politics, but quietly supported Alvarado's movement in '36. 
 iii. 461; iv. 141. I have much of his business corresp. from the first. In '39 
 he made a special effort to induce whalers to touch at Mont. iv. 92. In '40 he 
 did all that he could for the comfort of the arrested foreigners, but because 
 he did not join in the loud protests and absurd threats of Graham and his 
 gang he was the subject of some unfavorable criticism at the time and later, iv. 
 8, 9, 24, 32-3. He visited Mex. in '40-1 on business, iv. 102, 207; on his return 
 took a contract to build the Mont, custom-house; and in '42 did good service 
 in maintaining friendly relations between Com. Jones and the Californians. iv. 
 307, 310, 329. The same year he established a branch store at Sta Cruz in charge 
 of Josiah Belden; but an incendiary fire destroying $6,000 worth of lumber in 
 '43 made this part of his business unprofitable. In '43-4 he had somewhat inti 
 mate business relations with Gov. Micheltorena, making loans to the govt, and 
 doubtless was induced by personal interests to look with too much favor on 
 the cholo cause, making also another visit to Mex. on govt business, and 
 .'bringing back the small-pox, among other results, iv. 364, 366, 401-3, 405, 
 473, 478-9, 558-9, 563, 651. On his return he assumed the position of U.S. 
 consul at Mont., his appointment having been made at Wash, in '43 and re 
 newed in '44, and from the first was active in sending accurate information to 
 his govt respecting Cal. affairs, as well as in the routine duties of his office. 
 iv. 385, 408, 428, 430, 450, 454, 561, 589-98. Larkin's closeness in money 
 matters, in contrast with the reckless prodigality affected by many, prevented 
 his ever reaching in a certain sense the highest popularity, but he was always 
 respected by the better classes of natives and foreigners as a man of honora 
 ble conduct, of sound judgment, and of conservative though not selfish views 
 on general topics. He was a man of slight education, but of much tact and 
 practical good, sense. Duly devoted to the interests of his govt and of the 
 Amer. immigrants, he had no sympathy with filibusterism, and did not ignore 
 the.rights and ^prejudices of the Californians. He fully believed that, either in 
 
LARKIN LA ROCQUE. 707 
 
 the event of war with Mex. or by purchase, the people and local rulers might 
 be induced voluntarily to transfer their allegiance to the U.S. At the end of 
 '45 he was formally appointed a secret and confidential agent of the adminis 
 tration at Wash, to bring about this result; and from the beginning of '46, 
 turning over his private business to Talbot H. Green, he worked earnestly, 
 and as he believed with good prospects of success, to make friends for the U.S. 
 and to counteract the effects of the few who favored an English protectorate, 
 v. 4-28, 54-76, 109, 142, 219-20. Fremont's foolish bravado at Gavilan, and 
 the still more foolish and criminal Bear revolt, were wellnigh fatal blows to 
 his plans; but still he did not despair, and having used his influence with 
 Com. Sloat successfully in favor of a conservative policy, v. 224-54, he went 
 south with Stockton, hoping with the aid of his associate, Abel Stearns, to 
 induce Castro and Pico, with the people of the south, to submit without re 
 sistance, artfully presenting to them the danger that the U. S. forces, in case 
 the report of war should prove unfounded as in '42, would retire and leave 
 Cal. at the mercy of the Bears. That Stockton took effective and dishonorable 
 steps to prevent the success of these plans, fearing that the submission of the 
 gov. and general would interfere with the immediate prospects of himself 
 and his associate filibusters, is no discredit to Larkin, whose course through 
 out is worthy of all praise, his statesmanship being incomparably superior to 
 that of the opera-bouffe 'conquerors' of Cal. v. 271-2, 281. Returning to 
 Mont., L. was appointed acting U.S. naval agent, interesting himself also in 
 the release of the Bears' captives at N. Helvetia, v. 281, 298-9, 304. In '45-G 
 he was a correspondent of the N.Y. Herald and -Sun. In Nov., while on 
 his way to visit a sick daughter at S.F., L. was captured by the Calif or - 
 nians under Manuel Castro, became a witness of the fight at Natividad, and 
 was carried south to be retained as a captive till the end of the war. He was 
 kindly treated, there being no ill-will toward him, and the intention being to 
 utilize the possession of so prominent a man either in exchange or in making 
 favorable terms of capitulation, v. 358, 364-5, 367-70, 402. Returning north 
 in '47, he served as naval store-keeper, and his appointment as naval agent 
 was confirmed in Wash. v. 614. He was also a member of the legislative 
 council which never met. v. 433. He took, however, but slight part in public 
 affairs, v. 443, 448, 455, 571; being notified in June '48 that his functions as 
 counsel and confidential agent terminated in May with the treaty of peace. 
 He had become the owner of various S.F. lots, and in partnership with Sem- 
 ple, the founder of Benicia in '47. v. 653, 660, 671-4. In '49 he was a member 
 of the constit. convention, and his naval agency was discontinued by orders 
 from Wash. In '50-3 he resided with his family in N.Y., but returned to S.F. 
 and gave his attention to the care of his property. Though unable to sustain 
 his title to a S.F. grant and the Sta Clara orchard, he was the successful 
 claimant for the Fliigge and Jimeno ranchos in the Sac. Val. v. 665-6, 670-1; 
 and these, with his possessions in S.F., Mont., and Benicia, made him a very 
 rich man. His sons had also been the grantees in '44 of a rancho in Colusa. 
 iv. 671. Larkin died at S.F. in '58. He was a man to whom nothing like just 
 credit has hitherto been given for his public services in '45-6. Portraits are 
 given in Cotton's Three Years in Cal. , Annals of S.F. , and there are photographs 
 in the library of the Soc. Cal. Pion. A street in S.F. bears his name. Mrs L. 
 died in '73, at the age of 66. The children were Thos O. b. in '34; an infant 
 son who died in '36; Fred. H. b. in '37, d. '69; Adelaide who died at S.F. 
 in '40; Francis R. b. '40, d. '74; Alfred O. boru in '48; and a daughter who 
 married Sampson Tarns. Thomas, Alfred, and Mrs Tarns are still living, I 
 think, in '85. The Larkin manuscripts furnished for my use as materiarfor 
 history by representatives of the family have been named in my list of au 
 thorities, with some comments, in i. 49-50. They constitute a most magnifi 
 cent and unequalled contribution to the history in which the father of the 
 donors took so prominent and honorable a part. L. (Wm M.), 1843, on the 
 roll of the Soc. Cal. Pion. iv. 400. Larragoyli (Rafael), 1822, mr of the S.F. 
 dc Paula, ii. 474. La Roche (Eugene), 1846, witness in the Sautillan case 
 '55, age 33. La Rocque (Geo.), 1848, Canadian miner from Or. on the 
 
708 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX, 
 
 Henry; went back in '49 to Or., where he died in '77, leaving a widow and 4 
 children. Laskey (Alex. B.), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); killed by 
 Ind. '48. 
 
 Lassen (Peter), 1840, Danish blacksmith who came to Amer. in '19, to Or. 
 overland in '39, and to Cal. by the Lausanne, landing at Bodega, and thence 
 proceeding to Sutter's Fort, S.F., and S. Jose", where he worked at his trade 
 though the winter of '40-1. iv. 117, 120-1, 136. In the spring of '41 he built 
 a saw-mill near Sta Cruz, which he sold to Graham early in '43. Dr Sandels 
 describes him this year as a travelling blacksmith and hunter between S.Jos6 
 and Sac. ; he had a hut on the Cosumnes in Nov. ; applied for naturaliza 
 tion, and selected a rancho. In '44 he got his papers and his land-grant of 
 Bosqucjo on Deer Cr., Tehama Co. iv. 670-1. His place is often mentioned 
 in '45-6. iv. 229, 580; v. 22, 24-5, 102; he was with Gillespie and Fremont 
 and probably one of the Bears in '46; but is said to have gone east in the 
 Stockton party of '47, returning, prob. with Chiles, in '48; but I think there 
 may be an error in this, and that L. went no farther east than Fort Hall, his 
 mission being to divert immigration into the Lassen route to the upper Sac. 
 Val. He was owner of a S.F. lot in '47. In '50 he sold half of his rancho and 
 stock, engaging in unfortunate steamboat speculation at Sac. which soon 
 ruined him financially. In '51 he settled in Indian Val., Plumas Co.; and in 
 '55, as miner and farmer in Honey Lake Val., Lassen Co. In '59, while on a 
 prospecting tour in the region north of Pyramid Lake, he was killed by Ind., 
 or possibly white man disguised as Ind., being then 59 years old. Portrait in 
 Plumas, Laxsen, and Sierra Co. Hist., 56. His memory is preserved in the 
 name of Lassen peak and county. 
 
 Lasso de la Vega (Ramon), 1781, Mex. alferez of the S.F. comp., and 
 sometimes habilitado; retired on half pay in '94; later a teacher at S. Josd; 
 died in 1821, at the age of 64. Biog. i. 4/0-1; inent. 340, 342-3, 385, 584, 
 642, 693, 716. Lasuen (Fermin Francisco), 1773, Span, friar who served as 
 missionary, chiefly at S. Diego till 1785, when he was chosen president of the 
 missions, a position held until his death at S. Carlos in 1803. In all the annals 
 of the Fernandinos there is presented no more admirable character than that 
 of Padre Fermin. Biog. ii. 8-10; ment. i. 122, 194-6, 248-9, 266-7, 300, 302-4, 
 316, 328, 388, 398-406, 417, 422-5, 432, 439, 441, 454-9, 469, 471, 474, 476, 489, 
 491-3, 498-9, 512-13, 522, 531, 537, 542, 544, 553-5, 557, 559-64, 568, 573-4, 
 576. 578-99, 600-23, 626, 655, 686, 689, 709-11, 727-8; ii. 3, 146, 159, 165, 
 378, 623. 
 
 Lataillade (Cesareo), 1842, Span, of French descent, and member of a Mex. 
 trading firm, who came as sup. of the Trinidad, iv. 341, 569. He became well 
 known as a man of business, making Sta B. his home. From '46 he was vice- 
 consul of Spain at Mont., being allowed to reside at Sta B. from '47, and be 
 ing the grantee of Cuyamas rancho in '46. iv. 590; v. 218, 615, 632. His name 
 often appears in official commun. during the mil. regime of '47-8; he was men 
 tioned in connection with idle rumors of revolts, v. 586; and took a promi 
 nent part in arresting the murderers of the Reed family, v. 640. He acci 
 dentally shot and killed himself at Sta B. in '49. His wife was Maria Antonia 
 de la Guerra, who was claimant for several ranchos, iii. 655; iv. 642, became 
 the wife of Gaspar de Orena, and is still living in '85. Latham, 1846, Cal. 
 Bat. (v. 358). Lathrop (Geo. W.), 1847, Co. H, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Lauber (Matthew), 1846, Co. C.. 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). Lauff (Chas 
 August), 1844, German sailor on the Whaler Warren, transferred to the 
 Tasso, and making a trip to Callao with Capt. Cooper, iv. 453. In '45-6, he 
 worked as a lumberman in Marin; in '46-7 served in the Cal. Bat., Co. B, 
 artill. (v. 358); went to the mines in '48-9; and in '49 was pilot on the bay 
 and S. Joaquin. From '50 he lived at different places in Marin Co., being in 
 '80 on a rancho near Bolinas, with wife Maria J. Cibrian, daughter of Gre- 
 gorio Briones, married in '62 and 9 children. Portrait in Marin Co. Hist., 
 64. Laughlin, 1827, see iii. 160. L. (James), 1848, nat. of S.C., who came 
 from Or. to the mines; died in Stanislaus Co. '78. L. (Richard), 1828, Amer. 
 trapper who came from N. Mex. with Pattie's party, with a passport dated 
 
LAUGHLIN-LEAVENWORTH. 709 
 
 Paso del Norte, Apr. IS, '27. iii. 103, 178. He settled at Los Ang. as a carpen 
 ter, ii. 558; got a carta in '31; and later owned a vineyard, perhaps marrying 
 a native. He is named in various records of '34-43, took part in the Michel- 
 torena campaign of '45. iv. 495; and is said to have had a garden near S. 
 Buen. in '46. He died at the end of that year, at the age of 44. Laure, 
 1830, drowned at S. Luis Ob. in attempting to land from a ship. iii. 180. 
 Laurend (M.), 1848, passp. from Hon. Laurencel (Henry), 1848, roll of Soc. 
 Cal. Pion. Lavallette (Eric A. F.), 1847, com. of the U.S. Independence. 
 Lavin (Thos), 1844, Engl. who received a pass. 
 
 Lawlor (John), 1827-8, mr of the Karimoko, in trouble in the south by 
 reason of his smuggling operations, ii. 551, 564; iii. 94-5, 134-5, 147. He was 
 lost on a voy. from Hon. to Australia in '34, as mr of the Alpha. Lawrence, 
 1848, sailor on the. Isaac Walton. L. (Henry), 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 
 499). L. (J. C.), 1848, died in Utah before '77. L. (John), 1846, Faun- 
 tleroy's dragoons (v. 232, 247). L. (Joseph Vicente), 1821, nat. of N.Y. who 
 landed from the Blirkivood at Bodega and came to S.F. in a boat. ii. 478. In 
 '23 he went to Los Aug., where he was baptized in '24, married Maria Arriola, 
 and in '29 was still there with wife and son, age 32. ii. 496, 526, 558; iii. 179. 
 
 Lawrey (Amos G. ), 1846, Amer. mason and perhaps overl. immig., who 
 in '47 worked on the 1st brick house built at Mont, for G. D. Dickensou, 
 whose daughter Margaret he married a little later. In the Salinas Index, Oct. 
 2u, '76, 'Jack the Pioneer' (Swan) tells how the young man went to Hon. for 
 a v, edding outfit, and attempting to smuggle the goods ashore, had to pur 
 chase them anew at a round price; and indeed his arrival at Hon. on the 
 Charles in Feb. '48 is recorded. L. died at S. Jose" in '81, having been blind 
 for many years. He left a widow and 3 grown children, one of them Mrs 
 Hollenbach. Lawson (Henry), 1847, Co. H, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). L. (John), 
 1847, Co. B, ditto; died at Mont. '49. L. (John), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. 
 (v. 409). Lawton, 1848, overl. immig. with Johnson. L., 1848, of Kilboru, 
 L., & Co., S.F. L. (Benj. H.), 1834, mr of the S. Feiahton. iii. 384. 
 
 Layden (Wm), 1847, Co. C, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); died at Honolulu '54. 
 Layton (Chas), 1847, ordnance sergt Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. v. 519. A nat. of 
 Engl. who had served in the British army; in the mines '49-52; later light 
 house keeper at Pt Pinos; died at Mont. '55, being fatally wounded while 
 attempting to capture the outlaw Garcia. His widow ne'e Charlotte Wade, 
 and mar. in '43 was in '78 the wife of Geo. C. Harris at S.F., where a 
 daughter, Mrs Amos Burr, also lived. One son was a sailor and another lived 
 in N. South Wales. Swan. L. (Christopher), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 
 469); in '82 at Kaysville, Utah. Lazaref (Andrew), 1815, mr of the Snvdrof, 
 and of the Ladoga in '23. iii. 307, 492. L. (Michael), 1823, mr of the Crei- 
 sc.r. ii. 492, 519. Lazaro (Nicolas), 1805, Span, friar who served for a brief 
 term at S. Fern, and S. Diego, where he died in 1807. ii. 115; iii. 159-60. 
 
 Leach (Kendrick N.), 1847, Co. K, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); in '83 at Fountain 
 Green, 111. Leahy (Dan.), 1845, Irish cooper at Slitter's Fort '45-6, and prob. 
 an overl. immig. iv. 578, 587. In '47 owner of a lot at S.F., where he still lived 
 in '48-54. He died in Nevada '75, leaving a family in Or. Leandry (Juan 
 B.), 1827, Ital. who came by sea at the age of '23. iii. 176. In '32 he joined 
 the comp. extranjera at Mont. iv. 221; in '36 kept a store at Los Ang. ; was 
 naturalized in '39. Juez de paz '40-1, holding other local offices; owner of 
 part of S. Pedro, and grantee of Los Coyotes, where he died in '43. iii. 614, 
 633, 637; iv. 629, 633. Leary (Wm), 1844, deserter from the Warren near 
 Mont. ; perhaps at Sonoma '48. 
 
 Leavens (Wm), 1846, one of the men captured with Alcalde Bartlett by 
 Sanchez at S.F. (v. 377). Leavenworth (Thaddeus M.), 1847, nat. of Conn., 
 physician and episcopal clergyman, who came as chaplain of the N.Y.Vol. v. 
 504, 511. He took some part in matters pertaining to church and schools, and 
 was alcalde of S. F. in '47-9. v. 648-52, 657. He was also owner of town lots, 
 and a street in the city bears his name. His official acts have been severely 
 criticised, but I find no data for a just estimate of his character. In '50 he 
 went to Sonoma Co., where he was claimant for a part of Agua Caliente ran- 
 
710 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 cho, iii. 711, and where he still lived in '82. Leavy (Owen), 1847, corp. Co. 
 F, 3d U.S. artill. The name was perhaps Leary. v. 529. Lebeau (Joseph), 
 1846, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). Lecky (Wm C.), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons, 
 killed at S. Pascual. v. 346. Lecointe, 1845, com. of the Heroine, iv. 566. 
 Lecoq (Martin), 1834, Frenchman in a Mont. list. Ledcly (Michael), 1847, 
 Co. H, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); died in Mendocino Co. bef. '83. Ledesma (Jose*), 
 grantee of land at S. Gabriel, v. 628. 
 
 Lee, 1847, a son said to have been born to Mrs Lee in Jan., at N. Helv. 
 L., 1847, of L. & Reily, bakers, Mont. L., 1848, flogged and imprisoned 
 for attempt at murder near S. Jose". L. (Barton), 1848, nat. of N.Y., who 
 came from Or. to the mines; member and successor of the Sac. firm of Priest, 
 L. , & Co. ; prominent also in local politics. He failed for a large amount in '50, 
 and went to live in the Sandwich Isl., but returned to Cal., and died at Sac. 
 in '56. L. (Cornelius R.V.), 1847, Co. F, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); presid. of the 
 regulators at S.F. '49; died at Sta B. in '63. L. (Elisha), 1847, owner of 
 S.F. lot. L. (James R.), 1847, Co. H, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at Vallejo in '82. 
 L. (John C.), 1847, Co. F, ditto. L. (Lawton), 1845, one of the men lost on 
 the Warren's launch in '46. iv. 587; v. 384. L. (Milton), 1847, trader at 
 Mont. L. (Sam.), 1846, mate of the Eupkemia '46-8. L. (Theodore), 1846, 
 mid. on the Congress; act. lieut Co. A, Stockton's naval bat., '46-7. v. 386. 
 Levy (Wm), 1848, miner on the Yuba. 
 
 Leese (Jacob Primer), 1833, native of Ohio, b. in 1809, and engaged in the 
 Sta F6 trade from '30, who seems to have come from N. Mex. late in '33, but 
 perhaps went back and came again in July '34, engaging in trade at Los Ang. 
 
 111. 388, 409. In '36 he came to Mont, with Gov. Chico, whose good-will he 
 succeeded in gaining, formed a partnership with Nathan Spear and Wm S. 
 Hinckley, obtained a lot at S.F., and on it built the 1st solid structure in 
 town before July 4th, being naturalized in Sept. iii. 421, 431, 705, 709; iv. 
 86, 116; v. 680. The next year he erected a larger store on the beach, and 
 married Rosalia, sister of Gen. Vallejo, much against the general's wishes. 
 He had a lighter, the Isabella, running on the bay and rivers, and the busi 
 ness of the firm, in exchanging goods for rancho products, was profitable; 
 but he quarrelled with Spear and Hinckley about the division of the $13,000 
 profits, and the partnership was dissolved in '38, though L. continued the 
 business for several years, failing to get the appointment of receptor in '39, 
 and getting another town lot in '40. iii. 700, 705-6, 709-10; iv. 98; v. 679. 
 In '41 he was grantee of the Canada de Guadalupe, Visitacion, y Rodeo Viejo 
 rancho at S.F., and of Emchica at Sonoma; and this year he sold out his 
 store to the H. B. Co. iv. 37, 179, 217, 671. He also transferred his residence 
 and place of business to Sonoma, owning one lighter in comp. with Wm John 
 son, and another, the Rosa/ia, with Salv. Vallejo. In '43 he went to Or. with 
 a drove of cattle, iv. 377, 390; and in '44-5 he was alcalde at Sonoma, hav 
 ing serious quarrels with Victor Prudon. iv. 445, 448, 678-9. In '46 he was to 
 a certain extent a sub-agent for the carrying-out of Larkiu's plans, v. 03; 
 and for this reason, perhaps, having accompanied the Bears to Sac. as inter 
 preter, was thrown into prison by Fremont with the Vallejos and Prudon. v. 
 
 112, 119-21, 298-9. His Bear Flag Revolt, an original MS. in my col, is one 
 of the best narratives extant on the subject, v. 187. He had a ' Cal. claim ' 
 of $6,189, besides a claim for the construction of a wharf at Mont. v. 467; i. 
 list auth. In '47 he is named as a member of the Sonoma council, v. 668; and 
 is said to have made considerable money in the mines '48-9. He made a voy 
 age to China in '49 on the Eveline, under an arrangement with Larkin; and 
 subsequently resided at Mont., holding some local offices; being the claimant 
 for several ranches, iii. 678-9; iv. 671; and in '55 vice-president of the Soc. 
 Cal. Pion. He was an uneducated and not very intelligent man. active and 
 enterprising in business, whose many speculations were marked by boldness 
 rather than ability; and his large property, with that of his wife, all disap 
 peared. In '63 he obtained, in company with others, a concession of lands for 
 colonization in L. Cal., but the scheme was a failure; and about : 65 he left 
 Cal. for the east. I have no definite record of his subsequent career, but in 
 
LEESE-LEIVA. 711 
 
 Feb. '85 an apparently reliable newspaper report represents him as living at 
 S. Antonio, Texas, in good health, but extreme poverty, an appeal being 
 made to pioneers in his behalf. Portrait in Annals of S. F. and Hetperian. 
 Mrs Leese lives at Mont, in '85, and has 7 grown children. She furnished for 
 my use a History of the Osos, of no special value. A daughter, Rosalia, born 
 at S.F. in '38, and the 1st child born at Yerba Buena, iii. 710, died, and her 
 name was given to a younger daughter. The oldest son, Jacob, was born in 
 '39, and resides in '85 at Salinas, where he has been county clerk and deputy 
 sheriff, his wife being an Estrada, a niece of Gov. Alvarado. One of Leese's 
 daughters married a son of Jos6 A*brego. (L. returned to Cal. in '85.) 
 
 Lefevre (Minard J.), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). Lefort 
 (Geo.), 1847, Co. F, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Le Fourri (Francois), 1831, from 
 N. Mex. with Wolfskill or Jackson. Legar (Miguel), 1602, sergt in Vizcai 
 no's exped. i. 98. Legarda (Jos6), 1841, mr of the Jdven Carolina, iv. 50C5. 
 Legare (Burnett), 1847, Co. E, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); died at sea 'G6. L. (Win 
 H.), 1847, ditto; died at Los Ang. '47. v. 625. Legendre (Louis), 1847, Fr. 
 settler in Russ. Riv. township, where he was murdered after '52. Son. Co. 
 J/ist., 358-60. Legge, 1844, officer in the Modeste. Leggett (Wm), 1847, 
 Co. H, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Lehigh, 1847, son said to have been born to Mrs 
 L.; perhaps ' Leahy,' q. v. Leicer, 1844, Walla Walla chief, iv. 545; see 
 'Elijah.' Leick (Chas), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Leidesdorff (Wm Alex.), 1841, nat. of the Danish West Indies, son of a 
 Dane by a mulattress, who came to the U.S. as a boy, and became a masler 
 of vessels sailing from N.Y. and N. Orleans. He came to Cal. as mr of the 
 Julia Ann, on which he made later trips to the Islands down to '45. iv. 279, 
 5G6. Engaging in trade at S.F., he got a lot in '43 at the cor. of Clay and 
 Kearny streets, and in '44 or '45 built a warehouse on the beach at Cal. and 
 Leidesdorff streets, iv. 669, 678; in '46 building the City Hotel on his 1st lot, 
 and in '47 buying from Ridley the cottage at the cor. of Montgomery and CaL 
 streets, where he passed the rest of his life. iv. 678, 680. In '44 he obtained 
 naturalization papers and a grant of the Rio de los Americanos rancho. iv. 
 673; and from Oct. '45 served as U.S. vice-consul by Larkiu's appointment, 
 iv. 188, 557, 589-90, 665. His corresp. of these years, especially with Larkin, 
 is a most valuable source of historical information. In '46 he had controversies 
 with Forbes, Ridley, and Hinckley, who were not intensely American enough 
 to suit this Danish citizen of Mex.; visiting N. Helv. and Monterey; and in 
 this and the following years becoming owner of many city lots. v. 3-4, 28, 
 1.36, 178, 239, 295, 648-9, 678, 680. In '47, having a Cal. claim of $8,740 (v. 
 462), and launching the 1st steamer that ever sailed on S.F. bay, v. 577-8, 
 64G, he was not only one of the town's most prominent business men, but a 
 member of the council, treasurer, and member of the school committee, tak 
 ing an active part in local politics, v. 455, 648-52, 656. He died in May '48, 
 at the age of 38. He was an intelligent man of fair education, speaking sev 
 eral languages; active, enterprising, and public-spirited; honorable for the 
 most part in his transactions; but jealous, quick-tempered, often quarrel 
 some, and disagreeable. His estate, burdened by heavy debts at the time of 
 his death, after the gold excitement became of immense value. It was ad 
 ministered by W. D. M. Howard, with the assistance of C. V. Gillespie, and 
 was for years the subject of complicated litigation; but the title of Capt. 
 Folsom, who had found the mother and other heirs of Leidesdorff at St Croix 
 Isl., and had bought their interests, was finally adjudged to be valid. 
 
 Leigh (Isaac), 1846, one of the Mormon Col. with his wife. v. 546; never 
 went to Utah. Leighton (James C.), 1848, at S.F. from Tahiti; lieut of 
 S. F. guards; of firm L., Swasey, & Co. v. 681. L. (Nathaniel S.), 1840, 
 Amer. carpenter who got a carta at S F. in Oct. ; at Mont, in '42. iv. 120. 
 L. (Peter), 1838, named in Larkin's accts. Leinhard (J. H.), 1847, in Sut 
 ler's employ '47-8. Leister (Thomas), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 
 336). Leiva, maj. of Jamul near S. Diego, killed by Ind. '37. iii. 614; iv. 
 68. L. (Antonio), at S. Juan Cap. '46, age 23. L. (Francisco), soldier at 
 Sta B. '32; wife Maria C. Valencia; at Sta B. '50. L. (Jose), soldier of S.F. 
 
712 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 corap. '39-42; at Los Ang. '46. L. (Juan), corporal at Sta B. before '37; at 
 Los Ang, '46. L. (Miguel), soldier at Sta B. '33. L. (Ramon), ditto. L. 
 (Rufino), corp. of Sta B. comp., in com. of escolta at S. Buen., where he was 
 killed by Ind. in '19. ii. 333. L. (Santiago and Teodoro), at Los Ang. '46. 
 Lelland (John M.), 1847, owner of S.F. lot; perhaps McLelland. Lelong 
 (Martin), 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Lem (Win), 1828, Engl. sailor who deserted from a Fr. whaler at Todos 
 Santos and came to S. Diego; or perhaps left drunk at S. D. by the General 
 Sucre. Leman (John), 1846, Co. B, Cal. Bat. (v. 358), enlisting at S. Jos<$ 
 Nov. Lemoine (G. D.), 1846-7, mr of the Francisco, and pass, on the Eliza 
 beth; owner of S.F. lot. v. 578, 679. Lemon (Geo. F.), 1847, lieut Co. A, 
 N.Y.Vol. v. 503; S.F. assessor '51; lieut-col N.Y.Vol. in the war of the re 
 bellion; killed in battle '62. L. (James W.), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 
 469); reenl.; at Weston, Utah, '81. 
 
 Le Netrel (Ed.), Fr. lieut on the Heros. iii. 129. Lenoir, 1845, Fr. hat 
 ter from Or. in the McM.-Clyman party; prob. returned to Or. '46. iv. 572, 
 526. Lenox (E. H.), 1848, Kentuckian in Sta Clara '68-76. L. (John A.),' 
 1846, overl. immig. with his parents at the age of 2 years. The family settled 
 at Sonoma, where John died in '74. Sac. Union. L. (J. W.), 1848, nat. of 
 Ind.; in Sonoma Co. '48-77. Son. Co. Hist. L. (T.), 1847, in Sutter's em 
 ploy '47-8; had a family; prob. came in '46. All the preceding are prob. vague 
 ref. to the same family. Leon (Andre's), in the Mont, revolt of '29; sent as 
 prisoner to Mex. '30. iii. 69, 71, 85. Leon y Luna, 1793, mr of the Activo. 
 i. 544. Leonard (Geo. W. M.), 1847, Co. E, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); a colonel 
 under Walker in Nicaragua; in N.Y. city '82. L. (Louis), 1846, overl. 
 immig. with Hoppe and Harlan; went back east and died. Balhaus. Leon 
 ardo (Pedro B.), sirviente at Soledad 1791-1800. i. 499. 
 
 Lepage (Francois), 1842, Frenchman who got a cartaat S.F. ; owner of a lot 
 in '45, which he sold to James Lick in '48. iv. 341, 669. L. (Nicholas), 1842, 
 brother of Fra^ois, who also got a carta. Lequez (J. V.), 1831, doubtful 
 name of a Scotchman permitted to marry. Lerma, soldier killed by Ind. in 
 '21. ii. 550. Leroux, 1847, guide to Morm. Bat. v. 483. Leroy (Joseph), 
 
 1836, Frenchman, aged 29, at the Verjeles rancho near Mont. ; perhaps the same 
 rnan was an otter-hunter with Nidever in '39-40. iv. 119. L. (R.), 1839, Fr. 
 surgeon at Sta B. and Mont. Lester (Thomas), 1817, Engl. sailor baptized 
 as Jose" Tomas Ignacio, and living at S. Jose" '29-33. ii. 284, 286, 393, 602; 
 perhaps the same who went to Hon. on the Mary Ann in '47. Letterman 
 (Henry), 1846, Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). 
 
 Levelain (Chas), 1843-4, Fr. boy who left the Ferdinand (?), and lived with 
 Capt. Richardson at Sauzalito. iv. 400; at S.F. from '49; married a daughter 
 of F^usebio Soto in '50; at Butte City '60; at S.F. '64-7. Levitt, 1848, mr 
 of the Eagle, v. 577. Levick (Isaac), 1845, at S.F. ; also in '54. L. (John), 
 
 1837, deserter from an Engl. schr with a man named Morgan. They built a 
 cabin at what became the cor of Dupont and Broadway, S.F. (?), and acquired 
 a large fortune. He left Cal. in '57, and was lost on the Central America. 
 Herald, Oct. 31, '57. iv. 118. Levin (Louis), 1835, at Los Ang. Levy 
 (Thos), 1848, overl. immig. to Or. in '46, and came from Or. to the mines; 
 found dead at Mosquito '74. age 49. Sac. Union. 
 
 Lewis, 1847, of firm of L. & Lynch, Mont. '47-8. L. 1846, deserter from 
 an Engl. man-of-war, who on pretence of having great wealth married an 
 orphan who left him when she learned the truth; so wrote Leidesdorff. Per 
 haps Win Lewis of '40. L., 1846, overl. immig. with Stephen Cooper. L., 
 1848, from Honolulu. L. (Abraham), 1848, nat. of N.Y.; in Sta Clara Co. 
 '76. L. (Allen), 1830, Amer. blacksmith, age 25, who came on the Planet. 
 iii. 180; at Sta B, '36. L. (F. W. ) 1847, mate of the Elizabeth; perhaps at Sta 
 B. '50. L. (Geo W.), 1846, nat. of Mo., said to have come with his father's 
 family and to have settled at Sonoma, where his mother lived in '80, and he 
 was candidate for county assessor. L. (Henry), 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 
 499). L. (H. E.), 1847, Co. E, ditto; at S. Jos6 71-4; not in Clark's latest 
 list. L. (Henry H.), 1847, lieut on the U.S. Independence. L. (J.), 1848, 
 
LEWIS LILLIE. 713 
 
 passp. from Hon. L. (James), 1845, doubtful name of the McM.-Clyman 
 party, iv. 573. L. (James D.), 1843, sailor on the Admittance, disch. in '45. 
 Peterson's Diary. L. (John B. ), 1845, overl. immig. of the S wasey-Todd party, 
 iv. 576, 587; one 'of. the committee representing new-comers in the treaty 
 with Castro in Nov. iv. 606; at Sonoma and Napa '46-8, and member of the 
 Sonoma council '47. v. 668; at S. Jose '50. L. (John), 1847, Co. F, N.Y. 
 Vol. (v. 499); d. Sta B. '48. L. (John), 1834, at Los Ang.; doubtful name. 
 L. (Joseph), 1847, commander's clerk on the Columbus. L. (Joseph B.) 
 1847, Co. A, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. in Texas '82. L. (Louis), 1835, nat. of 
 Pa, trader at Los Ang., age 25; accused of complicity in the Apalategui re 
 volt (iii. 282). L. (Sam.), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); at Bangui ch, 
 Utah, '82. L. (Thomas), 1833, Amer. from S. Bias, accused of illegal otter- 
 hunting in Sept. In '36 he was at Los Ang., a single carpenter, aged 25. In 
 '40 one of the Graham exiles, who returned in '41 and worked at Sta Cruz as 
 a lumberman in '42-3. He may have been the Tom Lewis who accompanied 
 John Brown on his famous ride of '46. iii. 393, 409; iv. 18, 33; v. 304. L. 
 (Thomas), 1844, Engl., age 30, at S.F. L. (Wm), 1840, naturalized this 
 year and named on Larkin's books, iv. 120. At S.F. and S. Jose" in '41; in 
 '45 at N. Helv., where he was married in Dec. His wife may be the Mrs L. 
 who married Perry McCoon in Feb '46, and died in June. 
 
 Libbey (Elliott), 1845, mr of the Tasso '45-8; also of the Com. Shubrick 
 in '47. iv. 569; v. 577, 580. For assault on him and Spear at S.F., see iv. 589, 
 665-6. According to Thomes there was a ' woman in the case. ' Capt. L. was 
 the owner of a town lot in '46 (v. 685), and in 54 lived at S. Rafael. It is pos 
 sible that he visited Cal. on some vessel from Hon. earlier than '45. Lichten- 
 stein,see 'Lightstone.' Lick (James), 1848, nat. of Pa, a piano-maker by trade, 
 who had lived for over 20 years in Buenos Aires, Chile, and Peru, and who 
 came to S.F. from Callao on the Lady Adams, arriving Jan. 7, '48. He had 
 already a small fortune, which he invested in S.F. lands (v. 678), and patiently 
 waited for the increase in the value of his real estate to make him immensely 
 wealthy. Among his enterprises of later years were a grand flouring mill at 
 S. Jose", finished with mahogany in the interior, and the Lick House, in which 
 some of the fine decorations in wood are the work of his own hands. He was 
 an honest, industrious man, of much common sense, though noted for his 
 many eccentricities and whims, and in his later years of irritable and thor 
 oughly disagreeable temperament. He had no family, except an illegitimate 
 son, who was recognized by him and spent some years with him in Cal. He 
 took a deep interest from the first in the Society of Cal. Pioneers, to which 
 he made liberal gifts. His great and well-merited fame rests on the final dis 
 position of his millions, which, after provision for his relatives, were devoted 
 to various scientific, charitable, and educational enterprises, for the benefit of 
 the donor's adopted state. He died in '76, at the age of '80; and after the 
 usual delays caused by financial and legal complications, the results of Lick's 
 bequests are beginning, in '85, to assume practical shape. 
 
 Light (Allen B.), 1835, negro, who deserted from the Pilfjrim, or some 
 other vessel, and became an otter-hunter, iii. 413. He was known as Black 
 Steward, his encounter with a grizzly bear in the Sta B. region being men 
 tioned by Alfred Robinson, and other adventures by Nidever. He was one of 
 Graham's men in '36-8; and in '39, being a naturalized resident of Sta B. , 
 was appointed by the govt agent to prevent illegal otter-hunting, iv. 91 ; at 
 Los Ang. in '41, and in '46-8 at S. Diego, still a hunter. L. (James), 1846, 
 nat. of Me, and one of the Mormon Col., with wife and child, though some 
 times accredited to the N.Y. Vol. v. 546. He lived in S. Joaq., and later at 
 Sauzalito; but from '50 was a resident of Humboldt Co., where he died at 
 Arcata in '81. His wife, Mary J., died in '75. Lightstone (Frank), 1845, 
 German soap-maker and chandler; original name Franz Lichtenstein, who 
 came from Or. in the McMahon-Clyman party, and settled at S. Jose* '46. iv. 
 572, 487; still living in Sta Clara Co., I think, in '85. 
 
 Lillie (Leonard G.), 1846, nat. of N.Y., prob. overl. immig. from 111., and 
 settler in Napa Val. He died at Calistoga in '72, age 48, leaving a widow and 
 
714 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 6 children. Limantour (Joseph Yves), 1841, Fr. trader in Mex., who came 
 to Cal. as sup. of the Ayacucho. iv. 279, 563. The schr was wrecked near 
 Pt Reyes, and L. opened a store at S.F. to dispose of the cargo '41-2. He 
 came back in '43-4, '47, and '52-3. v. 449, 576. During the visit of '43-4 he 
 furnished aid to Gov. Micheltorena, and received in return, as there seems to 
 be no reason to doubt, several grants of land. In '52-3 he presented his claims 
 before the land commission, iv. 352, 386,402,511,559,634,655,671-4. His chief 
 claim, to about half the site of San Francisco, was at first confirmed by the 
 commission; but in '58 was rejected by the district court, the grant being 
 
 E renounced a forgery supported by false testimony. This famous case is more 
 illy noticed elsewhere (see vol. vi.). The truth would seem to be that L. 
 had really obtained grants of land at S.F. and elsewhere; but that in later 
 years, by forged papers and with the aid of Ex-gov. Micheltorena, he over 
 reached himself by attempting to improve the location and extent of his 
 grants. He is still, in '85, a wealthy resident of the City of Mexico. Lim- 
 cante (Bias), 1806, sailor on the Peacock, arrested at S. Juan Cap. ii. 3$. 
 Limon (Cayetano), 1781-2, Mex. alfe"rez, who came to Cal. in com. of escort 
 to Rivera's colony, i. 342-4, 361, 364-5. Limon (Fran.), criminal at S. Fern. 
 '39. iii. 638. L. (Fran.), apparently alieut. ; at Mont. '46; went to Mex. 
 with Flores '48. v. 41, 407-8. L. (Jose" M.), 1842; sub-lieut of the batallou 
 fijo; suspended in '43. iv. 289, 354, 364. 
 
 Linares (Fran.), at Los Ang. '46. L. (Ignacio), settler at S. Jose" 1786. 
 i. 477. In 1793 invalido, wife Gertrudis Rivas, child. Salvador, Marceia, 
 Francisco, Mariano, Nicolasa, Santos, Antonia, and Rosa. L. (Jose"), lla- 
 yero, at Sta Ine"s '39. iii. 664. L. (Jos6 de la Cruz) r grantee of Nogales '40. 
 iii. 633; at S. Gabriel '46. L. (Juan Jose"), soldier of the guard at S. Jose* 
 mission 1797-1800. i. 556. L. (Margarito), Mex. soldier at Mont. '36. L. 
 (Maria Ant.), grantee of Los Carneros '42. iv. 655. L. (Miguel), at Los Ang. 
 '46. L. (Ramon), soldier at Sta Cruz and S. Josd 1795-1800. i. 490, 556; 
 invalido of the S.F. comp. 1819-21. L. (Rafael), at the Natividad light (v. 
 363). L.'(Rosa), had a son in the Mont, school '46. L. (Santiago), shot 
 for murder at Los Ang. '41. iv. 630. L. (Vicente), grantee of ranch o at S. 
 Luis Ob. '42. iv. 656. L. (Victor), soldier at S. Diego '26. ii. 549; in '37 
 grantee of Tinaquaic. iii. 656, 557; in 39-40 maj. at S. Luis Ob., and militia 
 alfe"rez. iii. 683; iv. 13; in '42 grantee of Canada de los Osos. iv. 655; in '46 
 juez at S. Luis, v. 638, where he still lived in '51. Linch, see 'Lynch.' 
 
 Lincoln (John), 1822, mr of the John J3e;ig. ii. 474. L. (Jonas), 1847, 
 son of Seth, who came at the age of 10, bom in Engl. He was later a member 
 of the Pac. Stock Exchange, S.F., and died, as did his wife, in '76, leaving 7 
 children. L. (J. S.), 1847, candidate for the S.F. council, v. 650; prob. 
 same as the following. L. (Seth S.), 1847, from Hon. with wife and 2 chil 
 dren on the Francesco,. He was the owner of several town lots in '47-8, and 
 by some is said to have been a Mormon preacher, v. 547. All the family ex 
 cept Jonas left S. F. for Australia and were lost at sea. 
 
 Linder (Francis), 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Lindsay, 1848, mr of 
 the Tans'). L. (J. H.), 1845, at S.F. June '46. Terr. Pion., 1st An. L. 
 (Thomas), 1841, immig. from N. Mex. in the Workman - Rowland party, 
 called a 'mineralogist' in the Rowland list. iv. 278-9. In '44 he settled at 
 what was later Stockton, building a tule hut. He went south as the entire 
 pop. of Stockton with Sutter in the Micheltorena campaign, iv. 486; and 
 soon after his return, in the spring of '45, was killed by Indians, his body be 
 ing burned with the hut. iv. 516, 543, 674. Lineda (Arcadio), 1789, lieut 
 in Malaspina's exped. i. 490. Linel (Joseph), 1847, owner of a S.F. lot. 
 Link, 1848, from S. Jose* to the mines. Linn (James S.), 1847, owner of S. 
 F. lot; also at N. Helv., Sta Clara, and in the mines '47-8; had a family. 
 Lino, neoph. at Sta Cruz 1817. ii. 388. L., sacristain at Sta B. '38. iii. 656. 
 Linson (Fran.), a litigant in Los Ang. district '39. Linton (James), 1847, 
 Co. E, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Linty (J.), 1846, Cal. Bat., Co. B, artill. v. 358. 
 
 Lipp (Carl), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at Vallejo '71-82. Lipper 
 (Augustus), 1847, Co. G, ditto. Lippincott (Benj. S.), 1846, nat, of N.Y. 
 
LIPPINCOTT- LIVERMORE. 715 
 
 who came overland with Bryant, being wounded on the way by Ind. v. 528. 
 He was active in raising recruits for the war, and served as lieut of Co. H, 
 Cal. Bat., acting also as asst Q. M. v. 359, 361. In this connection he is often 
 called Geo. M. Lippincott, but 1 find no evidence that there were two of the 
 name. In '47-8 he lived at S.F., being a gambler by profession, owner of town 
 lots, v. 078, and a candidate for the council, v. 650. He was a member of 
 the constit. convention of '49, representing S. Joaq. Co. in the 1st legislature, 
 and Calaveras in those of '55 and '61. He was a popular man as trader, politi 
 cian, and ' one of the boys.' He died in N. J. 70, at the age of 55. Lippctt 
 (Francis J.), 1847, nat. of R. I., capt. Co. F, N.Y.Vol., and in com. of the 
 garrison at Sta B. v. 504, 514, 584, 631; owner of a town lot, v. GS5, and 
 from '48 a lawyer at S.F. to '52 or later, v. 686; member of the constit. con 
 vention of '49; col of 1st Cal. infantry in war of 'Gl-5; at Providence, R. I., 
 71 ; Boston, 74, and Washington, D.C.,'82. Lisa (Dan.), 1816, nat. of Mass. 
 who came on the Lydia, and was baptized at Sta B. in '18 as Daniel Murtir 
 Jose" de Sta Rosa. The name was prob. Daniel Eleazer, the surname being 
 unknown. L. (Jose" Manuel), 1816, brother cf Dan., bapt. at StaB. '16. ii. 
 277. Lisarraga (Jos6 M.), 1842. iv. 642. 
 
 Little, 1837. mr of the Griffon, iv. 104; perhaps Wm C. iv. 141. L. 
 (August), 1847,' owner of S.F. lot. L. (John), 184S(?), trader and postmaster 
 at (Joloma. L. (Milton), 1843, nat. of N. Y. and overl. immig. of the 
 Walker-Chiles party, being wounded by Ind. on the trip. iv. 392, 394, 400. 
 He settled at Mont, as a trader in '44, and from that time his name constantly 
 appears in various records. He got a carta in '44, was a partner of Belden in 
 '45, was 2d alcalde in '46, serving on the 1st jury, and having a Cal. claim. 
 v. 289, 637 (462). In '48 he married Mary Eagar, also visiting the gold mines, 
 After '49 he continued to trade at Mont., holding several county offices, be 
 ing claimant for lands, iv. 656, and dying in 79 at the age of '67. He left a 
 widow and several children. Littlefield (Geo.), 1845, mr of the Ilopewell. 
 iv. 566. 
 
 Littlejohn (David), 1824, Scotch farmer and carpenter from Call ao on one 
 of Hartnell's vessels, ii. 526; baptized in '25 at S. Ciirlos as Francisco Javier 
 David; joined the comp. extranjera in '32. iii. 221; naturalized in '33, being 
 then 40 years old, married to a native, and owner of some cattle. In '34 he 
 was grantee of Carneros rancho, Mont. Co., later confirmed to his heirs, iii. 
 677; named often in Larkin's accounts and other records '34-46. Being par 
 tially insane (?), he objected to the plundering of his rancho by Fremont's men 
 and narrowly escaped with his life. He died a little later, and his widow 
 married Jose M. Castro before '50. Littleton (John), 1826, Engl. sailor who 
 landed sick at Mont, from the Rover, iii. 176; ii. 609. In '29, being 22 years 
 old, he worked at the inn when able: lived with Larkin in '36; and is last 
 mentioned in '37. 
 
 Livermore (Robert), 1822, nat. of London, b. 1799, apprenticed to a mason, 
 from whom he ran away in '16 and went to sea. After serving in the U.S. navy 
 he left that service on the S. Amer. coast, and joined the allied fleet under 
 Lord Cochrane, taking part on the Esmeralda in the naval operations at Callao 
 (which were in '20-1), and perhaps joining an exped. to the north (though 
 he could not apparently have been in the Gulf of Cal. in '22. See Ilist. JV". 
 Mex. St., ii.). Leaving the naval service, he shipped on the Colonel Young, a 
 trading craft, from which he deserted in Cal., probably in '22, the date of her 
 arrival, ii. 478, but possibly later on another trip of '25. iii. 29. There is a 
 strange confusion in records of his coming, the date being given by different 
 writers all the way from '16 to '29. He is understood to have lived some 
 years on the Laguna, or Al vires, rancho, spending some time in the south at 
 S. Gabriel, and working in the Sta Clara redwoods; but this was prob. later, 
 as Geo. Frazer, of '33, is named as his comrade. The earliest original record 
 is in '29, when, being maj. on the rancho of Torre and Mulligan, he claimed 
 to be 23 years old, and to have come in '19, intending to remain and marry, 
 St. Pap. Sac., xiii. 3, both of which statements must be erroneous. lu 
 another record of '29, being a resident of S. Jos6, ' Roberto ' said he had de- 
 
716 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 serted from the Conollango about '21, was 22 years old, and had been bap 
 tized at Sta Clara (as Juan Bautista Roberto). Dept. St. Pap., xix. 3. I have a 
 receipt of money from L., dated Los Pozitos, in '25. Alviso, Doc., 6; but this 
 may be a slip of the pen for '35. He is mentioned at S. Jose" in '30 and '31, 
 but as intending to quit the place. Vallejo, Doc.,xxx. 61, 313. In '42 he writes 
 of a cattle-brand that he had used for 15 years (since '27). Estudillo, Doc., ii. 
 54. Soon after '30 he went to the Tularcitos rancho, where he married Josefa 
 Higuera, widow of Fuentes Molina, as early as '34, if we follow the padron of 
 '41, which makes his daughter Casimira 6 years old, though the date is gen 
 erally given as later; and before '37 when Edwards visited him he had es 
 tablished himself on the Pozitos rancho, in what was later called Livermore 
 Valley, and where he spent the rest of his life. iv. 86, 117. In '39 he was ap 
 parently granted the rancho on Apr. 8th. Leg. Rec., iii. 61; but 2 days later 
 it was granted to Salvio Pacheco, prob. as a formality, L. not being a citizen. 
 He at once bought the property in partnership with Jose" Noriega, whose in 
 terest he purchased later. In a list of foreigners of '40 when L. was per 
 haps arrested, iv. 17 as per extract furnished by J. A. Forbes for my use, 
 L. is said to be 36 years old, and to have come with Mancisidor on the Coro- 
 nel Yon 20 years ago. In '40-1 he had some dealings with Sutter, iv. 134, 
 233, being called 39 years old in a padron; and in all these years he had 
 much trouble with the Ind., being wounded in one of his exped. In '44 he 
 was naturalized, being a resid. for * over 20 years, 'and having a large family. 
 In '46 he rendered some service in carrying despatches, v. 246-7; about this 
 time purchased the Canada de los Vaqueros of the Alvisos; and his place was 
 a well-known station on the route from Mont, and S. Jose" to Sac. The two 
 mnchoa were later confirmed to him. iii. 712; iv. 671; and the former sailor 
 became a rich man. His reputation is that of a hospitable and honest man, a 
 good representative of his class. In '51, through the medium of a neighbor 
 named Strickland, who had a sister living in England, L. resumed commun. 
 with his relatives after 35 years of silence. The original corresp., Livermore 
 Papers, MS., chiefly of his brother, Wm C., in London, has been furnished 
 to me by Valentin Alviso, his son-in-law. The corresp. extended from '51 to 
 '57, showing L.'s father to have died in '26 and his mother in '48, but several 
 brothers, sisters, and other relatives still survived; and the English builder's 
 views and advice respecting Cal. ranchero life must have been more amusing 
 than instructive to Don Roberto. One suggestion was to surround his rancho 
 with a ditch, and another to brand his cattle. Livermore died in '58. Portrait 
 in Halleifs Centen. Year-Book, 563. He left a widow and 8 children. His son 
 Robert, b. in '40, still resides, '85, in Livermore Valley with wife, Teresa Ber- 
 nal, and 6 children. Portrait in A lam. Co. Hist., 16. One of the daughters, 
 Josefa, is the wife of Valentin Alviso. 
 
 Livingstone (John W.), 1846, lieutU.S.N., com. of the Congress '46-8. v. 
 253, 577; rear-admiral living in N.Y. '77. L. (Peter F.), 1847, Co. K, N.Y. 
 Vol. (v. 499); I have his letter of Apr. '48, at S.F., in which he expresses his 
 desire to buy a tract of land near the presidio as soon as discharged; alcalde 
 at S. f Jose" '49. He died at Sonora '73. Lizalde (Ignacio), at Sta B. '37, wife 
 Maria Ign. Arellanes, 3 children. L. (Juan), soldier of S.F. comp. '39-42. 
 L. (Pedro), corporal of S. Diego comp. 1797. i. 562; settler at Los Ang. 1803. 
 ii. 349. Llanos (Wm), 1846, doubtful name in a Los Ang. list. Llepe 
 (Jerome), 1834, doubtful name of an Engl. hatter at Mont., age 27. Lloyd 
 (Horace), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518); perhaps the L. in Alameda 
 Co. '55-78. Lobar (Juan), 1831, from N. Mex. in the Wolfskill party, iii. 
 387. Lobato (Miguel Garcia), Mex. lieut. of engineers, who perhaps came 
 with Echeandia in '25. He is mentioned in connection with the trial of P. 
 Martinez in '29-30. iii. 84, 99; and was sent to Mex. in '30 as a comisionado by 
 the junta de guerra. L. (Diego), at S. Gabriel '46. Lobo (Juan), resid. of Los 
 Ang. '46; prominent at the fight of S. Pascual. v. 352. L. (Juan Jos6), set 
 tler at Los Ang. 1790. i. 461. L. (Juan Jose" and Santiago), at Los Ang. '46. 
 L. (Marcial), at S. Diego '26. L. (Pedro), sergt at S. Diego '25-8. ii. 543. 
 
 Locke, 1795, mr of the Resolution, i. 538, 625. L. (James O.), 1829, mr 
 
LOCKE LOPEZ. 717 
 
 of the BrooJdine '29-30. iii. 146. In '40, at Boston, he jumped from a 3d-story 
 window and fractured his skull. Lockwood (Isaac), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. 
 (v. 499); at S. Jos6 '50. L. (Wm A.), 1842, prof, of mathematics on Cora. 
 Jones' fleet, iv. 308. 
 
 Lodge (Michael), 1822, Irish carpenter, who, in '29, was living at Mont., 
 age 30, married to Martina Castro, ii. 479. I have his autograph letter of May 
 '28. His name appears on Larkin's books in '33-47, his business being that of 
 lumberman, and from about '37 owner of a rancho near Sta Cruz. In '40 he 
 was arrested but not exiled (iv. 17), though in '41 fined $20 for applying an 
 opprobrious epithet to the Mex. govt. In '45 he is named in the Branciforte 
 padron as 50 years old, wife 39, children Refugio, b. '32, Maria Ant. 35, Mi 
 guel '39, Joaquin '41, and Maria '42. In Nov. '47 he was still a lumberman at 
 Soquel, but I have no later record of him, or of his family, except that one 
 of his daughters married Thos Fallen. Loesa, chaplain of the S. Bias trans 
 ports, 1791-1800. i. G55. Loeser (Lucien), 1847, lieut Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. 
 v. 518; sent east with despatches '48. 
 
 Logan (Joseph B.j, 1847, sergt Co. I, N. Y. Vol. v. 504; died at Spring 
 field, Tuol. Co., '57. L. (L. L.), 1846, from Mich.; a soldier in N. Mex. 
 '61-4, when he was fatally wounded by the Ind. Watsonvilk Pdjaro Times. 
 L. (Wm), 1824, owner of a vineyard at Los Ang. '31. ii. 526; prob. same as 
 Wm Lobe, named in '40 as an Amer. carpenter from N. Mex., who had been 
 14 years in Cal., married, and 38 years old. iii. 176. Loker (Wm N.), 1845, 
 Amer. trader from Mo., and overl. immig. of the Hastings party, iv. 586-7; 
 clerk in Sutter's employ from Jan. '46; in charge of the Bear prisoners, v. 
 125, 80; lieut Co. A, Cal. Bat., and later adjutant; had a Cal. claim (v. 462); 
 went east with Frdmont, and testified at the court-martial, v. 453-456. In 
 '76 he is named as a broker at St Louis. Lomer, 1848, Mont, firm of Cop- 
 man & L. '48-9. 
 
 Londerman, 1848, at N. Helv. Long (Dr), 1847, at N. Helv.; mining at 
 Parks Bar '48, with his brothers. L. (A. K.), 1841, com. of the fielief, U.S. 
 ex. iv. 271. L. (A. 11.), 184S, capt U.S. N., on the Warren; com. of marine 
 guard at S.F. L. (David), 1847, came on the Fama, perhaps earlier, and 
 worked at S.F., '47-8, for Ward & Smith, and for Leidesdorff; at N. Helv., 
 on Leidesdorff's launch, '48. L. (John), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). 
 L. (John P.), 1846, Co. B, Cal. Bat. (v. 358), enlisting at Mont. Oct.; had a 
 Cal. claim for quarters and clothing (v. 462); in the mines at Park and Long 
 bars '48. L. (Wm or Willis), 1846, Co. B, Cal. Bat. (v. 358); living in Vaca 
 Valley '74. Longdeau (Maurice), 1846, with Kearny from N. Mex. v. 337. 
 Longley (Wm Rufus), 1846, came from Hon. on the Eujthemia, as clerk for 
 Davis, '46-7; clerk at Mont, for naval store-keeper, and agent for McClurg & 
 Co.; 2d alcalde at Mont. '48; also trading in the mines, v. 637. Look, 1843, 
 doubtful name of a saloon-keeper at Mont. ace. to newspapers. Loper 
 (Andrew J.), 1846, Co. E, Cal. Bat., enlisting at Sonoma Oct. (v. 358). 
 
 Lopez, sailor sirviente at Sta Cruz. i. 496. L.( Alejandro), at Los Ang. '46. 
 L. (Antonio), settler at Los Ang. '13. ii. 359; in'32inval. of the Sta B. comp., 
 wife Gertrudis Fe"lix, child. Josefa, Filomena, Juan Jose", Bernardino, and 
 Jose" Maria. L. (Baldomero), 1791, Span, friar; founder of Sta Cruz, where 
 he served till his retirement in '96; guardian of S. Fernando College '18-25. 
 Biog. i. 497-9; ment. i. 494, 576; ii. 397-8, 402, 431-2; iii. 21. L. (Bernar 
 dino), son of Antonio; regidor at Los Ang. '37-8. iii. 509, 636; encargado of 
 S. Gabriel '47. v. 628; had a Cal. claim (v. 462); still at Los Ang. '48. L. 
 (Bonifacio), juez del campoat S. Diego '35. iii. 615; in charge of the mission 
 '43. v. 620. L. (Capistrano), at S. Juan B. '44; mentioned in connection 
 with the Fr<5mont-Gavilan affair of '46. v. 18; in later years a noted desper 
 ado finally hanged at Sta Cruz. L. (Cayetano), artisan-instructor 1792-5; i. 
 615, 725. L. (Claudio), settler at Los Ang. '11; maj- at S. Gabriel '21-30; 
 alcalde at Los Ang. '26. ii. 349, 560, 568. L. (Cornelio), resid. of Los Ang. 
 '33-48. L. (Estdvan), 1602, corp. in Vizcaino's exped. i. 98. L. (Estd- 
 van), at Los Ang. '28-39. L. (Francisco), at S. Fern. '39; sec. in the juz- 
 gado at Los Ang. '41. iv. 641; named as discov. of the southern gold mines 
 
718 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 in '42. iv. 630-1; grantee of Los Alamos '46. v. 627; clerk in governor's office 
 '45; juez de campo '48. v. 626. L. (Francisco), corp. of Sta B. comp. '32; 
 wife Maria Ant. F6lix; grantee of Temescal'43. iv. 643; living on his rancho 
 '45. L. (Ger6nimo), at Los Ang. '46. L. (Gregorio), at Sta B. before '37; 
 wife Antonia Maria Ortega, and one child; in '46 maj. of S. Julian rancho. v. 
 282. L. (Ignacio), soldier of S. Diego comp.; partido elector of S. Diego '22, 
 and elected to legislature, ii. 454, 462, 543; took part in revolution of '31. iii. 
 201; juez de campo '36. iii. 616. L. (Jacinto), 1799, Span, friar who served 
 for brief terms at S. Antonio and S. Juan B., retiring in 1801. i. 558, 577; ii. 
 153, 159. L. (Joaquin), soldier killed on the Colorado 1781. i. 363. L. 
 (Jose"), brother of Ignacio, at S. Diego, engaged in the revolution of '31. iii. 
 201; owner of land at S. Juan Cap. '41-3. iv. 371, 624, 626; killed by Ind. at 
 Puma '46. v. 617; but another of the same name was regidor at S. Diego 
 '49. L. (Jose" Ant. ), Mex. convict '29-34. L. (Jose de Jesus), soldier of the 
 S.F. comp. '39-42. L. (Jose* M.), at Sta Cruz 1794. i. 496. L. (Jose" M.), 
 soldier of Sta B. comp. before '37; at Los Ang. '39-48, being zanjero in 
 '44. iv. 633. L. (Juan), settler at Los Ang. 1798-9; i. 606; ii. 349. L. 
 (Juan), at S. Diego, engaged in revolt of '31. iii. 200-1; grantee of Canada 
 de S. Vicente '46. v. 619; iii. 612. L. (Juan Jose"), 1842, Mex. cornet in 
 batallon fijo '42-5. iv. 289. L. (Juan B.), killed at Mont. '25. iii. 26. L. 
 (J. B.), otter-hunter '30. iii. 145. L. (Leandro), at Los Ang. '46. L. 
 (Manuel), ex-llavero S. Antonio '40. iii. 687. L. (M. J.), owner of Je 
 sus rancho, S. Diego, '36. iii. 611-12. L. (Maria Ign.), wife of Joaq. 
 Carrillo; grantee of Sta Rosa '41. iv. 673. She was a half-sister of 
 Pio Pico's mother, Ignacio and Jose" being her brothers. Her sisters were 
 Josefa, wife of Vejar, Juana, wife of Juan Osuna, and Maria Ant., wife 
 of Jose 1 M. Aguilar. L. (Nicolas), owner of a house at Sta B. '48. v. 632. 
 L. (Pedro), sirviente at S.F. 1777. i. 297. L. (Pedro), at S. Fern. '39, age 
 28; grantee of Tujunga'40. iii. 634; still at S. Fern. '56. L. (Rafael), sol 
 dier at Sta B. '32, wife Maria Ortega. L. (Ramon), Dominican friar from 
 L. Cal., at S. Diego occasionally 1791-1800. i. 655. L. (Tiburcio), soldier 
 of Sta B. comp. before '37; at Los Ang. '46. L. (Theodore), 1847, Co. F, 
 N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); in Tuol. Co. 77. Lord (Joseph M.), 1847, owner of 
 boats on bay and river '48-9; in S.F. after '70. 
 
 Lorenzana (Apolinaria), 1800, one of the foundlings sent from Mex. to 
 Cal., who lived at Sta B. and S. Diego, never married, and became known as 
 La Beata, devoting her life to charity and teaching, a favorite godmother at 
 baptisms, i. 606; ii. 169. She was at S. Luis Rey '21-30. ii. 553; and was 
 grantee of Jamacho and Canada de los Coches in '40, '43, iii. 611, 621, the 
 former being confirmed to her by the land commission, but taken from her by 
 some legal hocus pocus that the old woman never understood. In '78 she was 
 living at Sta B. , entirely blind and supported by friends and the county. Her 
 Memorias de La Beata, dictated for my use, contains many interesting items 
 on early times. Her name of Lorenzana is that of the archbishop of Mex. 
 given to all foundlings from that asylum. L. (Felipe), at Sta B. before '37, 
 wife Natividad Ruiz, 4 children; ranchero in '45. L. (Inocente), juez de 
 policia at Sta B. before '48. v. 631. L. (Jacinto), at Sta B. '37, wife Carmen 
 Rodriguez, 3 children; sindico in '40. iii. 655. L. (Jose"), at Branciforte '45, 
 age 29, wife Manuela Salazar, child. Josefa b. '36, Prudencio '37, Benita '38, 
 Juan Jose* '40, Rosario '42; a man of same name at Sta B. '50-5. L. (Ma- 
 cedonio), soldier of S.F. comp. '19-22; at Brancif. '28, wife Romualda Vas- 
 quez, child. Jos<5, Apolinario b. '19, Bernarda. Juana, Arcadio '24, and Pedro. 
 ii. 627; in '35, '39, sindico. iii. 696-7; '38 regidor. iii. 697; '45-6 2d alcalde. 
 iv. 641, 664; in '45, age 53, additional children, Juan b. '25, Matias '26, Fer 
 nando '30, Jesus '35, Faustino '36, Jose" '37, Ricardo '40, Trinidad '44. L. 
 (Manuel), alguacil at Sta B. '39. iii. 654. L. (Timoteo), killed in '31. iii. 
 673. L. (Tomas), soldier at Sta B. before '37. L. (Vicente), at Los Ang. 
 '12-48, a carpenter, age 50 in '39. ii. 350. 
 
 Loring (Sam.), 1836, Amer. cooper, age 26, in a Sta B. list. iv. 118; died 
 at Los Ang. '43. L. ('Major'), 1846, doubtful name in a LQS Ang. list. 
 
LORING-LUGO. 719 
 
 Lornes (John), 1846, Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). Losaya (Jose* M.), killed a 
 man at Sta B. '40. iii. 055. Loughray (Andrew), 1847, Co. K, N.Y.Vol. 
 (v. 499). Louis, 1847, mr of the Providence. L. (Henry), 1846, Fauntleroy's 
 dragoons (v. 232, 247). L. (J. Gros and P. Gros), 1846, Cal. Bat., Co. B, 
 artill. (v. 358). Lount (Seth H.), 1847, Co. I, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); killed by 
 Rogue Riv. Ind. '55. Louzade (James), 1840, one of the exiles to S. Bias, 
 iv. 18. 
 
 Love (Harry), 1843 (?), arrived in Oct. ace. to records of the Soc. Cal. 
 Piou. iv. 400. His wife was Mary Bennett, widow of Vardamon B. of '43. 
 She was living in Sta Clara Co. '55. L. (John), 1846, lieut Co. C, 1st U.S. 
 dragoons, as per muster-roll; prob. did not come to Cal. Loveall (Stephen), 
 
 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). Lovejoy (A. L.), 1848, Or. lawyer in 
 the mines. Burnett. Lovelaiu (L. F.), 1846, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). Loveland 
 (Cyrus C.), 1847, Co. K, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); in Sta Co. '83. L. (J. B.), 
 
 1848, at Monterey. Lovett, 1848, mr of the Eagle. L. (Angeline M.), 1846, 
 a woman of the Mormon colony, v. 546; married to Thos Kittleman in Dec. 
 '47 at S.F. 
 
 Low (James C.), 1847, Q. M. sergt N.Y.Vol. v. 503; acting order, sergt; 
 disch. for physical disability Sept.; owner of S.F. lots; in S.F. '54; d. at S. 
 Rafael before ; 82. L. (Thomas), 1831, perhaps one of Young's trappers, iii. 
 388; at S.F. in '40. Lowe, 1847, mr of the Sta Cruz schr '46-8. v. 580. 
 Lowe (Mrs W. H.), 1846, at S. Jos< '81. Lowery (Anthony W.), 1847, Co. 
 E, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at S.F. '74-8. Loy (Horace), 1848, teamster in Sut- 
 ter's employ. Loze (M. M.), 1846, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). 
 
 Lucas (John), 1838, Engl. lumberman in the Sta Cruz region named in 
 Larkin's accounts, iv. 119; one of the exiles of '40, who returned in '41. iv. 
 18, 33. Luce, 1848, mrof the Tepic. v. 580. L. (S. B.), 1847, mid. on the 
 U.S. Columbus. Lucio (Juan Saenz de), 1806, Span, friar who served at 
 S.F., retiring in '16. ii. 374-5, 131, 159-60, 386, 394. Luco (Jnan M.), 
 1847, Chilian and mr of the Natalia '47-8. v. 579; claimant for the Ulpinos 
 rancho. iv. 674; somewhat prominent in land matters, and still in S.F. '85. 
 Ludloff (Charles), 1847, Co. B, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Lugo (Antonio Maria), son of Francisco, nat. of Cal., b. at S. Antonio 
 1775, and a soldier till 1809, when he settled near Los Angeles, ii. 350, 353. 
 In 1810 he was grantee of S. Antonio rancho, confirmed to him in later years, 
 ii. 112, 352, 565-6, 633, 664. In '16 and '18 he was alcalde at Los Aug. ii. 
 350; juez del campo '33-4. iii. 635, 257-8; in '37-8 memb. of the ayunt., 
 taking some part as commissioner in the troubles between north and south, 
 iii. 509, 519, 556, 636; grantee of Chino in '41. iv. 634; ment. occasionally 
 in connection with Ind. affairs and other public matters, having a claim of 
 $5,000 against the govt '42-6. iv. 338, 497, 626, 629, 634. He was a wealthy 
 and widely known, ranchero, uneducated but of good character. He died in 
 '60. His wife was Maria Dolores Ruiz; and his daughter Merced married 
 Stephen C. Foster. Jos6 del Carmen and Felipe were his sons. L. (Ber 
 nardino), at Sta B. before '37, wife Isabel Leiva. L. (Felipe), son, I 
 think, of Ant. M., born about 1808; regidor at Los Ang. '32-3, '36-7, '44-5. 
 iii. 635-6; iv. 633; in '39 a lieut. iii. 583; and partido elector, iii. 590; and 
 juez in '40. iii. 637. After the Amer. occupation he was justice of the peace 
 and supervisor, residing at La Mesa; still living in '78. 
 
 Lugo (Francisco), Mex. soldier who catne from Sinaloa with his family 
 soon after 1769, living at Los Ang. and Sta B. i. 461; ii. 100. He died at 
 Sta B. in 1805, and may be regarded as the founder of the Lugo family in 
 Cal. His wife was Juaiia Vianazul (one record seems to say Juana M. Rita 
 Martinez), and he brought four children from Sin., Salvador killed when a 
 boy by being thrown from a horse, Jose 1 Antonio a soldier at Sta B. who left 
 a family, Tomasa who married Capt. Raimundo Carrillo, ii. 100, and Rosa 
 who married Alfdrez Cota and was the mother of Joaq. de la Torre's wife, 
 dying in 1790. i. 665. Five children were born in Cal., Jose" Ignacio, An 
 tonio Maria, and Juan, all soldiers; Maria Antonia who married Ignacio Val- 
 lejo, and Maria Ignacia who married Jose" Ruiz. L. (Francisco), at Pilar- 
 
720 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 citos rancho '25-6, being juez de campo '35, iii. 674, age 37, wife Juana 
 Brioues, child. Cayetano b. '31 (at Sta B. '51), Juan de Mata '34, Francisco 
 '36; in '39 grantee of Paraje de Sanchez, iii. 677, for which his widow was 
 claimant in '52; juez auxiliar '44. iv. 653. 
 
 Lugo (Jose), sergtof the Sta B. comp., and alf^rez '39-46, involved in sev 
 eral revolts and in the affair of the canon perdido of '48. iii. 651; iv. 476, 539, 
 641, 651; v. 35, 586, 588. Known as El Chato. L. (Jos< del Carmen), son 
 of Antonio Maria, b. at Los Ang. '13; regidor at Los Ang. '38-9. iii. 636; 
 grantee of S. Bernardino '42. iv. 635; juez de campo '44. iv. 633; promi 
 nent in the chino fight and in several Ind. exped. of '46-7. v. 312-14, 408, 
 566, 617, 625; alcalde of Los Ang. '49. About '51 he sold his rancho to 
 the Mormons, and from that time has lived at Los Ang., in good circum 
 stances till about '63, when he lost his property. In '78 he dictated his 
 Vida de un Ranchero for my use. He had a wife and 4 daughters. L. 
 (Jos< Ignacio), son of Francisco, soldier at San Juan B. before 1800, and 
 later settler at Los Aug. i. 558; ii. 350; maj. at S. Fern. '17; in '32 inval. 
 of Sta B. comp.; wife Rafaela Romero, child. Magdalena and Luis; at Los 
 Ang. '46. L. (Jos< Maria), juez del campo at Los Ang. '36, '38. iii. 630; 
 one of the grantees of S. Bernardino '42; a sou of Ant. Maria; still living at 
 S. Bern. '50. L. (Juan), corp. at Sta B. before '37; at Los Ang. '48. L. 
 (Luis), at Sta B. 1790, when his wife died in giving birth to twins. L. 
 (Maria Guadalupe), wife of Sergt Verdugo, d. 1780. i. 663. L. (Miguel), 
 at Sta B. '37, wife Isabel Fernandez, 2 children. L. (Nicanor), had a Cal. 
 claim for horses $1,970 (v. 462). L. (Rafael), soldier at Sta B. before '37. 
 L. (Santiago), appraiser at Purisima '35. iii. 665; regidor at Sta B. '37. iii. 
 654; juez de paz '41. iv. 641. L. (Seferino), soldier in 1777; one of the 
 earliest settlers at S. Jose. i. 312, 477-8: wife Gertrudis Pacheco. L. (Trini 
 dad), soldier at Sta B. '32, wife Rosario Domiuguez, 6 children. L. (Vi 
 cente), one of the grantees of S. Bern. '42, son of Antonio M.; justice at S. 
 Gabriel '50; supervisor Los Ang, Co. '62-3. 
 
 Luis, 1836, Ital. fisherman at Mont., age 26. Luis, Ind. in Sutter's em ? 
 ploy; one of the 1st Donner relief; refused to eat human flesh, and was him 
 self killed and eaten, v. 531-2, 534, 537. Lujan (Jos6), 1797, Span, alfdrez 
 of S. Diego comp. to 1806, when he left the country, i. 544, 647; ii. 101. 
 L. (Jos6 Maria), at Los Ang. '46. Luker (Win), 1847, Co. I, N.Y.Vol. (v. 
 499); at Sonora, Cal., '83. Lumsden (Wm), 1834, Engl. pilot on the Mar 
 garita, age 31, registered at S. Bias. iii. 412; in '36-7 at S. Diego, iii. 618,- 
 in '40 arrested at StaB., but released at S. Diego, iv. 14, 17; iu '44 at S.P. 
 and in '48 at Mont. Luna, Dominican friar from L. Cal. , at S. Gabriel '29, 
 iii. 96. Lunia (Joseph), 1834, Frenchman in a Mont. list. Lunt (Dan.), 
 1848, mate of the Euphcmia. Lupton (Durah), 1848, at S. Jose" '76. Luquc 
 (Gabriel), soldier killed by Ind. on the Colorado 1782. i. 359, 362. Lusiano 
 Basilio), zanjero at Los Ang. '47. v. 626. Luskey (Joseph), 1847, Co. A, N. Y. 
 Vol. (v. 499); died before '80. Luther, 1848, at Sutter's Fort with family. 
 Lutz (Wm D.), 1846, sailor on the Cyane; at Phil '77. 
 
 Lyman (Chester S.), 1847, clergyman who came from Hon. on the Eu- 
 phemia, with letters to Colton and Larkin. In Sept. he was appointed sur 
 veyor for the middle department, and in '48 made surveys at S. Jose and N. 
 Ahnaden. v. 665. He remained in Cal. till '50, returning in '54 from New 
 Haven to testify in the N. Almaden case. L. (J. H.), 1841, physician from 
 Mass, who came from N. Mex. with the Workman-Rowland party, iv. 278. 
 He returned East in '43, perhaps via Oregon as he had intended. Wilson says 
 he came back with his family and was in S.F. '77; but Given thinks he never 
 returned but is still in Mass., though G. could not tind him in '83. 
 
 Lynch, 1838, at Mont. '38-9. L., 1847, of the firm L. & Lewis Mont. 
 '47-8. L. (Ferdinand), 1847, Co. C, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). L. (James), 1847, 
 Co. F, ditto; nat. of Pa, of Irish parentage; on a rancho at Pleito, S. Luis Ob., 
 '71-4; at Jolon, Mont. Co., '82. Quigley tells some very absurd stories about 
 him. L. (John), 1842, Engl. sailor on the J6ven Guipuzcoana, arrested at 
 S.F. for mutiny; still in S.F. '44, age 30. L. (Joseph Peter), 1847, corp. Co. 
 
LYNCH McCLURE. 721 
 
 G, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); one of the murderers of the Reed family at S. Miguel, 
 executed at Sta B. '48. v. 632, C40. L. (Patrick), 1847, Co. B, N.Y. Vol. 
 (v. 199); atS.F. '71-82. 
 
 Lyon (Albert G.), 1846, nat. of Va and overl. immig. from Mo.; in Sonoma 
 from '48; died '79, leaving a widow and 9 children. Lyons (Aaron), 1847, 
 sergt Co. D, N.Y. Vo 1 . v. 504; sheriff of Mont. Co.; died '65. L. (Geo.), 
 1848, at S. Diego; possidy in '42. L. (Peter), 1840, at Mont. '40-1; said to 
 have aided in the arrest of the foreigners, iv. 22, ICO; later in Sutter's em 
 ploy, which he left in '46. L. (R. M.), 1846, Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358); at 
 Sonoma '47. Lytle (Andrew), 1847, lieut Co. E, Morm. Bat.; capt. of 100 
 on the return, v. 477, 493. 
 
 M. (J. F. B.), 1840, from Hon. on the Don Quixote, author of Leaves from 
 my Journal, iv. 157. McAllister (Michael James), 1822, Irish blacksmith, 
 known at Mont. '29 as 'el herrero loco,' age 38. Still worked at his trade 
 and drank his aguardiente in '31-40, as shown by various records, also selling 
 grog at his shop, without much profit perhaps, as he is said to have taken no 
 pay from sailors. He had been an Australian convict for 7 years before com 
 ing to Cal.; also called Patrick; died at Mont. '54. McA. (Robert), 1840, 
 one of the Graham exiles, iv. 18, 33; perhaps returned, as there was a lum 
 berman of his name in S.F. district '42, age 29. McArran (Robert M.), 1846, 
 mid. on the U. S. Independence. Me Arthur (Henry), 1847, Co. D, Morm. 
 Bat. (v. 469); at Scipio, Utah, '82. McA. (Wm P.), 1848, rnent. in Alia' 51. 
 McAulley (Alex.), 1847, Co. B, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). McBride (Haslam), 1847, 
 Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); reenl. 
 
 McCaffery (Hugh), 1846, Co. C, 1st U. S. dragoons (v. 336). McCallum 
 (James), 1828, Scotch carpenter at Mont. '28-9, age 22. McCann (Dan.), 
 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). McCarran (Joseph), 1847, Co. D, N. 
 Y. Vol. (v. 499). McCartney (Bartholomew), 1847, Co. H, N.Y. Vol. (v. 
 499); owner of S.F. lot. McCarty (Dav. C.), 1847, Co. C, ditto; later a real 
 estate agent and inspector of customs at S.F., where he died in '62 at the age 
 of 41 ; an Irishman. McC. (Edward), 1847, Co. C, ditto; d. Sta B. '52. McC. 
 (James), 1825, signs a receipt of payment from Robt Livermore; perhaps an 
 error in date. McC. (Nelson), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). McC. 
 (Wm), 1832, one of the comp. extranjeraat Mont. iii. 221; named on Larkin's 
 books '33-4. McCarver (M. M.), 1848, Kentuckian from Or.; memb. of the 
 constit. convention '49; went to Idaho later. McCaulley (James), 1843, 
 Fauntlcroy's dragoons (v. 232, 247); also ment. in Pt Reyes region. 
 
 McChristian (Patrick), 1845, overl. immig. of the Grigsby-lde party, iv. 
 579, 587; one of the Bears in '46, having given Robt A. Thompson a narra 
 tive of that affair, of which I have a copy. v. 110; in the mines '48-9; and 
 after a short residence at Sta Cruz, a farmer at Sonoma, where he prob. still 
 lives in '85. McClain (John L.), 1847, owner of a S.F. lot. McClarcklin 
 1845, at S. Jose" (McLaughlin ?). McClary (James), 1846, overl. immig. in 
 Bryant's party, v. 528; served in Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358); in lists of S.F. 
 lot-owners and Cal. claimants, v. 685 (462); interested at Benicia '47; per 
 haps in some cases confounded with McClurg. McClaskey (Wm L), 1847, 
 Co. D, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. S.F. '66. 
 
 McClellau, 1842, went to Or. with Joel Walker in '43. McC., 1847, at 
 Sutter's Fort June-July. McC. (Dav. Frank), 1843, nat. of Tenn. and 
 overl. immig. of the Walker-Chiles party (iv. 392). He went east in '46 with 
 his uncle, Jos. Walker, but came back in '48, being a trader and butcher in the 
 mines, with several visits to the east, until '53, when he settled on a Contra 
 Costa farm, where he still lived in '80. McC. (John), 1848, nat. of Pa, who 
 died at S.F. '63, age 73. McC. (Michael T.), 1848, brother of Dav. F., and 
 overl. immig. of the Chiles party with family; in Sonoma Co. '80. He had 15 
 children; one of his daughters was the wife of John A. Paxton, a well-known 
 banker of Marysville and Austin, Nev. McCloud (Wm), 1847, from Hon. 
 on the Xylon. 
 
 McClure (James), 1847, owner of S.F. lot; at Benicia; perhaps 'McClary,' 
 HIST. CAL., VOL. IV. 4G 
 
722 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 q.v. McC. (John), 1841, from N. Mex. in the Workman-Rowland party, 
 iv. 278; in '48 he went with Leese to Or. iv. 390; and was still there as late 
 as 'GO. McC. (Wm), 1845, doubtful name of an overl. immig.; prob. went 
 to Or. and not Cal. iv. 578. McClurg (James B.), 1847, trader from Hon. 
 on the Xylan, also sup. of the Francesca; member of the firm MeC. & Co. (Abell 
 and Chevcr) at Los Ang. to Feb. '48; owner of S.F. lots '47. v. (578; at Mont. 
 '48; at S.F. from '48; also interested at Benicia. He died at S.F. '57, age 42. 
 McClusky (Philip), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 McComb (Benj.), 1848, overl. immig. from Mo.; perhaps his family were 
 cl. for parts of the Entre Napa rancho. McCoon (Perry), 1844, Engl. sailor 
 who may have come in '43. iv. 453. In Dec. '44 he was sent by Sutter to 8. 
 Rafael to obtain recruits for the Michel torena campaign, iv. 486-501. Re 
 turning he worked a while at the fort, but in Dec. '45 moved to a farm of his 
 own near by. In Feb. '46 he married Mrs Lewis, who died in June; and in 
 '47 he married Elitha C. Donner, having a launch on the bay and river. Men 
 tioned as a miner at Weber Cr. and Hangtown '48-9. He became locally some 
 what famous for his skill as a vaquero; but in '51 W'as thrown from his horse 
 and dragged to death by the riata at his home on the Cosnmnes. His widow 
 married Benj. Wilder and was still living in '80 at Elk Grove. McC. (Rob 
 ert), 1848, owner of S.F. lot. McCord (Alex.), 1847, sergt Co. A, Morm. 
 Bat. v. 477. McCormick (James), 1847, left an Engl. vessel at Mont. ; owner 
 of a S.F. lot; in the mines '48; later a resid. of S. Josd. McCoy (Redding), 
 1845, nat. of N. J. and mate on the Dromo; disch. at Mont. iv. 587. Ship 
 ping on the Fama he was wrecked at Sta. B. in '46; became an otter-hunter, 
 having also several startling adventures with bears; got a S.F. lot in '47; at 
 Bodega '48, and went to the mines 
 
 McCracken (John C.), 1846, at N. H<-lv., prob. an overl. immig.; nat. of 
 N. C.; died at Sonoma '70, age 55. McC. (Wm R.), 1847, Co. F, N.Y.Vol. 
 (v. 499). McCrady, 1845, one of Fremont's party, iv. 583. 
 
 McCue (Patrick), 1846, one of the Mormon col. with wife and 4 children, 
 v. 546; owner of S.F. lot; worked as a blacksmith at Bodega and other places; 
 going east in '52. McCulloch (Hugh), 1822, merchant of Lima and member 
 of the Cal. branch of McC., Hartnell, & Co., who visited Cal. on the John Beg<j. 
 ii. 474-7, 479, 492-3, 519, 613-14; iii. 24, 71. He died in Liverpool in '42. 
 McC. (James), 1831, brother of Hugh, at Mont. '31-2; not behaving in a man 
 ner satisfactory to his relatives. McC. (Levi IL), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. 
 (v. 469); at Fillmore, Utah, '82. McCusker (Mrs T. C.), 1843, nat. of Ga, 
 from Or., maiden name not given; married in '45, at Sta Cruz to '59, in Mont. 
 Co. to '81. McCutchen (John), 1846, overl. immig.; perhaps went to Or. 
 v. 529. McC. (Wm), 1846, nat. of Tenn. and one of the Donner party with 
 wife and daughter. He left the party before reaching the Sierra and from Cal. 
 went back with the 2d relief party. The daughter Harriet died, but the father 
 and mother, Amanda M., survived, settling 1st at Sonoma, and in '48 at S. 
 Josd, where McC. still lived in '80. v. 531-2, 534. Portrait in McGlashan, 244. 
 
 McDermott (Chas), 1848 (?), pres. of a Benicia lumber comp. in '48-9. 
 McD. (David), 1847, mid. on the U. S. Columbus. McD. (D. A.), 1846, at 
 S.F. '54. McD. (H.), 1848, from Hon. on the Euphemia; new passp. from 
 Hon. Aug. McDonald, 1845, in Slitter's employ '45-6. iv. 578, 587; went 
 to Or. Apr. '46. v. 526; but was perhaps back again in '48. McD. (Alex.), 
 1845, one of the men lost on the Warren's launch '46. v. 384, 587. McD. 
 (Alex. C.), 1847, sergt-maj or N.Y.Vol. v. 503; at Sonoma to '59, and later on 
 a rancho known as McD.'s station, between Cloverdale and Ukiah, where he 
 died in '80 at the age of 65, leaving a widow, of the pioneer Smith family. 
 McD. (Benj.), 1847, settler at Benicia. v. 672; married a daughter of Lundy 
 Alford. McD. (Chas), 1847, perhaps of N. Y. Vol. under another name. 
 McD. (D.), 1847, from Or. on the Henry. McD. (Wm.), 1847, Co. G, N.Y. 
 Vol. (v. 499). McD. (Wm), 1847, auctioneer at S.F. '47-8, of firm McD. & 
 Buchanan, v. 680, 682; owner of town lots; died '48 at the age of 35. McD. 
 (Wm), 1847, Engl. at Benicia '47-8. Tmtin; perhaps same as Benj. McD. 
 (Wm), 1846, testified at Napa '68 that he lived in Napa Val. '46-50; prob. 
 
MCDONALD McGLONE. 723 
 
 same as following. McDonnell (Win), 1846, nat. of Mo. and overl. imraig. ; 
 Co. E, Cal. Bat. (v. 358); disch. in Nov. at S. Diego; lived in Napa Co. to'oO, 
 marrying Eleanor Graves of the Doiiner party in '49. Later in Sonoma Co., 
 acting as guide to the Geysers for many years; in '80 at Knight's Val. with 
 family of children. McDonough (Joseph), 1847, Co. A, N.Y.Vol. (v. 409); 
 capt. in Meagher's brigade war of '61-5; at S.F. '82. McD. (Nicholas). 1847, 
 Co. A, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); in L. Cal. '71-4; killed at La Paz. McDormaut, 
 
 1847, at Slitter's Fort. 
 
 McDougal, 1816, sup. of the Colonel, ii. 278. McD. (Geo.), 1845, nat. of 
 Ohio, and overl. immig. from Ind. in the Swasey-Todd party, v. 575-6, f>87. 
 He lived at StaCruz and Gilroy; served as a kind of unattached volunteer in 
 the Cal. Bat. '46-7; was a 'broker' that is, a gambler at S.F. '47-8, becom 
 ing the owner of many town lots in partnership with Lippincott. v. 676, C79, 
 CSO; and a trader at Sac. in '48-9. His movements in later years were too numer 
 ous and complicated to be recorded here. He made several trips to the East, 
 where he had a family, and about '53 began a roving life, rarely making his 
 whereabouts known, and spending much of his time among the Ind. in Arizona 
 and Mexico. In '67 he was found by a naval commander in Patagonia, but 
 returned to Ind., and in '69 went to Washington, D. C., when he died in '72. 
 He was an eccentric but hrave and popular man. McD. (John), 1848, brother 
 of Geo., and overl. immig. from Incl.; a member of the constit. convention 
 '49, and elected lieut-gov., becoining gov. on the resignation of Burnett. He 
 died at S.F. in '66 at the age of 49. 
 
 McDowell (Dugald), 1837, named in Larkin's books. McD. (James), 
 
 1845, overland immig., with his wife, Margaret Pyles, and daughter, Maggie 
 A., age 3 years, iv. 578, 587. He came in a party which I am unable to iden 
 tify, and most of the members of which went to Or. from Ft Hall. He was 
 employed as a gunsmith by Sutter in '45-7, and possibly served in the Cal. 
 Bat., having a Cal. claim for work (v. 462). In Aug. '47 he moved with his 
 family across the Sac. Iviv., where he bought a rancho and built a house. He 
 was murdered in May '49. In '50 the widow had the town site of Washington 
 laid out on her land; married Dr E. C. Taylor in '51; and died at Washing 
 ton in '83. The daughter Maggie became Mrs M. A. Hunt, and in '84, living 
 at Washington, furnished me information about her family. Another daugh 
 ter, Harriet, in '81 Mrs Cooke, was born prob. at the fort, though Mrs 
 Hunt is sure it was at Washington Feb. 21, '47; and a son Wm according 
 to the newspapers in '48. McD. (John), 1841, overl. immig. of the Bartle- 
 son party, who went back to Mo. in '42. iv. 270, 275, 342. McDuff (J.), 
 
 1848, passp. from Hon. McDuflee (And. J.), 1847, connected in some way 
 with the N.Y. Vol. (v. 499), but not on the roll; clerk in the naval store of 
 fice at Mont. '47-8, and named in many records; trading at the dry diggings 
 '48; at S. Jose" '50. Clark calls him McDufF. 
 
 McElroy(Alex.), 1848 (?), long a resid. of Mariposa Co.; d. at Merced '82, leav 
 ing a widow and a married daughter; perhaps of Graham's dragoons (v. 522). 
 McElroy (Hugh), 1846. Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). McElvain (J.), 
 
 1846, lieut of Co. C, 1st U. S. dragoons (v. 330); not in Cal. McFerion 
 (James), 1824, Scotch tailor from Lima. ii. 526; at S. Diego '28. v. 545; at 
 Los Ang. '38, age 50 and single. McGee (Milton), 1843, overl. immig. of 
 the Chiles- Walker party, iv. 392, 394. McGeehan (Patrick), 1847, Co. F, 
 3d U. S. artill. (v. 518). McGhee (John), 1847, Co. B, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); 
 d. at S.F. '61. McGill (James), 1847, Co. E, ditto. McG. (Pat.), 1847> 
 Co. A, ditto. McGilvery, 1841, on the Cowlitz, from Columbia Riv. Me 
 Gloene (James), 1847, perhaps of N.Y. Vol. tinder another name. McGlone 
 (Wm), 1837, Irish sailor on the wrecked whaler Com. Rogers, iv. 118; em 
 ployed in Graham's distillery and known as 'Billy the Brewer.' He was 
 exiled in '40 but returned, iv. 18, 33; and I have his letter of '44 in which 
 he complains that he has been 7 days in jail without food! Worked in Lar 
 kin's soap factory '45; perhaps joined Faiuitleroy's dragoons '46 (v. 232, 247); 
 and later Co. B, Cal. Bat., being wounded at Natividad. v. 371. He was at 
 N. Helv. '47, in the mines '48; at Mont. '57, and a few years later was drowned 
 
724 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 at Sta B. McGranaghan (Win G.), 1847, Co. E, N.Y. Vol. (v. 490). Me- 
 Guier (A.), 1848, passp. from Hon. McGuire (John), 1847, Co. B, N.Y. 
 Vol. (v. 499). McIIollingworth (J.), 1840 (?), in S. Joaq. Co. '49. Tinkham. 
 
 Mclntosh (Chas), 184,3, Cherokee or Delaware half-breed, in the Walker- 
 Chiles party, iv. 392, 400; at Mont, and N. Helv. '45, serving in the Michel- 
 torena campaign, iv. 486, 501; served in Cal. Bat. '4G-7, taking part in the 
 Natividad fight. Mel. (Edward), 1823 (?), Scotch sailor who landed at Mont. 
 Irom a trader, ii. 475, 495. In a record of '29 he claimed to have come in '23; 
 in another of Dec. '33, to have been 12 years in Cal., or since '22; while in 
 some accounts he is said to have visited Cal. in '13 and returned iti '23. I 
 think it likely he came on the Rover with Capt. Cooper. In '28 he was bap 
 tized at S. Carlos as Edward Manuel. I have his letter of May '28. In '29 
 he appears in a Mont, list as a single carpenter, age 34. In '30 he bought Geo. 
 Allen's interest in a Mont, inn for $90, becoming a partner of Wm Gralbatch. 
 ii. 609; was naturalized in '33; got an otter-hunting license in '34, making a 
 trip with Dye. iii. 395; still at Mont. '35. In '38, or perhaps a year or two 
 earlier, he settled with James Dawson on the Estero Americano rancho near 
 Bodega, iv. 117, being recorded in that year as agent for Vallejo and for the 
 H. B. Co. In '39 he obtained a grant of the rancho, and is said to have left 
 his partner's name out of the title, for which he was flogged by the irate Daw- 
 som, who proceeded to saw their house in two and move his half to another 
 rancho. iii. 712; iv. 129. In '40 he guided Spalding of the Lausanne to S.F. 
 iv. 172; and was in trouble on account of a Frenchman found murdered on 
 his place. He was at N. Helv. in '44-5, taking part in the Micheltorena cam 
 paign, iv. 483; but does not figure in the war records of '46-7. Owner of a 
 S.F. lot '46. v. 685; alcalde at Sonoma '46. v. 297, 663; alcalde of S. Rafael 
 '47. v. 668; when he leased his rancho to O'Farrell and went to live with his 
 old comrade James Black, both of them dying in '70, Mel. at the age of 75. 
 Mel. (Jas W.), 1837, pass, on the Europa to Hon. iv. 103. Mclntyre, 1845, 
 making shingles at Larkin's soap factory. Mel. (H.), 1848, passp. from 
 lion, with family. Mel. (John), 1843, overl. immig. of the Chiles-Walker 
 party, iv. 392-3; nothing more known of him. Mel. (Terance), 1847, Co. 
 D, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). Mel. (Wm L.), 1847, asst surg. Morm. Bat. v. 477, 
 480. 
 
 McKaffray (Hugh), 1846, perhaps killed at S. Pascual. v. 346. McKay, 
 1846, mid. U. S. N., bearer of despatches from Wash.; perhaps 'Mackae.' 
 McK. (Jean B. D.), 1825, hunter of the H. B. Co., who visited Cal. in '41 and 
 prob. several times before, iii. 151; iv. 212, 214. McK. (John H.), 1847, 
 Co. K, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); in '80 claimed to have aided at Benicia in '48 in 
 making the 1st casting in Cal. a faucet for a still, made of copper balls. 
 McKay (Thos), 1848, guide to Burnett's party from Or. McKean, 1847, 
 mid. on the U. S. Independence McK. (Win W.), 1846, com. of the U. S. 
 Dale, '46-7; v. 577; d. '65. McKec (James), 1848, at S.F. from Hon. June. 
 McK. (James), 1847, murdered by B. K. Thompson at Stockton Jan. '48. 
 McK. (James M.), 1847, Co. D, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. Mont. Dec. McK. 
 (James R.), 1846, bugler Co. C, 1st U. S. dragoons, v. 336. McK. (Wm 
 H.), 1846, Scotch physician at Mont. , who possibly came a year or two earlier; 
 often named in records of '46-8 at Mont., S. Jos6, and Sac., where in '48 he 
 seems to have been engaged in trade. In '52 he was claimant for the Jacinto 
 rancho, Colusa. iv. 671. He married, I think, a daughter of Este"van Munras; 
 and his son Robert, who in '76 gave me a valuable vol. of old mission records, 
 still lives in '85 at Mont, or S.F. McKeever (James), 1844, hunter and ad 
 venturer of the plains known as Capt. Jack, killed in Idaho '77; claimed to 
 have landed at S.F. in 44, to have aided in the revolt and war of '46-7, and 
 to have a family at Sta Rosa. S. F. Chronicle; iv. 453. McKenzie, 1845, at 
 N, Helv. '45, '47; with Arce in '46. iv. 578, 587; v. 109; perhaps same as the 
 following. McK. (Bernard), 1846, carpenter and mason at Mont. '46-8; in 
 the mines '48, discovering the dry diggings at Placerville. Carson and Swan. 
 A ' Capt.' McK. died at S. F. in '54. McK. (D'l), 1843, trader at S. Diego. 
 McKern (Ed.), 1847, owner of S. F. lot; prob. 'Kern,' q. v. 
 
McKIXLEY McLOUGHLIK 723 
 
 McKinley (James), 1824, Scotch sailor boy left at S. F. or Sta B. by a 
 whaler, ii. 526. This is the statement usually made in accounts of his li.c, 
 ami it is also said that lie was but 11 years old, all of which may be errone 
 ous. He is constantly named in commercial records from '30, when he was 
 agent for Capt. Cooper at Mont., travelling much of the time, but mftkiug 
 Mont, his home, and joining the coinp. extranjera in '32. iii. 221. 1 1 '35 he 
 went to Los Ang. as agent for Larkin; in '36 is named in a padron as a trader, 
 aged 33; and from this year to '40 and later was owner of the Ayacucho schr, 
 making trips up and down the coast, iv. 101, 117. Perhaps arrested as a mat 
 ter of form in' 40. iv. 17. From '42 in partnership with Fitch and Paty, but 
 it is hard to say what place he regarded as home; I have many letters writ 
 ten by him at different points. From '43 the firm had a store at S.F. v. C82; 
 in '44-5 McK. took a leading part at Los Ang. in the movement of southern 
 foreigners against Micheltorena. iv. 495, 505-8; also in '44-5 was one of the 
 purchasers of the mission estates of S. Juan Cap. and S. Luis Ob. iv. 5-33, 627, 
 055, 659; v. 558. In '46 he seems to have transferred his residence from Los 
 Ang. to Mont., wherein Jan. '47 he was placed under arrest by Lieut Maddcx 
 with a view of extorting information about Calif, operations in the south. Al- 
 viso Doc., 209-10. He married Carmen, daughter of Jos6 Amesti, in '48; was 
 claimant in '52 for ranches in Mont, and S. Luis Ob. counties, iv. 655; and 
 died at Mont, in '75, leaving several children. Don Santiago was a man of 
 good repute throughout his long career in Cal. I have a letter from his mother 
 in '43. McK. (J.), 1841, boatswain on the U. S. St Louis. McKinney 
 (Wm 8.), 1847, mr of the Primavera. v. 580. McKinstry (Geo., Jr), 1846, 
 overl. immig., who became the 1st sheriff of the northern district at Butter's 
 Fort '46-7. v. 675; active in relief measures for the Donner party, v. 538, on 
 which subject his letters were published in the S.F. Star; passenger on the 
 1st steamer to Sac. '47. v. 579; also owner of a S.F. lot. v. 678. He was some 
 what prominent in public affairs at Sac. in early mining times; and had a 
 trading post on the Cosumnes '49-50. I find no record of him from that time 
 till '71-4, when he was a physician at Old S.Diego, and gave me the valuable 
 original McKinstry Papers, including some of his summons to jurors, etc., as 
 sheriff'; and also some important records on the Donner party. He was an 
 eccentric character while at S. Diego, spending much of his time in long tours 
 among the Ind. Beyond a vague rumor of his death before '80, I have no trace 
 of him after '74. 
 
 McLanahan (T.), 1847, mid. on the U.S. Columbus; doubtful. McLane, 
 1846, mr of the Paladin, v. 579. McL. (Geo.), 1839, at Mont. '39-40; 
 named in Larkin's books. McL. (Louis), 1846, nat. of Del., b. '19, entered 
 the navy '35, and came to Cal. as passed mid. on the Savannah. He served 
 with Fauntleroy's dragoons, v. 232, 289; and took a prominent part in recruit 
 ing and organizing the Cal. Bat., becoming capt. of the artill. comp., and 
 later in the campaign ranking as major, vi. 359, 361. He was one of Fremont's 
 commissioners who signed the treaty of Cahuenga, closing the war. v. 404-5, 
 434. In '50 he resigned his position in the navy and returned to Cal. to en 
 gage in a series of important industrial and financial enterprises, being man 
 ager of Wells, Fargo & Co.'s express from '55 to '68, and of the Nevada Bank 
 from '75 to '82. He left Cal. a little later, but is still living in '85. His wife 
 was Sophie Hoffman of Baltimore, and there were 8 children. Portrait in 
 Contemp. Biorj. McLannan, 1846, from Hon. on the Euphf.mia. McLarey, 
 1846, sergt Co. B. artill. Cal. Bat. v. 358. McLean (Geo.), 1817, mr of the 
 Currency Lass. '47-8; perhaps 'McLane' of '39. McLean, 1848, kept a 
 furniture shop at S.F., of firm McL. & Osburn. v. 678. McL. (James 
 D.), 1846, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). McL. (Wm S.), 1846, ditto. McL., 1848, at 
 S.F. from Tahiti. McLeod (Alex. R.), 1828, in com. of H. B. Co. hunters 
 from the N. iii. JM; iv. 263. McL. (Francis J.), 1847, Co. F, N. Y. Vol. 
 (v. 499). McL. (John C.), 1834, Scotch sailor on the Bonanza (?), in '34-6, 
 iii. 412; returned to Cal. '50; and lived at Vallejo '60-79. Solano Co. Hist. 
 McL. (John M.), 1838, on the Cadboro, agent of H.B.Co. McLine (Joseph), 
 1848, owner of a S. F. lot. McLoughliu (John), 1841, chief factor of the H. 
 
723 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 B. Co., who visited Cal. on the Cowlitz. iv. 216-18, 250, 534; see also Hist. 
 B. Col. and IJi*t. Or. McLown (Win), 1839, sailor under arrest at S. F. 
 
 McMalioa (Green), 1841, nat. of Mo., and ovcrl. immig. of the Bartlcson 
 party, iv. 270, 275, 273. He went to Or., but returned in '45 with a party 
 to which I have given his name. iv. 572-4. Possibly there was a James Me- 
 M. in the same party, v. 573. Ho settled on Putah Creek, Solano Co., and 
 died at Dixon in '84 at the age of G5. By the death notice it appears that his 
 name was Samuel G. McM. (Jeremiah), 1848, Irishman at Mont. '47-8; 
 seems to have died about '06. McM. (Nelson), 1841, brother of Green, and 
 one of the Bartlcson party, iv. 270, 275. He went East or to Or., and I 
 think did not return to Cal., though he is mentioned also as one of the Clyman 
 party of '45. iv. 573. McM. (Patrick), 1847, Co. F, 3d U. S. artill. (v. 
 518). McManus (James), 1847, Co. E, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. S. F. '52. 
 McMichael (Grove C.), 1848, nat. of Mo.; a gambler of good repute, killed 
 iu S. F. '54. McM. (Win), 1831 (?), a sailor said to have visited Cal. about 
 this time. iii. 405; settled at S. F. '51; a wharf superintendent '53-4; d. at 
 sea '59, at the age of 55. McMillan, 1845, in charge of Slitter's launch; also 
 called McMullen. McM. (Chas), 1847, Co. E, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. S. F. 
 after 'GO. McMonigle (Simpson), 184G, overl. itnmig. with Young, v. 529; 
 served in Co. E, Cal. Bat. (v. 358); at Los Ang. '48. 
 
 McNaniara (Eugene), 1846, Irish priest who had a grand scheme for col 
 onizing Cal. with Irishmen to the glory of God and the discomfiture cf the 
 Yankees. His project has been generally given more importance in connec 
 tion with English plans than it deserved. McM. came to Cal. on the Juno. 
 iv. 592; v. 37, 215-23, 577, G36. McNeilly (John), 1846, Co. C, 1st U. S. 
 dragoons (v. 336). McPhail, 1848, from Or. with Brooks. McPherson 
 (Chas J.), 1847, musician Co. B, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); living in N. Y. '84. 
 McP. (Geo.), 1847, musician, ditto; d. Morrisania, N. Y.,'69. McP. (James), 
 1826, on the Rover; on Larkin's books at Mont. '38; I have his autograph 
 of '43. 
 
 McPherson (John C.), 1848; Scotchman of good education and considera 
 ble ability as a writer; but eccentric to the verge of insanity, and almost 
 constantly under the influence of liquor in his later years. It is not quite 
 clear how he came, but apparently overl. from Mo., where he had been a 
 teacher; though ib is also said that he went to Texas and served in the Mex. 
 war. He appeared in the mines in '48, and is mentioned by Burnett and 
 others as the author of a popular song, ' Yuba, dear Yuba,' and other poet 
 ical effusions. He spent his later years in wandering about the country and 
 writing pioneer sketches for the newspapers, under the signature of Juanita. 
 Many of his sketches were of real value, though generally overburdened with 
 eulogy; and the author was always an inoffensive, kind-hearted man. In '80 
 he fell through the trestle-work of a railroad bridge over the Tuolumne Riv. 
 and was killed. McQuade (Peter), 1836, at Mont. McQuieu (D.), 1848, 
 passp. from Hon. 
 
 McRae (Arch.), 1846, mid. U. S. N., bearer of despatches from Wash. 
 v. 287. McRice, 1848, murdered by Scott at Sonoma. McSpadden (James), 
 1847, Co. F, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). McRoberts (J.), 1845; mid. on the U. S. 
 Warren. McTavish (Donald), 1826, sup. of the Colonel ii. 278. McT. 
 (Dugald), 1846, agent of the H. B. Co., visiting Cal. to sell the property of 
 the comp. iv. 594. McVieker (Henry), 1837, Amer. named in Larkin's 
 book '37-11 as being in the Mont, district; perhaps arrested iu '40. iv. 118, 
 17. In '42 he was in com. of Sutter's trappers, but quarrelled with S.; in : 44 
 at S. F., age 24; took part in the Micheltorena campaign, capturing Manuel 
 Castro, iv. 486-7; in '45 named at Mont, and at N". Hclv., where ho had a 
 fight with Geo. Davis. The latest record that I have found is that he left 
 the fort Jan. '46 for Sonoma. 
 
 Mace (P.), 1845, doubtful name of a man at Cahuenga. iv. 595. Ma- 
 chado, ment. in '19, '23. ii. 354, 550. M., 1875, mr <>f the Republicano. 
 iv. 568. M. (Agustin), at Los Ang. from '24. ii. 526: juez do campo '38, 
 and grantee of Ballona '39. iii. 633, G2G; age 42 in *39; juez de campo '48. v. 
 
MACHADO MAINSFORD. 727 
 
 G2G; justice of petice in '56. M. (Andre's), at Los Ang. '46. M. (Antonio 
 Ignacio), regidor at Los Arig. '33, '38-0 acting sindico and alcalde, iii. G35-6; 
 died in 78 at the age of '81. M. (Barbara), at Los Ang. '48. M. (Benito), 
 loo', mr of the Jocen Dorotea. iii. 382. M. (Eugeiro), celadorat Mont. '44. 
 iv. 431. M. (Dolores and Francisco), at Los Aug. '40. M. (Hilario), at Los 
 Ang. '19-27. M. (Ignacio), at Los Ang. '38-48; grantee of Aguaje del Cen- 
 tincla '44; age 33 in '39. iii. f>G.~>; i\'. 034. M. (Jesus), at S. Bern. '4G; cl. 
 for Buenavista '52. iv. G20. M. (Jose"), at S. Bern. '46, age 27. M. (Jose 
 Ant.), at Los Ang. '46. M. (Jose" Maria), soldier of S.F. comp. '39; at Los 
 Ang. '46. M. (Juan), at S. Diego '40. iii. G10; at Los Ang. '46. M. (Jua- 
 na), daughter of Jose" Manuel, a corp. of the S. Diego comp., and widow of 
 Thos Bidiogtoo, who at S. Diego in '78, at the age of 64 though apparently 
 about 40 gave me an interesting narrative of Tiempos Pasados de Cal. She 
 hao a son and 4 married daughters. M. (Manuel), regidor at S. Diego and 
 in charge of Rosario rancho in '36. iii. 612, G15. M. (Maria Ant.), claim 
 ant for Las Virgenes rancho. iii. G34. Machuca (Jose" IS.), settler at Branci- 
 forte 1797. i. 509. 
 
 Macicl (Luis G.), 1842, Mex. lieut of the batallon fijo, suspended from 
 his rank '43. iv. 289, 354, 3G4; but signed the treaty of Sta Teresa in '44. iv. 
 470. Mack (John W.), 1847, carpenter at Mont. '47-8; at Angel's Camp '49. 
 M. (\Vm), 1846, one of the Mormon col., who prob. did not come to Cal. v. 
 547. Macomb (Win II.), 1847, lieut U. S. N"., and acting mr of the Lexington. 
 
 Macondray (Fred. W.), 1822, nat. of Mass, and cailor on the Panther, 
 which touched at Mont, from Chile, ii. 478. Subsequently he was mr of 
 trading craft and remained some years in China. In '49 he came back to Cal. 
 v.'ikh his family and established the lirm of M. & Co., being a prominent citi 
 zen of S. F. to the date of his death in '62. M. (John Oliver E.), 1832, 
 brother of Fred. W., who came from Boston on the Newcastle with Larkin, 
 having a consignment of goods, iii. 208. His name appears on Larkin's books 
 '33-7; in '30 he was a clerk for Watson, being then 29 years old; taking some 
 part with other foreigners in the revolutionary events of '36, and especially 
 aiding in retaking Mont, from the Mex. who had revolted against Alva- 
 rado. For this service he thought he had a claim on the U.S. (!) for 3 leagues 
 of land iii Cal., writing from Dorchester in Oct. '46 to Larkin on the subject, 
 and enclosing a letter from his brother. He was about to sail for China, pro 
 posing to come to Cal. later. Macy (Alex.), 1826, mr of the Peruvian. 
 
 Madariaga (Bonifacio), Mex. clerk at Mont, from about '30; comis. de 
 polieia and regidor in '36-7. iii. 675. In '36 age 27, wife Josefa Vallejo de 
 L'strada (mother of Gov. Alvarado), children Dolores b. '32, Francisco '33. 
 He went to Mex. in '42. Maddox (Win A. T.), 1846, lieut of marines 
 U.S.N. on the Cyane and Congress. After the occupation of Los Ang. he came 
 to Mont, by land, capturing some Cal. officers on the way, and was made 
 com. of the garrison and of the central district, ranking as capt. in the Cal. 
 Bat. He made an exped. to S. Juan B., and marched to Sta Clara with his 
 comp. to take part in the final Sanchez campaign, v. 282, 289-90, 294, 358, 
 SCO, 383, 519, 639. I have no record of him after '47. Madison (Geo.), 1839, 
 sailor sent away on the California for robbing Spear's store; perhaps also 
 Joseph M. Madox (James), 1841, doubtful name at Mont. Madrazo (Jose" 
 M.), Mex. sergt of artill. who signed the Zamorauo pronunciamento of '32. 
 iii. 223. 
 
 Magee (Henry), 1847, lieut Co. I, N. Y. Vol. v. 504; at S. Diego '71-9. 
 Mager (Adam), 1847, Co. D, ditto. Maggard (Benj.), 1847, Co. C, Morm. 
 Bat. (v. 469). Magnent (Ollivier), 1S44, Canadian immig. of the Stevens 
 party, iv. 445, 453. He built a flour-mill at S. Jose", which he advertises for 
 sale in the S. b\ Californlan of Apr. '48. Called also Magnet, Magnand, and 
 Marquet. Ace. to the Fresno Co. Hist, there were two, Oliver and Francis, 
 buttheref. is prob. to Deland. Mahon, see 'McMahon.' Mahony (John), 
 1848, in S.F. list of letters. 
 
 Main (James), 1844. at Mont. '44-5. M. (Russell M.), 1847, Co. F, 3d U. 
 S. artill. (v. 513). Mainsford (John), 1800, IriJi sawyer at Mont., age 30; 
 
728 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 perhaps 'Rainsforxl,' q. v. Maison (Joseph), 1840, Co. C, 1st U. S. dragoons 
 (v. 336). Maitorena (Jos< Joaquin), 1801, camo to Cal. as cadet of the Sea 
 13. comp. ; alfe"rez from 1806; lieut from '27; elected to congress in ! 28; died 
 in Mcx. '30. He was a drunken, good-natured fellow, with some skill as an 
 accountant when sober. Biog. iii. 45-6; ment. ii. 47, 100, 109, 117, 2C8, 61, 
 364, 424, 530-1, 536-7, 571-2, 576, 676; iii. 61, 64, 88. Majors (Alex.), 
 1C45 (?); later of the pony-express firm of Russell, M., & Waddell; doubtful 
 date of arrival, iv. 587. At S.F. '70. 
 
 Majors (Joseph L.), 1834, nat. of Tenn. some accounts say of Ky, Va, 
 or Ohio w ho came from N. Mex., perhaps with Graham, iii. 388, 412. At 
 Los Ang. in Nov. '34 he signed, with other foreigners, a protest against being 
 obliged to do military duty. In '35 he seems to have settled in tiie Sia Cruz 
 region, and from that year his name appears often in Larkin's accounts and 
 other records. He was one of Graham's men in the troubles of '36-8; and ace. 
 to Job Dye's statement bought Tomlinson's interest in the Zayante distillery 
 about '37, selling out to Dye a few years later. In '39 he was naturalized, 
 calling himself Juan Jose Crisostomo, prob. a name received at baptism in N. 
 Mex. or Cal. About the same time he married Maria de los Angeles Castro, 
 by whom he had 19 children. (See 'Marones.') He was arrested in '40 but 
 soon released, iv. 17, 22, 24; receiving in '41 grants of the S. Agustiu ami 
 Zayante ranchos, the latter of which he sold to Graham, iv. 655-6; yet in '-12 
 he signed an appeal to the U. S. for indemnity for sufferings while undei; 
 arrest ! In '43 he signed a protest against Graham's offer of the services 01 
 
 calde and sub-prefect '49-50, and chosen delegate to the constit. convention. 
 Sta Cruz Arch., 102. He was claimant for the S. Agustin raneho, and a rich 
 man in those years, but subsequently lost most of his property, dying in '08 
 at Sta Cruz, where his widow still lived in '80. Makarof, 1814, mr of the 
 tiuvdrof '14-15. ii. 274, 306, 373. Malaco, a Suisun chief '17. ii. 339. 
 
 Malarin (Juan), 1820, nat. of Peru, and mr of the Senoriano in Cal. ? 20-2. 
 ii. 293, 439-40, 467. In '24 he came back as mr of the Apolonia. ii. 518; and 
 in '25 was chosen by Gov. Argucllo to take the Asia and Constants prizes to 
 Acapulco. iii. 26; for which service he was made a licut in the Mcx. navy. 
 About the same time he married Josefa Estrada, and made Monterey his home, 
 though still going to sea. Mentioned in '29-30, being partido-elector. ii. 013; 
 iii. 49-50, 76, 82; signed the Zamorano pronunc. '32, being called into service 
 as alferez. iii. 223, 672; in '33 mr of the Lctinidas, capt. of the port, and grr.n- 
 tee of Guadalupe raneho. iii. 383, 673, 677; ment. in '37-8. iii. 501; iv. 104; 
 grantee of Chualar and mr of the Cervantes '39. iii. 677; iv. 102; justice and 
 president of the tribunal superior '41-5. iii. 605; iv. 296, 357, 532; in '46 mem 
 ber of the Mont, council and of the 1st jury. v. 289, 637. He died in '49 or 
 '50 at the age of nearly 60, leaving a large estate. Don Juan was a quiet, un 
 obtrusive man of excellent character and much influence. His children in 
 '36 were Maria Isabel b. '26, Mariano '28, Concepcion '32, Urbano '35. One 
 of the daughters married Carlos Olvera, and lives, as docs Urbano, at Chua 
 lar, and there was another son, Ignacio, a money-broker at S.F. in '83. M. 
 (Mariano), son of Juan, educated in Peru; executor of his father's estate, and 
 in that capacity successful claimant for the ranchos of Zanjones, Guadalupe, 
 and Chualar; judge of 1st instance at Mont. '49; coroner '50-1; supervisor '56; 
 member of the assembly '59-60; later a wealthy resident of Sta Clara, where 
 he still lives in '85. 
 
 Malaspina (Alejandro), 1791, Span. com. of an exploring exped. touching 
 at Mont. i. 490-2, 498, 506; ii. 61. Malcolm, 1848, from Or. by sea, a com 
 panion of Brooks in the mines. M. (Alex. B.), 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 
 499). M. (Julian), 1814, sailor left at Mont, by the Itaac Todd. ii. 272, 277. 
 Malculia, 1848, passp. from Hon. Maldonado, 1821, an actor or revo 
 lutionary agent, ii. 431. M. (Josd Maria), perhaps the same. Mex. clerk 
 from Tepic; receptor of customs at Sta B. '33-5. iii. 377, 654; sec. of the 
 
MALDONADO MARKHAM. 729 
 
 dipntacion '34-6. iii. 250, 291, 420, 673; sindico and sec. of Mont, ayunt. '33 
 -6. iii. 674-5. In '36 at Mont, age 38, wife Antonia Velarde, child Vicente, 
 b. in Tepic '26. I have no record of him after his arrest in connection with the 
 revolt of Mexicans against Alvarado in '37. iii. 525. Malherbe, mr of the 
 Eliza, iv. 505. Mallett (Chas G.), 1845, Amer. sailor in care of the consul, 
 from the Warsaw; shipped for Boston on the California or Vandalia. Mal- 
 logh, 1846, doubtful Irish settler at S. Luis Ob. Quigley. Mallory, 1846, 
 mr of the PrtttOtt. v. 580. Malloy (Ed.), 1845, deserter from the IJopewell at 
 S. Diego. Malo ( Jos6 Ramon), grantee of Purisima and Sta Rita ranches, Sta 
 B. '45. iv. 653; v. 558; at Sta Ines '54. Maltok (Richard), 1842, Engl. lum 
 berman at S.F. 
 
 Manchester (Alex.), 1845, sailor on the Maria, or Morea. M. (Thomas), 
 1846, overl. immig.; served in Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358); owner of S.F. lot 
 '48; in the mines '48; drowned in S.F. bay before '69. Mancilla (Tomds), 
 Dominican friar in L. Cal. who visited S. Diego '29-30. ii. 552; v. 620. 
 Mancisidor (Juan Ignacio), 1822, Span, supercargo of the Col Youncj, '22-3. 
 ii. 474, 293; iii. 118. He came back in '25 on the Thos Nowlan and remained 
 as agent of a Lima firm, being a resident of Los Ang. from '27. He was obliged 
 to quit the country in '30 under the law expelling Span., and in spite of his 
 petition of '28 to be allowed to remain, iii. 51-2, ICO, 145. He had no family. 
 Mangot, 1848, mr of the Con de Talcahuano. Manjares (Graciano), Mex. 
 grantee of Saucito '33. iii. 679; in '36, age 35, wife Maximiana Gongora, child. 
 Domingo b. '29, Jose" '30, Ponciano'31, Estanislao '32, Juana '35; juezauxiliar 
 in '42. iv. 653. Manrique (Miguel), com. of transports 1775, 1797. i. 241, 
 543. M. (Jose Ant.), at Los Ang. '46. M. (Juan), soldier of Sta B. coinp. 
 '32. M. (Julian), at Sta Ana rancho, Los. Ang. '39, age 35; in '44 grantee 
 of Laguna. iv. 621. Mansaneli (Maria Ant.), at Mont. '36, nat. of Tepic, 
 apparently the sister of the wife of Munras. Manser (Jacob), 1846, Co. C, 
 1st U. S. dragoons (v. 336). Manso (Juan), 1844, Span, trader in Virmond's 
 employ; in '4o appointed commissioner to form inventories of the mission es 
 tates, and lessee of S. Fernando, iv. 550, 553, 637-8, 643, 683; v. 558, 630. 
 M. (Lucas F.), 1834, com. of the Morelos which brought part of the colony. 
 iii. 267, 269, 383. Manson (Cephas), 1846, Fauntleroy's dragoons (v. 232, 
 247). Manuel, N. Mex. of Sta B. garrison '46. v. 316. M. (Andres ami 
 Jose), grantees of Guajome '45. iv. 621. Maqueda (Juan D.), 1791, piloto 
 in Malaspina's exped. i. 490. 
 
 Mapes (Geo. W. and Walker B.), 1847, Co. I, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Maple 
 (Dav.), 1847, carpenter on the Independence. M. (John), 1847, Co. H, N.Y. 
 Vol. (v. 499). Marago (V.), grantee of Pauba. iv. 621 (Moraga?). Ma- 
 ranasio (Tom), 1845, nat. of Oahu, in charge of custom-house boat at Mont. 
 Maraviof, 1825, mr of the Elena '26-6. iii. 146. March (Edwin), 1847, Co. 
 K, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); d. '60. M. (Wm J.), 1847, employed at Fitch's Soto- 
 yoma rancho '77-8. Marchand (J. B.), 1848, owner of S.F. lot. Marchena 
 (Fern.), 1844, ditto, iv. 673. Marcy (Sam.), 1847, 2d rnr on the U. S. In 
 dependence. 
 
 Marcy (Wm G.), 1847, A. A. Q. M., U. S. A., commissary of N.Y.Vol. 
 v. 503, 511. A son of the sec. of state at Wash.; went to the mines with Col- 
 ton in '48; sec. of the constit. conven. '49; member of the legislature '55; 
 pay-master in the navy from '61; at Wash. 71-4; living at Alameda '82. 
 Maria de Jesus (Madre), 1800, sent from Mex. in charge of foundlings, i. 606. 
 Mariano, leader in Sta B. outbreak '24, ii. 532. M. (Man.), 1828, Mex. con 
 vict released in '36. Mann, Ind. chief for whom Mnrin Co. was named; 
 vaguely mentioned '16-24. ii. 328, 538, 598. Marine" (Fruto), soldier of 
 Mont. comp. '39. M. (Juan), 1795, Span, artilleryman retired after '21 with 
 rank of lieut de premio from '27; at S. Gabriel '28, age 60. ii. 543; iii. 51; 
 perhaps his name was 'Mariner.' Mariner (Juan), 1785, Span, friar who 
 served at S. Diego till his death in 1800. Biog. i. 654; ment. i. 388, 422, 455, 
 459, 553, 576-7; ii. 106-7. 
 
 Mark (Joseph), 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). M. (Louis), 1847, Co. E, 
 ditto; d. before : 80. Market (Augustine), 1847, Co. D, ditto. Markham 
 
730 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 (Mrs E.), 1846, came to Sta Clara Co.; maiden name not given. Markof 
 ( Alex. ), 1845, Russ. visitor, who published a narrative, iv. 502. Marks (Chas), 
 1846, Fauntleroy's dragoons (v. 232, 247), Marlin (Hen.), 1845, doubtful 
 name of an iminig. iv. 578. Marones (Jos<), at Hranciforte '45, age 33, wife 
 Maria Castro, child. Jos< Joaq. b. '40, Maria '41, Daiiira (?) '42, Santa (?) 
 '43, Roberto '44. I think this may be intended for 'Majors,' q.v. Maroni 
 (Fran.), at Mont. '39-41. Marple (Dav.), see 'Maple.' Marquet, 1845, 
 doubtful member of Fremont's party, iv. 583. Martin. Marquez (Fran.), 
 grantee of Boca de Sta Monica, iii. 633; a blacksmith, age 47. 
 
 Marquez (Manuel), 1842, Mex. lieut of the batallon iljo '42-5. iv. 289; 
 implicated as an accomplice in a poisoning case and transferred to Sta B. '43. 
 iv. 364, 641; adj. and instructor of the S. Luis Ob. defen sores '44. iv. 407; at 
 Mont. Apr. '46. v. 41. M. (Rafael), soldier killed by Ind. on the Colorado 
 1781. i. 363. Marquinez (Marcdino), 1810, Span, friar who served chiefly 
 at Sta Cruz, and left Cal. in '17. Biog. ii. 387; ment. ii. 149, 159-60, 218, 326, 
 384, 394, 421. 
 
 Marron (Jesus), at Los Ang. '46. M. (Juan Maria), had a house at S. 
 Diego '21. ii. 546; took part in the revolution of '31. iii. 201; regidor '35-6, 
 and elector in '36, being owner of the Cueros de Venado rancho attacked by 
 lud. iii. 483, 611, 615; iv. 67. He was juezsuplentein '39-40. iii. 616; owner 
 of land at S. Juan Cap. '41. iv. 626; grantee of Agua Hedionda '42. iv. 620; 
 and juez in '44. iv. 540. In '45 he was elector de partido and admin, of S. Luis 
 Rey. iv. 540, 620-1; 623-4; and in '46 alcalde, v. 325, 329, 618-19. He died 
 in '56. His widow, FelipaOsuna, b. at S. D. 1809, and still living there in '78, 
 gave me her llecuerdos of early times, to which is attached a col. of original 
 JJoc. Hist. Cal. presented by her brother. Marsh (Eton S.), 1847, owner 
 of S. F. lot. v. 685. M. (Geo.), 1826, purser of H. B. M. S. Blossom in 
 Beechey's exped. iii. 121. 
 
 Marsh (John), 1836, nat. of Mass, and graduate of Harvard, who after 
 residing in Wisconsin and Mo. spent 6 years in New Mex. and Sonora, and 
 came to Cal. early in Jan. '36 from Sta Fe. iv. 117-18. Presenting his diploma 
 as a physician to the ayunt. of Los Ang. he got in Feb. a license to practise 
 medicine; but came to the north early in '37, in which year Edwards met him 
 in the Mont, district, v. 86, and from which time his name appears on Lar- 
 kin's books. He seems to have travelled considerably in the northern districts, 
 but in a year or two became the owner of the rancho of Los M6danos also 
 called Pulpunes, Umpines, and later New York, at the foot of Mt Diablo, 
 near the modern Antioch granted to Noriega in '35. Here he built a rude 
 hut and spent the rest of his life, gradually accumulating wealth in live-stock. 
 Iii '40 he was arrested but not exiled, had some dealings with Sutter, and 
 wrote letters to Mo. for the purpose of encouraging immigration, iv. 9, 17, 
 23-4, 134, 265. In '41 he received the 1st imniig. party, Bartleson's, at his 
 rancho, and afforded them much assistance, though he made the new-comers 
 pay well for his services and grievously offended many of them by his mean 
 ness, iv. 272-5, 347. The officers of the U. S. ex. ex. also came in contact 
 with him this year, and Dr Pickering, Races of Men, 102; Wil/ces' Narr., v. 
 193-4, mentions the Dr as his former classmate and friend. His Letter to Com. 
 Jones, of '42, on the state of the country, is a doc. of some value, as the writer 
 was an intelligent, observant man. iv. 348. In '44 he was naturalized; and 
 in '44-5 joined Sutter's force against the Californians, with a view to disor 
 ganize it, made a contract with the govt to furnish Ind. horse-thieves in 
 comp. with Capt. Gantt, and signed at S. Jos< the call to foreigners, iv. 486, 
 491, 516-17, 543, 599. He took but slight part in the troubles of '46-7, v. 7, 
 17, 641, leading for the most part the life of a hermit, though he wrote a long 
 letter to Lewis Cass on the country and its prospects. He took much interest 
 in politics, desiring to see Cal. in possession of the U. S. , but not favoring 
 filibusterism. In '48 his house was robbed, and he tried his fortune in the 
 mines. He was murdered, by a party of young Californians, on the road be 
 tween his rancho and Martinez in ; 56, at 'the age of 52. One of the murderers 
 was sent to prison for life some 10 years later. Dr M. was a peculiar and gen- 
 
MARSH MARSTON. 731 
 
 erally disagreeable man, whose notorious parsimony kept him constantly in 
 trouble with most that came in contact with him; yet he was apparently an 
 honest man, of more than ordinary ability, and several of the Californians, 
 among them Vallejo, speak of him in terms of warm praise. He left a son in 
 i!:o East, who is said to have joined him just before his death; he seems to 
 have had some children by an Indian woman; and John Currey, who was his 
 attorney and gives much information about him, states that about '51 he mar 
 ried a teacher from Mass., who died a few years later. 
 
 Marshall, 1846, widow, married to James Smith at N. Helv. ; perhaps 
 mother of Henry. M. (Earl), 1846, nat. of N. J. and one of the Mormon col., 
 with his wife, Letitia Dorsey. v. 46. A milkman at S. F. ; in Alameda co. from 
 '50; died '81, leaving a widow. Portrait in Alam. Co. Hist., 24. M. (Henry), 
 1845, Engl. immig. of the Grigsby-Ide party, with mother, brother, and sis 
 ters, iv. 579, 587. He was employed by Sutter, and during the Bear revolt 
 was stationed at the fort, v. 79, 125, but later enlisted in the Cal. Bat. and 
 was wounded at Natividad, v. 369, 371, recovering in time to serve with 
 "VV cber in the Sta Clara campaign (v. 379). After the war he lived at Sonoma, 
 Fetaluma, and Benicia, going to the mines in '48. In '50 he settled in Green 
 Valley, Sonoma co., where he still lived in '78. His reminiscences as given to 
 11. A. Thompson are in my collection, and were published in the S. J. Pion., 
 Aug. 10, '78. His sister Eliza was the wife of James Gregson; another was 
 Mary A. Marshall (James W.), 1845, nat. of N. J., a carriage-maker and 
 carpenter by trade, who came overland to Or. in '44, and in the McMahon- 
 Clyman party to Cal. the next year. iv. 572, 574, 587. He entered Slitter's 
 employ and is often named in the N. llelv. Diary '45-8. He seems to have 
 taken part in the Bear revolt (v. 101), and to have gone south with the Cal. 
 Bat. (v. 358). Returning north he resumed his work at the fort, and in Aug. 
 formed a partnership with Sutter to build a saw-mill on the Amer. river, select 
 ing a site at Coloma and beginning work at once, with half a dozen workmen. 
 Here in Jan. '48 he made the famous discovery of gold, for full particulars 
 of which see vol. vi. There have been attempts to show that M. 's companions 
 have been deprived of the credit due them in this connection; but it seems 
 clear that M. was the first to see the metal, and his visit to the fort Jan. 
 28th on 'very important business' is recorded in the Diary, He is doubtless 
 entitled to his fame as the discoverer of gold. Sutter has also been praised as 
 the real discoverer, and indeed if he had not settled in the Sac. Val., or Cabrillo 
 had not discovered Cal., or Columbus America, the 'glittering particles' 
 might have been found by another man under different circumstances. Mar 
 shall was not able to protect his mill and land at Coloma from the raids of 
 miners and lawyers, and for many years led the life of a miner and prospector 
 without much luck. In '70 his Life and Adventures, by Geo. F. Parsons, was 
 published at Sac. ; and subsequently a small pension was paid M. for some 
 years by act of the legislature. He is still living in '85 at the age of 73, and 
 seems always to have borne a good character. 1 have an original daguerreo 
 type taken in early years; and his portrait may also be found in the Annals 
 of S. F.; Plumas Co. Hist., etc. (He died near Coloma in Aug. '85, after the 
 above was written.) 
 
 Marshall (John), 1845, brother of Henry and overl. immig. of the Grigsby- 
 Ide party, iv. 579, 587; at Sonoma '47. M. (John), 1836, Amer. age 45, in 
 a Los Aug. list. M. (Joseph), 1836, on Larkin's books '36-7. M. (Robert), 
 1834, mr of the Catalina '34-5, '43. iii. 381; iv. 564. M. (Win), 1845, 
 Amer. deserter from the llcpeivell at S. D. iv. 587: in '46 in charge of War 
 ner's rancho charged with theft in April. S. D. Arch., 320; and in Dec. en 
 tertained Kearny and his dragoons, v. 339. A little later he was an instiga 
 tor of the Pauma massacre, for which crime he was hanged in '51. v. 589. 
 M. (Win P.), 1841, Engl. physician on the Index; at Mont. '42. Marst 
 (Win). 1847, owner of a S. F. lot. Marston, (J. D.), 1847, teacher at S. F. 
 v. 056-7, 685; married Mar. '48 to Miss S. Still. M. (Ward), 1846, capt. 
 of marines on the U. S. Savannah; in com. of S. F. garrison; and of the 
 force that marched to Sta Clara against Sanchez Jan. '47. v. 380-3, 359. 
 
732 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Martell (James L.), 1340, purser's clerk on the U. S. Dale and Routh- 
 hamptcn; disch. '49 and lived at S. F. to '85, bein<j part of the time a 
 custom-house oliicer. Maniarcna (Jose" Manuel), 1794, Span, friar and 
 founder of S. Juan Bautista, where he served to 1804 when he left Cal. Biog. 
 ii. 153-4; ment. i. 500, 557-8, 571), 689, 712; ii. 131, 159-60. Martin, 1847, 
 of M. & Dent, Mont., '47-8. M., 1848, came with family in party of Peter 
 J. Davis, fita data Co. //.<, 660. M., 1848, leader of a party from Or. 
 El Dorado Co, Hist,, 182. M. (Augustus), 1847, a witness at Los Aug. 
 
 Martin (Dennis), 1844, overl. immig. of the Stevens party, iv. 445, with 
 his father and brother, returning in '45 to rescue Schallenberger at Donner 
 Lake and the party left on the Yuba. iv. 454. He worked for Sutter in '45-6, 
 but I find no definite record of him in the troubles of '46-7, or in mining 
 times of '48-9. He was a hunter and lumberman, settling in S. Mateo Co., 
 where he still lived in '78 and later. M. (Ed.), 1847, sergt Co. C, Morm. Bat. 
 v. 477; in '82 at Salt Lake City. M. (Edw. J.), 1848, nat. of Ireland, who 
 came by sea from Chile in Nov. He became prominent in various enterprises, 
 being for many years treasurer and sec. of the Hibernia Bank. He died in 
 ; 80 at the age of 61, leaving 8 children. M. (Jesse B.), 1847, Co. B, Morm. 
 Bat. (v. 469); in Sutter's service at the discov. of gold '48. 
 
 Martin (Fernando), 1811, Span, friar who served at S. Diego till his death 
 in '38. Biog. iii. 619; ment. ii. 345, 394, 551-2, 655; iii. 19, 91, 96, 102, 317; 
 iv. 63. M. (John), 1822, Engl. or Scotch sailor who left the Orion, ii. 478. 
 In '24 he was admitted to the church at S. Juan B. ii. 526; in '29 had been 
 living for several years at S. F. presidio; in '30 was at Mont. ii. 609; in '31 
 he got permission to cultivate a league of land at Gotoqui, or S. Patricio; at 
 S. F. '32. He was known as the 'old Scotch carpenter ' and lived for some 
 time at Reed's rancho, being in '37 on the Corte de Madera de Novato rancho, 
 Marin Co., which was granted him in '39. iv. 86, 117; iii. 711; owner of S. 
 F. lots '41-5. iv. 669; v. 684; in '46 applied for kind in S. Jose" dist. I find 
 nothing about him after his claim before the land com. in '52. M. (John), 
 1848, passp. from Hon. M. (Juan), 1794, Span, friar who served 27 years 
 at S. Miguel, where he died in '24. Biog. ii. 620; ment. i. 561, 576, 664, 675; 
 ii. 45, 149-50, 159, 325-6, 384, 394, 655. 
 
 Martin (Julius), 1843, nat. of N. C. and overl. immig. of the Walker- 
 Chiles party, with wife, Elizabeth McPherson, and 3 daughters, iv. 393, 400. 
 Early in '44 he settled, or established his family, in the Gilroy region, work 
 ing at different places for a few years; prob. in Sutter's force '44-5. iv. 486. I 
 have his letter of July '45. In '46 he served under Fremont and Fauntleroy. 
 v. 16, 22 (232); and later commanded a comp. of S. F. volunteers in the 
 Sanchez campaign, v. 381; owner of S. F. lots '47. v. 684; at N. Helv. '48. 
 From '50 he lived on his farm near Gilroy, owning also land in Napa, though 
 he finally lost most of his property. He was blind from about '61; still liv 
 ing in '81, and I think in '85 at the age of 81. His 3 daughters that crossed 
 the plains were Mary wife of P. B, Tully, Arzelia Mrs Lewis, and Martha 
 Mrs Oldham; three others born in Cal. one of them perhaps in '44 were 
 Susan Mrs Bartlett, Georgie Mrs Johnson, and Julia Mrs Hornback. M. 
 (J.B.), 1847, nat. of Va, and one of the earliest settlers of lone Val., having 
 crossed the plains with Childers and Hicks. Claimant for the Cosumnes rancho. 
 iv. 671; still living at Sutter Cr.'Sl. M. (Montgomery), 1846, lieut in Cal. 
 Bat. on detached service, v. 360; clerk for Larkin '47; and still at Mont. '48. 
 M. (Patrick), 1844, Irish immig. of the Stevens party with his sons Dennis 
 and Patrick, Jr. iv. 445, 453; owner of S. F. lot '47. His daughter married 
 James Murphy. 
 
 Martin (Thomas S.), 1845, nat. of Tenn. b. '18, resid. of St Louis '40-5, 
 and one of Fremont's party in '45. v. 583, 587. He served in Co. A, Cal. Bat. 
 (v. 358); went East with F. in '47; and came back in the exped. of '48-9. In 
 '49-53 a horse-trader in dif. regions; then settled with a wife at Sta B. , still 
 to some extent a trader and hunter, also serving as city marshal and deputy 
 sheriff. In '78 he gave me a Narrative of Fremont's Exped., which is in some 
 respects valuable, as the official journal has never been published, but is 
 
MARTIN MARTINEZ. 733 
 
 marred by the author's tendency to claim participation in many Cal. events 
 which he can only have known by hearsay. Many parts are notably accurate; 
 and others h;ive but slight foundation in truth, iv. 505; v. 107, 168-9, 172, 
 189. M. (Wm H.), 1847, Co. H, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); owner of a S.F. lot; at 
 Oakland '71; d. Stanislaus Co. 74. M. (Wm J.), 1843, Amer. mason who 
 came overland in the Chiles-Walker party, iv. 393, 400; though sometimes 
 accredited to the Stevens party of '44. iv. 446; still living '72. Martiuau 
 (A.), 1846, Co. B, artill. Cal. Bat. (v. 358). 
 
 Martinez (Agustin), juez <le carnpo '31, '46, in Mont. dist. iii. 672, 637, 566. 
 M. (Andre's), at S. Jose" '41, age 40, wife Maria de J. Narvaez. child. Jesus M. 
 b. '34, Antonio '36, Luciana '21, Mariana '27, Carmen '28, Flavia '31, Concep- 
 cion '33; Cal. claim '46-7 (v. 462). Still at S. Jose" '50. M. (Bartolome") sol 
 dier at Soledad 1791-1800. i. 499. M. (Bias), at Salinas, Mont., '36, age 
 40, wife Josefa Ame"zquita, child. Eugenio b. '21, Maria Josefa '23, Jose" '26, 
 Emiliana '27, Francisca '30, Leon '32, Juan '33; grantee of Tucho '35, iii. 679, 
 and of Laureles '39. M. (E.), sentenced to presidio '45. iv. 654. M. (Este"- 
 van), 1779, com. of the S. Bias transports on the coast, 1779-99. i. 328-9, 378, 
 430, 444, 503. M. (Felipe), at Los Aug. '46. M. (Francisco), Span., age 45, 
 who left Cal. on the Thos Nowlan. iii. 51. 
 
 Martinez (Ignacio), 1800, nat. of the city of Mex. b. 1774, who entered 
 the mil. service as cadet of the Sta B. cotnp. in 1799. i. 639; promoted to 
 alfe"rez of the S. Diego comp. from 1806, being also much cf the time habili- 
 tado. ii. 99-101, 110, 341, 424-5, 540. In '17 he was recommended for pro 
 motion to lieut of the Sta B. comp. , but by some error at Madrid or Mex. 
 the commission was made out for the S.F. comp., and to S.F. he had to go 
 much against his will, his name appearing on the rolls as comandante in 
 '22-7 and from '28 down to '32, taking part in some Ind. exped., as fiscal in 
 some criminal cases, and being otherwise mentioned in connection with rou 
 tine duties of his position, besides being a member of the junta, or diputacion 
 in '24, '27. ii. 235, 361, 370, 440, 500, 512-13, 537-8, 583-4, 592, 640; iii. 20, 
 36-7, 64, 75, 88, 110, 121, 132, 156, 186, 191-2, 701. In '31 he was retired 
 with use of uniform and full pay, being credited with 41 years of service. 
 Meanwhile he had obtained, in '29, the Pinole rancho, Contra Costa, regranted 
 in '42. iv. 672; and here after having apparently lived at S. Josd for several 
 years, being regidor in '34-5, and serving as comisionado for the secularization 
 of S. Rafael in '34 he went to live in '36 or a little later, ii. 594, 664; iii. 193, 
 346, 716, 718, 730. In '37 he was alcalde at S.F. iii. 703, 705, 552; suplente of 
 the junta '39. iii. 590; a creditor of Sutter. iv. 132, 134; defeated the Ind. in 
 40. iv. 76; and entertained Wilkes in '41. iv. 245. He was living at Pinole 
 in '41 with his wife, Martina Arellanes, age 53, and 6 daughters, Encarnacion 
 b. 1808, Susana '24 (who soon married Capt. Hinckley, and after his death Wm 
 M. Smith), Francisco '24, Rafaela '27, Maria '29, and Dolores '31. Another 
 daughter, Maria Antonia, was the wife of Capt. Richardson; others married 
 Victor Castro and Dr Tennant. His son Vicente J., b. in '18, was still living 
 in Contra Costa '82, with seven children by two wives, Guadulupe Moraga 
 and Nieves Soto. I cannot give the date of Don Ignacio's death, but it wa.s 
 before '52, when his heirs were claimants for Pinole. He was not popular 
 as an officer, being haughty and despotic, as it seemed to his men, and he 
 was several times reproved and unfavorably criticised by his superior officers; 
 but as a ranchero he is spoken of as a very courteous and hospitable man. 
 The town of Martinez takes its name from him or his family. M. (Ignacio), 
 at S.F. '43, age 23; also named perhaps another as lieut of militia at S. 
 Jos6 '37. iii. 732. 
 
 Martinez (Jose), 1875, com. of the Asia. iii. 24-5, 146. M. (Jose"), son of 
 Ignacio, lieut of militia at S.F. '37. iii. 701; in '41 living in S. Jos<5 dist., age 
 27, wife Cdrmen Peralta, children Rafael b. '39, Alejandro '41; Cal. claim 
 '46-7 (v. 462). He was noted for his liberality and for his skilful horsemanship, 
 but was killed in '64 from an entanglement with his riata. A second wife was 
 an English woman named Tennaut. M. (Jose" Ignacio), soldier killed by 
 Ind. on the Colorado, 1781. i. 359-62. M. (Jose" de Jesus), at Los Aug. '46. 
 
734 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 M. (Josd Manuel), ditto. M. (Jose" Maria), settler at S. Jose" before 1800; 
 alcalde in 1797 and 106. i. 716, 719; ii. 134. His wife was Maria Garcia, son 
 Maximo, brother Reyes, sister Juana. M. (Josefa), grantee of land in Mont. 
 Co. '44-5. iv. 606. M. (Juan), soldier killed on the Colorado, 1781. i. 359, 
 362. M. (Juan), at Mont. '36, a^e S6, wife Francisco Garcia, child. Carmen 
 1). '25, Jose" Bias '26, Francisco' 29, Maria '34. M. (Juan, Juan Andres, and 
 Leoiior), at Los. Aug. '46. M. (Juan de Jesus Maria), 1831, Dominican from 
 L. Cal., at San Gabriel, '31-2. iii. 311, 641. M. (Leocadio), carpenter and 
 settler at S.F. and S. Jos6 before 1800. i. 499, 634, 716, 718. 
 
 Martinez (Luis Antonio), 1798, Span, friar who served at S. Luis Ob. for 
 32 years. A very able man and prominent in missionary annals, but rather 
 in the industrial and political than in ecclesiastical phases of his profession. 
 He was banished in '30 for alleged complicity in the Solis revolt, and wrote 
 from Madrid '32-3. Biog. ii. 618-19; ment. i. 689; ii. 148, 204, 219, 224, 235- 
 6, 255, 276, 311, 327, 384, 394, 438, 441, 479, 493, 516-17, 576, 655; iii. 21, 
 51, 84-5, 92, 94, 98-100. M. (Maximo), soldier of S.F. comp. '19-23; in '33 
 and '44 grantee of Corte de Madera, Sta Clara, iii. 711 ; iv. 671; rcgiclor at S. 
 Jose '33-4. iii. 729-30; in '41 age 51, wife Damiana Padilla, child. Nicolas 
 b. '28, Evinisa (?) '26, Jose" Ant. '33, Dolores '34, Jose" Maria '35, Guadalupa 
 '38, Clara '41. M. (Miguel), at S. Bern. '46, age 50. M. (Pedro Adriano), 
 1797, Span, friar who served at S. Juan B. and S. Miguel, retiring in 1804. 
 Biog. ii. 149; ment. i. 558, 577; ii. 159-60. M. (Rafael), at Los Ang. '40. 
 M. (Santiago), N. Mex. at Los Ang. with families, applying for land '42-G. 
 iv. 343, 572, 635. M. (Sixto), at Los Ang. '46. M. (Vicente), son of Igua- 
 cio; militiaman S.F. '37; at S. Jose" dist. '41, age 29, wife Guad. Moraga, 
 child. Francisco b. '38, Merced '39; sindico of S. Jose" '43. iv. 685; Cal. claim 
 '46-7 (v. 462). Marx (Ernest), 1847, musician N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). Mas- 
 carel (Joseph), 1844 (?), French mayor of Los Ang. '65, and resident '80. iv. 
 453. Mashim (Rosistof), 1840, mr of the Baikal, iv. 101. Mason, 1848, 
 keeper of a gambling and grog shop at Sta B. M. (Alfred), 1847, Co. F, 
 N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. Sac. before S3. M. (E.), 1846, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). 
 Mason (Ignacio), at S. Gabriel '39, age 27, a jeweller; perhaps ' Mazon.' M. 
 (John), 1847, Co. B, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). M. (Marcos or Anthony A.), 1816, 
 'Anglo- Amer. Irishman from Boston,' baptized at S. Carlos, and recommended 
 by P. Sarrfa in '17 as about to go to the Philippines, ii. 276-7, 288. M. (M. ), 
 1842, lieut on the U. S. Gyane. M. (Richard B.), 1847, colonel 1st U. S. dra 
 goons who arrived in Feb., and on May 31st succeeded Kearny as mil. gov. of 
 Cal., holding that position till Feb. '49. For account of his rule, including his 
 controversy and proposed duel witli Fremont, see v. 582, 615; also 416, 436-7, 
 443-4, 446-7, 451, 455, 464, 515, 571-5, 646, 666, 675; also vol. vi. He per 
 formed most satisfactorily the duties of a difficult position, and though by 
 his strict discipline and apparent harshness of manner he made an unfavor 
 able impression in some quarters and inspired bitter enmities, yet his record 
 is that of an honest, faithful, and able officer. He went East by steamer in 
 in May '49, and died of cholera at St Louis in that year or the next. Hi3 
 widow married Gen. Don Carlos Buell, and still lived in '75. Mast (Her 
 man), 1847, perhaps of N.Y.Vol, under another name; at S. F. '74. 
 
 Mata, member of a court-martial at S. Diego '26. ii. 549. M. (Juan de 
 Dios), Mex. convict released in '35. Matamoros (Tomas), murdered in 1805. 
 ii. 191. Matchin (C. F.), 1845, mr of the Matador, iv. 567. Mateo, 1818, 
 mulatto from Bouchard's fleet, ii. 230. Mathias (Thos), 1828, in Cal. ; autog. 
 letter. Mathers (James), 1846, nat. of N. Y. ; settled in "Sta Clara; at S. Lois 
 Ob. '58 to his death in '70 at the age of 80. Matias (Juan), at Los Ang. 
 '46. Mathurin (Louis), 1833, Fr. sailor at S. F. '40-1. iii. 409. Matscll 
 (Henry C.), 1847, lieut Co. B, N.Y.Vol. v. 504; trader at S. Diego; in Kan 
 sas '71-9. Matt (James), 1848, at Sutter's Fort April. Mattheson (Alex. 
 J.), 1839, Engl. pilot on the schr California, implicated in a plot against the 
 capt. ; on Larkin's books '40. 
 
 Matthews, 1836, Amer. otter-hunter with Nidever. M., 1847, in Sut 
 ter's service. M., 1846, at S. Jose* with a son-in-law. HittdL M. (Geo.), 
 
MATTHEWS MEAD. 735 
 
 1839, named in Lai kin's books '39-40. M. (II.), 1843, \vitness at S. F. 'GO. 
 M. (Henry), 1846, arr. in Sept., ace. to Sac. Cal. Pion. rolls; at Benicia '47. 
 iii. 673; at S. F. '60. M. (James), 1834, at Mont. M. (John), 1831, Engl. 
 sailor, who landed from a whaler at S. F. iii. 405, 708-9. On Larkin's books 
 '33-42; naturalized before '40; but this may be one of the following. M. 
 (John), 1836, Italian fisherman, living with the Greek Demedrion at Mont. 
 M., 1836, Anier., age 35, at S. Isidro (Gilroy's); perhaps Matthew, a given 
 name, who was a cook for Murphy in '30. M. (Wm), 1831, Engl. sailor 
 who landed from a whaler at S. Luis Ob. iii. 405. In '36 at StaB. ; came 
 north and appears in various records from '34; in '70 permitted to live at S. 
 F. or Sonoma; arrested but not exiled, iv. 17; from '44 or earlier at Mont., 
 keeping a boarding-house. Matthews' mill is also mentioned in '42. He may 
 be the M. whose wife is said to have furnished some material for the Bear 
 flag. v. 148; and in July he carried despatches from Mont, to S. F. v. 2S5; 
 starting with Larkiu in Nov. at the time of the latter's capture, v. 364. Pie 
 is vaguely said to have died about '58. 
 
 Matute (JuanB.), 1791, com. of the Aranzazu, explor. and transport on the 
 coast '91-2, '95-6. i. 493, 506, 517, 537-8. Maube (Arno), 1843, French 
 grantee of land near S. Gabriel; at Sta Cruz '47 with claim against the govt. 
 iv. 400, 615, 637. M. (Henry), 1847, held Larkin's note for $120; perhaps 
 same as preceding. Manet (John), 1847, at Butter's Fort. Maun (Francis), 
 1842, at Sta Cruz. M. (James), 1845, employed at Lnrkin's soap factory. 
 Maurelle (Antonio), 1775, Span, naval officer on the coast '75, '79, '84; author 
 of a Journal, i. 241, 329, 444, 509; see also Hist. N. W. Coast, i. Mair-y 
 (Wm L.), 1841, lieut U. S. N. on the U. S. ex. ex. iv. 241; ou the Warren 
 '46-7. v. 539. Mavilla (Antonio), 1846, at S. Gabriel '46, Mawrey -(James), 
 1847, servant to an officer in the Morm. Bat. (v. 469). 
 
 Maxfield (Wm C.), 1847, owner of S. F. lot. Maxim (Harvey), 1847, 
 sergt Co. F, 3d U. S. artill. i. 519. Maximo, 1799, negro slave of Alberni. 
 i. C39. Maxwell (Chas), 1847, owner of S. F. lot. M. (H.), 1848, settler 
 at Stockton. M. (James W.), 1847, Co. K, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). M. (Lucien), 
 1845, hunter and guide of Fremont's party, iv. 583; v. 24. M. (Richard T.), 
 1842, nat. of Penn. and asst surg. U. S. N. on the United States, iv. 304, 
 308-9, 341, 348. He returned to Cal. in '54, and became a prominent physi 
 cian of S. F. In '77 he gave me his Monterey in '4%, or recollections of the 
 capture of that town by Com. Jones, and also a MS. furnished by Dr Marsh 
 to Jones at that time. He died in 'S3 at the age of 62, leaving an estate 
 which has been the occasion of much litigation arising from the doctor's 
 death-bed marriage. M. (Wm), 1847, Co. D, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); a farmer 
 in Williams Val., N. Mex., '82. M. (Wm C.), 1847, Co. F, N. Y. Vol. 
 (v. 499); died before '82. M. (Wm H.), 1847, Co. B, ditto; d. N. Y. city 
 '76. 
 
 May (Henry), 1835, nephew of Larkin, bound to Cal. on the Alert; no 
 record of arrival. Maya (Ign. ), at S. Bern. '46. Mayan (Mrs), 1847. died at 
 N. Helv. July. Mayberry (Ebenezer), 1847, Co. F, 3d U. S. artill. (v. 518). 
 Mayer, 1832, about to visit Cal. from Sitka for scientific purposes; letter of 
 introd. from Khlebnikof to Hartnell. M. (John), 1840, Engl. at Mont, and 
 S. F. Jan.. Nov. M. (Lewis W.), 1847. Co. F, 3d U. S. artill. (v. 518); in 
 the mines '49-50; a German wine-maker, who lived in Sonoma '65-80. May- 
 field (Benj. F.), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); sergt of reenlisted comp. 
 v. 495; a resid. of S. Luis Ob. Co. '68-83; a'nat. of Tenn. Mayhew (John), 
 1826, on the Eliza. Maynard (James), 1837, on Larkin's books; perhaj s 
 same as John. M. (John), 1840, Engl. exile with the Graham party; not 
 known to have returned, though he got a license to do so. Maynes (James), 
 1845, laborer at Mont. Mayo (Geo.), 1816, Mass, sailor, baptized at S. Car 
 los. Taylor; ii. 276-7. Mazateco (Juan), at Sonoma '44, age 19; prob. a 
 * Mazateco ' Ind. or from Mazatlan. 
 
 Mead ( James D.), 1841, nat. of la, episcopal clergyman, and perhaps phy 
 sician in the West Indies, who came from N. Mex. in the Workman party, 
 and in '42 went to the Sandwich IsL or China, iv. 278; said to have been a 
 
736 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 bishop later. M. (Orlando F.), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); later at 
 Slitter's Fort; at Spanish Fork '82. M. (Sam.), 1832, one of the comp. ex- 
 tranjera at Mont. iii. 221. Meadows (James), 1837, Engl. sailor, who de 
 serted from a whaler at Mont. iv. 117-18. His name appears in the records 
 from '38; one of Graham's riflemen '36-8 (iii. 457); later a lumberman; exiled 
 to S. Bias in '40, but returned in '41 to live as a sawyer in Mont. dist. iv. 18, 
 23, 33. Not much is known of him in '43-8, except that he is mentioned from 
 time to time as at S. Jose', Sacramento, or in the mines. He finally settled on 
 the Palo Escrito rancho near Mont., which was confirmed to him in '54, iii. 
 079, ami where he was living in '77 with a native wife and several children. 
 He gave mean interesting narrative of the Graham Affair, he being one of the 
 last survivors of the exiles. In respect of accuracy, his account compares fa 
 vorably with the testimony of others oil the subject which is not paying it 
 a very high compliment. I have not heard in 'S5 of his death. Mechacken 
 (John C.), 1846, Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). Mecham (Henry), 1848 (?), nat. 
 of N. Y. and resid. of Sonoma Co. '53-77. 
 
 Meder (Moses A. ), 1846, one of the Mormon colony with wife and child. 
 v. 546. A nat. of Ohio, who engaged in the lumber business, at Sta Cruz, the 
 firm of Stout, Sirrine, & M. advertising in the Star of '47. He worked also 
 for Graham, whose receipt of $36,000 indemnity he. claims to have witnessed. 
 Still a resid. of Sta Cruz in '80 and prob. in '85; portrait in Sta Cruz Co. 
 Hist., 44. His 1st wife, Sarah D. Blod, died in '72, and in '73 he married 
 Olive A. Liunett. Medina (Guadalupe), 1842, Mex. lieut of the batallon 
 fijo '42-5; teacher at Los Aug. '43-4; com of the garrison '45. iv. 289, 321, 
 403, 492, 629. M. (Jose"), ship's boy and teacher at Sta B. 1797-1800. i. 
 643. Medrano (Jos< Maria), artill. sergt at Mont. '26-32. iii. 77, 671-2. 
 
 Meehan (Dennis), 1847, Co. E, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); killed at Stockton '49. 
 M. (James), 1847, Co. G, ditto, killed at Los Ang. about '50. M. (Tlios), 
 1847, Co. E, ditto; killed by a steamboat explosion on the S. Joaq. '53. 
 Meek (John), 1829, mr of the Tamaahmaah '29, possibly of another craft ; 25, 
 and of the D. Quixote '33-6. iii. 149, 179, 382; iv. 103, 141. He is also said 
 by Wm H. Davis to have visited Cal. as mate of the Eagle before '20, possibly 
 M. of the Amethyst '11-12. ii. 267. He was a nat. of Mass, who came to the 
 Isl. about '12, and died at Hon. '74 at the age of 85. M. (Joseph), 1833, 
 Rocky Mt. trapper who came with Walker's party, going back to Salt Lake 
 in '34. iii. 390. He visited Cal. again in '48 and later, and died in Or. '75, his 
 adventures being the basis of Mrs Victor's River of the West. M. (Stephen 
 II. L.), 1833, nat. of Va and brother of Joseph, also a mountain man who 
 came and departed with Walker, iii. 390, 409. He came back to Cal. after 
 the discov. of gold, possibly having made intermediate trips, and in '76 wrote 
 rne a letter from Etna, Siskiyou Co., Cal. M. (Stephen H. L.), 1843, signed 
 a certificate for a sailor at Mont. Sept., and in Jan '44 he got a passport. 
 Apparently not the preceding. A Dr Meek at Mont. '33 is mentioned by a 
 newspaper writer. M. (Thomas), 1811, perhaps on the Amethyst '11-12. 
 ii. 96, 267. Said by Brewer to have gone to Hon. on the Chinchilla f rom Boston 
 in '23; at Hon. : 36. iv. 141; d. at Marblehead, Mass., about '41. Peirce. M. 
 (Wm), 1848, nat. of Ohio who came from Or. to the mines and went back. 
 In '59 returned to Cal. and settled at S. Lorenzo, Alameda Co., where he 
 became a wealthy farmer, serving also as county supervisor and regent of the 
 university. He died '81 at the age of 65, leaving a widow and 5 children. 
 Portrait 'in Alam. Co. Hist., 937. Meel (Robert), 1846, Co. F, Cal. Bat. 
 (v. 358). Meeres, 1845, possibly of the Grigsby-Ide immig. party, iv. 579. 
 
 Mein (John), 1842, mr of the Bertha < Jnny. iv. 563. Meineke (A. 
 and D.). 1848, passp. from Hon. Mcjia (Hipolito), 1838, killed by Ind. iii. 
 693. M. (Jose Maria), 1842, Mex. capt. in the batallon iijo, who was sent 
 to Mex. by Micheltorena in '44 to obtain aid. iv. 289, 308, 364, 404-5, 461, 
 471. M. (Juan), settler at S. Jose" 1791-1800. i. 716. Meldguem (John), 
 1814, Irish deserter from a vessel; in Mont, dist '29, age 40, and single. 
 Melendcz-, 1796, com. of the Conception, i. 538. M., 1826, mr of the Gen. 
 Lravo. iii. 147. M. (Sebastian), 1602, alfe'rez in Vizcaino's exped. i. 98. 
 
MELLECII MENDOZA. 737 
 
 Melleck (Joseph), 1837, in charge of the Clementina. M. (Vicente), at Los 
 Aug. '4(5. Mellish (J.), 1835, at Sta Cruz. 
 
 Mellus (Francis), 1839, nat. of Boston, who came on the California at the 
 age of 15. iv. 117, 119. He became clerk for A. B. Thompson at Sta B., and 
 on the Bolivar; and his Diary of trips up and down the coast in '39-40 is an 
 interesting MS. of my collection. In later years he was clerk, traveling agent, 
 and from Jan. '49 partner with his brother in the firm of M., Howard, & Co. 
 at S. F. ; and in '50-6 with D. W. Alexander in charge of a branch of the busi 
 ness at Los Ang., where he settled permanently; claimant for Providencia 
 rancho. iv. 635. In '52-3 lie was county treasurer, in '54 councilman, in '55 
 memb. of the legislature, and later in charge of Wells, Fargo, & Co.'s express. 
 He died in '63, leaving a widow Adelaida, daughter of Santiago Johnson 
 and 7 children. M. (Henry), 1835, brother of Francis, who came before the 
 mast with Rich. H. Dana on the Pilgrim, iii. 413. He left the ship to be 
 agent's clerk, and is named in a Los Ang. list of '36 as 26 years old; but in 
 '37-8 made a trip to the states. Returning in '39 he remained on the coast as 
 agent or supercargo of the vessels of Appleton & Co., including the Admit 
 tance and Tasso, iv. 562, 569, and his name often appears in commercial rec 
 ords of the time, making his home chiefly at Los Ang. In '45 he formed a 
 partnership with W. D. M. Howard, and the firm of M. & H. soon became 
 the most prominent in S. F., buying the H. B. Co. property in '46, v. 699, 
 building the 1st brick store in town, and establishing branches at S. Jose", 
 Los Ang., and Sac. He became owner of many town lots and a very rich man. 
 In '47 he married Anita, daughter of James Johnson of Los Ang., and in '48 
 made a visit to the East, and on his return had a stroke of apoplexy, from 
 the effects of which he never entirely recovered. In '50 he sold his interest 
 in the firm and went East, subsequently losing most of his wealth in unfor 
 tunate business enterprises. About '53 he brought a suit, finally abandoned, 
 against Howard on the plea that he had not been of sound mind at the time 
 of settlement. This created some ill feeling against him in S.F., and it is said 
 that by H.'s influence the name of Mellus St was changed to Natoma. In '59 
 he came back to Cal. and settled at Los Ang. , where he was elected mayor 
 in May '60, but died in Dec. of the same year at the age of 45, leaving a 
 family. Mellus was a man of remarkable business ability, of good character, 
 and of courteous, pleasing manners. Melros (M.), 1846, doubtful name in 
 a Los Aug. list. Meluren (Louis), see 'Mathurin.' Melville, 1848, at S. F. 
 from Tahiti. M. (Hugh), 1845, sailor of the Morea, disch. at S.F., and sent 
 to the Mont, hospital. Melvin (James W.), 1847, Co. B, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); 
 d. S. F. '74. 
 
 Me"nard (Fra^ois), 1846, teamster with Kearny's force from N. Mex. v. 
 337; killed at S. Pascual. v. 346. M. (Louis), 1844, doubtful member of 
 Fremont's party, iv. 437. Menchaca (R.), 1842, mr of the Trinidad, iv. 569. 
 Mendenhall (Wm M), 1845, nat. of Ohio, and overl. immig. of the Hastings 
 party, iv. 586-7; at Slitter's Fort in '46. I find no further original record of 
 him in early times, but in the county history it is said that in '46-7 he took 
 part in the Bear revolt, went south with Fremont, was commissary at S. Jose" 
 in the Sanchez campaign, kept a bakery at S.F., and married Mary Allen; 
 in the mines '48; in Or. '49; Sta Clara Co. '50-3, '68-76; Contra Costa '53-60, 
 '65-8, and Alameda Co. '60-65, and from '76 to '85, where he is a prosperous 
 farmer at Livermore, age 62, with 9 surviving children: James M., Lizzie 
 Mrs C. H. Lindley, Emma Mrs Black, Ella, Archer, Wm Oswald, Ascey, 
 and Etta. In the earlier records he is called H. and Philip Mendenhall. Por 
 trait in A lam. Co. Hist., 56. 
 
 Mendez (Antonio), Mex. com. of artill. at S.F. '31-2. iii. 702; at Mont. 
 '36, age 38, wife Juana Soto, child. Baltasar b. '29, Sofia '31, Evaristo '33; 
 juez aux. '44. iv. 653; had a store, which in '46 was broken open and robbed. 
 M. (Juan Ign.), trader and carpenter from 1798; had a grand commercial 
 scheme 1800. i. 628. M. (Pedro), at Los Ang. '46-8. Mendoza (Antonino), 
 at S. Jose" '41. M. (Antonio), settler killed by Ind, 1781. i. 359, 362. M. 
 (Henriquez), weaver-instructor 1792-5. i. 615. M. (Jaime), resid. of Bran* 
 HIST. CAL., VOL. IV. 47 
 
738 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 ciforte '30. ii. 627. M. (Manuel), soldier at Soledad 1791-1800. i. 400. M. 
 (Mariano Jose"), weaver- instructor 1702-1801. i. 615, 658; ii. 174. Menendez 
 (Antonio), 1825, Span. Dominican friar of the L. Cal. frontier, relieved from 
 missionary work for irregular conduct, and employed as chaplain of the troops 
 at S. Diego from '25. ii. 425, 544, 552, 658; iii. 8; quarrelled with Alvarado. 
 iii. 41; in the '28 list of Span., iii. 51, but not sent away; teacher and chap 
 lain of the dip. '29. ii. 548; iii. 43, 77, 141; transferred to Mont. '30. ii 609; 
 iii. 144, 451; died at Sta B. '32. iii. 317, 656. M., 1792, com. of the Aran- 
 zazu. i. 517; and of the Conception in '94. i. 523. M. (Jose" Ant.), Mex. 
 trader '33-9. iii. 242, 623. Meneses (Jos< H.), artilleryman at S. Diego '20. 
 Mensing, 1846, mr of the Patriot, v. 579. Menzies, 1847, mr of the Gen. 
 Kearny. v. 578; and of the Louise in '48. Mequelixt (Michael), 1822. ii. 479; 
 prob. McAllister, ' q. v. 
 
 Mcrcado (Jesus Maria Vasquez del), 1833, Mex. friar of the Zacatecanos, 
 who served at S. Rafael, S. Antonio, and Sta Clara, leaving Cal. in '44; a 
 quarrelsome and vicious padre who did much harm, though of good abilities 
 and education. Biog. iv. 682; ment., with record of his controversies, iii. 300, 
 319, 321-4, 354, 426, 477, 586-7, 686-90,716,726; iv. 162, 373, 423, 473. M., 
 sergt at S. Diego, and sometime teacher, '10-11. ii. 424. M. (Mariano), 
 1842, cornet of batallon fijo. iv. 289. Mercure (H.), 1848, in S.F. letter list. 
 Merelo (Lorenzo), 1799, Span, friar who served for brief term in S.F. and S. 
 Antonio, retiring in 1801. Biog. ii. 152; ment. i. 577, 712; ii. 147, 159. Me 
 rino (Agustin), 1797, Span, friar who served at S. Jose" until forced by illness 
 to retire in 1800. i. 555, 577. Merium (W.), 1846, Co. G, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). 
 Merrick, 1847, lieut ill at Los Ang.; doubtful name. Merrilies (Robert), 
 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518); a Scotchman with no antipathy to whiskey, 
 and fond of Burns' poetry, who deserted, like most of his comrades, for the 
 mines in '48; was at Mont. '58-9; and later a sheep-herder in the south. 'Miri* 
 lies ' on the roll. 
 
 Merrill, 1831, at Los Ang. M. (Ferdinand), 1847, Co. D, Morm. Bat. 
 (v. 469); farmer at Salt Lake '82. M. (John H.), 1847, Co. K, N.Y. Vol. 
 (v. 499); owner of S.F. lots, and superintendent of sabbath-school, v. 657. I 
 have his letter of '48 complaining of various persecutions by Lieut Brewerton. 
 He was later a resid. of S. Jose", and in '82 at Wash., D.C. M. (Philemon 
 C.), 1847, lieut Co. B, Morm. Bat., and acting adjutant, v. 477, 483; in '81 
 at St David, Ariz. M. (Squire G.), 1847, son of John H., and drummer of 
 Co. H, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499), age 12; attended school at S. F.; clerk for Bel den 
 at S. Jose"; in trade at Alviso, and later at S. F. He went East in '59, served 
 in the war of '61-5, and in '77 had been 10 years a clerk in the adj. -gen. of 
 fice at Wash., D.C., where he still lived in '82. M. (W. H.), 1847, builder 
 and keeper of a boarding-house at S. F. '47-8. v. 681, 685; possibly same as 
 John H. Merriner (Nicholas), 1847, owner of S. F. lot. Mrs M. with sons in 
 Marin Co. '46. 
 
 Merritt (Ezekiel), 1841 (?), Amer. trapper, the exact date and circumstances 
 of whose arrival are not known. He may be the man who appears on Lar- 
 kin's books in '37. iv. 117-18; is ment. as one of Walker's men in '33. iii. 
 391; was at N. Helv. '41. iv. 233; in the Sac. Val. '43; implicated in the at 
 tempt to release Dr Bale in '44. iv. 445; in which year, in getting naturali 
 zation papers, he claimed to have been in Cal. 2 years ! He was one of Capt. 
 Gantt's men in the Micheltorena campaign of '44-5. iv. 486; and from '45 is 
 often mentioned in the N. Helv. Diary. He commanded the party that stole 
 Arce's horses in '46, and was nominally in com. of the Bears at first, his name 
 appearing on the original proclamation of June 14th. v. 107-9, 114, 121, 127, 
 169. Returning with the prisoners to the fort, he subsequently went south 
 with Fremont, and remained with Gillespie at Los Ang., being sent at one 
 time with a small garrison to S. Diego, v. 308, 317, 324-5, 617. Bidwtllsays 
 that he became partner with Win C. Moon on a Tehama rancho, and died in 
 the winter of '47-8, though possibly it was a little later, as there are vague 
 references to his presence in the mines. Merritt was a coarse-grained, loud 
 mouthed, unprincipled, whiskey-drinking, quarrelsome fellow, well adapted 
 
MERRITT MEYER. 739 
 
 to the use that was made of him in promoting the filibusters' schemes. M. 
 (Robert G.), 1847, Co. K, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); in Napa Co. '75; d. at Ukiah 
 '83. M. (Thos), 1837, named in Larkin's accounts. Mervine (Wm), 1846, 
 commander U.S.N. in com. of the Cyane and Savannah, the officer who raised 
 the U. S. flag at Mont, and took com. on shore. After the outbreak of the 
 Flores revolt he went south to S. Pedro, and was defeated by the Californi- 
 ans in Oct. while attempting to inarch inland to Los Ang. He took no fur 
 ther active part in the war; was owner of a S.F. lot in '47, negotiating also 
 for land at Sonoma; and started for the East in March. He was capt. in the 
 war of '61-5. v. 27, 200-3, 224, 229-31, 253, 289-90, 296, 304, 318-20, 327, 
 383, 539, 580. 
 
 Mesa (Alejandro), Cal. claim of $4,220 for horses in '46-7 (v. 462). M. 
 (Andre's) soldier of the S.F. comp. '23-9. M. (Antonio), 1781, negro settler 
 of Los Ang., with wife and 2 children, i. 345. M. (Antonio), soldier of S.F. 
 comp. '19-30; militiaman at S.F. '37; in '41 at S. Jose", age 46, wife Dolores 
 Higuera, child. Alejandro b. '34, Isidro '37, Benedicto '39. M. (Cayetano), 
 soldier killed by Ind. on the Colorado, i. 359-62. M. (Dolores), settler at 
 S. Jose" 1791-1800; regidor in 1806. i. 716; ii. 134, 171. M. (Dolores), at S. 
 Jose" '41, age 48. M. (Domiugo), soldier of S.F. comp. '28-31; named in '46. 
 v. 162. M. (Encarnacion), claimant for S. Antonio, Sta Clara, iii. 712. M. 
 (Francisco), soldier of S.F. comp. '34-5; in '36 maj. of the rancho nacional, 
 age 37. iii. 677; drowned near Mont, in '45. M. (Ger6nimo), soldier of S.F. 
 comp. '41-3. iv. 667. M. (Hilario), corporal of the guard at S. Jose" 1783-98; 
 settler '86. i. 477-8, 495. M. (Joaquin), soldier at Sta Cruz and settler at 
 S. Jose" before 18CO. i. 496, 716. M. (Jos6), 1791, chaplain in Malaspina's 
 expcd. i. 490. M. (Jose" Ant.), grantee of Los Me"danos, Contra Costa, '39. 
 iii. 712. M. (Jose" Ign.), soldier at Soledad 1791-1800. i. 499. M. (Jos< 
 do Jesus), soldier of S.F. comp. '23-33, '38-9; two of the name as militiamen 
 at S.F. '37; in '41 at S. Jose", age 39, wife Juana Miranda, child. Maria b. 
 '36, Trinidad '38. M. (Juan B.), owner of S.F. lot '44. v. 684. M. (Juan 
 Prado), soldier of S.F. comp. from '28; corporal from '32, in com. of Sta 
 Clara escolta. iii. 728; sergt 36, and acting alf. from '37. iii. 511, 522; in '39 
 full alferez, com. of the S.F. garrison, grantee of S. Antonio raiicho, and en 
 gaged in Ind. fights, iii. 701-2, 712, 722; iv. 75-6. On the roll as alf. to '42, 
 and mentioned occasionally as in mil. com. at S.F., where he was owner of a, 
 lot. iv. 665, 666-7, 669, 678. He seems to have died at his rancho in '45. 
 M. (Luis), at Pilarcitos rancho '36, age 43, wife Maria Ant. Martinez, child. 
 Juan b. '21, Serafina '24; juez del campo. iii. 674-5, 678. M. (Maria Ant.), 
 grantee of Rinconada del Arroyo de S. Francisquito '41. iv. 672-3. M. 
 (Miguel), at S. Jose" '41, age 30, wife Hilaria Benavides, child. Francisco b. 
 '34, Agueda '37; juez de campo '43. iv. 685. M. (Nicolas), regidor at S. 
 Jose" 1805. ii. 134. M. (Pedro), sold, of S.F. comp. '27-37; juez de campo 
 at S. Jose" '39. iii. 731; in '41 age 24, wife Teresa Higuera, child. Joaquin b. 
 '39, Jose Ant. '41; another of the name at S. Jose" '41, age 33. M. (Petra 
 Higuera de), widow at S. Jose" '41, age 38, child. Jose" b. '28, Domingo '30, 
 Guadalupe '31, Rufina '32, Albino '33, Pamela ! 37, Jose" Ant. '39. M. (Ra 
 fael), one of the original settlers at Los Ang. 1782. i. 345-6. M. (Rafael), 
 soldier of the S.F. comp. '23-31; at S. Jose" '41, age 34. M. (Ramon), sol 
 dier of S.F. comp. '34-42; at Sonoma '44, age 25; grantee of Soulajule, Marin 
 Co., '44. iv. 674; named in connection with the Bear war '46. iv. 674; v. 162. 
 M. (Santiago), at S. Mateo '35. M. (Valeric), corp. of S. F. comp. 1777. i. 
 297, 312; at S. Jose" '93, wife Leonor Barboa, child Nicolas. 
 
 Mesnard, 1837, connected with Petit-Thouars' exped. iv. 149. Metcalf 
 (T.), 1848, from Hon. on the Hope. Metzger (Jacob N.), 1848, came from 
 Or. in May, and after a successful visit to the mines went to Or. in Aug. to 
 bring his family. Mexica (Teodora), at Sta Cruz '18, ii. 225. Mexwell 
 (Wm H.), 1848, at Stockton. Herald; prob. 'Maxwell,' q. v. 
 
 Meyer (Chas), 1847, owner of S.F. lot. M. (Francis), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. 
 artill. (v. 518). M. (Geo. S.), 1847, Co. D, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); a German in 
 the mines '48-9, kept a hotel at S.F. ; and settled at Mt Eden, Alameda Co., 
 
740 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 in 53. Still living in '83, age 71, with wife Sophia Priiger, and 4 children, 
 Geo. A., Henry H., Matilda Mrs Martin, and Amelia. Portrait in Alam. 
 Co. Hist., 520. M. (John Daniel), 1832, from Strassburg and Mex., a black 
 smith at Los Ang. naturalized in '34. age 27. iii. 408. He was one of the vigi 
 lantes in '36 (iii. 130), and was at S. Diego in '40. Meyers (R. G.), 1848, 
 nat. of Pa, resid. of S. Joaquin '5078, being several times member of the 
 legislature, M., see also 'Myers.' Meyerholz, 1847, at N. Helv. 
 
 Micheltorena (Manuel), 1842, Mex. brigadier-gen., governor and com. 
 gen. of Cal. from '42 appointed Jan. 22d, took possession formally Dec. 
 31 to Feb. 22, '45, when he signed the treaty of surrender to the revolutionist 
 Californians who expelled him. On his early career, appointment, arrival, 
 convict army, etc., see iv. 285-95; Com. Jones affair, iv. 308-26; rule in '43, 
 iv. 350-67; policy in mission, commercial, and maritime affairs, iv. 368-78; 
 rule in '44, iv. 401-20; revolution against in '44-5; defeat, departure, and 
 later career, iv. 455-517; miscel. mention, iii. 550, 561; iv. 34, 401), 423-33, 
 448, 521-2, 561, 619, 630, 636, 652. As his career in Cal. is fully recorded in 
 this vol., I need not go further into details here. He was a nat. of Oajaca, a 
 friend of Guerrero, a man of some literary pretensions, and a colonel as early 
 as '33. Elsewhere I say of the gov. that he was 'a strange mixture of good 
 and bad ; a most fascinating and popular gentleman ; honest, skilful, and efficient 
 as an official in minor matters; utterly weak, unreliable, and even dishonor 
 able in all emergencies;' yet under ordinary circumstances, by reason of his 
 intelligence, experience, and tact in winning friends, he might have been a 
 good ruler for Cal. By his liberality in granting lands as well as by his per 
 sonal courtesy he made a good impression on most foreigners, who as a rule 
 have given an unfair version of the revolution by which he was overthrown. 
 In the Jones affair at the outset he simply made an ass of himself, and of his 
 acts in the last months nothing can be said in praise; while his breaking the 
 treaty of Sta Teresa, by which he had promised to send away his battalion of 
 cholo ruffians, and his bribing Sutter to arm the foreigners and Indians against 
 the Californians, were in the highest degree dishonorable and unpatriotic. 
 After leaving Cal. he took a somewhat prominent part in the war against the 
 U.S., serving as member of congress in '47 and com. gen. of Yucatan in '50. 
 He seems to have taken a very discreditable part in the Limantour forgeries, 
 though little is known of details. I have found no definite record of his last 
 years or death. Michael (John), 1844, at S. Jose". Sta Clara Co. Hist. Atlas. 
 flichi (John), 1825, mr of the Tamaahmaah. iv. 149; prob. 'Meek,'q. v. 
 
 Middleton, 1847, mr of the Xylon. M. (Thomas), 1845, at N. Helv. iv. 
 578, 587; bought mules of Lassen and Sill, which were driven across the 
 plains eastward in '46; in '76 a resid. of Rohnerville. Eureka W. C. signal. 
 Mier y Teran (Jose" M.), sec. of ayunt. at Mont. (?) '34. iii. 673; sec. of S. 
 Diego ayunt. '35-6. iii. 615-16; sindico '37. iii. 616. Miguel (Jos6de), 1790, 
 Span, friar, who served chiefly at Sta B. and San Gabriel, dying in 1803. 
 Biog. ii. 355; ment. i. 423, 492, 522, 576-7, 587, 669, 672, 689; ii. 114, 148, 
 159. 394. Miles (John), 1832, of the comp. extranjera; still at Mont. '33-4. 
 iii. 221. M. (Sam.), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); asst alcalde at S. 
 Diego, v. 490; in '81 high councillor and justice of peace in Utah. Milford 
 (Edmund K), 1847, Co. F, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499);- at Princeton, Mariposa Co., 
 '83. Millard (Ormon), 1845, disch. from the Warren, and shipped on the 
 Gttipuzcoana, at Mont. 
 
 Miller (Augustus), 1847, Co. I, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. before '82. M. 
 (Chas), 1847, Co. G, ditto. M. (Daniel), 1832, Engl. sailor from the Chal 
 cedony, at Mont, to end of '34. M. (Edward), 1847, Co. G, N. Y. Vol. (v. 
 499). M. (Feltis), 1847, settled on Sac. Riv., at Cache Creek. M. (Fran 
 cis), 1847, Co. C, N. Y.Vol. (v. 499). M. (Henry), 1847, Co. D, ditto. M. 
 (Hiram 0.), 1846, overl. immig. of Bryant's party, v. 528; member of 2d 
 Donner relief, v. 540; settled in Sta Clara Co., where he died in '67. M. 
 (James), 1844, Irish immig. of the Stevens party, with wife (Mary Murphy), 
 son Wm J., age 12, and 3 daughters, iv. 445-7, 453. He settled in Marin 
 Co., where he still lived in '80 with a large family. M. (J.), 1845, command- 
 
MILLER MIRANDA. 741 
 
 er's clerk on the Savannah. M. (J. J. ), 1845, mid. on the Savannah. M. 
 (John), 1847, Co. D, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). M. (John Morgan), 1848, nat. of 
 Va, \vlio came from Or. to the mines; settled from '50- near Sebastopol, Sonoma 
 Co., where he died in '75 at the age of 61, having been postmaster and jus 
 tice of the peace. M. (Miles), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). M. (M. 
 R.), 1847, ovcrl. immig., who again crossed the plains in '48, '49, '52, and '73; 
 had an orchard in Pleasant Val., Solano. M. (Valentine), 1847, Co. G, N. 
 Y. Vol. (v. 499). M. (Win), 1846, deserter from the U. S. Savannah. 
 
 Millhause (Gustavo), 1847, Co. F, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); at Sta B. '71-82. 
 Mill'gan (John), see 'Mulligan.' M. (R ), 1841, mid. on the U. S. St Louis. 
 Milliken (John), 1847, Co. E, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. Sta Clara Co. about '78. 
 Millington (Chas), 1847, mr of the Xylon. v. 581; owner of S. F. lot. Mills 
 (John), 1847, boatswain on the U. S. Independence. M. (J. H. A.), 1848, 
 nat. of Mo., at S. Jose '59-76; livery-stable man. M. (Win), 1846, Faun- 
 tleroy's dragoons (v. 232, 247). Millwright, 1847, doubtful name at N. Helv. 
 Milner (Danell), 1845, signer of the S. Jose" call to foreigners, iv. 599. 
 
 Minard (Thos A.), 1847, Co. C, N. Y.Vol. (v. 499). Miner (A. T.), 1848, 
 name in S. F. letter list. Minier, 1846, at Sutter's Fort '46-7 with family; 
 called a volunteer. M., 1845, mid. on the U. S. Warren. Mink (Wm), 
 1846, Co. C, 1st U. S. dragoons, transf. from Co. K. v. 336. Miiion (Juan 
 Jose), Mex. gen., appointed gov. of Cal. '27; did not come. ii. 515; iii. 8. 
 Minor (Allen B.), 1847, of N. Y., left S. F. for Panama on the Charles Drew. 
 M. (Colville J.), 1847, lieut Co. F, 3d U. S. artiil.; d. at Mont, in Aug., age 
 23; a nat. of Wash., D. C., and graduate of West Point, v. 518, 520. M. 
 (Geo.), 1846, lieut U. S. N. on the Savannah; meinb. of 1st jury at Mont.; 
 in com. of garrison at S. Diego; in '47 assist q. m. in Stockton's battalion; a 
 witness at Wash, in the Fremont court-martial and Cal. claims, v. 289, 292, 
 324-6, 328, 385, 420, 456. Minter (J.), 1846, pverl. immig. in Bryant's party 
 (v. 523;) Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). 
 
 Miramontes (Candelario), Mex. said to have had a potato-patch in '33 on 
 what was later the plaza at S.F. iii. 709; in '41 or earlier grantee of Pilar- 
 citos, Sta Clara, ii. 616, 664, 672; in '42 at S.F., age 53, wife Guadalupe Bri- 
 ones, child. Miguel b. '19 at S.F., Maria Dolores '23, Rodolfo '20, Jose" A. 
 '24, Jose" de los Santos '26, Raimuudo '29, Guadalupe '31, Carmen '32. M. 
 (Ignacio), soldier of S.F. comp. from '35; corp. '38-44; brought small-pox from 
 Ross r 38. iv. 74, 165; age 30 in '44. M. (Jose" Arciano) son of Candelario; 
 soldier of S.F. comp. '44. M. (Juan), soldier of S.F. comp. '19-30. M. 
 (Mariano), soldier of S.F. comp. '37; d. '43. M. (Miguel), sergt in S.F. 
 militia '44, age 26. M. (Raimundo), soldier of S.F. comp. '44, age 20. M. 
 (Ramon), Cal. claim of $15,000 '46-7 (v.462). M. (Rodolfo), son of Candelario; 
 soldier of S.F. comp. '37-44; juezde campo '46. v. 648. M. (Santos), soldier 
 of S.F. militia '44, age 16. M. (Vicente), soldier of S.F. comp. '28-37; in '37 
 elector, iii. 705; in '39 juez supl. and elected alcalde. Ib. ; in '42 juez supl. iv. 
 665; in '42 at S. Jose, age 32, wife Maria de Jesus Hernandez, child. Jose Maria 
 b. '38, Benita '40, and Mariana; in '43 owner of a lot, on which he lived with his 
 fam. '44-8. iv. 669; v. 680; in '44 alferez of militia, iv. 667; in '46 juez supl. 
 v. 648. In '54-5 he lived at the mission, testifying in the Santillan case. 
 
 Miranda (Alejo), inval. soldier of S.F. comp. and brevet corporal '19-30; pi 
 loted Vancouver's vessels 1792. i. 510; corp. of the guard at S. Jose mission '97. 
 M. (Antonio), chino settler of Los Ang. 1781. i. 345. M. (Apolinario), sol 
 dier of S.F. cornp. '19-36; grantee of Ojo de Agua de Figueroa '33, '38. iii. 
 712, 705; in '42 age 47, wife Juana Briones, child. Presentacion b. '22, Go 
 mez (?) '29, Narcisa '30, Refugio '32, Jose* de Jesus '35, Manuel '37; in '43 in 
 trouble with his wife. iv. 666. See ' Briones' (Juana). M. (Hilario), soldier 
 of S.F. comp. 1797-1824. i. 555-6; in '41 at S. Jose", age 60, wife Juana Ci- 
 brian, child. Jose" Fran. b. '28, Jose" de Jesus '31, Casimiro '33, Alejo (?) '36, 
 Clemente '38, Maria de Gracia '39. M. (Jos<), soldier of S.F. comp. '34-42. 
 M. (Juan), soldier of S.F. comp. '19-22; sec. at S. Jose" '25. ii. 604-5; in '44, 
 age 52, grantee of Arroyo de S. Antonio, Marin. iv. 673. M. (Juan Jose"), 
 settler on the Colorado 1780-1. i. 359. M. (Manuel), at S. Jose" '41, age 24, 
 
742 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 wife Carmen Alviso, child. Maria de los Santos '38, Maria Rosa '41. M. 
 (Mariano), soldier of S.F. comp. '37-43. iv. 667; named in '46. v. 162; also had 
 a Cal. claim of $4,400 (v. 462). M. (Presentacion), daughter of Apolinario; 
 at Mission Dolores '55, and witness in the Santillan case. M. (Santos), soldier 
 of S.F. comp. '39-43. iv. 667. M. (Teodoro), at Sonoma '44, age 22. Mi- 
 rantes (Ignacio), at S.F. '42, age 31; doubtful name. Mirayno (Jonathan), 
 1840, doubtful name in Farnham's list. iv. 17. 
 
 Misroon (John S. ), 1846, lieut on the U.S. Portsmouth, somewhat prominent 
 at the time of the Bear revolt, being sent by Capt. Montgomery to Sonoma 
 and N.Helv. v. 130-1, 154, 156-9, 241, 299. Owner of a S.F. lot. v. 683. 
 Before his departure in '47 he made arrangements for investing in lands and 
 cattle, and apparently did invest with Larkic, but had a misunderstanding 
 with L. and Sutter, which, perhaps, put an end to the speculation. I have 
 many of his letters on the matter. Mieteril, 1834, Swiss sailor on the Na 
 talia, badly injured at the wreck, iii. 412; worked on a rancho near Mont. 
 '35-6. 
 
 Mitchell, 1845, mr of the Fama. iv. 565. M., 1847, mr of the Provi 
 dence, v. 580. M. (Benj.), 1846, in Napa Val. '69. M. (Hue), 1842, sailor 
 on the Admittance; deserted at S. Diego '44. M. (Joseph B.), 1845, mr of 
 the Fannie, at S.F. Oct. M. (Wm), 18-16, mid. on the U.S. Congress; sta 
 tioned with a garrison at Sta B. Aug. -Sept. v. 267, 287, 630; made a com. 
 U.S.N. '65; d. at Wash. '71. M. (Wm), 1847, Co. B, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); d. 
 in Australia before '82. M. (Wm H.), 1847, Co. E, ditto; in Amador Co. 
 '74. Mitchener (T.), 1847, from Hon. on the Francesca. 
 
 Mocho (Dan.), 1831, nickname of an Irishman at Los Ang. Moerenhaut 
 (Jacob Antonio), 1846, Fr. consul in Cal. '46-8. v. 290, 5/6, 614; a nat. of 
 Belgium. There is no agreement respecting his initials. Moffat (Richard), 
 1847, owner of a S.F. lot. v. 686. Moffitt (Alfred P.), 1847, Co. F, 3d artiil. 
 artificer (v. 518). M. (James), 1846, nat. of N.Y., sailor on the U.S. Sa 
 vannah, disch. at S.F. '49; in '82 at East Oakland with wife Margaret Mul- 
 grew, mar. '59 and 9 children, Frank J. (deputy sheriff), Mary, Maggie, 
 Martha, Joseph, Emma, Geo., Harry, and Nellie. M. (Wm B.), 1847, Co. 
 D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 299). 
 
 Mofraa (Eugene Duflot de), 1841, French attache" of the Mex. legation, who 
 visited Cal. and Or. in '41-2, commissioned by the govt to examine and report 
 on the country, with its institutions, resources, history, and prospects, the 
 result being published as Mofras, Exploration, etc., a well-known and stan 
 dard work. For a full account of his visit and work, including something of 
 Mofraa' character, see iv. 248-55; also i. 224; ii. 108, 642; iv. 191, 209-10, 
 218, 224, 233-4, 297, 329, 343, 564, 618-19, 636, 640, 650, 665. M. was still 
 in the French diplomatic service, as ministre plenipotentiaire, in '78, and I 
 have not heard of his death down to '85. Mohr, 1847, Co. F, N.Y.Vol. (v. 
 499); at S. Jose 1 '71-4, doubtful name, not in Clark's last list. Mohron, 
 1847, mr of the Com. Shubrick; perhaps 'Morgan.' Mojica (Bernardo), at 
 8. Jose" '22. ii. 605. M. (Jos6 Vicente), at Branciforte 1797; alcalde in 1802. 
 i. 569; ii. 156. M. (Venancio), at S.F. '37-44, age 55. 
 
 Molckenbuhr (Henry), 1847, German carpenter at Mont. '47-8; name writ 
 ten in half a dozen ways; perhaps ' Molokenbuker.' Moliua, settler at 
 Mont., taken prisoner by Bouchard '18. ii. 233, 237-41. M., maj. at S. Ra 
 fael '33. iii. 323-4. M., killed at Jamul, S. Diego '37. iii. 614. M. (Ale 
 jandro), at Los. Ang. '46. M. (Jesus), at S. Carlos '40-2, grantee of S. 
 Bernabd. iii. 680; iv. 655. M. (Joaquin), sirviente at S. F. 1777. i. 297. 
 M. (Vicente), at Mont. '45. iv. 653. Molini, contract to make adobes for 
 Larkin 1848. Molteno (Frank), 1848, mr of the S.8. v. 580; on the Julian 
 from Hon. later in the year. Molvee (Herman), 1815, sup. of the Suvarqf. 
 ii. 307. Molvisto (Nicolai), 1825, pass, on the Elena, iii. 146. 
 
 Mondojia, 1791, com. of the Horcasitas. i. 523. Mone (Alex.), 1847, 
 overl. immig. from Mo. with wife and father, who settled at Sta Cruz and 
 engaged in the lumber business, with a brief mining experience in '48. He 
 furnished lumber for Meiggs' wharf S. F. at two hundred dollars per M. lu 
 
MONE MOON. 743 
 
 '53 settled at Pescaclero, where in '78 he gave me the narrative of a Pioneer 
 of '47. Monet (John), 1846, Cal. claim $30 (v. 462); owner of S. F. lot 
 '47. Money (Wm), 1843 (?), Scotchman, the date and manner of whose 
 coming are not known; at Los Ang. Feb. '43. iv. 400. He is said to have 
 come as the servant of a scientific man, whose methods and ideas he adopted. 
 His wife was a very handsome Sonorena. In '46 the couple started with Coro- 
 nel for Sonora, and were captured by Kearny's force, but perhaps continued 
 their journey, as Mrs M. had a child born on the way, and they returned 
 from the Colorado with the Morm. Bat. Money became an eccentric doctor, 
 artist, and philosopher at S. Gabriel, where his house in '80 was filled with 
 ponderous tomes of his writings, and on the simple condition of buying one 
 thousand dollars' worth of these I was offered his pioneer reminiscences. He 
 died a few years later. His wife, long divorced from M. and married to a 
 Frenchman, was also living at Los Ang. in '80. It was her daughter who 
 killed Chico Forster. 
 
 Monneron, 1786, with La P6rouse. i. 435. Monroe, 1845, at Sutter's Fort. 
 Monroy (Jose" de Jesus and Lino), at Los Ang. '46. Montalba (Bernardo), 
 at Los Ang. '46. Montano (Antonio), at Bajada a Huerta Vieja, Mont., 
 1795. i. 683. M. (Jose" Maria), at S. Juan Cap. '46, age 40, wife Josefa Gutier 
 rez, child. Apolonio b. '35, Maria '37, Bruno '39. Monteith (Dan.), 1837 (?), 
 at Sta Cruz '81. Montenegro (Eugenio), Mex. corporal of Mont, custom 
 house guard '34. iii. 378; served under Alvarado's govt as alfe"rez. iii. 508; 
 and in '38-JO was sub-comisario and com. of celadores at Mont. iii. 67-; iv. 
 9(3-7; owner of S. F. lot '41-5. iv. 669; ministro supl. of the sup. court '42. 
 iv. 29G; grantee of Laguna de los Gentiles '44, not serving against Michel- 
 torena. iv. 473, 671; a capt. of aux. cavalry '45-6. v. 41; at S. Luis Ob. '50. 
 Montero (Manuel), soldier of the escolta at S. Miguel 1797. i. 560; at Bran- 
 ciforte '30. ii. 627. 
 
 Montgomery, 1844, officer on H. B. M. S. Modeste. M. (Allen), 1844, 
 overl. immig. from Mo. in the Stevens party with wife. iv. 445, 453. He was 
 one of the party that at first remained at the mountain camp with Schallen- 
 berger. iv. 454. He is mentioned in the N. Helv. Diary in '46, and apparently 
 had a rancho on the American Riv. v. 107; but went to Honolulu on the 
 Julia in '47, and I find no further record of him. Mrs M. ne'e Armstrong, 
 sister of Judge A. of Sacramento, and married in '43 was a woman of some 
 what remarkable qualities, who in '45-6 lived at S.F. v. 679; married Talbot 
 H. Green, became wealthy, and in '85 as Mrs Wallis resides at Mayfielcl, 
 taking part sometimes iu public meetings of progressive and strong-minded 
 females. M. (Isaac), 1848, liquor dealer from Hon. at S. F.; member of the 
 council '49. 
 
 Montgomery (John B.), 1845, capt. U. S. N. in com. of the Portsmouth 
 '45-7. His ship was stationed at S. F. during the Bear revolt, and it was he 
 that raised the U. S. flag in July, being commandant of the northern district 
 in July-Dec, iv. 568, 587; v. 102, 127, 129-31, 154, 200, 224, 228-9, 231, 
 238-41, 294-9, 380, 552, 580, 659, 682. For him Montgomery street was 
 named, and Portsmouth square for his ship. Two sons, John E. and Wm H., 
 were with him on the fleet, and were lost on the Warren's launch in Nov. 
 '46. v. 384, 587. The capt. and Wm H. were owners of lots in S. F. v. 682. 
 He later became commodore and admiral, was in command for some years of 
 the Boston navy -yard, and died in '73. M. (John M.), 1847, nat. of Ky 
 and overl. immig., who worked as a carpenter at Mont., went to the mines 
 in '48, and finally engaged in raising cattle, settling in Merced Co. '54, and 
 being a state senator in '75-8. Montijo (Marcos), soldier of the S.F. comp. 
 '39-42. Montreuil (Louis), 1844, of Fremont's party; perhaps did not 
 reach Cal. iv. 437. Montriel (Herman), 1847; Co. G, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). 
 Monyii (Jaime), 1825, Span, of the Asia's crew, who remained in Cal. and 
 married before '28. iii. 51. 
 
 Mooar, 1845, mr of a vessel at Mont. '45-6. Moody (Washington), 1847, 
 at Sta Clara '47-8. Moon (Wm C.), 1841, nat. of Tenn. and overl. immig. 
 of the Workman party, iv. 278-9. Named at Los Ang. '42 and Mont. '44. in 
 
744 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 '45 he 'mined ' for grindstones in the Sac. Val., and in '48-9 for gold, having 
 settled on a rancho in Tehama Co., where he died in '78. He was a famous 
 hunter, and a partner of Ezekiel Merritt. Mooney (James), 1847, owner of 
 a S. F. lot. 
 
 Moore, 1830, mr of the Globe, iii. 147. M., 1837, of the Or. cattle exped. 
 iv. 85. M., 1795, mr of the Phanix. i. 537, 625, 609. M., 1848, employed 
 as a shepherd at Sutter's Fort. M. (Alex.), 1847, son of Eli, overl. immig. 
 with wife, who settled in '53 at Pescadero, where he still lived in '78. M. 
 (Andrew), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); in Sta Clara Co. from '67; at Gil- 
 roy '82. M. (Andrew J.), 1847, Co. B, ditto; in Phil. '82. M. (P>enj. D.), 
 
 1846, capt. Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons, killed at the fight of S. Pascual. v. 336, 
 343-7. M. (Benj. F.), 1848, nat. of Florida, on the S. Joaquin '48; member 
 of the constit. convention '49; one of the earliest settlers at Sonora. M. (Cal 
 vin W._), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); at Spring City, Utah, '82. M. 
 (Eli), 1847, overl. immig. with family, who settled at Sta Cruz, buying of 
 Bolcof what is known as Moore's rancho. He died before '78. One of his 
 daughters was Mrs Sam. Besse of Watsonville. M. (John H. ), 1847, Co. E, 
 N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); perhaps at S.F. and S. Jose" '50. M. (John W.), 1847, 
 Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); in the mines '48-51; killed by Ind. near Mariposa 
 in '51. M. (Otis L.), 1846, sergt Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons, transf. from Co. 
 K; killed at S. Pascual. v. 346. M. (Patrick), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. 
 (v. 518). M. (Risdon A.), 1845, one of Fremont's men. iv. 583; v. 453; a 
 blacksmith and nephew of Cyrus Alexander. He served in the Cal. Bat. (v. 
 358); had a Cal. claim of $524 (v. 462); was at Wash., D. C., Jan. '48; prob. 
 came back with Fremont in his 4th exped. ; and in later years lived at Belle 
 ville, 111. M. (Robert), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). M. (Thos 
 W.). 1847, son of Eli, and nat. of Term.; at Pescadero '53-78. M. (Wm 
 H.), 1846, Kentuckian immig., who lived in Sonoma Co. to '56. and later in 
 Lake Co. till his death in '67. M. (Win), 1816, carpenter on the Lydia. ii. 
 275. Mora (Regina de la), mentioned in '35. iii. 285. Morace (Erastus), 
 
 1847, Co. I, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Moraga (Domingo), son of Gabriel, sold, distinguido of S.F. comp. from 
 '18. ii. 571; in the Sta B. comp. as corp. before '37. M. (Fran.), 1st Ind. 
 convert at S.F., named M. for his godfather, the comandante, i. 296. M. 
 (Fran.), soldier of S. F. comp. '37-9; in '41 at S. Jose", age 27, wife Josefa 
 Duarte, child. Maria b. '38, Teodora, '40; in '43 juez de campo. iv. 685; Cal. 
 claim of $3,320 '46-7 (v. 462). M. (Gabriel), 1776, son of Jose" Joaq. who 
 came as a boy with his parents, enlisting in 1784, and serving as soldier, cor 
 poral, serc;t, alfe~rez, and Kent of the S.F., Mont., and Sta B. companies till 
 his death in 1823. Biog. ii. 571; ment. i. 470, 549, 559, 569-72, 587, 716-17, 
 719, 723; ii. 47, 50-7, 91-2, 126, 132, 140, 150, 199, 202, 204, 254, 288, 300-4, 
 319, 322-30, 334, 336-7, 341, 354, 361, 370, 385, 442, 559, 585, 631. His wife 
 was Ana Maria Bernal; and later Maria Joaquina Alvarado at Sta B. in '50; 
 among his children were Domingo, Jose" Guadalupe, and Vicente. M. (Igna- 
 cio Maria), niece of Jose" Joaq. and wife of Jose" Argilello. i. 470; iii. 11. M. 
 (Joaquin), prob. a son of Gabriel, soldier of S.F. comp. '19; at S. Mateo '35; 
 grantee of Laguna de Palos Colorados, Contra Costa, '35-41. iii. 712; iv. 671; 
 in '41 a widower, age 48, with the following children: Jose" b. '16, Luisa '18, 
 Maria '26, Maria Ant. '29. A part of the Moraga Valley is still owned by D. 
 Joaquin's sons and grandsons, but there has been much trouble about boun 
 daries with squatters. M. (Jose"), sindico at Sta B. '41. iv. 641; juez at S. 
 Buen. '46. v. 634; justice at Sta B. '52. M. (Jose* Joaquin), 1776, Mex. 
 alfe"rez who came with Anza, and being made lieut was the 1st comandante of 
 S.F. He was the founder of the presidio, mission, Sta Clara, and the pueblo 
 of S.Jose\ He died in 1785, and his widow, Maria del Pilar de Leon, in 1808. 
 Gabriel was the only son of whom anything is known. Biog. i. 470; ment. i. 
 258, 262-4, 266-8, 271, 280-92, 295-7, 305-6, 312, 349-50, 385, 463, 474, 479; 
 ii. 44,47; iii. 11. M. (Josd Guadalupe), son of Gabriel, soldado distinguido 
 at S.F., and cadet at S. Diego '17-20. ii. 341, 571. M. (Vicente), son of 
 Gabriel; teacher at S. Ant. and Los Ang. '33-5. ii. 571; iii. 630; sec. and 
 
MORAGA-MOREY. 745 
 
 sindico at Los Ang. '33-4. iii. 635, 564-5; admin, at S. Antonio '40. 5ii. 688; 
 iv. 61; grantee of Pauba '44. iv. 621; at Los Ang. '46; constable at S. Buen. 
 '52. His wife was Maria Ant. Dominguez. 
 
 Morali (M.), 1846, Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). Morales (Bernardo), soldier 
 on the Colorado, killed by Ind. 1781. i. 359, 362. M. (Francisco), Mex. 
 teacher at Los Ang. '18-20; 2d sindico of the ayunt. '23, '26-7, '29; ii. 559-61. 
 M. (Leandro), ment. as having killed Avila in '31. iii. 208. M. (Pablo), at 
 S. Bern. '46, age 50. Moran, 1847, mrof the Com. Shubrick and Julian '47- 
 8. M. (John H.), 1847, Co. D, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. S. F. 71; a printer 
 who worked on the Calif ornian and was sergt-at-arms of the legislature. 
 
 More, 1845, doubtful name at Sta Clara, M. (Andrew B.), 1848, nat. of 
 Pa who came to Cal. from Mex.; one of the More Bros of Sta B., in '80 a 
 miner in Idaho, with resid. at Monterey, Cal. M. (John H.), 1847, owner 
 of a S.F. lot. Morehead (Joseph C.), 1847, lieut Co. D, N.Y. Vol. v. 504; 
 nat. of Ky; repres. of S. Joaq. in 1st Cal. legislature '49-50; d. before '82. 
 Morelos (Juan de Dios), surgeon of the Cal. troops at Mont. 1800-3. ii. 140, 
 147, 150, 153. 
 
 Moreno (Antonio), at S. Jose '41, nat. of L. Cal., age 46, wife Juliana 
 Tapia, child. Rita b. '18, Carmen '20, Antonia '26, Magdalena '28, Lucia '30, 
 
 Manuel '33, Pedro '35, Jose" '37, Pedro 2d '38, '39. M. (Carlos), at S. Jose 
 
 '41 age 29, wife Francisca Garcia; a nat. of U.S.; prob. Chas 'Brown,' q.v. ; 
 grantee of land at S.F. '42. M. (Guadalupe), described in the papers as 115 
 years old, at Los Ang. '58. M. (Jesus), sindico at S. Diego '36. iii. 615; 
 juez de paz '41. iv. 619; owner of laud at S. Juan Cap. '41. iv. 626; d. at S. 
 Luis Rey 71. M. (Jose), mulatto settler of Los Ang. 1781-6. i. 345. M. 
 (Jose" Matias), Franciscan of Sta Cruz college, Quere"taro, killed by Ind. at the 
 Colorado Riv. pueblos 1781. i. 359, 362. M. (Jose Matias), 1844, nat. of L. 
 Cal. and son of an Engl. whaler, his real name being Brown. He received 
 some education from the frontier padres, and lived in Upper Cal. '44-6, being 
 arrested at Los Ang. '45. iv. 522-3, 631. In '46, ranking as capt. of defensores, 
 he served as clerk and acting sec. to Gov. Pico for a short time, and escaped 
 with the gov. to Mex., carrying, as is thought, many doc. of the archives, v. 279. 
 He returned later to S. Diego, married Prudenciana Lopez, and settled on 
 the frontier rancho of Guadalupe. In '61-2 he was for a time sub-prefect of 
 the L. Cal. frontier district; and died at his rancho in '69 at the age of 52, 
 leaving a widow and 5 children. A search of Moreno's papers, kindly per 
 mitted by the widow in 78, resulted in a volume of copies cited as Moreno, 
 Doc. Hist. Cal. M. (Juan), 1836, Swiss who came with Gov. Chico. iv. 118; 
 at S.F. '40-2. M. (Juan), grantee of Sta Rosa, S. Diego, '46. v. 619; owner 
 of Los Ang. land '48. M. (Juan), ment. in 'SO as living near Los Ang. and 
 at least 110 years old, having been 12 years old when his father (Jose ?) set 
 tled in 1781 at Los Aug.; doubtful. M. (Juan), IS'27, Span, friar who served 
 for short terms at 5 missions, and died at Sta Lie's in '45. Biog. iv. 645-6; 
 ment. ii. 576, 623, 625, 655, 659, 664, 683, 685, 691; iv. 46, 421, 426, 553, 
 647-8. M. (Juan Bautista), 1844, Sonoran soldier who deserted and came to 
 Cal., paying his way by gambling and making saddles. In the campaigns of 
 '46-7 he served as capt. of volunteers, and was wounded at the S. Gabriel 
 fight. He went to Sonora with Flores, but came back, and in 78 at Sta B. 
 dictated for me his recollections of a Vida H'ditar. v. 308, 352, 394, 396, 449. 
 M. (Rafael de Jesus), 1833, Mex. friar of the Zacatecanos, who served at Sta 
 Clara, and also in '34-8 as president and vice-prefect of the northern missions. 
 He died at mission S. Jose" in '39. Biog. iii. 726-7; ment. iii. 318-19, 338, 432; 
 iv. 44, 63-4. M. (Santiago), 1824, nat. of Ecuador and a sailor; went to China 
 on the Rover in '25-6; was collector and sindico of the Mont, ayunt. '27-9. 
 ii. 612; ment. in connection with the Solis revolt '30. iii. 82; regidor '32-3.* 
 iii. 673; maj. and admin, of S. Luis Ob. '35-9. iii. 354, 587, 682-3: at Mont. 
 '51. M. (Teodoro), 1829, Mex. who was maj. at Laguna Seca rancho '36, 
 age 50, wife Maria Ant. Cantua, child. Tomas b. '31, Juan '33, Francisco '35. 
 iii. 677. 
 
 Morey (Barton, Origin, and Rinaldo), see ' Howry.' M. (Harley) 1847, 
 
746 PIONEER REGISTER, AND INDEX. 
 
 Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). M. (Joseph M. W.), 1840, Engl. who got a 
 passport. M. (Michael), 1847, owner of S.F. lot. v. 685; perhaps ' Murrey.' 
 Morgan, 1837 (?), left an Engl. schr at S.F., and with John Levick built a cabin 
 in which they lived and made a large fortune, till '57, when L. was lost on 
 the Central America, and M. drank himself to death in a m;;nth or two. Her 
 ald: iv. 118. M. (Geo. E.), 1846, mid. U.S.N.; acting lieut Co. B, Stock 
 ton's battalion '46-7. v. 386. M. (Van Renssalaer), 1846, mr on the U.S. 
 CongrtM. 
 
 Morillo (Brigido), at S. Juan Cap. '46, age 46; child. Maria b. '26, Ramona 
 '28, Miguel '30, Paula '32, Jose" Manuel '36. M. (Hilario), aux. alcalde in Los 
 Ang. dist. '48. v. 626. M. (Jorge), at Los Ang. '46; cl. for Potrero de Lugo 
 '52. iv. 635. M. (Jose" Ant.), at Los Ang. '46. M. (Jose" Justo), at Las 
 Bolsas, Los Ang. dist., '39.-52. iii. 633. M. (Julian, Miguel, and Tomas), 
 at Los Ang. '46. Morin (A.), 1845, one of Fremont's party, iv. 453, 583; 
 served in Cal. Bat., Co. B, artill. (v. 358); died in the nits in the exped. of 
 '48. M. (John L.), 1847, Co. D, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). Morineau (M. P.), 
 1833, visitor to Cal. about this year, and author of a Notice, iii. 408-9. 
 Morjano, 1833, visiting priest at S.F., prob. chaplain of a Span, vessel. 
 Moro (Faustino), 1842, Mex. director of hospitals, or 'oficial de salud mili- 
 tar,' with the batallon fijo; perhaps did not come till '44. iv. 289, 5C3. 
 Morphew (J.), 1825-6, mr of the Eliza, iii. 146; perhaps 'Murphy.' Mor- 
 rell (Benj.j, 1825, mr of the Tartar, and author of a Narrative, ii. 548, 551, 
 588-90, 592, 610, 614, 616; iii. 25, 28, 149. M. (Jesse), 1823, nat. of N. II., 
 said to have visited the coast on a trader; later U.S. consul in Australia and 
 a druggist at Sac., where he died in '70, leaving a family. Morris, 1847, 
 named at S.F. 
 
 Morris (Albert F.), 1834, British subject and descendant of a surveyor- 
 gen, of Nova Scotia, for 9 years a sailor. At Los Ang. '36, a bachelor aged 
 27; one of Graham's riflemen '36-8. In '40 he was exiled with the rest, but 
 came back with a claim for damages, iv. 8-9, 18-22, 24, 27-8, 31, 33, 37, 116. 
 In '42 he went up the Sac. with Capt. Phelps; is mentioned by Mofras; was 
 at Sta Cruz in '43. iv. 356; and in '44 was perhaps grantee of the Arastradero 
 rancho. iv. 655. I find no definite record of his later life, though a newspaper 
 states that he spent the last part of his life with Harvey S. Beal, and died at 
 Ten Mile. River (Mendocino Co. ?) before '72, leaving to B his claim of $30,- 
 000! It was about this time that his Autobiography of a Crazy Man fell into 
 my hands. It is a most interesting narrative, and one of the best original 
 authorities on the Graham affair, though marred by bitter prejudice and oven 
 falsehood, like all testimony about that matter. The author was in most re 
 spects very far from being a 'crazy man,' a term that had been given him by 
 certain enemies, on whom he exhausts his vocabulary of irony and wrath. 
 M. (John S.), 1847, named by Brackett as a lieut. in N.Y. Vol.; not on the 
 roll. M. (Thos), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); hospital steward at S. 
 Diego; in '82 a gardener near Salt Lake City. 
 
 Morrison, 1847, named as a sergt visiting Sutter's Fort. M. (Bradbury), 
 1823, sailor on the Hover. M. (Ludlam), 1847, Co. E, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). 
 M. (Perry), 1848, nat. of Ind., who came from Or. to the mines; in Alameda 
 Co. '49-82; wife Martha Hastings; children Sam. and Geo. P. M. (Roderick 
 M.), 1847, lieut Co. K, N.Y. Vol. v. 504; killed near Stockton '49. M. 
 (W.), 1846, Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358), later transferred to Co. B, artill. Win 
 M. is also said to have settled in Alameda Co. '47. Morrow (W. J.), 1848, 
 settler in Sonoma Co. Morse (Henry), 1847, Co. A, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. 
 S. Joaq. '49. M. (Thompson H.), 1847, owner of S.F. lot. Morsine (Juan 
 J.), 1848, of N. Mex. caravan, v. 625. Morton (Freeman), 1847, Co. A, 
 N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. at Stockton about '50. M. (Henry S.), 1847, sergt 
 Co. E, N.Y. Vol. v. 504; d. at Stockton '55. 
 
 Mosely (Sam.), 1846, surgeon on the U.S. Congress; witness at the Fremont 
 court-martial, v. 420. Moses (Ambrose T. ), 1846, one of the Mormon colony 
 with wife Clarissa and 4 children, v. 546. He left the church or was excom 
 municated on the voyage. He lived 5 or 6 years at the mission, and then went 
 
MOSES -MULLIGAN. 747 
 
 to Sta Cruz, where he died, perhaps after '70. His wife died in the faith at 
 S.F. a little earlier. A son, Norman, still lives, perhaps at Sta Cruz. One 
 daughter married Eustaquio Valencia and died at S.F.; another became Mrs 
 Mason, and after her husband's death went to Utah, where she still lived in 
 '84. Moss (David), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). Mossia (Antonio), 
 1857, musician N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Mota (Antonio Ruiz de la), 1825 (?), Mex. lieut-col in the war of indepen 
 dence, and later a robber chief sent to Cal. as a convict. On the coming of 
 Gov. Figueroa, an old friend, he was released and became maj. of Jimeno 
 Casariu's estate. He married and had two sons, Antonio and Maximiano, 
 acquiring some property as a ranchero and in settling Jimeno's affairs. His 
 conduct in Cal. was good, and he took but slight part in public affairs, though 
 mentioned in '46. v. 363. About '53 he went to Mex., where he lost all his 
 property, and in '56 was brought back to Cal. by Mrs Jimeno. He rented 
 some land near Sta Cruz, was abandoned by his sons, and died in great pov 
 erty. M. (Manuel), 1836, Portuguese laborer on Hartnell's rancho, where 
 he died '38. M. (Rafael), Mex. at rancho S. Felipe, Mont., '36, age 40. iii. 
 678; still at Mont. '51. Moti, a Sotoyome chief '37. iv. 72. Mott, 1846, 
 mr of the Vancouver. 
 
 Mouet (John), 1847, at Sutter's Fort and the mines '47-8. Moulton (B. 
 F.), 1848, Soc. Cal. Pion. rolls. M. (Elijah T.), 1846, Co. A, Cal. Bat. (v. 
 358); said to be living at Los Aug. in late years. M. (Joseph), 1846, French 
 Creole of Fremont's garrison left at Sta B. under Talbot. v. 316. Moultry 
 (Riley Septimus), 1846, overl. immig. with wife, Mary Lard, married on the 
 journey, and one of the 1st Donuer relief, v. 538. He settled at Sta Clara; I 
 have no record of what became of him; was possibly still living in Sta Clara 
 Co. '80-4, as was Mrs M. at Saratoga. A son, Wm Elliott M., born at Sta 
 Clara Oct. '47, lived at Sta Cruz '84. Mounich (Wm), 1847, Co. B, N. Y.Vol. 
 (v. 499). Mount (Hiram B.), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); reenl. M. 
 (Joseph), 1848, said to have come this year; cl. for part of Entre Napa rancho 
 '52. Mouser (John), 1847, Co. D, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); drowned in S. Joaq. 
 Riv. '47. Mover (M), 1846, doubtful name in a Los Ang. list. 
 
 Mowatt (Andrew), 1848, passp. from Hon. Mowry (Barton), 1846, one of 
 the Mormon colony with wife and two sons. v. 546. He, like each of his sons, 
 was owner of a S.F. lot from '47, and a member of the town council in '48. 
 v. 649, 679, 686. He left the church and became a spiritualist, dying, I think, 
 at S.F. many years later. His wife, or widow, with one of the sons, Rinaldo, 
 went to Utah, where they lived in 84. The other son, Origin, nat. of R.I. and 
 a mason by trade, was a miner and trader in '48-9, and later a rich farmer in 
 Alameda Co., where he lived in '85, age 60, with 4 children. Portrait in 
 Alam. Co. Hist., 616. M. (James), 1847, perhaps of Morm. Bat.; reenl. 
 M. (John T.), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); at Paris, Id., '82. M. 
 (Ignacio, Joaquin, Jose, and Juan), at Los Ang. '46. Moya (Ramon), 1808, 
 com. of the S. Carlo*, ii. 87. M. (Trinindad), convict tanner in '34; in '41 at 
 S. Jose;, age 37; in'43owner of S.F. lot. iv. 669; v. 680. Moz (Francois), 1833, 
 Canadian who came perhaps with Walker, iii. 391, or from N. Mex.; natural 
 ized in '40, being than a tanner at Zayante. 
 
 Mugartegui (Pablo), 1774, Span, friar who served chiefly at S. Juan Cap. 
 and retired in '89; at one time vice-president. Biog. i. 459; ment. i. 218, 
 224, 227, 299, 304, 351, 388, 417, 498-9, 581, 597; ii. 123. Muir (Wm S.), 
 1847, sergt Co. A, Morm. Bat. v. 477; a farmer in Utah '81. Mulholland, 
 1847, Co. D, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). Mulkey (Wesley), 1848, nat. of N.C., who 
 came overland to Or. in '44, and to the Cal. mines in '48-9; in '62 went to 
 Idaho, where he still lived, at Lewiston, in '85; married '38 to Mary Black; 
 no children. 
 
 Mulligan (John), 1814-15, Irish sailor who landed, perhaps from the I*aac 
 Todd, certainly from some vessel before '19, when he was permitted to settle 
 and marry, ii. 272, 277, 292, 393. At Mont. '23-6. ii. 496, 612; taught the 
 art of weaving to Ind. at different missions; and later had an interest in 
 Cooper's rancho on the Salinas, where a sand hill was long known as Mulli- 
 
748 PIONEER REGISTER AND IXDEX. 
 
 gan Head. Pie was a hard drinker, lost his property, and died in '34. His 
 name was properly Milligan, and I have several letters from his father in 
 Ireland. M. (Simpson), 1846, Co. E, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). Muliington 
 (Chas), 1847, owner of S. F. lot. Mulvey (James), 1847, sergt Co. F, N.Y. 
 Vol. v. 504; d. S.F. in '65. Mumm (Christian), 1840, at Los Aug. ; Cal. 
 claim 8-3 (v. 462); at Napa and N. Helv. '47. 
 
 Mufioz (Juan Ant.), 1832, Mex. capt. of artill. '32-36, being exiled with 
 Gutierrez in '36, being then 36 years old, wife Manuela Cruz, child. Joaquin 
 b. '27, Jesus ; 32, Ramona '29. Biog. iii. 467; ment. iii. 239, 445, 455-6, 460, 
 463-6, 671, 674, 677. M. (Luciano), 1830, capt. appt. to Cal.; prob. did not 
 come. iii. 54. M. (Manuel), ribbon-inaker and instructor 1792-5. i. 615. 
 M. (Maria de la Luz), 1st person buried at S, F. '76; wife of J. M. Valencia. 
 i. 297. M. (Pedro), 1804, Span, friar who served chiefly at S. Fernando, 
 retiring on account of illness in '17. Biog. ii. 357; ment. ii. f.2-5, 85-6, 115-16, 
 149, 159-60, 246, 328, 394, 449. M. (Sebastian), grantee of Orestimba rancho 
 '44. iv. 672. 
 
 Munras (Estevan), 1820, Span, trader at Mont., described in '28 as 8 
 years a resident; elector de partido and memb. of the dip. in '27; not obliged 
 to quit Cal. on account of his race. ii. 613; iii. 33, 36, 51-2; joined the comp. 
 extranjera in '32, having been prominent in aiding foreigners, iii. 82, 221. 
 In '36 age 46, wife Catalina Manzaneli of Tepic, child. Concepcion b. '23, 
 Antonia '26, Engracia '33, Anastasia '28, Jose" Narciso '35; his position in 
 the Alvarado revolution, iii. 454-5, 469, 524; alcalde in '37 and juez in '40. 
 iii. 675-6; vocal of the junta '43-5. iv. 361, 411, 521, 540, 654. He was the gran 
 tee of 3 ranches, Laguna Seca, S. Francisquito, and S. Vicente, the first two 
 being in his wife's name. iii. 677-8. In '45 Larkin described M. as a man of 
 property and character, disgusted with Mex. politics, and ready for a change 
 of govt. He died about '53. One of his daughters married Dr McKee. M. 
 (Manuel), juez de paz at Mont. '39. iii. 675. M. (Salvador), brother of 
 Estevan who came after '36; sindico at Mont. '44. iv. 653; treasurer in '46. 
 v. 289, 637. Larkin describes him in '45 as an old resident, a man of family 
 and property, disgusted with politics. On the Mont, assessment rolls '50-1; 
 said to have gone to Spain in '58. Munroe (James), 1847, settler at Benicia. 
 M. (John), 1847, Co. D, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). Muuson (Leonard), 1847, Co. 
 A, ditto; at Two Rocks, Sonoma Co., '82. 
 
 Murch (Wm B.), 1847, Co. I, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. Mont. '47. Mur- 
 cilla (Andre's), 1839, mr of the Dan. O'Conndl iv. 103. Murdock (John 
 R), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). M. (Price), 1847, ditto. Murel 
 (Jean B.), Fr. servant of Estrada at Mont, in 36, age 24. Murey (H.), 
 1848, from Hon. on the Juliana. Murga (Manuel), 1801, com. of the Activo. 
 ii. 5. Murguia (Jos6 Ant. de Jesus), 1773, Span, friar, who served chiefly 
 at Sta Clara, where he died in '84. Biog. i. 476; ment. i .123-4, 194, 196, 
 297, 299, 304, 306, 351, ?85, 388, 410, 631. Murielle (Pierre), Fr. servant of 
 Herrera at Mont. '38, age 19. Murillo (Brigido), maj. at S. Luis Rey '28- 
 30. ii. 553. M. (Eugenic), banished to Texas '35. iii. 674. Muro (Miguel), 
 1842, Mex. friar of the Zacatecanos, who served at S. Jose" mission, and re 
 tired in '45. Biog. iv. 680; ment. iv. 371, 423, 553, 675. 
 
 Murphy, 1836, a priest apparently connected with Hartnell's school; ment. 
 by PP. Short and Bachelor at Hon. '39. M. (Bernard), 1844, son of Mar 
 tin and member of the Stevens overl. immig. party, iv. 445, 453. He settled 
 in Sta Clara Co.; was owner of a S.F. lot '47; was claimant for several 
 ranches, iii. 712; iv. 674; and was killed in '53 by the explosion of the Jenny 
 Lind in S.F. Bay. M. (Bernard D.), 1844, son of Martin, Jr, who came in 
 the Stevens party at the age of three, being a nat. of Canada, iv. 445, 453. 
 He was educated at Sta Clara, becoming a lawyer and banker; memb. of the 
 assembly '68, and of the senate '77 ; mayor of S. Jos6 '73. He married Annie Mc- 
 Geoghegan in '69, and still lives at San Josd '85 with 5 children, Mary, Eve 
 line, Martin, Elizabeth, and Gertrude. M. (Daniel), 1844, son of Martin, 
 and nat. of Canada, iv. 445, 453. He served in Co. G, Cal. Bat. (v. 358); had 
 a Cal. claim of $15 for a horse (v. 462); owned a S.F. lot '47; and settled 
 
MURPHY MURPHY. 749 
 
 with his father and brothers in Sta Clara Co. He was claimant for Las Llagas 
 rancho, and became the owner of immense tracts of land in Cal., Nev., Ariz., 
 and Mcx., being one of the largest stock-raisers in the world. He died in 
 Nev. '82, leaving a widow and two children, Daniel, Jr, age 22, and Diana; 
 another daughter, Mrs Chapman, having died before. M. (J.), 1825, mr 
 of the Eliza, iii. 146. M. (Jacobo), 1792, alfdrez in Malaspina's exped. 
 i. 490. M. (James), 1825, owner of live-stock near S. Jose"; prob. an error 
 in the date. M. (James), 1837, pass, on the Europa. iv. 103. 
 
 Murphy (James), 1844, son of Martin, b. in Ireland, accomp. on the over 
 land trip by wife and child, iv. 445, 453. He worked as a lumberman at S. 
 Rafael, and is often named in the N. Helv. Diary '45-7; owner of S.F. lots 
 '46-7. He settled in Sta Clara Co. '48; was claimant for Cazadores rancho, 
 Sac. Val., iv. 671 and also with his brothers for Las Llagas. Still living in 
 Sta Clara Co. '85. His wife was Ann Martin, daughter of Patrick M. of the 
 Stevens party, and his children were Mary F., b. '42, Martin B. '45, Wm B. 
 '50, Lizzie A. '53, Julia A. '57, Daniel J. '61. M. (James), 1844, son of 
 Martin, Jr, who crossed the plains as a boy. iv. 445, 453; ment. at Sutter's 
 Fort '45; perhaps cashier of his brother's bank at S. Jose" '78. M. (James), 
 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). M. (John), 1847, Co. B, N.Y. 
 Vol. (v. 499); d. Stockton about '50; also said to be living at S. in '75. In- 
 dep. M. (John Land rum), 1846, son of Mrs Lavinia M. of the Donner 
 party; died in the mts. v. 531, 534 
 
 Murphy (John M.), 1844, son of Martin, and mernb. of the Stevens party, 
 iv. 445, 453. He was active in raising volunteers in '46 at Sta Clara, and in 
 the Sanchez campaign served as lieut. v. 298, 380; at N. Helv. '47; owner of 
 S.F. lots; and member of the S. Jos6 council, v. 664. In '48 associated with 
 Weber in trade at Stockton; also engaged in mining with great success ex 
 cept in keeping his gold. Murphy's camp took its name from him. In '58 he 
 testified that he had held the offices of treasurer, recorder, and sheriff of Sta 
 Clara Co., and mayor of S. Jose". Still living at S. Josd as a trader in 'SO, and 
 prob. in '85. His wife was Virginia Reed of the Donner party, and they had 
 6 children. M. (Lavinia), 1846, widow from Tenn., in the Donner party, 
 with 4 sons and 3 daughters, v. 531, 534-7. She and 2 sons, Lemuel B. and 
 John L. , died in the Sierra; 2 sons, Wm G. and Simon P., surviving, as did 
 the daughters Mrs Pike, Mrs Foster, and Mary. The latter married Wm 
 Johnson in '47, and in '48 Chas Covillaud. The city of Marysville was named 
 for her, and she died before '80, leaving 5 children. M. (Lemuel), 1846, son 
 of Lavinia, who died as above. 
 
 Murphy (Martin), 1844, nat. of Ireland who emigrated to Canada in '20, 
 and to Mo. '40. Here he became dissatisfied on account of malaria which 
 killed his wife, and the lack of religious influence for his children, and at the 
 age of 60 resolved to cross the plains to Cal. as a catholic country of fertile 
 soil and salubrious climate. He came in the Stevens party with his children 
 and grandchildren as named in this register, and settled in Sta Clara Co., 
 where the family became prominent and wealthy. He was the owner of a 
 S.F. lot in '47, and in '52 was claimant for a rancho. iv. 672, 684. Several of 
 the sons served under Sutter in the campaign of '45. iv. 486. The old patri 
 arch died in '65 at the age of 80. His daughter Mary was Mrs James Miller; 
 Ellen was Mrs Towusend in '44, and later Mrs C. M. Weber; Johanna was 
 later Mrs Fitzpatrick of Gilroy; and Margaret became Mrs Kell of S. Jose. 
 M. (Martin, Jr), 1844, son of Martin, accomp. by wife and 4 sons, a daughter 
 being born in camp at Donner Lake. iv. 445, 453. He settled on the Cosumnes, 
 and his visits to New Helv. are often noted in the diary. His rancho is often 
 mentioned by travellers between the bay and Sac. and there it was that Arce's 
 horses were taken and the Bear revolt begun, v. 108. In '50 the. family set 
 tled in Sta Clara Co., where in '81 the golden wedding was celebrated, and 
 where Martin died in '84 at the age of 78, leaving an immense estate. His 
 sons, Bernard D., Patrick W., James, and Martin, are named in this regis 
 ter. His daughters surviving him were Mrs R. T. Carroll and Mrs Joaquin 
 Arques; another, Mrs Wm P. Taafe, having died. Portrait of M. in Sta Clara 
 
730 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Co. Hist. M. (Martin J.), 1844, son of Martin, Jr, a small boy at arrival; 
 seems to have died before '84. M. (Patrick W.), 1844, son of Martin, Jr, a 
 boy at arrival, who became a rich farmer in S. Luis Ob., representing that 
 region in the state senate '65-8, '78. Portrait in S. Luis Ob. Co. Hist. , 32-3. 
 M. (Simon P.), 1846, son of Lavinia and survivor of the Donner party, v. 
 531, 535, who returned to Tenn., served in the war of '61-5, and died in 
 '73, leaving a widow and 5 children. M. (Thomas), 1847, Co. E, N. Y. Vol. 
 (v. 499). 
 
 Murphy (Timothy), 1828, Irishman from Lima, who worked fora year or 
 two as clerk for Hartnell & Co. at Mont., subsequently entering the service 
 of Capt. Cooper, iii. 178; ii. 609. From '29 his name appears in various 
 records; joined the com p. extranjera in '32. iii. 221; on Larkin's books '33-5; 
 often engaged in otter-hunting. About '36 he settled north of the bay, and in 
 '37-42 he was admin, of S. Rafael, iii. 718; iv. 117, 676. I have many of his 
 original letters of these years. Don Timoteo was a good penman, but his 
 Spanish was peculiar, and his letters too often contained vulgar expressions 
 and insults to all with whom he did not agree; yet he was on the whole a 
 good-natured and popular man. In '39 he was naturalized; in '40 once put in 
 the calabozo by Vallejo. iv. 171; in '41 ment. by Sir Geo. Simpson, who says 
 he had been a candidate for marriage with one of Vallejo's sisters, iv. 218. 
 As compared with other administrators, M. was a faithful guardian of the 
 neophytes' interest; favored those of Vallejo as he was employed to do; and 
 by no means neglected his own. In '44 he was grantee of the S. Pedro, etc., 
 rancho, later confirmed to him. iv. 676; and he also represented the Ind. 
 in their unsuccessful claim for Tinicasia. Juez de paz in '45. v. 676-7. In the 
 troubles of '46-7 he took no part; owned S. F. lots in '47; took some part in 
 local politics, v. 452, 455, 610; was alcalde, Ind. agent, and land commis 
 sioner '47-8. v. 670; and is mentioned by Sherman, Revere, and Mason. He 
 was a liberal giver to several catholic institutions, and died in '53, leaving 
 his property to nephews. M. (Wm G.), 1846, son of Lavinia and survivor 
 of the Donner party, v. 531, 534. He remained in the Sac. Val. till '49, when 
 he went East to be educated and married, returning in '58. He was a lawyer at 
 Virginia City, Nev., to '66, and since that time at Marysyille, Cal., being city 
 attorney, and having a family of 7 children in '80. 
 
 Murray, 1848, shoemaker at S. F. Feb. with wife; arriv. at S. F. from 
 Tahiti, March; at the mines from Mont.; had a store at Sutter's Fort, of firm 
 M. & Lappeus prob. several individuals. M. (Chas), 1847, purser on the 
 U. S. Erie. M. (Edward), 1847, Co. A, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. Calaveras '55. 
 M. (Ed.), 1847, Co. K, ditto; owner of S. F. lots. He was perhaps the M. who 
 was in trade in Sac. '48, and later lived in the North Beach region of S. F., 
 with a reputation not of the best; still living in '55. M. (Francis), 1847, 
 Co. H, ditto; owner of a S. F. lot; corp. in S. F. Guards '48; d. before '82. 
 M. (Mary), 1846, one of the Mormon colony, v. 546; left the church ; said to live 
 at S. Jos6 '84. M. (Michael), 1846, settler at S. Jose"; in the mines '48; in 
 Sta Clara Co. '60. Hall; Breen; Carson; Uittell. M. (Owen), 1848, Soc. Cal. 
 Pion. rolls; d. Oakland after '81. M. (Robert), 1847, assist surg. U. S. A., 
 serving with N. Y.Vol. and Co. F, 3d artill. v. 503, 511; at S. F. '71-4; in 
 '82 assist surg. -gen. in N. Y. M. (R. A.), 1846, Co. B, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). 
 M. (Walter), 1847, Co. A, N. Y. Vol. v. 504-6; serving at Sta B. and in L. 
 Cal. He was a nat. of England, and by trade a printer. Went to the mines 
 '48; established the Sonora Herald '52; and in '53 settled at S. Luis Ob., 
 where he practised law and established the Tribune, serving also in the legis 
 lature. In '73 he was appointed judge of the 1st district, and held that posi 
 tion at the time of his death in '75. His Narrative of a Cal. Volunteer is a 
 copy of his original diary, and is one of the best authorities on the history of 
 the regiment. 
 
 Muse (Wm), 1847, mid. on the U. S. Lexington. Musgrave (Alfred), 
 1846, nat. of Tenn. and overl. immig., who served in Co. E, Cal. Bat. v. 358; 
 lived in Napa till '67, when he left Cal. M. (Charles), 1846, brother of 
 Alfred, who also served in the Cal. Bat. and lived in Napa; in '69 in S. Luis 
 
MUSGRAVE -NARVAEZ. 751 
 
 Ob. Co.; also called Calvin. Musty (John), 184G, Co. C, 1st U. S. dragoons 
 (v. 336). Mutrel (Jean Baptiste), 1827, French pilot on the Nereid, wrecked 
 on the L. Cal. coast in a schooner employed by the Nereid for seal-hunting. 
 v. 478. He came to Cal. in '27 to drive cattle across the frontier, iii. 176; and 
 in '28-9 became a resident at S. Diego, ii. 545; in '36 at Buenavista rancho, 
 near Mont., age 27; went to Mont, in '40; in '46 at Los Ang. 
 
 Myers, 1845, at Sutter's Fort; perhaps 'Meyers.' M., 1845, apothecary 
 at N. Helv. Nov. from below. M., 1848, of firm Adler & M., Sonoma. M. 
 (A. S.), 1847, captain's clerk on the U.S. Lexington. M. (Courten), 1847, 
 doubtful name at N. Helv. ; called a volunteer; on his way to Salt Lake with 
 a band of horses. M. (Geo. A.), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 358). M. 
 (Jack), 1847, at Sutter's Fort; perhaps John. M. (John), 1847, Co. G, N.Y. 
 Vol. (v. 499). M. (John J.), 1845, one of Fremont's men, iv. 583, who served 
 as scrgt-maj. of the Cal. Bat., v. 360, and was later lieut; Cal. claim of $130 
 (v. 4G2). M. (Russell), 1847, Co. A, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); later trader and 
 deputy sheriff at Sonora; major of vol. in war of '61-5; in N.Y. city '84. M. 
 (Sam.), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 4C9); sergt of reenl. comp. v. 495; trial 
 in '48. v. 610-11; in '81 a carpenter in Utah. M. (Wm), 1848, associate of 
 Lassen in Tchama Co., who prob. came earlier; alcalde in '49. M. (Wm H.), 
 1846, gunner on the U.S. Dale. Myler (James), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. 
 (v. 469). Myrick, 1844, mr of the Sarah '44-5. 
 
 Nachborn (Benj.), 1847, married at S. Jose" to a Sra Mojica. Nactre" 
 (Eugcnio), neoph. elector of S. Antonia '26-7. ii. 622; iii. 33. Nadal, 1845, 
 from Hon. on the Fama. N. (Josd), 1825, Span, who came on the Aquiles, 
 apparently sent away in '30. iii. 51-2. Nagle (Ferdinand), 1847, Co. C, N. 
 Y.Vol. (v. 499). N. (Patrick), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). Na- 
 glee (Henry Morris), 1847, capt. Co. D, N.Y. Vol. v. 504, 564, 666, 672. A 
 nat. of Pa, graduate of West Point, and lieut 5th U.S. infantry. After being 
 mustered out he became a banker at S.F.; in the war of '61-5 he served as 
 lieut-col of the regular army, and brig.-gen. of volunteers; but returned to 
 Cal. and settled at S. Jose, where he is well known down to '85 as a man of 
 wealth and manufacturer of brandy. His wife was a daughter of Mai. Ring- 
 gold, U.S.A. 
 
 Naile (Conrad), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); reenl. N. (Henry), 
 1836, Amer. trapper from N. Mex., named in a Los Ang. list of the year, 
 iv. 117-18; but soon coming north to join Graham at his distillery. From 
 '38 his name appears in Larkin's accounts and other Mont, records; in '39 
 with Graham he had a plan to raise a party and cross the mts eastward, which 
 unfortunately failed; and in '40 he was seriously wounded in resisting arrest, 
 and for this reason w r as not one of the exiles, iv. 14, 17, 18-22. From that 
 time he lived in the Sta Cruz region as a lumberman, being interested with 
 Graham in a saw-mill; in '42 signed an appeal to the U. S. for indemnity; was 
 naturalized in '44; at Branci forte '45, age 36 and single; and in April '46 w r as 
 killed by James Williams, who had rented his mill, in a quarrel about the 
 contract, v. 641-2. Nalle, 1841, purser on the U.S. Yorktown. Nanhozen 
 (Jerome), 1836, named in Larkin's books. 
 
 Narciso, Ind. chief in Sac. Val. '40. iv. 137. Narrimore (Mrs Mercy), 
 1846, of the Mormon colony with her son Edwin. She went back to Hon. on 
 the D. Quixote, but returned, and was owner of a S.F. lot in '47. v. 546, 549. 
 Narvaez, 1791, com. of the Jlorcasitas. i. 493. N. (Agustin), alcalde at S. 
 Josd '21, and regidor '27. ii. 604-5; in '41 age 63, wife Josefa Higuera, child. 
 Antonio b. '31, Lugarda '26, Maria Guad. '28, Teresa '30, Maria D. '33. N. 
 (Bias), soldier of the S.F. comp. '39-43; at S. Mateo '35. iv. 667. N. (Joa- 
 quin), at S. Jos< '41, age 36, wife Maria Ant. Sepulveda, child. Salvador b. '28, 
 Guadalupe '30, Pilar '31, Maria de los Ang. '33, Jose" de la Luz '34, Francisco 
 '35, Lugardo '37. N. (Jose" Agustin), settler at Branciforte 1797-8. i. 569, 
 571; grantee of S. Juan B., Mont., '44. iv. 655; perhaps same as Agustin 
 above. N. (Jose" Maria), 1808, com. of the Princesa. ii. 87; in '27 com. of 
 the S. Carlos, ii. 456, 458, 470, 474. N. (Miguel), 1822, alfe>ez on the S. 
 
752 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Carlos, ii. 458. N. (Miguel), in S. Jose" dist., age 30, wife Raimunda Buelna, 
 child Agustin; at the S. Juan B. rancho 'o5. N. (Pedro), Mex. naval lieut 
 unattached; capt. of the port Mont. '39-44. iii. 672, 676; iv. 97, 307, 339, 
 357, 408, 431, 653; in '44 grantee of Paso de Robles. iv. 655; in '45 mil. com. 
 at Mont. iv. 652; in '46 served under Castro and was a memb. of the 1st jury. 
 v. 12, 34, 41, 232, 289. I have no later record of him. 
 
 Nash, 1846, mr of the America, v. 576. N. (Mrs), 1846, efforts to organ 
 ize a school for her at N. Helv. in Jan. N. (John H.), 1845, Amer. lawyer 
 and overl. immig. in the Hastings party, iv. 586-7. Nothing is definitely 
 recorded of him from the time he left N. Helv. for S.F. in Jan. '46 to Oct., 
 when he went to Sonoma with Bryant, but he perhaps took some part in the 
 revolt. In Dec. he was made alcalde at Sonoma, being an illiterate, well- 
 meaning old man, who called himself 'chief justice,' and attached great im 
 portance to his office. In June '47 he refused to give up the office to Boggs, 
 who was appointed to succeed him, whereupon Lieut Sherman was sent to 
 arrest the recalcitrant alcalde and carry him a prisoner to Mont., where he 
 soon became penitent, v. 608-10, 667-9. With Grigsbyand Ide, Nash signed, 
 in May '47, a Hist, of the Bear Flag Revolt, having been in Sept. '46 sec. of 
 a meeting of ex-Bears, v. 189, 298. In April '48 he visited the mines as a 
 committee of investigation to report for the benefit of Sonoma residents; and 
 later in the year he returned to Mormon Isl., where he died the same winter. 
 N. (Wm H.), 1846, overl. immig. who settled with his family in Napa Vul.; 
 in '49 is said to have built the 1st school-house there; and still lived at 8t 
 Helena in '69. 
 
 Navarrete (Bernardo), 1833, Mex. lieut, attached to Mont. comp. ; went 
 to Mex. on the downfall of Gutierrez in '36. iii. 467, 240, 442, 463-6, 671. 
 N. (Jose Antonio), 1819, Mex. capt. of the S. Bias infantry comp. in- Cal. '19 
 -22, and in '20 com. of the post at Mont. ii. 607-8, 252, 254-5, 265, 379, 422, 
 451, 461, 463, 609, 675. N. (Ramon), soldier of the S.F. comp. '21-3; at 
 Mont. '26. ii. 612. Navarro (Jose" Ant.), mestizo settler of Los Ang. 1786- 
 1SOO. i. 345, 348-9, 484, 640. N. (Guillermo), alferez in '39. iii. 533; at Sta 
 B. earlier, wife Dionisia Dominguez, 4 child. ; at Los Ang. '46. N. (Teodoro), 
 soldier of the S.F. comp. '28-34; at Los Ang. '46. Nay (Jose"), 1832, got a 
 passp. at Los Ang. Nazario, Ind. cook at S. Diego, ii. 345. 
 
 Neail (John), 1847, owner of lot at S.F. Neal, 1848, miner at Adams' Bar. 
 N. (John), 1845, at Sutter's Fort often in '45-7, several times arriving from 
 the bay and Sonoma with reports of impending hostilities by the Californians. 
 iv. 578, 587; v. 128, 170. As he came from Sonoma June 20th, he may have 
 been one of the original Bears. He was an Irish sailor, a rough character, who 
 lived in Colusa Co. till about '56, when or earlier, as Bid well thinks he 
 killed a man in some dispute about a dog or a mining claim, and escaped from 
 the country. N. (John C.), 1841, otter-hunter at Sta B. not locally famous 
 for paying his debts. N. (Joshua A.), 1847, nat. of N. H. who came as a 
 sailor; was a clerk at S.F. '48; went to the mines '49. A resid. of Alameda Co. 
 '50-78, marrying a Bernal and living at Pleasanton. 
 
 Neal (Samuel), 1844, nat. of Pa or of Holstein in one original record 
 and one of Fremont's men; discharged at his own request early in '44. iv. 
 437, 439, 453, 229. He was employed bySutter as a blacksmith; was natural 
 ized in Nov. ; and in Dec., in return for services in the Micheltorena campaign, 
 got a land grant on Butte Creek, Butte. iv. 671. In his application he claimed 
 to have been a resid. since '42; and indeed Yates claims to have seen 
 him in '42-3. He still worked much of the time at his trade, aiding Fremont 
 in the autumn of '45. In '46 he guided Gillespie up the Sac. Val. to overtake 
 Fremont, and took part in the following troubles, though there is some con 
 fusion between him and John N. in the records, v. 24, 101, 104, 107. After 
 the war he engaged in stock-raising, acquiring some local fame for his lino 
 anima!s. He never married, and died at his Butte Creek home in '59, leaving 
 his property to brothers whom he had not seen for 20 years. N. (Win W.), 
 1847, on the roll of the Soc. Cal. Pion. as having come in Jan. '49; but he 
 states that he was at S.F. on a whaler in '47; in later years a well-known pilot 
 
NEAL NIDEVER. 733 
 
 of S.F., still living in '85 with a family. Neale (D.), 1848, passp. from Hon. 
 Nease (Peter), 1847, with Capt. Hunt of the Morm. Bat. (v. 469), accomp. by 
 his wife. N. (Sam.), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). 
 
 Ned, 1830, doubtful name, at S. Jose" and Mont. '30-4. Neddies (John), 
 1831, steward on the Catalina. Nee (Luis), 1789, apothecary in Malas- 
 pina's exped. i. 490. Neob (John), 1847, Co. K, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); 
 d. Sonoma '74. Needles (Wm H.), 1847, purser's clerk on the Columbus. 
 Negrete, see 'Castillo Negrete.' Neiderer, 1847, Co. K, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); 
 doubtful name, not in Clark's last list; at S.F. '71-4. Neif (Joseph Ant.), 
 1839, German sailor, age 26, captured (?) by Cooper, released by Vallejo, and 
 employed by Leese at S. F. '40; known as Hen. Richer. Neill (Wm M.) 
 1834, mr of the Llama, iii. 383; perhaps 'O'Neill.' Neilson (Thos), 1826, 
 asst surgeon with Beechey. iii. 121. Neiman (Hendrick), 1847, Co. D, N. 
 Y. Vol. ( v. 499). Neligh (Robert B. ), 1847, member of the S. Jose" council, v. 
 664; agent for Com. Stockton in the mines '48; claimant in '52 for rancho in 
 Mont. dist. v. 637. Nelson (Chas), 1847, at Hon. from S. F. on the Fran- 
 ci*ca. Nemesio (Santiago), grantee of Capay '46. v. 675; perhaps an Ind. 
 named Nemesis. Neri (Gregorio), soldier in the Hidalgo comp. at Mont. '36, 
 age 27. Nero (Joseph), 1847, at Slitter's Fort; prob. * Verrot,' q.v. Ness 
 (Elijah), 1837, Fr. lumberman in the Sta Cruz region '37-43; said to have aided 
 in the arrest of foreigners '40. iv. 1 18, 22. 
 
 Neve (Felipe de), 1777, Span, major of cavalry who was gov. of the Cali- 
 fornias, residing at Loreto from March 4, '75, and having been promoted to 
 colonel at Mont, from Feb. 3, 77, to Sept. 10, '82. He became later briga 
 dier, inspector-general, and comandante-general of Provincias Internas, dying 
 in '84. He was one of California's ablest rulers. Biog. i. 237-8, 363, 446-8, 
 487; his rule in Cal., including his reglamento, or system of govt, his founding 
 of the pueblos, and his controversies with the missionaries, i. 306-83 passim; 
 mcnt. i. 296, 389, 393, 405, 608. Gov. Neve had no family. Nevill (Joseph 
 M.), 1848, owner of S.F. lots. 
 
 Newell, 1836, named in Larkin's accounts. N., 1848, mr of the Hono 
 lulu and Humboldt. N., 1848, of firm N., Brady, & Gilbert, lumberman 
 at Mont. N. (Chester), 1847, chaplain of the U. S. Independence, v. 657. 
 Newitt (Sam.), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Newman (James), 1847, 
 ditto. N. (John), 1847, Co. H, ditto. N. (Wm), 1834, Engl. servant of 
 Wolters at Mont. Newmayer (Godfrey), 1846, Co. C, 1st U. S. dragoons. 
 v. 330. Newson (J. M.), 1848, overl. immig. ; memb. of the legislature from 
 Stanislaus '68. Newton, 1846, overl. immig. of Bryant's party with wife; 
 killed by Ind. on the way. N. (J. W.), chaplain on the U.S. Columbus. N. 
 (Thomas), 1848, Swiss sailor on the Isaac Walton; real name Sjoberg. 
 
 Nicholas, 1842, com. of the U.S. Yorktown. iv. 313, 570. Nicholaus (A.), 
 1848, passp. from Hon. Nichols, 1841, of the Walker party with Emmous 
 of U.S. ex. ex. from Or. iv. 270. N. (Joseph), 1846, of the Mormon colony, 
 with wife Jerusha and child, one child having died at sea. v. 546. He left the 
 church, and in later years lived in Alameda Co. to '82. Mrs N. died in the 
 faith. N. (J. M.), 1845, came on a whaler, iv. 587; saloon-keeper at Napa 
 '52-71. Napa Register. N. (P.), 1848, passp. from Hon. Nicholson (J. 
 W.), 1847, mid. on the U.S. Lexington. Nichton (Patrick), 1847, Co. F, 3d 
 U.S. artill. (v. 518). Nickerson '(Thomas), 1847, Co. I, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Nidever (Geo.), 1833, nat. of Tenn., from : 20 a hunter in the west, making 
 trips to the Rocky Mts and N. Mex. till '33, when he came over the Sierra 
 with Walker's party and remained in Cal. iii. 391, 394, 459. Here he con 
 tinued his hunter's life, taking otter in all parts of the coast under Capt. 
 Dana's license to '37, and later with one of his own. Occasionally named in 
 the records from '36, his home being at Sta B. ; making frequent raids on the 
 grizzly bears and killing at least 200; naturalized in '37, and also serving for 
 a time with Graham's riflemen, iii. 493; having some conflicts with Ind. iv. 
 90; and escaping arrest in '40. iv. 24. In '41 he married Sinforosa Sanchez, 
 having bought some land of Joseph Chapman; in '45 refused to join Michel- 
 torena's foreign company; but in '46, having been arrested by the Californians^ 
 HIST. CAL., VOL. IV 48 
 
754 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 v. 317, he served under Stockton in the final campaigns; had some success in 
 mining '48-9; piloted the U.S. coast survey craft in a survey of the Sta B. 
 islands '50; in '53 rescued the famous old Ind. woman of S. Nicolas Isl. ; and 
 about the same time bought an interest in S. Miguel Isl., where he raised stock 
 for 17 years, and though wellnigh ruined by the drought of '63-4, sold out in 
 70 for $10,000. In '78 residing at Sta B. at the age of 76 with his wife and 
 daughter, a man of excellent repute, he gave me a long and most valuable nar 
 rative of his Life and Adventures. A bit of paper into which the old man at 
 that time put 3 rifle-balls within the space of a square inch at 60 yards forms 
 an appropriate frontispiece of the volume. H. died in '83. A brother John, 
 who died at Sta B. in '73, is sometimes said to have come with Geo. iii. 391; 
 but I think he came after '48. Another brother, Mark, was killed by the Ind. 
 before reaching Cal. 
 
 Niebla (Ramon), a hatter at Los Ang. '39, age 47. Nief, see 'Neif.' 
 Nieto (Antonio), 1830, Mex. alf^rez who com. a squad of soldiers guarding a 
 party of convicts, iii. 49, 142; prob. not in Cal. '25, as stated in iii. 15. N. 
 (Antonio Maria), son of Manuel, owner of Sta Gertrudis, claimed to have been 
 regranted in '34 to his widow Josefa Cota. iv. 635. N. (Diego), at Los Ang. 
 '46. N. (Juan Jos6), son of Manuel, b. 1781; mentioned in '11-20. ii. 418; 
 part owner of Los Nietos rancho, Sta Gertrudis, Alamitos, Coyotes, etc., re- 
 granted to him '34. ii. 565; iii. 633, 644. N. (Manuel), grantee of Los Nietos 
 rancho 1784; ment. 1801-16; Las Bolsas and Sta Gertrudis regranted to his 
 widow, Catarina Ruiz, '34. i. 609, 612, 662; ii. Ill, 185, 348, 353, 663; iii. 
 633-4. N. (Manuela), grantee of Los Cerritos '34. iii. 633. Nightengell 
 (G. R.), 1875, overl. immig. perhaps of the Grigsby-Ide party, iv. 578-9, 587; 
 at Carson, Nev., '68. Nikoforof, 1815, sup. of the Lady. ii. 307. Niles 
 (John), 1847, doubtful name of a settler at Benicia. Ninian (Wm), 1834, 
 English clerk at Mont. , age 30. Nino (Alejo), first man buried at Mont. 1770. 
 i. 175. Nisbitt (Thomas), 1847, Co. G, N. Y. vol. (v. 499); in '82 at Scott 
 river, Siskiyou Co. Nixon, 1823, mr of the Hebe. ii. 492. 
 
 Nobili (John), 1848, Ital. Jesuit who came to the Or. missions in '42 and 
 to Cal. apparently in '48. He was the founder of Sta Clara college in '51, a 
 very able man and popular teacher, who died in '55. Noble (John E.), 
 1847, sergt Co. F, 3d U. S. artill. v. 519. Noboa (Diego), 1783, Span, 
 friar who served at Sta Clara and left Cal. in '94. Biog. i. 722-3; ment. i. 
 379, 390, 422, 457, 476, 576. Nocedal (Jose"), 1775, Franciscan chaplain on a 
 Span, ship, visiting the coast several times in '75-8. i. 240, 287, 292, 296, 300, 
 328. No6 (Jos6 de Jesus), 1834, Mex. who came in the H. and P. colony; 
 iii. 263; and settled at S. F., obtaining a grant of Camaritos in '40, and of S. 
 Miguel in '45. iii. 711; iv. 673. In '42 age 37, wife Guadalupe Gardano, child. 
 Miguel b. '33, Dolores '36, Esperidion (?) '38, Concepcion '40; juez de paz '42 
 -3, iv. 165-6; owner of a 'town lot '43. v. 669, 682; alf. of militia '44. iv. 
 (667; alcalde and juez '46. v. 295, 648. He lived at the mission in '55, and his 
 son Miguel still lives in S. F. '85. N. (Miguel), 1844, Amer. who received 
 naturalization papers; perhaps Michael Noah (?). N. (Nicolds), 1812, com. of 
 the Flora '12-13. ii. 202-3, 268-70, 353. Noel (Luis), 1848, laborer at Mont. 
 Noler (Christian), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). Norden (Stephen), 
 1844, Amer. age 25 at S. F. 
 
 Nordhoff (Charles), 1847, nat. of Prussia, educated in Cincinnati, a printer 
 .by trade, who in '47 was a sailor-boy on the U. S. Columbus, and for a time 
 commander's clerk on the Warren. He left the sea in '53, and has since been 
 .a prominent newspaperman and author of a dozen books of acknowledged 
 merit. He revisited Cal. several times in '71 and later years; and among his 
 works, are Calif ornia for Health, Pleasure, and Residence, and Northern Cali 
 fornia, Oreyon, and the Sandwich Islands. In '85 he has been for some years 
 editorially connected with the N. Y. Herald. Noriega (Francisco), 1842, 
 Mex.,capt. of the batallon fijo '42-5; a hard case. iv. 289, 357, 364, 633. His 
 mar rjage with Francisca Sepulveda was prevented by the woman's friends, 
 and lie married a Soberanes whom he afterwards abandoned. N. (Jose"), 
 1834, Spaxj. sup. of the vessel bringing the H. and P. colony, iii. 263. In '35 
 
NORIEGA NORVELL. 755 
 
 depositario at S. Jose", iii. 730; in 35 grarrtee of Los M<5danos, Contra Costa, 
 and later of Quito, and half-owner of Los Pozitos. iii. 712; iv. 672-3; alcalde 
 of S. Jose" '39. iii. 731; in '41 age 49, wife Manuela Fernandez, child Manuel. 
 In '46 he was with Arce when his horses were taken, and on visiting N. Helv. 
 a little later was thrown into prison with Vallejo and the rest, for which the 
 Span, consul tried later to obtain redress, v. 106, 108, 124, 128, 615. After 
 his release he was member of the S. Jose" council, v. 664; and in '60 he st.ll 
 lived at S. Jose". N. (Maria Ramona), wife of Pedro Amador, d. 1801. ii. 
 585. N. (Matias Antonio de Sta Catarina), 1779, Span, friar who served at 
 S. F. and S. Carlos, retiring in '89. He was perhaps guardian of S. Fern, col 
 lege later. Biog. i. 469; ment. i. 329, 351, 388, 392, 460, 404, 411, 433, 442. 
 N., see 'Guerra y Noriega.' Norman (F.), 1848, passp. from Hon. N. (J), 
 1848, at Hon. from Mont, on the Laura Ann. 
 
 Norris, 1818, negro of Bouchard's force, captured; became a cook at S. Juan 
 Cap. ii. 230. 248, 3D3. N. (Anderson), 1843, negro deserter from the Cyane; 
 killed by the Californians. iv. 4CO, 565. N. (David), 1844, corp. Co. C, N. 
 Y.Vol. (v. 449); printer and amateur actor, for many years foreman in the S. 
 F. Bulletin; from '77 at Centreville, Alameda Co., where he died in '84 at the 
 age of 61; a nat. of N.Y. N. (Jacob W.), 1847, Co. D, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); 
 at Newark, N. J., 74-82; sergtof police. N. (J. Parker), 1816, com. Stock 
 ton's sec. , sent East with despatches Sept. ; returned on the Preble '47. N. 
 (John S.), 1847, lieut Co. K, N.Y. Vol. v. 504; judge of election '48. v. 652; 
 d. in Central America '56. N. (Leo), 1846, nat. of Ky and overl. iminig. 
 with his family; at S. Jose" '47-50; and in S. Ramon Val., Contra Costa, from 
 that date to '82, being claimant for the rancho. iii. 713. His wife, Jane Iviz- 
 zie, died in '55, and there were 5 surviving children in '82. Three daughters 
 became Mrs Lynch, Mrs Perkins, and Mrs Llewelling. N. (Samuel), 1845 (?), 
 trader at N. Helv. and at S.F., of firm Shelly & N. 1847-8, and seems to have 
 come a few years earlier by sea. iv. 587. He was of German or Danish birth. 
 A miner on the Yuba in '48; in '52 claimant for the rancho del Paso. iv. 672. 
 From about '57 he led a wandering life in many parts of the world, though 
 frequently making his appearance at S.F., an intelligent, mildly eccentric man 
 in easy circumstances. Meanwhile the rancho had passed into the hands of 
 Haggin & Tevis; and in '84 Norris began suit against them for the property, 
 claiming that in '57-83, from the effects of a blow on the head, he was not in 
 his right mind, or capable of comprehending the process by which the ranch 
 had passed from his ownership. N. (Wm H.), 1846, son of Leo, and a resi 
 dent of Contra Costa to '82; married Margaret Nash in '60. 
 
 ing near Chico in '84. Northman (Chas), 1847, Co. G, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). 
 Northrop (Sam.), 1814, mr of the Pedter. ii. 305. Norton, 1841, mr of the 
 Ninfa. iv. 567. N., 1836, mr of a whaler, iv. 104. N. (Joshua A.) 1848, 
 Engl. jew who came from S. Amer. and was for some years a prosperous spec 
 ulator and trader. Business reverses affected his mind, and as ' Emperor ' Nor 
 ton he became a well-known 'crank' in S.F., where he died in '80. N. 
 Clement), 1845, mr of the Gustave. iv. 566. N. (C. B.), 1848, passp. from 
 Hon. N. (Chas C.), 1847, Co. F, 3d U. S. artill. (v. 518). N. (Edward), 
 1848, overl. immig. with Allsopp. N. (Martin), 1847, Co. H, N.Y. Vol. (v. 
 499); d. Napa '68. N. (Myron), 1848, lieut Co. C, N.Y. Vol., appointed to 
 fill a vacancy, and not coming with the regiment, but on the Huntress in Oct. 
 '48. He was a lawyer, prominent in organizing civil govt at S.F., being justice 
 of the peace and lieut of the City Guards; an active member of the constit. 
 convention of '49; judge of the superior court '51; member of the Los Aug. 
 council '52; county judge from '53, and in '55 and '65 candidate for the supreme 
 court. He died between '67 and '71. N. (Thos A.), 1836, a Honolulu trader, 
 signer of a memorial at Mont. iv. 118, 141; in '43-4 mr of the Chas M. Mor 
 gan, iv. 564. Norvell (Chester), 1847, chaplain on the U. S. Independence. 
 N., 1848, of N.& Co. at Mont. 
 
75(3 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Noswill (John), 1846, doubtful name of Fauntleroy's dragoons (v. 232, 
 3-17). Nott, 1848, mr of the Sweden, v. 580. Novales (Manuel), 1789, 
 lieut in Malaspina's exped. i. 490. Nowell, 1848, at Mont.; perhaps 'Nor- 
 vell.' Nowler (Christian), 1847, of Morm. Bat. (v. 4G9); reenl. Nowlin 
 (Jabez), 1847, Co. C, ditto. Noyes (Michael S.), 1847, Co. A, N.Y. Vol. 
 (v. 499); at Eureka, Nev. '82. 
 
 Nuez (Joaquin Pascual), 1812, Span, friar who served at S. Fern, and S. 
 Gabriel, where he died in '21. Biog. ii.- 5C7; ment. ii. 334, 33G-7, 355, 357, 
 394, 655. Nunez, sergt appointed to Cal. '32. iii. 236. N. (Jose" Antonio), 
 1833, Fr. sailor who came on the Gelvichis (Helvetius?), and died before Dec. 
 '34. N. (Sebastian), grantee in '44 of Orestimba, for which he was claimant 
 in '52. Nuttall (Thomas), 1836, Engl. botanist who visited Cal. iv. 142. 
 N. (WmH.), 1846, overl. immig. of Bryant's party, v. 528; Cal. claim $63 
 (v. 462); owner of S.F. lots '47; clerk for McDongall at Sac. '48. Nutter 
 (Geo. W.), 1845, nat. of N.Y. who visited Cal. on a whaler from Hon. iv. 
 587; returned later and lived at Sta Cruz in '69. N. (Noah), 1848, passp. 
 from Hon. Nutting (Lucy), 1846, one of the Mormon colony, v. 546; owner 
 of S.F. lot '47; in '84 Mrs Ferguson at Lehi, Utah. Nuttman (James E.), 
 1847, Co. B, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); owner of S.F. lot; later chief of fire dept in 
 S.F. and Stockton; at S.F. '71; Newark, N.J., 74; New York '82-3. 
 
 Nye (Gorham H.), 1830 (?), nat. of Mass., who may have visited the coast 
 in '30 as he testified in '68. iii. 180; Peirce says he came to the Isl. from Ply 
 mouth in '31; newspapers give a variety of dates; and the 1st definite record 
 is that he was mr of the Loriot in '33-5. iii. 383, 381. As mr of the Bolivar 
 trading from Hon. and of the Fama and Leonidas he visited Cal. each year in 
 '35-47. iv. 101, 104, 563, 578. lie came on the Guipuzcoana in '47, and per 
 haps remained, as he is said to have made and lost a fortune at S.F,, and to 
 Lave gone East in '53. According to the Calistoga Tribune of July 6, '71, 
 Capt. N. had lived many years at Sta Cruz, also spending two years at the 
 Sandwich Isl., where a rich Chinese sugar-planter offered him a home, on 
 account of the captain's kindness to him as steward in old times. Ace. to the 
 S. J. Pioneer of Nov. 16, '78, he lived from '71 with Chas Krug at St Helena, 
 where he died in '78 at the age of 76. N. (Michael C. ), 1841, overl. immig. 
 of the Bartleson party, iv. 266, 270, 275, 279, who was naturalized in '44 and 
 got a grant of the Willy rancho on the Yuba, doubtless for services in the 
 Micheltorena campaign, iv. 674, 486. He is often named in the N. Hdv. 
 Diary '45-8, having also a Cal. claim (v. 462); is said to have entered Cor- 
 dua's service in '46; in June '47 married Mrs Harriet Pike of the Donner 
 party. N. was a resid. of Marysville in '58, but later went to Or., where his 
 wife died in '70, and where lie still lived in '79. 
 
 O'Brien (H.), 1845, in Sutter's employ Dec.; went to Or. Apr. '46. iv. 578, 
 526. O'B. (James), 1838, Irish resid. of Mont. dist. iv. 119; exiled to S. 
 Bias in '40, but returned in '41 with a pass, which was renewed in '42, iv. 
 18, 33, 37, when he was, however, banished to the Sonoma frontier, iv. 653. 
 In '44 he died, and I have a letter from his father Daniel in London, in which, 
 with 'hearty thanks for the information ' of his son's death, he inquires as to 
 the chances of collecting Jimmy's claim against the govt. O'B. (John), 
 1835, Irish sailor who landed from a whaler at Sta B. at the age of 25. iii. 413. 
 He hunted otter on the islands for several years, and in '40 got permission to 
 marry, being then in the employ of Lewis Burton. He was one of the first 
 at the gold mines, but fell ill, and being brought down the river died at Beni- 
 cia in Oct. '48. O'B. (John), 1846, Co. C, 1st U. S. dragoons (v. 336); Q. 
 M. sergt. O'B. (Thos), 1842, at Mont, under sentence of banishment to 
 Sonoma; prob. James. 
 
 O'Cain (Joseph), 1795, 'Englishman b. in Ireland from Boston,' sent to 
 S. Bias from Sta B. i. 537. O'C. (Joseph), 1803, Amer. mr of the O'Cain, 
 hunting otter on the coast under Russian contracts 1803-5. ii. 25-6, 32, 38-9, 
 63, 70-1. O'Connell (Anthony F.), 1847, Co. H, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. S. F. 
 '66, age 48, leaving a widow and two children. He had been for many years a 
 
O'CONNELL OLGIN. 757 
 
 drayman ; known in the later years as O'Connor. O'C. (John), 1847, accredited 
 to N.Y.Vol., but not on the roll; tarred and feathered at Mont.; drowned 
 on the way to Or. S. Jose Pion., '82. O'Connor (Bartholomew), 1847, Co. 
 F, 3d U. S. artill. (v. 518). O'C. (Owen), 1846, Fauntleroy's dragoons 
 (v. 232, 247). O'C. (Win), 1845, at N. Helv. in '46; iv. 578, 587; said to 
 have been in Sta Clara Co. '45. O'Donnell (Joseph), 1846, Co. E, Cal. Bat. 
 (v. 358). O'Donoju (Jose Simon), 1834, Mex. of the H. & B. colony, iii. 
 2C3; at Sta B. '41; in '42-4 purveyor of the troops under Micheltorena; at 
 Los Aug. '47. 
 
 O'Farrell (Jasper), 1843, Irish surveyor who came to the U. S. in '41 and 
 to Cal. by sea via S. America and Mazatlan. iv. 400. In '44 he signed the 
 order for Weber's arrest, iv. 483, and in '45 served as Q. M. in Sutter's force, 
 iv. 485-6, being mentioned in '44-6 at various places but apparently making 
 S. Rafael his home, being engaged most of the time in making ranch o sur 
 veys. He seems not to have taken part in the troubles of '46, but is named 
 as a witness of the Haro murder at S. Rafael, v. 171-2. In '47-S he advertised 
 as a surveyor in the papers, was appointed official surveyor in the northern 
 district, and made the permanent street survey of S. F. v. 455, 648, 653-6, 
 680, 685. About '48 he exchanged a Marin Co. rancho which he had taken in 
 payment of professional services for that of Jonive in Sonoma Co., purchas 
 ing later the adjoining Estero Americano, for which places and for Capay in 
 Yolo he was claimant in '52. iii. 712; iv. 671; v. 675. He married a daughter 
 of Patrick McChristian, and lived chiefly on his rancho, but took also some 
 part in politics, serving in the state senate and also as state harbor commis 
 sioner. For so prominent and well known a man there is a remarkable lack 
 of definite information about him. He died at S. F. in '75 at the age of 58. 
 A street in S. F. bears his name. 
 
 O'Grady, 1847, perhaps of N.Y.Vol. under another name. O'G. (Thos), 
 
 1846, Irish settler of Sonoma Co. '47-77, when he lived at Bodega. O'Hara 
 (D. J.), 1847, in S.F. letter list. O'Neil, 1837, one of the cattle party from 
 Or. iv. 85. O'N. (John M.), 1847, sergt Co. E, N.Y.Vol. v. 504. Nat. of 
 N.Y.; maj. of cavalry in war of '61-5, being stationed 4 years in Utah; in 
 '67-83 custom-house officer at S.F.; d. at Mont. '85. O'N. (Owen), 1847, 
 Co. K, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); owner of S.F. lot; in Nev. '82. O'N. ( Wm), 1816, 
 said to have touched on the Cal. coast from China in '16. ii. 282; later an 
 employe" of the H.B.Co.; died at Victoria '75, at the age of 74; a nat. of Bos 
 ton. O'Reilly, 1837, a witness at S.F. Dec. O'R. (E.), 1847, farmer in S. 
 Mateo Co. '61-78. O'Rourke (Francis), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 
 336). O'Sullivan (James), 1847, Co. A, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); a printer who 
 was editor of the Sonora Herald; member of the constit. convention of '73; 
 in S.F. '82. 
 
 Oakley (Chas H.), 1845, asst surg. on the U.S. Portsmouth. 0. (How 
 ard), 1846, of the Mormon colony, v. 546; of the 3d Donner relief, v. 540-1; 
 owner of S.F. lots; no record after '48, but did not go to Utah. 0. (Robert), 
 
 1847, Co. F, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); d. Sta B. '48. Ober (David), 1848, passp. 
 from Hon. Obes (Ramon), 1825, Span, who came on the Aqirilcs; perhaps 
 sent away '28-30. iii. '51-2. Obleie, 1844, doubtful name of a married for 
 eigner. Oca (Ignacio Montes de), sentenced to presidio 1805. ii. 191. 
 Ocampo (Francisco), 1834, Mex. of the H. & P. colony, iii. 263; at S. Juan 
 Cap. '41. iv. 626; at Los Ang. '46-8; still at S. Juan Cap. '78. Ochiltree, 
 1847, mid. on the U.S. Independence. Odon, neophyte at S. Luis Ob., grantee 
 of land '42. iv. 331. 0., grantee of Escorpion '45. Ogden, 1828, leader 
 of a party of H.B.Co. trappers who came to Cal. '28-30. iii. 161-2, 174; iv. 
 263. 0. (Benj.), 1847, Co. B, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); d. Brooklyn, N. Y. '66. 
 Ogier (J. S. K.), 1848, nat. of S.C.; member of the 1st Cal. legislature '49-50. 
 Ogle (Chas A.), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Olavide (Martin), 1791, alfe>ez with Malaspina's exped. i. 490. Gibe's 
 (Ramon), 1812, Span, friar who served for brief terms at four missions, retir 
 ing in '21. Biog. ii. 625; ment. ii. 225, 243-6, 364, 369, 387, 389-90, 394, 
 655. Olgin (Jose), settler at the Colorado riv. pueblos, killed by Ind. i. 359, 
 
758 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 362. Olimpio, Ind. rnajordomo in Sutler's employ '47. Oliva (Raimundo), 
 soldier of Sta B. comp. '32; ranchero '45. O. (Vicente Pascual), 1813, Span, 
 friar who served at many missions, but chiefly at S. Diego, dying at S. Juan 
 Cap. in '48. Biog. v. 623; ment. ii. 344, 357, 375, 383-4, 394, 551-2, 655; iii. 
 96, 619, 622, 641; iv. 422; v. 619. Olivar (Tomas), soldier of Sta B. comp. 
 '32. Olivares (Antonio M.), at Los Aug. '46. 0. (Bonifacio), at Mont. '36, 
 age 23, wife Maria del Refugio; banished in '43 to Los Aug., where he took 
 part in a revolt of '46. iv. 492, 654; v. 308. 0. (Francisco), settler at Los 
 Aug. '15. ii. 350. 0. (Francisco), 1846, Co. B, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). 0. (Mi 
 guel and Tomas), at Los Ang. '46. Olivas, named as having been killed at S. 
 Buen. '38. iii. 551. O. (Cosine), settler at Los Ang. '16. ii. 350. 0. (Do 
 mingo), messenger of Gen. Flores '47. v. 387. 0. (Francisco and Jose"), at S. 
 Bern. '46. O. (Esculano), comisario de policia at S. Diego '36. iii. 616. 0. 
 (Ignacio), soldier of the S. F. comp. '28-37; his child murdered '28. iii. 191. 
 O. (Juan), settler at Los Ang. 1800. ii. 349. O. (Juan), at Sta B. before '37, 
 wife Clara Pico, 4 children. O. (Luis), soldier at Sta B. '32. 0. (Matias), 
 juez de campo and com. policia at S. Diego '35-6. iii. 615-16. 0. (Nicolas), 
 at Los Ang. '39. 0. (Raimundo), at S. Fern., age 28, '39; grantee of S. 
 Miguel '41. 
 
 Oliver, 1835, trapper at Suisun, perhaps of Young's party, iii. 394. 0. 
 (Jacob), 1843, at S.F., ment. in Peterson's Diary. 0. (John), 1834, Engl., 
 named in Mont, list of '34-5. O. (Win), 1842 (?), doubtful name of a lum 
 berman, iv. 341. Olivera (Antonio), at Sta B. '32-45. iii. 583, 651; alfdrez 
 in '39; grantee of Casmalia, Sta B., '40. iii. 655; wife Concepcion Romero, 
 5 children before '37. O. (Desiderio), at Los Ang. '19-48. ii. 355; age 53 
 in '39. 0. (Diego), b. at Sta B. about 1789, and a soldier down to about 
 '22; ment. in explor. ii. 57, 326; alcalde at Sta B. '37-8. iii. 654, 569-70; 
 tithe collector '39. iii. 654; juez in '40. iii. 606; grantee of Guadalupe 
 rancho '40. iii. 677. He is said to have clung to his old Span, ways, dress, 
 and ideas to the last, becoming rich in lands and poor again, and dying in 
 '67. Taylor's Discov. and Found, contains some of his reminiscences. O. 
 (Ignacio), corp. and sergt of the Sta B. comp. from 1781; d. 1794; i. 463, 
 465-6, 532, 562; wife Maria Ant. F6lix, who died 1868; child. Lucas, Anna 
 M., Diego, and Maria Estefana, wife of Jos< V. Ortega. 0. (Josef a), mur 
 dered with the Reed family at S. Miguel, v. 620. O. (Juan de Dios), at Los 
 Ang. '46. 0. (Juan Maria), corp. of Sta B. comp. ; 32; wife Serafina Leiva; 
 at Los Ang. '46. 0. (Lucas), at Sta B. '37; wife Manuela Cota; 3 children; 
 grantee of Jesus Maria rancho. iii. 655; still a Sta B. ranchero in '45. 0. 
 
 wife Josefa Noriega; child. Juan Maria b. '17, Pedro '19, Nolasco '24, 
 Lazaro '26, Agustina '21, Melchora 28, Catarina '30. iii. 679; grantee of 
 Moro Cayucos '42. 0. (Martin), at Los Ang. '39, age 25. 0. (Rosalie), at 
 Sonoma '44, age 45. 0. (Tomas), at Sta B. before '37; wife Maria Ant. 
 Cota, 2 children; grantee of Tepusquet '37. Hi. 656; still at Sta B. '45-7. 
 Olivier (Pierre), 1834, Frenchman of the H. & P. colony, iii. 412. In '42 he 
 kept a drinking and billiard saloon at Mont.; settled near S. Juan; married 
 a daughter of Canute Boronda; and his' sons lived near S. Luis Ob. in '78. 
 Olivor (Jose"), 1847, in S.F. letter list. Oik (Wm), 1840, Amer. trader, age 
 24, with passp. from U.S. Olmstead (Hiram), 1847, Co. C, Mormon Bat. 
 (v. 469); at Ogden, Utah, '82. Olole (Chas), 1846, doubtful name in a Los 
 Ang. list. Olpstay (Chas), 1847, Co. E, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Olvera (Agustin), 1834, Mex. who came as a boy with his uncle, Ignacio 
 Coronel, in the H. & P. colony, iii. 263. In '36 living with C. at Corralitos; 
 went south in '39, and in '41 was commissioner to distribute lands at S. 
 Juan Cap., where he was juez in '42-3. iv. 625-7. In '45 he was sec. and 
 supl. member of the junta, being also the grantee of Mision Vieja and Cuya- 
 rnaca ranches, iv. 495, 522, 540, 621. In '46 he was sec. and member of the 
 assembly both under Gov. Pico and Flores, being grantee of la Cie"nega. v. 
 
OLVERA ORENA. 759 
 
 38, 264, 321, G27; and in '47 one of the commissioners who signed the treaty 
 of Cahuenga. v. 404-5. After the U.S. occupation he became a lawyer, be 
 ing judge of 1st instance '49, county judge '50-3, supervisor '56-7, presiden 
 tial elector, and receiver in the land-office, being also claimant for Los 
 Alamos. Don Agustin was a man of good abilities and reputation, who died 
 at Los Ang. shortly after '74. His wife was Coucepcion Arguello; one of his 
 daughters married Charles Forbes, and another Juan Toro. His son Carlos, 
 living at Chualar in '78, permitted me to copy from his father's papers a valua 
 ble collection of Olvera, Doc. JJist. Col. 0. (Diego, Guadalupe, and Jose"), on 
 S. Luis Ob. assessment rolls '50. O. (Diego), sirviente at S.F. 1777. i. 297. 
 0. (Julian), 1829, Mex. convict released in '36. 0. (Santiago), soldier at 
 S.F. '37-42. 0. (Secundino), soldier at Sta B. before '37. 
 
 Oman (Geo. W.), 1847, lieut Co. A, Morm. Bat. v. 477; in com. of garri 
 son at S. Luis Rey. v. 489. Ombis (Julian), 1845, doubtful name of a 
 Frenchman in the Branciforte padron; wife Concepcion Espinosa. Ouate 
 (Juan), 1604, conqueror of N. Mex., who descending the Colorado to its mouth 
 must have looked upon Cal. territory, i. 68, 108. Onge (Joseph S.), 1846, 
 Cal. Bat. (v. 358). Ontivcros (Jos6), settler at Los Ang. 1790. i. 461. O. 
 (Juan P.), at Los Ang. '37-46, grantee of S. Juan y Cajon de Sta Ana. iii. 
 678. 0. (Patricio), encargado de justicia at Los Nietos '25. Opham (Jean), 
 1825, mr of the Triton '25-6. iii. 149. 
 
 Ordmas (Cristobal), 1786, Span, friar who served at Sta B., Purisirna, and 
 S. Gabriel, retiring in 1793. Biog. i. 664; ment. 390, 423, 425, 459, 576, 675. 
 Orbell (James), 1837, Engl. sailor, age 24, who landed at S. Diego and en 
 gaged in trade, iv. 118. There was an order for his arrest in '40, not appar 
 ently executed, iv. 15; left in charge of Capt. Fitch's business during the 
 Litter's absence, and his accounts seemed to show a deficit of $6,000 in '42. In 
 '44-5 he was mr of the Guipuzcoana. iv. 566; being naturalized, and in Nov. 
 '47 ill at Sauzalito. Ord (Edward O. C.), 1847, nat. of Md, and graduate of 
 West Point in '38. He came to Cal. as 1st lieut Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. v. 518, 
 520, 636. After the war he took part in several Ind. campaigns on the Pacific 
 coast, going East by sea in '50. In the war of '61-5 he was brig. -gen. of vol 
 unteers and later in the regular army, with brevet of maj.-gen. For several 
 years from '68 he commanded the department of the Pacific, and later that 
 of the Texan frontier, dying at Habana in '83. 0. (James L.), 1847, brother 
 of E. 0. C., who came as surgeon with Co. F, 3d U.S. artill., under contract 
 and not belonging to the army. v. 518. He remained in Cal. as physician and 
 farmer, settling at Sta B. and marrying the widow of Manuel Jimeno Casarin, 
 originally Angustias de la Guerra. He was also claimant for land in Tuolumne. 
 iv. G74; and later spent some years in Mex., holding about '82 the position of 
 consul-general. In 74 he resided at Sta B., and in '78 was appointed attend 
 ing surgeon to the U.S. troops at Ft Point, S.F., still residing in this city '84. 
 He had one daughter, Rebecca, who in '85 lives with her mother at Salinas. 
 Mrs O. in her Ocurrencias de California, a MS. dictated by her in '78, has fur 
 nished one of the most accurate and fascinating narratives in my collection. 
 The Ords had two brothers, Pacificus and R. B., who came to CaL after '48 
 and were somewhat prominent; also a sister. 
 
 Ordaz (Bias), 1820, Span, friar, b. in Castilla la Nueva 1792, who came to 
 Mex. in 1819 and to Cal. the next year, ii. 375, 394, 328, serving at S.F. '20-1, 
 and accompanying Arguello on his famous exped. to the north, of which he 
 wrote a Diario. ii. 475-6, 595, 655. In '21-2 he was stationed at S. Miguel, ii. 
 620; in '23-33 at Sta lues and Purisima. ii. 490, 529, 581-2; iii. 96, 661; in 
 '33-8 at S. Buenaventura, being sometimes in trouble and once asking for re 
 lease from his vows as a friar, iii. 257-8, 658; in '38-47 at S. Fernando, iii. 
 643; iv. 422, 638; v. 405; and in '47-50 at S. Gabriel, officiating for a short 
 time also at S. Juan Cap. vi. 623, 628-9. After '48 he was the only survivor 
 of the Fernandinog", v. 565, and died at S. Gabriel in '50. Padre Bias was 
 a lively and good-natured man, but his fondness for women involved him 
 occasionally in scandal and reprimand from his superiors. Orduno (Ramon), 
 at Los Ang. '39-48. Orefia (Gaspar), Span, trader in Cal. '43 or earlier, iv. 
 
760 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 364-5; sup. of the Gu/pvzcoana '46; a wealthy resident of Sta B. '50-85. 
 His wife is the widow of Cesario Lataillade and daughter of Jose" de la Guerra 
 y Noriega. Oribes (Tomas), settler at Los Ang. 1 798. ii. 379. Orozco, ment. 
 in '37. iii. 54. 0. (Jose' Maria), supl. juez at S. Diego '43. iv. 620; also recep 
 tor in the custom-house; grantee of Quejito rancho '45. iv. 621; taking part in 
 the war at S. Diego '46. v. 329. Orrantes (Bernabe") at Los. Ang. '46. Orriz 
 (Bernardo), Mex. soldier of the Hidalgo piquete '36. Orta (Jose" Gabriel), 
 Mex. convict released in '34. 
 
 Ortega (Antonio), 1834, one of the H. and P. colony who was maj. at Solano 
 '35-6, and grantee of S. Antonio rancho in '40. iii. 354, 711, 719-20. He 
 died at S.F. about '68. 0. (Antonio), convict settler of 1798. i. 606. 0. 
 (Antonio), soldier of Sta B. comp. before '37. 0. (Antonio Maria), son of 
 Jose" Maria, member of the dip.'27-8. iii. 36-7, 41, 63; grantee of Refugio '34. 
 iii. 655; iii. 566-7; capt. at Sta B. '39. iv. 641; proposed for sub-prefect at 
 Sta B. '41. iv. 641, 602; juez in '46. v. 631. He was still at Refugio, for 
 which he was one of the claimants, in '52. O. (Basilio), settled at Branci- 
 forte 1803. ii. 156. 0. (Emilio Miguel), grantee of Punta de la Laguna, S. 
 Luis Ob., '44; also cl. in '52. O. (Este"van), at Sta B. '37, wife Deogracias 
 Ruiz, one child; collector of taxes Sta B. '46 and juez de policia '48. v. 631; 
 still at Sta B. '50. O. (Eugenio), admin, at Purisima '40. iii. 666. O. 
 (Eusebio), at S. Juan Cap. '35. 0. (Faustino), at S. Juan '43. 0. (Felipe ? 
 Maria), sergt of Sta B. comp. 1795, and author of a Diario of explor. for mis 
 sion sites, i. 553; ii. 28. There is some confusion between him and Jose" 
 Maria. 
 
 Ortega (Franciso), musician of the S. F. comp. '39-42. 0. (Francisco), 
 juez de paz at S. Buen. '48. v. 634. 0. (Francisco Maria), son of Capt. Jose 1 
 F. ; soldado distinguido 1794; elector at Sta B. '22, and memb. of the dip. 
 '22-4. ii. 454, 462, 486, 510-11, 572. O. (Guadalupe), wife of Joseph 
 Chapman, ii. 479. 0. (Ignacio), son of Capt. Jose" F., who prob. came 
 with his father in '69-73; soldado distinguido of the S. Diego comp. 
 1792; wife Gertrudis Arce. In 1812 he discovered a silver mine near 
 Salinas, ii, 144, 176; and from about '10 to '30 was owner of the S. Isulro 
 rancho in the S. Jose" region, ii. 378, 383, 594, 603-4, 654; though possibly 
 this was not the same man. There was also an Ign. 0. at Sta B. '50. 0. 
 (Isabel), prob. daughter of Ignacio, grantee of La Polka rancho, Sta Clara, 
 '33. iii. 712. 0. (Jose"), at Sta B. before '37 with wife Dolores Quintero and 
 5 children; in '40 grantee of the Pismo rancho, S. Luis Ob. iii. 678; juez at 
 S. Luis '44, '46. iv. 658-9; v. 638-9; visiting N. Helv. in '46. Maria Ant. 
 O., cl. of Atascadero '52, was perhaps his daughter. O. (Jose" Ant.), had a 
 house at S.F. '38-41. v. 684; perhaps Antonio, as above. 0. (Jose" Dolores), 
 son of Jose" Maria; in '11-20 maj. at Sta B. ii. 364; his daughter Soledad (or 
 probably his sister) marrying Luis Arguello in '19. iii. 11; at StaB. about '32, 
 wife Dolores Leiva and 4 children; grantee of Caiiada del Corral in '41, iv. 642, 
 and still there in '45. 
 
 Ortega (Jose* Francisco), 1769, Mex. sergt, nat. of Guanajuato, who came 
 with Portolaand Serra, was lieut from '73, com. of S. Diego, founder and com. 
 of Sta B., com. of Mont., retired as brevet capt. in '95, died near Sta B. '98. 
 He was an officer whose record was an excellent one, the author of several 
 important records of the earlier Cal. events, and founder of one of the lead 
 ing Cal. families, many of the members of which are named in this register. 
 Biog. i. 670-3; ment. i. 122, 133-6, 140-1, 148, 153, 155, 159-60, 167, '78. 
 216, 225, 230-1, 236, 249-50, 252-3, 265, 303-4, 312, 315-16, 335, 372-3, 377, 
 441, 451, 462-3, 468, 484, 501-2, 663, 671, 678, 690; ii. 113. 0. ( Jose" Joa- 
 quin), son of Jose' Maria, member of the dip. '30-4. iii. 50, 246, 249-50, 275; 
 diputado and otter-hunter '31-3. iii. 187, 189, 200, 216-18, 246, 374, 394; 
 maj. and admin, of S. Diego '35-40. iii. 353, 499-501, 578, 590, 620, 625; iu 
 '42-3 encargado de justiciaof the ranchos, elector, juez, and grantee of Pamo. 
 iv. 361, 620-1; in '43-5 maj. at S. Luis Rey, grantee of Sta Isabel, and su- 
 plente in the assembly, iv. 540, 621, 623-4;' in '46 juez de paz. v. 618-19; cl. 
 for Pamo in"52, and still living in '63. There is some confusion between Jose", 
 Joaquin, and Jose* J., and more than one man may be referred to. 
 
ORTEGA OSIO. 761 
 
 Ortega (Jose* Maria), son of Capt. Jose" F., b. 1759, who came to S. Diego 
 a soldier in '69-73; soon made corp. of the Sta B. comp., and com. of the es- 
 colta at Purisima. i. 425; marrying Maria Fran. Lopez in '79. From '91 (ap 
 pointed in '88) he was sergt of the Sta B. comp. i. 614, 665. About 1797 he 
 was partially relieved from military service in order to aid his father in lift 
 ing a load of debt; perhaps retired altogether. He obtained the Refugio ran- 
 cho, where, as ranchero and trader, he is often mentioned down to about '20. 
 i. 639, 641, 663, 671; ii. 28, 112, 124, 185, 236, 249, 274, 354, 663-4. His chil 
 dren, as named in the St.a B. Co. Hist., were Martin, Jose" Vicente, Antonio 
 Maria, Jose" Dolores, Jose* de Jesus, Joaquin, Pilar wife of Sant. Argiiello, 
 Soledad wife of Luis Arguello, Maria de Jesus wife of Jose" Ramirez, Con- 
 cepcion wife of Jos Ant. de la Guerra, and Catarina wife of Jose" Carrillo. 
 
 0. (Jose 1 Maria), soldier of the S.F. comp. '19-22; a man of same name super 
 visor at Sta B. '54. O. (Jose R.), at S. Bern. '46. 0. (Josefa), wife of Jose" 
 M. Amador '28. ii. 585. 0. (Jose" Vicente), son of Capt. Jose" F.; wife Es- 
 tefana Olivara; child. Luis (2), Manuel, Pedro b. '15, living '80, Rafaela wife 
 of Daniel Hill. 
 
 Ortega (Juan), son of Capt. Jose F., who came in '69-75; ment. in '75 at 
 S. Diego, i. 255; sergt of the Sta B. comp. '11-18, and comisionado at Los 
 Ang. '18. ii. 326, 350, 361; wife Rafaela Arrellanes; child. Emigdio (married 
 Concepcion Dominguez), Maria wife of Guadalupe Hernandez, Buenaven 
 tura wife of Joaq. Cota, Maria Ant. wife of Pedro Dejeme, and Maria de 
 Jesus wife of Fern. Tico. 0. (Juan Maria), at S. Juan Cap. '46, age 16. 0. 
 (Magdaleua), Cal. claim $20 '46-7. v. 462. 0. (Manuel), at Sta B. about 
 '32; wife Andrea Cota; 1 child; maj. at S. Simeon '39. iii. 685. 0. (Maria 
 Ant.), cl. for Atascadero. iv. 655. 0. (Maria Clara), daughter of Ignacio, 
 and wife of John Gilroy. ii. 444. 0. (Maria Simona), widow at S.F. 1796. 
 
 1. 603. 0. (Mariano), ment. in newspapers as 108 years old in '73, at Agua 
 Mansa, S. Bern. O. (Martin), alcalde at Sta B. '29. ii. 572. 0. (Miguel), 
 owner of the Virgenes rancho, StaB., 1790-1802. iii. 111-12, 172; at S.F. 
 1807. ii. 192. 0. (Pedro), at StaB. about '32; wife Lugarda Ortega; 1 child; 
 arrested at Refugio '41. iv. 672; at S. Luis Ob. '58. O. (Quintin), son of 
 Ignacio, b. at S. Diego 1792; ment. in '18. ii. 234; grantee of S. Isidro '33. 
 iii. 670, 713; in '36 juez de campo. iii. 675; wife Vicenta Butron; child. Pilar 
 b. '20, Magdalena '24, Miguel '26, Quintin '32; at S. Juan '37. iii. 512; juez 
 de paz '46. v. 640. Ortiz (Hilario), at Corralitos, age 24, in '36. 0. (Na- 
 sario), at Los Ang. '46. Orville (James), on Larkin's books '38. 
 
 Osborn (Charles), 1847, Co. G, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). 0. (Jeptha), 1846, 
 in Sta Clara Val. with 6 children; at S. Jos6 '48. 0. (W. B.), 1844 sailor on 
 the Be-nj. Morgan, iv. 453. 0. (Wm B.), 1847, Co. G, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499] ; 
 miner in Placer Co. '49; physician at Los Angeles '49 to '67, the date of his 
 death. He was a famous gardener, and held the offices of postmaster and 
 justice of the peace. Osbourne (James A.), 1846, Co. C, 1st U. S. dragoons 
 (v. 336). Osburn, 1848, of McLean & 0. furniture dealers at S.F. v. 678. 
 Oseguera, in trouble 1799. i. 639. Osgood (Henry M.), 1847, Co. I, N.Y. 
 Vol. (v. 499); at S. Luis Obispo '71-82, the date of his death. 
 
 Osio (Antonio Maria), nat. of L. Cal. and said to be of the family that was 
 somewhat famous in very early times in connection with the gulf pearl fish 
 eries. But for the record of offices held by him there is a remarkable lack of 
 information about the man. He first appears as a candidate for treasurer in 
 '27, and as in charge of the Mont, customs '28-30 as sub-corn isario, and memb. 
 of the dip. in '30-1. ii. 607; iii. 49-50, 63, 67, 73, 86, 136. In '31 he was con- 
 tador in charge of the revenue at S.F., taking some slight part in the troubles 
 with Victoria, iii. 187, 189, 376, 700. In '32-3, besides being still vocal of 
 the dip., he was receptor of customs at Los Ang. and S. Pedro, iii. 216-17, 
 245-6, 377, 635, 641; still in charge of the revenues for some years later, iv. 82. 
 In '35-7 he was a member of the Los Ang. ayunt., sometime sfndico. Ment. in 
 connection with the Apalategui revolt and the vigilance committee, and taking 
 an active part with the cureiios against Alvarado. iii. 283, 285, 417-18, 481, 485, 
 487, 489, 496-8, 501-2,506, 508-9, 516,636. Notwithstanding his opposition to 
 
762 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Alvarado, the latter put him again in charge of the revenues at Mont. '38-42; 
 and he was also in '39 vocal and sec. of the dip., partido elector, substitute 
 member of congress, and grantee of Los Angeles Isl. in S.F. bay. iii. 584-5, 
 590, 672, 711; iv. 91, 96-7, 99, 210, 212, 339, 341. In '40-5 he was justice of 
 the superior court, iii. 605; a partisan of Alvarado against Valle jo '42. iv. 282; 
 grantee of Punta de los Reyes '43. iv. 672; and of S. Jos6 mission lands '46. 
 v. 665; again substitute congressman '43. iv. 361; in '44 c apt. of defensores, 
 an opponent of Micheltorena, juez at S. Rafael, and of quinterna for gov. iv. 
 407, 409, 423, 460, 462-3, 530, 652, 676-7. In '46-7 he made a trip to Hono 
 lulu with wife and 5 children, taking no part in the troubles of those years. 
 Soon after the change of flag he went to L. Cal., and in '58 seems to have 
 been elected gefe politico, though forced by ill health to resign. In '68 he 
 lived at S. Jos6 del Cabo, and I have not found the date of his death, or any 
 detinite information about his family. Don Antonio Maria was a man of fair 
 ability and education, and of excellent reputation for honesty. As a politi 
 cian he was somewhat too cautious and timid, disposed to seek safe ground 
 on both sides of a controversy, and in an emergency to have an urgent call to 
 some far-away spot. In his later years he wrote a Historia de California, a 
 copy of which I obtained through the kindness of John T. Doyle, the original 
 MS. being after '80 in possession of the writer's daughter in S.F. It is a 
 work of considerable merit, valuable as a supplement to those of Vallejo, 
 Alvarado, and Bandini, as presenting certain events from a different point of 
 view; but like all writings of this class, it is of very uneven quality as a record 
 of facts. None of them, nor all combined, "would be a safe guide in the absence 
 of the original records; but with these records they all have a decided value. 
 O. (Antonio), celador of the Mont, custom-house '42-3. iv. 339; suspended 
 for gambling. 0. (Jose" de Jesus), 1847, in trade at S. Diego. 0. (Salva 
 dor), grantee of Todos Santos, Cosumnes, and Aguas Frias ranchos '41-4. iv. 
 463, 670. 
 
 Osman (Thomas), 1828, Engl. blacksmith, age 21, who deserted from a Fr. 
 whaler at Todos Santos, L. Cal., and came up to S.Diego; ordered to depart 
 '29. Osmer (Chas H.), 1826, clerk with Beechey '26-7. iii. 121. Osorno 
 (Pedro), 179, convict settler, i. 606. Ossa (Vicente), sec. and regidor of 
 the Los Ang. ayunt. '32-5. iii. 283, 635; in '38 sindico, favoring Alvarado's 
 govt, age 30. iii. 565, 636; in '42-3 grantee of Providencia rancho. iv. 634-5; 
 in '46 at Los Ang., and in '56 justice at Encino. Ostein, 1817, deserter from 
 Roquefeuil's vessel at S.F. ii. 288. Ostrander (James), 1847, Co. H, N.Y. 
 Vol. (v. 499); at Kinderhook, N.Y., 74. Ostwald (August), 1847, Co. B, 
 ditto; at Sac. '82. Osuna (Juan Maria), born in Cal. before 1800; a soldier 
 and corporal of the S.Diego comp., and later a settler. In '30 elector, taking 
 part in the revolution of '31. iii. 50, 201, 544; in '35 alcalde, iii. 615; in '36- 
 45 grantee of S. Dieguito. iii. 612, 557; iv. 621; in '39 juez de paz. iii. 584, 
 616; in '40-3, maj. and admin, of S.Diego mission, iii. 620; iv. 371, 619,621, 
 624; in '46 juez de paz. v. 618. He died about '47 at the age of 60, his widow, 
 Juliana Lopez, being cl. for S. Dieguito. His daughter Felipa, widow of J. M. 
 Marron, gave me her Recuerdos in '78, as elsewhere noted; and also a collec 
 tion of her father's Papeles Originales. 0. (Jose' Hilario), at Los Ang. '46. 
 
 at S.Diego '36; collector of tithes '39; grantee of Valle de las Viejas '46. iii. 
 616-17; v. 619. 0. (Santiago), killed by Ind. at Pauma '46. v. 617. 
 
 Otondo (Felipe), sirviente at S. F. 1777. i. 297. Ousley (Henry) 1846 (?), 
 settler in NapaVal., where he still lived in '68-9; perhaps 'Owsley.' Owen, 
 1848, of 0. & Wright, liquor dealers at S.F. 0. (Isaac), 1848(?), Methodist 
 preacher; d. S.F. '66. Owens (Alex.), 1847, Co. E, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). _ 0. 
 (Edward), 1845, immig. from Or. in the McMahon-Clyman party with 4 
 others of the name, perhaps brothers, iv. 572-3; v. 526. 0. (Henry), 1845, 
 ditto; went back to Or. '46. 0. (James), 1845, ditto; went to Or. '46. 0. 
 (John), 1845, ditto; went to Or. 0. (James), 1847, Co. F, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); 
 
OVVENS-PACHECO. 7G3 
 
 owner of S.F. lot; at S.F.74. 0. (James), 1847, Co. D, Morni. Bat. (v. 469). 
 O. (Richard), 1845, nat. of Ohio, and member of Fremont's party, iv. 583; v. 
 6, '24, 80. From him Owens river and lake derive their name. He served as 
 capt. of Co. A, Cal. Bat., being in com. at S. Gabriel and somewhat prom 
 inently connected with Fremont's controversies, v. 361, 441, 445-6, returning 
 East with F., and being present as a witness at the court-martial in Wash 
 ington, v. 453. 0. (Robert), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). O. (Thos), 
 1845, from Or. in McMahon party; prob. returned to Or. '46. iv. 572, 526. 
 Owney, 1847, negro witness at a S.F. trial. Oxborough (C.), 1848, passp. 
 from Honolulu. Oyagiie (J. M.), 1827, doubtful name of mr of the Huuscar. 
 iii. 147. 
 
 Pace (James), 1847, lieut Co. E, Morm. Bat. v. 477; made an exped. against 
 the Ind. v. 489; capt. of a hundred on the return to Utah. v. 493. P. (Wm 
 B. and Wilson C.), 1847, servants to officers of Morm. Bat. 
 
 Pacheco (Antonio), militiaman S.F. '37; in '41 at S. Jose", age 32, wife Maria 
 P. Soto, child. Jose" Prudencio b. '26, Jose" '33, Ventura '35. P. (Bartolo), 
 Mex. soldier of S.F. com p. 1790, age 25, wife Soto, 2 children; Ind. exped. 
 of 1801. ii. 136; inval. of the cornp. '19-40; grantee of S. Ramon, Contra 
 Costa, '33. iii. 713; at S. Mateo '35. P. (Dolores), alcalde and juez de paz 
 at S. Jose" '38-41, acting sub-prefect '41, and depositario '43. ii. 729-31; iv. 
 684, 685-6; grantee of Sta Rita in '39. iii. 713; in '43, age 45, nat. of Cal., 
 wife Juana Pacheco (Alviso?), child Salvador b. '36. Again alcalde, juez, 
 and member of council in '46, and often mentioned in local annals, iv. 685; 
 v. 8-9, 57, 105, 129, 246, 662, 664. I have much of Pacheco's official and pri 
 vate corresp. He died about '58, and his widow in '75 at the age of 80. P. 
 (Francisco), at S. Jose" '41, age 33, nat. of Cal.; wife Paula Sepiilveda, child 
 Antonio b. '39. 
 
 Pacheco (Francisco Perez), 1819, Mex. carriage-maker who came with, the 
 artillery detachment under Ramirez. In '24, for bravery in putting down the 
 Ind. revolt, he was promoted to brevet alfe"rez. ii. 532, 536; being a memb. of 
 the dip. in '27. iii. 36; in '29 com. of the custom-house guard and for a time 
 of the post at Mont, under Solis. iii. 46-7, 50, 74, 136; depositario in '31. 
 iii. 672; signer of the Zamorano plan as brevet lieu* '32. iii. 223, 672; treas 
 urer and grantee of a rancho '33. iii. 673, 679; com. of the guard '33-4. iii. 
 376, 378; regidor in '35. iii. 673; grantee of Ausaymas and S. Felipe in '36-40. 
 iii. 711, 678; being at this time 45 years old, wife Feliciana Gonzalez, child. 
 Jacinta b. '14 in Mex., Isidoro '20 in Cal., Juan '23, Encarnacion '27, and 
 Isidora '30. In '37 he was arrested at S. Juan. iii. 513; his rancho was sacked 
 by Ind. '38; in '44 he was capt. of defensores and com. at S. Juan. iv. 407, 
 652, 654, 662; in '46 tithe collector, v. 637. He was claimant for S. Felipe, v. . 
 678; and also for S. Justo and S. Luis Gonzaga, becoming one of the wealthi 
 est rancheros of Mont, county, besides being always a man of good character 
 and much influence. His daughter, apparently the only one of his children 
 surviving him, was the wife of Mariano Malarin. P. (Guillermo), soldier of 
 the S.F. comp. '44, age 40. 
 
 Pacheco (Ignacio), Mex. soldier of the S. F. comp. 1790, age 30, wife 
 Cautua, 1 child; before 1800 a settler at S. Jose", i. 716, where he was alcalde 
 in 1824. ii. 605. P. (Ignacio), son of the preceding, b. at S. Jose" 1808; 
 soldier of the S.F. comp. from '27, and sergt '37. iii. 323, 702; grantee in '40 
 of S. Jose" rancho. iii. 713; and juez de paz at S. Rafael '45-6. iv. 667; v. 669. 
 He died on his rancho in '64. Portrait in Marin Co. Hist. Hi? wife was Maria 
 Loreto Duarte, and his children Salvador b. '43, Gumesindo '52, Catalina '57, 
 Agustin F. '59, Juan F. '61, and Benjamin '63. P. (Ignacio), soldier of the 
 S.F. comp. '28-9. P. (Jordan), 1829, Portuguese laborer from S. Bias, at 
 Los Ang. '36, age 50. iii. 179. P. (Jose Reyes), soldier at the Colorado pue 
 blos 1780-1, not killed, i. 359. P. (Juan Ign.), ment. in '48. v. 663. P. 
 (Juan Sanchez), grantee of Arroyo de las Nueces, Contra Costa, '34. iii. 711. 
 P. (Lorenzo), in Ind. exped. '29. iii. Ill; soldier of S.F. comp. '28-30; in '41 
 at S. Jose", age 37, wife Rafaela Soto, child. Nicolas b. '37, Lie's '41; juez de 
 
764 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 policia '43. iv. 685. P. (Miguel), corporal of S.F. comp. 1790, age 36, wife 
 Josefa Maria Sanchez; inval. and settler at S. Jose" 1797-1829. i. 716. P. 
 (Pablo), soldier of S.F. comp. '19-26, corp. '27-31, sergt '32-35. iii. 701; alf. 
 of Sta. B. comp. '36. iii. 650. P. (Rafael), convict settler 1791. i. 606. P. 
 (Rafael), soldier of the S.F. comp. '37-40; at Sonoma '44. P. (Rafaela Soto 
 de), grantee of S. Ramon, Contra Costa, '37. iii. 712. 
 
 Pacheco (Romualdo), 1825, Mex. sub-lieut of engineers, nat. of Guana 
 juato, who came with Gov. Echeandia as aide-de-camp, serving in that capacity 
 for 2 years, and also as sec. of the com. gen. in '26-7 at S. Diego, making sev 
 eral exped. to the Colorado and elsewhere, se . T ing as substitute member of 
 the dip., and being often named in connectior with military trials, ii. 508-9, 
 547, 549; iii. 13-14, 36, 61, 63, 102. In '27-8 he was ayudaute de plaza and 
 acting com. at Mont., persuading the revolting troops to return to their duty, 
 and making a survey north of the bay to Ross. iii. 40, 66, 115. At the end of 
 '28 he was transferred to Sta B., where he acted as comandante, being pro 
 moted to lieut in '29, and being imprisoned on one occasion by the revolting 
 troops, ii. 571-2; iii. 78-84, 99. In '30 he was also com. at Mont, for a short 
 time, ii. 608, and was recommended for promotion to be capt. of the S.F. 
 comp. In '31 Le was granted the use of a part of Simi rancho. iii. 656; but 
 marching with a small part of his comp. to support Gov. Victoria, was killed 
 in the fight near Los Angeles in Dec. of the same year. iii. 205-9, 214, 374, 
 650. Pacheco was a brave and skilful officer, intelligent, courteous, popular, 
 and of unblemished character; a man against whom nothing was ever said, 
 except that some Cal. officers complained of his too rapid promotion as a new 
 comer. In '29 he married Ramona, daughter of Joaquin Carrillo of S. Diego, 
 being put under arrest for failure to comply with some formalities of military 
 law. The widow married Capt. John Wilson of S. Luis Obispo, and still lives 
 in '85. There were 2 sons b. in '30, '31, both of whom in '38 were sent to Hon 
 olulu to be educated, iv. 103, and remained there several years. Of one of 
 them, Mariano, I have no later record than that he was a clerk for Wm H. 
 Davis at S.F. in '43-4. The other son, Romualdo. born about a month before 
 his father's death, after his return from the Sandw. Isl. spent some j'ears on 
 the Sterling and other vessels as supercargo's clerk, but in '48 settled on his 
 motlier's land in S. Luis Ob. From '53 he was almost constantly in office, 
 holding the positions of assemblyman, state senator, county judge, county 
 treasurer, brigadier-gen, of militia, lieut-governor, and acting governor; being 
 also elected to congress but not admitted. In '78-82 he was a stock-broker in 
 S.F.; and has since lived in Mexico and Texas to '85. His wife was Mary Mc- 
 Intirc, married in '63, and there was one surviving child in '82. In respect of 
 official positions, Gov. Pacheco has been more prominent since '48 than any 
 other native Calif ornian; and his record as a citizen, in respect of character, 
 attainments, and social standing, has been a good one. 
 
 Pacheco (Salvador), son of Ignacio, b. S. F. '34, who still lived in Marin 
 co. '80; wife Vicenta Saiz; 4 children. P. (Salvio), soldier of Mont. comp. 
 from about 1810, and corporal of the S. F. comp. '20-4, and perhaps to '29, 
 
 J7-44 grantee 
 
 of Monte del Diablo rancho. iii. 712; iv. 672; capt. of militia '37. iii. 732; 
 surveyor of pueblo lands '38; iii. 730; grantee of Pozitos and partido elector 
 in '39. iii. 712, 731;^ juez de paz '43. iv. 685-6, 362; suplente of the superior 
 court '45. iv. 532; sindico '46. v. 662; accused of revolutionary intrigues '48. 
 v. 663. In '41 he is named on the S. Jose" padron as 48 years old, nat. of Cal., 
 wife Juana Flores, child. Fernando b. '18, Padro Ign. '23, Salvador '24, 
 Manuela '27, Concepcion '29. Don Salvio spent his life from '44 on the Mt 
 Diablo rancho, on which the town of Pacheco bears his name, and died in '76 
 at the age of 83. P. (Silveria), owner of a house at S. Jose" '46. v. 378. P. 
 (Tomas), soldier of the S. F. comp. '26-32; in '34 elected regHor at S. Jose", 
 iii. 730; in '37 alfe'rez of militia, iii. 732; in '39 regiilor. iii. 731; in '41 juez 
 de paz. iv. 684; sec. of the juzgado '43. iv. 685; grantee of Potrero de loa 
 Cerritos '44. iv. 672. 
 
PACfFICO-PALLAS. 765 
 
 Pacifico, Ind., executed at Purisima '24. Packard (Albert), 1845, nat. of 
 R. 1., trader and lawyer, who came from Mazatlan. iv. 587; trading at 
 Mont, and S. F. '46-8; still a resident of Sta B. in '76, having been city 
 attorney and held other local offices. P. (Henry), 1847, sergt Co. A, Morm. 
 Bat. v. 495; in '81 at Springfield, Utah. P. (P. W.), 1848, passp. from 
 Honolulu. P. (Thos), 1846, doubtful name at Sta B. Packwood (Elisha), 
 1848, nat. of Va, who came overl. to Or. in '45 and by sea to Cal. ; a miner 
 '48-9 and trader at Mormon Isl. and Coloma, going East '49 and returning in 
 '50; a stock-raiser till the floods of '61-2, then went to Or., where he died in 
 '76. A son, Parrington P., was in the mines with his father, marrying Matilda 
 Wardle while in Cal. P. (Sam. T.), 1847 a cousin of Elisha, in Sta Clara 
 Co. '48 and prnb. the P. named at N. Helv. '47. Pacomio (Jose), leader 
 of neophytes in the revolt of '24. ii. 527, 532; in '36 a carpenter at Mont., 
 age 40, wife Maria Guevia (?); also com. de policia. iii. 675. 
 
 Paddock (Joseph), 1830, mr of the Whaleman, iii. 149. Padilla (Juan), 
 occupant of Chupadero rancho, Mont., 1795. i. 6S3. P. (Juan de Dios), 
 trader at Los Aug. '39, age 40; also called captain, iii. 637. P. (Juan Ne- 
 pomuceno), Mex. barber; at S. Jose" '43. iv. 356; in '44-5 kept a saloon at 
 S. F., was lieut of defensores, alcalde, and grantee of Roblar de la Miseria 
 and Tamales ranches, iv. 666-7, 673-4. In '46 he was in com. of a party of 
 Californians north of the bay at the time of the Bear revolt, v. 160-4, 680; 
 in '55 a resid. of Los Ang., age 31. P. (Julian), defender of Apale"tegui at 
 Los Ang. '35. iii. 285; accused of passing counterfeit coin. iii. 674; at Los 
 Ang. '46. P. (Macedonio), 1842, Mex. lieut in the batallon fijo '42-5, re 
 maining in Cal. after Micheltorena's departure, iv. 289, 513; v. 41. P. 
 (Mariano), nat. of Cal., b. about '10; at S. Jose" '50-5. P. (Vicente), soldier 
 of S. F. comp. '27-9; at S. Jos '45-71. 
 
 Padre's (Jos6 Maria), 1830, nat. of Puebla; in '25 lieut of engineers and 
 sec. of the com. gen. at Loreto; acting com. and sub-gefe politico after Eche- 
 andia's departure for Cal. In '30, having been promoted to lieut-col, he came 
 to Cal. as ayudante inspector of the troops, ii. 607, 674; iii. 46, 52, 57, 190. 
 In '31 he acted also as inspector of customs; as fiscal in the Rubio case; was 
 the instigator of Echeandfa's secularization decree; and was arbitrarily sent 
 to Mex. by Gov. Victoria, iii. 184-5, 192-3, 197, 304-5, 376; iv. 160. In Mex. 
 he devised the H. and P. colonization scheme, and returned to Cal. in '34 with 
 
 influence was long felt in Cal., through his teachings to the young men who 
 later controlled the country. So well did they learn their lesson, indeed, that 
 in colony times they turned against their teacher when he seemed to have 
 forgotten their claims to office. Padushkin (Yakov), 1817, Russ. lieut who 
 visited Cal. on the Chirikof. ii. 216, 283, 312-14, 373, 383. Paele (Pika), 
 1847, owner of S.F. lot. v. 686. Paez (Jnan), 1542, probable author of Ca- 
 brillo's Relation, and perhaps one of the exped. i. 69. 
 
 Page (Hugh K), 1844, com. of the U.S. Levant on the coast '44-6. iv. 567; 
 v. 204, 224, 231. P. (Rich. L.), 1847, lieut on the U.S. Independence. P. 
 (Thomas), 1847, sheriff in Sonoma dist. '47-8; cl. of the Cotate rancho '52. 
 iv. 671. Paine (Henry), 1820, named by Michael White as his cousin 
 who aided in building a schr at Sta B. iii. 140. Painter (Theodore), 1846, 
 Co. E, Cal. Bat., enlisting at Sauzalito Oct. (v. 358). Palacio (Francisco), 
 1848 (?), Mex. gefe politico of L. Cal. who favored the Amer. during the war, 
 and after the treaty came to Mont., where he died in '73. Palacios (Geron. 
 M.), 1602, capt. and cosmog. in Vizcaino's exped. i. 98. P. (Lino), owner 
 of land at Los Ang. '48. Palani (Keani), 1847, owner of a S.F. lot. v. 678. 
 Pallas (Cayetano), visiting padre at S. Diego 1791-1800. i. 655; perhaps a 
 
764 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 policia '43. iv. 685. P. (Miguel), corporal of S.F. comp. 1790, age 36, wife 
 JoseTa Maria Sanchez; inval. and settler at S. Jose" 1797-1829. i. 71C. P. 
 (Pablo), soldier of S.F. comp. '19-26, corp. '27-31, sergt '32-35. iii. 701; alf. 
 of Sta. B. comp. '36. iii. 650. P. (Rafael), convict settler 1791. i. 606. P. 
 (Rafael), soldier of the S.F. comp. '37-40; at Sonoma '44. P. (Rafaela Suto 
 de), grantee of S. Ramon, Contra Costa, '37. iii. 712. 
 
 Pacheco (Romualdo), 1825, Mex. sub-lieut of engineers, nat. of Guana 
 juato, who came with Gov. Echeandia as aide-de-camp, serving in that capacity 
 for 2 years, and also as sec. of the com. gen. in '26-7 at S. Diego, making sev 
 eral cxped. to the Colorado and elsewhere, se . r ing as substitute member of 
 the dip., and being often named in connection with military trials, ii. 508-9, 
 547, 549; iii. 13-14, 36, 61, 63, 102. In '27-8 he was ayudaute de plaza and 
 acting com. at Mont., persuading the revolting troops to return to their duty, 
 and making a survey north of the bay to Ross. iii. 40, 66, 115. At the end of 
 '28 he was transferred to Sta B., where he acted as comandante, being pro 
 moted to lieut in '29, and being imprisoned on one occasion by the revolting 
 troops, ii. 571-2; iii. 78-84, 99. In '30 he was also com. at Mont, for a short 
 time, ii. 608, and was recommended for promotion to be capt. of the S.F. 
 cornp. In '31 lie was granted the use of a part of Simi rancho. iii. 656; but 
 marching with a small part of his comp. to support Gov. Victoria, was killed 
 in the fight near Los Angeles in Dec. of the same year. iii. 205-9, 214, 374, 
 650. Pacheco \vus a brave and skilful officer, intelligent, courteous, popular, 
 and of unblemished character; a man against whom nothing was ever said, 
 except that some Cal. officers complained of his too rapid promotion as a new 
 comer. In '29 he married Ramona, daughter of Joaquin Carrillo of S. Diego, 
 being put under arrest for failure to comply with some formalities of military 
 law. The widow married Capt. John Wilson of S. Luis Obispo, and still lives 
 in '85. There were 2 sons b. in '30, '31, both of whom in '38 were sent to Hon 
 olulu to be educated, iv. 103, and remained there several years. Of one of 
 them, Mariano, I have no later record than that he was a clerk for Wm H. 
 Davis at S.F. in '43-4. The other son, Romualdo. born about a month before 
 his father's death, after his return from the Sandw. Isl. spent some years on 
 the Sterling and other vessels as supercargo's clerk, but in '48 settled on his 
 mother's land in S. Luis Ob. From '53 he was almost constantly in office, 
 holding the positions of assemblyman, state senator, county judge, county 
 
 Pacheco denied seat in congress '76; elected in '78 and again in '80, 
 serving out both terms. 
 
 Pacheco (Salvador), son of Ignacio, b. S. F. '34, who still lived in Marin 
 co. '80; wife Vicenta Saiz; 4 children. P. (Salvio), soldier of Mont. comp. 
 from about 1810, and corporal of the S. F. comp. '20-4, and perhaps to '29, 
 being corp. of the escolta at S. Jose in '24. ii. 599; sec. of the S. Jos6 ayunt. 
 '27, '29, '32, '34, and alcalde in '28. ii. 605, 730; suplente of the dip. '28-9, 
 '35, '43. iii. '42-3, 111, 291, 293; iv. 361; alcalde '32. iii. 729; in '37-44 grantee 
 of Monte del Diablo rancho. iii. 712; iv. 672; capt. of militia '37. iii. 732; 
 surveyor of pueblo lands '38; iii. 730; grantee of Pozitos and partido elector 
 in '39. iii. 712, 731;Juez de paz '43. iv. 685-6, 362; suplente of the superior 
 court '45. iv. 532; sindico '46. v. 662; accused of revolutionary intrigues '48. 
 v. 663. In '41 he is named on the S. Jose 1 padron as 48 years old, nat. of Cal., 
 wife Juana Flores, child. Fernando b. '18, Padro Ign. '23, Salvador '24, 
 Manuela '27, Concepcion '29. Don Salvio spent his life from '44 on the Mt 
 Diablo rancho, on which the town of Pacheco bears his name, and died in '76 
 at the age of 83. P. (Silveria), owner of a house at S. Jose" '46. v. 378. P. 
 (Tomas), soldier of the S. F. comp. '26-32; in '34 elected regHor at S. Jose", 
 iii. 730; in '37 alfe"rez of militia, iii. 732; in '39 regidor. iii. 731; in '41 juez 
 de paz. iv. 684; sec. of the juzgado '43. iv. 685; grantee of Potrero de loa 
 Cerritos '44. iv. 672. 
 
PAClFICO-PALLAS. 765 
 
 Pacifico, Ind., executed at Purisima'24. Packcard (Albert), 1845, nat. of 
 R. 1., trader and lawyer, who came from Mazatlan. iv. 587; trading at 
 Mont, and S. F. '46-8; still a resident of Sta B. in 76, having been city 
 attorney and held other local offices. P. (Henry), 1847, sergtCo. A, Morm. 
 Bat. v. 495; in '81 at Springfield, Utah. P. (P. W.), 1848, passp. from 
 Honolulu. P. (Thos), 1846, doubtful name at Sta B. Packwood (Elisha), 
 1848, nat. of Va, who came overl. to Or. in '45 and by sea to Gal.; u, miner 
 '48-9 and trader at Mormon Isl. and Coloma, going East '49 and returning in 
 '50; a stock-raiser till the floods of '61-2, then went to Or., where he died in 
 '76. A son, Parrington P., was in the mines with his father, marrying Matilda 
 Wardle while in Cal. P. (Sam. T.), 1847, a cousin of Elisha, in Sta Clara 
 Co. '48 and prob. the P. named at N. Helv. '47. Pacomio (Jose), leader 
 of neophytes in the revolt of '24. ii. 527, 532; in '36 a carpenter at Mont., 
 age 40, wife Maria Guevia (?); also com. de policia. iii. 675. 
 
 Paddock (Joseph), 1830, mr of the Whaleman, iii. 149. Padilla (Juan), 
 occupant of Chupadero rancho, Mont., 1795. i. 633. P. (Juan de Dios), 
 trader at Los Ang. '39, age 40; also called captain, iii. 637. P. (Juan Ne- 
 pomuceno), Mex. barber; at S. Jos6 '43. iv. 356; in '44-5 kept a saloon at 
 S. F., was lieut of defensores, alcalde, and grantee of Roblar de la Miseria 
 and Tamales ranches, iv. 60(3-7, 673-4. In '46 he was in com. of a party of 
 Culifornians north of the bay at the time of the Bear revolt, v. 160-4, 680; 
 in '55 a resid. of Los Ang., age 31. P. (Julian), defender of Apale"tegui at 
 Los Ang. '35. iii. 285; accused of passing counterfeit coin. iii. 674; at Los 
 Ang. '40. P. (Macedonio), 1842, Mex. lieut in the batallon fijo '42-5, re 
 maining in Cal. after Micheltorena's departure, iv. 289, 513; v. 41. P. 
 (Mariano), nat. of Cal., b. about '10; at S. Jose" '50-5. P. (Vicente), soldier 
 of S. F. comp. '27-9; at S. Jos '45-71. 
 
 Padre's (Jose" Maria), 1830, nat. of Puebla; in '25 lieut of engineers and 
 sec. of the com. gen. at Loreto; acting com. and sub-gefe politico after Eche- 
 andia's departure for Cal. In '30, having been promoted to lieut-col, he came 
 to Cal. as ayudante inspector of the troops, ii. 607, 674; iii. 46, 52, 57, 190. 
 In '31 he acted also as inspector of customs; as fiscal in the Rubio case; was 
 the instigator of Echeandia's secularization decree; and was arbitrarily sent 
 to Mex. by Gov. Victoria, iii. 184-5, 192-3, 197, 304-5, 376; iv. 160. In Mex. 
 he devised the H. and P. colonization scheme, and returned to Cal. in '34 with 
 the appointment of director of the colony in addition to his former position 
 as inspector, which latter he soon resigned. In '35 with his associate Hijar he 
 was sent to Mex. by Figueroa to be tried on a charge of revolutionary plots, 
 iii. 259-69, 272-91, 383, 613, 652, 670. Nothing is known of his later career, 
 though a man of the same name figures at Urea, Souora, as a petty official in 
 '44-8. Padres was a man of remarkable energy, intelligence, and magnetism, 
 a most radical republican in the Mexican sense of the term; and one whose 
 influence was long felt in Cal., through his teachings to the young men who 
 later controlled the country. So well did they learn their lesson, indeed, that 
 in colony times they turned against their teacher when he seemed to have 
 forgotten their claims to office. Padushkin (Yakov), 1817, Russ. lieut who 
 visited Cal. on the Chirikof. ii. 216, 283, 312-14, 373, 383. Paele (Pika), 
 1847, owner of S.F. lot. V. 686. Paez (Jnan), 1542, probable author of Ca- 
 brillo's Relation, and perhaps one of the exp ed. i. 69. 
 
 Page 'Hugh N.), 1844, com. of the U.S. Levant on the coast '44-6. iv. 567; 
 v. 204, 224, 231. P. (Rich. L.), 1847, lieut on the U.S. Independence. P. 
 (Thomas), 1847, sheriff in Sonoma dist. '47-8; cl. of the Cotate rancho '52. 
 iv. 671. Paine (Henry), 1820, named by Michael White as his cousin 
 who aided in building a schr at Sta B. iii. 140. Painter (Theodore), 1846, 
 Co. E, Cal. Bat., enlisting at Sauzalito Oct. (v. 358). Palacio (Francisco), 
 1848 (?), Mex. gefe politico of L. Cal. who favored the Amer. during the war, 
 and after the treaty came to Mont., where he died in '73. Palacios (Geron. 
 M.), 1602, capt. and cosmog. in Vizcaino's exped. i. 98. P. (Lino), owner 
 of land at Los Ang. '48. Palani (Keani), 1847, owner of a S.F. lot. v. 678. 
 Pallas (Cayetano), visiting padre at S. Diego 1791-1800. i. 655; perhaps a 
 
766 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Dominican from L. Cal. Palma, Yuma chief, 1774-82. i. 221-2, 260-1, 
 355-7, 361, 370. 
 
 Palmer (Amasa), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). P. (Joel), 
 1848, a prominent citizen and official of Or., who came with the Or. miners 
 and spent some months on the Yuba; author of a Journal of the trip over 
 land to Or. P. (John), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). P. (Sam. 
 R.), 1847, owner of a Benicia lot. v. 672. P. (Zemira), 1847, servant to 
 officer of the Morm. Bat. (v. 469). Palo (Luis), companion of Brooks in 
 the mines '48; son of a Mex. official at Mont. (?). Palomares (Francisco), 
 son of Cristobal; b. at Sta B. 1808; from '33 a resid. of S. Jose", being juez 
 de campo in that year. iii. 729; and juez de policia in '46. v. 662. In the 
 padron of '41 he is named with his wife Margarita Pacheco, and child. Be- 
 nedita b. '30, Maria de Jesus '31, Rosario '32, Crist6bal '36, and Felipe '39. 
 In '77 at S. Jose" he gave me a long Memoria of his adventures, chiefly as an 
 Ind. fighter all of them strictly true as is to be hoped, iv. 75-6; v. 313, 566. 
 P. (Francisco G.), at S.F. '38-9; grantee of Corral de Tierra. iii. 711. P. 
 (Ignacio), juez de campo at Los Aug. '34, and regidor '35. iii. 635; in '37-40 
 grantee of Azuza and S. Jose" ranches, iii. 633; regidor and a prisoner in '38. 
 iii. 555, 566, 636. He was juez de campo '40, juezde paz '41, elector '43, capt. of 
 defensores '44, and suplente of the assembly '45. iii. 637; iv. 361, 540, 632. 
 In '46 he took part in a movement against Flores, being also elected alcalde. 
 v. 332-3, 626. He was a prominent ranchero in these and in later years, 
 dying at Pomona in '82, at the age of about 70. P. (Jorge), com. of a vol 
 unteer cavalry comp. at Los Aug. '46. v. 51. P. (Jose"), 'soldier and sergt 
 of the Sta B. comp to 1806, from '10 a settler at Los Ang. ii. 117, 349; ment. 
 in '17-19. ii. 354, 425; in '22-4 elector and member of the 1st diputacion. 
 ii. 454, 462, 513, 559; iii. 7; sindico '26, and fiscal in the Fitch trial '30. ii. 
 560; iii. 142-4. P. (Jose"), possibly same as preceding, or his son; sec. at 
 Los Ang. '28-30. ii. 550-1; in '37 alfe*rez, aiding Bandini in the capture of 
 Los Ang. iii. 519. P. (Jose" Fran.), see P. (Francisco). P. (J. M.), capt. 
 of Los. Ang. defensores '44. iv. 407. P. (Luis), soldier at Sta B. before '37. 
 P. (Manuel), at S. Jose* '44. 
 
 Palou (Francisco), 1773, Span, friar who was the founder of S.F. mission 
 in 1776, and the successor of Jumpero Serra as president in '84. He retired 
 in '85 and became guardian of S. Fernando college. He is best known as the 
 author of the Vida de Junipero Serra and Notitias de las Californias, stan 
 dard works on the early mission history. He died about 1790 in Mex. See 
 Biog. i. 473-6; notice of his works, i. 417-20; ment. i. 122-5, 154, 165, 
 171, 179, 184, 193-6, 198-206, 231-6, 246-7, 254, 280, 287-93, 297, 320, 382, 
 385-8, 398-407, 410-11, 416-17, 455, 458, 474, 476, 657; ii. 113, 571. 
 
 Panano (Geo.), 1847, owner of a S.F. lot. v. 678. Panaud (Clement), 
 1846, Frenchman at S. Juan B. in '47, with a claim for damages by Fre'mont 
 presented through the French consul, v. 615. He bought a mill in Salinas 
 Valley from Wm Anderson, and sold it in '48 to Capt. Cooper. In '53 he 
 was claimant for lands in Sta Clara and Mont, counties, iv. 673; v. 637. 
 Panella (Jose"), 1797, Span, friar who served at S. Diego, retiring in 1803. 
 Biog. ii. 107; ment. i. 379, 382, 564, 577, 654-5; ii. 159. Panto, Ind. chief 
 at S. Pascual, S. Diego Co., who rendered much aid to the Cal. authorities in 
 keeping the Ind. quiet; also aiding Stockton in '46-7 with horses, etc., never 
 paid for by the U.S. govt. His claim and that of his people to their land at 
 S. Pascual seems, however, to have been respected by the govt and land- 
 sharks down to about the period of his death in 73. P. (Jose* Pedro), 1810, 
 Span, friar whose missionary service was at S. Diego, where he died in '12, 
 being poisoned by his neophyte cook in return for cruelty, ii. 344-5, 107, 
 159-60, 394. Pantoja (Francisco), regidor of Los Ang. '37. iii. 509, 636; 
 at Sta Gertrudis rancho '39, age 43. P. (Juan), 1782, an officer on the 
 Princesa, whose map of S. Diego is copied in i. 455-6, 378. P. (Matias), at 
 S. Gabriel '46. 
 
 Pardo, 1831, said to have come from N. Mex. in the Wolfskill party, iii. 
 387. P. (Roberto), Mex. or Ind. sergt of the Mazatlan comp., at Mont, as 
 
PAKDO PARROTT. 767 
 
 early as '20; in *24 posted at Purfsima. ii. 533; in '33-4 engaged in otter- 
 hunting (?). iii. 394. From '38 or earlier he was alfe'rez of the Sta B. comp., 
 being acting lieut and comandaute '42-5. iii. 560, 589, 630, 651; iv. 282, 641. 
 His wife was Candelaria Cafiizares. Parish (De Witt C.), 1847, in S.F. let 
 ter list. Park (James), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); reenl.; at Cedar 
 Val., Utah, '81. 
 
 Park (Thomas B.), 1826, nat. of Mass., and sup. of the Harbinger '26-8. 
 iii. 147, 176. From '35 he was a resident of Cal., coming prob. on the Alert, 
 acting as sup., or agent, of the California and other vessels from '36, and 
 succeeding Alfred Robinson in charge of the Boston firm's business, iv. 101, 
 117; iii. 623, 657; often named in commercial records from '39. He was nat 
 uralized in '44, aiding the Californians against Micheltorena, and acting as 
 sup. of the Sterlinj in '44-6. iv. 568. He was a man of some education and 
 much business ability, though thought to lack the 'push ' displayed by some 
 of his rivals, being addicted to drink and neglecting his business in the later 
 years. He died at Sta B. about '50, leaving a wife in Mass. Parker, 1840, a 
 clergyman on the Alciope for Honolulu, iv. 100; prob. B. W. Parker, a 
 Sandw. Isl. missionary who came with a letter of introd. to Larkin. P. 
 (Edward), 1847, Co. E, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). P. (John), 1840, Engl. deserter 
 from the Sulphur, who became a lumberman at S. Antonio; at Bodega '41. 
 P. (Lewis), 1847, Co. E, N. Y.Vol. (v. 499); d. before '82. P. (Robert), 
 1834, at Mont. 
 
 Parker (Robert A.), 1847, nat. of Boston, and sup. of the Mt Vernon, 
 introd. by Mellus to Larkin as a 'tough customer'; owner of a S.F. lot and 
 member of the council, v. 648. In '48 he had an adobe store on Dupont St., 
 and from July was keeper of the City Hotel, v. 680-1; being in '49-51 keeper 
 of the famous Parker House. In '54 he lived at Crescent City, but later went 
 to L. Cal., dying at S. Quintin in '65 at the age of 45. His widow died in S.F. 
 '83, age 61, leaving 5 children. P. (Wm C.), 1847, asst surg. of N.Y.Vol. 
 v. 503, 511, 513; owner of S.F. lots. v. 654; surgeon of the S.F. guards '49; 
 also engaged in trade, and named by Colton as owner of New York of the 
 Pacific '49. He lived in S.F. to '76, and in Oakland till '82 or later. 
 
 Parks (David), 1848, overl. immig. bound for Or., but turned from his way 
 by reports of gold in Cal. ; mined on the Yuba, gave his name to Parks Bar, 
 and went to N. Orleans in '49 with $80,000 in gold-dust. His son David 
 remained in Cal. and became a citizen of Marysville, as did John, who built 
 the 1st hotel at M. P. (Wm), 1846, deserter from U. S. service, for whom 
 Capt. Morrison offered $50 reward. P. (W T m A.), 1848, in S.F. list of let 
 ters. Parmo (Luigi), 1834, Ital. sailor at Mont., age 29. Parodi (Nicolds), 
 1841, Ital. sailor from Salvador on the Jdven Carolina as part owner of the 
 cargo. 
 
 Parr (Charles), 1846, Engl. overl. immig. with his parents, who settled at 
 Sta Clara in '47, and in '81 still lived as a stock farmer in Almaden township, 
 with wife T. Garcia, and 10 children. P. (Chas H.), 1846, brother of Chas, 
 nat. of Iowa, overl. immig., w r ho died in Sta Clara Co. '77, leaving a widow, 
 Mary A. Kenny, and 2 children. P. (Jonathan), 1846, father of the preced 
 ing, who settled in Sta Clara Co., where he died in '67 at Los Gatos, leaving 
 6 children. P. (Wm J.), 1846, son of Jonathan; nat. of Ohio; farmer near 
 S. Jose" '47-76. Parraga (Francisco), 1803, com. of the Concej>cion. ii. 19. 
 Parreiia (Santiago), 1810, agent for Bonaparte for N. Mex. and Cal.; prob. 
 not in Cal. ii. 88. 
 
 Parrilla (Leon), 1793, lieut of the Monterey comp. '93-5, retired for incom- 
 petency. Biog. i. 634, 678. Parrish (Joseph), 1845, mid. on the U.S. Ports 
 mouth, acting lieut in Co. F, Stockton's battalion, '46-7. v. 385. Parron 
 (Fernando), 1769, Span, friar, third of the missionaries to reach Cal., and 
 founder of S. Diego mission, where he served till his retirement in '71 on 
 account of illness, i. 120, 128, 136-8, 164, 167, 176, 178. Parrott (Enoch G.), 
 1846, lieut on the U.S. Congress '46-8, who served in the war of '61-5 as com 
 mander; as commodore was in com. at Mare Isl. '71; rear-admiral '73; and 
 died '79 in N.Y. A nat. of N. H., b. '15. P. (John), 1845, nat. of Va, for 
 
768 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 many years engaged in trade on the Mex. coast, and U.S. consul at Mazatlan 
 in '45-6, rendering valuable aid to the naval officers in matters relating to the 
 occupation of Cal. iv. 302; v. 13. His first visit to Cal. was in connection with 
 his grand smuggling scheme which ended somewhat disastrously with the 
 \\reck of the Star of the. West. iv. 560, 568, 587. I have many letters written 
 by, to, and about him at that time. After the gold discovery he came with 
 his family to S.F., where he was a shipping merchant to '59, and later a 
 banker and capitalist down to his death in '84 at the age of 73. He was 
 famous for his uniformly successful investments and for never taking any risks, 
 his caution and conservatism being in marked contrast with the prevalent 
 spirit of the times. He left a widow and several children and grandchildren. 
 Parsons (Alonzo P.), 1847, Co. B, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). P. (J. H.), 1847, per 
 haps ditto; not on roll. Parvin (John B.), 1847, Co. A, ditto; in Nev. '74; 
 at Monticello, Minn., '82; in N.Y. '84. 
 
 Pascal (John H.), 1848, mate of the Rhone; went to the mines, and later 
 settled on a farm near lone City, where he died in '7*2. Pascual (Juan), 1602, 
 piloto in Vizcaino's exped. i. 98. P. (Mateo Jos6), 1818, negro of Bouchard's 
 exped.; remained in Cal. ii. 237, 241, 393. Pask (Francis G.), 1847, artificer 
 in Co. F, 3d U. S. artill. (v. 518). Pasos (Manuel de Dios), 1822-4, Portu 
 guese nat. of Brazil, who in '29 lived in the Mont, dist, age 23, single, and 
 a resid. since '24; in '36 at Sta B., a catholic hunter of 'medium' character; 
 in '45 at Los Ang., naturalized, and 23 years a resident, ii. 478. Pastor 
 (Ignacio), grantee of Milpitas '38. iii. 677. 
 
 Paterna (Antonio), 1771, Span, friar who served at S.Gabriel, S.Luis Ob., 
 and Sta B., where he died in '93. Biog. i. 672; ment. i. 173, 176, 178, 181, 189, 
 193-6, 223, 299, 388, 411, 423, 469, 576. Patricio, a leader of the neophyte 
 revolt '24. ii. 527. Patron (Felipe), soldier of S. F. comp. '39-42. Patry 
 (Peter), 1845, at S.Jose' according to testimony in later litigation. 
 
 Patterson, 1846, of P. & Foster who had a Cal. claim of $50 (v. 462); 
 also a P. ment. at Mont. '48; and one in lone Valley. P. (Mrs Christina), 
 1846, overl. immig. whose husband died on the journey; at N. Helv. and in 
 S. Joaq. Val. '47; married Ed. Robinson, and was still living in '78. P. 
 (F. E.), 1846, at S.Diego. P. (G.), 1848, passp. from Hon. P. (Geo.), 1840, 
 Irish sailor who left the Columbia at S.F., worked in the redwoods, and in 
 '44 entered Slitter's employ, iv. 120; apparently the man named in Yuba Co. 
 Hist, as having occupied a rancho on the Yuba in '45-8; mining in '48-9; 
 later a resid. of S.F., where in '72 he related for me his Adventures. P. 
 (Mrs Isabella), 1844, overl. immig. of the Stevens party with several chil 
 dren, being the daughter of Hitchcock of the same party, iv. 445. In '45 she 
 is named in the Brauciforte padron as a widow, age 35; child. Isaac b. '31, 
 Tedra (?) '32, Margaret 'S3, and Helen '38. A daughter, Mary, was married 
 in Aug. '45 by Larkin to James Williams, iv. 587. P. (John Alex.), 1847, 
 Co. D, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); in the mines '48, and later kept a saloon at S.F. 
 ace. to Swan; in '49 treasurer of the Regulators, elected to the constit. con 
 vention, and to the legislature. Annals o/S.F.; in '50 at S. Jose". Swan says 
 he died about this time. P. (John W.), 1823, nat. of Mass.; resid. of S.F. 
 '67; died at S.F. '79 at the age of 73; arr. '23 ace. to Soc. Cal. Pion. rolls and 
 the Alta of '67; perhaps a sailor who touched the coast at the date named 
 and came back later. P. (Nath. G.), 1846, nat. of Tean., and overl. immig. ; 
 served in Cal. Bat. '46-7 (v. 358); miner in '48; in '50 kept a stable at Stock 
 ton; finally settled at Livermore, where he lived in '82 with wife Kate Simp 
 son and 2 children Chas T. and Susan (Mrs Davis). Alam. Co. Hist., 959. 
 P. (Wm), 1846, saloon-keeper with Thos Smith at S.F. '40-8. v. 685. 
 
 Pattie (James Ohio), 1828, a young Kentuckian trapper from N. Mex., 
 who spent over a year in Cal., part of the time in jail at S. Diego, and had 
 his Personal Narrative of adventures published a few years later. See iii. 
 162-72; ii. 543, 548, 551, 556, 567, 611, 616, 651; iii. 74, 82-3, 134, 139, 171; 
 iv. 263. I have an autog. letter written by P. in Mex. '30, on his way from Cal. ; 
 and he is said to have revisited S. Diego after '50. P. (Sylvester), 1828, 
 father of James 0., who died in prison at S. Diego, iii. 1C2-5, 178. Patli- 
 
PATTISON PEACE. 769 
 
 son (T.), 1841, mid. on the U.S. St Louis. Patton (A. Gwinn), 1841, overl. 
 inimig. of the Bartleson party, who went back to Mo. in '42. iv. 270, 275, 
 342. P. (David), 1846, Fauntleroy's dragoons (v. 232, 247). 
 
 Paty (Henry), 1837, nat. of Mass, and merchant at Hon. from '33, of the 
 firm Henry Paty & Co. I have his letters from '34, and he visited Boston in 
 '34-5. In '37 he came to Cal. to sell the Clarion, which became the California. 
 iii. 531; iv. 101, 106, 117-18. In '38-40 he came again on the Don Quixote, 
 owned by his firm, commanding also the Morse and perhaps the Ninfa, in 
 '39-40. iv. 103, 105. In '41 on the way from Valparaiso to Hon. he became 
 demented on account of the ravages of small-pox on board, and cut his own 
 throat with a razor. The firm, after his death, consisted of his brothers 
 John and Wm, and Eli South worth. P. (John), 1837, brother of Henry, 
 who came on the Kaw. schr lolani. iv. 104, 117-18. In '38-48 he made one 
 or more trips each year between Cal. and Hon. as master of the Don Quixote, 
 and his name often appears in commercial records, many of his original letters 
 being in my possession, iii. 570; iv. 25, 103, 314, 375, 512, 559, 565; v. 208, 
 577, 579, 681, 683. Capt. P. owned land at S.F., and his firm of P. & Mc- 
 Kinley kept a store there in '43-5; he rendered occasional aid to the govt, 
 especially in carrying away Micheltorena and his cholos; he was often en 
 gaged in smuggling operations, but was known to every body and liked by all. 
 His wife Mary and daughter came to Cal. occasionally from '42. From '46 
 he was senior captain, or a kind of commodore, in the Hawaiian navy. After 
 '48 Capt. P. continued his voyages, celebrating in '65 or '66 the 100th trip 
 between Cal. and the Islands; and he died at his Hawaiian home in '68 at the 
 age of 6,1. His widow visited S. Diego about '80, one of her daughters being 
 the wife of Lieut Benson, U.S.A., and another the wife of a lieut in the navy, 
 living at Vallejo. Capt. Paty was famous for his skill and good luck as a 
 navigator; and few in this list have left so enviable a reputation for business 
 integrity and kindness of heart. 
 
 Paul (John A.), 1848 (?), German broker who committed suicide at Oakland 
 in '83. Paulding (Charles), 1833, at Sta B. P. (Joseph), 1832, nat. of 
 Md, trapper and cabinet-maker, who came from N. Mex. in the winter of 
 '32-3, iii. 388, 408, and distinguished himself by making the 1st two billiard- 
 tables in Cal. He was still at Los Ang. in '35, complaining of unjust imprison 
 ment by the alcalde. He went to N. Mex., but returned during the flush 
 times of '48-52, and after a residence of some years in Sonora returned finally 
 to Los Ang., where he died in '60 at the age of 50; perhaps his name should 
 be written 'Pawlding.' Panlet (Lord Geo.), 1843, com. of H. B. M. S. 
 Carysfort. iv. 564. Paulina (H.), 1848, passp. from Hon. 
 
 Payeras (Mariano), 1796, Span, friar who served chiefly at Purisima, being 
 also president or prefect of the missionaries from 1815 to his death in '22. 
 One of the ablest and most prominent of the Fernandinos. Biog. ii. 489-90; 
 mcnt. i. 500, 577, 686; ii. 106-7, 123-4, 152, 159, 235-6, 255, 258, 265, 297, 
 316, 328, 330-2, 335, 338, 351, 366, 394, 397-412, 414, 416, 418, 431-8, 442, 
 451-2, 43S-9, 461, 463-5, 479-80, 496, 562, 571, 580, 587, 591, 597, 631, 643, 
 655, 657; iii. 11. Paymer (Phil.), 1845, at Sutler's Fort. Payne (R. K.), 
 1845, immig. from Or. in the McMahon-Clyman party. In the same party 
 was a widow Payne daughter of Owen Sumner, with 3 children and the 
 two were married at Sutler's Fort in Feb. '46, prob. returning to Or. or to the 
 East a little later in the year. iv. 572; v. 526. Payson (Sam.), 1878, Co. B, 
 N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Peace (James), 1838 (?), nat. of the Orkney Isl. , of Scotch and Danish parent 
 age, who in 75-S4 and finally in the 8. F. Bulletin of July 18, '85 claims to 
 have deserted from the H. B. Co.'s ship Nereid at S.F. in '18. This vessel came 
 to the N. W. coast in '36, and to Cal. for the 1st time in '38, which I have little 
 doubt was the date of P.'s arrival. The 1st definite record of him is when he 
 was exiled to S Bias in '40 and came back in '41. iv. 18, 33, 119. That he is 
 not heard of iu '38-9 is natural enough, and indeed, Brown and Weeks do 
 mention him vaguely about those years; but that he could have lived here in 
 '18-39 without a trace in the records is very unlikely, especially if, as he says, 
 HIST. CAI... VOL. IV. 49 
 
770 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 he married a Valencia in '35, to say nothing of the fact that if he had had a 
 native wife he would not have been exiled. He worked as a lumberman and 
 mechanic, and is named in the S.F. padron of '44 as a Scotchman, age 45. For 
 about 30 years, from '47-8, he lived on a farm at Half moon Bay; but since 
 '78 has navigated S.F. bay in a sloop, earning a living by catching iish and 
 clams for the S. Mateo Co. market down to '85. Peacock (John), 184G, 
 Fauntleroy's dragoons (v. 232, 247). Peale (T. R.), 1841, naturalist in the 
 U. S. ex. ex. iv. 241-3. 
 
 Pearce (Geo.), 1846, Co. C, 1st U. S. dragoons, v. 341; nat. of Ky, b. '22. 
 After his discharge he became a trader at Stockton and Sonoma in '49, also 
 lobbyist in the 1st legislature; miner and trader in the northern counties 'oO- 
 1; deputy sheriff at Sonoma '53-5; and from '55 a lawyer at Petaluma, being 
 state senator in '63-7. He married Coulter Brown, and was still living in '80 
 with 3 children prob. also in '85. Portrait in Sonoma Co. Uist.,4S', also biog. 
 sketch, including his recollections of S. Pascual in Id. 580-5. P. (Win), 
 1844, mate on the Sterling, in care of the consul; d. at Mont. '45. Peard 
 (Geo.), 1826, lieut on H. B. M. S. Blossom, iii. 121. Pearl (Joseph), 1846, 
 Co. C, 1st U. S. dragoons (v. 336). Pearsall (Sam. W.), 1847, Co. B, N.Y. 
 Vol. (v. 499); at Moquelumne Hill '82. Pcarse (John), 1824, carpenter on 
 the Hover. Pearson (David C.), 1848, at Bcnicia. P. (Ephraim), 1847, Co. 
 B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). P. (Geo.), 1847, Co. F, 3d U. S. artill. (v. 518). 
 P. (John B.), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 330). P. (J.W.), 1848, passp. 
 from Hon. P. (Robert H.), 1848 (?), nat. of Me, who brought the Oregon to 
 Cal., and commanded many steamers down to '64; d. at S.F. '68, age 46. P. 
 (W.), 1848, passp. from Hon. P. (W. S.), 1848, at Benicia. Pease (Sam.), 
 1826, sailor on the Rover. Peasley (Nesmith A.), 1847, Co. A, N.Y. Vol. 
 (v. 499); d. S. F. '51, 
 
 Peck (Chas L.), 1847, Co. B, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. at Mont. '54. P. 
 (Chauncey L.), 1847, corp. Co. B, ditto. P. (Ed. M.), 1847, Co. D, Morm. 
 Bat. (v. 469); in Utah '82. P. (Isaac), 1847, Co. C., ditto; reeul. P. (Sher 
 man), 1833, trader at Hon. who visited Cal. in '33-5 as sup. of the Volunteer 
 and other vessels, representing J. C. Jones. I have much of his corresp. with 
 Cal. traders '34-8, and he may have visited Cal. on other occasions. P. 
 (Thorit), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); reenl. as corporal. Peckham (R. 
 F. ), 1846, nat. of R. I., deserting from the whaler Cabinet at S.F. He worked 
 as lumberman, soldier, farmer, clerk, miner, carpenter, and trader, changing 
 his occupation and residence half a dozen times a year but finding time to 
 marry and study law until '51, from which time to '70 he practised law at 
 Sta Cruz and S. Jose", serving also as district attorney and county judge. In 
 later years he established a woollen mill at S. Jose', where he still lived in '81 
 with wife Ann Smith, and 9 children. Portrait in Sta Clara Co. Hist., 80. 
 
 Pedraza, deserter from a galleon 1791. i. 484. Pedro y Gil (Rafael), 
 1774, Span, guarda-almacen at S. Diego '74-81. Biog. i. 451; nient. i. 227, 
 253. Pedrorena (Miguel), 1837, Span. sup. of the S. Amer. brigs Delmira 
 and Juan Jos6 '37-40, being also agent for McCall & Co. of Lima. iv. 103-4; 
 iii. 727; also on the coast '42-3; owner of S.F. lots '45-6. iv. 669; v. 684; had 
 a claim against the govt for $3, 169; declined an appointment to present charges 
 against Micheltorena. iv. 522. From '45 his home was at S. Diego, where he 
 married Maria Ant. Estudillo, being the grantee of S. Jacinto Nuevo in '46, 
 and his wife of El Cajon in '45. v. 619; iv. 620-1. He strongly favored the 
 cause of the U. S. in '46-7, acting as juez de paz, as Stockton's aide, with rank 
 of capt. in the Cal. Bat., and in '47-8 as collector of customs, v. 286, 329, 
 360, 385, 572, 575, 618-19. In '49 he represented S. Diego in the constit. con- 
 vention, being one of the most popular and influential members of the Spanish 
 race. He died in '50, leaving a son, Miguel, and two daughters, Elena and 
 Isabel, who inherited his large estate, arid are still living, I think, in '85. 
 Don Miguel was of a good Span, family, one of his brothers holding a high 
 official position at Madrid; and he was himself an intelligent, scholarly man, 
 of excellent character, who by his courteous affability made friends of all who 
 knew him. Peed (John), 1846, sailmaker U. S. N., and acting capt. Co. G, 
 
PEED PE^A. 771 
 
 Stockton's naval battalion '46-7; prob. 'Reed.' Peguero (A!onso Este"van), 
 1602, capt. in Vizcaino's exped. i. 98. P. (Mariano), sent to Mex. for com 
 plicity in the Solis revolt '29-30. iii. 68-71, 85. 
 
 Peirce (Henry Augustus), 1828, nat. of Mass., b. 1808, who went to Hono 
 lulu in '25, and thence on the same vesse), the Grijj'on, coin, by his brother, 
 to the N. W. coast as clerk, touching at S.F. on the return in the autumn of 
 '28. iii. 178. From that time for 14 years he was a trader at Honolulu, being 
 a member of the firm P. & Brewer. Some of his original letters and much of 
 the linn's corresp. are in my possession. Meanwhile he made many voyages 
 as master to China, Kamchatka, and S.America. In '37 he went on the Peru 
 from N.Y. to Honolulu, and returned via Lima and overland to Buenos Aires. 
 In '38 he married Susan R. Thompson, whose brother Joseph P. is named in 
 this register. In '"9 he went to the Islands as part owner of the Morse, and 
 in '41-2 came again to Cal. as mr and owner of the Mary land, going from Cal. 
 to Mazatlan and thence overland to Vera Cruz. I have his original Journals 
 of voyages in '39-42, including the visit to Cal. iv. 209, 224-5, 235, 250, 300, 
 348-9, 507, 640, 665. Details of Capt. P.'s subsequent adventures are too com 
 plicated for presentation here, but hardly one of the pioneers registered in 
 this list has had so varied an experience. In '42-9 he was a Boston merchant 
 trading with Pacific ports; and in '49 revisited Cal. on the Montreal, making 
 extensive and unfortunate purchases of land at Sauzalitoand the Islands, and 
 in '50-01 resuming his business at Boston, which was nearly ruined by the 
 war of '61-5. Most of his remaining wealth w r as lost in a Miss, cotton plan 
 tation in '66-7; and in '69 Peirce was made U. S. minister at the Hawaiian 
 Isl., making the trip by rail to S.F. He held this position till '77, and after 
 a brief term as Hawaiian minister of foreign affairs he came in '78 to S.F., 
 where he has since resided down to '85, being in a sense the oldest living 
 pioneer. Besides the journal mentioned, I have several MS. contributions 
 from Mr P. named in my list of authorities. Portrait in Contemp. Biog., ii. 
 180. His wife resides in Mass, since '70; he has a son and daughter; and is 
 a great-grandfather. (Capt. Peirce died a few days after the above was writ 
 ten, in July '85.) P. (Hardy), 1838, brother of Henry A., who, being mate 
 on a Hon. vessel, died suddenly at Sta B., age 23. iv. 119, 224. P. (Marcus 
 T.), 1828, brother of Henry A., and mr of the Griffon, iii. 147. P. (VVm), 
 1842, mate of the Sterling '42-4; died at Mont. '45. iv. 453. 
 
 Pelham (Matthew), 1834, a Dane at Mont. iii. 412. Pell (E. Ward), 1846, one 
 of the Mormon colony, with wife and 2 daughters, v. 546; an elder and coun 
 sellor, but excommunicated on the voyage. He lived with Robert Ridley in 
 '46. v. 678; and in '47 he was sheriff and inspector of hides and tallow, own 
 ing a S.F. lot. v. 648. He still lived to testify in land cases in '65. His 
 daughter Hettie C. married John H. Brown in '46, soon leaving him and be 
 coming apparently Mrs Green. The other daughter is mentioned as the wife 
 of Ed Cohea. Pellan (Antonio), neophyte alcade at S. Diego 1799. i. 655. 
 
 Pena (Antonio), 1825, Span, artilleryman, age 50 in '28; prob. sent to Mex. 
 in '30. iii. 51, 85. P. (Antonio), soldier of S.F. comp. '35, sergt '36, alf. 
 '37. iii. 702. P. (Cosme), 1834, Mex. lawyer who came with the H. and P. 
 colony with an appointment as asesor; prominent in Alvarado's revolt of '36; 
 subsequently govt sec., and appointed prefect of the southern district in '39, 
 but not approved in Mex. He left Cal. soon after '39. Biog. iii. 594; ment. 
 iii. 267, 285, 415, 440, 452, 461, 469, 475,487, 523-5, 585-9, 594, 639-40, 670, 
 675; iv. 72. He left 2 daughters in Cal., Carmen b. '24, and Cesaria '28. 
 P. (Demetrio), 1840, son of Juan Felipe, with whom he came from N. Mex.; a 
 settler in Solano Co. '41-79; wife Ins Berreyesa, and 6 surviving children in 
 '79. P. (Eustaquio), soldier at Sta B. about '32. P. (Francisco), soldier of 
 the 1st exped. 1769-74; ment. 75-6; killed at the Colorado pueblos '81. i. 250, 
 303-4, 363. P. (Gerardo), soldier of the 1st exped. '69-74. P. (Jose), artil 
 leryman and teacher at S.F. '22, elector '30, teacher at Sta Clara '37-41, owner 
 of a S.F. lot '39, grantee of Rincon de S. Francisquito '41, retired soldier as 
 teniente de premio from '44. Possibly more than one of the name. ii. 584, 591 ; 
 iii. 50, 705, 728; iv. 408, 672, 682. In '41 he is named as a Mex. teacher, age 
 
772 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 64, in the S. Jos6 padron. His wife was GertrudisLorenzana, age 56; she died 
 in '05 at the reputed age of 107 (really 80). P. (Jose" Ant.), soldier of the 
 1st exped. '69-70; of the S. Juan Cap. guard '76. i. 303. P. (Jost German), 
 grantee of Tzabaco rancho, Sonoma, '43; his heirs were claimants, iv. 674. 
 
 Peiia (Juan Felipe), 1840, N. Mex. immigrant with wife and 6 children, 
 who with Vaca settled in Solano Co. '41, and was the grantee of the Putah 
 rarcho in '43. iv. 672. He died in '63 at Laguna Val., age 73. P. (Luis), 
 soldier of the 1st exped. '59-74; at Simi rancho 1802. ii. 111. P. (Manuel), 
 soldier of the S.F. comp. '28-34; ment. in '29. iii. Ill; in '41 at S. Jose", 
 r.ge 36, wife Guadalupe Mesa, child. Dolores b. '28, Ines '31, Carmen '32, En- 
 carnacion '33, Hilaria '34, Rosario '38, Paulino '40. P. (Narciso Ant.), juez 
 at Sta Clara '43. iv. 683, 685. P. (Ricardo), land-owner at S. Juan Cap. '41. 
 iv. 626. P. (Romualdo), musician of S.F. comp. '39. P. (Tomas), 1772, 
 Spanish friar who founded and served long at Sta Clara, retiring in '94, hold 
 ing later the office of guardian at S. Fernando college, and dying in 1806. 
 Biog. i. 722-3; ment. i. 189, 195-6, 227, 289, 291-2, 295, 297, 304-5, 351, 388, 
 401-3, 474, 476, 484, 496, 511, 576, 578, 581, 631, 720; ii. 166. Peiia, see 
 also ' Pina.' Penaud, see ' Panaucl.' 
 
 Pendleton, 1844, mr of the Bmj. Morgan. P. (Geo. A.), 1847, lieut Co. 
 D, N.Y.Vol. v. 504. In Tuolumne Co. '49-54; d. in '71 at S. Diego, where he 
 had been county clerk for 14 years. Penhallow (Dav. P.) 1837, mr of the 
 Alert '37-9. iv. 68, 101; may have visited Cal. earlier as mate or sup., since 
 on the roll of the Soc. Cal. Pion. '22 is the date of his arrival. In '47 he writes 
 from Honolulu. Pennie (A.), 1848, passp. from Hon. Penny (Moses H.), 
 1847, Co. A, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); went to S.C. '50. . Penrose (Geo. F.), 1847, 
 lieut Co. A, N.Y.Vol. v. 503, 511; also quartermaster; d. Mont, after '50. 
 Peoples (Geo.), 1847, sailor on the Ohio; later a circus-rider; d. in Texas '67. 
 P. (John H.), 1848, chief of a party for relief of snowed-in immig. from Or.; 
 drowned later. Peotrowski (R. K.), 1844, doubtful date; perhaps '54; d. in 
 France '83. Newspapers. Pepper (Thos), 1833, said to have been at S.Jose". 
 Hall; Sta Clara Co. Hist. Atlas; doubtful, iii. 409. Pera (Alexis), 1844, of 
 Fremont's party; did not reach Cal. iv. 437. 
 
 Peralta (Antonio Maria), son of Luis; in '35 at S. Mateo; in '37 alf. of mili 
 tia at S.F., also elector, iii. 701, 705; in '41 named in the S.Jose" padron (liv 
 ing at S. Antonio rancho), age 39, wife Maria Ant. Garcia, child. Antonia 
 Maria b. '32, Guadalupe '33, Fernando '34, Rita '37, Crisanto '38, In6s '40; in 
 '46 juez of the contra costa. v. 662. In '52 he was the claimant with his 3 
 brothers for S. Antonio. P, (Domingo), son of Luis; in '27 sindicoat S.Jose". 
 ii. 605; in '33 grantee of Canada del Corte de Madera, Sta Clara, iii. 711; for 
 which, as for S. Ramon and his share of S. Antonio, he was claimant, iii. 713. 
 
 In '41 named in S.Jos6 padron, age 47, wife Garcia, child. Angela b. '25, 
 
 Juan '24, Maria Ant. '29, Francisca, '36, Ramon '38, Loreto (?) '39. His resi 
 dence was at Temescal on the S. Antonio rancho. P. (Felipe), at Los Ang. 
 '46. P. (Francisco), soldier of the S. F. comp. '38-9. P. (Gabriel), Mex. 
 corporal of the S.F. comp., at Sta Clara and S. Josd; an invalido settler at S. 
 Jos6 from '90. i. 297, 306, 312, 478. His wife was Francisca J. Valenzuela, 
 and his daughter Gertrudis (i. 312) married Nicolas Berreyesa in '79. P. 
 (Ignacio), son of Luis b. 1791; corp. of S.F. comp. '19-29; elector at S.F. '27, 
 '35, '43. ii. 592; iii. 577, 704; iv. 361; juez of contra costa '39, '41. iii. 705; 
 iv. 684; in '43 supl. of the junta, iv. 361. Named in the S. Jose" padron '41, 
 age 51; wife Rafaela Sanchez, child. Francisco b. '22, Miguel '25, Joaquin '27, 
 Luis M. '31, Jos< de Jesus '33, Juan '35, Gabriel '39, Rafael '40, Lodrivina (?) 
 '29, Maria Ant. '37. He was claimant for a part of S. Antonio in '53. P. 
 (Jose"), at S.Jos6 '17. ii. 425; at S. Mateo '35; of S.F. militia '37; murdered '38. 
 iii. 705. P. (Juan), named in '46. v. 162. P. (Juan Jose"), at S.Jose" 1783. 
 i. 350; invalido at Branciforte '99; comisionado 1811. ii. 390. P. (Juan P.), 
 at Los Ang. '39, age 31. 
 
 Peralta (Luis), nat. of Sonora, who probably came as a boy with Anza's 
 exped. of 1776, enlisting in 1782, being a corp. of the S.F. comp. from '91 or 
 earlier, and in com. of the S. Jose" mission guard in 1798-1800. i. 494-5, 556, 
 
PERALTA PEREZ. 773 
 
 598, 716. From 1801 he was a sergt, taking part in several exped. against the 
 Ind., and from 1807 comisionado in charge of S. Jose" pueblo. He showed good 
 qualities as a soldier, and was several times recommended for promotion to aif., 
 but failed to secure it. ii. 35, 126, 132, 134, 138, 370, 378, 584, 604. His wife 
 was Maria Loreto Alviso, and the birth of a sou Ignacio is recorded in 1791. In 
 1820 he obtained a grant of the S. Antonio rancho, including the sites of the 
 later Oakland and Alameda, which was occupied by his sons perhaps before 
 '25, the rancho buildings the first erected in Alameda county except at mis 
 sion S. Jos6 being at S. Antonio, later known as Brooklyn and East Oak 
 land, ii. 375, 594, 664, 712. Peralta retained his position as comisionado till 
 1822, and his place on the comp. rolls as active sergt to '26, and as in valid o 
 to '41; meanwhile continuing to live at S. Jose" and serving as elector, treas 
 urer, and perhaps jaez in '30-3. ii. 606; iii. 50, 729. In '41 he appears on the 
 padron as 87 years old, his daughters Josefa and Guadalupe aged 46 and 23 
 living with him. Other daughters were Teodora grantee of Buacocha, 
 Marin '46, v. 670 and Trinidad. In '42 he divided his S. Antonio rancho be 
 tween his sons Antonio M., Ignacio, Vicente, and Domingo, and died in '51 at 
 the age of 97. The great value of the lands granted to Peraita, the claim that 
 his daughters were entitled to a share of the property, the alleged insanity of 
 Don Luis at the time of making his will, and various rascalities practised by 
 the land-sharks in later years on some of the heirs, gave rise to complicated 
 litigation which can hardly be regarded as at an end in '85. P. (Miguel), 
 militiaman at S.F. '37. P. (Nicolas N.), at Sta Ana rancho, Los Ang. '29, 
 age 38. The Santiago de Sta Ana rancho had been granted to a Peralta with 
 Yorbain 1809. ii. 112, 172. P. (Pedro), soldier of the S. F. comp. 1785, 
 married a daughter of Lieut Grijalva. ii. 104; corp. of the escolta at Sta Cruz 
 1797-1800; inval. corp. on the comp. rolls 1819-32. P. (Sebastian), soldier 
 of the S.F. comp. '19-22; in '33 regidor at S. Jose", making an exped. against 
 the Ind. iii. 359, 390. 394, 729; in '40 grantee of Rinconada de los Gatos and 
 rnaj. at Sta Clara, iii. 712, 728; in '41 a widower, age 48; in '46 quarrel with 
 Fremont, v. 8, 9. P. (Vicente), son of Luis, whose home was at Temescal 
 on the subdivision of his father's rancho; sergt of militia at S.F. '37; in '41 
 age 29, wife Encarnacion Galindo, child Guadalupe. In '46 he was one of the 
 Bears' prisoners at Sutter's Fort. v. 124, 128, 298. Percival (John), 1845 (?), 
 com. of the U.S. Constitution, iv. 564. Perdu (Joseph L.), 1846, one of the 
 Chino prisoners wounded, v. 313-14; at Mont. '47; Cal. claim $1,305 (v. 462). 
 Pereira (Joaquin), 1826, Portuguese age 20, on the Jdvcn Anyustius stranded 
 at Sta B. iii. 176; a vaquero in ? 36 and '40, when he figured as the revealer of 
 a political plot. iii. 606. 
 
 Perez (Cornelio), son of Jose Maria, b. at Std Cruz '11; juez de campo '42. 
 iv. 663, and perhaps in 33; in '45 on the Brancit'orte padron, wife Rosario 
 Pinto, child. Jose" Ramon b. '37, Celedonia '39, Maria '41, Juan de Dios '42, 
 Benigna '43. In '77, still at Sta Cruz, he dictated for me a brief Memorla 
 chiefly relating to Ind. troubles in early times. P. (Cruz), Mcx. convict re 
 leased in '33. P. (Domingo), at the rancho ,nacional, Salinas, '36, age 27, 
 wife Fermina Espinosa; claimant for Los Gatos '52. P. (Eulalia), nat. of 
 Loreto, long a resid. of S. Gabriel, and famous for her reputed great age 
 140 years at the time of her death in '78. The evidence respecting her age is 
 too complicated for presentment in detail here; but 30 years at least of the 
 reputed 140 rest on the incorrect assumption that she came with the 1st 
 exped. in 1769. She really came with her husband, Antonio Guillen,, a soldier 
 of the S. Diego comp., about 1800, Guillen's name first appearing in 1803. If, 
 as she states, she was married at 15, and her oldest child, Petra, was 11 years 
 old on arrival at S. Diego, she was less than 30 years old in 1800. In the Lo 
 reto archives, which exist only in fragments, I have found no record of her 
 birth; but her brother Mariano, son of Diego and Rosalfa whom she names 
 as her parents was baptized in 1768 and buried in 1777. The S. Diego mis 
 sion records show the birth of two daughters and the burial of a son in 1810- 
 12. There is some circumstantial confirmation of my supposition that her age 
 was less than 30 in 1800, and therefore less than 108 at her death, and there 
 
774 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 are numerous inconsistencies in the evidence adduced in support of her great 
 age; 104 is a more accurate figure than 149 for her age in '78. Dofia Eulalia 
 \vas well known as a nurse and midwife at S. Gabriel; had a second husband, 
 Juan Marine", for a few years from '32; and in the later years was an object of 
 great interest to visitors ou account of her age. Mentioned ii. 13, 350, 543; 
 iii. 143, 209. I met her in '74, and in '77 she dictated a narrative of some 30 
 pages, Una Vieja y Sus Recuerdos, full of interesting items. Two of the old 
 woman's daughters lived with her at S. Gabriel in '77, one of them Ilosario, 
 b. '14, the wife of Michael White, a pioneer of '29. Her son, Isidore Guillen, 
 died at Purisima about '04, and her daughter Petra at Los Ang. about '44. 
 
 Perez (Francisco), juez depolicia at 8. Jose '44. iv. 685. P. (Jose"), reg- 
 idor at Los Ang. '31-2; iii. 190, 218; suplente of the clip. '33. iii. 240; alcalde 
 '34. iii. 635, 637. One of the vigilantes, and taking part in the sectional 
 troubles '36-7. iii. 432, 495; 2d alcalde '38. iii. 636; grantee of S. Pascual 
 '40. iii. 634; mentioned in '45. iv. 664. P. (Jacinto), at S. Bern. '46, a-e 
 24. P. (Jose" Bern, de Jesus), 1833, Mex. friar of the Zacatecanos, who 
 served at Sta Clara and as sec. to Prefect Garcia Diego, disappearing from the 
 Cal. records after '35; but in '42 guardian of the college at Zacatecas. iii. 319, 
 350; iv. 332. P. (Jos6C.), should be Juan C. iii. 645. P. (Jose" Maria), 
 Mcx. settler 1798. i. 606; in '24 at Branciforte. ii. 627; in '28, wife Marga 
 rita Rodriguez, child. Cornelio, Juan, Anita, Rafaela, Ramona, Simon, and 
 Rufino. v. 627. P. (Jose" Maria), in revolt at Sta B. '29. iii. 78. P. (Jose" 
 Maria), 1842, cornet in the batalion fijo '42-5. iv. 289. P. (Juan), 1769, 
 com. of the S. Antonio in the 1st exped. to Cal. '69-71; in '745 com. of the 
 Santiago, i. 116, 121, 126-7, 129-30, 136, 167-9, 172, 178, 208, 219, 224, 241, 
 214. P. (Juan), son of Jos6 M., b. '13; a soldier of the S.F. comp. '31-4; at 
 Branciforte '45, wife Maria Ant. Armas, child. Jose" Ant. b. '36, Louisa '37, 
 Ascension '41, Felicidad '44. In '77, still at Sta Cruz, he dictated for me his Re- 
 cue.rdos. P. (Juan Crispin), part owner of the Sta Gertrudis rancho, LosAug. , 
 '21-30, and aux. alcalde there '31-6. ii. 565, 635; in '35 grantee of Paso de 
 B:irtolo. iii. 633; in '41-5 maj. S. Gabriel, iv. 636-7; in '40 at Los Ang.; age 
 49 in '39. P. (Manuel Ant.), at S. Gabriel '39, age 42. P. (Marcos), at Los 
 Aug. '46. P. (Pedro), settler at S.F. 1777. i. 297; at Los Ang. 1805. ii. 
 219; another Pedro, prob. son of the 1st, was at Los Ang. '39, age 42; also in 
 '40. Perez del Campo (Jose"), 1825, Mex. alfe>ez. iii. 15. P. Fernandez 
 (Jose), 1792, alf<rezof the S.F. comp. 1792-7, being also habilitado and acting 
 coin. '94-6. i. 680, 471, 629, 642-3, 705. 
 
 Perkey (J. D.), 1845, Amer. saddler from Or. in the McMahon party, iv. 
 572, 587. He entered Sutter's service and is often named in the N. Ildv. 
 Diary '45-8; summoned as a juryman for the trial of B. K. Thompson Feb. 
 '48. Called also Purky, Parky, and Perkins. Perkins (Chas), 1847, Co. E, 
 N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). P. (John G.), 1848, passp. from Hon. P. (Rufus) 1828, 
 sup. of the Franklin, iii. 133, 147, 167. Per Lee (Theron R.), 1847, lieut 
 Co. K, N.Y.Vol. v. 504; in '48 a lawyer at S.F., and president of the guards; 
 iu '49 justice of the peace and editor of the Placer Time*;; in N.Y. '79-80; 
 Baltimore '83. Perrin (Chas), 1847, Co. D, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). P. 
 (James), 1847, Co. I, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Perrot (Baptiste), 1846, teamster 
 with Kearny from N. Mex. v. 337. 
 
 Perry, 1844, mr of the Eagle, iv. 565. P., 1845, at N. Helv. '45-6; also 
 Mrs P. v. 511. P. (Alex.), 1847, surgeon N.Y.Vol. v. 503, 511, 513; owner 
 of S.F. lots '48; in N.Y. city '74-82. P. (Cornelius), 1845, doubtful name 
 in the Micheltorena campaign, iv. 495. P. (Elijah), 1840, one of the Gra 
 ham exiles, not known to have returned, iv. 18. P. (John), 1838, Amer. 
 from Realejo, Nic., where he had a family; came on the Fearnaught and lived 
 a year or two with Spear at S. F. iii. 709; iv. 119. Ace. to Wm H; Davis, Perry 
 became a Mex. citizen and got a grant of the lot where Spear built his store 
 for the purpose of deeding it to S., going away with the intention of return 
 ing with his family, but dying at Realejo in '40; still there was a John P. at 
 Mont, in '44 awaiting a passage to Hon. P. (L.W.), 1848, kept a paint shop 
 at S.F. v. 684. P. (Moses W.), 1847, Co. A, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at Los Ang. 
 
PERRY PIIELPS. 775 
 
 '71-6; at Tucson, Ariz. '82. P. (0. II.), 1841, lieut in U.S. ex. ex. iv. 241. 
 P. (Peter), 1844, Hawaiian in Larkin's service at Mont. P. (VVm), 1848, 
 passp. from Hon. Persons (Ebenezer), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); in 
 Gutter's service at the time of the gold discovery; often called Elijah F. P. 
 (Harmon D.), 1847, Co. B, ditto. Pesinger (J. H.), 1S47, on the Henry at 
 S.F. from Or. 
 
 Pet, 1837, in the Willamette cattle exped. iv. 85. Fetch (Robert), 1846, 
 one of the Mormon colony with wife ami 2 children, v. 546; owner of S.F. 
 lot '47. v. 680. He never went to Utah; wife died before '84. Peters (John), 
 1847, litigant at S. Diego. P. (Noah), 1845, at Mont, and N. Helv. ; in '46-7 
 served in Co. G, Cal. Bat. v. 578, 587 (358). Peterson (Fred. ), 1847, Co. C, N. 
 Y. Vol. (v. 499). P. (Peter), 1843, mr of the Admittance '43-5. iv. 562. He 
 was a Dane who had perhaps visited the coast earlier as mate with Capt. Ar- 
 ther. Capt. P. is still living at Boston in '85 at the age of 80; and his original 
 //('/// of '43-5 has been shown me by Wm H. Thomes, his son-in-law, who 
 was a sailor-boy on the Admittance. P. (Peter), 1847, perhaps of Co. C, N. 
 Y. Vol. (v. 499); at S.F. '74; not in Clark's final list. P. (VVm H.), 1846, 
 said to have come with Kearny from N. Mex. ; owner of S.F. lot '47. v. 337, 
 670. Jretison (Geo.), 1846, at S. Leandro. Estudillo Doc.; perhaps ' Patter- 
 s m.' Petitt (Hnber), 1846, Cal. claim of $35 (v. 462); bought land of Va- 
 llejo '47. v. 455. Petit-Thouars (Abel du), 1837, com. of the French corvette 
 Vi'suis, and author of a V r oya<je containing much important matter on Cal. iv. 
 147-50; also i. 432; iii. 535, 680, 699; iv. 106. Petrof, 1808, mr of the 
 Kadidk. ii. 80. Pctrowski (R. K.), 1844, doubtful name and date. iv. 453; 
 a Pole who was a miner and farmer in Cal., dying in France '83. Pettegrew 
 (David), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat., who served also as a preacher and spirit 
 ual director; at Salt Lake City '55. v. 475, 477, 488, 490, 494. P. (James 
 P.), 1847, Co. B, ditto. Fetter (Thos), 1833, at S. Jose"; see also 'Pepper.' 
 Pettet (Win), 1847, painter and owner of many lots in S.F. '47-8; also sec. of 
 the council and somewhat active in town politics, v. 539, 648, 650, 678, 680, 
 634. Peyri (Antonio), 1796, Span, friar who served at S. Luis Ob. and at 
 S. Luis Rcy, of which he was the founder, from '98 until his departure in '32; 
 in Spain '36. Biog. iii. 621-2; ment. i. 564, 577, 587, 657, 689; ii. 108-9, 159, 
 346-7, 394, 453, 518, 553, 655; iii. 87, 91, 96, 102, 183, 210, 233, 317, 364; iv. 
 151. 
 
 Pfeiffer (Max W.), 1847, Co. G. N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Pfiester (Adolph), 
 1847, Co. K and G, ditto; settled at S. JoseV where he was mayor in '75, and 
 still lived in '82; a German b. '21. Pfjster (Ed. H. von), 1847, mr of the 
 Com. Skubrick from Hon. in April, and in Aug. bringing on the Providence 
 from the Islands a stock of goods with which he opened a store at Benicia in 
 Sept. or Oct. v. 672-3. In '48 he went to the mines and kept a store in comp. 
 with Brannan, and later Vaughan; but returned to Benicia in '49 to keep a 
 hotel, and still lived there in '80 and later. P. (John R. von), 1847, brother 
 of Ed. H., who prob. came with him from Hon.; agent for the Cal. Star in 
 March '48, and murdered by Peter Raymond at Sutter's mill in Oct. 
 
 Phalen (Wm), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). Phelps (Alva), 1847, 
 of the Morm. Bat. v. 481; died on the way to Cal. P. (Bethuel), 1848, at 
 Mont., Benicia, and S. F. '48-55, having business relations with Larkin; 
 claimant for Ft Reyes rancho. iii. 712. P. (Geo. H.), 1846, tanner at 
 Sonoma; with Smith at Bodega '47-9. P. (Wm D.), 1840, uat of Mass., 
 and mr of the Alert '40-2, making an exploration of the Sac. River in boats, 
 and engaging in the Com. Jones war by spiking the guns of the S. Diego fort, 
 iv. 36, 95, 101, 135-6, 139, 156, 320, 562, 618-19, 665. In '46 he came back as 
 mr of the Moscow, remaining on the coast till '49 as mr and sup. of different 
 vessels, being com. for a time of the prize schr Malck Adhel, affording aid iu 
 divers ways to the Bears and later to the U. S. officers, v. 15, 177-8, 190, 
 280-2, 467, 579. For one item of his services to Fremont he had a Cal. claim 
 of $10,000, which was paid after a slight reduction of $9,950. Capt. P. had 
 exceptional facilities for gaining a knowledge of current events in '46-8, and 
 his published Fore and Aft, besides being a most interesting and oft-quoted 
 
776 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 narrative of personal experiences, contains much useful information about 
 Cal. ; yet it must be noted that the captain, with all his honesty and zeal, waa 
 not on all points an accurate witness. I have many of his original letters of 
 '41-2 and '46-8, with some of later date from Lexington, Mass., \vhere he 
 still lived iii '72. Philip (John V. N.), 1846, act. lieut on the Cyaite; lieut 
 Co. D, Stockton's Naval Bat. '46-7. v. 386. Philips (A. B.), 1848, owner 
 of S. F. lot. P. (David), 1834, Engl. cooper at S. Diego '36 from Sonora 
 with a Mex. wife, age 44. iii. 412. P. (James), 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 
 499). P. (Joel), 1844, Arner. naturalized in Nov.; 'Joel Felipe' possibly 
 only the baptismal name. P. (John), 1846, one of the Mormon colony, v. 
 546; owner of S. F. lots '46-7. v. 678; living in Utah '84. P. (John B.), 
 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at S. F. '71-82. P. (Joseph), 1846, gunner 
 on the U. S. Dale. P. (VVm D.), 1847, owner of S. F. lot; prob. ' Phelps.' 
 
 Piatt (Oliver K.), 1846, Co. C, 1st U. S. dragoons (v. 336). Pichette 
 (Louis), 1830 (?), Canadian trapper well known in Or. and B.C., who, ace. to 
 notices of his death in '76, made a trip to Cal. from Or. in '20, which is doubt 
 less an error, though he may have come 8 or ten years later. 
 
 Pickens, 1841, mr of the Convoy, iii. 382. Pickering (Chas), 1841, nat 
 uralist of U. S. ex. ex. iv. 241-3; owner of a S. F. lot '48, perhaps another 
 msn. Pickernell ( John), 1837, named in Larkin's accounts. Pickett, 1815, 
 mr of the Forrester, ii. 274. P. (Chas E.), 1846, Amer. lawyer who had 
 lived several years in Or. and came to Cal. by land in June. In '47 he prac 
 tised law at S. F., also living at Sonoma and visiting Honolulu; and in '48 
 kept a store at Sutler's Fort, being tried, and acquitted by a jury on the 2d 
 trial, for killing R. Alderman in a quarrel about an enclosure at the fort. 
 From the first he was an eccentric character, of marked ability but unbal 
 anced mind, always ready to make sacrifices for a friend or abuse an enemy, 
 never tiring of airing his opinions and whims and quarrels in the newspapers; 
 best known as Philosopher Pickett, and the author of pamphlets on all sorts of 
 subjects. He died in Cal. about '80. iv. 395; v. 125, 526, 645, 649, 654, 981. 
 Pickman, 1841, doubtful name of the Workman party of immig. iv. 278. 
 Pickup (Geo.) 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). 
 
 Pico (Andre's), son of Josd Maria, b. at S. Diego in '10. His 1st appearance 
 in the public records is in '36-8, when he was in charge of the Jamul rancho, 
 elector, and receptor of customs, iii. 446, 485, 609, 611, 613; iv. 98. At the 
 same period he took an active part on behalf of the south in the sectional po 
 litical strife against the Monterey govt, being half a dozen times a prisoner in 
 that play at warfare and diplomacy, iii. 488, 498, 518-9, 46, 559, 555, 566, 
 578, 580, 624. In '39-42, ranking as alferez of the S. Diego cornp., he served 
 as elector, was for a time in charge of S. Luis Rey, and obtained lands at Sta 
 Margarita, S. Juan Cap., and Teme'cula. iii. 591, 609, 612, 614, 621, 624, 626- 
 7, 639. He was sent to Mex. in '44 by Gov. Micheltorena to obtain funds, 
 iv. 401-2, 56,3; and after his return devoted himself, as lieut of the comp. 
 and capt. of defensores, to the organization of the militia at Los Ang. iv. 407, 
 471, 475-6, 491-2, 619. In '45 he was obliged to join the revolutionists and 
 was in mil. com. for a time at Mont, and at Los Ang. iv. 492-3, 515, 523, 
 651-2; being subsequently commissioner to make inventories of mission prop 
 erty, and becoming lessee of S. Fernando and purchaser of S. Jose*, iv. 550. 
 553, 561, 630, 637-8, 643, 665-6, 683. In '46 Don Andre's ranked as capt. of 
 the regular comp. ; was left in chief command on the flight of Castro; sur 
 rendered and was paroled with other officers; but broke his parole to serve as 
 3d in rank under Flores; was in com. of the Californians at the victory of S. 
 Pascual the most notable achievement of his life; took part in the fights 
 of Jan. '47, and being left by Flores in chief command, concluded with Fre"- 
 mont the treaty of Cahuenga closing the war in Cal. v. 49, 143, 264, 266-7, 
 309, 330-55, 387, 930-1, 403-5, 422, 448. In '48-9 Capt. P. had a company of 
 miners at work on the Mokelumue, was a resid. of S. Jos6 in '49-50, but sub 
 sequently of Los Ang., being the claimant for several ranches, iii. 633, 711; v. 
 675; elected to the assembly in '51; presidential elector in '52; land receiver: 
 brigadier-gen, of militia '58; state senator in '60-1. Much of his time in later 
 
PICO. 777 
 
 years was devoted to land litigation, especially in connection with his S. Fer 
 nando estate; and he died in '76. Andre's Pico was a brave, reckless, coarse 
 grained, jovial, kind-hearted, popular man; abler in several respects than his 
 brother Don Pio, but not overburdened with principle. He was never mar 
 ried. I have a valuable col. of original Papeles de Mision from his private 
 achives. 
 
 Pico (Antonio Maria), son of Josd Dolores, b. at Mont, in 1808. In '33 
 maj. at S. Jose"; alcalde in '35. iii. 729-30; lieut. of militia '37-8, involved 
 in a conspiracy, iii. 513-14, 573, 732; in '39 suplente of the junta and 
 
 frantee of Valle de S. Jose" rancho. iii. 590, 713, 731; 2d juez, com. of an 
 ud. exped., and grantee of Pescadero in '43. iv. 362, 673, 685; in '44-5 juez 
 and alcalde, capt. of defensores taking part in the revolt against Michel- 
 torena, and a suplente of the assembly, iv. 407, 469, 486, 540, 685-6. He 
 was purchaser of the S. Rafael mission estate in '46. v. 561, 670; and was in 
 some trouble through favoring the cause of the U.S.; 2d alcalde in '47, and 
 prefect '49-50, having been a member of the constit. convention. In '61 he 
 was a republican elector, and was appointed by Pres. Lincoln register of the 
 U. S. land-office at Los Aug., resigning in '62. His death occurred in '69. 
 Ho seems to have been a man of limited abilities and excellent character. 
 His wife was Pilar Bernal, who survived him with 3 sons and 3 daughters, 
 Petra Mrs Gelesch, Marcslina Mrs Campbell, and Vicenta Mrs Castro; or 
 at least, these were the signers of the funeral invitations in '69. Three 
 volumes of Documentos para la Historia de California from the private 
 archives of Don Antonio Maria were added by his family to my collection. 
 P. (Fernando), ranchero at Sta B. '45. P. (Francisco), concerned in the re 
 volt of '45. iv. 487; grantee of Calaveras in '46. v. 665; Cal. claim of $2,950 
 (v. 4G2). P. (Francisco Javier), brother of Josd Maria; soldier of Sta B. 
 comp. 1786-1806, retiring as iuvalido; one of the grantees of Simi 1795- 
 1821. i. 663; ii. 566. P. (Jose), mestizo soldier at Sta B. 1785, age 21. 
 P. (Jose Ant. Bernardino), son of Jose' Maria, b. at S. Diego 1794. About 
 '15 he enlisted in the S. Diego comp.; is ment. as clerk in '17. ii. 425. 
 sergt of the comp. from '28. ii. 543; iii. 165; charged with conspiracy '34. 
 iii. 257-8; promoted to alferez '34, and comisionado to secularize S. Juan 
 Cap. in '34-6. iii. 608, 626-7. In '36-8 he was transferred to the Mont, 
 comp.; promoted to lieut in '38; and in '39 transferred to the S. F. comp. 
 at Sonoma, iii. 549, 584, 608, 671, 667-8. He left the mil. service in '43, 
 being the grantee of Agua Caliente, S. Diego, in '40, of S. Luis Rey '46, 
 and also one of the purchasers of S. Jose 1 Mission, v. 561, 611, 620-1. 
 Nothing is heard of him in the troubles of '45-8, but he continued to live in 
 the south, dying at S. Diego in '71. He is described as a lively old man, full 
 of jokes, nicknamed Picito on account of his diminutive size; and ridiculed 
 to some extent by Wilkes in his narr. of '41. I know nothing of his family, 
 except that he got permission in '28 to marry Soledad Ibarra. 
 
 Pico (Jos6 Dolores), Mex. soldier who came to Cal. about 1790, marrying 
 Gertrudis Ame"zquita in '91, and serving in the Sta B. comp. to '95' or later. 
 Before 1804 he was transferred to the Mont, comp., marrying Isabel Cota, 
 and serving in the Sta Cruz escolta. From '11 he was sergt of the comp., and 
 is ment. in connection with several Ind. exped., being dangerously wounded 
 in '15, obtaining in '19 a grant of the Bolsa de S. Cayetano rancho, and being 
 in charge of the rancho nacional, Salinas, from '21. ii. 56, 335-6, 338-9, 379, 
 416, 609, 615-16; iii. 43. He died in '27, leaving a good record as a soldier 
 and Indian-fighter, who lacked the education or birth which might have given 
 him promotion. He was the founder of the northern branch of the Pico fam 
 ily, Antonio Maria and Jose" de Jesus being the most prominent of his sons. 
 There were 13 children. A daughter, Maria Ant., was claimant for S. Caye 
 tano. iv. 655. The widow died at Castroville in '69 at the age of 86, leaving 
 over a hundred descendants. P. ( Jose" de Jesus), son of Dolores, b. at Mont, 
 in 1807. In '27-31 he served as a soldier of the Mont, comp., taking part in the 
 Solis revolts of '28-29. iii. 66-7, 74; but subsequently getting a substitute and 
 living on his father's rancho. In '36-8 he was somewhat prominent in Alvarado's 
 
778 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 revolution. Hi. 457, 4G1, 491, 501-2, 524, 567, 572, 038; iv. 96; admin, of S. 
 Antonio '38-41; grantee of Piedra Blanca, S. Luis Ob. '40; admin, of S. Mi- 
 gnel '41-3. iii. 678, 688; iv. 252, 660. He took part in the movement of 
 '44-5 against Micheltorena. iv. 458-9, 487, 658, 682. In '46, ranking as capt. 
 of defensores, and being juezde paz at S. Luis Ob., he was paroled with other 
 officers, but broke his parole and supported Flores in the Natividad campaign. 
 He was accordingly arrested by Fremont in Dec. and condemned to death, 
 but pardoned at the intercession of his wife and children. He became a most 
 devoted friend of Fremont, aiding him in bringing about the treaty of Ca- 
 liuenga, and accompanying him on his famous ride of '47. v. 282, 321, 362-3, 
 374-5, 403, 443, 638-9. In '48-9 Don Jesus made some successful tours in the 
 mines, and later lived on his S. Luis Ob. rancho with his family, being county 
 assessor and assemblyman in '52-3. In '78 he dictated his recollections for my 
 use, cited as Acontecimientos, and containing many items of valuable testimony. 
 ii. 230, 232, S39, 384, 417, 427, 446, 624. I have not heard of his death down 
 to '85. 
 
 Pico (Jose" Maria), brother of Dolores, son of Santiago Pico of Sinaloa, and 
 founder of the family in southern Cal. ; a soldier of the S. Diego comp. from 
 1782, corp. of the guard at S. Luis Rey from 1798, and sergt 1805-18, being 
 retired perhaps with brevet rank of aife"rez in '18, and dying at S. Gabriel, 
 where he had long been in com. of the escolta in '19. His wife, married in 
 17S9, was Maria Eustaquia Lopez, nat. of Sonora. His 3 sons, Andre's, Jose 1 
 Ant., and Pio, are named in this register; and there were 7 daughters, of 
 whom Conccpcion married Domingo Carrillo, Estefana and Jacinta married 
 Jose" Ant. Carrillo, Isidora was the wife of John Forster, Tomasa of an Al- 
 varado, and a sixth was Feliciana. P. (Manuel), one of the grantees of 
 Simi '42, prob. son of Javier, Miguel, or Patricio; encargadoat Sta Isabel '43. 
 iv. 620, 640. P. (Miguel), brother of Jos< Maria, soldier of the Sta B. comp. ; 
 grantee of Simi rancho 1795, 1821. i. 663; ii. 566; in '32 an invalido, wife 
 Casilda Sinoba, child. Maria Ignacia, Petra, Apolonia, Juan de Mata, and 
 Mariano. The widow died in '60 at the age of 74, leaving 15 children, 116 
 grandchildren, and 97 great-grandchildren 116 males, 112 females. P. 
 (Patricio); brother of Jose Maria, one of the grantees of Simi 1795, 1821, '42. 
 i. 663; ii. 354, 603; iv. 643. 
 
 Pico (Pio), son of Jose" Maria, b. at S. Gabriel 1801, movingto S. Diego after 
 the death of his father in '19, where he kept a small shop. For mention of 
 his early life, see ii. 168, 344, 425, 546, 559, 604. In the public records he 
 first appears as clerk at a trial in '26. ii. 549; was a vocal of the dip. from 
 '28. iii. 41-2; being nient. also in connection with the Fitch elopement in '29. 
 iii. 141 ; and getting the same year some kind of a title to the Jamul rancho. 
 Dept. Itec., vii. 61, 94; confirmed in '31. iii. 611. In '31 he was a leader of 
 the southern opposition to Gov. Victoria, iii. 189, 197, 201, 203-4, 206; and in 
 '32, according to the plan, should have been gov. ad int. as senior vocal and 
 president of the dip., but was unable to secure the place, though he is often 
 erroneously named as gov. in that year. iii. 216-20, 224, 226, 231, 245. He 
 was again member of the dip. '345, being a candidate for alcalde and chosen 
 elector '36. iii. 246, 249-50, 275, 300, 483-4, 615; in '34-40 administrator of S. 
 Luis Rey, having also a profitable contract to slaughter cattle on shares at S. 
 Gabriel, iii. 349,353,623-4,628; iv. 54, 61; and in '37-9 an active partisan 
 of the south against Alvarado's govt, being more than once a prisoner, though 
 like most others never in a fight, and playing a not very creditable part in the 
 sectional strife, iii. 495, 499-502, 504, 506, 508-9, 516, 518, 520, 546,548-50, 
 555, 558, 564-6, 578, 580, 602, 614. He was again member of the junta in 
 '39-41, protesting against Monterey's claims as capital; also one of the terna 
 for gov., tithe collector at Los Aug., and provisionally grantee of Teme'cula. 
 iii. 584, 590, 604, 606, 612, 623, 637; iv. 193. In '41 he was the grantee of 
 Sfca Margarita and Las Flores. iv. 621, 628; in '42 supposed to be plotting in 
 favor of England, iv. 282; in '44-5 again member of the junta, and capt. of 
 defensores, appointed comandante de escuadron. iv. 301, 403, 407, 410-11, 
 425, 475. On the downfall of Micheltorena in '45, having taken some part 
 
PICO PIERCE. 779 
 
 in the campaign, Don Pio, as president of the junta, became temporary gov. 
 from Feb. 22d. iv. 404, 492-3, 495-9, 503-7, 509, 521 , 530. His office was con- 
 
 revolt, v. 5, 138-44; on foreign intervention and McNamara project, v. 59-62, 
 69, 217-19; miscellaneous mention, v. 567, 570, 590, 603, 624. On the ap 
 proach of the U.S. forces Pico left Cal. for Mexico, v. 261-78; but in '48 re 
 turned, v. 588-90; and has since resided at Sta Margarita sold to John Fos 
 ter in '64 and at Los Angeles down to '85, having been claimant for other 
 ranchos, iii. 611, 633, and being still a man of some wealth. He married 
 Maria Ignacia Alvarado in '34, but I find no record of children. Pio Pico is 
 a man who has been abused far beyond his deserts; a man of ordinary intelli 
 gence and limited education; of generous, jovial disposition; reckless and in 
 dolent; with a weakness for cards and women; disposed to be fair and honor 
 able in his transactions, but without sufficient strength of principle to keep 
 always cloarof doubtful complications or avoid being made the tool of knaves; 
 patriotic without the ability to accomplish much for his country. In his con 
 troversy of '45-6 with Castro his conduct was foolish in the extreme; in other 
 respects down to 1848 his record is better rather than worse than might be 
 expected of a commonplace man in so prominent a position. Not much fault 
 can be found with his mission policy; he did not, as has been charged, run 
 away in '46 with large sums of money obtained by illegal sales of mission es 
 tates; he had a perfect right to favor hia friends by land grants in the last days 
 of his power, and to prefer that Cal. should fall into English rather than 
 American possession. That he seems to have antedated some land grants 
 after his return in '48 is the most discreditable feature of his record; yet my 
 study of land litigation leads me to hesitate in condemning or exonerating 
 any official or citizen, native or pioneer, on charges originating in that most 
 unfathomable pool of corruption. In '78 Don Pio dictated for me a IJistoria 
 de California, which in interest and accuracy compares favorably with other 
 pioneer statements; and at the same time gave me two volumes of original 
 Doc. Hist. Cal., including several important papers. 
 
 Pico (Rafael), at Simi raucho '29-31. ii. 566; iii. 635. P. (Ramon), son of 
 Antonio Maria, b. in '27; in '63-6 capt. of Co. A, 1st battalion of native Cal. 
 cavalry, stationed for a time in Arizona. He added to my collection 3 vols 
 of Doc. Hist, Cal., containing many original papers belonging to his father, 
 and others relating to the captain's own military career. Major Jose" Ramon 
 is still a resident of S. F. in '85. P. (Salomon), son of Jose" Dolores, of whom 
 nothing appears before '48 except that a rancho in Tuolumne was later claimed 
 on a grant of '44 to him. iv. 674. After '49 he became a noted highwayman 
 and murderer in the region of S. Luis Ob. and Sta B. About '57 he went to* 
 L. Cal., where in '60 he was put to death by order of the sub-gefe politico 
 Esparza. P. (Santiago), a settler at Los Ang. 1790. i. 461; at Simi rancho 
 1802. ii. 111. He seems to have been a soldier of the S. F. and S. Diego cornp. 
 in '76-80. It is just possible that he was the father of Jose" Maria and Dolores, 
 though I find no definite record that that Santiago ever came to Cal. P. 
 (Vicente), at Sta B. before '37, wife Estefana Garcia, 4 children. 
 
 Pieras (Miguel). 1771, Span, friar,, founder of S. Antonio, where he served 
 till his departure from Cal. in 1794. Biog. i. 688-9; ment. i. 173, 176, 188-9, 
 196, 255, 279, 298, 388, 469, 576. Pierce (Charles), 1847, Co. B, N. Y. Vol. 
 (v. 499); d. before '82. P., 1795, Engl. Nootka commissioner at Mont. i. 
 527. P. (Harrison M.), 1843 (?), settler in Napa, who landed in Or. from a 
 whaler in '42 ace. to Menefee and Lancey. Bid well thinks he was in Cal. 
 '41-2. In '68 he testified that he worked for Dr Bale in '45-8; the first defi 
 nite record is his signature to the S. Jose* call to foreigners in March '45. In 
 ; 47 named as an Amer. bachelor at N. Helv. ; in '48 built the first structure 
 in Napa City, used as a saloon, and still standing in '81. He died in '70. iv. 
 400, 599; v. 128, 670. P. (Stephen H.), 1846, of the Mormon colony, who 
 prob. did not come to Cal. v. 547. P. (Win), 1846, Co. C, 1st U. S. dra- 
 
780 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 goons (v. 336). Piercy (Sam. G.), 1847, Irishman of Co. F, 3d U. S. artill; 
 (v. 518); one of the few who did not desert for the mines; name James G. on 
 the roll. He worked as copying clerk during the constitutional convention of 
 '49; and after his discharge in '51 went to N. Y., but returned and lived from 
 '53 at Oakland, where he died in '77, leaving a widow and married daughter. 
 Pierola (Arnoldo) at Mont, in '25. iii. 20. Pierre (Jean), 1806, boatswain of 
 the Peacock, ii. 38. 
 
 Pike (Wm M.), 1846, of the Donner party from Tenn. He was accidentally 
 killed before reaching the mts, leaving a widow and 2 children. The widow, 
 Harriet F. Murphy, survived, marrying Michael Nye in '47 and dying in Or. 
 '70. One of the daughters, Naomi L., also a survivor at the age of 3, married 
 Dr Mitchell of Marysville in '65, and in '80 was Mrs Schenck at The Dalles, 
 Or. The other daughter, Catherine, an infant, died at the Sierra camp. v. 531, 
 533-4. Pilikin (John), 1844, disabled Amer. sailor of the Monmouth, in care 
 of the consul at Mont. 
 
 Pifia (Bias), with Arce's party, 46. v. 106. P. (Joaquin), Mex. corporal 
 of artill. at S.F. from '29, when he wrote a Diario of an important exped. 
 against the Ind., the original of ,which is in my possession; in '44 acting com. 
 at S.F., also owner of town lauds, iii. 75, 111, 113, 212, 702; iv. 463, 669, 672. 
 P. (Lazaro), Mex. artill. corporal at Mont. '29, at S. Rafael '32. iii. 76, 716; 
 in '36 at Mont., age 39, wife Placida Villela, child. Jose* de Jesus b. in Mont. 
 '26, German '29, Ant. A. at S.F. '31, Feliciano at Mont. '32, Francisco '33, 
 Luis G. '35. In '37 he was corporal in the S.F. cav. comp., and from '38 sergt 
 and acting alfe"rez, sometimes in com. at Sonoma, and the grantee of Agua 
 Caliente in '40, besides being owner of a S.F. lot in '45. iii. 193, 583, 702, 711, 
 722; iv. 12, 121, 172-4, 669, 684. He is named by Revere in '46. v. 297; but 
 soon went to Mex., where he is said to have been killed at the battle of Cerro 
 Gordo. P. (Maximo), teacher at Los Ang. '17-18. ii. 353. P. (Pedro), 
 Mex. soldier in the Hidalgo piquete at Mont. '36, age 28. Pinard (J. B.), 
 1848, Canadian farmer at S. Jose" '58-76. Pineda (Joaquin), Mex. soldier at 
 Mont., age 26. P. (Lorenzo), grantee of Los Uvas, Sta Clara, '42. v. 674. 
 Pinkerton (James), 1846, Co'. C, 1st U. S. dragoons (v. 336). Pinkney (Rob 
 ert F.), 1846, lieut on the U. S. Savannah, in corn, of S. Jose" garrison during 
 the Sanchez campaign of '46-7; also of the U. S. ex. ex. in '41, but not in 
 Cal. iv. 241; v. 378, 661. Pino (Miguel), 1770, 2d off. on the Spanish trans 
 ports '70-3. i. 1C8, 208. 
 
 Pinto (Antonio), soldier of the S.F. comp. '19-22. P. (Francisco), son of 
 Serafin, at S. Jose" '41, age 34, wife Prudenciana Servian (?), child Maria Ig- 
 nacia; in '46-7 kept under arrest at Mont, by Maddox for 6 months to pre 
 vent his raising a force to join Flores in the south. P. (Joaquin), resident 
 of Branciforte '30. ii. 627. P. (Juan Maria), soldier of the S. F. comp. 
 .1797-1800. i. 499, 560; of the S.F. comp. '19-27; in '28 at Branciforte with 
 his wife Apolonia Mesa and 4 child., Claudio, Clara, Carmen, and Rosario, 
 also at B. '30-6, ii. 627; iii. 697. P. (Juana F.). married to M. A. Cordcw 
 1776, the first marriage at S.F. i. 298. P. (Manuel), at S. Jos6 '41, age 56, 
 wife Maria Ame"zquita, child. Paulina b. '23, Maria de la Cruz '25, Este"van 
 '28, Miguel '33, Felipe '36. P. (Pablo), corporal of the S.F. comp. i. 297. 
 P. (Rafael), son of Sorafin, b. at Branciforte '18, educated at Mont., and in 
 '36 joining Alvarado's revolt was made alfdrez and soon lieut of volunteers, 
 in which capacity he served in the south '37-9, his regular appointment as 
 alfdrez of the Mont. comp. coming from Mex. in '39. ii. 585; iii. 191, 491, 550, 
 555, 578, 587, 671; iv. 652. In '40 he was one of the officers who went to 
 Tepic with the foreign exiles, returning in '41. iv. 13, 23, 23, 28, 30. After 
 serving as an aide to Micheltorena for a year or more he resigned; in '43-4 
 was a custom-house guard at Mont.; and in '45-6 was receptor of customs at 
 S.F., refusing to join the movement against Micheltorena, and going south 
 with Castro after the occupation of S.F. by the U.S. iv. 292, 377, 431, 463, 
 557, 670; v. 68, 135, 239, 659. After the fall of Los Ang. in Aug. Pinto re 
 turned north, was paroled, and took no further part in the war, becoming a 
 ranchero in later years; had a ' Cal. claim' of $2,464 (v. 462). His wife was 
 
PINTO POLLORENA. 781 
 
 Maria, daughter of Juan Amesti, with whom and 4 children he lived in '78 on 
 his rancho near Corralitos, Sta Cruz Co., a man of good reputation. His 
 Apuntaciones is a valuable MS. narrative dictated for my use at that time; and 
 he also gave me the original S.F. custom-house records in his possession since 
 '46, a most important col. of Doc. Hist. Gal. P. (Serafin), resident of Bran- 
 ciforte '18, and earlier to '30 and later; alcalde in '22, '27. ii. 627. His wife 
 was Ignacia, daughter of Pedro Amador, and his children Francisco, Rafael, 
 Ascension, Antonia, Dolores, Maria, Ignacia, and Carmen the wife of J. B. 
 Bonifacio. Pio, one of the grantees of Ulistac, Sta Clara, '45. iv. 674. 
 
 Pioche (F. L. A.), 1848, Frenchman who came to S.F. from Chile, engaging 
 in trade and becoming a millionaire, prominently connected with many great 
 enterprises of city, state, and coast. The town of Pioche, Nev., bears his 
 name. Becoming involved in financial troubles, he finally committed suicide 
 in 72. Pioneer (Jacob A.), 1847, Co. D, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). Pioquinto 
 (Jose" Ant.), at Los Aug. '46. Piper (Asabel D.), 1847, came on the Loo 
 Choo from N.Y., but not of N.Y.Vol.; owner of S.F. lot; aided O'Farrel in 
 his survey of the town. In '52 he furnished for the Alta his recollections of 
 the city in '47; went in '71 to S. Amer., where he was killed by Ind. in '73. 
 Pistrowski, see ' Petrowski. ' 
 
 Pitnak (Carlos), 1828, mr of the Gen. Sucre, iii. 147; doubtful name. 
 Pitts (Henry F.), 1844 (?), said by Hall and others to have arrived at Sta Clara 
 in '41. I have a letter purporting to be written by him in April '40, at a 
 quicksilver mine in Cal., doubtless an error. Swan says that Wm P., pre 
 sumably the same, landed from an Amer. whaler in '44, and from that date 
 he appears on Larkin's books, iv. 453. In '46 he was employed to carry de 
 spatches from Mont, to S. Jose" and S.F. v. 238, 245; his receipt for 140 on 
 
 E, Morm. Lat. (v. 469); in Sutter's employ '47-8; returned to Utah. 
 
 Place (Wm), 1833, Amer. sailor left sick at Sta B. by a whaler, iii. 409; 
 still there in '36, age 34; and in '45 permitted to marry a neophyte. Pla- 
 cencia (Luis), com. de policia at Mont. iii. 675. Placiat (Antoine), 1827, mr 
 of the Comete. iii. 146. Plaza (Ignacio), 1842, Mex. lieut of the batallon 
 fijo. iv. 289. Plemmonds (David and John), 1848, came with Col Davis. 
 Sta Clara Co. Hist., 660. Pliego (Jose"), settler at S. Jose" before 1800. i. 716. 
 P. (Rodrigo), 1825, Mex. alfe"rez of the Mont., Sta B., and S. Diego comp. 
 '25-31 ; a bad fellow who left Cal. in '32 with Gov. Victoria. Biog. iii. 210-11; 
 meiit. ii. 572, 608; iii. 15, 50, 62, 78-9, 84, 186, 191-2, 195, 205, 608, 650, 671. 
 Plino (Louis), 1836, French servant of Abrego at Mont., age 38. Plummer 
 (Henry), 1835, Engl. cooper who landed from a whaler and became an otter- 
 hunter in the Sta B. region, iii. 413; named in a list of '36 as 38 years old 
 and single; joined Nidever in many hunting trips down to '70. P. (Wm), 
 1847, Co. E, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). Plucois (Pedro), doubtful name in a Sta B. 
 list of '41. Plunkett (James), 1847, Co. E, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Poalclcoin (John), 1841, doubtful name of a deserter from the Juan Jose, 
 who worked as a carpenter for Stearns at Los Ang. Poenicar (Jose"), 1806, 
 doubtful name, mr of the Reisos. ii. 39. Poett (J. Henry), 1848, physician 
 atS.F.; possibly earlier. Poinsett, 1845, perhaps one of Fremont's party, 
 iv. 583. Polanco (Jos(), grantee of Conejo, Sta B., soon after 1800; at Los 
 Ang. 1804, '19; a P. owned S. Jose" de Buenos Aires '40; and an Ings (?) P. was 
 sent a prisoner to Mex. in '30. ii. 112, 172, 185, 349, 354, 566, 664; iii. 85, 634. 
 Policy (James H.), 1846, boatswain on the Dale '46-7; went East '48 on the 
 Congress; returned on the Vincennes, deserting for the mines '50; again in 
 the navy '61-66, when he died. Lancey. Pollock (James), 1847, Co. F, 3d 
 U.S. artill. (v. 518); a Scotch weaver supposed by Kooser to have died be 
 fore '64. P. (James), 1846, settler in '50 with his family on the Cosumnes, 
 where he died '76 and wife in '80. Sac. Co. Hist.; possibly same as preced 
 ing. P. (Le*vis), 1840, one of the Graham exiles not known to have returned. 
 iv. 18. Pollorena, ment. at Los Ang. '47. v. 396. P. (Juan), at Los Ang. 
 
782 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 '19. ii. 355; also in '46. P. (Maria Ant.), at Los Ang. '48. P. (Pedro), corp. 
 of the !3. Diego comp. 1797, and in com. of S. Gabriel escolta. i. G58, 664; set 
 tled at Los Ang. 1805. ii. 310. P. (Rosalia), at Los Ang. '48. 
 
 Pombert (Louis), 1826, Canadian trapper of Jed. Smith's party, who left 
 the party in '27, lived 18 months on Higuera's rancho, and in Apr. '29 at S. 
 Jos(5, age 28. iii. 159-60, 176, 180. In '32 he joined the comp. extranjera at 
 Mont. iii. 221; in '34 had a wife Filomena, daughter of Dolores Pico and 
 a son Juan, born in '30, a daughter Isabel being born in '35. He was a sergt 
 in Graham's comp. supporting Alvarado'36. iii. 458, 675. His name, written 
 generally Pombare, appears in Larkin's books to '45 and in other records to 
 '47. His sons are said to have lived at Castroville in '77. Pomeroy (S. D. ), 
 1848 (?), nat. of Ohio, in Sonoma Co. '55-77. Pomponio, ex-neophyte and 
 famous outlaw captured near S. Rafael and put to death in '24. ii. 537, 597, 
 (>14. Poncabare" (Agustin), 1833, mr of the Mariquita '33, '35. iii. 383. 
 Ponce de Leon (Manuel), Mex. clerk at Sta B. in '38-9 and earlier, iii. 656-7; 
 wife Francisca Solorzano, 3 children; in '40 sec. of sub-prefect, iii. 655. 
 Ponton (Jose" M. ), Mex. lieut sentenced to 5 years in Cal. as a convict in '36; 
 no record of his coming. Pool (Peter), 1846, of the Mormon colony, with 
 his mother Mary and sister Elizabeth, v. 546; living in Utah '84. Pooley, 
 ment. at N. Helv. '47. 
 
 Pope (Wm), 1828, Amer. trapper from N. Mex. in Pattie's party, impris 
 oned for a time at S. Diego, iii. 103, 166-7, 178. He got a pass for Sonora from 
 the gov. in Nov., and subsequently became a naturalized citizen, having a 
 family at Taos. Before '40, perhaps in '36, he came back to Los Ang. with 
 8 members of his family and a company of 12 men. He \vas known in Cal. as 
 Julian P., that being prob. the baptismal name received in N. Mex. In '41 
 he obtained a grant of the Tocoallomi rancho, named for him Pope Valley, 
 Napa Co. , and settled there in '42. I have the original passport of March 2, 
 '42, under which he came north, the expenses of the journey being paid by 
 the govt. A little later, prob. in '43, he accidentally killed himself by sever 
 ing an artery with his axe. iv. 280. His widow married Elias Barnett; his 
 son Joseph was claimant for the rancho. iv. 671; one daughter was Mrs Bur 
 ton of Pope Valley; and there were 4 or five other children. 
 
 Porter (H. F.), 1841, mid. on the U.S. St Louis. P. (Sanford), 1847, Co. 
 E, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). Porterfield (Harvey), 1845, nat. of Tenn., and overl. 
 immig. of the Grigsby-Ide party, iv. 579, 587. He worked as a carpenter at 
 Sonoma; prob. joined the Bears in '46. v. 110; went south in Co. B, Cal. Bat., 
 taking part in the light at S. Pascual, and in Stockton's final campaign; and 
 after his discharge returned to Napa Valley. He went to the mines in '48; 
 was wrecked on Vancouver Isl. in an attempt to reach Trinity River in '49; 
 in '50-1 a stock -raiser in Yolo; in '52 went East by Panama, returning '53 
 overland with a wife, Martha Alexander; and from '56 lived in Napa Co. to 
 '81. His wife died in '66, leaving 3 children, and his 2d wife was Mattie Gal- 
 braith. 
 
 Portilla (Pablo), 1819, Mex. capt. of the Mazatlan cavalry comp. '19-38, 
 being stationed for the most part at S. Diego, and taking part in Ind. exped. 
 and military trials, ii. 253-4, 340-2, 422, 451, 480, 534-6, 540, 543, 547, 549, 
 551, 675; iii. 62. In '31 he rendered somewhat unwilling and ineffective ser 
 vice against Gov. Victoria, and from that year was nominally comandante of 
 the post at S. Diego, iii. 201, 203-4, 206, 608. As comisionado he secularized 
 San Luis Rey in '33-5. iii. 326, 331-2, 346, 353, 613, 623-4; and in '36-8, after 
 rendering some slight support to Chico and Gutierrez, he joined in the south 
 ern intrigues against Alvarado's govt, and finally figured as com. -gen. under 
 Carlos Carrillo, leaving Cal. after the final defeat of "the latter in '38. iii. 440, 
 446, 459, 463, 515, 520-2, 528, 532-3, 548-9, 565, 568-9, 614, 648; iv. 67-8. 
 Capt. P. was a good-natured, easy-going officer of little force or influence, but 
 of good intentions. He went to Sonora, where he was capt. of the post at 
 Guaymas in '46. In '49 Dr Stillman Overl. Monthly, xv. 247 met him at 
 S. Ignacio, L. Cal., in com. of a party of 30 Sonorans bound for % the Cal. pold 
 mines, 75 years old, but ' hale and full of enterprise.' P. (Silvestre), brother 
 
PORTILLA PREUSS. 783 
 
 of Pablo, ment. in '36 in connection with a proposed Ind. exped., and as 
 
 frantco of S. Jose" del Valle rancho. iii. 612; iv. 68. Porloki (Gaspar de), 
 TOO, capt. of dragoons in the Span, army, and gov. of the Californias 17G3- 
 70; com. -in-chief of the 1st exped. to Alta Cal., and 1st ruler of that prov 
 ince to July 9, 1770, rather as military commandant than as gov. His Diario 
 of the exped. to S.F. and return to S. Diego in '69 is included in my list of 
 authorities. Nine years after he left Cal. he was gov. of Puebla. i. 87, 89, 115- 
 25, 134-6, 140-64 et seq., 172, 225, 231, 376, 486. 
 
 Posados (Pedro), prospector at S. Luis Rey '22. ii. 666. Post (Fred. L.), 
 1847, Co. A, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); in '82 at S.F., a clerk in the P.O. for 20 
 years. P. (Gabriel B. ), 1847, at Hon. from Mont, on the Maria Helena; 
 member of the S.F. firm S. H. Williams Co. '48; later G. B. Post & Co.; 
 in '49 memb. of the town council and of the state senate. I think Post street, 
 S.F., may have been named for him. 
 
 Potiiion, ment. at Los Ang. '36. iii. 419. Pott (Geo.), 1847, owner of S. 
 F. lot. v. 685. Potter, 1845, doubtful member of the Grigsby-Ide party. 
 iv. 579; perhaps John. P. (Andrew), 1848, passp. from Hon. P. (John), 
 1844 ('), immig. with a family accredited in newspaper sketches to this year; 
 perhaps of '45. iv. 453. He settled in the Chico region, is noted at Sutter's 
 Fort from June '46; and in '48 gained a fortune in the mines by the aid of 
 Indians. Burnett's party from Or. passed his place and deemed his head 
 somewhat turned by his good fortune. He died there about '51, and is said 
 to have left large sums buried 011 his farm. His sons one of them James, 
 said to have been born '46 in Cal. and daughters were living in Mendocino 
 Co. '74. Potter (Stephen), 1832, mr of the Wm Thompson, iii. 384. 
 Potts (James M.), 1847, mid. on the U.S. Lexington. Poulson (Oliver P.), 
 1846, Co. B, artill. Cal. Bat. (v. 358); prob. an overl. immig. 
 
 Powell (David), 1847, owner of a S.F. lot. P. (Gilbert), 1846, Co. C, 
 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). P. (John W.), 1846. Co. E, F, Cal. Bat. (v. 
 358); ment. in '48 at Sta Cruz. v. 042; at S. Jose" '50. P. (Wm J.), 1840, 
 surgeon on the U.S. Warren; owner of S.F. lots. v. 682. I think Powell St., 
 S.F., was named for him. Powells ( Wm E.), 1847, Co. A, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); 
 d. at Mont. '48. Power (Edward), 1847, Co. F, ditto; d. S.F. about '50. 
 P. (James), 1844, doubtful member of the Fremont party, iv. 437. P. 
 (John A.), 1847, brother of Ed., sergt Co. F, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); after his 
 discharge he became a gambler; and later a robber and murderer known as 
 'Jack Powers.' His associates were chiefly Mexicans, and their depredations 
 were for the most part in S. Luis Ob. and Sta B. counties '51-6. When the 
 vigilantes put an end to their career of crime P. escaped to Sonora, where he 
 was killed in '60. Poyorena, see 'Pollorena.' 
 
 Prado, ment. as a lieut '39. iii. 653; perhaps Prado Mesa. P. (Tomas), 
 regidor at Branciforte 1802; killed at S.F. 1807. ii. 156, 192. Prat (Pedro), 
 1709, surgeon of the 1st exped., who died in Cal. '72-3. i. 128, 130, 136, 140, 
 168, 210. Pratt (Addison), 1848, clergyman who married a couple at S.F. 
 P. (Jacob H.), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). Praule (Raphael), 1844, 
 one of Fremont's men 1st and 2d visits; served in Cal. Bat. '46-7. iv. 437, 
 453, 583; sometimes called * Prone; ' died in the mts of N. Mex. on Fremont's 
 next exped. of '48. Prause (Wm), 1826, mr of the Inca. iii. 147. Pray 
 (John), 1846, interpreter in Marston's force '46-7. v. 380. Prendergast 
 (John), 1848, passp. from Hon. Prentice (Chas), 1847, Co. C, N.Y.Vol. (v. 
 499). P. (Samuel), 1830, nat. of R.I. who came on the Danube from Lima, 
 iii. 180. A mason by trade, but by preference a hunter; arrested for smug 
 gling '33. iii. 393; one of the vigilantes of Los Ang. '36, being then 37 years 
 old and single; still named as a hunter in '41, and said by Warner to have 
 died on Sta Catalina Isl. about '65. Monenean (?) Prentis signed a doc. at 
 Los Ang. '46. Prentiss, 1843, mate of the Admittance, discharged by Capt. 
 Peterson; a nat. of Mass. Prescott, 1846, mr of the Columbus. Presse 
 (Alex.), 1847, surg. of N.Y.Vol. (?); atN.Y. city '84. 8. F. Bulletin. Presta- 
 mero (Juan), 1773, Span, friar who served as supernumerary at S. Luis Ob., 
 and retired on account of illness in '74. i. 194, 196, 227. Preuss (Chas), 1844, 
 
784 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 artist and draughtsman in Fremont's 2d, 3d, and 4th exped. iv. 437, 583; v. 
 453. 
 
 Price (John), 1833, nat. of Ky, who came with Walker's trappers from 
 Salt Lake, remaining in Cal. as a carpenter; named in Larkin's books '34-5; 
 killed in '37 by a fall from his horse at San Jos6 mission, iii. 388, 391, 409. 
 P. (John M.), 1836 (?), Engl. in Mont. dist. '36-8; iv. 118; exiled with Gra 
 ham in '40, but returned in '41, and in '48 was alcalde at S. Luis Ob. iv. 18, 
 33, 37; v. 639. Ace. to his own statement in S. Luis Ob. Co. Hist., 63-9, he 
 deserted from the Kent at Colima and came to Cal. in '30, going to S. Luis 
 about '36, marrying Andrea Colona in '44, by whom he had 13 children, and 
 serving after '48 as county judge and supervisor. Living in '83 at Pismo 
 rancho. P. (Rodman), 1846, nat. of N.Y. and purser on the U.S. Cyane. 
 He took part in the ceremonies of raising the U.S. flag at Mont, in July, and 
 for a brief period was a kind of 2d alcalde at that town. v. 231, 287-9, 637; 
 and in Aug. was sent south with despatches for Stockton, taking, however, 
 no part in subsequent military operations. From Mazatlan he was sent with 
 despatches by Mex. and Vera Cruz to Washington. In '49 he came back to 
 S.F. as navy agent; was a member of the town council and of the constit. 
 convention, a candidate for congress, and the owner of city property, includ 
 ing lots obtained in '47, which made him rich. He went East in '50, was 
 elected to congress from N.J., and subsequently became gov. of that state, 
 where he still lives in '85. As a member of pioneer associations, he has taken 
 much interest in aunals of the conquest; but in his testimony, as reported in 
 various publications, the governor shows that in all the years that have passed 
 his imagination has at least kept pace with his memory. Priest (Albert), 
 1848, German from Or., of the firm Priest, Lee. & Co. at Sac. '49-50. After 
 '51 he lived chiefly in N.Y. He was an Or. immig. of '43, who shipped lum 
 ber to S.F. in '45. Prieto, 1822, contador on the S. Carlos, ii. 458. P. 
 (Antonio), at Los Ang. '46. Prince (Geo.), 1832, mr of the Tranquilina. 
 iii. 384. P. (Geo.), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). Prinon (Sam.), 
 1828, Amer. bricklayer from N. Mex., at Los Ang. '40, age 43; perhaps 
 'Prentice.' Prior, erroneous ment. '27. iii. 160. Prone, see 'Praule.' 
 Prouse ( Wm), 1826, mr of the Inca. iii. 147. P. ( Wm), 1847, Co. B, Morm. 
 Bat. (v. 469). 
 
 Prudhomme (Leon I.), 1835 (?), Fr. cooper said to have come to Los Ang., 
 v. 413, this year in a record of '46. He married a Tapia, and in '52 was claimant 
 for the Habra and Topanga ranches, iii. 633-4. He died in '71, leaving a 
 family. Prudon (Victor), 1834, Frenchman who had lived 7 years in Mex. 
 and came to Cal. as a teacher in the colony at the age of 25. iii. 263, 412. 
 Remaining at S. Gabriel and Los Ang., in '36 he was president of the vigi 
 lantes, iii. 418, 432; iv. 116; and in '37-8 was Gov. Alvarado's sec., being 
 also capt. of militia, iii. 506, 523, 529. In '39-40 he lived at S.F., keeping 
 some kind of a shop, or drinking and gambling place, v. 684; and in '41, be 
 ing grantee of Bodega* he was made sec. of Com. Gen. Vallejo. iv. 204, 670. 
 In this capacity he was sent, in '42, to Mex. in Vallejo's behalf, returning 
 with the rank of capt. and brevet lieut-col in the regular army. iv. 281-5, 
 319, 563. From '43 he lived at Sonoma, being in '44-5 the grantee of Sac. 
 Isl., and Laguna rancho, Yolo, being also mentioned in connection with vari 
 ous minor affairs, iv. 358, 396, 408, 445, 561, 671, 673, 678. With Vallejo, 
 he favored the cause of the U.S. in '46, and with him was made a prisoner by 
 the Bears, v. 41, 45, 61, 112-21, 298-9, 667; having a 'Cal. claim' of $7,390 
 (v. 462). He kept a store at Sonoma in '47-8 in partnership with Haan; and 
 in '48-9 made some money in the mines. I have no later record of him than 
 '53, when he was a witness in the Limantour case. His wife, who was sepa 
 rated from him about '48, was Teodocia Bojorques. Victor Prudon Prud 
 homme was the original form was a man of good education, a master of the 
 Spanish and English languages, and an adept in the use of the graceful, flowery 
 language that delights all of Span, race, many of Alvarado's and Vallejo's 
 state papers being for the most part the secretary's work. He was socially 
 M\ agreeable companion, of attractive personal appearance and fine manners; 
 
PRUDON QUIJAS. 785 
 
 impulsive and often imprudent, but never involved, so far as I know, in any 
 thing very bad or good so far as character and conduct were concerned. 
 Prueth (Clias 11.), 1831, clerk or sup. on the Louisa. 
 
 Pryor (Gabriel), 1840, one of the exiled foreigners, arrested in the south. 
 iv. 14, 18. P. (Nathaniel Miguel), 1828, Kentuckian silversmith and clock- 
 maker who had lived 4 years in N. Mex. and came to Cal. in Pattie's party, 
 iii. 163, 168, 178; ii. 554. After his release from prison he worked at S. Luis 
 Rey, found favor in the eyes of P. Peyri, and in '29 got a carta from Gov. 
 Echeandfa, being then 24 years old. From '30 he lived in the vicinity of Los 
 Ang., sometimes mending clocks, but oftener engaged in otter-hunting, _ not 
 always with due respect to the revenue laws. iii. 393. In '36 he obtained 
 from the ayunt. a certificate of long residence and good character, and a few 
 years later married a Sepulveda who died in '40. He served against Michel- 
 torena in '45. iv. 495; commanded a comp. of citizen artill. in June '46. v. 
 50; was arrested for aid to Amer. during the Flores revolt, and in '47 served 
 as regidor. v. 626. He died in '50. A son Paul, born in '37-9, married a 
 daughter of Juan A"vila, and died by accidental poisoning in '78. iv. 119. 
 
 Puaani (Kale), 1847, Hawaiian owner of S. F. lot. v. 685. Puga (Joa- 
 quin), sirviente at Sta Clara 1776. i. 306. Puget, 1793, officer of Vancou 
 ver's exped. ; in Cal. '93-4, exploring Bodega, Puget Sound in the north bears 
 his name. i. 513, 518, 533. Puig, 1769, sergt of Cal. volunteers in the 1st 
 exped. i. 136, 160. Pujol (Francisco), 1795, Span, friar who served at S. 
 Carlos and died at S. Ant. 1801, being poisoned by the Ind. i. 576, 686; ii. 
 146, 149-50, 159. Pulaski (Albert), 1846, at N. Helv. occasionally '46-8. 
 Pulis (John C.), 1847, sergt Co. F, N.Y.Vol. v. 504; owner of S.F. lots; d. at 
 S.F. '50. Pulpule, Incl. at Sutter's '40. iv. 138. Pulsifer (David), 1847, 
 Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 469): in '82 at Concho, Ariz. Purcell (Henry), 1846, 
 Co. C, 1st U. S. dragoons (v. 336). P. (Matthias), 1847, Co. H, N.Y.Vol. 
 (v. 499); d. at S. F. '50. Purdy (Sam. L.), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); 
 d. in L. Cal. '48. Puter (James), 1828, Ainer. trapper, age 20, of Pattie's 
 party, iii. 163, 168; nothing known of him later. Putnam, 1847, mr of the 
 Susan Drew. v. 511. 
 
 Pyle (Edward), 1846, overl. immig. from Mo., who settled with his family 
 at S.Jose", where he died in '75. His daughters married B. H. Gordon and J. 
 W. Laird. His son, Edward, Jr, married Mary A. Graves of the Donuer party 
 in '47; is ment. in '48 as at N. Helv. raising recruits for service at Maza- 
 tlan (?); also as a member of the Stockton Mining Co. The same year he was 
 murdered near S. Jose" by Valencia, who was hanged for the crime in '49. His 
 widow married J. T. Clark in '51, and in '80 was living at White River, Tulare 
 Co. Another son, John F., was in S. Joaq. Co. '48; Sta Clara Co. '50-76; and 
 in Kern Co. 79. Still another, Thomas, served in Co. B, Cal. Bat. (v. 358); 
 settled with wife and 2 children in Nov. '46 on the Moquelumne; in '47 is 
 ment. as visiting Sutter's Fort; and in '48 moved to Coyote Cr., Sta Clara Co., 
 where he was murdered in '55. 
 
 Qudron (Jenckey), 1846, doubtful name, Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). Queen 
 (Henry W.), 1846, lieut of marines on the U.S. Savannah; lieut Fauntleroy's 
 dragoons (v. 232, 247); in com. at S. Juan B., Sept. Q. (James), 1847, sergt 
 Co. F, N.Y.Vol. v. 504; in charge of Brannan's store at Mormon Isl. 48; d. 
 at Napa 79. Quepness (Odilon), at Soledad '26. ii. 623. Quigley, 1847, a 
 Mormon in Kearny's return party, v. 453. Quigley (Robert), 1846, bugler 
 Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). Quijada (Felipe), soldier at Sta B. '32. 
 Q. (Francisco), grantee of Bolsa de Chemisal, S. Luis Ob., '37. iii. 677. 
 Quijano (Manuel), 1807, surgeon of the troops at Mont. 1807-24. ii. 88, 140, 
 379, 571, 607. 
 
 Quijas (Jose" Lorenzo de la Concepcion), 1833, Mex. friar of the Zacate- 
 canos who served at the 4 northernmost missions, and retired in '44, being 
 vice-prefect in '43-4, perhaps in '57 a parish priest in the state of Guerrero, 
 dying at Quere"taro a little later. Padre Q. was a black sheep in the Francis 
 can flock, yet a good man when sober. Biog. iv. 680-1; ment. iii. 319, 354, 
 HIST. CAL., VOL. IV. 50 
 
786 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 713, 716, 719; iv. 48, 86, 171, 195, 224, 371-3, 427, 676-7. Quilaguegui (Teo- 
 dosio), Ind. grantee of Nicasio '35. iii. 712. Quimby, 1848, mr of the Wave. 
 v. 581. Quimper (Man.), 1790, alfe"rez of the Span, navy at Mont, from 
 Nootka. i. 444, 506; see also Hist. N. W. Coast. Quin (Peter), 1848, Irish 
 man shot at Sta B. in Dec. for the murder of the Reed family at S. Miguel. 
 v. 632, 640. Quinn (Franklin), 1846, iii the Los Ang. region; at Mont. '47-8; 
 possibly 'Gwinn' of '41. Quinones (Manuel), Mex. tanner at Branciforte 
 '45, age 45, wife Josefa Condesa (?), child. Benito b. Sta Cruz '27, Juan Diego 
 '29, Mariano '33, Capistrano '34. He had been a convict of '28-34. 
 
 Quintana, com. of N. Mexicans in Castro's force '46. v. 363. Q. (Andre's), 
 1805, Span, friar who served at Sta Cruz until Oct. 12, '12, when he was mur 
 dered by his neophytes. Biog. ii. 387-9; ment. ii. 155, 159-60, 199, 324, 339, 
 394. Q. (Antonio), at Los Ang. '46. Q. (Diego), ditto. Q. (Francisco 
 Estdvan), grantee of La Vena '42. iv. 656; still at S. Luis Ob. '60. Q. (Ger- 
 onimo), grantee of S. Juan Cap. del Camote, S. Luis Ob., '46, v. 637. Q. 
 (Pedro), from N. Mex. '43, a settler of S. Luis Ob. down to '83. Quintero 
 (Juan), arrested at S. Juan B. '37. iii. 513. Q. (Luis), negro settler of Los 
 Ang. 1781, sent away in '82. i. 345-6. Q. (Tomas), at Sta. B. '37, wife Vi- 
 centa Valenzuela. Quintin, Ind. chief of a Marin Co. tribe for whom Pt 
 Quintin was named; inent. in '24. ii. 538, 598. Quirado (Basilio), Los Ang. 
 land-owner '48. Quir6s (Fernando), 1775, Span, lieut on the S. Antonio and 
 S. Carlos '75-6; made a survey of S.F. bay in boats '76; on the coast again 
 in '79. i. 241, 287, 289-92, 329. Quivey (Peter), 1846, overl. immig. from 
 Mo. ; summoned as a witness in N. Helv. Nov. '46; served in Co. B, Cal. Bat. 
 (r. 358); named at N. Helv. '47; wrote from Los Ang. in March '47 a letter 
 published in the Western Expositor and Liverpool Millennial Star. Settled La 
 Sta Clara Co. with family. 
 
 To BE CONCLUDED AT THE END OF VOL. V. 
 
PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 1542-184S 
 
 CONCLUDED ALPHABETICALLY FKOM VOLUME TV. 
 
 R. ('II Signer'), 1827, sup. of the H6ros. iii. 129-30. Raabes (Claudio), 
 at S. Gabriel '46. Rabbens, or 'Raben,' 1847, mr of the Mathifde. v. 579. 
 Rabbettoile (Pierre), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill.; ' Rabbi ttaile ' on the roll; 
 living in '64. Radford, 1847, lieut on the U. S. Warren, who went east 
 overland withKearny. v. 452. Radon (G.), 1846, mrof the Narwal. v. 579. 
 
 Rae (Wm Glen), 1841, nat. of Scotland, and agent of the H. B. Co., in 
 charge of the Cal. establishment of the co. at S. F. '41-5. He was an able 
 man of business, and a jolly, popular bon-vivant. In '45 he was driven by a 
 complication of causes, arising from business, political, and domestic troubles 
 aggravated by dissipation, to commit suicide at the age of 31. iv. 216-19, 
 593-4, 665-8; v. 679. Rae's wife was Eloise, daughter of Dr John McLough- 
 lin, and they had a son and 2 daughters. The widow became Mrs Harvey, 
 and died at Portland, Or., in '84 at the age of 68. In a MS. Life of Dr Me- 
 Louyhlin, she had furnished me a valuable sketch of her experience in S.F. 
 Her property was left to her son, Joseph McL. Harvey, but the will, ace. to 
 the newspapers, is contested by the daughters of Rae, Mrs Wygant and Mrs 
 Myrick. Raeckman (Israel), 1846, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). Rafter (Wm), 1847, 
 Co. F, 3d U. S. artill. (v. 518); still in the service '64. v. 521. Raggio 
 (Luigi), 1847, Ital. from Mex.; justice of the peace S. Luis Ob. '51; S. Benito 
 Co. '67-81 with family. Ragsdale, 1837, mr of the True Blue. iv. 106. 
 
 Rainey (Dav. P.), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). Rainsford (John), 
 1829, Irish sailor from the Islands, known as Kanaka Jack,' and as Joaquin 
 Solis from his personal resemblance to the convict, iii. 179. He worked 
 as a lumberman; joined the comp. extranjera in '32. iii. 221; appears on 
 Larkin's books from '34; got a Mont, lot in '35; age 30 in '36; sold out in '37; 
 at S.F. in '39-41, acting as interpreter and mr of a launch on the bay. iv. 130. 
 In '42 he lived at Sonoma, getting naturalization papers, and perhaps visiting 
 the Geysers; grantee of a Napa rancho by the Sonoma alcalde in *45. Land 
 Com., no. 804; died in '46. 
 
 Ramirez (Agapito), at Los Ang. '45-6, iv. 522, 541. R. (Angel), 1834, 
 Mex. ex-friar and ex-revolutionist, in charge of the Mont, custom-house '34- 
 6; a leading supporter of Alvarado at first and later a conspirator against him; 
 an intriguing, vicious fellow, who died in '40. His wife, or mistress, in '36 was 
 Francisca Gutierrez, who came with him overland from Tepic. Biog. iii. 587- 
 8; ment. iii. 357-8, 261, 297, 370-3, 377, 452, 455, 469, 477, 487, 513, 523-5, 
 569, 573, 670-2, 677, 683, 688; iv. 96, 163. R. (Angeles), at Los Ang. '46. 
 R, ( Aquilino), killed at S. Buen. '38. iii. 554. R. (Antonio), at Los Ang. '39, 
 age 25. R. (Francisco), Chileno at S.F. '43-6; age 40 in '45; collector in '46. 
 v. 648. R. (Ignacio), first man buried at Mont. 1770. i. 175. 
 
 Ramirez (Jose), 1820, Mex. sub-lient of artill. '20-26, when he returned 
 to Mex. ii. 263, 371, 381, 422, 470, 510, 537, 674; iii. 25. He was an old man 
 of 60, and soon died, leaving a widow, Maria de Jesus Ortega, of StaB., who 
 returned to Cal., and in '75 was still living at Sta Clara. R. (Jose*), resid. 
 of Branciforte '28-30. ii. 627; wife Margarita Lorenzana, child. Riviano 
 (Bibiano?), Vicente, Victor, Andre's, Jos6 Arcadio, Luis, Estefana, Barbara. 
 R. (Jos< Ant.), carpenter-instructor 1792-5; at Los Ang. '21. i. 615; ii. 351. 
 R. (Jos< Guad.), soldier at S. Juan B. before 1800. i. 558. R. (Jos<5 Maria), 
 
 (687) 
 
688 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX 
 
 1825, Mex. alfe"rez, who came with Gov. Echeandfa, and was soon attached 
 to the S. Diego cpmp. iii. 13-14, 16, 24, 78. He married Dolores Palomares, 
 and in '30 was tried and acquitted for bigamy. Took part in the revolt of '31, 
 and was the slayer of Vicente Gomez, iii. 204, 673; in '33-4 comisionado to 
 secularize S. Diego mission, iii. 326, 620, 630; in '35-6 admin, of S. Antonio 
 (possibly another man), iii. 354, 687-8; in '36 at Mont.; also comisionado of 
 Sta Ines. iii. 426, 463, 663-4; iv. 46. He was involved in the sectional quar 
 rels of '37-8, being more than once arrested in the south, iii. 504, 555, 566; 
 in '40 was grantee of land at Los Ang. iii. 634; iv. 635; and in '44 is mcnt. 
 as lieut, being also instructor and adjutant of the Los Ang. comp. of defen- 
 sores. iv. 407-8. An Alf. Ramirez was wounded at the S. Gabriel in Jan. '47. 
 v. 396. R. (Jose' Maria), soldier at Mont. '36, age 33, nat. of Oajaca. R. 
 (Juan), at Los Ang. in '36, one of the vigilantes, iii. 432; age 32 in '39; juez 
 de campo '36, '40, '48. iii. 636-7; v. 626; justice of the peace in '50. R. 
 (Manuel), 1801, Mex. convict, ii. 170. R. (Maria Potenciana), wife of Ma- 
 cario Castro 1777. ii. 141. R. (Miguel), sindico at Branciforte '36. iii. 697; 
 in '45, age 50, nat. of Tepic, wife Margarita Lorenzana, son Canuto b. '26 at 
 B.; prob. same as Jose" above. R. (Ramon), at S. Gabriel '46. Ramon 
 (Jose"), Ind. grantee of Purisima, Sta Clara. Ramos (Jose"), Mex. convict 
 settler 1798. i. 606. 
 
 Ramsay, mr of the Good Hope. ii. 284. Ramsdale (Geo.), 1846, corp. 
 Co. K, C, 1st U.S. dragoons. Killed at S. Pascual. v. 346. Ramsey (Chas), 
 1848, settler in Solano Co., still in Green Valley '78. R. (Dav.), 1847, corp. 
 Co. H, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); kept a store at S.F. '48. v. 683. R. (John W.) t 
 1847, Co. E, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Rand, or Ran (Caleb), 1847, settler in Sta 
 Clara Val. with wife from '46-7; went to Or. 72; d. '79. R. (Geo.), 1847, 
 perhaps of N.Y.Vol. (v. 499), under another name. R. (Joshua), 1847, Co. 
 C, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); d. before '82. Randall (Andrew), 1847, gunner on 
 the U.S. Portsmouth; in '50 called a doctor and scientist; in '53 apparently 
 the claimant for several ranches, iii. 677, 712; iv. 655, 670, 672. R. (Chan 
 dler G.), 1847, said to have been orderly sergt in N.Y.Vol., but not on the 
 rolls; a carpenter at S. Jos4 from '49 to his death in '58, age 36. R. (Charles 
 G.), 1847, Co. B, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); d. S. Jose" after '50; doubtless same as 
 preceding. R. (Eli), 1847, at Stockton. Tinkham. R. (John), 1826, mid. 
 on the Blossom '26-7. Randolph (Isaac N.), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons 
 (v. 336); kept a hotel at Sonoma '48; in Amador Co. from '53 to '63, when he 
 committed suicide. R. (J. B.), 1847, lieut on the U.S. Columbus. Raney 
 (McKee), 1848, uat. of Va, settler of S. Joaq., apparently living in '84; also 
 called 'Reany.' Rangel (Juan Jose"), 1829, Mex. convict set at liberty '34. 
 Ranguel (Manuel), at Los Ang. '46. Ran sch (Joseph A.), 1847, at S.F. 
 asking for land; perhaps 'Rausch.' 
 
 Ratiguende (Wm), 1828, doubtful name; mr of the Fenix. iii. 147. 
 Rausch (Nicholas J.), 1847, Co. K, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); owner of S.F. lot; 
 later a prominent German citizen of S.F. where he died in '63. Rawson 
 (Dan. B.), 1847, Co. D, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). Ray (Charles), 1823, mr of 
 the Plowboy. ii. 492. R. (David), 1848, immig. from Or. with wife and 5 
 children; died on the Yuba the same year. Burnett. R. (JohnG.), 1846, 
 memb. of the Sonoma council '47. v. 668; Cal. claim of $250 (v. 462); in '60 
 kept a hotel on the Geyser road. The John Ray who came to Rose Bar with 
 his family in '48, Yuba Co. Hist., 83, maybe he or David. Rayaty (Julian), 
 at Los Ang. '39, age 26. Raymond (Almon P.), 1847, Co. D, Morm. Bat. 
 (v. 469). R. (Fred.), 1847, nat. of Mass., who died at S.F. May 27th. R. 
 (Peter), 1846, Co. E, Cal. Bat. (v. 358); murderer of J. R. von Pfister in the 
 mines Oct. '48, but escaped from jail. I think he may possibly be the Peter 
 Remer executed at Sta B. in Dec. for the Reed murder, v. 632. Raymore 
 (Thos), 1832, memb. of the comp. extranjera at Mont. iii. 221. Raynor 
 (Wm), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). 
 
 Read (Christina), 1846, of the Mormon colony, v. 546; owner of a S.F. lot. 
 v. 679. R. (Edward), 1844, Amer. from Mazatlan, who went mad on the 
 voyage, and seems to have died at S. Pedro, iv. 453. R. (Hannah T.), 1846, 
 
READ-REAL. 689 
 
 of the Morm. colony with a child, v. 546; perhaps Mrs Jimison later. R. 
 (John), 1826 (?). Irish sailor said to have come from Acapulco this year. iii. 
 176. I find no original record of his presence before '33 except that in '34 sev 
 eral witnesses testified to having known him for 6 years, or since '28. Pre 
 vented by Ind. from cultivating the Cotate rancho, and serving for a time as 
 majordomo of S. Rafael, ace. to current sketches he came to Sauzalito in '32. 
 Weeks claims to have visited him in the Sauzalito cabin iu '31. His boat 
 running occasionally to Yerba Buena, may be regarded as the 1st ferry. From 
 '33 his name appears on Larkin's books and in various records, iii. 365; iv. 
 117. He was naturalized in Sept. '34, and in Oct. was grantee of the Corte de 
 Madera del Presidio rancho. iii. 711. In '35 he was godfather at the baptism 
 of Geo. Yount, and in '36 married Hilaria, daughter of Jose" Ant. Sanchez, 
 being appointed admin, of S. Rafael, and perhaps serving as alcalde the next 
 year, when he was visited by Edwards, iii. 718; iv. 86. Henry A. Peirce de 
 scribes a visit to his place in '41, and he died in '43, leaving 4 children. The 
 widow was still living in '72 with a daughter by a 2d husband. The son, John 
 J. , b. in '37, inherited his father's estate and was still living in '80, with wife 
 Carlota Suarez and 2 children. Another son was Richard, b. about '39. One 
 daughter, Lie's, Mrs DefFenbach, lived in '80 in the adobe house built by her 
 father; the other, Hilaria, married J. Boyle of S.F. R. (Rachel), 1848, 
 married at S. F. to F. Weaver. R. (Wm B.), 1847, Co. F, 3d U. S. artill. 
 (v. 518). 
 
 Reading (Pierson B.), 1843, nat. of N.J. and overl. immig. in the Chiles- 
 Walker party, iv. 393-4, 400. He entered Slitter's service as clerk and chief 
 of trappers, making wide explorations in '44-5, commanding at the fort dur 
 ing Sutter's absence in the Micheltorena campaign, and getting in '44 a grant of 
 the S. Buenaventura rancho. iv. 483, 486, 673. In '46 he was active from the 
 first in promoting the settlers' revolt, and served '46-7 in the Cal. Bat. as 
 paymaster, with rank of major, owning a lot at S.F., and havinga 'Cal. claim.' 
 v. 127-8, 170, 179, 360, 404-5, 447, 674, 685. After his discharge he settled 
 on his Shasta Co. rancho, but in '48-9 engaged extensively in mining opera 
 tions on Trinity River, where Reading Bar bore his name, and in '49 had a 
 store at Sac. in company with Hensley and Snyder, besides taking part in 
 political affairs. In '50 he went east to settle his accounts as paymaster, and 
 to pay a large debt at Vicksburg resulting from a business failure of '37, and 
 returning was candidate for governor in '51, barely missing election. Subse 
 quently he devoted himself to agriculture in northern Cal. ; married Fanny 
 Washington in '56, and died in '68 at the age of 52, leaving a widow and 5 chil 
 dren. Maj. Reading was a man of well-balanced mind, honorable, energetic, 
 and courteous; one whose Calif ornian record seems never to have furnished 
 material for adverse criticism. 
 
 Real (Antonio Suarez del), 1833, Mex. friar of the Zacatecas college, who 
 served at Sta Cruz '33-44, and retired to his college in the latter year, or per 
 haps in '45. iii. 319, 693-5; iv. 371, 657, 662, 675. Padre Real was a dissolute 
 man addicted to more than one vice, and even accused of theft, but credited 
 with having been kind and indulgent to his neophytes. Sir Geo. Simpson, 
 Laplace the French voyager, and Josiah Belden have something to say of the 
 friar's character. R. (Jos4 Maria del Refugio Sagrado Suarez del), 1833, 
 brother of Antonio, Mex. friar of the Zacatecanos, missionary at S. Carlos to 
 '43, and priest at Sta Clara, with charge of S. Jose 1 and S. Carlos from '44. iii. 
 319, 679-80; iv. 5, 427, 549, 638, 651, 657, 682. In '46-7 he was in some dif 
 ficulty about sales of mission lands and encroachments of immigrants, v. 
 564, 663, 665-7; and in later years his troubles with the authorities continued 
 to some extent, until in '51 the guardian called on P. Gonzalez to suspend 
 Real if he could not be induced to leave Cal. voluntarily. He went in '52; in 
 '53 writes from S. Jose" del Cabo, L. Cal.; and in '55 he had severed his con 
 nection with the college and was serving as parish priest at Mazatlan. Padre 
 Jose" Maria somewhat resembled his brother in character, though an abler man, 
 with more skill in concealing his irregularities. It was most unfortunate for 
 the general reputation of the Cal. padres a most excellent body of men, as 
 HIST. CAL., VOL. V. 44 
 
690 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 is fully shown in these volumes that the Real brothers, Quijas, Mercado, 
 and a few other black sheep of the fold were the friars whose conduct was 
 best known to the foreign immig., and on whom many pioneers have founded 
 their estimate of the missionaries. Reamer (Wm C.) of the Mormon col. 
 of '46; did not come to Cal. Reausseau (Charles), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. 
 (v. 499); d. in S.F. '68. 
 
 Recio (Antonio M. Jimenez del), parish priest at Los Ang. '47. v. 625; 
 prob. came in '45 or earlier. Rector (Geo. W.), 1847, nat. of Ky; resid. of 
 S. Luis Ob. Co. '68-83. Reddick, 1845, one of Fremont's men perhaps, iv. 
 583; went east with Sublette in '46, or perhaps to Or. v. 526. Redmond 
 (John B.), 1848 (?), Irish settler of Maria Co. '64-80. Reed (B. F.), 1846, 
 Cal. claim of $300 (v. 462). R. (Edward), 1831, mr of the Harriet. R. 
 (Geo.), 1828, mr of the Rascow. iii. 148. 
 
 Reed (James Frazier), 1846, nat. of Ireland and a prominent member of 
 the Donner party from 111., accomp. by his wife, 4 children, and his wife's 
 mother, Mrs Sarah Keyes. The latter died in May at the age of 90. In Oct., 
 before reaching the mts, Reed, in a quarrel, killed John Snyder and was ban 
 ished from the company. With one companion he crossed the Sierra, and 
 after an unsuccessful attempt to recross with relief, served as lieut in the 
 Sanchez campaign, and in Feb. '47 went back to the lake in the 2d relief. 
 All the family saved their lives and settled at S. Jose", where R. became 
 wealthy and held local offices, dying in '74, and his wife, Margaret W., in '61. 
 James F. Jr was living at S. Jose" in '80, as was Thomas K., also Virginia 
 E., wife of John M. Murphy, with 6 children, and Martha J., widow of Frank 
 Lewis, with 7 children. Portraits of father, mother, and the daughters in 
 McGlashan's work. v. 508, 530, 532, 534, 664, 666, 668, 676. 
 
 Reed (John), see 'Read.' R. (John), 1837 (?), nat. of N.C., who came 
 from N. Mex. ; often accredited to the Workman party, but his name is not 
 in Rowland's list, and Given is positive he was not of the party, iv. 118, 278. 
 Accredited to '37 by the Los Ang. Co. Hist., but perhaps did not come till 
 after '41. Served against Micheltorena in '45. iv. 495; signed the declaration 
 against Castro in June '46, and in Stockton's campaign of 46-7 served as 
 sergt in the Cal. Bat. A visit to Sutter's fort is recorded in '47. He was a son- 
 in-law of John Rowland, and became owner of La Puente rancho, where he 
 died in '74, leaving a widow, but no children. R. (John), 1846, of the 
 Mormon colony, v. 546; perhaps should be 'Read,' or the others 'Reed.' R. 
 (John), 1846, lieut in Marston's force Sta Clara campaign, v. 350. R. (John), 
 1846, sailmaker on the Congress, acting capt. in Stockton's Bat. '46-7. v. 385. 
 R. (Joseph), 1847, accredited tpN.Y. Vol., but not on roll; in St Helena '75. 
 R. (Martin), 1830, asked permission to cut timber at S.F. ; maybe an error 
 for 'John Read.' R. (P, H.), 1847, on the Vandalia at S.F. and Mont. R. 
 (Rachel), 1846, of the Mormon colony, v. 546; perhaps 'Read.' R. (Rich 
 ard), 1845, deserted from the Hopewell at S. Diego. R. (Thos B.), 1845, 
 doubtful name of an overl. immig. iv. 578. R. (Wm), 1826, claimed to have 
 been with Jed. Smith, iii. 153. R. (Wm), 1837, Engl. sailor and lumber 
 man in Mont, district '37-8; being also named as pilot and mate of the schr 
 California '37-9. iii. 532; iv. 101. He married a native and settled near S. 
 Miguel before '46, in which year, with Petronilo Rios, he got a grant of the 
 mission rancho. v. 561, 637. Returning to his home from a successful trip to 
 the mines he was murdered in Dec. '48, with wife, children, and servants 11 
 persons in all by 4 robbers, some of them discharged N. Y. Volunteers. One of 
 the assassins was killed in the pursuit, and the others, calling themselves Lynch, 
 Remer, and Quinn, were executed at Sta B. Dec. 28th. v. 592, 639-40. R. 
 (Wm), 1842, trader at S.F. from N. Orleans, aged 32, with wife and 3 chil 
 dren, John, Maria, and Eliza, the last born or S.F. Padron in Dwinelle. 
 
 Reer (James), 1846, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). Reese (Dav.), 1847, Co. F, 3d 
 U.S. artill. (v. 518). R. (Geo.), 1847, ditto. R. (James), 1846, Co. E, 
 Cal. Bat. (v. 358). Reeves (S. C.), 1848, Columbia River pilot who came to 
 Cal. on the news of gold, in a long-boat rigged for the trip; returned to Or. 
 as mr of the J6ven Gnipuzcoana, but came back to navigate S.F. bay on the 
 
REEVES REQUENA. 691 
 
 Flora, and was drowned in '49. Hist. Or., i. 589, 808. Reffe (Winchester), 
 1847, nat. of Ky and overl. imniig.; a farmer near Stockton '49-56; settler in 
 Lake Co. '65-80; wife Lucy Maxwell. Regalado (Pedro) invalido corp. of 
 S. F. comp. '39-40. R. (Victor), 1848, nat. of Texas who came from Sonora 
 to the mines; later at Los Ang. Iteichart (John), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. 
 artill. (v. 518); supposed to be living in '67. 
 
 Reid (Hugo Perfecto), 1834, nat. of Scotland, who had been 6 years in 
 Mex., coming to S. Diego in Aug. '34 with a pass from Gefe Pol. Monterde at 
 La Paz. iii. 412. He settled at Los Ang., aged 23, and in '35 was accused of 
 complicity in the Apalategui revolt, iii. 285; iv. 117. He is ment. in various 
 records from this time, and seems to have been engaged in trade with Leese 
 and Keith. Becoming naturalized in '39, he settled on the Sta Anita rancho, 
 granted to him in '41-5. iv. 635. I have several of his letters to Hartnell, 
 who aided him in getting the land against the efforts of J. A. Carrillo in be 
 half of the Lopez family. In '39 he had a wife, Victoria, and 3 children, the 
 wife having a grant of the Cuati rancho in '38. iii. 633. He is named as mr of 
 the Esmeralda in '42-3. iv. 565; in '43, '46, encargado de justicia at S. Gabriel, 
 iv. 637, of which establishment he was purchaser with Workman in '46. v. 
 561, 627-9. In '47 he sold Sta Anita to Dalton. v. 628; was owner of a S. F. 
 lot. v. 685; is named as sec. of a meeting at S.F. on land matters; visited the 
 mines in '48, being also Pio Pico's agent to explain the motives of his return, 
 v. 588; and in '49 was a member of the constit. convention. He gave much 
 attention to Ind. manners and customs, on which subject he wrote a valuable 
 series of papers, published in the Los Ang. Star. i. 180. His death was in '52. 
 Felipe and Jose" Dolores seem to have been his sons, iv. 119, the former being 
 at S. Juan B. in '49. R. (Joseph), 1847, Co. H, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at Napa 
 '71-82. R. (Patrick), 1847, corp. Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. v. 519; supposed to 
 be living '64. R. (Wm), 1835, Amer. physician at Los Ang., accused of 
 complicity in the revolt, iii. 242-5, 285. The ayunt. passed complimentary 
 resol. on his medical services; prob. confounded with 'Keith,' q.v. Rein- 
 hart (John), 1846, Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). Reintrie (Henry), 1842, sec. of 
 Com. Jones, iv. 310, 321; a nat. of Cuba of French parentage, who was sec. 
 on the Independence in '47; in '68 vice-consul-general at Habana. Reisch 
 (Jacob), 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Remer (Peter), 1848, one of the murderers of the Reed family at S. Mi 
 guel, executed at Sta B. in Dec. v. 632, 640. I think he was Raymond of the 
 N.V.Vol., '47, who killed Pfister in Oct. '48. Remington (Darius C.), 1847, 
 Co. K, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); in Wash. Ter. '74. Remon (Jos5 Ant.), 1819, at 
 Los Ang. ii. 354. Renard (Wm), 1840, mr of the Francis Henrietta; letters 
 of introd.; perhaps did not come. Rendall (John), 1826, mid. with Beechey. 
 iii. 121. Rendon (Guadalupe and Julian), at Los Ang. '46. R. (Ignacio), 
 settler at Los Ang. '10-19. ii. 349, 354. Renom, 1817, boatswain on Roque- 
 feuil's vessel, d. at S.F. ii. 288.' Renshaw (Wm B.), 1846; lieut U.S.N., 
 acting capt. in Stockton's bat. '46-7; came from Mazatlan with despatches 
 on the Malek Adhel Oct. '46. v. 290, 357-8, 386, 391-5. Repeto (James), 
 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). Repoll (Sam. F.), 1846, killed at S. 
 Pascual. v. 346; prob. the following. Repose (Sam. T.), 1846, Co. C, 1st 
 U.S. dragoons (v. 386). 
 
 Requena (Manuel), 1834, nat. of Yucatan, a trader who came by sea from 
 Guaymas, sold his vessel, and remained in Cal. In '35 he was fiscal at the 
 Apalategui trial, iii. 285; alcalde of Los Ang. '36. iii. 418-19, 431, 481, 636; 
 took a prominent part '36-8 in the southern opposition to Alvarado, and after 
 the affair at Las Flores retired for a time across the frontier, iii. 491, 504, 518, 
 548-9, 555, 558, 561, 565. In '39-41 he was a member of the junta, iii. 590, 
 604; iv. 193; in '44 alcalde, iv. 411, 633; and in '45 ministro of the sup. 
 tribunal and suplente congressman, iv. 532, 539-40; v. 50. In the troubles of 
 '46-7 he seems to have taken but slight part; but in '50-67 he was often 
 member of the city council. He died in '76, at the age of about 72, having 
 always been a citizen of excellent standing and much local influence. His 
 wife was Gertrudis Guirado, who died in '74. His daughter married Dav. W. 
 
692 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX, 
 
 Alexander, from whom I obtained copies of a small collection of Requena, Doc* 
 Hist. Cal. Retar (Henry), 1840, sailor on the California. Revell (Andrew 
 or Joseph), 1848, S.F. letter list. 
 
 Revere (Joseph Warren), 1846, nat. of Mass., and lieut on iheCyane. He 
 was the officer sent to raise the U.S. flag at Sonoma in July, and remained 
 in com. of the northern district for several months, making a tour to Clear 
 Lake the 1st ever described in print and visiting Sutler's fort to repel the 
 threatened Walla Walla invasion, v. 59-60, 128-9, 238, 242-3, 254, 296-7, 
 301, 433, 667. In '47 com. of the prize Admittance, v. 576; later claimant for 
 a Marin Co. rancho. iv. 673. His Tour of Duty, published in '49, contained 
 an interesting narrative of his adventures and observations in Cal. He re 
 signed in '50 to become a ranchero in Mex. , soon entering the govt service, 
 but in '61 reentering that of the U.S. as colonel of a N.J. regiment. He rose 
 to the rank of brig. -gen., but was dismissed from the army by court-martial 
 in '63 for alleged misconduct at Chancellorsville. He resided at Morristown, 
 N.J. ; published another book, Keel and Saddle, in '72; took much interest in 
 pioneer Cal. matters, v. 148-9; and died in '80. Revilla (Cristobal), 1775, 
 mate on transports '75-6. i. 241, 287. 
 
 Rey (Chas), 1823, mr of the Plowboy. ii. 492. R. (Cristobal), in trouble 
 1797. i. 639. II. (Joseph), 1842, French lumberman in the contra costa. 
 Reyes (Antonio), at Los Ang. i. '19-39; ii. 355; and Ant. Maria '46-8, perhaps 
 the same. R. (Dionisio), in Los Ang. revolt '46. v. 308. R. (Fecundo), at 
 Los Ang. '46. R. (Francisco), settler at Los Ang. 1787; alcalde '93-5; owner 
 of ranches; d. before 1816. i. 461, 553,561-2, 612, 661-3; ii. 172, 185, 349. 
 R. (Ignacio), juez de campoatLos Ang. '45. iv. 634. R. (Inocencia), ment. 
 at Los Ang. '46. v. 318. R. (Isidro)| aux. alcalde at Los Ang. '38. iii. 636; 
 age 26 in '39; cl. for Boca de Sta M6nica '52. iii. 633. R. (Jacinto), settler 
 at Los Ang. 1804. ii. 349. R. (Jose"), saddler-instructor 1792-5. i. 615. R. 
 (Jose"), convict settler of 1798. i. 606. R. (Jose"), corp. of S.F. comp. '20-8; 
 perhaps same at Los Ang. '46-8; Sta. B. '50. R. (Manuel), at Los Ang. '46. 
 R. '(Martin), settler at Los Ang. 1790. i. 461. R. (Saturnine and Seferino), 
 at Los Ang. '46-8. 
 
 Reynolds, 1810, mr of the Sultan '10-14. ii. 282. R. (Ed. D.), 1847, 
 purser on the U. S. Southampton. R. (Sam.), 1843, visited Cal. from Hon. 
 R. (Stephen), 1833 (?), Mass, trader at Honolulu, often named in Cal. corresp. 
 of '30-44, many of his original letters being in my collection. I think he vis 
 ited Cal., but find no positive record. He died insane in Mass, about '53, 
 having lost his property in a sugar plantation at the Islands. R. (Wm), 
 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). R. (Wm), 1845, named at S. F.; also as 
 alcalde of S. Rafael, and later claimant for part of Nicasio rancho. iv. 587, 
 593, 672, 677. There may be some confusion between him and the following. 
 R. (Wm John), 1839, Engl. sailor and carpenter on the Index, who left the 
 ship and settled at S.F. in '43. iv. 119. In '44, being 25 years old, he became 
 a Mex. citizen, owner of a lot, iv. 669, and corporal in the defensores. He 
 worked as a carpenter with Davis and Rose, spending much of the time, '45-6, 
 in Napa Valley, where he seems to have worked on a mill, and where he 
 built a small vessel, the Londresa. His visits at N. Helv. are recorded in the 
 Diary of '45-7; and he is said to have been married in '46(?) by Alcalde 
 Boggs. There is no reliable record of the part he took in the revolt of '46, 
 though some vague and inaccurate reminiscences are recorded in the Napa 
 Register of '72. He was familiarly known as Chino Reynolds, was rarely de 
 tected in telling the truth about early events, and died in '76 at Sonoma. 
 R. (Wm P.), 1845, son of Stephen, b. in Manila, mate on the Fama. iv. 565; 
 worked for Davis & Grimes; served in Fauntleroy's dragoons (v. 232, 247); 
 owner of S.F. lot. v. 684; in '49-52 was in charge of Lugo's rancho, Los. 
 Ang., and later a trader; still at Los Ang. '58. Rezanof (Nikolai Petro- 
 vich), 1806, Russ. chamberlain, who visited S.F. to establish commercial re 
 lations bet Alaska and Cal. ii. 38, 67-80, 182, 219. 
 
 Rhea (John), 1831, Arner. trapper from N. Mex. in the Wolfskill party, 
 who settled at Los Ang., where he kept a saloon, with a billiard- table, from. 
 
RHEA RICHARDS. 693 
 
 '34 to '36, but is thought to have gone east about '37. iii. 387, 405. Rhett, 
 1845, perhaps one of Fremont's party, iv. 583. Rheusaw (Hiram), 1845, 
 overl. immig. of the Swasey-Todd party, v. 576, 587. He is ment. at Sutter's 
 fort early in '46; and went south with Fremont in Aug., remaining there 
 with Gillespie, and ranking as lieut in the Cal. Bat. during the final cam 
 paign, v. 300, 386, 435; Cal. claim of $15 (v. 462). I have no record of him 
 -after his discharge from the service in April '47. Rhinehart (Joseph), 1846, 
 German raeuib. of the Donner party, who perished in the snow. He had no 
 family, v. 531,533. 
 
 Rhoads (Darnel), 1846, son of Thomas, nat. of 111., and overl. immig. with 
 wife and his father's family. He worked for Sinclair on the Grimes' rancho, 
 and was a member of the 1st Donner relief, v. 538, of which he has furnished 
 for my use a valuable narrative in MS. Working in the mines '48-9, after a 
 visit east he settled in '51 on a rancho near Gilroy, moving in '57 to the Kings 
 River country, and living in '83 at the age of 62 near Lemoore, Kern Co. He 
 had at that date a son and three daughters. Portrait in Kern Go. Hist., 168. 
 R. (Henry C. ), 18-46, son of Thomas, in Fresno Co. '72. R. (H.), 1847, visited 
 al. on the Gen. Kearny. R. (John B.), 1846, oldest son of Thomas; mem 
 ber and perhaps capt. of the 1st Donner relief, and also memb. of the 4th; on 
 the jury in the Keseberg trial, v. 538, 541. He settled in the Sac. Valley, 
 was a memb of the legislature '63, and died in '66. R. (Thomas), 1846, nat. 
 of Ky, a Mormon, and overl. immig. with wife and 12 sons and daughters. 
 He settled on the Cosumnes, and the visits of different members of the family 
 are often recorded at Sutter's fort in '47. In that year Mrs R. died on 
 Sutter's launch while being carried to S.F. for medical aid, and was buried at 
 Benicia. R. subsequently went to Utah, where he died in '69 at the age of 77. 
 The sons, Daniel, Henry, John, Thomas, and Wm B., are named in this regis 
 ter. Of the daughters, Elizabeth married Sebastian Keyser in '46, and in 
 '72, as Mrs Pierce, lived at Kingston, Fresno Co. ; Sarah married Wm Daylor in 
 '47, in '51 became the wife of Wm R. Grimshaw, and in '72 lived at the Day 
 lor rancho with 7 children. Grimshaw's narrative has been my chief source of 
 information about the Rhoads family. A 3d daughter married Jared Sheldon 
 in '47, and in '72 lived at Day lor rancho with 2 children. The youngest daugh 
 ter went to Utah and married John Clawson. The wife of T. Elder is also 
 named as a daughter of R. R. (Thomas Jr), 1846, son of Thomas; prob. the 
 T. Rhoads who served in the Cal. Bat. (v. 358); drowned while crossing the 
 plains in '52. R. (Wm B.), 1846, son of Thomas; in Fresno Co. '72. 
 Rhodes (Jonas B.), 1848, at S. F. from Valparaiso. R. (Stephen C.), 1846, 
 sailor on the U.S. Dale; came back to Cal. in '49, and died at S.F. '50 at the 
 age of 40. 
 
 Rice (Daniel), 1832, Amer. carpenter from S. Bias. iii. 408; at Los Ang. 
 '40, age 30; married a Romero about '35. R. (Geo. Joseph), 1826, nat. of 
 Mass., who came from Hon. on the Rover, iii. 176; ii. 558; and settled at Los 
 Ang. In. '28 he made a trip to Hon. on the Heros for his health, returning by 
 L. Cal. and S. Diego, obtaining naturalization and a license to marry in '29. 
 His wife was a Lopez, and he was for a time associated in business with John 
 Temple, the partnership being dissolved in '32. I have several of his letters 
 of '31-4. In the later years he kept a billiard-saloon, which he sold to Fran. 
 Figueroa about '35; and he is said to have left Cal. for the east about the same 
 time. R. (John), 1830, Amer. shoemaker from N. Mex. iii. 180; at Los 
 Ang. '36, age 25. R. (Joseph M.), 1846 (?), Soc. Cal. Pion. R. (Thos), 
 1825, mate on the Rover. R, (Wm H.), 1846, died in Alameda Co. '67; said 
 to have been a sailor in the navy '46. R. (Wm), 1826, mr of the Warren 
 '26, '29 (?). iii. 149. 
 
 Rich (Wm), 1841, botanist in U.S. ex. ex. iv. 241, 243. R. (Wm), 1847, 
 maj. U.S.A., and paymaster '47-8; came on the Preble. v. 517, 646. Rich 
 ards (Henry), 1842, sentenced at Los Ang. to 10 years of presidio in Jalisco 
 for murder; nothing known of the case. iv. 296, 342, 633. R. (James), 1847, 
 Co. E, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). R. (Q.), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). R. 
 (Nathaniel), 1833, mr of the N. America, iii. 383. R. (Pierre), 1844, French- 
 
694 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 man in Mont, district; fined for buying smuggled goods; had a claim for 
 damages done by Fremont, iv. 453, 566; v. 615. R. (Peter F.), 1847, Co. B, 
 Morm. Bat. (v. 469); reenl. R. (Wm), 1829, British subject who got a carta. 
 
 Richardson (A.), 1846, mr of the Brooklyn, which brought the Mormon 
 colony, v. 545, 576; d. in N. Y. '84 at the age of 86, and his wife the same day 
 aged 77. R. (Artemas W.), 1847, Co. C, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); county sur 
 veyor in Tuolumne; d. at Sonora '54. R. (Benj. ), 1848 (?), a capitalist of S.F. 
 and N.Y. whose arrival is doubtfully accredited to this year in newspaper 
 sketches of '84. R. (Charles), 1847, sergt Co. B, N.Y. Vol. v. 504; d. at 
 sea '55. R. (Henry), 1844, clerk on the Sterling; d. in Cal. iv. 453. R. 
 (Henry P.), 1847, trader on the coast '47-8; owner of S.F. lot and of property 
 at Benicia. R. (Paul), 1840 (?), a noted trapper and mountaineer, who several 
 times crossed the continent to Or., and may have entered Cal. before '48, 
 as he did in '49. iv. 120. 
 
 Richardson (Wm Antonio), 1822, Engl. mate on the whaler Orion who 
 'left' his vessel at S.F. , was permitted by Gov. Sola to remain on condition of 
 teaching his arts of navigation and carpentry, and in '23 was baptized at the 
 mission by P. Este"nega, receiving at that time the name of Antonio, and be 
 ing 27 years old. ii. 478, 495-6, 591. I have his autograph letter of '23 in 
 Spanish, and many of later date. In '24 he was in trouble about debts, ii. 
 526; and this was by no means the last occurrence of such difficulties; but in 
 '25 he married Maria Antonia, daughter of Comandante Ignacio Martinez. 
 ii. 592; iii. 29; and in '27-9 he applied for naturalization obtained in '30 
 calling himself a piloto, with some ideas of ship-building, speaking Spanish, 
 and having a capital of about $3,000, besides some live-stock, and producing 
 a certificate from P. Altimira of great usefulness to the mission by carpenter- 
 work, and teaching calking to the Ind. He had a boat that traders could 
 hire, served as pilot on the bay, as in the case of Duhaut-Cilly. ii. 590; was 
 more than suspected of smuggling with the support of his father-in-law, and 
 in '29 was employed to vaccinate Ind. at different missions, iii. 168, whence 
 his later title of doctor. At the end of '29 he moved with his family to S. 
 Gabriel, where he made his home till '35, though making trading trips up and 
 down the coast in different vessels, ii. 558; iii. 143, 285, 382. In '35, return 
 ing north, after aiding in founding Sonoma, he erected the 1st structure in S.F. , 
 a kind of tent, or shanty, replaced in '36 with a large adobe building; became 
 the owner of town lots; declined the office of alcalde in '37; and from the 1st 
 day of '37 served as capt. of the port by Vallejo's appointment, iii. 295, 512, 
 700, 705, 709; iv. 97-8, 116, 153, 601-2; v. 682. His private business was the 
 collection of country produce by a launch running on the bay. In '36 he became 
 owner of the Sauzalito rancho, granted to Galindo in J 35; and in '41 he went 
 there to live, though still holding his office of capt. of the port of S.F. till 
 Nov. '44, with no little trouble arising from his interested leniency to whalers 
 who insisted on going to Sauzalito ' for wood and water.' iv. 245, 314, 376, 
 430, 665-6, 669-70, 683. In '46 he afforded some slight aid to the Californians 
 against the Bears, v. 176; but under Stockton's appointment served again as 
 capt. of the port and collector in '46-7. v. 572, 659, 433, 539. Had a Cal. 
 claim of $6,683 (v. 462); was claimant for Sauzalito, where he spent the rest 
 of his life, and bis wife for Pinole, iii. 713; iv. 672; was a witness in the 
 Limantour and other land cases; and died in '56, leaving a widow, still liv 
 ing in '80, a son, and 2 daughters. Capt. R. was a skilful sailor and an 
 energetic man of business; and though somewhat too often involved in busi 
 ness difficulties, and severely criticised as who was not ? in land litigations, 
 is still given a good name by men of all classes who knew him in the early 
 days. A biog. sketch is given in the Marin Co. Hist., 386, the very inac 
 curate nature of which would not be noticed here but for the statement that 
 it is founded on an original diary. R. (Wm B.), 1832, Amer. tailor said to 
 have come on the Espia, though I find no other record of such a vessel, iii. 
 408. Named in Larkin's books from '33; and in '40 at Mont., age 30, and mar 
 ried. In '46 he served in Co. B, Cal. Bat. (v. 358), and was stilf living in Mont. 
 Co. '50. Called also Rocherson and Rickerson. Sometimes a Wm R. appears 
 
RICHARDSON RIDLEY. 695 
 
 in the records, at Sonoma and elsewhere, who cannot be identified with Wm 
 A. or Wm B., so that there may have been a third of the name Richer, see 
 'Nief.' 
 
 . Richie (Benj.), 1847, Co. C. Monn. Bat. (v. 469). Richmond (Wm), 
 1847, Co. D, ditto. Richter (Carl), 1832 (?), writes to Hartwell, in Russian, 
 from Sitka, and seems to have spent some time in Cal., being a friend of the 
 padre prefecto. Rickman (Robert), 1841, overl. immig. of the Bartleson 
 party; visited Mont, in Jan. '42 with letters from Sutter, but went east the 
 same year. iv. 267, 270, 275, 342. Rico (Francisco), nat. of Mont. b. about 
 '20; in '42-4 clerk and celador of the Mont, custom-house, being also grantee 
 in '42-3 of S. Lorenzo and Rancherfa del Rio Estanislao ranches, iv. 339, 377, 
 431, 655, 672. In the revolution against Micheltorena '44-5, Rico took a 
 prominent part from beginning to end. iv. 460, 462, 487, 501, 505, 588. In his 
 Notes of '45 Larkin describes him as an honorable, straightforward man of 
 good standing but little property. In '46-7 as capt. of defensores he was an 
 active supporter of the Flores movement, being 2d in com. in the Natividad 
 campaign, chief of a sub-revolt against Flores, and finally commissioner sent 
 to treat with Fremont, v. 45, 307, 316-18, 321, 333, 362, 365, 368, 372, 404. 
 As late as Feb. '48 he was required to give bonds to commit no hostilities 
 against the U. S. v. 585-6. In later years he was a ranchero in Mont. Co., 
 being apparently supervisor in '56. In '77 he gave me his Memorias, a narra 
 tive confined exclusively to the events of '44-7 which fell under his personal 
 observation, the general accuracy of his statements being well attested by 
 original documentary records. In '85 I have not heard of his death. R. 
 (Martin Gonzalez), appointed in Mex. district judge for Cal. in '29, but never 
 came. R. (Vicente), sergt at Sta B. '29-30. iii. 78, 114. Ricord (John), 
 1847, N. Y. lawyer who had been attorney-gen, of the king of the Sandwich 
 Isl. An unfavorable letter from Com. Biddle to Gov. Mason respecting his 
 record at Hon. and in the U.S. preceded him in Cal., and he was unable 
 with all his arts to secure a high govt position. He opened a law office at 
 Mont., and in '48 was a speculator in quicksilver mines. 
 
 Riddell (D. A.), 1834, mr of the Wm Lye. iii. 384. R. (Timothy W.), 
 1834, mr of the Martha, iii. 383. Ridington (Thomas), 1833, Amer. sailor, 
 who landed from the Ayacucho and settled at S. Diego as a shoemaker, age 
 33. iii. 409. In '35 he applied for naturalization, and in '38 got provisional 
 papers from Carlos Carrillo as gov. His arrest was ordered in '40, iv. 15, but 
 he was not exiled; and in-'44 and '47 he served as justice of the peace, iv. 
 618-20. I find no record of him after '48. His wife was Juana Machado, 
 widow of Ddmaso Alipas, who still lived at S. Diego in '78, with 4 married 
 daughters, giving me a narrative of Tiempos Pasados. Ridley (Robert), 
 1840, Engl. sailor and clerk, who appears on Larkin's books from Jan., being 
 in com. of Sutter's launch, and for a time in charge of Ross '41, acting also 
 as clerk for Spear and Rae at S.F. iv. 117, 120, 129, 138, 186, 233, 668-9, 
 678-9. In '44 he was naturalized, owner of a lot, corporal of the militia, and 
 married to Juana Briones of North Beach, all at the age of 25. He was a pro 
 nounced cockney, a fine-looking fellow, prone to gossip and big stories, capa 
 ble of drinking prodigious quantities of brandy, and popular with all classes, 
 In '45 he got a grant of Sonoma rancho. iv. 671; and this year or the next 
 built a house in town the Leidesdorff cottage, at the corner of Montgomery 
 and California streets. He was capt. of the port in '46, and for a time 2d al 
 calde; but having a fight with Leidesdorff whose letters are full of denun 
 ciation of this 'greatest blaggard in town' he was removed from the office, 
 v. 648-9. In July, as a Mexican official, he was arrested by the Bears and cast 
 into prison at Sutter's fort, but released in time to get some votes for alcalde 
 in Sept. v. 126, 129, 136, 178, 239, 295, 644-5, 659. In '47 keeping a saloon at 
 S.F.; he went on a voyage of search for the Warren's launch, v. 384, 680; 
 later appears at Mont, for a time; but in '48 was appointed alcalde at S.F. 
 mission, where he spent the rest of his life, dying in '51. His heirs were un 
 successful claimants for the Visitacion rancho. v. 671. His name was prob. 
 Robert T., though the 2d initial is written also J. and F., and he is also 
 called Richard and Joseph. 
 
696 . PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 .Riely, 1847, of Lee & R. at Mont. Rielson (Geo.), 1846, at Bernal's 
 rancho near S. Leandro. Rifle (Wm), 1846, Cal. Bat. (v. 328); prob. same 
 as 'Reffe.' Rigby (Geo. R), 1847, Co. F, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); at S. Jos< '50. 
 Riley (James), 1846, with Kearny from N. Mex. as asst in the engineer dept. 
 v. 337. R. (James), 1847, Co. D, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); owner of S.F. lot '48. 
 Ringgold (J. ), 1841, lieut U.S.N., com. of the Porpoise in U.S. ex. ex. iv. 
 232, 235, 568. Rins (Louis), 1840, refused grant of Sta Catalina Isl. as a 
 foreigner; doubtful name. Rioboo (Juan Antonio Garcia), 1783, Span, friar 
 who served as supernumerary at S.F. and S. Diego, retiring in '86. Biog. 
 i. 455-7; ment. i. 379, 388, 404, 422, 459. 
 
 Rios (A.) 5 land-owner at S. Juan Cap. '43. iv. 621. R. (Cayetano), soldier 
 of S. F., drowned '17-18. v. 202, 382. R. (Gregorio), at Los Ang. '46. 
 C. (Joaquin), sub-majordomo at S. Juan B. '35; land-owner at S. Juan Cap. '41. 
 iii. 692; iv. 626. R. (Petronilo), Mex. sergt of artill. at S.F. '27-40. v. 592; 
 iii. 71, 584, 672, 702; prob. came in '24-5. In '36 named in Mont, padron as 
 30 years old, wife Catarina Avila, child. Jose" Camilo b. '34, Maria Lina '35, 
 Jos6 Simon '36. In '42 grantee of S. Bearnabe" rancho, Mont. iv. 655; in 
 '46 grantee with Reed of the S. Miguel estate, v. 375, 561, 637, 639-40; and 
 in '52 claimant for Paso de Robles. iv. 655. He still lived in S. Luis Ob. Co. 
 '60; and in '77 his widow, living at Sta Clara, gave me her Recuerdos of the 
 Reed murders at S. Miguel in '48. R. (Santiago), juez de paz at San Juan 
 Cap. '42-3, where he was also grantee of land. iv. 627. R. (Severiano), 
 settler at S. Juan Cap. '41. iv. 626. R. (Silverio), at S. Diego '31. iii. 201; 
 in '39 at Sta Ana rancho, Los Aug.; in '46 at S. Juan Cap., age 45, wife 
 Francisca, child. Salvador b. '39, Jos6 Dolores '41, Jose" Santos '45. R. 
 (Silverio), at S. Juan Cap. '46, age 32, wife Primitiva (?), child Margarita b. 
 '39, Manuel '42. 
 
 Riper (Abraham van), 1847, sergt Co. E, N.Y. Vol. v. 504. Ripley 
 (Francis L.), 1833 (?), nat. of Ga, who in newspaper sketches is said to have 
 visited Mont, this year as mate on a whaler, iii. 409. In '48, being wrecked 
 on the L. Cal. coast he came up to Mont, on the Ohio, and, except a short time 
 in the mines, spent the rest of his life in Mont. Co. , being city recorder and 
 county surveyor for several terms. He died at Sta Rita '79. Ripoll (An 
 tonio). 1812, Span, friar who served at Purisima and Sta B., and fled from 
 Cal. in '28; a very enthusiastic missionary. Biog. 578; ment. ii. 235, 264, 
 354, 364, 366, 394, 416, 423, 530-2, 534-5, 655; iii. 92-4. Rippstein (Jacob), 
 1846, overl. immig. with Hoppe and Buckelew; 'Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358); 
 owner of S.F. lot '47; in Yuba Co. '85, a farmer. Riser (John J.), 1847, Co. C, 
 Morm. Bat. (v. 469); reenl.; settled in Cal. on discharge, visiting Utah '48-50, 
 and '51-82 in Alameda Co. with wife and 6 children, Catharine, Geo. C., 
 Chas W., May B., Franklin A., and Helen R. 
 
 Ritchie (Archibald A.), 1848, a sea-captain who bought land in Solano Co.; 
 later successful cl. for several ranches, iv. 671, 674; of the S.F. firm R., 
 Osgood, & Co.; d. in '56, leaving a family. R. (M. D.), 1846, nat. of Pa, 
 known as 'colonel' for services in the Blackfoot war, overl. immig. with 
 family, v. 528-9. Working a while for Sutter and being one of the first Don- 
 ner relief, v. 538-9; he settled at Napa in '47, working on the ranches of 
 Boggs and Bale, and renting a mill of Vallejo in '48. He died at Napa in 74, 
 having lost his wife in '73, leaving 6 married daughters Mrs Stark and Poul- 
 son of Lake, Mrs Pond, Cooper, and Hecox of Napa, and Mrs Howard of So 
 lano with 32 grandchildren. Riter (Henry), 1847, Co. B, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). 
 R. (Levi), 1848, Mormon who went to Salt Lake '49. Glover. Rithey 
 <Wm M.), 1846, Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358); at Sutter's fort '47. Ritschard 
 (John), 1848, resid. of Sac. '48-52; d. in Switzerland '77. Rittenhouse 
 <J. B.), 1844, purser on the U.S. Levant. Ritter (Henry), 1839, deserter from 
 theschr. California at S.F. R. (John), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); 
 reenl. 
 
 Rivas (Juan), at Los Ang. '46-8. Rivell (Andrew), 1848, in S.F. letter 
 list. Rivera (Antonio) Mex. sold, in the Hidalgo piquete at Mont. '36, age 
 27. R. (Francisco), Alvarado's comisionado to Mex. '42. iv. 283; grantee of 
 
RIVERA ROBERTS. 697 
 
 S. Luis Gonzaga, Mariposa, '43. iv. 673. R. (Joaquin), mason-instructor 
 1792-5. i. 615. R. (Pascual) corp. at the Col. Riv. pueblos, killed by Ind. 
 
 1. 359, 362. R. (Salvador), mason-instructor, 1792. i. 615, 684. Rivera y 
 Moncada (Fernando Javier), 1769, capt. in com. of the Lore to garrison from 
 1 756 or earlier, and in '69 in com. of the 1st exped. by land to Cal., accompany 
 ing Portola also on the 1st exped. from S. Diego to Mont, and S.F. i. 115-25, 
 132-6, 140-1, 150-5; returned to L. Cal. 70-1. i. 165, 167, 171-2, 175, 178, 
 182. In '74, by appointment of Aug. 17, '73, he came back to Cal. to succeed 
 Tages as mil. com. of the province from May 25th. i. 216-18, 220, 225-6, 231, 
 238, 486, 608. His rule lasted until the arrival of Gov. Neve Feb. 3, '77, and 
 then he went to Loreto to act as lieut-gov. of L. Cal. For events of his rule, 
 including his troubles with Anza and Serra in '76, see i. 230, 232-5, 244-5, 
 248-9, 255-7, 264-73, 276, 279-80, 286-8, 292, 294-5, 298-309, 683. In '78-9 
 he was commissioned to raise colonists for Cal., and at the Colorado River on 
 his way was killed by the Indians July 17, '81. i. 319, 339-44, 361-3, 487; ii. 
 44. On his character and family, see i. 363-4. Riviere (P.), 1847, doubtful 
 name in N. Helv. Diary '47-8. 
 
 Roach (Chas T.), 1848, in S.F. letter list. R. (John), 1830, Amer. from 
 N. Mex. iii. 180; in the comp. extranjera at Mont. '32. iii. 221; also named 
 in a list of '36. R. (Thomas), 1846, gunner in Stockton's Bat., campaign of 
 '46-7, according to a newspaper sketch. R. (Thomas J.), 1847, lieut Co. C, 
 N.Y.Vol. v. 504, 511; deputy collector of the port of S.F., where he engaged 
 in trade after a tour in the mines. In '50 he settled at Trinity bay, and in '52, 
 being county judge elect of Klamath, was drowned in trying to cross a moun 
 tain stream, at the age of 28. His brother, Philip A. Roach, is a well-known 
 citizen and official of S.F. R. (Wm), 1847, sergt Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 504); 
 county sheriff of Mont, for several terms; in Sept. '66 his body was found in 
 a well near Watson ville. Roan (Francis), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. 
 (v. 518). Roane (Archibald), 1847, Co. F, N.Y.Voi. (v. 499); d. at George 
 town, D.C., '79. R. (John), 1847, musician of N.Y.Vol. 
 
 Robb (James B.), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Robbins, 1842, men 
 tioned as a lieut. with Com. Jones, iv. 308. R. (Isaac R.), 1846, one of the 
 Mormon colony with wife and 2 children, v. 546; a councillor of the church 
 in Utah '84. R. (John), 1833, at Mont. R. (John R.), 1846, one of the 
 Mormon colony, v. 546, with wife and 2 children, 2 children also having died 
 on the voyage; agent to settle affairs of Brannan & Co. 47; owner of a S.F. 
 lot. v. 678; in Utah '84. R. (Thomas M.), 1823, nat. of Mass, and mate on 
 the Rover '2-5. ii. 495; mate of the Waverly '26-8. iii. 147, 149, 154. About 
 '30 he settled at Sta B., where he opened a store, commanded the Sta 
 Barbara schooner, and in '34 married Encarnacion, daughter of Carlos 
 Carrillo. ii. 573; iii. 140, 384; iv. 117. He is named in the padron of '36 as 
 an Amer. trader, age 35, a catholic with wife and child. In '37-9 Capt. R. 
 commanded the govt schr California in the service of Alvarado and Vallejo, 
 winning an honorary commission as capt. in the Mex. navy. iii. 531; iv. 101- 
 
 2, 552, 569, 580; v. 317. His name does not appear except in private commer 
 cial records in 40-4, though I have a copy of his MS. Diary of weather and 
 movements ofvessels at Sta B. for the 1st quarter of '43. In '46 he was gran 
 tee of La Calera rancho and Sta Catalina Isl. iv. 642; v. 628; being also in 
 some slight trouble with the Flores govt. v. 330, 304; Cal. claim of $143 
 (v. 462). He was claimant for La Calera in '52, and died in '57, his widow 
 living until '76. Capt. Robbins is remembered as a hospitable, good-natured 
 old salt, whose store was a general rendezvous for seafaring men and traders, 
 who were always welcome at his table. 
 
 Roberts (Mrs), 1847, first person buried at Benicia, drawn to the grave by 
 an ox-team. Tustin; perhaps 'Rhoads,' q.v. R. (Geo.), 1836, nat. of Ga, at 
 Sonoma and Ross; baptized at S. Rafael '38 as Jorge Maria, iv. 118. R. 
 <J.), 1846, Cal. Bat. (v. 358); perhaps same as preceding. R. (James), 1840, 
 at S. Diego. R. (L.), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); in '82 a farmer at 
 Kaysvillc, Utah. R. (Robert), 1847, owner of a S. F. lot. v. 679. R. 
 <Sam.), 1847, Co. E, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); chief of the Hounds at S.F. '50, sen- 
 
698 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 tenced to 10 years in the penitentiary. Pop. Trib.,i. 90, 99-100. R. (Win), 
 1847, Or. missionary at S. F. v. 657. R. (Wm), 1848, Amer. sailor at the 
 mines. Robertson, 1848, kept a gambling and grog shop at Sta B. R. 
 (John), 1848, Engl. from Chile on the Confederation; kept a bakery and saloon 
 at Mont., going soon to the mines. Settled in Salinas Val., and died there in 
 '70 at the age of 55. R. (Robert), 1840, at S. Diego '40-8. iv. 15, 120. 
 Robeson (Thomas), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 326). 
 
 Robidoux (Antoine), 1846, nat. of St Louis, Mo., who had lived 15 years 
 in Mexican provinces and married a Mex. wife. He came with Kearny as 
 guide from N. Mex. , and was severely wounded at S. Pascual. v. 337, 346-7. 
 Going east in '47 he came back after '49 to remain until '54. From about '56 
 he lived at St Joseph, Mo. founded by his brother where he died in '60 at 
 the age of 66. The name is variously written, but I follow his autograph. 
 R. (Louis), 1844, brother of Antoiue, who came from N. Mex. in '44, having 
 possibly visited the country before, iv. 265, 453. He purchased the Jurupa 
 rancho, where he settled with his family, a man of considerable wealth. In 
 the troubles of '46-7, being juez de paz at S. Bernardino, v. 625-6, he favored 
 the Americans, was one of the chino prisoners (v. 311), and served in the Cal. 
 Bat. He was cl. for Jurupa and S. Jacinto. iv. 621, 633; was a prosperous 
 ranchero down to about '62; and died in '68 at the age of 77. Robinson, 
 1838, mate of the Llama, iv. 91. Robinson, 1841, storekeeper at S. Diego, 
 iv. 619; perhaps ' Robeson.' R., 1847, of the firm R. & Townsend at Mont. 
 '47-8. 
 
 Robinson (Alfred), 1829, nat. of Mass., who at the age of 23 came on the 
 Brookline as clerk, and remained in Cal. as agent of Bryant & Sturgis of Bos 
 ton. He was baptized as Jose" Maria Alfredo before '33, travelling up and 
 down the coast from S. Diego to S.F. to bargain for the purchase of hides and 
 the sale of goods, often mentioned in commercial records, and many of his 
 original letters generally signed 'Alfredo* or 'Robinson' being in my col 
 lection, iii. 137, 146, 179, 258, 374; iv. 116; v. 590-1, 619-20. Early in '36 
 obtaining in his haste a dispensation of two bans with a hint from Padre 
 Duran to contribute $20 to the church he married Ana Maria, daughter of 
 Capt. Jose" de la Guerra y Noriega; and in '37 with his wife sailed for Boston 
 via Honolulu, iv. 101. He came back on the Alert in '40 to resume his former 
 agency, remaining till '42, when he again went east via Mazatlan, carrying 
 despatches from Com. Jones to the govt, and also gold to the Phil, mint from the 
 Los Ang. placers, iv. 297, 320, 403, 562, 640. While prevented by a certain 
 personal reserve and dignity from achieving the 'hail fellow wfll met' popu 
 larity of some of his contemporaries, Robinson always inspired respect by his 
 straightforward dealings; and his alliance with the leading family of southern 
 Cal. naturally did much to give him a good standing among Californians. In 
 '46 he published anonymously his Life in California, a standard work, fol 
 lowed by most writers on the annals of '30-42, and worthy of much praise, 
 though showing here and there the personal and political prejudices of the 
 author and his father-in-law. For notice of the book, with citations on vari* 
 ous topics and a sketch of the author, see iv. 343-5; ii. 176, 563, 620-5; iv. 
 2-3, 6, 20, 35-6, 332-5; v. 98. In '49 he came back to Cal. as agent of the 
 Pacific Mail Steamship Co., in later years becoming agent for the sale and 
 management of several large estates in the south; and in '85 still lives at S.F. 
 the oldest surviving pioneer so far as my records show. In '80 he furnished a 
 brief Statement, which has been found useful in connection with his book and 
 his original correspondence. His wife, after living in the east I think from '37 
 to '50 or later, died at Sta B. in '55. There were 8 children, 2 of them b. be 
 fore '40, James (who died at West Point at the age of 17), Alfredo, Miguel, 
 James 2d, Elena, Maria, Antonia, and Paulina. One of the sons lives at S.F. 
 '85, his wife being a daughter of Horace Hawes. 
 
 Robinson (Christopher F.) 1847, at Mont, from Hon. '47-8. R. (Edward 
 R.), 1830 (?), Amer. sailor, said to have touched at Mont. iii. 180; then 'coasted 
 off and on' for 10 years, and settled in the Sac. Val. Mentioned 45-8 in the N. 
 Helv. Diary; in '47 married Mrs Christina Patterson and lived on Dry Creek, 
 
ROBINSON ROCHE, 699 
 
 S. Joaq. Co.; but went to the mines in '48; testified in a land case '60; 
 near Gilroy '72; and in S. Joaq. Co. '78. R. (Geo.), 1839, mate on the Cal 
 ifornia schr, who seems to have died before '42. iii. 532; iv. 101, 119. R. 
 (Geo.), 1842, officer of marines on the United States. Maxwell. R. (Geo.), 
 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). R. (Geo.), 1847, sergt Co. G, N.Y. 
 Vol. v. 504. R. (James), 1841, nat. of the Bermudas, sailor disch. from 
 the Julia Ann; still at Mont. 42. R. (J. F.), 1848, passp. from Hon. R. 
 (L.), 1846, Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). R. (Robert), 1835, Scotch sailor, in 
 trade at S. Diego to '50. iii. 423. R. (T.), 1847, gunner on the Columbus. 
 R. (Wm), 1847, Co. D, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). R. (Wm), 1847, Co. D, N.Y. 
 Vol. (v. 499). R. ( Wm), 1848 (?), sup. of a N.Y. vessel wrecked in S. Araer., 
 said to have arrived this year; at Benicia '49; later county judge of Shasta, 
 and finally a filibuster in Peru. R. (Wm D.), 1847, Co. D, N^Y. Vol.; (v. 
 499); owner of S.F. lot; watchman at Mont. '48; still at Mont. '72-82. R. 
 (Wm M.), 1847, nat. of Va; member of S. Joaq. Pion. Soc. 
 
 Robles (Avelino), soldier S.F. comp. '27-30; killed at Branciforte '39. iii. 
 588. R. (Antonio), nat. of Zacatecas; at Branciforte '28, wife Rosalia Mer- 
 lopes, child. Jose" Raimundo, Teodoro, Secundino, Guadalupe, Nicolds, 
 Fulgencio, and Estefana. In the padron of '45 he appears as Jose" Antonio, age 
 70, wife Gertrudis Merlopes age 50. He had settled at B. in 1797. i. 569; 
 regidor 1805; comisionado '17; secretary '27; and alcalde '33. ii. 156, 390, 
 605, 627. iii. 696-7. He died in '42 and his widow in '49. R. (Fulgencio), 
 son of Antonio, a rough character, killed in '42. iv. 663. R. (Juan Jose"), 
 1769, soldier of the 1st exped.; from '76 sergt of the S. Diego comp.; killed 
 on the Colorado '81 by Ind. i. 342-3, 362, 452. R. (Manuel), soldier at S. 
 Diego '71-2. R. (Miguel), alcalde at S. Luis 1781. R. (Nicolds), son of 
 Antonio, in trouble at Branciforte '39. iii. 588; named in '43. R. (Rafael), 
 soldier of the S.F. comp. '19-30. R. (Ramon), at Mont. '36, age 27; nat. of 
 Branciforte; wife Perfecta Castro, child Felipe b. '33. R. (Secundino), son 
 of Antonio, b. '13; maj. of Sta Clara mission from '41. He claims to have 
 been one of the discoverers of the N. Almaden quicksilver mine about '28; 
 and respecting affairs of the mine, and on the Sanchez campaign of '46-7; in 
 '77 at his rancho of Sta Rita, Sta Clara Co. , he gave me a Relation. He was 
 also one of the claimants of Rincon de S. Francisquito. iv. 672. His wife was 
 Antonia Garcia, and they had 29 children. Still living in '81. R. (Teodoro), 
 brother of Secundino, and with him cl. for S. Francisquito. iv. 672. Rob- 
 redo (Jose"), 1791, lieut in Malaspina's exped. i. 498. 
 
 Roca (Jose"), 1796, Mex. sergt of artill., son-in-law of lieut Sal.; men 
 tioned to 1802, and after an absence came back in 1805. i. 540-1, 648, 679; 
 ii. 30-1, 144, 147. R. (Ramon), appointed capt. of the S. Diego comp. '17, 
 but never came to Cal. Rocha (Antonio Jose 1 ), 1815, Portuguese who came 
 on the Columbia, ii. 273, 393; naturalized '31; in '36 living at Sta B. with his 
 wife, Josef a Alvarado, and 5 children, age 45; perhaps the grantee of La Brea 
 '28. ii. 350, 565, 633. An Antonio R. was assessor at Los Ang. '69-70. R. 
 (Cornelio), 1798, Mex. convict settler, i. 606. R. (Juan Este"van), corp. at 
 S. Diego, 1775. i. 250-1. R. (Juan Jose"), 1825, Mex. brevet alfSrez who 
 came with Echeandia under sentence of banishment for 2 years, iii. 13-14. 
 He was put in com. of the Mont, detachment of the S. Bias comp., and is 
 often named in the records of later years, being comisionado for the seculariza 
 tion of S. Juan Cap. in '33-4, in charge of S. Gabriel '36-7, and acting com. 
 of the southern force in the sectional war of '37. ii. 549; iii. 13-14, 36, 61-2, 
 69, 73, 99, 204, 326, 346, 481-2, 488, 491, 495, 504, 520, 626, 644-5, 648. He 
 died at S. Diego, at a date not recorded. His wife was Elena Dominguez; 
 and a son Manuel died at S. Diego in '54. R. (Ramon), soldier at Sta B. 
 before '37 Roche (Eugene de la), 1845, came from Hon. to S.F. this year 
 or the next ace. to his testimony and that of others in the Santillan case. 
 Rochin (Francisco), soldier of the S.F. comp. '27-37; at S. Jose* '41, age 30, 
 wife Maria Archuleta, child Francisco b. '40; still at S. JosS '47. R. (Igna- 
 cio), soldier at Sta B. executed for murder 1795. i. 638, 669. His wife was 
 Ana Maria Bojorques. R. (Leandro), regidor at S. Jose' '35. iii. 730; in '41 
 
700 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 named in the padron as 32 years old, wife Maria Fran. Romero, child. Jose 1 
 Ant. b. '30, Petra '27, Concepcion '28, Efigenia '29. R. (Lucas), soldier of 
 Mont. comp. '36, age 15. R. (Miguel), killed by his wife '33. R. (Vicente), 
 drummer in the Hidalgo piquete at Mont. '36, age 11. Rochon (Z.), 1846, 
 came to Sta Clara Co., where he still lived in '82. 
 
 Rock (Geo.), 1836, first appears at Sonoma as a witness against a horse- 
 thief, iv. 118; seems to have had a rancho near Sonoma, and in '37 was nomi 
 nal grantee of S. Julian, Sta B., iii. 655-6, being in '37 grantee of Guenoc, 
 Lake Co. iv. 671. According to the Lake Co. Hist., he lived at Guenoc from 
 about '48, as agent for Jacob P. Leese. R. (James), 1841, Amer. deserter 
 from the U.S. ex. ex. iv. 279; though there is a record that seems to show 
 the banishment of a woman for trato ilicito with Santiago Rock in '40. He 
 settled at S. Jose 1 , where in '45 he signed the call to foreigners, iv. 599. In 
 '46 he served as lieut of Co. G, Cal. Bat., but was cashiered by court-martial 
 in Jan. '47. v. 361, 366, 434; and was killed by Ind. in S. Joaq. Val., accord 
 ing to the S.F. Star of July 24, '47. Rockwell (Orrin P.), 1848, guide to 
 the Mormons on the journey east. Tyler. 'Rocky Mountain Jack,' 1826, 
 claims to have been one of Jed. Smith's party, iii. 153. 
 
 Roderick (John), 1841, Engl. mate of the schr California '41-2; mr of the 
 Bolivar '44-5. iv. 279, 563. Rodford (Wm), 1845, lieut on the U.S. War 
 ren, iv. 587. Rodgers, 1838, mrof the Flibbertygibbet. iv. 103. R. (1843), at 
 Mont., mrof a vessel. Peterson. R. (Geo.), 1845 (?), lumberman before '46. 
 iv. 587. Brown. R. (James), 1842, nat. of Md, deserter from the U. S. 
 Cyane, and captured by Salv. Vallejo March '43. Rodman (Geo.), 1845, 
 coxswain of the Warren's launch, lost in S.F. bay '46. iv. 587; v. 384. R. 
 (Robert C.), 1847, sailmaker on the U.S. Columbus. Rodrian (Chas), 1847, 
 Co. K, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); owner of S.F. lot. 
 
 Rodriguez, at S.F. '44, age 20. R., corp. at Sta Cruz '24. ii. 519, 522. 
 R., sailor sirviente at Sta Cruz 1795. i. 496. R. (Alejandro), alcalde of Bran- 
 ciforte '35. iii. 696-7; in '36 at the Trinidad rancho, Mont., age 44, wife 
 Concepcion Martinez, child. Manuel b. '18, Jose" '23, Maria del Sacramento 
 '26, and Juan Buenaventura '32; at Branciforte '45, age 50 (?), with the same 
 family less Manuel; died in '48. R. (Antonio), 1829, Mex. convict, liber 
 ated '33. R. (Antonio), drummer in the Hidalgo piquete '36, at Mont., age 
 13. R. (Antonio), soldier at Sta B. '32; wife Mariana Arellanes; com 
 mended for valor '24. ii. 552; juez or alcalde at Sta B. '39-40, '44. iii. 654-5; 
 iv. 642; arrested in '45, served under Flores '46, suspected of hostile inten 
 tions '48. iv. 542; v. 330, 586; justice of the peace '51-2. R. (Antonio), 
 mentioned as 103 years old at Los Ang. '73. R. (Antonio), alcalde of Bran 
 ciforte '37, and grantee of S. Vicente rancho '39. iii. 678, 695, 697; also of 
 Bolsa del Pajaro '36. On the Branciforte padron of '45 he is named as 46 
 years old, nat. of Cal., wife Dolores Galindo, child. Guadalupe b. '22, Magin 
 '31, Venancio '34, Miguel '37, Jose Maria '43, Balvaneda '35, Adelaida '38, 
 and Maria Ant. '41. R. (Antonio), regidor at S. Jose" '37. iii. 729-30. R. 
 (Antonio Catarino), 1809, Span, friar, who served chiefly at S. Luis Ob. and 
 Purisima, dying in '24. Biog. ii. 580; ment. ii. 155, 159-60, 236, 292, 369, 384, 
 387, 394, 529, 532-3, 581, 618, 655. 
 
 Rodriguez (Damaso Antonio), corp. of Mont, comp., transf. to Sta B. comp. 
 in '18; sergt '21-30, ii. 572, being a leader of insurgents in '29, iii. 78, and 
 alfe"rez from '31. From '33 he was alfe"rez of the S.F. comp., sometimes com. 
 of the post, iii. 396, 573, 701-2, being an invalido at Sonoma on full pay from 
 '37. In '44 he was instructor of the Sonoma defensores, grantee of Lac 
 rancho, and perhaps 2d alcalde of S. Rafael, iv. 407-8, 671, 677. In '46 
 named as supl. juez, and as in theOlompali fight with the Bears, which took 
 place on his land. v. 168, 688; had a Cal. claim of $2,675 (v. 462). He died soon 
 after '46. R. (Fecundo), at Mont. '36, nat. of Cal., age 22, wife Guadalupe 
 Robles, child. Rafaela b. '33, Concepcion '36. R. (Felipe), at Sta B. before 
 '37, wife Rafaela Soto; soldier of S. F. comp. '44; prob. 2 men. R. (Fran 
 cisco), Sta Cruz poet of '18. ii. 245; in '28 at Branciforte, wife Rafaela Castro, 
 child. Jesus, Escolastica, Benita, and Antonia; alcalde in '30. ii. 627; grantee 
 
RODRIGUEZ. 701 
 
 of Arroyo del Rodeo '34. iii. 677; still living in '55. R. (Fran.), at Los 
 Ang. '43-6; justice at Alamitos '56. R. (Giacundo), at Sta Cruz '43. R. 
 (Ignacio), grantee of Conejo rancho 1802 et seq. ii. 112, 172, 516, 664. 
 
 Rodriguez (Jacinto), nat. of Cal., first mentioned in public records as lieut 
 of militia and employed by Alvarado in '36. iii. 491. From '39 he was alferez 
 of the Mont. comp. aiding in the arrest of the foreigners in '40. iii. 671; iv. 
 23, 282, 652. Celador of the Mont, and S. F. custom-house '43-46, being 
 grantee of the Jacinto rancho, Colusa, in '44. iv. 377, 431, 463, 557, 570, 671. 
 
 Named in the Branciforte padron of '45 as 31 years old, wife Guadalupe , 
 
 child. Rafaela b. '32, Concepcion '35, Guadalupe '36, and Josefa '39. Alcalde 
 at Mont, in '49 and member of the constit. convention, the reasons for such 
 a choice by the Montereyans not being very apparent. He still lived in Mont. 
 Co. '74 and later, a man of some property. I obtained from him a brief Nar 
 ration of his recollections of early events. His oldest son, Porfirio, died at 
 Mont. '77. R. (Jose), sirviente at S.F. 1777. i. 297. R. (Jose"), soldier at 
 Sta B. 1832, wife Bernarda Rosas. R. (Jose), prisoner at Mont. '47; alias 
 'Letra.' R, (Jose), sindico at S. F. '38. iii. 705; at S. F. '42, age 35, wife 
 Romana Miramontes, child. Maria b. '38, Maria '40, Jose* and Francisco '37; 
 perhaps the same who had a Cal. claim of $46 (v. 462), and was at S. Jos6 
 '50. R. (Jos6), at Branciforte '45, age 21. R. (Jose), soldier, carpenter, 
 and teacher at Mont. 1796-1800. i. 643. R. (Jose Antonio), soldier at S. 
 Antonio '93 and earlier; corp. of the escolta at S. Miguel '97. i. 560; inval. 
 at Branciforte from '99, being comisionado of the villa for some years to 1810. 
 His wife was Maria Vicenta de Leon, and (> of his sons were soldiers of the 
 Mont. comp. after 1800. i. 571; ii. 156, 171, 390. He died in '37. R. (Jose" 
 Ant.), at Trinidad rancho, Mont., '36, age 26, wife Maria Elena Castro; juez 
 at S. Juan B. '44. iv. 661; perhaps was drowned in attempting to save goods 
 from the Star of the West in '45. R. (Jose" Brigido), son of Jos6 Ant., b. at 
 S. Antonio 1793; soldier of the Mont. comp. 1811-30; a tailor by trade. 
 From '34 he was a ranchero in Sta Cruz Co., and in '77, at the age of 84, resid 
 ing near Soquel, he gave me his Recuerdos Histdricos. He died in '80, leaving 
 only one surviving member of his family, an aged sister. 
 
 Rodriguez (Jose" Maria), at Sta B. before '37 with wife Carmen Dominguez 
 and 5 children; at Los Ang. '46. R. (Juan), resid. of S. Diego '30. ii. 546. 
 R. (Luis), at Sta B. before '37 with wife Maria Arrellanes and 3 children. 
 R. (Manuel), Mex. soldier of the Mont. comp. at Soledad 1791-1800. i. 499; 
 in 1819 comisionado of Branciforte. ii. 390; being an inval. corporal; smdico 
 in '39 and alcalde '44. iii. 697; iv, 408, 664; in '45 on the padron as 68 years 
 old, nat. of Sinaloa, with a daughter Josefa b. '11.; memb. of town council 
 '48. v. 642; though this may have been the following. R. (Manuel), at 
 Branciforte '45, age 28, wife Maria Gonzalez, child. Jose" b. '42, Santa '44. 
 R. (Manuel), 1795, Mex. cadet and alfdrez of the S.F. comp. though serving 
 in the S. Diego comp., of which he became lieut and comandante. In 1806 he 
 was made capt. of the S.F. comp. and sent to Mex. as habilitado general, dy 
 ing in '10. Biog. ii. 98-9; i. 646-7; ment. ii. 11-15, 39, 106, 109, 125, 188-9, 
 370, 421. R. (Maria Engracia), at Sta Cruz '47. v. 641. R. (Matias), 
 soldier at S. Juan B. before 1800. i. 558. R, (Nemesio), soldier of S.F. comp. 
 '41-2. R. (Norberto), soldier at Sta B. before '37. 
 
 Rodriguez (Pablo), Ind. settler at Los. Ang. 1781-6. i. 346, 348. R. 
 (Pedro), at Trinidad rancho, Mont., '36, age 25, wife Gertrudis Espinosa, 
 child. Juan de Parma b. '32, Jose" '35. R. (Ramon), grantee of Agua Puerca 
 '43 and Canada de S. Miguel '46. iv. 655; v. 632; killed '48 in attempting to 
 arrest the murderers of Reed in Sta. B. Co. v. 632, 648. R. (Ramon), in 
 Branciforte '28, wife Teresa Soto, child Jos< de la Cruz. ii. 627; in '45, age 
 40, wife Maria Ignacia Alviso. R. (Sebastian), sergt of the Mont. comp. 
 '28-30, and comisionado of Sta Cruz '31. ii. 609; iii. 307; in 36 at the Trini 
 dad rancho, Mont., nat. of Cal., age 50, wife Maria Perfecta Pacheco, child. 
 Jose" b. '12, Jacinto '13, Francisco '17, Teresa '22, Desiderio '23, Bernabe" '26, 
 Maria Ant. '28, Carmen '30, Ramona '32. iii. 679. Grantee of Bolsa del 
 Pajaro in '37, iii. 677, for which he was cl. as also for Rincon de la Ballena, 
 
702 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Marin, iii. 678 and about which there was much litigation between his Treirs 
 and those of his brother Alexander. He or another of the name is named as a 
 retired soldier with the rank of alf erez in '44-5. iv. 408. He died in '54 or '55. 
 R. (Tomaso A.), grantee of Llajome rancho, Napa. iv. 671. 
 
 Roe (Chas), 1832, one of the comp. extranjeraat Mont. iii. 221. Roeder 
 (Louis), 1847, Co. C, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). Roether (Chas), 1845, German 
 immig. prob. of Grigsby-Ide party, iv. 579, 587. His name often appears in 
 the N. Helv. Diary '45-7; settled at 'Charley's rancho' in Butte Co., moving 
 in '58 to Feather River in Yuba, where he died in '68, leaving a widow and 3 
 children. Rogenade (Jacob), 1848, nat. of Poland, who came with the U.S. 
 dragoons (v. 522); murdered at Los Ang. '54. 
 
 Rogers, 1847, teamster in Sutter's employ. R. (James), 1834; Engl. mr 
 of the lolani '35; on Larkin's books '34-43; arrested in '40 but not exiled, 
 iii. 382, 412; iv. 17, 23. R. (John P.), 1848, from Or. to the mines; brother- 
 in-law of Gov. Burnett. R. (Lewis), 1847, owner of a S.F. lot. v. 684. 
 R. (M.), 1848, passp. from Hon. R. (Sam. H.), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. 
 (v. 469); in Ariz. '81. R. (Seth), 1827, mr of the Andes '27-9. R. (Win.), 
 
 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). R. (Wm H.), 1847, Co. A, N.Y. Vol. 
 (v. 499); at Brooklyn, N. Y., 74-84. R. (Wm J. ), 1 843, mr of the John Jay. 
 iv. 566. Roget (Dr), 1848, intending to settle at Benicia. 
 
 Rohlman (John), 1843, Ger. settler in Sta Clara 76; carta '44, then in Sac. 
 Val. ; perhaps the name should be 'Rohlan.' iv. 400. Rojas, at Los Ang. '37. 
 iii. 504. R. (Feliciano), at Corralitos rancho, Mont., '36, age 16, nat. of 
 Mex.; in '41 at S. Juan Cap. iv. 626. R. (Justiniano), Ind. said to have 
 been baptized at Sta Cruz in 1791 at the supposed age of 40; d. Sta Cruz 
 1875, a famous centenarian. Rojo (Jos Maria), at Sta B. before '37 with 
 wife Altagracia Garcia, juez de paz in '39. iii. 657-5; grantee of Cuyama in 
 '43. iv. 642. 
 
 Roland (Fred. C.), 1828, Engl. sailor, age 23, who landed at S. Pedro, 
 went to Los Ang., and sailed from S. Diego '29 on the Maria Ester; yet ap 
 parently at Los Ang. '30. ii. 558. R. (John), 1841, overl. immig. of the 
 Bartleson party, who seems to have returned east in '42. iv. 270, 275. R. 
 (John), 1846, grantee of Los Huecos, Sta Clara, and of land on the S. Joaq., 
 for which ranches he was cl. in '52. v. 665. At N. Helv. '48. I do not know if 
 this was the same man as the preceding, Rohlman or Rohlan, John Rowland 
 of the south, or distinct from all. Roldan (Mariano), aux. alcalde in Los 
 Ang. dist '36. iii. 636; grantee of La Habra '39, iii. 633, when he was 39 
 years old; juez de campo '40. iii. 637; at S. Gabriel'46-7. v. 626, 628. He seems 
 to have been a Mex. who came about '36 and went back after '47. Rolfe 
 (Tallman H.), 1847 (?), nat. of Me, who came from Or. '47 or '48, salesman 
 for Brannan & Co. at Sutter's fort '48, and later alcalde in Yuba Co. , but was 
 a printer by trade, perhaps working on the S. F. Star, and later connected 
 with many papers in Cat. and Nev., being long the editor of the Austin 
 Reveille and Nevada City Gazette. He died at S. Bern, in 72. Some sketches 
 represent him as having come in '46 and served in the Cal. Bat. Rollin, 
 1786, surgeon of La Pe"rouse's exped. i. 435. Rollins (Henry), 1846, ac 
 cording to Glover one of the Mormon colony (v. 546), with son Isaac and a 
 daughter; prob. 'Robbins,' q. v. R. (John), 1843, at Mont.; perhaps 'Rob- 
 bins.' R. (John), 1847, Co. D, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); in Springville, Utah, 
 '82. R. (John), 1847, Co. E, ditto. 
 
 Romaldo, neoph. grantee of land, S. Luis Ob. '42. Roman, tailor of 
 1798. i. 598. R., neoph. accused of murder '27-8. iii. 193. R. (Richard), 
 
 1848, doubtful date; at Vallejo '51; state treasurer '49. Romana (Miguel), 
 1841, sup. of the J6ven Carolina, iv. 566. Romero, a discov. of silver near 
 Mont. '25. ii. 667. R., soldier ment. '34, '37. iii. 257, 638. R. (Abelino), 
 at S. Jose" '41, age 52, nat. of Cal., wife Juana Rubio, child. Matilde b. '24, 
 Pedro Ant. '29, Victoria '31, Jos< Ant. '34, Francisco '37, Rosario '39. E. 
 (Antonio), two sirvientes of the name at Sta Clara 1777. i. 306; one grantee 
 of S. .Jos6 land 1783. i. 350; regidor '85. i. 478; alcalde '90. i. 478; in '95-7 
 owner of a rancho near Mont. i. 683, 716. R. (Antonio), perhaps son of the 
 
ROMERO ROPER, 703 
 
 preceding, regidor at Mont. '33-4; grantee of rancho '40. iii. 673, 679. R. 
 (Antonio), soldier at Sta B. before '37; settler at Los Ang. 1807. ii. 350. 
 R. (Balbino), gunner at the Mont, revolution of '36. ii. 461. R. (Domingo), 2d 
 alcalde at Los Ang. '35; in trouble '40. iii. 635, 639. R. (Felipe), black 
 smith at S. Diego 1775. i. 250; wife in '78 Rosario Marquez, several children 
 born before '83. R. (Domingo), soldier at Sta B. before '37; at Los Ang. '39, 
 age 47. R. (Florencio), at S. Jos6 '41, age 36, wife Encarnacion Miranda, 
 child. Jos6 b. '35, Patricio '37, Jos<$ Ant. '39. R. (Gabriel), soldier at the 
 Colorado pueblos, killed by Ind. 1781. i. 359, 362. R. (Guadalupe), at Los 
 Ang. '46; named in '58 as a centenarian. R. (Ignacio), soldier of the S.F. 
 comp. '28-31. R. (Inocencip), soldier of the S.F. comp. '23-33; in '37 alf. of 
 militia at S. Jose. iii. 732; in '44 grantee of a Contra Costa rancho. iv. 671. 
 R. (Javier), tanner at S. Jos6 '41, age '38, nat. of L. Cal. R. (Joaquin), 
 at Los Ang. '46. 
 
 Romero (Jose"), 1823, Mex. capt. who made an exploring exped. from So- 
 nora to Cal. '23-5. ii. 507-9, 542, 568; iii. 14. R. (Jos<), soldier of the S.F. 
 comp. '19-22, '30; in '41 at S. Jose, nat. of Cal., age 42, wife Maria Garcia, 
 child. Teodosia b. '30, Estefana '31, Garcia '33, Jose" '32, Lovribano (?) '35, 
 and Poliarno (?) '38. R. (Jose"), at S. Isidro rancho, Mont., '36, age 48, nat. 
 of Cal., wife Paula Cantua, child. Jos< b. '29, Aguilino '32, Maria '31, Fran 
 cisco '34, and Juan '35. R. (Jose"), Mex. at Branciforte '45, age 48, child. 
 Jose" b. '37, Dolores '40. R. (Jose), at Los Ang. '46. R. (Jos6 Antonio), 
 settler at the Colorado pueblos, killed by Ind. 1781. i. 359, 362. R. (Jose 
 Antonio), soldier and settler at S. Jos< 1777. i. 212. R. (Jos< Ant.), teacher 
 at S. Jos6 '23. ii. 603; at Mont. '26. ii. 612; maj. and alcalde S. Carlos '35. 
 iii. 354, 674, 680; being also grantee of Canada de Laureles. iii. 677. R. 
 (Jos6 Ant.), at Sta B. '37, wife Dorotea Alanis, 5 children. R. (Jos<$ Maria), 
 soldier of artill. militia 1801-10. ii. 190. He was a son of Juan Maria, b. 
 about 1788. In '77, living at Los Nietos, he gave me some vague Memorias of 
 the olden times, ii. 237-8. 
 
 Romero (Josd Mariano), 1834, Mex. teacher who came with the H. &. P. 
 colony (iii. 259), and established what he called a normal school at Mont., 
 writing also a Catecismo de Ortologia, printed at Mont, in '36. He opposed 
 the Cal. revolutionists, and left the country with Gutierrez in '36. iii. 463. 
 R. (Juan Maria), corp.^of the Sta B. comp. 1788; his wife was Lugarda Sal- 
 gado. R. (Juan Maria), 1816, Irish interpreter in the Lydia case at Mont, 
 ii. 276. R. (Manuel), at Los Ang. '39-48. R. (Maria), miner of Carmelo 
 Vol. '25. ii. 667. R. (Mariano), soldier of the S.F. comp. '22-33. R. (Mar 
 tin), 1818, Paraguayan of Bouchard's insurgents, ii. 237. R. (Miguel Ant.), 
 soldier at the Colorado pueblos 1780-1. i. 359. R. (Pedro), settler at S. 
 Jose" 1791. i. 716; wife Guadalupe Garcia, child Maria Guad., in '93. R. 
 (Pedro), settler at Los Ang. 1790. i. 461. R. (Pedro), at Los Ang. '45-6. iv. 
 541; v. 308, 628. R. (Pierre), 1831, Fr. laborer at Los Ang., age 53, from 
 N. Mex. iii. 387, 405. R. (Rafael), Span, locksmith at Mont. '20-8. iii. 51. 
 R. (Teodoro), grantee of Potrero de Felipe Lugo '45. iv. 635. R. (Tomas), 
 soldier at Sta B. '32, wife Felipa Lugo; sergt '35. iii. 650; alfeYez '39. iii. 583. 
 R. (Vicente), soldier on the southern frontier from '25; in later years at S. 
 Diego. His Notes of the Past were dictated to Benj. Hayes. 
 
 Romeu (Jos6 Antonio), 1791, Span, lieut-col and gov. of Cal. from April 
 16, '91, to his death on April 9, '92. He was an officer from whom much was 
 expected, especially in financial reforms; but though presumably a competent 
 man, and certainly a conservative and amiable one, he was prevented by ill 
 health from attending to any but routine duties during his brief term. Rule 
 and biog. i. 481-500; ment. i. 370, 389, 393, 441, 471, 474, 479, 501-2, 530. 
 Romeu's body was buried at S. Carlos, and has been multiplied in current 
 newspaper sketches into the remains of dozens of governors. Romie (Ernest), 
 1841, doubtful name of a German at Mont. Toomes; at S.F. '84. Swan. R. 
 (John F.), 1843, tailor at Mont. '43-8; also visiting Sutter's fort; had a son 
 at school '46. iv. 400. Roody (John L.), 1846, farrier Co. C, 1st U.S. dra- 
 goona (v. 336). Rook, 1848, from Hon. on the Sagadahoc. Roper (John), 
 
704 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX, 
 
 1832, one of the comp. extranjera at Mont iii. 221. Ropiam, 181G, Ha 
 waiian sailor on the Albatross, ii. 275. Roquefeuil (Camille), 1817, mr of the 
 Bordrlais '17-18, and author of a narrative of the Voyaye. ii. 287-91, 222, 251,. 
 331, 373, 419. 
 
 Rosa, ment. at Mont. 1798. i. 691. R. (Carlos), at S. Diego 1803. ii. 13. 
 R. (Jose 1 de la), 1834, Mex. printer who came with the H. & P. colony, iii. 
 263, 289; going to Sonoma and becoming a kind of proteg6 of Gen. Vallejo; 
 had some skill as a musician, and also worked at mending clothes and tin 
 ware. In '45 he was alcalde at Sonoma, being also the grantee of Ulpinos 
 rancho, for which he was the unsuccessful claimant in '54. iv. 674, 678-9. In 
 '46 he was the messenger sent to Capt. Montgomery with news of the Bear 
 revolt, also having a quarrel with Berreyesa. v. 129-30, 668. In 1875 Don 
 Pepe was still living at or near Martinez. Rosales (Bernardo), settler of 
 1779-83. i. 350, 605. R. (Cornelio), soldier at S. Jose mission 1797-1800. i. 
 556. R. (Jose" Ant.), at S. Jos< '30. R. (Juan), at S. Francisquito rancho, 
 Mont., '36, nat. of Mazatlan, age 48, wife Isidora Garcia, child. Jose" b. '33, 
 Maria '36; in later years juez de paz. iii. 678, 680; iv. 653; v. 637. Resales- 
 Pacheco (Jose" Maria), 1843, Mex. priest who served as curate at S. Buen. till 
 '48, and in '49 at S. Antonio; also as chaplain of Flores' army '46-7. He was 
 sent away by his superior in '49-50 for some ecclesiastical offence, iv. 371, 
 422, 644-5; v. 400, 632, 635, Rosah'o (Eugenic), owner of Mont, rancho* 
 1795. i. 683. Rosamel (J. de), 1840, com. of the Fr. corvette Danaide. iv. 
 35-6, 103. Rosas (Alejandro), Ind. settler at Los Aug. 1781-6. i. 345, 348. 
 R. (Basilio), ditto, i. 345-6, 348-9, 460. R. (Feliciano), at Los Ang. '46, 
 R. (Jose"), convict settler of 1798. i. 606. R. (Jose), maj. at Soledad '36. iii. 
 691. R. (Jose" Ant.), nat. of Los Ang. and soldier, shot and his body burned 
 at Sta B. 1801 for a crimen nefando. i. 639-40; ii. 1 19. R. (Juan), settler 
 at S. Jos6 1791-1800. i. 716. 11. (Manuel), fifer of S.F. comp. '39-42. R. 
 (Ramon), at Los Ang. '46. R. (Sinforoso), at Los Ang. '46. 
 
 Rose (John), 1818, Scotchman of Bouchard's insurgents captured at Mont., 
 age 27; in '21 at Purisima, his spiritual welfare being the object of much 
 anxiety to the authorities, ii. 232, 241, 248, 292, 393, 412, 444. Rose (John), 
 1841, Scotch carpenter and sailor registered at S. Bias since '39, who touched 
 at Cal. ports in '41-2, and landed permanently at Mont, from the Clarissa in 
 Nov. '43, settling at S.F. and going into partnership with Davis and Reynolds- 
 as carpenters and builders, iv. 279. In '44, being 36 years of age, he obtained 
 a town lot, was naturalized, and served as corporal in the defensores. iv. 669, 
 593. In '46-7 he was town treasurer, v. 295, 648; served as lieut in the San 
 chez campaign, v. 381; was a member of the council, v. 648. In '46 his firm 
 built a schooner in Napa Creek, and in '47-8 a mill for Salv. Vallejo, going 
 to the mines in '48. Rose gave his name to Rose bar on the Yuba, and was- 
 the first settler of Nevada Co. , where he had a trading post from '49. Still living 
 at Smartsville in '80 and prob. in '85. R, (John M.), 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. 
 (v. 499). R. (Thomas), 1847, employed by Larkin to carry despatches. R. 
 (Wm), 1843, Engl. naturalized; prob. an error. Rosecrans (Geo. W.), 1847, 
 lieut Co. C, Morm. Bat. v. 477. Rosencrantz (Andrew), 1847, Co. F, 3d U. 
 S. artill. (v. 518). Lancey; not on the roll. Rosenberg (N.), 1833, mr of the 
 Polifemia '33-5. iii. 383. Rosentiel (Anton), 1847, musician N. Y. Vol. 
 (v. 499); d. S.F. '55. Rosete (Marcos), soldier of the Hidalgo piquete. 
 Rosistof, 1838, mr of the Sitka. iv. 106. 
 
 Ross, 1846, came to Sta Clara Val. Hall; went to the mines '48. R. 
 (Chas L.), 1847, nat. of N.J. who came on the Whiton with a cargo of goods 
 for sale, member of the firm Gelston & Co., a prominent merchant and land 
 owner of S.F. '47-9, also taking part in public affairs, and serving as school 
 trustee, v. 650-1, 656-7, 678-9, 681, 683. He lived in S.F. for some years, 
 after '50; kept a hotel in Calistoga '66; returned to S.F.; and shortly before 
 '85 went to the Sandwich Isl. In '80 he furnished me a statement of Expe 
 riences of 47. R. (Geo. W.), 1842 (?), in S.F. almshouse '81, said to have 
 come in '42. iv. 341. Chronicle. R. (Henry), 1831, sailor on the Catalina; 
 at S. Diego again '34 with Hugo Reid. R. (John), see 'Rose.' R. (J.). 
 
ROSS-ROYAL. 705 
 
 1876, Co. F. Cal. Bat.; later Co. B, artill. (v. 358). R. (Sam. H. P.), 1848, 
 nat. of La, who came on the Major TompHns, and went to the mines, age 
 18. Afterward trader, county surveyor, assoc. judge, and superintendent of 
 schools in Merced Co.; d. at Hopeton '73. R. (Wm), 1828, mr of the Times. 
 iii. 149. Rossen (Joseph), 1848, an Or. pioneer of '43 who came to Cal. '48; 
 at Weaver ville '73. Rossignon, 1848, Fr. trader in the mines with Ama- 
 ador and Sunol, who ran away to Peru with the profits of all three. Prob. 
 ' Roussillon,' q. v. 
 
 Rotchef (Alex.), 1836, Russian manager at Ross '36-41. iv. 117-18, 129, 
 153, 164, 171-6, 179-86; iv. 233. Roteta (Antonio V.), 1825, naval officer 
 on the Asia. iii. 25-6. Roth (John), 1848, German sailor in the navy, disch. 
 in '48; in the mines '48-51; trader at Mont. '52-73; d. at Castroville '79, leav 
 ing a wife. Roudon (Guadalupe), at S. Bern. '46, age 35. Rouelle (Jean 
 B.), 1841 (?), Canadian trapper from N. Mex. iv. 278-9. Nothing is known of 
 his coming, but he is named as the discoverer of gold in '42 in the S. Fernando 
 region, iv. 631. A few years later he moved with his family to the Sac. Val., 
 and was there during the mining excitement, being named in the N. Helv, 
 Diary. Finally settled on Feather River. Rouissillon, 1802, Polish count 
 who sailed with Cleveland and Shaler. ii. 11, 22. Roulam (Henry), 1846, 
 of the Mormon colony. See 'Rowland.' Rouleau (Francois), 1836, Fr. laborer 
 at Los Verjeles rancho, Mont., age 30. Roulette (Wm R.), 1845, overl. 
 immig. of the Grigsby-Ide party; lived in Capay Valley '45-6; prob. went to 
 Or. '46. iv. 579-80; v. 526. Round (Joseph), 1845, mr of the Pacific. Rous 
 seau, 1846, with Gillespie when he met Gen. Kearny. Roussillon (Charles), 
 1843 (?), Fr. trader who 1st appears at Los Ang. this year, but is said to have 
 come in '37, or even in '33. iv. 400. From '44 he was in the Mont, district, 
 chiefly at Sta Cruz, where he had a mill and dealt in lumber, building a 
 schooner in '46, v. 641, and in '47-8 being a partner of Sainsevain. The 1st 
 jury trial in Cal. was that of Graham vs R. in '46. v. 289. I have some of 
 his business corresp. , but no record after '48. Perhaps he went to S. Amer. 
 See 'Rossignon;' age 31 in '45. 
 
 Rowan, 1842, doubtful name of a trapper at Los Ang. ; came again to Cal. 
 '50. v. 341. R. (H.), 1847, lieut on the U. S. Cyane. R. (James), 1799, mr 
 of the Eliza, i. 545, 706; and of the Hazard 1802-4. ii. 11, 17-18, 24-5, 108, 
 119, 122, 130. R. (James), 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); in '48 teamster 
 for Brannan & Co. at Sac. R. (Stephen C.), 1846, lieut U. S. N., and acting 
 maj. of Stockton's Bat.; wounded at the Mesa Jan. '47. v. 385, 395; in later 
 years vice-admiral. Rowe, 1848, at Sonoma, called one of the N. Y. Vol. R. 
 1848, went to Hon. on the Currency Lass. R. (James), 1816, sailor on the 
 Lydia. ii. 275. Rowland (Henry), 1846, of the Mormon colony with his son 
 Isaac and perhaps a daughter, v. 546. They were generally called 'Rollins' 
 by the Mormons. Henry R. died in the faith before '80. R. (John), 1841, 
 nat. of Pa and leader of the Workman-R. immig. party from N. Mex., where 
 he had lived 18 years, amassing considerable wealth and marrying a native 
 wife. iv. 276-9, 637. He was suspected of complicity in certain revolutionary 
 or filibustering schemes in connection with the Texans, and this was a lead 
 ing motive of his emigration; indeed, warnings were sent to Cal., but they did 
 not prevent his getting in '42 a grant of La Puente rancho in company with 
 Workman, iv. 331, 635. Then he went to N. Mex. and brought his family, 
 spending the rest of his life on his rancho. iv. 343. In '45 he joined the other 
 southern foreigners in their opposition to Micheltorena. iv. 495, 508; and was 
 one of the Chino prisoners in '46, v. 314, having a Cal. claim of about $1,500 
 (v. 462); but as a rule took no part in public affairs, being noted for his retir 
 ing disposition and fondness for home life. He died in '73 at the age of about 
 80. His son Wm R. was sheriff in '73, and he or another son married a 
 daughter of Bernardo Yorba. Roy (C.), 1822, mr of the whaler A lert. ii. 
 474. R. (Chas), 1823, mr of the Plowboy. ii. 492; perhaps Ray. R. 
 (Pierre), 1782, Fr. sirviente at S. Buen. i. 377. Royabe (Claudio), at Los 
 Ang. '46. Royal (B.), 1845, at Butter's fort '45-6; perhaps one of Subr 
 lette's men. 
 
 HIST. CAL., VOL. V. 
 
706 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Rub (Geo.), 1847, Co. C, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). Rubi (Mariano), 1790, 
 Span, friar whose missionary service was at S. Antonio and Soledad. He 
 retired in '93, and was prob. expelled from the college for immorality. Biog. 
 i. 499; ment. i. 388, 492, 576, 597. Rubio (Casimiro), at Los Ang. '43-5. iv. 
 541, 633; fatally wounded at S. Pascual '46. v. 347. R. (Francisco), soldier 
 of the S.F. comp. '24-31; executed in '31 for crime committed in '28. His was 
 one of the causas celebres of Cal. ii. 592, 594; iii. 191-3, 699. R. (Francisco), 
 at Los Ang. '46; killed at the S. Gabriel fight Jan. '47. v. 396. R. (Jose 
 M. de J. Gonzalez), see 'Gonzalez.' iii. 318, 724. R. (Jose), at Los Ang. '46-8. 
 R. (Manuel), at Los Ang. '46. R.(Mateo), nat. of Flanders, soldier of the S. 
 Diego comp. in 1779 and earlier, and a settler at Los Ang. 1794-1819. i. 454; 
 ii. 349, 354. His wife was Ursula Dominguez, and the birth of 4 children is 
 noted before 1790, one of them being Francisco Ramon. R. (Nabor), Mex. 
 at Mont. '36, age 40. R. (Rafael), soldier of the S.F. comp. '24-6. R. 
 (Santiago), at Los Ang. '19. ii. 355. R. (Tomas), at San Juan Cap. '46, age 
 30, child Candelaria; at Los Ang. '48. 
 
 Ruckel (Joseph L.), 1847, a prominent trader at S.F., S. Jose, and Mont. 
 '47-8, of the firms Sherman & R. and R. & Cooke. v. 663. About '55 he went 
 to Or., where he became a steamboatman and pres. of the 0. S. N. Co., still 
 there in '74-5. Rucker (Dan. H.), 1848, capt. of dragoons in Graham's bat 
 talion, v. 522. R. (R. A.), 1848, at S.F. and Mont. Rudacof, 1846, Russ. 
 naval lieut on the Baikal at S.F. Rudd (John), 1848, came from Callao on 
 the Lady Adams and took com. of the U.S. Dale. v. 577. Rudenstein 
 (John), 1846, asst surgeon on the U.S. Dale, d. '69. Rudierkof, 1846, Russ. 
 lieut; prob. same as 'Rudacof.' v. 576. 
 
 Rufus (Ernest), 1844, nat. of Germany, about the manner of whose coming, 
 perhaps earlier, nothing appears, iv. 453. He was naturalized in March '44, 
 appointed in July a lieut in Slitter's army, fighting for Micheltorena, and in 
 Dec. got a grant of the Cazadores rancho in Sac. Val. iv. 479, 485, 671, 680. 
 In '45, in partnership with Wm Benitz, he leased the Ross property from Sut- 
 ter; and in '46 was grantee of the Rancho de German, north of Ross. iv. 679; 
 v. 669. He sold the rancho, or parts of it, to Glein and Hagler in '47, but 
 seems still to have resided in Sonoma Co. as late as '79. Ruggks (John), 
 1847, Co. K, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); at Sac. in '82. 
 
 Ruiz, mentioned in 1798. i. 670. R. (Agaton), wounded at the Olompali 
 fight, v. 166-8. R. (Anselmo), at Los Ang. '39-46, age 25 in '34. R. 
 (Carlos), at Sta B. before '37, wife Maria Ant. Verdugo, 4 children. R. 
 (Catarina), widow of M. Nieto, grantee of Las Bolsas '34. R. (Efigenio), 
 settler at Los Ang. 1790. i. 461. R. (Eustaquio), killed at Pauma '46. v. 
 617. R. (Francisco), com. de policia at S. Diego '36, regidor '37. iii. 616. 
 R. (Francisco), at Los Ang. '39-48. R. (Francisco Maria), nat. of L. Cal. 
 and sergt of the Sta B. comp. from 1795, alferez 1801, lieut 1805, and from 
 1806 comandante at S. Diego, being promoted to capt. in '20 and retired 
 from active service in '27. He received a grant of the Penasquitos rancho, and 
 died in '39 at the age of about 85. He never married. Biog. ii. 5, 39-41; ment. 
 i. 636, 665; ii. 50, 85, 99-101, 109, liy, 191, 240, 245, 340-1, 345, 451, 457, 
 546-8, 551-2, 571, 663; iii. 7-8, 612. R. (Fructuoso), settler at Los. Ang. 
 1799; regidor 1802. ii. 110, 349. R. (Ger6nimo), zanjero at Carpenterfa '48. 
 v. 631. R. (Guadalupe), at S. Gabriel '46. R. (Hilario), soldier at Sta B. 
 before '37. R. (Joaquin), grantee of Bolsa Chica, Los Ang., '41, being also 
 claimant '52; at Los Ang. 13, '39, '46; age 47 in '39. ii. 350; iii. 639. R. 
 (Jos<), invalido settler at Los Ang. '15. ii. 349. R. (Jose), soldier at Sta B. 
 '32, wife Isabel Uribe. R. (Jose), at Sta B. '32, wife Maria Ign. Lugo, child. 
 Deogracia, Ger6nimo, Baltazar, Hilarion, and Gabriel; in '45 a ranchero. 
 R. (Jos6 Manuel), brother of Francisco M., lieut in L. Cal., appointed to Cal. 
 in '24 but did not come; he became gov. of L. Cal. ii. 515, 540. R. (Jos6 
 Pedro), grantee of Calleguas rancho Sta B. '47, his heirs Gabriel et al. cl. iii. 
 655. R. (Jos<5 Maria), settler at S. Jos6 1791-1800. i. 716. R. (Juan), set 
 tler at Los Ang. '12. ii. 350; at Sta B. '50. R. (Juan Maria), mentioned 
 in 1801. ii. 171. R. (Leon), 1842, Mex. sub-lieut of the batallon fijo '42-5. 
 
RUIZ RUSSELL. 707 
 
 iv. 289. R. (Manuel D.), mason-instructor 1792-5. i. 615. R. (Manuel 
 Garcia), made alferez 1789, but did not come to Cal. i. 340. R. (Mariano), 
 at Los Ang. '39, age 25. R. (Martin), settler at Sta B. '32, wife Catalina 
 Lizalde; at Los Ang. '46. R. (Nicolas), at Sta B. '37, wife Encarnacion Pico, 
 and 5 children. R. (Santiago), mason-instructor 1792-5. i. 615, 684-5. R. 
 (Toribio), ditto, i. 615. Ruiz de la Mota, see 'Mota.' 
 
 Rule (John H.), 1847, Scotch teacher at Mont., from Callao on the Guipuz- 
 coana. Ruinville (Geo. W.), 1839, at Mont., as per Larkin's books. Rum- 
 schottel (Richard), 1847, Co. C, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); hospital steward at Sac.; 
 at Vallejo 71-4; drowned at Stockton '74. Runyan (Levi), 1847, Co. D, 
 Morm. Bat. (v. 469). Rupe (Henry), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518); 
 supposed to be living in '64. Ruschenberger (W. S. W. ), 1836, surgeon on the 
 U.S. Peacock, and author of a Narrative of the voyage, iv. 140-2; iii. 680. 
 Rush (Madison), 1847, acting lieut on the U.S. Columbus. 
 
 Russ (Adolph Gustav), 1847, son of J. C. C., born in Germany '26; of Co. 
 C, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); owner of a S.F. lot; in the mines '48. He settled in 
 S.F., where he still lived in '82, having been a member of the legislature in 
 '67. His Biography and Remembrances in my col. of MSS. are brief sketches of 
 the family and of S.F. affairs in early times. He married Frances Simon in 
 '51, and had 5 children surviving in '79. R. (August), 1847, brother of A. G., 
 b. N.Y., drummer of Co. F, N.Y.Vol.; still living in S.F. '82. R. (Chas 
 Christian Ed.), 1847, brother of A. G., b. in Germany '28; fifer of N.Y.Vol.; 
 owner of a S.F. lot. v. 676. After his disch. at Sta B. he went to the mines in 
 '48, making many later mining tours down to that of Frazer River in '58. 
 The intervals were filled in with business enterprises at S.F. He married 
 in '52, and was the father of 7 children. Still a rich and prominent citizen of 
 S.F. in '82; life and portrait in Contemp. Blog. R. (Henry B. ), 1847, brother 
 of A. G., who came, as a boy, with the family; in later years supervisor of S.F., 
 where he still lives in '85. R. (Jacob), 1846, overl. immig. of Young's party, 
 v. 529. R. (J. C. Christian), 1847, German of Co. C, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). He 
 had made a fortune as a jeweller in N.Y., and lost it by burglarly one night 
 when he closed his shop and went to see a procession in honor of Gen. Jack 
 son. He enlisted with 3 sons, and was accomp. by his wife and other children. 
 Opening a jeweller's shop at S.F., he obtained, as did his sons, building lots, 
 v. 676, and rapidly regained his fortune during the flush times. He became 
 the owner of much real estate, besides the original lot on which he built the 
 hotel still owned by the family and called the Russ House. His house on this 
 lot was in '47-8 the southern limit of settlement, being separated from the 
 town by a sand hill. He also built a residence on Harrison St in the far-off 
 wilderness, and the Russ Garden near by was from '57 a popular place of 
 suburban resort. He died in '57, and his widow, Christina, in '80. The sons are 
 named in this Register; a daughter, Mrs Mebius, died in Dresden '85. 
 
 Russell, 1846, mr of the Sarah Parker, v. 580. R. (Chas), 1846, of the 
 Mormon colony, but prob. did not come to Cal. v. 547. R. (Eugene), 1845, 
 one of Fremont's men, and of the Sta B. garrison '46. iv. 583; v. 316; later 
 in Co. A, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). He applied for land in the S. Jos6 district '46. 
 R. (Geo. W.), 1847, sailor on the Independence; applied to Larkin for a clerk 
 ship. R. (Henry or Win), 1847, carpenter and builder at Benicia, a partner 
 of Bryant and of Briggs. v. 672. R. (John), 1845, sailor on the Benj. Mor 
 gan. R. (J.), 1848, passp. from Hon. R. (Robert E.), 1846, of Cal. Bat. 
 (v. 358); Cal. claim $46 (v. 462); witness at Wash. '48; at S. Jos6 '50. Per 
 haps same as Eugene. R. (Thomas), 1835, Amer. sailor picked up by the Pil 
 grim at Sta B. and landed at S. Diego in '35. iii. 412. He became a permanent 
 resident of S. D., and is named by Dana in his Two Years. In '36, with one 
 Weldon, he made an exped. in search of buried treasure at the Colorado River 
 missions, the affair causing more excitement than increase of wealth, iii. 613. 
 The same year he was in trouble through sending a challenge to Lumsden for 
 a duel. iii. 618. In '40 he worked as a carpenter, being married to a native, 
 37 years old, and a naturalized citizen. Next heard of in '47, when he was in 
 trouble for refusing obedience to the alcalde, or perhaps for an attempt to 
 
708 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 commit murder, v. 618; and in '48 ment. by Buffum in the mines at Weber 
 Creek. A man of the same name was cl. for land in Sta Cruz Co. '52. R. 
 (Wm), 1845, Amer. at Mont. ; perhaps the owner of a S.F. lot '47; or one named 
 in Napa Val. '47-8; or as present at Dr Semple's marriage at Benicia '47. v. 
 672; or some of these may be the following. R. (Wm), 1847, Co. G, N.Y. 
 Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Russell (Wm H), 1846, nat. of Ky who had been somewhat prominent in 
 local politics, memb. of the legislature, U.S. marshal, etc.; also serving in the 
 Florida war. He came to Cal. overland with Bryant and Jacobs, v. 528; made 
 a flowery oration at the S.F. reception of Com. Stockton in Oct. v. 295-6; 
 served as ordnance officer with rank of major in the Cal. Bat. v. 160, 399; 
 and was one of the commissioners to make the treaty of Cahuenga, v. 404-5, 
 being somewhat active in the Fr^mont-Kearny controversy, and sec. of state 
 at Los Ang. during Fremont's rule as gov. v. 422-4, 432-3. In March '47 he 
 was sent east with despatches, his chief mission being to secure F.'s appoint 
 ment as gov. v. 445, 454; and he was one of F.'s principal witnesses at the 
 court-martial, v. 420, 423, 456. He came back to Cal. in '49, and practised 
 law at S. Jose", Sac., and S.F. to '54 or later; about '61-2 was U.S. consul at 
 Trinidad de Cuba, but resigned and returned to Ky, where he died. A daughter 
 married a grandson of Henry Clay. A second wife was married about '62. 
 Russell was a boastful man of many words, and a hard drinker, but honorable, 
 intelligent, and popular, with much ability. R. (Wm W.), 1847, lieut of 
 marines on the U.S. Independence. Russum (Thos), 1846, Engl. mr of the 
 Euphemia and Mary Ann '46-7. v. 578-9; heard of in England in later years. 
 Ruth (John), 1847, Co. G, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). Rutledge (John), 1847, acting 
 lieut on the U.S. Erie. Rutter (Henry), 1841, employed on Leese's launch 
 at S.F. R. (John), 1829, mr of the Planet, iii. 148. 
 
 Ryan (Edward), 1847, Co. B, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. S.F. '66. R. (Geo. 
 P.), 1843, Irishman who got a pass in Dec. R. (Geo. P.), 1847, went to Hon. 
 on the Gen. Kearny. R. (P. H. W.), 1847, Co. A, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). R. 
 (Q.), 1847, blacksmith at Mont. R. (Win), 1845, sailmaker on the U.S. 
 Savannah. R. (Wm Redmond), 1847, Co. D, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). He returned 
 east by Panama, and wrote his Personal Adventures in Upper and Lower Cal., 
 1848-9, published in London '50. Died atN. Orleans '52. Ryder (Geo. W.), 
 1847, arr. Oct., according to Soc. Cal. Pion. roll; died S.F. '68, age 49. 
 
 Saavedra (Ramon A.), 1790, Span. com. of transport and exploring vessels 
 on the coast 1790-7. i. 506, 523-4, 542, 706, 728; ii. 184. See also Hist. N. W. 
 Coast, through index. Sabici (Matias), 1834, Ital. sailor who came from 
 Mex. with the H. & P. colony, and settled at Mont, after working for a while 
 at the Palo Colorado as a sawyer, iii. 412. He is mentioned at Los Ang. in 
 '47, and seems to have married a daughter of Wm Wolfskill. Sabas, (Jose 1 ), 
 at Los Ang. '48. Saenz (Ignacio), Mex. convict of 1791. i. 606. S. (Juan), 
 soldier of the S.F. comp. '19-30. S. (Luis), ditto '42. S. (Macario), of S.F. 
 militia '37. S. (Manuel), soldier of S.F. comp. '32-3; militia '37; at Sonoma 
 '44, age 30. S. (Pablo Pedro), of S.F. militia '37, exiled in '39. iii. 580; per 
 haps Pablo and Pedro. S. , see also ' Sais, ' ' Saez. ' S. de Lucio, see ' Lucio. ' 
 Saez (Jose", Justo, and Miguel), settlers at S. Josd 1797. i. 717. S. (Na- 
 sario), settler at S. Jos6 786. i. 477; wife Micaela Sotelo, child, in '93, Miguel, 
 Juan, Benedicta, and Felipa. Sagarra (Eduardo), Peruvian shot for stealing 
 at Mont. '31. iii. 191, 669, 673, 679. S. (Mateo), 1818, of Bouchard's in 
 surgents, captured at Mont. ii. 232. Sahr (Albert), 1847, owner of S.F. lot. 
 
 Sainsevain (Pierre), 1839, French carpenter, age 20, who arrived at Sta 
 B. on the Ayacucho. iv. 117, 119. His passport was dated Bordeaux, Nov. 
 '38. He was a nephew of Louis Vignes, whom he joined for a time in the 
 manufacture of wine at Los Angeles. In '43 he was grantee of the Canada del 
 Rincon rancho, iv. 655, and from '44 owned a saw-mill at Sta Cruz, being from 
 '46 in partnership with Roussillon, building a schooner in '46, v. 641, and 
 also from '46 having a flour-mill at S. Jos6, which gave rise to some local 
 troubles, iv. 685; v. 660. He went to the mines in '48, Sainsevain Bar being 
 
SAINSEVAIN SALMON. 709 
 
 named for him; and in '49 was a member of the constit. convention. In later 
 years he became one of the most prominent vineyardists and wine-makers in 
 the state. His wife, married in '45, was a daughter of Antonio Sunol. St 
 Glair (Trouett), 1843 (?), trapper who prob. came from N. Mex. about this 
 year. iv. 400; ment. by Schallenberger and in the N. Helv. Diary '44-5; still 
 living in Sta Cruz Co. as late as '79. St Germain (Baptiste), 1831, Fr. from 
 N. Mex.; prob. with Wolfskill. iii. 387. St John (Augustus A.), 1847, Co. 
 B, N. Y.Vol. (v. 499). St J. (Henry), 1843 (?), Engl. sailor, and later sugar- 
 planter in the Sandw. Isl., said to have come to Cal. this year. iv. 400. He 
 M as later a miner and cattle-dealer, who attempted suicide at S.F. '83. St 
 J. (J.), 1848, passport from Hon. St J. (Stephen M.), 1847, Co. E, Morm. 
 Bat. (v. 469). St Quintin (Joseph), 1847, Co. C, N. Y.Vol. (v. 499). Saia 
 (Domingo), soldier of the S.F. comp. '26-33; of S.F. militia '37; grantee of 
 Canada de Herrera, Marin, '39. iii. 711. He had been elector and regidor of 
 S.F. '37-9. iii. 705; and his age was '39 in '44. His name is written also 
 'Saenz' and 'Saez,' which are perhaps more correct forms; at least, it is im 
 possible to distinguish between them in Cal. S. (Miguel), settled at Loa 
 Aug. 1S06. ii. 350. Saizar de Vitoria, see 'Vitoria.' Sajat (Lewis T.), 
 1847, owner of S.F. lots. 
 
 Sal (Hermenegildo), 1776, Span, soldier who came with Anza; guarda- 
 almacen at S.F. '78-82; alfdrez '82; lieut '95. He served at Mont. 1782-1800 
 (except '91-4 at S.F.); much of the time as habilitado and comandante. In 
 1800, being retired as capt., he died at Mont. Though a quick-tempered man, 
 he was a faithful officer, strict disciplinarian, and excellent accountant. Biog. 
 and fam. i. 678-80; ment. i. 297, 335, 396-7, 441, 463, 467-8, 490, 493-6, 501, 
 509-11, 514, 516-18, 526, 537, 547, 551-2, 569, 572-3, 588-94, 634, 680, 692- 
 707, 718; ii. 143, 191; iii. 11. Salamanca (Secundino), 1791, Span, lieut In 
 Malaspina's exped. i. 490. Salazar, 1796, com. of the Conception and 
 Activo '96-7. i. 540, 544. S. (Aloiiso Isidro), 1791, Span, friar, who was a 
 founder of Sta Cruz, where he served until his retirement in '95, writing in 
 Mex. an important report on the Con dicion Actual de Cal. Biog. i. 497-9; ment. 
 i. 494, 566, 576, 579-80, 603-4, 618, 626, 661. S. (Antonio), at Los Ang. 
 '46; juez de campo '48. v. 626. S. (Canute), fifer of the S.F. comp. '39-42; 
 in '54-5 at S.F., age 28; witness in the Santillan case. S. (Dionisio), at 
 Branciforte '45, age 28, wife Perfecta Castro, child. Encarnacion b. '40, and 
 Juan '41. S. (Fulgencio), soldier of the S.F. comp. '38-42. S. (Ignacio 
 and Jesus), at S. Bern. '46. S. (Isidro), teamster at Mont. '47. S. (Jorge), 
 soldier at Mont. '36, age 25. S. (Jos6), convict settler 1798. i. 606. S. 
 (Jos6), soldier of S.F. comp. '38-43. iv. 667; Cal. claim (v. 462). S. (Jos< 
 Antonio), N. Mexican trader and settler from '39. iv. 81, 278, 387; in '46 
 supl. juez at S. Feliciano rancho. v. 625; in '47 alcalde at Los Ang. v. 626; 
 still there in '48. S. (Jose" Maria), regidor at Branciforte '34. iii. 696, 588; 
 in '45 on the padron as a nat. of Cal., age 60, wife Hermenegilda Rios, 
 child. Isidro b. '15, Jorge '19, Juan '25, Maria Refugio '30, Refugio '33. S. 
 (Juan), com. of the guard at S. Fern. '23. ii. 570; in '27-30 acting habilitado 
 at Sta B. and S. Diego, ii. 543, 572; iii. 114. In '31-4 he was promoted from 
 sergt to alfdrez, and was once a prisoner during the sectional wars in '37. He 
 was acting com. of S. Diego, and is ment. as late as '46. iii. 482, 503-4, 541, 
 608-10; iv. 617; v. 566. S. (Miguel), soldier atS. Jose" mission 1797. i. 556. 
 S. (Ramon), at Los Ang. '46. 
 
 Sales (Alex.), 1833, Amer. hunter from IS". Mex., at Los Ang. '36, age 29. 
 Prob. Cyrus 'Alexander,' q.v. ; also ment. in the campaign of '45. iv. 495. S. 
 (Francisco), grantee of land at S. Gabriel '45. iv. 637. Salgado (Augustin), 
 at Los Ang. '46. S. (Francisco), ditto; in S. Luis Ob. 50-8. S. (Tomas), 
 juez aux. Mont, dist '44. iv. 653. Salines, 1842, Frenchman in Sutter's em 
 ploy, iv. 341 ; prob. the Salinas named in 'JV. Helv. Diary '45-8. Sallalla 
 (Faustino), soldier at the Colorado Hiv. pueblos 1780-1, killed by Ind. i. 359, 
 362. Salleman, 1847, doubtful name of a Frenchman at S. Jose". Sallee, 
 1846, of West's overl. party, killed on the Humboldt. v. 528. - Salmon 
 (Alejo), colegial at Sta In6s '44. iv. 426. S. (James), 1846, Delaware Ind. 
 
710 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 in the fight at Natividad. v. 367; at Slitter's fort '47. Salvador, Cal. Ind. 
 sent by Sutter to relief of the Donner party '46. He refused to eat human 
 flesh, but was himself shot and eaten, v. 531-2, 534, 537. Saly, 1845, at 
 Sta B. Samlyn (Henry), 1847, Co. F. Cal. Bat. (v. 358). Samop (Jaime), 
 Ind. alcalde at S. Diego 1799. i. 655. Sam Tetoy, Ind. chief, later called 
 'Solano,' q.v. ii. 329. Sampson (Z.), 1848, passp. from Hon. 
 
 Sanchez (Antonio), soldier at Sta B. before '37. S. (Est<van), soldier at 
 Sta B. '32, wife Romana Lopez. S. (Francisco), son of Josd Ant.; soldier of 
 the S.F. comp. '24-5; in '27-8 elector and sec. at S.F. and S. Jose", ii. 592, 
 605; in '35 sec. iii. 704; in '37 sec., capt. of the militia, elector, and grantee 
 of town lots. iii. 506, 511, 701, 705; v. 683; in '38-9 acting-corn, at S.F. and 
 grantee of S. Pedro rancho, S. Mateo co. iii. 563, 701, 713. He served as juez 
 de paz in '43. iv. 665; in '42 is named on the padron as a nat. of S. Jose", 
 age 35, wife Teodora Higuera, child. Luisa b. '34, Luis '36, Dolores '38, and 
 Pedro; in '44 capt. of defensores. iv. 407, 4.68, 667; in '45 capt. of the post, 
 and grantee of town lot. iv. 666, 669; v. 678. In '46 was acting com. at S.F., 
 though absent at the capture by the U.S. v. 4, 17, 61, 239-41, 659; and in 
 '46-7, provoked by the depredations of the Americans, he headed a kind of 
 revolt, with a view to obtain guaranties, taking captive Alcalde Bartlett and 
 his guard, who were making a plundering tour. v. 379-83. Don Francisco 
 still lived at S.F. mission in '55. He is remembered as a hospitable man, 
 though somewhat hostile to Amer., and always regarded by them with sus 
 picion. 
 
 Sanchez (Francisco de Jesus), 1842 (?), Mex. friar of the Zacatecanos, who 
 was apparently left behind in L. Cal. when the others came in '33. iii. 319. 
 He was minister at S. Buenaventura '42-3 and '52-3; at Sta Ine"s '44-50, be 
 ing vice-rector of the seminary, iv. 425-6, 644-5; v. 635. He is named occa 
 sionally at S. Gabriel and Sta B. to '58, but I have found no later record of 
 him. S. (Francisco Miguel), 1774, Span, friar who served at S. Gabriel, and 
 temporarily at other missions, till his death in 1803. Biog. ii. 113-14; ment. 
 i. 299, 388, 451, 459, 495-6, 511, 576, 664, 719. S. (Gil), regidor at Mont. 
 '36, tithe col. at Branciforte '39, grantee of Arroyo de la Laguna '40, killed 
 Robles '42, agente de pol. '45. iii. 675, 676, 697; iv. 653, 663. S. (Hilario), 
 grantee of Tamalpais '45. iv. 674. S. (Isidro), son of Jos6 Ant., of S. F. 
 militia '37, age 23 in '42, wife Teodora Alviso, child. Dolores b. '37, Isabel 
 '40, and Narcisa '41 ; involved in the assault on Capt. Libby '45. S. (Jacobo), 
 in revolt at Los Ang. '45. iv. 538-9. S. (Joaquin), sirviente at Sta Clara 
 1776. i. 306. S. (Joaquin), 1801, sergt sent from Mex. to superintend culti 
 vation of hemp. i. 620-1; ii. 178, 181. S. (Joaquin), soldier of the S. F. 
 comp. '23. S. (Jos<), 1791, piloto in Malaspina's exped. i. 490. 
 
 Sanchez (Jose" Antonio), nat. of Sinaloa, soldier of the S. F. comp. from 
 1791, corp. from 1805, sergt from 1806, brevet alferez from '20, and alfe"rez 
 from '27, or, as some records indicate, from '32. He was for some years corp. 
 of the Sta Cruz escolta. i. 496, 526, 535; was later engaged in over 20 Ind. 
 campaigns and exploring exped., especially in '17-26, being famous for his 
 skill and courage as an Ind. tighter, ii. 91-2, 126, 232, 322, 329, 385, 339, 371, 
 445, 497-9, 538, 584; iii. 111-12, 123. In '27-35 he was the grantee of Buri- 
 buri rancho, S.F. ii. 591-5, 664; iii. 711; in '29-33 com. at S.F., though in 
 volved in the revolt of '29. iii. 75, 96, 223-4, 333, 365, 701; but in '32-4 ap 
 parently attached nominally to the Mont. comp. iii. 671. In '36 he was retired 
 from active service, living on his rancho or at the mission; is named on the 
 padron of '42 as 67 years of age; and died in '43, being denied the comforts of 
 religion on his death-bed, and for a time Christian burial, through some 
 quarrel with the friars, to whom he was always hostile, iv. 373. He was a 
 good man, of known honesty and valor, but very ignorant and unfit for pro 
 motion. His sons were Jose de la Cruz, Francisco, Manuel, and Isidro. His 
 daughters married Fran, de Haro, two Valencias, and John Read. S. ( Jose" 
 Ant.), settler at S. Jos< 1791-1800. i. 716. 
 
 Sanchez (Josd Bernardo), 1804, Span, friar who served chiefly at S. Diego- 
 and S. Gabriel till his death in '33. A very prominent missionary and presi- 
 
SANCHEZ-SANDERS. 711 
 
 dent of the Fernandinos in '27-30. Biog. iii. 641-2; ment. ii. 47, 99, 106-7, 110, 
 159, 344, 366, 394, 442, 487, 560, 564, 567, 569, 580, 655, 657; iii. 87, 91-2, 94, 
 96, 102, 108, 142-4, 155, 309-10, 315-16, 337-8, 347, 351. S. (JosS de la 
 Cruz), son of Josa Ant., elector at S.F. '35, regidor '36-7. iii. 704-5; grantee 
 of S. Mateo rancho '36-41, and admin, of S. F. mission '36-40. iii. 713, 715; 
 named in the padron of '42 as 40 years old, wife Maria Josefa Merido (?), 
 child. Soledad b. '23, Concepcion '30, Jose" Maria '34, Ricardo '37, and Fran- 
 cisco. He was supl. juez de paz '43, sergt of defensores '44, 2d alcalde '45, and 
 2d juez de paz in '46. iv. 665, 666-7; v. 648. He continued to live at the 
 mission till his death in '78. S. (Jos6 Joaquin), at Los Ang. '25. ii. 559. 
 S. (Jos6 Maria), 1824, Mex. who in '35 was grantee of Llano de Tequesquite 
 rancho. iii. 677; age 30 in '36; juez at S. Juan B. '37. iii. 692; his rancho 
 sacked by Ind. '38. iii. 693; iv. 75; Cal. claim '46-7 (v. 462); alcalde at S. 
 Juan B. '47-8. v. 640. He was cl. for Las Animas, Sta Clara, '52 
 
 Sanchez (Juan), sirviente at S.F. 1777. i. 297. S. (Juan), grantee of Sta 
 Clara rancho, Sta B., '37. iii. 656; wife Lie's Guevara and 4 children before 
 '37; still in Sta B. Co. '54. S. (Juana Maria L.), 2d baptism at S.F. 1776. i. 
 291. S. (Macario), at S. Jos6 1800. S. (Manuel), prob. son of Jos< Ant., 
 elector at S. F. '35 and petitioner for Canada de Guadalupe rancho. iii. 704, 711; 
 alf. of militia '37. iii. 701 ; in '42 age 30, wife Francisca Solis, child. Manuel 
 b. '31, Rosario '37, Dolores '38, Juan Francisco '41. S. (Maria Josefa), Cal. 
 claim for $9,030 (v. 462). S. (Miguel), 1829, Mex. convict liberated in '33. 
 S. (Rafael), Ind. executed at Mont. '45. iv. 654. S. (Rafael), 1842, Mex. 
 sub-lieut of the batallon fijo '42-5, acting also as Micheltorena's sec. He 
 remained in Cal. as custom-house officer in '45; is mentioned in the annals of 
 '46, serving on the 1st jury and getting a grant of S. Lorenzo rancho. iv. 289, 
 513, 557; v. 35, 41, 45, 61, 289, 637. S. (Ramon), 1826, Mex. sup. of the 
 Sta Apolonia, and mr of the Magdalena, 27-8. iii. 147-8. S. (Ramona or 
 Romana), grantee of Butano, Sta Cruz, '44. ii. 591. S. (Teodoro), juez de 
 campo at Laguna Seca '35. iii. 674. 
 
 Sanchez (Tomas), at Los Coyotes rancho, Los Ang., '39, age 37; collector of 
 taxes at Los Ang. '43. iv. 633. After '49 he was somewhat prominent as 
 sheriff; still living in '77. S. (Tomito), at S. Pascual '46. v. 352; perhaps 
 same as Tomas. S. (Urbano), owner of the Sta Apolonia '26. iii. 148, 682; 
 prob. not in Cal. S. (Vicente), settler at Los Ang. '14-19. ii. 349, 354; 
 arrested and sent to Sta B. in irons '22. ii. 559; elector and prob. alcalde 
 '26-7. ii. 560; iii. 33; member of the dip. '28. iii. 41-2. In '29-32 he as dipu- 
 tado, alcalde, and citizen was involved in a complicated series of troubles, 
 being deposed and imprisoned, and in turn imprisoning others. The details 
 cannot be presented, even if anybody ever understood them. He was a 
 vicious, gambling, quarrelsome fellow, though of some intelligence and 
 wealth ; and political quarrels between Echeandia and Victoria had something 
 to do with his troubles, about which suits were pending as late as '44. ii. 561; 
 iii. 187-8, 195-6, 200, 205, 212, 230, 630, 634. In '36-9 he had something to 
 do with the vigilance com., and with the sectional quarrel on both sides, iii. 
 417, 432, 491, 504, 565, 636. In '42-4 his name appears, being the grantee of 
 Ci<nega or Paso de la Tijera, and also comis. de zanjas. iv. 295, 629, 633-4; 
 and in '45 he was again alcalde, not free from popular complaints, iv. 497, 
 523, 633. I have no later record of him. Sancho (Juan Bautista), 1804, 
 Span, friar who served at S. Antonio till his death in '30. Biog. ii. 621; ment. 
 ii. 152, 385, 388, 655. 
 
 Sandeau, 1846, a mountaineer with Kearny from N. Mex. Lancey. San- 
 dels (G. M. W.), 1842, Swedish scientist who came from Mex. ontheschr Cali 
 fornia, and went to Hon. on the Diamond in '43. He wrote an account of 
 his observations under the name of 'King's Orphan.' iv. 345-6, 363, 565, 640, 
 650, 665. Sanders (Allen), 1845, Amer. blacksmith from Or. in the McMahon 
 party, working for Sutter Jul.-Dec. In the spring of '46 he visited Napa and 
 Sonoma, married Miss Bonney, and in March went with the Bonneys to Or., 
 where he is said to have been living in '80. iv. 572; v. 526. S. (Horace), 
 1845, overl. immig. of the Grigsby-Ide party, iv. 579, 587. He was perhaps a 
 
712 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Bear Flag man. v. 110; and served as sergt Co. E, Cal. Bat. v. 361; having a 
 Cal. claim of $20 (v. 462). Thos Knight states that in 70-1, S. was living near 
 Carson, Nev. S. (Richard T.), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). Sander- 
 son (Geo. B.), 1847, asst surg. U.S.A., surg. of the Morm. Bat., and an object 
 of the most intense dislike on the part of the Mormons. He went east with 
 Gen. Kearny. v. 446, 452, 477, 480-2. Sandoval (Josefa), 1791, wife of Gov. 
 Romeu. i. 488, 490. S. (Luciano), 1842, cornet of the batallon fijo '42-5. iv. 
 289. S. (Panfilo), 1828, Mex. convict liberated '34. 
 
 San Estevan (Antonio), 1831, chief of a N. Mex. caravan, iii. 396. Sands 
 (J. R.), 1847, mr of the Benj. Tucker. Sanford, 1843, at Sutter's fort '45, 
 and perhaps an overl. immig. of the Chiles party, iv. 393, 578. S. (Sam.), 
 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Sanger (John), 1844, mr of the Newton; A. 
 at S. Diego, iv. 567; perhaps ' Sawyer.' Sangrador (Miguel), tanner-in 
 structor 1792-5. i. 615, 725. 
 
 Santa Ana, soldier at Sta B. '24. ii. 532. Santa Cruz (Jose' Antonio), 
 com. de policiaat Mont. '33, '36, juez de campo '35. iii. 673-5; age 43 in '36, 
 nat. of Mex. , wife Gertrudis Villavicencio, child Juan Jos6. Santa Maria, 
 1815, teacher who came with Gov. Sola. ii. 426. Sta M., Ind. sirv. at S. 
 Luis Ob., shot by Fremont, v. 374. Sta M. (Jose* Maria), clerk of the court 
 at Mont. '42; owner of S.F. lot '46. v. 684. Sta M. (Vicente), 1776, Span, 
 friar who served chiefly at S. Buen., where he died in 1806. Biog. ii. 121-2; 
 ment. i. 240-1, 246, 287, 300, 302, 376, 382, 385, 388, 399, 466, 522, 553, 576, 
 674; ii. 159-60, 490. Santiago (Juan Jos6 Norberto), 1786, Span, friar, wLo 
 served at S. Juan Cap. and retired in 1810. Biog. ii. 110; ment. i. 388, 423, 
 458-9, 474, 563, 576, 657; ii. 114, 159-60, 197. Santillan (Jos< Prudencio), 
 1841, Mex. novice of Ind. parentage who came with the bishop and soon be 
 came a priest, iv. 195. He was parish priest at S.F. mission in '46-50, though 
 much of the time absent; and went to Mex. in '50. His chief and only fame 
 . rests on his claim of '50 to the misssion lands under a grant of Gov. Pico in 
 '46, a grant which after a long and famous litigation, though approved by the 
 'land com. and district court, was finally declared invalid by the U.S. sup. 
 court, being doubtless fraudulently antedated, v. 558, 659-60. Santillan be 
 came asst curate at Mazatlan before '56, and my last record of him is that in 
 '59 he was arrested for refusal to celebrate the return of peace at the order of 
 Gov. Pesqueira; yet in '78 the holders of the land claims professed to be able 
 to produce him as a witness. Santos, sirv. at Soledad 1791-1800. i. 499. 
 S., neoph. grantee of Rincon del Alisal, Sta Clara, '44. iv. 672. S. (Guada- 
 lupe), at Mont. '36, age 26. 
 
 Sargent (Constantine), 1846, purser's clerk on the U.S. Congress, committed 
 suicide at Mont. Dec. S. (Henry S.), 1848, nat. of Conn, recently from Or. ; 
 d. at S.F. Oct. S. (James K.), 1847, Co. F, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Sarmiento 
 (Jos6 M.), 1842, Mex. lieut of the batallon fijo; died on the voy. to Cal. iv. 
 289. Sarrfa (Vicente Francisco), 1809, Span, friar whose missionary service 
 was at S. Carlos and Soledad until his death in '35. He was prefect in '13-19, 
 '23-30, and president '23-5; one of the ablest, best, and most prominent of 
 the Fernandinos. Biog. iii. 688-9; ment. i. list of auth.; ii. 88, 148, 159-60, 
 217-18, 240, 327-30, 364, 383, 386, 394, 396-409, 451-3, 461, 491, 501-5, 512- 
 13, 517-18, 521, 525-6, 535, 622-3, 655, 657, 659, 662; iii. 7, 16-19, 87, 89-91, 
 128, 191, 336, 338, 350-1. Satte (Juan Jose"), 1827, Moorish servant from S. 
 Bias on an Engl. ship; at S. Jos6 '29, age 42. 
 
 Sauerweid (Alex. A.), 1848, Russian, in S. Joaq. Co. '78. Saunders 
 (John), 1838, Amer. or Irish sailor at Mont, and Sta Cruz '38, '43; at S.F. '44, 
 age 30. iv. 119. He went to sea again in '47-8, but returned in '52-3, soon 
 shipping again. S. (Theodore R.), 1847, Co. A, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); in N.Y. 
 city '82. S. (Wm L.), 1833, trapper named in Mont, lists of '34. In '34 he 
 writes Capt. Jos. Walker a severe letter denying any indebtedness and claim 
 ing to hold a receipt from Bonneville. He may therefore have come in '33 
 with Walker (iii. 389), or in '32 with Dye, who mentions a Saunders in his 
 party. 
 
 Savage (Chas), 1845, at Sutter's fort. iv. 578; went to Or. '46. v. 526; and 
 
SAVAGE SCHWEITZER. 713 
 
 -was at Jacksonville '81. S. (Eliza), 1846, of the Mormon colony, v. 546; in 
 Utah '84. S. (James D.), 1846, overl. immig. who served in Co. F, Cal. Bat. 
 v. 374 (358); named in the N. Helv. Diary, 47-8. He had been a trapper and 
 mountaineer, having great influence among the Ind., by whose aid he is said 
 to have acquired much wealth in the gold mines. In '48-9 he had trading 
 posts on the Mariposa and Fresno; and in later times rendered great service 
 to govt and to settlers as interpreter, commissioner, and major in com. of a 
 volunteer battalion. He was probably the discoverer of the Yosemite Valley. 
 In '52 he was killed at the Kings River reservation in a quarrel with Maj. 
 Harvey, the county judge. An ignorant man of much natural shrewdness, he 
 made many warm friends and bitter foes. It is related of him that he made it a 
 point to marry a chief's daughter in every tribe; exchanged hardware and 
 whiskey by weight, ounce for ounce, with the Ind., for gold-dust; and bet his 
 weight in gold on the turn of a card in a S.F. gambling-house. S. (Levi), 
 1847, Co. D, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); at Lorqueville, Utah, '82. 
 
 Sawis (Nathaniel), 1816, doubtful name of a deserter from the Albatross. 
 ii. 275. Sawyer (John), 1844, mr of the Newton; d. at S. Diego '45. iv. 453, 
 567. S. (Joseph), 1828, Scotchman at S. Diego '28-9. Saxton (Chas), 1847, 
 Co. G, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). Schaffer (J. R.), 1848, nat. of Va; at Hon. from 
 >,F. on the Tepic; dist attorney of S. Joaq. Co.; d. in '75, perhaps in Idaho. 
 
 Schallenberger (Moses), 1844, nat. of Ohio, and overl. immig. as a boy in 
 the Stevens party. His remarkable adventures at Donner Lake, where he was 
 left by the party and passed the winter alone, are noted in iv. 445-7, 453-4, 
 as related in his MS., Overland in '44' He appears in various records of '46-8 
 as clerk and trader at Sutter's fort, S. Jose", Mont., and Sta Cruz; but finally 
 settled at S. Jose", where he acquired considerable property, and was still liv 
 ing in '85. I have been unable to obtain information about his career in late 
 years or his family. His sister was the wife of Dr Townsend of the Stevens 
 party, and his daughter Maggie in '84-5 was a teacher, who from her father's 
 notes wrote the MS. narrative of the overland trip. Schenck (James F. ), 
 1846, lieut on the U.S. Congress, serving in Stockton's Bat. '46-7; nat. of 
 Ohio; rear-admiral '79. v. 268, 281. S. (Woodhull S. ), 1845, lieut on the U. S: 
 Portsmouth. Schiller (Ed.), 1847, Co. A, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. Texas '81. 
 Schimer (Earnest), 1847, Co. G, ditto. Schlottour (Karl), 1847, Co. F, ditto; 
 baker at S.F. '48. v. 683; at Rough-and-Ready '82. 
 
 Schmidt (Geo. W.), 1848, German who died at S. Diego '73; an early 
 steamboat man. S. (Jacob), 1847, cooper at N. Helv. S. (Karl), 1821, 
 Russian manager at Ross, succeeding Kuskof '21-6. ii. 464-5, 506-7, 642, 
 648. iii. 146. Schmolcler (B.), 1846 (?), author of the Neuer Wegweiser, who 
 styles himself in June '47 as Capt. 'from Cal.' He sought to organize a German 
 colony. Schneider (Johann), 1846, Co. B, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). Schoa (Juan), 
 at Los Ang. '46. Schoolcraft (Henry A.), 1847, sergt Co. H, N.Y. Vol. v. 
 504; Sutter's agent, recorder, and alcalde at Sac. '48-9. He went east, and 
 while returning with an appointment as collector of Sac. died at sea near 
 Acapulco '53. Schoonmaker (Jacob J.), 1847, Co. A, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); 
 at Vineland, N.J., '82. S. (Milton C.), 1847, ditto; d. at Stockton '50. 
 Schreador (Geo.), 1847, Co. D, ditto; d. Napa Co. '82. Schreiber (Chas), 
 
 1846, Cal. Bat. v. 358; one of the Sta B. garrison. Schroeder (Martin), 
 
 1847, Engl. mr of a vessel, married at Mazatlan, who brought his family in 
 '49 via Hon.; d. at S. Jose" '81, leaving 5 children. Schroth (Chas), 1848, 
 on roll of the Soc. Cal. Pion.; living in S.F. '81. 
 
 Schubart (Peter), 1842, Dane naturalized in Feb.; also called 'Serbia.' iv. 
 341. Schultz (Ernest), 1847, owner of S.F. lot. Schultze (Fred. ), 1847, Co. 
 F, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). Schulz, 1848, cooper at Sutter's fort. Schumacher 
 (John), 1847, Co. G, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); at Los Ang. '82. Schwartz (John 
 L.), 1841, Dutch immig. of the Bartleson party. 270, 275, 279. In '44-5 he 
 obtained a grant of Nueva Flandria on the Sac. Riv., iv. 672, where he estab 
 lished a fishing station and built a boat. He and his place are described by 
 Bryant in '46 and Buffum in '48; also mentioned in N. Helv. Diary, '45-7. 
 He died in '51 or '52, and his brother George was unsuccessful cl. for the 
 rancho in '53. Schweitzer (Philip), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). 
 
714 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Scollan (John), 1847, Co. A, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); at Sta B. '82. Scott 
 (Andrew), 1847, Co. D, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). S. (Antonio J.), 1846, grantee of 
 S. Luis Key and Pala. S. (Chas G.), 1847, sergt Co. B, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); 
 treasurer of S.F. ; d. in Nicaragua '56. S. (Felix), 1845, nat. of Va and prob. 
 overl. immig. iv. 578-9. One of his daughters died at Sutter's fort Jan. '46. 
 In March he went to Or., v. 526, where he became a prominent settler, visit 
 ing Cal. again about '51-3, and being killed by Ind. in '58. See Hist. Or., i. 
 750. S. (Gabriel), 1846, had a 'Cal. claim' (v. 462). S. (G. J.), 1848, had 
 a cabin on the Capay rancho, Yolo Co. 
 
 Scott (James), 1826, nat. of Scotland, who first visited Cal. as sup. of the 
 Olive Branch and Waverfy, being mr of the Huascar in '27-8. iii. 176, 154, 147. 
 From '30 he seems to have considered Sta B. his home, though constantly on 
 the move, as shown by his business corresp. in my collection, ii. 573; iii. 409; 
 iv. 117; sup. and mr of various vessels; also otter-hunter, iv. 144, 209, 566; 
 v. 578. From '39, or earlier, to '47 a partner of Capt. John Wilson; nient. in 
 mission accounts '40. iii. 657, 660; in '45 purchaser of S. Luis Ob. and grantee 
 of Canada de Chorro rancho. iv. 553, 558, 655, 658-9. Not friendly to Amer. 
 in '46-7, but not much heard of in those years. He died at Sta B. in '51. 
 S. (James), 1833, Engl. sailor on the Catalina. iii. 409; in Mont. dist. '34-5; 
 in trouble on the schr California '39. S. (James), 1846, of the Mormon 
 colony, excommunicated at S.F. v. 546; owner of S.F. lots '47. S. (James 
 R.), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). 
 
 Scott (John), 1831, sup. of the Ayacucho '31-5. iii. 381; perhaps James. 
 S. (John), 1845, possibly of Fremont's party, but prob. the following, iv. 583, 
 587, 453. S. (John), 1845, overl. immig. of the Grigsby-Ide party, iv. 579, 
 587. Ace. to the Yolo Co. Hist, he lived as a hunter in Capay Val. to June 
 '46; he was prob. one of the Bears, v. 110; and served as a lieut in the Cal. 
 Bat. v. 435. Swan remembers a Jack Scott in the mines from Sta Cruz '48. 
 S. (Leonard M.), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). S. (Sam.), 1847, nat. of 
 Ky and overl. immig. ; a trader at Sta Clara, successful miner who built the 
 first house at Placerville, and finally a settler near Snelling, where he died in 
 '81, leaving one son, Moses. S. (Wm), 1846, marine on the Portsmouth, 
 wounded at the San Gabriel in '47. v. 395. S. (Wm), 1847, Co. C, N.Y. 
 Vol. (v. 499); owner of S.F. lot; county treasurer of S.F. ; killed in Nicaragua. 
 
 Scott (Wm W.), 1845, brother of John and overl. immig. of the Grigsby- 
 Ide party, iv. 579, 587. He came from St Louis mainly for his health, and 
 took part in the Bear revolt, being also, it is said, the man who in July '46 
 carried the U.S. flag from Sonoma to Sac. v. 110, 148, 244. In '46-8 he kept 
 a store at Sonoma, being, I suppose, of the firm S. & Boggs often named, and 
 sometimes visiting Sac. with goods for sale. In '47 he married Mary Ann 
 Smith; in Jan. '48 he killed a man named McRice; and I have his autograph 
 letter of Feb., in which he attributes his bad conduct to the use of liquor, and 
 solemnly 'swears off' forever. Later in the year he appears as a carpenter in 
 Sutter's employ, and is said to have been at the Coloma mill when gold was 
 found. A man of the same name settled in Scott Valley, Lake Co., in '48, and 
 was still living in '54. The preceding items may refer to more than one man. 
 Scriver (Chas), see 'Schreiber.' v. 316. Scullen (John), 1847, Irishman of Sta 
 B., said to have been killed by Ind. in Ariz. '66; prob. 'Scollan,' q.v. 
 
 Seagrim (Thos), 1839, sailor on the schr California. Seaman (Stephen), 
 1846, acting sailmaker on the U.S. Dale. Searles (Geo.), 1847, Co. D, N.Y. 
 Vol. (v. 499). Searls (Susan A.), 1846, of the Mormon colony, prob. not com 
 ing to Cal. v. 547. Sears (Franklin), 1845, nat. of Mo. who crossed the 
 plains to Or. in '44, and came to Cal. in the McMahon party, 572-4, 587, gain 
 ing an unenviable reputation as an Indian-killer. He is named in the N. Helv. 
 Diary '45-6, and in March '46 was nearly killed by a fall from his horse at 
 Sutter's fort. Recovering, he joined Fremont and went south, serving at S. 
 Pascual under Gillespie and in Stockton's campaign. An account of S. Pas- 
 cual by Boggs in the Napa Registr, May 11, '72, seems to be founded on his 
 statements. In '48-9 he took out large quantities of gold near Bidwell's Bar; 
 and in '51 settled at Sonoma, where he was living in '80 at the age of 63. His 
 
SEARS SESAN. 715 
 
 wife was Margaret Swift, and there were 2 children surviving in '80, one of 
 them, Rachel, being the widow of J. R. Snyder. S. (John), 1845, brother 
 of Franklin, and overl. immig. of the Grigsby-Ide party, iv. 579, 587, with 
 his wife. He was a blacksmith and settled at Sonoma, where he was prob. a 
 Bear Flag man indeed, Mrs S. is credited with having furnished flannel for 
 the famous flag. v. 110, 147-8. He was capt. of Co. D, Cal. Bat. v. 359, 361; 
 had a Cal. claim (v. 462); and was in the Feather River mines '48. He seems 
 either to have left Cal. or died soon after this date. 
 
 Sebastian, Ind. who died at Nicasia '80, said to be about 100 years old. 
 S., 1773, Ind. who was the 1st Christian to make the trip by land from Cal. 
 to Sonora. i. 221. S. (Narcisco), 1844, Canadian at Sta Rosa, having left 
 Ridley's service. Secondi, or Sagondyne (James), 1845, Delaware Ind. of 
 Fremont's party, iv. 583; still in F.'s employ '53. Seely, 1845, in N.Y. '84, 
 claiming to have been one of Fremont's party; also declared by a newspaper 
 corresp. to be the original of Bret Harte's ' Yuba Bill.' Segundo (Angel), 
 sirviente at S.F. 1777. i. 297. Segura (Josd Maria), 1842, Mex. capt. of the 
 batallon fijo, who remained in Cal. after Micheltorena's departure, acted as 
 com. at Los Ang. for a time in '46, and seems to have departed with Flores in 
 '47. iv. 289, 364, 492, 513; v. 408. Seibert, 1847, in Sutter's employ '47-8. 
 Seider (Geo. F.), 1847, Co. A, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). 'Seis Cuartillas' (Theo 
 dore), 1834, French carpenter at Mont. Sel, see 'Sells.' Selden (Ed. A.), 
 1846, mid. on the U.S. Columbus, act. lieut in com. of the prize Julia '46-7. 
 v. 358, 378. Selfridge (Thos 0.), 1847, capt U.S.N., com. of the Columbus 
 and later of the Dale. Sellers (Jackson), 1847, sergt Co. K, N.Y. Vol. v. 504. 
 Sells (Joseph), 1846, at Sutler's fort '47-8; also called Selly and Sel; member 
 of the Donner relief parties, v. 538, 541. 
 
 Semple (Robert), 1845, nat. of Ky and overl. immig. of the Hastings party, 
 iv. 586-7; a printer and dentist by trade. In '45-6 he was engaged in farming 
 with Johnson and Keyser, first becoming prominent in the Bear revolt, v. 79, 
 106-7, 110, 114-19, 298, 644. Though a pronounced filibuster and conspirator, 
 he doubtless exerted his influence with much success to restrain the lawless 
 vagabonds of his party from the commission of outrages. In July he went to 
 Mont., served for a time in Fauntleroy's dragoons (v. 232. 247), and then with 
 Walter Colton published at Mont, the 1st Cal. newspaper, the Monterey Cali- 
 fornian. v. 291-3, 658. Early in '47 the paper was transferred to S.F., and 
 Semple, obtaining from Vallejo a large tract of land on Carquines Strait, de 
 voted his energies, in company with Larkin, to the building of a great city at 
 Benicia, as fully recorded in v. 670-4, at the same time taking an interest in 
 various political matters, delivering a 4th of July oration at S.F., and owning 
 a S. F. lot, which he patriotically gave away to show his faith in Benicia as 
 the metropolis, v. 433, 455, 646, 676. His great speculation of city-bnilding 
 was not very successful, but he made a large amount of money in '48-50 by 
 running a ferry-boat across the strait. In '49 he was a member and presi 
 dent of the constit. convention; but does not appear later in public life. 
 He moved to Colusa Co., where he died in '54 at the age of 48, his death being 
 the result of a fall from his horse. Dr S. was a good-natured, popular, and 
 honorable man, of much intelligence and natural ingenuity, of some education, 
 a good speaker indeed, there were few things he could not do fairly well, 
 though noted for obstinate faith in his way of doing things as always the best. 
 His height was about 6 ft. 8 in., giving rise to no end of amusing stories, true 
 and false, respecting such achievements as wading the strait of Carquines. In 
 '47, being a widower, he married Frances, daughter of Stephen Cooper, by 
 whom he had a daughter, Mary Benicia. His widow is living in '85 as Mrs Van 
 Winkle. A son, John W., came to Cal. in '49, dying in '50; and also a brother, 
 C. D., who was claimant for the Colus rancho. v. 671. Sefian (Josd Fran 
 cisco de Paula), 1787, Span, friar who served at S. Carlos and S. Buenaventura 
 until his death in 1823. A model missionary, who was president in 1812-15, 
 and '20-3, being also prefect in '23. Biog. ii. 490-1; icent. i. 388, 469, 572, 
 576-7, 598, 604-5, 674, 685; ii. 121-2; 159, 209, 240, 258, 270, 317, 326-7, 333, 
 351, 394, 396, 398, 405, 410-11, 451-3, 479, 487, 493, 497, 499-502, 569, 571, 
 
716 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 578, 580, 655, 657. Senar (Francisco), 1828, doubtfu 'name of an Irish sailor 
 at Mont. '28-9. Septem (Henry), 1816, sailor of the Albatross, ii. 275. 
 
 Sepulveda (Diego), one of the grantees of S. Bernardino rancho '42; some 
 what prominent in the Flores revolt at Los Ang. '46-7. v. 312, 320, 407-8. 
 S. (Dolores), son of Juan Jose", b. S. Diego 1793, settler at Los Ang. 1812, 
 still living there '46-8, having been accidentally wounded in '39. ii. 349, 565, 
 595. S. (Dolores), killed by Ind. at Purfsima '24. ii. 529. S. (Dolores), 
 soldier of the S.F. comp. '37. S. (Encarnacion), grantee of Ojode Agua'40. 
 iv. 633. S. (Enrique), prisoner at S. Buen. '38; grantee of S. Pascual '40. 
 iii. 554-5, 634. S. (Fernando), son of Francisco, at Los Ang. '39-'46; ment. 
 in '40-3. iii. 632-3, 639. S. (Francisco), settler at Los Ang. '15. ii. 349; in 
 '25 regidor and acting alcalde ii. 559; iii. 11; in '31 in the operations against 
 Victoria, by whom he was imprisoned, iii. 196, 208; in '36-7 comisionado of 
 S. Juan Cap. iii. 626-7; 49 years old in '39, when he was grantee of S. Vi 
 cente and Sta Monica, iii. 634; ment. in '40-3; iii. 639; iv. 629. In '52 he 
 was cl. for the rancho. S. (Ignacio), killed at the S. Gabriel '47. v. 396. 
 
 Sepulveda (Ignacio), son of Jose", b. before '48, educated in the east as a 
 lawyer. In later years he became a very prominent lawyer of Los Angeles, 
 and one of the foremost of all the native Californians in respect of both abil 
 ity and character. He was a member of the legislature in '64; served in Mex. 
 under Maximilian; was county judge in '70-3, district judge from '74, and 
 superior judge from '80, resigning his position in '83 to accept a responsible 
 position as representative of Wells, Fargo, & Co. in Mex., where he has since 
 resided to '85. His Historical Memoranda, i. 644, is a valuable contribution 
 to my collection of original MS. ; and he has otherwise aided me in my 
 work. His wife, who- died before '77, was an American, and there was a 
 daughter. S. (Isabel), at S. Rafael '42. iv. 237. S. (Jose"), regidor at Los 
 Ang. '33-4. iii. 635; in '36-8, active among the vigilantes, alcalde, grantee of 
 S. Joaquin rancho, and somewhat prominent on both sides in the sectional 
 quarrels between north and south, iii. 432, 485, 495-9, 509-10, 518-19, 565, 
 633, 636. His age was 37 ace. to the padron of '39, when he was regidor and 
 took part in a tumulto. iii. 589, 636; iv. 633; sub-prefect in '45. iv. 632-3. He 
 was cl. for S. Joaquin in '52, and died in Sonora '75. His wife was a sister of 
 Juan AVila. S. (Jose), two of the name at Los Ang. '39, a shoemaker and 
 farmer. S. (Jose"), juez de campo at S. Josd '43. iv. 685; still there in '55. 
 S. (Jose" del Carmen), at Los Ang. '46-8. S. (Jose* L.), juez de paz at Los 
 Ang. '42. iv. 632; 2d alcalde '46, '48. v. 625-6; grantee of Palos Colorados 
 '46. v. 627; nominated for prefect '45; memb. of the council '50. I am not 
 sure that he was not the same man as Josd above. S. (Jos6 Manrico and 
 Jose" Miguel), at Los Ang. '46. S. (Juan), soldier of the S.F. comp. '20-7; 
 at S. Jose" '41, age 41, wife Francisca Pacheco, child. Demesio b. '29, Silveria 
 '31, Lucia '33, Maria Ant. '35, Sebastian '38, Bartolom6 '39. S. (Juan), juez 
 de campo at Palos Verdes '40. iii. 637; 2d alcalde at Los Ang. '45, taking 
 some part in politics, iv. 497, 539, 633; age 27 in '39; alcalde in '49; super 
 visor '54; county assessor '57-8. S. (Juan Maria), at Los Ang. '46; justice of 
 the peace '56. S. (Manuel), at Los Ang. '46-8. S. (Patricio), soldier at 
 Sta B. before '37. S. (Rafael), settler at Los Ang. 1789. i. 461. S. (Vi 
 cente), grantee of La Sierra, Los Ang., '46. v. 628. 
 
 Serbia (Pedro), 1842, Danish resid. of S.F., age 26; same as 'Schubert,' 
 q.v., and probably intended for 'Sherrebeck,' q.v. Serer (Domingo) corporal 
 at Mont. '36, age 26. Serna (Manuel), reputed centenarian of S. Diego '79. 
 S. (Patricio), Mex. soldier of the Hidalgo comp. at Mont. '36, age 33. Serra 
 (Junipero), 1769, Span, friar, 1st president of the missionaries, and founder of 
 many missions, who died at S. Carlos Aug. 28, 1784. Biog. i. 409-16; ment. 
 i. 116-23, 129, 134-5, 137-8, 164-8, 170, 175-7, 181, 183-4, 187-94, 199-221, 
 224, 227, 229-31, 238-9, 244, 246, 248-9, 255, 257, 268, 270-1, 280, 287, 297- 
 304, 309, 320-8, 330-1, 333, 351, 373, 376, 378, 382, 386, 388-400, 414-15, 
 422, 455, 457, 459, 469, 473-4, 476, 486, 671, 687. Serrano (Florencio), 1834, 
 Mex. of the Hijar & Padre's colony, iii. 263, 268; who served in '35 as clerk of 
 the admin, at S. Antonio, and as teacher, iii. 687; and from '36 as clerk of 
 
SERRANO SHAW. 717 
 
 different offices at Mont, taking part in the revolt against Alvarado in '37, and 
 being sec. of the ayuut. in '38. iii. 524-5, 675. In '44 he was 2d alcalde, iv. 
 653, 656, 404, 411; and in '45-6 sindico and sec. of the prefecture, serving on 
 the 1st jury in '46. iv. 652-3; v. 289, 636. In '48-9 he succeeded Coltoii as. 
 alcalde of Mont. v. 637-8; being before and later engaged in trade. His wife 
 was Rita, sister of Joaquin de la Torre, and there were several sons who sup 
 ported Don Florencio in his old age, poverty, and blindness. He died in 77 
 at the age of 63. He was of Span, parentage, of fair education and good re 
 pute. Shortly before his death he dictated for me his Apuntcs, a full statement 
 of his life and recollections of Cal. affairs, which throws light on many topics. 
 S. (Francisco), alcalde at Los Ang. 1799. i. 661. S. (Ignacio), at Los Ang. 
 '46. S. (Jose"), juez de carapo, Los Ang. '35. iii. 635; grantee of Canada tie 
 los Alieos '42-6, iv. 634, being also cl. in '52. S. (Jose" Antonio), son of Le- 
 andro, at S. Juan Cap. '41. iv. 626; grantee of Pauma '44. iv. 621; in the 
 fight at S. Pascual '46. v. 352; still living at S. Diego '75, age 61. His wife 
 was a daughter of Rosario Aguilar. S. (Jose" S.), at Los Ang. '46. S. (Le- 
 andro), son of a soldier of the 1st exped., b. at S. Diego; for many years 
 majordomo of Pala for the mission S. Luis Reg.; in '28 maj. at S. Juan Cap., 
 and grantee of Temescal, ii. 547, 663; iii. 612, where he spent the rest of his 
 life, dying in '52. His wife was Presentacion Yorba and later Josefa Montalba. 
 S. (Manuel), killed by Ind. at Pauma '46. v. 617. S. (Rafaela), at S. Diego 
 '21, '41. ii. 546; iv. 619. S. (Tomds), juez de campo at Los Ang. '48. v. 626. 
 Serviu (Ignacio), 1842, Mex. sub-lieut in the batallon fijo '42-5. iv. 289, 513; 
 still in Cal. '46. v. 41. 
 
 Sessions (Wm B.), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). Sessor (Peter), 
 
 1847, Co. F, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); in S.F. '82. Settle (Josiah), 1840 (?), nat. 
 of Ohio said to have crossed the plains to Cal. this year; prob. an error, 
 though he may have come from N. Mex. iv. 120. Went to Or. '52, to Wash. 
 Ter. '60, and died at Seattle '76. Sevy (Thomas), see 'Levy.' Sexton 
 (Daniel), 1841, nat. of La and overl. immig. of the Workman party, iv. 278-9. 
 He worked as a carpenter in the Los Ang. region, and finally settled at S. 
 Bern.; claims to have raised the U.S. flag at his camp '40. iv. 342; served in 
 the campaign against Micheltorena '45. iv. 495; carried a paessage from Stock 
 ton to Fremont '47. v. 402; married an Ind. woman; cl. for land in Los Ang. 
 '52; still living in '84. S. (Geo. S.), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); 
 Co. reenl. S. (Lorin), 1847, Co. I, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). Seyman (James), 
 
 1848, at Sutter's fort. Seymour (Chas H.), 1848, on roll of Soc. Cal. Pion. ; 
 d. S.F. after '81; an employe" in the mint. S. (Sir Geo. F.), 1846, admiral 
 in com. of the British Pac. squadron at Mont, on the Collingwood, July. v. 
 199-214, 232, 577. 
 
 Shadden (Thos J.), 1843, Amer. immig. of the Hastings party from Or. 
 accomp. by his family, iv. 390, 400. In '44 he obtained a land grant in Yolo 
 Co. iv. 674; is named in '45-6 as visiting Sutter's fort from S. Jose", Sta Cruz, 
 and other points; and had a 'Cal. claim' of $837 (v. 462). A son is said to 
 have been born in '47. Shadden settled on the Cosumnes, where he lived in a 
 cabin of tules in '49, having been before that date a miner and trader in mules. 
 He went to Or. about '51. Shaler (Wm) ? 1803, mr of the Leila Byrd 1803-4, 
 and author of a Journal pub. in 1808, which was prob. the 1st extended ac 
 count of Cal. published in the U.S. ii. 10-14, 21-4, 102-3, 109, 119, 122, 143-4, 
 183. Shannon (John), v. 621; see 'Charbonneau.' S. (Wm E.), 1847, 
 capt. Co. I, N.Y. Vol., in com. at S. Diego '47-8, being also collector, v. 504, 
 514, 617, 619. In '49 a trader, of firm S. & Cady, at Coloma, also alcalde, 
 member of the constit. convention, and district judge. From Dec. '49 a law 
 yer at Sac., where he died in '50 of cholera. Sharkey (Frank L.), 1847, Co. 
 I, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); at Norwich, Conn., '82. Sharnon (John), 1847, alcalde 
 at S. Diego; prob. 'Charbonneau,' q. v. Sharp (Matthew W. or A.), 1847, 
 Co. I, ditto; at S. Diego '48; died near Coloma '50. Shattuck, 1842, lieut 
 U.S.N. with Com. Jones at Mont. iv. 308. 
 
 Shaw, 1846, overl. immig. who died on the Calaveras in '49. S. (Charles), 
 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). S. (James), 1848, guide to return- 
 
718 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 ing Mormons. S. (James B.), 1846, nat. of Australia; resid. of Sonoma Co. 
 '51-77. Son. Co. Hist. S. (Thomas), 1824 (?), nat. of Mass. I have his auto 
 graph letter, apparently written at S. Pedro Oct. 28, 1824, but there may be 
 an error, ii. 526. In '26-8 he was clerk and sup. on the Courier and Waverly. 
 \\\. 154; in 30-1 on the Pocahontas, making a contract to carry away Gov. 
 Victoria, iii. 148, 210, 383; in '33-5 sup. and sometimes mr of the Volunteer, 
 Harriet Blanchard, and Lagoda. iii. 382, 384, 410. He was in Boston '36, 
 not expecting to revisit Cal. ; but in '39-40 he came back as sup. of tbe Mon 
 soon, his name often appearing in commercial corresp. and mission accounts, 
 iii. iv. 105; iii. 623, 727. He is said to have died in Boston about '66. 
 
 Shea (Win), 1840, one of the exiled foreigners not known to have returned, 
 iv. 18. Shearman, 1844, mr of the Menkar. iv. 567. Shehey, 1847, died 
 at Sutter's fort Oct. Sheldon (Geo.), 1848, passp. from Hon. S. (Henry 
 B.), 1848, editor and part owner of the S.F. Californian. v. 658; sec. of the 
 guards; owner of a lot at S. Jos6. Went to the Sandw. Isl. about '65. S. 
 (Jared), 1840, nat. o Vt, who came from N. Mex. or Sonora with a pass 
 dated March 9, '40. iv. 117, 120. Possibly he had visited Cal. before, as his 
 arrival is often credited to '34 or '32. He was naturalized in '43, then describ 
 ing himself as a carpenter who had arrived in '40, being in '44 grantee of the 
 Omochumne rancho on the Cosumnes. iv. 672; where he was a partner of Win 
 Daylor, and where he spent the rest of his life but for his service in the Mi- 
 cheltorena campaign, iv. 486, 501, and a brief experience in the mines. In '51 
 he was killed in a difficulty with miners about a dam. His wife, married in 
 '47, was a daughter of Thomas Rhoads, and survived him with 3 children, 
 Wm b. '48, Sarah '49, and Catherine '51 (drowned in '52). Shelikof (Paul), 
 1825, Russian manager of Ross '25-9, succeeding Schmidt, ii. 648, 650-1; iii. 
 213. Shelly (Pearson B.), 1847, mr of the Gen. Kearny. v. 518; and trader 
 at S.F. '47-8, of firm S. & Norris. v. 680; also owner of S.F. lot. Shelton, 
 1842, at S.F.; prob. 'Sheldon,' q.v. S. (Sebert C.), 1847, Q.M. sergt Morm. 
 Bat., but reduced to ranks Co. D. v. 477. Shepherd (Edmund), 1846, mid. 
 U.S.N., acting lieut in Stockton's Bat. '46-7. v. 385. S. (Lafayette), 1847, 
 Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). Sherman (Heran V. S.), 1847, Co. H, N.Y. 
 Vol. (v. 499); d. before '82. S. (J.), 1837, named in Larkin's accounts. 
 
 Sherman (Richard M.), 1846, nat. of R.I., who passed his boyhood on a 
 farm, and then went to sea for 5 or 6 years, coming to Cal. from Honolulu as 
 clerk on the Euphemia, leaving the vessel at S.F., where he worked as book 
 keeper for Paty & Davis, and in '47-8 made a trip to the Isl. as sup. of the 
 Euphemia. He became the owner of a town lot, on which he built a store in 
 which the firm of S. & Ruckel did business in '48-50. v. 681, 686. In '51 he 
 went east, but returned on a business visit in '55-6. He resided in Mass, and 
 at Providence, R.I., till '84, when he returned to S.F. to take charge of his 
 real estate interests, including the 'Sherman building,' on the lot purchased 
 by him in '47, in which he has an office in '85, at the age of 72. In an inter 
 view, and also in a letter from R.I., he gave me some information about early 
 S.F. and his own life. His 1st wife, married in '54, was Sally S. Mauran, who 
 died in '65; the 2d, of '69-70, was Emma F. Mitchell; and the 3d, '78-85, 
 Kate Field. Five children survived in '85, Harry M., Elizabeth M., Adeline 
 M., Ethel, and Richard M. Jr. 
 
 Sherman (Win Tecumseh), 1847, nat. of Ohio, graduate of West Point, who 
 came to Cal. as lieut Co. F, 3d U.S. artill., and in '47-50 served most of the 
 time as adj. -gen. under the military governors, v. 444, 450, 492, 518, 520, 
 609, 636, 646; also of the firm Warner, Sherman, & Bestor at Coloma '48-9. 
 He went east with despatches in '50; but, having resigned his army commis 
 sion, came back in '53 to conduct as partner the banking business of Lucas, 
 Turner, & Co. until '57. His Californian experience of '47-57 is fully narrated 
 in the early chapters of his Memoirs, a most interesting and accurate record, 
 except in a few comparatively unimportant details. Sherman was later super 
 intendent of a La military academy and president of a St Louis street railroad 
 until in '61 he reentered the military service as colonel. His subsequent career 
 in the war of '61-5 and since is a prominent part of U.S. history, which I 
 
SHERMAN-SIGLER. 719 
 
 make no attempt to summarize. He reached a higher position than any other 
 pioneer named in this register; and in '85 is still living as retired general of 
 the army. His wife, married in '50, is the daughter of Hon. Thomas Ewing. 
 The general has often revisited Cal., taking a deep interest in pioneer matters. 
 
 Sherreback (Peter), 1840, nat. of Denmark, who came by sea and settled 
 at S.F. as a trader, iv. 117, 120. He was baptized and naturalized in '41-2; 
 sindico '43. iv. 666; agente de policia '44. iv. 666; being married the samo 
 year or the next to Mary, sister of John Sullivan. In '45 he was owner of S. 
 F. lands, and aided Sutter in support of Micheltorena. iv. 486, 669, 673; v. 
 681-2. He was collector in '46-7. v. 295, 648; and memb. of the council '47. 
 v. 678. He still lived at S.F. in '55 and later, but I find no mention of his 
 death. His widow was still living in '60. The original name was probably 
 'Scherrebach,' but it is written in a great variety of ways. Sherwood (Jere 
 miah), 1847, lieut Co. G, N.Y.Vol. v. 504, 517. In '48-9 clerk for Brannan & 
 Co. at Sac. ; later member of N.Y. legislature; d. N.Y. City '83. Scheuer 
 (Pierre), 1834, Fr. mason at Mont., age 27, married to Maria J. Garcia. Per 
 haps same as 'Cheorette,' q.v. 
 
 Shields (H.L.), 1847, lieut Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. on muster-roll; but did 
 not come to Cal. (v. 518). S. (Sam.), 1831, Amer. from N. Mex. in the 
 Wolfskill party, iii. 387, 405; d. at Los Ang. a few years later. S. (W.F.), 
 
 1847, capt. in com. of U.S. Preble. Shipley (Otto), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. 
 artill. (v. 518). Shipp (Wm), 1847, ditto. Shirland (E.D.), 1847, Co. G, 
 N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); nat. of N.Y. and settler in Placer Co. from '50; capt. in 
 war of '61-5; county clerk and recorder of Sac.; at Auburn '82. Shirley 
 (Paul), 1846, on the roll of the Soc. Cal. Pion.; d. in Ohio '76. Shislylind 
 (Gustaff), 1847, musician Co. G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Shockley, 1846, mr of the Roman. Shoemaker (Sam.), 1846, one of the 
 Donner party from Ohio; died in the Sierra, v. 531, 533. Shoetzof, 1803, 
 in charge of a party of Aleut, hunters, ii. 25, 63, perhaps Shvetzof. Shoive, 
 1847-8, mr of the Anita, v. 576. Shocks (Wm), 1841, doubtful name at S. 
 Diego. Toomes. Shooter (Chas), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Short 
 (J.O. B.), 1846, nat. of Ky, and overl. immig. with his mother later Mrs 
 Merriner who settled at S. Rafael, where he still lived in '80 with wife, Mary 
 Miller, and 5 children. S. (Jacob), 1846, brother of J. O.B., and his partner 
 in '80. S. (Patrick), 1832, Irish priest who came in exile from Honolulu 
 with P. Bachelot; in '34-6 an associate of Hartnell in his school near Mont. ; 
 left Cal. in '37, and went to Valparaiso, where he still lived in '70. iii. 317- 
 18, 364, 384, 408, 670, 677-8; iv. 102. Shotwell(Geo.), 1841, overl. immig. 
 of the Bartleson party, accidentally killed on the journey, iv. 269. Shreve, 
 
 1848, mr of a vessel at S.F. Shrives, 1848, mr of the Anita. Shrives 
 (Dan B.), 1847, Co. F, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Shroter (Chas), 1847, Co. G, ditto; 
 at S.F. '82. Shubrick (Wm Bransford), 1846, commodore U.S.N., in com. 
 of Pacific squadron '46-7, on the Independence, v. 428-9, 437, 636. Shulters 
 (John), 1847, Co. H, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Shultz (Ernst), 1847, owner of S. 
 F. lot. Shumway (Aurora), 1847, Co. C, N. Y. Vol. (v. 469); reenl. 
 Shurts (Watson), 1847, Co. F, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Sibrian see 'Cibrian.' Sibs (Sam.), 1836, doubtful name of a witness at 
 Sonoma. Sicard (Pierre Theodore), 1833, Fr. sailor and carpenter who on 
 applying for naturalization in '40 claimed a resid. of 7 years, iii. 409. He was 
 in the Mont, dist '34 and at the S. Pablo rancho '40. In '42-4 he worked for 
 Sutter at Hock Farm; and in '44 got a grant of the Nemshas rancho on Bear 
 River adjoining Johnson's, iv. 672, where he settled in '45. His visits from 
 Bear River to Sutter's fort in '45-8 are often recorded in the N. Hdv. Diary; 
 in 48-9 a miner and trader on the Yuba, where a flat and bar took his name. 
 Though deemed rich in those days, he became poor; was living with Claude 
 Chana in 71, and died before '79. Sickels (J. F.), 1847, surgeon on the U.S. 
 Independence. Siddons (Wm M.), 1848, on the roll of the Soc. Cal. Pion. 
 Sierra (Benito de la), 1775, Span, friar who visited Cal. as chaplain on the 
 Santiago and S. Antonio, and died at S. Bias '77. He had served in L. Cal. 
 '69-73. i. 240-1, 287, 310. Sigler (Wm), 1845, at Sutter's fort Nov.; prob. 
 
720 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 an overl. immig. In the spring of '46 he carried despatches up the valley to 
 Fremont. He was murdered at Moon's rancho Tehama Co. in '49 or '50. iv. 
 578, 583; v. 24. 
 
 Sill (Daniel), 1832, nat. of Conn., trapper and carpenter who came from 
 N. Mex. in the winter of '32-3, settling at Sta B., where he hunted otter 
 under Capt. Dana's license, and was partner in a bakery in '34. iii. 388, 408. 
 In '35 he came to Mont, and got a carta; and from '39 or earlier lived at S.F.,. 
 building a rail! for Spear in '39-40. v. 681; named by Farnham as one of the 
 foreigners arrested in '40. iv. 17. From '44 he spent most of his time in the 
 Sac. Valley, working as a blacksmith for Sutter part of the time. In '46 he 
 bought a rancho of Lassen where he had a cabin, v. 301; and in '49 was 
 joined by his son Daniel and daughter Harriet later Mrs Mahew. He died 
 in ; 62, at the age of 66. Sillen (D. S.), 1846, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). Siltzer 
 (Henry), 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Silva, family at S. Dieguito ran 
 cho '31. iii. 612. S. (Antonio), 1840 (?), Portuguese deserter from a whaler, 
 employed for several years at Petaluma by Gen. Vallejo. iv. 120. S. (Ma 
 riano), 1840, Mex. capt. of artill. at Mont. '40-6; went to Mazatlan '47 or '48. 
 iv. 31, 198, 293, 307-8, 311, 357, 652; v. 41, 230, 232-3. S. (Mariano), at 
 Los Ang. '39; in '46 at S. Juan Cap., age 37, wife Francisca Perez. S. (Ma 
 riano), nat. of Chile, patron of the custom-house boat at Mont. '45. Silvas 
 (Antonio M.), at Los Ang. '39, age 37. S. (Carlos), owner of land at S. Juan 
 Cap., 41. iv. 626. S. (Clara), at S. Juan Cap. '46, age 40, child. Ger6nimo 
 b. '29, Guadalupe '32, Lugarda '37, and Fernando '38. S. (Dieso), at S. 
 Bern. '46, age 24. S. (Jos6), settler at Los Ang. 1789. i. 461. S. (Juan), 
 at Mont. '36. iii. 617. S. (Mariano), at Los Ang. '46, age 35. S. (Ramon), 
 owner of land at S. Juan Cap. '41. iv. 626. S. (Teodoro), at Los Ang. '10- 
 16; ii. 110, 350. Silverio, neophyte who killed his wife at Mont. 1798. i. 
 691. 
 
 Sime, 1848, in the legislature '55; John L. in S.F. guard '49. Simental 
 (Josa C.), 1800, sentenced to 6 years in Cal. as a settler, i. 606. Simeon, 
 Ind., grantee of lot at S. Gabriel '46. v. 627. Simmonds (Stephen), 1835 (?), 
 nat. of N. Y. , landing at Sta B. from the whaler Liverpool Packet, and be 
 coming an otter-hunter with Nidever for several years. Named in '39-40 at 
 Sta B. and Mont. Making voyages in different vessels; he was in '44 sick in 
 care of the consulate, and is said to have died at Branch's rancho about '45. 
 iii. 413. Simmons, 1848, lieut on the U.S. Ohio. S. (Alex. R.), 1846, mid. 
 on the U.S. Columbia. '46-7. S. (Bezer), 1843, nat of Vt, mr of the Mag 
 nolia. '43-6, iv. 400, 567; v. 579. Later of the S.F. firm S., Hutchinson, & 
 Co.; member of the council '49; d. in '50 at the age of 40. His assignees were 
 cl. for the Novato rancho. iii. 712. His wife was a sister of Frederick Bil 
 lings, and died in '49. S. (Charles), 1847 (?), miner and later trader at Reno, 
 Nev., where he died '79; accredited by the newspapers to N.Y. Vol. Left a 
 daughter at Livermore, Cal. S. (Wm), 1846, clerk in the navy, acting lieut 
 in Stockton's Bat. '46-7. v. 386. S. (Wm A.), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 
 469). Simon (Lem.), 1828, Amer. sailor of the Gen. Lucre left at S. Diego 
 drunk. S. (Luis), 1828, Engl. arrested for having no pass; prob. same as 
 preceding. Simons (Maurice), 1846, passed mid. on the U.S. Congress. 
 
 Simpson, 1827, mr of the Cadboro. iii. 146. S., 1845, doubtful name of 
 an overl. immig. iv. 578. S., 1846, ditto; may hare gone to Or. v. 529. 
 S. (Geo.), 1841, at S.F. on the Cowlitz. S. (Sir Geo.) 1841, chief of the H. 
 B. Co., visiting Cal. on his trip round the world, and author of a Narrative 
 which contains much valuable information on the country, ii. 77-8; iv. 191, 
 209, 218-21, 235-6, 250-3, 259-61, 333, 343, 564, 639-40, 650-1, 665, 678. 
 S. (Henry L), 1848, author of Three Weeks in the Gold Mines, in the form of 
 a letter written at Mont, in Sept. He claims to be of the N.Y.Vol., but per 
 haps writes under an assumed name; or still more likely the letter is a fraud 
 concocted in N.Y. S. (Wm), 1844, Engl. who got a passport. S. (Wm), 
 1828, witness against Capt. Bradshaw. iii. 133. Sims (Jack), 1846, aided in 
 building the Sta Cruz schr. S. J. Patriot. S. (Joseph), 1847, Co. D, N.Y. 
 Vol. (v. 499); Engl. settler in Sac. Co. '79-80, with wife Mary L. Moor, and 
 3 children. 
 
SINARD SLAGUE. 721 
 
 Sinard ('Major'), 1847, visitor at Suiter's fort. Sinclair (Archibald), 
 1847, Co. D, N. Y.Vol. (v. 499). S. (John), 1839, Scotchman for some years 
 in employ of the H.B. Co. in Or., later editor of a paper at Honolulu, who 
 in Dec. '39 was at Mont, asking for a carta, and in '40 at Sutler's fort. iv. 
 117, 119, 139. In '41 he was sent back to tlie Isl. by Sutter to make arrange 
 ment for consignments of goods, going on the Llama and returning on the 
 Julia Ann. His negotiations for Sutter were not very successful, but he made 
 a bargain with Grimes, by virtue of which on his return in Dec. '41 he obtained 
 naturalization, and in '42 took possession of the El Paso rancho, north of N. 
 Helv., as the representative of Grimes, to whom it was granted in '44. iv. 
 229, 237, 566. He was visited in '42-3 by Sandels and Yates, who describe 
 him as a very intelligent man fond of grog; also by Fremont in '44, iv. 438, 
 when he was an officer in the N. Helv. militia, iv. 479, 680. He was Sutler's 
 aide in the Micheltorena campaign, iv. 485-6; is often named from '45 in the 
 N. Helv. Diary; and in '46-9 he was alcalde of the Sac. district, v. 675, 
 having a Cal. claim of $450 (v. 462), taking part in relief measures for the 
 Donner party, v. 538, 541, and finally dying in '49 on his passage by steamer 
 to the States. S. (Wm), 1845, clerk for Rae at S.F. iv. 593. S. (Wm B.), 
 1828, Amer. carpenter, age 25, who left his vessel at Sta B., escaping with 3 
 others in a boat to Sta Catalina Isl. Singleton (A. W.), 1848, passp. from 
 Hon. Sinova (Jos< F.), settler at Los Ang. 1785-6; 2d alcalde in '89. i. 346, 
 348, 461. Sinton (Rich. H.), 1848, a well-known citizen of S. F. down to 
 '85, whose arrival is accredited, erroneously I suppose, in various publications 
 to '47 or '48. 
 
 Sipole (Wm), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518); d. before '64. Sipp, 1846, 
 Amer. ship-carpenter from Or. in the McMahon party, who prob. went back 
 to Or. in '46. iv. 572; v. 526. Siptler (J.), 1846, in Cal. Bat. (v. 358). Si- 
 ralde (Mariano), at Sonoma '44, age 27; perhaps 'Lizalde.' Sirey (James), 
 1847, Co. D, N. Y.Vol. (v. 499); settled at Stockton '48; at S.F. '71-4; Stock 
 ton '75; d. before '82. Sirrine (Geo. W.), 1846, of the Mormon colony, v. 
 546; of Stout, S., & Meder, lumber dealers at Sta Cruz '47; memb. of the 
 town council '48. v. 642. In Ariz., still in the faith, '85. S. (John J.), 1846, 
 ditto, with wife and child, v. 546; in '47 candidate for the council and owner 
 of a S. F. lot. v. 650, 680; an elder and school trustee '48. v. 656; presid. of 
 the council '48; in Ariz. '85. Sisk (Thos J.), 1848 (?), survivor of the Texan- 
 Mier massacre; died at Grass Valley '69. Sisson (Reuben), 1847, Co. K, 
 N. Y.Vol. (v. 499); d. S. Rafael '49. Sitjar (Antonio, or Buenaventura), 
 1771, Span, friar who served at S. Antonio being also founder of S. Miguel 
 until his death in 1808. Biog. ii. 151-2; ment. i. 173, 176, 196, 298, 388, 411, 
 469, 498, 552, 560, 576, 587, 688-9; ii. 147, 159-60. Swarthout (Nathan), 
 1847, Co. D, Morm. Bat. v. 469. 
 
 Skeckett (Job), 1845, Delaware Ind. in Fremont's party '45-7 (iv. 581). 
 Skee (Alex.), 1827, mr of the Huascar '27-8. iii. 147. Skein (Joseph), 1847, 
 Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). Skene (Wm), 1846, one of the chino prisoners, 
 wounded, v. 313-14. Skillington (H.), 1848, at Hon. from Mont. Skin 
 ner (Eugene F.), 1845, overl. immig. from N.Y. in the Grigsby-Ide party, with 
 a family. Working for Sutter and visiting S.F. and S. Jos6, he went in '46 
 to Or., where he founded and named Eugene City, dying there in '64, and 
 leaving a widow and 3 children, iv. 579-80; v. 526. S. (A. A.), 1848, Or. 
 pioneer of '45, judge of the Or. sup. court, brother of Eugene, said to have 
 made a trip to the gold mines; d. at Sta Cruz '77. S. (Horace A.), 1846, of 
 Mormon colony, with wife and child, v. 546; in '47-8 he kept the City Hotel 
 at S.F. v. 680; in Utah '84. S. (John), 1847, Co. A, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); at 
 S. Jose '50; at Campo Seco '71-4. 
 
 Slocum (Wm A.), 1837, U.S. commissioner on the Loriot, and author of 
 a Report, iv. 146-7, 165. Slade (Philip 0.), 1832, nat. of N. H. who came 
 by sea. iii. 408; in Mont. dist. '33-5; naturalized '39, being a sawyer at S. 
 Rafael; last appears at S.F. '40. S. (Thompson), 1846, Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 
 358. S. (Wm D.), 1847, Co. H, N.Y. Vol. (v. 497). A printer who was city 
 marshal at Yreka; d. before '82, prob. in '63. Slague (John), 1836. Fr. sailor 
 SIST. CAJO., VOL. V. 46 
 
722 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 on the Ayacucho, age 19. Slater (Richard), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 
 469); mail-carrier for Brannan '48. Slausum, 1834, Eng. sailor, age 46, at 
 Mont. Sleight (Peter), 1847, Co. K, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). Slepe (Jerome), 
 1834, Eng. hatter in a Mont, list, age 27. Sloat (John D.), 1846, nat. of 
 N.Y. in com. of the Pacific squadron, raising the U.S. flag in Cal. July. v. 
 37, 195-215, 224-54, 411-12, 580. Com. Sloat was a timid, irresolute man; 
 but after he decided to take possession of the Cal. ports his policy was entirely 
 praiseworthy as compared with that of Stockton, his successor. Biog. note v. 
 254. S. (Lewis W.), 1846, son of John D., and his sec. on the Savannah, v. 
 225. He came back to Cal. about '54 and was a notary public at S.F. for 
 several years. Slobodchikof, 1806, chief hunter on the coast from Alaska, 
 ii. 40; in '13-14 clerk of Kuskof at Ross, visiting S.F. ii. 204, 302, 304, 373. 
 Slocum, 1844, mate of the Newton. Slover (Isaac), 1828, Kentuckian trapper 
 of Pattie's party who went back to Sonora with a pass in Nov. iii. 163, 166-7, 
 178. He came back with a N. Mex. colony about '41-3, settling at S. Bernar 
 dino, where he was killed by a bear in '54, at the age of about 80. Slover Mt 
 still bears his name. Slusser (Levi S. B. ), 1847, nat. of Pa; in Sonoma 
 Co. '48-77. Sly (James C.), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); a miller in 
 Sutter's employ, also in the mines '48, exploring a new route and Salt Lake 
 Val. S. (John), 1846, Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). 
 
 Smith, naturally many of the name cannot be identified. S., 1831, sailor 
 drowned at Sta B. iii. 405. S., 1831, about to leave Hon. for Cal. S., 
 1844, officer on the Modeste. S., 1845, Engl. who got a pass for Sonora. 
 S., 1846, from Hon. on the Euphemia. S., 1847, had a project of establish 
 ing a colony on the Moquelumne, transferring his claim to McKinstry in '48. 
 S. Joaq. Co. Hist. S., 1847, mid. on the U.S. Independence. S., 1847, 
 owner of a saw-mill near S.F. S., 1848, at Sutter's fort from Sta Clara; 
 lately from Or. S., 1848, mr of the Haalilo. 
 
 Smith (A. B.), 1837(?), committed suicide atS. Diego '67, said to have been 
 a resid. for 30 (20?) years; ment. at S.D. '46. iv. 118; v. 329. S. (Albert), 
 1847, sergt Co. B, Morm. Bat. v. 477; also Q.M. sergt at Manti, Utah, '81. 
 S. (Alex.), 1846, ment. by Michael White as in the Los Ang. region, known as 
 'Stuttering Alec.' S. (Andrew J.), 1847, capt. in the 1st U.S. dragoons, 
 who came with the Morm. Bat., of which he was acting com. for a time in the 
 east. v. 477, 479-83. He was the officer who mustered out the Morm. Bat. and 
 part of the N.Y. Vol., subsequently taking com. of the dragoons, v. 490, 515, 
 631. He went east with Sherman in '50; and in the war of '61-5 became a 
 general. S. (Azariah), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); author of a song 
 for the bat. ; at the Coloma mill '38 when gold was discovered. S. (Chas), 
 1824, named in an archive record as an otter-hunter, ii. 527; perhaps Karl 
 'Schmidt.' S. (Chas), 1828, Engl. deserter from a Fr. whaler at Todos 
 Santos; at S. Diego '28-9. S. (Chas), 1846, powder-boy on the Dale. S. 
 (Chas), 1846, Co. G, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). S. (Chas), 1847, Co. I, N.Y. Vol. (v. 
 499). S. (Chas), 1847, with Brannan on trip to Salt Lake. v. 553; perhaps 
 C.C. S. (Chas F.), 1847, Co. I, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. before '82. S. (Chas 
 R. ), 1825 (?), said to have been at StaB. in charge of Dana's store. S.Luis Ob. 
 Co. Hist.; in '29 writes from Hon., and had visited Cal. before; in '31 came 
 on the Louisa as sup.; in '32 joined the comp. extranjera. iii. 221; ment. in 
 Larkin's accts '36. S. (C.C.), 1847, trader at Sutter's fort '47-8, a partner 
 of Brannan; made a trip to Hon. on the Tepic '48. S. (C. S.), 1848, passp. 
 from Hon. 
 
 Smith (D.), 1847, Co. B, artill. Cal. Bat. (v. 358). S. (D.), 1848, at Hon. 
 from Mont. S. (David), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); d. in April at 
 S. Luis Rey. v. 481. S. (D. W.), 1846, Co. G, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). S. (Ed 
 ward), 1848, overl. immig. from Mo., with wife, son, and 5 daughters; post 
 master at S. Juan B. ; died about '57. One of his daughters married John 
 Breen in '52. S. (Elijah M.), 1847, Co. I, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); at Aurora, 
 Mono Co. , '82 S. (Elisha), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). S. (Ezekiah), 
 1847, at Sutter's fort; prob. Azariah. S. (F.), 1846, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). 
 S. (Frances R. ), 1846, married to W. W. Scott at Sonoma, June. S. (Frazer), 
 
SMITH. 723 
 
 1814, mrof the Isaac Todd. ii. 271-2. S. (Fred.), 1848, German farmer at 
 S. Jose" '50-76. S. (Fred C.), 1845 (?), said by his son, Budd S. U.S. con- 
 sul at S. Bias to have come as mr of the bark Helvetia, but I have no other 
 record of such a vessel this year. iv. 587. 
 
 Smith (G. M.), 1845, at Sutter's fort, apparently an overl. immig. ; also 
 the same or another at Sonoma '45-6; perhaps the father of Frances R. iv. 
 579-80, 526. S. (Geo. ), 1825, mr of the Spy '25-7. iii. 149. S. (Geo. ), 1846, 
 Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 33(5). S. (Geo.), 1846, Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358); 
 had a fight with Lieut Rock, and was sentenced by court-martial to 22 months 
 of hard labor, v. 434. S. (Gerard D.), 1847, Co. C, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). S. 
 (H.), 1848, passp. from Hon. S. (Henry), 1846, at Sutter's fort; interested 
 at Benicia. '47-8. v. 672; perhaps Henry C. S. (Henry), 1846 (?), keeper of a 
 sailor's boarding-house at S.F., owner of lot, constable, and jail-keeper '47. 
 v. 648, 685; perhaps same as the following. S. (Henry), 1847, Co. I, N.Y. 
 Vol. (v. 499); drowned in Feather River '49. S. (Henry C.), 1845, nat. of 
 Ohio, and overl. immig. with the Hastings party, iv. 586-7. He served, per 
 haps, in the Cal. Bat. (v. 358); had a 'Cal. claim' for $25 (v. 462); was a memb. 
 of the legislature from Sta Clara Co. '52; cl. for land. iv. 673; supervisor of 
 Washington, Alameda Co., '55; in Nev. '61-4; in Alameda Co. from '65 to 
 his death at Livermore in '75, at the age of 51. His wife was Mary van Gor 
 don, married in '46, and his surviving children were Julia A. (Mrs Hargrave), 
 Emma L., Franklin P., and Charles. S. (Henry J.), 1847, Co. F, N.Y. Vol. 
 (v. 499). S. (Hiram), 1846, Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). S. (L), 1845, at 
 Sutter's fort Apr. '46. S. (Isaac P.), 1846, Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358); at Sut 
 ter's fort '47. S. (Israel), 1848, present at the discov. of gold ace. to the 
 county histories. S. (I. T.), 1846 (?), nat. of la and overl. immig.; a settler 
 in Sonoma Co. from '51 to his death in '79, leaving a wife and two children; 
 called also I. P. 
 
 Smith (J.), 1846, Cal. Bat., Co. B, artill. (v. 358). S. (J. J.), 1846, Co. 
 F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). S. (Jack), 1846, at Sutter's fort from up and down 
 the valley '40-8. S. (Jacob), 1816, pilot of the Lydla. ii. 275. S. (James), 
 1827, capt. of a vessel at S.F. S. (James), 1841, nat. of Engl., naturalized 
 in '44, when he had been 3 years in Cal., being then a farmer in the Sac. Val. 
 iv. 279. Often named in the N. Helv. Diary from '45. In Jan. '46 he married 
 the widow Marshall, and died in '48. Bidwell thinks the widow married 
 Gregson, and was living in Sonoma Co. '64, having a son named Marshall; 
 but there may be some confusion here; see 'Gregson.' S. (James), 1844, mr 
 of the Hibernia '44-5, iv. 566, 587, who in later years established a line of 
 packets between S.F. and Honolulu, being well known as Capt. 'Jim' Smith. 
 He died at New London, Conn., in '68, at the age of '65, leaving no family, 
 as I am informed by Capt. H. H. Watson. S. (James), 1846, of the Donner 
 party from 111., dying in the mountains, v. 530, 533. S. (James), 1848, 
 passp. from Hon. S. (James G.), 1847, Co. F, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); drowned 
 in Amer. Riv. '49. S. (James M. ), 1847, Co. K, ditto. 
 
 Smith (Jedediah), 1826, Amer. trapper chief who came from Salt Lake via 
 Colorado Riv. and Mojave to S. Gabriel. In '27 he went to Salt Lake from 
 the S. Joaquin Val. and returned, being the 1st to cross the Sierra. From 
 Cal. he went to Or., and in '31 was killed by the Ind. in N. Mex. See record 
 of his visit, iii. 152-60; ment. ii. 551, 569, 600; iv. 263. S. (John), 1834, 
 Engl. carpenter, age 28, in Spear's service at Mont. iii. 412; also a 'tailor' 
 Smith the same year. Named in Larkin's accounts '36-40; arrested in '40 but 
 escaped exile, iv. 17. There may be some confusion between this man and 
 the following. S. (John), 1837, nat. of Nova Scotia, who came by sea; asked 
 for naturalization in '42, being a carpenter in the Sac. Val. and 5 years a res 
 ident, iv. 118. Sutter says S. obtained land from him near Marysville; nat 
 uralized in '44, and got a grant of land in Yolo Co. iv. 674; living on his 
 rancho '45-8, ment. in the N. Helv. Diary, a partner and neighbor of Michael 
 Nye. S. (John), 1845, Amer. sailor on the Morea in trouble at S.F. S. 
 (John), 1846, Fauntleroy's dragoons (v. 232, 247). S. (John), 1846, Co. C, 
 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336); sentenced by court-martial to imprisonment at 
 
724 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Los Ang. '47. S. (John), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); in Utah '82. 
 S. (John), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518); living '64. S. (John), 1848, 
 passp. from Hon. S. (John F.), 1838, Fr. carpenter from the Sandw. Isl. at 
 Sta B. iii. 409; where he built the 1st wooden house, and died in '66. HUM. 
 S. (John G.), 1847, perhaps of N.Y. Vol. (v. 499), under another name. S. 
 (John H.), 1848, passp. from Hon. S. (John M.), 1847, Co. E, N.Y.Vol. (v. 
 499). S. (Joseph), 1845, doubtful name of an overl. immig. iv. 578. 
 
 Smith (L. H.), 1846, mr of the Benj. Rush. v. 576. S. (Lewis), 1847, 
 Co. B, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). S. (Lot), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); re- 
 enl. ; in Ariz. '82. S. (Napoleon B.), 1845, nat. of Ohio, and overl. immig. 
 in the Hastings party with his brother Henry C. iv. 586-7. He worked a 
 while for Sutter, and then became a lumberman in the S. Antonio redwoods, 
 but perhaps took some part in the revolt and war of '46-7. In '48-9 he went to 
 the mines, and kept a store at Mission S. Jose", being sub-prefect for a time in '49. 
 Later he became a trader at Martinez, being county assessor, and memb. of 
 the legislature in '52. In '57-85 he lived on a rancho in Contra Costa Co. His 
 wife was Margelina, daughter of Elam Brown, and he has 8 children: Frank 
 (b. Jan. '48, the 1st in Contra Costa), Lawrence M., Sarah C., Louis N., Ellen 
 J., Elam, Timothy S., and Warren C. I have a full Biog. Sketch of ' Bony ' 
 Smith written in '75. S. (Oliver), 1848, doubtful name at Benicia. S. 
 (Orrin), 1846, of the Mormon colony, with wife and 6 children, excommuni 
 cated on the voy., and perhaps left for a time at Hon. His daughter Amelia 
 was in Utah '84. v. 546, 549. S. (0. K.), 1848, nat. of N.Y., and overl. 
 immig.; memb. of the legisl. '61, being a farmer at Visalia, age '39. S. 
 (Persifer F.), 1848. Gov. Smith did not arrive till '49, nevertheless by a slip 
 of his pen he writes at S.F. in March '48, inquiring for Benicia lots. v. 673. 
 
 Smith (R.), 1833, mr of the Fdkeja. iii. 382. S. (Robert), 1846, of the 
 Mormon colony, with wife and 2 children; teacher of tactics on the Brooklyn; 
 owner of S.F. lot '47; died in the faith about '49. v. 546, 550, 679. S. 
 (Robert), 1847, at Sonoma and N. Helv. ; known as ' Growling ' Smith, and 
 arrested for outrages on Ind. v. 569, 610. He may have been the ' Badger ' 
 Smith of the Bears in '46. v. 167. S. (Sam. ) 1837, named in Larkin's accounts. 
 S. (Sam.), 1845 (?), at Sonoma and N. Helv. '45-8; iv. 587; seems to have had 
 a rancho in the Sac. Val. '47, also working forLarkin. Sam. S. of Baltimore is 
 named in the El Dorado Co. Hist, as having come in '43 and kept the 1st 
 store at Kelsey. At S.F. as a witness '47 and owner of a town lot. Ace. to the 
 Marin Co. Hist., a Sam. S. lived in the Pt Reyes region in '46. S. (Simeon 
 P.), 1847, in S.F. letter-list. 
 
 Smith (Stephen), 1841, nat. of Md., who had spent some time in Peru, and 
 who visited Cal., prob. on the Corsair, in '41. iv. 279. I have his letter of 
 July written at Callao after his return from Cal. On this 1st visit he made 
 arrangements with Gov. Alvarado to introduce a steam-mill; and in '43 he 
 came back from Baltimore with the engine the 1st in Cal. and mill ma 
 chinery on the George Henry, iv. 395-6, 565-6. As soon as he could be nat 
 uralized he got a grant in '44 of Bodega, where he had set up his mill, and 
 where he lived for the most part from that time. iv. 186, 392, 670, 679. In '45, 
 visiting S. Bias, Smith was arrested on a charge of being engaged in filibus 
 tering schemes for the U.S., but soon released, as there was no proof, iv. 601. 
 As he later told Lieut Sherman that he came to Cal. on the assurance of Web 
 ster that the U.S. would surely have the country, it is possible that in the 
 earlier years he talked indiscreetly. In '45-6 he owned lots in S.F., and 
 built a house at the cor. of Dupont and Washington streets, iv. 669, 673; v. 
 682. In '46 he raised the U.S. flag at Bodega, and in '46-8 served as civil 
 magistrate, v. 242, 670. In the lush times his mill was a very valuable 
 property, and he was cl. for not only Bodega, but the Blucher rancho. iv. 670. 
 He died at S.F. in '55 at the age of 69. His wife was a Peruvian, a sister 
 of Manuel Torres; who married Tyler Curtis in '56; and he left three children, 
 Manuela, Stephen, and James B., all of whom seem to have been living in '75. 
 The daughter, born at Bodega '46, married John M. English, and lived in Oak 
 land '81. 
 
SMITH SNOOK. 725 
 
 Smith (Theodore), 1847, Co. F, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). S. (Thomas), 1841, at 
 S. Jose", iv. 279; naturalized '44, when he claimed to have been a resid. since 
 '42; owner of S.F. lot 45, where he kept a saloon '46-50, a stout and stut 
 tering Englishman, iv. 669; v. 682, 685. S. (Thomas), 1845, overl. immig. 
 of the Swasey-Todd, or possibly the McMahon, party, iv. 576-7, 573; appar 
 ently at Sutter's fort '46-7. S. (Thos), 1846, sailor in Stockton's Bat., 
 fatally wounded at the S. Gabriel, Jan. '47. v. 395. S. (Thos), on the 
 roll of the Society of California Pioneers as having arr. in Sept. S. 
 (Thos J.), 1845, ditto, arrived S.F. Dec. iv. 587; perhaps the cl. of S.F. Mission 
 lots in '52; at Gold Hill, Nev., '81. S. (Thos L.), 1829 (?), Kentuckian trap 
 per and mountaineer, known as 'Peg-leg' Smith from his wooden leg. 
 The chronology of his wild career is confusing; but he may have stolen horses 
 in Cal. in '29 and several times later, as he was fond of boasting in late 
 years, iii. 172, 179. In '41 'El Cojo Smit' was reported to be in com. of a 
 party of vagabonds from N. Mex. iv. 208, 278, 342. After '49 he lived in 
 Cal., and died at S.F. in '66. 
 
 Smith (W.), 1846, Cal. Bat., Co. B, artill. (v. 358), enlisting at Mont. 
 Oct. S. (Willard). 1847, musician Co. D, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); in '82 at 
 Littleton, Utah, stake president and probate judge. Smith (Wm), 1800, 
 mate of the Hazard, perhaps visiting the coast several times before 1808. ii. 
 17, 24-5, 95-6. In 1810-11, as mate of the Albatross, he was engaged in fur- 
 hunting on the coast, especially in taking seals at the Farallones. ii. 93. In 
 '16 he came back from China in com. of the Albatross, and was arrested for 
 smuggling at Sta B. , though his vessel escaped capture, ii. 275-7, 362, 248, 
 633. He was a nat. of Va, whose voyages and adventures in all parts of the world 
 would fill a volume. In '36 or earlier he found his way to Cal. again, iv. 103, 
 141 ; and now, too old to command, he still made his home on board Boston ves 
 sels on the coast or at the Islands, being transferred from one to another accord 
 ing to his whims, and occasionally spending a few months on shore. He died at 
 Sonoma on May 5, '46, at the age of 78. S. (Wm), 1824, mr of the Young 
 Tartar, ii. 519. S. (Wm), 1827, Amer. carpenter in the Mont. dist. '29, age 
 22. iii. 176. Ment. as a sawyer working for Cooper in '31; * Bill the Sawyer ' 
 at S. Jose" '33, married to a Sais; in Mont, lists of '34; also near Pt Reyes; 
 at Sonoma and S.F. '37-9; one of the arrested foreigners '40. iv. 17; Engl. 
 carpenter, age 42, at S. Jose" '41; wife Maria Josefa Sais, child. Daniel b. '33, 
 Jose" '36, Patricio '37, Jose" S. '39, Maria '38; one of Sutter's men in the 
 Micheltorena campaign '45. iv. 495; at S. Jose", S.F., and in the Sac. Val. 
 '46; owner of a lot at S.F. and settler atBenicia'47 all these may be one 
 or half a dozen Bill Smiths for all that I know. 
 
 Smith (Wm H.), 1847, lieut Co. I, N.Y.Vol. v. 504; owner of S.F. lot. 
 Still at S.F. '52; in Tuolumne Co. '74. S. (Wm M.), 1845, nat. 'of Gas who 
 came with Capt. Paty from S. Bias. iv. 587. A droll fellow, who had been 
 a circus-rider, known as 'Jim Crow' Smith; in '46-8 member of the S.F. 
 
 tinez. After a while he went to the bad altogether, being a violent and dan 
 gerous man when intoxicated, and about '54 he killed himself. S. (Wm 
 Taylor), 1846, lieut on the U.S. Dale. Smyth (Wm), 1826, mate of the 
 Blossom, iii. 121; artist from whose drawings Forbes' California was illus 
 trated, iv. 151. 
 
 Snitter (Lewis), 1847, Co. E, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Snook (Joseph Fran 
 cisco), 1830, Engl. mr of the Ayacucho, who had been on the Mex. coast in 
 Virmond's employ since '24. iii. 146, 180. He was naturalized in '33, and in 
 '33-9 mr of the Ca.talina. iii. 381; iv. 102, 117. In '38 he purchased of Berry 
 a rancho at Pt Reyes or Tomales, confirmed next year by the diputacion. Be 
 fore this time he had married Maria Antonia, daughter of J.B. Alvarado of S. 
 Diego, and he talked of quitting the sea and forming a partnership with 
 Fitch; but in '40-2 he commanded the Jdve.n Guipuzcoana. iv. 12, 104, 305, 
 666; and the Juanita in '46. In '42 he was grantee of the S. Bernardo rancho, 
 
726 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 S. Diego, iv. 621, where he lived with his family, dying suddenly in April '47 
 or '48. His widow married Henry Clayton. Snow (A.), 1847, at Beuicia. B. 
 Tribune. S. (B. F.), 1848, passp. from Hon. S. (R. D.), 1848, ditto. S. 
 (Ze'nora S.), 1846, of the Mormon colony, v. 546; in Utah '84. 
 
 Snyder (Elijah), 1847, Co. E, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at Trenton, N.J., '75. 
 S. (Jacob R.), 1845, nat. of Pa, and overl. immig. of the Swasey-Todd party, 
 iv. 576, 587. Mentioned at Sta Cruz and various other points in '45-6, em 
 ployed as a surveyor, v. 654, 641. He served as quartermaster in Fauntleroy's 
 dragoons, v. 293-4; and later in the Cal. Bat., ranking as major, v. 360. In 
 '47 he was appointed surveyor for the middle department of Cal., and also 
 commissioned to investigate charges against Alcalde Nash of Sonoma, v. 610, 
 465. In '48-9 with Reading and Hensley he had a trading post at Sacramento, 
 and was a member of the constit. convention; from '50 memb. of a S.F. firm; 
 in '52-3 state senator; in '53-60 treasurer of the U.S. mint at S.F. About '62 
 he retired for the most part from public life to a rancho at Sonoma, where he 
 died in '78 at the age of 65. He was a man of fine personal appearance, of 
 good abilities, of excellent character, and of well-deserved popularity. Por 
 trait in Colton's Three Years; Sonoma Co. Hist. His 1st wife, of '50, was 
 Susan H. Brayton; the 2d, of '74, was Rachel J. Sears; and he had no chil 
 dren. S. (John), 1846, of the Donner party from 111., killed by Reed on the 
 Humboldt before reaching Cal. v. 530, 532. S. (John), 1847, Co. E, Morm. 
 Bat. (v. 469). 
 
 Soberanes, occupant of Sauzal rancho '23. ii. 616, 664. S. (Agustin), 
 sirviente at Sta Clara 1776. i. 306; still at S. Jose" 1794. S. (Ezequiel), 
 son of Mariano, volunteer officer under Castro at the taking of Los Ang. 
 '45. iv. 492. S. (Feliciano), at Mont. '26, and regidor '29-30. ii. 612; 
 
 frantee of Alisal '34. iii. 676; named in the padron of '36 as a nat. of Cal., age 
 7, wife Maria Ant. Rodriguez, child. Josefa b. '13, Panfilo '15, Gabriela '18, 
 Francisco '19, Jose" Ant. '21, Jose" Maria '23, Carmen '25, Mariano '28, Feliciano 
 '29, Jos6 Andre's '31, Francisca '32, and Jose" Mateo '33. Alcalde in '38-9. iii. 
 675, 697; grantee of S. Lorenzo in '41. iv. 655; and in '41-5 the admin, of 
 Soledad mission, of which estate he became the owner, iv. 194, 559, 660-1; v. 
 558, 637, 641; being in '45 juez 2 at Mont., iv. 653, 656, where he still lived 
 in '51. S. (Francisco), grantee of Sanjon de Sta Rita, Merced, '41. iv. 673. 
 S. (Guadalupe), alfe*rez of auxiliary cavalry '45-6. v. 41; in Mont. Co. '50. 
 S. (Jos6 Ant.), mentioned at Sutter's fort '47. S. (Jose" Maria), a soldier of 
 the 1st exped. of 1769-74; at Soledad 1791 et seq.; in 1795 an invalido in 
 possession of the Buenavista rancho, Mont. i. 683, 441, 499. Prob. ancestor 
 of most of the Soberanes here registered. S. (Jose" M.), son of Feliciano, 
 ment. in '46. v. 41. S. (Josefa), daughter of Feliciano, grantee of Los 
 Coches '41. iv. 655. S. (Juan), sub-lieut of militia '46. v. '41; went with 
 Flores to Mex. '47. v. 407. S. (Mariano), soldier of the S.F. comp. '19-21; 
 in '23 alcalde of Mont., smdico '27, alcalde '29-30. ii. 611-12; iii. 49, 76, 82, 
 194; in '35 admin, of S. Antonio, iii. 354, 687-8; in '36 living at Alisal, age 
 40, a widower his wife had been a daughter of Ignacio Vallejo 7 child. 
 Mariano b. '19, Juan '21, Ezequiel '23, Tomds '25, Guadalupe '28, Victor '29, 
 Ignacio '31. In '42 he was grantee of Los Ojitos rancho. iv. 655; in '45 juez 
 at S. Miguel, iv. 660. In '46 he was arrested with his sons, and his property 
 at Los Ojitos destroyed by Fremont, v. 374, 464, for which Don Mariano had 
 a Cal. claim of $19,930, of which $423 was paid (v. 462). He was cl. for Los 
 Ojitos in '52, and the rancho is still owned by his sons in '85. S. (Mariano), 
 son of the preceding; grantee of S. Bernardo rancho '41 though this may 
 have been the father, iv. 655. He was somewhat active in the final campaign 
 of Natividad against the Amer. v. 290, 367; and was still in Mont. Co. '78. 
 His son, Clodomiro, was for a short time employed in my Library, and a small 
 collection of Doc. Hist. Cal. bears his name. S. (Panfilo), son of Feliciano, 
 juez de paz at Mont. '43; custom-house guard at Mont, and S.F. '44-5. iv. 
 557, 653, 656. S. (Tomds), clerk in the Mont, custom-house '44. iv. 431; 
 went to Mex. with Flores '47. v. 407. Sobradelas (Pablo), 1825, Span, marine 
 from the Aquiles; ordered to depart in '28-30. iii. 51-2. Sohns (John), 1847, 
 Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
SOLA SOTO. 727 
 
 Sola (Faustino), 1786, Span, friar who served for brief terms at S. Luis 
 Ob. and S.F., retiring in 1790, and dying at the college of S. Fernando in 
 Mex. 1820. He was a brother of Gov. Sola. i. 388, 423, 469-70, 474; ii. 471. 
 S. (Pablo Vicente), Span, lieut-col, who ruled Cal. as gov. from Aug. 15, '15, 
 to Nov. 22, '22, being promoted to colonel in '19, and leaving Cal. as dip. to 
 the Mex. congress in '22. Except that he was a member of the junta de Cal. 
 in Mex. in '25, iii. 3-5, nothing is definitely known of his later life. For his life 
 and character, see ii. 470-3; on his rule in Cal. ii. 208-470, passim; miscel. men 
 tion, i. 662; ii. 78, 188, 479, 485, 514, 562, 565-6, 569, 571, 580, 587, 604, 607, 
 616, 642, 674, 676; iii. 3, 5, 11, 33, 109. Solano (Francisco), Ind. chief of the 
 Suisunes, who from '35 was an ally of Vallejo at Sonoma, doing more than 
 any other to keep the Ind. of the northern frontier in order, iii. 295, 360, 598; 
 71-3, 444, 674. He was the grantee of Suisun rancho in '42. His original 
 name was Nunia or Tetoy, and the name Solano, given him at baptism from 
 that of the mission, passed from him to the county. I have no record showing 
 the date of his death. His w T idow, Isidora, was still living at Sonoma in '74, 
 at an advanced age, and furnished a Relation that is not without interest. 
 Solar (Jose Maria), at Branciforte '30. ii. 627. Solares (Pedro), soldier at 
 the Colorado Riv. pueblos 1780-1. i. 359. Solas (Matias), sirviente at Sole- 
 dad 1791-1800. i. 499. 
 
 Soler (Juan), 1774, guarda-almacen at Mont. i. 224. There was some com 
 plaint of his unfitness for the place in '78-9; and he died at Mont, in '81. S. 
 (Nicolas), 1781, Span. capt. who held the position of ayudante-inspector of the 
 Cal. troops in '81-8; a prominent officer and inveterate fault-finder, generally 
 in trouble because things were going to the dogs. He became comandante at 
 Tucson, and died in '90. Biog. i. 397-8; ment. i. 334, 370, 383, 385, 392-6, 
 411, 443, 451, 462-3, 467, 471-2, 479, 484, 676; ii. 571. S. (Pablo), 1792, 
 surgeon of the Cal. troops at Mont, to 1800. i. 439, 501, 679-80. Soleto 
 (Juan), doubtful, '46. v. 162. Solis (Joaquin), 1825, Mex. convict who in 
 '29 headed a revolt of Californian soldiers, and in '30 was sent as a prisoner 
 to Mex. For full account of the revolt, see iii. 68-85; mention of Solis. ii. 576, 
 591, 604, 615, 664; iii. 16, 149. Sol6rzano (Francisco), settler at Los Ang. 
 '16. ii. 350. S. (Jose" Antonio), sergt of the Mont. comp. '32-3. iii. 671, 673. 
 S. (Ramon), soldier of the S.F. comp. '39-42; at Sonoma '44, age 19. 
 
 Somera (Jose" Antonio Fernandez, or Angel), 1771, Span. Marat S. Gabriel, 
 forced by illness to retire in '72. i. 137, 176, 187-9, 192-3. Somers (Fred.), 
 1847, Co. B, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Somoza (Antonio Maria), 1842, Mex. lieut 
 in the batallon fijo '42-5, adjutant, instructor, and com. at Los Ang. '44-5; 
 still in Cal. '46. iv. 289, 354, 407, 538; v. 41. Soncho (Francisco), juez de paz 
 at S.F. '42. iv. 665, 667. Soret (Angelina), 1847, owner of a S.F. lot. So- 
 ria (Francisco), alcalde of Mont. (?), '29. ii. 612; in '28 resid. of Branciforte, 
 wife Rita Pinto, child. Jose", Cecilia, Carmen, and Gregorio; juez de paz at 
 B. '32, regidor '38, juez de campo '43, 2d alcalde '45. iii. 588, 696-7; iv. 663- 
 4; in '45 at B., age '50, wife Guadalupe Juarez, child. Jose" Ant. b. '27, Mi 
 guel '33, Cineda (?) '36, Jose '44, Cecilia '28, Benita '35, Prudencia '37. S. 
 ( Jose"), at Branciforte '45, wife Maria de Jesus Robles, child. Refugio '43, Te 
 resa '44. S. (Juan Jose"), alcalde of Mont. '28. ii. 612; and prob. '29. Sosa 
 (Mariano), visiting Dominican friar at S. Gabriel '31-2. iii. 641. 
 
 Sotelo (Francisco), settler at Los Ang. 1803. ii. 350. S. (Gabriel), ditto 
 '15. ii. 350. S. (Gabriel), S.F. militiaman '37. S. (Jos<), at S. Bernardino 
 '46, ago 45. S. (Jose" Maria), at Branciforte '45, age 50, wife Encarnacion. 
 S. (Juan), soldier in S.F. comp. '42, militia S.F. '37. S. (Mariano), soldier 
 of S.F. comp. '34-9. S. (Pedro D.), at Los Ang. '46. S. (Ramon), settler 
 at Los Ang. 1805; killed at Purisima '24. ii. 350, 412, 529, 566. In '17 P. 
 Pay eras writes of him as 'el famoso criminal de California.' Miguel Sotelo, 
 perhaps his descendant, was a famous outlaw killed by the sheriff at Los 
 Ang. in '78. S. (Venancio), at Los Ang. '48. S. (Vicente), at S. Bern. '46, 
 age 22. 
 
 Soto, sailor sirviecte at Sta Cruz. i. 496. S. (Andre's), at Mont. '38; supl. 
 juez of ranches '46. v. 637. S. (Antonio), settler at S. Jose" before 1800, 
 
728 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 regidor 1809-10, alcalde '18, dying suddenly in that year. i. 716; ii. 134, 378. 
 S. (Antonio), soldier of S.F. comp. '19-29; in '41 at S. Jose", age 42, wife 
 Maria G. Briones, child. Ramon b. '22, Raimunda '27, Angel '28, Nieves '30, 
 Concepcion '32, Francisco '39, Felipa '40. S. (Antonio 2d), soldier of the 
 S.F. comp. '19-27. S. (Bernardino), had a Cal. claim '46-7 of $873 (v. 462). 
 S. (Casilda), grantee of La Merced, Los Ang., '44. iv. 635. S. (Casimiro), at 
 Mont. '36, age 28, wife Eleuteria Castro, child Maria Trinidad b. '34. S. 
 (Domingo), at S. Jose '41, age 22; and living with him Jesus, age 18, Fernando 
 12, and Jose" Ant. 14. S. (Eufemio), juez de campo Mont. '37. iii. 675. S. 
 (Eugenio), body found hanging at Sta Cruz '38. iii. 697. S. (Eugenic), at 
 
 Branciforte '45, age 40, wife , child. Ramona b. '35, Juana '37, Rosalfa '40, 
 
 and Josefa '44. S. (Eusebio), militiaman at S.F. '37; owner of a town lot 
 '45. iv. 669; v. 685. S. (Felipe), at S.F. '37-44. S. (Fernando), owner of 
 a Russian River rancho '46. Raven. S. (Flores), at Los Ang. '46. 
 
 Soto (Francisco), 1st child b. at S.F. 1776, son of Ignacio. He became a 
 soldier in the S.F. comp., was a corp. in 1810, and was promoted to sergt for 
 bravery in an Ind. campaign of that year; also made an exped. in '13, and 
 another in '20. ii. 91, 204, 324, 339. He was possibly the Fran. S. at S. Matias 
 rancho, Mont., '36, age 57, child Lorenzo b. '21. S. (Francisco), corp. in S.F. 
 comp. '19; sergt '20-9; ment. in '27-8. ii. 584, 592; iii. 66-7, 111, 156. I am 
 unable to distinguish the different men bearing this name. S. (Francisco), 
 grantee of Bolsa Nueva rancho '29. ii. 615, 664. S. (Francisco), corp. died 
 of wounds received in an Ind. exped. '29. iii. 111-13. S. (Francisco), at 
 Mont. '36, age 28, wife Maria de Los Angeles, child. Ascension b. '32, Trini 
 dad '34, Gertrudis '36. S. (Francisco), at S. Jose" '41, age 34, wife Barbara 
 Castro, child. Ana Maria b. '34, Francisco '36, Vicente '38, Encarnacion : 39; 
 in '42-4 grantee of S. Lorenzo, Alameda Co., for which his widow was cl. in 
 '52. iv. 673. S. (Francisco), at S. Jos6 '41, age 24. S. (Francisco), grantee 
 of S. Vicente, Mont., '35-42. iii. 678. S. (Francisco), prob. some one of the pre 
 ceding; sergt of the Mont. comp. '35-6. iii. 671 ; a supporter of Alvarado and 
 comisario de policfa. iii. 461, 675; ment. as lieut in '39. iii. 588; admin, of 
 Sta Cruz '39-40. iii. 695; went to Mex. with Covarrubias in '40. iv. 13, 15, 
 24; but is ment. again in '42. iv. 308. 
 
 Soto (Gervasio), soldier of the S.F. comp. '19-31; resid. of Branciforte '36. 
 iii. 697; at S.F. age 54 in '44; at S. Jos< '45. iv. 686. S. (Guillermo), soldier 
 of the S. Buen. escolta 1786, when his wife, Nicolasa Ramirez, died; settled 
 at Los Ang. 1789. ii. 349; alcalde in '98 and 1809. i. 661; ii. 110. S. (Igna 
 cio), soldier of S.F. comp. from 1776; in 1793 at S. Jose", wife Barbara Espi- 
 nosa, child. Antonio b. '76, Francisco Maria '77, Damaso '78, Isidoro '80, 
 Josefa (who married Jose" Sanchez) '83, Joaquin '84, Jose" Francisco, Rafaela, 
 Bernarda, Tomas, Juan, Rafael, and Dolores, i. 291, 477. S. (Ignacio}, 
 soldier of the S.F. comp. '24-30. S. (Ignacio), corp. at Mont. '36, age 22. 
 S. (Ignacio), soldier at Mont. '36, age 26. S. (Ignacio), at S. Jos6 '41, age 
 33, wife Teresa Martinez. S. (Isidoro), soldier retired with rank of lieut 
 '44. iv. 408; in '36 at Mont., age '55, wife Marcela Linares; married sons 
 Lazaro and Joaquin. 
 
 Soto (Jesus), sergt who went to Mex. with Castro '40; aux. de policfa '46 
 at Mont. iv. 13, 30; v. 637. S. (Joaquin), son of Isidoro, at Mont. '36, age 
 33, wife Dolores Cantua, child. Joaquin b. '24, Luisa '26, Barbara '27, Josefa 
 '32, Laran (?) '34; possibly the grantee of Piojo in '42. iv. 655; juez de paz at 
 S. Juan B. '46. v. 640; and still in Mont. Co. '51. S. (Joaquin), son of Igna 
 cio; married at S. Jos<5 1803 to Maria de la Luz Berreyesa. ii. 138. S. (Joa 
 quin), resid. of Branciforte '30. ii. 627. S. (Joaquin), juez de cainpo at Los 
 Carneros, Mont., '35. iii. 674. S. (Joaquin), at S. Matias rancho '36, age 51, 
 wife Juana Butron, child. Barbara b. '24, Antonia '25, Deogracias '28, Maria 
 '30, Adelaida '31, Maria '33, Salvador '34. iii. 678. S. (Joaquin), at S. Ber 
 nardino '46, age 35. S. (Joaquin), grantee of Canada- de la Carpinterla '45. 
 iv. 655. 
 
 Soto (Jose") soldier of the S.F. comp. '21-9. S. (Jos< Maria), settler at 
 Los Ang. '15. ii. 349. S. (Josefa), grantee of Capay rancho '35-44. iii. 711; 
 
SOTO-SPATZ. 729 
 
 T. 671. S. (Juan) soldier of the S.F. comp. '19-24; in '41 at S. Jos6, age 
 55, wife Petra Pacheco, child. Jos6 b. '19, Francisco '25, Jose" Ignacio '30, 
 Guadalupe '33, Silverio '34, and Juana '35. S. (Lazaro), son of Isidro, at 
 Mont. '3(3, age 34, wife Solecita Cantera, child. Isidro b. '28, General (?) '31, 
 Ramon '34, and Joaquin '35; grantee of Canada de la Segunda '39. iii. 677; at 
 Mont. '46. S. (Lorenzo), at the Natividad fight '46. v. 368; in the south '47. 
 v. 389-90; cl. for Los Vallecitos '52. iii. 612. S. (Luis), at S.F. '42, age 23. 
 S. (Manuel), soldier of the S.F. comp. '23-31. S. (Manuel), at Branciforte 
 '28. S. (Maria Ant. Mesa de), widow at S. Jose" '41, age 39, child. Juan Cap. 
 b. '23, Jesus '25, Dolores '27, Juan Cris. '29, Francisco '31, Jos< Ignacio '33, 
 Patricio '35, Jos6 Cruz '37, and Celia '39. S. (Meliton), in the Solis revolt of 
 '29, sent to Mex. iii. 73, 77-8, 82-5. S. (Milano), Mex. soldier at Mont. '36, 
 age 33. S. (Pedro), soldier at S.F. '42. S. (Rejis), settlerat Los Ang. 1789. 
 i. 461. S. (Raimundo), worked forLarkin '48 on hisrancho. S. (Ramon), 
 at S.F. '44, age 20. S. (Teodora), grantee of Canada del Hambre and Las 
 Boleus, Contra Costa, in '42. iv. 671. S. (Tiburcio), at Mont. '36, age 30, 
 wife Concepcion Zuiiiga, child. Jos6 de Jesus b. '29, Raimundo '30, Vicenta 
 '33, Juliana '34, and Miguel '35. Sonervoit (Alex.), 1847, Co. E, N.Y. Vol. 
 (v. 499); at Los Ang. '77. Sout (W.), 1846, Cal. Bat., Co. B, artill. (v. 358). 
 Southward (Chas C.), 1847, clerk for Parker at S.F.; owner of town lots; in 
 '48 trader at Napa in partnership with Swasey. v. 670; at Vallejo after '50; 
 Trinidad '54; Vallejo '77. South wick (John), 1846, carpenter on the U.S. 
 Congress; capt. and chief engineer in Stockton's Bat. '46-7. v. 385. South- 
 worth (Eli), 1838, nat. of Mass., visited Cal. from Hon. on the D. Quixote, 
 and possibly earlier, '33-5, on the Loriot. iv. 103, 119, 141. In '43-5 he lived 
 at S.F. as a partner in Paty's business, being named in the padron of '44 as 25 
 years old. After '48 he engaged in the lumber business; and from '53 he lived 
 with William H. Davis at S. Leandro until his death in '57. Souza (Wm), 
 1847, Portuguese fruit-dealer at Sta Clara '63-76. 
 
 Spalding (Josiah), 1840, mr of the Lausanne, in trouble with the author 
 ities, iv. 104, 121, 171-4. A Mass, man who died about 70; his daughter at 
 Mont, in '84. S. (J. C.), 1848, passp. from Hon. Sparks (Isaac J.), 1832, 
 nat. of Me, and long a resid. of St Louis, Mo., who came from N. Mex. with 
 Young's party of trappers, iii. 388, 408. He engaged in otter-hunting on the 
 coast, and in '34 seems to have made a trip to N. Mex., or at least got a pass. 
 iii. 395; in '35 aiding in the removal of Ind. from S. Nicolas isl. iii. 361, 652. 
 From '35 he lived at Sta B. , keeping a store from '36 in a house bought of 
 Foxen, but devoting himself mainly to otter-hunting, for which he received 
 several licenses, iv. 81, 117; asked for naturalization in '37, estimating his 
 property at 82,000; grantee of a rancho in '39, he having become a catholic be 
 fore '36. He was not arrested in '40. iv. 24; but in '41 was in some trouble be 
 cause of a young woman who bore him two children, iv. 280, being threatened 
 with a fine of $19 ( !) if he did not put an end to the scandal, and the woman be 
 ing finally exiled to Los Ang. In '43 he was grantee of Huasna rancho, S. Luis 
 Ob., for which he was later cl. as also for Pismo. iv. 655; iii. 678. He served 
 rather unwillingly under Fremont for a time in '46-7, had a Cal. claim of some 
 $900 (v. 462), and in '47 was sent to Gov. Mason to explain the state of affairs 
 at Sta B. v. 584. He gave up hunting, except as a pastime, after '48; made 
 an unsuccessful trip to the mines; and later led the life of a prosperous ran- 
 chero in S. Luis Ob. Co. till his death in '67 at the age of 63. He was re 
 garded as an honest and active man. His portrait was published in the Hespe 
 rian of '59, with a sketch of his early life. A family is mentioned in the later 
 years, but I find no record to show whom he married. S. (Mary), 1846, of the 
 Mormon colony with children, v. 546; daughter of Mrs Hamilton; not named 
 in the Honolulu list; and possibly wife of Q. S. S. (Quartus S.), 1846, of 
 the Mormon colony, with wife and child, v. 546. Called also Q. L. and Q. C.; 
 nat. of Conn., teacher and preacher, who seems to have left the church; said 
 to have been a lawyer at S.F. in later years, but not in the directories. S. 
 (Stephen), 1846, sailor on the Dale. Sparrowhawk, 1846 (?), mr of the J6~ 
 ven Guipuzcoana, who settled at Stockton, and died '61 ace. to newspapers. 
 Spate (Conrad), 1847, Co. B, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); killed in L. Cal, '47. 
 
730 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Spear (Nathan), 1823, nat. of Boston, druggist's clerk with his brother 
 Paul in B., who made a trip to the Sandw. Isl. in '19, and another on the 
 Hover in '23, touching at Mont. In '29 he came again to the Islands, in '30 
 married Jane Holmes, and in '32 came to Cal. in time to join the comp. ex- 
 tranjera at Mont., iii. 221, 408, where he opened a store, obtaining a carta, 
 and owning a schooner, the Nicol&s, which ran to Sta Cruz. iv. 83, 141. His 
 name occurs often in commercial records of each year, and I have many of his 
 letters. In '36 he formed a partnership with Leese and Hinckley to open a 
 store at S.F., whither he moved in '38, leaving his Mont, store in charge of 
 Wm Warren. At this time the partnership was broken up by a quarrel over 
 $13,000 of profits, but Spear continued the business in the store at the cor. of 
 Montgomery and Clay streets; transferred the Nicolas to S.F. bay for the 
 collection of produce, adding the Isabel to the fleet Wm H. Davis, his 
 nephew and clerk, being generally in com. of one of the schooners; and built 
 a mule-power grist-mill; being arrested as a matter of form in '40. iii. 705, 
 709; iv. 17, 82, 116, 130, 245, 250, 668; v. 681. In '45 he was injured by Cal- 
 ifornians in an assault on Capt. Libby. iv. 569, 665-6; and is named as a wit 
 ness at the Rae inquest, iv. 593. In '46-7 he is named as owner of lots, 
 candidate for alcalde, and taking some slight part in politics, v. 295, 455, 
 680-1 ; but on account of ill-health moved to Napa Val. with his family in 
 '46, denouncing a quicksilver mine on the Bale rancho. He returned to S.F. 
 at the end of '48, and died there Oct. '49 at the age of 47. He was an enter 
 prising man of business, honorable in his dealings, gentlemanly in his man 
 ners, and scholarly in his tastes though of limited education. He never became 
 a Mex. citizen, and therefore obtained no land grant. His wife, a half-breed 
 Hawaiian, died in Napa '48; and there was one son, William N., b. at Napa 
 '46, who in '78 gave me a valuable collection of his father's Papers. He died be 
 fore '84. Spect (Jonas), 1848, nat. of Pa, who came overland to Or. in '47, 
 and to S.F. on the Henry, possibly at the end of '47. In '48 he was a very 
 successful miner, being the discoverer of gold on the Yuba. He kept a store 
 at Sacramento; was elected to the 1st state senate; was a founder of Fremont, 
 where he lived till '56; a resid. of Vernon till about '68, when he moved to 
 Colusa, dying there in '83 at the age of 66. Portrait in Colusa Co. Plist., 42; 
 Yolo Co. Hist., 26; see also Hist. Or., this series, p. 629. Spedding (Mat 
 thew), 1848, Engl. farmer in Sta Clara '76. Speiden (Wm), 1846, purser on 
 the U.S. Congress; commissary in Stockton's Bat. ; witness at the Fremont 
 court-martial, v. 385, 420. 
 
 Spence (David), 1824, nat. of Scotland, who had lived a few years at Lima, 
 and came to Cal. on the Pizarro to superintend the meat-packing establish 
 ment of Begg & Co. at Mont. ii. 519, 526. In '27 he started in business for 
 himself, iii. 128, and was prosperous from the beginning, being cautious, close, 
 and energetic. His name often appears in the records of each year, and I have 
 many of his business letters. In '28 he was baptized at Sta Cruz as David 
 Este"van; in '29 married Adelaida, daughter of Mariano Estrada, taking an 
 active part in the protection of Mont, during the Solis revolt, iii. 71, 74, 82, 49; 
 ii. 609; and was naturalized in '30. In '34-9 he was grantee of Encinal y Buena 
 Esperanza rancho, of which he was cl. and permanent owner, iii. 677; in '35 
 alcalde, iii. 673. In '36 he was a member of the diputacion, and in this and 
 the following years was secretly a supporter of Alv r arado's govt, choosing not 
 to act openly as a member of the 'congress,' yet exerting quietly much in 
 fluence in municipal and legislative matters, iii. 426, 454-5, 460, 469, 501, 524; 
 iv. 86, 116, 148. He was elector and juez de paz in '39-40, furnishing infor 
 mation to Laplace, giving Slitter a letter of introduction, and doubtless favor 
 ing the exile of Graham and his vagabonds, iii. 675-6; iv. 8-9, 128, 136, 154- 
 5; ment. '41-2. iv. 212, 309-10; in '43-5 member of the junta departamental. 
 iv. 361, 411, 425, 521, 540; in '45 in com. of the foreign guard to protect 
 Mont, during the Micheltorena troubles, being also appointed prefect by Gov. 
 Pico, but apparently declining the office, iv. 515, 522, 653. In '46, though 
 popularly believed to have intrigued for an English protectorate, he was re 
 garded by Larkin as friendly to the U.S., was member of the council after the 
 
SPEXCE-STANTON. 731 
 
 change of flag, and of the legislative council in '47. v. 28, 61, G8, 234, 289, 
 433, 637. He subsequently served as prefect in '49-50, and as county super 
 visor in '58-60. About '48 he gave up his mercantile enterprises, and devoted 
 himself chiefly to the care of his estate and the raising of live-stock. In '73 
 he furnished me some brief Historical Notes, and died in '75 at the age 
 of 77. Don David had an excellent reputation among the pioneers of Cal., few 
 exerting so wide and good an influence. While not exactly popular by reason 
 of his conservatism and closeness in money matters, obstinate as any of his 
 race, and making enemies as well as friends, he yet merited and received the 
 respect of all classes. His wife survived him but a month, and his only son 
 David, born in '30 and educated at Honolulu, iv. 103, died in '68, leaving 3 
 sons and a daughter, who inherited their grandfather's large estate. 
 
 Spence (Geo.), 1846, Co. E, Cal. Bat.., enlisting at Sonoma in Oct. (v. 358). 
 S. (Robert), 1846, ditto; in the mines '48. Spencer, 1839 (?), on board the 
 Boston trader Sophia, ace. to the S. Diego World of Feb. 15, "73, when S. re 
 visited S.D. S., 1809-10 (?), hunter reported to have been in Cal. ii. 89, 
 S. (Oscar H.), 1846, Irishman on roll of Soc. Cal. Pion.; d. at Vallejo '76, age 
 52. S. (Wm W.), 1847, Co. D, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). Spidle (John), 1847, 
 Co. S, ditto; badly hurt at Los Angeles. Spiel (Henry), 1845, overl. immig. 
 of the Swasey-Todd party, iv. 576, 587 (though John H. Brown says that he 
 went to Or. and came to Cal. in '46). He served in Co. B, artill. of the Cal. 
 Bat. (v. 358), and settled at Sta Cruz, where, ace. to Brown, he was accident 
 ally killed about '53. Spitler (John), 1846, Co. E, Cal. Bat., enlisting at 
 Sonoma in Oct. (v. 358). Spitten (John D.), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons 
 (v. 336). Spitzer (August), 1846, German immig. of the Dormer party, wha 
 died in the mts. v. 531, 534. Spooner, 1848, from Hon. on the Sagudahoc; 
 perhaps Sam. B. at S. Jose" '50. 
 
 Sprague (Richard D.), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat., musician (v. 469); reenl.; 
 at Brigham City, Utah, '82. S. (Thomas), 1848, doubtful date in a news 
 paper sketch. Spriggs (Thos), 1847, died in Sonoma Co. '51. Spring, 1848, 
 mr of the Huntress, v. 578. Springer (James Peter), 1841, nat. of Ky, and 
 overl. immig. of the Bartleson party, iv. 270, 255, 279. He returned east in 
 '42. iv. 342; is said to have made the overl. trip several times, being engaged in 
 promoting immigration; and finally came to Cal. with his family in '52, set 
 tling at Saratoga, Santa Clara Co., and being a member of the legislature of 
 '59. He died in '61, leaving a widow and daughter. An account of the trip of 
 '41, by him, is given in Taylor's Discov. and Founders. S. (Lewis), 1847, 
 painter at Mont. '47-50. Sproston, 1847, mid. on the U.S. Independence. 
 Squires, 1848, saddler at Sutter's fort. 
 
 Stack (Garrett), 1847, Co. E, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). Stadmuller (Joseph), 
 1847, Co. F, 1st U.S. artill. (v. 518). Stag* (Wm), 1816, sailor on the 
 Albatross, ii. 275. Stall (Alfred B.), 1847, Co. I, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. 
 before '82. Standage (Henry), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); in Ariz. 
 '82. Stanley, 1845, in Sutter's employ '45-6. iv. 578. S. (Fabius), 1846, 
 lieuton the U.S. Dale; nat. of N.C.; later rear-admiral; at Washington, D.C., 
 '79. S. (John M.), 1846, nat. of N.Y. and artist with Kearny from N. Mex. 
 v. 337; owner of S.F. lot '47. v. 676; went by sea to Or. and thence to the 
 islands; in '51-2 connected with the survey of the Northern Pac. R. R.; d. 
 at Detroit '72. S. (J. R.), 1846, at Sta Cruz '81. S. J. Pion. An R. Stanley 
 of '44 is also mentioned in 78. Id. S. (Joseph), 1842, sailor on the United 
 States; at Reno, Nev., '83. S. (Simeon), 1846, of the Mormon colony; did 
 not come to Cal. v. 547. Stanly, 1846, overl. immig. v. 528, who joined 
 the Cal. Bat. (v. 358), and died on the march south in Dec. Stanton (Chas 
 Tyler), 1846, nat. of N.Y. and overl. immig. of the Douner party from 
 Chicago. He crossed the Sierra to Sutter's fort and went back to aid the party, 
 though he had no relatives among the number. Again he volunteered to cross 
 the mts for succor, but died in the attempt, v. 531-2, 534, 537. Portrait in 
 McGlashan's Hist. I have a long letter from his brother, Philip V. N. Stanton, 
 to Geo. McKinstry in '48, containing much information about the young man 'a 
 life, character, and family. 
 
732 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Stargenigge (John), 1847, shingle-maker at Mission S. Jose". Stark 
 (Benj. F.), 1847, from Hon. on the Currency Lass, returning on the Toulon. 
 S. (Daniel), 1846, of the Mormon colony, with wife and two children, v. 547; 
 owner of a S. F. lot '47. v. 682; buikfer of a school-house, v. 656; commis 
 sioner to settle the affairs of Brannan & Co. ; member of the S. F. council in '49; 
 living in Utah '84. S. (Henry), 1847, Co. B, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). S. (John 
 S.), 1846, nat. of Ky and overl. immig. with M. D. Ritchie, whose daughter, 
 Mary J., was his wife. v. 529. He took part in measures for the relief of the 
 Donner party, v. 540-1; settled in Knights Valley; county judge of Napa 
 '50-1; memb. of the legislature J 51, '55-6; lived near Calistoga '51-68; in 
 Lake Co. from '68 to his death at Guenoc in '74, leaving a widow and 8 chil 
 dren. Starke (Fred.), 1845, German sailor who deserted from a whaler at 
 Sauzalito. iv. 587; a ranchero in different parts of Sonoma Co. ; miner in '48-9; 
 in '80 on a farm near Petaluma with his wife Mina Hastier. Starkey, 1848, 
 Engl. merchant of the S.F. firm of S., Janion, & Co. v. 678, 680; d. at S.F. 
 about '50. Stay ton (James), 1847, Co. B, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499), d. on the 
 Calaveras '52. 
 
 Stearns (Abel), 1829, nat. of Mass, who had lived 3 years in Mex., where he 
 was naturalized in '28, and arrived at Monterey in July '29. iii. 179. He 
 came with the intention of obtaining a large tract of land, to be selected in the 
 Sac. or S. Joaq. valleys, which, apparently in payment of some claim, the 
 Mex. govt. had offered him. His associate in this scheme was Geo. W. Ayres, 
 q. v. Being meanwhile for a year or two in the employ of Capt. Cooper, Stearns 
 seems to have selected his land, or at least to have reached a point where the 
 action of the diputacion was required, and in urging a meeting of that body 
 he excited the enmity of Gov. Victoria, by whom he was banished to the 
 frontier to return as one of the leading inciters of the revolution of '31. iii. 49, 
 179, 193-4, 200-2, 630. Nothing more is heard of the land project; and in 
 '33 S. settled at Los Ang. as a trader. I have much of his business corre 
 spondence from year to year. In '34 he obtained a town lot, and also a build 
 ing at S. Pedro, which he enlarged and used as a warehouse. His dealings 
 were chiefly in hides and liquors; and from '35 he was often in trouble by 
 reason of smuggling operations; and also in '35 severely wounded in a quarrel 
 about a barrel of wine sold to Wm Day. iii. 375, 417, 631-2, 641; iv. 95, 116, 
 208. Don Abel was, perhaps, not more addicted to contraband trade than 
 Larkin, Fitch, Spence, and others, but he was less cautious and less fortu 
 nate in keeping on the right side of the authorities. In '36 he was sindico. iii. 
 636; and for some reason that is not very clear, but perhaps for his agency in 
 the matter of the vigilantes, was ordered to leave Cal. by Gov. Chico, be 
 coming in this and the next few years a strong supporter, in a quiet way, of 
 Alvarado, even as against Carlos Carrillo. iii. 197, 424, 428-9, 501, 565. In 
 '39 his name is mentioned in connection with the flag tumult, iii. 589; in '42 
 entertained Com. Jones, iv. 321; sent gold from the S. Francisquito placers 
 to the Philadelphia mint. iv. 297; and purchased the Alamitos rancho and 
 its live-stock for $6,000 as a foundation for his future landed wealth. He 
 was somewhat active in the movement against Gov. Micheltorena iii '45, be 
 ing also a suplente of the assembly, iv. 495, 497, 508, 540. In '46 he was sub- 
 prefect and also worked earnestly both as a foe of Mex. and friend of the 
 U.S. to further the plans of Larkin, by whom he was formally appointed a 
 sub-confidential agent of the U.S. His efforts and those of his chief were de 
 feated at the last by Stockton's perversity, if, indeed, there was any remain 
 ing hope of success after the rascally acts of Fre'mont and his associates, v. 
 50, 63, 66, 71, 231, 264, 271-2, 625. In the warlike events of '46-7 he re 
 mained neutral as a Mex. official, though he had some small Cal. claims (v. 
 402), and is mentioned in the annals of '47-8, being sindico in the latter year. 
 v. 329, 435. 448, 610, 626. In '49 he was a member of the constit. conven 
 tion, and later served as assemblyman, supervisor, justice of the peace, and 
 member of town council. He was cl. for the Laguna and Alamitos ranches, 
 iii. 633; iv. 621; and the owner of many more, becoming the largest owner of 
 land and cattle in southern Cal. His wealth was somewhat affected by the 
 
STEARNS -STEVENS. 733 
 
 drought of '63-4 and by other reverses, yet he left an immense estate at his 
 death, which occurred at S.F. in '71, when he was 72 years of age. Don Abel 
 was a shrewd man of business; somewhat tricky in the petty transactions of 
 early years, but apparently honorable in the larger operations of later times; 
 a man of quick temper and strong prejudices, but hospitable, not penurious, 
 a good friend, and kind husband. He hated Mexico and the Mexicans, but 
 liked the Californians to such a degree as to cause at times some hostility on 
 the part of Americans. In person he was very ugly, being known sometimes 
 as Cara de Caballo, and having an impediment in speech from the cut inflicted 
 by Day in '35. His wife was Arcadia, daughter of Juan Bandini, as beautiful 
 as her husband was ugly, raising the personal appearance of the family to a 
 high average, who survived him without children, inherited the bulk of his 
 estate, married Robt S. Baker, and still lives in southern Cal. in '85. S. 
 (Fred.), 1847, killed at the S. Gabriel, v. 395; perhaps 'Strauss.' 
 
 Stebbins (Ira), 1845, overl. immig. of the Hastings party, iv. 586-7; work 
 ing for Sutter in '45-6, later at Sonoma, and prob. one of the Bears, since he 
 is recorded as having arrived at N. Helv. from Sonoma on June 17th. v. 110, 
 128; owner of S.F. lot '47. v. 685; said to have been killed in the south by 
 Murieta's men. His name is written Ira H. and Isaac T. ; possibly two men. 
 Steel (Austin), 1845, mr of the Dromio (?). S. (James), 1841, an employe" of 
 the H. B. Co. S. (Joseph), 1826, Boston trader, and mr of the Harbinger 
 '26-8, of the Planet '29-30, Chalcedony in '32-3, Sarah and Caroline and Kent 
 '36-8, and Roger Williams in '40. His name constantly appears in commer 
 cial records of all these years, and he was evidently a humorous and popular 
 trader, iii. 93, 146-8, 176, 381, 384, 461, 563; iv. 104-6, 117. Steele (Geo. 
 E.), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); reenl. S. (H. A.), 1841, lieut on the 
 St Louis. S. (Isaiah C.), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); reenl. S. (Sey 
 mour G.), 1847, capt. Co. A, N.Y. Vol. v. 503-4; in Humboldt Co. '74; at S. 
 Diego '82. Steers (Andrew J.), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); reenl. 
 
 Steingraudt (Louis), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). Stenner 
 (Wm), 1831, nat. of Mass, and mate of the Ayacucho. iii. 405; for 2 years in 
 charge t of the hide-houses at S. Diego; in '33 obtained a passport; perhaps the 
 same who was mr of the Primavera in '47, v. 580, having a Cal. claim of 
 $450 (v. 462). Stenson (J. Fenwick), 1846, passed mid. U.S.N., and acting 
 capt. in Stockton's Bat. '46-7. v. 385. Stephens, 1848, miner at Coloma. 
 S. (Alex.), 1847, Co. D, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); in Slitter's employ '47-8, and at 
 the Coloma mill when gold was found. S. (Alfred), 1837, on Larkin's books. 
 S. (Charles), 1848, at Sutter's fort. S. (John), 1798, Boston sailor at S. 
 Diego, i. 545, 654. S. (Peter), 1847, Co. F, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. at S.F. '49. 
 S. (Thos H.), 1848, owner of S.F. lots. S. (Wm), 1836, Engl., age 35, in a 
 Los Ang. list. Stepp, 1845, one of Fremont's men, separated for a while 
 from the party, but accompanied Gillespie up the valley to rejoin it. His full 
 name was prob. 'Steppenfeldt,' or possibly there may have been another of 
 that name. iv. 583; v. 24, 453. 
 
 Sterling, 1840 (?), at Sta Rosa in '77, known as 'Major' S., said to have 
 visited S.F. in very early times on a coasting vessel, iv. 120. S. (Chas B.), 
 1847, nat. of La, clerk for naval agent Larkin at Mont. '47-8, and later em 
 ployed by him in the Sac. Val. , where he wrote long letters on his adventures 
 in the mines. He prob. came as purser on a man-of-war; was the 3d settler in 
 Colusa Co. ; married Lucinda Stewart '49 in Yolo Co. ; and died after '50 at a 
 date not recorded. Sterrett (Isaac), 1842, lieut in com. of the U.S. Jtelief. 
 iv. 314, 568. Stetson (Ed. L.j, 1841, clerk on the Don Quixote '41-2, named 
 in Larkin's accounts and by Davis, iv. 341 ; mr of the Warren at Honolulu 
 and Mazatlan '45-6; in '47-8 clerk for Larkin at Mont, and Benicia, and later 
 for Brannan at Sac.; at S.F. '51. Stetyel (Geo.), 1848, in S.F. letter-list. 
 
 Stevens, 1840, mr of the Leonidas. iv. 104. S., 1845, mr of the Wm C. 
 Nye. iv. 570. S., 1846, mr of the United States, v. 580. S., 1847, mid. 
 on the U.S. Independence. S. (Mrs), 1845, at Mont., went east on the Ad 
 mittance. S. (Alex. ), 1847, Mormon at the Coloma mill when gold was found. 
 S. (Asa), 1847, owner of S.F. lot. v. 679. S. (Charles), 1847 (?), at S.F. '54. 
 
734 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Annals. S. (Elisha), 1844, nat. of Ga and capt. of the overl. immig. party 
 to which I have given his name. iv. 445-8, 453, 679. I find no record of him 
 in the following years; but in '72-83 he was living on Kern River, with an 
 excellent memory of early times as he wrote, which however he proposed to 
 utilize one of these days to make a book which should bring him money and 
 fame. Alleged portrait and biog. in S. F. Post, Dec. 26, '83. I have in '85 re 
 ceived neither a copy of his book nor news of his death. S. (Geo.), 1847, at 
 Benicia. v. 673. S. (Geo. A.), 1847, mid. on the U.S. Dale. S. (Isaac), 
 1842, at Sta Cruz '42-3. S. (James), 1840, mr of the Roger Williams and 
 Cervantes, iv. 12, 104; also on the coast in '45 and perhaps in '48. S. (James), 
 
 1845, doubtful name of an overl. immig. iv. 578; also Richard. S. (John), 
 1837, at Mont. S. (John), 1840, on the Lausanne ace. to a letter pub. in the 
 county histories, iv. 121 ; yet not named as a passenger at Hon. and not known 
 to have remained in Cal., unless he may be the following. S. (John), 1846, 
 Co. A, Cal. Bat. (v. 358), one of the Sta B. garrison, v. 316. S. (John H.), 
 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at Stockton '71-4. S. (Joshua T.), 1845, 
 mr of the United States. S. (Lyman), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); in 
 '81 at Orderville, Utah. S. (Thos H.), 1848, owner of S.F. lots. S. (Wm), 
 
 1846, sailor on the U.S. Dale. S. (Wm), 1847, at Sutter's fort. Stevenson, 
 (B. W.) 1847, mid. on the Independence. 
 
 Stevenson (Jonathan D. ), 1847, nat. of N.Y., democratic politician, and 
 militia officer, who came to Cal. as colonel in com. of the regiment of N. Y. 
 volunteers. For a record of the regimental history, see v. 499-518; and for 
 additional mention of Col Stevenson's career in '47-8, v. 415, 439, 449-50, 489- 
 90, 497, 565, 584, 588-9, 625, 631-2. From May '47 to the end of the war and 
 mustering-out of the volunteers in '48 he was military commandant of the 
 southern district, with headquarters at Los Ang. The colonel never had an 
 opportunity of showing his prowess as a warrior, but he was a man of much 
 energy, of strong will, and good executive ability, a strict disciplinarian, who 
 performed the duties of his position in a very creditable manner. After '48 
 he settled at S.F. as a real estate agent, and was particularly interested for 
 some years in developing the latent greatness of New York of the Pacific, 
 being the claimant for the rancho of Los M^danos, Contra Costa, iii. 712. 
 From '72 he held the position of U.S. shipping commissioner at S.F., where 
 he still lives in '85 at the venerable age of 85 years. Portrait in Annals of 
 S.F., and Clarke's Hist. The public has often been led to expect the publica 
 tion of his recollections of a long and active life, a work that could not fail 
 to be of deep interest. In '47 Col S. was a widower, having 3 daughters in 
 N.Y.; in '51 he married again and has several daughters born in Cal. S. 
 (Matthew R.), 1847, son of the colonel and capt. of Co. G, N.Y.Vol. v. 504; 
 died at Sackett Harbor, N.Y., '63. S. (Wm), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. 
 (v. 518); supposed to be living in '64. 
 
 Steward (James), 1826, on the Rover. S. (S.), 1848, at Mont. Stewart 
 (Alfred V.), 1846, at S.F. '46-7. S. (Chas), 1848, passp. from Hon. S. 
 {Frank S.), 1847 (?), at a reunion of surviving N.Y. Vol. '84. S. (J. B.), 
 1847; mid. on the U.S. Columbus. S. (James), 1847, Co. D, Morm. Bat. 
 {v. 469). S. (John C.), 1835, sailor on the Pilgrim who settled at S. Diego 
 in '38; married Rosa Machado, and still lived at S. D. in '77. S. (Robert 
 B.), 1847, Co. D, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). S. (Thomas), 1824, Scotch carpenter 
 on the Royal George, arrested at Sta B.;at Mont '29; at S. D. '36. ii. 526. 
 S. (Thos K.), 1848, on Amer. River; at Sac. '61. S. (Wm M.), 1848, sec. 
 of Com. Jones, making a trip with Colton to the mines; owner of S.F. lots, 
 memb. of the council, justice of the peace, and candidate for gov. iii '49; still 
 at S.F. '54. 
 
 Stickney (John), 1836, mr of the Keat and perhaps of the Sarah and Caro 
 line '36-7. iv. 104, 106. Stiggere (Ignacio), doubtful name of a Californian 
 at Sonoma, v. 162. Still (Geo.), 1846, of the Morm. colony, with wife and 
 3 children, v. 547. Sarah Still, who in '48 was married to J. D. Marston, 
 may have been his daughter. He did not go to Utah. Stillman (Dexter), 
 
 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). Stillwell (Joseph), 1846, overl. immig., 
 
STILLWELL STOKES. 735 
 
 who served iu Co. E, Cal. Bat., enlisting at S. Jose" in Nov. v. 528 (358); he 
 was a son-in-law of S. C. Young, still at S. Jose in '50. Stilts (Jesse), 1846, 
 arrived. Hittell. S. (John), 1846, prob. overl. immig., enlisting at Sonoma 
 in Oct. in Co. E. Cal. Bat. (v. 358); settler in Solano Co. '48, and still there 
 in '78. S. (Marion), 1846, prob. son of John; nat. of Mo.; in Solano Co. '78. 
 Stirling, see 'Sterling.' Stivers (Simeon), 1846, nat. of N.J. and memb. of 
 the Mormon colony, v. 547. He was a carpenter at S.F., moving in '48 to 
 Mission S. Jose", where he still lived in '82 with wife, Anna M. Jones, and 
 child. Letitia M. b. '59, Simeon E. 'bl, Charlotte J. '64, Sam. '66, Champion 
 D. '69, Anna M. '72, Mark 74, and Edward '78. Stock, 1841, mr of the 
 Leonidas. iv. 506. 
 
 Stockton (Robert Field), 1846, nat. of N.J. of an old and prominent fam 
 ily, who left Princeton college in 181 1 to become a midshipman in the U.S.N. ; 
 served with credit in the war of 1812 and later; and in '46 as captain came to 
 Cal. on the Congress, succeeding Com. Sloat in command of the Pacific squad 
 ron, and holding the position of military gov. of Cal. till Jan. '47. He 
 returned east overland in '47, resigned his commission in '49, was U.S. 
 senator from N.J. in '51-2, was mentioned as a democratic candidate 
 for the presidency several times, and notably in '56, and died '66 at the 
 age of about 70 years. His career in connection with Cal. affairs is fully 
 recorded in v. 232, 251-87, 289-90, 295-6, 302-29, 356, 385-435, 449, 453, 456, 
 460, 463, 539, 549, 577, 644; iv. 673. It is too complicated and too much the 
 history of the country in '46-7 to be presented en re"sum6 here. Com. 
 Stockton was brave, resolute, energetic, and in many respects an agreeable 
 gentleman, but an insatiable thirst for popularity and fame was his most 
 marked characteristic, and may be supposed to have determined his policy in 
 Cal. a policy which, however we may admire some of his acts and qualities, 
 merits nothing but condemnation. His adoption, in opposition to the views 
 of Sloat and Larkin, of the filibustero plans of Fremont and his associates may 
 charitably be regarded as a mere error of judgment; yet it is hard to resist 
 the conviction that the true state of affairs was known to him, and that his 
 warlike proclamation to a peaceful people, his blustering tirade against imagi 
 nary evils, his willingness to identify a criminal revolt of vagabond settlers 
 with the legitimate military occupation, his practical refusal to accept the 
 voluntary submission of the Cal. authorities, his whol% policy of conquest 
 which was to produce such unhappy results that all this was chiefly due 
 to his personal vanity and ambition rather than to his honest opinion re 
 specting the interests of his nation. To the same motive may be ascribed his 
 later policy not without plausibility and dignity in certain aspects in the 
 controversies with Gen. Kearny. Stockton was beyond comparison an abler 
 and more honorable man than Frdmont, yet his reputation as 'conqueror' of 
 Cal. notwithstanding his energetic and praiseworthy surmounting of obstacles 
 that but for his folly would not have existed is as unmerited, though not so 
 fraudulent, as that of the 'pathfinder.' S. (Wm B.), 1847, Co. F, N.Y. Vol. 
 (v. 499); d. before '82. Stoddard (Rufus), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); 
 worked as a brick-maker and builder at S. Diego. Stokely (John), 1846, 
 Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336); killed by the explosion at Los Ang. Dec. 
 '47. v. 625. 
 
 Stokes (Edward), 1840, Engl. sailor who came from Hon. on the Fly, 
 having possibly visited Cal. before, iv. 104, 120. He married Refugio, daugh 
 ter of Jose" Joaquin Ortega, and in '43-4 was grantee of the Pamo and Sta Isa 
 bel ranches, iv. 621. In '46 he rendered aid to Kearny by carrying despatches 
 to Stockton at S. Diego, v. 339. The date of his death after '50 does not 
 appear, but his widow married Agustin Olvera, and was still living in '70. 
 S. (James), 1834 (?), Engl. sailor who in Cal. became a doctor; first appearing 
 on the records of '35, when he served as consulting physician in the case of 
 Gov. Figueroa, but prob. left some vessel a year or two earlier, iii. 412, 296. 
 He is occasionally named as doctor, druggist, and trader at Mont, in '35-43. 
 iv. 117, 342; married Maria Josefa Soto in '44; appears at Mont., S. F., N. 
 Helv., and S. Jose" in records of '45, being in com. of a detachment of the 
 
736 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Mont, guard, iv. 515, but appears to have considered S. Josd his home from 
 this year. In '46 Dr S. is vaguely accredited in tradition with having in 
 trigued for an Engl. protectorate, but was the 1st to raise the U.S. flag at S. 
 Jose", where by Sloat's appointment he served for a time as alcalde after the 
 change of flag, owning also a lot in S.F., and having a Cal. claim, v. 34, 68, 
 245-b, 294, 6b'2. He became the owner of the Verjeles and Natividad ranches, 
 Mont. Co., for which he was later claimant, iii. 679; iv. 656; and in '48 made 
 a trading tour to the mines. I find no record of him or his family after '52. 
 Stolze (Adolphus), 1847, Co. F, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Stone, 1833, at Mont. ace. to Larkin's accounts. S., 1847, settler in Lake 
 Co. with the Kelseys, killed by the Ind. in '49. Nothing more seems to be 
 known about the man. Possibly he was the following. S. (Chas), 1847, of 
 the 2d Donner relief party, v. 539-40. S. (Elisha), 1841, of the origi 
 nal Bartleson party; did not come to Cal. iv. 269. S. (Heber), 1847, Co. B. 
 N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). S. (Henry), 1847, owner of S.F. lot. S. (Joseph M.), 
 1848, passp. from Hon. S. (Mahlon), 1846, at Los Ang. S. (Wm W.), 
 1808 (?), a resid. of Cal. from '48, and at Angels from '57 to his death in '62; 
 said to have visited the coast in 1808 (prob. an error) and at other dates be 
 fore '48. Stoneman (Geo.), 1847, nat. of N.Y., graduate of West Point, 
 and lieut of Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons, coming to Cal with the Mormon Bat. 
 as quartermaster, but soon rejoining the dragoons, v. 477, 483, 485, 489, 521, 
 617. Down to '55 or a little later he was engaged in garrison, exploring, or 
 Ind. service on this coast. At the beginning of the war of '61-5 he was a 
 major in the regular army, reaching the rank of brevet major-general of vol 
 unteers, and gaining an enviable reputation as a cavalry officer. After the war 
 he returned to Cal. and settled near Los Angeles, holding later the position 
 of railroad commissioner, and being as I write in '85 governor of California. 
 In these official capacities he will require some notice in a later volume; and 
 in the case of so prominent a pioneer, it is to me a matter of regret that I 
 have no data for a more complete sketch of his earlier Cal. experience. 
 Stope (Gerard), 1836, Engl. at Mont. Stoppard (Moses), 1847, Co. K, N.Y. 
 Vol. (v. 499). Storer (Geo.), 1847, nat. of N.Y., from Hon. on the Fran 
 cesco,; settled in Sonoma; in Meudocino township '77; there is perhaps con 
 fusion between this man and Geo. 'Story.' 
 
 Storm (Peter), 133 (?), Norwegian sailor, whose coming is credited in 
 current sketches to this date with doubtful accuracy, iii. 409. Farnham 
 names him as one of the foreigners arrested in '40. iv. 17. The 1st definite 
 record is that he lived at S.F. in '44, age 40. He settled in Napa Co. in '44-5, 
 and probably took part in the Bear revolt of '46. v. 110, 147-9. He spent the 
 rest of his life mainly in Napa, and died at Calistoga in '77. Story (Ed 
 ward), 1848, Amer. lawyer with Brooks in the mines; said to have been al 
 calde at Mont, earlier (?). S. (Geo.), 1847, Co. C, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); near 
 Healdsburgin '80. Stothers (John E.), 1847, Co. F, ditto; d. at Oakland 
 after '70. Stout, 1848, mr of the Bristol S. (Wm), 1846, of the Mor 
 mon colony, with wife and child, v. 547. He was one of the founders of New- 
 Hope in the San Joaquin Val. v. 550; but left the Mormons, and in '47 was 
 in the lumber business with Sirrine and Meder at Sta Cruz. In '48 had a 
 store at the mines, perhaps of the firm of Brannan & Co. S. ( Wm C. ), 
 1836 (?), agent of P. M. S. S. Co. from '48; died in N.Y. '70 at the age of 
 69; said to have visited Mont, in '36. iv. 118. Stow (Aaron), 1847, Co. K, 
 N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at Davenport, la, '82. 
 
 Stradspeth, 1845, one of Fremont's men. iv. 583. Kern. Strange (John), 
 1847, Co. C, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Strauss (Fred.), 1846, sailor on the Ports 
 mouth, killed at the S. Gabriel Jan. '47. v. 395; perhaps 'Stearns.' Streeter 
 (David), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336); severely wounded at S. Pas- 
 cual. v. 346, 355; later a barber at Sta B., where he died in '63. S. (Wm 
 A.), 1843, nat. of N.Y. and cousin of David; dentist and mechanic, who came 
 from Peru with Stephen Smith as engineer to superintend the construction 
 and running of the Bodega mill. iv. 396, 400. He soon left Smith and went 
 south as dentist or physician till '48. iv. 651, 501. Went to the mines, was in 
 
STREETER SUMNER. 737 
 
 partnership with Weber at Stockton, and leased the S. Buen. mission. Lived 
 at S. Luis Ob. '51-5, and after '55 at Sta B., holding some local offices in both 
 counties. In 78 he gave me his Recollections of Early Events. Prob. still living 
 in '85 at the age of 74. Stribling (C. K.), 1836, com. of the U.S. Ci/ane '42 
 -3, and '45, and of the Peacock in '36. iv. 105, 308, 311, 321, 564-5. String- 
 fellow (Jesse A), 1846, nat. of Pa and memb. of the Mormon colony, v. 547. 
 He worked as a carpenter at S.F. (where he owned a lot), Napa, and S. Jose", 
 going to the mines in '48-9. Later a farmer at S. Jose", where he died in 78, 
 leaving a widow and 3 grown children. Stroms (John A.), 1846, Co. C, 1st 
 U. S. dragoons (v. 336). Strong (Demas), 1848, Amer. trader at Big Bar 
 and Sutter's mill; alderman and mayor of Sac. ; returned to K Y. '50; in N.Y. 
 senate '64. S. (James H.), 1847, lieut on the U.S. Columbus. S. (John 
 M.), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). S. (Wm), 1847, Co. E, Morm. 
 Bat. (v. 469). 
 
 Stuart (Chauncey), 1848, in S.F. letter-list. S. (Maria Ant.) 1813, mis 
 tress of Capt. Ayers. ii. 269. S. (W. K.), 1848, nat. of Md and overl. im- 
 mig.; in Nevada co. '51 to his death in 73; widow living in '82. Study 
 (David), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). Stump (David), 1848, miner 
 from Or. at Grass Valley and Placerville '48-9. Stupplebeen (Jacob), 1848, 
 passp. from Hon. Sturgis (Thos), 1831, mr of the Crusader '31-2. iii. 382. 
 Sturt (F.), 1848, passp. from Hon. Stuurtzenegger (John), 1846, Co. G, 
 Cal. Bat. (v. 358); owner of S.F. lots '47-8; d. at Oakland about '60-5. 
 
 Suarez (Simon), 1797, sub-lieut of the compania franca at Mont. i. 540-1, 
 544. S. (Vicente), juez de campo at S. Jose" '44. iv. 685. Sublette (Wm), 
 1845, came overland with a party of 15 men whose names are not known; at 
 S.F. Jan. '46; went east with Clyman and Hastings, iv. 577-8; v. 526. Suc- 
 cara, chief of the Sotoyomes '37. iv. 72. Suckert (Leon), 1847, Co. D, N.Y. 
 Vol. (v. 499); d. S. F. 71. Sugert, Ind. chief at Sta Cruz 1791. i. 494. 
 Suhr (Albert), 1847, owner of S.F. lot. 
 
 Sullivan (Cornelius), 1847, Co. I, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); locksmith at Mont. 
 '47-8; Sta Clara 7L-4; at Lompoc '82. S. (C. G.), 1839, doubtful date in a 
 newspaper sketch, iv. 119; d. in '64, at or near Gold Hill. S. (James), see 
 'O'Sullivan.' S. (John), 1844, nat. of Ireland, and overl. immig. of the 
 Stevens party with his sister Mary and two brothers, iv. 446, 453. He had 
 come to Canada at the age of 6, and had worked as a stevedore there and as a 
 logger in Me, going to Mo. in '42. After serving under Sutter in the Michel- 
 torena campaign (iv. 476), he settled at S.F., v. 682, where he was teamster, 
 trader, lot-owner, and later capitalist, being founder and president of the 
 Hibernia Bank. He had also kept a store in '48 on Sullivan Cr., Tuolumne. 
 He was a man of upright character, charitable, and well known for his gifts 
 to the church. He died in '82 at the age of 58. His 1st wife was Catherine 
 Farrely in '50, who died in '54; and the 2d was Ada E. Kenna of '60, by 
 whom he had 10 children. There were 2 sons by the 1st marriage, one of whom, 
 Robert, died in '82. The other, Frank J., b. in '52, was educated at St Igna 
 tius College of S.F., in England, and at Columbia law school, N.Y. In 78-85 
 he practised law at S.F., having been State senator in '82 and a candidate for 
 congress in '84. His wife is Alice, daughter of James Phelan. He has fur 
 nished for my use a narrative of his father's life. John Sullivan's sister 
 married Peter Sherreback. S. (John), 1847, Co. G, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. S. 
 Luis Rey '48. S. (Michael), 1844, brother of John, and immig. of the Stevens 
 party, iv. 446, 453; owner of S. F. lot '47. S. (Richard), 1847, owner of S.F. 
 lot. S. (Robert), 1844, brother of John, who came as a boy in the Stevens 
 party, iv. 446, 453. 
 
 Sumedor (Wm), 1840, permitted to remain in Cal. Summers (W. F.), 
 1848, at S. Diego. Sumner (N.), 1847, Amer. at N. Helv. S. (Owen), 1845, 
 immig. from Or. in the McM. -Clyman party with his family, including Mrs 
 Payne. He went east with Clyman in '46. iv. 572-3; v. 526. S. (Owen Jr), 
 1843, son of Owen, who came from Or. with the Hastings party, perhaps 
 with a family. His sister Lizzie married Geo. Davis at Sutter's fort. He prob. 
 went east in '46 with his father, iv. 390-2, 400. S. (Wm), 1826, mr of the 
 HIST. CAL., VOL. V. 47 
 
738 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Zamora, and in '32 of the Waverly. iii. 149,317, 364, 384, 652. Suner (Fran 
 cisco), 1808, Span, friar who served at 5 different missions, and died at S. 
 Buenaventura in '31. Biog. iii. 658-9; ment. ii. 90, 110, 147, 159-60, 265, 
 346, 348, 364, 394, 490, 576, 578, 655; iii. 96, 310, 351. 
 
 Sunol (Antonio Maria), 1817, nat. of Spain, who had been a sailor in the 
 French naval service, coming to Cal. on the Bordelals, and deserting on her 
 return from the north in '18. ii. 289. He settled at S. Jose", where he appar 
 ently kept a shop and sold liquor in '23. ii. 605; married about '24-5; was 
 postmaster '26, '29. ii. 605; and in '28-30 was the object of some investigation 
 on account of his Span, birth, but was not sent away. iii. 51-2. From about 
 '39 he was owner of the rancho of S. Jose" del Valle, and from about '37 of Los 
 Coches, AlamedaCo., selling live-stock to Sutter on credit and having no 
 little trouble to collect the debt. iv. 134, 237; being sindicoin '39-40, iii. 731, 
 and sub-prefect '41-4. iv. 274, 684-6. He is mentioned by Mofras in '41 as 
 'very devoted' to France, and blunderingly by Wilkes; and in the padron of 
 '41 is named as a Span, trader, age 41, wife Maria Dolores Bernal, child. Jos6 
 b. '26, Paula (later Mrs Sainsevain) '28, Narciso '36 ('35?), and Francisca '38. 
 In '43 he was suplente of the junta, iv. 361; is ment. in the annals of '45-6. 
 iv. 485-6; v. 4, 45; being the purchaser of S. Rafael mission, and a memb. of 
 the S. Jose" council, v. 561, 664, 670. He engaged in mining in '48; was the 
 claimant for his two ranches in '52. iv. 671, 713; and died in '65, leaving an 
 excellent reputation. His son, Jose", was probably the man killed in '55 by a 
 squatter on his rancho. He had been juez de policia in '49. Another son, Nar 
 ciso, was educated in France, and still lives in Sunol Valley, '85, with wife, 
 Rosario Palomares, and 6 child., Margarita, Virginia, Francesca, Eulalia, 
 Josephine, and Juanita. Portrait in Alam. Co. Hist., 176. Other children of 
 Don Antonio Maria surviving in '83 were Encarnacion (Mrs Etchebarne), An- 
 toneta (Mrs Murphy), and Jos< Dolores. Suria (Tomas), 1791, artist in Ma- 
 laspina's exped. i. 490. Suriano (Juan Fran.), 1602, alfe>ez in Vizcaino's 
 exped. i. 98. Surok (Francisco), 1845, doubtful name of an applicant for 
 land. Sutphen (Win), 1847, Co. A, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Sutter (John Augustus), 1839, German-Swiss trader impelled by bankruptcy 
 in '34 to become an adventurer in America, where, after an unsuccessful career 
 in N. Mex. '35-7, he came to Cal. by way of Or., the Sandwich Isl., and 
 Alaska, and established a trading and trapping post at New Helvetia, obtain 
 ing a land grant of 11 leagues, and in '41 the Russian improvements at Ross. 
 Biog. matter relating to Sutter is given elsewhere in these volumes so fully 
 and compactly as to require only reference here. For his early life and arrival 
 in Cal. '39-40, see iv. 122-39, with ment. in iii. 670, 700; iv. 74, 93, 102, 117, 
 119. Progress of his estab. '41-2. iv. 226-40; also 211, 213, 219-20, 275, 283, 
 672-3, 679-80. Purchase of the Russian property in '41, with the Muldrow 
 swindle, and efforts of the Russians '42-50 to collect the debt. iv. 177-89. 
 Mention in '43 iv. 356, 366, 387-9, 396. Career in '44. iv. 439, 448-9, 453. 
 Sutter's famous campaign of '44-5 undertaken against the Californians purely 
 as a land speculation, iv. 407, 472, 474, 477-517. Affairs of '45, particularly 
 his efforts to sell his estab. to the Mex. govt. iv. 607-16. Policy and acts of 
 '46 in connection with the Bear revolt, etc. v. 3, 22, 29, 65, 80, 102, 104, 122- 
 5, 359, 538. Mention in '47, when S. had a 'Cal. claim,' served as sub-Ind. 
 agent, and owned a S.F. lot. v. 452, 467, 568, 610, 678. For his experience of 
 '48 and the following years, especially in connection with the gold discovery, 
 see vol. vi. of this series. In '48-9 Sutter was regarded as being very rich, 
 having at least what in the hands of an abler man would have been the basis 
 of an immense fortune; but his wealth, won by good luck without business 
 capacity, could not thus be kept under the new conditions of the flush times, 
 and soon he was reduced to comparative poverty, the successive steps of his 
 downfall being too complicated for presentment here. Doubtless in some in 
 stances he was the victim of rascality on the part of sharper adventurers than 
 himself. His original land grant of '41 was confirmed after it had passed for 
 the most part out of his possession; but the Micheltorena grant of '45 was 
 very justly rejected by the supreme court. The end of his public career, in a 
 
SUTTER. 739 
 
 sense, was in '49, when he was a member of the constitutional convention, and 
 received some 2,000 votes for governor. From '50, being joined by his family 
 from Switzerland, he lived at Hock Farm. From '64, by act of the Cal. legis 
 lature, he received a pension of $250 per month till '78, when the bill was de 
 feated. Meanwhile, about '65, he went east, and lived from '71 at Litiz, Pa, 
 making constant but vain efforts to obtain from congress compensation for 
 alleged wrongs of the past; though it does not appear that in his old age and 
 infirmity he ever suffered actual privations. In '76, at his home, he dictated to 
 me his Personal Recollections, identical in outline with the story so often told 
 by him, but fuller in most phases than any that has been printed, and most 
 interesting. He died at Washington, D.C., in '80 at the age of 77, leaving a 
 widow who still lives, I think, in '85, two sons, and a daughter. The family seem 
 to have come to Cal. from '44-50 at different dates, though I find but slight 
 information on the subject. Of the sons, Alphonse died some years before '80. 
 One of them seems to have come as early as '44, when the capt. writes to com 
 plain of his not being regarded as a naturalized citizen. John A. Jr, to whom 
 his father turned over all his property temporarily in '49, and who was a part 
 ner of Hensley, Reading, & Co., was for some years before and prob. after '80 
 U. S. consul at Acapulco. Emil Victor, identical, I suppose, with E. J. , who was 
 Kern's lieut at the fort in '46, v. 298, was for many years to '80 a well-known 
 notary at S.F., and committed suicide in Belgium in '83. The daughter, Anna 
 Eliza, was married in '52 to Geo. Engler, and in '80, as Mrs Dr Link, was liv 
 ing at Acapulco. The biog. matter referred to above contains much of com 
 ment on Sutter's character. None of the pioneers named in this register has 
 received so much praise from so many sources; few have deserved so little. 
 Yet it has been by no means a pleasing task, in view of the famous captain's 
 kindly nature and his misfortunes of later years especially for one who, like 
 myself, has heard from his own lips the story of his wrongs to reveal the 
 man's true character, as I have deemed it a duty to do. He was but an adven 
 turer from the first, entitled to no admiration or sympathy. His career in N. 
 Mex. was, at the best, discreditable. He came to Cal. in the false character of 
 an ex-cap t. of the French army. He was great only in his wonderful personal 
 magnetism and power of making friends for a time of all who could be useful 
 to him; good only in the possession of kindly impulses. His energy was a phase 
 of his visionary and reckless enthusiasm; his executive ability did not extend 
 beyond the skilful control of Indians and the management of an isolated 
 trading post. Of principle, of honor, of respect for the rights of others, we find 
 but slight trace in him. There was no side of any controversy that he would 
 not readily adopt at the call of interest; nationality, religion, friendship, 
 obligation, consistency, counted for little or nothing. There were no .classes of 
 his associates, hardly an individual, with whom he did not quarrel, or whom 
 in his auger he did not roundly abuse. For all the favors received at the hands 
 of Californians, he did not hesitate to turn against them, or even to arm for 
 eigners and Indians against them, when a personal advantage seemed within 
 his reach. That his frequent plots and threats of vengeance and revolution 
 and French intervention were for the most more amusing than dangerous does 
 not much increase our respect for the angry plotter. His only capital was 
 money borrowed on the way to Cal., or property obtained on credit from Cali- 
 fomians and Russians after his arrival, all on pretences more or less false. He 
 never hesitated to assume any obligation for the future without regard to his 
 ability to meet it; he rarely if ever paid a debt when due; and a general, 
 vague, and kindly purpose to fulfil all his promises in the brilliant future but 
 imperfectly excuses his short-comings. His apparent success in '39-45 was in 
 a sense wonderful, but it rested almost entirely on a fortunate combination of 
 circumstances, and notably on Gov. Alvarado's unwise act partly inspired 
 by the idea of introducing in the north an element of opposition to Vallejo, 
 with whom he had a temporary quarrel in permitting a foreigner to found an 
 isolated rendezvous for hostile and uncontrollable elements of a vagabond pop 
 ulation in the far interior. Though Sutter's establishment did something to 
 promote the influx of Amer. settlers, it was in no sense beneficial to the in- 
 
740 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 terests of the U.S., merely fomenting filibusterism with all its unhappy results. 
 The discovery of gold, often mentioned in this connection, was purely acci 
 dental; but I cannot see that its postponement for a time would have done 
 any harm; and I can imagine that its earlier occurrence likely enough tore- 
 suit from Sutter's settlement might have been decidedly detrimental to the 
 U.S. in some respects. That the establishment, chiefly by reason of its situ 
 ation at the foot of the mountains, was of benefit to the immigrants is true; 
 also that Sutter treated them kindly, though not more so than a dozen others; 
 but that he did so at a personal sacrifice, as has been so often claimed, is not 
 true; for Sutter's letters of that time are full of self-gratulations on hisl ucky 
 chance to exchange food and cattle for wagons and implements, to hire me 
 chanics, and to have his land increased in value by the influx of settlers. 
 Neither is it true that Sutter in '45-6 was friendly to the U.S. or to the im 
 migrants as Americans. He did not, as has been claimed by himself and friends, 
 refuse an offer of $100,000 for his property that the immig. might not be de 
 prived of a refuge; on the contrary, he did his best to sell, and failed chiefly 
 because the Mex. govt saw a cheaper way to get the property by buying the 
 Russian mortgage. And as elsewhere stated, I have the captain's original let 
 ter, in which he warned Gen. Castro against Gillespie as a secret agent of the 
 U.S., urged the govt to buy his fort, and advised the stationing of a garrison 
 there against the immigrants!. Perhaps had this been known pioneers in later 
 times would have been less profuse in their praise of the noble-hearted old 
 patriot. Suwerkrop (E.A.), 1848, at Hon. fromS.F. on the Julian. 
 
 Swab (Emmanuel), 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Swain, 1848, from 
 Hon. on the Sagadahoc. S., 1829, mr of the Siisana. iii. 149. S. (Chas 
 A.), 1829 (?), nat. of Mass., said to have visited the coast in the whaler Ameri 
 can, iii. 179, and again on the same vessel in '38, though I find no record of 
 such a vessel in either year. He returned in '49 to stay as a farmer, miner, 
 and contractor, dying at S.F. '84 at the age of 71, leaving a widow and son. 
 S. (F. B.), 1848, passp. from Hon. S. (Isaac), 1823 (?), on the roll of the Soc. 
 Cal. Pion. S. (Josiah H.), 1847, at Mont. '47-8; perhaps came in '46 on a 
 whaler, and one of Maddox's volunteers, said to be living at S.F. '84. Swan. 
 Swaine, 1794, one of Vancouver's men. i. 526. 
 
 Swan (John A.), 1843, nat. of England of Scotch parentage, who came as 
 a sailor on the Soledad from Mazatlan after 1 1 years of adventure as a sailor in 
 many parts of the world, iv. 400, 568, 651. He made two trips with Capt. 
 
 Cooper on the schr California in '43-4, then quitting the sea. He kept a little 
 shop and sailors' boarding-house at Mont., bis name appearing from '44 on 
 Larkin's books and in other records; made a trip to the gold-mines in '48; 
 
 Mont., bis name appearing from '44 on 
 
 .uun.n..i-u w ww.a.K> niivi ii* vuii^i v/vywi.i3; made a trip to the gold-mines in '48; 
 went to Fraser River in '59-63; again visited British Columbia in '64-6; and 
 has since resided at Mont. He has written many articles on the olden time 
 for the newspapers, which, with others in MS., have place in my collection, 
 some of them being named in my list of authorities; and he has furnished me 
 besides from time to time many useful items for this register. Swan's writings 
 are not only interesting, but remarkably accurate, his memory being rarely at 
 fault, and the tendency to testify on matters beyond his personal knowl 
 edge too prevalent among pioneer writers being in his case reduced to a 
 minimum. His work in this direction merits high praise. In the later years 
 down to '85 this kind-hearted old sailor, 73 years old, burdened with poverty 
 and deafness, lives in an old historic adobe at the former capital, delighting 
 in the old ruins that keep alive his dreamy recollections of the past; and oc 
 casionally, with * pioneer of '43 ' plainly inscribed as credentials on his hat 
 band, he makes a trip to S. Jos6 and S.F. to look after the constantly lessening 
 band of his old-time acquaintances. S. (Lyman), 1848, passp. from Hon. 
 S. (Thos M.), 1848(?), in Napa Valley ace. to testimony in later litigation. 
 Swanich (James), 1845, Delaware Ind. of Fremont's party '45-7. iv. 583, 587; 
 said by Martin to have been killed on the Or. frontier '46. Swanson (Joseph), 
 1848, in S.F. letter list; cl. in '53 for land in Contra Costa. Swartout (Ham 
 ilton), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). Swartz (John S.), 1847, Co. E, 
 N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Svvasden, 1847, doubtful name in a Mont. list. 
 
SWASEY TABER. 741 
 
 Swasey ( Win F.), 1845, nat. of Maine and ovcrl. immig. from St Louis in the 
 party that I have called by his name, which was really a division of the Grigsby- 
 Ide party, iv. 576, 587. For two months he was employed by Sutter as book-keep 
 er, and at the beginning of '46 went byway of S.F. and S. Jose" to Mont. , where he 
 worked for a short time as clerk for VVm H. Davis, and from June to Sept. was 
 consular clerk for Larkin at $60 per month, v. 16, 60. In Oct. he joined the Cal. 
 Bat., serving through the southern campaign as asst commissary (v. 358); and 
 having a 'Cal. claim ' of $40 (v. 462). In '47 he came to S.F., where he was 
 owner of a town lot, clerk of election, and sec. of the council, v. 648, 650. 
 From '48 he was engaged in trade in partnership with Leighton & Co. at S.F. 
 and with Southard at Kapa. v. 670, 678, 681; also visiting the mines, and in 
 '49 being a member of the S.F. district legislature and taking some part in 
 politics. In '51-61 Swasey was a notary public at S.F., being also a witness 
 in some of the famous land cases; in '61-6 capt. of volunteers and asst quar 
 termaster at Benicia. He has continued to reside at S.F., though I find that 
 he was appointed in '75 U.S. marshal of Wyoming, and has been a somewhat 
 prominent member of the Pioneer Society, being the author of many grace 
 fully written eulogies of dead pioneers. In '85, at the age of 60 years .or more, 
 though about 45 in appearance, he has received a new appointment as notary 
 public. Of his family I know nothing except that his mother died recently in 
 Cal. at a very advanced age. His View of S. F. in '4? is ment. in v. 676, et 
 seq. Capt. Swasey has furnished me his recollections of California in '45-6; 
 to him I am indebted for the invaluable New Helvetia Diary, of which, as 
 Sutter's clerk, he was one of the authors; and in several other matters he has 
 afforded me some assistance. 
 
 Sweet (Chas C.), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). S. (Paul), 1840(?), nat. 
 of R. I., said to have landed at Mont, this year. iv. 120. In '43-5 a tanner 
 near Sta Cruz, iv. 356, being named in the Branciforte padron of '45 as Engl., 
 age 30, and single; perhaps served in Cal. Bat. '46-7 (v. 358), having a Cal. 
 claim of 35 (v. 462); and still at Sta Cruz '49-80. Sweeting, 1848, doubt 
 ful name of a hotel-keeper at S.F. Brooks. Swift (Granville P.), 1844, nat. 
 of Ky, and immig. from Or. in the Kelsey party, having crossed the plains in 
 '43. iv. 444-5, 453. He served in Sutter's campaign of '45. iv. 486, 501; was 
 a leading filibuster of the Bears in '46. v. 95, 104, 107, 110, 147, 153, 168, 172; 
 and in '46-7 was capt. of Co. C, Cal. Bat. v. 184, 282, 289, 361; having a Cal. 
 claim of about 2,000 (v. 462). He was a fine-looking man, over 6 ft in height, 
 a crack shot, and of undoubted bravery, a bitter hater of the Mexicans. He 
 settled on Stony Cr. , Colusa, in '47; made a large fortune in mining on Feather 
 Riv., with the aid of Ind., in '48-9; later a stock-raiser in Colusa and Tehama; 
 from '54 ranchero in Sonoma; and from about '68 engaged in fruit-culture 
 and quicksilver- mining in Solano, where he was accidentally killed in '75, at 
 the age of about 54. He had a habit of burying his money on his rancho; 
 several such deposits being accidentally found after he had forgotten them, 
 and in one instance 24,000 having been stolen by an employee. S., 1807, 
 mr of the Derby and Hazard; perhaps on the coast earlier, ii. 17, 78, 84. S. 
 (Richard), 1846, Co. B, Cal. Bat., enlisting at Mont, in Oct. (v. 358). 
 
 Swinburn (Wm), 1839, Engl. mate of the schr California, who became a 
 lumberman in the Mont, district, getting a pass in '41. iv. 119. In '44 in S, 
 F. dist, age 35. Swinson (Dav.), 1848, at Mont. Swords (Allen J.), 1847, 
 Co. A, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); d. at La Paz '48. S. (Thomas), 1846, major U.S.A., 
 who came from N. Mex. with Kearny as quartermaster, and returned east 
 with him in '47, after having made a trip to Honolulu for supplies; witness 
 in the Frdmont court-martial, v. 336, 343-7, 356, 440, 452, 456. In the war 
 of '61-5 he was chief quartermaster of the western dept, and in '79 lived in 
 N.Y. as a retired brigadier. Sylvester (Anthony), 1845, one of the men lost 
 '46 on the Warren's launch, iv. 587; v. 384. Syrec, 1848, named as having 
 kept a store on the Moquelumne. 
 
 Tabeau (Baptiste), 1844, one of Fremont's men, killed by Ind. iv. 437, 
 440. Taber (J. D.), 1846, apparently an overl. immig.; of T. & Hoyt, hotel- 
 
742 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 keepers at Mont. '47-8; had a family in Contra Costa '60. T., 1847, mr of 
 the Copia. v. 577. Tabor (Wra), 1846, in Sta Clara Val. with family. Hall. 
 Tafor6 (Jose Ignacio), 1819, nat. of S. Amer., soldier of the S. Bias comp. at 
 Mont.; disch. '24; regidor at Mont. '27. ii. 612. Taggart (Geo. W.), 1847, 
 musician Co. B, Morm. Bat. v. 469. T. (Robert), 1848, nephew of Dr label, 
 who killed B. K. Thompson on the way east overland. T. (Sam.), 1842, ex 
 ecuted at Los Ang. for murder, iv. 296, 342, 633; called also 'Taggefand^ 
 'Taggett.' Tait (James A.), 1847, Co. A, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at Sta Cruz 
 '71-83. T. (Wm G.), 1847, Co. A, ditto. Tajochi (Tomas), Ind. chief of 
 S. Diego '33. iii. 327, 359. 
 
 Talamantes (Felipe), settler at Los Ang. 1794; grantee of Sta B. land 
 1819; at La Ballona '39-40, age 57. ii. 349, 354; iii. 633, 637. T. (Tomas), 
 prob. brother of Felipe, at La Ballona '39, age 47. He took an active part in 
 the fight against Gov. Victoria in '31. iii. 196, 207; was juez de campo '44. 
 iv. 633; rfnd still at Los Ang. '46. Talbot, 1847, of L. & Upham at Mont. 
 '47-8. T. (J. M.), 1846, witness to enlistment in Cal. Bat. T. (Theodore), 
 1844, nat. of Ky who came with Fremont, and again in '45. iv. 437, 581, 583. 
 He was a young man of good education, who was in a sense com. of that di 
 vision of the company entering Cal. by the southern route; and in Cal. acted 
 as Fremont's confidential agent, v. 3, 6, 22, 644. He was left in com. of the 
 Sta B. garrison, and later served as lieut and adjutant in the Cal. Bat. v. 
 287, 304, 316-17, 358, 360, 630. Being sent east with despatches in Feb. '47, 
 he was a witness in the Frdmont court-martial, v. 430, 456. Died at Wash. , 
 D. C., '62. Talmadge (Abijah D.), 1847, Co. A, N.Y.Vol. (v. 4C9); killed in 
 '48 by Moquelumne Ind. Tamam (Ig.), 1846, doubtful name, Cal. Bat. (v. 
 358). Tamanin (Prokop), 1822, mrof the Volga, ii. 474. Tamaree (Peter), 
 1834, at Mont. Tambor (Juan), nickname; killed at Los Ang. 45. iv. 492. 
 
 Tanferan (Toribio), at S.F. mission from '40; witness in the Santillan case 
 '55. Tanner (Albert), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). T. (John L.), 
 1848, married at Sonoma to Mary, daughter of J. D. Taber of Mont. Tan- 
 sill (Robert), 1846, lieut of marines on the Dale; in Marston's Sta Clara cam 
 paign; com. of the S.F. garrison '47. v. 380, 659. 
 
 Tapia (Antonio), juez aux. at S. Carlos '42. iv. 653. T. (Bartolo), 
 ranchero at Los Ang. 1791-1813. ii. 270, 350-3. T. (Carlos), at Los Ang. 
 '46. T. (Felipe), soldier at S. Jose" and settler 1786-90. i. 350, 477-8. T. 
 (Fernando), at Los Ang. '48. T. (Francisco), cadet of Sta B. comp. '25-6. 
 ii. 572. T. (Gregorio), grantee of Aguajito rancho '35. iii. 676; at Pilarcitos 
 '36, age 22, wife Martina Vasquez, child Maria de los Angeles; perhaps at Sta 
 Cruz '54. i. 524. T. (Jose" Ant.), at Los Ang. '46; arrested in '45. iv. 541. 
 T. (Jose 1 Bartolome"), majordomo of S. Luis Ob. 1789, wife Maria Lobo; grantee 
 of Topanga Malibu rancho 1804. ii. 112; iii. -634. T. (Mariano), 1792, pot 
 ter-instructor from Mex. '92-6. i. 615, 715. T. (Ramon), at S. Bern. '46, age 
 
 25. T. (Tiburcio), son of Jose" Bartolome", b. at S. Luis Ob. 1789; later soldier 
 and corporal of the Sta B. comp., being com. of the Purisima guard in '24 at 
 the revolt, ii. 529; member of the diputacion '27, '33. iii. 36-7, 41, 63, 246; 
 alcalde of Los Ang. '30-1, '36; ii. 561 ; iii. 634, 636; sindico '33, and encargado 
 de Ind. '35. iii. 635; favored Alvarado '38. iii. 565; aux. alcalde '38. iii. 636. 
 In '39 he was alcalde, acting prefect, and grantee of Cucamonga rancho. iii. 
 586, 589, 633, 636, 640. In '42 he was a supl. ministro of the sup. court; and 
 in '44 2d alcalde, iv. 296, 633. Don Tiburcio was a man of good sense, good 
 character, and some wealth, still at Los Ang. '48 at the age of about 60. A 
 current tradition of later times represented the old man as having buried his 
 treasure on Fremont's approach in '46, and as having died without revealing 
 its exact location. T. (Urcino), settler at Los Ang. 1809. ii. 350. Tapiii, 
 1846, lieut on the U.S. Savannah. Tapinto (Mariano), 1792, tailor-instructor 
 '92-5. i. 615. 
 
 Tapis (Estevan), 1790, Span, friar who toiled as missionary longest at Sta B. 
 and S. Juan B., and was president of the missions in 1803-12. Biog. ii. 623-4; 
 ment. i. 388, 492, 522, 573-4, 576, 588-90, 594, 640, 669, 672, 689; ii. 7, 9-10, 
 
 26, 28, 33-4, 42, 55, 85, 88-90, 108-9, 112-13, 120-1, 140, 148, 159, 161, 165, 
 
TAPIS TAYLOR. 743 
 
 168, 175, 182, 326, 346, 366, 369, 378, 383, 386-7, 394, 396, 461, 518, 655. 
 Taplin (Charles), 1844, of Fremont's party; also in '45, returning east in '46 
 with Sublette. iv. 437, 583. He again joined F. in '48. Tarakanof (Boris), 
 1806, Russ. chief of Aleut, otter- hunters; captured at StaB. in '15. ii. 40, 80, 
 210, 274, 307-13, 353. Tasion (Manuel S.), grantee of a S. Gabriel lot '47. 
 iv. 637. Taufer (Andrew), 1847, German memb. of the Soc. Cal. Pion.; d. at 
 S.F. '79, age 71. 
 
 Taylor, 1848, in the mines from Mont, and S. Jose". T., 1848, at S.F. 
 from the states. T. (Alex. S.), 1848, nat. of S. C., where his father who 
 had been a lieut on the privateer Saucy Jack in the war of 1812 died in '21. 
 The son came to Cal. from China in Sept. '48, but beyond the facts that he 
 was for some years clerk of the U.S. district court at Mont., and later settled 
 at Sta B., marrying Josefa Ortega, and dying in '76, nothing of biog. proper 
 appears in any record that I have seen. He was known as Dr Taylor, but I do not 
 know whether he ever practised medicine. It is not, however, as a pioneer, 
 but as an investigator and writer on the ethnography, bibliography, and his 
 tory of Cal. that he deserves particular notice; and in these respects he was 
 a remarkable man. Without having any special aptitude by nature or educa 
 tion for such work, he developed a fondness for it almost amounting to a 
 mania. His zeal in face of the most discouraging obstacles is worthy of all 
 praise, though it must be confessed that the result was wellnigh valueless. 
 He was not content with being a collector or even translator and narrator, but 
 had a most unfortunate passion for working the results of his observations and 
 study into what he regarded as a scientific form, the result being too often an 
 absurd jumble of bad Spanish, worse Latin, and unintelligible affectation's^ 
 While at Monterey he obtained from the priest a valuable collection of old mis 
 sion documents (later given to the archbishop, and cited by me as Arch, del 
 Obispado) which he made the basis of numerous newspaper articles, in which, 
 by reason of faulty translations, typographical blunders, unfounded additions, 
 and the difficulty of locating the dividing line between record and comment, 
 the value of the original was much impaired. His writings from about '53 for 
 the S.F. Herald, Bulletin, Cal. Farmer \ Hutchings' Magazine, Hesperian, Sac. 
 Union, and other papers wert> very voluminous. The most extensive of his 
 works and most valuable, being least injured by his peculiar methods, though 
 containing very little original matter, is the Indianology of CaL, published in 
 the Cal. Farmer of '60-3, of which most of the linguistic portions are re 
 printed in Lucy-Fossarieu, Langues IndiennesdelaCaL, Paris '81; and which 
 gave Dr T., very properly, an honorary membership in several learned societies 
 of the east. Another of his most ambititious attempts, but least valuable by 
 reason of his utter lack of facilties for bibliographic work, was the Bibliografct, 
 California, pub. in the /Sac. Union, and noticed in i. 35 of this work. His His 
 torical Summary of Lower California, pub. in Ross Browne's Resources, ed. of 
 '69, and his Precis India Caljfornicus, included by Wm H. Knight in Ban 
 croft's Hand-book of '64, are very creditable works, being the only ones that 
 had the advantages of careful editing and proof-reading. His First Voyage to 
 the Coast of Cal., of '53, was a translation of Navarrete's version of Cabrillo's 
 voyage, with comments of little value, i. 69, 72, 77. In his later years Dr 
 Taylor collected all his writings, with numerous MS. additions here and there, 
 into a series of 7 scrap-books, under the titles Bibliogrofa California, Indian 
 ology of the California^, Animated Nature of Cal. , Odds and Ends of CaL Life, 
 and Discoverers and Founders of CaL, Felix, and CaL Petra (the 1st 3 being 
 in '85 in the library of the Soc. Cal. Pion. in S.F.), and issued a descriptive 
 circular, 'The Storehouse of Cal., History and Life,' through which he tried in 
 vain to find in America and Europe a publisher for his collected writings, with 
 out a suspicion of the truth that the work and time and ability and resources of 
 data that would enable an editor to put the crude mass in such shape as to do 
 justice to the author's reputation would produce an original work of much 
 greater value. I visited him in '74 at his rancho at La Partera, near Sta B. , and 
 found him, though grievously oppressed by illness and poverty, as enthusiastic 
 as ever in all that pertained to early Cal. annals. He pointed sadly but with 
 
744 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 pride to a wooden box that contained his life work the 7 volumes mentioned 
 above; and when I sought his advice respecting my own researches, he pointed 
 again to the box as containing all that could ever be gleaned about early Cal. ; 
 and he was, I am sure, entirely honest in his belief. 'Test, if you like,' he 
 said, 'the accuracy of my work by examining the documents I gave the arch 
 bishop, but I know from long years of earnest research that nowhere else, 
 especially from mission and Spanish sources, will you find a scrap of new in 
 formation.' Yet only 3 miles away from the rancho where he had lived for 
 many years, at Sta B. mission, I took 6,000 pages of copies of most important 
 missionary correspondence that he had never seen ! All honor, nevertheless, 
 to such men as Hayes and Taylor and Lancey, who have toiled under more or 
 less unfavorable auspices to save from destruction the data for our history. 
 
 Taylor (Christopher), 1848, came from Or. in Sept. on the Henry, engag 
 ing in trade at Sutter's fort, as member of the firm of Priest, Lee, & Co. ; finally 
 settled at Dayton, Or., where he was in 78. T. (Geo. W.), 1847, nat. of 
 Va, who enlisted in Co. F, 3d artill., at Mont. (v. 518); in the mines '49, and 
 later at Mont.; d. at Napa '84. Lancey. _ T. (Hiram), 1841, Amer. musi 
 cian in the Workman party from N. Mex. iv. 278-9. I have his original pass 
 port dated Sta Fe Aug. 24th. At Los Ang. and on the Cosumnes '42; went 
 to Or. with Leese in '43, but came back in '48. He made money in the mines, 
 and settled at Cloverdale, where he died at a date not given. T. (John), 
 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). T. (John), 1847, Co. E, N.Y. Vol. 
 (v. 499); d. in N.Y. '79. T. (Joseph), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). 
 
 Taylor (Nelson), 1847, nat. of Conn., and capt. of Co. E, N.Y. Vol. v. 504, 
 11. He was a dentist, and after a brief experience in the mines settled at 
 Stockton as a trader, also running a ferry on the Stanislaus; ineinb. of 1st 
 legislature; trustee of insane asylum from '50; sheriff from '54. In '56 he 
 went to N.Y. and became a lawyer; brig.-geii. in war of '61-5; in '65 memb. 
 of congress; in '71-85 resid. of South Norwalk, Conn. T. (Walter), 1847, 
 i sergt Co. G, N.Y. Vol. v. 504. T. (Win), 1818, Amer. lieut of Bouchard's 
 1 insurgents, ii. 227, 237. T. (Win), 1828, Scotch tailor at Mont. '28-32, 
 joining the comp. extranjera; a married man, age 34 in '29. iii. 178, 221. 
 T. (Wm), 1834, mr of the Magruder. iii. 412, 383. T. (Wm), 1834, Engl. 
 sailor who landed from the Margarita at S. Diego, where he still lived in '40, 
 an unmarried carpenter, age 43. Perhaps the same who voted at S. D. in '48; 
 name written Tela, Telen, and Thell. T. (W. E.), 1847, daughter born to 
 his wife at Sonoma; at S. Jose" '50. T. (W. H.), 1848, passp. from Hon. 
 
 Teal (Hiram), 1841, nat. of New England, who brought a stock of goods 
 from Mazatlan, and kept a store at S. F. '41-3, with Titcornb as partner or clerk, 
 iv. 279; v. 683. He went to Hon. in '43 on the Diamond, en route for Mex. 
 Tebaca (Gabriel), settler at the Colorado pueblos 1780-1, killed by Ind. i. 359, 
 362. Teforia (Jose"), 1831, named by Dye as one of Young's party, iii. 388. 
 Tego (Manuel), resid. of Branciforte '30. ii. 627. Tejeda (Juan de A.), 1602, 
 alfe"rez of Vizcaino's exped. i. 98. Tellez (Rafael), 1842, Mex. lieut-col and 
 brevet-col in com. of Micheltorena's batallou fijo; somewhat prominent in Cal. 
 affairs till sent to Mex. for aid in '44. iv. 289, 357, 367, 409, 439, 461, 471-2. 
 In '46 he seems to have started for Cal. with troops, but in Sinaloa engaged 
 in a revolution, v. 32-3, and became acting com. at Mazatlan, where he was 
 when the Amer. took the town in Feb. '48. He seems to have died before the 
 end of that year, and Californians, who did not like him, delight in the tra 
 dition that after a drunken debauch he drowned himself in a barrel of mescal ! 
 
 Temple (Francis Pliny F.), 1841, nat. of Mass., who came on the Tasso at 
 the age of 20, engaging in trade at Los Ang. with his brother John. iv. 279. 
 Later he established a stock rancho at S. Emigdio, near Ft Tejon; was a 
 member of the banking firm of Hellman, T., & Co. from '68, and from '72 of 
 T. & Workman. He died in '80 at his rancho of La Merced, iv. 635; v. 320; 
 leaving a widow the daughter of Wm Workman and several children. He 
 took but slight part in politics, but was alwaj T s prominent in business affairs. 
 All his property was lost by the failure of the banking firm in '75. In '77 he 
 gave me a brief narrative of his Recollections, and rendered me assistance in 
 
TEMPLE THOMAS. 745 
 
 obtaining testimony from others. T. (John), 1827, nat. of Mass., and brother 
 of the preceding, who came from Hon. on the Wavcrly, and in the earliest 
 years signed his name 'Jonathan.' iii. 149, 176-7. He was at once baptized 
 at S. Diego, and after a few trading trips on the coast obtained naturalization 
 and married Rafaela, daughter of Francisco Cota, in '30, engaging in trade at 
 Los Ang., in partnership with Geo. Rice, till '32, and later alone, or with his 
 brother from '41. ii. 558. I have some of his business corresp., but he does 
 not figure in public affairs, except that the vigilantes of '36 met at his house, 
 ii. 418, 539; iv. 117. In the sectional quarrels he took no part, but was glad 
 in '39 to hear of Alvarado's final success; is named in the following years^as 
 creditor of southern missions; and in '45 was the purchaser of Purisima. iii. 
 595, 623; iv. 92, 553, 629, 648; v. 558. In the annals of '46-7 he is named in 
 connection with financial matters, having Cal. claims to the amount of about 
 $16,000. v. 49-50, 435, 467. From about '48, becoming owner of the Cerritos 
 rancho, iii. 633, he gave his attention to stock-raising on a large scale; later 
 he was the builder of the Temple block and other fine structures at Los An 
 geles; and in Maximilian's time obtained an immensely profitable lease of the 
 Mexican mint. He died at S.F. in '66, at the age of 68. He had been an able 
 and successful man of business, socially genial and well liked. His widow sur 
 vived him, living in Paris with her daughter, Mrs Ajuria, the only child of 
 whom I find any mention, born in '31. 
 
 Tenchman (Christian), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). TenEck 
 (Anthony), 1848, U.S. commissioner from Hon. on the Humboldt. Tenid 
 (Th.), 1846, doubtful name in a Los Ang. list. Tennent (Archibald), 1848, 
 passp. from Hon. T. (Sam. J.), 1848, Engl. surgeon on a whaler, who left- 
 his vessel at the Islands and came to Cal. on hearing of the gold discovery. 
 He married Rafaela Martinez and settled at Pinole rancho, Contra Costa, 
 where he still lived in '82 with 5 children, his wife having died in '68. Por 
 trait in Contra Costa Co. Hist., 46. Tenorio (Ignacio), nat. of S. Amer., who 
 had been oidor of the audiencia of Quito, and a very rich man, but who, tra 
 ditionally, had devoted his fortune to charitable and educational purposes, 
 and came to Cal. about '15 to live with the friars. Not much is known of him 
 except that he was buried at S. Juan Cap. in '31 by P. Zalvidea, who in the 
 record spoke in high terms of his piety. 
 
 Teran (Jose" M.), regidor at Branciforte '34. iii. 696; memb. of the S. Diego 
 ayunt. '37, and in trouble, iii. 508; perhaps two men. Termain (James Gil 
 bert), 1843, recommended by the Engl. consul for a carta. Terrill (Joel J.), 
 1847, sergt Co. C, Morm. Bat. v. 477; at Ogden, Utah, in '82. Teschemacher 
 (Fred. Henry), 1842, clerk and supercargo of Boston trading craft '42-8. iv. 
 341; v. 579; owner of S.F. lots '46-7; resid. of S.F. after '49; cl. of the Lup- 
 yomi rancho, Napa, '52. iv. 671; mayor of S.F.; still living in '85, when he 
 visited S.F. Portrait and brief biog. notice in North Pac. Review, i. 223, 252. 
 I have a few of his early letters; but for so prominent a pioneer there is a re 
 markable lack of information about him. Tessau, 1837, officer of Petit- 
 Thouars' exped., making a survey of S.F. bay. iv. 149. 
 
 Thaffer (Andrew), 1847, Co. E, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); d. S.F. 79. Thamen 
 (Henry), 1847, owner of S.F. lot. Theall (Hiram W.), 1847, lieut Co. D, 
 N.Y.Vol. v. 504; an early settler of Sonora; d. at White Pine, Nev., before 
 '82; prob. in '69. Theyer (Geo.), 1848, from Or., a settler in S. Joaquin. 
 Thing (Capt.), 1838, left S. Diego for Boston on the Kent. iv. 104. 
 
 Thomas, 1845, doubtful immig. of the Grigsby-Ide party, iv. 579. T., 
 1846, at Sta Cruz, June; perhaps same as following. T., 1847, mr of the 
 Laura Ann '47-8. v. 579; perhaps L. H. T., 1847, at Sutter's fort. T. 
 (Ambrose), 1836, at S. Jose" Dec.; also Antonio at Los Ang. '35; both prob. 
 'Tomlinson,' q.v. T. (Christian), 1847, owner of S.F. lot. v. 685. T. 
 (Elijah), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); at Leeds, Utah, '82. T. (Ig 
 nacio), 1818, Engl. sailor who left the Bordelais, ii. 393, and in '29 lived at 
 S. Jose*, age 41, and blind. T. (John W.), 1847, Co. A, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); 
 at S. Jos<5 '82. T. (L. H.), 1848, sold piano to Larkin; conducted prayer 
 at the S.F. school-house, v. 657. T. (Thomas), 1840, one of the S. Bias 
 
746 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 exiles who did not return, iv. 18. Thomen (Henry), 1846, overl. immig. 
 who worked for Sutter, and owned S.F. lot '47; at Sac. '60, age 45; perhaps, 
 at S.F. '79. 
 
 Thomes (Robert Hasty), 1841, nat. of Me, and overl. immig. of the Bar- 
 tleson party, iv. 270, 275, 279. With Albert G. Toomes he worked as car 
 penter and builder at S.F. in '41-2, and later at Mont., where the firm name of 
 Thomes & Toomes appears often in Larkin's books and other records. In '44 
 he was naturalized, and obtained a grant of Los Saucos, Tehama. iv. 673; 
 and may have put some cattle on the place in '45, but did not settle there 
 till '47, being mentioned at Mont, in '45-7, especially as a member of the 1st 
 jury. v. 289. He took no part in the war or in politics, but spent his life 
 with a brief interval of mining on Feather River on his Tehama rancho, be 
 coming a wealthy and highly respected and influential citizen. He died in 
 '78, at the age of 61, leaving no family. A sister resides in Oakland '85 as the 
 wife of Isaac Given, a pioneer of '41. Portrait in Tehama Co. Hist., 108. T. 
 (Wm H.) 1843, nat. of Me, and distant relative of R. H.,who came from 
 Boston as a sailor-boy, age 16, on the Admittance, which he left in '45, and 
 returned east in '46 on the schr California to Mazatlan, and thence via Eng 
 land to Boston. Again he came to Cal. in '49 on the Edward Everett, return 
 ing via Manilla, etc., on the Alex. Humboldt. In Boston he was a journalist 
 on the daily papers, and from '62 a publisher on his own account, making a 
 comfortable fortune, which was lost in the great fire of '72. In later years of 
 the firm of Thomes & Talbot, publishers of Bailouts Monthly; also author of 
 many romances of adventure for boys. On Sea and Land, one of his latest 
 works, is a narrative of adventures in Cal. on the Admittance in '42-5, full of 
 interest and bad Spanish, remarkably accurate in its foundation of names and 
 dates; let us hope that the superstructure of the sailor-boy's personal experi 
 ences is equally reliable. A later story of Cal. life, covering the period of the 
 conquest and now appearing in the Monthly is likely to be as fascinating if 
 somewhat less historic. An excellent account of the trip and company of '49 
 was also written by Thomes for the magazine, reprinted in the S.F. Alta of 
 Oct. 22, 29, '82. In '85 he revisited Cal. to revive old recollections, at which 
 time he furnished me many useful items about early men and things, also 
 permitting me to consult the original Diary of Capt. Peterson, his old mas 
 ter on the Admittance , and later his father-in-law. 
 
 Thompson, 1841, blacksmith at Los Ang. and Sta B. T. (A.), 1839, pas 
 senger from Hon. on the Clementine, iv. 102, 127. T. (Alpheus B.), 1823, 
 nat. of Me, and sup. on the Washington '25-30, having possibly visited the 
 coast earlier, iii. 29, 139, 149; sup. of the Convoy '31; in '33-5 sup. of the 
 Loriot, being arrested for smuggling in '33, and in '35 carrying prisoners to 
 Mex. iii. 288, 365, 383, 393. He considered Sta B. his home, and dated his 
 residence from '34, that being the year in which he married Francisca, daugh 
 ter of Carlos Carrillo, by whom he had 3 children before June '36. I have 
 much of his corresp. from year to year. In '36-7 he was sup. of the Bolivar, 
 on which he went to Hon. and back in '37; from '38 had a hide-house in the 
 Clark's Point region of S.F.; is named as mr of the Union in '40; and also as 
 creditor of several missions, iii. 657, 660; iv. 101, 106, 117; v. 684-5. He 
 went to Hon. on the Julia Ann '41; was naturalized in '43, being still sup. of 
 the Bolivar; was owner of the Oajaca in '44-5, sub-prefect at Sta B. '46, 
 grantee of a rancho in S. Joaquin Co., having a Cal. claim of some $2,000, and 
 being in all these years engaged to some extent in otter-hunting, iv. 563, 
 566-7; v. 282, 330, 455, 675. His name frequently occurs in commercial rec 
 ords down to '48; and after that date continued to reside at Sta B., where, 
 and throughout the country, he had an excellent reputation for honorable 
 conduct. He died at Los Ang. in '69 at the age of 74. His wife had died in 
 '41, but there were 2 daughters and 4 sons who survived. One of the sons, 
 Francis, is a somewhat prominent citizen of Sta B., and in '78 rendered me 
 assistance in my search of the mission archives. 
 
 Thompson (Bluford K.), 1846, overl. immig. and capt. Co. G, Cal. Bat., 
 taking part in the fight at Natividad. v. 361, 364-72. He was a coarse, pro- 
 
THOMPSON THURSBY. 747 
 
 fane, reckless fellow, a gambler by profession, with some pretensions to gen 
 tlemanly manners when sober; known sometimes as 'Red-headed' or 'Hell 
 Roaring ' Thompson. After the war he settled at Stockton, being candidate 
 for Ind. agent in '47. v. 662; where he soon killed Jame^ McKee. He was 
 tried for murder at Slitter's fort in Feb. '48, being acquitted; but was obliged 
 to quit the country, and on the way east was killed in a new quarrel with R. 
 Taggart on the Sweetwater. T. (Ch.), 1847, at Sutter's fort. T. (Edward), 
 1844, Amer. sailor on the schr California, in trouble at Mont. T. (Edwin), 
 1848, at S.F. as he testified in '65. T. (Frank A.), 1832, mr of the Itoxana, 
 '32-3. iii. 384; mr of the Pilgrim and Alert '35-6. iii. 381, 383; iv. 100. T. 
 (Geo. A.), 1839, naturalist who came from Hon. on the Clementine with let 
 ters from John C. Jones to the gov. and Gen. Vallejo. He was in search of 
 specimens; called also Gordon H. T. T. (Henry), 1847, Co. D, Morm. Bat. 
 (v. 469). T. (James), 1828, Irish sailor, age 28, from Acapulco on the Maria 
 Ester at S. Diego with a letter from Virmond, intending to settle, ii. 545; iii. 
 178; got a carta in '29; in his application seems to say he had lived 8 years in 
 Cal., but prob. means ia Mex. T. (James), 1846, sergt-major of Fauntleroy's 
 dragoons (v. 232, 247); perhaps the man at Benicia '47. T. (James), 1847, 
 Co A, N. Y.Vol. (v. 499); perhaps the man who on July 4th read the decla 
 ration at S.F.; at Brooklyn, N.Y., '82. T. (James L.), 1847, Co. C, Morm. 
 Bat. (v. 469). 
 
 Thompson (John), 1832, joined the comp. extranjera at Mont. iii. 221, 408; 
 
 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); at Riverdale, Utah, '81; perhaps the owner 
 of a S.F. lot '47. v. 685. T. (John?), 1847, partner of Finch, and perhaps 
 later of Bennett, in a S.F. saloon '44-8. v. 683; thought to be at S.F. : 85. T. 
 (Joseph P.), 1842, nat. of Mass, who came this year ace. to his own affidavit in 
 '62. iv. 341; perhaps came in '39-40 as sup. on the Joseph Pcabody. He came 
 again in '44 from Hon. on the Fama; at Sta Clara '45; at S.F. '46-7, being 
 owner of a lot and sec. of the council, v. 648, 650; at Napa '47-8, where he 
 kept a store; cl. for Napa lands '52; lost a leg by a street-car accident at S.F. 
 '84. He was a brother-in-law of Henry A. 'Peirce,' q.v. T. (Josiah), 1836, 
 brother of Joseph P., at Mont. '36; sup. of the Rasselas '37-8. iv. 105, 141. 
 T. (Miles), 1847, Co. D, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); reenl. T. (Peter), 1847, Co. A, 
 N. Y.Vol. (v. 499); d. Los Ang. '79. T. (Sam.), 1847, lieutCo. C, Morm. Bat. 
 v. 477, 488-9, 496; capt of returning Mormons in '48. T. (Sam.), see 
 'Buckle.' T. (S. S.), 1830, man who ordered a bottle of brandy. T. 
 (Stephen B.), 1824, doubtful name of Taylor's list. T. (Wm), see 'Buckle.' 
 T. (Wm), 1840. at Sta B. , May. T. (Wm), 1845, Spear's miller at S.F. '45-6. 
 iv. 587; of 3d Donner relief '47; killed by a bull at Hon. in '50 after 7 years' 
 resid. in Cal. These may be 1, 2, or 3 men. T. (Wm H.), 1846, mid. on the 
 Congress; act. lieut of Stockton's Bat. 41-7. v. 386. T. (W. T.), 1823 (?), 
 said to have been mr of a trader this year; came to reside in Cal. '49; in '69- 
 70 U.S. gauger at S.F. Call. Thorns (Adalberto), 1846, aux. de policia at 
 Mont. v. 637. 
 
 Thorburn (Robert D.), 1847, lieut in com. of the U.S. Southampton '47- 
 8. v. 580. Thome, 1846, killed at the Natividad fight, v. 371; perhaps an 
 overl. immig., or he may have been the following. T. (Wm), 1846, of 
 Fauntleroy's dragoons. Thorner (Francis), 1847, Co. C, N. Y.Vol. (v. 499); 
 d. at Los Ang. '48. Thornton (J. Quinn), 1847, a prominent pioneer of Or. 
 who touched at S.F. in Nov. on his wa) 7 east by sea. Author of Oregon and 
 Cal. in '4$, a work containing much information on the overl. immig. of '46 
 and the Donner party, v. 527, 535-6; see also Hist. Or. Thorp (Dav.), 1837, 
 at Mont. Dec. T. (Lindy), 1845, immig. from Or. in the McMahon party. 
 iv. 572, 587; apparently living in Polk Val. '79. Yolo Co. Hist., 86. T. 
 (W. S.), 1847, constable at S.F. v. 648; prob. the man who in '48 married 
 Mrs Caroline Warner of the Mormon colony. Thurning (Henry), 1843, sailor 
 on the Admittance; deserted in '44. Peterson. Thursby (Lewis P.), 1847, 
 
748 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Co. A, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); in Ga'71. Thurston (Chas H.), 1847, Co. B, N.Y. 
 Vol. (v. 499); at Marysville '82. Thusum (Benj. F.), 1845, mr of the Han 
 nah '45-6. Lancey. Thy bury, 1847, shepherd in Sutter's service. 
 
 Tibbetts, 1837, in the cattle exped. from Or. iv. 85. Tibbey (W. H.), 
 1848, mr of the Hawaiian schr Mary. Tibeau, 1841, Fr. Canadian gambler 
 from N. Mex. in the Workman party, iv. 278; died on the return trip in '42. 
 Tibian (Fran.), doubtful name of '46. vi. 162. Tickner (B.), 1847, fleet sur- 
 
 feon on the U.S. Columbus. Tic6 (Fernando), son of Joaquin b. at S.F. 
 798; settled at Sta B., where in '29 he is ment. as ex-alcalde, iii. 78; grantee 
 of Ojai rancho '37. iii. 655; juez de paz '41. iv. 641; purchaser of S. Buen. 
 '45-6. iv. 643, 634. He was constable at S. Buen. '52 and supervisor '54. T. 
 {Joaquin), 1796, sergt of Catalan volunteers, i. 540; executor of Alberni's 
 will 1801. ii. 5. His wife was Juana Carrera, and several children were born 
 at S.F. Tierney (John), 1839, Irish carpenter named in Larkin's accounts 
 '40. iv. 119; naturalized '44, claiming 5 years' residence; at Mont, to '48. 
 Tieroff (August), 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); owner of S.F. lot '47. v. 
 685; at S.F. '71-82. Tighe (John), 1847, Co. H, ditto; -lead before '82. 
 
 Tilee (Dan. E.), 1847, Co. D, ditto; d. N.Y. before '80. Tilghman (Rich 
 ard L.), 1846, lieut on the U.S. Congress; act. capt. of artill. in Stockton's 
 bat. '46-7. v. 281, 327, 336. Tillett (James F.), 1847, artificer Co. F, 3d 
 U.S. artill. v. 518. Tillotson (John H.), 1845, mid. on the U.S. Portsmouth. 
 Timeans (Charles), 1847, Co. C, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Tindall (Israel C.), 1846, 
 Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). T. (Wm), 1847, Co. F, N.Y.Vol. (v. 
 499); d. S.F. before '82. Tinker (John), see ' Finch. ' Tinkerman (Michael), 
 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Tinslar (B.R.), 1841, surgeon on the U.S. St 
 Louis. Tinson (John), 1847, Co. B, N.Y Vol. (v. 499). Tipson (Wm H.), 
 1 847, Co. A, ditto; a Canadian printer who died at S.F. '79. Tise (Andrew), 
 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). 
 
 Titcomb (Amos A.), 1847, nat. of N.Y. and resid. of S.F. till his death in 
 '70, having held the office of supervisor. Left a widow and one child. T. 
 {Rufus), 1841, nat. of New England, who came from Mazatlan with H. Teal, 
 whose clerk or partner he was at S.F. '41-3. iv. 279. Tittel (F. G. Augus 
 tus), 1847, Co.G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); d. at S.F. '64 (or '68); apparently father 
 of the 2 following, but there is some confusion about the family; name often 
 written Tittle. T. (Fred. Gustavus Ernest), 1847, son of F. G. A., German 
 fiferof Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518), married Miss Winterhalder and settled 
 at Sta Cruz as a farmer. Later livery-stable keeper, ward politician, super 
 visor, militia colonel, memb. of the legislature ('61), and cigar-dealer at S.F. 
 In '70-1 he was engaged in the Alaska fur trade; and died in '77, leaving a 
 daughter. T. (F. G. Wm), 1846 (?), brother of the preceding, said to have 
 come this year; a lieut in Mex. under Maximilian; d. at S.F. '70 at the age 
 of 42, leaving a widow and 2 daughters. The latter are actresses, or danseuses, 
 in '85 involved in interesting legal complications respecting a lot in S. F. 
 which was owned by their grandfather, and on which the Maison Dore"e, 
 Kearny St, now stands. 
 
 Toba (Fernando), cadet of the Mont. comp. 1801. ii. 147, 150; in later 
 years act. com. at Loreto. Tobar, named as a sergt '21. ii. 575. T. (Al 
 bino), settler at S. Jose" 1791-5, sent away for bad conduct, i. 598, 636, 716. 
 T. (Jose"), 1779, piloto on the Santiago; and later com. of the Favorita and 
 other transports and exploring craft on the coast down to 1800. i. 328-9, 378, 
 430, 444, 540. T. (Juan Jose"), 1838, Mex. capt. and brevet lieut-col, who 
 had been somewhat prominent in Sonora as a mil. officer and revolutionist 
 since '28, and who came to Cal. to support Gov. Carrillo, retiring in disgust 
 after the campaign of Las Flores. iii. 557-61, 505, 555. Tobias, chief in the 
 Sonoma region, iv. 72. Tobin (Robt J.), 1848, from Tahiti; at S.F. with 
 wife; still at S.F. '54. Toca (Jose" M.), ship-boy and teacher at Sta B. 
 1795-7. i.643. 
 
 Todd (James J.), 1845, Amer. sailor at Mont. T. (John), 1848, at Sta 
 B., May; also in '50. T. (John J.), 1845, Amer. sailor at Mont., perhaps 
 same as James J. T. (Thos J.), 1844, Amer. sailor at Mont., aided by 
 
TODD TORRE. 749 
 
 the consulate and shipped for Oahu in '45. T. (Wm J.), 1844, Amer. sailor 
 in consular care at Mont. Though the records seem clear, it would seem likely 
 that James J., John J., Thos J., and Wm J. did not represent 4 dif. men. 
 T. (WmL.), 1845, nat of 111., nephew of Mrs Abraham Lincoln, and overl. 
 immig. of the Swasey-Todd party, iv. 576, 580, 587. Named in the A T . Helv. 
 Diary '45-7. Early in '40 he went to Sonoma, where he joined the Bears, 
 gained imperishable fame as the artist who painted the Bear flag, was the 
 messenger sent with the news of revolt to Capt. Montgomery at S.F., and 
 was at one time a captive of the wicked Californians. v. 110, 131, 146-9, 154, 
 156, 167-8. He lived at Sonoma for several years after '46, not, apparently, 
 serving in the Cal. Bat. ; then went to El Dorado Co. , where a valley bears his 
 name; and in 78 was living in S. Bernardino, his death not being reported 
 down to '85. 
 
 Tole (Thomas), 1836, sailor at Los Ang. from Lima, age 24. Toler (Hope 
 ful), 1847, came to Cal. with despatches, some official appointment, and 2 
 daughters, on the Preble. v. 584-5; worked as a clerk in settling the Leides- 
 dortf estate; went with his family to the mines in '48; in '49 a notary public 
 at S.F. I have no record of what became of him. One of his daughters, Char 
 lotte Catherine, married L. W. Hastings in '48, and died at a date not re 
 corded; the other daughter was still living about '80. T. (Wm P.), 1842, son 
 of Hopeful and mid. U.S.N. with Com. Jones at Mont.; also on the Savannah 
 '45-7; returned as lieut on the St Mary in '49. He married a Peralta, and 
 still lived at S. Leandro in '85. Tolman (H.), 1848, passp. from Hon. 
 Talmayr (Louis Auguste), 1836, Fr. carpenter from Peru; at Los Ang,, age 22. 
 
 Tometty (Nicholas), 1845, Amer. citizen at Mont, from St Louis Sept. 
 Tomlinson (Ambrose G.), 1832, trapper of Young's party from N. Mex., who 
 remained in Cal. iii. 388, 408. He is also called Thomas L. and Thomason, 
 and known as 'Tom the Trapper.' He had a passp. in '34; was interested 
 from '35 with Job Dye in a distillery near Sta Cruz; signed the letter of 
 thanks to Com. Kennedy at Mont. '36. iv. 141; and apppears on Larkin's 
 books from '37. He was one of Graham's riflemen (iii. 457); was arrested but 
 not exiled in '40, being supposed by some to be the man who, in fear of 
 death, revealed Graham's plot to P. Real at the confessional, iv. 5, 17. 
 In '41 he wrote to Com. Forrest a report on the murder of Anthony Campbell, 
 f . 686. At this time he lived at S. Josd as a carpenter, age 38, wife Maria de 
 Jesus Bernal, child Tomas. In '42 Dr Maxwell amputated his leg, and he 
 died before the end of '44. He is called Engl. and Amer., and possibly there 
 were two of the name, but if so I cannot disentangle the records. T. (John 
 J.), 1848, nat. of Md, who came from Or.; trader in Cal. and Ariz., and 
 niemb. of a Los Ang. firm; d. S. Bern. '67, age 41. Tompkins (Amos), 1830, 
 at Mont, bound for Guaymas. T. (Christopher Q.), 1847, nat of Va and 
 capt. Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. v. 414-15, 429, 518-20. He went east with Kearny 
 the same year; was a col in the confederate army '61-5; and died in N.Y. 
 77. T. (Thomas), 1846, of the Mormon colony, with wife and 2 child, v. 
 v. 547; at Sutter's fort '47-8; did not go to Utah. 
 
 Tooms (Geo. W.), 1847, Co. D, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); treasurer of Stanislaus 
 Co.; at Modesto '82. Toomes (Albert G.), 1841, nat. of Mo. and overl. 
 immig. in the Workman-Rowland party from N. Mex. iv. 278-9. In partner 
 ship with R. H. Thomes he worked as carpenter and builder at S.F. for a 
 short time and at Mont, from '43. In '44 he was married to Maria Isabel 
 Lorenzana, was naturalized, and obtained a grant of the Rio de los Molinos 
 rancho in Tehama Co. iv. 673. He visited the rancho to put cattle on it in 
 '45 and again in '47, but did not settle there till '49, as the firm of T. & T. 
 is ment. at Mont, down to the end of '48. From '49 he lived on the place, be 
 coming a rich and respected citizen, and dying in 73 at the age of 56. His 
 widow, without children, died at Oakland in 78, leaving her large property 
 to a neighbor who had been friendly during her illness. The will was con 
 tested by cousins of the Ortega family, with results not known to me. 
 
 Toribio, ment. in '18, '33. ii. 383; iii. 323-4. Torre (Este"van de la), son 
 of Jose" Joaquin, who in '36 lived at Mont, age IS; in '44 regidor; in '46 juea 
 
750 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 de campo. iv. 653; v. 363, 637. He never had much to do with politics; but 
 has always been an industrious, hard-working man, as ranchero and miner. 
 In '76, living on his rancho of Bolsa de las Escarpines of which Salv. Espi- 
 nosa, his father-in-law, was grantee and claimant he gave me a most interest 
 ing and valuable dictation of his Reminiscencias, which has been frequently 
 cited in these volumes. His narrative is particularly valuable as a picture of 
 manners and customs in Mex. times, but is also a good record of the various 
 public events in which his brothers more devoted to war and politics than 
 himself took part. He is a man of excellent repute, and still living in '85 
 with wife and sevei-al children. T. (Gabriel), brother of Este"van, soldier of 
 the Mont. comp. from '27, taking part in the revolts of '28-30. iii. 67, 69-70; 
 sergt in '34-6, taking part in the movement against Chico. iii. 671, 429; but 
 retired about this time, and in '39 grantee of Zanjones rancho, and agente de 
 policia at Mont. '44. iii. 679; iv. 633, 653. From '45 he was a capt. of defen- 
 sores, and wai active in '45-6 against Micheltorena and the U.S. under Castro 
 and Flores, down to the final treaty of '47. iv. 515, 652, 654-5; v. 41, 362-3; 
 and in '48, during the rumors of intended revolution, was one of the Californians 
 required to give bonds and commit no hostilities, v. 585-6. He was a brave 
 and somewhat reckless man, devoted to the cause of his country. I have no 
 record of the date of his death. T. (Joaquin), brother of Est6van and Ga 
 briel, b. about '12, educ. at Mont. ii. 429; soon enlisted in the Mont, comp.; 
 corporal in '36; alferez from '39. iii. 583, 671; iv. 13, 652. In '40 he took an 
 active part in arresting the foreigners, and accompanied the exiles to S. Bias, 
 being also grantee of Arroyo Seco rancho. iv. 19-21, 30; iii. 677. In '42-4 he 
 was celador at the Mont, custom-house, iv. 339, 377, 431; and in 1 45 took a 
 leading part in the revolution against Micheltorena, being made capt. of the 
 Mont, comp., and acting alcalde for a time. iv. 462, 487, 507, 652, 654. In '46 
 he was in com. of the troops sent by Castro against the Bears, getting the 
 worst of a skirmish at Olompali, but deceiving Fremont by a ruse, he suc 
 ceeded in crossing the bay and accompanied Castro to the south, v. 41, 134- 
 6, 165-8, 174-7. After the occupation by the U.S. he was paroled, but with 
 the rest broke his parole and fought in the Natividad campaign, v. 289, 331, 
 362, 366, 370. Don Joaquin was a man of much energy and courage, like his 
 brother Gabriel in many respects, and not friendly to the Amer. invaders. 
 He was cl. for Arroyo Seco in '52, and in '55 was killed by Anastasio Garcia, 
 a murderer whom lie was trying to arrest near Sta B. T. (Jose* Joaquin), 
 1801, Span, cadet of the Mont. comp. to '22, serving much of the time as gov 
 ernor's sec. ii. 379, 438, 457, 463, 580, 676. In '22 he was grantee of the Bolsa 
 del Potrero, sold to Capt. Cooper in '29. ii. 615, 664; iii. 13; in '23-5 sec. of 
 the junta and diputacion. ii. 486-7, 513, 612; iii. 7, 20; in the lists of Span, 
 of '28-30, but not sent away. iii. 51-2. In '36 he is named in the Mont, pa- 
 dron as 48 years old (prob. 52, as his birth is recorded in 1784 in one doc. ), wife 
 Maria de los Angeles Cota, child. EsteVan b. '18, Jos6 Ant. '20, Encarnacion 
 (who married Capt. Silva) '22, Rita (who married Florencio Serrano) '26, 
 Pablo '31, Jose" '33, and Maria de Alta Gracia '34. I find no later record of 
 Don Jos6 Joaquin. His widow died at Mont, in '77 at the age of 87, leaving 
 3 sons, 3 daughters, and 43 grandchildren. T. (Jos6 Maria), soldier of the 
 Mont. comp. '36, age 19; juez de campo '42. iv. 653. T. (Pablo), in Castro's 
 force '46. v. 363; sou of J. J. T. (Raimundo), son of J. J., at Mont. '26. ii. 
 612; soldier from '28; corporal of the escolta at S. Miguel '29; involved in 
 the Solis revolt and sent to Mex. '30. iii. 67-85; served in Jalisco and Sonora; 
 and returned to Cal. in '47, to be murdered a little later near Mont. 
 
 Torrens (Hilario), 1786, Span, friar who served at S. Diego to '98, when 
 he retired, dying in '99. Biog. i. 651; ment. i. 388, 423, 455-6, 459, 576-7. 
 Torres (Antonio), at Los Ang. '46. T'. (Francisco), 1834, Mex. physician of 
 the H. & P. colony, who was in '35 exiled to Mex. for complicity in the 
 movement at Los Ang. against Gov. Figueroa. iii. 284-90. T., 1792, mr of 
 the Sta Gertrudis. i. 506. T. (Manuel), 1802, surgeon of the Cal. forces at 
 Mont. 1802-3; and apparently at Mont, again 1805. ii. 31, 140. T. (Ma 
 nuel), 1843, nat. of Peru, who came with Stephen Smith, his brother-in-law. 
 
TORRES TROW. 751 
 
 iv. 396; and for some years was employed by Smith at his Bodega mill. In 
 '45 he signed the bonds of Amer. immigrants, iv. 581, and was grantee of the 
 Muniz rancho, Sonoma Co., which was finally confirmed to him. iv. 672, 679. 
 In '48 he married Mariana, daughter of Capt. Wm A. Richardson. He took 
 but slight part in the troubles of '46-7. In 75, residing at S.F., Don Manuel 
 gave me his Peripetias de la Vida Californiana, a most interesting MS., de 
 voted to manners and customs and observations on early men rather than to 
 a narrative of events. In '85 he resides at Martinez. Torrey, 1845, doubtful 
 member of Fremont's party, iv. 583. Tosta (Bonifacio), appointed gov. in 
 '23, but did not come to Cal. ii. 484-5. Totten (Matthew), 1846, Co. C, 1st 
 U.S. dragoons (v. 336). Tova (Antonio), 1791, lieut of Malaspina's exped. 
 i. 490. 
 
 Towner (Loammi), 1847, Co. B, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); d. at S. Jos6 after '50. 
 Towns (Charles), 1844, one of Fremont's men, who left the party in Cal. iv. 
 437, 439, 453. Townsend (Alfred A.), 1847, from Valparaiso with letters 
 from Atherton to Larkin; of firm T. & Robinson, bakers and saloon-keepers 
 at Mont. '47-8; went to the mines '48. T. (John), 1844, nat. of Va, a phy 
 sician and overl. immig. from Mo. in the Stevens party with his wife. iv. 
 446, 453. He served as Sutter's aid in the Micheltorena campaign, iv. 483, 
 485, 516; then practised medicine at Mont, for a time in '45. In Clyman's 
 Diary he is described as 'much attached to his own opinions, as likewise to 
 the climate and country of Cal. His pleasant wife does not enter into all her 
 husband's chimerical speculations.' In '46-9 Dr T. practised medicine at S.F., 
 visiting Sutter's fort in '46. v. 128; being at Benicia '47, and also prospecting 
 the Marin Co. hills for minerals; the owner of several S. F. lots, on one of 
 which he built a house and office, v. 678; in '48 taking some part in town 
 politics, and serving as school trustee and alcalde, but making a trip to the 
 mines, v. 648-9, 651-2, 656; and in '49 member of the council. Late in '50 he 
 moved to a farm near S. Jose", where he and his wife (a sister of Moses Schal- 
 lenberger) died of cholera in Dec. '50 or Jan. '51. Dr T. was a man of excel 
 lent character, and of genial, enthusiastic temperament. T. (John M.), 
 1848, Sta Clara fruit-grower '59-76. T. (J. S.), 1848, passp. from Hon.; 
 perhaps same as preceding. Towson (Thomas), 1846, Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 
 358); enlisting at S. Juan Oct. Toye (H. H. F.), 1847, Co. G. N.Y.Vol. (v. 
 499); d. in Nicaragua '56. 
 
 Trail (G.), 1848, passp. from Hon. Trapin (R. S.), 1845, lieut on the U.S. 
 Savannah; performed relig. service at S.F. '46. v. 225. Travers (John) 1847, 
 owner of a S.F. lot. v. 676. T. (Wm B.), 1847, sergfc Co. G, N.Y.Vol. v. 
 504; killed by the Los Ang. explosion, v. 625. Travis (W.), 1848, passp. 
 from Hon. Tread way (P.), 1848, mr of the Kekanonohi. v. 579; went back 
 to Hon. on the Julian. Treanor (D.), 1848, passp. from Hon. Treat 
 (Thomas), 1847, Co. D, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). Trejo (Entimio), appointed 
 celador at Mont. ; perhaps did not come. iv. 557. Tremmels (Wm R.), 1847, 
 lieut Co. C, N.Y.Vol.; died on the voy. to Cal. v. 504, 513. 
 
 Tresconi (Alberto), 1844, prob. Italian, named in Larkin's accounts and 
 other records at Mont, from this year. iv. 453; at Sta Cruz '79, owning prop 
 erty in Mont. Co. Trevethan (Wm), 1826, Engl. sailor who came from the 
 Islands on the Rover, iii. 176, and worked as boatman at Mont., afterwards 
 becoming lumberman and carpenter, and for a time majordomo of S. Miguel. 
 In '29 his age was 26; and from '33 his name appears in various records as a 
 sawyer in the Mont. dist. In '40 he was arrested, but not exiled, iv. 17, 23; 
 naturalized in '44, and married, perhaps earlier, to Maria Antonia Perez. 
 In these years he lived in the S. Antonio redwoods, and was for a time sub- 
 alcalde; later he moved to Sta Cruz Co., where he still lived in '70, with 
 10 children. Trigo (Jose" R.), at Los Ang. '46. Triunfo (Jos6 Miguel), 
 
 frantee of Cahuenga rancho '45. iv. 634. Troutman (James B.), 1857, Co. 
 \ N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). T. (John), 1847, drummer in ditto. Trow (Henry), 
 1845, Engl. sailor in Sutter's employ '45-6. iv. 578, 587; v. 675; ment. in 
 connection with Benicia affairs '47-8; later in the mines of Trinity or Shasta; 
 and last seen by Bidwell between '56 and '60. 
 
752 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Trubody (John), 1847, nat. of Engl. and overl. immig. from Mo. with fam 
 ily, who, after a short stay at Sutter's fort, settled at S.F., though owning land 
 at Napa. He and his wife were active memb. of the 1st methodist society in 
 Cal.; the latter, Jane Palmer, dying in 77. T. (Josiah P.), 1847, son of 
 John, b. in Pa, who went from S. F. in '56 to Napa; married Sophronia 
 Ament in '65; at Napa in '80 engaged with his brother in the cultivation of 
 berries. T. (Wm A.), 1847, son of John, b. in Mo.; educated in the east 
 from '50; married a daughter of T. L. Grigsby '68; at Napa '80. Truett, 
 
 1847, at Sutter's fort; doubtful name. Truitte (S.), 1846, Co. F, Cal. Bat., 
 enlisting at S. Juan Oct. (v. 358). Trujillo, half a dozen of the name at 
 Los Ang. '46. T. (Lorenzo), 1841, chief of a N. Mex. colony settling at S. 
 Bern., where he still lived '46, age 50. iv. 278, 638. T. (Manuel), Mex. sec. 
 of Carlos Carrillo as gov. '37-8; perhaps the same who was admin, of S. Luis 
 Ob. '35; left Cal. with Tobar '38. iii. 548-9, 565, 682-3. Truman (Jacob 
 M,), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); one of the explorers of a new route 
 over the mts '48. Trusted (Gottfried), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). 
 
 Tubb (Michael), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336); an alcalde at 
 Mormon camp '49; apparently a partner of J. W. Cassin in Tehama Co. in 
 later years. T. (Wm), 1846, Co. C, ditto; prob. brother of Michael. 
 Tucker (Geo. W.), 1846, nat. of Ohio, son of R. P., memb. of 1st Donner re 
 lief, v. 339; miner in '48-9; settler in Napa '47-81; married in '58 to Ange 
 lina Kellogg, by whom he has 8 children. T. (John W.), 1846, brother of 
 G. W., and resid. of Napa '47-81; wife Mrs C. E. Weed '79. T. (Reasin 
 P.), 1846, overl. immig. with wife and several sons. v. 529; a member of the 
 1st and 4th Donner relief, v. 538, 541; settled in Napa with his sons, but in 
 '79 living at Soleta, Sta B.; also called Daniel. T. (S. J.), perhaps another 
 son of R. P., in Napa '47. T. (Thomas), 1845, in Sutter's employ. T. 
 (Wm), 1847, Co. I, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at Sonora '71; not in Clark's last list. 
 Tuel (James), 1846, Fauntleroy's dragoons (v. 232, 247). 
 
 Turcote (Fran9ois), 1830, Canadian trapper of Young's party; prob. re 
 turned to N. Mex. iii. 174. Turincio (Manuel), 1841, mr of the Columbine. 
 iv. 564. Turkson (Paul), 1845, trader at S.F. Turnbull (Thomas), 1841, 
 Engl. sailor on the Brayanza, who left the vessel and was at Sta Cruz '42-3. 
 In '48 his relatives in London write for information about him. Turner, 
 
 1848, from Hon. on the Sagadahoc. T. (Chas C.), 1845, com. of the U.S. 
 Erie '45-7. iv. 565. T. (David), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). T. 
 (Henry S.), 1846, capt. 1st dragoons, who came with Kearny from N. Mex., 
 fought at S. Pascual; com. of 2d bat. of Stockton's force '46-7; went east 
 with Kearny '47; and was a witness at the Fremont court-martial, v. 336, 
 347, 385, 391-5, 437, 441, 444, 452, 456. He was again at S.F. '52-4, being a 
 member of the banking firm of Lucas, T., & Co. T. (James M.), capt. of 
 Co. B, N.Y.Vol. v. 503, 511; did not come to Cal. v. 540. T. (John S.), 
 1826, one of Jed. Smith's trappers in Cal. '26-7. iii. 153, 159-60, 176; came 
 back with McLeod's party '28. iii. 161; and again before '35, when he went 
 from Cal. to Or., revisiting Cal. with- the Cattle party of '37. iv. 85. Bryant 
 met him near Clear Lake in '46; he was one of the 2d Donner relief '47. v. 
 540; and died the same year in Yolo Co. T. (Loammi), 1847, Co. B. N.Y. 
 Vol. (v. 499). T. (Sam.), 1845, one of the men lost on the Warren's launch 
 '46. iv. 587; v. 384. Turney, 1848, from Or., kept a restaurant at Sutter's 
 fort. 
 
 Tustin (Fernando), 1845, son of Wm I., who came overl. as a child, iv. 
 579, 587; a blacksmith in S.F. '83. T. (Wm Isaac), 1845, nat. of Va, and 
 overl. immig. of the Grigsby-Ide party with wife and son. v. 579, 587. He 
 worked for Sutter and remained in the upper Sac. Val. '45-6; iv. 580; and in 
 '47 settled at Benicia, where he built the first adobe house, v. 672. Later he 
 moved to S.F., where he engaged in the manufacture of windmills, and where 
 he still lives in '85 at the age of 65. In '80 he wrote for my use his Recollec 
 tions, a MS. which has furnished me not a few items of interest. Tuttle 
 (Elanson), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). T. (Luther T.), 1847, sergtCo. 
 D, ditto, v. 477; at Manti, Utah, '81. 
 
TWIST VACA. 753 
 
 Twist (Hilary), 1S4C, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). T. (W.W.), 
 1 847 (?), sheriff of Los Ang. '52-3; killed in Sonora, Mex.; accredited to the 
 N.Y.Vol. by Bell. Rc.min., 58, 288. Twitchell (Anciel), 1847, Co. D, Morm. 
 Bat. (v. 469). Tylee (Dan. K), 1847, doubtful name Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 
 499); not in Clark's last list. Tyler (Daniel), 1847, sergt Co, C, Morm. Bat. ; 
 also elder in the church, capt. of 50 on the return, and author of an excellent 
 J Jittery of the Morm. Bat. v. 477, 488, 491, 493; in Utah '85. T. (Henry B.), 
 1847, capt. of marines on the U.S. Columbus. T. (J.), 1846, Co. B, artill. 
 Cal. Bat., enlisting at Sac. Oct. (v. 358). 
 
 Uber, 1843, German in charge of Sutter's distillery. Yates; iv. 229. 
 Uhrbrook (Henry), 1847, Co. G, K Y. Vol. (v. 499); in Nicaragua with 
 Walker; d. Sta Clara '75. Ulibarri (Francisco Roman Fernandez), 1809, 
 Span, friar who served chiefly at S. Juan B. and Sta Ines, dying at S. Gabriel, 
 '21. Biog. ii. 569; ment. ii. 154, 159-60, 237, 357, 366, 369, 386, 394, 655. 
 Ulloa (Gonzalo), 1819, com. of the 8. Carlos, ii. 253; com. S. Bias '21-2. ii. 
 441, 456-7. U. (Francisco), 1539, in his navigation of the gulf possibly 
 looked upon Cal. territory, i. 64, 68; Hist. North Mex. St., i. 78 et seq. 
 
 Unamano( Francisco), 1842, mr of the Constante. iv. 564. Underwood 
 (G.L.), 1847, Co. I, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at Petaluma'74; d. Portland, Or., '81. 
 Unzueta (Jose"), sergt of artill. at Mont. 1803-4. Upham (Wm), 1847, of U. 
 & Talbot at Mont. '47-8. Upson (Trueman), 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Uren (Thomas), 1848, d. at Dutch Flat 73. Placer Co. Hist., 411. Ur- 
 guides (Antonio, Dolores, Guillermo, Juan, and Tomas), at Los Ang. '46-8. 
 U. (Encarnacion), settler at Los Ang. '12; alcalde in '24. ii. 349, 354-5, 359. 
 Uria (Francisco Javier de la Concepcion), 1797, Span, friar, whose longest 
 service was at Sta Ine"s. He died at Sta B. in '34. Biog. iii. 659; ment. i. 562, 
 577; u. 29, 115, 155, 159-60, 236, 368, 394, 526,528-9, 579, 581, 620, 622,655; 
 iii. 92, 96, 118, 350-1, 657. U. (Jose' Antonio), 1799, Span, friar, who served 
 chiefly at S. Jose" mission, retiring in 1808. Biog. ii. 115; ment. i. 556, 557; 
 ii. 46, 68, 130, 137-8, 155, 159-60. 
 
 Uribe (Francisco, Jose" M., and Pedro), at Los Ang. '46. U. (Ricardo), 
 soldier of Sta B. comp. before '37; at Los Ang. '45, being a leader in a re 
 volt, iv. 523, 541, 632. Uribes (Jose" Miguel), settler at Branciforte 1797. i. 
 569. U. (Tomas), regidor at Los Ang. '19. ii. 351, 354. Uriquides (Maria 
 Magdalena), 1794, wife of Gov. Borica. i. 728. Urrea (Jos6), interpreter at 
 the Col. River pueblos 1780-2. i. 359, 362, 367. Urresti (Jose" Antonio), 
 1804, Span, friar, who served for brief terms at several missions, and died 
 at S. Fern, in '12. Biog. ii. 357; ment. ii. 109, 114-16, 121-2, 159, 355, 394. 
 Urselino (Jose), carpenter at S. Diego, killed by Ind. 1775. i. 250, 253. Ur- 
 sua (Julian), grantee of Panocha rancho '44. iv. 672; chosen alcalde at S. 
 Juan B. '47. v. 640. Usson (Ramon), 1772, Span, friar who was intended 
 for the mission of S. Buenaventura, but after Leing stationed as supernumer 
 ary at S. Diego and S. Antonio, he went away sick as chaplain on the explor 
 ing transports in '74, retiring also from that service after one voyage, i. 19-2-3, 
 196, 227, 240-1, 455. 
 
 Vaca (Manuel), 1841, nat. of N. Mex., prob. of the prominent N. Mex. 
 family of that name descended from Capt. Vaca, one of the conquerors of 
 1600, and often absurdly connected with Cabeza de Vaca who came with 
 his family in the Workman party, settling in Solano Co., where with Pena 
 he obtained a grant of the Putah rancho, where he spent the rest of his life, 
 dying, I think, before '60. iv. 278, 516, 672; v. 119. Don Manuel was a hos 
 pitable man of good repute, whose name is borne by the valley and by the 
 town of Vacaville. Of the family there is not much definite information. 
 Juan was killed by Ind. on the Moquelumne in '45. Marcos is named in N. 
 Helv. records from '45; had a Cal. claim of $4,967 (v. 462); and was perhaps 
 grantee of a rancho. iv. 671; being 2d alcalde at Sonoma '45. iv. 678. Nepo- 
 muceno is named in a Sonoma list of '44; age 26; perhaps the same as Juan. 
 Tedfilo was 19 in '44, and died at the raucho in '77, leaving a family. These 
 HIST. CAI,., VOL. V. 48 
 
754 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 I suppose were all sons of Manuel. In '30 Jose" Ant. Vaca had visited Cal. 
 from N. Mex. iii. 173. Vail (James M.), 1847, Co. I, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); 
 killed by Ind. in El Dorado Co. '48. Vaillant (Jean), 1830, trapper of 
 Young's party from N. Mex. iii. 174. 
 
 Valdes (Antonio), settler at Los Ang. '15. ii. 350. V. (Antonio Maria), 
 at Los Ang. '36; age 25 in '39 (another Antonio '47); zanjero in '44. iv. 633. 
 V. (Basilio), regidor at Los Ang. '36-7; sindico '40-1, '45. iii. 481, 509, 631-2, 
 634, 636, 638; still at Los Ang. '48. V. (Cayetano), 1791, lieut of Malaspi- 
 na's exped. i. 490; com. of the Mexicana 1792. i. 506-7; killed at Trafalgar. 
 V. (Crescencio), soldier of Sta B. comp. before '37; at Los Ang. '39, age 40. 
 V. (Dorotea), an old woman, aged 81, living at Mont. '74, who gave me her 
 Reminiscences of very early times, ii. 232. She was a daughter of Juan B. 
 Valdes, one of the early settlers of S. Diego, where she was born in 1793. 
 V. (Eugenio), settler at Los Ang. 1800. ii. 349. V. (Felix), 1843, Mex. 
 officer of the batallon fijo, who seems to have come later than the main body; 
 is named in several transactions of '43-5, and was the grantee of Temecula 
 rancho in '44. iv. 406, 470, 509, 621, 639. V. (Francisco), at S. Bern. '46, 
 age 25. V. (Gervasio), sub-deacon at the Sta Lie's seminary '44. iv. 426. 
 V. (Jesus), Sonoran killed at Sta B. '40. iii. 655. V. (Jose), soldier of Sta 
 B. comp. '32; at Los Ang. '46-8. V. (Jose Maria), at Los Ang. and S. Bern. 
 '39-46. V. (Jose" Ramon), b. at Los Ang. 1803; a soldier of '21-32; later 
 ranchero and trader Sta B.; in '38 sindico. iii. 654; in '42-3 juez de paz. iv. 
 642; in '45 maj. at S. Buen. , iv. 645, where in '78 he gave me his Memorias. ii. 
 240; wife Daria Ortega, 3 child, in '37. V. (Juan B. ), an old settler who left 
 some hist. mem. i. 175. V. (Julian), at Los Ang. '39-48. V. (Luciano), 
 teacher at Los Ang. '30. ii. 564. V. (Maria Rita), grantee of S. Antonio 
 rancbo '31. V. (Melecio), settler at Los Ang. 1789. i. 461. V. (Miguel), 
 at Los Ang. '48. 7. (Rafael), soldier of Sta B. comp. '32; wife Rafaela 
 Pico; 5 child, in '37. V. (Rodrigo), shoemaker at Mont. '41. V. (Salva 
 dor), fifer of the S.F. comp. '39-42. V. (Simplicio), arrested in '45 for con 
 spiracy, iv. 522. V. (Urita), in revolt at Los Ang. '46. v. 308. 
 
 Valencia (Antonio), soldier of S.F. comp. '19-28; hanged in '49 for mur 
 der of Pyle near S. Jos6 in '47; perhaps 2 men. V. (Antonio), soldier of 
 Sta B. comp. before '37; arrested in '37, and executed for murder at Los Ang. 
 '42. iii. 638; iv. 632. V. (Antonio), at Los Ang. '46. V. (Ascencio), shot for 
 murder at Los Ang. '41. iv.630. V. (Bruno), soldier of the S.F. comp. '19- 
 27; in '41 at S. Jose", age 39, wife Bernarda Duarte, child. Francisco b. '31, 
 Maria Concepcion '30, Meliton '35, Jose Ramon '38; owner of S.F. lot '43. 
 iv. 669; v. 684; juez de campo '43. iv. 685. He apparently lived at S. Mateo. 
 V. (Candelario), soldier of the S.F. comp. '23-33; in '34 grantee of Acalanes 
 rancho, Contra Costa, iii. 711; S.F. elector '35. iii. 704; owner of lot at S.F. 
 mission '40. iii. 706; juez de campo '42, iv. 665, being named on the S.F. 
 padron as 38 years old, wife Paula Sanchez, child. Eustaquio b. '28, Jos6 Ra 
 mon '29, Maria '32, Lucia '43, Tomas '37, Josefa '41. Sergt of defensores '44. 
 iv. 667; juez de campo '46. v. 648; witness in the Saiitillan case '54. His wife 
 was a cl. for Buri-buri rancho. V. (Dolores), wife of Lieut Grijalva 1770. 
 ii. 104. V. (Eustaquio), son of Candelario, resid. at S.F. mission from '37, 
 witness in the Santillan case '55. Grantee and cl. of a mission lot '45-52. iv. 
 673. V. (Francisco), regidor at S. Jos< 1802. ii. 134; still at S. Jose" '41, 
 age 68, nat. of Sonora, widower. He was perhaps the father of the S.F. Va- 
 lencias. The family name is borne by a leading street in S.F. V. (Gregorio), at 
 S. Bern. '46. V. (Guadalupe), at S. Jos< '41, age 26, wife Ramona Martinez, 
 child Miguel b. '40. V. (Ignacio), settler at Los Ang. 1808. ii. 349; at S. 
 Bern. '46, age 25, prob. a son. V. (Jos6 de Jesus), soldier of the S.F. comp. 
 '27-37; in '42 at S.F., age 35, wife Julia Sanchez, child. Catarina b. '35, Riso 
 '37, and Francisco; corp. of defensores '44. V. (J. M. ), his wife the 1st person 
 buried at S.F. '76. i. 296. V. (Jos6 Ramon), b. at S.F. '28, grantee and cl. 
 of mission lots. iv. 673; in Marin Co. '65-76. V. (Julio), at S. Jos< '41, 
 age 35, wife Concepcion Alviso, child. Cirilo b. '28, Guadalupe '33, Magda- 
 lena '45, Manuel '39; in '44 of the S. Jos< guard, iv. 685. V. (Manuel), set- 
 
VALENCIA VALLE. 755 
 
 tier at S. Jose" 1788, died. i. 477. V. (Manuel), grantee of Canada de Pinole, 
 Contra Costa, iv. 672. V. (Manuel), at Los Ang. '37 in jail; known as 'El 
 Chino.' V. (Miguel), 2d alcalde at Sta B. '29; soldier before '37, wife Prisca 
 Olivera; alcalde '31-2, iii. 653, 212; maj. at Sta Ines '39. iii. 664. V. (Ra 
 mon), grantee of land at S. Gabriel, iv. 637. V. (Ritillo), arrested '38. iii. 
 638; a leader in Los Ang. tumult '45. iv. 523. V. (Vicente), sindico at Sta 
 B. '27, '39. ii. 572; iii. 52, 654; wife Margarita Valenzuela, 4 child, before '37. 
 Valentin, at Soledad '26. ii. 623. Valentino, at N. Helv. '47-8. Valen 
 zuela (Antonio), at Sta B. before '37, wife Maria Ant. Felix; grantee of land 
 at S. Juan Cap. '41. iv. 626; land at S. Gabriel '43. iv. 637; at S. Gabriel'46. 
 V. (Desiderio and Dolores), at Los Ang. '46-8. V. (Estanislao), soldier of 
 the S.F. comp. '27-31; at Los Ang. '46. V. (Felipe and Francisco), at Los 
 Ang. '46. V. (Gaspar), zanjero at Los Ang. '44. iv. 633; resid. '39-48. V. 
 (Ignacio), invalido at Sta B, ! 32, wife Felipa Fernandez, child Juana. V. 
 (Ignacio), named in '46. v. 162. V. (Joaquin), at Los Ang. '39, age 29; at 
 S. Gab. '46-7 as juez de campo. v. 628; at Sta B. '50. V. ( Jose"), at Los Ang. 
 
 '46. V. (Jos< Maria), at Los Ang. '15. ii. 350; soldier at Sta B. '32; alcalde 
 at Sta B. '35. iii. 654; maj. at Sta B. mission '38. iii. 656-7; admin, at Pu- 
 rfsima '38-41. iii. 666; iv. 648; still at Sta B. '51. His wife was Josefa Cota, 
 with 4 children before '37. V. (Jose' Sabas), at Los Ang. '46. V. (Luis), 
 soldier at Sta B. '32, wife Josefa Rocha; at Los Ang. '46-8. V. (Manuel), 
 soldier of Sta B. 1799; settled at Los Ang. 1800. ii. 349. V. (Manuel), corp. 
 at Mont. '36, age 22. V. (Maximo), juez de campo at Los Ang. '38. iii. 636; 
 still there '48. V. (Pedro), settler at Los Ang. 1798. ii. 350; at Los Ang. 
 '46; d. S. Juan Cap. '68. V. (Pr6spero), owner of land at S. Gab. '43. iv. 
 637. V. (Ramon), at Los Ang. '46-8. V. (Salvador), ranchero at Sta B. 
 '45. V. (Secundino), at Los Ang. '39-46. V. (Segundo), settler at Los 
 Ang. 1800-19. ii. 349, 354 
 
 Valle (Antonio del), 1819, Mex. lieut of the S. Bias infantry comp., sta 
 tioned at S.F. for a few years, ii. 253, 265, 371; in '22 accompanied the 
 can6nigo to Ross, ii. 464, and from that year was in com. of the inf. comp. 
 at Mont. ii. 534, 536, 583, 609, 675, 549; iii. 26. In '23-4 he was in trouble, 
 was tried by a military court for breaches of discipline, and once ordered to 
 S. Bias, but was finally permitted to remain. His troubles seem to have 
 sprung from the hostility of Gov. Argiiello, against whom he made many 
 complaints; and he was not released from arrest till '26. Robinson describes 
 him in '31 as 'a little dried-up piece of vanity.' In '32 he supported Zamorano, 
 going to Los Ang. with Ibarra, iii. 227; ment. in '34. iii. 271; in '34-5 he was 
 comisionado for the secularization of S. Fern., where he served also as major- 
 domo to '37. iii. 346, 353, 646-7. He opposed Alvarado in '36, was arrested 
 in '37, and supported Carlos Carrillo in '38. iii. 488, 504, 545. In '39 he was 
 grantee of S. Francisco rancho, iii. 633, where he died in '41, the same year 
 that gold was discovered on his place. V. (Antonio), soldier of the Hidalgo 
 batallon at Mont. '36, age 14; juez de paz at Sonoma '46. v. 668. V. (Ig 
 nacio), 1825, son of the lieut and nat. of Jalisco, who came to Cal. with 
 Echeandia, and in '28 became a cadet in the Sta B. comp., going to S. Diego 
 with the gov. and serving as ayudante de plaza, ii. 572, 549. In '31-2 he 
 joined the pronunciados against Victoria and Zamorano, though his father 
 served on the other side, being made alferez in '31, and attached to the Mont, 
 comp. from '32. iii. 201, 204, 227, 671. He was comisionado to secularize S. 
 Gabriel '33, Sta Cruz '34, and S.F. '35. iii. 289, 326, 346, 354, 644, 694-5, 
 714-15. Don Ignacio supported Gutierrez against Alvarado in '36, going south 
 after G.'s downfall, supporting Carrillo, and being sent to Sonoma as a pris 
 oner in '38. iii. 463, 545, 449, 555, 566, 578. In '39 he is named asalf., habili- 
 tado, and supl. vocal of the junta; but was mustered out of the mil. service 
 the same year, iii. 583, 590, 592, 641, 651, though still ment. as habil. in '40-1. 
 On the death of his father in '41 he settled on the S. Francisco rancho, where 
 in '42 he was appointed juez of the new mining district, iv. 297, 315, 630-1 ; 
 in '43 elector, suplente of the junta, and grantee of Tejon. iv. 361, 635; in 
 45-6 still memb. and sec. of the junta, memb. elect of the consejo, and treas- 
 
756 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 urer of the civil govt by Pico's appointment, iv. 519, 521, 547, 558, 631; v. 
 35. He was alcalde at Los Ang. in '50, recorder in '50-1 , member of the coun 
 cil and of the legisl. '52. His record throughout his career is that of a faith 
 ful officer and excellent citizen. In '77, living at his rancho of Camulos, he 
 dictated for me his recollections of Lo Pasado de California, and gave me a 
 col. of Doc. Hist. OaL, which contains some important papers. He died in 
 '80 at the age of 72. Of his family I know only that a son, R. F., is in '85 
 prominent in Cal. politics, having been member of the assembly and state 
 senator. V. (Luis), 1834, com. of the Morelos. iii. 269, 383. V. (Rafael), 
 teacher at S. Jose '21. ii. 379. 
 
 Vallejo (Ignacio Vicente Ferrer), 1774, nat. of Jalisco, Mex., son of Ge- 
 r6nimo V. and Antonia Gomez, b. in 1748, of pure Span, blood, and of a fam 
 ily which included many persons of education, especially several priests, 
 friars, and nuns of some prominence, as is proved by a certificate of limpieza 
 de sangre founded on testimony taken in Jalisco 1806 at the petition of Juan 
 Jos6 V., a priest and brother of Ignacio. The latter, however, had no incli 
 nation for education or the church; nothing definite is known of his early 
 life; but in '73, at the age of 25, he enlisted at Compostela under Rivera 
 for Cal. service, and arrived at S. Diego in Sept. '74 with Lieut Ortega. He 
 was a somewhat unmanageable soldier, often in trouble; but was praised 
 for bravery in connection with the Ind. rising at S. D. in '75. i. 255; and in 
 '76 was given leave of absence from mil. service to become an employe" at S. 
 Luis Ob. i. 299, 428; being formally discharged, I suppose, at the expiration of 
 his enlistment term. From '81 he was employed at S. Carlos, having, it seems, 
 much skill and energy in directing agric. and irrigation works, though by no 
 means a model of regular conduct, as is shown by occasional charges and rep 
 rimands. In '85 he was appointed comisionado of S. Josd; reenlisted in '87 
 for 10 years in the Mont. comp. ; was promoted to corporal '89; and in '95 
 was removed from his position at S. Jos6 on complaint of the citizens; being 
 corp. of the escolta at Soledad in '93-5; returning to S. Jos6 as superintend 
 ent of flax culture '95-6, and holding again the post of comisionado, or perhaps 
 corp. of the guard, in '97-9. i. 439, 478-9, 499, 543, 552, 587, 620, 710-11, 
 716-19, 725. In 1799 he was made comisionado at Branciforte, holding that 
 place for several years, or more than once, the records not being quite clear. 
 i. 571; ii. 156; in 1805 was promoted to sergt, and in 1807 having ob 
 tained the certificate of gentle blood in 1806, as mentioned above was de 
 clared sargento distinguido. ii. 140-1, 182; iii. 451. I have his hojas de 
 servicio of dif. dates, showing him to have been engaged in several Ind. cam 
 paigns, and to have been recommended for promotion, which prob. on 
 account of his intractability and early irregularities he did not get. In '18 
 he is ment. in connection with the Bouchard affair, subsequently being em 
 ployed on certain public works at Mont. ii. 230-1, 339, 379, 381, 609. In 
 24 he was sent to S. Luis Ob. on service connected with the Ind. revolt of 
 that year; asking the same year for retirement, which was apparently not 
 granted, though he got a grant of the Bolsa de S. Cayetano rancho, on which 
 his cattle had been for some years, ii. 536-7, 615-16, 619, 664; iii. 43, 678; 
 ment. in '30. iii. 83. He died at Mont, in '31 at the age of 83. Don Ignacio 
 is described in his enlistment papers as 5 ft 5^ in. in height, with brown 
 hair, gray eyes, short nose, full beard, and fair complexion. He was a rough, 
 coarse-grained, uneducated man; proud of his Spanish blood and family; 
 haughty in manner, insubordinate and unmanageable as a soldier, and often 
 in trouble with his superiors; careless in his morals; but endowed with con 
 siderable force and executive ability, and honorable and straightforward, I 
 think, in his dealings with other men. His wife was Maria Antonia, daughter 
 of Francisco Lugo, married in 1790, who died in '53. There were 13 children, 
 5 sons 4 of whom survived their father, and are named in this register and 
 8 daughters 3 of whom, including Magdalena b. 1833, IsiJora, and the wife 
 of Mariano Soberanes, died before 31. The survivors were Prudenciana, who 
 married Jos6 Amesti, and died after '77. Encarnacion, who married Capt. J. 
 B. R. Cooper, and still lives in '85; Rosalia, Mrs J. P. Leese, living in '85; 
 
VALLEJO. 757 
 
 Josefa, wife of Alvarado (ii. 141), Estrada, and Madariaga successively; and 
 Maria de Jesus, still living in '53. 
 
 Vallejo (JostS de Jesus), son of Ignacio, b. at S. Jose" in 1798; 1st named in 
 records of the Bouchard affair of 1818, when he perhaps commanded a battery 
 at Mont. ii. 229-32, 234. From about '24 he seems to have lived at the Bolsa 
 de S. Cayetano, belonging to his father and after '31 to himself, till '36, 
 being suplente of ths diputacion in '33, regidor at Mont, in '35, and capt. of 
 militia artill. under Alvarado in '36-8. ii. 615; iii. 82, 246, 430, 457, 474, 511, 
 525, 567, 673, 678, 732. From '36 he was comisionado and admin, of S. Jose" 
 mission, iii. 725; iv. 47, 194; in '39 suplente of the junta, iii. 590; in '40 en 
 gaged in an Ind. campaign, iv. 76, 138; and in '40-2 grantee of the Arroyo 
 de la Alameda, for which in later years he was the successful claimant, iii. 
 711; iv. 670. He was mil. com. at S. Jos6 '41-2, and is ment. in '44. iv. 201, 
 465, 684, 686; delegate to the consejo general '46. v. 45; Cal. claim of $2,825 
 '46-7 (v. 462). He spent the rest of his life at Mission S. Jose", where he was 
 postmaster in '52, and in '75 dictated for my use his Rtminiscencias His- 
 tdricas. He died in '82 at the age of '84. His wife was Soledad Sanchez, 
 and two daughters, Teresa and Guadalupe, survived him. V. (Juan 
 Antonio), son of Ignacio, owner of S.F. lot '40. iii. 706; v. 681; supleute 
 juez at Mont. '43. iv. 653; aux. de policia '46. v. 637. He was later a 
 ranchero in the Pajaro Valley, having but little to do with public affairs at 
 any time. Died at Mont. '57. Larkin describes him as the most popular of 
 the brothers. 
 
 Vallejo (Mariano Guadalupe), son of Ignacio, b. at Mont, in 1808, and 
 educated at the same town. ii. 429; see a sketch of his life to '36 in iii. 471-3. 
 He entered the mil. service in '23 (or from Jan. 1, '24) as cadet of the Mont, 
 comp., and in '27 was promoted to alferez of the S.F. comp., though remain 
 ing at Mont, till '30 as habilitado and sometimes acting com., being in '27 a 
 suplente of the dip., and in '29 a prisoner of the Solis revoltei-s, besides mak 
 ing a somewhat famous exped. against the Ind. ii. 583-4, 608; iii. 36, 65, 69, 
 73, 89, 112-14. From '30 he served at S.F., being com. from '31; but as 
 memb. of the dip. during the revolution against Victoria, of which he was an 
 active promoter, and the Zamorano-Echeandia regime of '32, he was absent in 
 the south much of the time. iii. 50, 99, 187, 189, 192-3, 200, 212, 216-19, 365, 
 399, 701. In '33, though denied a place in the dip. on account of his mil. rank, V. 
 was sent to the northern frontier to select a presidio site and to inspect the 
 Russian establishment, on which he made a report; and was also occupied by 
 troubles with his soldiers and with the missionaries, iii. 245-8, 254-5, 321-4, 
 393, 631, 699, 716; iv. 161-2. In '34 he was promoted to lieut, sent as comi 
 sionado to secularize Solano mission, and was grantee of the Petalumarancho, 
 besides being intrusted with the preliminary steps toward establishing a civil 
 
 ovt at S.F., and being elected a substitute member of congress, iii. 256-8, 
 79, 292, 712, 719-20. In '35 he was the founder of Sonoma, being made com. 
 mil. and director of colonization on the northern frontier, engaging also in 
 Ind. campaigns, iii. 286-7, 294, 354, 360, 363, 721-3; and from this time was 
 indefatigable in his efforts to promote the settlement and development of the 
 north, efforts that were none the less praiseworthy because they tended to 
 advance his own personal interests. From '35 he was the most independent 
 and in some respects the most powerful man" in Cal. The year '36 brought 
 new advancement, for though Lieut V. took no active part in the revolution, 
 yet after the first success had been achieved, such was the weight of his name, 
 that under Alvarado 's new govt he was made comandante general of Cal., 
 taking the office on Nov. 29th, and was advanced to the rank of colonel 
 by the Cal. authorities; and in the sectional strife of '37-9, though not per 
 sonally taking part in mil. operations, he had more influence than any 
 other man in sustaining Alvarado, being advanced by the Mex. govt in '38 to 
 the rank of capt. of the comp. and colonel of defensores, his position as com 
 andante militar being recognized by Mex. from '39. iii. 423, 429-30, 440-3, 
 456-7, 471-4, 488-9, 511-14, 523-5, 531-4, 541-4, 546-7, 561-2, 567, 570,-4, 
 579-83, 590-2, 594, 670, 718; iv. 47, 67, 70-4, 86-7, 145. The new admin. 
 
758 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 being fully established, Gen. V. gave his attention not only to the develop 
 ment of his frontera del norte, but to an attempted reorganization of the 
 presidial companies in anticipation of foreign invasion, and to the commercial 
 interests of Cal. ; but insuperable obstacles were encountered, the general's 
 views being in some respects extravagant, the powers at Mont, not being iu 
 sympathy with his reforms, and a quarrel with Alvarado being the result. 
 Meanwhile no man's name is more prominent in the annals of '39-42, space 
 permitting special reference here only to his relations with Sutter and with the 
 Russians, iii. 595-604; iv. 11-12, 61, 92, 121, 128-9, 133-4, 165, 171-8, 196, 
 198-206, 208, 213-14, 218-20, 237-9, 249-52, 273-5. After several years of 
 controversy with the gov., and large sacrifices of private means in fruitless 
 efforts to serve his country, the general induced the Mex. govt to unite the 
 mil. and civil commands in one officer from abroad, and turned over his 
 command to Micheltorena in '42. There is no foundation for the current 
 charge that he sought the governorship and overreached himself. Under the 
 new admin, he was promoted to lieut-colonel and made com. mil. of the linea 
 del norte, his jurisdiction extending south toSta Ine"s. iv. 281-93, 312-17, 338. 
 In '43 he was granted the Soscol rancho for supplies furnished the govt, his 
 grant of Petaluma being extended; and was engaged in '43-4 not only in his 
 routine duties and efforts for progress, but in minor controversies with 
 Micheltorena, Mercado, and Sutter. iv. 351-3, 356-7, 373, 386-8, 396, 402, 
 407-8, 423, 444-5, 672, 674. From this time the general clearly foresaw the 
 fate of his country, and became more and more satisfied with the prospects, 
 though still conscientiously performing his duties as a Mex. officer. In the 
 movement against Micheltorena in '44-5 he decided to remain neutral, un 
 willing and believing it unnecessary to act against a ruler appointed through 
 his influence, and still less disposed to engage in a campaign, the expense of 
 which he would have to bear, in support of a treacherous governor; but he 
 discharged his soldiers to take sides as they chose, and warmly protested 
 against Sutter's villany in arming foreigners and Ind. against his country, 
 the only phase of the affair likely to give a serious aspect to the expulsion of 
 the cholos. Meanwhile he was a faithful friend to the immigrants, iv. 459-60, 
 462-5, 481-2, 486, 516, 519, 530, 561, 603, 608. In the spring of '46 he was 
 an open friend of the U.S. as against the schemes for an English protecto 
 rate, though his famous speech on that subject must be regarded as purely 
 imaginary, v. 17, 28, 36, 41, 43, 46, 59-63, 66, 105-6; and in June- Aug., 
 perhaps because of his devotion to the cause of the U.S. in its more legit 
 imate form, he was cast into prison at Sutter's fort by the Bears, being rather 
 tardily released by the U.S. authorities, and even awarded some slight honors, 
 and a considerable amount of his 'Cal. claim' being later allowed as partial 
 recompense for his losses, v. 111-21, 123-6, 157, 297-300. 467-8. Commissions 
 of brevet colonel and colonel were issued to him in Mex. in July and Sept. 
 Still mindful of the interests of his section, he gave the site on which Benicia 
 was founded, the town being named for his wife. v. 670-1 ; and in '47 he 
 received the appointments of legislative councillor and Ind. agent, v. 433, 
 539, 568, 610, 667-8. In '49 Vallejo was a member of theconstit. convention, 
 in '50 a member of the 1st state senate; from that time he was engaged in 
 brilliant and financially disastrous schemes to make Benicia the permanent 
 capital of Cal., of which more will be found in vol. vi. of this work; and in '52 
 et seq. the claimant for several ranches, with varying success. In later years 
 Gen. V. has continued to reside at Sonoma to '85, often called upon to take 
 part in public affairs, though reduced financially to what, in comparison with 
 the wealth that once seemed secure in his grasp, must seem like poverty. 
 That he has been from 1830 one of the leading figures in Cal. annals is clearly 
 shown in the records to which I have referred above; and in connection with 
 the narrative thus referred to will be found much of comment on his acts and 
 character. Here it must suffice to say that without by any means having 
 approved his course in every case, I have found none among the Californians 
 whose public record in respect of honorable conduct, patriotic zeal, executive 
 ability, and freedom from petty prejudices of race, religion, or sectional poll- 
 
VALLEJO-VANCE. 759 
 
 tics is more evenly favorable than his. As a private citizen he was always 
 generous and kind-hearted, maintaining his self-respect as a gentleman and 
 commanding the respect of others, never a gambler or addicted to strong 
 drink, though by no means strict in his relations with women. In the earlier 
 times he was not in all respects a popular man by reason of his haughty, aris 
 tocratic, overbearing ways that resulted from, pride of race, of wealth, and 
 of military rank. Experience, however, and long before the time of his com 
 parative adversity, effected a gradual disappearance of his least pleasing 
 characteristics, though the general still retained a pompous air and grandilo 
 quence of speech that unfavorably impress those who know him but slightly. 
 He is in a sense the last survivor of old-time Califoruians of his class; and 
 none will begrudge him the honor that is popularly accorded, even if praise 
 sometimes degenerates into flattery. He is a man of some literary culture, 
 and has always taken adeep interest in his country's history. Many of his writ 
 ings are named in my list of authorities. His services tome in this connection 
 have been often and most gladly acknowledged. His collection of Doc. Hist. 
 Cod. is a contribution of original data that has never been equalled in this or 
 any other state. His MS. Historia de Cat., while of course not to be compared 
 with the original documents, is not only the most extensive but the most 
 fascinating of its class; and while, like the works of Bandini, Osio, Alvarado, 
 Pico, and the rest, it is a strange mixture of fact and fancy, yet to a student 
 who has the key to its cipher, it is a most useful aid; and moreover it should 
 be stated that its defects are not all fairly attributable to the author. In '32 
 Vallejo married Francisca, daughter of Joaquin Carrillo of S. Diego, who still 
 lives in '85. They had 13 children. None of the sons has ever been prominent in 
 public life; one of them, Platon, is a well-known physician of Vallejo a town 
 that, like a street in S.F., bears his father's name; and two others still reside 
 in Cal. Two of the daughters married the Frisbie brothers and two others 
 the Haraszthys all well-known men, and four or live I think still live in Cal. 
 
 Vallejo (Salvador), son of Ignacio, b. in '14. His early years were passed 
 as a ranchero, but in '30 his brother established him at Sonoma, where he 
 ranked as capt. of militia, was often in com. of the post, engaged in many 
 Ind. campaigns, went south to serve Alvarado in the Las Florea campaign of 
 '38, served as juez de paz in '39, when he also had an appointment as admin, 
 of Solano mission; was capt. of defensores from '44. iii. 511-12, 522, 547, 552, 
 529, 551, 591, 720-3, 71-2, 163, 197, 252, 355, 362-3, 407, 444, 465, 678. He 
 was grantee of the Napa ranchoin "38, of Salvador's ranchoin '39, and of Lup- 
 yomi in '44. iii. 705, 712; iv. 671. In '46 he was a prisoner of the Bears, v. 
 112-21, 298-9; is named in connection with the Walla Walla affair, v. 302; 
 and had a Cal. claim, $11,000 of which was paid. v. 467. He is said to have 
 made a large amount of money in '48-9 by the aid of Ind. miners; but his 
 lands passed gradually out of his possession, though he was a successful cl. 
 for Llajome. iv. 671. In '63 he was commissioned major of the native Cal. 
 cavalry, going to Ariz., but engaging in no active service. He died at Sonoma, 
 where he had long lived with the general, in 76. Don Salvador was a rough, 
 hard-d. inking, unprincipled fellow; recklessly brave, and often inhumanly 
 cruel in his Ind. warfare; very popular among his countrymen, though easily 
 provoked to quarrel; generous and hospitable to the early immigrants, though 
 hostile to Americans and to all foreigners as a rule. He dictated some Notas 
 HiKt6ricas for my use, but his good qualities as a historian did not include 
 truthfulness. His wife was Maria de la Luz Carrillo, but I have no further 
 information about his family. Vallely (John), 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 
 499). Vallivode (Stephen), 1839-40, doubtful name, mr of the Elena, iv. 103. 
 Vallobodski (Stephen), 1837, mr of the Sitka. iv. 106; doubtful name, prob. 
 same as preceding. Valois (Antoine), 1846, Frenchman at Los Ang. Val- 
 verde (Agustin), tailor at Los Ang. '39, age 27. V. (Jose" M.), Mex. tailor 
 at Los Ang. '36, age 29, wife Francisca, child Jose*. 
 
 Vanallen (John), at Sta Cruz. Vanaken (Paul), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. 
 dragoons (v. 336). Vanauken (Philander), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 Vanbussum (J.V.), 1847, Co. B, ditto; d. before '82. Vance (Robert), 1847, 
 
760 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518); living in '64. Vancoeur (Francis), 1846, from 
 N. Mex. with Kearny. Lancey. Vancouver (Geo.), 1792, English navigator 
 who accompanied Capt. Cook in his famous voyages; and in 1792-4 three 
 times visited Cal. in com. of an exploring exped. to the N. W. coast and round 
 the world. His Voyage contains much of interest on Cal., and is a standard 
 work on the regions farther north. Capt. V. died in 1798. For his visits to 
 Cal. and his book, see i. 510-29; ment. i. 503, 506, 533, 538, 602, 619, 623, 645- 
 6, 649, 653, 658-9, 607-9, 674-5, 681-2, 685-6, 696, 698, 702-5, 714, 724; ii. 23, 
 121-2, 206; see also Hist N, W. Coast, i., this series. Vanderbeck (J), 1847, 
 owner of a S.F. lot. Vandussey, 1847, at Sutler's fort. Vanegas (Cosine), 
 invalido at Sta B. '32, wife Bernardina Alvarez, child Estefana; ranchero at 
 Sta B. '45. V. (Jose"), Ind. settler at Los Ang. 1781; alcalde '88, '96. i. 345, 
 
 348, 461, 661. V. (Pablo), at Sta B. before '37, wife Rita Rodriguez, and 4 
 children. Vanhorn (Barnett), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518); d. before 
 '64. Vankensen (Jeremiah), 1847, Co. I, N. Y.Vol. (v. 499); d. Aroca, N.Y., 
 '55. Vanness (Henry), 1848, nat. of N.J., who came from the Society Isl., 
 became a pilot on S.F. Bay, and was lost in '67 on the pilot-boat Caleb Curtis, 
 age 47, leaving a widow and 3 children. Vanpelt (Jacob), 1847, Co. E, N. 
 Y.Vol. (v. 499); owner of S.F. lot; d. at S.F. '49. Vanriper (Abraham), 
 1847, sergt Co. E, N. Y.Vol. (v. 499); d. on the Mokelumne '48-9. Van- 
 vechten (Geo.), 1847, Co. H, ditto; at New Brunswick, N.J., 74-82. Van- 
 zandt (R. H.), 1847, mid. on the U.S. Columbus. 
 
 Varela, 1818, mr of the S. Ruperto. ii. 291-2. V. (Casimiro), one of the 
 1st settlers at S.F. 1777. i. 297. V. (Hilario), ringleader with his brother in 
 a Los Ang. revolt. '44-5; also in '46. iv. 476, 538, 540-1; v. 308. V. (Man 
 uel), killed by Pomponio before '24. ii. 537. V. (Sdrbulo), brother of Hila 
 rio, a turbulent character at Los Ang. '38-9, age 26; engaged in revolts of '45- 
 6; and taking part in the last campaigns against the U.S. iii. 564, 589; iv. 
 540-1; v. 307-14, 325. Varelas (Casimiro), settler at Los Ang. 1790; d. be 
 fore 1816. V. (Cayetano), settler at Los Ang. 1809-19; still there in '46. ii. 
 
 349, 354. V. (Ignacio), settler at Los Ang. '15. ii. 349. Vargas (Fran 
 cisco), Los Ang. trader '39, age 37; alfe~rez of Mont. comp. '43, and appointed 
 instructor of the S. Juan comp. of defensores '44. iv. 652, 407. V. (Josefa 
 Rodriguez de), wife of Capt. Soler. i. 398. V. (Jose" Manuel), 1828, Mex. 
 convict, liberated in '34. V. (Julian), 1831, perhaps of Young's party from 
 N. Mex. iii. 388. V. (Manuel), 1781, soldier of the Mont, comp.; cabo dis- 
 tinguido in 1787; sergt of the comp. from about '87 to : 94, being generally 
 employed by Gov. Fages as a clerk. On retiring from the service he taught 
 school at S. Jose", S. Diego, and Sta B. down to 1800 or later, i. 468, 484, 
 642-4, 680, 688. His wife, married at S.F. 1783, was Marj'a Certrudis Linares, 
 and in '95 there was a daughter named Micaela. V. (Mariano), friar named 
 for Cal. 1801; did not come. ii. 159. Vargas Machuca, 1834, named by 
 Janssens as a Mex. alfdrez who came with the colony. Varney, 1841, mr of 
 the Thos Perkins, iv. 569. V. (Sam.), 1846, mr of the Angola, v. 576; and 
 trader at S.F. '46-8. 
 
 Vasquez, at Mont. '28. ii. 615. V., at S.F. '44, age 48. V., mr of the 
 Flecha '48. V. (Antonio), soldier of the Mont. comp. '36, age 20; perhaps 
 the man killed at Los Ang. '45. iv. 492. V. (Atanasio), settler at S. Jose" 
 1786. i. 477. V. (Felipe), of the Mont, policia '33. iii. 673; grantee of 
 Chamizal '35. iii. 677; in '36 at Pilarcitos, age 54, wife Maria Nicanor Lugo, 
 child. Jos<5 Ant. b. '20, Pedro '22, Dionisio '24, Sinforosa '26, and Manuel '32. 
 V. (Hermenegildo), soldier at Mont. 1809; regidor at S. Jose" '27. ii. 605; 
 grantee of land '35. V. (Jose"), soldier of S.F. comp. '19-24; at Mont. '48; 
 S. Luis Ob. '51. V. (Jose" Ign.), settler at S. Jos< 1777. i. 312. V. (Jose- 
 Maria), 1829, Mex. convict set a liberty '33; at S. Jose" '41, age 31, wife An 
 drea Garcia, child Susana b. '36. V. (Julio), at Mont. '36, nat. of Cal., age 
 40, wife of Brigida German, child. Ambrosia b. '16, Apolonia'18, Ramon '23, 
 Gregorio '26, Domingo '28, Maria Guad. '30, Altagracia '32, Perseverancia '33, 
 Juan '34, Marcos '35. V. (Pedro), applic. for land '45. iv. 656; cl. for Son- 
 lajule '52. iv. 674; Cal. claim $3,375 '46-7 (v. 462). Vasquez (Tiburcio), 
 
VASQUEZ-VERDUGO. 761 
 
 Mex. settler at S.F. 1777, and at S. Jose" '83. i. 297, 350 (another named as a 
 convict of '98. i. 006); named in the S. Jose" padron of '93, wife Maria Bo- 
 horques, child. Felipe, Maria, Hermenegildo, Rosalia, Faustino, and Felix; 
 alcalde 1802, 1807. ii. 134, 192; slndico'24. ii. 605. He seems to have died in 
 '27. The famous bandit of later years was prob. his grandson. V. (Tiburcio), 
 prob. son of the preceding; soldier of the S.F. comp. '19-25; in '39 regi- 
 dor at S.F., and grantee of Corral de Tierra rancho. iii. 705, 711; in '40-6 
 admin, and maj. of S.F. mission, iii. 715; iv. 675; v. 660; named in the 
 
 rdron of '42, b. at S. Jose", age 49, wife Alvira Hernandez, child. Juan Jose" 
 '25, Barbara '27, Josefa '29, Siriaca '31, Jose" Maria '32, Purificacion '33, 
 Luciano '34, Francisco '36, Francisca '38, and Pablo '40. He was still at S.F., 
 a witness in the Santillan case, '55. V. (Timoteo), at Branciforte 1803. ii. 
 156. Vassilief, 1820, com. of Russ. vessels, ii. 319. 
 
 Vealy (John), 1829, Amer. cooper, age 34, who landed at S. Pedro ill from 
 a Hon. vessel. Vedder (Peter G.), 1847, Co. H, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); d. in 
 Nicaragua '56. Vega (Jose"), sergt killed by Ind. at the Colorado Riv. 
 pueblos, i. 359-62. V. (Matfas), soldier at S. Juan Cap. 1776; killed at 
 Colorado Riv. pueblos 1781. i. 303, 359-62. V. (Victoriano), 1834, came 
 from Mex. in the H. & P. colony at the age of 24; in 77 at S. Gabriel gaining 
 a living by making cigarettes. He gave me a MS. dictation of 62 p. on Vida 
 Californiana. His real name was Esparza. V. (Jose" M.), 1769, Span, arriero 
 killed by Ind. at S. Diego, i. 138. V. (Emigdio), juez de campoat LosAng. 
 '38; juez de paz at S. Juan '44-5; grantee of Boca de la Playa '46. iii. 636; 
 iv. 627. In '46 living at S. Juan Cap. He was 35 years old, wife Rafaela 
 A"vila, child. Maria de Jesus b. '38, Jesus '43, Ramon '45. V. (Emilio), 
 aided in taking Los Ang. '37. iii. 519. V. Enrique), juez de campo at Los 
 Ang. '40. ii. 637. V. (Francisco), settler at S. Jose" 1791-5. i. 716-17; man 
 of same name, son of Ricardo, at Los Ang. '46-77. V. (Juan Cris6stomo), 
 regidor at Los Ang. '39, age 25. iii. 636; member of the council '65-70. V. 
 (Ldzaro and Manuel), at Los Aug. '46. V. (Pablo), son of Salvador, b. at S. 
 Diego in 1802; soldier of the S. D. comp. from '21, but soon sent to Mont, for 
 an attempt to desert. In '28-9 he was a leader in the revolt, and wa? sent to 
 Mex. in '30, but returned in '33. iii. 66-7, 69, 74, 85; again ment. in '37. iii. 
 519; and in a revolt of '46, being taken prisoner at S. Pascual. v. 308, 347. 
 His wife was a daughter of Juan M. Felix and Isabel Cota. In '77, living near 
 Spadra with his brother Ricardo, with a large family and in great poverty, 
 he dictated 90 pages of the Recuerdos de un Virjo for my use. V. (Ramon), 
 at Los Ang. '46. V. (Ricardo), son of Salvador; in '33 juez de campo 
 LosAng. iii. 635; grantee of S. Jose", or Azuza, '37-40. iii. 633; age 28 in'39. 
 He became a rich man, but was reduced to poverty, and in '77 lived near 
 Spadra with a large family. V. (Salvador), 1792, Mex. carpenter-instructor 
 at S. Diego '92-5; at Mont. '96. i. 615, 684. His wife was Maria Josefa Lopez. 
 
 Vela (Martin), at Branciforte '28-30. ii. 627; wife Maria de la Luz Fuentes. 
 Velarde (Baltasar), at S. Bern. '46, age 34. V. (Desiderio), Los Aug. hatter, 
 age 38, in '39. V. (Jacobo), settler at S. Jose" 1791-1800. i. 716; alcalde in 
 '98. Velasquez (Jose"), 1781, alfe"rez of the S. Diego comp., engaged in ex 
 plorations to the Colorado Riv. and in other directions; d. at S. Gabriel 1785. 
 i. 340, 367, 451, 454-5; ii. 44. V. (Jos<), 1798, convict settler at Branci 
 forte 1798-1803. i. 606; ii. 156. V. (Jose"), corporal of the S. Diego comp. 
 1803. ii. 14, 103. Velez (Miguel), sirviente at S.F. 1777. i. 297. V. (Ra 
 fael), appointed sec. of the com. gen. '29; did not come. iii. 54. Velsor 
 (Stephen), 1847, Co. A, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. before '82. Vendurm, 1846, 
 doubtful name in a Los Ang. list. 
 
 Verdia (Jos6), died in '16, leaving hia property to the mission fund. ii. 
 407; iv. 338. Verdugo (Cris6stomo), at Los Ang. 46. V. (Francisco), at 
 Los Ang. '39, age 38. V. (Jose" Antonio), at S. Bern. '46, age 20. V. (Jose" 
 Maria), retired corp. of the S. Diego comp. and S. Gabriel escolta, who was 
 grantee of the S. Rafael rancho in 1784, '98, and is often named down to 1816 
 in connection with farming operations, i. 553, 609, 612, 661, 664; ii. Ill, 185, 
 350, 353, 663; iii. 634. V. (Juan Diego), at S. Diego 1776; wife Maria Ign. 
 
7G2 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 de la Concepcion Carrillo, who in '50 was cl. for the Flix rancho, granted in 
 '43. iv. 634; daughter Rosalia, married to Sergt Gongora. V. (Julio), son 
 of Jos6 Maria; aux. alcalde at S. Rafael rancho '31, '33, '36, and juez de 
 campo '40. iii. 635-7; cl. for the rancho '52. V. (Manuel), juez de campo 
 at S. Diego '41. iv. 619; soldier, retired with rank of lieut '44. iv. 408. V. 
 (Mariano), 1769, soldier of the 1st exped., serving in the S. Diego comp. ; 
 sergt at Mont. '81-7; settler at Los Ang. 1787-1819 or later, being alcalde in 
 1790-3, 1802; grantee of Portezuelo rancho 1795. i. 252-3, 461, 468, 661-2; 
 ii. 110, 350, 353-4, 663. V. (Miguel), at Sta Ana rancho Los Ang. '39, age 
 26; at S. Juan Cap. '41. iv. 626. V. (Pedro and Teodoro), at Los Ang. '46. 
 Verduzco (Francisco), 1834, Mex. ex-capt., who was connected with the H. 
 & P. colony; but being implicated in the alleged revolt of '35 was sent to 
 Mex. as a prisoner, iii. 281, 286, 288. Vergara (Quirino), 1842, cornet in 
 the batallon fijo '42-5. iv. 289. 
 
 Vermeule (Thomas L.), 1847, lieut Co. E, N.Y. Vol. v. 504, 511; nat. of 
 N.J.j mdmb. of the constit. convention '49; lawyer, politician, and writer for 
 the newspapers. He died at S. Jos6 before '67. Vermilion (John), 1840, one 
 of the exiles not known to have returned, iv. 18. Vernon (Richard), 1848, 
 overl. immig. with Allsopp. Verrot (Joseph), 1844, Canadian of Fremont's 
 party, remaining in Cal. iv. 437, 439, 453; named in the N. Helv. Diary, '46 
 -8; an early settler of YubaCo.; connected with the Donner relief, v. 537; 
 married Mary Luther in '48, and a son, Charles, was born in '50. Usually 
 called ' Vero' or 'Varro.' Vevis (Joseph), 1847, chief musician of N.Y. Vol. 
 v. 503; d. before '82. Vhor (Christopher), 1836, Arabian, age 49, at Mont. 
 
 Viader (Jos6), 1796, Span, friar who served for 37 years at Sta Clara, leav 
 ing Cal. in '33. Biog. iii. 726-7; ment. i. 577, 719-20, 723; ii. 56-7, 135, 137, 
 153, 159, 168, 218, 387, 394, 577, 585, 600, 623, 655; iii. 20, 88-9, 96, 318, 
 338, 365, 727. Viana (Francisco), 1791, lient in Malaspina's exped. i. 490. 
 Vice (James), 1846, sailor on the Dale. Vicente, corp. at Sta B. '38. iii. 
 656. Vich (Chris.), 1845, Amer. at Branciforte, age 20; doubtful name. 
 Vicbilman, 1823, mr of the Buldakof. ii. 492. Victoria (Manuel), 1830, 
 Mex. iieut-colonel, who came in '30 as gov. and com. gen. of Cal. appoint 
 ment March 8th, arrival Dec. and held that office from Jan. 31, '31, to Dec. 
 9th, when he yielded to a successful revolutionary movement, and sailed for 
 Mex. Jan. 17, '32. He was an honest and energetic officer, who as general 
 forgot that he was also governor; ignored the diputacion and all civil author 
 ities and precedents; and by his well-meant short cuts to justice by military 
 methods soon provoked a revolution that overwhelmed him. All that is known 
 of the man is contained in the narrative of his rule and downfall, iii. 181- 
 212. See also ment. in ii. 549, 551, 594; iii. 26, 54, 216-17, 233, 306-8, 364, 
 367-8, 374-6, 647, 652, 669-70; iv. 160. Vidal (Francisco), 1602, corp. in 
 Vizcaino's exped. i. 98. V. (John A.), 1847, Co. F, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); set 
 tled at Sta B., where in '53 he was killed in a fight over the possession of a 
 rancho. See Sta B. Co. Hist., 82. V. (Mariano), 1776, purveyor of Anza's 
 exped. to Cal. i. 258, 266. 
 
 Vigil (Francisco EsteVan), 1841, in com. of a trading caravan from N. 
 Mex. '41-2, and again in '48. iv. 207, 343; v. 625. Vignes (Jean), 1834, 
 nephew of Louis, age 22, who came from Hon. on the D. Quixote to join his 
 relatives at Los Ang. V. (Jean Louis), 1831, Fr. cooper and distiller, who 
 came from Hon. on the Louisa at the age of 48. iii. 405. His Fr. passp. was 
 dated Bordeaux '26. He at once applied for naturalization; in '32 joined the 
 comp. extranjera at Mont. iii. 221; but soon settled at Los Ang., where 
 he was in a sense the pioneer vineyardist and wine-maker, being joined by 
 his nephew in '34. His name is occasionally mentioned in '36 et seq. , he being 
 one of the vigilantes in '36, an applicant for Sta Catalina Isl. in '40, and rid 
 ing in the campaign against Micheltorena '45. iii. 417, 634; iv. 117, 495, 
 629; v. 49, 283, 365; had a Cal. claim of about $1,000 '46-7 (v. 462). He was 
 founder of the wine-making firm of Sainsevain & Co. ; was the cl. for Teme- 
 cula of which he had been in reality the grantee in '45, and of Pauba; and 
 died at Los Ang. '62 at the age of 79 (or 82). He had no family in Cal., was 
 
VIGNES VINCENT. 763 
 
 an excellent and popular citizen, and was familiarly known as Don Luis 
 del Aliso, from an immense sycamore, or cottonwood, on his land at Los Ang. 
 V. (Pierre E.), Fr. at Branciforte '45, age 50; at S. Jos6 '47. 
 
 Vila (Vicente), 1769, com. of the S. Carlos in the Istexped. '69-70. i. 116, 
 128-9, 136, 165-8. Villa (Antonio M.), prob. son of Joaquin; cl. for Te- 
 quepis rancho, Sta B. iv. 643. V. (Buenaventura), soldier of the Mont, 
 comp. '36. age 20. V. (Demetrio), at Los Ang. 39-48. V. (Diego), cole- 
 gial at Sta Ine"s '44. iv. 426. V. (Eletiterio), invalido soldier '44-5. iv. 408. 
 V. (Francisco), at Los Ang. 19. ii. 354; in charge of S. Jose" del Valle '36. 
 iii. 612; zanjero-atS. Gabriel '47. v. 628; juez de campo at S. Luis Ob. '49; 
 still at S. Luis '51. V. (Joaquin), soldier at Sta B. before '37; maj. at Sta. 
 In<s '39. iii. 664; grantee of Tequepis '45. iv. 643. V. (Jose), settler at 
 Los Ang. 1790. i. 461. V. (Luis), at Los Ang. '46. V. (Maria del Rosario), 
 executed by vigilantes at Los Ang. '36. iii. 417-19. V. (Manuel), soldier of 
 S.F. comp. '32-3. V. (Mariano), at Los Ang. '39, age 22; also in '46. V. 
 (Mariano), 1842, Mex. lieut of the batallon fijo '42-5; remained in Cal. '4G. 
 iv. 289, 513; v. 41. V. (Miguel), settler for Los Ang., who deserted be 
 fore reaching Cal. i. 345. V. (Rafael), cabo inval. 1793 at S. Jose", wife II- 
 defonsa, child. Pascual, Eleuterio, Rafael Gertrudis, Maria Ign., and Juana. 
 The full name was prob. * Villavicencio,' q.v. V. (Rafael), son of preceding, 
 at S. Luis Ob. '42-60. V. (Vicente), at Los Ang. '19; regidor in '27. ii 
 354, 560. 
 
 Villagrana (Jose" Felix), Mex. at S. Jose" '41, age 52, wife Bernardiua 
 Martinez, child. Guadalupe b. '26, Juana '31, Lucia '36, Dolores '38; d. in '47. 
 V. (Manuel), regidor at Branciforte '32. iii. 696. V. (Miguel), Mex. resid. 
 
 age 23, wife Concepcion, child. Julian b. '40, Jose" '44. Viilalba (Nicolas), 
 settler o{ the Colorado Riv. pueblos, killed by Ind. 1781. i. 359-62. Villa- 
 lobos (Jos6), at Los Ang. '48. Villapando (Juan de J), mule-thief '33. iii. 
 396. Villarasa (Francis S.), 1848, said to have preached at Stockton. 
 Villaroel (Francisco), 1777, com. of the S. Antonio, i. 310. Villaverde 
 (Alonso), lieut for Cal. 1779; did not come. i. 340. V. (Jose"), 1782, chap 
 lain on the Favorita. i. 378. Villavicencio (Felix), Span, settler of Los Ang. 
 1781-6. i. 345, 348. V. (Joss Maria), resid. of Mont. '36, age 36, wife Rafaela 
 Rodriguez, child. Jose" Ant. b. '34, Jose" Ramon '35; being at the time juez de 
 campo. iii. 675. As capt. in Alvarado's force, and at times com. at Sta 
 B., he was prominent in the operations of '36-8. iii. 460, 481, 505, 524-5, 
 546, 550, 552-3, 561, 565, 651, 672; also admin, of S. Antonio and S. Fer 
 nando '37-8, '40-3. iii. 647-8, 688; iv. 61, 638; acting prefect at Mont. '40. 
 iii. 675; grantee of Corral de Piedra, S. Luis Ob., '41, '46. iv. 655; in '44 juez 
 de paz at S. Luis Ob., and capt of defensores. iv. 407, 462, 658-9; also serv 
 ing against the U.S. at S. Diego '46. v. 267. Still at S. Luis '51-2, and later a 
 prosperous ranchero. Often called by himself and others * Villa. ' V. 
 (Rafael), weaver at S. Jose" 1791-1811. i. 716, 718; ii. 378. V. (Rafael), 
 grantee of S. Ger6nimo, S. Luis Ob., in "42. iv. 655; and cl. in '52. Villela 
 (Felipe), soldier at Sta B. before '37; at Los Ang. '39, age '35. V. (Juan M. 
 M.), settler at S. Jose" 1777; did not remain, i. 312. V. (Marcos), soldier at 
 Soledad 1791 et seq.; inval. at Branciforte '99. i. 499, 511. 
 
 Viiials (Jose"), 1798, Span, friar who served at S. Carlos, retiring in 1804. 
 Biog. ii. 146-7; meut. i. 577, 686; ii. 159-60, 166. Vincent, 1848, mr of 
 the Zach Taylor, built at Sta Cruz. Fresno Co. Hist., 51. V. (Calvin), 1846, 
 came to Sta Clara. Hall. V. (E. C.), 1848, passp. from Hon. V. (Geo. 
 W.), 1826, nat. of Mass, and mate of the Courier. He came back as mr of the 
 Monsoon '39-40; and in '44-6 com. the Sterling; owner of a S.F. lot and of a 
 Cal. claim '46-7. In '48 he was mr of the Sabine, and remained at S.F., where 
 he was killed in the fire of '51. iii. 146, 176; iv. 105, 568; v. 296, 580. Ason^ 
 Geo. W., lives, I think, in S.F. '85. V. (Joshua S.), 1847, sergt Co. I r 
 
764 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 N.Y.Vol. v. 504; at Linn Creek, Mo., '82. Vincenthaler (L. C.), 1846, in 
 al. during the war of '46-7; prob. went east with Fremont or Stockton, v. 
 454; one of Fremont's men '48. Vines (Bartlett), 1843, overl. immig. of 
 the Walker-Chiles party with his wife, who was a daughter of Geo. Yount. 
 iv. 393, 400, 448. He settled in Napa Val., and still lived there in '81. A 
 daughter was born in '45. Vinson (Wm), 1847, Co. E, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Vioget (Jean Jacques), 1837, Swiss sailor and surveyor who came as mr of 
 the Delmira '37-9. iv. 103, 117-18. He settled at S.F.) where he made the 1st 
 town survey, owned a lot, and built a house in '39-40. iii. 706, 710; v. 679. 
 In '40 he was naturalized, and from that time appears in various records as a 
 trader, keeping also a billiard-saloon, and being employed by Sutter in '41 to 
 make a survey of his N. Helvetia grant, having of course much trouble to 
 collect his pay. iv. 179, 229-30, 237, 668. In '44-5, renting his saloon or hir 
 ing a man to keep it, he was mr of the Clarita; was employed to carry 
 Michel torena to Mex., and was grantee of the Blucher rancho, Sonoma 
 Co. iv. 480, 564, 670. In '46-7 he made a trip to Hon. and back on the 
 Don Quixote; and in '47-8 was mr of the Euphemia, running to the 
 Islands, being judge of election, and advertising his hotel The Portsmouth 
 House for sale. v. 578, 650, 680. He lived at S. Jose" '49, and in '54 
 atS.F., age 55. I find no later record of him. His wife was apparently a 
 Benavides. Vioget was a jolly, musical sort of fellow, speaking several lan 
 guages, a sailor and surveyor and hotel-keeper of some skill. Virgen 
 (Leonardo), soldier at Sta B. '24. ii. 532. Virgin (Thomas), 1827, Amer. at 
 S. Diego. 
 
 Virmond (Henry), 1828, German merchant of Acapulco and the city of 
 Mex. , who did a large business with Cal. , where he was well known to nearly 
 everybody before he visited the country in '28-30. He was a skilful intriguer, 
 had extraordinary facilities for obtaining the ear of Mex. officials, and was 
 always the man first sought to solicit any favor, commercial, military, civil, or 
 ecclesiastical, for his many Cal. friends. He owned the Leonor, Maria Ester, 
 Catalina, Clarita, and many other vessels well known in the Cal. trade. He was 
 the tallest man ever seen here till the coming of Dr Semple; was a business man 
 of great enterprise; had many accomplishments and a Mex. wife; and had, 
 also, his leg broken by the kick of a mule while in Cal. ii. 594; iii. 58, 141-3, 
 147, 149, 233, 313, 398, 572; iv. 249, 285. Vischer (Edward), 1842, Ger. 
 clerk in Virmond's employ at Acapulco, \vho came to Cal. on the schr Cali 
 fornia, iv. 341, 349. After '49 he became a resident, being an artist, and his 
 Pictorial of Cal. was a series of photographs from pencil sketches, with de 
 scriptive matter, published under the title of Missions of Upper Cal. His draw 
 ings, however, were all made after '65. He died at S.F. after '70. 
 
 Victoria (Marcos Antonio Saizar de), 1805, nat. of the province of Alava, 
 Spain, b. in 1760; became a Franciscan in '76; came to Mex. in 1804. Hia 
 missionary service was at Sta B. 1805-6, S. Buen. 1805-17 and '20-24, S. Fer 
 nando '18-20, Purisima '24-35, and Sta Ines '35-6. His death occurred on July 
 25, '36, at Sta Ine"s. Padre Vitoria was a most virtuous and exemplary man, 
 always in feeble health, not accredited by his superiors with great ability, but 
 beloved by his neophytes. Autobig. Autog. de los Padres, MS.; Arch. Sta B. 
 iii. 48-50, 128; Sta I ties Lib. Mis., 19-21. See mention in ii. 109, 121-2, 357, 
 490, 530, 578-9; iii. 96, 661-2, 664; iv. 63. Vivaldo (Feliciano), 1842, sub- 
 lieut of the batallon fijo '42-5. iv. 289. Vivero, 1800, com. of the Princesa. 
 i. 546. Vizcaino (Juan), 1769, Span, friar who served for a brief term at S. 
 Diego; was wounded by the Ind. in Aug.; and retired on account of illness 
 in '70. i. 127, 136, 138, 164-5. V. (Sebastian), 1602, Span, navigator in com. 
 of an exped. that explored the Cal. coast 1602-3. See complete record of his 
 visit, and mention of a later one of 1613, in i. 97-105, 111, 151-2, 158, 169; 
 ii. 1. Vizcarra (Jose"), soldier at Sta Cruz 1795. i. 496. 
 
 Vonks (Stephen), 1837, doubtful name of mr of the Baical. iv. 101. Vor- 
 hees (John), 1817, Co. E, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Vorhies (Wm Van), 1848 (?), 
 postal agent for the govt; memb. of the 1st senate, and sec. of state under 
 Gov. Burnett and his successors; prominent in later years as politician, law- 
 
VORHIES-WALKER. 765- 
 
 year, and editor, residing many years in Oakland. He died at Eureka in '84. 
 Vrandenburg (Adna), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). Vyer(John), 1846, 
 Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). 
 
 Waccodzy, or Wacoocky (Basil), 1835, doubtful name of mr of the Sitka 
 '35-6. iii. 384; iv. 106. Waddell (Archibald), 1847, Co. E, N.Y. Vol. (v. 
 499). Wade, 1847, at Sutter's fort '47-8, prob. one of the Mormons. W. 
 (Edward W.), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); at Ogden, Utah, '82. W. 
 (Isaac), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518); d. before '64. W. (Moses), 
 
 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). W. (Wm), 1844, deserter from the U.S. 
 Warren. Wadleigh (Joseph), 1848, maker of pans at Sutter's fort '48-9;. 
 went east with a fortune '49. Grimshaw. Wadsworth (James C. L.), 1847, 
 came from N.Y. on the Whiton; became sutler's clerk of N.Y. Vol. v. 503; 
 alcalde at Stockton '49; a resident of S.F. in later years to '85, being a well- 
 known mining man. He gave me his testimony on matters connected with the 
 Vigilance Committee. W. (Samuel), 1847, nat. of N.Y. and settler at Sta 
 Clara; d. at Pleasanton '82 at the age of 62. Waggoner (P. W.), 1846, Cal. 
 Bat., Co. B, artill. (v. 358); enlisting at Sta Cruz Oct. Wagner (Thomas), 
 
 1848, nat. of Va, who died at Snelliug '77. Waine, 1846, lieut on the Levant. 
 Wainwright (John), 1826, lieut on H. B. M. S. Blossom '26-7. iii. 121. W. 
 (J. M.), 1847, acting mr of the U.S. Columbus; perhaps J. W. Wakefield 
 (Benj.), 1847, act. boatswain on the Preble.- 
 
 Walcott (Ephraim), 1844, Amer. deserter from a vessel who worked at S. 
 F. for Fink, going into business for himself as a blacksmith in '47. iv. 453, 
 683; also at Sutter's fort '46-7. Wald (Wm), 1840, arrested at Los Ang. 
 iv. 14. Waldo (Geo.), 1846, officer of the Cal. Bat. (v. 361). W. (Giles), 
 1848, passp. from Hon. Waldrou, 1846, at Sutter's fort from S.F. June. 
 W. (J. W. and R. R.), 1841, brothers and officers on the U.S. Vincennes. 
 Walker, 1843, mate of the Admittance discharged at S. Diego; in '45 mr of 
 the John and Elizabeth; perhaps two men. W. (Edwin), 1847, Co. D. Morm. 
 Bat. (v. 469); reenl. W. (Henry D.), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 
 336). 
 
 Walker (James T.), 1848, nat. of Term, and nephew of Capt. Joe W., who 
 came overland, starting in '47, but being obliged to winter on the way, through 
 having, with the true family instinct, sought a new route, v. 556-7. Working 
 as teamster, cattle-trader, and miner in '48-9, he went east by sea and came 
 back across the plains in '50. The next year he went to Mo. via N. Mex., and 
 in '52 made his 3d overl. trip to Cal. In '53 he settled in Contra Costa, where 
 he still lived in '82, at the age of 57, with wife and 3 children. Portrait in 
 Contra Costa Co. IJist., 88. W. (Joel P.), 1841, nat. of Va, brother of Jo 
 seph, Ind. fighter from '14 in the Seminole and other wars, later in the Sta F6 
 trade, overl. immig. to Or. '40, who came to Cal. with his family from Or., 
 accompanying a detachment of the U.S. Ex. Ex. After working for Sutter, and 
 later for Yount, he returned to Or. with a drove of cattle, remaining there for 
 5 years, though he appears as owner of a S. F. lot in '45. iv. 233, 278-9, 347, 
 377, 390. He came back to Cal. in '48, lived at Napa till '53, being a member 
 of the constit. convention in '49, and 1st assessor of Napa Co. In '53 he moved 
 to Sonoma Co., where he still lived in '78 at the age of 81. His wife, Mary 
 Young of Mo., was the 1st white woman to arrive in Cal. by land or to settle 
 north of the bay. They had a daughter Louisa born in Or. '41; and the other 
 children who came to Cal. in '41 were John, Joseph, Newton, and Isabella. 
 The 1st was living at Sebastopol in '77. A MS. Narrative furnished by Joel 
 P. to Robt A. Thompson is in my collection. 
 
 Walker (Joseph Reddeford), 1833, nat. of Tenn. who went to Mo. in '19, 
 where he served as sheriff, and became one of the most skilful and famous of 
 the guides, mountaineers, Ind. -fighters, and trappers of the far west. His 1st 
 visit to Cal. was as com. of a party of Bonneville's trappers, spending the 
 winter of '33-4 at Mont. Walker's lake, river, and pass were named for his 
 discoveries on this trip. iii. 389-92, 409, 669; iv. 264, 434. In '41, unless- 
 there is an error in archive records, he came to Los Ang., prob. from N. Mex.,. 
 
766 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 to buy horses, iv. 278. In '43 he guided a division of Chiles' immig. party by 
 a southern route to Cal., going back in '44. iv. 393-5, 679. His next visit was 
 in '45-6 as guide to Fremont's party, a portion of which he brought through 
 his original Walker pass. iv. 582-5; v. 3, 6. In July '46 he was met by 
 Bryant at Ft Bridger on his return from Cal. Capt. W. continued his 
 wanderings, with intervals of ranchero life and stock-trading experience in 
 Cal. , for 20 years, making extensive explorations in Arizona as well as in 
 other sections; and then in '66-7 he settled in Contra Costa Co., living with 
 his nephew James T., and dying in '76 at the age of 78. Capt. Joe Walker 
 was one of the bravest and most skilful of the mountain men; none was bet 
 ter acquainted than he with the geography or the native tribes of the great 
 basin; and he was withal less boastful and pretentious than most of his class. 
 In his old age he was moved by the absurd praise accorded to a 'pathfinder' 
 who had merely followed the tracks of himself and his trapper associates, to 
 say many bitter and doubtless unjust things against Fre'mont, but his preju 
 dice on this point was natural and merits but slight censure. W. (R.), 1848, 
 passp. from Hon. W. (W. M.), 1841, lieut in U.S. Ex. Ex. iv. 241. W. 
 .(Wm), 1846, sailor on the Dale. W. (Wm), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). 
 Walkinshaw (Robert), 1847, nat. of Scotland and long resid. of Mex., who 
 came as sup. of the William, and took charge of the N. Almaden quicksilver 
 mine; cl. for Sta Clara lands '52. iv. 673; left Cal. in '58 and died in Scotland 
 1 59. A man of the same name and apparently of the same family resided at 
 S.F. in '85. 
 
 Wall (Richard), 1 847, Co. B, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); d. in S. Joaq. Co. after 
 '50. W. (Wm), 1847, owner of a S. F. lot. Wallace (Geo.), 1845, Amer. 
 at Mont.; in prison '47. iv. 587. Wallen (Edward), 1846, Co. A, Cal. Bat. 
 (v. 358). Wallis (Wm), 1846, Co. F, ditto, enlisting at S. Juan Oct. Wai- 
 pole (Fred.), 1846, lieut on the Collingwood, and author of Four Years in the 
 Pacific, v. 213-14. Walsh (James), 1847, Co. A, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). W. 
 (John), 1818 (?), resident of Benicia '78-84, said to have visited S.F. in '18; 
 prob. an error. W. (Robert A.), 1838 (?), priest at Hon. '39, who had appar 
 ently visited Cal. with his associate, Murphy. 
 
 Walter, see 'Wolter.' W. (Geo.), 1846, one of the Chino prisoners, v. 
 314; Co. A, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). W. (John), 1847, perhaps of N.Y.Vol.; not 
 on roll. W. (Philip J.), 1832, Engl. carpenter and naturalized citizen at 
 Mont. '32-6. iii. 408; perhaps 'Watson.' Waltham (Henry), 1848, passp. 
 from Hon. Waltber (Geo.), 1847, Co. K, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at Los Ang. 
 '71-4. Walton (Ambrose), 1841, overl. immig. of the Bartleson party, who 
 prob. returned east in '42. iv. 270, 275, 342. W. (Major), 1841, ditto; or, 
 ace. to some sketches, was drowned in the Sac. Riv. ; also named as one of 
 the Chiles party of '43. iv. 393. Walz (Geo.), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 
 499). 
 
 Warn bough (M. M.), 1846, apparently from Or. in June. v. 526; enlisting 
 at S. Juan Oct. in Co. F, Cal. Bat., of which he became lieut. v. 361. In '47 
 he became the owner of land in Sta Clara Co. ; and in July, while on his way 
 to Stockton's camp, was robbed and perhaps wounded near Altgeier's place 
 in the Sac. Val. ; though in later years, when he attempted to get relief from 
 the govt, some doubt was thrown on the robbery. I do not know if he was 
 the senator to whom Wm B. Ide directed his famous letter on the Bear revolt. 
 Wanec (Wm), 1845, doubtful name of an Irish resid. of Branciforte, age 45, 
 single. Warbas (Thos A.), 1840 (?), on roll of Soc. Cal. Pion. iv. 120; in 
 '42, ace. to list in the Herald of '51; at S. F. '54. Warbeck (Henry K.), 
 1847, Co. I, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); d. at S.F. after '50. Warburton (Henry H.), 
 1847, Engl. physician who came as surgeon on the Corea (?), and settled at 
 Sta Clara, where he still lived in '81, with wife, Catherine Pennell, and 5 
 child., Caroline, Ellen, John, Charles, and Henry. 
 
 Ward, 1848, of the ship Confederation at S.F. W. (Andrew J.), 1847, 
 Co. I, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); a physician at Sutter's fort '47-8; at Madison, Wis., 
 '82. W. (C. L.), 1848, at S.F. in August. W. (Edward C.), 1847, officer 
 on the U.S. Preble. W. (Frank), 1846, came from N. Y. on the Brooklyn, 
 
WARD WARNER. 767 
 
 though not a Mormon, and opened a store at S.F. as a member of the firm W. 
 & Smith, which became prominent for several years; owner of town lota, in 
 spector of election, marshal at the public reception of Com. Stockton, acting 
 alcalde, etc. v. 295-6, 455, 539, 546-7, 648, 679, 681, 685. In '48 he testified 
 on the Cal. claims at Wash., D.C., but came back to Cal. with his wife, Hen 
 rietta Zimmerman, who died at S.F. in '49. A little later, in business reverses, 
 he shot himself, but not fatally; went east about '53; came back soon after 
 '70, married the widow of Dr Bale, and some years later started east by sea, 
 drowning himself on the way. He was not a very dissipated man, but stylish 
 and extravagant. W. (Geo. R.), 1839, owner of a S.F. lot (?). W. (Henry), 
 1847, gunner on the Preble. W. (James C.), 1847, brother of Frank, who 
 came in March with letters to Larkin; owner of lots at S.F., and member of 
 the firm W. & Wells; inspector of election; lieut of S. F. guard, somewhat 
 prominent in politics '47-8. v. 650-2. It was perhaps he instead of his brother 
 who shot himself. He lived in Mass. '55-78, then returning to S.F., where he 
 was a notary, and published his Diary of earlier times in the Argonaut. He 
 had a shock of paralysis, and was taken back to Mass., where he died in '83, 
 learing a widow. W. (John), 1832 (?), nat. of Va, said to have been at Los 
 Ang. '32-3. iii. 408; again in Cal. '43-6, returning in '49, and dying at Los 
 Ang. '59. Los Ang. Co. Hist., 35. The only original record that I find is a 
 pass, for Sonora in '45. W. (John B.), 1840, nat. of Ireland, who came as a 
 boy on the U.S. 8t Louis, visiting Mont, and S. F. He came back in '49 on 
 the steamer California; married Arcadia Concepcion Estudillo; was one of 
 the founders of S. Leandro; and still lives at S.F. in '85. W. (0. R.), 1847, 
 at Mont, from Hon. on the D. Quixote. Wardell (Geo. S.), 1847, left S.F. 
 on the Chas Drew. Warden (Wm), 1829, mr of the Dhaulle, or Dotty, iii. 
 146. Wardlow (Joseph), 1846, overl. immig. with family, v. 328; owner of 
 Sonoma Co. lands in '47. 
 
 Ware, 1847, blacksmith at S. Buen. W. (T. H.), 1845, purser of the 
 Warren '45-8. W. (Wm), 1832 (?), Irishman, who prob. came this year 
 from N. Mex., but possibly with Walker in '33. iii. 388, 391, 408. He worked 
 as distiller, tanner, and lumberman in the Sta Cruz region, his name often 
 appearing on Larkin 's books and other records from '34. In '40 he was arrested. 
 iv. 17; but got a license to remain; and in '44 was naturalized. Wm H. Ware 
 testified in Alameda Co. '68 that he had been in Cal. since '32; and ace. to 
 the newspapers, Uncle Billy lived at his Zayante farm till his death in Feb. 
 '68. Warfield, 1841, one of Lieut Emmons' guides from Or., with wife and 
 child; perhaps remained. Waring (Richard), 1837, perhaps at Mont. 
 Warley (Alex. F.), 1847, mid. on the U.S. Independence. Warner (Caro 
 line), 1846, of the Mormon colony, with 3 children, v. 547; she married at 
 S.F. a man named Thorp, and died some years before '84. W. (Cornelius), 
 1834, Amer. in a Mont. list. W. (John), 1840, Engl. exile, who returned 
 from S. Bias in '41. iv. 18, 33, 120. 
 
 Warner (Jonathan Trumbull, known in Cal. as Juan Jose", or John J.), 
 1831, nat. of Conn., who went to St Louis and N. Mex. in '30, was a clerk 
 for Jed. Smith at the time of the latter's death, and came to Cal. in Jackson's 
 party of trappers, iii. 387, 405; iv. 264. He continued his occupation as a 
 trapper in the Cal. valleys during '31-3, iii. 357, 393, and settled, '34, at Los 
 Ang. , where he is occasionally named in records of the following years, tak 
 ing part with the vigilantes in '36, obtaining from the ayunt. a certificate of 
 long residence the same year, and in '38 having an arm broken in resisting a 
 search of his house during the political wars. iii. 566. In '39 he went east via 
 Acapulco, and thence overland to V. Cruz; and during his stay he delivered 
 at Rochester, N.Y., an interesting lecture on the far west, with special ref 
 erence to a Pacific railroad, returning to Cal. in '41 on the Julia Ann. iv. 37, 
 223, 280, 566. In '43 he got a license to hunt goats and seals on the Sta B. 
 islands, iv. 642; and in '44, being naturalized, he was grantee of the Agua 
 Caliente rancho, S. Diego district, where he lived with his family from '45 to 
 '57, the place being known as Warner's rancho, and another, Camajal y el 
 Palomar. being perhaps granted in '46. iii. 611, 620; v. 619. Here Gen. 
 
768 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Kearny's force camped in '46 just before the fight of S. Pascual. v. 339; also 
 the Mormon battalion in '47. v. 486; and here W. had much trouble with the 
 Ind., notably at the time of the Pauma massacre. To a certain extent Warner 
 was a confidential agent of Larkin for the U.S. in '46. v. 63. In his Notes of 
 '45, Larkin described W. as a man of good information, addicted to politics, 
 with some influence likely to increase. Since '57 he has resided at Los Ang., 
 holding at times the positions of federal assessor and notary public, but much 
 reduced financially. He has written much for the papers on topics of early 
 history, respecting some phases of which, involving the trappers' explorations, 
 he is recognized as one of the best authorities. He was selected to write the 
 earliest annals for the centennial Los A ng. Hist.; and he has furnished for 
 my use a brief Biog. Sketch, and a more extended book of Reminiscences, which 
 I have often had occasion to cite. He still lives at Los Ang. in '85, age 78. 
 About '37 he married Anita, daughter of Wm A. Gale, who died in '59, leav 
 ing a son. W. (Richard), 1S36, one of the Los Ang. vigilantes. W. (Wm 
 H.), 1846, capt. U.S. top. engineers, who came from N. Mex. with Kearny, 
 and was wounded at S. Pascual. v. 336, 343-7. In '47 he came to Mont, and 
 S.F., where he obtained a lot; and then engaged in trade with Sherman and 
 Bestor at Coloma in '48, having previously made a survey of Sacramento City. 
 He was killed in '49 by the Pit River Ind. 
 
 Warre (John), 1843, Sutter writes that he is not at N.Helv., but prob. at 
 Sonoma. Warren (James), 1847, Co. G, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Warren 
 (Wm), 1828 (?), negro known as 'Uncle Billy,' who died atS. Jose" '75; said in 
 newspaper sketches to have come in '28. iii. 178. W. (Wm R.), 1836, nat. 
 of Mass, who had lived at Hon. some 10 years or more, being known as 
 'Major.' iv. 118. He signed the memorial to Com. Kennedy at Mont, in Oct., 
 unless Wm M. may have been another man. iv. 141; his name appears on 
 Larkin's books in '37-42; and he was for some years in charge of Spear's 
 store at Mont. In '40-1 he made a trip to Hon. and back. iv. 100, 567; and 
 his daughter Mary, a quarter-breed Hawaiian, coming to Cal. about that time, 
 married W. D. M. ' Howard, 'q.v. Warren went back to Hon. and apparently 
 died before '48. Warrington, 1846 (?), connected with the legislature of '55. 
 W. (John), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at S. Jos6 '50; d. in Mendocino 
 before '82. W. (John H.), 1848, porter in U.S. naval store at Mont. '48-9. 
 
 Wasden (Stephen J.), 1844, Amer. who got a pass. Washburn (Benja 
 min), 1844 (?), nat. of N.Y. who had lived in 111. and Iowa, signed the call to 
 foreigners at S. Jose" in March '45, and prob. came overland in '43 or '44. iv. 
 453, 599. In April occurred the death of his wife, Elizabeth Woodred, at S. 
 Jos6; and in Nov. W. was ill at Perry's farm near N. Helv. In April '46 he 
 was at S. Jose 1 ; and in July is named as one of the prisoners carried south by 
 Castro, v. 136. I have no later record, but W. isthought by Given to have 
 died at S. Jose". W. (J.), 1845, at Sutter's fort; also at S. Jose". Hall; per 
 haps an error, iv. 578, 587. W. (Lysander E.), 1847, Co. C, N.Y.Vol. (v. 
 499); at N. Helv. and Sonoma '47, taking part in a dramatic performance at 
 Sonoma; capt, of Cal. volunteers in the war of '61-5; at S.F. '71-82. Wash- 
 ington (Geo.), 1844, sailor on the Monmouth. 
 
 Watawha, or Wetowah, 1845, Delaware Ind. of Fremont's party; died in 
 the service, iv. 583. Waterfall (Christian), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 
 518). Waterman, 1841, mr of the Brarjanza. iv. 563; perhaps same as the 
 following. W. (Robert H.), 1848, nat. 'of N.Y., and for many years a sea- 
 captain; founder of Fairfiekl, Solano Co., where he still lived in '79. His wife 
 was Cordelia Sterling. Waters (C.), 1848, from Hon.; clerk for Ross, Ben- 
 ton, & Co. at S.F. W. (James), 1844, nat. of N.Y. and Rocky Mt trapper, 
 who settled i? S. Bern. Co., where he lived in '76. Watkins (Adolphus), 
 
 1846, came from Hon. on the Elizabeth; owner of a S.F. lot '47. W. (B. F.), 
 
 1847, from N.Y.; a fruit-grower at Sta Clara '76. W. (Francis D.), 1847, 
 owner of a S. F. lot; d. at Mission S. Jose" '48, age 33. W. (James T.), 
 1832 (?), com. of steamers from about '55, said to have touched at S. Diego in 
 '32; died in China '67; a nat. of Md age 59. Also called James W., and ac 
 credited to '44. iv. 453. W. (Richard), 1846, one of the party captured with 
 
WATKIXS -WEAVER. 769 
 
 Alcalde Bartlett by Sanchez; in '82 a judge in Mono Co. Watmough (James 
 H.), 1846, purser on the U.S. Portsmouth, who was com. of the Sta Clara 
 
 tarrison in Aug. and made a successful campaign against the Ind. on the 
 tanislaus. v. 102, 239-40, 294, 378, 567, 661. He was owner of a S. F. lot. v. 
 685; and in '47 bought land in Sonoma Co. from Vallejo, being in '53 an un 
 successful cl. for part of the Petaluma rancho. In later years he was a pay 
 master in the U.S.N., and in 77 chief of the dept of provisions and clothing. 
 W. (Pendleton G.), 1S46, raid, on the Portsmouth, who served in the S. Jos6 
 garrison under Lieut Pinckney. 
 
 Watson (Andrew), 1834, Engl. sailor named in several Mont, records, age 
 34; at S. Jose 1 '36; on Larkin's books '39-41, and said by Farnham to have 
 been arrested in '40. iii. 412; iv. 17. W. (Edward), 1828, Engl. carpenter 
 who joined the comp. extranjera at Mont, in '32, and in '33 was baptized as 
 Jose 1 Eduardo Maria, iii. 178, 221. His name appears in various records from 
 '34, and in '36 he is named in the Mont, padron as 31 years old, with a wife 
 Maria Guadalupe Castillo, age 16; in '37 bought land of John Rainsford; in 
 '40 was arrested but not exiled, iv. 17, 23; in '41 naturalized, being a trader 
 and memb. of the ayunt. After the discov. of gold he went to the mines, and 
 died at Dry Creek, near the Cosumnes in '48. W. (Francis), son of James, 
 b. at Mont, about '30; educated at Hon. from '40. iii. 180; iv. 103. In the 
 mines '48; married a daughter of Santiago Estrada; and in '75 still lived in 
 Mont. Co. with 8 children. I have a brief Narrative from him. W. (Henry), 
 1846, Co. G, Cal. Bat. (v. 358), enlisting at S. Jose" Nov. W. (Henry B.), 
 1846, lieut of marines on the U.S. Portsmouth, in com. of S.F. garrison; also 
 with Stockton in the southern campaign of '46-7. v. 239-40, 295, 392, 436, 
 659. 
 
 Watson (James or David), 1824(?), Engl. sailor who left a whaler at Sta 
 B. or S. F. about this time and settled as a trader at Mont. His original name 
 seems to have been David, but was prob. called Santiago at baptism; also 
 called Felipe Santiago, and in one record James Peter, ii. 495, 526. The 1st 
 original record is in '30; in '32 he joined the comp. extranjera. iii. 221-2; and 
 in '34 he had a wife, Mariana Escamilla, and 2 children a number increased 
 to 4 in '36, when he was a naturalized citizen, age 33. A lot was granted him 
 in '35, and in '36 he bought a house of Luis Beltran, afterwards sold to Fuller 
 and bought back. He was often a memb. of the ayunt. from '36, being a 
 respected citizen and merchant frequently named in the records down to '48. 
 iii. 675; iv. 117, 136, 218, 403, 653. Sir Geo. Simpson describes him as a Lon 
 doner from Redriff, whose father had been 'in the public line,' keeping the 
 'Noah's Hark between Globe Stairs and the 'Orse Ferry;' and Larkin, in his 
 Notes of '45, as an uneducated, unambitious, honest man, who did not meddle 
 in politics. He acquired a fortune, and is named by Willey and others in '49 
 as a very generous man. About '50 he bought the S. Benito rancho, for which 
 he was successful claimant, iv. 655; but he was ruined by the drought of '63, 
 and died the same year. His children were Francis b. abt '30; Catalina in '33; 
 Tomds in '35 (later sheriff of Mont, where he still lived in "75); and Santiago 
 Jr, born in '36. W. (J. B.), 1848, passp. from Hon. W. (J. M.), 1847, 
 lieut U.S.N., who brought despatches to Gen. Kearny; later in com. of the 
 Erie; d. at Vallejo '73, age 66. W. (Wm), 1836, Engl. lumberman in Mont, 
 dist, age 30. W. (Wm), 1847, at Benicia. v. 673; at Napa '48. Watt 
 (James), 1836, juez de campo at Mont. iii. 675; 'Santiago Guat,' prob. 'Wat 
 son,' q.v. ; and Felipe Guati, an Engl. catholic mariner, at Mont, in '29, age 
 25, was also prob. the same 'Watson.' Watts (John), 1847, Co. B, Morm. 
 Bat. (v. 469); reenl.; a man of the same name at S. Jose' '50. W. (Wm), 
 1827, doubtful name of sup. of the Karimoko. iii. 147. W. (Wm), 1841, 
 doubtful name at Mont. Toomes. Watty, 1845, at Larkin's soap-factory. 
 Wayne (W.A.), 1845, lieut on the U.S. Savannah. 
 
 Weaitz (John), 1846, Co. B, Cal. Bat. (v. 358), enlisting at Mont. Oct. 
 
 Weaver, 1831, a trapper, said by Nidever to have been in Young's party; 
 
 called Powell W. by Dye. iii. 388; perhaps Pauline W., a noted mountain 
 
 man of Ariz, later. He was also possibly the man who served as guide to the 
 
 HIST. CAL., VOL. V. 49 
 
770 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Morm. Bat. v. 483; and a Paulino W. is named at S. Bern, in '46, age 40. 
 W. (Daniel), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). W. (Franklin), 1847, 
 Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); in Utah '81; married Miss R. Reed at S.F. '48. 
 W. (M.), 1846, doubtful name in a Los Ang. list. W. (Miles), 1847, Co. A, 
 Morm. Bat. (v. 469). W. (Vance), 1846, Co. E, Cal. Bat. (v. 358), enlist 
 ing at Sonoma in Oct.; Cal. claim (v. 462). W. (Wm E.), 1848, part owner 
 of the S.F. Californian; perhaps same as the following. W. (Wm J.), 1847, 
 Co. C, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); a printer. Webb (Chas Y.), 1847, Co. A, Morm. 
 Bat. (v. 469); at Parowan, Utah, '81. W. ( Wm), 1832, memb. of the comp. 
 extranjera. iii. 221; still at Mont. '33-4. 
 
 Weber (Charles M.), 1841, nat. of Germany, who came to N. Orleans in 
 '36, and in '41 was an overl. immig. of the Bartleson party from St Louis. 
 He worked through the winter for Sutter, who had signed his bond on ar 
 rival, iv. 270, 275, 279; and in '42 settled at S. Jose" as trader, miller, baker, 
 and a little later salt-producer and shoemaker, also acquiring land and live 
 stock, all in partnership with Win Gulnac. In '43 they obtained, in G.'s 
 name, as W. was not naturalized till '44, a grant of the Campo de los Fran 
 ceses rancho, G.'s share of which was bought by W. in '45. Weber was an 
 active business man, and well liked at this time by the Californians, to whom 
 he afforded valuable support in their movement of '44 against Michelto- 
 rena's cholos, raising a comp. of foreign volunteers, being imprisoned at Sut- 
 ter's fort on account of his efforts for his country without regard to the Swiss 
 adventurer's personal schemes, being made capt. of militia in '45, and taking 
 a prominent part in issuing the call for an assembly of foreign residents, iv. 
 462, 468-9, 483, 599, 604-5. His position in all these matters was consistent 
 and praiseworthy, though his influence at this time and his prominence in 
 events of the next year have been grossly exaggerated in the newspapers and 
 county histories of late years. In '46 Weber was in sympathy with Larkin's 
 plans rather than with those of the filibusters; but on hearing of the Bear 
 rising he seems to have taken some steps for the protection of the settlers 
 south of the bay, and on the discovery of his plans was arrested by Castro, 
 who carried him south as a prisoner, but released him on leaving Cal. for 
 Mex. I am inclined to think, however, that Castro did this at the request 
 of W. , who, having made enemies on both sides of the pending troubles, 
 deemed it wise to absent himself for a time. v. 16, 136-7, 245, 277. He re 
 turned in Oct. in time to engage actively, to the great displeasure of many 
 Californians, in the work of collecting horses and supplies for the Cal. Bat., 
 in which he declined to serve on account of hostility to Fremont; but was 
 made capt. of volunteers and took part in the final campaign against Sanchez, 
 being ordered to discharge his men and thanked for past services in Feb. '47. 
 v. 294-5, 377-8, 380, 382, 661. In '47 he settled on his French Camp rancho, 
 and founded a settlement which he afterwards had laid out as a town and 
 named Stockton, v. 674-5. In '48-9 he added to his wealth by successful 
 gold-mining, with the aid of Ind., at Weber Creek and elsewhere; and his 
 lands were vastly increased in value during the flush times. He was claimant 
 for Campo de los Franceses and Canada de S. Felipe, iii. 677, 711; iv. 671. 
 He spent the rest of his life at Stockton, where he died in '81 at the age of 67, 
 leaving a widow, the daughter of Martin Murphy, and 3 children. Weber 
 was an intelligent, energetic, and honorable man of business; generous in his 
 many gifts to his town and to his friends; but in his later life eccentric to the 
 verge of insanity, morbidly sensitive, avoiding his fellow-men. There is 
 nothing apparent in his record, that of a successful man. who was neither the 
 author nor victim of any great wrongs, to account for his peculiarities. Tink- 
 ham's Hist, of Stockton contains a portrait, and is the best source of informa 
 tion outside of original records. An early MS. copy oiHallecTc's Land Laws, 
 to which were appended some of Weber's correspondence of considerable in 
 terest, was for a short time in my possession. W. (John), 1847, of N.Y. 
 Vol.(?); at S.F. 74. Webster (Charles A.), 1847, Co. G, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); 
 d. at Los Ang. '47. W. (Ed. C.), 1848, at Mont. W. (John H.) 1847, Co. 
 F, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); notary at Stockton, where he died in '81, leaving a 
 family. 
 
WEED WEST. 771 
 
 Weed (John W.), 1841, Amer. passenger on the Julia Ann, -who came from 
 N.Y. for his health, and went back in '42. iv. 566. Weeks (Elbert), 1847, 
 Co. B, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. before '82. Weeks (James W.), 1831, Engl. 
 sailor who deserted from the whaler Fanny, at S.F. in Oct., while the crew were 
 occupied in cutting wood at Pt Quintin. iii. 405. Spending some time at Read's, 
 and then working for the Castros at S. Pablo, he lived for some months on 
 the beach at S.F. trying with others to repair an old boat, tried a ranchero's 
 life with Narvaez in Sta Clara Valley, cooked for a while in the Pulgas 
 redwoods, joined Ewing Young's trappers, and returned via Ross to the red 
 woods. In '40 he was arrested but not exiled, having married a native wife. 
 iv. 9, 17, 23; in '41-5 lived at Sta Cruz, iv. 280, 356, 663, being named in the 
 padron of '45, age 32, wife Ramona Pinto, child. Maria Ana b. '41, Bias 
 Antonio '43, Teodoro '44. He signed the S. Jos6 call to foreigners, iv. 599; 
 in '46 was coroner in the Naile case. v. G41; was clerk for Alcalde Stokes and 
 in charge of the archives, and later member of the council, v. 664; and in '47- 
 8 alcalde of S. Jose. v. 662; went to the mines in '48; was sec. of the prefec 
 ture in '49; and continued to live in Sta Clara Co., being cl. for a part of S. 
 Antonio rancho. In '77 he wrote for me his Reminiscences, a detailed narrative 
 of his career in early times; and having fulfilled this part of his destiny, he 
 died in '81, leaving 4 sons. He was an intelligent man with but slight educa 
 tion, of good character, though at times addicted to intemperance. Wehler 
 (Edward), 1847, musician of N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Weidney (Anthony), 1847, Co. K, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). Weifenback 
 (Philip), 1847, Co. E, ditto. Weimar, see ' Wimmer.' Weir (James), 1847, 
 Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). W. (Thomas), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 
 469); employed by Sutter as a tanner. Weirick (Wm H.), 1847, lieut Co. 
 F, G, N.Y. Vol. v. 504. Weirgen (Christian), 1847, Co. A, ditto. Weiss 
 (Wm), 1847, Co. B, ditto; at S.F. '83. Weit (John), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. 
 artill. v. 518. 
 
 Welburn (Benj.), see 'Washbnrn,' signer of the S. Jose call to foreigners 
 of '45, the name being incorrectly given in several county histories. Welch, 
 see 'Welsh.' Welder (Anthony), 1847, Co. C, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). Wei- 
 don (Peter), 1835, Amer. carpenter, age 24, who came on the Framen (?); an 
 anabaptist who joined Russell in his exped. from S. Diego to the Colorado in 
 '36. iii. 613. Weller (C. M.), 1846, Cal. claim $297 (v. 462); prob. an error 
 for 'Weber.' W. (Edward H.), 1847, Co. A, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); at S.F. 
 '71-4. W T ells, 1847, married by Sutter and remarried at Sta Clara. Alexan 
 der; prob. 'West.' W., 1848, on the Sagadahochom Hon.; perhaps Robert. 
 W. (Benj. F.), 1846, mid. on the U.S. Congress; acting lieut in Stockton's 
 Bat. '46-7. v. 386. W. (David), 1848, came from Or. and settled in S. Joaq. 
 Co. W. (Robert), 1847, from N.Y. by sea; owner of S.F. lot; of firm W. & 
 Co., merchants at S.F.; still here in '54. W. (Thos J.), 1847, Co. G, N.Y. 
 Vol. (v. 499); in N.Y. '71-82. W. ( Wm M.), 1847, Co. G, ditto. Welsh, 
 1847, doubtful name or date of a justice at S. Buen. W. (Charles), 1848, 
 Amer. sea capt. said to have been educated in Spain and to have served in 
 the Span, mail service; d. at S.F. '83. He married a sister of Philip A. Roach. 
 W. (John H.), 1847, Co. E, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); in N.Y. '71-84. W. (Wm), 
 1821, Scotch sailor on the Lady Blackwood discharged at Bodega, ii. 478. 
 He was at Los Ang. '29-30. ii. 558; is often named in northern records from 
 '30. ii. 616; lived at S. Josd from '32, and in '44 was grantee of Las Juntas, 
 Contra Costa, iv. 671. He seems to have been a brother-in-law of James A. 
 Forbes, and to have been living in the S. Jos6 district '47; but died before '52, 
 when the rancho was claimed by the admin, of his estate. He left a wife and 
 8 children. 
 
 Wescott (Joseph F. R.), 1836, nat. of Conn., baptized at S. Rafael in Oct. 
 iv. 118. In '42 Francis Wescott is named as gunsmith of the S.F. comp,; and 
 in '48 Con way & W. were proprietors of the Colonnade House at S.F., W. 
 leaving his debtors in the lurch; perhaps not he of '36. v. 683. Wesley, 
 1847, visitor at Slitter's fort. West (Benj.), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat., reenl. 
 (v. 469). W. (Henry S.), 1843, mr of the Rafale, iv. 568. W. (T.), 1846, 
 
772 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Fauntleroy j s dragoons (v. 232, 247), enlisting at Mont. July. W. (Thomas), 
 1846, overl. immig. with Bryant, sometime capt. of the party, accompanied 
 by his wife and 4 sons. v. 528. He settled at S. Jose", and ace. to Hittell be 
 came wealthy and went east before '60. His sons Francis T. and Thomas M. 
 kept a livery-stable at S. Jose 1 in '47. Another, Wm T. , served in Co. B, 
 artill. Cal. Bat. (v. 358); and the 4th was Geo. R. The grave of Ann W. was 
 passed on the overl. route by Bigler in '47. W. (Thos J.), 1847, Co. G, N. 
 Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. before '82. W. (Wm C.), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons 
 (v. 336); killed at S. Pascual. v. 346. 
 
 West (Win Mark), 1832, Engl. carpenter, lumberman, and farmer, who 
 had lived 7 years in Mex. territory before coming to Cal. iii. 408. In '34 he 
 obtained naturalization, having been baptized at Sta Cruz, and owning prop 
 erty to the value of $1,500. From '33 he appears on Larking books, generally 
 as a lumberman working with Trevethan in the redwoods. In the Mont, pa- 
 dron of '36 he is named as 40 years old, wife Guadalupe Vasquez, child Maria 
 Luisa b. '33. In '40, being arrested but not exiled, he was grantee of the 
 S. Miguel rancho, Sonoma, and of Llano de Sta Rosa in '44. iii. 713; iv. 17, 
 23, 673. I have no record of him after '48, but he died before '52, when his 
 widow appears as cl. for the rancho, on which a stream still bears the name 
 of Mark West Creek. Westfall (Jacob), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 
 336). Westgate (Francis J.), 1839, blacksmith and carpenter at Sonoma 
 and S.F. '39-42, working for Spear & Hinckley and Salv. Vallejo. iv. 119; 
 perhaps the man named as having lived at Pt Reyes in '46. W. (Obadiah), 
 1833, gunsmith at S.F.; perhaps same as preceding. Westlake (Richard), 
 1840, one of the exiles to S. Bias who did not return, iv. 18. Weston, 1846, 
 mr of the Wm Neilson. v. 581. Wetmarsh, see 'Whitmarsh.' Wetmore 
 (C. E.), 1848, S.F. merchant of firm W. & Gilman. v. 680; member of the 
 council '49; settled at Benicia with his wife. Wetowah, see 'Watawha.' 
 Wettermark (Chas P.), 1847, Co. A, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Weyland (John), 
 1848, at S.F., advertising tents for sale. 
 
 Whalen (John), 1847, musician of N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); d. at Los Ang. '53. 
 Whally (Scotch), 1840 (?), a man known only by this name, who lived for sev 
 eral years in the redwoods near Mont., engaged in making shingles, iv. 120. 
 About '45 he was killed by the Tulare Ind. Wheeler (Alfred), 1847 (?), nat. 
 of N.Y., and memb. of 1st Cal. legislature. Anaheim Gazette, Oct. 16, '75. 
 W. (Geo.), 1848, on roll of Soc. Cal. Pion. W. (Henry), 1847, Co. C, Morm. 
 Bat. (v. 469); reenl. W. (John), 1847, Co. K, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). W. 
 (John L.), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); reenl. W. (Merrill W.), 1847, 
 Co. A, ditto. W. (Wm), 1845, boy on the Warren, living at S. Jose" '77, 
 when he gave me a narrative on the Loss of the Warren's Launch in '46. iv. 587; 
 v. 384. W. (Wm H. H.), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); d. in L. Cal. '48. 
 Wheelock (Lyman), 1847, Co. K, ditto. 
 
 Whisman (Andrew), 1847, nat. of Mo., who came overl. with his father, 
 John W. (?), and in '47-8 kept an inn bet. S. Jose* and S.F. ; later a farmer in 
 Sta Clara and Alameda counties. He died at Harrisburg '79. His 1st wife was 
 Serelda Lynn, by whom he had 1 1 children; the 2d Catherine Smith '72. W. 
 (John), 1848, cousin of J. W. at Sta Clara. W. (John W.), 1847, nat. of 
 Va and overl. immig. with wife and son, settling in Sta Clara. Whistler 
 (Geo. R.), 1846 (?), said to have come as a soldier; later in the mines; mur 
 dered in Ariz. '74; known as Geo. Reese. Whitaker, 1845, doubtful name 
 of an overl. immig. iv. 578. W. (Amison), 1847, Co. F, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); 
 at Sac. '82. W. (John Geo.), 1845, mid. on the U.S. Savannah, Columbus, 
 and Warren '45-8. Whitcomb (Wm N.), 1847 (?), said to have come with 
 Capt. Brackett's comp. in '46; committed suicide at Napain '71. N. Register. 
 
 White, 1845, named as having come with McDowell and also with Fre"- 
 mont. iv. 578, 583. W., 1847, at Stockton '47-8. W. (Arthur F.), 1845, 
 at Mont. fromR.L; bought goods frofti the wreck of the Star of the West. 
 W. (Charles), 1846, overl. immig. who settled with his wife at S. Jose", where 
 he was councilman in '46 and alcalde in '48-9, becoming the owner of a large 
 estate and cl. for Arroyo de S .Antonio. He was killed in the Jenny Lind ex- 
 
WHITE-WHITTAKER. 773 
 
 plosion in '53; his widow married Gen. C. Allen, and was the cl. for several 
 ranches, iii. 678, 711-12; iv. 655; v. 529, 662, 664. His son, Chas E., was a 
 lawyer at S. Jose" '81. W. (Chris. S.), 1847, Co. B, N. Y.Vol. (v. 499). W. 
 (Henry), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518); d. before '82. W. (J.), 1846, 
 Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358), enlisting at S. Juan in Oct. W. (J.), 1848, passp. 
 from Hon. W. (John), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). W. (John 
 CO, 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). W. (Joseph), 1847, Co. A, ditto. 
 W. (Joseph), 1848 (?), trapper in the mines with Brooks who claimed to have 
 come with Capt. Weber '41 (?). 
 
 White (Michael), 1829, Engl. or Irish sailor who came from Hon. on the 
 Dolly or l)haulle. iii. 179; having touched on the L. Cal. coast in '17, and 
 sailed, sometimes as mate and mr, on Mex. and Hawaiian vessels from that 
 date according to his own statement. He settled at Sta B., where he built a 
 schooner in '30. ii. 573; iii. 140. Except from his own testimony nothing is 
 known of him till '36, when his name appears in a Los Ang. list as an Irishman 
 aged 30; though he may have been the White accused of smuggling at S.F. 
 in '33. iii. 393. He says he made a trip to Mazatlan in the schr Guadalupe, 
 which he had built for S.Gabriel mission, returning in '32, marrying Maria 
 del Rosario Guillen, daughter of the famous old woman Eulalia Perez, open 
 ing a little store at Los Nietos, and keeping aloof from politics. In '38 he 
 signed a petition against Carrillo. iii. 565; and in '39 went to N. Mex., but 
 returned with the Workman party in '41. iv. 278. In '43 he was grantee of 
 Muscupiabe rancho and a S. Gabriel lot. iv. 635, 637; served in the foreign 
 comp. against Micheltorena '45. iv. 495, 595; and was one of the Chino pris 
 oners in '46. v. 314. In later years he continued to live at S. Gabriel; was the 
 successful cl. for his lands, which, however, in one way or another he finally 
 lost; and occasionally indulged in a sea voyage. In '77, at the age of 75, some 
 what feeble in health and very poor, having a large family of children and 
 grandchildren, Miguel Blanco gave me his interesting reminiscences of Gal. 
 All the Way Back to '28. His memory was good, and he seemed to be a truth 
 ful man. He died in or before '85. W. (Milton), 1840, one of the exiles to 
 S. Bias, arrested in the south; did not return, iv. 14, 18. W. (Moses), 
 1847, Co. E, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). W. (Philander), 1847, Co. K, ditto. W. 
 (Sam. S.), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); in Sutter's employ '47-8; at 
 Pleasant Grove, Utah, '81. W. (Thomas), 1840, deserter from the St Louis, 
 who became a lumberman, married, and in '48 lived on the Salinas. He died 
 about '50. iv. 120. W. (Wm), 1836, named in Larkin's books. W. (Wm), 
 1847, shoemaker in Sutter's employ. W. (W.), 1846, Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 
 
 ^J^Q\ ^i-tl i -.4-T t ,-* *. Q T,,~ "XT. 1 At -f j i - i 
 
 U.S. dragoons (v. 336); at Los Ang. '79. W. (Joseph), 1840, one of the ex 
 iles to S. Bias who did not return, iv. 18. Whitehurst, 1846, sergt, killed 
 atS. Pascual (?). Frtmont Court-martial, 169. See 'Whitness.' Whiteman 
 (Wm), 1846, overl. immig. who settled at S. Jos< with his family; drowned 
 in the S. Joaq. River '48. His widow lived at S. Jose" '77, in the house built 
 by W. in '46. A daughter was the wife of Waldo Lowe. A son, John T., 
 who came as a child in '46, was a farmer in Sta Clara Co., and died at S. Luis 
 Ob. in '77, leaving a widow. Whiting (Wm J.), 1830, trader on the coast 
 '30-1. Whitlock (Geo. W.), 1847, clerk for Wm H. Davis '47-9. v. 651; 
 sergt of S.F. guard '48; at Sac. about 74-5. W. (Jacob H.), 1847, Co. A, 
 N. Y.Vol. (v. 499); d. at S.F. '49. W. (Mervin R.), 1847, ditto; drowned 
 in S. Joaq. River '49. Whitmarsh (James), 1833, Amer. sailor who came 
 from Mazatlan on the Sta Bdrbara. iii. 409. In '37 a lumberman near S. Ra 
 fael; passp. in '40. Called 'Wetmarsh' and 'Webmarch,' but I have his au 
 tograph. Whitness (Wm), 1846, sergt Co. K, 1st U.S. dragoons, killed at 
 S. Pascual. v. 346; perhaps his name was 'Whitress;' also called 'White- 
 hurst.' Whitney (Francis T.), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). W. 
 (Wm), 1848, nat. of Engl., who came from Or. to the mines, and went back; 
 died at Butterville, Or., '78. Whittaker (Robert), 1845, boatswain on the 
 
774 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 U.S. Portsmouth; owner of a S.F. lot '46. v. 685. Whittemore, 1810, mr 
 of the Avon and Charon '10-14; trader and fur-hunter, ii. 96, 267, 282, 328. 
 Whittle, 1846, named as a physician at the Mont, hospital. W. (W.), 
 1815 (?), said to be mentioned in a doc. of '35, in the Los Ang. arch., as a 
 resid. for 20 years, doubtless an error. My copy makes the name 'Wittle/ 
 and the time 25 years, perhaps another error. Whittmer (L. C.), 1847, at 
 Sutter's fort from Sonoma, Sept. Whitton (1845), one of Fremont's men, 
 who perhaps did not come to Cal. iv. 583. W. (Ezekiel or Jerry), 1834, 
 Amer.. named on Larkin's books at Mont. '34-6. iii. 412. Whitworth (Wm), 
 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). 
 
 Widger (Benj.), 1847, Co. I, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Wierzbicki (Felix P.), 
 1847, Co. H, ditto; a Polish physician and author; owner of lots and partici 
 pant in a political meeting at S.F. '47. v. 455. In '48 he sends Gen. Vallejo 
 a copy of his work entitled The Ideal Man. He was also the author of Cali 
 fornia as It is o.nd as It may be, or A Guide to the Gold Region, S.F., 1849, 
 8vo, 60 pp., published in 2 editions by Washington Bartlett( mayor of S.F. as 
 I write, in '85), and the 1st book ever printed in this city. Dr W. died at S. 
 F. in '60. Wiggins (Wm), 1840, nat. of N.Y., who crossed the plains from 
 Mo. to Or. in '39 and come to Cal. on the Lausanne, landing at Bodega and 
 proceeding to Sutter's fort, and thence to Marsh's rancho. iv. 120-1, 136, 173. 
 In '42-4 he was with Graham at Sta Cruz; served in Gantt's com p. to support 
 Micheltorena in '45. iv. 486; is named in the Branciforte padron of '45 as 29 
 years old and single; went east overland in '46; returned at the head of an 
 immig. party in '47, but taking a cut-off was obliged, after great dangers, to 
 go to Or. v. 556; and came down to Cal. on the Henry in '48. He was per 
 haps the man who is named at Benicia in '48. v. 673; is said to have owned 
 at one time part of the Capitancillos rancho, Sta Clara Co. ; lived at S. Juan 
 B. '53-68, and later at Mont., where in '77 he gave me his Reminiscences. Ho 
 died at S. Jose* in '80, at the age of 63. He was called 'doctor,' had no family, 
 and was a man of somewhat eccentric ways. Wight (David), 1847, carpen 
 ter and lumberman at Mont. '47-8. W. (Randolph H.), 1848, nat. of N.Y., 
 who came from Or. on the Sterling, working in the mines, and going east in 
 '49. He came back in '52 to settle in Contra Costa, where he lived in '82 with, 
 wife and two daughters. Wigman (Lewis), 1845, blacksmith and trader aib 
 Mont., S.F., and Sutter's fort '45-8, serving also in Fauntleroy's dragoons '48. 
 iv. 578, 587; (v. 232, 247). 
 
 Wilber (James H.), 1847, Methodist preacher, touching at S.F. on his 
 way to Or. on the Whiton, who organized a Sunday-school at S. F. v. 657. 
 W. (Jacob), 1846, Co. C, 1st U. S. dragoons (v. 336). Wilbur, 1846, mr of 
 the Magnet, v. 579. W., 1848, in charge of Sutter's launch. W. (Jere 
 miah P.), 1846 (?), nat. of Conn.; owner of S. F. lots '48; married in '48 to 
 Amanda Hoit; died at S.F. '64. Wilcox (Edward), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. 
 (v. 469); nat. of Pa who went to the mines, and in '52-81 was a farmer in 
 Mont. Co. W. (Frank), 1846, Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358), enlisting at S. Juan 
 Oct. W. (Henry), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). W. (James Smith), 
 1816, Amer. mr of the Caminante, or Traveller, '1.6-17, who was suspected of 
 revolutionary designs, and wished to marry Concepcion Arguello. ii. 78, 216- 
 17, 285-7, 291, 310, 362, 365, 382, 389. W. (Matthew), 1847, Co. C, Morm. 
 Bat. (v. 469). Wilder (Peter), 1848, voter at S. Diego, and perhaps the P. 
 Wilde of '44 at S.D., hired by Capt. Peterson of the Admittance to look for 
 deserters. Wiley (James), 1848, lieut of marines at Mont.; passp. from 
 Hon. Wilkes (Charles), 1841, lieut U.S.N. and com. of the U.S. ex. ex., 
 and author of the Narrative of that exped., a work that, as far as Cal. is con 
 cerned, cannot be very highly praised, iv. 241-8; also iv. 2, 6, 20, 191, 208-9, 
 214, 227, 434, 569, 665. W. (E. P.), 1847, owner of S.F. lot. W. (James), 
 
 1846, came to S. Jose". Hall; also J.P. W., named at S. Jose" '47. W. (John), 
 
 1847, Co. K, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Wilkin. (David), 1847, sergt Co. C, Morm. Bat. v. 477; at Pioche, Nev., 
 '82. Wilkins (C. P.), 1848, in Q. M. dept Los Ang.; prob. same as pre 
 ceding. W. (Edward), 1847, at Sutter's fort. Wilkinson, 1848, went from 
 
WILKINSON WILLIAMS. 775 
 
 Mont, to the mines with Colton; said to be a son of a U.S. minister to Russia. 
 W. (James), 1831, named by Dye and Nidever as one of Young's trappers; 
 perhaps did not come to Cal. iii. 388. W. (John), 1845, act. mr of the U.S. 
 Portsmouth. Willard, 1843, nat. of Mass, and mate under Capt. Cooper, 
 who had been naturalized and got a land grant in the Sac. Val. Doubtful 
 mention by Thomes. W. (Fannie), 1846 (?), nat. of Ma3s. Married later to 
 Alfred Baldwin of Sta Cruz. W. (Henry or Isaac), 1847, Co, A, N.Y.Vol. 
 (v. 499); miner in '48-9; farmer and trader in Marin Co. to '56; and later a 
 farmer in Mendocino, living at Sanel in '80 with wife and 10 children. 
 Willey (Jeremiah), 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). Willhart (Louis), 
 1847, Co. C, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 William, 1845, Chinook Ind. of Fremont's party; in Sta B. garrison, v. 
 316. Williams, 1846, with Keamy from N. Mex. (v. 337); perhaps Geo. N. 
 W., 1846, Amer. at S. Luis Ob. v. 639. W., 1848, arrested at S. Jose", v. 
 663. W. (Aaron W.), 1828, mr of the Clio. iii. 146, 165. W. (Albert), 
 1840, one of the exiles to S.Blas, who did not return, iv. 14, 18. W. (Alonzo), 
 1846, applicant for land at S. Jose*. Sta Clara Co. Hist., 331. W. (Alex.), 
 1836, Engl. sailor who landed at Sta B. from a whaler. W. (B.), 1837, said 
 to have been one of the party driving cattle to Or. iv. 85. W. (Baylis), 
 1846, one of the Donner party from 111., who died in the Sierra. His half- 
 sister, Eliza, survived, and in '49 was living at S. Jose", married, but I do not 
 know what became of her. v. 530, 533-4. W. (Benj.), 1847, owner of a S. 
 F. lot, perhaps at Sutter's fort '48, and on the first jury at S. Jose" '48. W. 
 (Charles), 1839, at Mont.; one of the exiles of '40 who did not return, v. 18. 
 W. (Edward), 1847, lieut of Co. E, N.Y.Vol. v. 504; in '82 a resid. of Oak 
 land. W. (Elonzo), 1846, came from N. Helv. to S. Juan B. in Jan.; served 
 in Fauntleroy dragoons (v. 232, 247); prob. same as Alonzo above. W. 
 (Geo.), 1829 (?), Engl. sawyer named in Mont, lists of '34, who in '41 claimed a 
 resid. of 12 years; at S.F. '42, age 39. iii. 179; possibly same as the follow 
 ing. W. (Geo.), 1832, nat. of Demerara, naturalized in '41, claiming a resid. 
 of 9 years, iii. 408. W. (Geo.), 1845, overl. immig., perhaps of the Grigsby- 
 Ide party, iv. 579; settled at Sta Cruz and served in the Cal. Bat. '46. (v. 
 358). W. (Geo. N.), 1846, Co. C, 1st. U.S. dragoons (v. 336). W. (Henry 
 E.), 1846, Fauntleroy's dragoons (v. 232, 247). 
 
 Williams (Isaac), 1832, nat. of N.Y. and one of Young's trappers from 
 N. Mex. , where he had lived several years, iii. 388, 408. He settled at Los 
 Ang. as a trader, though occupied for some years as a hunter; built a house 
 in '34; aided in '35 in removing the Ind. from S. Nicolas Isl. iii. 361, 652; is 
 named in lists of '36 as 25, 38, and 50 years of age, obtaining that year a 
 certificate of residence from the ayunt. and joining the vigilance com. (iii. 
 430). He was generally known in Cal. as Julian W., often signing in that 
 way. In '39 he was naturalized, and about this time married Maria de Jesus, 
 daughter of Antonio M. Lugo, becoming the owner of the Chino rancho 
 granted to Lugo in '41, and being himself the grantee of an addition to the 
 rancho in '43. iv. 634, 117. His house in town was sold to the city govt. In 
 '46 he proposed to build a fort at the Cajon. v. 37; on the fight at Chino, 
 when W. was taken prisoner, see v. 312-14. He had a Cal. claim for property 
 destroyed for $133,000, which was not allowed (v. 462). In '47 he advertised 
 in the Californian for a large no. of men to build an adobe fence round his 
 rancho; and Col. Coutts says that the men all ran away to the mines in '48 
 just before the work was completed. He died in '56 at the age of '57, leaving 
 as heiresses of his large estate two daughters, Maria Merced, wife of John 
 Rains, and Francisca, wife of Robert Carlisle. His wife had died in '42, leav 
 ing the 2 daughters and apparently a son. Col. Williams was one of the typi 
 cal rancheros of southern Cal., enterprising, hospitable, and generally of good 
 repute. W. (Isaac), 1843, overl. imming. of the Chiles- Walker party, iv. 
 393-4, 400, who settled at Sta Cruz and later moved to Los Ang. , where he 
 died about '70. W. (James), 1843, brother of Isaac and memb. of the same 
 party, iv. 393-4, 400. He also settled at Sta Cruz as a lumberman and black 
 smith, being naturalized in '45, and married by Larkin in Aug. to Mary Pat- 
 
776 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 terson. In '46 he killed Henry Naile. v. 641 ; and is often named in records 
 of '47-8, being a miner in the latter year. In '52 he was cl. for ranches in Sta 
 Cruz and the Sac. Val. iii. 677; iv. 670; and he died at Sta Cruz in '58 at the 
 age of 45. W. (James V.), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); reenl. ; in Utah 
 '82. W. (J. H.), 1848, passp. from Hon. W. (John), 1826, sailor on the 
 Rover. W. (John), 1846, doubtful name of an overl. immig. v. 529. 
 
 Williams (John S.), 1843, brother of Isaac and James, and overl. immig. 
 of the Chiles party, iv. 393-4, 400. He was a tanner by trade, and I find no 
 original record of his presence till '45, when he is named in the Branciforte 
 padron as 26 years old (Isabel and Esculla Williams living with him prob. 
 the Cal. rendering of Isaac and Squire !), and is mentioned at Sutter's fort. 
 In Feb. '46 he asked for naturalization, continuing to work for Sutter, but 
 travelling much up and down the valley, visiting Mont, and Sta Cruz, and 
 perhaps serving with the Bears, v. 167. In '47, besides buying lots and build 
 ing at Benicia, v. 672, he took charge of Larkin's rancho in Colusa, and was 
 married in June to Maria Louisa, daughter of Joseph Gordon, at Wm Gor 
 don's place on Cache Creek, by Alcalde Ide. I have many of his original let 
 ters. He went to the mines in '48; moved to Butte Co. in '49; and died in 
 May of that year. His widow married Lindsay Carson in '50, was one of the 
 cl. for the Arroyo Chico rancho '52, and still lived in Sonoma Co. '80. A son, 
 John S. , Jr, was born in Cal. '48, and was also one of the claimants. He went 
 east, and in '70-80 lived in Texas. W. (N. L. ), 1848, passp. from Hon. W. 
 (Richard), 1846, sergt Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336), 341. W. (Robert), 
 1844, doubtful name of a man who came with his family. Ariz. Hist., 268. 
 W. (Squire), 1843, brother of John S. and James, v. 393-4, 400; Co. F, Cal. 
 Bat. (v. 358); died at the Yuba mines '48; yet named as a cl. for Arroyo de 
 la Laguna in '52. iii. 677. W. (S. H.), 1848, of S. H. W. & Co. at S.F. v. 
 678. W. (Thomas), 1847, sergt Co. D, Morm. Bat. v. 477, 481; perhaps did 
 not come to Cal. W. (Wm), 1838, Engl. sailor who landed at S. Diego, iv. 
 119; in charge of Capt. Fitch's house '40; sub-Ind. agent at S. Luis Rey '48. 
 v. 621-2; claimant for Valle de las Viejas '52. v. 619. W. (Wm H.), 1847, 
 Co. A, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at Nyack, N.Y., 74-84. 
 
 Williamson (Benj.), 1846, Co. B, Cal. Bat. (v. 358), enlisting at Mont. 
 Nov. W. (Daniel or David), 1846, Co. F, ditto, enlisting at S. Juan Oct.; 
 at S. Jos< '48; d. in '49. Swan. W. (James), 1826, on the Rover. W. 
 (J. C.), 1838 (?), nat. of Mass., said to have come via N. Mex. in '38, iv. 119, 
 and, returning, to have started in '41 with his family, killed by Ind. on the 
 way. Then he turned Ind. -fighter; was with Fremont in '46 (?); was a sharp 
 shooter in the war of '61-5; a scout tinder Custer later; then a hunter in 
 Cal. known as Grizzly Dan; at Oroville '80. Sac. Union, July 3, '80. How 
 much truth there may be in all this I do not know. W. (Thomas), 1833, at 
 Mont. '33-4. W. (Thomas D.), 1847, Co. K, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at Sta Rosa 
 71-4; d. before '80. Willie (Henry), 1847, Co. H, ditto. 
 
 W T illis (Ira), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); later in Sutter's service, 
 and at the Coloma mill when gold was found. W. (Otis W.), 1847, Co. F, 
 N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at S. Andre's 74. W. (Wm), 1827 (?), Englishman, 
 owning cattle and applying for land at S. Jos6 in '28. ii. 595, 605; iii. 
 178. In '30 Wm With got permission to keep cattle at Mt Diablo, ii. 602. 
 As Wilk and Villa he is named in '3d, age 31, with wife and 3 children. 
 In '41 Guillermo Wil is named in the S. Josd padron as an Amer., age 
 46, wife Maria Ant. Galindo, child. Guillermo b. '33, Concepcion '28, and 
 Anastasio '30. There is also a Julian Wil named as a militiaman of S.F. in 
 '37. There is a strange lack of definite information about this Wm Willis. 
 W. (W. S. S.), 1847, known as Sidney W.; Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); in 
 Sutter's employ '47-8, and at the Coloma mill when gold was discovered. 
 Wilmot (James), 1845, perhaps overl. immig. of the Grigsby-Ide party, iv. 
 579; named at Sutter's fort '46. W. (Lewis), 1846, Cal. Bat. (v. 358); also 
 Lewis A. W., sailor on the Elizabeth '48. Wilmoth (Geo.), 1845, boatswain 
 on the U.S. Savannah. Wilson, 1845, in Sutter's employ; went east with 
 Clyman in '46. v. 526. W., 1847, at S.F. from Hon., with wife and 2 chil- 
 
WILSON. 777 
 
 dren, on the Julia. W., 1847, owner of land at Benicia. W., 1848, at 
 S.F. from Tahiti. W., 1848, of Hood & W., carpenters at S.F. v. 684. 
 W. (A.), 1824, sailor on the Rover. W. (Alfred G.), 1847, Co. A, Morm. 
 Bat. (v. 469); at Moab, Utah, '81. W. (Amariah), 1847, owner of S.F. lots. 
 W. (Alvin), 1840, nat. of Conn., who landed from Capt. Hinckley's vessel 
 and became a lumberman in the Sta Cruz district. He was arrested with the 
 other foreigners, but not exiled; and in '42 signed an appeal to the U.S. govt. 
 He was killed by Ind. near Gilroy in July '44. W. (B.), 1848, at Hon. 
 from S.F., on the Julian. 
 
 Wilson (Benj. Davis), 1841, known in Cal. as Benito, nat. of Tenn., and 
 immig. of the Workman party from N. Mex., where he had resided for 8 
 years as trapper and trader, iv. 277-9. In '43 he purchased the Jurupa 
 rancho, iv. 635, and from this frontier station in the following years engaged 
 in several campaigns against hostile Indians. In '45 he was prominent among 
 the southern foreigners who served against Michel torena. iv. 495, 504, 506-7. 
 In '46 he acted as juez for the district ranchos; commanded a comp. of citizen 
 riflemen intended to resist Castro; was in com. of the foreigners at the Chino 
 fight; and after the U.S. occupation served as lieut in the Cal. Bat. v. 50-1, 
 265, 312-14, 360, 625. He was the 1st county clerk and 1st mayor of Los 
 Ang.; Ind. agent in '52, taking pride in having been the 1st to urge the set 
 tling of the Ind. on reservations at the old missions; cl. for S. Jos6 de Buenos 
 Aires rancho. iv. 635; and was state senator for two terms. Don Benito was 
 a prosperous ranchero and fruit-raiser, an influential and respected citizen. 
 In '77 he dictated for my use his Observations on early Cal. events, a MS. of 
 considerable value, though on some points I have found Wilson's testimony 
 less accurate than I had deemed it at first. I notice that a copy, left with the 
 family at their request, has been consulted by some of the county history 
 and newspaper men. W. died at his rancho of Lake Vineyard in '78, at the 
 age of 67, leaving a widow a 2d wife, the 1st having been Ramona, daugh 
 ter of Bernardo Yorba, married in '44 and 3 daughters. W. (Charles), 
 1848, carpenter at S.F. W. (Dorsey), 1847, owner of S.F. lot. W. (Henry), 
 1847, purser on the U.S. Preble. W. (Henry J.), 1847, sergt Co. D, N.Y. 
 Vol. v. 504. W. (James), 1824, Engl. trader at Mont.; age 25 in '29; also 
 at Mont. '30-3. ii. 609. W. (James), 1844 (?),-Engl. soldier, veteran of 
 Waterloo, said to have come to Sta Clara and to have died in 70. v. 453. 
 W. (James), 1847, Co. A, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). 
 
 Wilson (John), 1826, Scotch shipmaster and trader on the roll of the Soc. 
 Cal. Pion. as having arrived in April '26, and who in '37 claimed a residence 
 of 12 years; the 1st original record being '28, when he was master of the 
 Thos Nowlan. iii. 149. In '31-7 he was mr of the Ayacucho; of the Index 
 '3S-9, '41-3; of the Fly '40; of the Juanita in '44-5. iii. 381; iv. 101, 104, 
 566. Before '36 he married Ramona Carrillo de Pacheco, and from that time 
 considered Sta B. his home; naturalized in '37, and from '39 to '47 a partner 
 of James Scott; about '41 engaged in otter-hunting. In '45 Capt. W. took 
 some part in the troubles with Micheltorena. iv. 498; and with Scott was the 
 purchaser of the S. Luis Ob. estate, and grantee of the ranchos Canada del 
 Chorro and Canada de los Osos, where he spent the rest of his life. iv. 553, 
 655, 658-9; v. 375, 558, 566. He died in '60 at the age of 65, leaving a widow, 
 still living in '85, a son John who settled in England, and a daughter. There 
 were few of the old pioneers better known or more respected than Capt. John 
 Wilson. W. (John), 1826, Amer. trapper, apparently of Jed. Smith's party, 
 iii. 155, 190, 176. Ment. in '27-30; on Larkin's books '38-9; in '41 permitted 
 to marry Maria F. Mendoza of S. Carlos. W. (John), 1837, grantee of 
 Guilicos rancho, Sonoma, for which he was cl. in 53. iii. 712; iv. 118; ment. 
 at Sonoma '43. W. (John), 1841, deserter from the U.S. Ex. Ex. at N. 
 Helv. July. W. (John), 1844, owner of a lighter on S.F. bay; perhaps John 
 of '37, or the captain. W. (John), 1847, wounded at the S. Gabriel fight. 
 v. 395; prob. Joseph. W. (John), 1847, Co. D, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); perhaps 
 at Stockton '48-9. W. (J. B.), 1847, carpenter at Mont. '47-8; perhaps the 
 initials were E. B. or 0. B. W. (John E.), 1846, on roll of Soc. Cal. 
 
778 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Pion. ; nat. of Sweden; d. at S.F. 77, age 63. W. (John Henry), 1826, negro 
 who landed from a whaler, and was still at Los Ang. '29 and '37. iii. 196. 
 W. (John K.), 1845, mid. on the U.S. Savannah '45-7; lieut, and later capt., 
 of the artill. comp. of the Cal. Bat. v. 361, 434, 446; in '48 a witness at Wash. 
 on the Cal. claims. W. (J. T.), 1847, owner of a S.F. lot. 
 
 Wilson (Joseph), 1845, asst-surg. on the U.S. Savannah '45-7. W. 
 (Joseph), 1846, seaman wounded at the S. Gabriel fight '47. W. (Joseph), 
 1847, purser on the U.S. Lexington. W. (Julian), 1828, partner of Exter in 
 a trapping project, iii. 172-3, 178; named in the Branciforte padron of '28, 
 wife Josefa Arbito (?), child Maria, ii. 627. W. (Lorenzo), 1830 (?), brother 
 of Julian, said by Vallejo to have had personal encounters with Pliego and 
 Jose" Castro. W. (Mariano), 1846, had a Cal. claim (v. 462). W. (Oliver 
 0.), 1846, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 336). W. (Robert), 1847, Co. G, 
 N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); at Vallejo '82. W. (Thomas), 1832, at Purisima, a 
 farmer. W. (Thomas A.), 1848, overl. immig., son of Wm D., settler in S. 
 Joaquin Co., where he still lived with a family in '84. W. (Wm), 1822, 
 Amer. carpenter at Mont. '29, aged 27, married; also at Mont. '34. ii. 478. 
 There way be some confusion between him and Wm 'Willis,' q. v. W. 
 (Win), 1847, at S.F. from Tahiti. W. (Wm C.), 1845 (?), nat. of Tenn. said 
 to have come from Sonora this year; a well-known horseman who died at S. 
 Jose" '82, leaving a widow and son. iv. 587. W. (Wm D.), 1848, nat. of Ky 
 and overl. immig. who settled on the Cosumnes, where he built a wire bridge. 
 He was rich at one time, but lost his fortune by floods and other misfortunes. 
 He died near Gilroy in '75 at the age of 65, leaving a widow and son. Wilt 
 (John), 1847, sergt Co. B, N.Y. Vol. v. 504; d. before '82. 
 
 Wimmer (Peter L.) 1846, nat. of Ohio and overl. immig. with his wife, 
 Elizabeth J. Bays. He may have served in the Cal. Bat. (v. 358); and in '47 
 was owner of a S.F. lot. v. 685. He worked for Sutter as a millwright in 
 '47-8, and was one of the men employed at the Coloma mill when gold was 
 discovered, being perhaps with Marshall on the eventful morning when 'they' 
 picked up the 1st nugget. At any rate, Mrs W., ranking as cook and laun 
 dress of the camp, tested that nugget by boiling -it in her soap-kettle, and still 
 claimed to have it in her possession in '85. After the discovery the family 
 kept a boarding-house, having also a choice assortment of pigs. A child was 
 born in Aug. '48; in '49 W r . went to Calaveras; in '55 he had 10 children. In 
 '78-85 be resided in Southern Cal. W. (John M. ), 1847 (?), perhaps a brother 
 of Peter, teamster at N. Helv. and Coloma '47-8. G. W. and family are also 
 ment. in the N. Nelv. Diary; prob. error. 
 
 Winckley (J. F.), 1848, passp. from Hon. Winders (John), 1847, nat. 
 of Va; d. at Stockton '72, age 67. Windmeyer (Richard), 1847, Co. F, 
 N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). W T ing, 1847, mr of the Obe.d Mitchell, v. 579; on the 
 Sagadahoc '48. Winkley, 1847, at S.F. from Or. on the Henry; at Benicia. 
 Winkworth (Wm), 1836, mr of the Europa '36-7. iv. 103. Winn (Dennis), 
 
 1847, Co. A, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); laborer at Mont. '48 ;*at Richmond, Utah, 
 '81. Winner (Geo. K.), 1846, one of the Mormon colony, with wife and 6 
 children, v. 547; owner of S.F. lot '47. v. 679. Winnie (James), 1847, 
 sergt Co. H, N.Y. Vol. v. 504; sergt of S. Jose" guard '48; d. before '82. 
 W. (Wm), 1847, Co. E, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); carpenter and miner in Calaveras 
 Co. '48-56; at Portland, Or., to '74, and at Oakland, Cal.. to '85. Winship, 
 
 1848, trader in the mines and at S.F. W. (Charles), 1850, mr of the Betsey. 
 i. 546, 656. W. (Jonathan), 1806, mr of the O'Cain; a famous trader and 
 smuggler on the coast 1806-12. ii. 25, 39-40, 78-9, 82, 84-5, 92-4, 267, 633. 
 W. (Nathan), 1806, brother of Jonathan, mate of the O'Cain; mr of the Alba 
 tross 1807-12. ii. 39, 82, 84, 92-5, 148, 199, 267, 296. Winslow, 1848, from 
 Hon. on the Sagadahoc. Winter (Jacob), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); 
 reenl. W. (John D.), 1848, hotel-keeper at Coloma, of firm W. & Cromwell, 
 owning an interest in Sutter 's mill; later a resid. of S. Joaquin. W. (Wm 
 H.), 1843 (?), nat. of Ind. and overl. immig. of the Walker-Chiles party, iv. 
 393-4, 400; or possibly came to Or. '43 and to Cal. ? 44. He is said to have 
 gone east in '45 and returned in '49, but is named in N. Helv. in '47. He 
 
WINTER WOLFSKILL, 779 
 
 made other trips east, but in '53 settled in Cal. with his family, living in 
 Colusa and Lake to '55, in Napa to '71, and in Shasta nntil his death in '79 at 
 the age of 60, leaving 5 sons, one of them a lawyer at Napa. W., 1843, mr 
 of the whaler Ana Maria. Peterson. 
 
 Wise (Henry A.), 1847, lieut on the U.S. Independence, and author of Los 
 Grinyos, pub. in N.Y. '49, in which his experience is described, v. 100. I 
 have also some MS. Notes on Cal. by him, but cannot say how or when they 
 were obtained. W. (Marion), 1845, apparently one of Fremont's men. iv. 
 583; at N. Helv. '46, and perhaps one of the Bears, v. 110, 128, 453; a wit 
 ness at Wash, in Feb. '48. He perished in Fremont's exped. of '48-9. Wis- 
 mon (John), 1846, in Hittell's list. Wisner (Geo.), 1845, carpenter on the 
 U.S. Portsmouth '45-7; owner of a S.F. lot. v. 683. Wissell (Fred.), 1847, 
 Co. H, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). Wiswell (James), 1846, a doctor who became 
 rich and went east. Hittell. Withrell (Adolphus), 1846, sailor on the Dale. 
 Wittam (Isaac), 1847, Co. I, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). Wittmer (Jacob), 1847, 
 Swiss in Sutter's employ '47-8, often named in the N. Helv. Diary. On Feb. 
 14, '48, he arrived at the fort with glowing reports from the gold mines. Wit- 
 marsh (Benj. H.), 1845, Amer. at Mont. Wittengstein (David), 1847, Co. 
 F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). 
 
 Wodwarck, 1815, mr of the Lady. ii. 307. Wohler (Herman), 1848, 
 German who married a daughter of Capt. Cooper, and was a member of the 
 legislature of '55. He lived on Mark West Creek, and later at Sonoma, where 
 he had a vineyard. An accomplished musician, famous as an entertainer. He 
 died in 77. Vohlgemouth (Henry J.), 1847, Co. E, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); at 
 S.F. '82. Wolcott, 1845 (?), d. at Hon. '50; said to have lived 5 years in 
 Cal.; prob. 'Walcott.' Wolfe (James), 1826, mate of the Blossom '26-7. iii. 
 121. W. (John), 1847, Co. D, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); trader at Mont., Stock 
 ton, and in the mines; in N.Y. '71-82. Wolfinger, 1846, German of the 
 Donner party, who died before reaching the Sierra. His wife survived and was 
 married in '47 at Sutter's fort to Geo. Zinns. v. 531-2, 534. 
 
 Wolfskill (John E,.), 1838, nat. of Ky, who came from N. Mex., after some 
 years residence in Mex. iv. 117, 119. After working for several years for his 
 brother Wm in the south, he carne north in '42 and settled on a rancho on 
 Putah Creek granted to Francisco Guerrero and owned by Wm Wolfskill. 
 Here he has lived down to '85, his name rarely appearing in any early records 
 that I have seen, possibly serving with the Bears and Cal. Bat., but not 
 tempted away from his rancho and cattle by the gold excitement of '48-9. 
 In the later years he has been one of the best known fruit-growers of Yolo 
 and Solano, a man of wealth, and a citizen of the most excellent reputation, 
 now 81 years of age. Portrait in Yolo Co. Hist. , 26. By his first wife, whose name 
 I have not found, he had a son, Edward, who in later years was his business 
 manager. In '58 he married Susan, daughter of Stephen Cooper, by whom he 
 had 3 daughters living in '80. I have a brief Biog. Sketch of 'Uncle John,* 
 taken by G. W. Boggs in '83. W. (Sarchel), 1838 (?), nat. of Mo., brother 
 of John R., who may have come from N. Mex. '38-41; in Solano Co. '80. 
 W. (Wm), 1831, brother of John R., nat. of Ky, and for several years a trap 
 per and trader in N. Mex., coming to Cal. in com. of a trapping party by a 
 new route, iii. 386, 405, 630; iv. 263-4. He had been naturalized in N. Mex. 
 '30; and in Cal. for several years was engaged in hunting otter on the coast, 
 building a schooner for that purpose, iii. 363, 393. In '36 he settled at Los 
 Ang. as a carpenter, getting a lot, being named as one of the vigilantes, giv 
 ing much attention to the raising of vines, and from '38 devoting himself 
 wholly to the vineyards which were to make him rich and famous, iv. 117. 
 He married in '41 ; in '42 became the owner of the Putah Creek rancho occupied 
 from that time by his brother, iv. 673; in '44 was regidor at Los Ang. iv. 
 633; and is hardly mentioned in the political troubles of '45-7 or in public 
 matters of later years. He died in '66 at the age of 68, leaving an enviable 
 
780 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Jose" Ign. Lugo, died in '62; a daughter Juana, Mrs Henry D. Barrows, died 
 in '63, and another daughter in '55. The surviving children and heirs of his 
 large estate were Joseph W. born in '44, Luis, Madelina (wife of Matias 
 Sabici), and Francisca, apparently Mrs Cardwell. Wm had 3 brothers, per 
 haps including Sarchel, who came after '48. Wolter (Charles), 1833, Ger 
 man mr of a Mex. vessel, who in Dec. obtained a certificate of Mex. citizen 
 ship, having been for 2 years a citizen of Peru. iii. 409. It is not unlikely that 
 he visited Cal. before '33. He was mr of the Leonor '36-8, of the Clara or 
 Clarita '40-3, of the Julia '44-5, and of El Placer '48. iii. 383; iv. 102, 104, 
 403, 563-4; v. 577. Capt. Wolter married an Estrada, settled at Mont., and 
 was cl. for the Toro rancho. iii. 679. He died in '56 at the age of 65. 
 
 Wood, 1841, with Douglas, iv. 212; named at Butter's fort. W. 1846, 
 at Sutter's fort from Or. in June. v. 526. W., 1846, mr of the Pandora, v. 
 579. W., 1847, juryman and constable at Sutter's fort. v. 542. W., 1848, 
 in the mines; discov. of Wood Creek; perhaps the man who came from Or. 
 with Capt. Martin, and was killed by Ind. W., 1848, builder at Benicia. 
 v. 673. W. (Geo.), 1831, mr of the Louisa, iii. 383. W. (Geo. T.), 1844, 
 deserter from the U.S. Warren at S.F., who lived among the Ind. of Marin 
 Co. near Tomales, where Wood Point bears his name. iv. 453. The ex-sailor 
 became an expert horseman, widely known as Tom Vaquero. He died at S. 
 Rafael in '79. W. (Henry), 1833, Amer. named in Larkin's books '33-7, 
 known as the 'deacon.' iii. 409; in the Or. cattle party of '37. iv. 85; served 
 in Cal. Bat. '46 (v. 358), and had a Cal. claim of $30 (v. 462); owner of S.F. 
 lot '47; a carpenter at S.F. '51-4; perhaps several different men. W. (John), 
 
 1847, Co. I, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at Hanford, Tulare Co., '82. W. (Joseph), 
 
 1845, overl. immig. of the Grigsby-Ide party, who probably returned east in 
 '46. iv. 579; but may have been one of the Woods named at Sutter's fort at 
 the beginning of this paragraph. W. (0. R.), 1848, at Hon. from Mont.; 
 seems to have married a daughter of W. H. Merrill at S.F. W. (Paul D.), 
 
 1846, Co. C, 1st U. S. dragoons (v. 336). W. (Wm), 1840, sup. of the Co 
 lumbia '40-1. iv. 102-3, 564. W. (Wm), 1846, Co. E, Cal. Bat., enlisting , 
 at Sutter's fort Oct. (v. 358). W. (Wm), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). 
 W. (Wm A.), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). W. (Wm Maxwell), 1844, 
 fleet-surgeon of the Pacific squadron U.S.N. '44-6, who, on his way overland 
 across Mex. in '46, sent to Com. Sloat at Mazatlan news of the outbreak of 
 war. He published a narrative of his adventures under the title of Wandering 
 Sketches, iv. 452-3, 460, 479, 661. 
 
 Woodard (John), 1832, witness at Mont. Wooden (John), 1843, doubt 
 ful name of the Chiles- Walker immig. party, iv. 393-4. Woodruff ( Wilford), 
 
 1848, Mormon, and one of the discov. of gold at Mormon Isl.; perhaps 'Wil 
 ford.' Woods (Henry), 1838, in Sta Clara; perhaps 'Wood.' W. (Isaiah 
 C.), 1848, nat. of Me, who came as sup. of a trader, and from '49 was promi 
 nent as manager of Adams & Co.'s express and banking business. He went 
 east after the failure of that eomp. in '55; among other enterprises established 
 an overland mail from Texas to S. Diego; served as commissary of transpor 
 tation in the war of '61-5; and returned to Cal. about '68. He died in '80, 
 leaving a widow and 3 children. W. (John), 1848, at Sta Cruz '81. Wood- 
 side (Preston K.), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); clerk of the naval agency 
 at Mont. '48; later clerk of supreme court. In '81 at Tucson, Ariz. Wood 
 ward (E.), 1840, steward of the schr California. W. (Francis), 1847, Co. C, 
 Morm. Bat. (v. 469). Woodworth, 1847, a Mormon in Sutter's employ '47-8, 
 teaming between the fort and mill. W. (John), 1834, Engl. at Mont. '34-5. 
 
 Woodworth (Selim E.), 1847, nat. of N.Y., and lieut U.S.N. , who came 
 overland to Or. in '46, and to Cal. in the winter of '46-7, taking some part in 
 an exped. for the relief of the Donner party, v. 539; owning S.F. lots, joining 
 the Warren, and in '48 acting as mr of the transport Anita, v. 576. In '49 he 
 resigned his commission, engaged in trade in comp. with P. A. Roach, and 
 was a member of the 1st state senate. Later he became a business man at S. 
 F., being prominent in the vigilance com. of '51. In the war of '61-5 he re 
 joined the navy, reaching the rank of commodore, resigning about '67, and 
 
WOODWORTH YARD. 781 
 
 residing for the most part at S.F., where he died in '71, at the age of 55, 
 leaving a widow and 5 children. Portrait in Annals of S.F. Woolard 
 (Henry), 1847, Co. K, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); 58 lashes and a month in jail at S. 
 Josd '48 for attempted murder. Wooldridge, 1846, com. of the Spy. v. 580. 
 Wooley (Wm), 1847, Co. A, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at Campo Seco '71-82. 
 Wooster (Charles W.), 1847, nat. of N. Y., who came as sup. of the Confede 
 ration, having been admiral in the Chilean navy. He presided at the 1st 
 thanksgiving dinner at S.F. '47, being owner of lots here and at Benicia. v. 
 646, 672, 678. Partner of Ward and Fourgeaud in the Yuba mines; dying at 
 Hock farm Aug. '48. 
 
 Worden (John L.), 1847, lieut on the Southampton. W. (Stephen), 1844, 
 doubtful name of an Amer. at S.F., age 25. Work (John), 1833, a trapper 
 applying for supplies, iii. 392. Workman (Andrew J.), 1847, Co. B, Morm. 
 Bat. (v. 469); at Virgin City, Utah, '82. W., 1809, doubtful record of a 
 hunter, ii. 89. W. (Oliver G.), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); reenl.; at 
 Salt Lake City '82. W. (Wm), 1841, nat. of England, who came from N. 
 Mex. in com. of an immig. party with his family, iv. 276-9, 637. He had 
 long been a trader at Taos, and at the time of his coming to Cal. was some 
 what compromised in the eyes of the Mex. govt by his supposed connection 
 with Texan political or revolutionary schemes. He obtained, with John Ro 
 land, the Puente rancho, confirmed in '45. iv. 331, 635; was a leader of the 
 foreigners against Michel torena in '45. iv. 495, 505; took some part in '46-7 
 in the direction of preventing warfare, v. 50-1, 332-3, 387, 396; and was the 
 purchaser of S. Gabriel mission, v. 561, 627-9. In '52 he was cl. for the Cajon 
 de los Negros and La Puente ranches. From about '68 he was a banker in 
 company with Temple at Los Ang. , and in '76, on the failure of the bank, he 
 committed suicide, at the age of 76. I know nothing of his family, except 
 that a brother David died at La Puente in '55. Wort (Geo.), 1847, Co. G, 
 N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); d. at S.F. '47. Worth (Caroline), 1848, nat. of Ind., 
 resid. of Sonoma Co. '74-7. 
 
 Wrangell (Baron F. von), 1833, gov. of the Russian colonies in Alaska, at 
 Ross in '33, and at Mont '35 on his way to Mex. iv. 160-9. See also Hist. 
 Alaska. Wright, 1845, doubtful member of the Grigsby-Ide party, iv. 579. 
 W., 1847, had a hospital on Cooper St., Mont. W., 1848, from Hon. on the 
 Sac/adahoc. W., 1848, at Sta Cruz, buying C. C. Smith's interest in a store, 
 which was perhaps in the mines. W., 1848, partner of Dav. Ray in the 
 Yuba mines. W., 1848, of W. & Owen, liquor dealers at S.F. W. (Chas), 
 
 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469). W. (David), 1847, carpenter at Mont.; 
 cl. in '52 for Roblar de la Miseria rancho. iv. 673. W. (Harry), 1846, Co. 
 G, Cal. Bat., enlisting at S. Jos< Nov. (v. 358). W. (J.), 1840, passenger on 
 the Lausanne perhaps, who went to Hon. iv. 104, 121. W. (Jonathan), 
 1846, at Mont. 74, said by McPherson to have come this year. W. (J. H.), 
 
 1848, passp. from Hon. W. (Phineas R.), 1847, sergt Co. A, Morm. Bat. v. 
 477. W. (Stephen A.), 1847, prob. overl. immig., perhaps of '46; at Mont. 
 '47-8, of W. & Dickenson, lumber dealers; owner of S.F. lot '49. v. 685; and 
 member of S.F. council '49; later a banker who failed and went to Ariz, be 
 fore '60. W. (Tiery), 1844 (?), perhaps one of Fremont's men. iv. 437. 
 
 Wumsen (John), 1823, appears as a witness at StaB.; prob. a sailor, ii. 
 495. Wunderlich (F. H.), 1848 (?), biog. in Eureka Humboldt Times, June 
 25, 79. Wybourn (Robert), 1847, Co. I, N. Y.Vol. (v. 499); in Calaveras 
 71-4. Wylie (Jonn), 1847, Co. E, ditto. Wylis (Richard), 1845, doubtful 
 name of an overl. immig. iv. 578. Wyman (Gardner), 1847, at Mont. '47-8. 
 W. (Geo. F.), 1844(?), sent by Sutter to raise recruits for the Micheltorena 
 campaign in Dec. iv. 453, 486, 501; often named in the N. Helv. Diary '45-8; 
 His wife, ment. in '47, was America, daughter of David Kelsey, still living in 
 '85. In 78-84 W. was living at Spanishtown, S. Mateo Co., and in news 
 paper sketches and county histories is said to have left a whaler in '36. W. 
 (T.W.), 1847, capt. on the U.S. Columbus, v. 577. 
 
 Yame (Bias), 1806, sailor on the Peacock, ii. 38. Yanonalit, Ind. chief 
 at Sta B. 1782. i. 377. Yard (Edward M.), 1846, lieut on the U.S. Dale; 
 
782 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 at Trenton, N. J., 78. Yarnall (Mordecai), 1847, prof, of mathematics on the 
 Columbus. Yates (John), 1842, Engl. sailor who came from Mazatlan and 
 was employed by Sutter as mr of his launch, iv. 229, 341. In '43 he was in 
 some trouble at Sonoma, Sutter furnishing bail; in Nov. '44 his launch was 
 wrecked at Ross; he is named in the N. Helv. Diary '45-7, and seems to have 
 been the owner of land in the Chico region '46-7, having also a Cal. claim of 
 $50 (v. 462). In '51 he went to the Sandwich Isl., where he was living in '72, 
 in which year he sent me his Sketch of a Journey to the Sacramento Valley in 
 '4%, including a narrative of earlier adventures. It is a most interesting and 
 useful MS., though there are indications that the valley trip may have oeen 
 antedated by a year or two. Y. (John D. ), 1847, Co. H, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); 
 in '82 at Albany, N.Y.; a printer. Ybarra, etc., see 'Ibarra,' etc. 
 
 Yeamans (Edward), 1847, Co. E, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). Yellow Serpent, 
 Or. Ind. at Sutter's fort '44-6. v. 300-2. Yems, 1817, sailor at Sta B., doubt 
 ful name. ii. 286. Yergeens (Fred.), 1847, Co. F, 3d U. S. artill. (v. 518); 
 living in '64. Yetch (August), 1847, perhaps of N. Y. Vol. under another 
 name. Yim (James), 1828, Amer. pilot at Mont. '28-9, age 23; name doubt 
 ful; prob. 'Jim.' Yndarte (J. D.), 1845, mr of the Farici. iv. 565. Ynitia 
 (Camilo), grantee of Olompali '43. Yonkins (Win), 1847, Co. F, 3d U. S. 
 artill. (v. 528); in the S. Jose" hospital '64, suffering from an incurable cancer. 
 
 Yorba (Antonio), 1769, one of Fages' original Catalan volunteers; in 1777 
 corp. of the S. F. comp.; in 1782 corp. of the Mont, comp.; and in 1789 of 
 the S. Diego comp. In 1797 he was retired as invalido sergt; and in 1809-10 
 grantee of the Santiago de Sta Ana rancho, Los Ang., which he or a son of 
 the same name occupied down to '30, and the family later, i. 647, 663; ii. 104, 
 112, 172, 353, 565, 664; iii. 634. His wife, from 1782, was Maria Josef a, 
 daughter of Alferez Grijalva; and the children named in early years were 
 Isabel Maria, Cecilia, Raimunda (who married J. B. Alvarado), Francisca, 
 and Jose" Domingo who died in 1796. Y. (Bernardo), son of Antonio, age 35 
 in '39, aux. alcalde or juez de campo at St Ana '33, '36, '40, '44. iii. 635-7; 
 iv. 633; grantee of Canada de Sta Ana '34 and of Sierra '46. iii. 633; v. 628. 
 His daughter Ramona married B. D. Wilson. Y. (Isabel), grantee of 
 Guadalasca '46, and cl. in '52. iii. 655. Y. (Jose" Ant.), son of Antonio, age 
 27 iu '39; aux. alcalde and juez de campo at Sta Ana Abajo '36, '40. iii. 636- 
 7; in '41 at S. Juan Cap. iv. 626, 628; in '47 rcgidor at Los Ang. v. 626. 
 Y. (Jose" Domingo), son of Jose" Ant., b. at S. Diego 1795; cl. of S. Vicente 
 Canada '52. v. 629. Y. (Ramon), cl. for Las Bolsas '52. iii. 633. Y. 
 (Teodosio), son of Josd Ant., age 22 in '39, aux. alcalde at Sta Ana '36 and 
 '47. iii. 636; v. 626; a prisoner in '38. iii. 554-5; grantee of Arroyo Seco '40. 
 
 in '39, '40, '43. iii. 589, 629, 637. 
 
 Yorgens (Joseph), 1828, Amer. trapper of Pattie's party, iii. 163, 168; 
 age 24 in '29. Either Y. and Ferguson were the same, or one of them could 
 not have belonged to this party. York, 1834, Engl. sailor, age 23, in a 
 Mont. list. Y. (John), 1845, nat. of Tenn. and overl. immig. of the Grigsby- 
 Ide party, with his wife Lucinda Hudson and 2 sons, Wm E. and David, the 
 latter being apparently born on the trip. iv. 579, 587. He settled at the head 
 of Napa Valley; was at Sonoma during the Bear revolt; went to the mines in 
 '48-9; and in '49-82 lived on his farm in Napa. There were 9 surviving 
 children in '82, including those named above. Portrait in Napa Co. Hist., 62. 
 Y. (Wm), 1846, Co. F, Cal. Bat. v. 358; at S. Jose" '48-50. 
 
 Young, 1833, at S. Diego '33-4, in Ebbetts' service, called capt. Y., 
 1647, mr of the Com. Stockton, at S.F. and Bodega, v. 577. Y. (Alpheus), 
 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at S.F. '82. Y. (Charles B.), 1847, lieut 
 Co. A, ditto, v. 503. Y. (Chas D.), 1847, musician, ditto. Y. (Ewing), 1830, 
 capt. of trappers, who came to Cal. from N. Mex., and again in '31-2, going 
 to Or. in '34, returning in '37, to purchase cattle, and dying in Or. '41. ii. 
 600; iii. 174-5, 180, 357, 387-8, 393-4, 410, 630; iv. 85-7, 263-4; see also 
 
YOUNG-ZAMPAY. 783 
 
 Hist. Or., i. 90 et seq. Y. (Francis), 1837, lumberman in the Mont. dist. 
 '37-44. iv. 118. He failed in business '44; and nothing more is known of him 
 unless he was with Ford at Olompali '46. v. 166. Y. (John), 1844, on roll 
 of Soc. Cal. Pion. ; nat. of Scotland, and nephew of Capt. John Wilson; per 
 haps did not come from Valparaiso till '45. He was a trader and mr of ves 
 sels on the coast; and later superintendent of the N. Almaden mine. Died at 
 S.F. '64. Y. (Jonathan), 1847, mid. on the Columbus. Y. (J. E.), 1848, 
 miner at Mormon Isl. , etc. ; later a farmer in Placer Co. to '68. Y. (Lewis 
 or Levi), 1833, mr of the Enriqueta. iii. 382. Y. (Nathan), 1847, of Morm. 
 Bat. (v. 469); reenl. at Los Ang. Y. (Rom), Mex. citizen at N. Helv. Y. 
 (Sam. C. ), 1846, nat. of Tenn., and overl. immig. with his family, v. 528-30. 
 He settled as a farmer at Sta Clara, where he died in 78, leaving 3 sons 
 Leander C., who died in '82, M. D., at S. Jose" '81, and R. J., ditto. 
 
 Yount (George C.), 1831, nat. of N.C. who came as a trapper in Wolf- 
 skill's party from N. Mex. iii. 386, 405, 166, 363. For several years he hunted 
 otter chiefly on S.F. bay and its tributaries, also making shingles at odd jobs. 
 His name appears on Larkin's books in '33. In '35 he was baptized at S. Rafael 
 as Jorge Concepcion, and worked for Vallejo at Sonoma. In '36 he obtained 
 a grant of the Caymus rancho in Napa Valley, where he built a cabin, or 
 block-house, and for years was the only representative of the gente de razon 
 in the valley, iii. 711; iv. 117. He still spent much of his time in hunting, 
 and had many encounters with the Ind., though by his long experience with 
 the natives, his fearless character, and by his tact in forming alliances with 
 the strongest rancherlas, he managed to keep all under good control. In '43 
 he was grantee of the La Jota rancho, an extension of Caymus, iv. 671, where 
 he soon built a saw-mill, having also a flour-mill on his place; and the same 
 year he was joined by two daughters who came overland with Chiles, the lat 
 ter having in IMS visit of '41 brought news from the family and been commis 
 sioned to bring them. iv. 393. In several of the old trapper's experiences, as 
 related by hirn and embellished by others, a trace of faith in dreams and 
 omens is shown; but the oft-repeated story that a dream of his led to the re 
 lief of the Donner party has no foundation in fact. In later years the old 
 pioneer found the squatters and land-lawyers somewhat more formidable foes 
 than had been the Ind. and grizzlies of earlier times; but he saved a portion 
 of his land, and died at his Napa home called Yountville in his honor in 
 '65 at the age of 71. Portraits in Hesperian, ii. ; Napa Co. Hist., 54; Mene- 
 fec's Sketch-book, 160. Y. (Lot G.), 1844, ranchero named in Larkin's papers; 
 prob. error for Geo. C. Youin (Juan), 1846, owner of S.F. lot. v. 684. 
 
 Zabriskie (Jerome), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); reenl.; in Utah '82. 
 Zaldibar (Pedro), 1818, deserter from Bouchard's insurgents, ii. 241. Zal- 
 videa (Jose* Maria), 1805, Span, friar whose missionary service was chiefly at 
 S. Gabriel and S. Juan Cap. He died at S. Luis Key in '46. Biog. v. 620-1; 
 ment. ii. 48-50, 109, 114-15, 159-60, 352, 355-6, 394, 555, 567-8, 655; iii. 91, 
 96, 102, 317, 358, 625, 627; iv. 371, 422, 622-4. Zamora (Ignacio), soldier 
 at the Colorado pueblos 1780-1; killed by Ind. i. 359, 362. Z. (Juan), capt. 
 appointed for Cal.; did not come. iii. 54. Z. (Manuel), Mex. soldier of the 
 Hidalgo piquete at Mont. '30, age 26. Z. (Nicanor), supl. com. de polio fa at 
 Mont. '36. iii. 675. Zamorano (Agustin Vicente), 1825, Mex. alfe"rez who 
 came with Echeandia; nat. of Florida, of Spanish parentage; capt. of the 
 Mont. comp. from '31, and of the S. Diego comp. from '35. He left Cal. in 
 '38, but returned in '42 as lieut-col, and died in that year at S. Diego. He 
 is named in the Mont, padron of '36 as 36 years old, wife Luisa Arguello, 
 child. Dolores b. '27 (married J. M. Flores), Luis '29, Gonzalo '32, Guadalupe 
 '33 (married Henry Dal ton), Josefa '34, and Agustin '36. An Eulalia is also 
 named by Hayes as having married Vicente Estudillo. Of the sons I have no 
 record. Biog. of the capt. iii. 559-61; ment. ii. 543-4, 549, 608, 669, 676; iii. 
 13-14, 33, 44, 47, 50, 61-2, 81, 84, 91, 99, 102, 205, 214, 220-32, 239, 243, 347, 
 364, 441, 445, 463, 515-20, 533, 549, 556, 568-9, 608, 614, 669-71; iv. 68, 290, 
 408, 619; v. 365. Zampay, chief of the Yolo Ind. '36. iv. 72. 
 
784 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 
 
 Zarerabo (Dionisio), 1827, mr of the Okhotsk '27-9. iii. 148; and of the 
 Urup '31-2. iii. 213, 384; again in Cal.' 45 as Russian agent, iv. 187-8. 
 Zavaleta (Aniceto Maria), Mex. artilleryman at S. Diego '21 and earlier, a 
 somewhat unmanageable fellow, though a good soldier. He became sergt, and 
 about '28 was retired as teuiente de premio; serious charges against him in '31 ; 
 had much trouble in collecting his pay in later years; sec. of the ayunt. at S. 
 D. '41. iv. 619; ment. in '45. iv. 508. Zavalishin (W.), 1824, Russ. agent 
 who visited Cal. ; author of a work on the Russ. colony, Delo o Koloniy Ross. 
 ii. 641, 647. Zeballos (Areaco), 1791, Span, lieut in Malaspina's exped. i. 
 490. Zeilin (Jacob), 1846, lieut of marines on the Congress; acting capt. in 
 Stockton's Bat. '46-7. v. 281, 385, 391-5; perhaps 'Zielin.' Zenon, Ind. 
 leader of a plot at S. Jose" '42. iv. 338. Zerman (John Napoleon), 1846 (?), Fr. 
 lieut at Waterloo; veteran of many campaigns: in Mex. war; in Cal. '49 et 
 seq. and in '74; possibly in '46. Zertaje, 1821, mr or sup. of the S.F. Javier. 
 ii. 440, 202. Zetch (August), 1847, gen. accredited to N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); 
 settled at Petaluma; d. at S. F. '79; prob. the following. Zetschsky 
 (Charles), 1847, Co. C, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); at Petaluma '83. Clark. 
 
 Zimmerman (Bernard), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). Z. (W.), 
 1847, ditto; in Cal. '64. Zindel (Louis), 1844, one of Frdmont's party; prob. 
 did not come to Cal. iv. 437. Zinky (D.), 1846, doubtful name of the Cal. 
 Bat. (v. 358). Zinns (Geo.), 1846, nat. of Lorraine, and overl. immig.; Cal. 
 Bat. (v. 358); married Mrs Wolfinger at Sutter's fort '47, and is said to have 
 built the first brick house at Sac. He was later a brewer and fruit-grower, 
 but being ruined by fire and again by slickens, he lived on a chicken ranch 
 from '72, and died at Oakland in '85 at the age of '86. Zittle (Michael), 
 1847, Co. I, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). Zorrilla (Francisco), 1842, named as in 
 charge of the Los Ang. gold mines, iv. 630. Ziiniga (Jose"), 1781, lieut of 
 the S. Diego comp., acting as habilitado and com. to 1793. Later capt. at 
 Tucson, Sonora; lieut-col 1810. He was one of the most efficient of the 
 old presidio officers. Biog. i. 645-6; ment. i. 335, 340, 343, 372, 396, 398, 400, 
 441, 454, 461-3, 467, 484, 502, 522, 653; ii. 78. Z. (Guillermo), land-owner at 
 Los Ang. '39, age 48. Z. (Nicolas), soldier of the Mont. comp. '36, age 
 '21. Z. (Pio Quinto), soldier of the S. Juan Cap. escolta 1776-9. i. 303. 
 Z. (Ramon), soldier at Mont. '36, age 25. Z. (Valentin), at Los Ang. J 39, 
 age 42. Z. (Ventura), boy at Los Ang. 1802; soldier in '10. ii. 91. Zurri- 
 llaga 1824, mr of the Conslancia. ii. 519. Zurita (Jose), murderer at S. Juan 
 B. '44. iv. 662. 
 
 END OF PIONEER REGISTER. 
 
II 
 
 INDEX 
 
 HISTORY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 (From Vol. XIX. of the Bancroft History.} 
 
 
INDEX. 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Abad, Serra's suggestions submitted 
 to, i. 209. 
 
 Abbott, 0., member S. F. stock 
 board, 1861, vii. 668. 
 
 Aclutoy, Ind. tribe, treaty with, 1836, 
 iv. 71. 
 
 ' Activo, ' ship, at Mont., 1810, ii. 96. 
 
 'Active,' transport, ii. 83. 
 
 Adams, F., biog., vii. 754. 
 
 Adams, J. , biog., vii. 410. 
 
 Adams & Co., mention of, vii. 149-50, 
 161; failure of, vii. 174. 
 
 Adamsville, mention of, vi. 514. 
 
 Agricultural implements, imports, 
 etc., of, vii. 96. 
 
 Agriculture, progress in, 1773, i. 204- 
 206; condition 1774, i. 239; Sta 
 Clara vail., i. 305; condition, 1780, 
 i. 331; pueblos, 1783-90, i. 388; 
 1800, i. 601; at missions, 1783-90, 
 i. 388, 457, 459, 466, 469. 473, 477, 
 478, 556; 1791-1800, i. 577, 656-7, 
 672, 676, 686, 688, 690, 713, 723; 
 1801-10, i. 132, 137-8, 148-9, 153-4; 
 ii. 104-106, 108, 110, 115, 116, 121, 
 122, 123; 1811-20, ii. 346, 347, 349, 
 350, 355, 358, 364, 366, 368, 374, 
 375, 377, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 
 390; 1821-30, ii. 552, 554, 556; 
 statistics of, 1791-1800, i. 619-20; 
 1801-10, i. 176-81; 1821-30, ii. 567, 
 578, 580-2, 595-6, 599, 601-2, 616, 
 619-20, 622, 624, 635-8; 1831-40, 
 iii. 357, 619, 622, 626, 643, 646, 
 656, 660, 662, 664, 680-1, 684, 686, 
 690-1, 693, 714, 716, 719, 724, 727; 
 Sta Cruz, 1792-1800, i. 495-496; 
 Soledad, 1972-1803, i. 500; drought, 
 1809, ii. 89; yield of products, 
 1801-10, ii. 161; products, 1811-20, 
 ii. 395-6; pests, ii. 417; efforts to 
 extend, 1831, iv. 159-160; develop 
 ment of, vii. 2-4; farms, 1880, vii. 
 5-7; soil, vii. 6-7, 21-23; rainfall, 
 vii. 8, 14-15, 18-20; irrigation, vii. 
 8-11; riparian rights, vii. 11-14; 
 
 droughts, 1850-77, vii. 15-16; floods, 
 
 1849-81, vii. 16-17; pests, vii. 17- 
 
 18; climate, vii. 18-20; barley, vii. 
 
 24-5; oats, vii. 25; maize, vii. 25; 
 
 wheat, vii. 26-8, 739; vegetables, 
 
 vii. 27-30; cotton, vii. 30-1; flax, 
 
 vii. 30-1; silk, vii. 31-4; tobacco, 
 
 vii. 34-5; hops, vii. 35-6; sugar, 
 
 vii. 36-7; fruit-growing, vii. 38-50; 
 
 agric. exhibs, vii. 63-4; societies, 
 
 vii. 63-4; mining debris, vii. 646-8. 
 Agua Caliente, arrival of Gen. 
 
 Kearny at, 1846, v. 339. 
 ' Aquiles,' war ship, iii. 27. 
 ' Alabama, ' ship, iii. 139. 
 Alaman, sec. of state in Mex. 1823, 
 
 ii. 485; report on Cal. miss., ii. 
 
 488; orders jefe politico to report, 
 
 iii. 7; approves Echeandea's plan, 
 
 iii. 325. 
 Alameda county, exploration of, 
 
 1772, i. 184-7; 1794, i. 550-2; hist. 
 
 of, vi. 526-7; creation, etc., of, 1853, 
 
 vii. 441. 
 Alameda creek, Fages' expedt. camps 
 
 at, i. 185. 
 
 Alameda, town, hist, of, vi. 478-9. 
 Alaska, Russia explores coast of, i. 
 
 113; Martinez voy. to, 1788, i. 444; 
 
 annals of, 1741-1810, ii. 58-66, 78- 
 
 82. 
 
 Alarcon, expedt., 1540, i. 9. 
 Albany, recruiting for Stev. regt at, 
 
 v. 592. 
 'Albatross,' ship, hunting expedt. 
 
 1810-11, ii. 82, 93-5; seizure of, 
 
 1816, ii. 275-8. 
 Alden, Capt. B. R., at Ft Jones, 
 
 1852, vii. 461. 
 Alder creek, Donner party encamp. 
 
 at, v. 533. 
 Alemany, J. S., Archbishop, vii. 726, 
 
 730. 
 'Alert,' ship, iii. 367; iv. 68, 95, 135, 
 
 142, 320, 340. 
 
 1 Aleuts, hunting in S. F. bay, 1808, ii. 
 (761) 
 
762 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 81. 296; otter hunting, 1816, ii. 
 
 284; capture of, 1815, ii. 308; at 
 
 Ross, ii. 632. 
 'Alexander,' ship, adventures of, 
 
 1803, ii. 14-17. 
 
 Alexander, C., mention of, vi. 21. 
 Alisal Rancho, ii. 615, v. 7. 
 Allison, E., vii. 590. 
 Allison Ranch Lead, mention of, vii. 
 
 638; product of, vii. 642. 
 Almanza, J. M., of Cal. junta in 
 
 Mex., 1825-7, iii. 3; report on Cal. 
 
 miss., iii. 109. 
 Almonte, Gen. (Mex. minister), in 
 
 Jones' affair, 1842, iv. 325-7; warns 
 
 Cal. immigrants, iv. 379-380. 
 Aloquiomi, Ind. tribe, ii. 506. 
 Alpine County, organized, etc., 1864, 
 
 vii. 442; silver discovs in, vii. 650. 
 Altgeier, N., rancho of, 1848, vi. 16. 
 Alsop & Co.-, Adams & Co.'s failure, 
 
 vii. 177. 
 
 Alturas, co. seat of Modoc, vii. 495-6. 
 Alvarado, Gov., manuscript of, i. 55; 
 
 rule of, 1836-40, iii. 478-514, 579- 
 
 607; 1840-2, iv. 1-41. 
 Alvarado, J. B., member of legisl. 
 
 council, 1847, vi. 260. 
 Alvarado, P. de, expedt., 1540, i. 9; 
 
 defeat and death, i. 10. 
 Alvarado, co seat of Alameda, 1853, 
 
 vi. 526. 
 
 Alviso, mention of, vi. 525. 
 Alvord, W., biog. of, vii. 183. 
 Amador, J. M., rancho of, 1848, vi. 
 
 10. 
 
 Amador county, name, ii. 585; min 
 ing in, 1848-56, vi. 371-3; creation, 
 
 etc., of, 1854, vii. 441; disturbance 
 
 in, 1871, vii. 455. 
 Amador creek, quartz veins found on, 
 
 1851, vi. 372. 
 
 Amador, town, mention of, vi. 512. 
 Amador valley, Fages' expedt. in, i. 
 
 186. 
 Amajabea, Inds, reception of trappers, 
 
 iii. 154. 
 Amajavas, Ind. tribe, ii. 334-5, iv. 
 
 338. 
 
 Amat, T., Bishop, vii. 726. 
 Ambuscade creek, Fremont and Gil- 
 
 lespie at, 1846, v. 24. 
 American river, Fremont at, 1846, v. 
 
 22; name, vi. 15; gold discov'd on, 
 
 1848, vi. 28-34; mining on, 1848-9, 
 
 vi. 73, 352-6. 
 American tunnel, quartz mine, vii. 
 
 639. 
 Ames, O., vii. 570. 
 
 'Amethyst.' ship, hunting expedt., 
 
 1811, ii. 96. 
 
 Anaheim, hist, of, vi. 522. 
 Anaya, Gen., pres. of colony scheme, 
 
 iii. 263. 
 Anderson, Judge A., election, etc., of, 
 
 1852, vii. 220. 
 
 Anderson, Col A. L., vii. 470. 
 Anderson, W., vi. 17, 509. 
 Andison, J. E., gen. of militia, 1850, 
 
 vi. 319. 
 
 Angel camp, vi. 374. 
 Angel Island, named, i. 246. 
 Anglo-Saxon Mining Co., operations, 
 
 etc., of, vii. 638. 
 Ansactoy, Ind. tribe, treaty with, 
 
 1836, iv. 71. 
 
 Ansaimes, Ind. tribe, i. 558. 
 Anson, map of, i. 94. 
 Aiiteparaluceta, P. A. de, legacy of, 
 
 i. 595. 
 
 Anthony, Rev. E., vii. 727. 
 Antioch, mention of, vi. 5278; R. R. 
 
 projected at, vii. 590. 
 Apodaca, viceroy, offl actions of, 
 
 1817-20, ii. 250, 252, 256, 257, 264, 
 
 265, 284. 
 'Apollo,' Russ. man-of-war, ii. 643, 
 
 644, 645. 
 
 Applegate, mines of, vii. 658. 
 Apples, cultivation of, vii. 40-41. 
 Arboriculture, vii. 50-1, 78. 
 Arcata, town (see also Union), men 
 tion of, vi. 504. 
 Arce, manuscript, i. 55. 
 Arce, Jose M., i. 441. 
 Archbald, name of Cal., i. 67. 
 Architecture, pre-pastoral, i. 203-4. 
 Archives, private, i. 48-50; public, i. 
 
 45-6. 
 
 Areche, mention of, i. 209, 214. 
 Arevalo, M., named for duty in Cal., 
 
 1780, i. 379. 
 
 Argenti, F. and Co., vii. 161. 
 'Argentina,' Bouchard's ship, ii. 225. 
 'Argosy,' ship, ii. 648. 
 Arguello, Gov., rule of, 1814, ii. 
 
 207-8. 
 
 Arguello, S., member of legisl. coun 
 cil, 1847, vi. 200. 
 Arieta, J. V., Habil. Gen. for Cal., 
 
 1805, ii. 188. 
 
 Arizona Ledge, assays of, vii. 651. 
 Ariztequi, P. I., supplies for Cal., 
 
 1791, i. 630. 
 
 Armona, Gov., i. 124, 171-2. 
 Arrellanes, I., chaplain to constit. 
 
 convention, 1849, vi. 290. 
 Arrillaga, Gov., rule of, 1792-4, i. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 763 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 501-529; 1804-14, ii. 20-43, 194- 
 20(3. 
 
 Arricivita, J. D. de, bibliog., etc., i. 
 222, 321, 355. 
 
 Arroyo Seco, mining at, 1848, vi. 77. 
 
 'Artemise,'Fr. frigate, iv. 93, 152. 
 
 Artisans, from Mex., list, 1792-5, i. 
 615, 016. 
 
 Ashley, state treasurer, mention of, 
 vii. 297. 
 
 'Asia,' ship, surrender of, iii. 25-26. 
 
 Asiatico-Mexicana Co., proposed by 
 junta, iii. 5-6. 
 
 Aspinwall, W. H., the Pac Mail S. S. 
 Co., 1847-8, vi. 128-9; Panama R. 
 R., vii. 522. 
 
 Assembly, first meeting of, 1849, vi. 
 308-9; members, vi. 310. 
 
 'Astrolabe,' ship of La Perouse, i. 
 428-9. 
 
 'Atala,'ship, ii. 213. 
 
 Atenomac, Ind. tribe, ii. 506. 
 
 Atherton, F. D., vii. 585. 
 
 Atlantic and Pacific R. R., land grants 
 to, vii. 593-5; negotiations of, vii. 
 608-9; combination, etc., of, vii. 
 614-16. 
 
 Auburn, diggings around, 1848, vi. 
 355; co. seat of Placer, etc., vi. 
 483. 
 
 Aukney, A. P., the S. F. R. R. con 
 vention, 1859, vii. 543. 
 
 Aurora, town, mention of, vi. 519; a 
 mining centre, vii. 652. 
 
 Austin, Major, mention of, vii. 282. 
 
 Austin, P. K., vii. 590. 
 
 Australia, effect of Cal. gold discov. 
 in, vi. 125; effect of its gold discov., 
 vii. 109; trade with, vii. 121-3. 
 
 Authorities quoted, i. xxv.-lxxxviii. 
 
 Authors in Cal., vii. 722-3. 
 
 Avila, Jose, Cal. supplies, i. 630. 
 
 Axtell, S. B., congressman, vii. 331. 
 
 'Ayacucho,'ship, iii. 143, 365; iv. 210- 
 
 Ayala, T. 0. de, report on Cal., 1821, 
 ii. 443-4. 
 
 Ayres, Irvin, biog. of, vii. 758. 
 
 Ayuntamientos, ii. 461, 560-1, 604, 
 611-12, 676; iii. 182, 187, 226, 245- 
 6, 283, 299, 307, 380, 395, 417, 481, 
 484, 500, 509, 517, 519, 521, 539, 
 557, 564-5, 586, 589, 613-16, 630-2, 
 634-6, 672-6, 696, 703-5, 729-31; 
 iv. 68, 360, 475, 493; v. 41, 49-51, 
 618, 625-31, 636, 649, 662. 
 
 Azanza, M. J. de, sect'y to Galvez, i. 
 115, 129; viceroy, ofil com. to king, 
 1798-1800, i. 544, 546; proposed 
 opening Cal. trade, i. 628; instruc 
 
 tions to successor, i. 730; favors 
 
 naval force for Cal., ii. 61. 
 Azcarate, J. F., of Cal. junta in Mex., 
 
 1825-7, iii. 3. 
 Aznar, Antonio, named for Cal., 1780, 
 
 i. 379. 
 
 Ii 
 
 Babuock, E. S., jr, biog. of, vii. 
 
 759. 
 
 Babcock, L., biog., vii. 754. 
 Babcock, W. F., biog. of, vii. 186. 
 Bacon, H. D., director Col. River R. 
 
 R., vii. 610; gifts of, vii. 720. 
 Bagley, D. F., lieut, 1849, vii. 454. 
 Bailey, A. J., mine discov'd by, 1860, 
 
 vii. 657. 
 Bailey, J., sect'y Cent. Pac R. R. f 
 
 1861, vii. 544; biog., vii. 546-7. 
 Bailey, O., vii. 607. 
 Bain, G., vii. 607. 
 Baird, J. H., biog., vi. 656. 
 Baja California, see 'Lower Cal.' 
 'Baikal, 'ship, ii. 648, 649-51; iv. 159, 
 
 171. 
 Baker, senator, speech of, 1860, vii. 
 
 276; death of, 1861, vii. 293. 
 Baker, Maj., of court at Fremont 
 
 trial, v. 456. 
 Baker, E. D., vi. 679. 
 Baker, E. 0., nominee for congress, 
 
 1859, vi. 723. 
 
 Bakersfield, mention of, vi. 518. 
 Baldridge, manuscript, i. 56. 
 Baldwin, D. P., gen. of militia, 1850, 
 
 vi. 319. 
 
 Baldwin, E. J., biog., vii. 681. 
 Baldwin, Judge J. C., election, etc., 
 
 of, vii. 221-2. 
 Baldwin, Judge J. G., biog., etc., of, 
 
 vii. 233-4. 
 
 Baldwin, O. D., biog., vii. 694. 
 Ballock, Rev., church organized by, 
 
 vii. 729. 
 
 j Banbury, J., biog., vii. 754. 
 I Bancroft, G., instructions to Com. 
 
 Sloat, v. 195-199. 
 Bandini, J., manuscript of, i. 5; 
 
 member of legisl. council, 1847, vi. 
 
 260. 
 
 I Bandmann, J., biog., vii. 187. 
 j Bank of Cal., affairs of, vii. 674-5. 
 Bankhead, Col, trouble with N. Y. 
 
 vols, v. 507. 
 
 Banking, hist, of, 1849-86, vii. 
 Banning, P., biog., vii. 753. 
 Baptism, first in Cal., i. 145, 201. 
 Baptists, mention of, vii. 728. 
 
764 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 For information conct-ning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Baranof, chief manager of Russ. Amer. 
 
 Co., 1803, ii. 25, 63; contract for 
 
 Cal. skins, ii. 39, 64, 78-80, 93; 
 
 instructed to open Cal. trade, ii. 82; 
 
 actions, see settlement in Cal., ii. 
 
 293-315; bibliog., ii. 641. 
 Barber, H. P., code commissioner, vii. 
 
 249. 
 
 Barber, P. J., biog., vii. 731. 
 Barbour, G. W., Ind. agent, 1850-2, 
 
 vii. 482-5. 
 Barclay, G. R., member stock board, 
 
 vii. 668. 
 
 Bard, T. R., biog., vii. 754. 
 Barger, J.. at Slitter's mill, 1848, vi. 
 
 46-7. 
 
 Baring, Rev. J., mention of, vii. 729. 
 Bark, consumption, etc., of, vii. 91. 
 Barley, yield of, 1852-80, vii. 24-5. 
 ' Barnstable, ' ship, iv. 340. 
 Barri, gov. B. Cal. 1772-4, i. 195, 210; 
 
 actions to Franciscans, i. 235-7; 
 
 succeeded by Neve, i. 237, 238, 447; 
 
 crosses peninsula, i. 457. / 
 Barroeta, Serra's suggestions submit 
 ted to, i. 209. 
 Barron, E., Eng. consul at Tepic, 1826, 
 
 iii. 176; actions in Graham affair, 
 
 1840-2, iv. 30, 32-3. 
 Barron, Forbes & Co., vii. 656. 
 Bartleson, John, journey of party 
 
 under, iv. 267-76. 
 Bartlett, W., renames S. F., vi. 165; 
 
 elected mayor S. F., 1884, vii. 
 
 425-6; gov., 1887, vii. 433-4; biog., 
 
 vii. 433-4; death of, vii. 434. 
 Bartlett springs, descript. of, vii. 664. 
 Barton, J., biog., vii. 659. 
 ' Bastany, ' ship, ii. 283. 
 Batallon Fijo de Cal., 1843-4, iv. 
 
 289-90; conduct of, iv. 363-7; feel 
 ing against, iv. 457-8. 
 Bates, Treasurer H., rascality of, 
 
 1856-7, vi. 617-19. 
 Bates, J. H., vii. 590. 
 Bath, recruiting for Stev. reg't at, v. 
 
 502. 
 Beale, Ind. superintendent, measures, 
 
 etc., of, vii. 489-90; superseded, vii. 
 
 490. 
 
 Bjale, Lieut, mention of, vi. 114. 
 Beall, Lieut-col B. L., in command, 
 
 I860, vii. 472. 
 Bean, J. H., gen. of militia, 1850, vi. 
 
 319. 
 Bear Flag, making of, 1846, v. 146-9; 
 
 date of raising, v. 149-50. 
 Bear Flag revolt, taking of Sonoma, 
 
 1846, v. 1C1-21; of the bay, v. 122- 
 
 44; affairs at Sonoma, v. 145-68; 
 
 Fremont's campaign, v. 169-87; bib. 
 
 of, v. 186-90. 
 
 Bear river, mining on, vi. 355, 357. 
 Beardsley, E. A., biog., vii. 754. 
 Bears, hunting by Portola's exped., i. 
 
 149; Fages' hunting exped., i. 187- 
 
 8; in Mont, dist, damages by, 
 
 1801-5; ii. 142-3; damages by, ii. 
 
 418. 
 Beatty, W. H., chief justice, 1889, 
 
 vii. 735. 
 
 Beau dry, Prudent, biog. of, vii. 159. 
 Beavide, M., named for duty, i. 379. 
 Becerra, exped., 1533, i. 5. 
 Beck, D. L., biog., vii. 188. 
 Bedding, manufact. of, vii. 90-1. 
 Bee Line R. R., vii. 596. 
 Beer, manufact. of, vii. 85-6. 
 Beerstecher, R. R. commiss., 1880, 
 
 vii. 409. 
 Bees, vii. 62. 
 Begg & Co., trade with Cal., 1822-4, 
 
 ii. 475, 519. 
 Belaunzaran, M., charge of pious fund 
 
 estates, iv. 67; agent in Alex, for 
 
 Cal. bishop, iv. 335. 
 Belcher, Judge I. S., 'Narrative,' 
 
 1836-42, iv. 143; election of, vii. 236. 
 Belcher mine, ore body of, vii. 674-5. 
 Belmont, mention of, vi. 526. 
 Belden, Josiah, 'manuscript,' i. 56; 
 
 director Col. River R. R., vii. 610. 
 Bell, Rev. S. B., missionary to Cal., 
 
 1853, vii. 730. 
 
 Bellows, manufact. of, vii. 92-3. 
 Belting, manufact. of, vii. 92. 
 Beltran, prepared V. R. report on 
 
 Cal. pueblo, 1795, i. 565; plan for 
 
 colonizing, i. 603; 011 separating 
 
 two Cals, i. 637. 
 Benham, C., nominee for congress, 
 
 etc., 1854, vi. 690. 
 Benicia, founding of, 1848, v. 670-4; 
 
 seat of gov't at, 1853-4, vi. 322-3; 
 
 dem. convent, at, 1851, vi. 648-9; 
 
 legisl. meets at, 1853, vi. 675; rivalry 
 
 with San Francisco, 1848-9, vi. 
 
 165-6; hist, of, vi. 472-5; garrison, 
 
 etc., of, 1861, vii. 466-7; school at, 
 
 1851, vii. 718. 
 
 | Benitz, W., rancho of, 1848, vi. 20-1. 
 Benjamin, J. P., the New Almaden 
 
 suit, vi. 558. 
 Bennett, C., reveals gold discov., 1848, 
 
 vi. 43-4. 
 Bennett, N., assoc. judge, 1849, vi. 
 
 314; election, etc., of, 1850, vii. 220; 
 
 argument of, vii. 244. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 765 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Bensley, J., biog., etc., vii. 10. 
 Benton, Senator, defends Fremont, v. 
 
 456, 461-2; animosity to Mormons, 
 
 v. 473, 475; efforts in cong., 1850-1, 
 
 vi. 537-9; opposes G win's bill, vi. 
 
 634-5; bill of, 1849, vii. 506; in the 
 
 St Louis R. R. convention, 1849, 
 
 vii. 509. 
 Benton, Rev. J. A., speech of, 1863, 
 
 vii. 550; mention of, vii. 717, 728. 
 Bering, first Russ. discov. of Amer. 
 
 coast, 1741, ii. 59. 
 Berkeley, Fages exped. at, i. 185; 
 
 hist, of, vi. 479. 
 Bernal, J. A., rancho of, 1848, vi. 
 
 10. 
 Bernardo, del Espiritu Santo, bishop 
 
 of Cal., death of, 1825, ii. 658. 
 Berreyesa bros, mention of, vi. 19. 
 Berreyesa & Haro bros, murder of, v. 
 
 171-4. 
 Berry, Congressman, letter of, vii. 
 
 622. 
 Bestard, J. B., instruction to Cal. 
 
 friars, ii. 403-4, 410. 
 Bestville, mention of, vi. 495. 
 'Betsy,' Amer. ship, i. 545, 654. 
 Bibliography of Cal. hist., i. 34-63. 
 Biddle, J., the Phil. R. R. convention, 
 
 1850, vii. 515. 
 Bidwell, J., 'Cal. 1841 -8,' iv. 266; 'A 
 
 Journey to Cal.,' v. 346-7; mention 
 
 of, vi. 16; rancho, etc., of, 1846, vi. 
 
 18; reveals gold discov., 1848, vi. 
 
 45; mining operations, 1848, vi. 69; 
 
 declines nom. for gov., vii. 323-4; 
 
 defeat of, 1875, vii. 367; pres't of 
 
 R. R. convention, 1859, vii. 543; 
 
 biog., vii. 740. 
 
 Bidwell bar, mention of, vi. 361, 490. 
 Bigelow, W. C., mention of, vi. 279. 
 Bigler, Gov. H. W., at Sutter's mill, 
 
 1847, vi. 31, 46-8; diary of, vi. 34; 
 
 mention of, vi. 612; gov. of Cal. 
 
 1S52; vi. 657; character, etc., vi. 
 
 657-9; the water-lot bill, vi. 676-7, 
 
 680-1; reflected, etc., vi. 679-80; 
 
 adminis., vi. 696. 
 
 Billiard-tables, manufact. of, vii. 81. 
 Billings, F., vii. 322. 
 Birchville, vi. 486. 
 
 Bischoff, baptizes Rivera's son, i. 364. 
 Bishop, app't'd for Cal., 1840, iv. 65; 
 
 arrival of, 1841, iv. 332. 
 Black, Attorney-general, rep't on 
 
 Cal. land-claims, 1860, vi. 573. 
 Black, Col H. M., mention of, vii. 
 
 470. 
 Black Diamond, see 'Pittsburgh 
 
 'Blagonamerinie,' ship, ii. 293. 
 Blake, C. M., mention of, vii. 717. 
 Blake, Geo. M., gifts to univ. of Cal., 
 
 vii. 720. 
 
 Blake, W. P., vii. 644. 
 Blan, Rev. A., vii. 729. 
 Blinn Observatory, descript. of, vii. 
 
 721. 
 
 'Blossom,' Beechey's ship, iii. 120. 
 Blossom rock, named by Beechey, ii. 
 
 588. 
 
 Blue Lead, mention of, vi. 356, 360. 
 Bocanegra, J. M. de, com. on Jones 
 
 affair, 1842, ii. 323. 
 Bodega, attemp'd occupation, i. 516; 
 
 Morages' exped. at, ii. 57; exped. 
 
 to, 1810, ii. 92; Russ. settlement 
 
 at, ii. 199; Kuskof 's visit, 1811-12, 
 
 ii. 296-7; map of, ii. 300; affairs of 
 
 the Lausanne at, 1840, iv. 171-4; 
 
 S. Smith at, 1846-8, vi. 20. 
 Bodega bay, named, i. 243; Russ. 
 
 exploration of, 1809, ii. 80-2; map 
 
 of, 1775, ii. 81; Russians at, vi. 
 
 506-7. 
 
 Bodie, town, mention of, vi. 519. 
 Bodie & Benton R. R., descript. of, 
 
 vii. 590. 
 
 Boggs, J., biog., vii. 747. 
 Boggs, Gov. L. W., alcalde of Sonoma, 
 
 1848, vi. 20; r. r. article, etc., of, 
 
 vii. 500. 
 
 Boilers, manufact. of, vii. 95. 
 'Bolina,' ship, iv. 33, 37. 
 Bolinas, mention of, vi. 512. 
 'Bolival,' ship, iii. 365; iv. 95, 250, 
 
 405. 
 
 Bolsa Nueva rancho, ii. 615. 
 Bolton claim, mention of, vi. 561. 
 Bolts, C. T., del. to constit. conven 
 tion, etc., 1849, vi. 287, 293, 296. 
 Bonanza Firm, operations of, vii. 675- 
 
 80; suit against, vii. 680. 
 Bonds, state, 1850-75, vi. 604-19; of 
 
 San Francisco, 1850-6, vi. 772-4. 
 Bonebrake, G. H., biog., vii. 185. 
 Bonne ville, map of, 1837, iv. 150. 
 'Bonnevilles' Trappers, adventures 
 
 of, 1835, iii. 389-92. 
 Bonneville, Lieut-col, mention of, vii. 
 
 461. 
 Booker, S. A., nominee for cong., 
 
 1859, vi. 723. 
 Boom, C. de, town laid out by, 1849, 
 
 vi. 194. 
 
 Booth, J. F., mention of, vi. 608. 
 Booth, N., gov., 1871, vii. 364; U. S. 
 
 senator, 1874, vii. 367; biog., vii. 
 
 367; speech of, 1863, vii. 550. 
 
766 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Bouts and shoes, manufact., etc., of, 
 vii. 92. 
 
 Borax, yield, etc., of, vii. 659. 
 
 'Bordelais,' Fr. ship, visits of, 1817- 
 18; ii. 287-90, 373. 
 
 Borica, Gcv.. rule of 1791-1800, i. 
 530-74, 726-32. 
 
 Boring, Rev., church organized by, 
 vii. 729. 
 
 Borland, Senator, mention of, vii. 
 505-7. 
 
 'Borodino,' ship, ii. 642. 
 
 Boston, C'al. trade with, 1822, ii. 475; 
 value of trade, 1843, iv. 376; R. R. 
 convention at, 1849, vii. 510-11. 
 
 Botello, 'manuscript,' i. 55. 
 
 Bouchard atfair, 1818, ii. 220-49. 
 
 Bourne, W. B., vii. 680. 
 
 'Boussole,' ship of, i. 428-9. 
 
 Bouton, E., biog. of, vii. 745. 
 
 Bovard, Dr M. M., biog., vii. 720. 
 
 Bowen, T. H., gen. of militia, 1850, 
 vi. 319. 
 
 Bowie, Col G. W., nominee for con 
 gress, 1854, vi. 690; mention of, 
 vii. 469-70. 
 
 Box-making, vii. 80. 
 
 Brackett, Capt., at Sonoma, 1848, vi. 
 20. 
 
 Brackett, J. E., gen. of militia, 1850, 
 vi. 319. 
 
 Bradbury, H. K., biog., vii. 754. 
 
 Braden, W., mention of, vii. 617-18. 
 
 Bradley, the gold discov., 1848, vi. 
 53. 
 
 Bradley, H. J., mention of, vi. 492. 
 
 Bradt, G. G., biog., vii. 754. 
 
 Bragg, G. F., mention of, vii. 539. 
 
 Branciforte, Viceroy, offl acts on 
 Cal. affairs; 1784-7, i. 525-6, 531, 
 543, 550-74. 
 
 Branciforte, mission, see also Santa 
 Cruz, founding of, i. 565-70; pro 
 gress at, 18_30, i. 571 ; events at, 1801- 
 10, ii. 155-7; character of set 
 tlers, ii. 155; events at, 1811-20, ii. 
 390-1; events at, 1821-30, ii. 626- 
 7; list of settlers at, ii. 627; trouble 
 at, iii. 588; events at, 1831-40, iii. 
 696-7; annals of, v. 641-2. 
 
 Brandy, Sutter's manufacture of, iv. 
 135. 
 
 Branham, B. F., biog., vii. 754. 
 
 Brannan, S., the gold discov., 1848, 
 vi. 56; pres. Yuba R. R. Co., 1862, 
 vii. 586. 
 
 Brass foundries, vii. 97. 
 
 Brazil, Stev. reg't at Rio Janeiro, v. 
 512. 
 
 Breckenridge party, attitude of, 1861, 
 vii. 290-1. 
 
 Breen, Patrick, 'Diary of,' v. 535. 
 
 Brenham, C. H., mayor of San 
 Francisco, 1851-2, vi. 761-4; biog., 
 vi. 761. 
 
 Brewster, C. W., mention of, vii. 655. 
 
 Brewster, R. E., member S. F. stock- 
 board, vii. 668. 
 
 Bricks, manufact., etc., of, vii. 97-8. 
 
 Bridge, H. E , mention of, vii. 607. 
 
 Bridgeport, mention of, vi. 519. 
 
 Bridges, building of, 1816, ii. 416. 
 
 Briggs, Rev. M. C., mention of, vii. 
 729. 
 
 Brodhead, Senator, motion of, vii. 
 520. 
 
 Broderick, D. C., biog., vi. 659-62; 
 state senator, 1852, vi. 664-6, 677; 
 quarrel with Estill, vi. 669-70; 
 election bill of, 1854, vi. 681-6; 
 further polit. career, vi. 691-730; 
 character, vi. 709-10, 733-5; chal 
 lenged by Perley, 1859, vi. 725; 
 duel with Terry, 1859, vi. 731-2; 
 death of, vi. 732-3; obsequies, vL 
 736-7. 
 
 Brotnwell, T., mine discov'd by, 1861, 
 vii. 640. 
 
 Brooke, Brig. -gen. G. M., of court at 
 Fremont trial, v. 456. 
 
 'Brooklyn,' ship, iii. 73, 82, 137, v. 
 469, 545. 
 
 Brooklyn, town, hist, of, vi. 477-8. 
 
 Brooks, J. T., mention of, vi. 72; 
 'Four months among the gold find 
 ers,' vi. 97-8. 
 
 Brown, B., biog. of, vii. 307. 
 
 Brown, C., mentioii of, vi. 6. 
 
 Brown, E., mention of, vi. 10. 
 
 Brown, F. E., biog., vii. 754. 
 
 Brown, J., mention of, vii. 607. 
 
 Brown, J., biog., vii. 755. 
 
 Brown, Col O. M., mention of, vii. 
 469. 
 
 Brown valley, mining excitement at, 
 vii. 637. 
 
 Brownsville, mention of, vi. 487. 
 
 Browne, J. R., bibliog., ii. 176; re 
 porter to constit. convention, biog., 
 etc., 1849, vi. 286-9. 
 j Bruce, S. C., member S. F. stock- 
 board, vii. 668. 
 
 Brushes, manufact. of, vii. 94. 
 
 'Brubus, ' transport, v. 511. 
 
 Bryan, Judge C. N., election of, 1855, 
 vii 220. 
 
 Bryant, Mayor, courtesy of, vii. 592; 
 biog. of, vii. 186. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 767 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Bryant, E, church- warden, vii. 729. 
 
 Bryant, Sturgis & Co., in Cat trade, 
 1822, ii. 475; 1841, iv. 218; ship 
 consigned to, 1825, iii. 24. 
 
 Bucareli, Viceroy, orders to explore S. 
 F. co., 1771, i. 183, 192; favorably 
 disposed to Serra, i. 207-18; offl 
 actions in Cal. affairs, 1771-8, 
 i. 221, 227, 231, 237, 238, 240, 244, 
 248, 258, 272, 279, 280, 300-12, 
 319, 355, 447, 008; death of, i. 325, 
 329. 
 
 Buchanan, sec't'y, Larkin's commu. 
 to, on British schemes, iv. 590591, 
 596-8; instructions toLarkin, 1845, 
 v. 195-6. 
 
 Buchanan, Lieut-col R. C., at Ft 
 Humboldt, 1852, vii. 461. 
 
 Buck, D. A., exped., etc., of, 1849, 
 vi. 501-2. 
 
 Buckeye Mining Co., capital, etc., of, 
 vii. 667. 
 
 Buckhalter observatory, descript. of, 
 vii. 721. 
 
 Buckingham & Hecht, vii. 92. 
 
 Buckley, W. A., mention of, vii. 62. 
 
 Bucksport, mention of, vi. 504. 
 
 Buena Vista rancho, ii. 615. 
 
 Buffum, E. G., 'Six months in the 
 gold mines,' vi. 98; mention of, vi. 
 279. 
 
 Buffum, J. W., vice prest N. C. R. R., 
 vii. 587. 
 
 Buldakof, Michael, signer of Russ. 
 proclamation to Cal., 1810, ii. 296. 
 
 'Buldakof,' ship, i. 293, 640, 642-5. 
 
 Bum stead & Sons, ii. 475. 
 
 Bunker, Win M., mention of, vii. 
 674. 
 
 Burbank, D., biog., vii. 754. 
 
 Burch, J. C., nominee for cong., 
 1859, vi. 723. 
 
 Bureau of mining, state, vii. 644. 
 
 Burgoyne & Co., mention of, vii. 160. 
 
 Buri-buri rancho, ii. 592. 
 
 Burke, J. H., suit of, vii. 680. 
 
 Burke, M. J., biog., vii. 754. 
 
 Burlingame, E. C., biog. of, vii. 635. 
 
 Burlingame treaty, passage of the, 
 vii. 342-3; provisions, etc., of, vii. 
 343; objections to, vii. 343-5. 
 
 Burnett, P. H., mention of, vi. 277, 
 279, 447-9; gov. of Cal., 1849, vi. 
 305-6; message to legisl., 1849, vi. 
 312; Dolicy of, vi. 312-13; charac 
 ter, etc., vi. 643-4; resigns, 1851, 
 vi. 644; biog., vi. 644; message of, 
 vii. 193-4; election of, 1857, vii. 
 220-1 ; the Stovall case, vii. 21>4. 
 
 Burney, on Drake's anchorage, i. 69, 
 
 90. 
 
 Burnham, Rev., vii. 728. 
 Burns, D. M., sec. of state, 1880, vii. 
 
 408. 
 
 Burris, D., biog., vii. 185. 
 Burrows, Dr, mention of, vii. 722. 
 Burton, Lieut-col H. S., at Monterey, 
 
 1848-9, vii. 446, 448. 
 Burwell, Dr L., biog., vii. 754. 
 Busch, A. C., biog., vii. 681. 
 Bustamante, Gen., reported exped. 
 
 from Mex., 1847, v. 449. 
 Bustamante, C. M., of Cal. junta in 
 
 Mex., 1825-7, iii. 3; report on Cal. 
 
 miss., iii. 109. 
 Butte county, mining in, 1850-6, vi. 
 
 361-3; hist, of, vi. 490-2; name, 
 
 etc., vii. 439. 
 Bynum, S., senator, 1856, vi. 698; 
 
 biog., vi. 699. 
 
 Cabrera Bueno, bibliog., i. 86; sail 
 ing directions, i. 106; description 
 of Mont, and S. F., i. 150-59, 169, 
 187. 
 
 Cabrillo, exped., i. 13. 
 
 Cacheville, mention of, vi. 498. 
 
 Cadwallader, N., biog., vii. 754. 
 
 Cahuencra, battle of, 1845, iv. 503-4; 
 treaty of, 1846, v. 404-7; 1847, vi. 
 256. 
 
 Cahuenga rancho, occupied, 1810. ii. 
 353. 
 
 Cahuillas, Inds, v. 567. 
 
 Cairiameros, Ind. tribe, iv. 71. 
 
 Calderon-Miguel Gonzalez, sindico at 
 S. Bias for Cal. miss., 1801-2, ii. 
 168. 
 
 Calderon, Tomas, sindico at S. Bias 
 for Cal. miss., 1802-6, ii. 166. 
 
 Calaveras county, mining in, 1850-6, 
 vi. 373-5; hist, of, vi. 512-13; name, 
 etc., vii. 440. 
 
 Calaveras river, exped. at, 1806, ii. 
 46. 
 
 California, maps of, i. 1, 508; vi. 5, 
 597; discovery of, 1542-1768, i. 64- 
 109; origin of name, i. 64-8; expeds 
 by sea and land, i. 126-39, 240-97; 
 reglarnento for gov't, 1778, i. 317- 
 19; financial troubles, i. 397; La 
 Perouse's observations on, i. 433-5; 
 coast defences, i. 515-16, 533-5, ii. 
 21 1 ; war alarms, vi. 542; efforts for 
 colonization, 1795-1800, i. 564-74; 
 
768 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vola. II to V. 
 
 viceroy's report, 1693, i. 579; papal 
 bulls for, i. 598; hemp culture, i. 
 717; list of inhabitants, 1769-1800, 
 i. 732-44; separation completed, 
 
 1804, ii. 20; defenceless condition, 
 
 1805, ii. 29; plans for protection, ii. 
 30-1; Arrillaga's report, 1806, ii. 
 36-7; limit of Spanish occupation, 
 ii. 43; Rezanof's miss, to, 1805-6, 
 ii. 64-76; Baranof's proclamation, 
 1810, ii. 82; loyalty to Spain, 1808, 
 ii. 87-8; effects in, of Mex. revolu 
 tion, ii. 105-7; stock-raising, 1801- 
 
 10, ii. 161; 1769-1888, vii. 1-2, 52- 
 62; agriculture, ii. 161; vii. 2-50; 
 land grants and private ranches, ii. 
 170-3; institutions and industries, 
 1801-10, ii. 174-93; Sola's report 
 on, 1817, ii. 214-15; Bouchard's in 
 vasion, 1818, ii. 220-49; Russ. in, 
 1811-20, ii. 294-320; as a Mex. 
 
 Erovince, 1822, ii. 460-81; Kotze- 
 ue's report on, 1824, ii. 524; Van 
 couver's observations on, ii. 526-9; 
 first constitution, 1824, ii. 511; pop., 
 
 11. 653-4; iii. 699; vi. 2-4; indebt 
 edness of, iv. 561; vi. 605-22; vii. 
 439-41; conquest by U. S., v. 191- 
 254, 385^12; ranchos and settle 
 ments in, 1848, vi. 4-21; climate of, 
 vi. 23-4; vii. 8-20; the gold discov. 
 and effect, 1848, vi. 32-41, 52-66, 
 110-25; further gold discovs, 1848, 
 vi. 67-80; prospecting in, vi. 67-81, 
 110-25, 385-6; mining in, vi. 85-91, 
 351-80; vii. 636-65; society in, 1848 
 -50, vi. 82-5, 221-48; mining in, vi. 
 84-91, 351-80; vii. 636-65; trade 
 in, 1848; vi. 90-3; immigration to, 
 1848-50, vi. 121-5; the voyage to, 
 1848-9, vi. 129-42; the overland 
 journey to, 1849, vi. 143-60; polit. 
 hist, of, 1846-50, vi. 250-350; 1850- 
 60, vi. 643-739; the constitutional 
 convention, vi. 273-301; constitu 
 tion of, 1849, vi. 294-300; 1879, vii. 
 370-406; state seal, vi. 307; first 
 legisl. of, vi. 308-36; the slavery 
 question, vi. 312-14, 665-6; judicial 
 districts, 1850, vi. 316-17; counties 
 of, vi. 317-18; vii. 437-43; militia, 
 vi. 318-20; land tenure, etc., vi. 
 326-35, 529-81; proceedings, etc., 
 in congress concerning, vi. 336^5; 
 admitted as a state, 1850, vi. 343-9; 
 geol. formations, vi. 381-5; camp 
 life in, vi. 386-91; mining regula 
 tions, vi. 396- -402; mining taxes, 
 vi. 404-6; mining methods, vi. 40&- 
 
 26; miner's law in, vi. 431-3; mining 
 camps, vi. 434-5; towns, vi. 435- 
 528; counties, vi. 481-528; filibust. 
 expeds from, 1851-9, vi. 583-603; 
 loans, 1850, vi. 604-7; bonds, 1850- 
 7, vi. 604-19; taxation, 1850-75, vi. 
 604-22; revenue, 1850-75, vi. 605- 
 22; official rascality in, 1856-7, vi. 
 615-19; repudiation disclaimed by, 
 1857, vi. 619-20; enterprise re 
 stricted in, 1849-57, vi. 623-6; ap 
 propriations for, 1850-4, vi. 626-37; 
 public lands, vi. 638-41; mails, vi. 
 726-7; vii. 143-8, 281; vigilance 
 committees in, 1851-6, vi. 742-54; 
 rainfall, vii. 8, 14-15, 18-20; irriga 
 tion, etc., ii. 106; vii. 8-14, 428-30; 
 741-2; agric., vii. 1-37, 739-40; 
 droughts, 1850-77, vii. 15, 16; 
 floods, 1849-81, vii. 16-17; 1889- 
 90; vii. 739-40; fruit-growing, vii. 
 38-50, 742-6; manufact, 1848-88, 
 vii. 68-101; commerce, vii. 102-29, 
 157-9, 170-8; shipping, vii. 123-9; 
 vii. 121-35; coast surveys, etc., vii. 
 136-7; custom-house, vii. 139-40; 
 roads, vii. 142-3, 496-7; express 
 cos, vii. 149-51; stage lines, vii. 
 151-2; pack trains, vii. 152-4; tel 
 egraph lines, vii. 154-6; insurance, 
 vii. 159-60; banking, vii. 160-4; 
 speculation in, vii. 168-70, 177-8; 
 courts of, vii. 191-2, 237-40, 378- 
 82; crime in, vii. 192-219; judi 
 ciary of , vii. 220-50, 378-82, 735-6; 
 constit. of, amended, 1862, vii. 233- 
 4, 296, 302; codes of laws, vii. 
 249-50; legisl. of, vii. 251-79, 293- 
 307, 319-22, 327-9, 363-71, 376- 
 93, 409-36, 534-5; proposed divis 
 ion of, vii. 254-5; disloyalty in, vii. 
 258-65, 309-10; the civil war, vii. 
 276-314; primary elections in, vii. 
 315-17; party changes in, 1865-8, 
 vii. 315-32; the Chinese question, 
 vii. 335-48, 390-1 ; labor agitations, 
 vii. 348-62; wealth of, 1878, vii. 
 372-3; 1880-8, vii. 438-9; railroads, 
 vii. 383, 386-9, 498-635; corpora 
 tions, vii. 385-9, 395; foreigners in, 
 vii. 436-7; counties, vii. 437-43; 
 imp'ts and exp'ts, 1889, vii. 442-3; 
 products, 1889, vii. 442-3; gov't 
 appropriat., etc., for, 1851-86, vii. 
 443-4; milit. affairs in, 1848-88, 
 yii. 445-73; Indians, vii. 474-94; 
 literature of, vii. 723-6; religion 
 and education in, vii. 716-31, 
 738 
 
INDEX. 
 
 769 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Cal. Academy of Sciences, mention of, 
 vii. 722. 
 
 California battalion, organized, 1846, 
 v. 184; actions of, 1846, v. 357-61; 
 list of officers, v. 360-1; inarch of, 
 v. 372-7. 
 
 Cal. Central R. R., mention of, vii. 
 586, 616. 
 
 California claims, hist, of, 1846-8, v. 
 462-8. 
 
 'California Gold Regions,' vi. 118. 
 
 California mine, estimated value, vii. 
 675; fluctuation of, vii. 677. 
 
 California, business failures in, 1855- 
 6, vii. 178-84. 
 
 Cal. Navigation co., mention of, vii. 
 583. 
 
 Cal. Northern R. R., incorporated, 
 vii. 586-7. 
 
 California Pioneer Soc., bear flag pre 
 served by, v. 148; mention of, vii. 
 707. 
 
 Cal. Pacific R. R., affairs of, vii. 581-6. 
 
 Cal. Pacific R. R. Extension co., vii. 
 582, 585. 
 
 'California,' ship, iii. 531, 551, 569, 
 574, 580, 590, 593; iv. 93. 281, 285, 
 312, .'140, 558. 
 
 Cal. Southern Extension co., char 
 tered, vii. 616. 
 
 Cal. Southern R. R., affairs of, vii. 
 599, 614. 
 
 California Stage co., mention of, vii. 
 151-2. 
 
 Cal. state geological society, organ 
 ized, vii. 644. 
 
 California Steam Navigation co., in 
 corporation, etc.. of, 1854, vii. 
 133-4. 
 
 'California' steamer, voy. of, 1848-9, 
 vi. 129-30, 133-8. 
 
 Cal. Stock and Exchange board, or 
 ganized, vii. 669. 
 
 Cal. & Nevada Railway co., mention 
 of, vii. 590. 
 
 Cal. & Oregon R. R. co., organization 
 of, vii. 586. 
 
 Calistoga, origin of name, i. 67; men 
 tion of, vi. 510. 
 
 Calistoga hot springs, mention of, vii. 
 
 665. 
 Calkins, J. W., biog., vii. 754. 
 
 Cambre, M., app't admin, of customs, 
 
 iv. 96. 
 Camp, the Phil. R. R. convention, 
 
 1850, vii. 516. 
 Campbell, Judge, mention of, vii. 209; 
 
 Smith case, vii. 212-14. 
 Campbell, F. W., sup't of public in 
 struct., 1880, vii. 408. 
 Campbell, J. C., congressman, 1887, 
 
 vii. 435; biog., vii. 435. 
 Canada de los Alisos, Californians en 
 camped at, v. 395. 
 
 Canby, E. R. S., arrival of, vii. 447. 
 Canoma, Ind. tribe, ii. 506. 
 Canon creek, diggings at, vi. 361. 
 Canon Perdido, affair of, v. 586-7. 
 Cape Mendocino, first mention of, L 
 
 95; Ind. fight at, 1843, iv. 362. 
 Capen, Rev., mention of, vii. 728. 
 Capital, change of, i. 307. 
 Carcaba, M., habilitado-gen. of Cal., 
 i. 503, 630-1; on compensation to 
 soldiers, i. 534; in Mex., 1794, 
 1801, ii. 98, 187. 
 Cardenas, P., of Cal. junta in Mex., 
 
 1825-7, iii. 3. 
 Cardona, declared Cal. an island, 
 
 1617, i. 108. 
 
 Carilio, del. to constit. convention, 
 
 1848, vi. 285; speech of, vi. 285-6. 
 
 Carleton, Gen., forces, etc., of, 1861, 
 
 vii. 468. 
 
 Carlos III., death of, 1789, i. 446. 
 Carlos IV., call for contributions, 
 1793, 1795, i. 536-7; abdication of, 
 1808, ii. 87. 
 
 Carlson, W. E., biog., vii. 754. 
 Carmelite monastery, proposed estab 
 lishing, i. 580. 
 
 Carmelite convent, proposal to es 
 tablish, 1797, i. 706. 
 Carmelo bay, camp at, 1770, i. 169; 
 S. Carlos mis. transfer to, i. 177-8. 
 'Caroline,' ship, iii. 461. 
 Carpentier, E. R., mention of, vii. 
 
 580. 
 
 Carpentier, H. W., may or of Oakland, 
 etc., 1854, vi. 476-7; mention of, 
 vii. 580. 
 Carpets, manufact. of, vii. 91. 
 
 r\ . r* 1 ..." <->K.A 
 
 Carpy, C., biog., vii. 754. 
 Carquin, Ind. tribe, ii. 506. 
 
 Call, bill of, on Cal. claims, v. 464-5. | Carquines strait, Fages discovers, i. 
 Calleja, Viceroy, offl acts in Cal. 185; Ind. fight, 1807, ii. 85; settle- 
 affairs, 1814-16, ii. 208, 311. ment founded on, 1847-8, vi. 18-19. 
 Calloway, D., mention of, vi. 608. I Carr, Billy, mention of, vii. 615. 
 Calzada, Juan, guardian in Mex., i Carr, J. D., biog. of, vii. 741. 
 
 offl acts, 1815, 1827-8, ii. 397-8, I Carrey, J., nominee for gov., vi 
 657. I 723. 
 
 HIST. CAL., VOL. VII. 49 
 
770 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Carson, J. H., mention of, vi. 77; 
 
 'Early Recollections of the Mines,' 
 
 vi. 96. 
 
 Carson creek, mining on, 1848, vi. 77. 
 Carson hill, mining dist., vi. 374. 
 Carson valley, miners in, 1850, vi. 
 
 353. 
 Carson & Colorado R. R., location of, 
 
 vii. 590. 
 Carver, H., R. R. scheme of, vii. 
 
 498-9. 
 Casey, J., murders James King of 
 
 William, 1856, vi. 746; trial and 
 
 execution of, vi. 749-50. 
 Casey, Col S., at Benicia. 1849, vii. 
 
 448; at Port Orford, 1851, vii. 460. 
 Casserly, E., U. S. sen., 1867, vii. 
 
 327-8; biog., etc., vii. 328-9; resig 
 nation of, 1873, vii. 366. 
 Castillero, A., the new Almaden suit, 
 
 vi. 554-5; vii. 656. 
 Castillo, F., slave-trading of, 1858, vi. 
 
 716-17. 
 
 Castoria, town, mention of, vi. 513. 
 Castro, J. I., rancho of, 1848, vi. 10. 
 Castro, manuscript, i. 55. 
 Castro, F., rancho of, 1848, vi. 10. 
 Castro, Gh, rancho of, 1848, vi. 10. 
 Castro, Jose, mention of, vii. 656. 
 Castroville, mention of, vi. 524. 
 'Catalina,' ship, iii. 238, 240, 293, 
 
 365, 572; iv. 37, 95, 224. 
 Cathcart, R., biog., vii. 754. 
 'Catherine,' ship, hunting exped., 
 
 1811, ii. 96. 
 
 Gather wood, F., mention of, vii. 581. 
 Catholics, Roman, progress, etc., of, 
 
 vii. 726-7. 
 
 Catlin, H. P., mention of, vii. 586. 
 Cattle, at miss., 1884-5, iii. 348-9; 
 
 Spanish, vii. 53; industry, 1850-89, 
 
 vii. 53-6. 
 Cavallier, J. B. E., member stock 
 
 board, vii. 668. 
 
 Cavis, J. M., defeat of, 1875, vii. 367. 
 Caymus, Ind. tribe, ii. 506. 
 'Cazadora,' ship, ii. 215, 283, 291. 
 Ceballos, J. B., pres. of San Fernan 
 do, 1812, ii. 396. 
 Cement, consumption, etc., of, vii. 
 
 98, 660. 
 Central Pacific R. R., schemes of, vii. 
 
 323; land grants to, vii. 329, 550, 
 
 530-1, 573-6; charter, etc., of, vii. 
 
 528-31; bonds, vii. 531-2, 550-1; 
 
 571-3; organized, etc., 1881, vii. 
 
 544, surveys, vii. 547; legisl., vii. 
 
 518-9, 555-7, 559-60; ground 
 
 broken, vii. 549-50; grant to W. 
 
 P. R. R, vii. 557; aid to, vii. 558, 
 560; books of, vii. 561; taxes of, 
 vii. 562; suit San Joaquin co., vii. 
 563-4; finances of, vii. 565-6, 577, 
 621-4, 626-7; construction and cost, 
 vii. 565-8, 576-7, 624; completion, 
 574-6; debt of, vii. 577, 621-4, 
 626-7, 631; lease, etc., of Cal. 
 Pacific R. R., vii. 582-6; roads con 
 trolled, vii. 583; opposition to, vii. 
 597; YerbaBuena Island, vii. 601- 
 6; troubles with S. F., vii. 601-8; 
 earnings, debt, etc., vii. 619 et seq. 
 
 'Ceres,' ship, ii. 642. 
 
 Cerro Gordo mining district, vii. 651 . 
 
 Chabolla, A., rancho of, 1848, vi. 12. 
 
 Chabot, Anthony, gift of Chabot ob 
 servatory, vii. 721. 
 
 Chaguanosos, Ind. tribe, troubles 
 with, 1840, iv. 76. 
 
 Chambers of Commerce, organized, 
 etc., 1850, vii. 172. 
 
 Chamberlain, E. K., presd't pro tern, 
 of senate, 1849, vi. 309-10. 
 
 Chandler, A. L., biog., vii. 423. 
 
 Chandler, Lieut, mention of, vii. 466. 
 
 Channel establishments, Neves' plan 
 for, i. 310. 
 
 Chapelle, A., mention of, vii. 668. 
 
 Chapin, 0. S., biog., vii. 754. 
 
 Chord, Win G., mention of, vii. 656. 
 
 Charities in Cal., vii. 705-7. 
 
 'Chatham,' Vancouver ship, i. 510- 
 12, 518. 
 
 'Chato,'ship, iv. 350. 
 
 Chauncey, H., the Panama R. R., 
 vii. 522. 
 
 Chemoco, Ind. tribe, ii. 506. 
 
 Chenery, R., mention of, vii. 557. 
 
 Chenery, Burney & Co., R. R. con 
 tractors, vii. 587. 
 
 Chicory, cultivation of, vii. 37. 
 
 Chichoyomi, Ind. tribe, ii. 506. 
 
 Chico, hist, of, vi. 491. 
 
 Chihuahua, annals of, 1701-69, i. 
 28. 
 
 Childs, 0. W., biog., vii. 51. 
 
 Chili, effect of gold discov. in Cal., vi. 
 125. 
 
 Chiles, manuscript, i. 56. 
 
 Chiles, J. B., mention of, vi. 19. 
 
 Chiles, Jos., company to Cal., 1843, 
 iv. 392-5. 
 
 Chiliyomi, Ind. tribe, iv. 363. 
 
 China, plans for trade with, i. 439-41; 
 effect of gold discov. in Cal., 1849, 
 vi. 124. 
 
 China basin, S. P. R. R. designs on, 
 vii. 607. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 771 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Chinese, effect of labor on industries, 
 vii. 71-3, 683; arrivals of, vii. 335-6; 
 dislike of, vii. 336-40; persecution 
 
 of, 
 
 337-8, 354; legislation 
 
 against, 1855-76, vii. 337-44; taxa 
 tion, etc., of. vii. 337-45; competi 
 tion of, vii. 338-46, 351-3; vices, 
 etc., of, vii. 340-1; treaties with, 
 vii. 342-3, 347-8; the newconstit., 
 1879, vii. 390-1; in R. R. employ, 
 1865, vii. 567; population in S. F., 
 vii. 691-2. 
 
 Chinese camp, mention of, vi. 374. 
 
 Chino rancho, fight at, 1846, v. 312- 
 14. 
 
 Chipman, N. C., mention of, vii. 607. 
 
 Chipps Flat, mining at, vii. 638. 
 
 'Chirikof,' ship, ii. 210, 216, 283, 
 306. 
 
 Chocuyem, Ind. tribe, ii. 506. 
 
 Chollar Silver Mining Co., capital 
 stock, vii. 666; stocks of, vii. 671; 
 output, vii. 673. 
 
 Church, protestant service in S. F., 
 1848, v. 657; land claims of the, 
 1845-58, vi. 563-5; at S. F., vi. 
 784, vii. 726-30; at Sacramento, vii. 
 728; at Nevada City, vii. 729; at 
 Placerville, vii. 729-30; value of 
 property, vii. 730-1. 
 
 Church, M. J., biog.. vii. 10. 
 
 Churchill, J., biog., vii. 185. 
 
 Churchill, Col S., of court at Fre 
 mont trial, v. 456. 
 
 Churchman, J., nominee for congress, 
 1854, vi. 690. 
 
 Churuptoy Ind. tribe, treaty with, 
 iv. 71. 
 
 Cieneguita, oattle at, 1829, iii. 80-1. 
 
 Cigars, manufact., etc., of, vii. 87-8. 
 
 Citrus fruits, cultivation of, vii. 42. 
 
 Civil government, plans for, 1846, v. 
 284-6. 
 
 Civil war, attitude of Cal. in the, vii. 
 276-314. 
 
 Claiborne, Lt M. G. L., in Wilkes' 
 expedt., iv. 241. 
 
 'Clarion,' brings news of Bouchard 
 coming, 1818, ii. 222. 
 
 'Clarita,'ship, iv. 312, 340, 540. 
 
 Clark, F. D., the First Regt of N. Y. 
 Vols, v. 503. 
 
 Clark, J. M., mention of, vii. 587. 
 
 Clark, L. G., argument favoring Pac 
 R. R., 1838, iv. 223. 
 
 Clarke, Gen. N. S., in command, 
 1857, vii. 472. 
 
 Clayes, O. M., state printer, 1863, 
 vii. 304. 
 
 Clark, Wm S. , com. on public school, 
 vii. 716-17. 
 
 Clay, manufact. of, vii. 98-9. 
 
 Clear lake, massacre at, 1843, iv. 363. 
 
 Clement, L. M., mention of, vii. 568. 
 'Clementine, 'ship, iii. 464, 491, 569; 
 
 iv. 82, 93, 127. 
 ' Cleopatra, ' ship, ii. 263, 293. 
 
 Clergymen, pioneer, vii. 726-31. 
 
 Climate, weather reports, 1811-20, 
 ii. 417; 1820-21, ii. 443; drought, 
 ii. 481; rainy season, 1824-5, iii. 
 29-30. 
 
 Clinton, W. A., biog., vii. 754. 
 
 Clothing, manufact. of, vii. 89-90. 
 
 Cloverdale, mention of, vi. 408. 
 
 Clustiiiomayomi, Ind. tribe, iv. 363. 
 
 Coal mines, vii. 661. 
 
 Coast surveys, see surveys, coast. 
 
 Coasting trade, suspended and re 
 stored, 1841, iv. 207-8. 
 
 Cochrane, ravages in Cal., ii. 246. 
 
 Cochran, T., mention of, vi. 498. 
 
 Coffee -plant, attempt to cultivate the, 
 vii. 37. 
 
 Coffin, G. W., biog., vii. 754. 
 
 Coffroth, J. VV., nomin. for congr., 
 1868, vii. 331. 
 
 Cogswell, Dr H. D., gifts of, vii. 
 720-1. 
 
 Cogswell polytechnic school, vii. 721. 
 
 Cohen, A. A., mention of, vi. 478; 
 sec. Cal. Pac R. R., vii. 586; re 
 ceiver for Adams & Co., etc., vii. 
 175-8, biog., vii. 178-9. 
 
 Cohn, B., biog., 754. 
 
 Coinage, private, vii. 165-6; mint, 
 vii. 167-8. 
 
 Colbert, Michael, mention of, vii. 
 638. 
 
 Cole, A. W., vii. 719. 
 
 Cole, C., congressman, 1863, vii. 304; 
 U. S. sen., vii. 322; biog., 322; 
 mention of, vii. 644. 
 
 Cole man, Edward, mention of, vii. 
 590. 
 
 Coleman, John C., pres. Nevada co. 
 N. G. R. R., vii. 590. 
 
 Coleman, J. W., biog.. vii. 681. 
 
 Coleman, W. T., president of vigi 
 lance comm., 1856, vi. 794; candi 
 date for U. S. sen., vii. 322; the 
 labor riot, 1877, vii. 354; mention 
 of, vii. 610. 
 
 College of Cal., mention of, vii. 720. 
 
 Collier, J., collector of customs, 1849, 
 vii. 140. 
 
 'Collingwood,' Eng. man-of-war, v. 
 207. 
 
772 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Coloma, settlement founded at, 1847, 
 vi. 28-9; mining near, 1848, vi. 
 67-71; a county seat, etc., vi. 352, 
 482; Indians massacred near, 1847, 
 vii. 479. 
 
 'Colonel, 'ship, ii. 211. 
 
 'Colonel Young,' ship, ii. 475; ii. 
 478. 
 
 Colonization system, i. 336-7; agi 
 tation in Mex., 1796, i. 603; con 
 vict settlers, i. 605-6; foundlings 
 from Mex., i. 608; plan of Mex. 
 junta, iii. 5; McNamara's scheme, 
 
 1845, v. 215-23. 
 
 Colony, proposal of Prez de Sagle, ii. 
 4; Padres and Hi jars, organization, 
 reception in Cal., iii. 259-69; Hijar 
 and Padres, failure, iii. 277. 
 
 Colorado missions, map of, i. 359. 
 
 Colorado river, pueblo mission, 1780- 
 82, i. 353-72; Garces' exploration 
 on, i. 274-5; Jedediah Smith at, 
 iii. 153-4; forded by Gen. Kearny, 
 
 1846, v. 339. 
 
 Colorado River Railway co., vii. 610. 
 ' Colton, Mrs, suit of, vii. 618. 
 
 Colton, D. D., biog. of, vii. 611. 
 
 Colton, W., alcalde at Monterey, 
 1846, vi. 258-9; diary, v. 289; vi. 
 98. 
 
 'Columbia,' ship, i. 445; ii. 210-11, 
 213, 273, 278, 382; iv. 126, 207, 211. 
 
 Columbia, camp, mention of, vi. 515. 
 
 Columbia river, ' Lelia By rd ' off, 1804, 
 ii. 21; attempt to found settlement, 
 1810, ii. 93; Capt. Black's visit, ii. 
 272; Arguello's expedt. to, 1821, ii. 
 446-449. 
 
 'Columbus,' U. S. ship, v. 430, 520. 
 
 Colusa county, hist, of, vi. 497-8; 
 name, etc., vii. 439. 
 
 Colusa Co. R. R., mention of, vii. 591. 
 
 Colusa, town, hist, of, vi. 497. 
 
 Commerce, 1786, i. 438; fur trade, 
 i. 440-1; trade with transports, 
 1791-1800, i. 624-216; commercial 
 projects, i. 627-8; contraband 
 trade, ii. 183-6; trade with Russ., ii. 
 183; trade regulations, ii. 185; gov't 
 trade, 1811-20, ii. 419-20; retail 
 trade, ii. 420; duties on imports 
 and exports, ii. 438-9; removal of 
 restrictions on foreign trade, ii. 
 473; trade with Boston, 1822, ii. 
 475; duties, 1823, ii. 492-3; 1821- 
 30, ii. 670; prices, ii. 671; vii. 
 103-12; revenue, iii. 29; revenue 
 rules, 1826, iii. 117; financial trou 
 bles, 1827-9, iii. 127-8; Figueroa's 
 
 report on, iii. 373-4; 1838-40, 
 iv. 79-89; value of. 1841, iv. 210; 
 Boston trade, 1843. iv. 376; retail 
 trade, 1844, iv. 428; protection of 
 the Boston merchants, iv. 428; whal 
 ers allowed to trade, iv. 429-30; sta 
 tistics, 1847-8, v. 569-70; effect of 
 gold discov., vii. 102-7; supply and 
 demand, vii. 105-10; shipments, 
 vii. 105-11; panics, vii. 107-8, 172- 
 80; imports and exports, vii. 112- 
 23; channels of, vii. 157-9; meth 
 ods, etc., vii. 17C-1; risks attend 
 ing, vii. 171-2; revival of, vii. 175 
 7; effect of Fraser river excite 
 ment, vii. 181; of R. R. communi 
 cation, vii. 181. 
 
 'Comete,' ship, iii. 130. 
 
 Comisario, appointment of, 1825, iii. 
 59. 
 
 Comisionados, iii. 307, 331. 
 
 Commissioners of transportation, ap 
 pointed, vii. 630. 
 
 Committee of 100, dissolved, vii. 610. 
 
 Compania Extrangera, iii. 221, 406. 
 
 Concepcion, founded, i. 359; massa 
 cre at, i. 363; death of Rivera, i. 363. 
 
 'Concepcion,' as coast guard ship, 
 1797, i. 542, 706. 
 
 Cone, J. S., biog., vii. 37. 
 
 Conejo rancho, ii. 566. 
 
 Confidence mine, vii. 641. 
 
 Confirmation conferred on Inds, i. 
 321. 
 
 Congregational church, first of S. F., 
 vii. 727. 
 
 Congress, dilatory action of, vi. 330- 
 6; proceedings, etc., in, 1849-50, 
 vi. 338-45; admission of Cal., 1850, 
 vi. 343-5; Mex. land titles, vi. 
 537-42, 575-81; commission ap 
 pointed by, 1851, vi. 540-2; meas 
 ures of, 1850-62; vi. 626-39; ap- 
 proprs for Cal., 1850-87, vi. 626- 
 39; vii. 443-4, 456-7; the Chinese 
 question in, vii. 344-8; the Pac. 
 railroads, vii. 519-33. 547-52. 
 
 'Congress,' U. S. ship, v. 199-200; 
 251, 253-4, 267, 283, 287, 295-6, 
 322, 326-7, 356. 
 
 Conijolmano, Ind. tribe, ii. 506. 
 
 Connor, Col P. E., vote of thanks to, 
 vii. 298; mention of, vii. 469. 
 
 Conness, J., nominee for lieut-gov., 
 1859, vi. 723; senator, 1863, vii. 
 301-2; ticket of, vii. 303-4; manip 
 ulations of, vii. 323. 
 
 Connors, Golden Chariot mine, vii. 
 641. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 773 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Conrad, Simon, mention of, vii. 
 583. 
 
 Conquest of Cal., preliminaries of, 
 1840, v. 191-223; by the U. S., 
 224-54; completed, 1847, 385-410. 
 
 Consejo, General, at Sta Barbara, 
 1846, v. 45-7; actions of, v. 65-71. 
 
 Consolidated Virginia, mine, vii. 
 675-9. 
 
 Consolidation act, provisions, etc., of 
 the, vii. 240-2. 
 
 'Constante,' ship, surrender of, iii. 
 25-6. 
 
 Constitution, first in Cal., 1824, ii. 
 511-12; proposed, 1827, iii. 35; 
 adopted in 1849, vi. 296-306; 
 amendments to the, 1862-3, vii. 
 233-4, 296, 302; proposed amend 
 ments, 1869-70, vii. 237; defects 
 in the, vii. 370-1, 399; the new, 
 1879, vii. 375-97. 
 
 Constitutional convention, bill in- 
 trod for, 1853, vi. 675-6; proposed, 
 vii. 36870; incentives for, vii. 
 370-3; parties, vii. 373-4; election, 
 vii. 374; meeting, vii. 374-5; in 
 strument framed by, 1878, vii. 
 376-97; personnel, vii. 402-6. 
 
 Consulates, vii. 121-2. 
 
 Couthony, J. P., in Wilkes' exped., 
 iv. 241. 
 
 Contra Costa county, exploration of, 
 1772, i. 184-7; descript. of, vi. 527- 
 8; name, etc., vii. 438; mines in, 
 vii. 661. 
 
 Contra Costa valley, descript. of, 
 1848, vi. 10-11. 
 
 Contract and Finance co. (see also 
 'Western Development co.' and 
 4 Pacific Improvement co. '); affairs 
 of, vii. 569-70, 584; dissolves, vii. 
 610. 
 
 Convention, at Sta Barbara, 1846, v. j 
 45-7. 
 
 Convention, constitutional, election J 
 
 for, 1849, vi. 276, 284; meeting of, 
 
 vi. 284; delegates to, vi. 284-8;' 
 officials, vi. 289-300; proceedings, 
 vi. 286-303; constitution framed 
 by, vi. 296-303; payment of mem 
 bers, vi. 300, 303; vote on, 1857, 
 vi. 717. 
 
 Convicts sent as troops to Cal., 1842, 
 iv. 287. 
 
 Cook, Capt., orders against, 1777, i. 
 309, 438. 
 
 Coon, Mayor, H. P., biog. of, vii. 
 241; the city slip cases, vii. 245. 
 
 Cooper, J., mention of, vi. 6. 
 
 Cooper, J. B. R., rancho, etc., of, 
 
 1848, vi. 20. 
 
 Cooper, J. W., biog., vii. 754. 
 Cooperage, vii. 80. 
 Cope, W. W. , nominated supr. judge, 
 
 1859, vi. 723; election of, vii. 222. 
 Copper mining, vii. 658-9. 
 Copperhead party, mention of, vii. 
 
 302-4, 308. 
 Copperopolis, mention of, vi. 512-13; 
 
 vii. 588. 
 
 Coppiuger, J., mention of, vi. 6. 
 Cora, trial and execution of, vi. 749- 
 
 50. 
 
 Cordage, manufact. of, vii. 91. 
 Cordua, T., mention of, vi. 16, 463. 
 Cornwall, chairman com. on counties, 
 
 1850, vi. 317. 
 Cornwall, P. B., member stock board, 
 
 vii. 668. 
 Coronado, gov. exped., 1540-2, i. 
 
 7-9. 
 Coronel, A. F., mining operations, 
 
 etc., 1848, vi. 78-81; 'Cosas de 
 
 California,' vi. 98-9. 
 Corporations, the new constitut., 
 
 1879, vii. 385-9, 395. 
 'Corsair,' ship, iv. 210. 
 Cortes, Hernan., his plans, i. 2; ob 
 stacles, i. 3; in Cal., i. 6. 
 Cortes, Juan, procurador for Cal., 
 
 1818-20; ii. 398, 406, 657. 
 Cortina, F., of Cal. junta in Mex., 
 
 1825-7, iii. 3. 
 Cosemenes, Inds, exped. against, 
 
 1826, iii. 109. 
 Costanso's 'Diario,' i. S8. 
 Cosumne river, Ind. fight at, 1840, iv. 
 
 137; mining on, 1849, vi. 353. 
 Cotton cultivation, etc., of, ii. 177; 
 
 vii. 30-1; manufact. of, vii, 88-9. 
 Coulterville, mention of, vi. 516. 
 Council Bluffs, Mormon bat. raised 
 
 at, v. 474. 
 
 Coulter's 'Adventures,' i. 40; iii. 411. 
 Counties establ'd, etc., 1850, vi. 317- 
 
 18; the new constitut., 1879, vii. 
 
 395; names, etc., of, vii. 437-43. 
 'Courier,' ship, iii. 128. 
 Courtmartial of Fremont, 455-62. 
 Courts, descript. of, vii. 191-2, 237- 
 
 40; inefficiency of, vii. 206-8; su 
 preme, vii. 233-40, 378-82, 430-1; 
 
 circuit, vii. 237; district, vii. 238- 
 
 40; consolidation act, 1856, vii. 
 
 240-2; superior, vii. 239-4 1. 380-2. 
 Covarrubias, J. M., gen. of militia, 
 
 1850. vi. 319. 
 Cove, R. R. commiss., 1880, vii. 409. 
 
774 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Covilland & Co., mention of, vi. 463. 
 Cowie & Fowler, murder of, 1846, v. 
 
 160-2; see Pioneer Register. 
 'Cowlitz,' ship, iv. 217, 250. 
 Cox, J. D., R. R. land grant, vii. 596. 
 Coyayomi, Ind. tribe, ii. 506. 
 Coyne, Golden Chariot mine, vii. 641. 
 Crabb, A. J.,filibust. exped. of, 1857, 
 
 vi. 601-2. 
 Crabb, H. A., mention of, vi. 669; 
 
 whig leader, etc., vi. 686; candi 
 date for senate, 1856, vi. 697. 
 Craig, Col H. K., at Fremont trial, v. | 
 
 456; death of, 1853, vii. 461. 
 Crane, A. M., speech of, 1863, vii. 
 
 550. 
 Crane, G. W., the S. F. R. R. con- 
 
 vention, 1859, vii. 543. 
 Crane, Col J. B., at Fremont trial, v. 
 
 456. 
 
 Crawford's 'Credit Mobilier,' vii. 570. 
 Credit Mobilier of America, mention 
 
 of, vii. 570. 
 Creighton, James, mention of, 1848, 
 
 vii. 727. 
 
 'Creizer.'Russ. frigate, ii. 644-5, 648. 
 Cremony, Col J. C., mention of, vii. 
 
 470. 
 Crenshaw, Senator J., bill introd. by, 
 
 1854, vi. 684-5. 
 Crescent City, settlement of, vi. 364; 
 
 hist, of, vi. 504-5. 
 Crespi, Juan, biog., ii. 771. 
 Crime, 1791-1800, i. 638-40; preva 
 lence of, vii. 192-219; punishment 
 
 of, vii. 194-219. 
 Critcher, Henry, member stock board, 
 
 vii. 668. 
 
 Crittenden, B., biog., vii. 754. 
 Crittenden, R. E., biog., vii. 754. 
 Crocker, C., biog., etc., vii. 533, 546; 
 
 R. R. affairs, vii. 544, 549-50, 567-8; 
 
 speech of, 1863, vii. 550. 
 Crocker, C. F., vice prest S. P. R. R. 
 
 etc., vii. 632-33. 
 Crocker, Judge E. B., election of, 
 
 1863, vii. 234; director Cent. Pac 
 
 R. R., 1861, vii. 544; mention of, 
 
 vii. 561. 
 Crocker & Co., R. R. Construction co., 
 
 vii. 566. 
 Crockett, Judge J. B., election, etc., 
 
 of, vii. 236. 
 Croix, viceroy, offl actions in Cal. 
 
 affairs, 1768-82, i. 114, 167, 173, 
 
 177, 183, 192, 207, 307-30, 333-51, 
 
 355-71, 373-83, 426, 443. 
 Cronise, bibliog., ii. 298. 
 Crosby, the land question, vi. 580. 
 
 Crosby, E. O., del. to constit. conven 
 tion, 1849, vi. 286; chairman of 
 judic. com., 1850, vi. 319. 
 
 Crow, H. J., biog., vii. 754. 
 
 Crow, Walter J., mention of, vii. 617. 
 
 Crown Point mine, stocks of, vii. 
 672-4; dividends of, vii. 675. 
 
 Cruces, gold-seekers, etc., at, 1849, 
 vi. 130-1. 
 
 Cruillas, viceroy, removal of, i. 114. 
 
 Cruz, Gen. Jose de la, offl acts in 
 Cal. affairs, 1811-19, ii. 197, 208, 
 256, 270. 
 
 Cubas, Ignacio, of Cal. junta in Mex., 
 1825-7, iii. 3. 
 
 Cuchillones, Inds, exped. against, 
 1797, i. 548. 
 
 Cueros de Venado, rancho, Ind. 
 attack on, 1836, iv. 67. 
 
 Cuesta, E. de la, sindico in Mex. for 
 Cal. miss., 1807-19, ii. 166, 398. 
 
 Cuesta de Santa Ines, crossed by Fre 
 mont's bat., v. 376; criticism on, 
 v. 377. 
 
 Cue%ras, minister, report on Cal. af 
 fairs, iv. 525-6. 
 
 Gulp, J. D., tobacco-curing process 
 of, vii. 34-5. , 
 
 Gumming, C. H., mention of, vii. 
 599. 
 
 Cumuchi, Ind. chief, executed, 1837, 
 iv. 73. 
 
 'Curacoa,' Eng. man-of-war, iv. 38, 
 260. 
 
 Currey, Judge J., biog., election, etc., 
 of, vii. 235; code commissioner, vii. 
 249; supreme judge, 1863, vii. 304. 
 
 Curtis, Col J., mention of, vii. 469. 
 
 Curtner, H., biog., vii. 67. 
 
 Custom-house, affairs of the, 1849-56, 
 vii. 139-40. 
 
 Cuyamaca & Eastern R. R. co., or 
 ganized, vii. 618-19. 
 
 Cuyler's harbor, probable burying- 
 place of Cabrillo, i. 77. 
 
 'Cyane,' U. S. man-of-war, iv. 302-3, 
 313, 322; v. 27, 199-200, 203, 224, 
 253, 267, 284, 356, 428. 
 
 Cyrus, J., mention of, vii. 657 
 
 D'Arcy, J. F., mention of, vii. 353. ^ 
 ' Dsedalus, ' Vancouver's store-ship, i, 
 
 511, 512. 
 
 Dairy-farming, mention of, vii. 55-7. 
 Dale, J. B., in Wilkes' exped., iv. 
 
 241. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 775 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 'Dale,' U. S. man-of-war, iv. 302-3; 
 
 v. 429. 
 Dalrymple, A., pub. trausl. of Cos- 
 
 tunso's Diario, i. 139. 
 Dame, T., vii. 557, 587. 
 Dana, Chas, vii. 586. 
 Dana's 'Two Years Before the Mast,' 
 
 iii. 412-13; iv. 139-40. 
 'Danaule,' Fr. ship of war, iv. 35, 
 
 95-6, 120. 
 
 Daniels, John, vii. 638. 
 'Danube,' ship, wrecked, ii. 564. 
 Darrach, M. H., vii. 587. 
 Davenport, F. L., in Wilkes' expedt., 
 
 iv. 241. 
 
 Davidson, B., mention of, vii. 160. 
 Davidson, Geo., on Drake's anchor 
 age, i. 90; surveys of, 1850, vii. 
 
 137; observatory of, vii. 721. 
 Davis, A. C., 1836, iv. 141. 
 Davis, A. E., vii. 591. 
 Davis, Lieut-col B. F., mention of, 
 
 vii. 469. 
 Davis, H., congress, delegate, 1880, 
 
 vii. 408. 
 
 Davis, H. L., sheriff, 1864, vii. 308. 
 Davis, J. C., mention of, vi. 20. 
 Davis, M. C., mayor of Santa Fe, 
 
 1882, vii. 420; manuscript of, i. 56. 
 Dawson, J., rancho of, 1848, vi. 20; 
 
 mention of, vii. 76. 
 Day, J. G., career, etc., of, vii. 354-8. 
 Day, S., vii. 557. 
 Day lor, W., mention of, vi. 12. 
 Deal, Dr, clergyman, vii. 728. 
 Dean, Hon. P., biog.', vi. 408. 
 Deane, J., biog., vii. 187. 
 Debt, state, 1850-75, vi. 605-22; 1863, 
 
 vii. 306; of San Francisco, 1850-6, 
 
 vi. 772-4. 
 Dedmond, J. P., rancho of, 1848, vi. 
 
 15. 
 
 De Faski, Alex., vii. 585. 
 Degrand, P. P. T., R. R. scheme of, 
 
 vii. 510-11. 
 Del Norte county, mining in, vi. 365; 
 
 hist, of, vi. 504-5; organized, etc., 
 
 1857, vii. 442. 
 Del Valle, consul, trial, etc., of, vi. 
 
 590. 
 
 Delafield, Maj. R., of court at Fre 
 mont trial, v. 456. 
 Delano, A., biog., vi. 156; works of, 
 
 vi. 156-7. 
 
 Delano, Columbus, vii. 607. 
 Delger, E. F., biog. of, vii. 738. 
 Delger, F., vii. 738. 
 Delia Torre, distr. attorney, vi. 711. 
 De Long, F., biog., vii. 747. 
 
 Democrats, first gathering of, 1849, 
 vi. 304; first state convent, of, 
 1851, vi. 648-50; attitude of, vi. 
 672; victory of, 1852, vi. 672-3; 
 state convention of, 1860, vii. 258; 
 convention of, 1868, vii. 330; elec 
 tion of, 1879, vii. 408-11; 1881, vii. 
 415-16; 1882, vii. 421-2; 1884, vii. 
 426; 1886, vii. 433-5. 
 
 Denman, J., school in S. F., 1851, 
 vii. 719. 
 
 Dennis, G., mention of, vii. 95. 
 
 Denny, A. H. , biog., vii. 67. 
 
 Dent, L., del. to constit. convention, 
 1849, vi. 285. 
 
 Denver, J. W., mention of, 1853, vi. 
 687; congressman, etc., 1854, vi. 
 690. 
 
 De Po, Charles, vii. 587. 
 
 De Young, vii. 611. 
 
 Depew, vii. 655. 
 
 Derby, Ed M., vii. 587. 
 
 Derby, Lieut G. H., on Riley's staff, 
 1849, vii. 448. 
 
 'Derby,' ship, hunting expedt., 1807, 
 ii. 78; visit of, ii. 84. 
 
 Derussey, Lt Col R. E., of court at 
 Fremont trial, v. 456. 
 
 Deseret, state, 1850, vi. 325. 
 
 Dewees, J., R. R. project of, 1850, 
 vii. 515. 
 
 ' Diamond, ' ship, iv. 346. 
 
 Diamond springs, mining at, 1849, 
 vi. 353; conflagration at, 1856, vi. 
 482. 
 
 Diaz, Bernal, on name Cal., i. 65. 
 
 Diaz, Melchor, expedt. 1540, i. 9. 
 
 Diehl, J., clergyman, vii. 730. 
 
 Dillon, consul P., trial, etc., of, vi. 
 590. 
 
 Dimmick, K. H., del. to constit. con 
 vention, 1849, vi. 286, 299. 
 
 Diputacion, at Mont., 1822, ii. 451; 
 at Mont., 1824, actions of, ii. 510- 
 511; fears of Russia, ii. 648; at S. 
 Diego, 1828, iii. 41; at Sta Bar 
 bara, 1830, iii. 99; 1837, iii. 506; 
 session, 1834-5, iii. 248-52, 291-2; 
 1836, iii. 469-71; 1839-40, iii. 
 584-6, 602-6; 1842, iv. 295-6; 
 1843, iv. 360; 1844, iv. 409-12; 
 1845, iv. 521-2, 531-4; 1846, v. 36- 
 41, 263^; reglamento of, iii. 252- 
 5; report on colony, 1834, iii. 
 274-5; actions on miss, affairs, 
 1832-4, iii. 313-14, 340-41; elec 
 tion of members, iii. 425; iv. 360-1; 
 controversy with Gutrerrez, 1836, 
 iii. 452-7; reorganized by Flores, 
 
776 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 1846, v. 321; actions of, 1845, iv. 
 
 497-9; McNamara scheme, 1845, 
 
 v. 218 (for later periods see 'Legis 
 lature ') 
 * Discovery,' Vancouver's ship, i. 510. 
 
 512, 517, 522, 524. 
 'Discovery,' whaler, ii. 293. 
 Doak, T. W., mention of, vi. 6. 
 Doak, J. K., vii. 588. 
 Dodge, C. F., mayor of Sonora, etc., 
 
 1849, vi. 470. 
 
 Dodge, H. L., biog., vii. 168. 
 Dogtown, mention of, vi. 493. 
 Dolger, F., biog., vii. 188. 
 Dolores, see S. F. miss. 
 Dominguez, , unsuccessful expedt., 
 
 1776, i. 278. 
 Dominguez, M., of Cal. junta, 1825-7, 
 
 iii. 3; report on Cal. miss., iii. 109. 
 Dominicans, cession of Lower Cal. 
 
 miss, to, i. 192-3. 
 Donahue, J., mention of, vii. 95; biog. 
 
 of, vii. 101. 
 Donahue, P., biog. etc., of, vii. 95, 
 
 583, 590, 592, 610. 
 Donahue, town, vii. 584. 
 Doniphan, Gen., at Sta Fe, \. 482. 
 Donner party, journey and sufferings, 
 
 1846-7, v. 527-44. 
 'Don Quixote, 'ship, iii. 461, 569; iv. 
 
 25, 82, 95, 224, 512; v. 33. 
 Dorr, H. C., an acc't of Capt. E. 
 
 Dorr landing convicts, 1796, i. 539- 
 
 540. 
 
 Dos Pueblos, battle of, iii. 79-81. 
 Douglas, D. F., gen. of militia, 1850, 
 
 vi. 319. 
 
 Douglas, Rev. J. W., vii. 727. 
 Douglas, Thomas, school of, vii. 717. 
 Dowling, P. T., biog., etc., vii., 375. 
 Downieville, a mining centre, vi. 361; 
 
 hist, of, vi. 489-90. 
 Downey, J. G., nominee for lieut- 
 
 gov., 1859, vi. 723; vetoes bulk 
 head bill, vii. 685; biog. of, vii. 279. 
 Downing, W. F., biog., vii. 37. 
 Doyle, J. J., vii. 618. 
 Doyle, J. T., character, etc., of, vii. 
 
 177. 
 Drake bay, probable anchorage of 
 
 Drake, i. 88. 
 Drake's anchorage, indentity of, i. 
 
 85-88. 
 
 Drama, vii. 712. 
 Drew, H. L., biog., vii. 754. 
 Drexel, Sather & Church, mention of, 
 
 vii. 161. 
 'Dromo,' Amer. ship, contraband 
 
 trade, ii. 86. 
 
 Dry creek (Amador co.), mining on> 
 
 vi. 371. 
 ' Dry Diggings ' (see also Placerville), 
 
 discov. of, 1848, vi. 74-5; yield, vi. 
 
 75. 
 Dry-dock, appropriations for, etc., vi. 
 
 629-30. 
 
 Dry town, mention of, vi. 513. 
 Dudley, assemblyman, bill of, vii. 
 
 300-1. 
 
 Dudley, W. L., vii. 588. 
 Dunbar, denounces settlers' revolt, 
 
 June Romance, v. 100. 
 Dunn, J. P., state controller, 1887, 
 
 vii. 434. 
 
 Dunphy, W., biog., vii. 55. 
 Dupre, E., vii. 668. 
 Duraut, mention of, vii. 571. 
 Durant, H., mention of, vi. 476. 
 Dutch Flat, mining at, vi. 355-6; 
 
 trading centre, etc., vi. 483. 
 Dwindle, J. W., works of, i. 42; 
 
 views on Drake's voy., i. 89, 90; 
 
 pueblo title case, iii. 708; address, 
 
 v. 60; Broderick's fun. oration, vi. 
 
 736-7; chairman conven., vii. 316. 
 Dye, J. F., mention of, vi. 17; min 
 ing operations, 1848, vi. 71. 
 
 E 
 
 ' Eagle, ' ship, capture of, ii. 477. 
 
 Earl, John 0., vii. 610, 
 
 Earthquake in L. Angeles region, i. 
 
 146; at San Juan Bautista, 1799, i. 
 
 559; at S. Diego, 1800, i. 654; 1803, 
 
 ii. 106; damages by, 1804, ii. 29; S. 
 
 Francisco, 1807-8, ii. 87, 129; at 
 
 Sta Barbara, 1806, ii. 42, 118; 
 
 damages by, 1812, ii. 200-1, 344, 
 
 347-8, 356, 358, 363. 365, 307, 368; 
 
 at L. Angeles, 1827, ii. 563; at S. 
 
 Buenaventura, 1821, ii. 580; 1827, 
 
 iii. 129, 130; 1836, iii. 670; 1836, 
 
 iv. 77-8; 1868, vii. 601-5. 
 East Oakland, Fages' exped. at, i. 185. 
 Eastern Extension R. R., subsidy to, 
 
 defeated, vii. 557. 
 Eastland, J. G., biog. of, vii. 758. 
 Eastland, J. H., gen. of militia, 
 
 1850, vi. 319. 
 
 Easton, Wendell, biog. of, vii. 694. 
 Eaton, Ira A., vii. 586. 
 Eaton, R. S., iv. 671. 
 Echeandia, Gov., rule of, 1826-30, 
 
 iii. 31-55, 116-149. 
 Echevesta, J. J., regulations for Cal., 
 
 1773, i. 211-15, 317, 333, 400. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 777 
 
 For Information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Eddy, VV. M., survey made by, 1849, 
 
 vi. 194; biog., vii. 754. 
 Edgar, Dr W. F., biog., vii. 731. 
 Education, state of, 1791-1800, i. 
 042-4; 1801-10, ii. 192-3; school 
 at S. Diego, 1813, ii. 345; 1821-30, 
 ii. 548-9; school at L. Angeles, 
 1817-18, ii. 353; at Monterey, ii. 
 381-2, 613; schools founded, 1811- 
 20, ii. 425, 429; school at S. Jose, 
 1821-30, ii. 603; 1821-30, ii. 678- 
 80; efforts of Micheltorena, 1844, 
 iv. 402-3; ecclesiastical seminary 
 at Sta Ines, 1844, iv. 425-6; in S. 
 F., 1847-8, v. 656; 1855-6, vi. 784; 
 provision made for, etc., 1849, vi. 
 298-9; appropriations, 1853-69, vi. 
 638-41; the new constit., 1879, 
 vii. 391-3; progress of, 1847-89, 
 vii. 716-23; of Mexicans, vii. 716; 
 first public school, 716-17; laws, 
 vii. 718; funds, etc., 718-19; liter 
 ature, 723-6; text books, vii. 738. 
 
 Edwards, P. L.. mention of, vi. 323, 
 671. 
 
 Eggers, C. H., biog., vii. 754. 
 
 El Dorado (see ' Mud springs '). 
 
 El Dorado county, Indian troubles in, 
 1850, vi. 319; mining ditches in, 
 1855, vi. 355; hist, of, vi. 482-3; 
 name, etc., vii. 439. 
 
 El Pilar rancho, granted, 1797, i. 717. 
 
 El Pinole rancho, ii. 594. 
 
 El Refugio rancho, granted, 1795, i. 
 663; holders of, 1809, ii. 112. 
 
 El Tucho rancho, ii. 615. 
 
 Elder, the Phil. R. R. convention, 
 1850, vii. 515. 
 
 Elder, T., mention of, vi. 12. 
 
 Elections, primary, vii. 315-17. 
 
 'Elena, 'ship, iv. 159, 170. 
 
 ' Eliza, ' Amer. ship, i. 545, 706; iii. 118. 
 
 ' Elizabeth,' ship, v. 586. 
 
 Elizabethtown, mention of, vi. 492. 
 
 Elizondo, Col, to send troops to Cal., 
 i. 117; Ind. exped., 1767, i. 486. 
 
 Elk, herds seen by An/a, i. 285. 
 
 Ellice, E., exhibits in Eng. Cal. gold 
 of 1820, ii. 417. 
 
 Ellingwood, N. D., actions in N. Y. 
 against Col Stevenson, v. 510. 
 
 Elliott, C., biog., vii. 736. 
 
 Elliott, S. G., vii. 557. 
 
 Emeric, J., biog., vii. 187-8. 
 
 Emigration, by sea, 1848-9, vi. 127- 
 42; overland, 1849-50, vi. 143-61; 
 sufferings of emigrants, vi. 149-55; 
 routes, vi. 155-8; number of emi 
 grants, vi. 158-9. 
 
 Eminent domain, right of, vii. 384, 
 
 394. 
 Emory, Major W. H., mention of, vii. 
 
 449. 
 
 Empire City, mention of, vi. 514. 
 Empire guard, mention of, vii. 455. 
 Encarnacion Arroyo (see 'Penitencia 
 
 creek '). 
 
 Encino rancho, granted, i. 662-3. 
 Encino valley, proposed site for miss., 
 
 i. 553. 
 
 England, plan to occupy Nootka, i. 
 505; war with, Cal. contributions, 
 i. 427, 544; war with, 1797, i. 542; 
 alarm caused by, i. 542-4; peace 
 with, ii. 4; treaty with Mex., 189, 
 iii. 136; proposed cession of Cal. 
 to, 1837, iv. 110-12; projects for 
 acquiring Cal., iv. 260; schemes 
 of 1845, iv. 591-2; speeches for 
 annexation to, 1846, v. 59-63; ex 
 aggerations in regard to interfer 
 ence, v. 68-71; commerce with, vii. 
 122-3. 
 
 English, trade with Russians, ii. 63; 
 Belcher's visit, 1837-9, iv. 141-7; 
 fleet in the Pacific, 1841, iv. 303; 
 departure from Callao, iv. 332; 
 vice-consul app't'd, 1842, iv. 384; 
 squadron in Pacific, 1846, v. 199; 
 schemes of, 1846, v. 207-15. 
 'Enterprise,' Amer. ship, ii. 2. 
 Ercila, A. M., to collect miss, debt in 
 
 Mex., iii. 682. 
 
 'Erie,' U. S. ship, v. 199, 254, 287. 
 Escalante, exped. to Cal. 1776, i. 
 
 278. 
 Escalante, E. V. de, sfndico in Mex., 
 
 1820-5, ii. 406, 518, 657. 
 Escarpin rancho, ii. 615. 
 Eslenes, natives, i. 175. 
 Espejo, exped., 1582-3, i. 12. 
 Esteva, on treatment of the 'Aguiles, ' 
 
 iii. 27. 
 Esteves, Jose, named for Cal., 1780, 
 
 i. 379. 
 
 Estill, Senator J. M., biog., etc., vi. 
 
 656; quarrel with Broderick, 1852, 
 
 vi. 669-70; project of, 1853, vi. 676. 
 
 Estrada, Serg't, app't'd to Cal., iii. 
 
 236. 
 Estrada, Ignacio, aindico for Cal., 
 
 1820, ii. 398. 
 Estudillo, J. J., rancho of, 1848, vi. 
 
 10. 
 
 Etchebarne, P., Sutter and Sunol cor 
 respondence, iv. 129. 
 Eureka, hist, of, etc., vi. 503-4; vii. 
 589. 
 
778 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Eureka mine, vii. 637. 
 
 Eureka and Eel Kiver R. R., vii. 
 589. 
 
 'Europa,' ship, ii. 293. 
 
 'Europe,' ship, iii. 461. 
 
 Europe, effect of gold discov. in Cal., 
 1848-9, vi. 124. 
 
 Evans, Col G. E., mention of, vii. 
 469. 
 
 Evans, Rich. S., i. 69 et seq. 
 
 Execution, public, first in Cal., 1777, 
 i. 316. 
 
 Expeditions, hist, of, 1520-1769, i. 1- 
 25; first from S. Diego to Monterey 
 & S. F., i. 140-63; iSta Clara, Ala- 
 meda, and Contra Costa counties, 
 first explor. to, i. 184-7; Anza's 
 first, i. 220-4; voy. of Perez to N. 
 coast, i. 227-9; northern explora 
 tions, 1775, i. 240-68; Anza's, 1775- 
 6, i. 257-73; Garces, 273-8, of Bo 
 dega and Artega, 1779, i. 329; to 
 punish Yumas, 1781-2, i. 367-71; 
 to open routes, 1783-5, i. 454-5; 
 Malaspina's, 1789-91, i. 490-1; in 
 land explorations, 1806-10, ii. 43- 
 57; explor. of S. Joaquin and Sac 
 ramento, 1811, ii. 321-3; of Sola's, 
 1815, ii. 326; to the north, 1821, ii. 
 445-9; S. Argiiello, 1823, ii. 506-7, 
 Capt. Jose Romero, 1823, ii. 507-9; 
 Wilkes' visit, 1841, iv. 240-8. 
 
 Explorations. See expeds. 
 
 Exports, quicksilver, 1856, vii. 116, 
 120; cereals, 1856-81, vii. 116-23; 
 volume, etc., 1849-56, vii. 117; 
 treasure, 1848-81, vii. 118-20; effect 
 of civil war on, vii. 119; of railroads, 
 vii. 119; details and distribution of, 
 vii. 119-23; in 1884, vii. 442-3. 
 
 Express companies, vii. 149-51. 
 
 Eyre, Major E. E., mention of, vii. 
 469. 
 
 <Facio,'ship, iii. 365. 
 
 Fages, gov., rule of, 1782-91, i. 383- 
 480. 
 
 Fagoaga, F., of Cal. junta in Mex., 
 1825-7, iii. 3. 
 
 Fair, James G., vii. 591, 676. 
 
 Fair, L. D., trial of, 1871, vii. 216. 
 
 Fairfax, C. S., biog., vi. 682. 
 
 Fairfield, founding, etc., of, vi. 499. 
 
 Fall, J. C., vii. 586. 
 
 'Fama,' ship, iv. 305. 
 
 Farias, V. G., Mex. vice-pres., in col 
 ony scheme, iii. 259, 263-4. 
 
 Farley, J. T., senator, 1878, vii. 431- 
 2; biog., vii. 431-2. 
 
 Farmers' Protective Union league, 
 mention of, vii. 65-6. 
 
 Farmington, mention of, vi. 513. 
 
 Farnham, life and adventures, iv. 
 157. 
 
 Farralones, explored, ii. 84; sealers 
 left at, 1810, ii. 93. 
 
 Farrington, Miss R., school at Grass 
 Valley, 1851, vii. 718. 
 
 Fauntleroy, Col T. T., in command, 
 1857, vii. 472. 
 
 ' Favorita, ' explor. ship, i. 329, 444. 
 
 Fay, C. T., candidate for gov., vii. 
 324-5; biog., vii. 324. 
 
 Fay, John, vii. 638. 
 
 Fayer weather, A. H., signed memo 
 rial in Honolulu, 1836, iv. 141. 
 
 Feather river, mining on, 1848, vi. 
 69-71; 1850-6, vi. 361-3. 
 
 Federal constitution, ratification of, 
 1825, iii. 2, 7-8. 
 
 Felix rancho, ii. 353. 
 
 Feliz, F., mention of, vi. 509. 
 
 Fellow brothers, mention of, vii. 654. 
 
 Felton, J. B., vii. 317, 580, 587. 
 
 Ferguson, mention of, vii. 637-8; 
 school at Sacramento, vii. 717. 
 
 Ferguson, Col D., mention of, vii. 
 469. 
 
 Ferguson, W. L, duel with Johnston, 
 etc., 1858, vi. 699, 729. 
 
 Fernando VII., received Cal. alle 
 giance, 1809, ii. 87-8; return of, 
 celebrated, 1814, ii. 203; accepts 
 liberal constitution, ii. 264. 
 
 Ferrel, congressman, mention of, vii. 
 622. 
 
 Field, J. G., assist sec. to constit. 
 convention, 1849, vi. 290. 
 
 Field, S. J., supr. judge, 1858, vi. 
 714; election, etc., of, 1857, vii. 
 221-2; the act of 1851, vii. 226-7, 
 231; chief justice, 1859, vii. 227; 
 decisions of, vii. 227-30; biog., vii. 
 227. 
 
 Fields, Timothy, vii. 638. 
 
 Figs, varieties, etc., of, vii. 42-3. 
 
 Figueroa, gov., rule of, 1833-5, iii. 
 240-69. 
 
 Figueroa, Francisco Garcia, made 
 copy of Palou's Noticias, 1790, i. 
 419. 
 
 Finance (see also Revenue), provin 
 cial, 1791-1800, i. 629-30; of Mont. 
 dist. 1800, i. 684-5; statistics, 1801- 
 10, -ii. 186-9; 1821-30, ii. 670-1; 
 affairs, 1829-30, iii. 86; economic 
 
INDEX. 
 
 779 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 measures of Micheltorsna, iv. 358; 
 troubles, 1844, iv. 401-2; the Dal- 
 toa scheme, 184(5, v. 332; troubles, 
 
 1847, v. 485. 
 
 First California Guard, see national 
 guards. 
 
 First Congregational church of S. F., 
 vii. 727. 
 
 First Presbyterian church of S. F., 
 vii. 727. 
 
 'First Steamship Pioneers,' vi. 130. 
 
 Fish, Clinton B., vii. 607. 
 
 Fisheries, vii. 81-3. 
 
 Fitch, H. D., rancho, etc., of, vi. 21. 
 
 Fitche, H. S., mention of, vi. 478. 
 
 Flag, change of, 1822, ii. 458-9. 
 
 Fletcher,, Geo., vii. 590. 
 
 Flint, W., mention of, vi. 698-9; 
 biog., vi. 699; remarks on Broder- 
 ick, vi. 735. 
 
 'Flora, 'ship, ii. 202, 268. 
 
 Flood, James C., mention of, vii. 591, 
 676; pres. Nevada bank, vii. 679. 
 
 Flood, O'Brien, Mackay, and Fair, 
 bonanza firm, vii. 676-80. 
 
 Florence, T. B., the Phil. R. R. con 
 vention, 1850, vii 516. 
 
 Flores, viceroy, instructions to suc 
 cessor, i. 448-9. 
 
 Flour, export of, 1854-81, vii. 116-23. 
 
 Flouring-mills, vii. 84. 
 
 Fluming, vii. 77. 
 
 'Flying Fish,' U. S. explor. ship, iv. 
 245. 
 
 Folsom, Capt. J. L., the gold discov., 
 
 1848, vi. 53; mention of, vi. 265-7, 
 485; at San Fr. 1849, vii. 453. 
 
 Folsom, founded, etc., 1855, vi. 485. 
 
 Foote, H. S., candidate for senate, 
 1856, vi. 697. 
 
 Forbes, A., 'Hist, of Cal.,' iv. 151-2; 
 mention, vii. 656. 
 
 Forbes, A. B., vii. 604; biog. of, vii. 
 186. 
 
 Forbestown, mention of, vi. 361, 491. i 
 
 Forderer, J. F., biog., vii. 749. 
 
 Foreign relations, fear of Russians, i. 
 112; isolation of Cal. 427; war 
 contributions, 427-8; visit of La 
 Perouse, 428-32; fears of English, 
 i. 505; English visit, 1792-4, i. 510- 
 513, 517-29; foreign vessels, i. 
 515-16; war with France, 1793, i. 
 537; foreign vessels, i. 537-9; 
 war with Engl. 1797, i. 542-4; 
 war with Russia, i. 546; ports 
 closed to foreigners, 1805, ii. 31; 
 complaints against Americans, ii. 
 32; Cal. neutrality, 1812, ii. 273; 
 
 rumors of plots, 1818, ii. 290-1; 
 ports opened, 1827, iii. 127; schemes 
 of encroachment, iii. 399-401; rev 
 olution, 1836-40, iv. 107-8 ; atti 
 tude of dif. classes, iv. 109; French 
 relations, iv, 110, 261-2; rumored 
 cess, of Cal. to Eng., iv. 110-12; 
 plans of foreign nations, iv. 250; 
 foreign opinions, 256-9; British 
 projects, 260-1; Amer. immigra 
 tion, 1843, iv. 379-81; Eng. col 
 onization, iv. 382-3, 451; annexa 
 tion schemes, 1844, iv. 449; consu 
 lates, 1845, iv. 589-90; 1846-8, v. 
 614-15; British schemes, 591-2; of 
 the U. S., 594-8; impending war, 
 600-3; Larkm as U. S. agent, 1846, 
 v. 546; fears of invasion of Eng., 
 v. 57; of France and U. S., v. 59- 
 63; Eng. interference, 6871. 
 
 Foreman, Col F., mention of, vii. 
 469. 
 
 Forest City, mention of, vi. 361, 490. 
 
 Forest Hill, growth of, vi. 483. 
 
 Forests, vii. 75-8. 
 
 Forman, C., biog., vii. 754. 
 
 Forney, J. W., remarks on Broderick, 
 etc., 1879, vi. 737. 
 
 Forster, Juan, manuscript of, i. 56. 
 
 Fort Bridger, Donner party at, 1846, 
 v. 531. 
 
 Fort Jones, mention of, vi. 495. 
 
 Fort Leaven worth, Mormon battle at, 
 v. 478. 
 
 Fortifications, appropriations for, 
 1854-6, vi. 631. 
 
 Foster, S. G., del. to constit. conven 
 tion, 1849, vi. 286. 
 
 Foster bar, mining on, 1848, vi. 72. 
 
 Foundries, vii. 94. 
 
 Fowler, L. C., vii. 582. 
 
 Fowler and Cowie, murder of,v. 160-2. 
 
 France, war with, 1838, iii. 572, 592; 
 projects for acquiring Cal., iv. 261; 
 annexation by, 1846, v. 59-63. 
 
 Franciscans, work of, 1590-1600, i. 
 11; consulted abt Cal. miss., i. 114; 
 transfer L. Cal. miss, to Domini 
 cans, i. 192-3; first annual report, 
 1773, i. 198-206; troubles with gov., 
 i. 235-6; service as chaplains, i. 
 240-1; policy of, 1776-7, i. 299-300; 
 administrative machines, ii. 105; 
 guardians, 1800-10, ii. 165-6; poli 
 tic generosity of, ii. 436-8; end of 
 regime, 1835, iii. 689. 
 
 'Franklin,' ship, iii. 132-4, 159, 165. 
 
 Freeman, D., biog. of, vii. 37. 
 
 Freeport, mention of, vi. 485. 
 
780 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Freeporfc Railroad company, organ 
 ized, etc., 1863, vii. 539-40. 
 
 Fremont, J. C., controversy with 
 Stockton and Kearny, 1847, v. 
 411-68; first and second expedt., 
 1842-4, iv. 434-44; campaign of, 
 1846, v. 169-86; assumes civil govt, 
 etc., 1847, vi. 259-60; U. S. senator, 
 
 1849, vi. 311; the Mariposa claim, 
 vi. 561; vii. 642-66; bill introd by, 
 
 1850, vi. 538; vii. 518; map of, vii. 
 514. 
 
 Fremont, town, mention of, vi. 498. 
 
 French, P. H., mention of, vi. 323. 
 
 French, treatment of, iv. 110. 
 
 French corral, mention of, vi. 486. 
 
 French war, contributions of Cal., i. 
 535-6. 
 
 Fresno City, mention of, vi. 517. 
 
 Fresno county, hist, of, vi. 516-17; 
 organized, etc., 1856, vii. 441. 
 
 Friars, at S. Carlos, 1770-1840, i. 171, 
 ii. 146, 616; iii. 679; list of, 1771, 
 i. 173-4; 1801-10, ii. 158-60; con 
 troversies with, i. 401-8; ii. 162-3; 
 at Purissfmia, 1786-9, i. 425; 1791- 
 1800, i. 675; 1801-10, ii. 123; 1811- 
 
 620-3, 628-9, 633-4, 638-43, 
 660, 665; duties of, ii. 400-2; 
 autobiography of, 1817, ii. 403-4; 
 violence to, ii. 488; at S. F. Solano, 
 1824-30, ii. 505; troubles with, 
 1824, ii. 516-18; liberality of, ii. 
 552; protest against laud grant*, 
 ii. 566; list of deaths, 1821-30, ii. 
 655; refuse allegiance, 1825-30; iii. 
 16-19, 87-9; flight of Ripoll and 
 Altimira, 1828, iii. 93^; at Sta 
 Ines, 1821-40, ii. 581; iii. 661. 
 
 Friedlander, J., vii. 585. 
 
 Frisbie, John B., vii. 582, 585. 
 
 Frohling, J., mention of, vii. 49. 
 
 Frontier, plots on, 1837, iii. 515-16. 
 
 Fruit-growing, development of, vii. 3; 
 advantages for, etc., vii. 38-9; hist, 
 of, vii. 39-41; apples, vii. 40-1; 
 peaches, vii. 41; pears, vii. 41; 
 apricots, vii. 41; prunes, vii. 41, 740; 
 citrus fruits, vii. 42; figs, vii. 42-3; 
 almonds and nuts, vii. 43; olives, 
 vii. 43; strawberries, vii. 43; viti 
 culture, vii. 43-50, 744; raisins, vii. 
 745-6. 
 
 Fruit-packing, vii. 86, 742-6. 
 
 20, ii. 366, 580; at S. Diego, 1784- Fry, J. D., postal agent, 1857, vi. 
 
 1840, i. 455, 654-5; ii. 107, 345, | 711; biog. of, vii. 681. 
 
 551; iii. 619; at S. Juan Cap., j Fueros, with Fages' expedt., 1781, i. 
 
 1776-1840, i. 458, 657; ii. 110_, 348; i 366. 
 
 iii. 625; at S. Gabriel, i. 459; ii. \ Fulweiler, John, vii. 651. 
 
 113-14, 355, 567; iii. 641; at S. Furniture, inanufact. of, vii. 90. 
 
 Buenaventura, 1771-1840, i. 466, j Fur trade, plans for, i. 439^1; skins 
 
 674; ii. 366, 578; iii. 658; in Mont, 
 dist, 1771-80, i. 469; 1791-1800, i. 
 685-6, 688-9; at S. F., 1771-1840, 
 i. 473-4, 712, 722; ii. 131, 375, 595; 
 iii. 713; arrivals and departures, 
 1791-1800, i. 575-77; charges 
 against, i. 589-94; at Sta Barbara, 
 1791-1840, i. 672-3; ii. 121, 364, 
 576; iii. 656; troubles of, 1802-3, 
 ii. 6-7; S. Luis Rey, ii. 108, 346; 
 iii. 621-2; S. Fernando, ii. 115-16, 
 357; iii. 645; at Sta Clara, 1801- 
 40; ii. 137, 377, 600; iii. 726; at 
 S. Jose', ii. 137; iii. 723-4; at S. L. 
 Obispo, ii. 148, 384, 618; iii. 680-1; 
 at S. Miguel, ii. 149, 384, 620; iii. 
 683; at S. Antonio, ii. 151, 385, 
 621; at Soledad, ii. 152, 385; iii. 
 
 collected, 441, failure of, 442-3; 
 contraband trade, 1803, ii. 12-15; 
 O'Cain's expedt., 1804, ii. 25-6; 
 Winship's expedt., ii. 39-40; Russ. 
 exped't's, 1810-11, ii. 82; otter 
 hunting, 1810-11, ii. 93-6, 494, 648; 
 catch of, 1811, ii. 95; decrease of, 
 ii. 420; of L. Arguello, ii. 520-2; 
 statistics, ii. 633-5; Arguello's con 
 tract, ii. 645; Cooper's contracts, 
 1824-6, iii. 119-20; importance of, 
 1831-5, iii. 374; arrangement with 
 H. B. Co., iv. 213. 
 
 o 
 
 'Gaceta de Mexico,' i. 39. 
 
 688; at S. Juan Bautista, ii. 153, 386, Gallagher, M., suit of, vii. 242-3. 
 
 623; iii. 691; at Sta Cruz, 1801-40, I Gallatin, Albert, vii. 187. 
 
 ii. 154, 387, 625; iii. 693; remissness Galvez, viceroy, offl actions in Cal. 
 
 of, ii. 161; orders to, ii. 165; loy 
 alty of, 1816-17, ii. 219; at S. 
 
 affairs, 1781-5, i. 399-404, 449; 
 death, 448. 
 
 Rafael, 1817-20, ii. 330; at miss., I Galvez, Jose de, visitador-gen., Cal. 
 1811-20, ii. 375; 1846-8, v. 619, I affairs, 1769-84, i. 113-25, 128-36, 
 
INDEX. 
 
 781 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 154, 155, 158, 167, 171, 173, 190, 192, 
 
 225, 231, 307, 318, 330, 355, 373, 
 
 421-2, 474, 486, 671. 
 Gambling, licensed, 1850, vi. 607; 
 
 prevalence of, vii. 711-12. 
 Gansel, A., vii. 585. 
 Garcia, Col A., app't'd gov. Cal., 
 
 1829, iii. 54, 181, 182. 
 Garcia, Conde D., of Cal. junta in 
 
 Mex., 1825-7, iii. 3; in colony 
 
 scheme, iii. 263; report on Cal. 
 
 affairs, 1845, iv. 525-6. 
 Garijo, A. P., guardian in Mex., offl 
 
 acts, 1809-25, ii. 89, 165, 197, 398, 
 
 057. 
 
 Garland, W. D., biog., vii. 185-6. 
 Garratt, W. T., biog., etc., vii. 97, 
 
 748. 
 
 Garrison, C. K., mayor of S. F., vi. 766. 
 Garrison, Wm R., vii. 668. 
 Gas, natural, vii. 662. 
 Gasol, Juan, guardian, offl acts, 1801- 
 
 22, ii. 3, 41-2, 165, 657. 
 Gause, A., vii. 610. 
 Gavilan peak, Fremont at, 1846, vii. 18. 
 Geary, J. W., pres. of council, etc., 
 
 1849-50, vi. 212-18; biog., vi. 213; 
 
 postmaster, etc., at S. F., vi. 280- 
 
 1; chairman first democr. conven 
 tion, 1849, vi. 304; candidate for 
 
 gov., 1849, vi. 305; candidate for 
 
 U. S. senate, 1849, vi. 311. 
 Genoa, stage line to, 1857, vii. 541. 
 Geographical table, places bet. S. 
 
 Diego and S. F., i. 142-6. 
 Geology, vii. 636. 
 George, H., the land question, vi. 
 
 580; biog., etc., of, vii. 417. 
 'George Henry,' ship, iv. 395. 
 Georgetown, a mining centre, 1849, 
 
 vi. 354; mention of, vi. 482. 
 Germain, Eugene, biog. of, vii. 188. 
 Gerry, S., mention of, vii. 454. 
 Geysers, location, etc., of, vii. 664. 
 Ghirardelli, D., biog. of, vii. 101. 
 Gibson, quartermaster at Ft Point, 
 
 1861, vii. 464-5. 
 Gila river, Anza's exped. at, i. 221, 
 
 260. 
 Gilbert, E., mention of, vi. 279; del. 
 
 to constit. convention, 1849, vi. 286; 
 
 nominee for congress, 1849, vi. 304; 
 
 represent, in cong., vi. 306. 
 Gillespie, Lt A. H., meets Fremont, 
 
 1846, v. 24. 
 Gilliam, A. M., consul at S. F., 1844, 
 
 iv. 450. 
 
 Gilroy, J., mention of, vi. 6. 
 Gilroy, town, mention of, vi. 525. 
 
 Gird, R., biog., vii. 23. 
 
 Glass, manufact. of. vii. 99. 
 
 Uleeson, W., 'Hist. Cath. Church,'!. 
 43-4, 255. 
 
 Glover, \Vm, school com., vii. 716-17. 
 
 Gloves, manufact., etc., of, vii. 92. 
 
 Glue, factories, vii. 92. 
 ! Goat island, R. R. terminus, vii. 602. 
 
 Goats, herding, etc., of, vii. 60-1. 
 
 Godoy, caused Malaspina's imprison 
 ment in Spain, 1795, i. 492. 
 
 Gold discovered, 1820, ii. 417; 1842, 
 iv. 296-7; 1848, vi. 32^1; effect of 
 discov., 1848-9, vi. 110-25, vii. 
 102-7; extent of region, 1848-9, vi. 
 351. 
 
 Gold Bluff, excitement of, 1850-1, vi. 
 364. 
 
 Gold Hill Mining Co., vii. 658. 
 
 'Gold Hind,' Drake's ship, i. 81. 
 
 'Gold Regions of California,' vi. 118. 
 
 ' Golovnin, ' ship, ii. 642, 644, 649. 
 
 Gomara, 'Hist. Coronado,'i. 108. 
 
 Gomez, (P.), pres. Dom., 1791, i. 484. 
 
 Gomez., V., the Panoche Grande 
 claim, vi. 561. 
 
 Gonzalez, lieut-gov. L. Cal., 1769, i. 
 172. 
 
 'Good Hope,' ship, ordered confis 
 cated, ii. 284. 
 
 Goodall, Capt. C., bequest of, vii. 721. 
 
 Gordon, M. W., member of legisl., 
 1854, vi. 682; bill introd. by, vi. 
 684. 
 
 Gordon, W., mention of, vi. 17. 
 
 Gorham, G. C., candidate for gov., 
 vii. 323; biog., vii. 323. 
 
 Gorraez, Jose, of junta in Mex., 
 Serra's suggestions submitted to, i. 
 209, 211. 
 
 Gould & Curry Mining co., vii. 667; 
 stocks of, vii. 671. 
 
 Government, mil. reglamento, i. 317- 
 19, 333-8; reforms, i. 318; condi 
 tion, 1791-1800, i. 637-8; right of 
 represen. in Spain, ii. 190; civil and 
 crim. cases, ii. 191; authority of 
 ruler, ii. 675. 
 
 Gower, I. T., vii. 641. 
 
 Goya, R. M. de, supplies for Cal., 
 1776-85, i. 630. 
 
 Graham, Maj. J. D., of court at Fre 
 mont trial, v. 456. 
 
 Graham, Major L. P., in south, dist, 
 1848-9, vii. 446, 448. 
 
 Graham affair, 1840-2, iv. 1-41. 
 
 Grain supply, plans for, i. 310-12. 
 
 Grangers' Bank of California, organ 
 ized, 1874, vii. 66. 
 
782 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Grangers' Business Association, or 
 ganized, 1875, vii. 65, 67; opera 
 tions, etc., vii. 65. 
 
 Grant, Joseph, vii. 668. 
 
 Grapes (see also Viticulture), varie 
 ties of, vii. 43-4; cultivation, etc., 
 of, vii 44-6. 
 
 Grass Valley, gold ore found at, 1 850, 
 vi. 356; quartz mining at, vi. 356- 
 7; mining yield, 1850-64, vi. 357; 
 hist, of, vi. 470-2. 
 
 Gray, Geo., vii. 588. 
 
 Gray, Geo. K. vii. 568. 
 
 Gray, N., biog., vii. 731. 
 
 Gray, Rev. T. F., vii. 729. 
 
 Grayson, town, mention of, vi. 514. 
 
 Great Salt lake, Jedediah Smith's 
 party at, iii. 157; emigrants on the, 
 1849, vi. 151-2. 
 
 Greeley, H., on the Cal. gold fever, 
 1848. vi. 119; on mining, vii. 639. 
 
 Green, Senator, mention of, vi. 315. 
 
 Green, E., at Mormon island, 1848, 
 vi. 49. 
 
 Green, T. J., gen. of militia, 1850, vi. 
 319. 
 
 Greenhow, History of Oregon, ii. 65, 
 115, 135, 299, 509. 
 
 Greenwood, a mining centre, 1849, vi. 
 353-4; mention of, vi. 482. 
 
 Gregg, J., exped., etc., of, vi. 501-2. 
 
 Gregory, E. J., biog. of, vii. 188. 
 
 Grewell, Senator, mention of, vi. 686. 
 
 Griffith, G., vii. 664. 
 
 Grigsby-Ide co., journey to Cal., 1845, 
 iv. 578-81. 
 
 Grimes, E. , member of legisl. council, 
 1847, vi. 260. 
 
 Gross, F. W., clerk of supr. court, 
 1880, vii. 408. 
 
 Guadalupe Hidalgo, treaty of, v. 590- 
 2; vi. 262. 
 
 Guapos, Inds, Vallejo's fight with, iv. 
 71; treaty with, iv. 72. 
 
 Guerra, De la, del. to constit. conven 
 tion, 1849, vi. 285; chairman of com. 
 on counties, 1850, vi. 317. 
 
 Guilitoy, Ind. tribe, treaty with, 1836, 
 iv. 71. 
 
 Guilbert, E. D., theory of name Cal., 
 i. 66. 
 
 Guilez, Jose, procurador for Cal. 
 miss., 1809-10, ii. 166. 
 
 Guilucos, Ind. tribe, iv. 72. 
 
 Guio, Jose de, exped. of, 1789, i. 490. 
 
 Gully, Lieut S. L., of Mormon bat.. 
 v. 477, 483. 
 
 Guruceta, R., com. of Mex. fleet, 
 mutiny against, 1824-5, iii. 25. 
 
 | Gutierrez, of junta in Mex., i. 209. 
 
 Guzman, Diego de, exped., 1533, i. 6. 
 
 Guzman, J. M., guardian for Cal. 
 miss., 1830, ii. 657. 
 
 Guzman, Nuno de, in Sinaloa, exped., 
 i. 3-5. 
 
 Gwin, W. M., mention of, vi. 279; del 
 to constit. convention, 1849, vi. 
 286-7, 291-2, 299-300; U. S. sena 
 tor, 1849, vi. 311; character, etc., 
 311-12; conference with Calhoun, 
 etc., 1850, vi. 342-3; efforts in cong., 
 1850-1, vi. 538-9; bill introd. by, 
 1852, vi. 572; chairman of com., 
 1851-5, vi. 629-30, 633-4; land bills, 
 etc., of, vi. 634-5, 638-9; dem. 
 leader, 1851-60, vi. 649-739; policy 
 of, vi. 653-5; vii. 518-19; the mint 
 question, vi. 667-8; 'Memoirs,' vi. 
 667-8; speech, etc., of. 1859, vii. 
 258-60; treachery of, vii. 265, 273- 
 4; R. R. bill of, 1855, vii. 524-6. 
 Gypsum, vii. 662. 
 
 H 
 
 Habilitado, duties of, i. 335; iii. 60; 
 troubles with, i. 396-7; works of, 
 1791-1800, i. 631-2. 
 
 Habilitacion, general, office of, 1811- 
 20, ii. 421-2. 
 
 Hager, J. S., U. S. senator, vii. 366; 
 biog., vii. 366-7; mention of, vii. 609. 
 
 Haight, H. H., gov., 1867, vii. 325-6; 
 administ. of, vii. 363; biog., vii. 750. 
 
 Haile, I. C., senator, 1856, vi. 698; 
 biog., vi. 699. 
 
 Haines, J. W., mention of, vii. 77. 
 
 Hale, Edward E., name of Cal., i. 66; 
 Early maps of Amer., i. 88. 
 
 Hale, James E., vii. 556. 
 
 Hale, J. P., biog., vii. 741. 
 
 Hale & Norcross, vii. 671. 
 
 Hall, 'Hist. San JoseV i. 44, 312, 339, 
 479. 
 
 Hall, attorney, mention of, vi. 323. 
 
 Hall, A. I., biog. of, vii. 186. 
 
 Hall, A. W., vii. 589. 
 
 Hall, C. V., biog. of, vii. 735. 
 
 Hall, Rev. J. G., vii. 759. 
 
 Hail, Nelson, 1836, iv. 141. 
 
 Halleck, H. W., del. to constit. con 
 vention, 1849, vi. 285; candidate for 
 the U. S. sen., 1849, vi. 311; rep't 
 on Mex. grants, 1849, vi. 536-7; on 
 Riley's staff, 1849, vii. 448; gen. of 
 state militia, 1861-5, vii. 468, 472; 
 mention of, vii. 656. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 783 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Halley, Cent. Year Book of Alameda 
 
 co., i. 707. 
 
 Hallidie, A. S., mention of, vii. 96. 
 Halman, Mrs G. C., vii. 717. 
 Hamilton, 0. S., biog. of, vii. 634. 
 Hamilton, Lieut J., mention of, vii. 
 
 283, 466; instructor militia, vii. 468. 
 Hamilton, village, mention of, vi. 490. 
 Hammond, R. P., collector of customs, 
 
 1853, vi. 673-4; mention of, vii. 585, 
 
 633. 
 
 Hamp Williams, The, mine, vii. 640. 
 Hangtown. See Dry Diggings and 
 
 ' Placerville. ' 
 
 Hanks, Harry G., vii. 644. 
 Haraszthy, A., vinicult., vii. 44-9; 
 
 biog., vii. 745. 
 'Harbinger,' ship, ii. 93. 
 Hardie, Major, at Santa Fe, 1847, vii. 
 
 452. 
 
 Hardy, T. M., rancho of, 1848, vi. 17. 
 Harman, J. B., code commissioner, 
 
 vii. 249. 
 
 Harmon, A. K. P., vii. 720. 
 Harmon, Rev. S. S., missionary, vii. 
 
 7SO. 
 Haro Bros and Berreyesa, murder of, 
 
 v. 171-4. 
 Harriman, W. D., clerk of supr. court, 
 
 1863, vii. 304. 
 
 Harrington, Rev. Joseph, vii. 729. 
 Harris, miner, vii. 650. 
 Harris, A., contract awarded to, 1847, 
 
 vi. 128. 
 
 Harris, D. D., vii. 587. 
 Harris, S. R., mayor of San Fran 
 cisco, 1852, vi. 762; biog., vi. 
 
 762-3. 
 
 Harrison, E. H., vii. 727. 
 Hart, Miss, school at Sac., 1850, vii. 
 
 717. 
 Hart, A. L., attorney-gen., 1880, vii. 
 
 408. 
 Hart, W. H. H., attorney-gen., 1887, 
 
 vii. 434; biog., vii. 435. 
 Harte, Bret, works of, vii. 724. 
 Hartley, H. H.. defeat of, 1865, vii. 
 
 319. 
 Hartley, Sir Henry, quartz mill of, 
 
 vii. 638. 
 Hartwell, W., interpreter to constit. 
 
 convention, 1849, vi. 290. 
 Hartson, nomin. for congr. 1868, vii. 
 
 331. 
 Hartson, assemblyman, report of, vii. 
 
 301. 
 
 Hartson, C., vii. 586. 
 Hartstein, Lieut H. J., in Wilkes' 
 
 exped., iv. 241. 
 
 Hartt, M. D., vii. 617. 
 
 Haskin, D. 0., vii. 582. 
 
 Haakell, D. H., vii. 560. 
 
 Hastings, L. W.. company to Cal., 
 1843-5, iv. 389-92, 585-6; 'Emi 
 grant's Guide,' iv. 396-9; mention 
 of, vi. 18; del. to constit. conven 
 tion, 1849, vi. 286, 292-3, 298-9. 
 
 Hastings, S. C., election, etc., of, 1850, 
 vii. 220; biog. of, vii. 224: chief jus 
 tice, 1849, vi. 314; com. on R. R., 
 vii. 604; gift of, vii. 720. 
 
 Hatch, A. T., biog., vii. 745. 
 
 Haun, H. P., senator, 1859, vi. 737-8. 
 
 Havilah, town, vi. 518, 640. 
 
 Hawaiian islands, effect of the gold 
 disco v., 1848, vi. Ill; commerce 
 with, vii. 122-3. 
 
 Hawes, H., prefect of council, 1849, 
 vi. 213; senator, 1856, vi. 698; 
 biog., vi. 699. 
 
 Hawley, William, vii. 586. 
 
 Hayes, B., bibliog. of, i. 44; emi 
 grant notes, i. 656; claimant for 
 rancho S. Bernardino, iv. 635. 
 
 Hayes, F. B., vii. 607. 
 
 Hayes, John, biog. of, vii. 634. 
 
 Hays, J. C., sheriff, 1850, vi. 217; 
 surveyor-gen., 1853, vi. 674. 
 
 Haymaker, E., vii. 617. 
 
 Haymond, C., biog. of, vii. 249; men 
 tion of, vii. 631. 
 
 Hayomi, Ind. tribe, iv. 363. 
 
 Hayward, Alvinza, vii. 673-4. 
 
 Hayward, William, vii. 587. 
 
 Hayward mine, vii. 641. 
 
 Hazard, H. T., biog. of, vii. 759. 
 
 'Hazard,' Amer. ship, ii. 17, 21, 24-5. 
 
 Hazelton, W. P., vii. 717. 
 
 Healdsburg, mention of, vi. 508. 
 
 Health of miners, vii. 703-4; death 
 rate, vii. 704. 
 
 Heard, Judge, decision of, vii. 239. 
 
 Hearst, G., senator, 1886, vii. 431-2, 
 biog., vii. 681. 
 
 Heath, bill of, 1885, vii. 427-8. 
 
 Heath, R., biog., vii. 754. 
 
 Hebrew church, vii. 729. 
 
 Hebrews, societies of, vii. 706. 
 
 Hecox, A. A., vi. 317. 
 
 Heintzleman, Mayor S. P., at San 
 Diego, 1849, vii. 448. 
 
 'Helena,' ship, ii. 648. 
 
 Hemp, culture introduced, i. 717; cul 
 ture at L. Angeles, ii. 90; gov't en 
 couragement to, ii. 178; progress 
 made, 1802-4, ii. 178: shipments, 
 1809-10, ii. 179-80; failure of, ii. 
 181. 
 
784 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Hempstead, C., superin't of mint, 
 
 1875, vi. 711. 
 
 Hempstead, C. H., mention of, vi. 687. 
 Henderson, J. W., vii. 617. 
 Hendricks, W. C., seer, of state, 
 
 1887, vii. 434. 
 Henley, Barclay, vi. 674. 
 Henley, T. H., candidate for U. S. 
 
 senate, 1849, vi. 311. 
 Henley, T. J., postmaster-gen., 1853, 
 
 vi. 674; biog., vi. 674; superin't of 
 
 Ind. affairs, 1857, vi. 711; vii. 490; 
 
 measures, etc., of, vii. 490-2. 
 Henriques, David, vii. 668. 
 Henshaw, H. W., ' Notes on Cabrillos' 
 
 voyage,' i. 69. 
 Herbert, P. T., congressman, etc., 
 
 1854, vi. 690. 
 'Hermosa Mexicana,' ship, ii. 215, 
 
 282. 
 Hermosillo, captured by Raousset, 
 
 1852, vi. 588. 
 Herold, A., biog., 434. 
 ' Her os,' Fr. ship, ii. 650; iii. 128-30. 
 Heros, biog. of, vii. 737. 
 Herrera, acc't of Cabrillos' voy., i. 
 
 69 et seq. 
 Herrera, Pres., reception of Michel- 
 
 torena, iv. 513; receives Cal. vote, 
 
 1845, iv. 535; app'ts Pico gov. of 
 
 Cal., v. 40-1. 
 
 Hester, Judge, decision, etc.,vi. 323-4. 
 Heydenfeldt, Judge S., election, etc., 
 
 of, 1852, vii. 220-1; member stock 
 
 board, vii. 668. 
 
 Hicks, fortune made by, vi. 192. 
 Hides, trade in, regulations, 1821-30, 
 
 ii. 668-9; annual shipment, iii. 641; 
 
 business in, vii. 91. 
 Hiester, A. C., vii. 674. 
 Higby, W., congressman, 1863, vii. 
 
 304. 
 Higgins, Wm L.. member stock 
 
 board, vii. 668. 
 Higuera, N., vi. 19. 
 Hijar and Padre's colony, hist, of, iii. 
 
 259-81. 
 Hijosa, Francisco, supplies for Cal., 
 
 1795-1800, i. 630-1. 
 Hill, Rev., church at Nevada City, 
 
 vii. 729. 
 Hill, D. T., of Bartleson party, iv. 
 
 269. 
 
 Hill's ferry, mention of, vi. 514. 
 Hillegass, Eugenie, vii. 720. 
 Hillegass, Wm, vii. 720. 
 Hillyer, Lieut-col E. W., vii. 469. 
 Hinckley, W., at Yerba Buena, 1836, 
 
 vi. 164. 
 
 Hinman, L. A., vii. 590. 
 
 Hin ton, ' Hand book of Arizona, ' i. 
 259. 
 
 Hitchcock, Dr, mention of, vii. 720. 
 
 Hitchcock, Gen. E. A., vi. 594-5; 
 commands Pac. division, 1851, vii. 
 458-60; relieved, 1854, vii. 462; in 
 command, 1851, vii. 4712. 
 
 Hittell, J. S., works of, i. 10, 44, 90, 
 158, 186, 190, 644; views on the 
 land question, vi. 579-80. 
 
 Hobbs, C. S., biog. of, vii. 101. 
 
 Hodge, Ira, vii. 621. 
 
 Hoffman, Judge, 0., election, etc., of, 
 vii. 238; decision of, 1859, vii. 
 242-3. 
 
 Hoge, J. P., chairman of constit. con 
 vention, 1878, vii. 375; biog., vii. 
 375. 
 
 Hoitt, I. G., sup't of public instruct., 
 1887, vii. 434; biog., vii. 434-5. 
 
 Holbrook, C., biog., vii. 754. 
 
 Holden, E. S., the S. F. R. R. con 
 vention, 1859, vii. 543; mention of, 
 vii. 557, 588. 
 
 Holiyomi, Ind. tribe, iv. 363. 
 
 Hollister's 'Life of Colfax,'vii. 570. 
 
 Hollister, mention of, vi. 524. 
 
 Holmes, A., mention of, vii. 719-20. 
 
 Holmes, E. H., vii. 720. 
 
 Holmes, H. T., biog. of, vii. 635, 746. 
 
 Hondiu's, map of, i. 88 et seq. 
 
 Honey, product, etc., vii. 62. 
 
 Honolulu, Sutter at, iv. 126; Bran- 
 nan's colony at, v. 549. 
 
 Hoodlum, origin of name, vii. 708. 
 
 Hope, T. F., biog., vii. 747. 
 
 Hopkins, C. T., vii. 609. 
 
 Hopkins, E. W., vii. 599. 
 
 Hopkins, M., R. R. affairs, vii. 544, 
 549; biog., etc., vii. 533, 546; men 
 tion of, vii. 599, 612; death of, vii. 
 618; residence of, vii. 624. 
 
 Hopkins, R. C., the land question, 
 vi. 580. 
 
 Hopkins, T., treas. S. P. R. R., etc., 
 vii. 632-3. 
 
 Hopland, village, mention of, vi. 509. 
 
 Hoppe, C. D., mention of, vi. 18. 
 
 Hops, cultivation of, vii. 35-6. 
 
 Horn, B. C., vii. 587. 
 
 Horner, J. M., at San Jose, 1848, 
 vi. 9. 
 
 Horses, Spanish, vii. 57; breeding, 
 etc., of, vii. 57-8. 
 
 Horticulture, vii. 47-50. 
 
 Horton, A. E., biog., etc., vi. 480; viL 
 745-6. 
 
 Hose, manufact. of, vii. 92. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 785 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Hough ton, J. F., surveyor-gen., 1863, 
 
 vii. 304. 
 Houston, A. H., R. R. contract of, 
 
 1859, vii. 537. 
 
 Houston, J. S., comptroller, vi. 314. 
 Howard, Bryant, biog. of, vii. 184. 
 Howard, Geo. H., vii. 610. 
 Howard, Gen. O. O., in command, 
 
 1886, vii. 472. 
 
 Howard, V. E., biog., etc., vii. 3745. 
 Howard, W. D. M., mention of, vi. 
 
 279. 
 
 Howard, W. O. H., lieut, vii. 454. 
 Howard M. E. church at S. R, vii. 
 
 727. 
 
 Rowland flat, mention of, vi. 490. 
 'Huascar, ' ship, iii. 128. 
 Hubbs, P. K., bicg., vi. 656-7; quar 
 rel of, 1852, vi. 669; revises school- 
 law, vii. 718-19. 
 
 Hudspeth, J., mention of, vi. 20. 
 Hudson, W., at Mormon island, 
 
 1848, vi. 48-9. 
 Hudson, W. K., vii. 582. 
 Hudson Bay Co., first entry of, 1828- 
 
 30, iii. 160-2; trappers in Cal., 
 
 1832-5, iii. 392-3; 184,0, iv. 81; 
 
 permanent establishment, 1841, iii. 
 
 190, 211-18; suicide of Rae, iv. 
 
 593; estab. abandoned, iv. 594. 
 Hueneme, port, mention of, vi. 523. 
 Huiluc, Ind. tribe, ii. 506. 
 Humboldt bay, climate of, vi. 23-4. 
 Humboldt bay region, map of, vi. 
 
 501. 
 Humboldt county, mining in, vi. 365- 
 
 6, 370; hist, of, vi. 503^; creation, 
 
 etc., of, 1853, vii. 441. 
 Humbug City, see North Bloomfield. 
 Humphrey, I., Bennett's meeting 
 
 with, 1848, vi.44; at Coloma, 1848, 
 
 vi. 67-9. 
 Hunt, Col T. F., at Fremont trial, v. 
 
 456. 
 Hunt, T. D., chaplain at S. F., 1848, 
 
 vii. 727. 
 
 Hunter, D., biog., vii. 754. 
 Hunter, M. C., vii. 596. 
 Huntington, C. P., biog., etc., vii. 
 
 533, 545-6; vice-pres't Cent. Pac. 
 
 R. R. 1861, vii. 544; R. R. affairs of, 
 
 vii. 544, 549, 565-74, 601-24, 632-3. 
 Huntington, W. V., vii. 633. 
 Hurd, C., biog., vii. 741. 
 Hurtado de Mendoza, exped. 1532, 
 
 i. 5. 
 
 Huymen, Ind. tribe, ii. 506. 
 Hyde, G., alcalde of San Francisco, 
 
 1848, vi. 6. 
 
 HIST. CAL., VOL. VII. 50 
 
 Hydraulic mining, vii. 645-9; debris 
 
 question, vii. 646-8. 
 1 Hyman, P. C., vii. 668 
 
 Ibarra, M. G. de, Cal. junta in Mex., 
 18-25-7; iii. 3; report on Cal. miss., 
 iii. 109. 
 ! Icaza, Isidro, Cal. junta in Mex., 
 
 1825-7, iii. 3. 
 I Ice, consumption, etc., of, vii. 86. 
 
 Ide, W. B., works of, i. 42; in Sono 
 ma revolt, v. 115-19; rancho of, 
 1848, vi. 17. 
 
 Illinoistown, mention of, vi. 483. 
 
 'Ilmen,' ship, ii. 210, 274, 293, 307-8, 
 373. 
 
 Immigrants (see also 'Pioneers'); from 
 Mex., 1775, i. 258-60. 
 
 Immigration, parties arriving, 1826- 
 30, iii. 176-80; 1831-5, iii. 385-413; 
 1836-40, iv. 117-21; 1841, iv. 263- 
 80; 1842, iv. 341-3; 1843, iv. 389- 
 400; 1844, iv. 434-48; Bartleson 
 party, 1841, iv. 267-76; Workman's 
 party, iv. 276-8; parties arriving, 
 1845, iv. 571-88; migration after 
 golddisccv., vii. 687, 696-7; Chinese, 
 vii. 696-7; society to promote, vii. 
 697; routes, vii. 697; foreign, vii. 
 699-702; arrivals and departures, 
 vii. 703. 
 
 Imports, articles imported, 1849-56, 
 vii. 112-14; cereals, 1853-5, vii. 113; 
 meats, vii. 113; effect of civil war 
 on, vii. 115; of the railroad, vii. 115; 
 of mining, vii. 115; volume, etc., 
 1857-86, vii. 115-16; in 1884, vii. 
 442. 
 
 'Inca,' ship, iii. 118. 
 
 Ingersoll, bibliog. of, ii. 631. 
 
 Ingersoll, J. R., the Phil. R. R. con 
 vention, 1850, vii. 513. 
 
 Ingersoll, T. J., biog., vi. 658. 
 
 Ingle, S. W., district attorney, 1853, 
 vi. 674. 
 
 Independent party, policy, etc., of, 
 1851, vi. 652-5; principles, etc., of, 
 vii. 365; defeat of, 1875, vii. 367. 
 
 'Independence,' ship, v. 428. 
 
 Indians, reception of Cabrillo, i. 70-1; 
 reception of Drake, i. 83; reception 
 of exped., 1769, i. 127; habits of, i. 
 147; cemeteries, i. 148; reception of 
 Fages' exped., i. 185; condition of, 
 i. 202; iv. 52-3, 195-7; vii. 474-5: 
 Yumas entertain Anza, i. 222; re 
 
786 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 JFor information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 ception of Heceta and Bodega, i. 
 242; Yumas assist Anza's party, i. 
 260-1; punishment, 1776, i. 265; 
 flight of, at S. F. 1776, i. 291; con 
 version, i. 296; rite of confirmation, 
 i. 321, 328; neophyte population, 
 1790, i. 387; Vancouver's acc't of, 
 i. 527; neophyte desertions, i. 584; 
 alcaldes and regidores for, i. 505; 
 treatment of, i. 590-3; ii. 163-4, 
 415-16; vii. 476-9; epidemic at Sta 
 Barbara, ii. 2; epidemic among, 
 1801, ii. 120; land concession to 
 Russ., ii. 297; friars' report on, 1815, 
 ii. 327; baptisms and deaths, 1811- 
 20, ii. 394-5; Colorado tribes, 1821, 
 ii. 442; tribes punishing converts, 
 ii. 506; affairs at S. Diego, 1826, ii. 
 549; partial emancipation, iii. 231; 
 population in 1840, iii. 699; policy 
 of Gen. Vallejo, iii. 723; iv. 70-2; 
 settlers' relations with, iv. 137-8, 
 228; Walla Wallas at Sutter's fort, 
 1846, v. 300-2; co. of, at Sutter's 
 fort, 1846, v. 359; missions, vii. 
 475-6; agents, vii. 482-5; reserva 
 tions, vii. 483-4, 489-94. 
 Indian hostilities (raids, retaliation, 
 etc.), raids, attack at S. Diego, 1769, 
 i. 138; 1775, i. 249-55; hostility at 
 S. F., i. 295; burn S. Luis Obispo 
 miss., i. 298-9; attack Olivera's 
 force, 1790, i. 465; hostilitv of, 
 1794-9, i. 547-9; hostility at S. 
 Juan Bautista, i. 558-9; revolt at 
 S. Luis Obispo, i. 690; hostilities of, 
 1804-6, ii. 34-5; attack at San Jose 
 miss., 1805, ii. 138; murder Padre 
 Quintana, ii. 388; revolt of, 1824, I 
 ii. 527-8; massacre of gentiles, iii. i 
 323-4; hostilities of, 1831-5, iii. 358- ' 
 62; depredations in S. Diego dist, 
 1836-9, iii. 614-15; depredations by, 
 1836-40, iv. 67-73; hostility, 1842, 
 iv. 338; attack Fremont's camp, 
 1846, v. 25; hostilities, 1846-8, v. 
 566-9; massacre. at Pauma, v. 567; 
 raids, 1850-9, vii. 482-5; other 
 troubles with, 1777, i. 314-16; in 
 S. F. dist, i. 708-12; 1781, i. 351; | 
 1795, i. 652-3; troubles at S. Ga 
 briel, 1811, ii. 323-4; 1845, iv. 543- 
 5;. horse thieving by, 1843-4, iv. 
 361, 409; expeditions against, Fages' 
 exped., 1783, i. 479-80; Amador's 
 exped., 1797, i. 710; Moraga's ex 
 ped., 1810 and 1819, ii. 91, 336-7; 
 exped, 1804, ii. 132; exped., 1812- i 
 14, ii. 324-5; exped., 1819, ii. 254; 
 
 Sanchez' exped., ii. 335; exped., 
 1826-30, iii. 109-14; Slitter's exped., 
 v. 104, 608; Mormon bat., exped., 
 v. 489. 
 
 Industrial school, state, vii. 722. 
 
 Industries at Ross, 1821-30, ii. 639. 
 
 Iniestra, gen., raises force in Mex. 
 for Cal., iii. 534; proposed exped., 
 
 1844, iv. 404, 528-9; death of, v. 
 33. 
 
 Inquisition, Lasuen commissary for, 
 
 1, 579; actions in Cal., 1811-20, ii. 
 412. 
 
 ' Institute of Mechanic Arts,' at S. F., 
 
 vii. 721. 
 
 Insurance, 1852-81, vii. 159-60. 
 Inyo county, creation, etc., of, 1866, 
 
 vii. 442; mines of, vii. 651. 
 Iowa Hill, mining camp, vi. 355, 483. 
 Irish colony, McNamara's scheme, 
 
 1845, v. 215-23. 
 
 Iron, manufact. of, vii. 94; ore, vii. 
 658. 
 
 Iron works, vii. 94. 
 
 Irrigation, works erected at S. Diego. 
 1810, ii. 106; advantages of, vii, 
 8-9; progress of, vii. 9-11; riparian 
 rights, vii. 11-14; legisl. concern 
 ing, vii. 428-30, 742. 
 
 Irwin, Gov. I., biog. of, vii. 367. 
 
 'Isaac Todd,' Eng. ship, ii. 204, 271- 
 
 2, 382. 
 
 'Isabella,' ship, ii. 93-5; iv. 251; v. 
 
 511, 514. 
 
 Isbel, Dr J. C., mention of, vi. 12. 
 Ischislekof, gov. of Sitka, 1828, ii. 
 
 650-1. 
 Iturbide, actions in Cal. affairs, 1821- 
 
 3, ii. 430, 450, 456, 483-5, 614, 642. 
 Iturbide, S. M., Imestra's proposed 
 
 exped., iv. 528. 
 
 Iturrigaray, viceroy, names Sta Ines 
 miss., ii. 28. 
 
 -I. 
 
 Jackass gulch, mining camp, vi. 374. 
 
 Jacks, David, biog., etc., vii. 721. 
 
 Jackson, J. P., vii. 525. 
 
 Jackson, John 0., treas. S. P. & Ne 
 vada R. R., 1859, vii. 557. 
 
 Jackson, S., biog, vii. 67. 
 
 Jackson, town, mention of, vi. 512. 
 
 Jacumeno, Ind. tribe, iv. 338. 
 
 James, H. B., S. F. sup't of schools, 
 vii. 720. 
 
 James, J. C., biog., vi. 682. 
 
 James, J. G., biog., vii. 67. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 787 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Jamul rancho, lad. outrages at, 1837, 
 
 iv. (58. 
 
 Jamestown, mention of, vi. 515. 
 Janssens, A., 'Vida y Aventuras,' vi. 
 
 99. 
 
 Jarrett, H. C., vii. 592. 
 Jesuits, expulsion of, 1767, i. 32, 
 
 113. 
 
 Jesuit college of St Ignatius, vii. 722. 
 Jesus, J., career of, vi. 75-6, miners 
 
 furnished by, 1848, vi. 76. 
 Jewelry, manfact. of, vii. 97. 
 Jimenez, exped., 1533, i. 5-6; discov's 
 
 peninsula, i. 64. 
 
 'John Begg,' ship, ii. 475, 478, 493. 
 Johns, Lieut-col W. M., mention of, 
 
 vii. 409. 
 
 Johnson, miner, vii. 650. 
 Johnson. J. A., congressman, 1868, 
 
 vii. 331; biog., vii. 331, 367; lieut- 
 
 gov., 1875, vii. 367. 
 Johnson, J. N., mention of, vi. 690; 
 
 gov., 1855, vi. 695; biog., vi. 695; 
 
 admin., vi. 700, 717-18. 
 Johnson, R., the New Almaden suit, 
 
 vi. 558. 
 
 Johnson, W., mention of, vi. 16. 
 Johnston, Gen. A. S., superseded, 
 
 1861, vii. 282; resignation of, 1861, 
 
 vii. 467; in command, 1861, vii. 472. 
 Johnston, G. P., duel with Ferguson, 
 
 1858, vi. 699, 729. 
 Jones, E., assignee for Adams & Co., 
 
 vii. 177. 
 
 Jones, J. M., del. to const, conven 
 tion, etc., 1849, vi. 287. 
 Jones, John P., senator, mention of, 
 
 vii. 619; stock transactions of, vii. 
 
 674. 
 
 Jones, N., mention of, vi. 10. 
 Jones, Com. T. C., actions in capture 
 
 of Monterey, 1842, iv. 298-329; 
 
 mention of, vi. 65; arrival in Cal., 
 
 1848, vi. 264, 266; with King's ex 
 ped., 1849, vi. 281. 
 Jones, M. G., biog. vii. 753. 
 Jones, W., biog. of, vii. 324; mention 
 
 of, vii. 469. 
 Jones, W. C., lawyer in S. F. land 
 
 case, iii. 708; claimant for S. F. 
 
 potrero, iv. 673; defends Fremont 
 
 at trial, v. 456; claimant for Cal. 
 
 ranches, v. 619; rept on Mex. 
 
 grants, 1850, vi. 536-7; reply to 
 
 Black's rept, 1860, vi. 572-3.' ' 
 Jordan, A., colony project, 1792-4, i. 
 
 503-4, 602. 
 Jordan colony, attempt to found, 
 
 1794, i. 503. 
 
 ! Journals, i. 42, 59; first issued, 1846, 
 v. 291-3; 'Mormon Prophet,' v. 
 545, 657; 'Honolulu Friend,' 549; 
 'California Star,' v. 552, 658; vi. 
 54-60, 111, 261; first in 8. F., 1847, 
 v. 657-9; ' Calif ornian,' v. 659; vi. 
 54, 60; 'Star and Calif ornian, ' vi. 
 269; 'Alta Cal.,' v. 659; vi. 277-8, 
 280, 286, 682; 'Tulare Post,' vii. 
 2S9; 'Democratic Press,' vii. 312; 
 'Occidental,' vii. 312; 'Monitor,' 
 vii. 312; ' Franco- Americaine,' vii. 
 312; 'Echo du Pacifique,' vii. 312; 
 'News Letter,' vii. 312; 'Placer 
 Times,' vi. 460; 'Sacramento Tran 
 script,' vi. 460; 'Settlers and 
 Miners' Tribune,' vi. 460; 'Sacra 
 mento Index, ' vi. 469; ' Sacramento 
 Union,' vi. 460; vii. 611; 'Sacra 
 mento Record,' vi. 460; 'Demo 
 cratic State Journal, 'vi. 460; 'So- 
 nora Herald,' vi. 470; 'Union 
 Democrat,' vi. 470; 'The Journal,' 
 vi. 471; 'Alameda Post,' vi. 479; 
 'Alameda Encinal,' vi. 479; 'S. F. 
 Chronicle.' vii. 400, 611;, 'Vallejo 
 Recorder,' vii. 583; 'Stockton In 
 dependent,' vii. 597; 'S. F. Bulle 
 tin, 'vii. 598, 611; 'S. F. Call, 'vii. 
 611; 'Cal. Mining Journal,' vii. 644; 
 'Mining and Scientific Press,' vii. 
 644; 'S. F. Stock Report,' vii. 674. 
 
 ' Joven Guipuzcoana,' ship, iv. 12, 15, 
 35, 37, 95, 312, 332, 340. 
 
 Juan de Fuca strait, explored, 1792, 
 i. 506. 
 
 Juan Rodrigues island, Cabrillo dies 
 at, i. 77. 
 
 ' Juanita ' ship, v. 32. 
 
 Juarez, C., mention of, vi. 19. 
 
 Judah, Col H. M., mention of, vii. 469. 
 
 Judah, T. D., R. R. survey by, 1855, 
 vii. 538; the S. F. R. R. convention, 
 1859, vii. 543-4; chief engin. C. P. 
 R. R., 1861, vii. 544; bill, etc., of, 
 vii. 548-9. 
 
 Judiciary, admin, of justice, ii. 424- 
 5, 677; iii. 189-93; vii. 222-33; 
 crimes, 678-9; districts establ'd, 
 etc., 1850, vi. 316-17; Mex. land 
 titles, 1851, vi. 543-76; mission 
 lands, vi. 562-5; pueblo lands, vi. 
 565-70; descript. of, vii. 220-50; 
 the constit. of 1849, vii. 222; 
 amendments to constit., 1862, vii. 
 233-6; the new constit., 1879, vii. 
 378-82; proposed changes in, 1886, 
 vii. 430-1; members, 1889, vii. 735- 
 6. 
 
788 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see alsc the Pioneer Register, ols. II to V. 
 
 ' Julia, ' ship, v. 399. 
 'Julia Ann,' ship, iv. 210. 
 
 Julian, town, vii. 641. 
 
 Julian Discovery, quartz mine, vii. 
 
 641. 
 
 Julien, N., biog., vii. 37. 
 ' Junius,' ship, iii. 24. 
 'Juno,' Eng. man-of-war, v. 217. 
 'Juno,' Amer. ship, voy. to Cal., 
 
 1806, ii. 66-7. 
 
 Junta, in Mex. or Cal., 1825, iii. 2-6. 
 Junta departamental. See Diputa- 
 
 cion. 
 Juries, the new constit., 1879, vii. 
 
 378. 
 
 ' Kadiak, ' Russ. ship, ii. 80. 
 Kalloch, I. S., mayoralty, etc., of, 
 
 vii. 412, 420, 691. 
 Kane, M., appraiser, 1857, vi. 711. 
 Kane, Y. L., aids Mormons, v. 471; 
 
 'The Mormons,' v. 476. 
 'Karimoko,' ship, smuggling adven 
 ture, iii. 133-5. 
 Kate Hayes, mine, vii. 638. 
 Kavanaugh, Bishop, arrest, etc., of, 
 
 1861, vii. 309. 
 Kearny, Gen., march from New Mex., 
 
 1846, v. 334-9; controversy with 
 
 Stockton and Fremont, 1847, v. 
 
 411-68; designs, etc., of, 1847, vi. 
 
 259-61; land policy of, 1847, vi. 
 
 568. 
 Kearney, D., career, etc., of, vii. 
 
 354-62. 
 
 Kearsarge, mines, vii. 651. 
 Kelley's 'Memoir on Or. and Cal.,' 
 
 iii. 409-11; iv. 147. 
 Kellogg, Lieut, at Ft Point, 1861, vii. 
 
 464. 
 
 Kellogg, Col J., mention of, vii. 469. 
 Kellogg, Hewston & Co., Adams & 
 
 Co.'s failure, vii. 176. 
 Kelly, Daniel, vii. 617. 
 Kelsey, party to Cal., 1844, iv. 344-5. 
 Kelsey, diggings opened by, 1848, vi. 
 
 74. 
 
 Kelsey, a mining centre, 1849, vi. 353. 
 Kemble, E. C., editor of 'California 
 
 Star,' 1848, vi. 55; remarks of, vi. 
 
 55, 57, 59-61; journey, etc., of, vi. 
 
 55; biog., vi. 60. 
 
 Kendall. Amos, aids Mormons, v. 471. 
 Kenfield, D., state controller, 1880, 
 
 vii. 408. 
 Kennedy, J. F., nominee for lieut- 
 
 gov., 1859, vi. 723. 
 
 'Kent, 'ship, iii. 710. 
 
 Kern county, hist, of, vi. 518; creation, 
 
 etc., of, 1806, vii. 442; first quartz 
 
 mill in, vii. 639. 
 Kern river, Fremont's party at, 1846, 
 
 v. 6; mining on, 1854-5, vi. 377, 
 
 392-3. 
 Kessler, J. F., & Co., mention of, vii. 
 
 664. 
 Kewen, E. J. C., attorney -gen. , 1849, 
 
 vi. 314. 
 Keyes, Capt. E. D., at S. Fe, 1849, 
 
 vii. 448. 
 
 Keyser, S., mention of, vi. 16. 
 ' Kiakhhta, ' ship, ii. 640, 648-50. 
 King's river, named, ii. 45; exped. at, 
 
 1S06, ii. 55; Ind. expcd. to, 1839, 
 
 iv. 75; Fremont's party at, 1846, v. 
 
 6. 
 
 King, Clarence, geologist, vii. 644. 
 King, T. B., mention of, vi. 279; 
 
 tour of, 1849, vi. 281; report of, vi. 
 
 281-2; biog., etc., vi. 283; candi 
 date for U. S. senate, 1849, vi. 311- 
 
 12. 
 King, Rev. T. S., lectures, etc., of, 
 
 vii. 287; church at S. F., vii. 729- 
 
 30. 
 
 King, Golden Chariot mine, vii. 641. 
 King of William, J., murder of, 1856, 
 
 vi. 746-7; banking operations of, 
 
 vii. 160-1. 
 Kingsbury, Major J. J. B., mention 
 
 of, vii. 448. 
 
 Kinkead, John H., vii. 586. 
 Kino, labors of, i. 21-2; sees Cal. 
 
 from Gila junction, 1699, i. 67-8; 
 
 map, 222; efforts to establish miss., 
 
 i. 353. 
 Kimball, address at Mormon bat., 
 
 remon., v. 475. 
 
 Kip, Lieut, at Ft Foint, vii. 464-5. 
 Kip. W. I., mention of, vii. 728-30. 
 Klamath county, mining in, vi. 365; 
 
 creation of, 1851, vi. 503; hist, of, 
 
 vi. 505. 
 Klamath lake, Fre*mont on, 1846, v. 
 
 24. 
 Klamath reservation, mention of, vii. 
 
 490. 
 
 Klamath river, mining on, vi. 365. 
 Knight's Ferry, trading post establ'd 
 
 at, 1848, vi. 76; mention of, vi. 
 
 514. 
 
 Knight's Landing, mention of, vi. 499. 
 Knight, H. L., career, etc., of, vii. 
 
 356-60. 
 Knight, W., rancho of, 1848, vi. 17; 
 
 mention of, vi. 76. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 789 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Knownothing party, organization of, 
 vi. 691; proceedings, etc., of, 1854, 
 vi. C91-701. 
 
 Knutson, Iver, vii. 617. 
 
 Kohler, C., mention of, vii. 48-9; 
 biog. of, vii. 101. 
 
 Krebs, C. T., asst seer. S. P. R. R., vii. 
 633. 
 
 Krerner, Benedict, Russ. proclama 
 tion, 1810, ii. 296. 
 
 Krusenstern, voy. of 1803-6, ii. 64-5, 
 68. 
 
 'Kutusof,' ship, ii. 216, 283, 441, 
 642. 
 
 La Brea, controversy over, ii. 171. 
 La Grange, town, mention of, vi. 514. 
 La Jaboiieria, Stockton's forces at, v. 
 
 390. 
 La Paz, Cal. exped. leaves, i. 120; 
 
 captured by Walker, 1853, vi. 596. 
 La Puente rancho, protest against 
 
 grant, 1842, iv. 331. 
 La Purisima, events at, 1791-1800, i. 
 
 675-6; condition of, 1844, iv. 421; 
 
 sale of, 1845, iv. 553. 
 La Hue, H. M., biog. of, vii. 741. 
 La Zanja. See S. Rafael rancho. 
 Labor question, gentiles or neophytes, 
 
 ii. 1745. 
 Labor agitations, 1877-8, vii. 348-62, 
 
 687-9. 
 
 Lacatint, Ind. tribe, ii. 506. 
 Laclcl & Co., memorial in Honolulu, 
 
 1836, iv. 141. 
 
 'Ladoga,' ship, iii. 410, 644-5. 
 ' Lady Blackwood, ' ship, ii. 478. 
 'Lady Washington,' ship, off Cal. 
 
 coast, 1788, i. 445-6. 
 Lafayette, town, mention of, vi. 527. 
 Laguna Seca, treaty of, 1844, iv. 469. 
 Lake, Judge D., biog., vii. 239. 
 Lake county, hist, of, vi. 509-10; 
 
 creation, etc., of, 1861, vii. 442. 
 Lake Merced, named, i. 247. 
 Lake Tahoe R. R., vii. 591. 
 Lakeman, J. M., vii. 590. 
 Lakeport, mention of, vi. 509. 
 Lancey, work of, i. 42. 
 Lancha Plana, town, mention of, vi. 
 
 513. 
 Land, distribution, 1781, i. 346-8; 
 
 1801-10, ii. 170-3; Arguello's sur 
 vey, 347; tenure of, early hist., i. 
 
 607; grants, 1794-8, 610-13; list of 
 
 grants, 1795-1800, i. 661-3; decree 
 
 of Spanish cdrtes, 1813, ii. 414; 
 
 grants by Pico, 1846, v. 276; legisl. 
 action, etc., concerning, 1850, vi. 
 326-8; squatter troubles, vi. 328- 
 35; mission, vi. 562-5; pueblo, vi. 
 565-70; titles to, vi. 529-81, 755-60; 
 vii. 227-33, 691; private claims, vi. 
 634-5; G win's bill, vi. 634-5; act 
 of congress, 1851, vi. 635; commis 
 sion appointed, vi. 636; appropria 
 tions for surveys, etc., of, 1851-4, 
 vi. 636; homestead act, 1862, vi. 
 639; preemption rights granted, 
 1853, vi. 639; school and college 
 grants, vi. 639^41; taxation of, vii. 
 383-4; disposal of, vii. 393-4. 
 
 Lander, E., the S. F. R. R. conven 
 tion, 1859, vii. 543. 
 
 Landman, Capt., mention of. vii. 466. 
 
 Lane, Senator, policy of, vii. 275. 
 
 Lane, Ft, established, 1853, vii. 462. 
 
 Langlois, Anthony, organizes St 
 Francis church, vii. 726. 
 
 Lankershim, J. B., biog. of, vii. 37. 
 
 Lansing, C. L., sec. S. P. R. R., vii. 
 632. 
 
 Laplace, 'Campagne de Circumnavi 
 gation,' iv. 153. 
 
 Laquisimes river, fight with Inds, iii. 
 112-13. 
 
 Larkin, H., biog., etc., vii. 375. 
 
 Larkin, T. 0., doc. for hist, of Cal, 
 i. 49-50; capture of, 1846, v. 364-5; 
 the gold fever, 1848, vi. 70; mem 
 ber of legisl. council, 1847, vi. 2GO; 
 del. to constit. convention, etc., 
 1849, vi. 285-6; biog., 285-6. 
 
 Larned, Major C. H., at Ft Steila- 
 coom, 1852, vii. 461. 
 
 Las Animas rancho, ii. 594. 
 
 Las Flores, Ind. pueblo established, 
 iii. 339; campaign of 1838, iii. 558- 
 61 ; treaty of, 562-3. 
 
 Las Pozas, proposed site for miss., i. 
 552. 
 
 Las Pulgas rancho, ii. 592. 
 
 Las Verjeles, capture of Larkin at, 
 1846, v. 364. 
 
 Las Virgenes rancho, ii. Ill, 354. 
 
 Lascano, Estevan, sindico at S. Bias, 
 1806-7, ii. 166. 
 
 Lassen, P., mention of, vi. 16, 493. 
 
 Lassen county, hist, of, vi. 493-4; 
 organized, etc., 1864, vii. 442. 
 
 Latham, M. S., nominee for congress, 
 1852, vi. 671; nominee for gov., 
 1859, vi. 723; biog. of, vii. 251; 
 senator, 1860, vii. 253^; policy, 
 etc., of, vii. 255, 260-1, 274; suc 
 ceeded by Sargent, 1863, vii. 301-2; 
 
790 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 speech of, vii. 547; R. R. affairs of, 
 vii. 583-5. 
 
 Lathrop, H. B., vii. 587. 
 
 Laughborough, J., the St Louis R. R. 
 convention, 1849, vii. 509; pamph 
 let of, vii. 511-13. 
 
 'Lausanne, 'ship, iv. 96, 120, 136, 171. 
 
 Law, delegate, mention of, vii. 547. 
 
 Lawrence, W. H., biog. of, vii. 736. 
 
 Lawton, Franklin, originator of stock 
 exchange, vii. 667-8. 
 
 Lawton, Wm W., vii. 668. 
 
 Leather, manufact. of, vii. 91-2. 
 
 Leavenworth, alcalde, projects Long 
 Wharf, 1849, vi. 196. 
 
 Lecomptonites, party, mention of, vi. 
 718-27; policy of, vii, 254-5. 
 
 Lee, Capt. J. F., judge adv. at Fre 
 mont trial, v. 456. 
 
 Lee, Maj. R. B., com. for land claims, 
 v. 465. 
 
 Lee, Lieut S. P., in Wilkes' exped., 
 iv. 241. 
 
 Lee, T. R., adjutant of militia, 1850, 
 vi. 319. 
 
 Leese, J. P., mention of, vi. 20; at 
 Yerba Buena, 1836, vi. 164. 
 
 Legislative council, appointed by 
 Stockton, v. 433. 
 
 Legislature (see also Diputacion), es 
 tablishment of, 1822, ii. 461; elec 
 tions for, ii. 462; session, 1823, ii. 
 486; 1824, ii. 512-14; 1825, iii. 7-8; 
 1849-50, vi. 308-36; 1853-4, vii. 
 534-5; 1860-1, vii. 251-79; 1861-2, 
 vii. 293-4; 1863-4, vii. 295-307, 
 555-7; 1865-6, vii. 319-22; 1867-8, 
 vii. 327-9; 1869-76, vii. 237, 363-9; 
 1880, vii. 409-13; actions of, 1826- 
 30, iii. 33-8, 42-3; actions in Her- 
 rera affair, 1827, iii. 62-3; actions 
 in re live stock, iii. 127; Victoria re 
 fuses to convene, 1831, iii. 187-9; 
 at L. Angeles, 1832, iii. 216-20; 
 proceedings, 1849-50, vi. 309-36; 
 1851, vi. 646-7; 1852, vi. 659, 665- 
 70; 1853, vi. 675-6; 1854-9, vi. 
 684-727; financial measures of, 
 1851-7, vi. 604-21; extravagance of, 
 vi. 605, 614-25; land tenure, 1852, 
 
 1856, vi. 572; members of, vi. 309- 
 10; 1851, vi. 644; 1852, vi. 656-7; 
 1853, vi. 674-5; 1854, vi. 681-2: 
 1855, vi. 692-3; 1856, vi. 698-9; 
 
 1857, vi. 704-5; 1858, vi. 714-15; 
 1859, vi. 721-2; the Smith case, etc., 
 1861, vii. 212-14; the constit. con 
 vent., 1881-7, vii. 416-36; 1878, vii. 
 368-70; the constit. of 1849, vii. 
 
 370-1; of 1879, vii. 376-93; recent 
 acts and members, vii. 734-5. 
 Leidesdorff, Wm A., death of, 1848, 
 vi. 192; character, vi. 193; mention 
 of, vii. 716. 
 Leland Stanford jr university, vii. 
 
 720-1. 
 
 'Lelia Byrd,' ship, trading exped., 
 1803, ii. 10-14; fight at S. Diego, 
 13; on coast, 1804, ii. 21. 
 Lent, Senator W. M., mention of, vi. 
 
 686. 
 
 Leonard, A., biog., vii. 754. 
 'Leonidas,' ship, iii. 435, 465, 481, 
 
 580; iv. 82. 
 'Leonor,' ship, iii. 49, 142. 421; iv. 
 
 82. 
 
 'Levant,'!!. S. ship, v. 199, 224, 254. 
 Lewis, Col C. H., mention of, vii. 
 
 470. 
 
 Lewis, J. E. N., biog., vi. 657. 
 Lewis, T. B., vii. 604. 
 Lewis, W. J., vii. 537, 581. 
 'Lexington,' ship, v. 429, 449, 514, 
 
 519, 583. 
 Lick, James, bequests of, vii. 693, 
 
 720-3, 737. 
 
 Light, A. S., vii. 641. 
 Light-houses, 1850-6, vii. 138. 
 Liguaytoy, Ind. tribe, treaty with, 
 
 1836, iv. 71. 
 Limantour, fraudulent claim of, vi. 
 
 561; vii. 243-4. 
 Linayto, Ind. tribe, ii. 506. 
 Lincoln, President, reelection of, 310- 
 
 11; assassination of, vii. 311-13. 
 Liiidley, Hervey, biog. of, vii. 759. 
 Lingley, G. B., first school law, vii. 
 
 718. 
 
 Linschoten, 'Itinerario, 'i. 95. 
 Liquors, manufact. of, vii. 86. 
 Literature (see also ' Journals '), vii. 
 
 723-6. 
 Little, J. C., raising Mormon bat., v. 
 
 471-3, 478. 
 Little, Wm C., signed memorial in 
 
 Honolulu, 1836, iv. 141. 
 Little Fork, mention of, vi. 486. 
 Little river, first name, i. 242. 
 Livermore, R., rancho of, 1848, vi. 
 
 10. 
 
 Livermore, mention of, vi. 527. 
 'Llama,' ship, iv. 85, 90. 
 Llano de Buenavista rancho, ii. 615. 
 Llave, minister, on opposition of 
 
 padres, iii. 19. 
 
 Loans, military, 1851-2, vii. 456-7. 
 Loaquiomi, Ind. tribe, ii. 506. 
 Locke, D. J., biog., vii. 751. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 791 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Lockeford, town, mention of, vi. 513. 
 Locnoma, Ind. tribe, ii. 500. 
 Locomotives, manufact. of, vii. 95. 
 Loeb, L., biog., vii. 188. 
 Loeser, Lieut, mention of, vi. 115. 
 Logan, H. C., member stock board, 
 
 vii. 668. 
 
 Lok, map of, 1582, i. 108. 
 Lombardo, minister, Mex. colony 
 
 scheme, iii. 263. 
 
 Lompoc colony, mention of, vi. 522. 
 Long, miner, vii. 641. 
 Long, Lieut-col S. H., of court at 
 
 Fremont trial, v. 456. 
 Long Bar, mining on, 1848, vi. 72; 
 
 mention of, vi. 359, 361. 
 Long Hairs, party, vii. 317-19. 
 Lougenour, J. D., biog., vii. 747-8. 
 'Loo Choo,' transport, v. 511, 513. 
 Lorenzana, A., image for miss. S. 
 
 Carlos, 1770, i. 170; confirms Cal. 
 
 Ind., i. 192. 
 Loreto, Rivera's com'd at, i. 115, 308- 
 
 9; Cal. land exped. leaves, i. 122; 
 
 news of Cal. occupation rec'd at, i. 
 
 124; Rivera starts from, i. 218. 
 'Loriot,' ship, iii. 288, 289, 365, 367; 
 
 iv. 85, 146. 
 Los Angeles, founded, i. 344-6; list 
 
 of settlers, vii. 437; i. 345, 460; ii. 
 
 349; maps of, 1786, i. 348-9; map 
 
 of region, 1800, i. 660; map of dist, 
 
 1800-30; ii. 352; events at, 1786- 
 
 90, i. 460-2; 1791-1800, i. 659-63, 
 
 1801-10, ii. 110-13; 1811-20, ii. 
 
 349-53; 1821-30, ii. 557-64; 1831- 
 
 40, iii. 629-40; water supply at, ii. 
 
 92; increase, 1810, ii. 168; hemp 
 
 culture, ii. 179-80; ayunt. at, ii. 
 
 461-2, 676; foreign residents, ii. 
 
 558; actions of ayunt., ii. 560-1; 
 
 Duhant-Cilly at, iii. 130; troubles 
 
 at, 1831, iii. 195-7; battle near, 
 
 1831, iii. 203-8; legislature at, 
 
 1832, iii. 216-20; revolt at, 1835, 
 iii. 281-6; 1845, iv. 540-1; v. 307- 
 11; the capital, 1835, iii. 292, 416; 
 1845, iv. 519; committee of vigi 
 lance, iii. 417-19; opposition to Al- 
 varado, iii. 493; Alvarado enters 
 city, iii. 501 ; seizure of by Bandini, 
 iii. 518; Caatillero at, iii. 521; 
 Carrillo assumes office at, iii. 534; 
 Castro takes possession, iii. 556; 
 Carrillos arrested at, iii. 565-6; 
 plot to assassinate Alvarado, iii. 
 568; tumult at, 1839, iii. 588-9; 
 smuggling transactions at, iv. 95; 
 gold discovered, 1842, iv. 296-7; 
 
 education at, 1844, iv. 403; tumults 
 at, 1845, iv. 522-3; diputacidn at, 
 1846, v. 36-41; flight of Castro and 
 Pico, v. 277; Stockton enters, v. 
 279-81; Gillespie in com'd at, 1846, 
 v. 286; actions of Gillespie, v. 305- 
 11; retaken by Calif ornians, v. 
 314-15; affairs at, 1846, v. 329-34; 
 Pico's revolt, v. 333; affairs at, 
 1846, v. 355-6; Stockton enters, v. 
 396-7; Mormon battle at, v. 489; 
 Stevenson's regt at, v. 514-15; ex 
 plosion at, 1847, v. 585; local an 
 nals of, 1846-8, v. 624-8; hist, of, 
 vi. 521; pueblo lands in, vi. 567; 
 railroads, vii. 594, 616, 633; first 
 Eng. school at, 185 J, vii. 718. 
 
 Los Angeles county, Ind. raids in, vii. 
 486; hist, of, vi. 521-2. 
 
 Los Angeles and Santa Monica R. R., 
 vii. 616. 
 
 Los Angeles, San Diego and Yuma R. 
 
 R., vii. 633. 
 
 j Los Cerritos, rancho, v. 320. 
 . Los Coronados islands, named, i. 99. 
 j Los Coyotes, Stockton's advance to, 
 
 1846, v. 388. 
 
 I Los Gatos, mention of, vi. 525. 
 ; Los Metos rancho, grant of, 1784, i. 
 609, 662. 
 
 Los Ojitos, Castro at, 1846, v. 262. 
 
 Los Tularcitos rancho, ii. 594. 
 
 Los Verdugos, Californians at, v. 402; 
 council at, v. 403. 
 
 Lott, C. F., biog., vii. 736. 
 
 Loughly, W. R., mention of, vi. 73. 
 
 Lovett, W. E., defeat of, 1875, vii. 367. 
 
 Low, Col, plan to build R. R. to 
 Pacific, iv. 222. 
 
 Low, C. A., stock transactions of, vii. 
 674. 
 
 Low, F. F., gov. 1863, vii. 303-4; can 
 didate for sen., 1865, vii. 317; men 
 tion of, vii. 562; biog. of, vii. 306. 
 
 Low, F. L., congressman, 1861, vii. 
 291. 
 
 Lower California, occupation of, i. 24; 
 natives in exped., i. 132-4; cession 
 of miss, to Dominicans, i. 192-3; 
 trouble in, 1774, i. 235; J. Arguello 
 appt'd gov., ii. 207; joined to the 
 com'd of Sonora, iii. 54; Stev. regt 
 in, v. 514; Lt Col Burton sent to, 
 v. 583; repub. of, procl'd, etc., 1853, 
 vi. 595-6. 
 
 Luddington, Lt E., v. 477. 
 
 Lull, 'Exposicion,' i. 581. 
 
 Lull, Miguel, guardian of S. Fer 
 nando, 1812, ii. 398. 
 
792 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Lumber manufactures, vii. 76-8. 
 
 Lux, C., biog., vii. 747. 
 
 'Lydia,' ship, capture of, 1816, ii. 213 
 seizure of, 1816, ii. 275-8; mentior 
 of, ii. 382. 
 
 Lyon, C., assist sec. to constit. con 
 vention, 1849, vi. 290. 
 
 Lyons, H. A., assoc. judge, 1849, vi. 
 314; election, etc., of, 1850, vii. 
 220. 
 
 M 
 
 McAllister, H., lieut, 1849, vii. 454; 
 
 the New Almaden suit, vi. 558-9; 
 
 at Benicia, 1861, vii. 466-7. 
 McAllister, Judge M. H., appoint 
 ment, etc., of, vii. 237. 
 McCall, Maj. G. A., v. 456. 
 McCarthy, D. 0., vii. 609. 
 McCarver, del. to constit. convention, 
 
 1849, vi. 287; measures, etc., vi. 
 
 291-2. 
 McCleave, Col W., mention of, vii. 
 
 469. 
 McClelland, congressman, R. R. bill 
 
 reported by, 1848, vii. 505. 
 McCollough, J. G., attorney-gen., 
 
 1863, vii. 304. 
 
 McCord, Miss., school at Fremont, 
 vii. 717. 
 
 McCullough, Secretary, R. R. affairs 
 of, vii. 572-3. 
 
 McDonald, gen. of militia, 1850, vi. 
 319. 
 
 McDougal, Gov. J. del. to constit. 
 convention, 1849, vi. 286; speeches, 
 etc., of, vi. 291-5; lieut-gov. of Cal., 
 1849, vi. 305; gov. of Cal., 1851, vi. 
 645; biog., vi. 645; president of con 
 vention, 1854, vi. 688-9, 
 
 McDougal & Co., mention of, vi. 448, 
 450. 
 
 McDougall, J. A., senator, 1860, vii. 
 273-4; biog., vii. 273; censure of, 
 vii. 302; mention of, vii. 547; 
 nominee for congress, 1852, vi. 671; 
 nominee for congress, 1854, vi. 690. 
 
 McDowell, Gen. I., in command, 
 
 1864, vii. 471; 1864, vii. 472; 1876, 
 vii. 472. 
 
 McDowell, J., mention of, vi. 498. 
 
 McFarland, T. B., supreme court 
 judge, 1887, vii. 434. 
 
 McGarrahan case, the, vi. 561. 
 
 McGarry, Col E. , mention of, vii. 469. 
 
 McGarvey, Robert, vii. 589. 
 
 McGinnis, John, consecrates St Fran 
 cis church, vii. 726. 
 
 McGlashan, C. F., 'Hist, of Donner 
 
 party, ' i. 42; v. 536-7. 
 McGlynn, J. A., vii. 315. 
 McGowan, E., pres. of convention, 
 
 1854, vi. 688-9 
 
 McGregory, Archibald, vii. 617. 
 Mclntosh, E. M., rancho of, 1848, vi. 
 
 20. 
 
 Mclntosh, Stephen D., signed memo 
 rial in Honolulu, 1836, iv. 141. 
 McKendry, Col A., mention of, vii. 
 
 470. 
 McKee, R., Ind. agent, 1850-2, vii. 
 
 482-5. 
 McKee, S. B., supr. court judge, 1880, 
 
 vii. 409. 
 
 McKenna, J., congress, delegate, 
 1880, vii. 408; congressman, 1887, 
 vii. 435; biog., vii. 435. 
 McKibben, congressman, mention of, 
 
 vi 722-3. 
 McKinstry, Major, plan to conquer 
 
 Cal., 1843, iv. 395. 
 
 McKinstry, Judge E. W., election of, 
 1873, vii. 236; supr. court judge, 
 1880, vii. 409. 
 McKinstry, G., sheriff of Sutter's 
 
 Fort, 1847, vi. 14. 
 McLaughlin, C., R. R. contract of, 
 
 etc., 1859, vii. 537, 567. 
 McLellan, Golden Chariot mine, vii. 
 
 641. 
 
 McMeans, Treasurer, S. A., defalca 
 tion of, vi. 617. 
 McMahon, Clyman, Co., to Cal. 1845, 
 
 iv. 572-4. 
 McNamara colonization scheme, 1845, 
 
 v. 215-23. 
 
 McNutt, Dr W. F., biog., vii. 731. 
 Machado, mention of, vi. 80. 
 Machin, T. N., lieut-gov., 1863, vii. 
 
 303-4. 
 
 Maclay, C., biog., vii. 369. 
 MacNeil, H. L., biog., vii. 185. 
 Macomber, F. S., vii. 662. 
 Macomber, H. S., vii. 662. 
 Vlacondray, F. W., pres. of State 
 
 Agric. Soc., 1854, vii. 63. 
 Madden, D. W., vii. 561. 
 ' Magallanes, ' Manila ship, i. 545, 670. 
 Mailliard, A., vii. 590. 
 Mails, 1848-50, vi. 128-9, 138; legisl. 
 etc., concerning, 1855-8, vi. 726-7; 
 contracts, etc., 1851-6, vii. 143-5; 
 pony express, vii. 146; post offices, 
 vii. 147; cost of service, vii. 147-8; 
 in 1861, vii. 281; 1847-9, vii. 453. 
 Maitorena, F., habil gen. for Cal., 
 1812, ii. 421. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 793 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols, II to V. 
 
 Maize, cultivation, etc., of, vii. 25. 
 
 Malaca, Ind. tribe, ii. 506. 
 
 'Malek Adhel,'ship, v. 326. 
 
 Mallou, John, biog. of, vii. 758-9. 
 
 Mamaneli, Nicolas, petition to make 
 trading voy. from Cal., 1794-5, i. 
 627. 
 
 Mangino, Fernando L, rep. of, i. 
 214-15. 
 
 Manila, galleon of, arrives at Mont. 
 1779, i. 330; effect of gold disco v. 
 in Cal., vi. 124-5. 
 
 Mansfield, J., lieut-gov., 1880, vii. 
 408. 
 
 Mansfield, T., vii. 590. 
 
 Manufactures, at miss., ii. 175; 1821- 
 30, ii. 665; in San Francisco, 1856, 
 vi. 782-3; vii. 683; drawbacks to, 
 vii. 68, 72-3; mining, etc., vii. 69- 
 70; lumber, etc., vii. 70, 76-8; 
 agric. machinery, vii. 70-1, 96; 
 canneries, vii. 71, 86; leather, etc., 
 vii. 71, 91-3; woollen, vii. 71, 75, 
 88; jute, etc., vii. 71; paper, vii. 
 71, 101; effect of Chinese labor on, 
 vii. 71-3; of the war, vii. 73; of the 
 railroad, vii. 73; volume, etc., 
 1860-89, vii. 73-4; prospects for, 
 vii. 75; ship-building, vii. 78-9; 
 vehicles, vii. 79-80; cooperage, vii. 
 80; box-making, vii. 80; willow- 
 ware, vii. 80-1; billiard-tables, vii. 
 81; pianos, vii. 81; flouring-mills, 
 vii. 84; beer, vii. 85-6; liquors, vii. 
 86; soda-water, vii. 86; cotton, vii. 
 88-9; silk, vii. 89; clothing, etc., 
 vii. 89-90; furniture, vii. 90; bed 
 ding, vii. 80-1; carpets, vii. 91; 
 cordage, vii. 91 ; soap, vii. 93; pig 
 ments, vii. 93; brushes, vii. 94; iron, 
 etc., vii. 94-7; copper, etc., vii. 97; 
 jewelry, vii. 97; bricks, vii. 98; 
 marble, vii. 98; clay, vii. 98-9; 
 glass, vii. 99; powder, vii. 99-100; 
 matches, vii. 100; meat-packing, 
 vii. 86-7; sugar, vii. 87; cigar, vii. 
 87-8; in 1889, vii. 748. 
 Manuscript diaries, i. 50-8. 
 Maps, California, i. 1; northern New 
 Spain, i. 8; where did Drake land? 
 i. 86; from Arcane del Mare, 1647, 
 i. 87; Arcano del More, i. 88; 
 Hondius, i. 88; Vizcaino's, i. 100, 
 103; Spanish chart, 1742, i. 106; 
 ancient, i. 109; movements of dis 
 coverers, i. 161; Font's, 1776, i. 263; 
 peninsula of S. F., i. 281; Colorado 
 miss., i. 359; L. Angeles, 1786, i. 
 348; pueblo of L. Angeles, i. 349; j 
 
 S. Jose, i. 350; Palou's, 1787, i. 
 407; S. Diego, 1782, i. 456; La 
 Perouse's, i. 434; Sta Barbara, 
 1788, i. 464; La Perouse's, of S. F., 
 i. 475; Cal. of, 1792, i. 508; Van 
 couver's, 1794, i. 528; S. Diego dist, 
 1800, i. 650; L. Angeles region, 
 1800. i. 660; Sta Barbara dist, 1800, 
 i. 667; Monterey, i. 691; S. F., 
 1792, i. 695; Castillo de S. Joaquin, 
 i. 699; S. F. dist, i. 703; Tulare 
 valley, ii. 49; S. Joaquin val., ii. 
 51; Bodega bay, 1775, ii. 81; S. 
 Diego dist, 1801-30, ii. 105; Mon 
 terey dist, ii. 145; Pacific coast, 
 1818, ii. 290; Bodega & Ross, ii. 
 300; L. Angeles dist, 1800-30, ii. 
 352; S. Francisco dist. 1800-30, ii. 
 376; Contra Costa, ii. 499; Sta 
 Barbara dist, 1830, ii. 577; S. F. 
 bay, 1826, ii. 589; S. F. dist, 
 1830, ii. 593; Russian settlements, 
 ii. 629; Mont, dist, 1830, ii. 617; 
 Coulter's, iii. 407; S. Rafael lands, 
 1834, iii. 717; Forbes', 1839, iv. 
 152; Simpson's, iv. 221; New Hel 
 vetia, 1841, iv. 230; Wilkes', 
 1841, iv. 244; Fremont's, 1844, iv. 
 442; Mofras', of Cal., iv. 254; 
 region north of bay, v. 163; S. 
 Francisco, 1848, v. 677; vi. 8; 
 central Cal., 1848, vi. 5; scene of 
 gold discovery, 1848, vi. 30; Mor 
 mon Island, vi. 48; Tuolumne to 
 Trinity, vi. 68; Isthmus route, vi. 
 131; Nicaragua transit route, vi. 
 139; from the Missouri to Great 
 Salt Lake, vi. 147; across the 
 desert, vi. 153; burnt district (San 
 Francisco), May 1851, vi. 204; 
 northern mines, 1849-50, vi. 368; 
 southern mines, 1849-50, vi. 369; 
 Humboldt bay region, vi. 501; 
 Lower California, vi. 597; head 
 quarters of vigilance committee, 
 vi. 748; San Francisco, 1856-7, vi. 
 756; milit. reserv. S. F., 1849, vii. 
 453. 
 
 Marble, vii. 662-3. 
 
 Marcou-Jules, essay on the name Cal., 
 criticism, i. 67. 
 
 Marcy, Sec., orders Gen. Kearny to 
 Cal., v. 197; comm'n on Stevenson 
 reg., v. 499. 
 
 Marcy, W. G., seer, to constit. con 
 vention, 1849, vi. 290. 
 
 Mare Island, site for navy yard, etc., 
 vi. 630-1. 
 
 'Maria Este,' ship, iii. 48. 
 
794 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Maria Teresa,' ship, iv. 524, 601. 
 
 Marin county, name, etc., vii. 438. 
 
 Maria, peainsula, name, etc., vi. 21. 
 
 Marine list, iii. 146-9. 
 
 Mariposa county, mining in, 1849-56, 
 vi. 377-8, 415; hist, of, vi. 511-12, 
 515-16; division of, 1852, vii. 209; 
 name, etc., vii. 440. 
 
 Mariposa mine, vii. 666. 
 
 Mariposa, town, mention of, vi. 516. 
 
 Mariposa, name first applied, ii. 53. 
 
 Maritime affairs, see shipping. 
 
 Markham, H. H., biog., vii. 753. 
 
 Marquesas islands, effect of gold dis- 
 cov. in Cal., vi. 125. 
 
 Marquez, R., trading license, 1793, i. 
 627. 
 
 Marquina, viceroy, urges division of 
 two Cals, 1800. ii. 20. 
 
 Marsh, C., director, Cent. Pac. R. R., 
 1861, vii. 544. 
 
 Marsh, Dr J., letter of, iv. 348; men 
 tion of, vi. 10. 
 
 Marshall, E., at San Jose", 1848, vi. 9. 
 
 Marshall, E. C. , candidate for senate, 
 1851), vi. 697. 
 
 Marshall, J. W., biog., vi. 27-8; ex- 
 ped., etc., of, 1847, vi. 28-9; char 
 acter and career, vi. 31-2, 97-107; 
 the gold discov., 1848, vi. 32-41, 
 47. 
 
 Marston, teacher, school at S. F., 
 1847, vii. 717. 
 
 Martell, J., mention of, vii. 97. 
 
 Martiarena, Juan, sindico for Cal. 
 miss., 1819-25, ii. 398, 418, 458, 
 518, 657; app't'd, iii. 319; death of, 
 iii. 351. 
 
 Martin, D., mention of, vi. 6. 
 
 Martin, E., biog., vii. 184-5. 
 
 Martinez, I., rancho of, 1848, vi. 10. 
 
 Martinez, Lt-col M., app't'd to Cal., 
 1832, iii. 236. 
 
 Martinez, Pedro, procurador for Cal., 
 1812, ii. 398. 
 
 Martinez, mention of, vi. 527. 
 
 Marvin, J. Gr., supt pub. instruction, 
 vii. 718. 
 
 ' Maryland, ' ship, iv. 207, 224, 250. 
 
 Marysville, hist, of, vi. 463-5; promi 
 nence of, vi. 487. 
 
 Marysville & Benicia R. R., mention 
 of, vii. 581. 
 
 Mason, Col R. B., rule of, 1847-8, v. 
 582-615; proclamation of, 1848, vi. 
 64; report, etc., of, 1848, vi. 115- 
 16; gov. of Cal., 1847-8, vi. 260-2; 
 vii. 445; difficulties of administr,, 
 vi. 272-4; death, vi. 274. 
 
 Masons, society, mention of, vii. 706-7. 
 Massett, S. C., mention of, vi. 243. 
 Mata, Capt. Juan de, pirate on Cal. 
 
 coast, 1828-30, iii. 53. 
 'Matador,' ship, iv. 562. 
 Matches, manufact. of, vii. 100. 
 Matheson, Col R., death of, 1862, vii. 
 
 297. 
 Maury, Lieut M. F., mention of, vii. 
 
 508. 
 
 Maxey, A. E., biog., vii. 754. 
 May, Julius, vii. 585. 
 Mayacma, Ind. tribe, ii. 506. 
 Mayer, Simon, vii. 6G8. 
 Mayhew, J. A., vii. 587. 
 Mayorga, viceroy, ofti acts in Cal. 
 
 affairs, 1779-82, i. 325, 379, 382. 
 Mazatlan, Sloat at, 1846, v. 201; 
 
 blockade of, 1846, v. 284. 
 Meat-packing, mention of, vii. 867. 
 Mechanics' institute, vii. 693. 
 Meiggs, Alderman H. , defalcations, 
 
 etc., of, 1854, vi. 765. 
 Memphis, R. R. convention at, 1849, 
 
 vii. 510. 
 Menclocino county, hist, of, vi. 508-9; 
 
 name, etc., vii. 439; first R. R. in, 
 
 vii. 589. 
 
 Mendocino R. R. co., vii. 589. 
 Mendocino reservation, mention of, 
 
 vii. 490. 
 Menendez, A., Mex. consul at Lima, 
 
 1845, iv. 555. 
 
 Menlo park, mention of, vi. 526. 
 Merced county, creation, etc., of, 
 
 1855, vii. 441. 
 
 Merced river, expedt. at, 1806, ii. 54. 
 Merced, town, mention of, vi. 516. 
 Merchant, Col C. S., vii. 282, 465-6. 
 'Mercury,' ship, hunting expedt., ii. 
 
 79, 93-5; deserters from, ii. 87-8; 
 
 seizure of, 1813, ii. 202, 268-70. 
 Merrill, J. C., vii. 604. 
 Merritt, E., operations, 1846, v. 109- 
 
 10. 
 
 Merry, W. L., biog., vii. 754. 
 Mesa, Campo de la, Castro with force 
 
 at, 1846, v. 266, 272. 
 Mesa, the, battle of, v. 395-6. 
 Mexican cortes, deputy chosen, 1822, 
 
 ii. 453-4. 
 Mexican land titles, 1851-87, vi. 
 
 529-81. 
 
 'Mexicana,' voy. of, 1792, i. 506-7. 
 Mexicans, persecution of, vi. 403-5; 
 
 indolence of, vi. 429-30. 
 Mexico, news of Monterey occupa 
 tion, i. 173; Serra's labors in, 1773, 
 
 i. 207-19; preparations to colonize 
 
INDEX. 
 
 795 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Cal., 1775, i. 258; controversy in, 
 1781-2, i. 379-80; reinforcements 
 from, i. 540-1; ii. 252-4; appropri 
 ations for Cal., 1801-10, ii. 102; 
 revolution in, ii. 104; effects in 
 Cal., ii. 105-7; Guerra's miss, to, 
 1819, ii. 261-2; independence pro 
 claimed, 1821, ii. 430; manifestos 
 of imperial junta, 1822, ii. 450-1; 
 Iturbide proclaimed emperor, ii. 
 456; fears of Cal. in 1822, ii. 455; 
 agent sent from, ii. 455-6; actions 
 of cong., 1824, ii. 515-16; con 
 stitution ratified, ii. 563; fears of 
 Russians, ii. 642; Junta de Cal. in, 
 1825, iii. 2-6; Spaniards driven 
 from, iii. 32; Guerra elected to cong., 
 1827-8, iii. 33; Maitorena elected 
 to cong., iii. 45; aid from, 1825-30, 
 iii. 58; treaty with England, 1829, 
 iii. 136; actions of cong., 1831, iii. 
 214-15; deputies to congress, 1834, 
 iii. 258, 292; Wrangell's miss, to, 
 1836, iv. 167-9; Prudon's miss, to, 
 1842, iv. 281-5; Eng. claim against, 
 iv. 298; Com. Jones affair, iv. 
 323-5; war prospects with U. S., 
 1844, iv. 406; Castanare's acts in, 
 1844, iv. 412-18; 1845, iv. 524-6; 
 Alvarado, diputado to cong., 1846, 
 v. 31; Cal. representatives in, v. 
 32; preparations for exped., 1846, 
 v. 33; U. S. war with, v. 191-207; 
 flight of Pico and Castro to, v. 
 277-8; efforts to assist Cal., 1846, 
 v. 409-10; orders suspending sale 
 of miss., 1845, v. 560-1; treaty of 
 Guad. Hidalgo, v. 590-2; effect of 
 gold discov. in Cal., 1848, vi. 113; 
 Morehead's filibust. exped. to, 1851, 
 vi. 584; Raousset's, 1852-4, vi. 
 585-92; Walker's, 1853-60, vi. 
 593-600; Crabb's, 1857, vi. 601-2. 
 
 Mexican congress, elections for cong., 
 1839-40, iii. 590; 1843, iv. 361. 
 
 Mezzara, P., vii. 723. 
 
 Micheltorena, gov., rule of, 1843, iv. 
 350 67; 1844-5, iv. 401-20, 455-517. 
 
 Middletown, mention of, vi. 509. 
 
 Mier, S., of Cal. junta in Mex., 1825- I 
 7, iii. 3. 
 
 Miles, N. A., biog. of, vii. 758. 
 
 Military, Echeveste's plan for Cal., i. 
 211; reinforcements arrive, 1796, i. 
 540-1; expenses of establishment, 
 
 1799, i. 545; force in terr., 1791- 
 
 1800, i. 634-7; salaries paid, i. 634; 
 discipline, i. 636; records S. Diego, 
 1791 -1800, i. 645-51; 1801-10, ii. 
 
 98-103; 1811-20, ii. 340^; 1831-40, 
 iii. 608-10; records Sta Barbara, 
 1791-1800, i. 665; 1801-10, ii. 116- 
 18; 1811-20, ii. 358-62; 1821-30, ii. 
 570-3; 1831-40, iii. 650-3; records 
 Monterey, 1791-1800, i. 677-82; 
 1801-10, ii. 140-2; 1811-20, ii. 379- 
 81; 1821-30, ii. 607-11; 1831-40, 
 iii. 671-2; records, S. F., 1791-1800, 
 i. 692-702; 1801-10, ii. 125-6; 
 1811-20, ii. 370-2; 1821-30, ii. 
 583-8; 1831-40, iii. 700-3; artillery 
 co. organized, 1805, ii. 30; force in 
 Cal., 1801-10, ii. 189-90; arrival of 
 reinforcements, 1819, ii. 252-4; 
 character of troops, ii. 254-5; force 
 on duty, 1811-20, ii. 422-3; 1821- 
 30, ii. 672-5; complaint of troops, 
 1826-8, iii. 39-40; hard times with 
 troops, 1826-30, iii. 56-9; revolt of 
 troops, 1828-9, iii. 66-84; causes, 
 iii. 67-71; Vallejo's organization 
 scheme, iii. 590-1; condition of es 
 tablishments, 1811, iv. 197-8; con 
 vict troops from Mex., iv. 287-90; 
 expedition prepared in Mex., iv. 
 527-9; reorganization of insurgents, 
 1846, v. 179, 184; militia, organi 
 zation, etc., vi. 318-20; vii. 280-3, 
 454-71; rule, etc., of, 1848-9, vii. 
 445-54; disposition, vii. 446-51, 
 461; desertions, vii. 446-50; loans 
 and appropr's, vii. 456-7; defences, 
 1861, vii. 463-7. 
 
 Military junta, at Monterey, 1846, v. 
 41-4, 59-63. 
 
 Miller, A., biog., vii. 185. 
 
 Miller, Major A. S., mention of, vii. 
 448. 
 
 Miller, E. H., sec. Cent. Pac. R. R., 
 vii. 546-7, 599, 634. 
 
 Miller, H., biog., vii. 67. 
 
 Miller, J., biog., vii. 747. 
 
 Miller, J. F., senator, 1881, vii. 417- 
 18; biog., vii. 417; death of, 1886, 
 vii. 431. 
 
 Millerton, mention of, vi. 517. 
 
 Mills, C. T., Mills college, vii. 721-2. 
 
 Mills, D. O., gifts of, vii. 720; biog. 
 of, vii. 183. 
 
 Mills college, vii. 721. 
 
 Millville, mention of, vi. 493. 
 
 Mineralogist, state, office created, vii. 
 644. 
 
 Minerals, miscellaneous, vii. 662-4. 
 
 Miners, characteristics, etc., of, 1848, 
 vi. 86-96. 
 
 'Minerva,' ship, ii. 642. 
 
 Mines, Rev. F. S., vii. 718, 728. 
 
796 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Mining, soldiers killed while pros 
 pecting, i. 465-6; mines discovered 
 in S. F. dist, 1795, i. 705; Goycoe- 
 chea's views, ii. 33; early attempts, 
 1802, ii. 144; Ortega's discovery, 
 1800, ii. 176; Sola's report on, 1818, 
 ii. 417; discoveries, 1821-30, ii. 666- 
 7; discovery of the New Almaden, 
 v. 3; gold, 1848, vi. 67-81; 1848-56, 
 vi. 351-80; methods and yield, 1848, 
 vi. 85-9, 409-26; geologic theories, 
 vi. 381-5; regulations, vi. 396-402; 
 taxes, vi. 404-6; quartz, 1850-6, vi. 
 415-18; vii. 636-45; yield, etc., 
 1848-56, vi. 418-26; statutes and 
 decisions, vii. 228-9; tax on, 18o4, 
 vii. 300; effect of speculation, vii. 
 372-3; improvements in, vii. 639; 
 quartz miners' convention, vii. 641; 
 origin of companies, vii. 642: school 
 of mining, vii. 643; hydraulic min 
 ing, vii. 640, 645-8; ditches, vii. 
 645; debris, vii. 646-8; capital in 
 vested, vii. 648; river bed, vii. 649; 
 silver, vii. 649; table of productions, 
 vii. 652; expense and profit, vii. 
 653; gold nuggats, vii. 653-5; de 
 cline of mining, 654-5; quicksilver, 
 vii. 656-9; iron, vii. 658; copper, 
 vii. 658-9; borax, vii. 659; salt, vii. 
 659; sulphur, vii. 660; tin, vii. 
 660-1; coal, vii. 661; petroleum, vii. 
 661-2; asphaltum, vii. 662; mineral 
 soap, vii. 662; limestone, vii. 662; 
 marble, vii. 662; gypsum, vii. 662; 
 lead, vii. 662; manganese, vii. 662; 
 plumbago, vii. 662; miscellaneous 
 minerals, vii. 663-4; stocks, vii. 
 666-80, 6878; mining companies, 
 vii. 666; Fraser river excitement, 
 vii. 682. 
 
 Mining machinery, manufact. of, vii. 
 94-5. 
 
 Minns, Geo. W., vii. 720. 
 
 Mint, bills for establishing, vi. 628-9; 
 establ'd, etc., vi. 629; vii. 167-8; 
 appropr. for, 1852, vii. 167. 
 
 Miranda, agent in Spain for Gov. 
 Borica, 1794, i. 728. 
 
 Miranda, J., mention of, vi. 20. 
 
 Misroon, Lieut, miss, of, 1846, v. 156- 
 9. 
 
 Missions, archives of, i. 47-8; S. 
 Diego founded, i. 137; S. Carlos 
 founded, i. 170-1; S. Antonio 
 founded, i. 176-7; S. Gabriel 
 founded, i. 179-80; S. Luis Obispo 
 founded, i 188-9; number of friars 
 at, 1773, i. 200; military force, i. ' 
 
 200; conversions in first five years, 
 i. 201; Serra's report on, 1773, i. 
 212-13; want at, 1774, i. 220; S. 
 Diego moved, i. 229-30; second ann. 
 report on, i. 238-9; attempt found 
 ing S. Juan Cap., i. 248; destruction 
 of S. Diego, 1775, i. 249-55; alarm 
 at S. Antonio, i. 256; S. F. estab 
 lished, i. 292; progress at, 1776-7, 
 i. 298-306; 1791-1800, i. 575-99, 
 654-9, 671-6; Cuadra presents 
 image to, i. 329; extension plans, 
 1781, i. 338; new regulations for, 
 i. 374-5; list of friars at, 1783, i. 
 388; Sola's plan to secularize, i. 
 394-6; Gov. Fages' report on, i. 408; 
 successor to Serra, i. 416-17; war 
 contributions of, i. 428; La Perouse 
 on, i. 435-8; events at, 1783-90, i. 
 455-60, 466, 468-70, 473-7; 1811- 
 20, ii. 392-412; 1791-1800, i. 654-9, 
 671-6, 685-90, 712-15, 722-5; Sta 
 Cruz founded, i. 493-5; search for 
 sites, 1794-5, i. 550-4; S. Jose 
 founded, i. 555; S. Miguel founded, 
 i. 559-60; S. Fernando founded, i. 
 561-2; S. Luis Key founded, i. 563- 
 4; industries at, 1800, i. 617-18; 
 land controversies, 1802, ii. 7; Pres. 
 Tapi's report, 1803-4, ii. 26-9; Sta 
 Lies founded, ii. 28-9; regulations 
 for, 1806, ii. 41-2; agric. at, 1801- 
 10, ii. 104-5; manufactures at, ii. 
 175; statistics of, 1801-10, ii. 107, 
 108, 110, 115, 116, 121, 123, 132, 
 137, 138, 148, 149, 151, 153, 154; 
 1811-20, ii. 346, 347, 349, 350, 355, 
 358, 364, 366, 3G8, 374, 377, 380, 
 383, 384, 385, 387, 390; 1821-30, ii. 
 567, 578, 580, 581, 582, 595, 596, 
 599, 601, 602; iv. 62-4, 616, 619, 
 620, 622, 624; 1831-40, ii. 552, 554, 
 556; contributions, 1817, ii. 217; 
 Sola's report on, 1818, ii. 250-2; 
 supplies from, 1818-20, ii. 257-9; 
 1822, ii. 479-80; 1831, iii. 310; 
 presidents of, 1811-20, ii. 396-8; 
 1821-SO, ii. 657; 1831-3, iii. 338; 
 cession of, in s. Cal., 1817, ii. 407- 
 11; report on, 1822, ii. 460; condi 
 tion, 18-21-30, ii. 655-7; 1836, iv. 
 42-3; 1841, iv. 194-5; supplies and 
 finances, 1825, iii. 20-3; prefect 
 andpres't, 1826-30, iii. 87; proposed 
 secularization, 1830-1, iii. 301-10; 
 secularization of, iii. 346, 353; iv. 
 43-4, 546-7; destruction of prop 
 erty, 348; slaughter of cattle, 348- 
 9; acts of authorities, 1836-8, iv. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 797 
 
 For Information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 44-6; new miss, proposed, iv. 48; 
 plunder of, iv. 49-51; reglamentos, 
 1839, 1840, iv. 55-6, 58-60; acts of 
 visitador gen., iv. 57-8, 61-2; man 
 agement of, 1842, iv. 330-2; decree 
 ot restoration, iv. 3,'JO; local items, 
 iv. 331; decree restoring to friars, 
 1843, iv. 369-71; change effected, 
 iv. 370; lands, iv. 371; tithes, iv. 
 372; report on sou them miss., 1844, 
 iv. 421-2; secularization of S. L. 
 Obispo, iv. 423; grant of lands to 
 the church, iv. 424; sale of estates 
 for war expenses, iv. 425; Pico's 
 policy, iv. 547; debts, iv. 548; reg 
 ulations for sale and renting, iv. 
 549-53; sale of estates, 1846-8, v. 
 558-64; eccl, v. 5J5-6; land claims 
 of, 1845-58, vi. 562-5. 
 
 Mission bay lands, donation of, vii. 
 579. 
 
 Missouri, immigrant parties organized 
 in, 1840, iv. 265. 
 
 Mixton war, i. 10. 
 
 Modesto, mention of, vi. 514. 
 
 Modoc county, creation, etc., of, 1874, 
 vii. 443; hist, of, vi. 495-6. 
 
 Moffat & Co., mention of, vi. 629. 
 
 Mofras, 'Exploration,' i. 40; iv. 253; 
 visit of, 1841-2, iv. 240-55. 
 
 Mojave desert, Garces exped., 1776, 
 i. 277. 
 
 Mojaves, raids of, vii. 486. 
 
 Mokelumne City, mention of, vi. 513. 
 
 Mokelumne Hill, trading post, 1848, 
 vi. 77; gold deposits of, vi. 373; 
 mention of, vi. 512. 
 
 Mokelumne river, mining on, 1848, 
 vi. 74, 77. 
 
 Monasterio, minister, instructions on 
 secularization, iii. 325-6. 
 
 Monk, Hank, vii. 723. 
 
 Mono county, hist, of, vi. 518-19; 
 creation, etc., of, 1861, vii. 442; 
 mines of, vii. 652-3. 
 
 Monoville, vi. 519. 
 
 Monroe, designs in re Cal., 1805, ii. 
 32. 
 
 ' Monsoon,' ship, iv. 93. 
 
 Montague, S. 8., vii. 568. 
 
 Montanya, J. de la, biog., vii. 754. 
 
 Monterey, failures to occupy, 1607-8, 
 i. 23; 'Extracto de Noticias,' i. 38; 
 Cabrillo's name for, i. 76; Vizcaino 
 at, i. 101-2; named, i. 101; occupa 
 tion of ordered, i. 113, 114; unsuc 
 cessful search for, i. 150-1; causes 
 of the error, i. 152-5; discovery of, 
 168-70; want of supplies, i. 187; 
 
 buildingsat, 1773, i. 204; Rivera ar 
 rives at, i. 226; Anza brings his force 
 to, i. 268; immigrants left at, 269; 
 Ind. fright at, 1776, i. 298; Manila 
 galleonat, i. 330; presidio completed, 
 i. 331; court scandal at, 1/84, i. 
 391-3; La Perouse's reception, i. 
 430-1; events at, 1783-9J, i. 466-8: 
 1791-1800, i. 677-85; 1801-10, ii. 
 140-6; 1811-20, ii. 379-83; 1821- 
 30, ii. 607-15; 1831-40, iii. 667-9; 
 1845, iv. 514-16; 1846, v. 288-93; 
 council at, to app't temp, gov., i. 
 501; Arrillaga's arrival, i. 502; re 
 ception of Vancouver, i. 511, 518 
 19; Gov. Borica's journey to, i. 
 532-3; military force, i. 677; build 
 ings, i. 681; battery, i. 682; maps,ii. 
 145, 617, 691; mining excitement, 
 1800, ii. 176; reception to Gov. 
 Sola, 1814, ii. 208-9; preparations 
 for defence, 1818, ii. 222-4; Bou 
 chard attack, ii. 225-34; Padush- 
 kin at, ii. 313; education at, 1811- 
 20, ii. 427-8; vaccinating at, 1821, 
 ii. 441; junta at, 1822, ii. 451; Can- 
 onigo Fernandez arrives, ii. 457; 
 raising of new flag, ii. 459; execu 
 tion of Pomponio, ii. 537; foreign, 
 residents, 1821-30, ii. 609; ayunt. 
 at, ii. 676; crime at, 1821-30, ii. 
 678-9; surrender of Mex. warships, 
 
 1825, iii. 24-7; meeting against 
 convict settlers, 1830, iii. 49; free 
 fight at, 1830, iii. 49-50; revolt at, 
 
 1828, iii. 66; revolting troops take, 
 
 1829, iii. 69; recaptured, iii. 82; 
 trial of rebels at, iii. 84-5; flood at, 
 1827-8, iii. 115; chief port of entry, 
 
 1826, iii. 117; Beechey at, iii. 122; 
 Duhaufc-Cilly at, iii. 129; foreign 
 trade, 1828, iii. 131; custom-house 
 at, 1829, iii. 136; Jedediah Smith's 
 party at, iii. 158; ayunt. at, 1831, 
 iii. 182. 187; executions at, 1831, 
 iii. 190-1; Zamorano's revolt, 1832, 
 iii. 220-9; arrival of Figueroa, iii. 
 238; Padres' Hijar colony at, iii. 
 268; removal of capital, 1835, iii. 
 293; Figueroa's death at, iii. 295; 
 revenue, 1834, iii. 366; case of 
 Dona Ildefonsa, 1836, iii. 436-9; 
 revolutionary party attack, 1836, 
 iii. 459-62; loyalty, 1836, iii. 481; 
 revolt against Alvarado, iii. 523- 
 26; port closed by Carrillo, 1838, 
 iii. 545; visit of Vallejo and Inds 
 to, iii. 598; declared the capital, 
 1840, iii. 606; foreign men-of-war 
 
798 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 at, iv. 35-8; earthquake at, 1836, 
 iv. 78; value of exports, 1840, iv. 
 80; opened to foreign trade, 1837, 
 iv. 82; custom-house officers, 1835- 
 40, iv. 90; arrival of Sutter at, iv. 
 127; Belcher's visit to, 1837, iv. 145; 
 trading regulations, 1841, iv. 206; 
 Hudson B. co. party at, 1841, iv. 
 212; occupation by Com. Jones, 
 1842, iv. 298-329; revolt of cholos 
 at, 1844, iv. 404-5; reception of 
 Bishop at, 1844, iv. 427; Michel- 
 torena's departure from, iv. 512- 
 13; capital removed, 1845, iv. 519; 
 junta of officers at, iv. 601; mili 
 tary junta at, 1846, v. 41-4, 59-63; 
 revenue disputes at, 1846, v. 34-6; 
 U. S. ship 'Portsmouth' at, v. 200; 
 U. S. s. 'Cyane'at, v. 203; Com. 
 Sloat at, 1846, v. 224, 230-3; Stev. 
 regt at, v. 514-15; duties collected 
 at, 1847-8, v. 571; local annals, 
 1846-8, v. 635-8; effect of gold 
 discov., 1848, vi. 63-5; minstrel 
 performances at, 1847, vi. 243; first 
 jury at, 1846, vi. 257-9; constit. 
 convention at, 1849, vi. 284-303; 
 pueblo lands, vi. 567-8; name, etc., 
 of, vii. 4::S; defences, etc., of, 1849, 
 vii. 452-3; Eng. school at, 1836, 
 vii. 716. 
 
 Monterey county, mention of, vi. 
 523-4. 
 
 Monteros, Juan J. E. de los, of Cal. 
 junta in Mex., 1825-7, iii. 3; re 
 port on Cal. miss. 109. 
 
 Montezuma mine, vii. 641. 
 
 Moore, B. F., del. to constit. conven 
 tion, 1849, vi. 287; biog., vi. 287; 
 mention of, vii. 197. 
 
 Moore, G. R., purchases Sutter's 
 Russ. claims, iv. 186. 
 
 Moore, J. B., postmaster, vii. 147. 
 
 Moore, Jos., mention of, iv. 141. 
 
 Moore, Jos., biog., vii. 748-9. 
 
 Moore's flat, mention of, vi. 486. 
 
 Moquis, Ind., recep. of Garces, i. 278. 
 
 Mora, Pres. of Dom., actions against 
 Franciscans, 1773-4, i. 235-7. 
 
 Moraga, J., vi. 10. 
 
 Morales, Gen., proposed Cal. exped., 
 1846, v. 33. 
 
 Morchou, N., claimant for rancho 
 Cahuenga, v. 627. 
 
 Morehead, J, C , quartermaster-gen, 
 of militia, 1850, vi. 319; filibust. 
 exped. of, 1851, vi. 584. 
 
 *Morelos,' ship, arrives with colony, 
 1834, iii. 9, 265-8, 366. 
 
 Moreno, gov. interenos, L. Cal., i. 172. 
 Moreysa, R., Sindico at S. Bias for 
 
 Cal., 1806, ii. 166. 
 Morgan, J. S., biog., 83. 
 Morgan, Maj. E. W , of court at 
 
 Fremont trial, v. 456. 
 Mormon battalion, arrival of, v. 428; 
 
 hist, of, 1846-8, v. 469-98. 
 Mormon island, map of, vi. 48; name, 
 
 vi. 49; mass meeting at, 1849, vi. 
 
 279-80. 
 Mormons, Ide charged with belonging 
 
 to, v. 158; westward migrations of, 
 
 v. 469-70; plan to occupy Cal., v. 
 
 470-2; appeals for gov't aid, v. 
 
 476; recruiting for the battle, v. 
 
 471; march of battle, v. 478-83; in 
 
 Cal., v. 483-98; vi. 3; arrival of 
 
 Brannan's party, v. 544-54; preach 
 ing in S. F., v. 566; at Sutter's 
 
 mill, 1847, vi. 30; 1848, vi. 47-50; 
 
 hist, of in Cal., vi. 49-51; at 
 
 Spanish bar, 1848, vi. 73; mention 
 
 of, vii. 727. 
 
 Moro Cojo rancho, ii. 615. 
 Morrison, the Phil. R. R. convention, 
 
 1850, vii. 515. 
 
 Morrison, P., at San Jose, 1848, vi. 9. 
 Morrison, R., chief justice, 1880, vii. 
 
 409; biog., vii. 409. 
 Morrow, W. W., congressman, 1887, 
 
 vii. 435; biog., vii. 435. 
 Morse, E. W., biog. of, vii., 184. 
 Morse, H. N., biog. of, vii. 188. 
 Morse, J. F., director, Cent. Pacific 
 
 R. R., 1861, vii. 544; speech of, 
 
 1863, vii. 550. 
 
 Mortgages, taxation of, vii. 384. 
 'Moscow,' ship, v. 177, 279, 514. 
 Moss, J. M., vii. 610. 
 Moti, Ind. chief, iv. 72. 
 Mott, T. D., biog. of, vii. 634. 
 Mottiyomi, Ind. tribe, iv. 362. 
 Moulder, A. J., vii. 719-20. 
 Moulter, Jacob, vii. 651. 
 Mount Vernon Mining co., vii. 650. 
 Mount Diablo, ascent by Dr Sandels, 
 
 1842, iv. 346. 
 
 Montsomes, Ind. tribe, i. 558. 
 Mud Springs (see also El Dorado), 
 
 mining at, 1849, vi. 353. 
 Mugginsville, mention of, vi. 495. 
 Muldrow, 'Wm, purchases Sutter's 
 
 Russ. claims, iv. 186. 
 Muletown, mention of, vi. 513. 
 Municipal affairs. See 'Ayunta- 
 
 rniento. ' 
 Municipalities, the new constitut., 
 
 vii. 395-8. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 799 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Murieta, J., career of, vii. 203-4. 
 Murphy, B., biog., vii. 740. 
 Murphy, J. M., mention of, vi. 76. 
 Murphy, M., rancho of, 1848, vi. 12; 
 
 biog., vii. 740. 
 Murphy, T., at San Rafael mission, 
 
 1848, vi. 21. 
 
 Murray, manuscript, i. 56. 
 Murray, Judge H. C., alection, etc., 
 
 of, 1851, vii. 220-1; biog., etc., of, 
 
 vii. 224-6; decision of, 1854, vi. 
 
 324. 
 
 Museum, state, vii. 644. 
 Mussel Slough troubles, vii. 617-18. 
 Muticolmo, Ind. tribe, ii. 506. 
 Myres, mention of, vii. 658. 
 My rick, M. H., supr. court judge, 
 
 1880, vii. 409. 
 Myrick, Thos S., vii. 720. 
 
 X 
 
 Naglee, H. M., viticult., vii. 49; re 
 ceiver for Adams co., vii. 178; 
 capt., 1849, vii. 454; biog. of, vii. 
 744-5. 
 
 Naglee Sinton, vii. 160. 
 
 Napa, surveyed, 1848, v. 670; hist, 
 of, vi. 510; name, etc., vii. 438-9. 
 
 Napa Consolidated mine, vii. 657. 
 
 Napa county, hist, of, vi. 510-11; aid 
 to Napa Valley R. R., vii. 586. 
 
 Napa valley, settlers revolt in, 1846, 
 v. 77; Merritt's party in, 1846, v. 
 110. 
 
 Napa Valley R. R., vii. 586. 
 
 Napato, Ind. tribe, ii. 506. 
 
 Napoleon, Joseph, King of Spain and 
 Indies, 1808, ii. 87- 
 
 Napoleon ledge, silver mine, vii. 650. 
 
 Narbona, invites Cal. to join federa 
 tion, 1823, ii. 486. 
 
 Narratives of voyages, i. 40. 
 
 Narvaez, J. M., habil. gen. in Mex., 
 1818, ii. 252. 
 
 'Naslednik,' ship, iv. 187, 562; v. 
 578. 
 
 'Natalia,' ship, iii. 263, 265-8, 366. 
 
 National Guard, organization, etc., 
 of, vi. 319-20; vii. 454; services, 
 vii. 454-5. 
 
 Native Sons, society of, vii. 707. 
 
 Natives, see Indians. 
 
 Natividad, Graham arrested at, iv. 
 12, 18-22: tight at, 1846, v. 366-72. 
 
 Natividad rancho, ii. 615. 
 
 Naturalization, regulations on, iii. 
 177-8. 
 
 Nauvoo, migration, of Mormons from, 
 
 v. 469. 
 Neva, Gen. Pedro de, offl acts in Cal. 
 
 affairs, 1790-5, i. 398, 448, 485, 
 
 491, 502-3, 573, 610. 
 Navarrette, M. F. de, bibliog., i. 69, 
 
 87, 98, 509. 
 Navarro, G. G., dispute with Serra 
 
 referred to, 1780, i. 323; advises 
 
 land grants in Cal., i. 609. 
 Navarro, J., 1836, iv. 141. 
 Navarro y Noreiga, report on Cal. 
 
 pop., 1810, ii. 158. 
 Navy Yard, site for selected, vi. 630; 
 
 appropriations for, 1851-6, vi. 
 
 630-1. 
 
 Neal, at Long Bar, 1848, vi. 71. 
 Negrete, Cal. trade with, 1811-20, ii. 
 
 420. 
 
 Neophytes, see Indians. 
 Nesmith, T. L., biog. of, vii. 634. 
 Nesselrode, Count, complains of Russ. 
 
 in Cal. 1817, ii. 314-15. 
 Nevada, mining regulations in. 1852, 
 
 vi. 399-400; R. R. affairs in, vii. 
 
 559-60, 568. 
 Nevada Bank, vii. 678. 
 Nevada City, mining at, 1850-6, vi. 
 
 357; hist, of, vi. 470-2; mention of, 
 
 vii. 590; churches of, vii, 729. 
 Nevada county, mining in, 1850-6, 
 
 vi. 356-7; hist, of, vi. 485-7. 
 Nevada County Narrow Gauge R. R., 
 
 vii. 590. 
 
 Nevada & Cal. R. R., vii. 590. 
 Nevada & Oregon R. R., see Nevada 
 
 & Cal. R. R. 
 Neve, Gov. Felipe de, rule of, 1775- 
 
 82, i. 306-83. 
 Nevins, Col J. T., school in S. F., 
 
 1850, vii. 718-19. 
 New Albion, Drake names, i. 84. 
 New Almaden mine, mention of, vi. 
 
 525; suit for possession of, vi. 554- 
 
 61; output of, etc., vii. 656-7. 
 New Helvetia, see Sutter's fort. 
 New Hope (see also ' Stanislaus '), 
 
 Mormon settlement, v. 552-3; 
 
 founding of, 1848, vi. 11. 
 New Idria mines, mention of, vi. 561; 
 
 vii. 657. 
 New Mecklenburg, mention of, vi. 
 
 463. 
 
 New Mexico, conquest of, i. 11; re 
 volt in, i. 18; annals of, 1701-19, i. 
 
 26-8; plan to open communication, 
 
 i. 573; proposed route to, ii. 3-4; 
 
 traders in Cal. 1831-5, iii, 395-6; 
 
 trade with, 1836-40, iv. 80; Sutter 
 
800 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 in, iv. 124-5; overland trade, 1841, 
 
 iv. 207; Kearny's march from, 1846, 
 
 v. 334-9. 
 New Orleans, R. R. convention at, 
 
 1849, vii. 510. 
 New York, raising of Stev. reg't at, 
 
 v. 502-3; departure of Mormons 
 
 from, v. 545-6. 
 ' Newcastle, 'ship, iii. 364. 
 Newhall, H. M., mention of, vii. 
 
 610; biog. of, vii. 186. 
 Newspapers, see Journals. 
 Nicaragua, transit across, 1849-56, 
 
 vi. 140; Walker in, 1855, vi. 599- 
 
 600. 
 
 Nicasio rancho, iii. 717. 
 Nichols, J. G., vii. 718. 
 Nickerson, Thos, vii. 615. 
 Niebaum, G., biog., vii. 187. 
 Niel, P., 'Apuntaciones,' i. 87. 
 ' Nieves,' ship, iii. 9. 
 4 Nikolai, ' Russ. ship, iv. 159, 171. 
 Niles, Judge, A. C., election of, vii. 
 
 235. 
 
 'Niles Register, 'i. 42; iv. 139. 
 ' Ninfa, ' ship, iv. 249. 
 Nipaguay, S. Diego miss, moved to, 
 
 i. 230. 
 
 Niza, Marcos de, expedt., i. 7. 
 Nogueyra, names friars for Cal., 
 
 1796, i. 554. 
 Nogueria, elected to prelacy, 1795, 
 
 ii. 9. 
 Nome Cult, Ind. reservation, vii. 
 
 491. 
 
 Nome Lacke, Ind. reserv,, vii. 490. 
 Nootka, Spanish post established, 
 
 1789, i. 505; attempt to settle, i. 
 
 506; settlement abandoned, i. 524. 
 Nordhoff, mention of, vi. 523. 
 North Bloomfield, mention of, vi. 
 
 486. 
 North Pacific Coast R. R., vii. 589, 
 
 591. 
 
 North San Juan, mention of, vi. 486. 
 North Star mine, vii. 641. 
 Northern mystery, chief element of, 
 
 i. 107-8. 
 
 Northern Railway co., vii. 590. 
 Norton, M., mention of, vi., 279, 295; 
 
 lieut, 1849, vii. 454. 
 Norwich, recruiting for Stev. reg't at, 
 
 v. 502. 
 
 Nouveau Monde, mining co., vii. 666. 
 'Nouvelles Anuales des Voyages,' i. 
 
 41. 
 
 Nueva Galicia, conquest of, i. 10. 
 'Nueva Reiua de Los Angeles,' ship, 
 
 ii. 292. 
 
 Nueva Vizcaya, province formed, i. 
 
 11; miss, dists of, i. 14-22. 
 Nunan, Matthew, biog. of, vii. 749. 
 Nunez, Alvar., escape of, i. 67. 
 
 
 
 Oakdale, mention of, vi. 514. 
 Oakland, hist., etc., of, vi. 475-7, 
 
 526; the labor riot, 1877, vii. 354, 
 
 360; R. R. terminus, vii. 580, 686- 
 
 7; churches of, vii. 730. 
 Oakland ferry, vii. 578-91. 
 Oakland Water Front co., vii. 579. 
 Oats, yield, etc., 1860-80, vii. 25. 
 O'Brien, W. S., death of, vii. 680. 
 'O'Cain,' Amer. ship, ii. 25, 39-40, 
 
 79, 82, 84, 93-5. 
 Ochejamnes, Ind. tribe, ii. 600. 
 Odd Fellows' Society, vii. 706-7. 
 O'Donnell, C. C., the labor agitation, 
 
 1877, vii. 359; coroner of S. F., vii. 
 
 691. 
 Ogden, Major C., arrival of, 1849, vii. 
 
 447. 
 Ogden, W. B., pres't of Phil. R. R. 
 
 convention, 1850, vii. 513, 516. 
 Ogden R. R. junction, vii. 572-6. 
 Oil, consumption of, vii. 93. 
 'Okhotsk, 'ship, ii. 649-51. 
 Olampali, battle of, 1846, v. 165-8. 
 Old S. Francisco port, discovery of, 
 
 i. 156-7; errors concerning, i. 157-9. 
 Olema, mention of, vi. 511. 
 Oleomi, Ind. tribe, ii. 506. 
 'Olive Branch,' ship, iii. 118. 
 Oliver, D. J., biog., vii. 754. 
 Olives, cultivation, etc. of, vii. 43. 
 Olney, James N., mining-stock sale, 
 
 vii. 667. 
 Olney & Co.'s Washoe Stock Ex- 
 
 change, vii. 667. 
 O'Meara, J. , ' Broderick and G win, ' vi. 
 
 683-4; state printer, 1858, vi. 714. 
 Ophir, town, mention of, vi. 484. 
 Ophir Silver Mining co., vii. 666; 
 
 stocks of, vii. 671. 
 Oranges, crop, etc., of, 1889, vii. 42. 
 Ord, P., del. to constit. convention, 
 
 etc., 1849, vi. 286. 
 Oregon, cattle trade with, 1837, iv. 
 
 85-7; immigration from, 1843, iv. 
 
 390; 1844, iv. 444; 1845, iv. 574-7; 
 
 1847, v. 555; Fremont's return 
 from, reasons for, v. 86-92, 101, 
 parties returning to, 1846, v. 525- 
 6; effect of gold discov. in Cal., 
 
 1848, vi. 112. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 801 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 'Oregon,' U. S. explor. ship, iv. 245. 
 'Oregon,' steamer, voy. of, 1848-9, 
 
 vi. 129, 134, 137. 
 Orford, Port, milit. post at, 1851, vii. 
 
 460. 
 
 'Orion,' ship, ii. 478. 
 Orleans Flat, vi. 486. 
 Ormgeehea, J. I. de, Habil.-gen. for 
 
 Cal. in Mex., 1810-16. ii. 189, 421; 
 
 of Cal. junta in Mex., 1825-7, iii. 
 
 3; report on Cal. miss., iii. 109. 
 Oroville, mention of, vi. 361; hist, of, 
 
 vi. 490-1. 
 
 Osio, manuscript of, i. 55. 
 Osos, Ind. tribe, i. 558. 
 Obis, James, vii. 603-4. 
 'Otkruitie,'ship, ii. 293. 
 Otter, see ' Fur trade. ' 
 'Otter,' Boston ship, i. 539-40. 
 Oulton, G., state controller, 1863, 
 
 vii. 303-4. 
 Overland route, first visitors by, iii. 
 
 151-2. 
 
 Overton, W. P., iv. 269. 
 Ovineta, J. B., commercial scheme 
 
 of, 1800, i. 628. 
 Owen, D., 1836, iv. 141. 
 Owens, B,ev. Isaac, vii. 728-9. 
 Owens River valley, massacre of 
 
 Indians in, 1862, vii. 486. 
 Oysters, vii. 83. 
 
 Pacheco, R., state treasurer, 1863, 
 vii. 303; gov. 1874, vii. 367; de 
 feat of, 1875, vii. 367; congress 
 man, 1880, vii. 408; biog., vii. 
 408. 
 
 Pacheco, S., rancho of, 1848, vi. 10. 
 
 Pacheco, town, mention of, vi. 527. 
 
 Pacific Glass Works, vii. 99. 
 
 Pacific Improvement co. (see also 
 Western Development co. and 
 Contract & Finance co.), organized, 
 etc., vii. 614-19. 
 
 Pacific Mail Steamship co., establish 
 ment of, 1847-8, vi. 127-9; opera 
 tions, etc., vi. 129-42; bought by 
 R. R. co., vii. 633. 
 
 Pacific Mill & Mining co., vii. 680. 
 
 Pacific Railroad (see also Central Pa 
 cific R. R.), bill introd by Gwin, 
 1852, vi. 726; fund, vii. 559; 
 amended, vii. 565, 627-8. 
 
 Pacific Railway Commission, rep't of, 
 1S88, vii. 624. 
 
 Pacific republic, scheme for, vii. 689. 
 HIST. CAL., VOL. VII. 51 
 
 i Pacific Stock Exchange, organized, 
 
 vii. 669-70. 
 Pacific Wood, Lumber, and Flume 
 
 co., vii. 680. 
 
 Pacific and Atlantic Railroad com 
 pany, organized, etc., 1851-3, vii. 
 
 536. 
 Pack-trains, descript., etc., of, vii. 
 
 152-4. 
 
 Padres, see * Friars. ' 
 Page, H. F., congressman, 1880, vii. 
 
 408; biog., vii. 408, 
 Page, Robert C., vii. 668. 
 Page, Bacon & Co., mention of, vii. 
 
 161; failure, vii. 174-9. 
 Pague, Ind. tribe, ii. 506. 
 Paguenjelayomi, Ind. tribe, iv. 363. 
 Pajaro, mention of, vi. 524. 
 Pajaro rancho, ii. 615. 
 Pale, proposed site for miss., i. 554. 
 Palen, Matthew, vii. 641. 
 Palmer, C. H. T., vii. 717. 
 Palmer, Henry D., vii. 592. 
 Palmer, Robert, vii. 640. 
 Palmer, Cook & Co., breach of trust, 
 
 vi. 616; failure, etc., of, 1856, vi. 
 
 618; vii. 177^80. 
 Palmer mine, vii. 651. 
 Palo Alto, battle of, 1846, v. 193. 
 PalosVerdes, rancho, v. 320. 
 Palou's 'Vida de J. Serra,' i. 38; 
 
 'Noticias.'i. 39. 
 
 Pamo, rancheria, fight at, i. 316. 
 Panama, city, descript. of, 1849, vi. 
 
 132. 
 Panama^ isthmus, gold-seekers at, 
 
 1849, vi. 130-6; map of route, vi. 
 
 131. 
 Panam railway, opening, etc., of, 
 
 1855, vi. 139; mention of, vii. 522. 
 'Panama,' steamer, voy. of, 1848-9, 
 
 vi. 129, 134, 137. 
 Pangua, T., guardian for Cal. miss., 
 
 1803-6, ii. 27, 165. 
 Panoche Grande claim, vi. 561. 
 'Panther,' Amer. ship, ii. 457, 475, 
 
 478. 
 
 Paper, manufact. of, vii. 101. 
 ! Paredes, Gen., sends troops to Cal., 
 ! 1842, iv. 288; pronunciamento in 
 
 favor of, v. 41. 
 | Parker, J., vi. 509. 
 , Parker, R. B., vii. 588. 
 Parker, Wm H., vii. 668. 
 Park, T. W., Adams & Co.'s failure, 
 
 vii. 174-5. 
 Parks bar, mining on, 1848, vi. 72; 
 
 richness of, vi. 359. 
 Parrott, John, vii. 610. 
 
802 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Parsons, G. F., 'Life and Adventures 
 
 of James W. Marshall,' vi. 102; 
 
 biog., vi. 102-3. 
 Pascual, Father, labors and death of 
 
 i. 20. 
 Paso de Bartolo, Flores' forces at, v. 
 
 390. 
 
 Passports, regulations on, iii. 177-8. 
 Patten, Major G. W., establ's Ft 
 
 Lane, 1853, vii. 462. 
 Paterson, A. Van R., supr. court 
 
 judge, 1887, vii. 434; biog.. vii. 
 
 434. 
 
 Patterson, James N., vii. 618. 
 Paty, Wm, 1836, iv. 141. 
 Paul, A. B., vii. 639, 666. 
 Pauly, A., biog. of, vii. 184. 
 Pauma rancho, massacre at, 1846, v. 
 
 567. 
 
 Paxton, John A., vii. 586. 
 Payne, Col M. M., at Fremont trial, 
 
 v. 456. 
 
 'Payuches,' Ind. tribe, iv. 338. 
 'Paz y Religion,' ship, ii. 283. 
 Peabody, I., 1836, iv. 141. 
 'Peacock,' ship, visit of, 1806, ii. 37-9; 
 
 iv. 82, 141; wrecked, iv. 245. 
 Pearce, Wm H., 1836, iv. 141. 
 Pearne, T. H., Or. del. to S. F. R. R. 
 
 convention, 1859, vii. 543. 
 Pears, quality and yield, vii. 41. 
 Pearson, Capt., mention of, vi. 137. 
 Pease, E. T., vii. 557. 
 'Pedler,'ship, capture of, 1814, ii. 203, 
 
 271, 305. 
 
 Peel, mention of, vii. 567. 
 Pelton, J. C., establishes free school, 
 
 vii. 717; first school law, vii. 718. 
 Pelton, Mrs J. C., vii. 717. 
 Penal colony, Cal. as, 1825-30, iii. 
 
 47-50. 
 Penasquitos rancho, Kearny encamped 
 
 at, v. 352. 
 Penitencia creek, Fages' expedt. camp 
 
 at, i. 184. 
 
 Peralta, A. M., mention of, vi. 478. 
 Peralta, D., mention of, vi. 479. 
 Peralta, J. D., mention of, vi. 476. 
 Peralta, J. M., rancho of, 1848, vi. 
 
 10. 
 
 Peralta, L., mention of, vi. 65-6. 
 Peralta estate, litigation concerning 
 
 the, vi. 561. 
 
 Peralta grant, mention of, vii. 580. 
 Perez, B., gold discovery of, 1848, vi. 
 
 79. 
 
 Perez, J., mention of, vi. 317. 
 Periodicals, see 'Journals.' 
 'Perkins,/ transport, v. 513. 
 
 Perkins, G. C., gov., 1880, vii. 408, 
 410-11; biog., vii. 410-11. 
 
 Perley, I). W., challenges Broderick, 
 1859, vi. 725. 
 
 Perrin, E. B., biog., etc., vii. 604, 753. 
 
 Perris, F. F., vii. 618. 
 
 Perry, miner, vii. 650. 
 
 Perry, H. A., mention of, vii. 78. 
 
 Perry, J., jr, vii. 668. 
 
 Peru", effect in, of gold discov. in Cal., 
 1848, vi. 125. 
 
 Pestilence, prevalence of, 1833, iii. 
 357. 
 
 Petaluma, Ind. tribe, ii. 506. 
 
 Petaluma, town, first visit to, ii. 331; 
 settlement at, 1833, iii. 255; hist, of, 
 vi. 507-8; mention of, vii. 583-4. 
 
 Petaluma creek, first Europeans on, i. 
 290. 
 
 Petaluma and Cloverdale R. R. co., 
 vii. 589. 
 
 Petaluma and Healdsburg R R. co., 
 vii. 589. 
 
 Petit-Thouars, works of, i. 40; iv. 148. 
 
 Petroleum, vii. 661. 
 
 Pette, Professor, vii. 647. 
 
 Phelan, Jas, biog., vii. 169. 
 
 Phelps, 'Fore and Aft,' iv. 156. 
 
 Phelps, T. G., congressman, 1861, vii. 
 291; defeat of, vii. 301, 367; men 
 tion of, vii. 547; biog., vii. 735. 
 
 Philadelphia, R. R. convention at, 
 1850, vii. 513-16. 
 
 Phillips, C. H., biog., vii. 185. 
 
 'Phoenix,' Eng. ship, i. 537, 669. 
 
 Phoenix, quicksilver mine, vii. 657. 
 
 Pianos, manufact. of, vii. 81. 
 
 Pickett, C. E., mention of, vi. 270. 
 
 Pico, J., manuscript, i. 55. 
 
 Pico, J. de J., mining operations, 
 1848, vi. 77. 
 
 Pico, Pio, manuscript, i. 55; rule of, 
 1845, iv. 518-45; farewell address, 
 v. 275. 
 
 Pierce, Andrew, vii. 607. 
 
 Pierce 's 'Journal,' iv. 224-5. 
 
 Pierpont, James, missionary, vii. 730. 
 
 Pigments, manufact. of, vii. 93. 
 
 Pilascitos rancho, ii. 615. 
 
 'Pilgrim, 'ship, iii. 142, 367. 
 
 Pilot Hill, a mining centre, 1849, vi. 
 353. 
 
 Pinart, 'Document' on Russ. settle 
 ment, ii. 641. 
 
 Pindray, C. de, exped. to Sonora, 1851, 
 vi. 585. 
 
 Pine Tree Mine, The, vii, 641. 
 
 Pinole, Point, mention of, vi. 527. 
 
 Pinole valley, Fages' exped. in, i. 185. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 803 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Pioche & Co., vii. 660. 
 
 Pioche, F. L. A., vii. 720. 
 
 Pioneer Register, ii. 683-795, iii. 733- 
 92; iv. 688-786; v. 687-784. 
 
 Pioneers, first Ainer. to arrive, 1791, i. 
 491; first foreign resident, 1814, ii. 
 272; first Amer. settler, ii. 276; 
 additions to, in, 1821, ii. 444; ar 
 rivals, 1822, ii. 475-9; 1824, ii. 525- 
 7; 1825, iii. 29; 1826-7, iii. 176; 
 1828, iii. 178; 1829, iii. 179; 1830, 
 iii. 180; 1831-5, iii. 385-413; 1836- 
 40, iv. 117-20; 1841, iv. 279; 1842, 
 iv. 341; 1843, iv. 399; 1844, iv. 453; 
 1845, iv. 507; 1847-8, v. 554-7; 
 1814-30, ii. 681; foreign residents, 
 1823, ii. 495-6; residing at L. An 
 geles, 1830, ii. 558; character of old 
 settlers, iv. 115. 
 
 Pious fund, report on, 1773, i. 214; 
 conditions, etc., of, 1773, i. 214; 
 1840-5, iv. 67, 335-8; proposed 
 hacienda, i. 581; Revilla Gigedo, 
 report on, i. 631-2; revenue from, 
 iii. 350; unsold property restored, 
 1845, iv. 554. 
 
 Piru rancho, ii. 566. 
 
 Pittsburg, Cal., mention of, vi. 528. 
 
 Pixley, F. M., pres. of repub. conven 
 tion, 1868, vii. 329; biog., vii. 329; 
 nomin. for cong., 1868, vii. 331; 
 mention of, vii. 668. 
 
 'Pizarro,' ship, iii. 24, 118, 519. 
 
 Placer county, hist, .of, vi. 483-4; R. 
 R. affairs in, vii. 556-7, 562-3. 
 
 Placer ville, hist, of, vi. 467-9; co. 
 seat of El Dorado, vi. 482; R. R. 
 meeting at, 1854, vii. 540; stage 
 line, vii. 541; churches of, vii. 729- 
 30. 
 
 Placerville & Sacramento valley rail 
 road, vii. 554-5. 
 
 Plans. See 'Maps.' 
 
 Platte river, emigrants on the, 1849, 
 vi. 147-50. 
 
 Plum, C. M., biog. of, vii. 187. 
 
 Plumas county, mining in, 1850-6, vi. 
 361-3; hist, of, vi. 492; creation, 
 etc., of, 1854, vii. 441. 
 
 Plumbago, vii. 662. 
 
 Plumbe, J., R. R. scheme of, iv. 223; 
 vii. 499-500. 
 
 'Pocahontas,' ship. iii. 143, 210, 364. 
 
 Point Concepcion, Portola's exped. at, 
 i. 148. 
 
 Point Reyes, 'Cermenon' wrecked at, 
 i. 96; Portola's exped. at, i. 158. 
 
 Point S. Pedro, Portola's exped. at, i. 
 155; first name, i. 156. 
 
 Point Sur, Cabrillo's name for, i. 76. 
 
 'Polifemia,' ship, iv. 159. 
 
 Polk, Pres., war proclamation, 1846, 
 v. 193. 
 
 Politics, discord in S. F., 1848-51, vi. 
 209-20, 271-3; admission of state, 
 vi. 251-350; slavery question, vi. 
 251-6, 290-6, 321, 336-46, 653-6; 
 hist, of, 1848-50, vi. 251-350; 1850- 
 9, vi. 641-739; 1860, vii. 251-74; 
 1861-5, vii. 275-314; 1865-8, vii. 
 315-34; 1868-78, vii. 335-69; 1878- 
 9, vii. 370-406; 1879-89, vii. 407-44; 
 constit. convention, 1849, vi. 261 et 
 seq. ; 1879, vii. 370 et seq. ; boun 
 dary question, vi. 291-6; elections, 
 first, vi. 304-6, 672; 1860, vii. 272; 
 
 1863, vii. 303; 1864, vii. 307; 1867, 
 vii. 323; 1868, vii. 330; 1872, vii. 
 332; 1875, vii. 367; 1879, vii. 407; 
 1880, vii. 414; 1882, vii. 421; 1884, 
 vii. 425; 1886, vii. 433; democratic 
 party, 1849, vi. 304; 1851, vi. 648- 
 50; attitude of, vi. 672; victory, 
 1852, vi. 672-3; state conven., I860, 
 vii. 258, 1868, vii. 330; in election, 
 1879, vii. 408; 1881, vii. 415-16; 
 1882, vii. 421; 1884, vii. 426; 1886, 
 vii. 432; senatorial elections, first, vi. 
 311; 1851, vi. 646; Gwin and Brod- 
 erick, vi. 658 et seq.; 1861, vii. 
 273; 1865, vii. 317; 1867, vii. 327; 
 1886, vii. 432; state capitol, vi. 
 321-5; whigs, vi. 650-2, 670; inde 
 pendents, vi. 652; knownothings, 
 vi. 691-701; campaign, 1860, vii. 
 251; state rights, vii. 262 et seq.; 
 republicans, vii. 257-8, 291, 329-32, 
 364-5, 408-11, 415-17, 425, 433-5; 
 union meeting, 1861, vii. 277; union 
 state conv., vii. 307; copperhead, 
 
 1864, vii. 308; party changes, 1365- 
 8, vii. 315 et seq. ; railroad influence, 
 vii. 323, 444, 629; Chinese question, 
 vii. 334 et seq. ; primary elections, 
 vii. 315-17; short hairs party, vii. 
 317-19; labor agitations, vii. 348; 
 the sand-lot, vii. 355; workingmen's 
 party, vii. 355-6, 361-2, 372-4, 408- 
 11; Dolly Varden's party, vii. 365; 
 reform party, 1875, vii. 367; water 
 rights in, vii. 428; American party, 
 vii. 436; in S. F., vii. 689-90. 
 
 Pollock, congressman, R. R. rept of, 
 
 1848, vii. 505. 
 
 Pollock, Rev. D. W., vii. 729. 
 Pollock, Col R. mention of, vii. 469. 
 Pond, W. C., missionary to Cal., vii. 
 
 730. 
 
804 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Pony express. See 'Mails.' 
 
 Poole, U. S. marshal, vii. 621. 
 
 Poor man's creek, mining yield, 1850- 
 6, vi. 357. 
 
 Pope, Gen. J., in command, 1883, vii. 
 472. 
 
 Pope, W., mention of, vi. 19. 
 
 Population, statistics of, 1801-10, ii. 
 107-8, 110, 115-16, 121, 123, 132, 
 137-8, 148-9, 151, 153-4; 1811-20, 
 346-50, 355, 358, 364-8, 377, 380, 
 383-7, 390; 1821-30, ii. 552, 554, 
 556, 567-8, 580-2, 595-6, 599, 601-2, 
 609, 616, 619-20, 622, 624; 1830-48, 
 v. 524, 643; vi. 3; at San Diego 
 miss., iii. 610; at S. L. Rey, iii. 622; 
 at S. Juan Cap., 1831-4, iii. 625; 
 at S. Gabriel, 1831-4, iii. 643; at 
 S. Fernando, 1831-4, iii. 646; at 
 Sta Barbara, 1831-4, iii. 656; at 
 S. Buenaventura, 1831-4, iii. 660; 
 at Sta Ines, 1831-4, iii. 660; at S. 
 Carlos, 1831-4, iii. 680; at S. L. 
 Obispo, 1831-4, iii. 681; at S. 
 Miguel, 1831-4, iii. 684; at Soledad, 
 1831-4, iii. 690; at S. J. Bautista, 
 1831-4, iii. 691; at Sta Cruz, 1831- 
 2, iii. 693; at Dolores miss., 1831- 
 4, iii. 714; at S. Rafael, 1831-2, iii. 
 716; at Solano, 1831-4, iii. 719; at 
 Sta Clara, 1831-2, iii. 727; increase, 
 1811-20, ii. 392-3; increase at pue 
 blos, 1811-20, ii. 413; foreign 
 arrivals, 1816-18, ii. 393; at Ross, 
 ii. 631-2; decrease in S. Diego dist, 
 1840, iii. 611; S. Antonio, 1831-4, 
 iii. 686; S. Jose miss., 1831-4, iii. 
 724; character and composition, vi. 
 2-4; of San Francisco, 1849, vi. 
 168; early, vii. 695-6; number of, 
 1849-80, vii. 698-701; amusements 
 of, vii. 711-13; female, vii. 709-10, 
 715-16. 
 
 'Porpoise,' U. S. explor. ship, iv. 
 245. 
 
 Port Costa, mention of, vi. 527. 
 
 Port Harford, mention of, vi. 523. 
 
 Porter, B. F., biog., vii. 749. 
 
 Porter, G. K., biog., vii. 749. 
 
 Portezuelo rancho, granted, i. 662. 
 
 'Portsmouth,' U. S. ship, v. 63, 102, 
 129, 199, 200-1, 224, 254, 295, 356. 
 
 Portu, Lt Jose, app't'd to Cal., iii. 
 236. 
 
 Postoffice, see 'Mails.' 
 
 Potosi mine, vii. 673. 
 
 Potrero rancho, ii. 615. 
 
 Potter, mining operations, 1848, vi. 
 71. 
 
 Potter, Geo. C., vii. 587. 
 
 Poultry, raising, etc., of, vii. 62. 
 
 Powder, manufact. of, vii. 99-100. 
 
 'Preble,' U. S. sloop- of- war, v. 511- 
 13. 
 
 Pratt, O. C., biog., vii. 223. 
 
 Preciado, name Cal., 1539, i. 65. 
 
 'Predpriatie,' Russ. ship, ii. 522, 645. 
 
 Prefects, appointment of, iii. 585; 
 duties, iii. 586. 
 
 Prefectures, restored, 1845, iv. 533. 
 
 Presbyterian church, vii. 727. 
 
 Presidios, reglamento de, 1772, i. 206- 
 7; S. F. established, i. 289; in 
 spectors of app't'd, i. 334; Sola's 
 report on, 1818, ii. 250-2. 
 
 Preveaux, Rev., vii. 728. 
 
 Prevost, I. B., Russ. settlement at 
 Ross., 1818, ii. 317. 
 
 Prevost, L., experiments in sericul 
 ture, 1853-4, vii. 32-3. 
 
 Price, R. M., del. to constit. conven 
 tion, etc., 1849, vi. 286. 
 
 Price, Col Sterling, at Sta Fe, 1846, 
 v. 482. 
 
 'Princess,' explor. ship, i. 329, 444, 
 542, 653, 670; ii. 83, 88, 96. 
 
 Principio river, see 'Little river.' 
 
 Printing, first, 1833, iii. 241. 
 
 ' Providence, ' Eng. man of war, visit 
 of, i. 538-9. 
 
 Provincias Internas, Cal. separated 
 from, i. 503. 
 
 Protestants, vii. 727-31. 
 
 Pry or, W. L., vii. 618. 
 
 'Public institute,' school at S. F. 
 1848, vii. 717. 
 
 Pueblo lands, title, etc., vii. 565-6; 
 grants of, vi. 566-70; litigation 
 concerning, vi. 568-70. 
 
 Pueblos of Xexu province, 1542, i. 
 73; beginnings, i. 306-16; experi 
 mental, i. 312; regulations for, 
 1781, i. 337; not prosperous, i. 600- 
 2; population, 1800, i. 601. 
 
 Pulnomanoc, Ind. tribe, ii. 506. 
 
 Punta de Pinos, named, i. 101. 
 
 Purcell, J. D., vii. 618. 
 
 Purdy, lieut-gov., 1854, vi. 681. 
 
 Purisima, founded, i. 424-5; revolt of 
 neophytes, ii. 547; events at, 1791- 
 1800, i. 675-6; events at, 1801-10, 
 ii. 123; 1811-20, ii. 366-8; 1821-30, 
 ii. 580; 1831-40, iii. 664-6; hemp 
 culture at, ii. 179-80; earthquake, 
 1812, ii. 201; revolt of Indsat, 1824, 
 ii. 529-30; foreign vessels allowed 
 at, iii. 127; secularization of, iii. 
 346; slaughter of cattle, iii. 349; 
 
INDEX. 
 
 805 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 value of exports, 1840, iv. 80; re 
 stored to friars, 1843, iv. 369; con 
 dition of, 1844, iv. 421; sale of 
 miss, estate, iv. 553; v. 558. 
 Putto, Ind. tribe, ii. 506. 
 
 Quartara, A., comd't at S. Bias, 1819, 
 
 ii. 253. 
 Quartz miners' association, organized, 
 
 vii. 642. 
 
 Quartz mining, method, vii. 637. 
 Queen, J., mention of, vi. 279. 
 Quicksilver, discov., 1796, i. 670; 
 
 export of, 1856, vii. 116; mining of, 
 
 vii. 656-9. 
 
 Quimby Co., vii. 638. 
 Quincy, town, mention of, vi. 492. 
 Quintano, Lieut F., with exped., 
 
 1791, i. 490. 
 
 R 
 
 Rabe, W., vii. 543. 
 
 'Raccoon,' Eng. ship, ii. 204, 271-2, 
 373. 
 
 Railroads, overland, early efforts for, 
 iv. 222-4; the new constitut. 1879, 
 vii. 383, 386-9; taxation of, vii. 
 427-8; proposed, vii. 498-508; con 
 ventions, vii. 508^16; routes, vii. 
 509-17; surveys, vii. 520-1, 547; 
 Panama, vii. 522; legislation, vii. 
 519-35, 598; Pacific & Atlantic, vii. 
 536; subsidies, vii. 598; debt and 
 discrimination, vii. 62032. 
 
 ' Rainbow, ' schooner, see ' Sitka. ' 
 
 Rains, Major E. J., at Ft Dalles, 
 
 1852, vii. 461. 
 
 Raisins, product, etc. , of, vii. 45, 745-6. 
 Ralston, Senator, bill introd by, 
 
 1853, vi. 675-6. 
 
 Ralston, W. C., career of, vii. 163; 
 
 R. R. director, vii. 610; manager 
 
 Bank of Cal., vii. 674; death of, 
 
 vii. 678. 
 
 Ramirez, revolt of, 1837, iii. 523-5. 
 Ramirez, Padre, chaplain to constit. 
 
 convention, 1849, vi. 290. 
 Ramirez, Pedro, agent for Cal. bishop, 
 
 1840-2, iv. 67, 335-7, 427. 
 Rancherias, of S. Juan Cap., list, i. 
 
 563; of S. Juan Bautista, list, i. 
 
 557. 
 Rancho del Rey, stock at, 1800, i. 
 
 648-9; Mont, dist, condition, 1800, 
 
 i. 682-3; S. F. dist controversy 
 over, i. 707-8. 
 
 Ranchos, early grants, 1795-1800, i. 
 661-3; of Mont, dist, i. 683; ii. 
 614-15; iii. 676-9; v. 637; iii. 676-9; 
 v. 637; S. F. dist, i. 707-8; ii. 592-4; 
 iii. 711-13; v. 659; of southern 
 dist, 1802-10, ii. 111-12; of L. 
 Angeles dist, ii. 565-6; v. 627; list 
 of grants, 1821-30, ii. 663-4; list 
 of, 1831^0, iii. 633-4; Sta Barbara 
 dist, iii. 655-6; v. 632; official 
 plunder of, 1846, v. 358; of S. 
 Diego dist, v. 619. 
 
 Randol, A. M., biog., vii. 758. 
 
 Randolph, oration, i. 157. 
 
 Randolph, E., in JS. F. land case, iii. 
 708; the New Almaden suit, vi. 
 559; biog., vi. 679; nominated for 
 attorney -gen., 1859, vi. 723; men 
 tion of, vii. 337. 
 
 Raousset, Count G. R. de, appear 
 ance, etc., of, vi. 585-6; filibust. 
 expeds of, 1852-4, vi. 586-92; exe 
 cution of, 1854, vi. 592; character, 
 vi. 592. 
 
 Ravenswood, mention of, vi. 526. 
 
 'Rasselas,' ship, iv. 142. 
 
 Rattlesnake ledge, mine, vii. 651. 
 
 Reading, P. B., mention of, vi. 17; 
 exped. of, 1848, vi. 72-3; mining 
 operations, 1848, vi. 69-70, 364; 
 rancho, etc., of, vi. 492-3. 
 
 Real, Padre, of Santa Clara mission, 
 1848, vi. 6. 
 
 Ream, Dr D., biog., vii. 731. 
 
 Red Bluff, hist, of, vi. 496-7. 
 
 Redding, B. B., seer, of state, 1863, 
 vii. 303; mention of, vii. 561, 599. 
 
 Redington, John H., vii. 588. 
 
 Redman, Louis, vii. 641. 
 
 Redwood City, hist, of, vi. 526. 
 
 Reed, mention of, vii. 638. 
 
 Reed, J. F., at San Jose, 1848, vi. 9. 
 
 Reed, Major J. S., mention of, vii. 
 470. 
 
 Reese, Michael, vi. 315; vii. 584-5, 
 610, 655, 720. 
 
 Refugio rancho, Bouchard's attack 
 on, ii. 236-7; foreign vessels al 
 lowed at, iii. 127. 
 
 Reichert, T.. surveyor-gen., 1887, 
 vii. 434; biog., vii. 435. 
 
 Reid, Dr R. K., biog., vii. 705. 
 
 Reid, James, W. E., in Wilkes' ex- 
 pedt., iv. 241. 
 
 'Reina de Los Angeles,' ship, ii. 
 253. 
 
 'Relief,' U. S. store ship, iv. 314. 
 
806 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Religion, observance of the Sabbath, 
 
 vii. 712; hist, of, 1849-89, vii. 726- 
 
 31. 
 Rengel, Gen., offl acts, 1784-6, i. 422, 
 
 424, 448-9, 454. 
 ' Republicano, ' ship, iv. 340. 
 Republicans, state convention of, 
 
 18(50, vii. 257-8; attitude of, 1861, 
 
 vii. 278; victory of, 1861, vii. 291; 
 
 convention of, 1868, vii. 329-30; 
 
 progress of party, 1868-84, vii. 
 
 331-2; success of, 1871, vii. 364; 
 
 split among, vii. 365; election of, 
 
 1879, vii. 408-11; 1881, vii. 415-17; 
 
 1884, vii. 425; 1886, vii. 433-5. 
 Revely, Win, translator of 'Costan- 
 
 so's Diario,' i. 139. 
 Revenue, i. 632-4; officers, 1828, iii. 
 
 65; 1831-5, iii. 376-8; for 1828, iii. 
 
 131; 1831-40, iii. 367, 617; iv. 80; 
 
 1841, iv. 191; 1842, iv. 340; 1843, 
 
 iv. 377; 1844, 432; 1845, iv. 560; 
 
 admin, of, 1836-40, iv. 96-8; state, 
 
 1850-75, vi. 605-22. 
 Revilla-Gigedo, viceroy, offl acts in, 
 
 1789-94, i. 449, 481, 502-25, 5:10-1 
 
 534, 579-81, 602, 631-2. 
 Rex Moates, mines, vii. 651. 
 Reyes, Ant., bishop of Cal., 1782, i. 
 
 378, 420, 421. 
 Rhoads, T., vi. 12. 
 Rhodes, Judge A. L., biog., etc., of, 
 
 vii. 235; supreme judge, 1863, vii. 
 
 304. 
 
 Rice, cultivation of, vii. 25. 
 Rice, DeWitt Clinton, vii. 582. 
 Richards, aids in raising Mormou batl., 
 
 v. 476. 
 
 Richards, C. J., biog., vii. 754. 
 Richardson, at Yerba Buena, 1835, 
 
 vi. 164. 
 
 Richardson, W. A., rancho of, vi. 21. 
 Richardson, W. H., U. S. marshal, 
 
 1853, vi. 674. 
 Ricks, C. S., vii. 589. 
 Ridge ville, mention of, vi. 506. 
 Riley, Gen. B., gov. of Cal., 1849, vi. 
 
 275; vii. 447; administr., vi. 275- 
 
 306. 
 Ringgold, Lieut-col, mention of, vii. 
 
 470. 
 Rio Grande, crossed by Mex. force, 
 
 1846, v. 193. 
 
 Riparian rights, see 'irrigation.' 
 Riverside, mention of, vi. 421. 
 Riverside, Santa Ana R. R., vii. 616. 
 Rix, A., vii. 719. 
 Roach, Senator P. A., biog., vi. 657; 
 
 the labor agitation, 1877, vii. 355. 
 
 Roads, work on, 1811-20, ii. 416; 
 construction, etc., of, 1849-56, vii. 
 142-3. 
 
 Roberts, E. R., vii. 663. 
 
 Roberts, S. W., the Phil. R. R. con 
 vention, 1850, vii. 515-16. 
 
 Roberts, Rev. Wm, vii. 727-8. 
 
 Robinson, H. C., biog., vi. 657. 
 
 Robinson, J. R., vii. 607. 
 
 Robinson, 'Life in Cal.,' iv. 343-4. 
 
 Robinson, delegate, the Phil. R. R. 
 convention, 1850, vii. 515. 
 
 Robinson, David, vii. 654. 
 
 Robinson, E. I., vii. 599. 
 
 Robinson, J. C., biog., vii. 634-5. 
 
 Robinson, L. L., vii. 539. 
 
 Robinson, T., vi. 679. 
 
 Robles, Leodero, vii. .656. 
 
 Robles, Secundino, vii. 656. 
 
 Rodewald, Frederick, vii. 585-6. 
 
 Roelofson, W. F., vii. 582. 
 
 Roether, C., vi. 16.^ 
 
 Rogers, of Barleson's party, iv. 269. 
 
 Rogers, Rev. J., vii. 717. 
 
 Rogers, Major W., mention of, vi. 
 319. 
 
 Rohrer, J. B., biog., vii. 741. 
 
 Rolling mills, vii. 95-6. 
 
 Roman, R., treasurer, 1849, vi. 314; 
 appraiser-gen., 1857, vi. 711; as 
 signee for Adams & Co., vii. 177. 
 
 Romen, gov., rule of, 1791-2, i. 481- 
 500. 
 
 'Rosa, 'ship, iii. 288, 367. 
 
 Rose, J., vi. 20. 
 
 Rose bar, mention of, vi. 359. 
 
 Rosecrans, W. S., congressman, 1881, 
 vii. 416-17; biog., vii. 416. 
 
 Ross, commercial relations with, ii. 
 202-3; Russ. ordered to leave, 
 1814, ii. 204; founding of, ii. 298-9; 
 map of, ii. 300; Moraga visits, 
 1812-14, ii. 300-4; viceroy's orders 
 concerning, ii. 304-6; G. Arguello 
 at, ii. 309; proposition to abandon, 
 ii. 319-20; communication with S. F., 
 ii. 373; windmill at, 1816, ii. 416; 
 visit of Fernandez, 1822, ii. 463-5; 
 visited by Kotzebue, 1824, ii. 523; 
 events at, 1821-30, ii. 628-52; 
 bibliography of, ii. 640-1 ; expenses 
 of colony, ii. 652; Patties' medical 
 service at, iii. 169; Russ. prepara 
 tions to abandon, 1841, iv. 177; 
 proposed sale to Vallejo, iv. 177; 
 sold to Sutter, iv. 178-81; depart 
 ure of Russians, iv. 186. 
 
 Ross, C. L., 'Experiences of a Pio 
 neer,' MS.,, vi. 58. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 807 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Ross, E. M., supr. court judge, 1880, 
 vii. 409. 
 
 Ross, James, vii. 590. 
 
 Roop, I., vi. 493. 
 
 Roop county, creation, etc., of, 1864, 
 vi. 494. 
 
 Rough and Ready, town, hist, of, vi. 
 485-6. 
 
 'Roumantzof,' ship, ii. 640. 
 
 Rouset de Jesus, F., bishop of Cal. 
 1802-14, ii. 166-7; death of, ii. 
 411. 
 
 'Rover,' ship, ii. 404, 520; iii. 24, 
 119-20. 
 
 Rowe, E. A., vi. 618. 
 
 Rowe's circus, mention of, vi. 543-4. 
 
 Rowland, W. R., biog. of, vii. 759. 
 
 Rucker, Major D. H., at San Luis 
 Rey, 1849, vii. 448. 
 
 Ruelle, J. B., vi. 67-9. 
 
 Rufus. E., rancho, etc., of, 1848, vi. 
 19-20. 
 
 Rule, John, vii. 638. 
 
 Rulofson, W. F., vii. 585. 
 
 Rumiantzof, fits out explor. ship, 
 1816, ii. 278. 
 
 'Rurik,' Kotzebue's ship, ii. 278, 373, 
 645. 
 
 Rush creek, mining yield, 1850-6, vi. 
 357. 
 
 Rusk, T. J., letter to Phil. R. R. 
 convention, 1850, vii. 513-14. 
 
 Russ, A. G., biog., vii. 694. 
 
 Russell, W. H., sec. of state, 1847, 
 vi. 259. 
 
 Russian Amer. co., L. Arguello's con 
 tract with, ii. 494. 
 
 Russian Fur co., proclamation of, 
 1810, ii. 294-6. 
 
 Russian river, flood on the, 1863, vii. 
 16. 
 
 Russian settlements, description of, 
 ii. 628-31; map of, ii. 629. 
 
 Ryder, J. M., vii. 582. 
 
 Russians, Spanish fears of, i. 112, 227; 
 ii. 483; war with, news rec'd, i. 
 546; peace with, ii. 4; contract 
 with O'Cain, 1803, ii. 25; fur hunt 
 ing in Cal., 1805-6, ii. 40-1; dis 
 coveries of, 1741, ii. 59; other hunt 
 ing contracts, 1810-11, ii. 93-4; 
 trade with, 1806, ii. 183; 1817, ii. 
 216; form settlement at Bodego, ii. 
 199; doings in Cal., 1821-30, ii. 
 628-52; policy of, ii. 641-2; Ech- 
 eandia vs., ii. 649; actions in Cal., 
 1831-41, iv. 158-189; departure of 
 colony, iv. 186. 
 
 Ryland, C. T., biog. of, vii. 334. 
 
 Sacalanes, Inds, exped. against, i. 548, 
 710-12. 
 
 'Sachem,' ship, ii. 475, 478, 493; iii. 
 18, 24. 
 
 Sacramento, climate, etc., of, vi. 
 23-4; dramatic performances at, 
 1849, vi. 244; mass meeting at, 
 1849, vi. 279; seat of gov't establ'd 
 at, vi. 322-5; hist, of, vi. 447-63; 
 courts of, vii. 239; legisl. removed 
 from, 1862, vii. 293-4; co. conven 
 tion at, 1865, vii. 317-19; repub. 
 convention at, 18G8, vii. 329-30; 
 railroads, vii. 537-9; R. R. meet 
 ing at, 1861, vii. 544; terminus, 
 vii. 577-8; early schools of, vii. 717; 
 churches of, vii. 728. 
 
 Sacramento county, hist, of, vi. 484- 
 5; crime in, 1850-80, vii. 215; name, 
 etc., vii. 439; aid to R. R., 1863. 
 vii. 556. 
 
 Sacramento, Placer and Nev. R. R. 
 co., authorized to sell the, 1863, vii. 
 556. 
 
 Sacramento river, exped. on, 1811, ii. 
 322; exploration of, 1818, ii. 331; 
 Kotzebue on, 1824, ii. 523; Sutter's 
 voy. up, iv. 130-1; first passage of 
 a ship up, iv. 135; Belcher's survey 
 of, iv. 144-5; Fremont on, 1846, v. 
 170. 
 
 Sacramento valley, pestilence in, 
 1833, iii. 357; settlers revolt in, 
 1846, v. 77; Ind. outrages in ; 1847- 
 8, v. 568-9; name, vi. 2; soil, etc., 
 vii. 21. 
 
 Sacramento Valley Railroad co., 
 operations, etc., of, vii. 537-9. 
 
 Sacred Heart college, vii. 722. 
 
 Sacred Heart Presentation convent, 
 vii. 722. 
 
 Saddlery, manufact., etc., of, vii. 92. 
 
 St Helena, mention of, vi. 510. 
 
 St Louis, R. R. convention at, 1849, 
 vii. 508-9; deputation A. & P. P. 
 R. to S. F., vii. 606-7. 
 
 'St Louis,' U. S. man of war, iv. 36, 
 96. 
 
 St Louis & S. F. R. R. co., vii. 616. 
 
 St Mary's college, vii. 722. 
 
 Salcedo, Col, inspects troops for Cal., 
 1795, i. 536. 
 
 Salgado, T., of Cal. junta in Mex., 
 1825-7, iii. 3; report on Cal. miss., 
 iii. 109. 
 
 Salinas, town, mention of, vi. 523-4. 
 
 Salinas rancho, ii. 615. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Salinas river, first name for, i. 150; 
 Fages' exped. cross, 1772, i. 184-7; 
 immigrants at, 1776, i. 268; Fre 
 mont encamps at, v. 9. 
 
 Salmon fisheries, vii. 82. 
 
 Salmon river, mining on, vi. 365. 
 
 Salt, ii. 651; vii. 659. 
 
 Salt Lake City, return of Mormon 
 bat. to, v. 496; festival at, 1855, v. 
 497-8. 
 
 Sampelayo, Gerdnimo de, sends sup 
 plies to S. Cruz, 1790, i. 492. 
 
 'San Agustin,' Camenon's ship, i. 
 96. 
 
 San Andreas, town, mention of, vi. 
 512. 
 
 San Andreas Vallecito, mention of, vi. 
 374. 
 
 San Antonio, mission established, i. 
 176-7; want of supplies, i. 187; 
 miss, force at, 1773, i. 196; locality 
 of, i. 200; condition of Inds, 1773, 
 i. 203; buildings at, 1773, i. 204; 
 agric. at, 1773, i. 205; alarm at, 
 1775, i. 256; prosperity at, 1776, i. 
 298; alcalde and regidore chosen, 
 1778, i. 331; friars serving, 1783-90, 
 i. 469; events at, 1791-1800, i. 688- 
 9; 1801-10, ii. 151-2; 1811-20, ii. 
 385; 1821-30, ii. 621-2; 1831-40, iii. 
 686-8; secularized, iii. 353; restored 
 to friars, 1843, iv. 369; local annals, 
 1846-8, v. 639-40. 
 
 'San Antonio,' ship, i. 116, 121, 124, 
 126, 136, 166-7, 175, 189, 215, 241, 
 282, 287. 
 
 San Antonio rancho, ii. 594. 
 
 San Benito region explored, 1795, i. 
 551. 
 
 San Benito county, creation etc., of, 
 vi. 524; vii. 442-3. 
 
 San Bernardino, Jedediah Smith's 
 party at, iii. 155; Ind. attack at, 
 iii. 359-60; hist, of, vi. 520-1. 
 
 San Bernardino county, hist, of, vi. 
 519-21; creation, etc., of, 1853, vii. 
 441; S. P. R. R. in, vii. 617; min 
 ing in, vii. 640. 
 
 San Bernardino R. R., vii. 619. 
 
 San Bernardino valley, Fages' exped. 
 in, i. 184. 
 
 San Bernardino Valley R. R., vii. 616. 
 
 San Bernardino & Los Angeles R. R. 
 Co., vii. 616. 
 
 San Bernardino & San Diego R. R., 
 vii. 616. 
 
 San Bernardo, skirmish at, 1846, v. 
 348-50; advance of Stockton from, 
 1846, v. 386. 
 
 San Bias, expenses of establishment 
 at, i. 208; Cal. bound fleet from, 
 1775, i. 240; explor. fleet fitted out, 
 i. 328; suppl. to be sent from, i. 
 334; trade with, ii. 184; Graham 
 party at, iv. 15; list of exiles, iv. 
 17; blockade of, v. 284. 
 
 San Buenaventura, founding post 
 poned, i. 181; events at, 1791-1800, 
 i. 674-5; 1801-10, ii. 121-2; 1811- 
 20, ii. 365-6; 1821-30, ii. 578-80; 
 1831-40, iii. 658-61; founded, i. 
 373-7; friars assigned to, i. 376; 
 miss, church consecrated, ii. 89; 
 earthquake, 1812, ii. 201; disaster 
 at, 1819, ii. 332-4; occupied -by 
 Carrillo's force, iii. 549; battle at, 
 1838, iii. 552-4; secularization, iv. 
 46; restored to friars, iv. 369; con 
 dition of, iv. 421; Micheltorena at, 
 iv. 501; leased, 1845, iv. 553; miss, 
 estate rented, v. 558; sale of miss, 
 estate, v. 561; local annals, 1846-8, 
 v. 634-5; mention of, vi. 523. 
 
 San Carlos, news of founding of miss., 
 i. 124; miss, and presidio founded, 
 1770, i. 170-1; miss, transferred to 
 Carmelo bay, i. 177-8; residing 
 ministers, i. 178; conversions at, 
 1770, 175; Crespi returns to, i. 187; 
 miss, force at, 1773, i. 196; locality 
 of, i. 200; condition of Inds, 1773, 
 i. 203; buildings at, 1773, i. 203; 
 agric. at, 1773, i. 205; immigrants 
 arrive, 1776, i. 268; alcalde and 
 regidore chosen, 1778, i. 331; death 
 and burial of Serra, i. 409-1 1 ; f rairs 
 serving, 1783-90, i. 469; Gov. Romen 
 buried at, i. 490; reception of Van 
 couver, i. 512; events at, 1791-1800, 
 i. 685-8; 1801-10, ii. 146-8; 1811- 
 20, ii. 383-4; 1821-30, ii. 616; 
 1831-40, iii. 679-80; wife murder 
 at, i. 688; land troubles, 1802, ii. 7; 
 
 ov. and offls swear loyalty to 
 pain, 1808, ii. 88; secularization 
 of, iii. 346. 
 
 'San Carlos,' ship, for. Cal., i. 116, 
 328; ii. 253, 292, 473; leaves La 
 Paz, i. 120, voyage of, i. 128-30; 
 returns to S. Bias, i. 168; arrives 
 with supplies, i. 189; enters S. F. 
 bay, 1775, i. 246, 288; with supplies 
 at Mont., i. 287; voy. to Alaska, 
 1788, i. 444; brings news of Eng. 
 war, i. 542; wreck of, 1797, i. 706; 
 at Mont., 1809, ii. 88, 212; conveys 
 Fernandez to Cal., ii. 456. 
 
 San Cayetano rancho, ii. 615. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 809 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 San Clemente island, named, i. 99; 
 inhabitants of, 1803, ii. 11. 
 
 San Digueto, Ind. pueblo, iii. 339, 
 628. 
 
 S. Diego, Ferrelo at, 1543, i. 80; oc 
 cupation of ordered, i. 113-14; 
 messages from, at Loreto, i. 124; 
 occupation of, 1769, i. 126-39; first 
 settlement at, 1769, i. 134; Portola's 
 inarch to Monterey, i. 140; return 
 of Portola's exped't., i. 163; affairs 
 at, 1770, i, 164; the 'San Antonio' 
 at, i. 167-8; events at, 1771, i. 
 178-9; 1772-3, i. 189-92; 1776-7, 
 i. 299-303; 1791-1800, i. 645-54; 
 1801-10, ii. 97-107; 1811-20, ii. 
 340-6; 1821-30, ii. 539-52; 1831- 
 40, iii. 608-21; events at, 1846-8, 
 v. 326-9; 355-6, 616-20; want of 
 supplies, i. 187; miss, force at, 
 1773, i. 195; locality of, i. 200; 
 rancherias near, i. 202; buildings 
 at, 1773, i. 204; Ortega in com'd at, 
 i. 216; Serra at, from Mex., i. 225; 
 miss, moved, i. 229-30; destruction 
 of miss., 1775, i. 249-55; martyr 
 dom of Padre Jaume, i. 250-2; a 
 night of terror, i. 251; Anza goes 
 to relief of, i. 265; alcalde and regi- 
 dore chosen, 1778, i. 331; old pre 
 sidio church burnt, i. 385; map of, 
 1782, i. 456; Vancouver at, i. 522; 
 school at, 1795, i. 643; military 
 force, i. 646-8; population, i. 648; 
 buildings, i. 651; Vancouver's de 
 scription, i. 650; presidio officers, 
 i. 451-2; presidio force, population, 
 i. 452; buildings, i. 453; garrison 
 life, i. 453; miss, frairs at, 1784- 
 95, i. 455-6; report on, i. 457; con 
 versions, 1790, i. 457; agric., 1790, 
 i. 457; affair of the 'Lelia Byrd' 
 at, 1803, ii. 11-14; fight at, ii. 13; 
 explor. exped't. from, 1806, ii. 47; 
 map of dist, ii. 105; earthquake at, 
 1803, ii. 106; earthquake, 1820, ii. 
 344, cloudburst at, 1821, ii. 443; 
 oath to Mex. empire, 1822, ii. 452; 
 friars refuse taking oath to rep., 
 1825, iii. 7; transfer of office, 1825, 
 iii. 10; junta at, 1828, iii. 41; con 
 victs not allowed to land, 1830, iii. 
 48; revenue, 1826, iii. 118; 1828, 
 iii. 131; 1830, iii. 145; 1831, iii. 
 363; Duhant-Cilly at, iii. 129; cus 
 tom-house at, 1829, iii. 136; Amer. 
 flag raised at, 1829, iii. 138; Fitch 
 romance, iii. 140-4; Jedediah 
 Smith's party at, iii. 154; Patties' 
 
 visit, 1827, iii. 162-8; pronuncia- 
 mento at, 1831, iii. 290-4; colony 
 arrives at, 1834, iii. 267; emancipa 
 tion at, iii. 351; secularized, iii. 
 353; troops refuse duty, iii. 481; 
 loyal, 1836, iii. 483; plan of, 1837, 
 iii. 516-18; reception of Bandini, 
 iii. 519; oath of allegiance taken, 
 iii. 521; Carrillo retires to, iii. 556; 
 arrests at, iii. 577-8; Ind. plot at, 
 1837, iv. 69; value of exports, 
 1840, iv. 80; arrival of Michelto- 
 rena, iv. 290; guns for, spiked by 
 Phelps, iv. 320; swearing to the 
 bases at, 1843, iv. 359; restored to 
 friars, 1843, iv. 369; condition of 
 miss., 1844; iv. 422; Fremont at, 
 1846, v. 266-7; reoccupation of, 
 1846, v. 325; Kearny reenforced 
 from, v. 351; Mormon battl. arrive 
 at, v. 486; Stev. regt at, v. 514; 
 sale of miss, estate, v. 561; climate, 
 etc., of, vi. 24; hist, of, vi. 479-80, 
 519-20; mention of, vi. 520; pueblo 
 lands, vi. 567; name, vii. 437; Ind. 
 outbreak at, 1851, vii. 455; R. R. 
 enterprise at, vii. 595, 633. 
 
 'San Diego,' Vizcaino's flag ship, i. 
 98. 
 
 S. Diego bay, Cabrillo at, 1542, i. 70; 
 Vizcaino's exped't. at, i. 97-8; 
 named, i. 98; arrival of the 'S. 
 Carlos, 'i. 130. 
 
 San Diego Central R. R., vii. 616. 
 
 San Diego co., quartz excitement in, 
 vii. 641. 
 
 San Diego, Cuyamaca & Eastern R. 
 R., vii. 633. 
 
 San Diego, Gila, S. P. & Atlantic R. 
 R. co., vii. 595-6. 
 
 San Diego mission, founded, i. 137; 
 events at, 1791-1800, i. 654-7. 
 
 S. Fernando, founding of, i. 561-2; 
 events at, 1797-1800, i. 562; 1801- 
 10, ii. 115-16; 1811-20, ii. 357-8; 
 1821-30, ii. 569-70; 1831-40, iii. 
 645-8; 1846-8, v. 629-30; seculari 
 zation of, iii. 346; fall of, 1837, iii. 
 498-9; retreat of Castro to, iii. 
 520-1 ; occupied by Portilla's forces, 
 iii. 521; Alvarado joins Castro at, 
 iii. 556; restored to friars, 1843, iv. 
 369; Fremont's march to, v. 399- 
 402; condition of, 1844, iv. 422; 
 treaty with Micheltorena at, iv. 
 509-10; leased, iv. 553; miss, es 
 tate rented, v. 558; sale of miss, es 
 tate, v. 561; gold mining at, 1842, 
 vi. 36. 
 
810 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 San Fernando college, priest from for 
 Cal. i. 118. 
 
 San Fernando tunnel, vii. 620. 
 
 S. Francisco, miss, site selected, i. 
 233; Heceta and Palou land trip 
 to, i. 247; annals of, i. 293-7; vis 
 ited by gov., 1777, i. 296; Serra's 
 first visit, i. 297; list of settlers at, 
 i. 297; founding of miss, and pre 
 sidio, 1776-7, i. 279-97; Serra's 
 confirmation tour to, i. 351; Cam- 
 bou's gifts to miss., i. 378; miss, 
 church built, 1782, i. 385; Serra's 
 last visit, i. 409; events at, 1783-90, 
 i. 470-4; 1791-1800, i. 692-715; 
 1811-20, ii. 370-5; 1821-30, ii. 
 583-96; 1831-40, iii. 698-715; v. 
 295-6; slaughter of cattle, i. 472; 
 complaint of climate, i. 472; maps, 
 La Perouse's, i. 475; of dist., i. 703; 
 ii. 376, 593; of 1848, vi. 8; 1849, 
 vi. 169; of burnt dist, 1851, vi. 
 204; 1856-7, vi. 756; reception of 
 Vancouver, i. 510, 518; troubles 
 with Inds, 1795, i. 547; education 
 at, 1796, i. 643-4; 1847-89, vii. 
 716-17; 1855-6, vi. 784; officials, i. 
 692; military force, i. 693: finance, 
 i. 694; buildings, i. 695-7; bat 
 teries, i. 698-702; plan of, 1792, i. 
 695; 1848, v. 676-86; 'Alexander' 
 at, ii. 16; Rezanof at, 1806, ii. 
 67-76; earthquake, 1807, ii. 87; 
 1808, ii. 129; 1868, vii. 684-5; 
 Kotzebue's visit, 1816, ii. 278-81; 
 Roquefenil's visit, 1817, ii. 287-8; 
 conference with Russ. at, ii. 309- 
 10; oath to Mex. empire, 1822, i. 
 452; crime at, 1821-30, ii. 678-9; 
 1851, vi. 652; 1849-82, vii. 215-16; 
 oath to rep. taken, 1825, iii. 7; 
 severe storm, 1825, iii. 30; insubor 
 dination at, 1828, iii. 67; captured 
 by Solis, 1829, iii. 74-6; revenue, 
 1826, iii. 117-18; 1828, iii. 131; 
 1831, iii. 363; Beechey arrives at, 
 iii. 121; Duhaut-Cilly at, iii. 129; 
 Jedediah Smith's party at, iii. 159; 
 Rubio case at, 1831, iii. 191-3; 
 destitution of soldiers at, iii. 322; 
 port closed by Carrillo, 1838, iii. 
 545; first foreign settler, 1835, iii. 
 709; value of exports, 1840, iv. 80; 
 Capt. Belcher's visit, 1837, iv. 143; 
 Rae at for H. B. co., 1841, iv. 216; 
 insurgent parties at, 1846, v. 136; 
 guns of spiked, 1846, v. 177; U. S. 
 ship 'Portsmouth* at, v. 201; cap 
 ture of by U. S., 1846, v. 238-41; 
 
 Col Mason at, 1847, vi. 436, 584; 
 arrival of Stev. reg't at, v. 513? 
 Brannan's colony arrive at, v. 550- 
 2; Mormons preaching, 1847, v. 
 566; local annals, 1846-8, v. 644- 
 59; character of population, 1848, 
 vi. 2; descript. of miss., 1848, vi. 
 9; climate, etc., of, vi. 23-4; effect 
 of gold discov., 1848, vi. 53-61; 
 arrival of the 'California,' 1849, 
 vi. 136-7; accident of location, vi. 
 164; advantages of site, vi. 165; 
 name, vi. 165; growth of, 1848-9, 
 vi. 166-7, 195-7; shipping at, vi. 
 167-8; vii. 123-9; population, vi. 
 168; aspect of, vi. 168-71; streets 
 and buildings, vi. 171-90; business 
 firms, vi. 173-86; hotels and res 
 taurants, vi. 188-91; real estate 
 values, vi. 191-3; wharves, vi. 19G- 
 7; pavements and grades, vi. 197- 
 200; plan of city, vi. 200-1; con 
 flagrations, 1849-51, vi. 202-7; 
 fire department, vi. 207-9; muni 
 cipal affairs, etc., in, vi. 209-19; 
 lawlessness in, vi. 211-12; society 
 in, 1849-50, vi. 221^8; town coun 
 cil of, 1849, vi. 271; legisl. assem 
 bly at, 1849, vi. 271-2, 277-8; 
 mass meeting at, 1849, vi. 278-9; 
 pueblo lands, vi. 568-70; vigilance 
 comm. in, 1851-6, vi. 742-54; 
 progress, etc., of, 1851-6, vi. 
 775-83; land titles, 1850-4, vi. 
 755-60; new charter of, 1851, vi. 
 760-2; 1856, vi. 769-71; munic. 
 affairs in, 1856, vi. 762-74; debt 
 and bonds, 1850-6, vi. 772-4; taxa 
 tion, 1850-7, vi. 774-5; val. of 
 property, 1850-7, vi. 775; expend., 
 1850-7, vi. 775; buildings, etc., of, 
 1851-5, vi. 776-81; business de 
 pression in, 1855-6, vi. 781-2; in 
 dustries, 1856, vi. 782-3; social 
 features of, vi. 783-5; churches, vi. 
 784; vii. 726-30; a manufact. cen 
 tre, vii. 74; prices, etc., 1848-56, 
 vii. 103-12; shipments to, vii. 105- 
 11; commer. panic in, 1851, vii. 
 107-8; imports and exports, vii. 
 112-23; distrib. of trade, vii. 122- 
 3; port of entry, 1849, vii. 141-2; 
 mint, vii. 167-8; businesss failures 
 in, 1855-6, vii. 174-84; land titles 
 in, vii. 229-33; judiciary of, vii. 
 240-1; mass-meeting in, 1861, vii. 
 277-8; loyal demonstration in, vii. 
 279; defences of, 1849-61, 287-8; 
 vii. 451-3, 463-6, 472-3; Lincoln's 
 
INDEX. 
 
 811 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 reelection, vii. 310-11; assassina 
 tion, vii. 311-13; democr. conven 
 tion at, 1868, vii. 330; the Chinese 
 question, vii. 341-5; labor agita 
 tions in, 1877-8, vii. 348-62; the 
 new constitut., 1879, vii. 395-400; 
 charter of, vii. 397; election of, 
 1879, vii. 411-12; 1881, vii. 415-16; 
 charter of, vii. 412-14; name, vii. 
 438; clearances at, vii. 443; duties, 
 etc., rec'd at, vii. 443; gov't ap- 
 
 rprs for, 1851-87, vii. 443-4; R. 
 affairs in, vii. 542-4, 556-7, 
 601-3, 605-8, 685 et seq.; stock 
 exch. board, vii. 666-8; mining 
 excitement at, 1858, vii. 682-3; 
 real estate decline, vii. 683, 685; 
 manufactures of, vii. 683; street 
 car lines, vii. 684; bulkhead bill, 
 vii. 684-5; trade increase, vii. 
 687; labor troubles, 1877, vii. 
 687-9; workingmen's party, vii. 
 689; loyalty to union, vii. 689-90; 
 politics, etc., of, vii. 690; land 
 titles in, vii. 691; Chinatown in, 
 vii. 691-2; future of, vii. 692-4; 
 millionaires in, vii. 693; Golden 
 Gate park, vii. 693. 
 
 San Francisco bay, question as to 
 Drake anchoring in, i. 86-7, 90-4; 
 discovery of, i. 159; third explora 
 tion of. i. 231^t; explored by Ayalo, 
 i. 245-7; Moraga explores, i. 290; 
 Aleuts hunting in, 1808, ii. 81; map 
 of, 1826, ii. 589; Aleuts hunting in, 
 ii. 296; Kotzebue's visit, 1824, ii. 
 522; surveyed by Beechey, ii. 588; 
 iii. 121; Belcher's survey of, iv. 
 144. 
 
 San Francisco Bible society, vii. 729. 
 
 San Francisco Bay R. R. co., vii. 578. 
 
 ' San Francisco Javier, ' ship, ii. 474. 
 
 'San Francisco de Paula,' ship, ii. 
 293, 477. 
 
 San Francisco peninsula, Anza's ex- 
 plor. of, 1776, i. 279-880. 
 
 S. Francisco rancho, gold discovered 
 on, 1842, iv. 297. 
 
 San Francisco Solano, see Solano. 
 
 S. F., Oakland and Alameda R. R. 
 co., vii. 587. 
 
 S. F. & Humboldt Bay R. R. co., 
 vii. 583. 
 
 S. F. & Marysville R. R., vii. 581. 
 
 S. F. & North Pacific R. R., vii. 583. 
 
 San Francisco and San Jose R. R. 
 co., organized, etc., 1859, vii. 537, 
 598. 
 
 S. F. & Washoe R. R., vii. 560. 
 
 S. Francisquito creek, Anza's camp 
 at, i. 280. 
 
 San Gabriel, established, 1871, i. 179- 
 80; troubles at, i. 180-2; want of 
 supplies, i. 187; events at, 1772, i. 
 189; 1783-90, i. 459-60; 1791-lfcOO, 
 i. 663-5; 1801-10, ii. 113-15; 1811- 
 20, ii. 355-7; 1821-30, ii. 567-9; 
 1831-40, iii. 641-5; miss, force at, 
 1773, i. 196; locality of, i. 200; con 
 dition of natives, 1773, i. 202; 
 buildings at, 1773, i. 204; agric. at, 
 1773, i. 205; Anza's exped. at, i. 
 223; tedious march to, 1776, i. 264; 
 consultation between Rivera and 
 Anza, i. 271-2; Garces' reception 
 at, i. 275-6; friars serving at, 1776, 
 i. 299; alcalde and regidore chosen, 
 1778, i. 331; deserters arrested at, 
 ii. 88; trouble with Inds, 1810, ii. 
 92; attempt cotton cultivation, 
 1808, ii. 177; hemp culture, ii. 180; 
 earthquake, 1812, ii. 200; Inds 
 troublesome at, 1811, ii. 323-4; 
 Colorado Inds at, 1822, ii. 480; in 
 dustries at, ii. 665; Duhant-Cilly 
 at, iii. 630; trappers at, 1826, iii. 
 154; Padres and Hijars colony at, 
 iii. 267; secularization of, iii. 346; 
 slaughter of cattle, iii. 348; Ind. 
 depredations at, 1834, iii. 359; re 
 stored to friars, 1843, iv. 369; con 
 dition of, 1844, iv. 422; battle at, 
 1846, v. 391-5; sale of miss, estate, 
 v. 561; local annals, 1846-8, v. 
 628. 
 
 San Gabriel river, name, i. 179; ii. 
 47. 
 
 San Gabriel valley R. R., vii. 616. 
 
 San Igiiacio rancho, ii. 594. 
 
 San Isidro rancho, ii. 594. 
 
 San Jacinto Valley R. R., vii. 616. 
 
 San Jose, founded, i. 312; early 
 annals, 1776-81, 312-14; agric., i. 
 331, 478; settlers at, 1782-3, i. 
 349-50; map, i. 350; events at, 
 1783-90, i. 477-80; 1791-1800, i. 
 715-21; 1801-10, ii. 132-6; 1811-20, 
 ii. 377-9; 1821-30, ii. 602-6; 1831- 
 40, iii. 729-32; 1846, v. 294-5; first 
 school at, i. 642; proposed removal, 
 i. 719; boundary dispute, i. 719-21; 
 pueblo regulations, i. 721-2; boun 
 dary dispute, 1809, ii. 135-6; ayunt. 
 at, ii. 461-2, 676; visited by Kotze- 
 bue, 1824, ii. 523; crime at, 1821- 
 30, ii. 678-9; Duhant-Cilly at, iii. 
 129; Jedediah Smith's party at, iii. 
 158; case of Alcalde Duarte, 1831, 
 
812 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 iii. 194-5; arrest of Weber at, 
 1846, v. 157; Protestant services 
 at, 1847, vi. 566; local annals, v. 
 6(50-5; condition of, 1848, vi. 4-5; 
 settlers of, 1848, vi. 9; effect of gold 
 discov., 1848. vi. 62-3; seat of 
 gov't at, 1849-51, vi. 308-22; men 
 tion of, vi. 524; pueblo lands, vi. 
 507; railroad to, vii. 536-7. 
 
 ' San Jose,' Manila galleon, ii. 330. 
 
 'Sau Jose,' ship, misfortunes to, i. 
 123-4. 
 
 San Jose mission, founding of, i. 555; 
 events at, 1797-1800, i. 556; 1801- 
 
 10, ii. 137-40; 1811-20, ii. 375-7; 
 1821-30, ii. 598-600; 1831-40, iii. 
 723-6; Ind. attack, 1805, ii. 34; 
 Langsdorff's visit, 1806, ii. 138; 
 church consecrated, 1809, ii. 89; 
 hemp culture at, ii. 179-80; visited 
 by Beechey, iii. 121; secularization, 
 iv. 47; lad. plot at, 1842, iv. 338; 
 restored to friars, iv. 369; sale of 
 estate, v. 561. 
 
 San Joaquin city, mention of, vi. 513. 
 San Joaquin county, hist, of, vi. 513- 
 
 14; name, etc., vii. 440; railroads, 
 
 vii. 588. 
 San Joaquin river, exped. on, i. 186; 
 
 11. 46, 56, 322; Garces at, i. 277; 
 discovery and naming of, ii. 47; 
 fight with luds, 1814, ii. 204. 
 
 San Joaquin valley, map of, ii. 51; 
 exped. to, 1810, ii. 92; pestilence 
 in, 1833, iii. 357; Fremont's party 
 in, 1846, v. 6; Mormon colony in, v. 
 551; name, vi. 2; settlers, etc., in, 
 1810, vi. 11; irrigation in, vii. 9-11; 
 soil, etc., vii. 20-3; Ind. raids in, 
 vii. 480-1. 
 
 San Joaquin Valley R. R. Co., vii. 
 587, 594. 
 
 San Joaquin & King River canal, 
 construction of, 1871-8, vii. 9-10. 
 
 San Joaquin & Sierra Nevada R. R., 
 vii. 591. 
 
 San Joaquin & Tulare R. R., vii. 
 589. 
 
 S. Juan de Arguello, iv. 196. 
 
 San Juan Bautista, Ind. attacks at, 
 1798-9, i. 548-9; founding of, i. 
 557-8; Ind. troubles at, i. 558; 
 earthquake, i. 559; events at. 1797- 
 1800, i. 558-9; 1801-10, ii. 153-4; 
 1811-20, ii. 386-7; 1821-30; ii. 623- 
 4; 1831-40, iii. 691-3; land trou 
 bles, 1802, ii. 7; secularized, iii. 
 353; sale of miss, estate, v. 561; 
 local annals, 1846-8, v. 640; men 
 tion of, vi. 524. 
 
 San Juan Capistrano, attempt found 
 ing, 1775, i. 248-9; founded, i. 
 299, 303-4; conversions at, i. 304; 
 affairs at, 1787-90; i. 458-9; events 
 at, 1791-1800, i. 657-8; 1801-10, 
 ii. 108-10; 1811-20, ii. 347-9; 1821- 
 30, ii. 555-6; 1831-40, iii. 625-8; 
 fire at, 1801, ii. 3; * Peacock' pris 
 oners at, ii. 37-8; new church, 
 1801, ii. 109; earthquake, 1812, ii. 
 200; Bouchard at, 1818, ii. 240-1, 
 strife between padres and Ar 
 guello, ii. 242; foreign vessels al 
 lowed at, iii. 127; secularization of, 
 iii. 346; Ind. pueblo at, 1833, iii. 
 332-9; restored to friars, 1843, 
 iv. 369; condition of, 1844, iv. 422; 
 sale of, 1845, iv. 553; sale of miss, 
 estate, v. 558: local annals of, 
 1846-8, v. 623-4. 
 
 San Leaiidro, hist, of, vi. 526-7. 
 
 San Leaiidro creek, Fages' expedt. 
 at, i. 185. 
 
 San Lorenzo, mention of, vi. 527. 
 
 San Lorenzo creek, Fages' expedt. 
 cross, i. 185. 
 
 San Lucas mine, vii. 651. 
 
 San Luis Obispo, founding of, i. 
 188-9; miss, force at, 1773, i. 196; 
 condition of Inds, 1773, i. 202; 
 buildings at, 1773, i. 204; agric. at, 
 1773, i. 205; new church, 1774, i. 
 239; immigrants at, 1776, i. 268; 
 fire at, 1776, i. 298-9; friars in 
 charge, i. 299; alcalde and regi- 
 dore chosen, 1778, i. 331; friars 
 serving, 1783-90, i. 469-70; revolt 
 of neophytes, i. 547; events at, 
 1791-1800, i. 689-90; 1801-10, ii. 
 148-9; 1811-20, ii. 384; reported 
 gold discovery, 1820, ii. 417; 1821- 
 30, ii. 618-19; 1831-40, iii. 680-3; 
 Ind. revolt, 1794, i. 694; hemp 
 culture at, ii. 179; industries at, 
 ii. 665; foreign vessels allowed at, 
 iii. 127; secularization, iii. 307, 353; 
 emancipation at, iii. 331; death of 
 Ramirez at, iii. 587; horse stealing 
 from, 1840, iv. 77; value of ex 
 ports, 1840, iv. 80; lands ordered 
 distributed, 1842, iv. 331; condi 
 tion, 1844, iv. 421; secularization 
 of, iv. 423; sale of, 1845, iv. 553; 
 headquarters of M. Castro, 1846, 
 v. 321, 361-2; sale of miss, estate, 
 v. 558; annals of, 1846-8; v. 
 638-9; mention of, vi. 523; vii. 
 595; name, etc., vii. 437-8. 
 
 San Luis Obispo county, descript. of, 
 vi. 523. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 813 
 
 For Information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 San Luis Obispo R. R., vii. 595. 
 
 San L. Obispo & Santa M. Valley 
 R. R., vii. 5C5. 
 
 San Luis Rey, founding of, i. 562^4; 
 events at, 1798-1800, i. 564, 657; 
 1801-10; ii. 107-8; 1811-20, ii. 
 346-7; 1821-30, ii. 553-4; 1831-40, 
 iii. 021-5; earthquake at, 1821, ii. 
 443; industries at, ii. 665; Padres 
 and Hijars' colony at, iii. 267; sec 
 ularization of, iii. 346; slaughter of 
 cattle, iii. 348; Hartnell's troubles 
 at, 1840, iv. 61; restored to friars, 
 1843, iv. 369; condition of, 1844, 
 iv. 422; Bidwell at, v. 286, 318; 
 Mormon battl. at, v. 488; Capt. 
 Hunt at, v. 492; sale of miss, es 
 tate, v. 561; local annals of, 
 1846-8, v. 620-2; mention of, vi. 
 520. 
 
 San Mateo, town, mention of, vi. 
 526. 
 
 San Mateo county, hist, of, vi. 526; 
 creation, etc., of, 1856, vii. 442. 
 
 San Miguel, founding of, i. 559-60; 
 events at, 1797-1800, i. 560-1; 1801- 
 
 10, ii. 149-51; 1811-20, ii. 384; 
 1821-30, ii. 620; 1831-40, iii. 683-6; 
 fire at, 1806, ii. 150; secularization 
 decree, 1831, iii. 307; secularization, 
 iv. 46; condition, 1844, iv. 421; 
 pronunciamento at, 1844, iv. 458 
 value of property, J845, iv. 551; 
 sale of miss, estate, v. 561; loca' 
 annals, 1846-8, v. 639-40. 
 
 San Miguel river, named, ii. 47. 
 San Nicolas island, natives removec 
 
 from, iii. 360-1. 
 San Pablo, Castro at, vi. 135; murder 
 
 of Berreyesa and Haros at, v. 
 
 171-4. 
 San Pablo bay, Pages' expedt. at, i. 
 
 185; explored, 1775, i. 246. 
 San Pablo raucho, ii. 594. 
 San Pascual, pueblo, iii. 628; fight 
 
 at, 1846, v. 341-8. 
 San Pedro, cannon at, left by Amer's, 
 
 11. 270; events at, 1821-30, ii. 564; 
 1831-40, iii. 641; Duhant-Cilly at, 
 iii. 129; closed to foreign traders, 
 1828, iii. 131; Padres and Hijaras' 
 colony at, iii. 267; Stearns' opera 
 tions at, iii. 375; value of exports, 
 1840, iv. 80; Com. Jones at, iv. 
 322; defeat of Mervine, 1846, v. 
 219-20; Stockton at, v. 267; de 
 parture of Stockton, v. 430. 
 
 San Pedro bay, named, i. 99. 
 San Pedro rancho, i. 662; ii. 565. 
 
 San Pedro river, named, ii. 47; Mor 
 mon battl. fight with wild bulls, v. 
 485. 
 San Pedro y San Pablo, founded, i. 
 
 359; massacre at, i. 362. 
 San Quentin, vi. 511; vii. 737-8. 
 San Rafael, founding of miss., ii. 316, 
 329-31; events at, 1821-30, ii. 
 596-8; 1831^0, iii. 715-18; mis 
 conduct of Padre Mercado, iii. 
 323-4; secularization of, iii. 346; 
 arrest of Hartnell, 1840, iv. 61; 
 value of miss, prop., 1845, iv. 
 551; campaign of, 1846, v. 171; 
 retreat of Torre, v. 176; sale of 
 miss, estate, v. 561; local annals, 
 1846-8, v. 669-70; condition of 
 miss., 1848, vi. 21; mention of, vi. 
 511, 590. 
 San Rafael rancho, i. 609, 661-2; ii. 
 
 565. 
 San Ramon valley, Fages' expedt. in, 
 
 i. 186. 
 
 'San Ruperto,' ship, ii. 251, 291. 
 San Salvador de Horta, see ' Alameda 
 
 creek.' 
 Sanborn, F. C., member stock board, 
 
 vii. 668. 
 Sandels, Dr, 'Visit to Cal.,' 1842-3, 
 
 iv. 345-6. 
 
 Sanderson, S. W., biog., etc., of, vii. 
 235; supreme judge, 1863, vii. 304; 
 reflected, 1865, vii. 319. 
 Sandwich islands, trade with, 1847-8, 
 
 v. 570. 
 Sanitary commission, contributions 
 
 to, vii. 295. 
 Santa Ana, town, mention of, vi. 
 
 522. 
 
 Santa Ana rancho, ii. 565. 
 Santa Anna, Pres., instructions to 
 Figueroa, iii. 270; offl acts in Cal. 
 affairs, 1841-3, iv. 285, 336-7, 360, 
 380; precautions ag'st filibusters, 
 1853, vi. 589. 
 
 ' Santa Apolonia,' ship, iii. 93. 
 Santa Barbara, Cabrillo possibly at, 
 i. 72; founding delayed, i. 377-8; 
 gov. inspects, 1782, i. 378; founded, 
 i. 422-4; conversions at, 1790, i. 
 424; events at, 1783-90, i. 462-6; 
 1791-1800, i. 665-73; 1801-10, ii. 
 116-21; 1811-20, ii. 358-65; 1821- 
 30, ii. 570-8; 1831-40, iii. 649-58; 
 plan of presidio, i. 464; Vancouver 
 at, i. 521; execution at, 1794, i. 
 638-40; school at, 1795, i 643; 
 map of dist, 1800, i. 667- 1830, ii. 
 577; earthquake at, 1806, ii. 42; 
 
814 
 
 INDEX, 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 1812, ii. 201; 1821, ii. 443; Bou 
 chard's ship at, ii. 237-40; smug 
 gling adventure at, ii. 440-1; oath 
 to Mex. empire, 1822, ii. 452; re 
 volt of Inds. at, 1824, ii. 530-3; in 
 dustries at, ii. 665; ayunt. at, ii. 
 676; revolt at, 1829, iii. 76-9; Padre 
 Martinez arrested, iii. 98; revenue, 
 1826, iii. 117; Duhaut-Cilly at, iii. 
 129; ship built at, 1829, iii. 139; Fig- 
 ueroa's remains removed to, iii. 
 295; secularization of, iii. 346; 
 favors general junta, 1836, iii. 484, 
 491; Alvarado rec'd at, iii. 492; 
 election at, 1837, iii. 506; plan of, 
 iii. 506-8; Castro retires to, iii. 
 521; failuteof attack on, 1838, iii. 
 550; flight of Carrillos, iii. 569; 
 gov. and gen. at, 1839, iii. 579-84; 
 Carrillo conspiracy, 1840, iii. 606-7; 
 foreigners arrested, 1840, iv. 15; 
 value of exports, 1840, iv. 80; 
 headquarters otter-hunting, iv. 
 209; ' Cyane ' sent with despatches 
 to, iv. 311; Com. Jones meets 
 Micheltorena at, iv. 321-2; recep 
 tion of Bishop Garcia Diego at, 
 1842, iv. 332-3; cathedral com 
 menced at, 1842, iv. 335; miss, re 
 stored to friars, 1843, iv. 369; con 
 dition of miss., iv. 421; opened to 
 coasting trade. 1844, iv. 431; revolt 
 at, 1845, iv. 541-2; value of miss, 
 property, 1845, iv. 550; miss, 
 leased, 1845, iv. 553; consejo coun 
 cil at, 1846, v. 65-71; Lt Talbot in 
 comd of garrison at, 1846, v. 287; 
 Talbot quits, v. 316-17; Fremont 
 and battl. at, v. 376; Fremont's 
 march from, v. 399; Stev. regt at, 
 v. 513; miss, estate rented, v. 558; 
 sale of miss, estate, v. 561, 632, 
 fears of revolt at, 1847, v. 584-6; 
 local annals, 1846-8, v. 630-5; min 
 strel performances at, 1847, vi. 243; 
 mention of, vi. 522; pueblo lands, 
 vi. 567; name, vii. 437; R. R. con 
 test at, vii. 594-5; school at, 1850, 
 vii. 718. 
 
 Santa Barbara channel, villages on, 
 i. 47-9; to be occupied, i. 335. 
 
 Santa Barbara countv, hist, of, vi. 
 522-3. 
 
 Santa Catalina island, named, i. 99; 
 population, i. 100; inhabitants of, 
 ii. 22; proposed miss., ii. 33; otter- 
 hunting at, 1807, ii. 84. 
 
 Santa Clara, founded, i. 305-6; lay 
 ing corner-stone of church, i. 351; 
 
 Serra's last visit, i. 409; new church 
 erected, 474; events at, 1783-90, i. 
 474_7 ; 1791-1800, i. 722-5; 1801- 
 
 10, ii. 136-7; 1811-20, ii. 377; 1821- 
 30, ii. 600-2; 1831-40, iii. 726-8; 
 reception of Vancouver, i. 511; 
 Ind. plot at, 1805, ii. 35; visited by 
 Kotzebue, 1824, ii. 523; Duhaut- 
 Cilly at, iii. 129; Ind. revolt at, 
 1835, iii. 362; Ramirez arrested at, 
 iii. 525; marriage of Alvarado, iii. 
 593; secularization, iv. 47; Ind. 
 outrage at, 1840, iv. 76; restored 
 to friars, 1843, iv. 369; value of 
 miss, property, 1845, iv. 551; Gen. 
 Castro at, 1846, v. 105; battle of, 
 1846, v. 380-3; sale of miss, or 
 chard, v. 561; local annals of, 
 1846-8, v. 665-7; mention of, vi. 
 524. 
 
 Santa Clara county, exploration of, 
 1772, i. 184-7; name, etc., of, vii. 
 438; hist, of, vi. 524-5. 
 
 Santa Clara valley, Fages' expedt. in, 
 1772, i. 184. 
 
 Santa Clara and Pajaro Valley R. R., 
 vii. 599. 
 
 Santa Cruz, expedt. lands at, 1769, i. 
 127; founded, i. 493-5; local an 
 nals, 1792-1800, i. 495-8; 1801-10, 
 
 11. 154-5; 1811-20, ii. 387-90; 
 1821-30, ii. 625-6; 1831-40, iii. 
 693-6; murder of Quintana, ii. 199; 
 trouble at, 1818, ii. 242-5; severe 
 storm, 1825, iii. 30; foreign vessels 
 allowed at, iii. 127; Duhaut-Cilly 
 at, iii. 129; secularization of, iii. 
 346; earthquake at, 1840, iv. 78; 
 U. S. flag raised at, 1846, v. 245-6; 
 Protestant services at, 1847, v. 
 566; annals of, 1846-8, v. 641-2; 
 mention of, vi. 525; name, vii. 438. 
 
 Santa Cruz county, hist, of, vi. 525. 
 Santa Cruz island, Mex. convicts sent 
 
 to, iii. 48. 
 Santa Cruz mountains, Fremont's 
 
 trip across, 1846, v. 7. 
 Santa Cruz and Felton R. R., vii. 
 
 591. 
 
 'Santa Eulalia,' ship, ii. 203. 
 Santa Fe, founded, i. 18; occupied by 
 
 Gen. Kearny, v. 334; march of 
 
 Mormon battl. to, v. 478-82. 
 'Santa Gertrudis,' ship, conveys 
 
 Gov. Romen to Cal., i. 488. 
 Santa Gertrudis, rancho, ii. 565. 
 Santa Inez, founding of, 1804, ii. 28- 
 
 29; events at, 1804-10, ii. 28-9; 
 
 1811-20, ii. 368-9; 1821-30, ii. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 815 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 581-2; 1831-40, iii. 661-4; hemp 
 culture at, ii. 179-81; earthquake, 
 1812, ii. 201; Ind. revolt at, 1824, 
 ii. 528; secularization, iv. 46; re 
 stored to friars, iv. 369; ecclesias 
 tical seminary at, 1844, iv. 403, 
 425-6; condition of, 1844, iv. 421; 
 value of property, 1845, iv. 550; 
 leased, 1845, iv. 553; miss, estate 
 rented, v. 558; sale of miss, estate, 
 v. 561; local annals, 1846-8, v. 635. 
 
 Santa Margarita, meeting of Pico and 
 Castro at, 1846, v. 562. 
 
 Santa Marina, E. J. de, member 
 stock board, vii. 668. 
 
 Santa Monica, Cabrillo anchors in, i. 
 71; mention of, vi. 521-2. 
 
 Santa Paula, town, mention of, vi. 
 523. 
 
 Sauta Rosa, settlement at, 1833, iii. 
 255-6; murder of Cowie and 
 Fowler near, 1846, v. 160-2; fight 
 near, 1846, v. 164; mention of, vi. 
 507. 
 
 'Santa Rosa,' Bouchard's ship, ii. 
 226. 
 
 Santa Rosa island, Cabrillo at, i. 72; 
 granted to Carrillo, iii. 581; Ban 
 croft hunting at, 1838, iv. 90. 
 
 Santa Teresa, campaign of, 1844, iv. 
 466-70. 
 
 'Santiago,' ship, Serra returns on, i. 
 218-19; built for Cal. service, i. 
 224: northern voy. of, 1775, i. 
 241-3; first voy. direct to S. F., i. 
 296; voyages of, 1778-9, i. 328. 
 
 Santiago de Santa Ana rancho, hold 
 ers of, 1809, ii. 112. 
 
 Santillian, claims of, vii. 243-4. 
 
 Santillian claim, mention of, vi. 561. 
 
 Santo, Bernardo del Espiritu, Bishop 
 of Cal., 1818, ii. 411. 
 
 ' Santo Tomas, ' ship in Vizcaino's ex- 
 pedt., i. 98. 
 
 Sargent, A. A., congressman, etc., 
 1861, vii. 291-2; defeat of, vii. 301; 
 congressman, 1868, vii. 331; biog., 
 vii. 331; mention of, vii. 547; bill 
 of, 1861, vii. 548; in R. R. affairs, 
 vii. 561, 602, 615. 
 
 Satayomi, Ind. tribe, ii. 506. 
 
 Satiyomes, Ind. fight with, iii. 257. 
 
 Sauzal rancho, ii. 615. 
 
 Sauzalito, Russ. warehouse at, 1836, 
 iv. 164; ' Portsmouth ' anchored at, 
 v. 156; name, etc., vi. 511; men 
 tion of, vi. 21. 
 
 Savacre, explor., etc., of, 1852, vii. 
 209; death of, vii. 210. 
 
 Savage, J. D., mention of, vi. 515. 
 
 Savage, mine, stocks, vii. 671-2; out 
 put, vii. 673. 
 
 'Savannah,' U. S. ship, iv. 459; v. 
 199, 224, 253-4, 290, 295-6, 318, 
 320, 226-7, 436. 
 
 Savings and Loan Society, vii. 164. 
 
 Sawyer, Judge L., election, etc., of, 
 vii. 235; biog., etc., of, vii. 235-6; 
 supreme judge, 1863, vii. 304; men 
 tion of, vii. 577. 
 
 Scala, bibliog., ii. 67, 299. 
 
 Schmiedell, Henry, member stock 
 board, vii. 668. 
 
 Schofield, Gen. G. M., in command, 
 1870, vii. 472. 
 
 Schwartz, J., mention of, vi. 17. 
 
 Scorpion Silver Mining co., vii. 667. 
 
 Scott, A. B., vii. 561. 
 
 Scott, C. L., nominee for cong., 1859, 
 vi. 723. 
 
 Scott, Dr, excitement against, 1861, 
 vii. 286. 
 
 Scott, I. M., biog., vii. 748. 
 
 Scott, Thomas A., vii. 609-10, 613-15. 
 
 Scott, Win A., vii. 729-30. 
 
 Scurvy, ravages of, 1769, i. 130-2; on 
 the Juno, 1806, ii. 67. 
 
 Sea-otter, see fur trade. 
 
 Seal Rocks, first drive to, i. 233-4. 
 
 Sealing, vii. 81. 
 
 Seals, see fur trade. 
 
 Searles, Niles, vii. 590. 
 
 Sears. W. H., speech of, 1863, vii. 
 550. 
 
 Seawall, Major W., in command, 
 1851, vii. 471. 
 
 Secpe rancho, friars object to grant, 
 1817, ii. 354. 
 
 Secularization, decree of Spanish 
 cdrtes, 1813, ii. 399-400; decree 
 forwarded to Cal., 1821, ii. 431; 
 padres offered to give up miss., ii. 
 431; policy of friars, ii. 431-5; indi 
 cations of, 1823, ii. 487; legislature 
 on, 1825, iii. 17-18; policy of, iii. 
 100-2; experimental, iii. 102-4; 
 Echeandia's plan, iii. 105-6, 301- 
 5; approved by legislature, iii. 106 
 7; Echeandia's decree, 1831, iii. 
 184; decree of, 1831, iii. 305-6; at 
 tempt to enforce, iii. 307-8; Duran's 
 comment*, iii. 309-10; Figueroa's re 
 port, iii. 329-31 ; views of prefect and 
 pres , iii. 333-5; emancipation ad 
 vised, iii. 335-6: Figueroa's policy, 
 1834, iii. 341; Mex.'law, iii. 342-4, 
 Hijar instructions, iii. 345; regla- 
 mento in practice, iii. 346-7; local 
 
816 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 results, iii. 350; missions secular 
 ized, iii. 346, 353; views of padres, 
 iii. 347; of San Diego, 1835, iii. 620; 
 of San Luis Hey, 1834, iii. 623; San 
 Juan Cap., 1834, iii. 627; San 
 Gabriel, 1834, iii. 643-5; S. Fer 
 nando, 1834, iii. 646-8; Sta Bar 
 bara, 1834, iii. 656-8; S. Buenaven 
 tura, 1834, iii. 660; Sta Ines, 1836, 
 iii. 663; Purisima, 1834, iii. 664-6; 
 S. Carlos, 1834, iii. 680-1; S. Luis 
 Obispo, iii. 681-3; S. Miguel, 1836, 
 iii. 685; S. Antonio, 1835, iii. 688; 
 Soledad, 1835. iii. 691; S. Juan Bau- 
 tista, 1835, iii. 692-3. Sta Cruz, 
 1834-5, iii. 693-6; Dolores miss., 
 1834-5, iii. 715; Solano, 1834, iii. 
 720; S. Jose, 1836-7, iii. 725; Sta 
 Clara, 1837, iii. 728; completion of, 
 1845, iv. 536-53. 
 
 Sedgwick, John, vii. 588. 
 
 Selby, T. H., biog. of, vii. 186. 
 
 iSellers, J. A., death of, vii. 210. 
 
 Semple, Dr, mention of, vi. 18, 261; 
 pres't of constit. convention, etc., 
 
 1849. vi. 289, 291, 295; enterprises 
 of, vi. 497. 
 
 Semple, C. D., mention of, vi. 497. 
 Semple, R., candidate for U. S. sen 
 ate, 1849, vi. 311; gen. of militia, 
 
 1850, vi. 319. 
 
 Senate, state, organized, 1849, vi. 
 
 309-10; members, 1849, vi. 309-10. 
 'Senoriano,' ship, ii. 293. 
 Septilveda, D., mention of, 1848, vi. 
 
 79-80. 
 Sergas of Esplandian, name, Cal., i. 
 
 66. 
 Sericulture, experiments in, vii. 31-3; 
 
 premiums for, 1866, vii. 32-3; 
 
 failure of, vii. 32-3; revival of, 
 
 1880-8, vii. 32-4. 
 Serrano, Leonardo, land grant of, vii. 
 
 660. 
 
 Sespe, rancho, ii. 566. 
 Settlers, arrivals from Mex., i. 343-5; 
 
 at Colorado miss., list, i. 359; list 
 
 at L. Angeles, 1706, i. 460-1. 
 Settlers' revolt, causes of, 1846, v. 77- 
 
 100. 
 
 Seymour, S. H., biog., vii. 755. 
 Sexton, tin discov'd by, vii. 660. 
 Shafter, O. L., nominated supr. judge, 
 
 1859, vi. 723; biog., etc., of, vii. 
 
 235; supreme judge, 1863, vii. 304. 
 Shanklin, J. W., surveyor-gen., 1880, 
 
 vii. 408. 
 Shannon, T. B., congressman, 1863, 
 
 vii. 304. 
 
 Shannon, W. E., del. to constit. con 
 vention, etc., 1849, vi. 287; speeches 
 of, vi. 292-5. 
 
 ' Shark,' U. S. ship, v. 199, 201. 
 
 Sharon, Wm, Pres. Mining co., vii. 
 674; biog. of, vii. 731. 
 
 Sharpstein, J. R., supr. court judge, 
 1880, vii. 409; 1889, vii. 735. 
 
 Shasta canal, construction of, 1856, 
 vi. 365. 
 
 Shasta city, mention of, vi. 364, 493. 
 
 Shasta county, mining in, vi. 364-70; 
 hist, of, vi. 492-4; name, etc., vii. 
 440. 
 
 Shaw, F., in Honolulu, 1836, iv. 141. 
 
 Sheep, breeding, number, etc., of, vii. 
 59-60. 
 
 Sheldon, J., mention of, vi, 12. 
 
 Sheldon, N., biog., vii. 753. 
 
 Shelton, T., agric. exhib. of, 1851 vii. 
 63. 
 
 Shepherd, Prof., vii. 717, 728. 
 
 Sherman, W. T., arrival, etc., of, 
 1849, vii. 447. 
 
 Sherwood, J. E., works of, vi. 117- 
 18. 
 
 Sherwood, R., vii. 680. 
 
 Sherwood, W. S., candidate for gov., 
 1849, vi. 305. 
 
 Shinn, Lieut, at Ft Point, 1861, vii. 
 464-5. 
 
 Ship building, by Cortes, i. 2; at 
 Russ. settlements, 1821-30, ii. 639- 
 40; 1848-89, vii. 78-9, 749-50. 
 
 Shipley, A. J., vii. 668. 
 
 Shipments, foreign and eastern, vii. 
 105-9. 
 
 Shipping, to be admitted to port, i. 
 217; arrival of transport vessels, i. 
 287; movement of, 1777, i. 310; 
 1781, i. 351-2; transport vessels, 
 1778, i. 328; movement of trans 
 ports, 1783-90, i. 444-5; arrivals, 
 1796, i. 544; 1801, ii. 2; 1803, ii. 
 10-17; 1807-10, ii. 83-4, 86, 88, 93-6; 
 1827, iii. 125; 1828, iii. 131; 1829, 
 iii. 135; 1831, iii. 363; 1832, iii. 364; 
 1833, iii. 365; 1834-5, iii. 366; 1836, 
 iv. 84; 1837, iv. 88; 1838, iv. 89; 
 1840, iv. 95; 1841, iv. 209; 1842, iv. 
 339; 1843, iv. 377; 1845, iv. 561; 
 1846-8, v. 569-70; arrivals at S. 
 Diego, 1793-1800, i. 653-4; foreign 
 vessels on coast, 1804-6, ii. 20-5, 
 37-40; maritime affairs and contra 
 band trade, 1811-20; ii. 267-93; 
 visits to Mont., 1811-20, ii. 382-3; 
 vessels on coast, 1822, ii. 473-78; 
 list of vessels, 1824, ii. 518-20; on 
 
INDEX. 
 
 817 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 the coast, 1825, iii. 23-8; 1826, iii. 
 
 116; marine list, 1826-30; iii. 145-9; 
 
 1831-5, iii. 381-4; 1841-5, iv. 562- 
 
 70; 1836-40, iv. 93, 100-6; 1846-8, 
 
 v. 576-81; at S. F., 1849, vi. 167-8. 
 Shipping, statistics, etc., vii. 121-9; 
 
 coast and bay, vii. 130-5. 
 Shirlancl, E. D., biog. of, vii. 758. 
 Short, J., vii. 590. 
 Short Hairs, party, vii. 317-19. 
 Shotwell, J. M., vii. 586. 
 Showalter, D., arrest, etc., of, vii. 
 
 289-90. 
 
 Shuck, bibliog., ii. 141. 
 Sicard flat, gravel mining at, vi. 
 
 359. 
 
 Sicomyomi, Ind. tribe, iv. 363. 
 Sigourney, J. W., vii. 590. 
 Sierra Butte mine, vi. 361; vii. 642. 
 Sierra City, mention of, vi. 490. 
 Sierra county, mining in, 1851-6, vi. 
 
 361; creation, etc., of, 1852, vii. 
 
 440; hist, of, vi. 489-90; gold mines 
 
 of, vii. 638. 
 Sierra Nevada, first crossed, 1827, iii. 
 
 157; Donner party in, 1846-7, v. 
 
 533-44; config. of, vii. 20-1. 
 Sierra Nevada Silver Mining co., vii. 
 
 666. 
 
 Sierra Santa Lucia, named, i. 101. 
 Sierra Valley and Mohawk R. R., vii. 
 
 591. 
 
 Silk, manufact. of, vii. 89. 
 Silliman, Prof., report of, vii. 661. 
 Silver mining, vii. 649 et seq. 
 Simi rancho, hist, of, grants, i. 663; ii. 
 
 Ill, 354, 565. 
 
 Simpson's Narrative, iv. 220-2. 
 Simpson, A. M., biog., vii. 187. 
 Simpson, H. L, 'The Emigrant's 
 
 Guide to the Gold Mines,' vi. 97. 
 Sims, Col C., mention of, vii. 469. 
 Sinaloa, Jesuits in, i. 19-20; annals 
 
 of, 1701-69; i. 29-30; recruits from 
 
 forCal., i. 218; enlistment in, 1781, 
 
 i. 341-2. 
 Sinclair, J., alcalde of Sutter's fort, 
 
 1847, vi. 14; rancho of, vi. 15; mining 
 
 operations, 1848, vi. 73; mention of, 
 
 vi. 270. 
 Sinton, R. H., mention of, vii. 454, 
 
 668. 
 Siskiyou county, name, etc., vii. 441; 
 
 hist, of, vi. 494-5. 
 Sitka, Sutter at, iv. 127. 
 'Sitka,' first steamer in Cal., iv. 159; 
 
 v. 576. 
 
 Skaggs Hot springs, vii. 664. 
 Slate creek, diggings at, vi. 361. 
 HIST. CAL., VOL. VIL 52 
 
 Sloat, Com. J. D., actions in conquest 
 of Cal., v. 199-251; proclamation 
 of, 1846, vi. 256-8. 
 
 Small-pox, 1828-9, iii. 167-9; among 
 Inds, 1837-8, iv. 73-4, 165. 
 
 Smedes, H. M., vii. 587. 
 
 Smith, Col C., com. for land claims, 
 v. 465. 
 
 Smith, Capt. A. J., at San. Fe, 1848, 
 vii. 446. 
 
 Smith, C. K., vii. 668. 
 
 Smith, Joseph, Mormon colony for 
 Cal., 1843, iv. 342, 395. 
 
 Smith, N. T., asst treas., etc., S. P. 
 R. R., vii. 632-3. 
 
 Smith, P., contract of, 1849, vi. 215; 
 mention of, vi. 676; claim against 
 S. F., 1851, vi. 773. 
 
 Smith, Gen. P. F., gov. of Cal., 1849, 
 vi. 272; administr., vi. 272-3; with 
 King's exped., 1849, vi. 281. 
 
 Smith, Gen. P. F., arrival of, 1849, 
 vii. 447; at Sonoma, vii. 451; in 
 command, 1849, vii. 471. 
 
 Smith, S., at Bodega, 1846-8, vi. 20. 
 
 Smith, S. V., vii. 590. 
 
 Smith's landing, see 'Antioch.' 
 
 Smuggling, attempt to break up, ii. 
 36-7; accusation against Bandini, 
 iii. 371-3; 1836-40, iv. 81; 843, iv. 
 375. 
 
 Sneath, Richard G., vii. 609. 
 
 Snelling, town, mention of, vi. 516. 
 
 Snyder, J. R,., del. to constit. con- 
 ven., etc., 1849, vi. 286; quarrel 
 with Hubbs, 1852, vi. 669. 
 
 Soap, manufact., etc., of, vii. 93; vii. 
 662. 
 
 Society, in 1748, vi. 82-5; component 
 elements of, 1849-50, vi. 221-3; 
 1850-80, vii. 699-702; dress and 
 appearance, vi. 224-5; vii. 710, 
 715; traits, vi. 225-8; vii. 714-15; 
 moral character of, vi. 228-30; 
 diseases, etc., vi. 231-2; women, 
 vi. 232-5; vii. 709-10, 715; mail-day, 
 vi. 235-6; housekeeping, vi. 236; 
 drinking and gambling, vi. 237- 
 41; vii. 711-12; bull and cock- 
 fighting, vi. 242; the drama, etc., 
 vi. 243-5; vii. 712; the Sabbath, 
 vi. 246; amusements, vii. 711-13; 
 sports, vii. 713; education, vii. 
 716-23; charity, 705-7; fraternal 
 societies, 706-7; houses, vii. 710. 
 
 Sola, Gov., rule of, 1814-21, ii. 208- 
 430. 
 
 Solano, founding, ii. 496-506; events 
 at, 1824-30, ii. 505-6; 1831-40, iii. 
 
B18 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 719-23; Hi jar and Padres' colony, 
 iii. 269, 278-9; secularized, iii. 353; 
 value of miss, property, 1845, iv. 
 551. 
 Solano county, hist, of, vi. 497-500; 
 
 name, etc., vii. 438. 
 Soledad, founding of, i. 498; annals, 
 1791-1800, 498-500; 1801-10, ii. 
 152-3; 1811-20, ii. 385-6; 1821-30, 
 ii. 622; 1831-40, iii. 688-91; death 
 of Arrillaga, 1814, ii. 204-5; sale of 
 miss, estate, v. 558; local annals, 
 1846-8, v. 641. 
 
 'Soledad,' ship, iv. 534. 
 
 Soldiers de cuedra, meaning of, i. 132. 
 
 Soldiers' relief fund, founding of the, 
 vii. 297. 
 
 Solomon, P. L., U. S. marshal, 1857, 
 vi. 711. 
 
 Soneto, Ind. tribe, ii. 506. 
 
 Sonoma, first visit to, ii. 331 ; severe 
 storm, 1825, iii. 30; Ramirez and 
 prisoners sent to, iii. 525; pueblo 
 laid out, 1835, iii. 294; pueblo 
 founded, iii. 721; iv. 164; swearing 
 to the bases at, 1843, iv. 359; taken 
 by bear flag party, 1846, v. 101-21; 
 affairs at, June- July, v. 145-68; 
 Merritt's party at, 1846, v. 110; 
 arrest of Vallejo, v. 171-13; Fre 
 mont's march to, 1846, v. 171; 
 Fourth of July at, 1846, v. 178-9; 
 U. S. flag raised, 1846, v. 242-3; 
 events at, 1846, v. 296-8; Stev. 
 reg't at, v. 514; case of Alcalde 
 Nash, v. 608-10; murder at, 1847, 
 v. 610; local annals, 1846-8, v. 667- 
 9; condition of, 1848, vi. 20; first 
 dramatic performances at, 1847, vi 
 243; mention of, vi. 507; pub. school 
 at, 1851, vii. 718. 
 
 Sonoma county, hist, of, vi. 506-8; 
 R. R. building in, 1865, vii. 589. 
 
 Sonoma valley, descript. of, 1848, vi. 
 20. 
 
 Sonora, town and state, mission work 
 in, i. 20-2; annals of, 1701-69, i. 
 29-30; overland route from, i. 221- 
 3; enlistment in, i. 341; flight of 
 Flores to, v. 407; name, vi. 77; dry 
 diggings of, vi. 373; a mining cen 
 tre, vi. 374; hist, of, vi. 469-70; 
 filibustering in, 1851-7, vi. 584-602. 
 
 'Sonora,' ship, northern voy., 1775, i. 
 241-4. 
 
 Sons of Temperance, vii. 706. 
 
 Sosa, Castano de, exped., 1590-1, i. 
 12. 
 
 Soto, F., rancho of, 1848, vi. 10. 
 
 Soto, L., mention of, vi. 80. 
 Soto, R., mention of, vi. 6. 
 Sotoyomes, Inds, exped. against, 
 
 1839-40, iv. 74. 
 Soule, bishop, vii. 730. 
 Soule, F., annals of S. F., i. 44; on 
 
 Drake's anchorage, i. 90; mention 
 
 of, vi. 659; vii. 313; first school 
 
 law, vii. 718. 
 
 South America, revolution in, ii. 221. 
 Southern Cal. R. R., vii. 633. 
 South Pacific Coast R. R., vii. 591. 
 Southern Pacific R. R., incorporation 
 
 of, vii. 593; aid to, vii. 594; route, 
 
 vii. 595-6; land grant, vii. 596-7; 
 
 purchase of S. F, & S. J. R. R., vii. 
 
 598; aid asked, vii. 598; contract 
 
 and finance co., vii. 599; change of 
 
 route, vii. 600; proposals to S. F., 
 
 vii. 607-8; T. & P. R. R. co., vii. 
 
 612-13; affairs of, vii. 619-20; Cal. 
 
 Southern, vii. 614; Mussel Slough 
 
 troubles, vii. 617-18; system, oper 
 ations, etc., vii. 617 et seq. 
 Southern Pacific Branch R. R. co., 
 
 vii. 599, 615. 
 
 S. P. & N. R. R., aid to, vii. 557. 
 Sequel, mention of, vi. 525. 
 Spain, need of northern port, i. 112; 
 
 policy respecting north, i. 505-6; 
 
 startling events in, 1808, ii. 87; Sp. 
 
 constitution, rec'd in Cal., 1812, ii. 
 
 264-6. 
 Spaniards, expulsion of, 1827-9, iii. 
 
 51-3, 95-8, 401. 
 
 Spanish bar, yield, etc., of, vi. 73. 
 Spanish dry diggings, mention of, vi. 
 
 354. 
 Spear, Mrs, school at Sac., 1851, vii. 
 
 717. 
 
 Spear, N., vi. 164. 
 Specific contract act, passage, etc., of, 
 
 vii. 299-300; attempted repeal of, 
 
 1865, vii. 317-18, 321. 
 Speculation, prevalence of, vii. 168-70. 
 Spence, D., member of legisl. council, 
 
 1847, vi. 260. 
 
 Spence, E. F., biog. of, vii. 184. 
 Spencer, J. D., clerk of supr. court, 
 
 1887, vii. 434. 
 Sperry, Willard, vii. 588. 
 Sprague, Senator, mention of, vi. 
 
 686. 
 Sprague, R. T., nominated supr. 
 
 judge, 1859, vi. 723; biog., etc., of, 
 
 vii. 236. 
 
 Spreckels, Glaus, biog. of, vii. 101. 
 Spring, T. W., biog., vii. 188. 
 Springs, mineral and hot, vii. 664-5. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 819 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Spring Valley Water co., vii. 684, 
 
 736. 
 
 Spurgeon, W. H., biog. of, vii. 184. 
 'Spy,' ship, iii. 24. 
 Squatters, effect on land titles, vi. 
 
 535-6, 571-2. 
 Stage lines, vii. 151-2. 
 Standard mine, vii. 653. 
 Stanford, L., nominee for gov., 1859, 
 vi. 723; vineyard, vii. 48; stock- 
 farm, vii. 58; gov. 1861, vii. 291 ; 
 senator, 1886, vii. 431; biog., etc., 
 vii. 532, 545; pres't Cent. Pac R. 
 R., 1861, vii. 544; acts approved 
 by, 1863, vi. 555-6; R. R. affairs 
 of, vii. 544, 549, 555, 559, 561. 565, 
 567, 580, 599, 603, 612, 632-3; univ. 
 vii. 720. 
 
 Stangroom, M. M., vii. 557. 
 Stanislaus City, mention of, vi. 513. 
 Stanislaus county, hist, of, vi. 514- 
 15; creation, etc., of, 1854, vii. 441. 
 Stanislauc river, mining on the, 1848, 
 vi. 75-80; gold deposits on, vi. 373. 
 Stanislaus and Mariposa R. R. co., 
 
 vii. 589. 
 
 Stanton, James, vii. 638. 
 Staples, I). J., biog., etc., vi. 739; vii. 
 
 717. 
 
 'Star of the West,' ship, iv. 555, 562. 
 'Starling,' Eng. man-of-war, iv. 142, 
 
 145. 
 
 Starr, A. D., vii. 582. 
 State Agricultural society, hist., etc. 
 
 of, vii. 63^t. 
 
 State normal school, vii. 720. 
 Stannard, E. O., vii. 607. 
 Steam engine, first in Cal., 1843, iv. 
 
 395. 
 
 Steamer, first in Cal., v. 575-81. 
 Stearns, Abel, vii. 660. 
 Stebbins, Rev. H., vii. 313, 730. 
 Steele, Frank, vii. 596. 
 Stephens, J. D., biog., vii. 185. 
 Stephens, L., the Panama R. R., vii 
 
 522. 
 
 'Sterling,' ship, v. 296, 357, 432. 
 Steuart, W. M., mention of, vi. 278 
 
 candidate for gov., 1849, vi. 305. 
 Stevens, delegate, the Phil. R. R 
 
 convention, 1850, vii. 514. 
 Stevens, Charles, vii. 590. 
 Stevens, Elisha, party of, to Cal. 
 
 1844, iv. 345-8. 
 Stevens, H. P., in Honolulu, 1836, iv 
 
 141. 
 
 Stevenson, A. M., vii. 590. 
 Stevenson, Col J. D., raises N. Y 
 vols, v. 499. 
 
 tevenson regiment, raising of, and 
 hist, in Cal., 1846-8, v. 499-518; 
 list of officers, v. 503^. 
 
 Stewart, Capt., mention of, vii. 282; 
 at Ft Alcatraz, 1861, vii. 463-4. 
 
 Stillman, on Drake's voy., i. 90. 
 
 Stock-raising, statistics, 1773, i. 
 205-6; 1774, i. 239; 1790, i. 388; 
 statistics, 1791-1800, i. 577, 621-3, 
 656, 657, 672, 676, 686, 688, 690, 
 713, 723; 1801-10, ii. 104-6, 108, 
 
 110, 115, 116, 121-3, 132, 137, 138, 
 148, 149, 153, 154, 161, 181-3; 
 1811-20, ii. 346, 347, 349, 350, 355, 
 358, 364, 366, 368, 374, 375, 377, 
 384-7, 390, 395; 1821-30, ii. 552, 
 554, 556, 567, 578, 580-2, 595-6, 
 599, 601-2, 616, 619, 620, 622, 624; 
 1831-40, iii. 619, 643; statistics at 
 S. L. Rey, 1831-40, iii. 622; at S. 
 Juan. Cap., 1831-4, iii. 626; S. J. 
 Bautista, 1831-4. iii. 691; S. Fer 
 nando, 1831^, iii. 646; Sta Bar 
 bara, 1831-4, iii. 656; S. Buenaven 
 tura, 1831-4, iii. 660; Sta Inez, 
 1831-4, iii. 662; Purisima, 1831-4, 
 
 111. 664; S. Carlos, 1831-4, iii. 680; 
 S. L. Obispo, 1831-4, iii. 681; S. 
 Miguel, 1831-40, iii. 684; S. An 
 tonio, 1831-40, iii. 686; Soledad, 
 1831-4, iii. 690; Sta Cruz, 1831-2, 
 iii. 693; S. Rafael, 1831-2, iii. 716; 
 Solano, 1831-4, iii. 719; S. Jose 
 miss., 1831-2. iii. 724; Sta Clara, 
 1831-2, iii. 727; slaughter of cattle, 
 1784, i. 472; of pueblos, 1800, i. 
 601; at rancho del Rey, 1800, i. 
 682-3; slaughter of horses, 1805, 
 ii. 182; superiority of Cal., ii. 418; 
 in Los Angeles dist, ii. 558; at Rus 
 sian settlement, 1821-30, ii. 638-9; 
 1821-30, ii. 668-9; stat. of cattle 
 at miss., 1831-5, iii. 356; Dolores 
 miss., 1831^i, iii. 714; at Sutter's 
 fort, 1841-2, iv. 228; under Span 
 ish regime, vii. 1-2, 53; pasture, 
 vii. 52; after the gold discov., vii. 
 53-61; droughts, 1862-^, vii. 53; 
 cattle, vii. 53-6; hist, of, vii. 54-6; 
 horses, vii. 57-8; mules, vii. 58-9; 
 sheep, vii. 59-61; goats, vii. 60-1; 
 swine, vii. 61-2; in 1889-90, vii. 
 746-7. 
 
 Stocks, mining, gambling in, vii. 666- 
 81; exchanges organized, vii. 
 667-9. 
 
 Stockton, Commodore, arrival of, 
 1846, v. 251; rule of, 1846, v. 255- 
 87; controversy with Kearny and 
 
820 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Fremont, 1847, v. 411-32; policy, 
 
 etc., of, 1847, vi. 259-61. 
 Stockton, founding of, 1848, v. 674; 
 
 vi. 11; hist, of, vi. 465-7; C. P. 
 
 R. R., vii. 597; early schools of, 
 
 vii. 717. 
 
 Stockton Mining company, vi. 74. 
 Stockton and Copperopolis R. R., vii. 
 
 588. 
 Stockton and lone R. R. co., vii. 
 
 588-9. 
 
 Stockton and Visalia R. R., vii. 588. 
 Stockwell, E. R., vii. 588. 
 Stone, Rev. A. L., vii. 730. 
 Stoneman, Gen. G., with King's ex- 
 
 ped., 1849, vi. 281; R. R. commis., 
 
 1880, vii. 409; gov., 1883, vii. 421; 
 ' biog., vii. 421, 432. 
 Stonewall mine, vii. 641. 
 'Stonington,' whaler, v. 318, 324, 327. 
 Stoughton, Juan, Spanish consul at 
 
 Boston, ii. 15. 
 
 Strentzel, J. T., biog., vii. 741. 
 Strode, C. B., mention of, vi. 477. 
 Strong, D. W., director, Cent. Pac 
 
 R. R., 1861, vii. 544. 
 Story, W. W., 723. 
 Stoves, manufact. of, vii. 96. 
 Stubbs, J. C., vice-prest S. P. R. R., 
 
 vii. 632. 
 Sturgis, Bryant & Co., trade with Cal., 
 
 1822, ii. 475. 
 Suarez, C., sec. of Cal. junta, 1825-7, 
 
 iii. 3. 
 Suarez, Padre J. M., mention of, 
 
 1848, vi. 78. 
 Sublette, party to Cal., 1845, iv. 
 
 577-8. 
 Sugar, production, etc., of, vii. 36-7; 
 
 manufact., etc., of, vii. 87. 
 Suisun, fight with Inds at, 1810, ii. 
 
 91; mention of, vi. 499. 
 Suisun, Ind. tribe, ii. 506. 
 Sullivan, E. L., vii. 585. 
 'Sulphur,' ship, iv. 93, 142, 145. 
 Sulphur in Cal., vii. 660. 
 Sulphur bank mine, vii. 667. 
 'Sultana,' ship, ii. 213. 
 Sulzbach, Rudolph, vii. 585. 
 Summit mine, vii. 657. 
 Sumner, Gen., supersedes Johnston, 
 
 1861, vii. 282; gen. order of, 1861, 
 
 vii. 290; in command, 1861, vii. 
 
 467, 471-2. 
 
 Sunderhaus, G. H. O., biog., vii. 681. 
 Sunol valley, Fages' expedt. in, i. 
 
 186. 
 Superior court, officers and actions 
 
 of, 1842-3, iv. 296. 
 
 Supply system, i. 334. 
 
 Supreme court, established, iii. 605; 
 reorganized, 1845, iv. 531. 
 
 Supuyomi, Ind. tribe, iv. 363. 
 
 Surveys, coast, progress of the, 
 1849-59, vi. 633-4; appropriations 
 for, vi. 633^; 1841-50, vii. 136-7. 
 
 Sutherland, J. B., the Phil. R. R. 
 convention, 1850, vii. 515. 
 
 Sutherland, T. J., departure of Col 
 Stevenson, v. 508-10. 
 
 Sutro, A., biog., vii. 750-1. 
 
 Sutter, J. A., settlements founded by, 
 etc., 1839-46, vi. 12-15; ranch o of, 
 vi. 15; influence of, vi. 26; mill, 
 etc., erected by, 1847, vi. 28-30; 
 the gold discov., 1848, vi. 32-41; 
 weakness of, vi. 42-3; attempt to 
 secure title, vi. 43-4; mining op 
 erations, 1848, vi. 77; career and 
 character, vi. 97-107; candidate 
 for gov., 1849, vi. 305; del. to con- 
 stit. convention, 1849, vi. 285, 295; 
 failure, etc., of, vi. 447; industries 
 promoted by, 1839-48, vi. 484; 
 title to New Helvetia, vi. 562; jr, 
 mention of, vi. 447, 450. 
 
 'Sutil,' voy. of, 1792, i. 506-7. 
 
 Sutter county, name, etc., vii. 439; 
 hist, of, vi. 488-9. 
 
 Sutter Creek, town, mention of, vi. 
 512. 
 
 Sutter 's fort, Ind. hostility at, 1840, 
 iv. 74; settlement of, 1839, iv. 131; 
 description of, iv. 132; vi. 13, 94; 
 naming of, iv. 133; annals of, 
 1839-40, iv. 134-9; progress at, 
 1841-2, iv. 226-40; description of 
 fort, iv. 227; affairs at, 1843, iv. 
 387-9; co. for Micheltorena, 1844, 
 iv. 479; affairs at, 1845, iv. 608-16; 
 efforts to sell, iv. 613; Fremont at, 
 1846, v. 3, 129, 185; treatment of 
 Vallejos at, 1846, v. 124-6; Gilles- 
 pie at, v. 127; U. S. flag raised at, 
 1846, v. 244-5; events at, 1846-8, 
 v. 298-302, 675; recruiting at, 
 1846, v. 359; Mormons at, 1847, v. 
 493-5; relief to Donner party, v. 
 538-9; arrival of party at, v. 54. 
 
 Sutter 's mill, gold-hunting near, 
 1848, vi. 46-8. 
 
 Sutterville, founding, etc., of, 1846, 
 vi. 15; descript. of, vi. 447. 
 
 'Susan Drew,' transport, v. 511, 513. 
 
 Susanville, mention of, vi. 494. 
 
 'Suvarof,' ship, ii. 210, 274, 306, 
 373. 
 
 Swasey, W. F., mention of, vii. 727. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 821 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Swasey-Todd Co., journey to Cal., 
 
 1845, iv. 576-7. 
 ' Sweden,' transport, v. 511. 
 Sweet, W. B., Cal. trade, 1822, ii. 
 
 475. 
 
 Sweetland, mention of, vi. 486. 
 Swett, John, vii. 720. 
 Swine, raising, etc., of, vii. 61-2. 
 
 Table mountain, mining at, 1855, vi. 
 373-4. 
 
 Tagle, Lt L. P. de, scheme for colo 
 nizing, 1801, ii. 4. 
 
 'Tagle,' ship, ii. 202-3, 268; cap 
 tures the Pedler, 1814, ii. 271, 305. 
 
 Tait, Geo., vii. 720. 
 
 Talbert, T. A., vii. 668. 
 
 Tallant, D. J., mention of, vii. 161. 
 
 Tallow, trade in, 1817, ii. 283; 1821- 
 30, ii. 669; annual shipment, iii. 641. 
 
 Tamal, Ind. tribe, ii. 506. 
 
 'Tamana,' ship, visit of, 1805 6, ii. 
 24. 
 
 Tamariz, F. de P., of Cal. junta, 
 1825-7, iii. 3; author of politico- 
 mercantile plan, iii. 6; report on 
 Cal. miss., iii. 109. 
 
 Tanneries, vii. 91-2. 
 
 Tarahumares, war with, i. 16-17. 
 
 'Tartar,' ship, iii. 28. 
 
 'Tasso,' ship, iv. 207, 210, 319, 340, 
 558, 562. 
 
 Taxation, 1831-5, iii. 379-80; state, 
 1850-75, vi. 604-22; in S. F., 1850- 
 7, vi. 774-5; exemptions from, 
 1856, vii. 333; of Chinamen, vii 
 337-45; of land, vii. 383-4; of in 
 comes, vii. 384-5; poll-tax, vii. 
 385; of railroads, vii. 427-8; co. 
 and state, vii. 440-1. 
 
 Tay, G. H. & Co., vii. 97. 
 
 Taylor, Dr, vii. 720. 
 
 Taylor, C. I., harbor commiss., 1863, 
 vii. 304. 
 
 Taylor, Lt-col J. P., at Fremont 
 trial, v. 456. 
 
 Taylor, Rev. Wm, vii. 729. 
 
 Taylorsville, mention of, vi. 511. 
 
 Teacle, D. W., member stock board, 
 vii. 668. 
 
 Tea plant, attempt to cultivate the, 
 1855-70, vii. 36-7. 
 
 Tecate rancho, plundered, 1837, iv. 68. 
 
 Tehama county, mining in, vi. 364; 
 hist, of, vi. 496-7; organized, etc., 
 1856, vii. 441-2. 
 
 | Tehama, town, mention of, vi. 496. 
 
 Telegraph lines, hist, of, vii. 154-6. 
 
 Tern ecu la rancho, protest against 
 grant, iii. 361. 
 
 Te mescal mine, vii. 660-1. 
 
 Temple, J., supr. court judge, 1887, 
 vii. 434. 
 
 Tepehuane, mission, revolt at, 1616, 
 i. 15. 
 
 Tepehuanes, conquest of, i. 15. 
 
 Tepic, Graham prisoners at, iv. 29-30. 
 
 Territorial Pioneer society, vii. 707. 
 
 Terrv, D. S., speech in convention, 
 etc., 1859, vi. 724-5, 735; duel with 
 Broderick, 1859, vi. 731-2; trial of, 
 1856, vi. 750-1; vii. 225-6; ac 
 quittal of, vii. 211-12; election of, 
 1855, vii. 220; the Hill-Sharon 
 case, etc., vii. 430-1. 
 
 Tevis, Lloyd, vii. 580. 
 
 Texas, independence, v. 192. 
 
 Texas Pacific R. R.. subsidy asked, 
 vii. 595; aid from S. Diego, vii. 
 596; affairs of, vii. 609-10, 612-13. 
 
 Texas & Cal. Construction co., vii. 
 613. 
 
 Thomas, Admiral, comd. of Eng. 
 
 fleet, 1842, iv. 302-3. 
 | Thomas, Capt., vii. 727. 
 
 Thomas, Lt-col C., com. for land 
 claims, v. 463. 
 
 Thomas, Gen. G. H., in command, 
 1869, vii. 472. 
 
 Thomas, I. R., in Honolulu, 1836, iv. 
 141. 
 
 Thomas, O. H., the S. F. R. R. con 
 vention, 1859, vii. 543. 
 
 'Thomas H. Perkins,' transport, v. 
 511. 
 
 'Thomas Nowland,' ship, iii. 99, 118. 
 
 Thompson, Major DeWitt C., men 
 tion of, vii. 471. 
 
 Thompson, Waddy, on Jones affair, 
 1842, iv. 311, 323-4; actions re 
 immigration to Cal., iv. 380-1. 
 
 Thornton, J. D., supr. court judge, 
 1880, vii. 409; 1889, vii. 735. 
 
 Tikhrnenef, bibliog., ii. 314, 315, 640. 
 
 Til ford, F., biog., etc., of, vi. 707. 
 
 Timiuous diggings, vii. 654. 
 
 Tin, vii. 660-1. 
 
 Tingley, Senator G. B., bill iiitrod 
 by, 1852, vi. 665-6. 
 
 Tinnin. Senator, vii. 622. 
 
 Tinnin, W. J , biog., etc., vii. 375. 
 
 Tirador, adventures of, 1848, vi. 80- 
 1. 
 
 Titcomb, C., in Honolulu, 1836, iv. 
 141. 
 
822 
 
 INDEX, 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Tithes, refusal to pay, 1843, iv. 373- 
 
 4. 
 
 Tlayacma, Ind. tribe, ii. 506. 
 Tobacco, cultivation, etc., of, 1854- 
 
 79, vii. 34-5. 
 
 Toberman, J. R., biog. of, vii. 184. 
 Tobias, Iiid. chief, iv. 72. 
 Todd, Dr, mention of, vi. 73. 
 Todd valley, mining camp, 1849, vi. 
 
 355. 
 Todos Santos bay, Walker at, 1853, 
 
 vi. 596-8. 
 Toland, Dr H. H., biog., etc., vii. 
 
 720-1. 
 
 Toledo, Gov. B., Cal., i. 172. 
 Tolen, Ind. tribe, ii. 506. 
 Tomales, mention of, vi. 511. 
 Tomales bay, Bodega's expedt. at, i. 
 
 243. 
 Toomes, A. G., rancho of, 1848, vi. 
 
 16-17. 
 
 Tompkins, E., vii. 720. 
 Topayto, Ind. tribe, ii. 506. 
 Toral, Serra's suggestions submitted 
 
 to, i. 209. 
 
 Torquemada, bibliog., i. 96, 98, 152. 
 Toro, Serra's suggestions submitted 
 
 to, i. 209. 
 Torre, M. O. de la, rep. in congress, 
 
 1824, iii. 2. 
 
 Towle, Allan, biog. of, vii. 634. 
 Town councils, see ayuntamientos. 
 Towne, A. K, biog., etc., vii. 597, 
 
 632, 634. 
 Townsend, J., town laid out by, 
 
 1849, vi. 194. 
 Tozer, C. W., vii. 560. 
 Tracy, J., vii. 719. 
 Trahern, G. W., biog., vii. 747. 
 Trappers, early expeds, iii. 151-75. 
 Trask, Dr John B., vii. 636. 
 'Traveller,' ship, ii. 216, 285-7, 389. 
 Treadwell, J. P., biog., vii. 250. 
 Treasure, export, etc., of, 1848-81, 
 
 vii. 118-20. 
 Treaties, Cahuenga, 1847, vi. 256; 
 
 Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848, vi. 262. 
 Tres Pinos, mention of, vi. 524. 
 'Tres Reyes, 'ship, i. 98. 
 'Trinidad,' ship, iv. 312, 318, 340. 
 Trinidad city, hist, of, vi. 503. 
 Trinidad bay, ' Lelia Byrd ' in, ii. 22. 
 Trinidad port, named, i. 242. 
 Trinity county, drawbacks to mining 
 
 in, vi. 363-4; mining in, vi. 365, 
 
 370; hist, of, vi. 500-6; name, etc., 
 
 vii. 440. 
 Trinity river, explor., etc., of, 1848, 
 
 vi. 364; name, etc., vi. 500; ex 
 
 ploration of, 1849-50, vi. 500-2; 
 
 mining on the, vi. 502-3. 
 Trot, Cal. trade, 1822, ii. 475. 
 Truckee, founding, etc., of, 1863-4, 
 
 vi. 486. 
 
 Tubbs, A. L., biog., vii. 754. 
 Tucson, Mormon battle at, v. 485. 
 Tulare, town, mention of, vi. 518. 
 Tulare county, hist, of, vi. 517-18; 
 
 creation of, 1852, vii. 209, 441. 
 Tulare valley, discovery of, i. 197; 
 
 exploration of, 1776, i. 276-7; map 
 
 of, ii. 49; refuge for neophytes, ii. 
 
 204; visit of friars, 1816, ii. 327-8; 
 
 rancherias in, 1817, ii. 331-2; exped. 
 
 against Inds in, ii. 335-6. 
 Tulares, Cabot explors, 1814, ii. 325; 
 
 Ind rebels defeated, 1824, ii. 533-5; 
 
 explorers in, 1846, v. 2-3. 
 Tuleburg, see Stockton. 
 Tuliyomi, Ind. tribe, iv. 363. 
 Tully, P. B., biog., etc., vii. 375. 
 Tully, R. W., vii. 590. 
 Tuolumne city, mention of, vi. 514. 
 Tuolumne county, mining in, 1848- 
 
 56, vi. 373-6; hist, of, vi. 515; 
 
 name, etc., vii. 440. 
 Tuolumne co., mention of, vii. 587. 
 Tuolumne river, mining on, 1848, vi. 
 
 77-8. 
 
 Turner, E. D., vii. 729. 
 Turton & Knox, contractors, vii. 590. 
 Tustin, W. I., mention of, vii. 96. 
 Tu thill, 'Hist, of Cal.,' i. 43-4, 90, 
 
 92, 157; ii. 176; vi. 717. 
 Tyler, Pres., on cession of Cal. to 
 
 Eng., 1843, iv. 382. 
 Tyler, mention of ; vii. 717. 
 Tylers, D., hist, of Mormon battle, v. 
 
 477-80. 
 Tyson, Dr, with King's exped., 1849, 
 
 vi. 281. 
 
 U 
 
 Ugalde, Comd't Gen. of E. provinces, 
 
 i. 448. 
 Ugarte, Gen., offl actions in Cal. 
 
 affairs, 1785-7, i. 401, 443, 448-9, 
 
 451, 460, 479, 487, 609. 
 Ukiah, mention of, vi. 508-9. 
 Ulloa, exped. of, 1539, i. 7. 
 Ululato, Ind. tribe, ii. 506. 
 Umpqua river, J. Smith's trappers at, 
 
 iii. 160. 
 Union, town (see also ' Arcata '), 
 
 mention of, vi. 504. 
 Union Consolidated Mining co., vii. 
 
 651. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 823 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Union mine, vii. 639, 659. 
 
 Union Mill Mining co., vii. 674. 
 
 Union Pacific R. R., name, vii. 528; 
 charter, etc., of, vii. 528-33; stock, 
 vii. 528; land-grant, vii. 529; char 
 ter, vii. 531; legisl., 1864, vii. 550- 
 2; land-grant, vii. 550; bonds, vii. 
 550-1; construction, vii. 569; join 
 ing with 0. P., 1869, vii. 573; con 
 solidations, etc., of, vii. 632. 
 
 Union party, mention of, vii. 291-2, 
 295-6, 301; mention of, vii. 307-8; 
 measures passed by, vii. 319-20; 
 decadence of, vii. 327. 
 
 Unitarians, vii. 729. 
 
 United States, ' Explor. exped.,' 
 1838-42, iv. 242; projects for annexa 
 tion, iv. 257-8; offer to purchase 
 Cal, iv. 299; war imminent, 1842, 
 iv. 300, 600-3; U. S. man-of-war, 
 iv. 302-3, 313, 322; actions re 
 specting Com. Jones' affair, iv. 
 325-8; report of war with, 1845, iv. 
 524; schemes of, 1845, iv. 594-8; 
 U. S. artillery service, 1847, v. 
 518-20; congress, actions on Cal. 
 affairs, v. 592-601; U. S. dragoons 
 service, 1848-9, v. 522-3; effect of 
 gold discov. in Cal., 1848, vi. 114- 
 21; attitude of, etc., 1846-7, vi. 
 252-5; the conquest of Cal., vi. 
 255-7; effect of the admission of 
 Cal., vi. 344-5; filibust. expeds 
 from, 1851-60, vi. 582-603; Ind. 
 policy of, vii. 477-8; railroads, vii. 
 498, 635. 
 
 University of California, the new 
 constit., 1879, vii. 392-3; hist, of 
 the, vii. 392, 644, 720. 
 
 University of Southern Cal., vii. 720. 
 
 University of the Pacific, vii. 721. 
 
 University college of S. F., vii. 722. 
 
 Urizar, J. A. de, address, 1787, i. 
 401-2. 
 
 'Urup,' ship, iii. 213; iv. 159. 
 
 Utah lake, crossed by Jedediah Smith, 
 iii. 152. 
 
 Utinomanoc, Ind. tribe, ii. 506. 
 
 Vaca, Cabeza de, reputation among 
 
 natives, i. 7. 
 Vaca Valley & Clear Lake R. R., vii. 
 
 589-90. 
 
 Vacaville, name, etc., vi. 500. 
 Vaccination, Patties' tour, 1829, iii. 
 
 168-9. 
 
 Valdes, Serra's suggestions submitted 
 
 to, i. 209. 
 
 Valencia, C., rancho of, 1848, vi. 10. 
 Valencia, Gen. G., admin, of pious 
 
 fund, 1842, iv. 336. 
 Vallejo, A., dficial of pious fund, 1809, 
 
 ii. 166. 
 
 Vallejo, J. J., rancho of, 1848, vi. 10. 
 Vallejo, M. G., private archives, i. 
 
 49; 'Hist, de Cal.,' i. 55; influence 
 
 of, 1848, vi. 20; member of legisl. 
 
 council, 1847, vi. 260; del. to con 
 stit. convention, 1849, vi. 285; Sos- 
 
 col claim, vi. 562. 
 
 Vallejo, Major S., mention of, vii. 470. 
 Vallejo, seat of gov't at, 1851-2, vi. 
 
 322; 1852, vi. 656; 1853, vi. 674; 
 
 rival of S. F., vii. 685-6. 
 Vallejo & Sonoma Valley R. R., vii. 
 
 589. 
 
 Van Lokeren, A., vii. 668. 
 Van Ness, J., ordinance, 1851, vi. 
 
 759; vii. 229-30, 245; mayor of San 
 
 Francisco, 1855-6, vi. 767. 
 Van Nuys, I. N., biog. of, vii. 759. 
 VanOrden, S., vii. 587. 
 ' Vancouver, ' ship, iv. 594. 
 'Vandalia,' ship, iv. 433; v. 319, 357. 
 Vanderbilt, C., mention of, vi. 140. 
 Vargas, gov., reconquers N. Mex., i. 
 
 19. 
 Vassault, F., claimant for rancho 
 
 Camaritas, iii. 711. 
 Vea, A. M. de, Cal. representative, 
 
 1823, ii. 484. 
 Vega de Pajaro rancho, granted, 1820, 
 
 ii. 383. 
 Vegetables, cultivation, etc., of, 1851- 
 
 89, vii. 27-30, 86. 
 Vehicles, manufact. of, 1856-81, vL 
 
 79-80. 
 Ventura county, created, etc., 1872, 
 
 vi. 523; creation, etc., of, 1872, vii. 
 
 442; petroleum wells of, vii. 662. 
 'Venus,' ship, iv. 147. 
 Ver Mehr, missionary, vii. 729. 
 Verdugo, J. G., licensed to trade, 
 
 1820, ii. 293. 
 Verger, Rafael, guardian, offl acts, 
 
 1772-82, i. 192-4, 325, 378. 
 Vermeule, T. L., mention of, vi. 323. 
 Vernon, founding, etc., of, 1849, vi. 
 
 488. 
 
 Victor's 'Atchison System,' vii. 620. 
 Victor, J. N., vii. 618. 
 Victoria, pres., orders arrest of Sarria, 
 
 iii. 19. 
 Victoria, gov., rule of, 1831, iii 181- 
 
 215. 
 
824 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 * Victoria,' ship, iv. 224. 
 Vigilantes, first committee, 1835, iii. 
 
 417-19; proceedings against, iii. 
 
 431-2; proceedings of, 1851-6, vi. 
 
 742-54; plan of h'dq'rs, vi. 748; 
 
 medal of, vi. 753. 
 
 Vincennes, U. S. explor. ship, iv. 243. 
 Vineyards, at S. Jose miss., 1806, ii. 
 
 139; at S. Diego, product., 1839, 
 
 iii. 619; at S. Miguel, 1836, iii. 685; 
 
 at miss., 1844, iv. 421-2. 
 Visalia, mention of, vi. 518. 
 Visitador, Hartnell app't'd, iii. 600; 
 
 actions of, 1836-40, iv. 57-8, 61-2. 
 Viticulture, hist, of, vii. 46-50, 744. 
 Vizcaino, exped., 1597, i. 13-14. 
 Vizcaino, Sebastian, voy. of, explor., 
 
 1602, i. 22-3. 
 Volcano, discovered near Sta Barbara, 
 
 i. 465. 
 
 4 Volga, * ship, ii. 640, 643-4. 
 ' Volunteer/ ship, iii. 85, 365. 
 Voorhees, W. Van, mention of, vi. 
 
 687; vii. 146. 
 Voorman, H., biog., vii. 86. 
 
 * Vulture,' ship, iii. 141. 
 
 W 
 
 Wages, miners', vii. 639. 
 
 Wakelee, C. H., member stock board, 
 
 vii. 668. 
 Wakelee, H. P., member stock board, 
 
 vii. 668. 
 
 Waldenar, Peter, vii. 641. 
 Waldo, W., whig nominee for gov., 
 
 1853, vii. 679. 
 
 Walkinshaw, Robert, vii. 656. 
 Walker, James D., vii. 590. 
 Walker, J. P., del. to constit. con 
 vention, etc., 1849, vi. 287. 
 Walker, W., mention of, vi. 589, 
 
 character, vi. 593, 600; filibust. ex- 
 
 peds of, 1853-60, vi. 593-600. 
 Walkup, J., lieut-gov., 1858, vi. 714. 
 Walla Wallas, Inds, troubles with, 
 
 1845, iv. 544-5; fears of, 1846, v. 
 
 567. 
 Wallace, Attorney-gen. T., mention 
 
 of, vi. 617. 
 Wallace, Judge W. T., biog., etc., of, 
 
 vii. 235. 
 
 Walworth, E. B., missionary, vii. 730. 
 Warner, bibliog., i. 44. 
 Warner, Capt., death of, 1849, vii. 
 
 449-50. 
 
 Warner, W. H., mention of, vi. 447. 
 Warren, G. R., defalcation of, vii. 307. 
 
 Warren, Rev. J. H., vii. 729. 
 'Warren,' U. S. ship, v. 254, 284, 
 
 287, 384. 
 Warren & Son, agric. exhibs of, 1852- 
 
 3, vii. 63. 
 Warwick, J. H., speech of, 1863, vii. 
 
 550. 
 Washington, pres., passport from, 
 
 for Capt. E. Dorr, i. 539. 
 Washington, B. F., collector of cus 
 toms, 1857, vi. 711. 
 'Washington,' ship, iii. 139. 
 Washington, Fremont court-martial, 
 
 at, v. 456-62. 
 Washington guard, mention of, vii. 
 
 455. 
 
 Washington, mine, vii. 657. 
 Washoe district, mining cos in, 1860, 
 
 vii. 666-7. 
 Wahoe Gold & S. Mining co., vii. 
 
 666. 
 
 Wasson, Joseph, vii. 644. 
 Water, rights to, etc., vii. 394,428-30. 
 Waterman, R. H., mention of, vi. 499. 
 Waterman, R. W., lieut-gov., 1887, 
 
 vii. 434; gov., vii. 434, 737. 
 Watkins, H. P., mention of, vi. 598. 
 Watson, N. A., member stock board, 
 
 vii. 668. 
 
 Watson, N. S., vii. 587. 
 Watsonville, mention of, vi. 525. 
 Watt, William, vii. 590. 
 Watts, S. T., vii. 586. 
 'Waverly,' ship, iii. 118, 130, 317, 
 
 364. 
 
 Waymire, Jas A., biog., vii. 735-6. 
 Weaverville, hist, of, vi. 506. 
 Webb, S. P., mayor of San Francisco, 
 
 1854, vi. 766. 
 Webb & Co., vii. 638. 
 Weber, master 'Trade Wind,' vii. 
 
 730. 
 
 Weber, C., mention of, vi. 74. 
 Weber, C. M., founds Tuleburg 
 
 (Stockton), etc., 1848, vL 11, 465. 
 Weber creek, mining on, 1848-9, vi. 
 
 74, 352-3. 
 
 Weberville, founding of, 1848, vi. 74. 
 Webster, sec., on conquest of Cal., 
 
 1842, iv. 300; instructions in re 
 
 Jones affair, iv. 325-6. 
 Weeks, J. W., alcalde of San Jose, 
 
 1848, vi. 4. 
 Weil, J., state treasurer, 1880, vii. 
 
 408. 
 Weller, C. L., arrest, etc., of, 1864, 
 
 vii. 308-9. 
 Weller, J. B., U. S. senator, 1852, vi. 
 
 659, 662-3; gov., 1858, vi. 713-14; 
 
INDEX. 
 
 825 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 bill introd by, 1855, vi. 726; bill 
 
 reported by, 1855, vii. 526. 
 Wellock, W., career, etc., of, vii. 
 
 359-60. 
 Wells, Judge A., election, etc., of, 
 
 1852, vii. 220-1. 
 
 Wells, H. S., the S. F. R. R. conven 
 tion, 1859, vii. 543. 
 Wells, T. G., mention of, vii. 160. 
 Wells, Fargo & Co., transactions with 
 
 the state treasurer, 1856-7, vi. 618; 
 
 express business of, vii. 150-1. 
 West, M., ranchoof, 1848, vi. 20. 
 West, S. N., vii. 654. 
 Westcott, Capt. G. C., on Riley's 
 
 staff, 1849, vii. 448. 
 Western, J., vii. 719. 
 Western Development co. (see also 
 
 Contract aud Finance co., and Pa 
 cific Improvement co.), organized, 
 
 vii. 610-11. 
 Western Pacific Railroad company, 
 
 organized, etc., 1862, vii. 557; aid 
 
 to, vii. 558; Oakland terminus, vii. 
 
 579-81. 
 
 Whaling, i. 185; vii. 82-3. 
 Wheat, yield, etc., of, 1850-88, vii. 
 
 26-8; export of, vii. 116-23, 412. 
 Wheatland, mention of, vi. 487. 
 Wheaton, mention of, vii. 717. 
 Wheeler, Rev. A. C., vii. 727-8. 
 Wheelock, A. A., vii. 717. 
 Whigs, convention of, 1851, vi. 650- 
 
 2; 1852, vi. 670-1; defeat of, 1852, 
 
 vi. 671-2. 
 Whipple, Lieut-col S. G., mention of, 
 
 vii. 470. 
 
 Whisman, J. W., mention of, vi. 6. 
 White, T. J., speaker of assembly, 
 
 1849.. vi. 310. 
 
 White Sulphur springs, vii. 664. 
 Whiting, C. A., surveyor-gen., 1849, 
 
 vi. 314. 
 Whitney, A., railroad scheme of, vii. 
 
 501-7; R. R. scheme of, vii. 517- 
 
 18; mention of, vii. 570. 
 Whitney, J. D., geologist, vii. 636. 
 Wicks, Rev., mention of, vii. 718. 
 Wicks, M. L., biog., etc., vii. 8-9, 
 
 707. 
 
 Widney, J. P., biog. of, vii. 250. 
 Widney, R. M., biog. of, vii. 250. 
 Wieland, John, biog. of, vii. 101. 
 Wilkes, works of, i. 40. 
 Wilkes' expedition in Cal., 1841, iv. 
 
 240-2. 
 Wilkes, Capt. C., mention of, vii. 
 
 508. 
 Wilkes, G., advice to Broderick, 1850, 
 
 vi. 662; project of, 1853, vi. 676; 
 
 R. R. scheme of, vii. 502. 
 Willamette Cattle co., actions of, 
 
 1837, iv. 85-7. 
 Willcutt, J. L., vii. 633. 
 Willey, S. H., chaplain to constit. 
 
 convention, 1849, vi. 290; school at 
 
 Monterey, 1849, vii. 717; mention 
 
 of, vii. 727. 
 
 Williams, T. H., nominee for attor 
 ney-gen., 1859, vi. 723; biog., vi. 
 
 723; suggestions of, 1859-60, vii. 
 
 248-9. 
 
 Williams, Virgil, vii. 722. 
 Williams, bibliog., i. 571. 
 Williams, A. P., senator, 1886, vii. 
 
 432; biog., vii. 432. 
 Williams, Rev. Albert, vii. 717, 727. 
 Williams, D. C., member stock board, 
 
 vii. 668. 
 
 Williams, H., vii. 640. 
 Williams, H. B., vii. 586. 
 Williams, J. S., mention of, 1848, vi. 
 
 17. 
 
 ' Wm Thompson,' ship, iii. 364. 
 Willis, Rev. E. J., vii. 730. 
 Willis, L, at Mormon island, 1848, vi. 
 
 49. 
 Willis, S., at Mormon island, 1848, vi. 
 
 48-9. 
 
 Willow- ware, manufact. of, vii. 80-1. 
 Wilmington, mention of, vi. 521-2. 
 Wilson, H. C., biog., vii. 741. 
 Wilson, Judge, assault on, 1852, vii. 
 
 210-11. 
 
 Wilson, J. D., vii. 668. 
 Wilson, James, vii. 654. 
 Wimmer, P. L., mention of, i. 30-1. 
 Windmill, at Roso, 1816, ii. 416. 
 Winder, Capt., vii. 640. 
 Wine, product, quality, etc., 1850- 
 
 89, vii. 44-9, 743-5. 
 Winlack, Miss J. B., vii. 718. 
 Winn, W. M., gen. of militia, 1850, 
 
 vi. 319. 
 
 Wisconsin Hill, mining camp, vi. 355. 
 Wise, J. H., biog., vii. 187. 
 Wise, minister, indiscreet speech of, 
 
 1846, v. 512. 
 
 Witherby, O. S., biog. of, vii. 183. 
 Wolfskin, J. R., rancho of, 1842-8, 
 
 vi. 17. 
 Wood, L. K., exped., etc., of, 1849, 
 
 vi. 501-2. 
 
 Wood, W. G., report, etc., of, vii. 177. 
 Wood, W. W., Wandering Sketches,' 
 
 iv. 452-3. 
 Wood creek, mining on, 1848, vi. 76-7; 
 
 gold 'deposits on, vi. 373. 
 
826 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 For information concerning pioneers, see also the Pioneer Register, vols. II to V. 
 
 Woodbridge, Rev. S., vii. 727. 
 
 Woodbridge, town, mention of, vi. 513. 
 
 Woodland, town, mention of, vi. 499. 
 
 Woods, I. C., Adams & Co.'s failure, 
 vii. 174-5. 
 
 Woods, Mrs, school, 1850, vii. 717. 
 
 Woodside mine, vii. 640. 
 
 Woodville, mention of, vi. 518. 
 
 Woodward's gardens, vii. 693. 
 
 Woodworth, Senator S. E., mention 
 of, vii. 200. 
 
 Wool, Gen. J. E., supersedes Hitch 
 cock, 1853, vi. 595; in command, 
 1854, vii. 462, 472. 
 
 Wool, growth of industry, etc., 
 1855-80, vii. 59-61; manufact. of, 
 vii. 88. 
 
 Wool-pulling, vii. 92. 
 
 Workinginen's party, organized, 
 1877, vii. 355; principles of, vii. 
 355-6; progress of, vii. 361-2; the 
 new constit., 187S-9, vii. 372-4; 
 election of, 1879, vii. 408-11. 
 
 Workinginen's trade and labor union, 
 organized, 1877, vii. 354; resolu 
 tions of, vii. 355. 
 
 Workman, Win, journey of party un 
 der, 1841, iv. 276-8. 
 
 Works, J. D., supr. court judge, 
 1889, vii. 735; biog., vii. 735. 
 
 Wozencraft, O. M., del. to constit. 
 convention, etc., 1849, vi. 287; 
 Ind. agent, 1850-2, vii. 482-5. 
 
 Wright, Gen. T. F., mention of, vii. 
 469; in command, 1861, vii. 471. 
 
 Wright, Gen. G., supersedes Sumner, 
 1861, vii. 284-5; measures of, vii. 
 289-90; measures of, vii. 301; at 
 Ft Reading, 1852, vii. 461; in com 
 mand, 1861, vii. 472. 
 
 Wright, G. W., represent, in con 
 gress, 1849, vi. 306. 
 
 Wright & Co., mention of, vii. 160. 
 
 Wyatt, Blackburn, vii. 640. 
 
 Wyatt, Rev. C. B., vii. 728. 
 
 Wyllie, R. C., colony scheme, 1843, 
 iv. 382-4. 
 
 Xucu, native town, i. 72. 
 
 Yalesumnes, Ind. tribe, iv. 138. 
 Yamajabs, Ind. tribe, i. 274. 
 Yanez, Gen., defeats Raousset, etc., 
 1854, vi. 591. 
 
 Yankee Hill, mining camp, vi. 374. 
 Yankee Jim's, name, etc., vi. 73, 
 
 483-4; mining camp, 1849, vi. 355. 
 Yankee Silver Mining co., vii. 667. 
 Yanofski, actions in re loss, colony, 
 
 1820, ii. 318-20. 
 Yanonalit, Ind. chief, i. 377. 
 Yellow Jacket, mine, vii. 673. 
 Yeomet, town, mention of, vi. 513. 
 Yerba Buena, name first applied, ii. 
 
 590; settlement at, 1840, iii. 708- 
 
 10; survey of, iii. 711; name 
 
 changed to San Francisco, vi. 165. 
 Yerba Buena island, R. R. designs 
 
 on, vii. 581, 601-2. 
 Ygnacio, mine, vii. 651. 
 Yolo city, mention of, vi. 498. 
 Yolo county, hist, of, vi. 497-9; 
 
 name, etc., vii. 439; R. R. land 
 
 grants in, vii. 582. 
 Yolos, Inds, Vallejo's expedt. against, 
 
 1835, iii. 360. 
 
 Yoloytoy, Ind. tribe, treaty with, 
 
 1836, iv. 71. 
 Yorba rancho, ii. 353. 
 'Yorktown,' ship, iv. 38, 313. 
 Yorva, T., rancho of, 1848, vi. 12. 
 You Bet, camp, mention of, vi. 486. 
 Young, Brigham, plan to occupy Cal., 
 
 1846, v. 470-1 ; raises Mormon 
 battl. for Cal., v. 474, 476, 478, 481, 
 497-8. 
 
 Yount, G., mention of, vi. 19. 
 
 Yountsville, mention of, vi. 510. 
 
 Yreka, hist, of, vi. 494-5. 
 
 Yuba city, hist, of, vi. 488-9. 
 
 Yuba county, mining in, 1850-6, vi. 
 358-60; hist, of, vi. 487-8, name, 
 etc., vii. 439; R. R. aid, vii. 581. 
 
 Yuba R. R. co., vii. 586. 
 
 Yuba river, mining on, 1848, vi. 72; 
 1850-6, vi. 357, 359. 
 
 Yumas, clamorous for missionaries, i. 
 353; disgust of, i. 357; massacre 
 by, i. 362-4; efforts to punish, i. 
 365-71; captives ransomed, i. 367; 
 remain independent, i. 370; raids 
 of the, 1849-50, vii. 481-2, 486. 
 
 Zacatecanos, arrival of, 1833, iii. 318- 
 20; troubles with, iii. 321; support 
 Carrillo, 1837-8, iv. 47; reputation 
 of, iv. 195. 
 
 Zacatecas, arrival of friars from, iv. 371. 
 
 Zaclom, Ind. tribe, ii. 506. 
 
 Zampay, Ind. chief, iv. 72. 
 
III. 
 
 SUMMAET 
 
 OF 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE AND 
 DISCOVERY 
 
 1540. 
 
 (From Chap. I., Vol. I. of the Bancroft History.} 
 
 . /K ' 
 
SUMMARY OP GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE AND DISCOVERY FROM THB 
 EARLIEST RECORDS TO THE YEAR 1540. 
 
 Before entering upon the narration of events composing this history, it 
 seems to me important, in order as well properly to appreciate the foregoing 
 Introduction as to gain from succeeding chapters something more than 
 gratified curiosity, that an exposition of Early Voyages should be given, 
 acting powerfully as they did on evolving thought and material develop 
 ment, giving breadth and vigor to intellect, enthusiasm to enterprise, and in 
 elevating and stimulating that commercial spirit which was eventually to 
 depose kings, exalt the people, strip from science its superstitions, from re 
 ligion its cabalistic forms, and by its associations, its negotiations, its adven 
 turous daring, its wars, its alliances, and its humanizing polities, to break 
 the barriers of ancient enmity and bring together in common brotherhood 
 all the nations of the earth. 
 
 Therefore, I now propose to give a chronological statement of every au 
 thentic voyage of discovery made beyond the Mediterranean prior to 1540, 
 while doubtful and disputed voyages will be discussed according to their 
 relative importance. I shall notice, moreover, such books and charts re 
 lating to America as were produced during this period, with fac-similes of the 
 more important maps, to illustrate, at different dates, the progress of discovery. 
 It is my purpose, so far as possible, in the very limited space allowed, to state 
 fairly the conclusions of the best writers on every important point. 
 
 One word as to the authorities consulted in the preparation of this Sum 
 mary. Of books relating to America, published prior to 1540, there are 
 in all about sixty-five; only twenty-five, however, contain original informa 
 tion; twenty-three are general cosmographical works with brief sections on 
 America compiled from the original twenty-five; while seventeen merely 
 mention the New World or its discoveries, and are therefore of no value in 
 this connection. Of the forty-eight containing matter more or less impor 
 tant, there are over two hundred editions, the earliest of which only, in most 
 instances, will be mentioned, and that without extensive bibliographical 
 notes. These books and charts I notice in chronological order under dates 
 of their successive appearance. 
 
 The subject of Early Voyages has been so frequently and so thoroughly 
 discussed by able modern writers that it is unnecessary, and indeed im- 
 
68 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 practicable in so condensed an essay, to refer to ancient authorities alone, 
 and prove everything from the beginning. I shall therefore, besides the 
 Spanish historians Peter Martyr, Oviedo, Las Casas, Gomara, Herrera, and 
 the standard collections of Ramnsio, Grynseus, Purchas, and Hakluyt, freely 
 use the works of later writers according to their relative worth. And of 
 these last mentioned I epitomize the following. Historia del Nuevo-lMwtdo, 
 escribiafa D. Juan Baut. Munoz, torn. i. all ever published En Madrid, 
 1703, contains a clear well-written proloyo, or essay, on the first three voyages 
 of Columbus with minor mention of contemporary discoveries. An account 
 is also given of the author's labors in beginning the large and invaluable 
 collection of documents completed and published by Martin Fernandez de 
 Navarrete, Coleccion de los Viages y Descubrimiento* que hicieron por mar los 
 Expaiioles desde fines del siylo XV., 5 vols. 4to, Madrid, 1825-37. This 
 collection of Navarrete's is without doubt the most valuable work on 
 the subject of early American voyages, and the foundation of all that 
 followed; containing as it does the original Spanish, Latin, and Portuguese 
 texts of the more important Spanish and Portuguese expeditions from 
 1393 to 1540 the Latin and Portuguese done into Spanish together with 
 over five hundred original documents from the Spanish archives, with ex 
 tensive and generally impartial notes by the editor. For a biographical 
 sketch of this author see chapter iii. of this volume. Washington Irving's 
 Life and Voyatjes of Christopher Columbus and Ins Companions, published in 
 London, 1828-31 (edition used, that of New York, 1869, 3 vols.), is an able 
 and elegant abridged translation of Kavarrete, and of La Historia de el 
 A 1 mil-ante D. Christoval Colon, by his son Fernando Colon, in Barcla, Histori- 
 adores Primitivos, torn, i., Madrid, 1749. Alexander von Hmnboldt's Ex- 
 emeu critique de Vhistoire de la Geoyraphie. du nouveau continent, ft des progres 
 de Vastronomie nautique aitx loeme ct IGcme Siecles, 5 vols. Svo, Paris, 1836-9, 
 is a most exhaustive digest of materials furnished by Navarrete and the elder 
 historians, illustrated with the results of the author's personal investigations. 
 The work embraces two treatises ; first, the causes which led to the discov 
 ery of America ; second, facts relating to Columbus and Vespucci, with the 
 dates of geographic discoveries. Huniboldt's Abhandluny uler die ciltesten 
 Kartcn, printed as an introduction to Ghillany, Getchichtc des Seefahrers Ritter 
 Martin Behaim, Nuremberg, 185.3, of which I have only a manuscript English 
 translation, is an essay as well on the naming of America as on early maps. 
 Another important treatise is that of J. G. Kohl, Die beiden dltesten General- 
 Karten von America, Weimar, 18GO, of nearly two hundred large folio pages 
 on the earliest manuscript and printed maps, two of the former, dated 1527- 
 and 1529, accompanying the work, reproduced in chromo-lithographic fac 
 simile. The same author has produced other works on the subject, the most 
 important being A History of the Discovery of the East Coast of North Amer 
 ica, published in Collections of the Maine Historical Society, 2d series, vol. i., 
 Portland, 1869. This contains reduced copies of twenty- three early maps, 
 and is perhaps the most complete work existing, so far as the northern coasts 
 are concerned, giving comparatively little attention to more southern voy 
 ages. Kunstmann, Die Entdcckuny Amerikas, Munich, 1859, is a careful 
 compilation of ninety-six imperial quarto pages, with copious notes and refer- 
 
ADVENTURES OF THE ANCIENTS. 69 
 
 ences, written to accompany a collection of thirteen large chromo-litliographic 
 reproductions of manuscript maps preserved in the Academy of Sciences at 
 Munich, and generally known as the Munich Atlas. Herr Kunstmann treats 
 chiefly of the Atlantic islands, with special reference to the connection be 
 tween the discoveries of Spaniards and Northmen. Major's Life of Prince 
 Henry of Portugal, London, 1868, is the best authority for Portuguese voy 
 ages as well as for the revival of maritime enterprise in the fifteenth century. 
 Stevens' Historical and Geographical Notes on the Earliest Discoveries in Amer 
 ica, 14-53-lo30, New Haven, 1869, was written originally as an introduction 
 to a book by the author's brother on his proposed interoceanic communication 
 via Tehuantej<ec. It is a concise statement of the whole matter, presenting 
 some of its phases in a practically new light. Varnhagen, Le Premier 
 Voyage de Amerigo Vespucci, Vienna, 1869, must not be omitted as the chief 
 support of a theory on Vespucci's voyages which nearly concerns the first 
 discovery of our Pacific States territory proper. Itafn, Antiquitates Ameri 
 canos, Hafnise, 1837, is the source of nearly all our knowledge of the discov 
 eries of the Northmen in America in the tenth and following centuries ; and 
 De Costa, The Pre-Columbian Discovery of America, Albany, 1868, presents 
 an English translation of the same Icelandic sagas in which the enterprises 
 of the Northmen are recorded. The Cartoyrafia Mexicana of Orozco y Berra, 
 published by the Mexican Geographical Society, contains, as its title indi 
 cates, a mention of early maps in chronologic order; and the Mapoteca Colum- 
 biana of Urricoechea, London, 1860, is another important contribution of 
 similar nature. There should be mentioned the excellent review given iii 
 the first volume of Bryant's History of the United States, which has appeared 
 since this Summary was written ; and I might present quite a list of papers 
 read before the various learned societies of Europe and America on different 
 topics connected with this subject in late years, none of them I believe 
 materially affecting my conclusions. 
 
 The above form but a small portion of the works devoted wholly or in part 
 to the subject, but they are believed to contain all the material necessary for 
 even a more detailed statement than my purpose demands. 
 
 Of the voyages of the ancients, properly so called, that is, of such as pre 
 ceded the fall of the Roman Empire at the end of the fourth century, I shall 
 here say little. These maritime expeditions, confined for the most part to 
 the Mediterranean, though extending for some distance along the coasts of the 
 Indian and Atlantic oceans, with occasional voyages designedly or accident 
 ally prolonged to more distant islands, and it may be continents, come down 
 to ois through antique histories, cosmographies, and poems, so mixed with 
 vague hypothetical and mythological conceptions, that the most searching in 
 vestigation is often unable to separate fact from fable. There are. multitudes 
 of classic and mediaeval legends adopted by Tasso, Pulci, and other Italian 
 poets, such, for example, as that which makes the Greek wanderer Ulysses 
 the pioneer of western adventure, which in a sober treatise are scarcely 
 worthy of mention. Turning to the dawn his vessel's poop, this son of 
 Laertes, it is said, passed Gibraltar, the bound ordained by Hercules not to 
 be overstepped by man, and, as Dante tells us, sailed for the Happy Isles of 
 
70 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 the unknown Atlantic, unrestrained by son, or father, or even Penelope's 
 ever- weaving web of love. 
 
 A little journey was a wonderful exploit before the time of Christ in 
 stance the immortal fame achieved by Hanno, the Carthaginian, in visiting 
 the west coast of Africa, B. c. 570; by Herodotus, in making the excursion 
 of Egypt and India, B. c. 464-456; by Pytheas, in his voyage to the British 
 Isles, B. c. 340; byNearchus, in descending the Indus, B. c. 326; by Eudoxus, 
 in his attempt to sail round Africa, B. c. 130; by Caesar, in undertaking the 
 conquest of Gaul, B. c. 58; by Strabo, in penetrating Asia some thirty or forty 
 years later. After the Christian era Pausanias, a Roman, in 175 wrote a 
 guide-book of Greece; Fa Hian, a Chinese monk, went westward into India 
 in the year 400 or thereabout; Cosmas Indicopleustes travelled in India a 
 century and a half later and wrote a book to prove the world square, and 
 the universe an oblong coffer; Arculphe wrote of the Holy Land about 650; 
 an Englishman, Willibald, made the tour of southern Europe and Palestine, 
 setting out from Southampton in 721; in 851 went Soliman from Persia to 
 the China sea. So it has been said. 
 
 Indeed, the writings of Herodotus indicate that, over two thousand years 
 before Bias and Vasco da Gama, Africa was circumnavigated Jt>y a fleet of 
 Phoenician ships sent by Pharaoh Necho down the Red Sea with orders to 
 return to Egypt by way of the Pillars of Hercules. A Persian, Sataspes, 
 endeavored to accomplish the voyage from the other direction, but failed. 
 Plato's island of Atlantis, founded by the god Neptune, was of great size, 
 "larger than Asia and Libya together, and was situated over against the 
 straits now called the Pillars of Hercules." The climate and soil were so 
 good that fruits ripened twice every year. There were metals, with elephants 
 and other animals in abundance. Upon a mountain was a beautiful city 
 with gold and ivory palaces, having gardens and statues. Unfortunately in 
 time the sea swallowed up this island, so that.it could scarcely have been 
 America. 
 
 So far as these voyages and strange tales concern the possible knowledge of 
 America by the ancients, I have already discussed them in my Native llaces 
 of the Pacific States. Therein is mentioned a theory which has found many 
 advocates, and to which I will again briefly allude in this place. It is that 
 at the beginning of the Christian era America was visited by the Apostle 
 St Thomas. He was accompanied by a number of fellow-laborers in the 
 ministry, who preached the gospel and planted the Christian religion in 
 America. The theory is ably advocated in the excellent work of Rev. \V. 
 Gleeson, The History of the Catholic Church in California. The principal 
 arguments advanced may be briefly stated as follows : First, that the whole 
 tenor of Scripture teaching is in favor of the supposition that the gospel was 
 preached to all the world from the beginning, rather than after the lapse of 
 several centuries. Second, that at a date fixed by Mexican hieroglyphics 
 as a little before the middle of the first century after Christ, a celebrated 
 personage, certainly the most remarkable in Mexican mythology, came from 
 the north. He is represented as a white man, with flowing beard, clad in a 
 long white robe, adorned with red crosses, head uncovered, and a staff in his 
 
THE PROPHECY OF QUETZALCOATL. 71 
 
 hand. This was the Quetzalcoatl, whom the Mexicans afterward worshipped, 
 and whose return was so anxiously looked for by them. See Torquemada, 
 Monarq. Ltd. Third, that to him popular tradition ascribes the worship paid 
 to the cross, the practice of confession, and in a word all the customs found 
 011 the arrival of the Spaniards to be nearly identical with those of the Chris 
 tian religion. Veytia, Hist. Ant. de Mexico. Fourth, that the name Quetzal 
 coatl is synonymous with that of St Thomas. See Native Races, v. 20. Fifth, 
 that Quetzalcoatl promised on his departure to return at some future day 
 with his posterity and resume the possession of the empire, and: that day was 
 looked forward to with general confidence, Prescottfs Conq. Hex., and that a 
 general feeling prevailed at the time of Montezuma that the period of his 
 return had arrived. Veytia, Hist. Ant. Mex. Sixth, that there were at the 
 convent of Nijapa, in the province of Oajaca, hieroglyphs containing all the 
 principal doctrines of the Christian religion, and the coming of the Apostle 
 to the country. Id. 
 
 Sahagun, who wrote at the time of the conquest, speaks of the general 
 belief in this prophecy, and assures us that on' the arrival of the Spaniards 
 they repeatedly offered them divine honors, believing that their god Quetzal 
 coatl had returned. Conq. Mex., i. chap. iii. 
 
 "It is then undeniably true," says Gleeson, Catholic Church in CaL, 185, 
 "that a popular tradition existed in the country respecting a prophecy made 
 by Quetzalcohuatl, in which was foretold the future arrival of whites on the 
 coast ; and this, while it proves the reality of the man, and his character as 
 a teacher of religion, also proves the still more important and appreciable 
 fact of his being a Christian, and of western origin ; for, it was clearly set 
 forth in the prophecy, that the persons who should come would be whites, 
 and of the same religion as he. The time also seems to have been specified 
 by the Apostle, if we are to judge by the expression that they were expecting 
 him every day. And, indeed, Boturini assures us that the time mentioned in 
 the Mexican hieroglyphics was that in which the Christians arrived. The 
 year ce aca.il was that foretold by Quetzalcohuatl, and in that year the Span 
 iards landed in the Country." On ancient voyages and cosmography see also 
 Humboldt, Exam. Crit., torn. i. pp. 125-206. 
 
 It is the results of ancient voyages, the point of geographical knowledge 
 attained by ancient civilization in its most advanced stage and by it be 
 queathed to the Dark Age, and not the voyages themselves, with which we 
 have to do at present. This knowledge is found for the most part embodied 
 in the system of Ptolemy, the Alexandrian geographer of the second century, 
 whose works became the standard text-books, and holding their prominence 
 for fourteen hundred years were not superseded as late as the sixteenth 
 century, but were republished from tune to time, with additions, setting forth 
 the results of new discoveries. In this manner twenty-one editions appeared 
 during the first half of that century. Nor was even Ptolemy the originator 
 of this prolonged system. One hundred and fifty years before him was the 
 Greek geographer Strabo, who gave descriptions of countries and peoples, 
 fixing his localities usually by itinerary distances; and to this work of 
 Strabo 's, Ptolemy added a century and a half of progress, and determined 
 
72 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 his localities by astronomical observation. The work of Pomponius Mela, 
 the Roman geographer who wrote probably somewhat later than Strabo, is 
 regarded as no improvement on that of his predecessor. 
 
 Ptolemy's World was nearly all in the north temperate zone, embracing 
 about fifty degrees of latitude and one hundred and twenty of longitude. 
 The Fortunate Isles, now called the Canaries, were known to Ptolemy, and 
 by him used as a western limit or first meridian. This, and as a nucleus of 
 poetic myths, seem to have been their only use; as Muiioz says, Hist, del 
 Nuevo Mundo, p. 30: "Fuera de este uso apenas aprovecharon sino para 
 intretenir ociosas imaginaciones con fabulas de poetas." The eastern limit 
 was vaguely located in the region beyond the Ganges ; actually in about 100 
 east longitude. On the south were included the African coasts of the Medi 
 terranean and Red Sea, with the southern coasts of Arabia and India 
 proper the term India being then applied indefinitely to all eastern lands, 
 including even parts of Africa thus fixing the southern bound at about 30 
 north latitude in the west, and 10 in the east. Northward the limit may be 
 placed a little above 60, within which falls the southern part of the Scandi 
 navian peninsula, then supposed to be an island, and also the island of Thule, 
 the location of which is disputed, some claiming it to have been Iceland, 
 others the Faroe Islands, and others the Shetland Islands. But Ptolemy's 
 latitudes were all some ten degrees too far north, while in his longitudes he 
 went still further astray; since, reckoning from the Canaries as his first 
 meridian, he made his last meridian 180, when it should have been 120, and 
 thus by narrowing half the circumference of the globe some sixty degrees he 
 made -the world nearly one third less than it really is. Authorities differ, 
 however, as to what were Ptolemy's ideas. But more of this hereafter. On 
 the opposite page is a map in which the world as known in these times is left 
 white, the shaded portions being the result of subsequent discoveries down 
 to the last half of the fifteenth century. A map of Ptolemy's World, re 
 duced to its true proportions, may be seen in Goselin, Jlecherches sur la 
 geographic systematique ct positive des andens, torn, iv., Paris, 1813. 
 
 Within these limits, then, geographical knowledge was confined at the 
 end of the fourth century; limits not sharply defined, but indefinite and 
 wavering according to ages, to the directions of conquest, and to distances 
 from Mediterranean centres. Beyond these limits was a realm of darkness 
 peopled by strange beings, creatures of poetic fancy or crude conjecture. Just 
 as the wonder-land of Homer to contemporaneous eastern Greeks, was Italy, 
 with its strange waters inhabited by very strange beasts, and Sicily, and 
 neighboring isles, where were the Satyrs, and the gigantic one-eyed Cyclops 
 eating milk and mutton and men, so to later teachers were the strange seas 
 beyond. On the north was an impenetrable region of eternal ice ; on the 
 south, an equatorial zone of burning heat ; a barrier of frost on the one side 
 and of fire on the other, both equally uninhabitable to the European man, 
 and cutting off all communication with possible habitable lands elsewhere. 
 The burning zone, however, seems to have been a popular idea, rather than a 
 part of the system taught by Ptolemy, who, indeed, held that Africa ex 
 tended south-east and north-east toward the eastern parts of Asia, making of 
 the Indian Ocean an immense gulf not connected with the Atlantic on the 
 

 
74 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 west. Strabo and other geographers who preceded Ptolemy gave Africa 
 approximately its correct shape ; traditions of its circumnavigation even were 
 kept alive, in spite of Ptolemy's theory, influencing geographic thought not 
 a little during the fifteenth century. Irving is of opinion, Columbus, vol. 
 iii. p. 440, that modern authors consider the knowledge of the ancients con 
 cerning Africa much less extensive than has been generally supposed; but 
 Major, Prince Henry, p. 89 et seq., accepts a circumnavigation of Africa in 
 the seventh century B. c., and also Hanno's voyage far down the African 
 coast, placing the date of the latter 570 B. c. Among the philosophers of 
 western Europe no definite hypotheses appear to have been advanced as to 
 the extent of land beyond the known region ; as to the ideas of the Arabs 
 and Buddhist priests concerning the matter it is difficult to determine. See 
 KohVs Hist. Discov., p. 149; Draper's Intellectual Development, p. 451, New 
 York, 1872. Beyond the Fortunate Isles to the west stretched a Mare 
 Tenebrosum, or Sea of Darkness, as early writers express it, separating the 
 known western coast from the far unknown east. In this dark sea tradition 
 planted islands at various points, reiterating the fact of their existence so 
 often that names and locations were finally given them on maps, though the 
 islands themselves have never yet been found. Except these fabulous 
 islands, there was little thought of land between the coasts of Europe and 
 Asia. Compare maps in this volume; also George Bancroft's History of the 
 United States, vol. i. p. 6, Boston, 1870; D'Aversac, in Nouvelles Annales des 
 Voyages, 1845, torn. cv. p. 293; torn. cvi. p. 47. 
 
 To sum up the geographical knowledge of the ancients, we have first, the 
 sphericity of the earth surmised, although its size was vaguely conceived and 
 underrated; secondly, the positive knowledge of Europeans limited to the 
 unshaded portion of the map on page 73; thirdly, divers theories respecting 
 the conformation of southern Africa; fourthly, a mare oceanum stretching 
 westward to the unknown Asiatic shore, with hypothetical islands interven 
 ing, and expressed opinions that this sea was navigable, and that possibly 
 India might be reached by sailing westward. These ideas, vague as they 
 seem, were held only by the learned few; the world of the ignorant reached 
 scarcely beyond the horizon of their actual experience. Not until long after 
 its actual circumnavigation, in the sixteenth century, was the popular mind 
 able to grasp the idea of the earth's sphericity. 
 
 We come now to mediaeval times, when from the fifth to the fifteenth cen 
 tury the cosmographical as well as all other knowledge of the ancients lay 
 well-nigh dormant; to the people a land of darkness as well as a sea, though 
 in some few colleges and convents these things were thought of. "Ces tene- 
 bres," says Humboldt, Exam. Grit., torn. i. p. 59, " s'etendaient sans doute 
 sur les masses; mais, dans les couvens et les colleges quelques individus con- 
 servaient les traditions de Fantiquite." Upon this world of darkness light 
 first broke from the far north, the voyages of the Scandinavians from the 
 ninth to the twelfth centuries being the aurora borealis of maritime discov 
 ery. These Northmen, as in their expeditions Danes, Norwegians, and 
 Swedes were indiscriminately called, by their warlike propensities made 
 themselves known and feared along the shores of Europe at an early date; 
 
THE NORTHMEN AND THEIR SAGAS. 75 
 
 but their western discoveries were known only to themselves; at all events, no 
 trace of distant voyages to the west are found in the records of their neigh 
 bors. It is only quite recently that the sagas of the Northmen were brought 
 to the attention of European scholars; and when the Danish bishop, 
 M tiller, published his bibliography of the sagas, 3 vols., Copenhagen, 1817- 
 1820, these narratives were held to be more fiction than fact. Even so late a 
 writer as George Bancroft, History of the United States, vol. i. pp. 5, 6, says 
 that the story of colonization by the Northmen "rests on narratives, mytho 
 logical in form, and obscure in meaning; ancient, yet not contemporary," and 
 that "no clear historic evidence establishes the natural probability that they 
 accomplished the passage." Irving, Columbus, vol. iii. pp. 432-5, considers 
 the matter "still to be wrapped in much doubt and obscurity." Both of these 
 authors, however, seem to have considered only the evidence presented by 
 Malte-Brun and Forster. Since their time proofs beyond question have 
 established the authenticity of these voyages of the Northmen. The sagas 
 on American discoveries are preserved in the archives at Copenhagen, with a 
 collection of other historical data, reaching down to the fourteenth century, 
 the date of their completion. It is true that they deal somewhat in the 
 marvellous they would not be authentic else, written at that time but 
 they contain tales no more wonderful or monstrous than the writings of more 
 southern nations. See an account of the Copenhagen documents and the 
 examination of their authenticity in De Costa? s Pre-Columbian Discov. Am., 
 pp. i-lx. Two nearly contemporary ecclesiastical histories that of Adam of 
 Bremen, 1073, and Ordericus Vitalis, about 1100 describe briefly the western 
 lands of the Northmen. Further reference, Kumtmann, Entdeckung Am., p. 
 32; Jiafn, Antiquitates Am., p. 337; KoliVs Hist. Discov., p. 76. 
 
 Vague notions were not wanting of communication with America before 
 the time of the Northmen, but these, whatever they were, are now to us pure 
 speculation and may be omitted here. Passing over a general movement by 
 which before the middle of the ninth century the Northmen appear to have 
 broken through their former bounds, and to have extended their plundering 
 raids in all directions, taking possession of the Shetland and Faroe islands 
 and even of the north of Britain, we come to the first definite adventure 
 westward. 
 
 [A. D. 860-4.] Two bold men, Naddod and Gardar, in one of their coast- 
 island cruises, were driven from their course to the north-west and discovered 
 Iceland, called by one Snowland, and by the other Gardar Island. Kohl, 
 Hist. Discov., p. 61, dates both voyages 860; Forster gives 861 to Naddod's; 
 other authors place the former in the year 860, and the latter in 864. 
 
 [874.] Ingolf made a settlement in Iceland at a point still called by his 
 name. Other immigrants followed, and a flourishing colony was founded. 
 The Northmen found on the island Irish priests, who had come there at a 
 time not definitely known, but who immediately abandoned the country to 
 the new settlers. Within twenty years thereafter Iceland was fairly well 
 inhabited. De Costa, Pre-Columbian Discov. Am., pp. xxii-iv., makes the 
 date A. D. 875. 
 
 [876.] One Gunnbjorn, an Icelandic colonist, is reported to have seen ac- 
 
76 EAKLY VOYAGES. 
 
 cidentally, from a distance, the coast of Greenland. Kohl dates this voyage 
 877. 
 
 [982-6.] Eric the Red, banished from Iceland for murder in 982, sailed 
 west, found land, remained there three years, and returned, naming the 
 country Greenland to attract settlers. In 985, or 986, he sailed again with a 
 larger force, this time founding a settlement to which other adventurers re 
 sorted. Of the first voyage Kohl makes no mention. 
 
 [983.] One of the sagas contains a report by an Irish merchant that one 
 Are Marson was carried in a storm to Whiteman's Land "in the Western 
 Ocean, opposite Vinland, six days' sail west of Ireland. " Rafri thinks this 
 may have been that part of America in the vicinity of Florida; others make 
 it the Azores. There are also vague reports of later voyages to the same 
 land by Bjb'rn Asbrandson in 999, and by Gudleif in 1027. In the present 
 stage of investigation the proof is insufficient to establish an Irish pre- 
 Scandinavian discovery of America. 
 
 [990.] In this year, or, as De Costa makes it, in 986, Biarne, sailing from 
 Iceland in search of his father, who had previously gone to Greenland, was 
 carried far to the south-west, to within sight of land, undoubtedly America, 
 which he coasted north-east for several days and returned to Greenland. 
 Three points particularly noticed on the new coast are conjectured by Kohl 
 to have been Cape Cod, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland. 
 
 [1000.] Leif, son of Eric the Red, sailed from Greenland south-west in 
 search of the lands seen by Biarne, reached the same in reverse order, land 
 ing probably at Newfoundland, which he named Helluland (Stony Land); 
 Nova Scotia, he called Markland (Woodland); and passing round Cape Cod, 
 made a settlement, named after himself, Leifsbudir, at some point on Narra- 
 gansett Bay. He called this country Vinland from the fact that vines were 
 found there, and the name was afterwards applied to the whole region ex 
 tending northward to Markland. In the spring of 1001 Leif returned to 
 Greenland with a cargo of grapes and wood. 
 
 [1002-5.] Thorwald, another of Eric's sons, sailed with one vessel to Vin 
 land, where Leif had landed, and lived there through the winter by fishing. 
 Early in 1003 he explored the country westward in boats, and in the spring 
 of 1004 doubled Cape Cod, naming it Kialarnes (Ship's Nose), and perished 
 in a battle with the Skraellings, or Indians, at some point on the shore of 
 Massachusetts Bay. His companions spent the winter at Leifsbudir and re 
 turned to Greenland in 1005. 
 
 [1008.] In the spring of 1008 Thorfinn Karlsefne sailed from Greenland 
 with three vessels to Helluland which name was applied not only to New 
 foundland but to the region north of that point and thence along the coast 
 to Nova Scotia, and to Cape Cod. Here the party divided, Thorhall, the 
 hunter, in attempting to explore northward, being driven by a storm to 
 Ireland, while Thorfinn spent the winter farther south near Leifsbudir, where 
 a son was born to him. After an unsuccessful search for Thorhall by one 
 vessel, a third winter was spent in Vinland, and in 1011 Thorfinn returned 
 to Greenland, leaving perhaps a small colony. De Costa, Pre-Columbian 
 Discov. Am., pp. 48-76, makes the date of this voyage 1007-10. 
 
 [1012.] Helge, Finboge, and Eric's daughter Freydisa, who had before 
 
DECLINE OF SCANDINAVIAN DISCOVERY. 77 
 
 visited America with her husband, sailed to Vinland, and such as were not 
 killed in the internal dissensions of the party returned to Greenland in 1013. 
 The records of this expedition are very slight. De Costa's date is 1011-12. 
 
 [1035.] Adam of Bremen speaks of Frisian or German navigators who 
 about the year 1035 landed on an island beyond Iceland, where the inhab 
 itants were of great size, and were accompanied by fierce dogs perhaps the 
 Eskimos. 
 
 [1121.] After the expeditions that have been mentioned, concerning each 
 of which the sagas contain one or more accounts, no farther regular reports 
 have been preserved; but various voyages are briefly alluded to in different 
 records, as though trips to the new regions of Vinland were no longer of 
 sufficient rarity to be specially noticed. Such allusions refer to voyages 
 made in 1121, 1285, 1288, 1289, 1290, and 1357. After 1357 no more is heard 
 of the western lands. The settlements were gradually abandoned both in 
 Vinland and Greenland, as the power of the Northmen declined, and so far 
 as can be known, even their memory was buried in the unread records of 
 former greatness. On Scandinavian discoveries, besides Rafn and De Costa, 
 see Kiimtmann, Entdeclamy Am., p. 32; Kohl's Hist. Dlscov., pp. 61-85 and 
 4~8; Ilumboldt, Exam. Grit., torn. ii. pp. 88-128; Abstract of Rafn, in Journal 
 Land. Geoy. Soc., 1838, vol. viii. pp. 114-29. 
 
 Thus after this play of northern lights upon the western horizon for four or 
 five centuries, enterprise in that direction languished, and finally the Sea 
 of Darkness lapsed into its primeval obscurity. Nevertheless the deeds of the 
 Scandinavians must have become more or less known to other parts of Europe, 
 for the spirit of uneasiness which sent these Northmen across their western 
 waters sent them also particularly the Danes eastward in the Holy 
 Crusades. It would be well for the student to examine the works of Adam 
 of Bremen, and Odericus Vitalis, who beside these pre-Columbian voyages 
 describe also the Crusades. Moreover, Iceland had Catholic bishops and was 
 therefore in communication with Rome, where the discoveries of the North 
 men must have been known. Rafn, Antlquitates Am., pp. 283, 292, and 
 De Costa, Pre-Columbian Discov. Am., pp. 106-109, give translations from 
 Scandinavian archives of contemporaneous descriptions of the earth in 
 which these New World discoveries of the Northmen are included. Sailing 
 charts and maps of the new discoveries must have been drawn by the North 
 men, for although none of them were preserved, yet in Torfceus, Groenlandia 
 a.'iliqua, Hauuios, 1706, made by Icelandic draughtsmen in the sixteenth and 
 seventeenth centuries, and in Ptolemy's Geography, edition of 1482, is infor 
 mation of certain things contained in no other charts of the period extant, 
 which must therefore have been partially compiled from Scandinavian sources. 
 
 It is not to be supposed that the Northmen imagined that they had found 
 a new continent; very naturally to them Greenland, Helluland, Markland, 
 and Vinland were but the western continuation of Europe. It is to this 
 belief, as well as to the prevailing apathy and skepticism of the age concern 
 ing matters beyond the reach of positive knowledge, that the strange fact of 
 the loss of all trace of these discoveries is due. 
 
 The exact results of these ancient expeditions, and their influence on the 
 subsequent revival of maritime enterprise, form a difficult and as yet unde- 
 
78 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 cided point in the discussion of this subject. Kunstmann gives particular 
 attention to this matter, and attaches more importance to northern voyages 
 and their connection with later expeditions than most other authors; still it 
 has not yet been proved that Prince Henry, Toscanelli, or Columbus in the 
 fifteenth century had any knowledge of north-western discoveries. 
 
 [1096-1271.] The Crusades as expeditions, but chiefly for their results- 
 deserve a brief mention in this connection. "When in the seventh century 
 Palestine passed from Christian to Mahometan hands, in which possession it 
 has remained with but temporary interruptions to the present time, Christian 
 pilgrimages to the Holy City for a few centuries were allowed, and to some 
 extent protected. By successive changes of dynasty, however, power was 
 transferred from the Arab to the Turkish branch of the Mahometans, so 
 that in the eleventh century Christian pilgrims were cruelly oppressed, 
 and hindered from their pious visits to the tomb of Christ. Roused at first 
 by the exhortations of Peter the Hermit, Italy, France, England, and 
 Germany sent armies of the undisciplined and fanatical rabble to avenge 
 the insults to their faith, and wrest the Holy City from the power of barba 
 rian heretics. From the eleventh to the thirteenth century nine expedi 
 tions were undertaken eastward in the prosecution of this work. Jerusalem 
 was several times taken and retaken, but finally the Crescent was successful 
 in resisting the encroachments of the Cross, and the Crusades failed in their 
 visionary purpose. Still the continued migration of vast multitudes, from 
 different nations through strange and distant lands, contributed much to in 
 crease popular knowledge of the world, to arouse fresh interest in regions 
 hitherto little known, and to excite curiosity respecting the countries still 
 further to the east. Meanwhile, commerce received an impetus from the 
 work of furnishing supplies to the crusaders; so that these expeditions are 
 included by modern writers as prominent among the causes which led to 
 the coming revival of civilization. 
 
 [1147.] During the twelfth century few maritime expeditions are reported 
 deserving of notice. At some not very clearly defined date before 1147, eight 
 Arabs, the Almagrurins, are said to have sailed thirty-five days south-west 
 from Lisbon with the intention of exploring the Sea of Darkness. At the 
 end of the thirty-five days they found and named an Isle of Sheep, and 
 twelve 4ays farther south reached another island peopled by red men. They 
 are said to have found there a man who spoke Arabic. Upon the whole the 
 claim to,q ;liscovery of any part of America in this voyage should be slight. 
 If the voyage be authentic, the land reached was perhaps the Canary Islands; 
 some say those of Cape Verde. 
 
 [1160-73.] Benjamin de Tudela, a Spanish Jew, travelled for thirteen 
 years in India, bringing back considerable information respecting Chinese 
 Tartary and the islands of the Indian Ocean. D. Benjamini Tudelensis, Itin- 
 erarium ex versione Montani, Antwerp, 1575; Itinerarium D. Benjaminis, 
 Leyden, 1633; Travels of Benjamin, Son of Jonas, London, 1783. 
 
 [1170.] In this year is placed the reported voyage of Madoc, a Welsh 
 prince, who, sailing to the west and north from Ireland, landed on an un 
 known shore. He afterward returned to this new country with ten ships 
 
VENETIAN AND GENOESE EXPEDITIONS. 79 
 
 with the intention of colonizing, but was never again heard of. This voyage 
 rests on veiy slight authority, but has claimed importance by reason of re 
 ports, long believed, of the existence in various parts of America of Welsh- 
 speaking Indian tribes. These reports, like scores of others referring the 
 Americans to European relationships, proved groundless. To say the least, 
 the voyage of Madoc must be considered doubtful. The most ancient Dlscouery 
 of the West Indies by Madoc the sonne of Owen Guyneth, Prince of North- 
 wales, in the yeere 1170; taken out of the history of Wales, in Hakluyt, vol. 
 iii. p. 1. 
 
 [1246 et seq.] In the middle of the thirteenth century the desire to extend 
 Christianity was encouraged by rumored conversions already made in the do 
 minions of the Mogul, and especially by the report of a powerful Christian 
 monarch, Prester John, who had reigned somewhere in the interior of Asia. 
 This report led to the sending of several priests as missionaries to the far East. 
 Carpini in 1246, and Ascelino in 1254, Italian Franciscans, penetrated to 
 the region now known as Chinese Turkestan. About the same time, 1253 
 according to Hakluyt, Rubruquis, also a Franciscan, from Brabant, traversed 
 the central Asiatic deserts. He was the first to present a definite idea of the 
 position of Tartary and Cathay. A notice of his travels was given in the 
 writings of Roger Bacon in 1267. Toward the end of this century Odorico, 
 of the same order, visited Persia, India, and finally China, remaining three 
 years in Peking. Viaggio del Beato Frate Odorico di Porto Magglore del 
 Frlvll fatto neW Anno MCCCXVlII (half a century later than above), in 
 Ramusio, torn, ii., fol. 254. See also Halduyt's Voy., vol. i. pp. 21-117; vol. 
 ii. pp. 39, 53; Navarrete, Col. Viages, torn. i. pp. ix. x. 
 
 [1250-95.] Nicolo and Maffio Polo, Venetian brothers, left Venice in 1250 
 on a trading trip north-eastward. Passing north of the Caspian Sea, they 
 spent three years at Bokhara, and afterward in 1265, proceeded to the court 
 of Kublai Khan at Kemenfu in Chinese Tartary, whence they returned in 
 1269, intrusted with a mission to the Pope. In 1271 they again set out, 
 taking with them Marco, son of Nicolo. They revisited the Tartar court, 
 where they spent seventeen years, and returned by sea down the Chinese and 
 Indian coasts to Ormuz in Persia and thence overland to Constantinople, 
 reaching Venice in 1295. Marco seems to have been a great favorite at the 
 eastern court, where he was intrusted with missions in all directions. By 
 means of his own travels and by reports of the natives from all sections 
 whom he met, he gained an extensive knowledge of China and adjoining 
 countries, including the numerous islands of the coast, chief among which 
 was Zipangu, or Japan. From his memoranda, he afterwards wrote in 
 prison, a full account of his eastern travels, which was copied and widely 
 circulated in manuscript. See Hakluyt Society, Divers Voyages, Introd., p. 
 Iii., London, 1850, for an account of printed editions of Polo's work. Its au 
 thenticity and general reliability are now admitted, though doubtless errors 
 have been multiplied by copyists. This journey of Marco Polo was by far 
 the most important, for revising geography, of any undertaken during the 
 middle ages. From this time the coasts of Asia were laid down on maps 
 and described with tolerable accuracy by cosmograt>hers. De i- Viaggi di 
 Messer Marco Polo, Gentil 'hvomo Venetiano, in Ram^-sio, torn. ii. fol. 2-GO; 
 
80 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 Marco Polo de Veniesiadc le meravegliose cose del mondo, Venice, 1406; Marci 
 JPaali veneti de reyionibus orientalibus libri tres, Cologne, 1671. 
 
 The Venetians were the most enterprising navigators of the thirteenth and 
 fourteenth centuries. They reached England at an early date, Estance'in, 
 Itecherches, pp. 114-16, Paris, 1832 and not improbably extended their com 
 mercial operations still farther north, Iceland being at the time a flourishing 
 republic with Catholic bishops. Kohl's Hist. Discov., pp. 92-4. No details 
 however are preserved of any particular one of these voyages, nor of such as 
 may have been directed toward Cape Non, the southern limit of oceanic nav 
 igation. Some time during this century a Moor, Ibn Fatimah, was driven by 
 storms from Cape Non down past Cape Blanco, and his adventure was re 
 corded in an Arabian geography. 
 
 [1291.] Doria and Vivaldi, Genoese, undertook a voyage down the African 
 coast with a view of reaching India, and were last heard of at a place called 
 Gozora. On this voyage, which rests on several authorities, has been founded 
 a claim that the Italians preceded the Portuguese in passing Cape Bojador. 
 Major, Prince Henry, pp. 99-110, concludes from an examination of all the 
 documents that there are no grounds for this claim, although admitting the 
 voyage and its purpose, in fact everything but its success. Gozora was 
 " probably Cape Non. Kohl regards this expedition as uncertain. One of the 
 documents gives the date as 1281; from which circumstance Kohl and Hum- 
 boldt erroneously make of it two voyages. D'Avesac, in Nouvelles Annales 
 des Voyages, 1845, torn, cviii. p. 45, has the date 1285. Munoz, Ilixt. Nuevo 
 Mundo, pp. 30-1, speaks of Genoese expeditions and the rediscovery of the 
 Canaries during this century. 
 
 [1306.] On a map made by the Venetian Sanuto in 1306, Africa is repre 
 sented as surrounded by the sea, but there is no evidence that the geography 
 of that region is derived from any actual observations. The map simply 
 shows one of the two theories then held respecting the shape of southern 
 Africa. 
 
 [1332 et seq.] Sir John Mandeville, an English physician, between 1332 
 and 1366, travelled in eastern parts, including the Holy Land, India, and 
 China. On his return he wrote in three languages an account of his adven 
 tures, with descriptions of the countries visited. See HaJduyt Soc., Divers 
 Voy., Introd. p. xliii. His work corroborates that of Marco Polo, and 
 although full of exaggerations, and probably tampered with by copyists in 
 respect to adventures and anecdotes, "yet, "says Irving, "his accounts of 
 the countries which he visited have been found far more veracious than had 
 been imagined." Purchas, His Pilgrimes, vol. iii. pp. 128-38; Travels of Sir 
 John Mandeville, London, 1725. 
 
 [1341 et seq.] As we have seen, the Canaries were known to the ancients, 
 and made by Ptolemy the western limit of the world; but subsequently they 
 were nearly forgotten until rediscovered and visited, perhaps several times, 
 toward the middle of the fourteenth century, by the Portuguese. There 
 is a definite account of one of these voyages. T\yo vessels were sent there 
 by the King of Portugal in 1341, and nearly all 'the islands of the group 
 visited, but no settlement was made. Before this, Luis de la Cerda repre 
 sented to the Pope the existence of such islands, and received by a bull of 
 
THE ZEXI. 81 
 
 134-4 the lordship of them, with the title of Prince of Fortune. The king of 
 Portugal claimed in 1345 to have sent out previous expeditions to the islands. 
 The project of Cerda proved a failure and no colony was founded. Voyages 
 to the Canaries became quite frequent before the end of the century. Gal- 
 vano, Discoveries, London, 1862; and in Collection of Curious Voyages, London, 
 1812, p. 10; Muiioz, Hist. Nuevo Mundo, pp. 30-1; Kunstmann, Entdeckung 
 Am., pp. 1-4. Major, Prince Henry, pp. 139-45, dates the bull 1334. 
 
 [134G.] In August, 1346, Jaime Ferrer, a Catalan navigator, sailed from 
 Majorca in the Mediterranean to search down the African coast for the Rti- 
 jaura, or River of Gold, and never was heard from. This is proved by a doc 
 ument in the Genoese archives, and by an inscription on a Catalan map 
 of 1375. Major shows this to have been an expedition in search of an un 
 known or imaginary river of gold, whose supposed existence rested on ancient 
 traditions that a branch of the Nile flowed into the Atlantic, and which 
 belief was strengthened by the gold brought from Guinea by the Arabs. 
 Humboldt understands this Rujaura to have been the Rio d'Ouro below Cape 
 Bojador, an inlet named later by the Portuguese; and he also states that 
 Ferrer actually reached that point; but of this there seems to be no evidence. 
 
 [1351 et seq.] The Azores appear to have been discovered by the Portu 
 guese early in this half century, appearing on a map of 1351. There is 
 however no account of the voyage by which this discovery was made, al 
 though there is a tradition of a Greek who was there cast away in 1370. On 
 a Genoese map of the same date the Madeira group is shown, having probably 
 been discovered by Portuguese ships under Genoese captains early in the 
 fourteenth century. 
 
 [1364.] By Villault de Bellefond, Relation des cosies d'Afrique, Paris, 1669, 
 it is stated that the Dieppese in 1364 made a voyage round Cape Verde, and 
 far beyond, establishing trading-posts, which were repeatedly visited in the 
 
 following years. On this account, repeated by many writers Estancelin, 
 
 JRecherches, p. 72; Humboldt, Exam. Grit., torn. i. p. 285 is founded the 
 French claim of having preceded the Portuguese in passing Cape Bojador and 
 occupying the gold coast. Major, Prince Henry, pp. 117-33, maintains by 
 strong proofs that this voyage rests on no good authority, and that the French 
 occupation of that coast is of much later date. 
 
 [1380.] Nicolo Zeno, a Venetian, sailing northward for England, was 
 driven in a storm still farther north, and landed on some islands in possession 
 of the Northmen, which he named Friesland, but which are supposed to have 
 been the Faroe group. Kindly received by the people, he sent to Venice for 
 his brother, and both spent there the rest of their lives, making frequent ex 
 cursions to neighboring islands, and gaining a knowledge of other more 
 distant lands known to the Northmen, including two countries called Drogeo 
 and Estotiland, lying to the southward of Greenland, which countries the 
 Frieslanders claimed once to have visited. Nicolo died in 1395, and Antonio 
 in 1404, after writing an account of their adventures, which, with a chart, he 
 sent to a third brother, Cario. The manuscript was preserved by the family 
 and first published under the title Dei Commentarii del viaggio in Persia, etc., 
 Venezia, 1558. After passing the ordeal of criticism the work is generally 
 accepted as a faithful report of actual occurrences, though embellished, like 
 HIST. CEN. AM., VOL. I. 6 
 
82 
 
 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 all writings of the time, with fable. Dello Rcopr'tmento dell' Isola Frislanda. 
 Eslanda, en Grovelanda, et Icaria, in Ramusio, torn. ii. fol. 230-4; Hukluyt's 
 Voy. y vol. iii. pp. .121-8; Bos, Leben der See-Helden, pp. 523-7; Cancellieri, 
 Notiziedl Colombo, pp. 48-9; Lelewel, Geog. dumoyen age, torn. iii. pp. 74 et seq. 
 Irving, however, Columbus, vol. iii. pp. 435-40, sees in this voyage only an 
 other of "the fables circulated shortly after the discovery of Columbus, to 
 arrogate to other nations and individuals the credit of the achievement," 
 while Zahrtmann, Remarks' on the Voy, to the Northern Hemisphere, ascribed 
 to the Zeni of Venice, in Journal of the Geog. Soc., vol. v. pp. 102-28, London, 
 1835, claims that the whole account is a fable. 
 
 The chart by the brothers Zeni, published with the manuscript, is of 
 great importance as the first known map which shows any part of America. 
 It contains internal evidences of its own authenticity, one of which is that 
 Greenland is much better drawn than could have been done from other or ex 
 traneous sources even in 1558. I give from Kohl's fac-simile a copy of the 
 map, omitting a few of the names. 
 
 ZEND'S CHART, DRAWN ABOUT 1390. 
 
 There can be little doubt that the countries marked Estotiland, Drogeo, 
 and Icaria possibly Nova Scotia, New England, and Newfoundland owe 
 their position on this chart to the actual knowledge of America, obtained 
 either by a fishing- vessel wrecked there, as stated "by the Zeni, or from a 
 tradition preserved since the time of the Northlhen. The lines of latitude 
 and longitude were not on the original manuscript chart, but were added by 
 the editors in 1558. Lelewel, Geog. du moyen dge, torn. iii. pp. 79-101, 
 Bruxelles, 1852; KohVs Hist. Discov., pp. 97-106. 
 
PRINCE HENRY OF PORTUGAL. 83 
 
 At an unknown date, probably near the end of the thirteenth century, 
 Robert Machin, an Englishman, eloped with a lady in his own vessel from 
 Bristol. He steered for France, but was driven by a tempest to the island of 
 Madeira, where both died. Some of the crew escaped to the African coast, 
 where they were taken prisoners, but afterward were redeemed by the Span 
 iards, to whom one of them related the discovery of Madeira, his account 
 leading to its rediscovery. Major concludes, "that henceforth the story of 
 this accidental discovery of Madeira by Machin must be accepted as a real 
 ity," but the date cannot be fixed. That of 1344 often assigned to the voy 
 age results from a misreading of Galvano. Beside Galvano, Discov., pp. 58- 
 9, see Purchas, ;Iis Pilgrimes, vol. ii. p. 1672; The Voyage of Macham, an 
 English man, wherein he first of any man discovered the Hand of Madera, in 
 Halduyt, vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 1; Curious and Ent. Voy., p. 13; Major's Prince 
 Henry, p. 67; Kunstmann, Entdeclcuny Am., p. 4. 
 
 [1402.] At the beginning of the fifteenth century, Jean de Betancourt 
 with a company of Norman adventurers conquered Lanzarote, one of the 
 Canary Islands. He afterward became tributary to the crown of Castile, 
 and by the aid of the Spanish government obtained possession of other islands 
 of the group, establishing there a permanent colony. Munoz, Hist, del 
 Nuevo Mundo, pp. 30-33; Peter Martyr, dec. i. cap. i., gives the date 
 1405; Galvano, Discov., p. 60; Kunstmann, Entdeckung Am., p. 6; Pinker' 
 ton's Col. Voy., vol. xvi. pp. 808-15. 
 
 "We enter now a new epoch in maritime discovery. Hitherto, if we ex 
 clude the voyages of the Northmen, there had been no attempt worthy the name 
 of systematic ocean exploration. In the words of Major, ' ' the pathways of the 
 human race had been the mountain, the river, and the plain, the strait, the 
 lake, the inland sea," but now a road is open through the trackless ocean, "a 
 road replete with danger, but abundant in promise." Portugal, guided by the 
 genius of Prince Henry the Navigator, was the first to shake off the lethargy 
 which had so long rested on Europe. For some time past the Portuguese 
 had been gradually eclipsing the Italians in maritime enterprise ; but not 
 until a prince leaves the pleasures of youth for the perils of the sea, throwing 
 his life into the cause with all the ardor of a devotee, does ocean navigation 
 become anything more than private commercial speculation, with now and then 
 some slight aid from governments. True, others had undertaken the voyage 
 round Africa, but Portugal was perhaps the first to make it. As D'Avesac 
 remarks, Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1846, torn. ex. p. 161: "Les Portugais 
 ne s'y engagerent point les premiers ; mais seuls ils y persevererent, et les 
 premiers ils atteignirent le but." Born in the year 1394, at a time when 
 under his father, John, Portugal was already casting wistful glances over the 
 Sea of Darkness, Prince Henry devoted his early life to geographical studies 
 and his later life to discovery. Leaving the pomp and luxury of his father's 
 court, he removed to the^oast of Algarve, and from the dreary headland of 
 Sagres let fly his imagination along the unknown shores of Africa. Drawing 
 to him such young noblemen as were willing to share his labors, he estab 
 lished a school of navigation, giving special care to the study of cartography 
 and mathematics. The geographical position of his native land was to the 
 
84 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 Portuguese, in regard to oceanic adventure, not unlike that of the Italians in 
 regard to Mediterranean navigation. Several causes united to inspire this 
 prince with so noble an ambition. He desired to promote geographical 
 science ; to test the theories and traditions of the day ; to know the truth 
 concerning the disputed question of the f orin and extent of southern Africa ; 
 to turn the flow of riches, the gold and spices and slaves of India, from Italy 
 into his own country. Nor was this last stimulant lessened by the fact that 
 of late, by reason of Mahometan encroachments on Christian dominions, the 
 old avenues of eastern traffic via the Caspian Sea and Persian Gulf, or by the 
 Red Sea and caravans across the deserts, were yearly becoming more insecure, 
 and this too at a time when the taste for eastern luxuries was constantly in 
 creasing. Yet other incentives were Christian rivalry and Christian zeal. 
 Spain had carried the cross to the Canaries ; rumors kept coming in of Prester 
 John and his Christian kingdom, now supposed to be in Africa instead of in 
 Asia. Prince Henry moreover was grand master of the Order of Christ, and 
 it behooved him to be stirring. Navarrete, Col de Viages, torn. i. p. xxvi.; 
 Munoz, Hist. Nuevo Mundo, pp. 33-4. 
 
 [1415.] Prince Henry began his voyages along the coast of Africa about the 
 year 1415, at which time Joao de Trasto was sent with vessels to the Can 
 aries. It was Henry's custom to despatch an expedition almost every year, 
 endeavoring each tune to advance upon the last, and so finally attain the end 
 of the mystery whereat the nobles grumbled not a little about useless 
 expense. Obviously progress southward at this rate was very slow, and 
 many years elapsed before Cape Bojador was passed and unknown seas were 
 entered. Major's Prince Henry, pp. 64-65. 
 
 [1416-28.] Meanwhile Pedro, Henry's brother, travelled extensively, jour 
 neying through the Holy Land, visiting Rome, Babylon, and even England. 
 Fortunately he found at Venice a copy of Marco Polo's work, and brought 
 it home to Prince Henry. Galvano's Discov., pp. 66-7; Kunstmann, Ent- 
 deckttng Am., pp. 11, 12. 
 
 [1418.] Gonzalez and Vaz, who were sent this year by Prince Henry on 
 the regular annual expedition, were driven from their course and rediscovered 
 Porto Santo. Galvano, Discov., pp. 62-4; Kunstmann, EntdecJcung Am., 
 pp. 11, 12; Curious and Ent. Voy., pp. 14, 15. 
 
 [1419.] Nicole di Conti, Venetian, sgent twenty-five years in India, 
 Mangi, and Java, returning in 1444, and confirming many of Polo's state 
 ments. Discorso sopra il Viaggio di Nicolo di Conti Venetiano, in Ramusio, 
 torn. i. fol. 373. Twice in 1419, if we may credit Navarrete, Col. de Viages, 
 torn. i. p. xxvi., did Prince Henry's ships pass seventy leagues beyond Cape 
 Non. 
 
 [1420.] Gonzalez again embarks from Portugal intending to plant a colony, 
 and guided by one Morales, a survivor of Machin's voyage, rediscovered 
 Madeira. Navarrete, Col. de Viages, torn. i. pp. xxvi-vii.; Major's Prince 
 Henry, pp. 73-7; Kunstmann, EntdecJcung Am., p. 13; Galcano's Discov., pp. 63- 
 4; Aa, Naaukeurige Versameling, torn. i. pt. ii. p. 16. On a certain map dated 
 1459 is a cape supposed to be Good Hope, with the statement that in 1420 an 
 Indian junk had passed that point from the east; but for this no authority is 
 given. 
 
THE SLAVE-TRADE. 85 
 
 1431.] The Formigas and Santa Maria islands of the Azore group were 
 tnis year discovered by Cabral. Kunstmann, Entdeckung Am., p. 15, makes 
 the date August 15, 1432. For details of the discovery and settlement of all 
 the eastern Atlantic islands, see idem, pp. 1-25. 
 
 [1434-G.] Gil Eannes, after an unsuccessful attempt in the preceding 
 year, succeeded in 1434 in doubling Cape Bojador for the first time. Muuoz, 
 Hit. Nuevo Mundo, p. 34, makes the date 1433, and Navarrete, Col. de 
 Viages, torn. i. p. xxvii., 1423. In 1435 Eannes with Baldaya passed fifty 
 leagues beyond the cape, and in 1436 Baldaya advanced to a point fifty 
 leagues beyond the inlet since known as Rio d'Ouro. . 
 
 [1441-8.] For several years after the successful doubling of Cape Bojador, 
 no new attempt of importance is recorded, but in 1441 the voyages were 
 renewed, and in the next eight years the exploration was pushed one hundred 
 leagues below Cape Verde. Prior to 1446 fifty-one vessels had traded on the 
 African coast, nearly one thousand slaves had been taken to Portugal, and 
 the discoveries in the Azores had been greatly extended. By these explora 
 tions Prince Henry had exploded the theory of a burning zone impassable to 
 man, and of stormy seas impeding all navigation; his belief that Africa 
 might be circumnavigated was confirmed; and he had obtained from the 
 pope a grant to the crown of Portugal of lands he might discover beyond 
 Cape Bojador to the Indies inclusive. 
 
 [1455-6.] According to Ramusio, Viaggi, torn. i. p. 105, Alvise Cada- 
 mosto, a Venetian, the first of his countrymen as he claims to sail down 
 the new coast, made a voyage for Prince Henry to the Gambia River below 
 Cape Verde. This expedition derives its importance not from the limit reached, 
 where others had preceded him, but from his numerous landing points, careful 
 observations, and the detailed account published by the voyager himself in 
 La Prima Naviyazione, etc., Vicenza, 1507; also in Ramusio, Viayyi, torn. i. 
 pp. 104-15. This explorer touched at Porto Santo, Madeira, the Canaries, 
 Cape Blanco, Senegal, Budomel, Cape Verde, and the Gambia River. 
 
 [1457.] Cadamosto claims, La seconda navigazione, in Ramusio, Viagyi, 
 torn. i. pp. 116-20, to have made a second voyage, during which he discov 
 ered the Cape Verde Islands; but Major, Prince Henry, pp. 278-88, shows 
 that such a voyage was not made in that year, if at all. 
 
 [1460.] Diogo Gomez discovered the Cape Verde Islands, and their colo 
 nization was effected during 'the following years. Major, Prince Henry, pp. 
 288-99, publishes the original account for the first time in English. Prince 
 Henry died in November of this year. Major's Prince. Henry, p. 303; Knnst- 
 mn.nn, Entdeckung Am., p. 19. Irving, Columbus, vol. i. p. 30, fixes this 
 date 1473; and Galvano, Discov., p. 14, says 1463. 
 
 [1461.] The spirit of discovery and the thirst for African gold and slaves 
 had become too strong to receive more than a temporary check in the death 
 of its chief promoter. In the year*following Prince Henry's death a fort was 
 built on the African coast to protect the already extensive trade, and in 1461 
 or 1462 Pedro de Cintra reached a point in nearly 5 north, being over six 
 hundred miles below the limit of Cadamosto's voyage. La Navigation del 
 Capita n Pletro di Sintra Portoyhese, scrltta per Meser Aluise da ca da Alosto, 
 in Ramusio, torn. i. fol. 119. 
 
86 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 [1469-89.] In 1469 Fernam Gomez rented the African trade from the king 
 of Portugal for a term of five years, and during that time pushed his ex 
 plorations under Santarem and Escobar to Cape St Catherine in 2 south, 
 first crossing the equator in 1471. Under Joao II., who succeeded Alfonso V. 
 in 1481, the traffic continued, and in 1489 Diogo Cam reached a point in 22, 
 over two hundred leagues below the Congo River, planting there a cross 
 which is said to be yet standing. Martin Behaim, the mathematician and 
 cosmographer, accompanied Cam on this voyage, and an error or interpola 
 tion in Schedel, Regiatrum, etc., Nuremberg, 1493, gave rise to the unfounded 
 report that they sailed west and discovered America. Humboldt, Exam. Grit., 
 torn. i. pp. 257, 283, 292, 309; Major's Prince Henry, pp. 325-38; Navarrete, 
 Col. de Viages, torn. i. p. xl.; Ilarrisse, Bibliotkeca Americana Vetustissima, 
 p. 40; Galvano's Discov., pp. 74-6; Otto, in Am. Phil Soc., vol. ii., 1786. 
 
 We enter now the Columbian epoch proper, to which, as we have seen, the 
 enterprises of Prince Henry and the Portuguese were precursory. About 
 1484, Christopher Columbus having proposed a new scheme of reaching India 
 by sailing west, the king of Portugal surreptitiously sent a vessel to test his 
 theory, which, after searching unsuccessfully for land westward, returned to 
 the Cape Verde Islands. Munoz, Hist. Nuevo Mundo, pp. 53-4 et al. Co 
 lumbus had resided in Portugal since 1470, and had made several trips in 
 Portuguese ships down the African coast, in the course of which he is sup 
 posed to have first conceived his new project. Indignant at the conduct of 
 the Portuguese king, Columbus left for Spain. Colon, Hist, del Almirante, in 
 Barcia, Hist. Prim., torn. i. pp. 9-10; translation inPinJcerton's Col. Voy., vol. 
 xii. pp. 1-16; and in Kerr's Col. Voy., vol. iii. pp. 1-242. 
 
 In 1486 Bartolomeu Bias sailed round Cape Good Hope and continued his 
 voyage to Great Fish Pviver on the south-east coast, from which point he was 
 compelled to return on account of the murmurs of his men. The cape, now 
 for the first time doubled by Europeans, was seen and named by him on his 
 return. In 1487 King Joao sent two priests, Covilham and Payva, to travel 
 in the East, in the hope of gathering more definite information respecting 
 Prester John and his famous Christian kingdom. Prester John they did not 
 find, but Covilham in his wanderings reached Sofala on the east coast of 
 Africa in about 20 south latitude, being the first of his countrymen to sail on 
 tho Indian Ocean. At Sofala he learned the practicability of the voyage 
 which Dias had actually accomplished a little before, and a message to that 
 effect was immediately sent to the king. Major's Prince Henry, pp. 339-42; 
 Navarrete, Col. de Viages, torn. i. p. xl-i; Ilumboldt* Exam. Grit., torn. i. 
 pp. 230 et seq.; Galvano's Discov., pp. 77-8. 
 
 From this tune to the great discovery of 1492, few expeditions remain 
 to be mentioned. It must not be forgotten, however, that by this time 
 trading voyages were of ordinary occurrence all along the eastern Atlantic 
 coast and its adjoining islands from Scandinavia to Guinea. A lively com 
 merce was carried on throughout this century between Bristol and Ice 
 land, and in the words of Kunstmann, substantiated by older authorities, 
 "a bull of Nicolas IV. to the bishops of Iceland, proves that the pope in 
 1448 was intimately acquainted with matters in Greenland." It seems in- 
 
THE COLUMBIAN EPOCH. 87 
 
 credible that during all this intercourse with northern lands, no knowledge 
 of America was gained by southern maritime nations, yet so far as we know 
 there exists no proof of such knowledge. 
 
 [147G.] John of Kolno, or Szkolny, is reported to have made a voyage in 
 the service of the king of Denmark in 1470, and to have touched on the coast 
 cf Labrador. The report rests on the authority of Wytfliet, Descriptionis 
 PtoiemaiccB aucjmentum, Lavauii, 1598, fol. 188, supported by a single sen 
 tence, "Tambien han ydo alia hoinbres de Noruega con el Piloto Juan 
 Scolno," in Gomara, Hist. Gen. de las Indias, Anvers, 1554, cap. xxxvii. fol. 
 31; by a similar sentence in Ilerrera, Hiit. Gen., Madrid, 1601, dec. i. 
 lib. vi.- cap. xvi., in which the name is changed to Juan Seduco; and by the 
 inscription, Jac Scolvus Groetland, on a country west of Greenland on a map 
 made by Michael Lok in 1582, fac-simile inllakluyt Soc., Divers Voy., p. 55. 
 According to Kohl, Hist. Discov., pp. 114-15, this voyage 13 considered apoc 
 ryphal by Danish and Norwegian writers. Lelewel, Geoy. du moyen age, p. 
 103, regards the voyage as authentic, and Kunstmann, Entdeckung Am., pp. 
 45-8, attaches to it great importance as the source of all the voyages to the 
 north which followed. Humboldt, Exam. Crit., torn. ii. pp. 152-4, gives 
 but little attention to the voyage, and confesses his inability to decide on 
 its merits: "Je ne puis hasarder aucun jugement sur cette assertion de 
 Wytfliet." 
 
 [1477.] In this year Columbus, whom we first find with the Portuguese 
 traders on the African coast, sailed northward, probably with an English 
 merchantman from Bristol, to a point one hundred leagues beyond Thule, in 
 73 north. Colon, Hist, del Almirante in Barcia, torn. i. p. 4; Mufwz, Hist, 
 ^uevo Nundo, pp. 43-7; Ilwmboldt, Exam. Crit., torn. i. p. 272. He probably 
 visited Iceland, although he gives the latitude incorrectly, taking it very likely 
 from ancient geography rather than his own observations. 
 
 [1482.] According to Kunstmann, the edition of Ptolemy this year, Pto- 
 lomcei CosmoyrapMa, Ulmce, 1482, lib. viii., contains a map that includes 
 Greenland, and must have been compiled from northern sources. 
 
 [1488.] Desmarquets, Memoires CJironologiques, etc., Dieppe, 1785, torn. i. 
 pp. 92-8, states that one Cousin sailed from Dieppe early in 1438, stood off 
 further from land than other voyagers had done, and after two months 
 reached an unknown land and a great river, which he named the Maragnon. 
 Was this the Maranon in South America ? He then sailed south-eastward 
 and discovered the southern point of Africa, returning to Dieppe in 1489. 
 The discovery was kept secret, but Cousin made a second voyage round the 
 cape and succeeded in reaching India. Major, besides pointing out some in 
 consistencies in this account, shows that M. Desmarquets "could commit 
 himself to assertions of great moment which are demonstrably false. " He is 
 not good authority for so remarkable a discovery not elsewhere recorded. 
 
 Before striking out with Columbus in his bold venture to the west, let us 
 sum up what we have learned thus far and see where we stand. First, the 
 geographical knowledge of the ancients was restricted to a parallelogram ex 
 tending north-west and south-cast from the Atlantic to the Indian ocean, 
 comprising one hundred and twenty degrees east and west by fifty degrees 
 
83 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 north and south; circumscribe this knowledge with legendary stories and 
 hypothetical and traditional beliefs concerning the regions beyond ; then add 
 a true theory of the earth's sphericity, though mistaken as to its size. This 
 is all they knew, and this knowledge they committed to the Dark Age, dur 
 ing which time it was preserved, and, indeed, little by little enlarged, as we 
 have seen. During the latter part of the fifteenth century, particularly, a 
 powerful impulse had been given to discovery, especially toward the south ; 
 so that now the limits of the ancients were moved eastward at least forty 
 degrees, to the eastern coasts and islands of Asia, chieily by the travels of Marco 
 Polo and Sir John Mandeville. Toward the south, the true form of Africa 
 had been ascertained, and its coasts had been explored by the Portuguese, 
 except a space of about fifteen degrees on the south-west. Northward the old 
 limit had been advanced but slightly, but within this limit much information 
 had been gained by actual navigation about regions only vaguely described 
 by Ptolemy. Westward, in what was still a Sea of Darkness, great discov 
 eries had been made by the Northmen, but their results were now practically 
 lost; while toward the south, several important groups of islands had been 
 added to the known world. See map on page 73, where the regions added 
 during this period are lightly shaded. And now, within the old bound the 
 world is much better known than at the beginning of the period, and many 
 minor geographical errors of the ancients have been corrected by the Crusad 
 ers, and others who attempted on a smaller scale to extend the Catholic faith, 
 as well as by commercial travellers in distant lands. Again, by the in 
 flux of Mahometans into Europe during five or six centuries, eastern luxuries 
 had been introduced to an extent hitherto unknown, and had in fcict become 
 necessities in Christian courts, thus making the India trade the great field of 
 commercial enterprise even by the tedious and uncertain overland routes 
 where middle-men absorbed the profits, and rendering the opening of other 
 and easier routes an object of primary importance. The almost exclusive 
 possession of trade via the old routes by the Italians, furnished an additional 
 motive to other European nations for explorations by sea. The art of print 
 ing, recently invented, facilitated the diffusion of learning, so that it was im 
 possible for the world ever again to lapse into the old intellectual darkness. 
 The astrolabe, the foundation of the modern quadrant, had been adapted by 
 a meeting of cosmographers in Portugal to the observation of latitudes by 
 the sun's altitude, and thus the chief obstacle to long sea- voyages was re 
 moved. The polarity of the magnet had long been known, but the practical 
 adaptation of the magnetic needle to purposes of navigation occurred about 
 the beginning of the fourteenth century. The mariner's compass, however, 
 only attained its highest purpose toward the close of the fifteenth century, 
 when the Sea of Darkness was traversed. But before this, the greatest im 
 pediments to ocean navigation had been overcome by voyages actually made 
 through the aid of the new inventions. Beside the coasts brought to light 
 by these voyages, they had done much to dispel the old superstitions of burn 
 ing zones, impassable capes, and unnavigable seas. 
 
 We have seen that, as a result either of the poetic fancy or of the actual 
 discovery of the ancients, various islands were traditionally located in the 
 Atlantic. Most of them undoubtedly owed their existence to the natural 
 
HEAL AND IMAGINARY ISLANDS. 89 
 
 tendency of man to people unknown seas with fabulous lands and beings. 
 " II est si naturel a Miomme de rever quelque chose au-dela de 1'horizon visi 
 ble," observes Humboldt. For a full account of the history and location of 
 these islands, " dont la position est encore plus variable que le nom," and the 
 important part played by them in ancient and middle-age geography, see 
 Humboldt, Exam. Crit., torn. ii. pp. 156-245, and Kunstmann, Entdeckuny 
 Am., pp. 6 et seq., and 35-37. In the fifteenth century, with the revival of 
 maritime enterprise, came a renewal and multiplication of the old fables. 
 Monastic scholars, by their continued study of the old writers, by their at 
 tempts to reconcile ancient geography with fabulous events in the lives of the 
 saints, and by their inevitable tendency to exaggeration, had contributed 
 largely to their preservation. Still, throughout the preceding period, the be 
 lief in the existence of such islands had been vague and hypothetical ; but 
 when the actual existence of numerous islands in the western ocean was proved, 
 and the Canary, Madeira, Azore, and Cape Verde groups were discovered 
 and explored, the old ideas were naturally revived and confirmed, and with 
 them rose a desire to rediscover all that had been known to the ancient voy 
 agers. The reported wonders of the fabulous isles, having on them great and 
 rich cities, w T ere confidently sought in each newly found land, and not ap 
 pearing in any of them, the islands themselves were successively located far 
 ther arfd farther to the west, out in the mysterious sea, to be surely brought 
 to light by future explorations. 
 
 And of a truth, this wondrous western empire was subsequently brought to 
 light; peoples and cities were found, but beyond the limits within which the 
 wildest dreams of their discoverers had ever placed them. On this founda 
 tion not a few speculators build a theory that America was known to the 
 ancients. The chief of the hypothetical isles were San Brandan, Antilia, 
 and the Island of the Seven Cities; their existence was firmly believed in, and 
 they were definitely located on maps of the period. San Brandan is said to 
 have been visited by the saint whose name it bears in the sixth century. 
 It was at first located far north and west of Ireland, but gradually moved 
 southward until at the tune of Columbus' first voyage it is found nearly in 
 the latitude of Cape Verde. To the inflamed imagination mirage is solid 
 earth, or sea, or a beautiful city; an island which was long supposed to 
 be visible from Madeira and the Canaries had something to do with the loca 
 tion of this island of the saint, and of the others. 
 
 Antilia, and the Island of Seven Cities, according to Behaim's map, are 
 identical. See page 93 this volume; also a reputed letter of Toscanelli, about 
 the existence of which Humboldt thinks there may be some doubt. The 
 only tangible point in the traditionary history is the migration of seven 
 bishops, driven from the Peninsula by the Moorish invasion in the eighth 
 century, who took refuge there and built the Seven Cities. The history and 
 location of this Island of the Seven Cities in the fifteenth century are similar 
 to those of San Brandan Island. Galvano says a Portuguese ship was there 
 in 1447. Brazil, Bracie, or Berzil, was another of these wandering islea, 
 whose name has been preserved and applied to a rock west of Ireland, to one 
 of the Azore islands, and to a country in South America. This name has 
 been the theme of much discussion, which, so far as I know, leads to no 
 
90 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 result beyond the fact that the name of a valuable dye -wood known to 
 the ancients was afterward applied to lands known or conjectured to pro 
 duce such woods. Humboldt, Exam. Crit.,tom. ii. pp. 214-45; Kunstmann, 
 Eutdeckuny Am., pp. 7-10, and 35 et seq. Kunstmann attaches greater geo 
 graphical importance to the fabulous isles than Humboldt, connecting them 
 in a manner apparently not quite clear to himself with the previous discov 
 eries of the Northmen. Thus stood facts and fancies concerning the geog 
 raphy of the world, when the greatest of discoverers arose and achieved the 
 greatest of discoveries. 
 
 Although in the chapters following I speak more at length of the deeds 
 of the Genoese and his companions, yet in order to complete this Summary 
 it is necessary to mention them here. I shall attempt no discussion concern 
 ing the country, family, date of birth, or early life of Christopher Columbus. 
 For the differences of opinion on these points, with numerous references, see 
 Ilarrisse, Bibliotlieca Americana Vetustissima, New York, 1866, p. 2 et seq. 
 Born somewhere in Italy, probably Genoa, about 1435, he received something 
 more than a rudimentary education, went to sea at the early age of fourteen, 
 and in 1470, which is about the date of his coming to Portugal, had already, 
 an extensive experience in the navigation of the Mediterranean, and was 
 skilled in the theory as well as the practice of his profession. We have al 
 ready seen him with the Portuguese on the African coast, and with the Eng 
 lish in Iceland. In fact, before his first voyage westward in 1492, he was 
 practically acquainted with all waters then navigated by Europeans. 
 
 The promptings which urged forward this navigator to the execution of his 
 great enterprise may be' stated as follows: The success of the Portuguese in 
 long voyages down the African coast suggested to his mind, soon after 1470, 
 that if they could sail so far south, another might sail west with the same 
 facility and perhaps profit. Says his son: "Estando en Portugal, empeco a 
 congeturar, que del mismo modo que los Portugueses navegaron tan lejos al 
 Mediodia, podria navegarse la buelta de Occidente, i hallar tierra en aquel 
 viage." Colon, Hist, del Almirante, in Barcia, torn. i. p. 4; edition of Veretia, 
 1709, pp. 22-3; Humboldt, Exam. Crit., torn. i. p. 12; Navarrete, GJ,. de, 
 Viayes, torn. i. p. Ixxix; Herrera, Hist. Gen., dec. i. lib. i. cap. 1-7. His 
 ardent imagination once seized with this idea, every nook and corner of 
 geographical knowledge was searched for evidence to support his theory. 
 By intercourse with other navigators he learned that at different times and 
 places along the western coasts of Europe and Africa, objects appar 
 ently from unknown western lands had been washed ashore, supposi- 
 tionally by the wind, really by the Gulf Stream or other oceanic currents. 
 Humboldt, Exam. Crit., torn. ii. p. 249. Though well aware of existing 
 rumors of islands seen at different times in the western ocean, it was 
 not upon these, if any such there were, that he built his greatest 
 anticipations of success. In the writings of the ancients he found 
 another stimulant. Filled with fervent piety and superstitious credulity, 
 he pored over every cosmographical work upon which he could lay 
 his hands, as well the compilations of antiquated notions, such as the Imago 
 Mundl of Pierre D'Ailly, or the more modern travels of Marco Polo and 
 
EVOLUTION OF THE GRAND CONCEPTION. 91 
 
 Sir John Mandeville. Colon, Hist, del Almirante, inBarcia, torn. i. p. 4 et seq.; 
 Major's Prince Henry, pp. 349, 332; Humboldt, Exam. Grit., torn. i. pp. 46, 
 60; Kunstmann, Entdeckung Am., pp. 74-6. 
 
 The result of these studies was a complete acquaintance with the geo 
 graphical knowledge of the day, with the greater part of what I have thus 
 far epitomized, the doings of the Northmen excepted. From all this he 
 knew of the earth's sphericity; he believed that the larger part of the world's 
 surface was dry land; that the land known to Ptolemy extended over at least 
 180 degrees, or half the circumference of the globe, that is, from the Canaries 
 to the Ganges; he knew that by later travels the eastern limit of geographical 
 knowledge had been moved much farther east, even to Cathay; he believed 
 that far out in the ocean lay the island of Zipangu; he knew that some eight 
 or ten degrees had been added on the west by the discovery of the Azores; 
 he believed that at most only one third of the circumference remained to be 
 navigated; that this space might naturally contain some islands available 
 as way stations in the voyage; that the explorations in the East were very 
 indefinite, and consequently Asia might, and probably did, extend farther east 
 than was supposed; that Ptolemy's figures were not undisputed Marino 
 making the distance from the Canaries to the Ganges 225 degrees instead of 
 ISO, while another geographer, Alfragano, by actual measurement, made each 
 degree about one sixth smaller than Ptolemy, thus reducing the size of the 
 earth, and with it the remaining distance to India; that several ancient 
 writers see quotations from Aristotle, Strabo, Seneca, et al., in Humboldt, 
 Exam. Grit., torn. i. pp. 38, 61, 98 et seq. had pronounced the distance to 
 India very short, and had affirmed that it might be navigated in a few days; 
 and finally that other scholars, as Toscanelli, had arrived at the same con 
 clusions as himself, possibly before himself. Cartels de Pablo ToscaneUi, Fisico 
 Florentin t d Cristobal Colon y al Cantiniyo Portuyues Fernando Martinez, sobre 
 el descubrimiento de las Lidias, in Navarrete, torn. ii. pp. 1-4; Muiioz, Hist. 
 Nuevo Mundo, pp. 48-9. See also, on Columbus' motives, Irving'* Colum 
 bus, vol. i. pp. 42-51, and vol. ii. p. 148; Munoz, Hist. Nuevo Mundo, pp. 45-7; 
 Humboldt, Exam. Grit., torn. ii. pp. 324-9; Stevens' Notes, p. 28; Major's 
 Prince Henry, pp. 347-52; Kunstmann, Entdeckung Am., p. 74. Many of 
 these conclusions were erroneous, being founded on an incorrect idea of longi 
 tude; but this reduction of the earth's size was an error most fortunate for 
 discovery, inasmuch as with a correct idea of the distance to be traversed, 
 and with no suspicion of an intervening continent, such an expedition as that 
 of the Genoese would not have been undertaken at the time. 
 
 Such were the ideas and aspirations of Columbus before his undertakings; 
 later in life a theologic mysticism took possession of his mind, and his suc 
 cess was simply a fulfillment of divine prophecy in which cosmographical 
 realities went for nothing. See Carlos de Don Cristobal Colon, in Navarrete, 
 torn. i. p. 330. 
 
 All attempts to diminish the glory of Columbus' achievement by proving a 
 previous discovery whose results were known to him have signally failed. 
 The reports of mysterious maps which have been claimed to have prompted 
 his enterprise evidently amount to nothing in view of the fact that Columbus 
 never suspected the existence of any ne>v countries, yet that he saw maps 
 
92 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 of the world, including the Asiatic coasts, can not be doubted. The case of 
 the pilot Sanchez, said to have died in the house of Columbus, and to have 
 told him of lands he had seen toward the west, if true, is likewise of little 
 moment as touching the honor due to Columbus, for many men were confi 
 dent of having seen such lands from the Canaries and other islands, and sev 
 eral voyages had been made in search of them, all of which was certainly 
 known to Columbus. The story of Sanchez was started by Oviedo, who 
 gives no authority or date for the event; it was repeated generally with dis 
 approval by other historians, until revived by Garcillasso de la Vega with date 
 and details; but his date, 1484, is ten years after Columbus is known to have 
 proposed his scheme to the Portuguese government. Columbus originated 
 no new theory respecting the earth's form or size, though a popular idea has 
 always prevailed, notwithstanding the statements of the best writers to the 
 contrary, that he is entitled to the glory of the theory as well as to that of 
 the execution of the project. He was not in advance of his age, entertained 
 no new theories, believed no more than did Prince Henry, his predecessor, or 
 Toscanelli, his contemporary; nor was he the first to conceive the possi 
 bility of reaching the east by sailing west. He was however the first to act 
 in accordance with existing beliefs. The Northmen in their voyages had en 
 tertained no ideas of a New World, or of an Asia to the west. To knowledge 
 of theoretical geography, Columbus added the skill of a practical navigator, 
 and the iron will to overcome obstacles. He sailed west, reached Asia as 
 he believed, and proved old theories correct. 
 
 There seem to be two undecided points in that matter, neither of which 
 can ever be settled. First, did his experience in the Portuguese voyages, the 
 perusal of some old author, or a hint from one of the few men acquainted 
 with old traditions, first suggest to Columbus his project ? In the absence 
 of sustaining proof, the statement of the son Fernando that the father should 
 be credited with the reconception of the great idea, goes for little. Second, 
 to what extent did his voyage to the north influence his plan ? There is no 
 evidence, but a strong probability, that he heard in that voyage of the 
 existence of land in the west. It is hardly possible that no tradition of 
 Markland and Vinland remained in Iceland, when but little more th-ui a 
 hundred years had passed since the last ship had returned from those 
 countries, and when many persons must have been living who had been in 
 Greenland. If such traditions did exist, Columbus certainly must have 
 made himself acquainted with them. Still his visit to the north was in 1477, 
 several years after the first formation of his plan, and any information gained 
 at the time could only have been confirmatory rather than suggestive. Both 
 Humboldt and Kunstmann think that even if he ever heard of the discoveries 
 of the Northmen which is thought probable by the latter this knowl 
 edge would not have agreed with, nor encouraged, his plans. Kohl, Hist. 
 Divc.ov., pp. 115-20, believes that such a knowledge would have been the 
 strongest possible confirmation of his idea of the nearness of Asia and Europe, 
 in which opinion I concur. The idea of Draper, Hist, Int. Develop. , p. 443, 
 that had Columbus known of the northern discoveries he would have steered 
 farther to the north, seems of no weight, since he sought not the northern but 
 the southern parts of India. 
 
FIRST VOYAGE OF COLUMBUS. 
 
 93 
 
 What Columbus had to contend with at this juncture was not, as I have 
 said, old doctrines oppugnant to any new conception, but the ignorance 
 of the masses, who held no doctrine beyond that of proximate sense, which 
 spread out the earth's surface, so far as their dull conceptions could reach, 
 in one universal flatness; and the knowledge of courts, whence alone the 
 great discoverer could hope for support, was but little in advance of that 
 of the people. Then the Church, with its usual firmness and conserv 
 atism , was against him. The monks, who were then the guardians of 
 learning, knew, or might have known, all that Prince Henry, Columbus, 
 and other earnest searchers had ascertained regarding the geography of 
 the earth; but what were science and facts to them if they in any wise con 
 flicted with the preconceived notions of the Fathers, or with Church dogmas? 
 " II est vrai," says Humboldt, "que les scrupules thcologiques de Lactance, 
 de St. Chrysostome et de quelques autres Peres de FEglise, contribuerent a 
 
 MARTIX BEHAIM'S GLOBE, 1492. 
 
 pousser 1'esprit humain dans un mouvement retrograde." And again, the 
 African expeditions of the Portuguese had not on the whole been profitable 
 or encouraging to other similar undertakings, and the financial condition of 
 most European courts was not such as to warrant new expenses. Portugal, 
 more advanced and in better condition to embark in new enterprises than 
 any other nation, now regarded the opening of her rbute to India via the Cape 
 of Good Hope an accomplished fact, and therefore looked coldly on any new 
 venture. Nor were the extravagant demands of Columbus with respect to 
 titles and authority over the new regions of Asia which he hoped to find, 
 likely to inspire monarchs, jealous of their dignities, with favor toward a 
 penniless, untitled adventurer. Passing as well the successive disappoint 
 ments of Columbus in his weary efforts to obtain the assistance necessary to 
 the accomplishment of his project, as his final success with Queen Isabella of 
 Castile, let us resume our chronological summary. 
 
94 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 [1492.] Shortly before the sailing of Columbus, the learned astronomer 
 Martin Behaim, of Nuremberg, constructed a globe showing the whole surface 
 of the earth as understood by the best geographers of the time. This globe 
 has been preserved, and I present a fac-simile of the American hemisphere 
 published in Ghillany, Geschkhte des Seefahrers Ititter Martin Behaim, Niirn- 
 berg, 153. The entire globe may be seen in Jomard, Les Monuments de la 
 Geographic, no. xv., Paris, 1854. A section of the globe is given by Irving, 
 Columbus, vol. i. p. 53 (see also Id., p. 135), by London Geog. Soc. Journal, 
 1848, vol. xviii. p. 76; and a copy from Ghillany, with some of the names 
 omitted, may be found in Kohl's Hist. Discov., p. 147, map no. iv. 
 
 The chart by which the voyage of Columbus was made is supposed to have 
 been a copy of Behaim 's Globe, which indeed may be regarded as the ex 
 ponent of geographical conceptions, those of Columbus as well as those of the 
 learned men and practical navigators of the day. By an inscription on the 
 original, the Asiatic coast is known to have been laid down from Marco Polo, 
 and to the islands of Antilia and San Brandan are joined other inscriptions 
 giving their history as I have before indicated. Sailing from Palos on the 
 3d of August, 1492, with one hundred and twenty men in three vessels 
 commanded by himself and the two brothers Pinzon, Columbus was at last 
 fairly launched on the Sea of Darkness. After a detention of three weeks at 
 the Canaries, he sailed thence the Cth of September; marked, not without 
 alarm, the variation of the needle on the 30th of September; and on the 12th 
 of October discovered San Salvador, or Cat Island. 
 
 So far all was well; all was as the bold navigator had anticipated; all ac 
 corded with current opinions, his own among the number ; he had sailed cer 
 tain days, had accomplished a certain distance, and had reached triumphantly 
 one of the numerous islands mentioned by Marco Polo, and, God willing, 
 would soon find the larger island of Zipangu. Alas for mathematical cal 
 culations, for that other third of the earth's circumference ; alas for the inter 
 vening continent and broad Pacific sea, which baffled the great discoverer to 
 the day of his death ! 
 
 Passing over the cruise through the Bahamas, or Marco Polo's archipelago 
 of seven thousand islands, in which the discoverers touched successively at 
 Concepcion, Exuma (Fernandina), and Isla Larga (Isabela), we find Columbus 
 sailing from the last-mentioned island on the 24th of October for Zipangu, 
 with the intention of proceeding thence to the main-land, and presenting his 
 credentials to the great Khan. 
 
 Touching at the Mucaras group, Columbus arrived at Zipangu, which 
 was none other than the island of Cuba, on the 28th of October, and gave 
 to the island, in place of its barbarous appellation, the more Christian 
 name of Juana. Cruising along the northern shore of Cuba, in frequent 
 converse with the natives, he soon learned that this was not Zipangu, was 
 not even an island, but was the veritable Asiatic continent itself, for so 
 his fervid mind interpreted the strange language of this people. Unfor 
 tunately he could not find the Khan; after diligent search he could find 
 no great city, nor any imperial court, nor other display of oriental opulence 
 such as were described by Marco Polo and Sir John Mandeville only naked 
 barbarians and thatched huts; so after advancing west beyond Savana la 
 
PAPAL BULL OF PARTITION. 95 
 
 Mar, the discoverers returned to the eastern end of Cuba, visiting on the way 
 the group El Jardin del Rey. Postponing the exploration of the coast toward 
 the south-west, Columbus returned eastward and followed the northern coast 
 of Espaiiola, turning off on his way to discover the Tortugas, and arriving at 
 La Xavidad, where he built a fort and left a colony of thirty-nine men. Now, 
 Espauola, and not Cuba as he had at first supposed, was the true Zipangu ; 
 for the main-land of China could not by any possibility be the island of 
 Japan; and in this belief Columbus sailed for Spain on the 16th of Jan 
 uary, reaching the Azores on the 18th of February, and arriving at Palos the 
 loth of March, 1493. Primer mage de Colon, in Navarrete, torn. i. pp. 1-197; 
 Purchas, His Piljrimes, vol. i. booke ii. pp. 10-13; Sammlung aller Reisebe- 
 schreibungen, torn. xiii. p. 10; Napione and De Conti, Biografia Colombo, pp. 
 303-36; Peter Martyr, dec. i. cap. i.; Oviedo, Hist. Gen., torn. i. pp. 21-31, 
 46-55; Colon, Hist, del Almirante, in Barcia, torn. i. pp. 13-38; Irvintfs Co 
 lumbus, vol. i. pp. 124-289; vol. iii. pp. 447-68; Major's Prince Henry, pp. 
 356-7; West-IndischeSpieghel, p. 10; Cancellieri, Notiziedi Colombo, pp. 66-76. 
 
 [1493.] Just before reaching the Azores, Columbus wrote on shipboard 
 two letters describing his voyage, o,ne under date of the 15th of Febru 
 ary, and the other of the 14th of March. The manuscript of one, with 
 copies printed in Spain probably during this same year, are yet preserved. 
 Of the other, both the original manuscript and Spanish copies, if any 
 were printed, are lost; but of a Latin translation, six editions are extant, 
 supposed to have been printed in '1493, in France and in Italy, under the 
 title Epistola Chritstofori Colom, or De Insulis Inventis, etc. A poetical para 
 phrase of the same letter appeared the same year as Dali Questa e la Ilystoria, 
 etc., Florence, 1493, and four other works of this year contain slight allusions 
 to Columbus. Seven or eight editions of Columbus' letters appeared in dif 
 ferent forms during the next forty years. Both letters may be found with 
 Spanish translations in the first volume of Navarrete's collection. For the 
 bibliographical notices of this sketch I have depended chiefly on Harrisse, 
 Bib. Am. Vet., as the latest and most complete essay on early American 
 books, notwithstanding the few blunders that have subjected it to so much 
 ridicule. I shall not consider it necessary to repeat the reference with each 
 notice, as Harrisse's work is arranged chronologically. 
 
 As soon as Columbus had explained to Ferdinand and Isabella the nature 
 of his important discovery, the Spanish sovereigns applied to the Pope for 
 the same grants and privileges respecting lands discovered, and to be discov 
 ered, in the west, that had before been granted the Portuguese in the south 
 and east. His Holiness, accepting the Spanish statements that the conces 
 sions demanded did not in any way conflict with previous grants to the Por 
 tuguese, by bull of May 2, 1493, ceded to Spain all lands which might be 
 discovered by her west of a line drawn from pole to pole, one hundred leagues 
 west of the Azores; the Portuguese to have all new lands east of the same 
 line. It is obvious that his Holiness fixed this line arbitrarily, without a 
 thought of the position or importance of the corresponding meridian at the 
 antipodes. This opposite meridian, according to the idea of longitude enter 
 tained at the time, would fall in the vicinity of India proper; and the Portu 
 guese, besides their natural jealousy of this new success of Spain, feared that 
 
96 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 
 
 the western hemisphere thus given to her rival might include portions of 
 their Indian grants. Hence arose much trouble in the few following years 
 between the two courts. See infra. 
 
 Amidst the enthusiasm following his success Columbus had no difficiilty 
 in fitting out another expedition. Embarking from Cadiz September 25, 
 1493, with seventeen vessels and over 1,200 men, among whom were Alonso 
 de Ojeda and Juan de la Cosa, el almirante, or the admiral, as Columbus was 
 now called, touched at the Canaries, discovered Dominica the 3d of Novem 
 ber, and Guadalupe a few days later; thence sailing north-west through the 
 Caribbean Archipelago, he occasionally landed and gave names to islands. 
 Resting two days at Puerto Rico, he reached the coast of Espaiiola on the 22d 
 of November, and on the 27th anchored off the port of Navidad. The set 
 tlement established at this place in the previous voyage had totally disap 
 peared; the colonists as is supposed falling victims to internal dissensions 
 and general excesses. A new city called Isabela was then founded at an 
 other port of this island, and Ojeda was sent inland to explore the country. 
 After a short absence he returned, reporting th?. country rich in gold. On 
 the second of February, 1494, twelve vessels, with specimens of the people 
 and products of the country, were despatched for Spain under Antonio de 
 Torres. By this departure was also sent a request for immediate supplies. 
 Recovering from a serious illness, Columbus checked a revolt among his peo 
 ple on the 24th of April, built a fort in the interior, and then sailed to explore 
 tlie main coast of Asia as he supposed, but in truth Cuba south-westward 
 from the point where he left it on his first voyage. Following the south 
 coast of Cuba the admiral at length reached the vicinity of Philipina, or 
 Cortes Bay, where the shore bends to the southward. This to him seemed 
 conclusive proof that it was indeed the main-land of Asia which he was 
 coasting. The statements of the natives who said that Cuba was in fact an 
 island, but that it was so large that no one had ever reached its western ex 
 tremity, confirmed him in his belief since one might question the knowl 
 edge of a boundary which no one had ever reached and from which no one 
 had ever come. The theory of the age was thus made good, and that 
 was sufficient; so Columbus brought all his crew, officers and men, before the 
 notary, and made them swear that the island of Cuba was the continent of 
 Asia an act significant of methods of conversion in those days. He even 
 proposed to continue he voyage along the coast to the Red Sea, and thence 
 home by way of the Mediterranean, or, better still, round the Cape of Good 
 Hope, to meet and surprise the Portuguese; but his companions thought the 
 supplies insufficient for so long a voyage, and the admiral was persuaded 
 to postpone the attempt. 
 
 Returning therefore to Espafiola, on the way back Columbus discovered 
 and partially explored Jamaica, Isla de Pinos, and the small islands scattered 
 to the southward of Cuba, arriving at Isabela on the 4th of September. 
 There he found matters in a bad way. The colony, comprising a motley crew 
 of lawless adventurers, ever ready to attribute success to themselves and ill- 
 fortune to their governor, trumped up numerous complaints which caused the 
 admiral no little trouble. Margarite, to whom had been given a command 
 for an expedition inland, had revolted and sailed with several ships for Spain. 
 
REPARTITION OF THE WORLD. 97 
 
 Open war had been declared with the natives, and the colonists were hard 
 pressed; but the admiral's presence and Ojeda's impetuous bravery soon 
 secured order. Meanwhile two arrivals inspired the colonists with fresh 
 courage; that of Bartolome Colon, brother of the admiral, with three ships, 
 and that of Torres, with four vessels laden with supplies. With the gold 
 that had been accumulated, and specimens of fruits and plants, and five 
 hundred natives as slaves, Torres was sent back to Spain, accompanied by 
 Diego Colon, whose mission was to defend his brother's interests at court. 
 The pacification of the natives was then completed, and heavy taxes were im 
 posed upon them. In October, 1495, arrived Juan de Aguado, sent by the 
 king to ascertain the facts concerning charges against the admiral. This man, 
 in place of executing his commission fairly, only stirred up the accusers of 
 Columbus to greater enmity which quality of justice well accorded with 
 the temper of his master Ferdinand. On account of these troubles, as well 
 as from the discovery of a. new gold mine, which proved beyond question 
 that Espanola was the ancient Ophir of King Solomon, Columbus decided to 
 return to Spain. So leaving his brother, Bartolome, in command as adelan- 
 t^do, or lieutenant-governor, he sailed with Aguado, on the 10th of March, in 
 two caravels, carrying 225 Spaniards and thirty natives. Touching at Mari- 
 galante, and Guadalupe, he arrived at Cadiz June 11, 1496. Segundo Viayede 
 Cristobal Colon, in Navarrete, torn. i. pp. 198-241; Colon, Hist, del Almirante, 
 in Barcla, torn. i. pp. 42-73; Peter Martyr, dec. i. cap. 2-4; Oviedo, Hint. 
 Gen., torn. i. pp. 31-5; Napione and DeConti, Biograjia Colombo, pp. 331-50; 
 Irvincfs Columbus, vol. i. pp. 338-497; vol. ii. pp. 1-87; Major's Prince 
 Jlenry, p. 358; Humboldt's Exam. Grit., torn. iv. p. 217; Cancdlieri, Notizle 
 dl Colombo, pp. 93-9. The letters which Columbus sent to Spain by Torres 
 in February, 1494, if ever printed, are lost; but in Syllar.io, ad Sapietlssimii 
 ....de insults, etc., Pavia, 1494 or 1495, appeared certain letters from Spain 
 to the author of this work, describing the second voyage of Columbus. 
 
 [1494.] Thus during the absence of Columbus on his second voyage we 
 have seen the ocean route between Spain and Espanola six times navigated; 
 first, by the fleet of twelve vessels sent back to Spain by the admiral under 
 Antonio de Torres; second, by Bartolome Colon, who followed his brother to 
 Espanola with three ships; third, by Margarite, who revolted and left Espaiiola 
 during the absence of Columbus in Cuba; fourth, by Torres in command of 
 four vessels from Spain with supplies for the colony; fifth, by the return of 
 the same four ships to Spain with gold and slaves; and sixth, by Juan de 
 Aguado with four ships from Spain in August, 1495. 
 
 With the division of the world by Pope Alexander VI., Portugal was not 
 satisfied. The world was thought to be not so large then as now, and one half 
 of it was not enough for so small a kingdom which had boasted so great a navi 
 gator as Prince Henry. It was not their own side, but the other side, that 
 troubled the Portuguese, fearing as they did that the opposite meridian threw 
 into Spain's half a part or the whole of India. So Spain and Portugal fell to 
 quarrelling over this partition by his Holiness; and the matter was referred 
 to a commission, and finally settled by the treaty of Tordesillas in June, 
 1494, which moved the line 270 leagues farther west. About the location of 
 HIBX. CEN. AM., VOL. I. 7 
 
98 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 this line of demarcation, and its effect on Brazil, and the Moluccas, much 
 has been written, though little has been said as to the motive that prompted 
 Portugal in making this change. The fact is, that at a time when the Spice 
 Islands were but vaguely known, and the existence of Brazil not even sus 
 pected, it is impossible to conceive why Portugal desired to change the par 
 tition line from 100 leagues to 370 leagues west of the Azores; for the change 
 could only diminish the possessions of Portugal in India by 270 leagues, as 
 in truth it did, including the Moluccas in the loss, and gaining in return 270 
 leagues of open Atlantic sea! True, there proved to be an accidental gain of 
 a part of Brazil, but there could have been no idea at the time that this par 
 tition line cut through any eastern portion of lands discovered by Columbus 
 to the west. In whatever light we imagine them to have regarded it, there is 
 still an unexplained mystery. The Pacific ocean was unknown; between the 
 discoveries of Spain and Portugal, so far as known, all was land India. By 
 carrying the partition line westward, Portugal may have thought to find some 
 western land; at all events, it is generally believed that the effect of the par 
 tition in the antipodes was not well considered; that the only point in question 
 was the right of making discoveries in the western ocean, and that the treaty 
 of Tordesillas was decided in favor of Spain Portugal being forced to yield 
 the main point, but insisting on the change of partition in order to give her 
 more sea-room. On the other hand it may be claimed that the antipodes, of 
 which they knew so little, were the avowed object of all the expeditions sent 
 out by both parties. See the original bull and treaty in Navarrete, Col. de 
 Viages, torn. ii. pp. 28, 130; also Prescotfs Ferdinand and Isabella, vol. ii. pp. 
 173-83; Calvo, Recueil Complet des Traites, Paris, 1862, torn. i. pp. 1-3G; 
 Purchas, His Pilgrimes, vol. i. booke ii. pp. 13-15; Curious and Ent. Voy., p. 
 20; Cancellieri, Notizie di Colombo, p. 183. 
 
 Italy, and especially Venice, as we have seen, was the first of the European 
 states to display in any marked degree in mediaeval times that commercial 
 spirit so early and so well developed in the Phoenicians. Portugal caught 
 the flame under John the Great, 1385-1433, and led the van of a more daring 
 discovery and exploration by conquests 011 the north-west coast of Africa. 
 Simultaneously Prince Henry was sending expeditions farther down the west 
 ern coast of Africa, and among the islands of the Atlantic. His country 
 reaped the reward in 1486, when the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope 
 opened her a way by sea to Hindostan, and to the commerce of the Orient, 
 and gave at the same time the death-blow to Venetian ascendancy in that 
 market. 
 
 But Spain, as chance would have it, did not lag far behind her sister king 
 dom. The fact of the great navigators, Columbus and Vespucci, being 
 Italians, and yet having to seek assistance of Spain, sufficiently indicates in 
 what direction the swing of maritime power was tending. The astronomical 
 schools of Cordova, Seville, and Granada had well prepared Spain for the 
 application of astronomy to navigation, and the long internal wars had bred 
 those bold and enduring spirits who alone are fitted to conduct with success 
 great enterprises of certain danger and uncertain result. 
 
 It is claimed by some that John and Sebastian Cabot made their first voy- 
 
AMERIGO VESPUCCI. 90 
 
 age and discovered Newfoundland in 1494. The claim rests on a statement 
 of the Spanish ambassador to England in a letter dated July 25, 1498, to 
 the effect that during the past seven years several vessels had been sent each 
 year from Bristol in search of Brasil and the Islands of the Seven Cities, 
 and on an inscription on Sebastian Cabot's map of 1544, which states that 
 land was first discovered by the Cabots on June 24, 1494. D'Avesac, Letter 
 on the rot/ages of John and Sebastian Cabot, in Kohl, pp. 506-7. But other 
 authors consider the map even if made by Cabot, which is extremely 
 doubtful insufficient authority to prove such a voyage. 
 
 [1495.] At the solicitation of the brothers Pinzon and other navigators, a 
 license was granted April 10, 1495, permitting any native-born Spaniard to 
 make private voyages for trade and discovery from Cadiz to the Western 
 India; such expeditions to be under the inspection of government, one of whose 
 officials was to accompany each vessel to ensure the payment to the crown of 
 one tenth of the profit of the voyage. For this document in full, see Navar- 
 rete y Col. de Viayes, torn. ii. p. 165. See also Humboldt, Exam. Grit., torn. 
 i. pp. 356 et seq. Whether any one actually took advantage of this license 
 before its repeal which was on June 2, 1497, at the instigation of Colum 
 bus is a disputed point of some importance in connection with certain doubt 
 ful expeditions to be considered hereafter. 
 
 [1496.] Pedro Alonso Nino sailed from Cadiz June 17, 1496, just after the 
 return of Columbus, in command of three vessels laden with supplies for the 
 colony at Espaiiola. 
 
 [1497.] Amerigo Vespucci, a Florentine navigator, claims to have set sail 
 from Cadiz with four vessels in the service of the king of Spain on the tenth, 
 or twentieth, of May, 1497. In what capacity he accompanied the expedi 
 tion, or who was its commander, he does not state, but says that he was 
 chosen by the king to go with the expedition. "Me ad talia investiganda 
 in ipsam societatem elegit." Sailing south-south-west to the Canaries, 
 280 leagues from Lisbon, he remained there eight days, and then sailed 
 west-one-quarter-south-west 1,000 leagues in twenty-seven, or thirty-seven, 
 days, to a point on the main-land in 16 north and 75 west of the Ca 
 naries that is to say, on the coast of Central America near Cape Gracias 
 a Dios. This must have been about the 1st of July, some days perhaps 
 after Cabot's landing farther north, which was the 24th of June. The 
 Spaniards went ashore in boats, but the natives were too timid to trade; 
 so that continuing their voyage for two days north-w r est in sight of the flat 
 coast, they reached a more secure anchorage, established friendly relations 
 with the people, and found some traces of gold. The ships then followed the 
 coast for several days, to a port where was found a village built over the 
 water like Venice, and there fought with the natives (of Tabasco?); sailed 
 eighty leagues along the coast to a region of many rivers (Panuco?), where 
 they were kindly received by people of a different language, and made a jour 
 ney of eighteen leagues inland, visiting many towns. This province was 
 called by the inhabitants Lariab, and is situated in the torrid zone, near the 
 tropic of Cancer, in 23 north. Again they started, pursued a north-west 
 course and frequently anchored, sailing thus 870 leagues, until after thirteen 
 
100 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 months, that is to say in June, 1498, they reached "the best harbor in the 
 world" (port of Cape Canaveral?), in 28 30', where they resolved to repair 
 their ships for the return voyage. There they remained thirty-seven days, and 
 when about to depart, the natives complained of certain cannibals who came 
 each year from an island 100 leagues distant to attack them. The Spaniards, 
 in return for their kindness, promised to avenge their wrongs. Accordingly 
 they sailed north-east and east to a group of islands, some of which were 
 inhabited (Bermudas?); landing at one of them called Ity, they defeated the 
 cannibals, and made 250 prisoners, with a loss of one man killed and twenty- 
 two wounded. Returning, they arrived at Cadiz October 15, 1499, with 
 222 prisoners, who were sold as slaves. The above is the account given 
 by Vespucci in a letter written in 1504, according to the edition adopted 
 as authentic and original by Varnhagen, Le premier Voyage de Ameri>/o 
 Vespucci, who believes that Vicente Yanez Pinzon and Juan Diaz de 
 Solis were the commanders. This voyage is not generally regarded as au 
 thentic; and a long and complicated discussion has arisen on the question 
 whether the account given is to be regarded as true, as wholly a fabrication, 
 or as belonging to a subsequent voyage and accidentally or intentionally 
 dated back two years. As this voyage, if actually made as claimed by M. 
 Varnhagen, would be the first to touch the territory which I denominate the 
 Pacific States, I find it necessary to give in this place the leading points in 
 the discussion. In what may be called the standard authorities on American 
 discovery, such as Navarrete, Humboldt, and others, is found fully presented 
 the question of the authenticity of Vespucci's voyage, always, however, under 
 the supposition that the land claimed to have been visited was the coast of 
 Paria. The theory of M. Varnhagen, that that region must be sought in 
 North America, reopens the question and introduces some new features which 
 cannot be passed by unnoticed in this connection. Without entering upon 
 the somewhat complicated bibliography of Vespucci's narrations, or taking 
 up the question of his claims in the matter of naming America, I shall at 
 tempt to state briefly, and as clearly as I am able, the arguments for and 
 against the authenticity of a voyage, in which perhaps is involved the 
 question of the first post-Scandinavian discovery of the North American 
 continent. 
 
 Besides Vespucci's own statement, in a letter written in 1504, no contem 
 porary document has been found which mentions such an expedition, though 
 most diligent search for such documents has been made in the Spanish ar 
 chives by partisans and opponents of the Florentine's claim. This absence of 
 confirmatory documents is the more noticeable as the expedition was made 
 under royal patronage. In another and previously written letter describ 
 ing his second voyage in 1499, Vespucci not only makes no mention of this 
 voyage, but even excuses his long silence by saying that nothing had occurred 
 worth relating. True, a short letter of one Vianello, dated 1506, published 
 by Humboldt, mentions a voyage to which no date is given, made by Ves 
 pucci in company with Juan de la Cosa. M. Varnhagen supposes this to have 
 been the voyage in question, and a large river discovered at the time to have 
 been the Mississippi; but, beside the fact that there is no reason for attribut 
 ing the elate of 1497 rather than any other to this voyage, Vianello's letter, 
 
THE DISPUTED VOYAGE 0$ VESPUCCI. 101 
 
 with two others, published by Harrisse, indicates a much later date for the 
 expedition with Juan de la Cosa. 
 
 Moreover, not only is there a want of original records, but contemporary 
 historians are silent respecting this expedition ; the first mention by later 
 writers being a denial of its authenticity when it was thought to conflict with 
 the admiral's claims as discoverer of the continent. Yet, on the supposition 
 cf a voyage to the Xorth American coast, there are some passages in the his 
 torians Peter Martyr, Oviedo, Gomara, and Herrera, which point more or less 
 definitely to an exploration of the gulf of Honduras before 1502. Peter 
 Martyr, dec. i. cap, vi., writing before 1508, says that many claim to have 
 sailed round Cuba; and later, dec. i. cap, x., he mentions a report that 
 Pinzon and Solis had explored the coast of Honduras, giving, however, no 
 dates. Oviedo, Illst. Gen., torn. ii. p. 140, says positively that the gulf of 
 Honduras M r as discovered not by Columbus, but by Pinzon and Solis, and 
 that before the former discovered the Amazon, or the latter the Rio de la 
 Plata, that is to say before 1499. Gomara, Hist, de las Indias, fol. C3, states 
 that Pinzon and Solis are said by some to have explored the coast of Hondu 
 ras three years before Columbus, which would make it in 1499. Herrera, 
 Hist. Gen., dec. iv. lib. viii. cap. iii., says that the gulf of Honduras was 
 named Hibueras from the gourds found floating in its Waters by the first 
 Spaniards who sailed along the coast. To M.Varnhagen, this it may be ran 
 dom remark of Herrera is proof positive that as Columbus did not enter or 
 name the giilf, he was not the first Spaniard who sailed along the coast. 
 Whatever weight may be attached to these passages from the historians, in 
 proving a voyage to North America previous to that of the admiral, such evi 
 dence is manifestly increased by the fact that the date of the voyage attrib 
 uted to Pinzon and Solis seems to rest entirely on the statement of Herrera, 
 Hist. Gen., dec. i. lib. vi. cap. xvi., who describes the expedition with other 
 events under the date of 1506. Yet in the testimony in the lawsuit herein 
 after to be mentioned, it is implied, though not expressly stated, that the 
 voyage was after that of Columbus, since special pains was taken by the king 
 to prove the coast explored by Pinzon to be distinct from that discovered by 
 the admiral. Another point is that in this same testimony the name 'Caria* 
 is given to a place visited during Pinzon's voyage, and for this name Ves 
 pucci's ' Lariab' may possibly be a misprint. 
 
 Humboldt, Exam. Grit., torn. iv. pp. 59, 207, 272-4, repeatedly states it 
 as an undeniable fact that Vespucci was employed in Spain in fitting out the 
 vessels for the third voyage of Columbus, up to the date of the sailing of the 
 expedition, May 30, 1498, and consequently could not himself have sailed in 
 May or any other month of 1497. He makes this statement on the authority 
 of documents collected by Muiioz. Harrisse, Bib. Am. Vet., p. 57, states, 
 also on the authority of Mufioz, that from April, 1497, to May 30, 1498, Ves 
 pucci was "constantly travelling from Seville to San Lucar." Vespucci is 
 known to have succeeded Juanoto Berardi, who died in December, 1495, in a 
 contract to fit out vessels for the Spanish government, and to have received 
 money on account of that contract on the 12th of January, 1496. Irving, 
 with access to the documents of Munoz, says that four caravels fitted out by 
 Vespucci sailed February 3> 1496, but were driven back; and he speaks of 
 
 
102 EAELY VOYAGES. 
 
 no evidence of his presence in Spain in 1497 or 1498. Navarrete, relying on 
 the same Mufioz documents which consist of extracts from the books of ex 
 penses of Indian armadas in the Casa de Contratacion in Seville gives no 
 date to the sailing and wreck of the four vessels mentioned by Irving, but 
 1 implies that the event took place before Berardi's death. After speaking of 
 the receipt of money on the 12th of January, 1496, he states that Ves 
 pucci "went on attending to everything until the armada was despatched 
 from San Lucar." Col. de Viages, torn. iii. p. 317. He does not state that 
 the fleet thus fitted out was that in which Columbus sailed in 1498. Mufioz 
 in the printed portion of his work is silent on the subject. Varnhagen, Ves- 
 puce et son Premier Voy., p. 18, argues that Humboldt had no authority 
 whatever for applying Navarrete's statement respecting the armada de 
 spatched from San Lucar to the admiral's fleet, that statement having proba 
 bly been his authority, and not the original documents of Mufioz ; and that 
 the four vessels whose fitting-out Vespucci personally superintended were 
 much more probably those in which he himself sailed and made the voyage 
 in question. Varnhagen furthermore thinks that the death of Berardi fur 
 nished a reasonable motive for the resolution formed by Vespiicci to visit the 
 Indies, and a favorable opportunity for carrying out his resolution. If it can 
 be proved that Vespucci was in Spain in 1497 and 1498, of course the ques 
 tion of his claimed voyage admits of no farther discussion ; but if Humboldt's 
 only authority be his interpretation of Navarrete's statement, even if the in 
 terpretation be not unnatural or improbable, the matter must still be consid 
 ered doubtful until the original Mufioz documents are produced: 
 
 The silence of contemporary documents respecting Vespucci's voyage car 
 ries the greater weight from the fact that there are special reasons for the 
 existence of such documents, if the voyage had been actually made. In 1508 
 a suit was begun by Diego Colon against the Spanish crown for the- govern 
 ment of certain territory claimed by virtue of the discovery of Paria by his 
 father, the admiral. The suit continued to 1513, and every effort was made 
 by the crown to prove a previous discovery of the coast in question; hun 
 dreds of witnesses were examined, and their testimony has been preserved 
 and published in Navarrete's collection. In this suit Vespucci was not sum 
 moned as a witness, although much of the time in royal employ, having held 
 the office of piloto mayor from 1508 to his death in 1512. No claim was ad 
 vanced for his discovery, although the voyage is stated to have been made 
 under royal patronage, and by proving its authenticity the crown would 
 have gained its object. Indeed, Vespucci's name is only mentioned once in 
 all the testimony, and that as having accompanied Alonso de Ojeda in his 
 voyage of 1499. That no one of the many witnesses examined knew of Ves 
 pucci's voyage in 1497, if it were a fact, is hardly possible. Not only \vere 
 the witnesses silent on the Florentine's expedition, but many of them, in 
 cluding Ojeda, affirmed that Paria was first discovered by Columbus, and 
 next afterward by Ojeda himself. Now as Vespucci accompanied Ojeda, the 
 latter would surely have known of any previous discovery by Vespucci, and 
 as Ojeda was not friendly to Columbus he certainly would have made the 
 fact known. Moreover, the admiral's charts and sailing-directions were fol 
 lowed by Ojeda in his voyage, which would hardly have been done with a 
 
VESPUCCI'S VOYAGE FURTHER CONSIDERED. 103 
 
 skilful pilot like Vespucci on board, and one who had visited the coast 
 before. True, this last point would have little weight if the coast of Paria 
 was not the region visited by Vespucci, while the other points would be little 
 if at all affected by the theory that North America was the coast explored. 
 No other Spanish voyage to the new region was neglected; indeed, to have 
 eo completely disregarded Vespucci's expedition, it must be supposed that 
 the king not only knew exactly what region he explored, but had a positive 
 conviction that said region was entirely distinct from Paria; and we have 
 seen that no such definite opinion was held at the time, but on the contrary, 
 special pains was taken to prove that the new regions were "all one coast." 
 When it is considered that Vespucci's voyage, that is the voyage of Pinzon and 
 Solis, was mentioned in the testimony, the failure to summon the piloto mayor 
 appears all the more remarkable. What more efficient witness could have 
 been brought forward? Thus the silence of the testimony in this suit on the 
 question under discussion, must be deemed something more than mere nega 
 tive proof, as it is termed by M. Varnhagen. This gentleman also notes that 
 only one witness mentions that Vespucci accompanied Ojeda in 1499; but he 
 does not note that the presence of Vespucci on Ojeda's ships was of no im 
 portance to either party in the suit, while a previous discovery by him was 
 of the very greatest importance to the crown. 
 
 The date of sailing from Cadiz is given by different editions of Vespucci's 
 letter as May 10, and May 20, 1497; and of his return as October 1, 15, 
 and 18, 1499. From these dates two difficulties arise; first, the duration 
 of the voyage is stated in the letter to have been eighteen months, while the 
 period between the dates of sailing and return is twenty-nine months; and 
 again, Vespucci is known to have sailed with Ojeda in May, 1499, that is, 
 five months before he returned from the voyage in question. One way of 
 reconciling the first difficulty is to suppose that the author reckoned time by 
 the Florentine method, then common in familiar correspondence, according 
 to which the year began the 2oth of March. Then in case of a very natural 
 misprint in the original of May for March, the voyage really began in 1498, 
 its duration being thus reduced to nineteen months. A more simple method 
 of removing both difficulties is to suppose a misprint of 1499 for 1498 as the 
 date of the return; this would reduce the time to seventeen months. Several 
 later editions have made this change. The edition claimed as original by M. 
 Varnhagen has the date 1499 according to his translation, and strangely 
 enough the editor makes 110 allusion to it in his notes, although in a former 
 pamphlet he speaks of 1498 as the date of the return. I attach very little 
 weight to discrepancies in dates in this relation except as evidence 
 against any intentional deception on the part of Vespucci. Confusion in 
 dates is common in all relations of the period; and Vespucci's letters were 
 written hastily, not for publication, and merely to interest his correspondents 
 by a description of the marvels he had seen in his New World adventures. 
 It may here be stated that the long and bitterly argued question of the rival 
 claims of Vespucci and Columbus in the matter of naming America has no 
 bearing on the present discussion. There is no evidence that the voyage in 
 question had any influence in fixing the name America; and to pronounce 
 this expedition not authentic has no tendency to weaken Vespucci's reputa- 
 
 
 
104 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 tion for honesty, which may now be considered fully established; nor do the 
 arguments against intentional falsification on Vespucci's part tend to prove 
 the voyage authentic. 
 
 Several coincidences between the narratives of this voyage and that of 
 Ojeda have led many writers to conclude that both describe the same expedi 
 tion, the dates having been accidentally or intentionally changed. Hum- 
 boldt, after a careful examination, was convinced that the two voyages were 
 identical. But when we consider that Humboldt, Navarrete, and Irving 
 formed their conclusions without a suspicion of a voyage to North America, 
 and before that question had ever once arisen; that Navarrete severely crit 
 icises Vespucci's narrative as applied to Ojeda's voyage; that two of the 
 strongest coincidences the mention of Paria as the coast visited, and the 
 discovery of a town built over the water like Venice have no weight in 
 view of the new theory, since the province is called Lariab in the original 
 edition, and that method of building was not uncommon in all the tropical 
 regions of America, it must be admitted that this argument has by itself little 
 force against the authenticity of Vespucci's voyage. 
 
 The right granted to private individuals by the Spanish government in 
 April, 1495, to make voyages of discovery at their own expense, subject to 
 certain regulations, was partially revoked in June, 1497, after Vespucci's 
 claimed departure. All authorities agree that during this time such private 
 voyages, or even clandestine expeditions, may have been and probably were 
 made, of which no records have been preserved. It is argued that Vespucci's 
 voyage may have been of this number, although claimed to have been made 
 under royal patronage, and by no means clandestine. It is even suggested 
 that the revocation of the right of private navigation, brought about by the 
 influence of Columbus, was purposely delayed until after Vespucci's de 
 parture all of which proves, if it proves anything, simply that there was 
 nothing to prevent Vespucci from making the voyage. 
 
 We have seen how certain statements of the old chroniclers may be taken 
 as indicative of a voyage along the Central American coast previous to that 
 of Columbus. There are also similar indications in some of the early maps. 
 Thus Juan de la Cosa's map representing Cuba as an island in 1500 (see page 
 115 this volume) might be accounted for by such a voyage as Vespucci claims 
 to have made. It will be seen hereafter that early maps show some slight 
 traces of a knowledge of Florida before its discovery in 1512 (pp. 128-9 this 
 vol.) In the liuysch map of 1508 (p. 126 this vol.) the eastern coast of what 
 seems to be Cuba is identified by M. Vamhagen with the main-land; in his 
 opinion the inscription at the north point of that coast refers directly to Ves 
 pucci's expedition, and 'Cape S. Marci' at the southern point may indicate 
 Vespucci's arrival on Saint Mark's day, especially as his uncle was a priest of 
 the order of St Mark. If this appear somewhat far-fetched, perhaps more 
 weight should be attached to the name ' Cape Doffin de Abril ' on the southern 
 point of what may be Florida on the Ptolemy map of 1513 (p. 130 this vol.), 
 for at the end of April Vespucci may, according to his narrative, have been 
 at that point. On this matter of an early voyage it may be noted that Colum 
 bus, striking the coast at Guanaja Island in 1502 in search of a passage west 
 ward, instead of following westward, as he naturally would have done, &. 
 
CONCLUSIONS CONCERNING THE VOYAGE OF VESPUCCI. 105 
 
 least to the head of the gulf of Honduras, turned directly east. A knowl 
 edge on his part that Vespucci had already explored westward and northward 
 without finding a passage, would account for his actions. But they have al 
 ready been satisfactorily accounted for by the fact that he simply proposed 
 to sail along the sinuosities of the supposed southern coasts of Asia to India, 
 rather than to penetrate any intervening continent, whose existence he did 
 not suspect. 
 
 In addition to the leading arguments for and against the voyage in ques 
 tion, the following minor points are urged: 
 
 It is claimed that the command of such an expedition would not have been 
 given to a foreigner, and Vespucci did not become a naturalized citizen of 
 Spain until 1505. But on the other hand, if Vespucci had rendered no other 
 service to Spain than to have accompanied Ojeda, he would hardly have re 
 ceived so many favors from the government, especially after having served 
 four years under the king of Portugal. 
 
 Sefior Navarrete finds a difficulty in Vespucci's claim to have brought back 
 to Spain 222 slaves in the few small vessels under his command. Vespucci 
 also speaks of Ferdinand as king of Castile, which it was not customary to 
 do until after Isabella's death. 
 
 The high opinion held of Vespucci during his life by Columbus and his 
 zealous friends is of little weight, because the admiral's claim to have dis 
 covered the supposed Asiatic continent or islands adjacent thereto was un 
 doubted; but the favorable opinions expressed by later writers, especially by 
 Fernando Colon, writing after America was known to be distinct from Asia, 
 tend to prove that the Florentine made in his lifetime no claim to a voyage 
 in 1497. Yet the publication and circulation of his letter in several lan 
 guages, uncontradicted for years, would indicate its authenticity, unless it be 
 taken as a sign of carelessness for dates and details so long as they were not 
 supposed to conflict with the admiral's claims. It must also be remembered 
 that the same voyager's second, third, and fourth expeditions have all been 
 disputed and have at last proved authentic. 
 
 M. Varuhagen applies to Vespucci and his men the well-known tradition 
 related by Sahagun and others of white men who appeared at Pdnuco from 
 the east before the coming of the Spaniards. He also supposes Guerrero, the 
 soldier found by Cortes at Cozumel, and believed by other authors to have 
 been a survivor with Aguilar of Valdivia's shipwreck in 1512, to have been 
 left in Yucatan by Vespucci; but he gives no reason for this belief, except 
 that Guerrero had- married among the natives, and had adopted many of their 
 customs. By the same writer it is thought much more likely that Cape 
 Gracias a Dios was named by Vespucci after a long voyage in search of land, 
 than by Columbus after following the coast a few days and taking posses 
 sion; especially as Columbus in his own letter simply mentions his arrival 
 at the cape, the fact of his having given the name coming from other sources. 
 
 The events of the voyage, and the description of the coast visited by Ves 
 pucci as given in his letter, furnish no evidence whatever for or against the 
 authenticity cf the expedition; but if it be admitted from outside evidence 
 that the voyage was actually made, and was distinct from that of Ojeda, while, 
 the narrative has nothing except the occurrence of the name Paria in favor 
 
 
106 EAELY VOYAGES. 
 
 of a South American destination, from it may be gathered the following 
 points in support of the theory that a more northern coast was the one ex 
 plored. The course sailed from the Canaries, W. SW. ; the time thirty- 
 seven days; the distance 1,000 leagues, taking the distance from Lisbon to 
 the Canaries, 280 leagues, as a scale of measurement; the latitude of the 
 landing 16, and longitude 75 west of the Canaries; and the arrival by sailing 
 tip the coast at a province situated in about 23, and near the tropic of Cancer, 
 are worthy of consideration, since a series of blunders such as these is hardly 
 probable. The natives of Lariab were of different language from and hostile 
 to the nations passed further south, as the Huastecs of the Panuco region 
 are known to have been with respect to the Mexicans. Moreover, Lariab 
 has a slight claim to being a Huastec word, since Orozco y Berra gives three 
 names of places in that language containing an I and ending in ab; but of 
 course this would interfere sadly with the theory that Lariab is a misprint 
 of Caria. * Vespucci's description of the natives, criticised by Navarrete as 
 incorrect when applied to the people of Paria, agrees better, as M. Varn- 
 hagen thinks, with the aborigines of Honduras. Other parts of Vespucci's 
 vague and rambling descriptions apply well enough to the North American 
 coasts, or in fact to any part of tropical America, north or south. 
 
 The application of the narrative to North America is not, however, without 
 its difficulties. Vespucci makes no mention of the Antilles, through which his 
 course must have led him; perhaps not seeing them by reason of fog; or he had 
 instructions not to concern himself with what the admiral had already discov 
 ered. He also refers to a larger work, never published, in which details were 
 to be given. Neither does he mention the prominent peninsulas of Yucatan 
 and Florida, nor the lofty mountain peaks which he would naturally have seen 
 in following the Mexican coast. He claims to have sailed north-west from 
 Pdnuco 870 leagues (over dry land?) to the best harbor in the world. M. 
 Varnhagen's explanation of this difficulty is that Vespucci simply states in 
 cidentally that he left Pdnuco "tuttavia verso il Maestrale" still toward the 
 north-west, not intending to include in this course the whole voyage of 870 
 leagues. All the windings of the coast and the entering and leaving of many 
 ports or rivers must be taken into account to make up a distance of 870 
 leagues between Panuco and Cape Canaveral; and the latter port would 
 hardly be considered the ' best harbor in the world ' except by a great stretch 
 of the imagination, or by a navigator little acquainted with good harbors. 
 The archipelago of Ity has generally been supposed to be Hayti, but there is 
 probably no reason for the identity beyond the resemblance of names. The 
 Bermudas when discovered in 1522 were uninhabited, but this does not prove 
 that they were always so; the Spaniards may have returned and captured 
 the people for slaves. Indeed the Bermudas may have been the archipelago 
 of San Bernardo, famous for its fierce Carib population, but generally located 
 off the gulf of Uraba. It may even have been named by Vespucci, for on 
 San Bernardo's day, the 20th of August, he was probably there. 
 
 Thus have I given, and let me hope without prejudice, the arguments for 
 and against this disputed voyage; and from the evidence the reader may 
 draw his own conclusions. To me the proofs seem conclusive that Vespucci 
 made no voyage to South America prior to 1499, when he accompanied 
 
CABOT AND VASCO DA GAMA. 107 
 
 Alonso de Ojeda. Against a North American expedition the evidence, if less 
 conclusive, is still very strong; since the most that can be claimed in its 
 favor is a probability that the Central American coast was visited by some 
 navigator before 1502, and a possibility, though certainly a very slim one, 
 that Vespucci accompanied such navigation. 
 
 On this voyage see Navlfjatlonum Alberici Vesputii Epitome, in Gryncp.us, 
 JN r OVUfOrbt8 i 'pp. 122,155; Varnhagen, Le Premier Voyage de Vespucci; Id.,Ves- 
 puce et son Prem. Voy. ; also in Socicte Geog., Bulletin, Jan. and Feb., 1858; 
 llarrisse, Bib. Am. Vet., pp. 58-68, and Additions, pp. xxvii-viii.; Lester and 
 Fosters Life of Vespucius, pp. 93-139; Leben der See-Helden, p. 24; Navarrete, 
 Col de Viarjes, to:n. iii. pp. 183-241, 291-3, 309-34; Irvlntfs Columbus, vol. 
 iii. pp. 395-418; Humboldt, Exam. Grit., torn. iv. v.; Major's Prince Henry, 
 pp. 370-5; Kerr^s Col. Voy., vol. iii. p. 342; Eerste Zee-Togt van Alonso D' Ojeda, 
 en Amerlkus Vesputlus, in Gottfried, Reysen, torn. iii. p. 38; Cancdlieri, Notizie 
 dl Colombo, pp. 41-7, 257. 
 
 [1497.] To continue our chronological summary. Following the brilliant 
 success of Spain, England was the first nation to attempt discovery to the 
 westward. Fully acquainted with the achievements and hypotheses of Co 
 lumbus, having been indeed almost persuaded by him to embrace his beliefs, 
 King Henry VII. on the 5th of March, 1496, granted a license to John Cabot, 
 a Venetian citizen and trader of Bristol, to attempt discoveries in that 
 direction. 
 
 Either from respect for Portuguese and Spanish rights in the south, or 
 from some vague hints received from the Northmen during their trading 
 voyages to Iceland, or possibly from a dim idea of the advantages of great- 
 circle sailing, the English determined to attempt reaching India by a northern 
 route. This expedition of Cabot's, with perhaps several vessels, sailed from 
 Bristol probably in May, 1497; discovered land the 24th of June on the coast 
 of Labrador between 56 and 58; sailed some 300 leagues in a direction not 
 known, but probably northward; and one vessel, the Matthew, returned to 
 Bristol in August of the same year. No further details of the voyage are 
 known, and those given, which are the conclusions of Humboldt, Kohl, and 
 Stevens, have all been disputed in respect to date, commander, and point of 
 landing. D'Avesac, as we have seen (pp. 98-9), insists on a previous voyage 
 in 1494. Biddle, Memoir of Sebastian Cabot, London, 1831, p. 42 et seq., claims 
 that Sebastian Cabot was the commander. Robinson, Account of Discov. in 
 the West, Richmond, 1848, pp. 81-93, explains that by a change in the method 
 of reckoning time after 1752, the date should properly read 1498. Many 
 authors moreover confound this voyage with a later one. Hakluyt's Voy., vol. 
 iii. pp. 4-11; Galvano's Discov., pp. 87-9; Viarjes Menores, in Navarrete, torn, 
 iii. pp. 40-1. Irving, Columbus, vol. ii. p. 316, names but one voyage and 
 regards the accounts as "vague and scanty." See also Ilumboldt* Exam. Grit., 
 torn. i. pp. 279, 313; Ilakluyt Soc., Divers Voy., pp. Ixviii., 19-26; Kohl's Hist. 
 Discov., pp. 121-35; Kitnstmann, Entdeckung Am., pp. 48-53; Stevens' Notes, 
 pp. 17-19; Plnkertoii's Col. Voy., vol. xii. p. 158; Bancroft's Hist. U. S. t 
 vol. i. p. 13. 
 
 The Portuguese, to complete their discovery of the route to India by way 
 
 
103 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 of the Cape of Good Hope, sent out Vasco da Gama with four ships. Sailing 
 from Lisbon July 8, 1497, he doubled the Cape of Good Hope the 22d of Novem 
 ber, passed the limit reached by Dias on the 17th of December, received intelli 
 gence of Prester John at several points on the eastern coast, and anchored at 
 Calicut May 20, 1498. Trading somewhat, jealous of everybody, after quar 
 relling with Arabian merchants and failing to make good his arbitrary measures, 
 he thought best to return. Accordingly he set sail the 29th of August, passed 
 the cape March 20, 1499, and reached Lisbon about the end of August. Thus 
 Gama was the first to accomplish the grand object of so many efforts, and to 
 reach India by water. His achievement would doubtless have been regarded 
 as the most glorious on record, both to himself and to Portugal, had not Co 
 lumbus for Spain reached the same continent, as he supposed, farther cast sev 
 eral years before. Naviyatione di Vasco di Gama, in llamusio, torn. i. fol. 130; 
 Galvano's Discov., pp. 93-4; Navarrete, Col. de Viages, torn. i. pp. xli.-ii. ; Major's 
 Prince Henry, pp. 391-406; Voyages, Curious and Entertaining, p. 103; Leben dcr 
 See-Helden, p. 40; Notizie di Vasquez di Gama, in Cancellieri, Notizie, p. 105. 
 
 [1498.] After the return of the Cabots in August, 1497, with the news of 
 having discovered the northern regions of Cathay, King Henry issued a new 
 patent dated February 3, 1498, and, probably in May of the same year, two 
 vessels with 300 men sailed from Bristol under command of Sebastian 
 Cabot. Little is known of the voyage, save that he reached the coast of 
 Labrador, which he followed northward until at a certain point where the 
 coast trends eastward he found much ice even in July. This northern limit 
 is placed by Ramusio at latitude 50 ; by Gomara, who states that Cabot him 
 self gives a much higher latitude, at 58; by Galvano, at above 60. Kohl 
 follows Humboldt in the opinion that it was 07 30', which would place it on 
 the Cumberland peninsula. Cabot then turned southward and sailed as near 
 shore as possible. The southern limit of this voyage is more indefinite than 
 the northern. In a conversation with Peter Martyr, prior to 1515, Cabot 
 stated that he reached the latitude of Gibraltar, and the chronicler adds that 
 ho sailed so far west that he had Cuba on his left. Cabot's remark wouLl 
 place him in latitude 3G, near Cape Hatteras, while Martyr's addition might 
 apply to any locality on the east coast. Martyr's statement is the only au 
 thority for the supposition by Humboldt and others see Exam. Grit., torn. i. 
 p. 313, and Preface to Ghillany that Cabot reached Florida. Stevens, Notes, 
 pp. 17-19 and 35, considers Peter Maityr's remark as absurd, since it would 
 place Cabot near Cincinnati. He is satisfied that the southern limit was the 
 gulf of St Lawrence, founding this belief on maps of 1500 (see p. 115 this 
 vol.) and 1508 (p. 123 this vol.), 1514, and 1544, the latter said to have been 
 made by Cabot himself. That Cabot did not reach the southern coast of tho 
 United States seems proved by the fact that he was in Spain from 1513 to 
 1524, holding high positions, including that of piloto mayor, while that coast 
 was actually being explored, and he making no claim to a previous discovery. 
 The point reached, therefore, must remain undetermined between Cape Hat 
 teras, where Kohl fixes it, and the gulf of St Lawrence, with a strong proba 
 bility, as I think, in favor of the latter. Nothing whatever is known of the 
 route or date of Cabot's return. And it is to be remembered that concerning 
 this voyage we have only one contemporary document, which is a letter dated 
 
THIRD VOYAGE OF COLUMBUS. 109 
 
 in 1498, stating simply that the expedition was still absent. All additional 
 details are from accounts written after the geography of the New World was 
 better known in consequence of the discovery of the South Sea. Nothing, 
 then, can be proved by Cabot's voyages beyond the discovery of the continent 
 in June, 1497, and the exploration of the coast from the gulf of St Lawrence 
 to above GO in 1498. The statement of Asher, Life of Henry Hudson, Lon 
 don, I860, that Cabot "was the first to recognize that a new and unknown 
 continent was lying as one vast barrier between western Europe and eastern 
 Asia, " accepted also by Kohl, Hist. Discov., p. 145, appears to me utterly 
 without foundation. Cabot's complaint that a new-found land that is a 
 land further north and east than any part of Asia described by Polo was a 
 barrier to his reaching India, and the fact that on a map made as late as 
 1544 X and doubtfully attributed to him, a separate continent is shown, seem 
 weak authority for according him so important a discovery, especially when 
 other voyagers and geographers, intimate with him and fully acquainted 
 with his discoveries, continued for many years to join those discoveries to the 
 Asiatic continent. See, beside references on page 107, Peter Martyr, dec. iii. 
 cap. vi. ; Gomara, Hist. Ind., fol. 31, 115; Robertson's Hist. Amer., book ix. ; 
 American Antiq. Soc., Transact., 1805, p. 25 et seq.; KoliVs HisL Discov., pp. 
 135-40, 481; Stevens' Notes, pp. 35, 52; Kunstmann, Entdeckung Am., pp. 53-4. 
 
 Returned from his second voyage, Columbus found his popularity waning, 
 and with it the enthusiasm for new discoveries. The voyage had not been 
 profitable, had not been fruitful enough in gold to satisfy the adventurers 
 who accompanied him, and the ghastly faces of the mariners more than coun 
 teracted the effect of the specimens of native products exhibited. It was 
 difficult, therefore, to obtain men for a new enterprise. Still, notwithstand 
 ing the reports of his numerous enemies, the admiral was considerately 
 treated at court, and finally, by the efforts of the queen, six vessels were 
 made ready, and Columbus embarked from San Lucar on a third voyage May 
 30, 1498. This time he determined to steer farther to the south than before, 
 in order to reach, as he supposed, the richer parts of Asia. After touching 
 at Madeira, Porto Santo, and the Canaries, he divided his fleet, sent three 
 vessels direct to Espafiola, and with the other three reached the Cape 
 Verde Islands the 27th of June. Thence he sailed first south-west and 
 west through the region of tropical calms, and then northward to Trinidad 
 Island, where he arrived the 31st of July. Coasting the island on the 
 south, in sight of the main-land, he entered the gulf of Paria, landed, and 
 found much gold of an inferior quality, and an abundance of pearls; from 
 which circumstance, that land, which was the northern end of South Amer 
 ica, was for some time thereafter known as the Pearl Coast. Passing out by the 
 Boca del Drago on the 14th of August, he followed the northern coast of Paria 
 to the island of Cubagua, beginning to suspect meanwhile that the land on his 
 left was the main-land of Asia. Ill health and the state of his supplies did not 
 pennit him to satisfy himself on that point at the time, and consequently 
 he turned his course north-west for Espafiola. On the 30th of August he 
 arrived at the mouth of the river Ozema, where he met his brother Bartolome, 
 who informed him of the internal discords and external wars of the colonists. 
 
110 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 Francisco Hoi dan had refused to submit to the admiral's authority, and on 
 the 18th of October five ships were despatched for Spain with news of the 
 rebellion. By this departure Columbus sent letters and charts describing 
 this Pearl Coast, as his present South American discoveries which yielded so 
 many gems were called. During the whole year following, peace was main 
 tained among the colonists only by the most humiliating concessions of Co 
 lumbus to Roldan and his crew. On the 5th of September, 1499, Alonso de 
 Ojeda arrived at Espafiola from the Pearl Coast, whither he had been to take 
 advantage of the discoveries and misfortunes of the admiral. 
 
 Vessels laden with complaints by and against Columbus were despatched 
 for Spain in October; needy, ambitious courtiers held King Ferdinand's 
 willing ear against him; from his persistent advocacy of Indian slave-traffic 
 the friendship of his patron, Queen Isabella, grew cold; and in July, 1500, 
 Francisco de Bobadilla was sent to Espanola with powers to investigate. 
 Arrived at Santo Domingo August 23, the commissioner assumed at once 
 authority, which at most was his right only after careful and conscientious 
 inquiry, seized Columbus and his brother, and in October sent them in irons 
 to Spain. Colon, Hist, del Almirante, in Barcia, torn. i. pp. 74-99; Peter Mar 
 tyr, dec. i. cap. vi.-vii. ; Tercer Viage de Cristobal Colon, in Navarrete, torn. i. 
 pp. 242-76; Napione and De Conti, Bioyrafia di Colombo, pp. 350-75; Cancellieri, 
 Notizie di Colombo, pp. 99-108, where is given Columbus' letter received in 
 Spain in December, 1498, but apparently not printed at the time. 
 
 During this third voyage, while about the gulf of Paria, new visions of the 
 earth's form filled the mind of the great navigator, inflamed as it was by ill 
 ness and anxiety. The world was indeed for the most part spherical, as had 
 been supposed, but in this great central region on the equator he believed 
 the surface to rise gradually to a great height, making the earth pear-shape 
 with the terrestrial paradise, or birth-place of man, on its apex, the waters and 
 islands visited by him being on the borders of this elevated portion. It is 
 not necessary to enumerate the natural phenomena, scientific writings, and 
 scripture texts with which he confirmed his theory. In his distracted enthu 
 siasm he leaves us somewhat uncertain as to his idea of the situation of this 
 new region with respect to India proper and those parts of Asia found by him 
 in a former voyage farther north. If he had supposed it to be simply a 
 southern extension of Marco Polo's Asia, he would not subsequently have 
 sought for a strait or passage to India to the north rather than to the south 
 of this point. Gama's successful circumnavigation of Africa forbade a revival 
 in the mind of Columbus of the old theory of Ptolemy, that Africa extended 
 east and north so as to enclose the Indian Ocean like an immense gulf. The 
 admiral's idea, so far as he formed a definite one on the subject, must have 
 been that of a large island, or detached portion of the Asiatic continent, occu 
 pying very nearly the actual relative position of the Australian archipelago, 
 and only vaguely included, if at all, in ancient or mediaeval knowledge of the 
 far East. No other conclusion could rationally be dra\vn from his letters and 
 subsequent actions; and we shall find such an idea of the geography of these 
 parts often repeated in following years. We shall also see how unfortunate 
 it was for the posthumous glory of the great discoverer in the matter of nam 
 ing the western world, that he did not more clearly specify his idea of this 
 
MINOR EXPEDITIONS. Ill 
 
 new land for I believe this was the first suspicion that new lands of any 
 considerable extent existed and that his account of this and his fourth voy 
 age \verc not more widely circulated in print. 
 
 [1499.] The discovery of the Pearl Coast, made known in Spain in De 
 cember, 1498, caused several expeditions to be sent out in the following year. 
 These were trading and not exploring voyages, and their commanders had no 
 thought of cosmography, caring little whether Paria were the terrestrial par 
 adise or the infernal regions, so that pearls, and gold, and slaves were abun 
 dant. No connected journals of these voyages have been preserved, our 
 knowledge of them being derived from statements of the early historians and 
 from testimony in the famous lawsuit with the heirs of Columbus, printed 
 in Navarre te's collection. 
 
 The first was that of Alonso de Ojeda, who, by the influence of Bishop 
 Fonseca, the admiral's most bitter enemy, obtained a commission to visit the 
 Pearl Coast, avoiding, however, lands discovered by the Portuguese and by 
 Columbus prior to 1495. In company with Juan de la Cosa and Amerigo 
 Vespucci, Ojeda embarked with four vessels from Santa Maria, near Cadiz, 
 on the 20th of May, 1499. Sailing by the admiral's charts, he touched at 
 the Canaries, and after twenty-four days reached the main-land of South 
 America between 3 and 6 north latitude that is according to Ojeda's testi 
 mony; but Vespucci's account of what was probably the same voyage brings 
 them first upon the continent further south. This is claimed by Varnhagen, 
 Examen de qudques points de Vhistoire geographique du Brezil, Paris, 1858, as 
 the first discovery of Brazil. Following the coast north-west for 200 leagues 
 without landing, but discovering the two great rivers Essequebo and Orinoco, 
 they landed on Trinidad Island, the first inhabited coast which they touched, 
 where they traded for pearls and found traces of the admiral who had pre 
 ceded them. Out through the Boca del Drago, following the coast of Paria 
 to the gulf of Pearls, or Curiana, landing on Margarita Island, anchoring in 
 the bay of Corsarios, they continued from port to port to Chichirivichi, where 
 they had a fight with the natives, and spent twenty days in a port near by. 
 Ojeda then visited Curazao and the gulf of Venezuela, where was found a 
 town built over the water like Venice. On the 24th of August he discovered 
 Lake Maracaibo, and afterward followed the coast westward to Cape de la 
 Vela, whence he directed his course, on the 30th of August, to Espanola, 
 arriving, as we have seen, September 5, 1499. He finally returned to Spain 
 in the middle of June, 1500, the voyage having yielded but a small profit. 
 Navarrete, Col. de Viages, torn. iii. pp. 4-11 and 543-5; Major's Prince Henry, 
 pp. 367-9; Humboldt, Exam. Crit., torn. iv. pp. 195, 220; Oviedo, Hist. Gen., 
 torn. i. p. 76. 
 
 The second minor expedition to South America was that of Pedro Alonso 
 Nino and Cristobal Guerra, similar in its object to that of Ojeda. A few 
 days after Ojeda's departure they sailed from Palos in one vessel with thirty- 
 three men, reaching the main-land farther north, and some fifteen days later 
 than Ojeda. They traded on the coast of Cumana for three months, their 
 western limit being the region of Chichirivichi, started for home February 13, 
 1500, and arrived in Spain about the middle of April with a large quantity of 
 pearls. Peter Martyr, dec. i. cap. viii.; Gomara, Hist, de las Indias, fol. 98; 
 
112 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 Navarrete, Col. de Viages, torn. ii. p. 147; torn. iii. pp. 11-18, 542; Irving's 
 Columbus, vol. iii. p. 37-42; Humboldt, Exam. Grit., torn. iv. p. 220. 
 
 The third expedition of this year was that of Vicente Yafiez Pinzon, who 
 had commanded a vessel under Columbus in 1492. Sailing early in De 
 cember, 1499, from Palos with a fleet of four vessels he crossed the equator, 
 and on the 20th of January Peter Martyr says the 2Gth, and Irving the 28th 
 of January discovered land in latitude 8 south, at Cape St Augustine, which 
 he named Santa Maria de la Consolacion. Varnhagen, Examen, pp. 19-24, 
 entertains doubts regarding the spot where Pinzon first landed, and thinks it 
 quite as likely to have been some cape further north. From this point, 
 wherever it may have been, Pinzon followed the coast to the north, touched 
 at various places, discovered the Amazon, and in due time reached the gulf of 
 Paria. Thence he sailed through the Boca del Drago, arrived at Espaiiola on 
 the 23d of June, and returned to Spain in September, 1500. This voyage was as 
 disastrous as the preceding one had been profitable. Peter Martyr states, 
 dec. i. cap. ix., that Paria was thought to be a part of Asia beyond the Ganges. 
 See also De Navigatione Pinzoni Socii Admirantis, et de rebus per eum repertis, 
 in Grynceus, Novus Orbis, p. 119; Navarrete, Col. de Viages, torn. iii. pp. 18-23; 
 Major's Prince Henry, p. 369; Humboldt, Exam. Crit., torn. i. pp. 313-14; 
 torn. iii. p. 221. 
 
 Here belongs Amerigo Vespucci's account of a second voyage made in con 
 junction with others in the service of the king of Spain. Departing in May, 
 1499 some editions of his letters have it 1489 from Cadiz and touching at 
 the Canaries he steered south-west for nineteen days, sailing in that time 
 500 leagues to a point on the main-land in latitude 5 south, from 
 incorrect readings of the originals some editors make him say 800 leagues 
 and latitude 8 where the days and nights are equal on the 27th of June, at 
 which time the sun enters Cancer. Thence coasting eastward forty leagues; 
 then north-west to a beautiful island and convenient harbor; and yet eighty 
 other leagues to a secure harbor where he remained seventeen days and gath 
 ered many pearls; thence to another port; then to an island fifteen leagues 
 from the main-land; and again to another island, which was called Gigantes, 
 where captives were taken; then to a fine bay where the ships were refitted; 
 and finally, after forty-seven days at this last place they sail for Antilla, that 
 is Espaiiola. Two months and two days are spent at Antilla, whence on the 
 22d of July they embark for Spain, and reach Cadiz September 8, 1500. 
 De Secundarice Navigatinis Cursu, Latin text and Spanish translation of Ves 
 pucci's letter in Navarrete, Col. de Viages, torn. iii. pp. 242-62. 
 
 It has never been claimed that Vespucci attempted discoveries in 1499 as 
 chief in command. The voyage described by him is without doubt that of 
 Pinzon or Ojeda, although D'Avesac, in Bulletin de la Soc. Gcog., makes it 
 identical with that of Lepe. Humboldt, Exam. Grit., torn. iv. pp. 200etseq., 
 by comparing the details decides that it was that of Pinzon, and by the same 
 method he concludes that Vespucci's first voyage was that under Ojeda. As 
 the points of resemblance are slight in either case; as Vespucci is known to 
 have accompanied Ojeda; as he would have been obliged to return to Spain 
 before Ojeda in June, 1500, in order to sail with Pinzon in December, 1499; 
 and as Vespucci describes an astronomical phenomenon which, as Humboldt 
 
 
LEPE, GUERRA, AND CABRAL. 113 
 
 admits, could not possibly have taken place during Pinzon's voyage, I am 
 inclined to accept the "generally received opinion that Ojeda's is the voyage 
 described. " There can now be no doubt that Vespucci's voyage in 1499 was 
 identical with that of Ojeda." Major's Prince Henry, p. 370; VarnJiagen, 
 Exam., pp. 1-19. Navarrete and Irving imply that this was the only voyage 
 made by Vespucci for the crown of Spain. However it may be, for the 
 purposes of this Summary the question is of little importance; for there are 
 no disputed points of geographical import depending on the two trading 
 voyages, one of which Vespucci attempts to describe; and if there were, his 
 account in the different forms in which it exists is so full of blunders that it 
 could throw but little light upon the subject. 
 
 The fourth minor expedition of this year was that of Diego de Lepe, who 
 sailed in less than a month after Pinzon that is near the end of December, 
 1499 with two vessels. Touching main-land below Cape St Augustine, he 
 observed the south-western trend cf the coast below that point; but of his 
 voyage along the shore nothing is known save that he reached the Pearl Coast. 
 Before the 5th of June he had returned to Spain. Navarrete, Col. de Viages, 
 torn. iii. pp. 23-4, 553-5; Humboldt, Exam. Grit., torn. i. pp. 314-15; torn. iv. 
 pp. 221-2. 
 
 There are some scattered hints collected in Biddle's Memoir of Sebastian 
 Cabot, pp. 91 ct seq., of a new expedition in 1499 by the Cabots, directed 
 this time to tropical regions. They are not sufficient to render it probable 
 that such a voyage was made, although Ojeda reported that he found several 
 Englishmen cruising on the Pearl Coast. Viages Menores, in Navarrete, torn, 
 iii. p. 41; Kohl's Hist. Discov., p. 145. 
 
 [1500.] In this year Cristobal Guerra made a second voyage to the Pearl 
 Coast with some success, and returned to Spain before November 1, 1501. 
 Navarrete, Col. de Viages, torn. iii. pp. 24-5. Spain also made preparations 
 to explore the northern lands discovered by the Cabots, but without any 
 known results. Peschel, Geschichte der Entd., Stuttgart, 1858, p. 316; Navar 
 rete, Col. de Viages, torn. iii. pp. 41-46; Biddle's Mem. Cabot, p. 236; Kohl's 
 Hist. Discov., pp. 192-3. In Diccionario Universal, Aptnd., article 'Viages,' 
 p. 805, is mentioned a voyage to the Pearl Coast by Alonso Velez de Mendoza 
 in two vessels. No authorities are given. 
 
 The year following the return of Gama from his successful voyage to India, 
 Pedro Alvarez Cabral was entrusted with the command of thirteen well- 
 armed vessels, and sent to establish commercial relations with the new 
 countries now made accessible to Portuguese enterprise. Cabral embarked 
 from Lisbon on the 9th of March, 1500; thirteen days later he left behind 
 .him the Cape Verde Islands, pursuing a south-westerly course. Whether he 
 was driven by storms in this direction, or wished to avoid the calms of the 
 Guinea coast, or whether he entertained a hope of reaching some part of the 
 regions recently discovered by the Spaniards is not known. Certain it is, 
 however, that notwithstanding his having sailed for India, on the 22d of 
 April Humboldt says in February he found himself on the coast of Brazil 
 in about latitude 10 south, leaving a gap prebably of some 170 leagues be 
 tween this point and the southern limit of Lepe and Pinzon. Thence he 
 coasted southward, took formal possession of the land on the 1st of May at 
 HIST. CEN. AM., Voi,. I. 8 
 
114 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 Porto Seguro, and named the country Vera Cruz, which name soon became 
 Santa Cruz. Cabral immediately sent Gaspar de Lemos in one of the ships 
 back to Portugal with an account and map of the new discoveries. Leaving 
 two convicts with the natives of that coast, Cabral continued his journey for 
 India on the 22d of May. Off the Cape of Good Hope he lost four vessels, 
 in one of which was Bartolomeu Dias, the discoverer of the cape, and reached 
 Calicut on the 13th of September. Returning he met at Cape Verde a fleet, 
 on board of which is supposed to have been Amerigo Vespucci, and arrived 
 at Lisbon July 23, 1501. Navigation del Capitano Pedro Alvares, in Ramusio, 
 torn. i. fol. 132-9; Purchas, His Pilgrimes, vol. i. booke ii. pp. 30-1; Cancellieri, 
 Notizie di Colombo, pp. 48-9; Navarrete, Col, de Viages, torn. iii. pp. 45-G, 
 94-101; Humboldt, Exam. Crit., torn. i. p. 315; torn. iv. p. 223; torn! v. pp. 
 53, 61. 
 
 The Portuguese did not overlook the north while making their important 
 discoveries to the south. Two vessels, probably in the spring of 1500, were 
 sent out under Gaspar Cortereal. No journal or chart of the voyage is now in 
 existence, hence little is known of its object or results. Still more dim is a 
 previous voyage ascribed by Cordeiro to Joao Vaz Cortereal, father of Gaspar, 
 about the tune of Kolno, which, as Kunstmann views it, "requires further 
 proof." Touching at the Azores, Gaspar Cortereal, possibly following Cabot's 
 charts, struck the coast of Newfoundland north of Cape Race, and sailing 
 north discovered a land which he called Terra Verde, perhaps Greenland, but 
 was stopped by ice at a river which he named Rio Nevado, whose location 
 is unknown. Cortereal returned to Lisbon before the end of 1500. Cancel- 
 lieri, Notizie di Colombo, pp. 48-9; Kunstmann, Entdeckung Am., p. 57; Gal- 
 vano's Discov., pp. 95-6; Major's Prince Henry, p. 374; Kohl's Hist. Discov., pp. 
 1G6-8, 174-7. Biddle, Mem. Cabot, pp. 137-261, thinks that Cortereal landed 
 south of Cape Race; Humboldt, Exam. Crit., torn. iv. p. 222, is of the opin 
 ion that Terra Verde was not Greenland. 
 
 In October of this same year Rodrigo de Bastidas sailed from Cadiz with 
 two vessels. Touching the shore of South America near Isla Verde, which lies 
 between Guadalupe and the main-land, he followed the coast westward to El 
 Retrete, or perhaps Nombre de Dios, on the isthmus of Darien, in about 9 30' 
 north latitude. Returning, he was wrecked on Espaiiola toward the end of 
 1501, and reached Cadiz in September, 1502. This being the first authentic 
 voyage by Europeans to the territory herein defined as the Pacific States, 
 such incidents as are known will be given hereafter. For references to this 
 voyage, see Oviedo, Hist. Gen., torn. i. p. 76; torn. ii. p. 334, where the date 
 given is 1502; Gomara, Hist. Ind., fol. 67, date of voyage also 1502; Viages 
 Menores, in Navarrete, torn. iii. pp. 25-8, 545-6; Herrera, Hist. Gen., dec. i. 
 lib. iv. cap. xi.; Galvano's Discov., pp. 99-100, date of voyage 1503; Humboldt, 
 Exam. Crit., torn. i. pp. 360-1; torn. iv. pp. 224; Voyages, Curious and Ent., 
 p. 436; ChurchiWs Col. Voy., vol. viii. p. 375; Harris' Col. Voy., vol. i. p. 270; 
 Major's Prince Henry, pp. 369-70; Asiento que hizo con sus Majestades Catdlicas 
 Rodrigo de Bastidas, in Pacheco and Cardenas, Col. Doc. Ined., torn. ii. pp. 
 362^467; Robertson's Hist. Am., vol. i. p. 159; Quintana, Vidas de Espanoles 
 Celebres, 'Balboa, 'p. 1. 
 
 Of the many manuscript maps and charts made by navigators prior to this 
 
EARLIEST EXISTING MAPS. 
 
 115 
 
 time none have been preserved. In the year 1500, however, a map of the 
 world was made by the veteran pilot Juan de la Cosa, who had sailed with 
 Columbus on his second voyage, and had accompanied Alonso de Ojeda to the 
 Pearl Coast. It is preserved in the Royal Library of Madrid, and shows in 
 a remarkably clear manner all discoveries up to that date. Drawn in colors 
 and gold on ox-hide, on a scale of fifteen leagues to the degree, it lays down 
 the parallels of Gibraltar and Paris, beside the equator and tropic of Cancer, 
 and gives a scale at the top and bottom. Stevens' Notes, p. 16. Humboldt 
 first published a copy of the American portion, and the whole, or parts 
 thereof, have been since published or described in Lelewel, Geog. du rnoyen 
 dge, torn. ii. pp. 109 et seq., atlas, no. 41; Sagra, Hist, physique et politique 
 de Vile de Cuba, Paris, 1838, and atlas; Ghillany, Geschiclite, etc., pref. by 
 Humboldt; Jomard, Monuments de gcog., atlas no. xvL, which gives a full- 
 sized fac-simile; KokVs Hist. Discov., pp. 151-5, 239, plate v., being a copy of 
 the northern part from Humboldt with additions from Jomard. Stevens in 
 his Notes, see pp. 11-16, 33, 51, and plate i., produces a photo-lithographic 
 copy of the western hemisphere from Jomard. I give a copy of the central 
 portions of the western hemisphere from Humboldt, Stevens, and Kohl. 
 
 
 JUAN DE LA COSA'S MAP, 1500. 
 
 The upper portion is North America, and the lower South America, be 
 tween which a continuous coast line remains as yet undiscovered. 
 
116 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 All the newly found regions are represented as parts of Asia, and conse 
 quently names are applied only to islands and particular localities. Up to 
 this time three portions of the supposed Asiatic seaboard have been explored. 
 First, there are the discoveries of the Cabots in the north, represented as ex 
 tending from 'Cabo de Yngleterra' westward to the flag which bounds the 
 ' Sea discovered by the English. ' This direct western trend of the coast, 
 most likely laid down from Cabot's charts, is one of the strongest evidences 
 that the coast explored by Cabot was the northern shore of the gulf of Sfc 
 Lawrence. Another reason for entertaining such belief is the use of the 
 words Mar descubierta por Yngleses instead of Mare Oceanus, thus indicating 
 that it was a sea or gulf and not the open ocean. Cosa could not at the time 
 have known the results of Cortereal's voyage. On Cabot's coast various 
 points are named, but farther to the north-east and to the south-west the line 
 is laid down indefinitely and without names, probably from Marco Polo. 
 Kohl puts the inscription Mar descubierta, etc., farther south and west than 
 on the original, and thinks the curve in the coast west of the last flag to be 
 Cape Cod. Then we have in the south the northern coast of South America 
 quite accurately laid down from Cape de la Vela south-eastward to the limit 
 of Pinzon's voyage in 1499; with a nameless coast-line south-east to the local 
 ity of Cape St Augustine. From Cape de la Vela we have the same imaginary 
 coast-line without names extending westward, as if to meet the line from the 
 north-east; but just at the point where the lines must meet, or be separated 
 by a strait leading to India proper, the non-committal map-maker inserted a 
 picture indicated by the double dotted lines thus avoiding the expression 
 of his opinion as to whether the Pearl Coast was joined to Asia, or was 
 detached from the continent. On the original map no attempt is made 
 to show inland topography, although the copies of Humboldt and Kohl have 
 some lakes and rivers. I have taken the liberty to indicate the indefinite, 
 nameless coasts by a dotted line for greater clearness. The last of the three 
 several explored regions shown by this map are the central islands, Cuba, 
 Espanola, and others discovered by Columbus, who was accompanied in at 
 least one of his voyages by the author himself. In this part of the map some 
 difficulty has arisen from the fact that Cuba is represented as an island, while 
 Columbus is known to have held the opinion that it was a part of the main 
 land; an opinion, as before stated, which was subscribed to under oath by all 
 his men, including Juan de la Cosa. On the original, the western part of 
 Cuba is cut off by green paint, the conventional sign of terra incognita, 
 which leads Stevens to infer that the pilot " did not intend to represent Cuba 
 to be an island," but that he only supposed it to be such. This, however, by 
 no means implies that the draughtsman intended to say that Cuba was not 
 an island, but rather that he was not certain that it was an island, but only 
 supposed it to be. It will be remembered that the natives affirmed from the 
 first that it was an island, although so large that no one had ever reached 
 its western extremity. This statement, together with his own observations 
 during the voyage, probably caused Juan de la Cosa to afterward change the 
 opinion to which he had perhaps hastily subscribed at the request of Colum 
 bus. There can be but little doubt of the authenticity of this map, although 
 Stevens considers it has been distorted in the various copies and descriptions. 
 
JUAN DE NOVA AND THE CORTEEEAL& 117 
 
 That the author did not himself make any later additions to it is evident from 
 the fact that his own subsequent discoveries are not shown. 
 
 [1501.] Again King Henry of England issues commissions permitting 
 private persons to make discovery at their own expense. So far as known, 
 however, no voyage was effected under this royal encouragement, although it 
 is not improbable that intercourse with Newfoundland was continued after 
 Cabot's discovery. Kunstmann, Entdeckung Am., p. 55; Kohl's Hist. Discov., 
 pp. 185-7; Middle's Mem. Cabot, p. 228 etseq.; PescJiel, Geschichte derEntd., 
 p. 334 et seq. 
 
 The Portuguese, more practical in their attempts, push discovery in all 
 directions. Juan de Nova with four vessels sails from Lisbon March 5, 1501, 
 doubles the Cape of Good Hope, and returning reaches Lisbon September 11, 
 1502, 'having discovered Ascension Island on the voyage out, and St Helena 
 on the return. Galvano's Discov., pp. 97-8; Major's Prince Henry, p. 413; Hum- 
 boldt, Exam. Grit., torn. iv. p. 225; torn. v. p. 107. The Cape of Good Hope 
 route to India may now be declared open; voyages thither from this time can 
 not properly be called voyages of discovery; hence of the frequent subse 
 quent voyages of the Portuguese to India I shall make no mention except 
 of such as in some way relate to America. For a summary of these later 
 voyages see Major's Prince Henry, pp. 413-18. 
 
 Gaspar Cortereal this year makes a second voyage to the regions of the north, 
 sailing from Belem, near Lisbon, May 15, 1501, with two or three vessels, 
 touching probably at some point in Newfoundland, and coasting northward 
 some six or seven hundred miles. He does not, however, reach the Terra Verde 
 of the former voyage on account of ice. One of the vessels Kunstmann says 
 two returned, arriving at Lisbon Octobers, 1501; the other with the com 
 mander was never afterward heard from. One of the chief objects of this 
 expedition seems to have been the capture of slaves. The name Labrador 
 is applied by Cortereal to this discovery, "and is perhaps the only perma 
 nent trace of Portuguese adventure within the limits of North America." 
 Bancroft's Hist. U. S., vol. i. p. 16; Navarrete, Col. de Viages, torn. iii. p. 44; 
 Major's Prince Henry, p. 374; Humboldt, Exam. Grit., torn. iv. p. 224; Kohl's 
 Hist. Discov., pp. 169-71; Peschel, GeschicJite der Entd., pp. 331 et seq.; Rid 
 dle's Mem. Cabot, pp. 237 et seq. 
 
 The Portuguese also send an expedition to prosecute the discoveries begun 
 by Cabral, who has not yet returned from India, but whose discovery of 
 Brazil has been reported by Lemos. Strangely enough no. documents exht 
 in the Portuguese archives touching this voyage, nor is the name of its com 
 mander known, although Varnhagen thinks it may have been Manuel. It is 
 known as Vespucci's third voyage, and its incidents are found only in his 
 letters. The authenticity of this as of his other voyages has been often 
 doubted and denied, and as it is the voyage that resulted in the naming of 
 America, it has given rise to much discussion, into which however I shall not 
 enter. The discussion does not affect the voyage itself, nor the leading facts 
 connected with it, the questions being whether Vespucci was in command, 
 which indeed he does not claim to have been; and above all, whether 
 the results of the voyage entitled him to the honor of naming America, which 
 they certainly did not, even had he commanded, from the fact that other 
 
118 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 navigators had discovered both of the Americas before him. Navarrete, one 
 of Vespucci's most jealous enemies, admits that he visited the coast of Brazil 
 in a subordinate capacity in some Portuguese expedition; and Humboldt, in 
 an essay of 115 pages, effectually defends the veracity of Vespucci in his 
 accounts of his voyages, which the distinguished commentator quotes with 
 notes on the variations of different editions. 
 
 Vespucci was induced to leave Seville in order to accompany the fleet, 
 which consisted of three vessels some editions say ten, some fourteen and 
 which sailed from Lisbon on the 13th of May. Passing the Canaries without 
 landing, to the African coast and Basilica in 14, probably Cape Verde, there 
 he remained eleven days. At this place he met Cabral's fleet returning from 
 India and learned the particulars of the voyage, including the American dis 
 coveries, of which he gives a full account in a letter written at the time under 
 date of June 4, 1501, which is a strong proof of the veracity of his other 
 accounts. See extracts in Humboldt, Exam. Grit., torn. v. pp. 34-44. It is 
 extraordinary that in the several accounts of this meeting the name of Ves 
 pucci's commander is not mentioned. From Cape Verde the fleet sailed 
 south-west sixty-seven days and touched the main-land the 17th of August, at 
 a point in 5 south latitude, taking possession for the king of Portugal. Thence 
 it followed the coast south-east, doubled Cape St Augustine, and went on in 
 sight of land for 600 leagues to a point in 32 south according to Gomara, 
 40; Navarrete thinks it could not have been over 26. Having found no 
 precious metals during a voyage of ten months, the Portuguese abandoned 
 this coast on the 13th (or 15th) of February, 1502, and after having been 
 driven by storms far to the south-east, and discovering some land whose 
 identity is uncertain Humboldt thinks it was an accumulation of ice, or 
 the coast of Patagonia they reached the. coast of Ethiopia on the 10th of 
 May, the Azores toward the end of July, and Lisbon September 7, 1502. 
 Vespucci gives full descriptions of the natives of Brazil, but these descrip 
 tions, together with the numerous conflicting statements, or blunders of the 
 various texts relating to details of the voyage, I pass over as unimportant to 
 my purpose. That Vespucci was with a Portuguese fleet which in 1501-2 
 explored a large but ill-defined portion of the Brazilian coast, there can be 
 no doubt. Grynceus, Novus Orbis, pp. 122-30; Ramusio, Viaggi, torn. i. pp. 
 139-44; Viacjes Menores, iq. Navarrete, torn. iii. pp. 46, 262-80; Humboldt, 
 Exam. Crit., torn. v. pp. 1-115; Major's Prince Henry, pp. 375-7; Oalvano's 
 Discov., pp. 98-9. 
 
 [1502.] Miguel Cortereal sailed from Lisbon May 10, 1502, in search of 
 his brother Gaspar, only to share his brother's fate. Neither of his two 
 vessels appears to have returned. Viages Menores, in Navarrete, torn. iii. p. 
 44; Humboldt, Exam. Grit., torn. iv. p. 226; Major's Prince Henry, p. 374; 
 Kohl's Hist. Discov., pp. 171-2. 
 
 It is probable that Portuguese fishermen continued their trips more or less 
 to Labrador and Newfoundland, but if so, no accounts have been preserved. 
 Kohl's Hist. Discov., pp. 187-92; Kunstmann, Entdeckuny Am., pp. 69, 95; 
 Ilerrera, Hist. Gen., dec. ii. lib. v. cap. iii. 
 
 In January, 1502, Alonso de Ojeda with four vessels departed from Cadiz 
 ou a second voyage to the Pearl Coast, with the intention of there establish- 
 
FOURTH VOYAGE OF COLUMBUS. 119 
 
 ing a colony. Accompanied by Garcfa de Ocampo, Juan de Vergara, Her- 
 nando de Guevara, and his nephew Pedro de Ojeda, he touched at the Canaries 
 and Cape Verde Islands, and reached the gulf of Paria. Refitting his ves 
 sels, on the llth of March he set sail and coasted north-westward, touching 
 at various points until he came to a port which he called Santa Cruz, probably 
 Bahia Honda, about twenty-five miles east of Cape de la Vela. During the 
 voyage along the coast the vessels were much of the time separated, follow 
 ing different courses. At Santa Cruz Ojeda found a man who had been left 
 by Bastidas, and there he determined to establish his colony. A fort was 
 built, and a vessel sent to Jamaica for supplies; but the colony did not prosper. 
 To other troubles were added dissensions among the fiery leaders, and about 
 the end of May Ojeda was imprisoned by his companions; the colony was 
 finally abandoned, and its governor brought as a prisoner to Espanola in Sep 
 tember. The few disputed points of- this voyage concern only the personal 
 quarrels of Ojeda and his fellow- captains. Navarrete, Col. de Viages, torn. iii. 
 pp. 28-39, 168-70, 591 et seq.; Humboldt, Exam. Grit., torn. i. p. 360; torn, 
 iv. p. 226. 
 
 On the eleventh of May, 1502, Columbus embarked from Cadiz on his 
 fourth and last voyage. Befitting at Espanola, he directed his course west 
 ward, discovered terra firma at the Guanaja Islands, off the north coast of 
 Honduras, and sailing southward, followed the shores of the supposed Asia 
 to El Retrete on the isthmus of Darien, where terminated the discovery of 
 Bastidas from the opposite direction, whose chart may have been in the ad 
 miral's possession. Particulars of this voyage are given hereafter. See Ouarto 
 y Ultimo Viage de Cristobal Colon, in Navarrete, torn. i. pp. 277-313; Colon, Hist, 
 del Almirante, in Barcia, torn. i. pp. 101-18; Gomara, Hist, de las Indias, fol. 
 31; Peter Martyr, dec. iii. cap. iv.; Herrera, Hist. Gen., dec. i. lib. v.-vi.; 
 Benzoni, Historia del Mondo Nvovo, Venetia, 1572, fol. 28; Galvano's Discov., 
 pp. 100-1; Robertson's Hist. Am., vol. i. pp. 164-74; Burke* 8 European Settle 
 ments in Am., vol. i. pp. 37^45; Napione and De Conti, Biografia Colombo, pp. 
 379-406; Laharpe, Abregt, torn. ix. p. 122; Acosta, Gamp. Histdrico de la 
 Nueva Granada, cap. i.; Navigatio GhristopJwri Colvmbi, in Grynceus, Novus 
 Orbis, p. 90, and elsewhere. 
 
 Since the admiral's discovery, in 1498, of the Pearl Coast, that is, the ex 
 treme northern shore of South America, npthing had occurred to modify his 
 views formed at that time concerning the new regions, except to show that 
 this southern addition of the Asiatic continent was much larger than had at 
 first been supposed. His special aim in this fourth voyage was to do what 
 various circumstances had prevented him from doing before, namely, to sail 
 along the eastern and southern coasts of Asia to India, passing, of course, 
 through the supposed strait between the main-land and the land of Paria. 
 It is certainly extraordinary that this idea entertained by Columbus corre 
 sponded so closely with the actual conformation of the eastern Asiatic coast, 
 and its southern addition of the Australian archipelago; that this conforma 
 tion is so closely duplicated in the American coasts; and that the position of 
 the admiral's hypothetical strait was almost identical with the actual nar 
 rowest part of the American continent. Columbus followed the coast to the 
 western limit of Bastidas' voyage and could find no opening in the shore, 
 
120 EAKLY VOYAGES. 
 
 either because the ancient chroniclers were faulty in making no mention of 
 this great supposed southern extension of Asia, or because the strait had 
 in some way escaped his scrutiny. He therefore abandoned the search, and 
 gave himself up to other schemes, but he never relinquished his original idea, 
 and died, 1506, in the belief that he had reached the coast of Asia, and with 
 out the suspicion of a new continent. Moreover, his belief was shared by 
 all cosmographers and scholars of the time. Peter Martyr, dec. i. cap. viii.; 
 Humboldt, Exam. Grit., torn. i. p. 26; torn. iv. p. 188; Preface to GUllany ; 
 Major's Prince Henry, p. 420; KoliVs Hist. Discov., pp. 140, 238-9; Draper's 
 Int. Develop., p. 445; Stevens' Notes, p. 37. 
 
 [1503.] Another expedition was sent by Portugal in search of the Corte- 
 reals, but returned unsuccessful. Kunstmann, Entdeckung Am., p. 58; PescJiel, 
 Geschichte der Entd., p. 334. 
 
 According to Harrisse, Bib. Am. Vet., pp. 173-4, we have "authentic deeds 
 and depositions proving beyond doubt a French expedition to Brazil as early 
 as 1503;" in support of which he refers to De Gonneville, Memoires, Paris, 1663; 
 De Brasses, Hist, des Navigations, Paris, 1756, torn. i. pp. 104-14; Revista Tri- 
 mensal, Rio de Janeiro, torn. vi. p. 412-14; D'Avesac, in Bulletin de la Soc. 
 Geog., torn. xiv. p. 172. 
 
 In 1503 the Portuguese sent a third fleet of six vessels under Gonzalo 
 Coelho to make farther explorations on the coast of Brazil, then calleu. Santa 
 Cruz, and to sail, if possible, around its southern extremity to India, an idea 
 that seems to have been conceived during the preceding voyage, but which 
 could not then be carried into effect for want of supplies. Vespucci com 
 manded one of the vessels, and set out with high hopes of accomplishing great 
 things for his country, his God, and himself. This is known as Vespucci's 
 fourth voyage. Beyond the account which he gives in his letters, little is 
 known of it except the fact that Coelho made such a voyage at the time. 
 The identity of the two expeditions has not been undisputed, but Humboldt 
 and Major both show that there can be little doubt in the matter. The fleet 
 sailed from Lisbon on the 10th of June Vespucci says May remained twelve 
 orthirteen days at the Cape Verde Islands, and thence sailed south-east to within 
 sight of Sierra Leone. The navigators were prevented by a storm from an 
 choring, and so directed their course south-west for 300 leagues to a desert 
 island in about lat. 3 south, supposed to be Fernando de Noronha, where 
 Coelho lost his ship on the 10th of August. Vespucci's vessel was separated 
 from the rest for eight days, but afterward joined one of them, and the two 
 sailed south-west for seventeen days, making 300 leagues, and arriving at the 
 Bahia de Todos os Santos. Remaining there two months and four days, they 
 followed the coast for 260 leagues to the port now called Cape Frio, where 
 they built a fort and left twenty -four men who had belonged to the vessel 
 which had been wrecked. In this port, which by Vespucci's observations 
 was in lat. 18 south and 35 (or 57) west of Lisbon, they remained five 
 months, exploring the interior for forty leagues; they then loaded with Brazil 
 wood, and after a return voyage of seventy-seven days arrived in Lisbon 
 June 28 (or 18), 1504. Vespucci believed the other ships of the fleet to have 
 been lost, but after his account was written, Coeiho returned with two ships; 
 nothing, however, is now known of his movements after the separation. Di 
 
DIVERS EXPEDITIONS. 121 
 
 Amerigo Vespucci Florentine, in Ramusio, torn, i., Lettera prima, fol. 139, 
 Lettera secondo, fol. 141, Sommario, fol. 141; Viages de Vespucio, in Navar- 
 rete, torn. iii. pp. 281-90; Souttey's Hist. Brazil, vol. i. p. 20. 
 ' Alfonso de Alburquerque sailed from Lisbon April 6, 1503, with four vessels 
 for India; but shaping his course far to the south-west, after twenty-four (or 
 twenty-eight) days he reached an island previously discovered by Vespucci; 
 thence he touched the main-land of Brazil, after which he proceeded around 
 the Cape of Good Hope to India, and returned to Lisbon September 16, 1504. 
 Viaggio fatto neW India per Giovanni di Empoli, in Ramusio, torn. i. foL 158; 
 Purcluis, His Pilgrimes, vol. i. pp. 32-3. Bergomas, Nouissime kistoriaru 
 omniu, etc., Venetiis, 1503, a book of chronicles published with frequent addi 
 tions to date, contains, for the first time, in this edition, a chapter on the 
 newly found islands of Columbus. In my copy, which is dated ten years 
 later, this chapter is on folio 328. At least nine editions of the work 
 appeared before 1540. 
 
 [1504.] Soon after the return from his third voyage, Vespucci wrote a 
 letter to Piero de' Medici, setting forth its incidents. This letter, which 
 bears no date, was probably written in corrupt Italian, and after circulating 
 to some extent in manuscript, as was the custom at the time, it may have 
 been printed, but no copies are known to exist, and the original is lost. 
 Translations were made, however, into Latin and German, which appeared in 
 small pamphlet form in at least seventeen different editions before 1507, under 
 the title of Mundus Novus, or its equivalent. The earliest edition which 
 bears a date is that of 1504, but of the nine issues without date, some un 
 doubtedly appeared before that year. It is probable that other editions have 
 disappeared on account of their undurable form. None of Vespucci's other 
 accounts are known to have been printed before 1507. 
 
 This same year the Libretto de tutta le Navigazione del Re di Spagna is said 
 to have been printed at Venice, being the first collection of voyages, and con 
 taining, according to the few Italian authors who claim to have seen it, the 
 first three voyages of Columbus and those of Nino and Pinzon. If authentic, 
 it was the first account of the voyage of Columbus to the Pearl Coast; but no 
 copy is known at present to exist, and its circulation must have been small 
 compared with Vespucci's relations. Humboldt, Exam. Crit. y torn. iv. pp. 67-77; 
 Harrisse, Bib. Am. Vet., nos. 22-41. 
 
 A chart made about 1504 has been preserved which shows Portuguese dis 
 coveries only. In the north are laid down Newfoundland and Labrador 
 under the name of 'Terra de Cortte Reall,' and Greenland with no name, but 
 so correctly represented as to form a strong evidence that it was reached by 
 Cortereal. On the south we have the coast of Brazil, to which no name is 
 given; between the two is open sea, with no indication of Spanish discoveries. 
 Kunstmann, Entdeckuny Am., pp. 127-8, and Munich Atlas, no. iii.j KohVs 
 Hist. Discov., pp. 174-7, plate viii. 
 
 With the year 1504 the fishing voyages of the Bretons and Normans to 
 Newfoundland are said to have begun, but there are no accounts of any par 
 ticular voyage. Sobre las navegaciones de los vascongados d los mares de Terra- 
 nova, in Navarrete, torn. iii. p. 176; Viages Menores, Id., p. 46. Kunstmann, 
 Entdeckung Am., p. 69 et seq., makes these trips begin with Denys' in 1503. 
 
122 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 Juan de la Cosa equipped and armed four vessels, and was despatched in 
 the service of Queen Isabella of Spain, to explore and trade in the vicinity 
 of the gulf of Urabd, and also to check rumored encroachments of the Portu 
 guese in that direction. All that is recorded of the expedition is that in 
 1506 the crown received 491,708 maravedis as the royal share of the profits. 
 Carta de Cristobal Gruerra, in Navarrete, torn. ii. p. 293; Carta de la Reina, 
 in Id., torn. iii. p. 109; Real Cedula, adicion, Id., p. 161. Stevens, in his Notes, 
 p. 33, gives the date as 1505. 
 
 [1505.] Alonso de Ojeda, with three vessels, made a third voyage to Co- 
 quibacoaand the gulf of Urabd. Notidas biogrdficas del capitan Alonso Ilojeda, 
 in Navarrete, torn. iii. p. 169. 
 
 The letter written by Columbus from Jamaica July 7, 1503, describing the 
 events of his fourth voyage, is preserved in the Spanish archives. If printed, 
 no copies are known to exist, but an Italian translation appeared as Copia de 
 la Lettera, Venetia, 1505. 
 
 A Portuguese map made about 1505 by Pedro Reinel shapes Newfound 
 land more accurately than the map of 1504, being the first to give the name 
 *C. Raso' to the south-east point; but Greenland is drawn much less correctly. 
 Kunstmann, Entdeckung Am., pp. 125-7; Munich Atlas, no. i. Plate ix. in 
 KohVs Hist. Discov., pp. 177-9, differs materially from the fac-simile in the 
 Munich Atlas. See also PescM, Geschichte der Entd., p. 332; Schmeller, Ueber 
 einigen der handschriftlichen Seekarten, in Akademie der Wissenschaften, Ab- 
 handl, torn. iv. pt. i. p. 247 et seq. 
 
 [1506.] The Bretons under Jean Denys are said to have explored the gulf 
 of St Lawrence, and to have made a map which has not been found. The 
 reports of this and of succeeding voyages northward are exceedingly vague. 
 Charlevoix, Hist, de la Nouvelle France, Paris, 1744, torn. i. p. 4; Viages Me- 
 nores, in Navarrete, torn. iii. p. 41; Kohl's Hist. Discov., pp. 201-5; Kumtmann, 
 Entdeckung Am., p. 69; Bancroft's Hist. U. S., vol. i. p. 16. 
 
 Vicente Yafiez Pinzon made a second voyage with Juan Diaz de Solis, in 
 which he explored the gulf of Honduras, from the Guanaja Islands, the 
 western limit of Columbus' voyage, to the islands of Caria on the coast of 
 Yucatan, in search of the passage which was still believed to exist between 
 the main continent of Asia and the land known as the Pearl Coast, Santa 
 Cruz, or, in the Latin translations of Vespucci, as the Mundus Novus, or 
 New World. Brief mention of this voyage may be found in Viages Me- 
 nores, in Navarrete, torn. iii. p. 46, repeated in Irving's Columbus, vol. iii. 
 P. 52; and Humboldt, Exam. Grit., torn. iv. p. 228. See also Reise des Diaz 
 de Soils und Yanez Pinzon, in Sammlung aller Reisebeschreibujigen, torn. xiii. 
 p. 157. 
 
 Tristan da Cunha in a voyage to India, sailing from Lisbon March 6, 
 1506, round Cape St Augustine, heard of eut connaissance de a Rio Sao 
 Sebastiao in the province of Pernambuco, and discovered the island since 
 called by his name, in 37 5' south latitude, on his passage to the Cape of Good 
 Hope. Galvano does not mention that Cunha reached America. 
 
 On the 20th of May, 1506, at Valladolid, died the great admiral of the 
 "Western Ocean, Christopher Columbus; whose story, notwithstanding his 
 
THE NAMING OF AMERICA. 123 
 
 innumerable historians, is nowhere more fully comprehended than in the 
 simple lines which may be seen to-day upon his tomb: 
 
 " Por Castilla y por Leon 
 Nuevo Mundo hallo Colon." 
 
 Maffel of VoUerra, Commentaricrum urbanorum, Rome, 1506, a kind of geo 
 graphical encyclopaedia, contains a section on the loca nuper repcrta. Five 
 editions are mentioned as having been issued in the years 1510, 1511, and 
 1530, all but one at Paris. 
 
 M. Varnhagen claims that the original mixed Italian text of Vespucci's 
 first voyage was printed in Florence in 1505 or 1506, and that several copies 
 have been preserved. This is the text used by him in his defense of Ves 
 pucci. See Premier Voy., Vienna, 1869, and Vespucci, son caractere, etc., 
 Lima, 1865, in which the letter is reproduced. I find no mention by any 
 other author of such an edition. 
 
 [1507.] No voyages are mentioned in this year; but the bibliography of 
 the year is remarkable. Montalboddo (or Zorzi), Paesi Nouamente retrouati, Et 
 Nouo Mondo da Alberico Vesputio, Florentine, intitulato, Vincentia, 1507, is 
 the second collection of voyages issued, and the first of which any copies 
 at present exist. This work is divided into six books, of which the fourth 
 and fifth relate to America, the fourth being a reproduction of the Libretto of 
 1504, while the fifth is the Nouo Mondo, or third voyage of Vespucci; and 
 its mention in the title shows how important a feature it was deemed in a 
 work of this character. In the following year, besides a new Italian edition, 
 there appeared a German translation under the title of Rucliamer, Newe 
 unbekantlte landte, Nuremberg, 1508, and a Latin translation, Itinerariu 
 Portugallesiu, Milan, 1508. At least fourteen editions in Italian, Latin, 
 German, and French appeared before 1530. 
 
 Hylacomylus (Waldsee-Muller], Cosmographies Introdvctio. .. .Insuper qua- 
 tuor Americi Vespucij Namyationes, Deodate (St Die, Lorraine), 1507, is the 
 title of a work which appeared four times in the same place and year. It is 
 the first collection of Vespucci's four voyages, and generally regarded as the 
 first edition of the first and fourth, although as we have seen M. Varnhagen 
 claims an Italian edition of the first in .1506. This account of the third 
 voyage is different from that so widely circulated before as Mundus Novus. 
 Three other editions of the work, or of the part relating to Vespucci, ap 
 peared in 1509 and 1510. In Hylacomylus the following passage occurs: 
 "But now that those parts have been more extensively examined, and an 
 other fourth part has been discovered by Americus (as will be seen in the 
 sequel), I do not see why we should rightly refuse to name it America, 
 namely, the land of Americus or America, after its discoverer, Americus, a 
 man of sagacious mind, since both Europe and Asia took their names from 
 women." Here we have the origin of the name 'America.' To the northern 
 discoveries of Columbus, Cabot, and Cortereal, on the islands and coast of the 
 supposed Asia, no general name was given because those regions were already 
 named India, Cathay, Mangi, etc., while names were applied by Europeans 
 only to particular places on the new coasts. When Columbus in 1498 ex 
 plored the northern coast of South America he had no doubt it was a portion, 
 
124 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 though probably a detached portion, of Asia, and the terms Paria and the 
 Pearl Coast sufficed to designate the region during the succeeding trading 
 voyages. Concerning, these voyages, only a letter of Columbus and a slight 
 account of Pinzon's expedition had been printed, apparently without attract 
 ing much attention. The voyages of Columbus, Bastidas, and Pinzon along 
 the coast of Central America were almost unknown. Meanwhile the fame of 
 the great navigator had become much obscured. His enterprises on the supposed 
 Asiatic coast had been unprofitable to Spain. The eyes of the world were 
 now directed farther south. By the Portuguese the coasts of Brazil had been 
 explored for a long distance, proving the great extent of this south-eastern 
 portion of the supposed Asia, whose existence was not indicated on the old 
 charts, and which certainly required a name. These Portuguese explorations 
 and their results were known to the world almost exclusively by the letter of 
 Vespucci so often printed. To the Latin translation of the letter, the name 
 Mundus Novus had been applied, meaning not necessarily a new continent, 
 but simply the newly found regions. The name 'America' suggested itself 
 naturally, possibly through the influence of some friend who was an admirer 
 of Vespucci, to the German professor of a university in Lorraine, as appro 
 priate for the new region, and he accordingly proposed it. Having proposed 
 it, his pride and that of his friends a clique who had great influence over the 
 productions of the German press at that period was involved in securing its 
 adoption. No open opposition seems to have been made, even by the Portu 
 guese who had applied the name 'Santa Cruz' to the same region; still it was 
 long before the new name replaced the old ones. In later years, when 
 America was found to be joined to the northern continent, and all that great 
 land to be entirely distinct from Asia, the name had become too firmly fixed 
 to be easily changed, and no effort that we know of was made to change it. 
 Later still some authors, inadvertently perhaps, attributed the first discovery 
 to Vespucci. This aroused the wrath of Las Casas and others, and a discus 
 sion ensued which has lasted to the present time. See list of partisans on 
 both sides in Harrisse, J3ib. Am. Vet., pp. 65-7. Munoz and Navarrete insist 
 that Vespucci was an impostor, but others, headed by Humboldt, have proved 
 conclusively that the nalne 'America' was adopted as the result of the some 
 what strange combination of circumstances described, without any intentional 
 wrong to Columbus. This conclusion is founded chiefly on the following 
 reasons, namely: The honor to Vespucci resulted chiefly from his third voy 
 age in 1501, and not from his first voyage in 1497, which last mentioned is 
 the only one possible to have claimed precedence over Columbus in the dis 
 covery of the continent. Furthermore, neither Columbus nor Vespucci ever 
 suspected that a new continent had been found; and to precede Cabot in 
 reaching Asia, Vespucci, even if relying on his first voyage, must have dated 
 it somewhat earlier in 1497 than he did; while to precede Columbus he must 
 have dated it before 1492, when, as they both believed, Columbus had touched 
 Asia at Cuba. Then, again, there is no evidence whatever that Vespucci ever 
 claimed the honor of discovery. He was on intimate terms with the admiral 
 and his friends, and is highly spoken of by all, especially by Fernando Colon, 
 who was extremely jealous in every particular which might affect his father's 
 honor. Moreover, it is certain that Vespucci did not himself propose the 
 
BOOKS AND MAPS OF THE PERIOD. 125 
 
 name 'America;' it is not certain that he even used the term Mundus Novus 
 or its equivalent in his letters; and it is quite possible that he never even 
 knew of his name being applied to the New World, since the name did not 
 come into general use until many years after his death, which occurred in 
 1512. The most serious charge which in my opinion can be brought against 
 Vespucci is neglect perhaps an intentional deception for the purpose of giv 
 ing himself temporary prominence in the eyes of his correspondent in failing 
 to name the commanders under whom he sailed; and with exaggeration and 
 carelessness in his details. But it is to be remembered that his writings were 
 simply letters to friends describing in familiar terms the wonders of his voy 
 ages, with little care for dry dates and names, reserving particulars for a large 
 work which he had prepared, but which has never come to light. "After 
 all," says Irving, "this is a question more of curiosity than of real moment 
 
 about which grave men will continue to write weary volumes, until the 
 
 subject acquires a fictitious importance from the mountain of controversy 
 heaped upon it." Cancellieri, Notlzie di Colombo, pp. 41-8; Humboldt, .Exam. 
 Grit., torn. iv. and v., and Preface to Ghillany ; Navarrete, Col. de Viages, 
 torn. i. p. cxxvi.; Major's Prince Henry, pp. 3SO-8 1 ; Kohl's Hist. Discov., p. 
 496; Harrisse, Bib. Am. Vet., pp. 65-6; D'Avesac, Martin Hylacomylus, Paris, 
 1867; Munoz, Hist. Nuevo Mundo, p. x.; Stevens' Notes, pp. 24, 35, 52 et seq. ; 
 Viages de Vespucio, in Navarrete, torn. iii. p. 183; Carta del Excmo. Sr. Viz- 
 conde de Santaren, in Navarrete, torn. iii. pp. 309-34. Ludd, Speculi Orbis, 
 Strasburg, 1507, adopts Waldsee-Miiller's suggestion so far as to speak of 
 the 'American race,' or people, gentis Americi. Major, Prince Henry, pp. 
 380-8, explains the connection between this and other works of the time in 
 fluenced by the St Did clique. See also Stevens' Notes, p. 35. 
 
 [1508.] Pinzon and Solis, with Pedro Ledesma as pilot, were sent by 
 Spain for the third time to search southward for the strait which they, as 
 well as Columbus and Bastidas, had failed to find farther north and west. 
 Sailing from San Lucar June 29, 1508, they touched at the Cape Verde 
 Islands, proceeded to Cape St Augustine, and followed the coast south-west 
 to about 40 south latitude, returning to Spain in October, 1509. Viages Me- 
 nores, in Navarrete^ torn. iii. p. 47. Kohl, Die beiden dltesten Karten von Am. , 
 p. 110, joins this voyage to the preceding one of 1506. 
 
 Another of the uncertain French voyages to Newfoundland is reported to 
 have taken place in 1508, under the command of Thomas Aubert, from 
 Dieppe. Viages Menores, in Navarrete, torn. iii. p. 41; KohFs Hist. Discov., 
 pp. 203-5. 
 
 In 1508 the governor of Espaiiola sent Sebastian de Ocampo to explore 
 Cuba. He was the first to sail round the island, thus proving it such, aa 
 Juan de la Cosa probably imagined it to be eight years earlier. Aa, Naau~ 
 keurige Versameling, torn. vi. p. 1; Herrera, Hist. Gen., dec. i. lib. vii. cap. i.; 
 Stevens' Notes, p. 35. 
 
 Ptolemy, In hoc opere JICBC continentvr, Geographies Cl. Pfolema-i, Rome, 1508, 
 is said to be the first edition of this work which contains allusions to the New 
 World. Other editions of Ptolemy, prepared by different editors, with ad 
 ditional text and maps, and with some changes in original matter, appeared 
 in 1511, 1512, 1513, 1519, 1520, 1522, 1525, 1532, and 1535. The edition first 
 
126 
 
 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 mentioned contains, in addition to the preceding one of 1507, fourteen leaves 
 of text and an engraved map by Johann Ruysch the first ever published 
 which includes the New World. Copies have been printed by Lelewel in his 
 G6og. du moyen dge, atlas; by Santarem, in his Recherches, Paris, 1842, atlas; 
 and by Humboldt, Kohl, and Stevens. I have taken the annexed copy 
 from the three last mentioned authorities, omitting some of the unimportant 
 names. 
 
 MAP BY JOHANN HUYSCH, 1508. 
 
 This map follows closely that of Juan de la Cosa in 1500, but illustrates 
 more clearly the geographical idea of the time. The discoveries of Cabot, 
 whom Ruysch is supposed to have accompanied, as well as those of Cortereal 
 in the north, of Greenland, Labrador, and Newfoundland, are laid down with 
 tolerable accuracy; and the rest of the supposed Asiatic coast as in Behaim's 
 globe is taken from Marco Polo. In the centre we have the lands discovered 
 by Columbus, and the old fabulous island of Antilia restored. To ' Spagnola* 
 (Espaiiola) is joined an inscription stating the compiler's belief that it was 
 identical with Zipangu, or Japan. Western Cuba is cut off by a scroll, instead 
 of by green paint as in the map of Juan de la Cosa, with an inscription to the 
 effect that this was the limit of Spanish exploration. Ruysch, having as yet 
 no knowledge of Ocampo's voyage performed during this same year, evidently 
 entertained the same idea respecting Cuba that was held by Juan de la Cosa, 
 but did not venture to proclaim it an island. In the south, the New World 
 is shown under the name 'Terra Sanctse Crucis sive Mvndvs Novvs.' An open 
 sea separates the New World from Asia, showing that Ruysch did not know 
 of the unsuccessful search for this passage by Columbus, Bastidas, and 
 Pinzon. It is worthy of remark that the name America is not used by this 
 countryman of Hylacomylus. Humboldt thinks that he had not seen the 
 Cosmographies Introdvctio, but had read some other edition of Vespucci's third 
 
OCCUPATION OF TIERRA FIRME. 127 
 
 voyage. Exam. Crit., torn. ii. pp. 5, 9; torn. iv. p. 121, and Preface to Ghillany. 
 See also Kunstmann, Entdeckung Am., pp. 136-7; Harrisse, Bib. Am. Vet., pp. 
 107-8; Kohl's Hist. Discov., pp. 156-8; Stevens' Notes, pp. 31-2. 
 
 [1509.] Stimulated by the admiral's gold discoveries at Veragua, which 
 had been corroborated by subsequent voyages, King Ferdinand of Spain 
 determined to establish colonies on that coast. The region known as Tierra 
 Firme was to that end divided into two provinces, of which Alonso de Ojeda 
 was appointed governor of one, and Diego de Nicuesa of the other. Ojeda 
 sailed from Espanola November 10, 1509, and Nicuesa soon followed. Their 
 adventures form an important part of early Central American history, and 
 are fully related in the following chapters. During the succeeding years 
 frequent voyages were made back and forth between the new colonies, Jamaica, 
 Cuba, and Espanola, which are for the most part omitted here as not consti 
 tuting new discoveries. Peter Martyr, dec. ii. cap. i.; Gomara, Hist. Ind., 
 fols. 67-9; Galvano's Discov., p. 109-10; Oviedo, Hist. Gen., torn. ii. pp. 421-8; 
 Ilerrera, Hist. Gen., dec. i. cap. vii. lib. vii. et seq. 
 
 The Giobus Mundi, Strasburg, 1509, an anonymous work, was the first to 
 apply the name America to the southern continent. Humboldt, Exam. Crit., 
 torn. iv. p. 142; Major's Prince Henry, p. 387. 
 
 [1511.] Juan de Agramonte received a commission from the Spanish gov 
 ernment, and made arrangements to sail to 'Newfoundland and the lands of 
 
 isla (Jc~bchi', 
 
 
 PETEK MAIITYR'S MAP, 1511. 
 
 the north-western ocean, but nothing further is known of the matter. Viages 
 Menorcs, in Navarrete, torn. iii. p. 42; Sobrecarta de la Reina Dona Juana, 
 in Navarrete, torn. iii. p. 122. P..Martyris, Anglimediolanemis opera, Se 
 ville, 1511, is the first edition of Peter Martyr's first decade; containing in 
 ten letters, or books, accounts of the first three voyages of Columbus, certain 
 
128 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 expeditions to the Pearl Coast, and closing with a brief mention of the 
 admiral's fourth voyage. The learned author was personally acquainted with 
 Columbus, and his relations are consequently of great value. This work con 
 tains a map, of which I give a copy from Stevens, the only fac-simile I have 
 seen. 
 
 The map shows only Spanish discoveries, but it is by far the most accurate 
 yet made. Cuba, now proved to "be an island, is so laid down. No name is 
 given to the Mundus Novus, which, by a knowledge of the Spanish voyages, 
 is made to extend much farther north and west than in Ruysch's map; but 
 above the known coasts a place is left open where the passage to India it was 
 believed might yet be found. The representation of a country, corresponding 
 with Florida, to the north of Cuba, under the name of * Isla de Beimini,'may 
 indicate that Florida had been reached either by Ocampo in 1508, by some 
 private adventurer, as Diego Miruelo, who is said to have preceded Ponce de 
 Leon, or, as is claimed by some, by Vespucci in his pretended voyage of 1497; 
 but more probably this region was laid down from the older maps see Be- 
 haim's map, p. 93 and the name was applied in accordance with the reports 
 among the natives of a wonderful country or island, which they called bimini, 
 situated in that direction. The map is not large enough to show exactly the 
 relation which Peter Martyr supposed to exist between these regions and the 
 rest of the world, but the text of the first decade leaves no doubt that he 
 still believed them to be parts of Asia. 
 
 The Ptolemy of 1511 has a map which I have not seen, but which from 
 certain descriptions resembles that of Ruysch, except that it represents Terra 
 Corterealis as an island separated from the supposed Asiatic coast; the name 
 Sanctse Crucis for South America being still retained. As long as the new 
 lands were believed to be a part of Asia, the maps bore some resemblance to 
 the actual countries intended to be represented, but from the first dawning 
 of an idea of separate lands we shall see the greatest confusion in the efforts 
 of map-makers to depict the New World. Harrisse, Bib. Am. Vet., no. GS; 
 Kunstmann, Entdeckung Am., 133; Kohl, Die beiden dltesten Karten von Am. , 
 p. 33. A copy of this map was published in LeleweVs Atlas. 
 
 [1512.] The West India Islands, in which the Spaniards are at length 
 firmly established, become now the point of new departures. Conquerors 
 and discoverers henceforth for the most part sail from Espanola or Cuba 
 rather than from Spain. Juan Ponce de Leon, a wealthy citizen who had 
 been governor of Puerto Rico, fitted out three vessels at his own expense, 
 and sailed in search of a fountain, which according to the traditions of the 
 natives had the property of restoring youth, and which was situated in the 
 land called Bimini far to the north. This infatuation had been current in 
 the Islands for several years, and, as we have seen, the name was applied to 
 such a land on Peter Martyr's map of 1511. Sailing from Puerto Rico 
 March 3, 1512, Ponce de Leon followed the northern coast of Espaiiola, and 
 thence north-west through the Bahamas, reaching San Salvador on the 14th 
 of March. Thirteen days thereafter he saw the coast of Florida, so named 
 by him from the day of discovery, which was Pascua Florida, or Easter- day. 
 The native name of the land was Cautio. On the 2d of April the Spaniards 
 landed in 30 8', and took possession for the king of Spain; then following the 
 
DISCOVERY OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 129 
 
 coast southward they doubled Cape Corrientes (Canaveral) May 8, and ad 
 vanced to an undetermined point on the southern or eastern coast, which 
 Kohl thinks may have been Charlotte Bay. All this while they believed the 
 country to be an island. On the 14th of June Ponce de Leon departed from 
 Florida, and on his return touched at the Tortugas, at the Lucayos, at Ba 
 hama, and at San Salvador, arriving at Puerto Rico the 21st of September. 
 He left behind one vessel under Juan Perez de Ortubia, who arrived a few 
 days later with the news of having found Bimiiii, but no -fountain of youth. 
 Reise des. Ponce de Leon, und Entdeckung von Florida, in Sammlung aller Reise- 
 besch., torn. xiii. p. 188; Viages Menores, in Navarrete, torn. iii. pp. 50-3: 
 Real ccdula dando facultad d Francisco de Garay, in Navarrete, torn. iii. p. 
 148; Uitvoerlyke ScUeepstogt door den Dapperen Jean Ponze de Leon gedaan naar 
 Florida, in Gottfried, torn, iii.; Gomara, Hist. Ind., fols. 50-2; Galvano's 
 Discov., p. 123. Kohl places the voyage in 1513, relying on Peschel, who, he 
 says, has proved the year 1512 to be an impossible date. 
 
 In 1512 the Eegidor Valdivia was sent by the colonists from the gulf of 
 Darien, then called Uraba, to Espauola for supplies. Being wrecked in a 
 violent tempest, he escaped in boats to the coast of Yucatan, where he and 
 his companions were made captives by the natives. Some were sacrificed to 
 the gods, and then eaten; only two, Gonzalo Guerrero and Ger6nimo de Agui- 
 lar, survived their many hardships, the latter being rescued by Cortes in 1519. 
 Torquemada, Monarq. Ind., torn. i. pp. 368-72; Gomara, Hist. Hex., fol. 21-2; 
 Hcrrera, Hist. Gen., dec., ii. lib. iv. cap. vii.; Cogolludo, Hist. Yucathan, 
 pp. 24-9. 
 
 The very rare map in Stobnicza's Ptolemy, Cracoviae, 1512, I have not seen. 
 It is said to show the New World as a continuous coast from 50 north lati 
 tude to 40 south. Neither in the text nor in the map is found the name 
 America. 
 
 [1513.] In September, 1513, Vasco Nunez de Balboa set out from the set 
 tlement of Antigua on the gulf of Uraba, and crossing the narrow isthmus 
 which joins the two Americas, discovered a vast ocean to the southward on 
 the other side of the supposed Asia. The Isthmus here runs east and west, 
 and on either side, to the north and to the south are great oceans, which for 
 a long time were called the North Sea and the South Sea. After exploring 
 the neighboring coasts he returned to Antigua in January, 1514, after an ab 
 sence of four months. Galvano's Discov., pp. 123-5; Peter Martyr, dec. iii. 
 cap. i.; Oviedo, Hist. Gen., torn. iii. pp. 9-17; Andagoya's Narrative, p. 7; 
 Carta del Adelantado Vasco Nunez de Balboa, in Pacheco and Cardenas, Col. 
 Doc. Ined., torn. ii. p. 526. 
 
 The Ptolemy of 1513 has a map which is said to have been made by Hyla- 
 comylus as early as 1508, but concerning which there seems to be much 
 uncertainty. I give a copy from the fac-simile of Stevens and Varnhagen. 
 
 The name Cuba does not appear, and in its place is Isabela. Many of the 
 names given by other maps to points on the coast of Cuba are transferred to 
 the main-land opposite. The compiler evidently was undecided whether 
 Cuba was a part of the Asiatic main or not, and therefore represented it in 
 both ways. The coast line must be regarded as imaginary or taken from Jhe 
 old charts, unless, as M. Varnhagen thinks, Vespucci actually sailed along 
 HIST. CEN. AM., VOL. I. 9 
 
130 
 
 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 the Florida coast in 1497. This map if made in 1508 may be regarded as the 
 first to join the southern continent, or Mundus Novus, to the main-land of 
 Asia. This southern land is called 'Terra Incognita,' with an inscription 
 stating expressly that it was discovered by Columbus, notwithstanding the 
 fact that its supposed author proposed the name America in honor of Vespucci 
 only the year before. In fact the map is in many respects incoherent, and is 
 mentioned by most writers but vaguely. Harrisse, Bib. Am. Vet., no. 74; 
 Humboldt, Exam. Grit., torn. iv. pp. 109 et seq., and Preface to Ghillany ; 
 Kunstmann, EntdecTcuncj Am., pp. 130-2; Kohl, Diebeiden attest en Karhn von 
 Am., p. 33; Varnhayen, Nouvelles Recherches, Vienna, 1869, p. 56; Stevens' 
 Notes, pi. ii. no. i. pp. 13, 14, 51; Major's Prince Henry, pp. 385-6; Santarem, 
 in Bulktin de la Soc. Gtog., May, 1847, pp. 318-23. 
 
 MAP FROM PTOLEMY, 1513. 
 
 The name America is thought by Major to occur first on a manuscript map 
 by Leonardo da Vinci, in the queen's collection at Windsor, to which he 
 ascribes the date of 1513 or 1514. 
 
 [1514.] Pedrarias Davila, having been appointed governor of Castilla del 
 Oro, by which name the region about the isthmus of Darien was now called, 
 sailed from San Lticar with an armada of fifteen vessels and over 2000 men, 
 April 12, 1514. The special object of this expedition was to discover and 
 
GRADUAL ENLARGEMENT OF THE TWO AMERICAS. 131 
 
 Bettle the shores of the South Sea, whose existence had been reported in 
 Spain, but whose discovery by Vasco Nunez de Balboa was not known before 
 the departure of Pedrarias. Herrera, dec. i. lib. x. cap. xiii.; Peter Martyr, 
 dec. ii. cap. vii. ; dec. iii. cap. v.; Galvano's Discov., p. 125; Quintana, Vidas 
 de Espanoles Celebres, 'Balboa,' p. 28; Robertson's Hist. Am., vol. i. p. 207. 
 See chapter x. of this volume. 
 
 [1515.] Juan Diaz de Solis sailed from Lepe October 8, 1515, with three 
 vessels, and surveyed the eastern coast of South America from Cape San 
 Roque to Rio Janeiro, where he was killed by the natives. Navarrete, Col. de 
 Viages, torn. iii. pp. 48-50. Three vessels were fitted out at Seville, well 
 manned and armed for a cruise against the Caribs, under command of Juan 
 Ponce de Leon, but the Spaniards were defeated in their first encounter with 
 the savages at Guadalupe, and the expedition was practically abandoned. 
 
 The adventures of Badajoz, Mercado, Morales, and others in 1515-16 and 
 the following years, by which the geography of the Isthmus was more fully 
 determined, are given elsewhere. 
 
 Schoner, Lucukntissima qucedd terra totius descriptio, Nuremberg, 1515, and 
 another edition of the same work under the title Orbis Typvs, same place and 
 date, have a chapter on America 'discovered by Vespucci in 1497.' In Reisch, 
 Margaritlia Philosophica, Strasburg, 1515, an encyclopedia frequently repub- 
 lished, is a map which is almost an exact copy of that in the Ptolemy of 1513, 
 except in its names. The main-land to the north-west of Cuba is called 
 Zoana Mela, but the names of certain localities along the coast are omitted. 
 Both Cuba and Espauola are called Isabela, and the southern continent is 
 laid down as 'Paria sen Prisilia.' Harrisse, Bib. Am. Vet., nos. 80-2; Kunst- 
 mann, Entdecluiig Am., pp. 130-1; Kohl, Die beiden dltesten Karten von Am., 
 p. 33; Stevens' Notes, p. 52; fac-simile, pi. iv. no. 2. 
 
 [1516.] After Ponce de Leon's voyage in 1512 or 1513, and probably before 
 that time, trips were made by private adventurers northward from Espauola 
 and Cuba to the Islands and to Florida. Among these is that of Diego de 
 Miruelo in 1516, who probably visited the western or gulf coast of Florida, 
 and brought back specimens of gold. No details are known of the expedi 
 tion. Garcilasso de la Vega, La Florida del Inca, Madrid, 1723, p. 5. 
 
 Lettera di Amerigo vespucci, Florence, 1516, the second collection of the 
 four voyages; Peter Martyr, loannes ruffus, De Orbe Decades, Alcala, 1516, 
 the first edition of three decades; and Givstiniani, Paalfcrium, Genoa, 1516, 
 which appends a life of Columbus to the nineteenth Psalm, are among the 
 new books of the year. 
 
 [1517.] Eclen, in his dedication of an English translation of Munster's Cos 
 mography, in 1553, speaks of certain ships "furnished and set forth" in 1517 
 under Sebastian Cabot and Sir Thomas Pert; but so faint was the heart of 
 the baronet that the voyage "toke none effect." On this authority some 
 authors have ascribed a voyage to Cabot in 1517, to regions concerning which 
 they do not agree. An expedition whose destination and results are unknown, 
 can have had little effect on geographical knowledge; and Kohl, after a full 
 discussion of the subject, seems to have proved against Biddle, its chief sup 
 porter, that there is not sufficient evidence of such a voyage. Navigatione di 
 Seba*tiano Cabota, in Ramusio, torn. ii. fol. 212; Kunstmann, Entdeckung Am., 
 
132 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 pp. 54-5; Roux de Roclidle, in Bulletin, Soc. Gcog., Apr. 1832, p. 209; Peter 
 Martyr, dec. iii. cap. vi. 
 
 Francisco Hernandez de C6rdoba, with three vessels and 110 men, 
 sailed from La Habana February 8, 1517, sent by the governor of Cuba 
 to make explorations toward the west. Touching at Cape Catoche, in Yuca 
 tan, he coasted the peninsula in fifteen days to Campeche, and six days later 
 reached Potonchan, or Champoton, where a battle was fought with the natives, 
 and the Spaniards defeated. Accounts indicate that the explorers were not 
 unanimous in supposing Yucatan to be an island, as it was afterward repre 
 sented on some maps. Failing to procure a supply of water in the slough of 
 Lagartos, C6rdoba sailed across the Gulf to Florida, and thence returned to 
 Cuba, where he died in ten days from his wounds. I find nothing to show 
 what part of Florida he touched. Torquemada, Monarq. Lid., torn. i. pp. 349- 
 51; Peter Martyr, dec. iv. cap. i.; Oviedo, Hist. Gen., torn. i. pp. 497-8; Gal- 
 vano's Discov., pp. 130-1; Gomara, Conq. Mex., fol. 8-9; Herrera, Hist. Gen., 
 dec. ii. lib. ii. cap. xvii. ; Cogoliudo, Hist. Yucathan, pp. 3-8; Prescotfs Mex. , vol. 
 i. pp. 222-24; Viages Menores, in Navarrete, torn. iii. pp. 53-5; West-Indische 
 Spieghel, p. 188; Icazbalceta, Col. Doc., torn. i. pp. 338-41. 
 
 [1518.] The following year Juan de Grijalva was sent from Cuba to carry 
 on the explorations begun by Cordoba. Grijalva sailed from Santiago de Cuba 
 April 8, 1518, with four vessels, reached the island of Santa Cruz (Cozumel) 
 011 the 3d of May, took possession on the 6th of May, and shortly after entered 
 Ascension Bay. From this point he coasted Yucatan 270 leagues, by his 
 estimate, to Puerto Deseaclo, entered and named the Rio de Grijalva (Tabasco), 
 and took possession of tne country in the vicinity of Vera Cruz about the 
 19th of June. Advancing up the coast to Cabo Rojo, he turned about and 
 entered Rio Tonala, engaged in a parting fight at Champoton, followed the 
 coast for several weeks, and then turned for Cuba, arriving at Matanzas 
 about the 1st of November. During his absence, Cristobal de Olid had 
 coasted a large part of Yucatan in search of Grijalva's fleet. Peter Martyr, 
 dec. iv. cap. iii.-iv.; Torquemada, Monarq. Ind., torn. i. pp. 351-8, Oviedo, 
 Hist. Gen., torn. i. pp. 502-37; Gomara, Conq. Mex., fol. 8-11, 56-8; Herrcra, 
 Hist. Gen., dec. ii. lib. iii. cap. i. ix.; Robertson's Hist . Am., vol. i. pp. 2iO-4; 
 Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., torn. iv. pp. 40-50; Cogoliudo, Hist. 
 Yucathan, pp. 8-16; Diaz, Itineraire, in Ternaux-Compans, Voy., serie i. 
 torn. x. pp. 1-47; Viages Menores, inA/avarrete, torn. iii. pp. 53-64; Alaman., 
 Discrtaciones, torn. i. pp. 45-8; Reise des Joliann Grijalva und allererste Ent- 
 deckung Neuspaniens, in Sammlung, torn. xiii. p. 258; Itinerario de Juan de 
 Grijalva, in Icazbalceta, Col. Doc., torn. i. p. 281. 
 
 I may here remark that such manuscript maps, made generally by pilots 
 for government use, as have been preserved are, as might be expected, far 
 superior to those published in geographical works of the period. I give a 
 copy of a Portuguese chart preserved in the Royal Academy at Munich. 
 
 From the fact that Yucatan is represented as a peninsula, though not 
 named, while the discoveries of Grijalva and Cortes are not shown, the date 
 of 1518 may be ascribed to the map. Stevens believes it to have been made 
 some time about 1514; Kohl about 1520; Kunstmann some time after 1511. 
 Unexplored coasts are left out instead of being laid down from old Asiatic 
 
CONQUEST OF MEXICO. 
 
 133 
 
 maps; as for example the United States coast from Newfoundland (Bacalnaos) 
 to Florida (Bimini), and the Gulf coast from Florida to Yucatan. In the central 
 region the names ' Terram Antipodum' and * Antilhas de Castela' are used 
 without any means of deciding to exactly what parts they are to be applied. 
 The South Sea discovered by Balboa in 1513 is here shown for the first time 
 with the inscription ' Mar visto pelos Castelhanus. ' To South America the 
 name 'Brasill' is given. The presence of two Mahometan flags in locations 
 
 MAP IN MUNICH ATLAS, SUPPOSED TO HAVE BEEN DRAWN ABOUT 1518. 
 
 corresponding to Honduras and Venezuela, shows that the compiler still had 
 no doubt that he was mapping parts of Asia. Kunstmann, Entdeckung Am., pp. 
 129 et seq.; Munich Atlas,, no. iv., from which I take my copy; KoMs Hint. 
 Discov., pp. 179-82, pi. x.; Stevens' Notes, pp. 17, 53, pi. v. Pomponius 
 Mela's Libri de situ orbis, Vienna, 1518, contains a commentary by Vadianus, 
 written however in 1512, in which the name America is used in speaking of 
 the New World. Other editions appeared in 1522 and 1530. 
 
 [1519.] Stobnicza's Ptolemy of 1519 alludes to the New World discovered 
 by Vespucci and named after him. 
 
 Enci*o, Suma de geografia, Seville, 1519, is the first Spanish work known 
 which treats of the new regions. The author was a companion of Ojeda in 
 his unfortunate attempt to found a colony on Tierra Firme. Another edition 
 appeared in 1530. 
 
 On February 18, 1519, Hernan Cortes set sail from Cuba to undertake 
 
134 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 the conquest of the countries discovered by C6rdoba and Grijalva. After 
 epending some time on the island of Cozumel, where he rescued Ger6nimo de 
 Aguilar from his long captivity (see p. 129), he followed the coast to Bio de 
 Grijalva, where he defeated the natives in battle, and took possession of the 
 land in the name of the Catholic sovereigns. From this place he continued 
 his voyage sailing near the shore to Vera Cruz, where he landed his forces and 
 began the conquest of Montezuma's empire, the history of which forms part 
 of a subsequent volume of this series. 
 
 Francisco de Garay, governor of Jamaica, prompted by the reports of Ponce 
 de Leon, C6rdoba, and Grijalva, despatched four vessels in 1519, under 
 Alonso Alvarez Pineda, who sailed northward to a point on the Panuco coast 
 (where, according to Gomara, an expedition had been 'sent during the pre 
 ceding year, under Camargo). Prevented by winds and shoals from coasting 
 northward as he desired, he sailed along in sight of the low gulf shores until 
 he reached Vera Cruz, where he found the fleet of Cortes. Troubles between 
 the commanders arose from this meeting which will be narrated hereafter. 
 
 Garay continued for some time his attempts to found a settlement in the 
 region of Panuco, but without success. Peter Martyr, dec. v. cap. i. ; Gomara, 
 Hist. Ind., fol. 55-6; West-Indische Spieghel, p. 202; Gomara, Hist. Conq., fol. 
 222-7; Viages Menores, in Navarrete, torn. iii. pp. 64-7; Kunstmann, Entdeck- 
 ung Am., p. 73. 
 
 Soon after landing at Vera Cruz Cortes despatched for Spain a vessel under 
 the pilot Antonio de Alaminos, with messengers who were to clear up before 
 the king certain irregularities which the determined conqueror had felt 
 obliged to commit, and furthermore to establish his authority upon a more 
 defined basis. Alaminos sailed July 16, 1519, following a new route north 
 of Cuba, through the Bahama Channel, and down the Gulf Stream, of which 
 current he was probably the first to take advantage. Touching at Cuba and 
 discovering Terceira he reached Spain in October. Diaz del Castillo, Hist. Ver- 
 dadera de la Conqvista, Madrid, 1632, fol. 37-9; Herrera, Hist. Gen., dec. ii. 
 lib. v. cap. xiv.; KohVs Hist. Discov., pp. 243-5. 
 
 The history of the Darien colonies is elsewhere recounted in this volume, 
 and the introduction here of the numerous land and water expeditions on 
 ' and along the Isthmus would be confusing and unprofitable. Suffice it to say 
 that in 1519 the city of Panama was founded, and a second expedition sent 
 under Gaspar de Espinosa up the South Sea coast. The northern limit 
 reached was the gulf of San Liicar (Nicoya), latitude 10 north, in Nicaragua, 
 and the expedition returned to Panam4 by land from Burica. Andagoya's 
 Narrative of the Proceedings of Pedrarias Davila, London, 1865, pp. 23-4; 
 Kohl, Die beiden altesten Karten von Am., p. 162; Oviedo, Hist. Gen., torn. iii. 
 p. 61 et seq. 
 
 We have seen several unsuccessful attempts by both Spaniards and Portu 
 guese .to find a passage to India by the southern parts of Brazil, Santa Cruz, 
 or America. In 1519 a native of Oporto, Fernando de Magalhaens, called by 
 Spaniards Magallanes, and by English authors Magellan, after having made 
 several voyages for Portugal to India via Good Hope, quit the Portuguese 
 service dissatisfied, entered the service of Spain, and undertook the oft- 
 repeated attempt of reaching the east by sailing west. His particular destina- 
 
THE NAMING OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. 135 
 
 tion was the Moluccas, which the Spaniards claimed as lying within the hemi 
 sphere granted to them by the treaty of Tordesillas in 1494. It appears that 
 Magellan had seen some map, of unknown origin, on which was represented 
 a strait instead of an open sea at the southern point of America probably 
 the conjecture of some geographer, for, says Humboldt, "dans le moyen 
 age les conjectures (Staient inscrits religieusement sur les cartes." See Exam. 
 Crit., torn. i. pp. 306, 326, 354; torn. ii. pp. 17-26. Sailing from San Lucar 
 September 20, 1519, with five ships and 265 men, he reached Rio de Janeiro 
 on the coast of Brazil on the 13th of December, and from that point coasted 
 southward. An attempt to pass through the continent by the Bio de la Plata 
 failed, and on March 31, 1520, the fleet reached Port St Julian inabout 49 south, 
 where it remained live months until the 24th of August. On the 21st of Octo 
 ber Magellan arrived at Cabo de las Virgenes and the entrance to what seemed, 
 and indeed proved, to be the long-desired strait. Having lost one vessel on 
 the eastern coast, and being deserted by another which turned back and sailed 
 for Spain after having entered the strait, with the remaining three he passed 
 on, naming the land on the south Tierra del Fuego, from the fires seen burn 
 ing there. Emerging from the strait, which he called Vitoria after one of 
 his ships, on the 27th of November he entered and named the Pacific Ocean. 
 Then steering north-west for warmer climes he crossed the line February 13, 
 1521, arrived at the Ladrones on the 6th of March, and at the Philippines on the 
 16th of March. This bold navigator, ' ' second only to Columbus in the history 
 of nautical exploration," was killed on the 27th of April, in a battle with the 
 natives of one of these islands; the remainder of the force, consisting of 115 
 men under Caraballo, proceeded on their way, touching at Borneo and other 
 islands, and anchoring on the 8th of November at the Moluccas, their desti 
 nation. From this point one of the vessels, the Vitoria, in command of 
 Sebastian del Cano, sailed round the Cape of Good Hope, and reached San 
 Lucar September 6, 1522, with only eighteen survivors of the 265 who had 
 sailed with Magellan. Thus was accomplished the first circumnavigation 
 of the globe. 
 
 As to the circumstances attending the naming of the Pacific Ocean, a few 
 words may not be out of place. Magellan was accompanied by one Antonio 
 Pigafetta, of Vicenza, afterward Caviliere di Rhodi, who wrote in bad Italian 
 a narrative of the voyage, which was rewritten and translated into French, 
 Primer voyage autour du Monde, par le Chevallier Pigafetta, sur VEscadre de 
 Magellan pendant les annees 1519, 20, 21, et 22, by Charles Amoretti. " Le 
 mercredi, 28 novembre," says Pigafetta, liv. ii. p. 50, "nous debouqudmes 
 du ddtroit pour entrer dans la grande mer, a laquelle nous donnames ensuite 
 le nom de mer Pacifique ; dans laquelle nous naviguames pendant le cours de 
 trois mois et vingt jours, sans gouter d'aucune nourriture fraiche." And 
 again, p. 52, "Pendant cet espace de trois mois et vingt jours nous parcou- 
 rumes a peu pres quatre mille lieues dans cette mer que nous appelames Paci 
 fique, parce que durant tout le temps de notre traversed nous n'essuyames pas 
 le moindre tempete;" or, as Ramusio, Viaggio atorno il mondofatto et descritto 
 per M. Antonio Pigafetta, in Viaggi, torn. iii. fol. 393, puts it, " Et in questi 
 tre mesi, & venti giorni fecero quattro mila leghe in vn golfo per questo mar 
 
136 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 Pacifico, il qual ben si pu6 chiamar pacifico, perche in tutto questo tempo senza 
 veder mai terra alcuna, non hebbero n6 fortuna di vento, no" di altra tera- 
 pesta. " Peter Martyr, dec. v. cap. vii. , speaks of it only as ' ' the huge Ocean " 
 first found by Vasco Nuuez, and then called the South Sea. Galvano, Dis- 
 cov., p. 142, alludes to it as a "mightie sea called Pacificum." Oviedo, Hist. 
 Gen., torn. ii. p. 22, merely remarks: " Es aquel estrechoen algunas partes mas 
 6 menos de media legua, y circundado de montauas altissimas cargadas de 
 nieve, y corre en otra mar que le puso nombre el capitan Fernando de Magal- 
 lanes, el Mar Pacifico; y es muy prof undo, y en algunas parotes de veynte e 
 9inco hasta en treyiita bracas." Gomara, Hist. Ind., fol, 120, says, "No cabia 
 de gozo por auer hallado aql passo para el otro mar del Sur, por do pesana 
 llegar presto alas yslas del Maluco," without any mejition of the word Paci 
 fic. The Sammlung otter JReisebeschreibungen, torn. xi. p. 346, gives it essen 
 tially the same as Pigafetta: "In einer Zeit von drey Monaten und zwanzig 
 Tagen, legete er viertausend Meilen in einer See zuriick, welche er das fried- 
 fertige oder stille Meer nannte; weil er keinen Sturm auf demselben ausstund, 
 und kein anderes Land sah, als diese beyden Inseln. " Kohl, Die beiden aUe- 
 sten Karten von Am., p. 161, is unable to find the name on the old maps: "Der 
 Name 'Oceano Pacifico,' der auch schon auf den Reisen des Magellan und 
 Loaysa in Schwung kam, steht nirgends auf unseren Karten. " Ilerrera, dec. 
 ii. lib. ix. cap. xv., describes the exit from the strait in the language follow 
 ing: "a veyente y siete de Nouiebre, salio al espacioso mar del Sur, dando 
 infinitas gracias a Dios. " Navarrete, Viages al Maluco ; Primero el de Iler- 
 nando deMagallanes, in torn. iv. pp. 49-50, of his collection says: "Sali6 pues 
 Magallanes del estrecho que nombraron de Todos los Santos el dia 27 de No- 
 viembre de 1520 con las tres naos Trinidad, Victoria, y Concepcion, y se ha!16 
 en una mar oscura y gruesa que era indicio de gran golfo; pero despues le 
 nombraron Mar Pacifico, porque en todo el tiempo que navegaron por e% no 
 tuvieron tempestad alguna. " Happening thus, that in this first circumnavi 
 gation of the globe, as the strangers entered at its southern end the South 
 Sea of Vasco Nunez,, the waters greeted them kindly, in return they gave them 
 a peaceful title; other voyagers entering this same sea at other times gave to 
 it a far different character. For further reference see Voyage de Fernando de 
 Magelhaens, in Berenyer, Col. Voy., torn. i. pp. 1-26; A a, NaauJceurige Ver- 
 sameling, torn. ix. pt. ii. p. 7; Purchas, His Pilgrimes, vol. i. pt. ii. pp. 33-46. 
 
 A manuscript map supposed to have been made by Maiollo in 1519, of 
 which a fac-simile is given in the Munich Atlas, no. v., shows the islands and 
 main-land from Yucatan south and east, closely resembling, except in names 
 of localities, the map of 1518 (see page 133). The eastern part of Brazil is 
 called 'Sante Crucis,' and on the Pearl Coast is an inscription to the effect 
 that it was discovered by Columbus. Kunstmann, Entdeckung Am., pp. 135-6; 
 Schmeller, in AbJiandl. Akademie der Wissensch., torn. iv. pt. i. p. 253. 
 
 [1520.] An anonymous pamphlet without date, Copia der Newen Zeytung, 
 is a translation of a letter describing a voyage of two thousand miles along 
 the Brazilian coast. Harrisse places it under date of 1520, and thinks it may 
 furnish grounds for the belief that Magellan was not the first to reach the 
 strait. Varnhagen, Hist. Brazil, Madrid, 1854, maintains that the voyage 
 
MAPS AND BOOKS. 
 
 137 
 
 described was under Soils and Pinzon in 1508. Humboldt, Exam. Crit., torn. 
 v. p. 249, applies the description to some later voyage made between 1525 
 and 1540. 
 
 To Varthema, Itinerario Nello Egitto, Venetia (supposed to be 1520), is 
 joined an account of Grijalva's voyage to Yucatan in 1518 (see page 132), 
 translated from the original diary of Juan Diaz, chaplain of the expedition. 
 Other editions appeared in 1522-26-35. Discorso sopra lo itinerario di Lodo- 
 uico Barthema, in Ramusio, torn. i. fol. 160. The Itinerary of Diaz is not 
 given by Ramusio. Provincice sive Regiones in India Occidental^ Valladolid, 
 1520, is a Latin translation of an account, by an unknown author, of the con 
 quest of Cuba by Diego Velazquez. Pigyhe, De cequinoctiorum sol, etc., 
 Paris, supposed to have been printed in 1520, has a passage on the lands dis 
 covered by Vespucci. A New Interlude, London, 1519 or 1520, has a verse 
 in which the name America is used. 
 
 A globe made by John Schoner in 1520 is preserved in Nuremberg, and 
 copies have been given by Ghillany, Lelewel, and Kohl, of which I give a 
 reduction. 
 
 
 TERRA; V,,l" 
 DE CUBA 4 
 
 SCHO'NER'S GLOBE, 1520. 
 
 This is the first drawing to represent all the regions of the New World as 
 distinct, although not distant, from the Asiatic coast, which is laid down 
 mostly as in Behaim's globe, with some imaginary additions round the north 
 pole. This separation was undoubtedly a mere conjecture of the compiler, 
 for the voyage of Magellan, which might have suggested such an idea, was 
 
138 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 not yet known or even consummated, and the map shows no knowledge of 
 the later voyages even to the eastern coast. All the northern discoveries are 
 given as an island, * Terra Corterealis. ' The central and southern parts except 
 their separation from Asia are accurately copied from the map of Ptolemy, 
 1513 (seepage 130), although a strait leads through the Isthmus into the South 
 Sea. ' Terra de Cuba' is the name applied to the northern part of what may 
 be regarded as the nucleus which afterward grew into North America, while 
 the southern part is called Paria. Several names of localities on the coast, 
 as 'C. Dellicontis' and 'C. Bonaventura,' are retained from the map of 1513, 
 although Kohl erroneously calls all the names new and original. To the 
 southern continent various names are applied, as America, Brazil, Paria 
 (repeated), Land of Cannibals and of Parrots. On the original is an antarctic 
 region round the south pole, called 'Brasilise Regio,' and separated from Amer 
 ica in lat. 42 south by a strait, although the discovery of such a strait could 
 not at the time have been known. Humboldt, Exam. CriL, torn. ii. p. 28. 
 Several globes of about this date preserved in Germany are said to agree with 
 this of Schoner's in their general features. Kohl's Hist. Discov., pp. 158-63, 
 pi. vii., and Beiden dltesten Karten von Am., p. 33; Ilarrisse, Bib. Am. Vet., 
 p. 141. 
 
 In the SoUnus-Camers, Enarrationes, Vienna, 1520, was published a wood 
 cut map, the first to give the name America. The map was made by Petrus 
 Apianus, and afterward used by him in his cosmography. According to vari 
 ous descriptions it agrees very nearly with Schoner's globe except in the 
 extreme north, where Engronelant is represented very much as in the map of 
 the Zeni in 1400 (see page 82). Kunstmann, Entdeckung Am., pp. 134-5; Kohl, 
 Beiden dltesten Karten von Am., p. 33; Ilarrisse, Bib. Am. Vet., pp. 184, 192. 
 
 Cortes with his second letter dated October 30, 1520, sent to Spain a map 
 of the Gulf of Mexico, which was printed in 1524. The map is valuable only 
 for its' list of names along the whole extent of the gulf coast, and it is there 
 fore unnecessary to reproduce it here. Yucatan seems to be represented as 
 an island. Stevens' Notes, pp. 38, 53, pi. iv. no. vii. 
 
 In 1520 Lucas Vazquez de Ailloif and other wealthy citizens of Espanola 
 sent two vessels, probably under one Jordan, to the Lucayos Islands for 
 slaves. Not succeeding according to their expectations in the islands, the 
 Spaniards directed their course northward toward the country discovered by 
 Ponce de Leon in 1513, and finally touched the coast in about 32 or 33 Port 
 Royal according to Navarrete; Stevens says Cape Fear a region probably 
 never before visited. They called the country Chicora, and the place of land 
 ing was named Cabo de Santa Elena and Rio Jordan. They made no explora 
 tions in any direction. One vessel and nearly all the slaves were lost on the 
 return. Navarrete, Col. de Viages, torn. iii. pp. 69-71; Kohl's Hist. Discov., 
 pp. 245-8; Stevens' Notes, p. 48. 
 
 Panfilo de Narvaez sailed from Cuba in 1520 with a large force to dispossess 
 Cortes, who had declared himself independent of his chief Velazquez; but 
 after many reverses his forces went over to his opponent. Gomara, Hist. Ind., 
 fol. 52-5; Oviedo, Hist. Gen., torn. i. p. 540; Torquemada, Monarq. Ind., torn. 
 i. p. 474. 
 
 The conquest of Mexico once accomplished, Hernan Cortes very soon 
 
SOUTH SEA DISCOVERIES. 139 
 
 turned his attention to the South Sea coasts. Hearing from natives .that the 
 Pacific extended as far north as the land he had conquered, he sent small 
 parties to explore and take possession, which they did at two points, Tehuan- 
 tepec and Zacatula, before the end of 1521. Cortes was fully acquainted 
 with the cosmographic theories of the time, and was enthusiastic in their 
 application to the discovery of islands and main, rich in spices and precious 
 metals. It was now established in a general way, as shown by the best maps, 
 that the newly discovered lands were not the main Asiatic continent of Marco 
 Polo, but a great south-eastern projection of that continent, probably sepa 
 rated from it by a strait. Cortes' idea was to sail down the coast as he 
 termed it, northward at first, until he should either reach the rich Indian lands, 
 or on the w r ay find the strait which should afford a short cut from Spain to 
 those lands. His efforts will be briefly noticed here in chronologic order, but 
 fully presented in another part of my work. The best and almost only au 
 thority is Cortes, Cartas. 
 
 [1521.] Juan Ponce de Leon, learning from other voyagers that the land 
 of Florida discovered by him was not, as he had believed it to be, an island, 
 fitted out an expedition in Puerto Rico and sailed to repeat in Florida the 
 glorious achievements of Cortes in New Spain. He reached the west coast 
 of the peninsula, but was killed by the natives soon after landing, and his 
 men returned without having accomplished their object. 
 
 Peter Martyr, De nvper svb D. Carolo repertis Insulis, Basilise, 1521, is the 
 first edition of a part of the fourth decade. 
 
 [1522.] Pomponius Mela, De Orbis Sitv, Basiliae, 1522, reproduced Apianus* 
 mapof 1520 (see page 137), also Kohl, Beiden dltesten Karten, p. 33. The Ptolemy 
 of this year, edited by Frisius, contains two maps resembling in their general 
 appearance the Ptolemy map of 1513, and showing but little advance in geo 
 graphical knowledge. These maps are also in the edition of 1525. Asher's 
 Catalogue., no. civ., Berlin, 1873. Translations hispanischer, etc., n. p., n. d., 
 has a slight notice of the City of Mexico. Ein schone Newe zeilun'g, Augs 
 burg (1522), notices the voyages of Columbus and the conquest of Mexico. 
 Of the newe lades and of ye people founde by the Messengers of the Kynge of 
 port >j< tale, attributed to this year, is regarded as the first book in English to 
 treat of America, which it calls Armenica. Cortes, Carta de Relacid, Seville, 
 1522, is the letter dated October 30, 1520, supposed to be the conqueror's 
 second letter, the first having been lost. Eight other editions or translations 
 appeared in various forms before 1532. 
 
 In 1522 Pascual de Andagoya followed the west coast of America south 
 ward from Panama, to a point six or seven days' sail below the gulf of San 
 Miguel in the province of Biru (Peru), a little beyond Point Pinos. Informa 
 tion obtained during this expedition concerning more southern lands, fur 
 nished the motive for the conquest of Peru undertaken a few years later by 
 Francisco Pizarro. Pascual de Andagoya, Narrative, pp. 40-1. 
 
 Gil Gonzalez Davila with a fleet of four vessels sailed from the islands in 
 the Bay of Panamd, January 21, 1522, to explore the South Sea coast north 
 westward. Reaching the gulf of Nicoya, the limit of Espinosa's voyage, 
 Gil Gonzalez proceeded by land and discovered Lake Nicaragua. The 
 pilot Andres Nino continued westward, discovered and named the gulf of 
 
140 EAKLY VOYAGES. 
 
 Fonseca, and reached, according to Herrera, dec. iii. lib. iv. cap. v.-vi., the 
 province of Chorotega, having discovered 350 leagues of sea-coast from Nicoya, 
 or 650 leagues from the gulf of San Miguel. Peter Martyr places Nino's 
 ultimate limit at 300 leagues beyond the gulf of San Vicente; Ribero's map 
 at 140 leagues west of the bay of Fonseca. Kohl, Beiden dltesien Karten von 
 Am., pp. 163-9, thinks he probably reached the mountains south of Soco- 
 nusco. See also Navarrete, Col. de Viages, torn. iii. pp. 413, 417-18; Galvano's 
 Discov., pp. 148-9; Oviedo, Hist. Gen., torn. iii. pp. 97-114; Squier's Nica 
 ragua, New York, 1860, pp. 157-61. Not long afterward the cities of Granada 
 and Lepn were founded, and communication with Nicaragua from the south 
 became of frequent occurrence. 
 
 In 1522 Pedro de Alvarado occupied Tututepec on the Pacific; while at 
 Zacatula a villa was founded, and a beginning made there on several vessels 
 for exploration northward. Cortes, Cartas, Letter of May 15, 1522. 
 
 [1523.] Francisco de Garay fitted out a new fleet of eleven vessels, with 
 850 men, which sailed from Jamaica June 26, 1523. This force was intended 
 for the conquest and settlement of Panuco, but soon united with the army of 
 Cortes without having accomplished anything of importance. Navarrete, Col. 
 de Viages, torn. iii. pp. 67-9; Herrera, Hist. Gen., dec. iii.- lib. v. cap. v.-vi.; 
 Peter Martyr, dec. vii. cap. v.; Cortes, Carta tercera de Rdacid, Seville, 1523. 
 This third letter was written May 15, 1522. Other editions appeared in 
 1524, and 1532. For the bibliography of Cortes' letters see Harrisse, Bib. 
 Am. Vet., pp. 215-23. Maximilian, De Molvccis Insults, Colonise, 1523, is 
 a letter written by the emperor's secretary, describing Magellan's voyage 
 round the world. Other editions are mentioned as having appeared in 1523, 
 1524, 1534, 1536, and 1537. 
 
 [1524.] Apianus, Cosmo graphicus Liber, Landshutse, 1524, contains a short 
 chapter on America, which the author describes as an island, because he says 
 it is surrounded by water; furthermore, he affirms this land was named from 
 Vespucci, its discoverer. The map of Solinus-Camers, 1520, is repeated in 
 this and in several succeeding editions of the cosmography. Kunstrnann, Ent- 
 deckung Am., pp. 134-5. Francis, De Orbis Sitv ac Descriptione, Antwerp, 
 1524, also describes the New World. 
 
 In 1524 CorteV fleet at Zacatula was not yet launched, the work having 
 been delayed by fire. The conquest of Colima had however made known a 
 good port, and brought new rumors of rich islands further north. The con 
 queror's plans were unchanged and his enthusiasm undiminished. His use 
 of the term "la costa abajo," or down the coast, when he meant to sail 
 northward, has sadly confused many writers as to his real intentions, and as 
 to his ideas of the strait. Cortes, Cartas, Letter of Oct. 15, 1524. 
 
 In 1524 was made the first official French expedition to the New World. 
 A fleet of four vessels was made ready under Giovanni Verrazano at Dieppe, 
 but three of his ships were separated from him in some inexplicable manner 
 before leaving European waters; and in the remaining one, the Dcmphine, 
 with fifty men, he sailed on the 17th of January, 1524, from an island near 
 Madeira. After o voyage of forty-nine days, during which time he sailed 
 900 leagues, Verrazano struck the United States coast in about latitude 34, 
 perhaps at Cape Fear. Thence he sailed first southward fifty leagues, then 
 
CONQUEST OF PERU. 141 
 
 turning about he followed the coast northward, frequently touching, to 
 Newfoundland, whence he returned to Dieppe in July, 1524. Verrazano 
 in liis journal mentions only one date, and names but one locality; conse 
 quently there is much difference of opinion concerning his landings. 
 
 The southern limit of the voyage, so far as it can be known, was in the 
 vicinity of Cape Remain, South Carolina, though some authors, apparently 
 without sufficient authority the voyager says he saw palms have placed 
 the limit in Florida. It is probable that a large part of the United States 
 coast was for the first time explored during this voyage, which also completed 
 the discovery of the whole eastern shore-line of America, except probably a 
 short but indefinite distance in South Carolina and Georgia, between the 
 . limits reached by Ponce de Leon in 1513 and by Verrazano; one intermediate 
 point having also been visited by Aillon in 1520. Rdatione di Giouanni da Ver- 
 . r no Fiorvntino ddla terra per lul scoperta in nome di sua Maestd, scritta in 
 Dieppa, adi 8, Luglio, MDXXIIII., in.ltamusio, torn. iii. fol. 420. In the preface 
 to this volume, edition of 1556, the author states that it is not known whether 
 New France is joined to Florida or not. Herrera, Hist. Gen., dec. iii. lib. vi. 
 cap. ix. ; Hakluyt's Divers Voy., pp. 55-*71; New York Hist. Soc., ColleC' 
 tions, 1841, series ii. vol. i.; Kohl's Hist. Discov., pp. 249-70; Hakluyt'sVoy., 
 vol. iii. pp. 295-300; Aa, Naaulceuriye Versamelinrj, torn. x. app. p. 13. A 
 chart given by Verrazano to Henry VIII. is said to have been used by Lock 
 in compiling the map published in Ilalduyfs Divers Voy., London, 1582. (Re 
 print by the Hakluyt Society, 1850. Copy in Kohl, p. 290.) 
 
 In 1522 Pedro de Alvarado had accomplished the conquest of Tehuantepec 
 on the South Sea; in 1524 and the following years he extended his explora 
 tions and conquests by land across the isthmus over all the north-western 
 region of Central America, joining his conquests to those of his countrymen 
 from Panama. In 1523 Crist6bal de Olid made an expedition by water to 
 Honduras in the service of Cortes, founding a settlement; and in 1524 Cortes 
 himself marched overland from Mexico to Honduras. Lettres de Pedro de 
 Alvarado d Fernan Cortes, in Tem.aux-Compans, Voy., se"rie i. torn. x. pp. 
 107-50, and in Ramusio, Viaygi, torn. iii. fol. 296-300; Peter Martyr, dec. viii. 
 cap. v. x.; Oviedo, Hist. Gen., torn. iii. pp. 434, 439, 475-87; Gomara, Hist. 
 Conq. Mex., fol. 228-33, 245-6, 250-74; Herrera, IJist. Gen., dec. iii. lib. iii. 
 cap. xvii. ; lib. vi. cap. x.-xii. ; lib. vii. cap. viii.-ix. ; lib. viii. cap. i.-vii. ; Alaman, 
 Disertaciones, torn. i. pp. 203-25; Brasseur deBourboury, Hist. Nat. Civ., torn.. 
 iv. pp. 546-50, 598 et seq., 631-705. 
 
 In this same year, 1524, Francisco Pizarro sailed from Panamd, southward, 
 and began the conquest of Peru, which, as related elsewhere in this volume, 
 brought to light, before 1540, nearly the whole western coast of South America. 
 For references to Pizarro's discovery see a later chapter of this volume. 
 
 A meeting of the leading pilots and cosrnographers of Spain and Portugal, 
 known as the Council of Badajoz, was convened for the purpose of settling 
 disputed questions between the two governments. Failing in its primary 
 purpose, the council nevertheless contributed largely to a better knowledge 
 of New World geography. Indeed, from this time the European govern 
 ments may be supposed to have had, and to have delineated on their official 
 charts, tolerably accurate ideas of the general form of America and of its 
 
142 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 relation to Asia, except in the north-west, although the existence of a passage 
 through the continent was still firmly believed in. Writers on cosmography 
 and compilers of published maps did not, however, for a long time obtain the 
 knowledge lodged in the hands of government officials. 
 
 [1525.] The man who accompanied Magellan in 1519, but left him after 
 entering the strait and returned with one vessel to Spain, was named Est6van 
 Gomez. In 1525 this captain was sent by Spain to search for a corresponding 
 strait in the north. Although an official expedition, and the only one ever 
 sent by Spain to northern parts, no journal has been preserved, and only 
 slight particulars derived from the old chroniclers are known. Gomez ex 
 pected to find a strait somewhere between Florida and Newfoundland, prob 
 ably not knowing the result of Verrazano's voyage of the preceding year. 
 Cabot was at the time piloto mayor in Spain, and if Verrazano had, as is 
 claimed for him by some, reached the southern United States coasts, it is not 
 likely that Gomez would have looked there so confidently for his strait. This 
 voyage lasted about ten months, and in it Gomez is supposed to have explored 
 the coast from Newfoundland to a point below New York possibly to 
 Georgia or Florida. Peter Martyr, dec. vi. cap. x.; Herrera, Hist. Gen., dec. iii. 
 lib. viii. cap. viii.; Kohl's Hist. Dlscov., pp. 271-81; Navarrete, Col. de Viages, 
 torn. iv. p. viii; Kunstmann, EntdecTcung Am., pp. 70-1. According to Har- 
 risse, Fries, Yslegung der Mercartlien oder Cartha Marina, Strasburg, 1525, 
 contains a map of the world, including America, but Kohl states that this 
 map, although made in 1525, was not published till 1530. Other publications 
 of the year are: Pietro Arias (Pedrarias Davila), Lettcre di Pietro Arias Capi- 
 tano generate, della conquista del gaese del Mar Occeano, written from Darien, 
 and printed without place or date; Pigafetta, Le voyage et navigation faict 
 par les Espalgnolz es Isles de Mollucques, an abridgment of the original 
 account by the author, who was with Magellan; Cortes, La quarta Relation, 
 Toledo, 1525, dated October 15, 1524. 
 
 Garcia de Loaisa sailed from Corunna July 24, 1525, to follow Magellan's 
 track. Passing through the strait between January and May, 1526, he 
 arrived at .the Moluccas in October. Viages al Maluco, Segundo el del Comen- 
 dador Fr. Garcia de Loaisa, in Navarrete, torn. v. ; Bwrn.cy's Discov. South Sea, 
 vol. i. pp. 127-45; Relaciones del viaje liecho d las islas Molucas, in Pacheco and 
 Cardenas, torn. v. p. 5. 
 
 [1526.] One small vessel of Loaisa's fleet, under command of Santiago de 
 Guevara, became separated from the rest June 1, 1526, after having reached 
 the Pacific Ocean. Guevara decided to steer for the coast of New Spain, 
 which was first seen in the middle of July ; and on the 25th he anchored at 
 Tehuantepec. Navarrete, Col. de Viages, torn. v. pp. 176-81, 224-5. 
 
 Cortes' exploring vessels, begun in 1522 the first having been burned on 
 the stocks, others were built in their place were now, after long delay, nearly 
 ready to sail; and Guevara's vessel was brought up from Tehuantepec to join 
 them. Cortes, Carton, Letter of September, 1526. 
 
 Aillon, in 1523, was made adelantado of Chicora, the country discovered 
 by him in 1520, and immediately prepared a new expedition with a view to 
 colonize the country, explore the coasts, and to find, if possible, a passage to 
 India. The preparations were not completed until July, 1526, when he 
 
PACIFIC COAST EXPLORATIONS. 143 
 
 sailed from Espanola with six vessels, 500 men, and ninety horses. He 
 reached the Bio Jordan perhaps St Helena Sound, South Carolina and 
 thence made a careful exploration northward, at least to Cape Fear, and prob 
 ably much farther. Aillon died on the 18th of October, and after much 
 internal dissension 150 men, all that remained alive, returned to Santo 
 Domingo. Navarrete, Col. de Viages, torn. iii. pp. 71-4, 153-60; Kunstmann, 
 Entdeckung Am., p. 71. 
 
 Oviedo, De la Natural hystoria de las India*, Toledo, 1526, describes the 
 New World, but this book is not the great historical work, lately printed, 
 by the same author. It may be found also in Barcia, Historiadores Primi 
 tives, and in Ramusio. 
 
 Sebastian Cabot attempted a voyage, to India in 1526, sailing with four 
 vessels in April, with the intention of bearing succor to Loaisa. Owing to 
 insubordination among his officers, and other misfortunes, he reached only 
 the Rio de la Plata, and after extensive explorations in that region, returned 
 to Spam, having been absent four years. Oviedo, Hist.- Gen., torn. ii. p. 169; 
 Diccionario Universal, Mexico, apend., 'Viages,' torn. x. p. 807; Roux de 
 Rochelle, in Bulletin de la Soc. Geog., April, 1832, p. 212. 
 
 [1527.] June 10, 1527, an English expedition the last officially sent by 
 that nation within the limits of my sketch sailed frqm Plymouth, still in 
 search of a north-west passage. The two vessels sailed in company to lati 
 tude 53, and reached the coast, where, on the 1st of July, they were sepa 
 rated by a storm, and one of them was probably lost. The other, under John 
 Rut, turned southward, followed the coast of New England, often landing, 
 probably reached Chicora, and returned to England via the West India Islands, 
 arriving early in October. HaUuyfs Divers Voy., pp. 27, 33; Biddle's Mem. 
 Cabot, pp. 114, 275; Oviedo, Hist. Gen., torn. i. p. 611; Herrera, Hist. Gen., 
 dec. ii. lib. v. cap. iii. 
 
 Francisco Monte jo, who had accompanied the expeditions of Grijalva 
 and Corte's, and had since been sent by the latter as ambassador to Spain, 
 obtained from the king in 1526 a commission as adelantado to conquer 
 the "islands of Yucatan and Cozumel." He sailed from Seville in 1527, 
 landed at Cozumel, penetrated the northern part of the peninsula, and during 
 the following years fought desperately to accomplish its conquest, but failed. 
 A small colony struggled for existence at Campeche for several years, but in 
 1535 not a single Spaniard remained in Yucatan. Cogolludo, Hist. Yucathan, 
 pp. 59-94; Gomara, Hist. Ind., fol. 62-3; Stephens' Incidents of Travel in 
 Yucatan, New York, 1858, vol. i. pp. 56-62. 
 
 La Salle, La Salade, Paris, 1527, contains references to Greenland and 
 other northern parts of America. 
 
 In July, 1527, three of the vessels built by Corte's made a preliminary trip up 
 the Pacific coast from Zacatula to Santiago in Colima and back the first voy 
 age along that coast. 'Relacion 6 Derrotero, in Pacheco and Cardenas, Col. Doc., 
 torn. xiv. pp. 65-9; Relacion de la Derrota, in Florida, Col. Doc., pp. 88-91. 
 But an order from Spain required the fleet to be sent to India direct instead 
 of by the roundabout route proposed by Corte's for the relief of Loaisa; and 
 the three vessels sailed from Zacatula in October under Saavedra, arriving 
 safely in India. Guevara's ship was too worm-eaten to accompany them; 
 
144 
 
 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 but several vessels were already on the stocks at Tehuantepec to replace 
 those sent across the ocean. Sutil y Mexicana, Viage, introd. pp. vi.-xi. ; Na- 
 varrete, Col. Viages, torn. v. pp. 95-114, 181, 440-86; Gil, Memoria, in Boletin 
 de la Soc. Mcx. Geog., torn. viii. p. 477 et seq. 
 
 In 1527 Robert Thome, English ambassador to Charles V., wrote a book or 
 memorial to Henry VIII. on cosmography, on the Spanish and Portuguese 
 discoveries, and on the importance of exploring northward for a passage to 
 Cathay. It was afterward printed as The booke made by the right worshipful 
 M. Robert Thome, in Hakluyfo Voy., vol. i. pp. 214-20. 
 
 In 1526 a commissioner was appointed to correct the Spanish charts. Fer 
 nando Colon was charged with the revision, and in 1527 a map was made 
 called Carta universal en que se contien^. todo lo que del mundo se ha descubierto 
 fasta agora. This map has been preserved, and a fac-simile is given in. Kohl, 
 Beiden dltesten Karten von Am. It shows the whole eastern coast line from 
 the strait of Magellan to Greenland, and the western coast from Panama to 
 the vicinity of Soconusco, and indicates that the information in possession of 
 the Spanish government was remarkably accurate and complete. Yucatan is 
 represented as an island, and the discoveries on the Pacific side of South 
 America are not laid down; otherwise this map varies but little except in 
 names from a map made by Diego Ribero, in 1529, of which I shall give a 
 copy. Kohl, Beiden altexten Karten von Am., pp. 1-24; Humboldt, Exam. Crit., 
 torn. ii. p. 184, and Preface to Ghillany. 
 
 [1528.] Bordone, Libro di Benedetto Bordone Nel qual si ragiona de tutte 
 risole del mondo, Vinegia, 1528, gives maps of the larger American islands, 
 and also a map of the world, the American part of which I copy from the 
 original. No part of the western coast is shown, although the New World 
 is represented as distinct from Asia. 
 
 Kohl, Beiden dltesten Karten von Am., p. 34, 
 mentions another work printed at Venice the same 
 year, which has a map resembling that of Schbner 
 in 1520. 
 
 Panfilo de Narvaez sailed from Spam in 1527 with 
 five ships and COO men, to conquer the northern 
 shores of the Gulf of Mexico, and after losing some 
 of his ships by storm, and many of his men by de 
 sertion, in cruising about Espauola, Cuba, and other 
 islands, he landed in the vicinity of Tampa Bay 
 April 14, 1528, and nearly all the company perished 
 in an attempt to follow the coast toward Vera Cruz. 
 Cabega de Vaca's Relation, New York, 1871, pp. 13- 
 20; Herrera, Hist. Gen., dec. iv. lib. iv. cap. iv.-vii.; 
 lib. v. cap. v. 
 
 [1529.] Major, Prince Henry, pp. 440-52, entertains the opinion that 
 Australia was discovered probably before 1529, and certainly before 1542. 
 
 In 1529 was made the before-mentioned Spanish official map by Diego 
 Ribero, which may be supposed to show all that was known by European 
 pilots at that time of New World geography. It contains some improve 
 ments -and additions to Colon's map of 1527 with the same title, although 
 
NU&O DE GUZMAN. 145 
 
 criticised, perhaps justly, by Stevens as partisan in its distribution of the 
 new regions among the European powers. I give a copy reduced from the 
 full-sized fac-simile in Kohl, Beiden dltesten Karten von Am. 
 
 Greenland is called Labrador and is joined to the continent, as the sepa 
 rating strait had not at the time been explored. It will be noticed that 
 Greenland is far less accurately laid down on this and other late maps than 
 on some earlier ones which are supposed to have derived some of their details 
 from northern sources. Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia have the 
 general name of Bacallaos. Many of the numerous islands along the coast 
 are named in the original. Corresponding perhaps to the New England and 
 middle United States we have the ' Tiera de Esteva Gomez,' stated by an in 
 scription to have been discovered by the Spaniards in 1525. From this land 
 to Florida extends the 'Tiera de Ay lion,' between which and 'Nveva Espafla/ 
 comes the 'Tiera deGaray,' thus dividing nearly all of the northern continent 
 among the Spaniards. The West India Islands have here their true number, 
 position, and names. Yucatan is given in its true proportions but is sepa 
 rated by a strait from the mam-land. The South Sea coast is represented 
 only to the limit of the voyage of Gil Gonzalez Davila on the north, and 
 extends southward to the port of Chinchax in about latitude 10 south, in 
 cluding, according to an inscription, the countries which had been reached 
 by Pizarro in 1527. The form of South America is correctly laid down and 
 the name 'Mvndvs News' is applied to the whole, which is divided into the 
 provinces of 'Castilladel Oro,' 'Perv,' 'Tiera del Brasil,' ' Tiera dePatagones,' 
 and 'Tiera de Ferna de Magallaes,' or land of Magellan. South of the strait 
 is the 'Tiera de los Fuegos,' whose true form- and extent were not known 
 until Schouten and Le Make doubled Cape Horn in 1616. 
 
 Thus far I have copied or mentioned all maps which could throw any light 
 on the progress of geographical knowledge, and have endeavored to give a 
 statement of all the voyages by which this progress was made. Thus far we 
 have seen the coasts of both North and South America, except in the south 
 west and the far north-west, more or less carefully explored by European 
 voyagers; we have seen the New World recognized as distinct for the most 
 part from Asia, a tolerably correct idea of its form and extent given by gov 
 ernment pilots, and the name America applied, except on official maps, to 
 the southern continent. Henceforth voyages to the parts already discovered 
 become of common occurrence, and numerous maps, both in manuscript and 
 print, are made, no one of which I shall attempt to follow. In the expe 
 ditions of the next and concluding ten years of this Summary I shall notice 
 chiefly those by which a knowledge was acquired of the countries lying 
 toward California and the great Northwest, presenting several maps to illus 
 trate this part of the subject. 
 
 [1530.] During the absence of Cortes in Spain no progress had been made 
 in maritime exploration; and by 1530 his ships on the stocks at Tehuantepec 
 were ruined, but he made haste to build more. Cortes, Cartas, letters of 
 Oct. 10, 1530, and April 20, 1532. 
 
 Nuno de Guzman, formerly president of the audiencia of New Spain, and 
 the inveterate enemy of Cortds, undertook with a large force, recruited in 
 HIST. CEF. AM., Vox.. I. 10 
 
146 
 
 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 TIEKA. DEL BK ASIL RS.Francisco^ f* 
 MVNDVS NOVVS Pto.Real 
 
 DIEGO RIBERO'S MAP, 1529. 
 
PETER MARTYR, PTOLEMY, AND MUNSTER. 
 
 147 
 
 Mexico, the conquest of the region lying to the north-west of that city. 
 The northern limit of his conquest in 1530-1 was Culiacan, between which 
 and Mexico the whole country was brought under Spanish control by expe 
 ditions sent by Guzman in all directions under different leaders. Relation di 
 Nvnno di Gvsman, in Ramuxio, torn. iii. fol. 331, and abridged in Purchas, 
 His Pilgrimes, vol. iv.. p. 1556; Jornada que hizo Nuiio de Guzman d la Nueva 
 Galicia, in Icazbalceta, Col. de Doc., torn, ii.; Primera relation, p. 288; Ter- 
 cera relation, p. 439; Cuarta relation, p. 461; Doc. para Hist, de Mex., serie 
 iii. p. 669; Mota Padilla, Conquista de Nueva Galicia, MS. of 1742; Oviedo, 
 Hist. Gen., torn. iii. pp. 559-77; Gil, Memoria, in Boletin de la Soc. Mex. 
 Geog., torn. viii. p* 424 et seq. 
 
 Hakluyt, in his Voyages, vol. iii. p. 700, states that one William Hawkins, 
 of Plymouth, made voyages, in a ship fitted out at his own expense, to the 
 coast of Brazil in 1530 and 1532, bringing back an Indian king as a curiosity. 
 
 Peter Martyr, De Orbe novo, Copluti, 1530, is the first complete edition of 
 eight decades; and Opus Epistolarum, of the same date and place, is a col 
 lection of over eight hundred letters written between 1488 and 1525, many of 
 them relating more or less to American affairs. 
 
 In the Ptolemy of 1530, in several subsequent editions, and in Munster's 
 Cosmography of 1572 et seq., is the map of which the following is a reduction. 
 
 THE NEW WORLD, FROM PTOLEMY, 1530. 
 
 I give this drawing, circulated for many years in standard works, to illus 
 trate how extremely slow were cosmographers to form anything like a correct 
 idea of American geography, and how little they availed themselves of the 
 more correct knowledge shown on official charts. The following map, made 
 in 1544, illustrates still further the absurdities circulated for many years 
 
148 
 
 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 under the name of geography. Scores of additional examples might be 
 given. 
 
 KUSCELLI'S MAP, 1544. 
 
 % 
 
 [1532.] At last, in the middle of 1532, Cortes was able to despatch from Aca- 
 pulco two vessels, under Hurtado de Mendoza and Mazuela, to make the first 
 voyage up the coast beyond Colima. Mendoza touched at Santiago and at the 
 port of Jalisco, near the later San Bias, discovering the islands of Magdalena, 
 or Tres Marias. Then they took refuge from a storm in a port located only 
 by conjecture, probably on the Sonora coast, where after a time the vessels 
 parted. Mendoza went on up the coast. Having landed and ascended the 
 Rio Tamotchala now the Fuerte he was killed, with most of his men, by 
 the Indians. The rest were massacred a little later, when the vessel grounded 
 and broke up at the mouth of the Rio Petatlan, or Sinaloa. Meanwhile, 
 Mazuela with the other vessel returning down the coast was driven ashore 
 in Banderas Bay, where all his men but two or three were killed by the 
 natives. Authorities, being voluminous, complicated, and of necessity fully 
 presented elsewhere, are omitted here. 
 
 Cortes, De Insvlis nvper inventis, Colonise, 1532, is a translation of Hernan 
 Cortes' second and third letters, with Peter Martyr's De Insults, and a letter 
 from Fray Martin de Valencia, dated Yucatan, June 12, 1531, with some 
 letters from Zumarraga, first bishop of Mexico. 
 
 GryncRVs, Novvs Orbis, Paris and Basle, 1532, is a collection of the voyages 
 of Columbus, Pinzon, Vespucci, and others. In this work the assertion is 
 made that Vespucci discovered America before Columbus, which aroused the 
 wrath of Las Casas, and seems to have originated the subsequent bitter 
 attacks on Vespucci. About the maps originally published with this work 
 there seems to be some doubt, most copies, like my own, having no map. 
 
LOWER CALIFORNIA DISCOVERED. 
 
 149 
 
 According to Stevens' Notes, pp. 19, 51-2, pi. iii. no. 4, the Paris edition of 
 Grynccus contained a map made by Orontius Fine in 1531. The following is 
 a reduction from Stevens' fac-simile on Mercator's projection: 
 
 ORONTIUS FINE'S MAP, 1531. 
 
 All of the New World, so far as explored, is represented with tolerable 
 accuracy, but the unexplored South Sea coast is made to extend westward 
 from the region of Acapulco, and to join the southern coast of Asia, which is 
 laid down from the ancient chronicles. Instead of being, as Stevens terms it, 
 a " culmination of absurdities," I regard this map as more consistent with 
 the knowledge of the time than any other printed during the first half of the 
 sixteenth century. North America when found was regarded as Asia; South 
 America was at first supposed to be a large island, and later an immense 
 south-eastern extension of Asia; subsequent explorations, chiefly that of 
 Magellan, showed the existence of a vast ocean between southern America 
 and southern Asia; official maps left unexplored regions blank, expressing no 
 theory as to the northern extension of the Pacific Ocean; other maps, as we 
 have seen, without any authority whatever, make that ocean extend north 
 and completely separate Asia from the New World. The present map, how 
 ever, clings to the original idea and makes North America an eastern exten 
 sion of Asia, giving the name America to the southern continent. 
 
 The map in the Basle edition of Grynceus, also given in Stevens' Notes, pi. 
 iv. no. 4, closely resembles Schoner's Globe of 1520 (see page 137). 
 
 [1533.] The expedition of Becerra, Grijalva, and Jimenez, sent out by 
 Cortes to search for Hurtado de Mendoza and to continue north-western dis 
 coveries, sailed from Santiago in November. This voyage, like those follow 
 ing, will be fully treated elsewhere in this work. The only result, so far as 
 the purposes of this chapter are concerned, was the discovery of the Revilla 
 Gigedo group of islands and the southern part of the peninsula of Lower 
 California, supposed then to be an island. Jimenez landed and was killed at 
 
150 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 Santa Cruz, now known as La Paz. The subsequent expedition of 1535-6, 
 headed by Cortes in person, added only very slightly to geographical knowl 
 edge of the north-west. Many points were touched and named along the 
 coast; but comparatively few can be definitely located except by the aid of 
 information afforded by the earlier explorations of Guzman by land. 
 
 Schoner, Opvscvlvm Geograpliicvm, supposed to have been printed in 1533, 
 maintains that the New World is part of Asia, and contains, so far as known, 
 the first charge against Vespucci. Hvmboldt, Exam. Grit., torn. v. pp. 174-5. 
 Other books of the year are: Franck, Weltbuch, Tubingen, 1533, which in 
 cludes America in a description of the world; and Zummaraga, Botscliafft des 
 Grossmechtigsten Knigs Dauid, n. p. n. d., containing a letter from Mexico dated 
 in 1532. 
 
 [1534.] In 1534, 1535, and 1540, Jacques Cartier made three voyages for 
 France, in which Newfoundland and the gulf and river of St Lawrence 
 were carefully explored. Prima Relatione di lacqves Carthier della Terra 
 Nvova delta la Nuoua Francia, trouata neW anno MDXXXIIII., in Ramuslo, 
 torn. iii. fol. 435; Hakhiyfs Voy., vol. iii. pp. 201-36; Sammlung alter Reise- 
 beschreibungen, torn. xv. p. 29. 
 
 Simon de Alcazaba sailed from San Lucar in September, 1534, with two 
 ships and 280 men, intending to conquer and settle the western coast of 
 South America south of Peru. After spending a long time in the strait 
 of Magellan, he was finally prevented by the mutiny of his men from pro 
 ceeding farther. His explorations in the Patagonian regions were more 
 extensive than had been made before. Seventy-five men, the remnant of his 
 expedition, reached Espaiiola in September, 1535, one vessel having been 
 wrecked on the coast of Brazil. Oviedo, Hist. Gen., torn. ii. pp. 155-65; Gal- 
 vano's Discov., pp. 198-9; Herrera, dec. v. lib. vii. cap. v.; Dicdonario Univ., 
 app. torn. x. p. 807; Burners Discov. South Sea, vol. i. p. 171. 
 
 The books of 1534 are, Francis of Bologna, La Letera, Venetia, n. d.; Chro- 
 nica compendiosissima, Antwerp, 1534, containing letters from priests in 
 Mexico; Vadianus, Epitome, Tigura, 1534, includes the Insulse Oceani; Peter 
 Martyr, Libro Primo Delia Historia, Vinegia, 1534, which has joined to it a 
 libro secondo by Oviedo, and an anonymous third book on the conquest of 
 Peru; two anonymous works, Letera de la nobil cipta, and Copia delle Lettere 
 del Prefetto della India, being letters from Peru, the latter describing the 
 conquest; Honter, De cosmographice, Basileae, 1534, with a chapter on the new 
 islands; Xeres, Uerdadera relacion de la conquista 'del Peru, Seville, 1534; 
 and an anonymous work on the same subject, La conquista del Peru, Seville, 
 1534. 
 
 [1535.] In this year appeared the first edition of the great historical work 
 of Gonzalo Hernandez de Oviedo y Vald<5s, La Historia general de las Indias, 
 Seville, 1535. Only nineteen of the fifty books which comprise the whole 
 work appear in this edition; the work complete has since been published in 
 Madrid, 1851-5. Steinhowel, Chronica Beschreibung, Franckenfort, 1535, has 
 a chapter on 'America discovered in 1497.' 
 
 [1536.] In April, 1528, as we have seen, Pdnfilo de Narvaez had landed 
 on the west coast of Florida, probably at Tampa Bay, and attempted with 
 three hundred men to reach Panuco by land. The company gradually melted 
 
NEW MEXICO INVADED. 151 
 
 from famine, sickness, and battles with the savages, until only Alvar Nunez 
 Cabeza de Vaca with a few companions remained. They were held as 
 slaves by the natives of the Gulf coast for six years; and then escaping, tra 
 versed Texas, Chihuahua, and Sonora, by a route which has not been very 
 definitely fixed. Cabeza de Vaca with three companions reached the Spanish 
 settlements in northern Sinaloa early in 1536, and their reports served as a 
 powerful incentive to more extended exploration. Relatione die fe.ce Alvaro 
 Nvnez detto Capo di vacca, in Ramusio, torn. iii. fol. 310-30; Purchas, His 
 Pllfjrimes,\\Q\. iv. p. 1499; Cabeqa de Vaca's Relation, New York, 1871; 
 Ternaux-Compans, Voy., se"rie i. torn, vii.; Oviedo, Hist. Gen., torn. iii. p. 582 
 et seq.; Bar da, Historiadores Prim., torn. i. 
 
 Peter Martyr, De Rebus Oceanicis, Paris, 1536, contains nine decades. This 
 work, with Sacro Bosco, Sphera Volgare, Venetiis, 1537, and Nunez, Tratado 
 da Sfera, Olisipone, 1537, closes the bibliographical part of this Summary, in 
 which, following Harrisse as the latest authority, I have endeavored to 
 mention all the original works by which the geographical results of voyages 
 of discovery were made known prior to 1540. 
 
 [1537.] After the abandonment of California by the colony, Corte"s sent 
 two vessels under Hernando de Grijalva and Alvarado (not Pedro) to Peru 
 with supplies and reinforcements for Pizarro. There are vague reports that 
 Grijalva sailed westward from Peru and made a long cruise in the Pacific, 
 visiting various islands which cannot be located. Herrera, Hist. Gen., dec. v. 
 lib. viii. cap. x.; dec. vii. lib. v. cap. ix.; Galvano'sDiscov., pp. 202-3; Burners 
 Discov. South Sea, vol. i. p. 180. 
 
 [1538.] Fernando de Soto landed on the west coast of Florida, crossed the 
 peninsula to that part discovered by Aillon in 1526, wandered four or five 
 years in the interior of the southern United States and followed the course 
 of the Mississippi, probably as far up as to the Ohio. Here Soto died, 
 and the remnant of his company, after penetrating farther west to the buffalo 
 country, floated down the Mississippi and returned to Mexico in 1543. 
 Soto's travels are esteemed by Kohl as "the principal source of knowledge 
 regarding these regions, for more than "a hundred years." Discov. and Conq. 
 of Terra Florida, Halduyt Soc., London, 1851; Selection of Curious Voy., 
 Sup. to Halduyt, London, 1812, p. 689; Purchas, His Pilgrimes, vol. iv. p. 
 1532; Ferdinands von Soto Reise nach Florida, in Sammlung, torn. xvi. p. 395. 
 
 [1539.] In August, 1539, three vessels under Alonso de Camargo were 
 despatched from Seville for India via the South Sea, and reached Cabo de las 
 Virgenes January 20, 1540. One of the vessels was wrecked in the strait of 
 Magellan; another returned to Spain, and the third entered the Pacific, and 
 finally, after touching Chile in 38 30', arrived at Arequipa in Peru. This 
 voyage is supposed to have afforded the first knowledge of the intermediate 
 coast between the strait of Magellan and Peru. Diccionario Univ. , app. torn. 
 x. p. 807; flerrera, Hist. Gen., dec. vii. lib. i. cap. viii.; Burners Discov. South 
 Sea, vol. i. p. 186. 
 
 Cabeza de Vaca brought to Sinaloa and thence to Mexico accounts of won 
 derful towns in the northern regions traversed by him; and in March, 1539, 
 Fray Marcos de Niza, accompanied by one of the men who had seen the 
 reported wonders, set out from Culiacan and proceeded northward in search 
 
152 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 of the Seven Cities of whose existence other rumors were current besides 
 those brought by Alvar Nunez. Marcos de Niza reached the Pueblo towns of 
 Zufii and brought back greatly exaggerated reports of the wealth of the 
 people and the magnificence of their cities. Relatione del Reverendo Fra Marco 
 da Nizza, in Ramusio, torn. iii. fol. 356; Purchas, His Pilgrimes, vol. iv. p. 
 1560; Pacheco and Cardenas, Col. de Doc., torn. iii. p. 325; Hakluyfa Voy., 
 vol. iii. pp. 366-73; Ternaux-Compans, Voy., se"rie i. torn. ix. p. 256. See 
 also Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner, in Pacific JR. R. Reports, vol. iii. pp. 
 104-8. 
 
 Niza's report prompted Cortes to renewed efforts in his Californian enter 
 prise, and in July, 1539, Francisco de Ulloa was sent from Acapulco with 
 three vessels to prosecute the discoveries by water. Ulloa spent some time 
 in the port of Santiago for repairs, lost one vessel in a gale near the entrance 
 to the gulf, visited Santa Cruz, and then followed the main coast to the 
 mouth of the Colorado, and returned along the coast of the Peninsula to 
 Santa Cruz, where he arrived on the 18th of October. From this place he 
 doubled the southern point of California, and sailed up the western coast to 
 Cedros Island, and somewhat beyond. During the whole voyage he touched 
 and named many places, whose names have seldom been retained, but some 
 of which may be with tolerable certainty identified. In April the vessels 
 separated, one returning by a quick passage to Colima. Ulloa himself with 
 the other vessel attempted to continue his explorations northward, with what 
 success is not known. According to Gomara and Bernal Diaz, he returned 
 after several months spent in fruitless endeavors to reach more northern 
 latitudes ; other authorities state that he was never heard from. Preciado, 
 who accompanied the expedition, wrote of it a detailed but not very clear 
 narrative or journal. Relatione dello scoprimento che nel nome di Dio va d 
 far Varmata dell' illustrissimo Fernando Cortese, etc. (Preciado's Relation), 
 in Ramusio, torn. iii. 339-54, and in HaUuyfs Voy., vol. iii. pp. 397-424; 
 Gomara, Hist. Conq., fol. 292-3; Bernal Diaz, Hist. Conq., foL 234; Herrera, 
 Hist. Gen., dec. vi. lib. ix. cap. viii. et seq.; Purchas, His Pilgrimes, vol. v. 
 p. 856; Sutil y Mexicana, Viage, pp. xxii.-vi.; Burners Discov. South Sea, vol. 
 i. pp. 193-210; Venegas, Noticia de la California, quoted from Gomara, torn. 
 i. pp. 159-61; Clavigero, Storia della California, torn. i. p. 151. 
 
 [1540. ] Also in consequence of Marcos de Niza's reports, Francisco Vazquez 
 de Coronado, who had succeeded Nuiiode Guzman and Torre as governor of New 
 Galicia, set out from Culiacan in April, 1540, penetrated to the Pueblo towns, 
 or the Seven Cities of Cibola, and thence to the valley of the Rio Grande and 
 far toward the north-east to Quivira, whose location, fixed by him in latitude 
 40, has been a much disputed question. While in Sonora, he sent forth 
 Melchor Diaz, who explored the head of the gulf, and the mouths of the rivers, 
 Gila and Colorado, where he found letters left by Alarcon. See infra. From 
 Cibola, Coronado sent Garcia Lopez de Cardenas west, who passed through 
 the Moqui towns and followed the Colorado for some distance. Coronado 
 returned in 1542. Relatione che mando Francesco Vazquez di Coronado, in 
 Bamusio, torn. iii. fol. 359; Pae/<ecoand Cardenas, Col. deDoc., torn. iii. p. 511. 
 Halcluyts Voy., vol. iii. pp. 373-82, has the same and Gomara's account. 
 Ternaux-Compans, Voyages, se"rie i. torn, ix., gives the relations of Coro- 
 
CALIFORNIA AND ARIZONA DISCOVERED. 
 
 153 
 
 nado, Castaueda, and Jaramillo. See also Whipple, Ewbanlc, and Turner, in 
 Pacific R. R. Reports, vol. iii. pp. 108-12; Simpson, in Report of SmitJisonian 
 Institution t 1869. 
 
 To cooperate with Coronado's land expedition, Hernando de Alarcon was 
 despatched from Acapulco in May, 1540. Alarcon followed the coast to the 
 head of the gulf, and ascended the Buena Guia (Colorado) some eighty-five 
 leagues in boats, but hearing nothing from Coronado, he returned after bury 
 ing letters, which, as we have seen, were found by Melchor Diaz. Beside the 
 references given above, see Sutil y Mexicana, Viage, p. xxviii.; Burners 
 Discov. South Sea, vol. i. pp. 211-16; PurcJias, His Pilgrimes, vol. iv. p. 1560; 
 SchoolcrafCs Arch., vol. iv. p. 21 et seq.; vol. vi. p. 69; Doc. Hist. Mex. t 
 serie iii. p. 671. 
 
 I here present reductions of two maps of the tune to illustrate the explora 
 tions on the north-west coast, with which I close this sketch. The first was 
 made by the pilot Castillo in 1541, and is taken from Cortes, Hist. Nueva- 
 Expana, edited by Lorenzana, Mexico, 1770, p. 325. 
 
 CASTILLO'S MAP, 1541. 
 
 A similar chart is mentioned by Sefior Navarrete as existing in the hydro- 
 graphic archives in Madrid. The second, from the Munich Atlas, no. vi., is 
 of uncertain date. Peschel places it between 1532 and 1540; and it was 
 certainly made about that time, as Yucatan is represented as an island, 
 and California as a peninsula, although later it came again to be considered 
 an island, as at its first discovery. 
 
154 
 
 EARLY VOYAGES. 
 
 mar Tiermeio 
 
 TIMITTSTAN" 
 
 MANUSCRIPT-MAP., AUTHOR UNKNOWN; SUPPOSED TO HAVE BEEN DRAWN 
 BETWEEN 1532. AND 154Q. 
 
 This, then, was Discovery. And in the progress of discovery we may trace 
 the progress of mind. We can but wonder now, when we see our little earth 
 belted with steam and lightning, how reluctantly the infant intellect left its 
 cradle to examine its surroundings. Wrapped in its Mediterranean swad- 
 dlings, it crept forth timidly, tremblingly, slowly gaining courage with 
 experience, until, throwing off impediments, it trod the earth in the fearless 
 pride of manhood. Like all science, philosophy, and religion, cosmography 
 was at first a superstition. Walled within jiarrow limits, as we have seen, 
 by imaginary frost and fire, shaken from fear of heaven above and hell be 
 neath, there is little wonder that the ancients dared not venture far from 
 home; nor that, when men began to explore parts unknown, there should 
 appear that romance of geography so fascinating to the Greek mind, that halo 
 thrown by the dimness of time and distance over strange seas and lands. 
 From this time to that of the adaptation of the 1 magnet to purposes of navi 
 gation, about a score of centuries, there was little progress in discovery. 
 
 Is it not strange how the secrets of nature, one after another, reveal them 
 selves according to man's necessities ? Who would have looked for the deliv 
 erance of pent-up humanity from certain mysterious qualities in magnetic 
 iron ore, which floated toward the north that side of a cork on which it was 
 placed ? When Vasco da Gama and Columbus almost simultaneously opened 
 to Europe oceanic highways through which were destined to flow the treasures 
 of the eastern and the western Indies, then it was that a new quality was 
 discovered in the loadstone; for in addition to its power to take up iron, it 
 was found to possess the rare virtue of drawing gold and silver from distant 
 parts into the coffers of European princes; then it was that paths were marked 
 out across the Sea of Darkness, and ships passed to and fro bearing the 
 destroyers of nations, and laden with their spoils. 
 
IV. 
 
 ANNALS OF 
 
 G-ALICIA 
 
 (From Vol. V.-VI. of the Bancroft History.} 
 
CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 CONQUEST OF NUEVA GALICIA. 
 1520-1534. 
 
 CORUNA'S MISSION ADVANCE OF THE CROSS ENTRY OF GUZMAN INTO Mi- 
 CHOACAN His ATROCITIES TERRIBLE FATE OF KING TANGAXOAN CAM 
 PAIGN IN CUINAS, CUITZCO, AND ALONG CHAPALA LAKE BATTLE OF 
 
 TONALA RAIDS FROM NOCHISTLAN EL GRAN TEUL OPERATIONS IN 
 JALISCO IN QUEST OF THE AMAZONS THE GREATER SPAIN CROSS 
 ING THE ESPIRITU SANTO ON TO AZTATLAN DEVASTATING FLOODS 
 BRANDING SLAVES THE AMAZON MYTH CHANGE OF PLANS FOUND 
 ING OF TOWNS GUZMAN DEFIES THE AUDIENCIA CASTILLA'S DISCOM 
 FITURE NEMESIS BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 IT has been related how Cortes, lured by ever 
 present rumors of gold and pearls, had sent forth 
 expeditions which skirted the southern sea from rich 
 Tututepec to distant Jalisco, and then retired to 
 Colima and Tzintzuntzan to form nuclei for proposed 
 colonies, and starting-points for more effective inva 
 sions. In Michoacan the exploitation of mines proved 
 a means to attract and maintain, settlers chiefly of a 
 reckless class, whose conduct was not calculated to 
 create admiration. The native king, indeed, had cause 
 for bitter complaints, and after the overthrow of 
 Salazar, in 1526, 1 he came to Mexico for redress, 
 there to observe for himself the beneficial influence of 
 friars, particularly in restraining the colonists in ex 
 cesses against natives. Of a timid nature, Tangaxoan 
 thought it politic not only to accept baptism, with the 
 
 1 Beaumont, Cr6n. Mich., iii. 215, places this visit during the troublous 
 time of Salazar's rule; but had he come then, that rapacious tyrant would 
 have held him a prisoner to extort treasures, for Albornoz writes in 1525 that 
 the king should be sent for and seized, because he resisted the miners. Carta t 
 in Icazbalceta, Col. Doc., i. 502-3. 
 
342 CONQUEST OF NUEVA GALICIA. 
 
 name of Francisco, 2 but to ask for friars to accom 
 pany him and spread their faith in his kingdom. This 
 was accorded, and Martin de Jesus, also known as De 
 la Coruna, one of the twelve Franciscans/ set forth 
 with two or three companions. 4 
 
 They were well received, and soon a convent and 
 church arose, the latter dedicated to Santa Ana, 
 wherein began their proselyting work. A not alto 
 gether politic iconoclasm created a hostile feeling 
 among the people, abetted by the native priests, and 
 but for the decided attitude of the king and his 
 courtiers in favor of the friars, their task would have 
 been difficult. As it was, idol after idol was cast 
 down, and temples were purified of their abomina 
 tions, or destroyed, 5 and since the wrath of the gods, 
 manifested only in impotent oracles, seemed powerless 
 against the attack of these solitary men, the people 
 recovered from their first shock and began to look 
 more kindly on a religion held by doughty conqueror 
 and patronized by royalty. This change was greatly 
 promoted by the exemplary life of the friars, unselfish, 
 devoid of greed, patient, benevolent, and sympathiz 
 ing, and these virtues touched the people in particular 
 through the care of children and invalids. With the 
 
 2 So Torquemada, iii. 332, assumes, followed by Beaumont, yet it is not 
 unlikely that the baptism took place later, though not after 1529, as shown 
 by Pi'ar, in Icazbalceta, CoL Doc. , ii. 248. Alcgrc names him Antonio. Hist. 
 Comp. Jesus, i. 92, and so does Chimalpain. 11 ist. Conq., ii. 78. 
 
 3 He is highly spoken of for his charitable character and rigid observance 
 of rules. After working zealously in Michoacan he went with Cortes to Cal 
 ifornia, became guardian at Cuernavaca, returned to Patzcuaro, where he 
 died, probably in 1558. Vetancurt says September 25, omitting the year. 
 Menolog., 105; Datos Biog., in Cartas de Indias, 780; Torquemada, iii. 435-7; 
 Beristain says 15G8. 
 
 *Mendieta, Hist. Ecles., 376. In a memorial of Gonzaga five are men 
 tioned: Angel de Saliceto> or Saucedo, later known as Angel de Valencia, 
 Geronimo de la Cruz, Juan Badiano, or Badillo, properly Vadier, Miguel de 
 Bolonia, and Juan de Padilla, and Beaumont insists on accepting them, but 
 Torquemada points out that some of these arrived only in 1527. Brasseur de 
 Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., iv. 731, 745-6, takes a ground opposite to the 
 clear statements of Mendieta, and perverts his quoted authority, Torque 
 mada. 
 
 5 The chroniclers gravely relate that idols even of gold and silver were 
 destroyed or cast away. ' Junt6 vna gran suma de idolos, y a los de metal, y 
 oro los arroj6 en lo mas profundo de la laguna.' Vetaucvrt, Menoloy., 105. 
 
MARCH OF GUZMAN. 
 
 343 
 
 arrival of more friars, 6 conversion spread, and hermi 
 tages and convents were soon established in different 
 towns, as Guayangareo, Patzcuaro, Acdmbaro, Urua- 
 pan, and Tarecuaro, all of which were subordinated 
 to the mother institution at Tzintzuntzan, a city con 
 firmed as capital by decree of 1528. 7 
 
 MlCHOACAN AND COLIMA. 
 
 Thus spread a peaceful conquest, marred only by 
 occasional excesses from ruthless colonists, and the 
 Tarascans were becoming reconciled to the Spanish 
 domination, tempered as it was by the influence of 
 the cross. But the peace of Michoacan was not des 
 tined to be of long duration. The wealth of its hills 
 was against it, as demonstrated not alone by the 
 unruly conduct of the first colonists, but by the 
 infamous proceedings of the first audiencia against 
 Tangaxoan Caltzontzin, king of Michoacan, who had 
 been summoned to Mexico and there held captive, 
 with significant intimations that it would be as well 
 for him to arrange for a plentiful supply of gold. 
 
 6 The records of Acdmbaro give the names of several additional friars, 
 who are said to have arrived already before the close of 1526. Ueaumont, 
 Crfy. Mich., iii. 27-53. 1527 is a more correct date. 
 
 ' Puya, Ccdulario, 27. Beaumont enumerates several more establishments, 
 notably round Lake Patzcuaro. Cr6n. Mich., iii. 243-8. 
 
344 CONQUEST OP NUEVA GALICIA. 
 
 It was in December 1529 that Nuiio cle Guzman 
 left the capital as one flying from retribution. He 
 appeared in Michoacan at the head of a well equipped 
 army, accompanied by the king, who now served in 
 the additional capacity of hostage. 8 The return of the 
 monarch was sufficient in itself to give rise to dem 
 onstrations of joy, notably at Tzintzuntzan, although 
 the festivities were soon marred by bitter grief. Im 
 mediately after his arrival the president required the 
 king to furnish the Spaniards with from six to ten thou 
 sand servants for the march northward, and a few days 
 later, under pretext that Tangaxoan did not supply 
 the necessary provisions, Guzman placed him in irons 
 and confined him in a room near his own. Gold and 
 silver were also demanded, but the amount given was 
 far from satisfying Guzman's greed, and Tangaxoan 
 was repeatedly tortured 9 in the effort to ascertain 
 from him the hiding-place of his store of precious met 
 als, small amounts of which were still brought in from 
 time to time in the vain hope of obtaining the royal 
 captive's release. 
 
 As soon as the requisite number of natives had been 
 furnished they were distributed among the Spaniards, 
 and the march of the army continued, the lord of 
 each town or village being carried along in chains as 
 a guaranty of submission on the part of his sub 
 jects, after the manner of Tangaxoan, Don Pedro 
 the governor, and Don Alonso the king's son-in-law\ 
 From Tzintzuntzan they went to Puruandiro, fording 
 the river Tololotlan, or Lerma, February 2, 1530, at 
 or near Conguripo. From the day, they named the 
 river Nuestra Senora de la Purificacion del Buen Paso, 
 
 8 The king was apparently at liberty, but a guard, specially appointed to 
 watch him, would have made futile any attempt to escape. Guzman, J^ Eel. 
 Avdn., 463. 
 
 9 Garcia del Pilar and the alcalde Godoy were employed for the purpose, 
 but the statement of the former leaves it uncertain whether the king was tor 
 tured while in Tzintzuntzan. An order was given, but before it was carried 
 into effect two friars interceded and the king was restored to his prison, where 
 he was kept, altogether about three weeks, until the march of the army was 
 resumed. Pilar, Edacion, 248-0; Guzman, J^ Eel. Antfn., 403. 
 
THE TORTURE APPLIED. 345 
 
 taking formal possession by appropriate ceremonies, 
 on February 7th, of the country on the northern bank 
 now visited for the first time, and building a kind 
 of walled church, or hermitage, also dedicated to Our 
 Lady of the Purification. 10 
 
 Encamping near the ford, Guzman proceeded to 
 further try the king, charging him with the murder 
 of several Spaniards, relapse into paganism, and the 
 treacherous design of laying an ambush for the army. 
 Observing that his prisoner was not willing to confess 
 crimes which he never had committed, Guzman re 
 solved to apply more forcible remedies. 
 
 Two Tarascan interpreters were the first victims. 
 Information was demanded as to the number of Chris 
 tians killed by their ruler, the time since the occur 
 rence, and the whereabouts of Caltzontzin's wives and 
 treasure. It was of no avail that they protested 
 ignorance, the lash and dripping water were employed 
 to revive their memory, and at last fire was applied 
 to the feet, until the toes dropped off. 11 
 
 During the following three days Don Pedro, Don 
 Alonso, and even Tangaxoan were subjected to the 
 same treatment, all except the application of fire, and 
 
 10 Beaumont, Crdn. Mich., iii. 354-60, followed by Ramirez, Proceso, 203-6, 
 and others, represents the army as having reached the river on December 8th 
 at Conguripo, whence they went to Tzintzimtzan, thence to Puruandiro, and 
 after advancing a few leagues crossed a great river. No one would suppose 
 from this version that Conguripo and the crossing near Puruandiro were 
 identical as is the fact; clearly the authors had no such idea themselves. 
 Other writers, as Frejes, Hist. Breve, 73, and Romero, Not. Mich., 122, make 
 December 8th the date of the final crossing. But most of the original 
 documents say the river was forded in February, while Guzman in Ramusio, 
 iii. 331, and Oviedo, iii. 563-5, affirm it was on Purification day, or February 
 2d. The confusion in dates and consequent blunder in the route arises doubt 
 less from the fact that certain writers, learning that the event took place on 
 the day of Nuestra Seuora, have supposed it was the Conception, December 
 8th, instead of the Purification, February 2d, of our lady. Throughout this 
 campaign there is the greatest confusion in dates. I have spared no pains in 
 ascertaining in each case the exact or approximate dates; but I have not 
 deemed it best, except in a few cases for special reasons, to show in notes the 
 methods of arriving at my conclusions. I have abundant material at hand 
 for such notes, but they would be long and numerous, and serve no useful 
 purpose save perhaps as a record of the author's industry. 
 
 " Only a few Spaniards who enjoyed the confidence of the general were 
 present at this infamous proceeding, conducted in a small hut outside the 
 camp. Filar, Testimonio, in Ramirez, Proceso, 266. 
 
346 CONQUEST OF NUEVA GALICIA. 
 
 with the same result. They were firm in denying 
 the possession of treasure, and affirmed, as was doubt 
 less true, that the gifts already made represented the 
 accumulations of many years, and that as their coun 
 try produced but little gold they had no more to 
 give. 12 Irritated by failure, Guzman sentenced the 
 ruler to death, declaring him guilty of all the charges; 
 and after having been dragged over the plain tied to 
 the tail of a horse, Tangaxoan was burned alive at 
 the stake. 13 
 
 To the last Tangaxoan protested his innocence and 
 his good faith toward the Christians, called on his 
 people to witness how the Spaniards rewarded his 
 devotion, and asked that his ashes be taken home 14 
 for burial. This request was disregarded, however, 
 and the ashes were thrown into the river by order 
 of Guzman. 15 These facts were brought out at the 
 trial of the infamous president in later } r ears and are 
 supported by statements of the best authorities. I 
 believe there is no circumstance to be urged in behalf 
 of Nuno de Guzman which can justly relieve him of 
 
 12 Filar and the author of the Jp Rel. Andn. state that the day after the 
 torturing of Caltzontzin, several of Guzman's followers left the camp and 
 returned some days later with a great quantity of gold and silver, found in a 
 house indicated by the king when under torture. Pilar, Relation, 250-1, and 
 Guzman, 4 a ^ e ^ Andn., 464-5. 
 
 13 4 E1 pregon decia por haber muerto muchos cristianos,' Guzman, 3 a Rel. 
 Andn., 439, 'decia el pregon a este hombre por traidor, por muchas muertes 
 de cristianos que se le han probado. ' Sdmano, Rel., 262. Bernal Diaz, Hist. 
 Verdad., 230, and Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hixt. Nat. Civ., iv. 752, affirm 
 that the king was strangled, but they are evidently mistaken. Pilar, Testi- 
 monio, in Ramirez Proceso, 269, says, 'luego pusieron fuego a la lena, y 
 comenz6 d arder, y asi quem6 al dicho Cazolzi, hasta que naturalmente 
 perdi6 la vida.' Don Pedro and Don Alonso were only saved from sharing 
 the king's fate on account of the intercession of the former contador Albornoz 
 and of Father Miguel de Bolofia. Gil, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boietin, 2da e"p., 
 i. 800. 
 
 14 'Mandate que despues de quemado cojiese los polvos, y cenizas de el. . . 
 y que alii hiciese juntar a todos los seiiores de la dicha Provincia, y que les 
 contase. . .que viesen el galardon, que le aban los Christianos.' Pilar, Tcs'i- 
 monio, in Ramirez, Proceso, 269. Navarre te, Hist. Jal., 29, says, 'though the 
 king's will was complied with, the Tarascos remained quiet ; their own king 
 had accustomed them to pusillanimity.' 
 
 15 Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ., iv. 752, following an old manu 
 script, claims that the greater part was saved by friends and servants of the 
 late king and secretly buried at Patzcuaro, with all the honors and solemnities 
 due to his rank. 
 
TANGAXOAN BURNED. 347 
 
 the black crime of having foully and without provoca 
 tion murdered the kind-hearted Caltzontzin. 16 
 
 These proceedings materially affected the progress 
 of the expedition, for the news spreading throughout 
 the neighboring districts caused the natives either to 
 fly, or to rise in defence of their homes, only to 
 encounter certain defeat. Any other leader would 
 have been startled by the desolation which met his 
 eye on every side, but Guzman seemed rather to 
 accept it as a flattering tribute to his renown, and 
 made light of the alarm manifested by some of his 
 followers, declaring that he would assume the respon 
 sibility before the crown -of all his acts. 
 
 During the stay of nearly two weeks at the camp 
 by the ford of Purificacion, and while the proceedings 
 against Caltzontzin were carried on, detachments were 
 sent out in different directions to receive the submis 
 sion of the towns, and they met with no resistance. 17 
 Then, after military ordinances were published, the 
 army started down the river on or near the northern 
 bank, and after a march of six days arrived on the 
 borders of Cuinao, or Coynan, province, watered by 
 the stream known afterward as the Zula. Chirinos, 
 the late worthy associate of the tyrant Salazar, who 
 accompanied the expedition as captain, was sent in 
 advance to demand submission. He found the chief 
 town abandoned, and the inhabitants in rapid flight, 
 
 16 It is fair to present the excuses that have been offered for Guzman's act. 
 Oviedo, iii. 564-5, says the king refused to give information about the northern 
 country, and that he confessed the murder of 35 Spaniards, whose remains 
 were used at pagan festivals. Salazar y Olarte, Conq. Mcx., 420, tells us he 
 had relapsed into idolatry and sacrificed Spaniards, dressing himself in the 
 skins of the victims. Mota Padilla, Conq. N. Gal, 23-4, says he was accused 
 of disloyal plots, was formally tried and convicted, and that so learned a 
 lawyer as Guzman would not have proceeded illegally ! Guzman himself in 
 Carta a H. M., in Ramuxio, iii. 331, says that Tangaxoaii was tried on many 
 charges, especially that of rebellious designs, impudently referring to the 
 records of the trial. If from the standpoint of the times we admit relapse 
 into idolatry as a justification for his death, it is very evident from the friend 
 ship of the friars for Caltzontzin that there was*no such relapse in his case. 
 
 17 Mota Padilla, Conq. N. Gal. , 27, without naming any authority, states 
 that one of these expeditions penetrated to Guanajuato. According to Tello, 
 Guanajuato was then conquered. Both. Mota Padilla and Navarrete, who 
 follows him, Hist. Jal., 29, mention Penjamo as one of the pueblos subjected 
 at this time. 
 
348 CONQUEST OF NUEVA GALICIA. 
 
 yet defiant, though a slight skirmish, involving the 
 capture of a few of their number was all that resulted 
 from the demonstration. For several weeks the 
 army remained in the camp outside of Cuinao, the 
 town itself having been burned, doubtless by Guz 
 man's order, although it was claimed, as also in many 
 later instances, that such deeds were due to the 
 Aztec and Tlascaltec allies who could not be con 
 trolled. Meanwhile expeditions were made into the 
 neighborhood by detachments under Guzman, Chirinos, 
 and Cristobal de Onate, to reduce the country and to 
 ravage. Their task was not difficult, for the villages 
 and farms were all abandoned, while straggling fugi 
 tives hovered in the distance. A number gradually 
 came in to tender submission, and among them the 
 cacique, upon whom the devout Guzman himself 
 exerted his oratorical power in behalf of the faith for 
 which he was thus mowing a path. It is unnecessary 
 to say that the chieftain was convinced by the argu 
 ments of his teacher. 18 
 
 From here a message was sent to the adjoining 
 province of Cuitzeo, 19 which lay on both sides of the 
 main river on and near the shores of Lake Chapala, 20 
 the chief town of the same name being on the south 
 ern bank and within the territory discovered by Fran 
 cisco Cortes in 1524. It was, however, no part of 
 Guzman's policy to avoid that territory or to respect 
 the rights of preceding explorers. Chimalhuacan 
 
 18 It is amusing to read Guzman's account of this effort, and to note the 
 flow of devout sentiments from his pen. Truly, the sovereign must have con 
 gratulated himself on possessing so earnest a champion of the cross. See Car- 
 ta, in Pacheco and Cardenas, Col. Doc. , xiii. 363-4. According to Mota Padilla, 
 Conq. N. Gal. , 29, Fray Martin cle Jesus made here an attempt at conversion, but 
 this is more than doubtful, for he is nowhere else mentioned as a member of 
 the expedition. It is also said that, while in Cuinao, messengers returned from 
 Michoacan, bringing more gold and silver than ever before. They had been 
 sent by Don Pedro and Don Alonso, who by this means sought to obtain 
 exemption from further torture. Pilar, ReL, 251, and Guzman, 4* Rel. An6n., 
 466. 
 
 J9 Beaumont, Cr6n. Mich., iii. 384, followed by Zamacois, Hist. Mcj., iv. 
 500, tells us this was not Cuitzeo de la Laguna near Lake Chapala ; but they 
 are clearly in error. 
 
 2J Chapala, lake in Jalisco; Laet, 1633, L. Chapala; Jefferys, 1776, L. Cha 
 pala; Kiepert, 1852, lake and city Chapala; Cartog. Pac. Coast, MS., ii. 496. 
 
BATTLE AT THE FORD. 349 
 
 and the Avalos provinces he regarded as legitimate 
 fields of conquest, and he anticipated pleasure as well 
 as profit in wresting these regions from Cortes. 21 
 The natives of Cuitzeo, however, were not at all inclined 
 to receive the strangers with open arms, and their 
 cacique sent answer "that he knew what sort of men 
 the Spaniards were, and challenged them to enter his 
 country." Guzman is said to have hesitated as to what 
 course he should pursue, but Cristobal de Onate soon 
 solved his doubts by tauntingly observing that Cortes 
 would never have achieved his glorious triumphs had 
 he allowed himself to be regulated by formalities and 
 requerimientos. He made his demands with foot in 
 stirrup, and entered the very camp of the foe to hear 
 the answer. 22 The march was accordingly directed 
 toward Cuitzeo, and before long they came in sight of 
 the enemy. When at a gunshot's distance, a .native 
 champion came forth to test in a personal combat the 
 valor and weapons of the Spaniards. He was easily 
 vanquished by Juan Michel, a Portuguese soldier, 
 who obtained permission to exhibit his prowess, and 
 the defeat so terrified the Indians that they hastened 
 to seek shelter at the river. Here they recovered 
 their courage, and, on attempting to cross the stream 
 on rafts and by fording, Guzman's forces were attacked 
 in the water and a desperate struggle ensued in the 
 current, on the banks, and on the river island, where 
 the foe had intrenched themselves. 23 
 
 This continued for several days with severe losses 
 on both sides, Guzman's being mostly confined to his 
 native allies. A few horses were killed, but great 
 care was used in disposing of the bodies so that the 
 
 2l Mota Padilla, Conq. N. Gal., 27, here as well as in the rest of his 
 account of Guzman's campaign, seeks to defend the unscrupulous policy of 
 the president. 
 
 22 'Cortes. . .con las armas en la mano y el pie" en el estribo; remitia sus 
 embajadas, mas las respuestas las oia en las mismas canales de las poblaciones. ' 
 Mota Padilla, Conq. N. Gal., 30. 
 
 23 Captain Vasquez, armed with a sword and a buckler, was the first who 
 lear>cd into the river, and, followed by some of his foot-selcliers, opened the 
 attack upon the natives intrenched on the island. Sdmano, Relation, 2GS. 
 
350 CONQUEST OF NUEVA GALICIA. 
 
 foe mio'ht not know that those dreaded monsters were 
 
 O 
 
 vulnerable to their weapons. At last the river was 
 passed, Cuitzeo was taken, and within a fortnight the 
 neighboring places on or near the northern shore of 
 Lake Chapala, and on both sides of the river from La 
 Barca to Poncitlan, were reduced to allegiance by a 
 series of minor expeditions, described with some detail 
 in the records, but a fuller narrative of which is neither 
 practicable nor desirable here. 24 
 
 From Cuitzeo the Spaniards proceeded to TonaM, 25 
 the aboriginal name of the region about the present 
 Guadalajara, entering and taking possession of the 
 chief town, also called Tonala, on March 25th. The 
 town and province were at the time under a female 
 ruler, who received the Spaniards with kindness, 
 mindful of the former visit of Francisco Cortes; but 
 some of her people, notably those of Tetlan, well in 
 formed of Guzman's proceedings in Michoacan and 
 the murder of Tangaxoan, were indignant that their 
 mistress had welcomed the enemy of her race, and two 
 
 24 1 deem it useless to give long lists of town names, most of which can be 
 found on the maps, but very few of which arc applied to the samo localities 
 as in aboriginal times. The original towns were for the most part destroyed, 
 and those which succeeded them under Spanish auspices have in many instances 
 experienced several changes of locality, while retaining the same names. As 
 a rule I shall name only such towns as are necessary to show the route fol 
 lowed, and such as acquired some importance in later times. Among the acts 
 of cruelty perpetrated in this region was the setting a fierce dog on the fat 
 cacique of Cuitzeo for alleged neglect in furnishing supplies, an act attributed 
 by Salazar y Olartc, Conq. Max., 420-8, to a 'delirious impulse' on the part 
 of Guzman. A Mexican chief also was so beaten for some fancied misconduct 
 that he lost permanently the use of his hands. Guzman, 40- Rd. An6n., 467. 
 Navarretc, Hist. Jal., 35, speaks of the artificial formation of a ford by iilling 
 the river with sand. Guzman, JRamusio, iii. 332-4, tells us of finding cannibals 
 and burning a sodomite; he regrets the idolatrous tendencies of the natives, 
 and says uncontradicted so far as I know that he is himself the greatest 
 sinner of all, but hopes that God in his great gpodncss will accept his efforts 
 for the conversion of gentiles. Oviedo, iii. 5G5-G, speaks of ovens filled with 
 human bodies frying in their fat and blood, to be used as food. 
 
 25 Ciiirinos was detailed with one detachment to reach Tonala by a differ 
 ent route and render Guzman assistance in case of need. Guzman, Cart-i, in 
 Pacheco and Cdrdtnas, Col. Doc., xiii. 370; Tello, in Hist. N. Gal., ii. 343, 
 and others imply that Chirinos was instructed to conquer the northern regions, 
 joining the main army at Topic; but probably the division of the army was 
 not effected till later. On the march from Cuitzeo to Tonala the 'friendly 
 Indians' were kept in chains, or under strong guard, by order of Guzman; 
 to prevent them from escaping or abandoning the baggage. Guzman, 4 a lid. 
 Anon., 407. 
 
FIGHTING AND PLUNDERING. 351 
 
 or three thousand of them gathered with hostile dem 
 onstrations on a height overlooking the capital, near 
 the actual site of Guadalajara. A demand of submis 
 sion was haughtily spurned, whereupon Guzman led 
 the charge against them, assisted by Oiiate and Ver- 
 dugo. A lively battle ensued, for the natives fought 
 with a desperation hitherto unparalleled; but they 
 were comparatively few in number, and had at last to 
 succumb, with great loss. During the struggle Guz 
 man's lance was wrested from his grasp and directed 
 against himself, but one of his companions turned the 
 weapon from its course and saved his life. It is even 
 said the fight was so hot that Santiago himself felt 
 obliged to appear in succor of his faithful children. 28 
 After this battle the whole province was quickly 
 brought into subjection; in fact there was no further 
 resistance. Yet the hostility of the Tetlan warriors 
 gave Guzman a pretext for plundering 27 and burning, 
 the latter part of the performance being always at 
 tributed to the unmanageable Indian allies. On the 
 ground that the province had not been permanently 
 subjected by Francisco Cortes, Guzman claimed it as 
 a new conquest, and in commemoration of his great 
 victory two chapels were built, one within the town, 
 dedicated to the holy virgin; the other on the lofty 
 battle-ground, dedicated to the victoria de la cruz, by 
 which term the chapel became known, and in token 
 of the same a cross was erected, some sixty feet in 
 height, which could be seen for many a league, bearing 
 witness to the irresistible valor of Christian soldiers. 
 
 26 Mota Padilla, Conq. N. Gal., 39, says the attack was made while the 
 Spaniards were seated at a banquet given by the queen, while most of the 
 original authorities and eye-witnesses state that the battle was fought before 
 Guzman entered Tonald, but the president's own report shows clearly that it 
 took place after he had left the town. Sdmano, Relation, 209-70; Guzman, 
 3<>> Rd. Andn., 441; Id., 4* lid., 4GS; L6pes, Ed., in Packeco and Cardenas, 
 Col. Doc. , xiv. 419-20. The day after the battle Chirinos arrived, and was sent 
 to the other side of the river to disperse the reassembling fugitives, but owing to 
 the ruggedness of the country his expedition failed. Guzman, in Id., xiii. 374. 
 
 27 < YO no les muestro boluntad de querello (gold and silver) ni quo vengo 
 a ello. . .yoles he mandado decir que no teugo necesidad de oro, sino de que 
 sean buenos,' says the president hypocritically in his letter to the emperor 
 in Pacheco and Cardenas, Col. -Doc., xiii. 373-4. 
 
352 
 
 CONQUEST OF NUEVA GALICIA. 
 
 After a fortnight's stay at Tonala. about the 
 
 O t/ 
 
 ning of April, the army resumed its march, 23 passing 
 almost wholly through deserted farms and villages. 
 Near Contla a body of natives ventured to attack the 
 vanguard under the maestre de cainpo, in retaliation 
 for which a hill village was surprised while the inhab 
 itants were engaged in religious exercises. 29 On ap- 
 
 NUEVA GALICIA. 
 
 proaching Nochistlan, Guzman learned that numbers 
 were prepared for resistance. Messengers were sent 
 to demand peaceful submission, only to be driven 
 
 28 According to Mota Padilla, Conq. N. Gal., 53, and Beaumont, Cr6n. 
 Mich., iii. 391-2, a garrison was left at Tonala, under Captain Vasquez de 
 Buenclia. Guzman appropriated Tonald to himself, but later the crown took 
 it from him and made it a corregimiento. Lettrc, in Tcrnaux-Compans, Voy., 
 stfrie ii., torn. v. 177. 
 
 29 'A Tolilitla. . .hallelos en una borrachera, por donde creo que no nos 
 salieron de guerra.' Guzman, Carta, in Pacheco and Cdrdcnan, Col. Doc., 
 xiii. 375. The places touched since Touala were Chapetala, Ximoamtla, 
 Ixcatlan, Hacotla, Contla, Tolilitla. 
 
THE GRAND TEUL. 3o3 
 
 back by missiles. When the army came in sight, 
 however, the natives retreated toward the mountains, 
 the cavalry pursuing and capturing a number. The 
 torch was now applied to the deserted town, and 
 detachments were sent to explore and conquer the 
 neighboring districts. One band under Chirinos, 
 sent to Teul, passed through an ancient city, with 
 many large buildings, similar to those found in Mex 
 ico by the first Spaniards, but returning to Nochis- 
 tlan the accompanying natives burned the relics. 
 Another successful expedition was made under Ver- 
 dugo 30 in the direction of Xalpan; within a few days 
 the lords of that region appeared in the camp, tender 
 ing their submission, and delivering some idols, which 
 were immediately destroyed. 
 
 The people in Nochistlan, though fugitives, had not 
 abandoned all thoughts of resistance, and when one 
 day a body of about five hundred came to the deserted 
 town in search of provisions, they attacked and killed 
 a number of Aztecs and Tlascaltecs and pursued the 
 remainder to their camp. Immediately some Span 
 iards, and later Guzman himself, mounted and went 
 to the rescue, but night having set in, the enemy 
 retreated in safety to the penol. 31 Next morning, at 
 the head of a division, Onate started in search of the 
 fugitives, and was followed a few hours later by Guz 
 man. During the day various encounters took place ; 
 the enemy were in all cases put to flight, though sev 
 eral horses were wounded. The army remained here 
 about a month, celebrating holy week in a small church 
 hastily erected. Soon after easter, having previously 
 taken possession in the name of the crown, the march 
 was resumed 32 and after three or four days they reached 
 
 30 He was a brother-in-law of Diego Velazquez, the governor of Cuba, and 
 companion of Narvaez. After the capture of the latter, he enlisted in CorteV 
 army, and at Villafane's conspiracy, without knowing it, he was chosen as 
 successor of Cortes. Later he settled in Mexico, holding alternately the 
 offices of regidor and alcalde. See Hist. Hex. , i. passim, this series. 
 
 31 This pefiol is said to be the same on which Alvarado fell in later years. 
 32 Tello, followed by Mota Padilla, Beaumont, Frejes, Ramirez, Navarrete, 
 
 and Gil, speaks of expeditions under Chirinos and Oiiate, from Cuitzeo and 
 HIST. MEX.. VOL. II. 23 
 
354 CONQUEST OF NUEVA GALICIA. 
 
 the "grand Teul," the principal aboriginal town of all 
 this region, spoken of as a kind of sacred stronghold 
 built on a high mesa, and containing fine temples, 
 fountains, and statues of stone. 33 But hallowed as it 
 was to the entire native population of that region, it 
 possessed little attraction for the Spaniards, whose 
 forces under Chirinos had reduced it to ashes. 
 
 From here it was decided to cross the western 
 range in search of the large and populous provinces on 
 the South Sea, distant some twelve days' journey, and 
 as provisions were scarce, with few prospects of re 
 plenishing along the route, the army was divided. 
 One division under Chirinos marched westward across 
 the Nayarit Mountains, by a difficult route which can 
 not be exactly traced by the records, and arrived at 
 Tepic early in May. 34 Guzman with the remainder 
 followed a route to the south, recrossed the river, and 
 approached Tepic by way of Iztlaii and Ahuacatlan, 
 likewise over bad roads, where part of the baggage 
 was lost. They met with no resistance, though some 
 of the villages had been abandoned. On reaching 
 Jalisco, the last place explored by Francisco Cortes 
 in 1524, they learned that Chirinos had been in Tepic 
 
 Tonala, as distinct from the operations of the main army, exploring part of 
 Aguascalientes and extending as far as Jerez in northern Zacatecas. Accord 
 ing to these authorities the main army remained south of the river, waiting 
 at Aztatlan until joined by Onate's force, thence proceeding to Tepic, where 
 was Chirinos' division. Gil even makes Guzman in his march from Aztatlan 
 to Tepic pass as far south as Mascota. But all these-statements are indefinite 
 and contradictory to those of Guzman and others, who agree that the main 
 army crossed the river and marched by way of Nochistlan to Teul. None of 
 the latter speaks of any independent branch expedition, but Ofiate or Chiri 
 nos are repeatedly mentioned as having been sent forward to reconnoitre. 
 Oviedo, Herrera, and Salazar agree with this version, at least with that which 
 refers to Guzman's march in person through Nochistlan. See Tello, Hist. N. 
 Gal., 343-7, and others, ubi sup. 
 
 :w There is much doubt about the locality of ' the grand Teul. ' No extensive 
 ruins so far as I know have been discovered in the region of the pueblo which 
 now bears that name. For a description of the aboriginal remains in this 
 region see Native Races, iv. 578-93, this series. Guzman calls Teul, Teblichan, 
 and also Teul or Tonauipan. 
 
 34 The country was so rugged that of the 17 days employed they could 
 travel only three days on horseback. Guzman, Carta, 383. Tello, Hist. N. Gal. , 
 343-5, compares this crossing the sierra to Hannibal's crossing the Alps. The 
 Tepic natives thought the Spaniards must be birds, regarding the route as 
 impassable to men. Ramirez, Proceso, 207-8, thinks Chirinos reached the coast 
 north of the Rio Grande and returned southward to Tepic. 
 
GUZMAN AT TEPIC. 355 
 
 for three days, and was then only two leagues distant. 
 Notwithstanding the lateness of the hour they imme 
 diately joined him. Guzman remained at Tepic about 
 three weeks to refresh the horses and to await reen- 
 forcements from Mexico. In the mean time parties 
 were sent out in different directions to receive the sub 
 mission of the native chieftains and to gather supplies 
 for the army. There was no organized opposition here, 
 though the general feeling in the province was hostile, 
 as indeed it could not long fail to be under the treatment 
 of Guzman's raiders, and as the commander really 
 wished it to be, so that the conquest might not seem too 
 easy, and that an excuse for plunder might not be 
 wanting. The caciques of Jalisco declined the honor 
 of becoming vassals of Spain, and all the efforts of 
 three or four embassies to persuade them were in vain; 
 they even went so far as to kill several of the allies 
 and one Spaniard, who, too confiding, had strayed 
 from the camp. Thereupon an expedition against 
 Jalisco was undertaken in three divisions, commanded 
 by Guzman, Chirinos, and Onate, respectively; but 
 besides securing a few prisoners and burning the 
 towns and villages on the way, nothing was achieved. 
 Having previously been informed of Guzman's plans 
 the natives fled to the mountains, and though pursued 
 for eight leagues, rough ground saved them. 35 
 
 When Guzman halted he learned that the ocean 
 lay but two leagues distant, whereupon he proceeded 
 thither the following day and took possession. After 
 extending his exploration a short distance in a nor 
 thern direction, and having discovered a port, sup 
 posed to be the best on the whole coast, 36 he re 
 turned to Tepic, whither meanwhile the caciques of 
 Jalisco and neighboring towns had repaired, volun- 
 
 85 The author of the 4 a Rcl. An6n., 469, asserts that Jalisco had peacefully 
 submitted, but rebelled when an excessive tribute was imposed, in consequence 
 of which Guzman burned the town. 
 
 36 Just below the present San Bias, Guzman called it Martouchel, and as 
 Matanchel, or Port of Jalisco, it was known for many years. Map-makers 
 and writers evidently considered it distinct from San Elas. 
 
356 CONQUEST OF NUEVA GALICIA. 
 
 tarily tendering submission. A garrison was estab 
 lished, the nucleus of the villa de Compostela founded 
 the next year, and regular officers were appointed to 
 collect tribute and otherwise attend to the emperor's 
 interests in this region. In the last days of May the 
 horses were rested, the province was pacified, and the 
 army ready to advance. 37 
 
 Although successful in the acquisition, or rather 
 appropriation, of vast tracts of land properly belong 
 ing to the conquest of Francisco Cortes, so far the 
 expedition was deemed a failure, having yielded but 
 little gold and silver. It was expected, however, that 
 the northern provinces and especially the country of 
 the Amazons, the Hesperides of the sixteenth -cen 
 tury Spaniards, would yield ample compensation for 
 all hardships. Progress hither was checked some 
 what by the hostile attitude of the inhabitants of 
 Centipac, or Temoaque, a rich and populous province 
 on the northern bank of the Tololotlan, where Captain 
 Barrios had been sent to explore and seek a ford. He 
 crossed the river, but was repulsed with some loss by 
 the native chieftains, who sent back a warning to 
 Guzman not to invade their country on penalty of 
 being cooked and eaten. The main army, however, 
 marched at once from Tepic and reached the bank of 
 the river on the 29th of May, 38 when the commander, 
 clad in his best armor and mounted on a gayly capar 
 isoned steed, entered the stream and halting in the 
 midst of the current named it Espiritu Santo. Then 
 mounting the opposite bank, closely followed by the 
 army, Guzman took possession of the new territory 
 
 37 Here were appointed Francisco Verdugo, treasurer; Crist6bal de Oflate, 
 contador, or auditor; Juan de Samano, factor; and Hernan Cbirinos, veedor, 
 or inspector; but most of these officers seem to bave gone on with the army. 
 
 38 This date Espiritu Santo day is given by Guzman, in several of the 
 original documents, and by Oviedo, iii. 571. Tello, Hwt. N. Gal., 347, 
 makes the date May 1st, which is the day of San Felipe and Santiago. This 
 author was perhaps misled by the name Santiago afterward applied to the 
 river. Beaumont, Cr6n. Mich., iii. 401, says the crossing took place early in 
 1531. A native captured near the river was delivered to the blood-hounds for 
 refusing to give information. 
 
GREATER SPAIN. 357 
 
 for Christ and Charles, by waving his sword and with 
 it cutting down some branches of trees; he ordered 
 the trumpets to be sounded, and pompously pro 
 claimed that this new conquest be thereafter known 
 as " la conquista del Espiritu Santo de la Mayor 
 Espaiia," or Greater Spain. The acts of possession 
 and naming were properly certified before the notary, 
 and the whole world was defied through loud-voiced 
 heralds to appear and dispute the regularity of the 
 proceeding. But no champion of aboriginal rights, 
 nor envoy from any old-world nation appeared to utter 
 a protest. 33 
 
 The army of Centipac soon appeared drawn up not 
 far from the shore to utter a more practical protest by 
 disputing the farther advance of the invaders. That 
 the Spaniards might not be terrified by superior 
 numbers and escape annihilation by flight, a part of 
 the native force was at first placed in concealment; 
 but the leaders soon realized that their full strength 
 was needed, as the Spaniards attacked and were 
 attacked simultaneously at several points, one part of 
 the native force falling furiously on the division in 
 charge of the baggage. For several hours a desperate 
 struggle was carried on, the natives exhibiting not 
 only valor, but a skill in military tactics unprece 
 dented in Spanish experience of aboriginal warfare. 
 Superior weapons, discipline, horses, and at least equal 
 numbers including auxiliaries, at last gave the victory 
 to the invaders ; the brave defenders of Centipac fled, 
 but relatively few escaped. 
 
 Armed resistance in this and the adjoining prov 
 inces was at an end and the army of Nuno de Guz- 
 
 39 Tdlo, 349, names it Castilla la Nueva de la Mayor Espafia. The title 
 Greater Spain was bestowed with a view to eclipse the glory of Cortes as the 
 conqueror of New Spain. Mota Padilla, Conq. N. Gal., 23 etc., says that 
 Guzman gave this name at the first crossing of the river on the Michoacan 
 border. Ramirez, Proceso, 208-11, strangely confused in this part of Guz 
 man's trip, identifies this Rio Espiritu Santo with the Rio de las Cafias instead 
 of the Santiago de Tololotlau. The crossing was probably not far from 
 Santiago Ixcuintla. For account of ancient remains on this river see Native 
 llaces, iv. 57o, this series. 
 
358 CONQUEST OF NUEVA GALICIA. 
 
 man was drawn up next day to thank the hol} r spirit 
 for the victory. 40 
 
 For two or three days the army remained encamped 
 near the river, in a town called Temoaque according 
 to some documents; 41 then they marched northward, 
 crossed a large river, arid encamped at the town of 
 Omitlan on the northern bank. The river, doubtless 
 from the day of crossing, June 5th, was called Trini 
 dad, and was probably that now known as the San 
 Pedro. 42 Here the festival of Corpus Christi Sunday 
 was celebrated on June 9th, and here they remained 
 about forty days to refresh horses and men, await 
 correspondence and reenforceinents from Mexico, and 
 receive the submission of the country. The province 
 was fertile, supplies were plentiful, and the inhabitants 
 well disposed at first; but very soon, despoiled of their 
 property, most of them fled to the mountains. From 
 Omitlan several officers returned to Mexico, 43 and by 
 them Guzman sent his report to the emperor, dated 
 July 8, 1530, a document which, except where it refers 
 to the outrages committed, is one of the best author 
 ities extant. Guzman requests the emperor to confirm 
 his past acts and the names he had given. He an 
 nounces his intention to march four or five days later 
 to Aztatlan, three days farther on, a province reported 
 to be rich and populous, which he desired to reach 
 
 40 Seven or eight Spaniards, 10 or 12 horses, each worth about 400 pesos 
 cle minas, and hundreds of native allies, all of whom were probably valued 
 less than a single horse, were killed, while a large part of all the forces and 
 about 50 horses weie wounded more or less seriously. Guzman tells us that 
 several of the Indian allies were killed by the knee-thrusts of the Spaniards, 
 the struggle being so close it was impossible to distinguish them from the foe. 
 Oviedo represents the force of the enemy at 12,COO, that of the killed as 
 5,000, and says all the Spaniards were wounded. Tello, Hist. N. Gal., 347 et 
 seq., and Beaumont, Cron. Mich., in. 401, state that the entry into this province 
 was without resistance, and minutely describe the ceremonies and attentions 
 at the reception. 
 
 41 The author of the 3& I?el. An6n., 446, calls the place Atecomatlan. 
 
 42 The small stream between the Tololotlan and San Pedro could hardly 
 have been called a large river by Guzman and others, who imply that the 
 Trinidad was the first large stream north of the Tololotlan. 
 
 43 Captain Bocanegra, the maestre de campo Villarocl, and the comendador 
 Barries according to Sdmar,o, 279-80, and Lcpez, 432, 436. As to the latter, 
 both authorities are confused. He is also mentioned as having returned from 
 Aztatlan three months later. 
 
AZTATLAN. 350 
 
 before the threatened rising of the rivers should stop 
 his progress. From Aztatlan he proposed to press 
 on to the Amazon country, reported to be ten days 
 distant. 44 
 
 About the middle of July it was resolved to pro 
 ceed, and Gonzalo Lopez, who after Villaroel's return 
 to Mexico had been made maestre de campo, was 
 sent in a northerly direction to find suitable winter- 
 quarters. Passing over flooded roads, where some 
 times the water reached to the stirrups, Lopez 
 discovered Aztatlan, the chief town of a province of 
 that name, and with this information he returned to 
 the camp. A few days afterward the whole army 
 resumed the march; but instead of three days, as ex 
 pected, it required nearly a week to reach Aztatlan, 
 on account of the rainy season and the marshy nature 
 of the soil. Several days alone were spent by the 
 inaestre de campo with the vanguard in building two 
 bridges over swollen rivers, which otherwise it would 
 have been impossible for the foot-soldiers to pass. 45 
 Aztatlan reached at last, they established themselves 
 in winter-quarters, and remained there about five 
 months. This province, situated on the northern 
 bank of probably the actual Rio de Acaponeta, 46 
 afforded food in abundance, and at first, as long as 
 the rains did not prevent raids for plunder, all went 
 well. 
 
 44 Carta, in Pacheco and Cdrdenas, Col. Doc., xiii. 356-93, and in Hamusio, 
 iii. 331-9. Guzman also asserts that a church was built at Omitlan. 
 
 43 Samano, 7?eZ., 279-80, speaks of a river called Santa Ana from the day 
 of crossing, July 26th; and says they afterward crossed another river, on 
 which lay Aztatlan on Santiago day, or July 25th ! 
 
 46 It was certainly on either the Acaponeta or the Rio de las Cafias, the 
 present boundary between Jalisco and Sinaloa. The two streams are not 
 over 10 miles apart at their mouths. The 3* liel. An6n., 446-7, makes the 
 distance from Omitlan 10 leagues, and adds that when the army had forded 
 the stream and were pursuing the foe they came to a larger river, which 
 stopped the pursuit. It is clear that no such stream could have been found 
 near the Caiias and north of it. The l a Rcl. Andn., 288-9, makes the dis 
 tance 10 or 12 leagues from Espiritu Santo River. The statements are not 
 definite enough for exact location in a country like this, where there are 
 several streams, each with branches, to say nothing of possible changes within 
 three centuries. The name Aztatlan applied in later times to a town on the 
 Acaponeta, is considered by Ramirez, Proceso, 208-11, as worthy of notice in 
 
360 CONQUEST OF NUEVA GALICIA. 
 
 While here, Guzman learned that his presentiment 
 of a change unfavorable to him in the government of 
 New Spain had been verified. A letter from the 
 oidores Matienzo and Delgadillo arrived in the first 
 week of September, announcing the return of his 
 enemy Cortes and the overthrow of the first audien- 
 cia. Certainly Guzman congratulated himself for 
 having so timely and with such advantage escaped 
 the company of his former associates. Although 
 probably on the same occasion he was summoned to 
 appear in Mexico, he was in a mood rather to increase 
 the present distance from the capital, until he could 
 return as the conqueror of a new kingdom. 47 But in 
 any case it would be better not to leave the terri 
 tory wholly to his enemies, particularly as the late 
 oidores would doubtless attempt to prove their own 
 innocence by heaping blame upon him. It was diffi- 
 ent, however, to find a person intelligent and at the 
 same time trustworthy enough to plead successfully 
 for the absent governor. Nevertheless he would do 
 what he could. So he selected the former veedor, 
 Peralmindez Chirinos, whose interest he considered 
 as linked with his own, especially since the appoint 
 ment at Tepic of his nephew, Hernando Chirinos, as 
 veedor. With a letter of Guzman, and accompanied 
 >y ten or twelve other Spaniards, Chirinos set out 
 from Aztatlan for Mexico. 48 
 
 Scarcely had Chirinos departed when a fresh mis- 
 
 this connection. Tello, Hist. N. Gal. , 349-50, says that Aztatlan was burned, 
 vaguely implying that a battle was fought in which a great number of natives 
 perished, and that subsequently the province submitted, the Spaniards being 
 received amidst dances and festivities. He also gives an account of a public 
 performance arranged in honor of the strangers, a fight between a tiger and a 
 caiman in the yard of a house. According to the 3 a Rd. Anon., 447, the 
 relics of a Christian trader who had died seven years before were found at 
 Aztatlan. Have we here a trace of the missing Villadiego? 
 
 47 The author of J^ Eel. An6n., 470, says he had received the news of 
 the arrival of Cortes already at Omitlan, though the message of the oidores 
 reached him only at Aztatlan. Beaumont asserts that it was at Tepic, but 
 his account of this expedition is very confused. Cr6n. Mich., iii. 400-1. 
 
 48 In his letter to tlie emperor, dated Chametla Jan. 15, 1531, Guzman 
 refers to another sent from Aztatlan. Guzman, Carta, in Pacheco and Carde 
 nas, Col. Doc., xiii. 406. According to the l a Eel. Anon., 292-4, Chiriuos 
 returned from Chametla north of the other point named. 
 
DIMINISHING NUMBERS. 361 
 
 fortune befell Guzman. About the 20th of Septem 
 ber, when the rainy season was nearly over and the 
 patience of the inhabitants quite exhausted, a sudden 
 rise in the river at midnight, preceded by a tempest, 
 and, as some say, by the appearance of a comet, sub 
 merged the whole region of the camp for about two 
 leagues in circumference, and made it literally azta- 
 tlan, 'place of waters' now known as Etzatlan. The 
 slight shelter of the soldiers for the army was not 
 encamped in the town was blown or washed away; 
 hogs, cattle, and large numbers of sick allies were 
 drowned ; and it is even said that the towns near the 
 river were flooded; the waters subsided rapidly, but 
 left the army in a critical situation. 
 
 The rich stores of food which the natives had 
 been forced to supply were now spoiled, and as the 
 people had for the most part fled to the moun 
 tains, there were no means of replenishing the store, 
 A pestilence attacked the auxiliary troops, carrying 
 them off by thousands; the survivors were threat 
 ened with starvation. 49 Notwithstanding this, Guz 
 man persisted in his plans of further exploration 
 northward, and it was in vain the Aztec and Tlas- 
 caltec leaders implored permission to leave that vale 
 of death and remove to some healthier locality. In 
 vain they offered all their booty, jewels, gold, and 
 silver. The leader's inflexibility could not however 
 prevent attempts to escape. A number of Indians 
 ran away; others were killed in the attempt; and not 
 a few recaptured were hanged, while others anticipated 
 such a fate by committing suicide. Even the Span- 
 
 4y The accounts given of this inundation are doubtless exaggerated. It is 
 said that the soldiers escaped drowning only by climbing trees; that 1,000 sick 
 Indians were drowned; that of the remainder only 500 survived the famine 
 and the pestilence; that the survivors had to live on toads and insects; that 
 all the Mexican leaders perished, etc. Beaumont, Cron. Mich., iii. 399-401, 
 represents the flood as having occurred at Tepic. Escudero, Not. Son. , 25-G, 
 puts the flood at Chametla. Navarrete says the Spaniards escaped on balsas 
 to Acaponeta. Lopez, in Pacheco and Cardenas, Col. Doc., xiv. 439, makes 
 the somewhat broad assertion, 'Adolecieron muchos cspanolcs, los cuales, asi 
 eilos como los indios, f ueron curados y asistidos del capitan general . . . como si 
 fuesen sus hijos.' 
 
362 CONQUEST OF NUEVA GAL1CIA. 
 
 iards became rebellious, and at least one of their num 
 ber was hanged as an example. 50 
 
 What concerned Guzman most was the decrease 
 of his force. He was determined on this adven 
 ture. In fact he must go on; he could not well turn 
 back. It was sad for him to see his men perish, not 
 because of the men, but because of himself. Even 
 now if he would continue his expedition he must have 
 reinforcements. The maestre de campo, Gonzalo de 
 Lopez, was therefore sent to Michoacan and the Avalos 
 provinces for Tarascan warriors and carriers, together 
 with hogs and other supplies. 51 
 
 At length Guzman became convinced that he must 
 remove from that spot if he would not see the 
 whole army perish, for disease was daily thinning his 
 number. A division under Lope de Samaniego was 
 sent northward to Chametla where they met with a 
 friendly reception, and brought back fowl and fish. 
 As they gave a good account of the place Guzman 
 resolved to remove thither, sending first Verdugo and 
 Proano with a small force to prepare quarters, a task 
 which they easily accomplished, aided by the friendly 
 natives. At the same time, that is at the end of 
 November or beginning of December, Garcia del Pilar 
 was sent southward to hasten the return of Lopez, 
 who had been absent about forty-five days. He found 
 the worthy maestre 52 at Ahuacatlan faithfully engaged 
 in branding slaves/ 3 for the northern market. On 
 
 50 Another Spaniard was saved from the gibbet only on account of influen 
 tial intercession; others charged with attempts at flight were kept prisoners. 
 
 51 Tello and Mota Padilla, followed by Navarrete, say it was the captain 
 Juan Sanchez de Olea who was sent to Mexico for aid. According to Tello 
 he returned in two months with 6,000 carriers and supplies. Mota Padilla 
 estimates the number at 3,500. Lopez, in Pacheco and Cardenas, Col. Doc., 
 xiv. 437-8, and the author of the 3 a Rel. Andn., 447, add, that a commission 
 was given by Guzman to enslave and punish the natives of the Jalisco dis 
 trict for having attacked a convoy of provisions sent from Michoacan, killing 
 some of the men. 
 
 52 Oviedo informs us that Lopez served under Guzman with 10 horsemen 
 at his own expense; and unlike most of his companions he came back as poor 
 as he started! 
 
 53 Beaumont, Crdn, Mich., iii. 404, speaks of 5,000 slaves sent by Guzman 
 from Jalisco to Panuco. This statement, if founded on fact, probably refers 
 to a somewhat later period. Pilar and Lopez in their declarations estimate 
 
THE LAND OF THE AMAZOXS. 363 
 
 their return with succor they found Aztatlan almost 
 deserted, Cristobal de Onate alone having remained 
 in charge of the baggage. 
 
 About three weeks after Verdugo had been sent to 
 Chametla, Guzman followed with the main army, 
 and was kindly received by the natives, 54 who sent 
 them food, and furnished a thousand carriers to trans 
 port their baggage. But continued friendships the 
 Spaniards could not endure, Would not some of the 
 survivors of this sickly army, some of the soldiers 
 of this dastardly commander, prick these unsophisti 
 cated natives to the commission of some rash act 
 which would justify the Spaniards to rob and enslave 
 them I Nothing more easy; and by the time the 
 maestre de campo and Pilar arrived with reen force- 
 in ents the country was in a state of glorious hostility. 
 Enslavement flourished so that soon almost any num 
 ber of human beings could be obtained at the rate of 
 five pesos erch. Those captured in raids were divided 
 among the Spaniards present. 
 
 After a month's stay at Chametla the army pro 
 ceeded northward to the Quezala province, and thence 
 to Piastla, easily subduing the natives of the district. 
 The women were becoming more beautiful as they 
 continued their course, which seemed to indicate that 
 they were approaching the object of their dreams, 
 the country of the Amazons. And indeed, glowing 
 reports of Cihuatlan, the ' place of women/ confirmed 
 the marvellous tales which had reached the capital. 
 
 the number at 1,000. They were branded with an iron given Lopez by Guz 
 man, and with the commander's authorization. Making considerable allow 
 ance for exaggeration in the statement of Pilar, there still remains little doubt 
 that the outrages committed on this people may be classed among the most 
 noteworthy of the world. See Pilar, 256-7; Guzman, Jp lid. An6n., 473-4; 
 L6pez, in Pachcco and Curdeno.s, Col. Doc., xiv. 4G1-2. 
 
 54 Passing on the road through Acaponeta, Juan Sanchez de Olca with 
 auxiliaries and supplies is said to have joined them. Iii the same place the 
 troops and stores were mustered. Tcllo, Hist. N. Gal., 351-2. The province 
 of Chametla was on a river from 12 to 20 leagues beyond Aztatlan according to 
 different estimates by Guzman's officers. The chief town, bearing the same 
 name, was about five leagues from the river's mouth, which formed a tolerably 
 good harbor. The stream was doubtless the one flowing into the sea next 
 above the Rio de las Cauas, which still retains the name on some modern 
 maps, as does indeed a town near the original site. 
 
364 CONQUEST OF NUEVA GALICIA. 
 
 All was so unknown; great patches of untraversed 
 earth spread out in the boundless blank plains; it was 
 as easy for the credulous sixteenth-century men to 
 believe one thing as another concerning those lands as 
 concerning the unexplored sky or the dark bowels of the 
 earth to believe of all these places to be what they 
 were told, whether by home sages or foreign savages. 
 And it may not be the last time that these Span 
 iards awoke to disappointment, when they learned at 
 Cihuatlan that the Indians had been telling stories to 
 amuse them; that there was no Amazon island or 
 other great wonder there awaiting them. Yet for a 
 long time they continued to talk of these things, and 
 in a measure to believe in them though they knew 
 them to be false. Still, the determination of the 
 commander was to go forward. Marching yet far 
 ther north they came to Colombo, in the province of 
 Culiacan, where they remained for seven months. 
 Fruitless explorations were sent out in divers direc 
 tions; tracts of barren land inhabited by rude people 
 offered little inducement for further efforts. The 
 fading of the Amazon myth tended to lower the 
 enthusiasm of the soldiers, but Guzman remained 
 steadfast. It is even hinted that vague rumors of the 
 later famous Seven Cities had reached his ears, and 
 served to 'fire his mind, now weakened by hardships and 
 disease. 55 So impaired was his health that he had to 
 be carried in a litter. Be this as it may, the march 
 was renewed, now in an easterly direction over rough 
 roads and across steep mountains. 
 
 But Guzman's star was sinking, and however much 
 his efforts attempted to avert it, he was finally com 
 pelled to yield before nature's barriers. Confronted 
 by the fact that to continue would entail the loss of his 
 entire force by starvation, he returned to Culiacan, 
 where the villa de San Miguel was established. Local 
 authorities were appointed, and a number of soldiers 
 
 - 55 Guzman, 1> and 2 Eel. Anon. , 292, 303; but these allusions may be based 
 
 on later reports. 
 
GUZMAN IN JALISCO. 365 
 
 left there as settlers, to whom were given repartimi- 
 entos. With the remainder of his army Guzman 
 began about the middle of October 1531 his march 
 southward, to protect what he chose to regard as his 
 rights in Jalisco. Having failed to find the Amazon 
 Isles, and having also by his unwise and oppressive 
 policy estranged the inhabitants and destroyed the 
 riches of the provinces to which he had some claim 
 as discoverer, and which should have satisfied his am 
 bition, he felt that the region south of the Rio Grande 
 del Espiritu Santo must be preserved at any cost. 
 Perhaps to a man of his temper these lands seemed 
 all the more desirable because another had a better 
 right to them. His northern possessions properly 
 managed would have brought him wealth and fame; 
 
 O O 7 
 
 he chose to return and renew his quarrel with Cortes, 
 and thus bring upon himself ruin; but he had the 
 satisfaction of knowing that in these later years his 
 old enemy was hardly less unfortunate than himself. 
 Guzman had asked the emperor to confirm the name he 
 had bestowed of Greater Spain, his own title as gov 
 ernor of that province, his distribution of the towns 
 among his friends, and his right to enslave rebellious 
 natives. His petition was granted except in the mat 
 ter of making slaves, and in the substitution of the 
 more modest and appropriate name of Nueva Galicia. 
 This confirmation of his authority was probably re 
 ceived by Guzman before his return to Tepic. 6 His 
 authority as governor of Panuco was continued, but of 
 course at the coming of the second audiencia he lost 
 his governorship of New Spain. 
 
 It is not likely that definite southern limits were 
 
 56 Mota Padilla, Conq. N. Gal. , 83. The document containing this confirma- 
 
 w province is spoken 
 Nueva Galicia, or Nuevo Reino de Galicia, but as Galicia de Nueva Espaiia. 
 Herrera, dec. iv. lib. ix. cap. xi., says that Guzman received notice of his 
 appointment at Chiametla on his journey south. The oidores at first doubted 
 the genuineness of the commission. Letter of 1531, in Ternaux-Compans, Voy. y 
 Beric ii. torn. v. 136-8. 
 
366 CONQUEST OF NUEVA GALICIA. 
 
 at first assigned to New Galicia, and the governor's 
 first care was to distribute the Jalisco towns among 
 his partisans, 57 encroaching without scruple on the 
 earlier encomiendas of Francisco Cortes and others in 
 southern Jalisco, the Avalos provinces, Colima, and 
 even Michoacan, maintaining that the former dis 
 coverers had not permanently occupied the territory, 
 and that he had been obliged to reconquer it a plea 
 of some plausibility, were it not that the hostility 
 of the natives and the necessity for recon quest had 
 resulted altogether from his own outrageous acts. 53 
 He founded, either immediately or within a few years, 
 several Spanish settlements. Among these was the 
 villa of Santiago de Compostela, in the immediate 
 vicinity of Tepic and Jalisco towns, for a long time 
 the capital of New Galicia. 59 
 
 Not long afterward Juan de Onate was sent to 
 establish Espiritu Santo, called later Guadalajara, in 
 honor of Guzman's birthplace. The first founding was 
 
 57 Tello, Hist. N. Gal. , 355-62, gives a list of the principal encomiendas and 
 the persons who received them. See also Socitte Amcr., i. 35-52. Guzman 
 was in some way prompted to it, because several of his captains, asking per 
 mission to go to Mexico, went to Peru. Afraid lest the desertions might 
 materially reduce his power, thus invalidating his conquest, he went in person 
 to Ahuacatlan and the Rio Grande where by liberal grants of encomiendas he 
 contrived to satisfy the discontented. Beaumont, Cron. Mich., iv. 53-9. 
 
 58 The dispossessed holders appealed to the crown, and by cddula of April 
 20, 1533, Guzman was forbidden to meddle with Colima enqomiendas. Puga, 
 Ccdulario, 82. He pleaded that the settlers of Colima had encroached on 
 Jalisco. Carta, in Pacheco and Cardenas, Col. Doc., xiii. 438. 
 
 59 Named after the capital of Galicia in Spain and honored with all the 
 privileges of its old-world namesake. Also called by some writers Espiritu 
 Santo de Compostela, Compostela y Santiago. Ogilby, 1671, Dampier, 1699, 
 Laet, 1633, West-hid. Spieghel, 1624, write Compoxtella; the latter adds Cen- 
 quipa; Jefferys, 1776, Kiepert, 1852, Compostdla. Cartofj. Pac. Coast, MS., ii. 
 528. Beaumont and Mota Padilla mention the year as 1535, but the different 
 declarations given by Guzman's captains about the year 1532 speak already 
 of the establishment, and agree that it was made on their return from the 
 north, and hastened by the arrival of Castilla from Mexico. Guzman him 
 self says in his letter of January 16, 1531, that the 'Villa del Espiritu Santo,' 
 as he calls it, had been established in the Tepic province, and that it was the 
 first town laid out on this expedition, but probably the real foundation was 
 made when he returned. Ramirez, Proceso, 215, claims that Guzman founded 
 the town in that place against the wishes of his officers, in order the better 
 to defend himself by sea or land against Cortes. Tello gives a list of the early 
 settlers. Hist. N. Gal, 360-1. Ancient map-makers fill up this space as fol 
 lows: Lok, 1582, Galicia, in large letters across the country; Laet, 1633, Nueva, 
 Galicia; Kino, 1702, Nova Gallicia; Jefferys, 1776, New Gallicia or Guadala- 
 xara; Kiepert, 1852, Jalisco or Nueva Galicia. Cartoy. Pac. Coast, MS. ii. 552. 
 
FOUNDING OF GUADALAJARA. 
 
 367 
 
 at Nochistlan; but in 1533 the town was removed to 
 the Jacotlan Valley, near Cuquio, and finally in 1541 
 placed south of the river, in TonaM. Even in 1533 
 the transfer was talked of, the latter place being deemed 
 more convenient, but Guzman objected, preferring to 
 hold that region for himself. 60 
 
 During this time La Purificacion on the Colima 
 frontier was also founded by Guzman, all with an 
 eye to defeating his archenemy in case of open rup 
 ture. 61 
 
 While thus engaged in establishing his authority 
 in the south of New Galicia, Guzman was beset with 
 serious difficulties from the first. The second audien- 
 cia had come with instructions to proceed with the 
 residencia against the former president and oidores, 
 and while hastening to seize the property of the 
 
 c Mota Padilla, Conq. N. Gal, 55, 
 77, asserts that in 1530, when Guzman 
 marched northward, a garrison under 
 Juan do Oiiato was left in Nochistlan, 
 and that on December 3, 1530, Guzman 
 issued at Culiacan a commission to or 
 ganize that settlement. The latterdate 
 is evidently wrong, as Guzman was in 
 January 1531 still at Chametla. The 
 statements made by members of the 
 expedition, however, agree that Gua 
 dalajara was established after the 
 founding of (Jompostela, l a Rel. An6n. 
 292-3; So- Ed. Anon, 459-GO; Lopez, 
 Rel., in Pacheco and Cardenas, xiv. 
 40 1 . By a cddula of November 8, 1 529, 
 the king granted the city of Guadala 
 jara a coat of arms, described in Tello, 
 Hist. N. Gal., 371-3; Beaumont, Crdn. 
 J/ic/i., iv. 17G-7; Alegre, Hist. Com p. 
 Jesus, i. 81 passim; Mota Padilla, 
 Conq.N. Gal., 109, 188-9; CalleJJem. 
 y JVot., 90; Gonzalez Ddvila, Teatro 
 Edes, i. 178-9. Some writers as Beau 
 mont, Crdn. Midi., iii. 498, 557-8, and 
 Kavarrete, Hist. Jal. , 59, mention an 
 other intermediate transfer of Guadalajara. Ogilby, 1G7, writes Guadalarra; 
 Laet, 1G33, Guadalajara; Jefierys, 177G, Kiepert, 1852, Guadalaxara. Cartog. 
 Pac. Coast, MS., ii. 492. 
 
 61 Authorities differ between 1533 and 1536 as the date. Tello, Hist. N. 
 Gal., 3GO, gives a list of 21 settlers. Ogilby, 1671, gives this places as Puri- 
 Jicatlo; Dampier, 1G99, Purification; Laet, 1G33, Purification and Acatlan; 
 Wrst-Ind. Sj>ieyhel, 1G24, Purijicatio and east Ycatlan; Jefierys, 1776, la Pu 
 rification; Kiepert, 1852, Purification. Cartog. Pac. Coast, MS., ii. 484. 
 
 COAT OF ARMS 
 OF THE CITY OP GUADALAJARA. 
 
358 CONQUEST OF NUEVA G ALICIA. 
 
 implicated officials, they had summoned Guzman to 
 answer at Mexico to the fast accumulating charges, 
 including not only abuses as head of the administration, 
 but the illegal appropriation of treasury funds for his 
 expedition, the torture and execution of Tangaxoan, 
 and other outrages. Guzman paid no attention to the 
 orders of the government at Mexico, which he refused 
 to recognize, still styling himself president and gov 
 ernor of New Spain. His policy was to communicate 
 directly with the crown and thus gain time to estab 
 lish himself firmly in his new possessions, and to take 
 advantage of circumstances in finally defending his 
 conduct before the emperor. 
 
 Meanwhile he sought through the agency of friends 
 at court, who had so far served him well, and by 
 means of letters, to exculpate himself. In a tone of 
 injured innocence he protested against the sequestra 
 tion of his property, and the maliciousness of the 
 charges against him. " What justice is it that per 
 mits such measures without a hearing? Is this my 
 reward for having served your Majesty with so much 
 labor, faithfulness, and honesty?" It is well for some 
 that they can make up in brazen assurance what they 
 lack in humanity and integrity. 62 
 
 ' His refusal to attend at Mexico for trial was based 
 on the ground that the conquest in the north-west 
 demanded his constant attention, and as even his 
 opponents recognized that interference therein might 
 imperil Spanish interests, the audiencia resolved to 
 postpone the case. 63 Soon after came orders to inves 
 tigate the main charges, and depositions were taken 
 and forwarded to Spain. 64 
 
 62 The blame for slave traffic he threw upon the settlers. The reports of 
 the bishop could serve only to prove his malice and Guzman's uprightness. 
 ' No puedo de todos ser amado, mas espero en la misericordia de Dios.' Carta, 
 in Pacheco and Cardenas, Col. Doc., xiii. 407-13. 
 
 63 Zumarraga and others thought, however, that Guzman should not be 
 left in charge of the country. Id., xvi. 363-75. 'Nous lui avons accords' un 
 an.' Letter of audiencia, in Ternaux-Compans, Voy., se'rie ii. torn. v. 205; 
 Torquemada, i. 604-6. 
 
 64 By different decrees of 1530 to 1532 the crown demanded the immedi 
 ate repayment of treasury funds and the investigation of Guzman's rule in 
 
EXPLOITS OF CASTILLA. 3G9 
 
 The authorities at Mexico clearly saw the futility 
 of discountenancing the acts and attitude of Nuno de 
 
 O 
 
 Guzman. Indeed, with the forces at his command, 
 he could afford to bid defiance even to armed oppo 
 nents, as he stood prepared to do. Cortes had natu 
 rally objected to the advantage taken by Guzman of 
 his discoveries and plans for conquest, but this could 
 no longer be remedied, and all he might do was to 
 take possession for New Spain of the districts actually 
 subjugated by his lieutenants, and at the same time 
 afford an opening as settlers to a number of the needy 
 adherents who had followed him from Spain. While 
 taught by his own acts in similar cases, and by the 
 trickery of others, he allowed himself nevertheless to 
 suppose that the authority of sovereign and audiencia 
 would be sufficient to obtain respect for the claim. 
 In this belief, as captain general, he commissioned 
 Luis de Castilla, a knight of Santiago, of noble 
 family, to proceed with a hundred men to settle and 
 rule the country bordered on the north by Rio Tololo- 
 tlan. 
 
 Castilla approached Jalisco from the south at the 
 same time that Guzman returned toward it from the 
 north. Informed of the presence of a rival, the latter 
 hastened to install a municipality at Compostela, as 
 capital of the district, and to let the intimation reach 
 Castilla that he had been anticipated. Luis replied 
 that he came in the name of his Majesty, and must 
 take possession. Guzman was by no means prepared 
 either to yield or to shed the blood of officers armed 
 with a royal commission; yet peradventure he might 
 capture him. To this end artifice alone was left to 
 him; so he sent a message full of bland assurances, 
 
 Pdnuco, and his execution of Tangaxoan. Piirja, Cedufario, 75, 79-80, 83, 87. 
 The receipt of the papers was acknowledged in April 1533, the examination 
 having begun in January 1532, says Beaumont. Crdn. Mich. , iii. 379; fd. . MS. , 
 179. The chief witness was Garcia del Filar, a conqueror under Corte~s, 
 whose services had procured for him a coat of arms. Lately he hr.d served 
 as officer and interpreter under Guzman, and was accordingly well informed. 
 He died during the trial, in February. Cortds, Residentia, ii. 201-24. Bernal 
 Diaz wrongly states that he fell in battle. Hist. Verdad., 241. 
 HIST. HEX., VOL. II. 24 
 
370 CONQUEST OF NUEVA GALICIA. 
 
 declaring that the commands of the sovereign would 
 receive his humble obedience, and even bidding the 
 knight welcome as a valued neighbor. Satisfied, Cas- 
 tilla encamped at Tetlan, preparatory to entering 
 Jalisco on the morrow. 65 
 
 The object of Guzman's message was to throw the 
 recipient off his guard. Following it came Captain 
 Ofiate with some fifty trusted cavalry to seize upon 
 whatsoever advantage might offer. Informed of the 
 negligence prevailing in the enemy's camp, he pointed 
 out the easy task of capturing the company. It was 
 finally agreed to undertake it, and, stealing forward un 
 der cover of the night, at the first break of dawn they 
 fell upon the camp with a thundering "Viva Dios y 
 el rey, y su gobernador Nuiio de Guzman." The sol 
 diers of Castilla were so completely taken by surprise 
 that they made no effort at resistance, and all were 
 quickly disarmed under the eyes of their leader, 
 whom Onate sought to reassure with affected consola 
 tion. Finding that his person was respected, Castilla's 
 fears abated, and he hastened to use the permission 
 granted to exhibit his credentials at head-quarters. 
 On beholding him, Guzman broke forth with the fierce 
 inquiry why he presumed to enter with an armed 
 force into his territory. Castilla answered by pre 
 senting the royal commission in dignified silence. This 
 being read, Guzman kissed it with great humility. 
 As for obeying it, that was another matter. The 
 cedula had evidently been issued under false repre 
 sentations, for the province of Jalisco had never been 
 subjugated by Cortes, and as the sovereign could not 
 desire to give to another his hard-earned conquests, 
 wherein he had founded the first settlements, he must 
 appeal to Spain before obeying the order. While a 
 notary drew up the answer and protest, the governor 
 sought to charm his captive by a display of his brill- 
 
 65 Some of his followers expressed doubts about Guzman's sincerity, but 
 Castilla maintained: 'No hay que recelar.' Mota Padilla, Conq, N. GaL, 94. 
 Another account refers to the preliminary capture of some of Castilla's strag 
 glers. Guzman, 4 a lid. Antfn., 481-2. 
 
FALL OF GUZMAN. 371 
 
 iant conversational power; but when lie dismissed 
 him, he changed his tone, and bade him depart with 
 his followers within four hours, under penalty of a 
 traitor's doom. 60 The threat lent wings to Castilla, 
 and he hastened crestfallen to report his failure to the 
 captain general. "It appears that the Castillas in 
 New Spain are better fitted to govern in peace," caus 
 tically observed Cortes as he turned his back upon him. 67 
 This was the governor's last triumph; from this 
 time his prosperity waned. His friends and sup 
 porters one by one left him, some of them estranged 
 by his arbitrary misrule, others because the star of his 
 foe seemed in the ascendant. The refusal of the king 
 to confirm Guzman's license to enslave the natives 
 thinned the settlers' ranks ; the governor's severe pun 
 ishment of certain persons who disobeyed the law 
 a tardy attempt to conciliate a powerful element 
 among his foes drove away others; while of the 
 remaining colonists many were drawn away by ex 
 citing reports of the gold discoveries in Peru. The 
 governor had the petty satisfaction on several occa 
 sions, as will appear, of refusing water and other aid 
 to the vessels sent out by Cortes, or of plundering 
 those vessels when cast aground on the coast; but so 
 weak did he become finally that he offered no resist 
 ance when Cortes marched to Jalisco to recover his 
 vessels. 68 
 
 66 'Tenia intencion secreta de mandarle cortar la cabeza,' says Beaumont, 
 Crdn. Mich., iv. 08. The 4* Rd. Antin., 483, states that Castilla had been 
 captured on the road in company with four or five men. 
 
 67 Castilla was ordered to Spain with the documents bearing on the case, 
 there to add to the charges against Guzman, but a gale swept the sea which 
 swallowed the vessel bearing them with all on board. Mota Padilla, Conq. N. 
 Gal. , 97; Castilla's death is implied in Cortes, Escritos Sueltos, 193, yet a man of 
 similar name figures some years later in New Galicia. Ramirez and some other 
 writers represent that this expedition of Castilla was subsequent to, and partly 
 in consequence of, Guzman's treatment of Hurtado during his voyage up the 
 coast; but this is erroneous, for Hurtado did not sail until May or June of 
 1532, while the audiencia reported the whole Castilla affair to the court on 
 April 19, 1532; and their action in the matter was approved by the queen in 
 a letter of October ICth. Pttga, Cedularlo, 80. Moreover Cortes describes the 
 affair in a letter of April 20, 1532, and says that Guzman from the north, and 
 Castilla from the south, both arrived at Jalisco the same day. Cartas, 512. 
 
 68 In Pacheco and Cardenas, Col. Doc., xii. xiii. and xvi., are a number of 
 
372 CONQUEST OF NUEVA GALICIA. 
 
 Shortly after Castilla's return, the audiencia, doubt 
 less at the petition of Cortes, had ordered Guzman to 
 confine the exercise of his authority to the region 
 north of Jalisco and in no case to interfere in the 
 government of Colima, Michoacan, or Tonala. 69 This 
 was confirmed by a peremptory order from Spain of 
 April 20, 1523, bidding Guzman not to interfere in 
 the southern encomiendas and not to call himself 
 hereafter governor of Pdnuco. A month later he 
 was required to report in future directly to the audi 
 encia of Mexico in all matters affecting Nueva Gali- 
 cia. 70 Of his later transactions we know little save 
 in connection with the seizure of Cortes' vessels, and 
 in allusions to petty campaigns against natives whom 
 oppression had driven into revolt, and to visits to his 
 possessions at Piinuco. 71 The succession of disap 
 pointments and humiliations encountered in the deser 
 tion of comrades, in signs of disfavor at court, in 
 pending residencias, and in subordinating him to the 
 government at Mexico; all this, in connection with 
 dwindling credit and resources, could not fail to bend 
 his haughty spirit. "I am driven to despair," he 
 writes, "without a crust to eat." 72 
 
 Better boldly face the storm, he concluded, than 
 endure this torture. He would throw himself at the 
 feet of the emperor and seek mercy. He accordingly 
 placed Cristobal de Onate in charge of the govern 
 ment, and set out for Pdnuco, to collect additional 
 funds and seek means of conveyance to Spain. His 
 star willed it, however, that he should turn aside to 
 Mexico, there to meet a portion of his just deserts. 73 
 
 his letters wherein he seeks to justify his conduct and bring censure on that 
 of his opponent. 
 
 c9 Tonala, however, seems to have been under the rule of later governors 
 of New Galicia. 
 
 Puga, Ccdvlario, 82-4, 87. 
 
 71 OartOj in Pqchcco and Cdrdenas, Col. Doc., xiii. 414-20. 
 
 72 ' Y creo que ni la justicia divina ni humana no son dello servidos. ' Carta, 
 in Id., 419. 
 
 73 'Con el motive de no perder crecidas sumas de dinero que le dcbian en 
 la caja real de Mexico de resulta de sus salaries.' Beaumont, Gr6n. Mich., iv. 
 81. Bernal Diaz states that Mendoza invited him to come to Mexico with a 
 
AUTHORITIES. 373 
 
 view to save him from the indignity of arrest in his own provinces. Hist. 
 Vcrtlad., 231. But this is doubtful. 
 
 The original authorities which I have consulted on Guzman's expedition are 
 as follows : Relatione di Nvnno dl Gvsman, in Ramusio, iii. 331-9. This is a 
 letter of Guzman dated Omitlan, July 8, 1530, directed to the emperor, and giv 
 ing a detailed account of progress down to the date. The Spanish original has 
 been published in Pacheco and Cardenas, Col. Doc., xiii. 330-93, and a very 
 imperfect condensation in English may be found in Purchas, His Pilyrimes, iv. 
 155 o-9. The writer admits only such outrages on the Indians as were mer 
 ited through disloyalty to the emperor or infidelity to the white man's God; 
 but in such cases speaks of his orders to hang and burn with a coolness that is 
 revolting. The narrative is marked by hypocritical expressions of submission 
 to the divine and royal will, extreme even for that time. The Relaciones 
 Antinimas (l a , 2 a , 3>, and 4 a ) de la Jornada que hizo Nufio de Guzman d It, 
 Nueva Galicia were written by eye-witnesses of the events described, includ 
 ing both friends and foes of the leader, were drawn out apparently by the 
 official investigation of Guzman's conduct, and are to be found only in Icaz- 
 balceta, Col. Doc., ii. 288-300, 439-60, 401-83. The first and second seem to 
 have been written by the same person, whose name is unknown, as is that of 
 the writer of the third. Icazbalceta finds much reason to identify the author 
 of the fourth with Crist6bal Flores. Similar to these narratives is the Rela 
 tion of Gonzalo Lopez, in Pacheco and Cardenas, Col. Doc., xiii. 411-61; the 
 Relation de Garcia del Pilar and the Relation de la Conquista de los Teules 
 Chichimecas by Juan de Samano, in Icazbalceta 's Collection, ii. 249-87. Yet 
 the similarity between the statements of Lopez and Samano. as also between 
 those given by Pilar and the author of the 4 a Rd- An6n., implies that they 
 were not made quite independently. The testimony of L6pez may claim, as 
 to facts, perhaps more reliability than the other when we consider that dur 
 ing the last part of Guzman's campaign he held the position of a maestre de 
 campo. Pilar was a young interpreter of Nahua dialects, and one of the 
 original conquistadores, but not of good repute if we may credit Bishop 
 Zumdrraga's allusions to his maquinationes diabdlicas and to his unfortunate 
 escapes from being hanged. Ternaux-Compans, Voy., s^rie ii. torn. v. 26. 
 He was a willing tool of Guzman during the campaign, but a bitter foe after 
 ward, showing all his leader's acts in their worst light and relieving himself 
 of all complicity by throwing the blame on the other interpreter Juan Pas- 
 cual. In addition to this narrative, Pilar's testimony taken at Guzman's 
 trial is published by llarnirez and Beaumont, whose works are noticed below. 
 Juan de Samano was one of Guzman's captains and afterward held a high 
 position in Mexico. 
 
 Of the early chroniclers who claim or may be supposed to have had access 
 to original sources of information, are Oviedo, Hist. Gen., iii. 561-77, who 
 consulted several members of the expedition, especially Franciso de Arzeo ; 
 Padre Tello, Hist, de la N. Galicia, written about 1650 by a Franciscan who 
 had spent over 50 years of his life in the country of which he writes, but 
 whose work, or such portions of it as have been preserved, is valuable rather 
 for information on aboriginal manners and customs than as an historical narra 
 tive; Hcrrera, dec. iv. lib. vii. cap. viii.; lib. viii. cap. i.-ii. ; lib. ix. cap. 
 ix.-xii., who consulted some of the anonymous manuscripts; Mota Padilla, 
 Conq. N. Gal., 23-66, 75, who also saw some of the original documents and 
 often cites Tello; Beaumont, Cr6n. Mich., iii. 266-7, 352-422, MS., 135, 
 174-207, who cites Tello and Herrera, and gives Pilar's testimony. See also 
 Salazar y Olarte, Conq. Ilex., 426-35; Torquemada, i. 338, 600-4; Gomara, 
 Hist. Ind., 56, 271 ; Bernal Diaz, Hist. Verdad., 229-31 ; VillaSenor, T/ieatro, 
 ii. 203-4, 229; Calle, Not. y Mem., 89-90; Cavo, Tres Si'jlos, i. 14, 95, 101-2. 
 
 Among modern writers the only ones who have treated this expedition at 
 length are, Frejcs, Hist. Breve, 41-68, 118-21, Ramirez, Proccso de Resid. 
 contra Alvarado y Guzman, 187-258, and Navarrete, Compendio de la Hist, de 
 Jalisco, 27-61, 85-6. The second gives some of the original documents of the 
 residencia, and draws his historical sketch chiefly from Beaumont and Mota 
 
374 CONQUEST OF NUEVA GALICIA. 
 
 Padilla with somewhat less skill than might be expected from the author's 
 high reputation. The latter follows Tello to a great extent, and his work 
 does not show extensive research. Other works which mention the expedi 
 tion are the following: Escovetlo, in Soc. Mex. Geog., vii. 5, G; Gil, in Id., 
 viii. 477-80; Garcia, in Id., viii. 23; Payno, in Id., 2a e"p. i. 797-801, ii. 
 137-8; Hernandez y Ddvalos, in Id., 2a e"p. iii. 187-8; Romero, Not. Mich., 
 122, 186, 193, 197-8, Museo, Mex., iv. 115; Chimalpain, Hist. Conq., 184-6; 
 Moreno, Frag., 8, 9, 30; Escudero, Not. Son., 25-6; Ternaux-Compans, Voy., 
 se"rie i. torn. ix. 286 etc.; Burners Chron. Hist. Voy., i. 165, 169-70; Gal- 
 vano's Discov., 40; We^t-Ind. Spieghel, 334-50; Gallatin, in Nouv. An. Voy., 
 cxxxi. 240-1 ; Davis* El Gringo, 58-9 ; Laet, Novvs Orbis, 284-6 ; Domenech't 
 Deserts, i. 168; Gottfriedt, N. Welt, 605; SociettAmcr., i. 35-52; Rivera, Gob. 
 Mex., i. 18, 24-5; Larenaudiere, Mex. et Guat., 144; Puga, Cedulario, 80 etc.; 
 Dice. Univ., ix.-x. ; Greenhow's Memoirs, 25 etc.; Parr a, Conq. XaL, x. MS., 
 76; Rivera, Descrip. Zac., pt. ii. 1-5; Alegre, Hist. Comp. Jesiis, i. 204; Gonzalez 
 Davila, Teatro Ecles., i. 178-9; Alaman, Disert., i. app. 27-8; Brasxeur de 
 Bourbourg, Hist. Nat. Civ.,iv. 744-53; Camargo, Hist, llax., 182; Zamacois, 
 Hist. Mej.,iv. 476-7, 489-90, 493-515; Morelli, Fasti Novi Orbis, 21 ; Romero, 
 in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, viii. 538, ix. 15, 85-6; Archive Mx., Doc., i. 
 362-3, ii. 201-2; Monumentos Hist. Polit., MS., 8, 9; Monumentos Dom'm. Esp., 
 MS., 239-40; RusselVs Hist. Am., i. 381; Voyages, Selection of Curious, 39; 
 Santos, Chron. Hospit., ii. 445; Jalisco, Mem. Hist., 34-62; Gordon's Anc. 
 Mex., ii. 248-9; Expl. del Codex Tel. Rem., in Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq., 
 v. 155; Dillon, Beautes, 39-61; Pimentel, Mem., 96. 
 
CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 NUEVA GALICIA AND MICHOACAN. 
 1536-1542. 
 
 TORUE APPOINTED JUEZ DE RESIDENCIA AN UNPLEASANT MEETING THE 
 
 VULTUBE EXCAGED GUZMAN'S RELEASE AND DEPARTURE TO SPAIN 
 
 CLIPPP:D WINGS GUZMAN'S DEATH AND CHARACTER TORRE'S OFFICIAL 
 INVESTIGATIONS His WISE ADMINISTRATION INDIAN REVOLT A CA 
 TASTROPHE TORRE'S LAST HOURS His CHARACTER CORONADO SUC 
 CEEDS HIM AS GOVERNOR His INCOMPETENCY DELUSIVE HOPES A 
 PROFITLESS EXPEDITION NIZA REVIVES ENTHUSIASM VISIONS OF CON- 
 
 .QUEST AND WEALTH TROUBLES FORESHADOWED CORONADO's ExPEDIr 
 
 TION NORTHWARD His DISAPPOINTMENT AND RETURN CONTEMPORARY 
 PROGRESS IN MICHOACAN A USEFUL VISITADOR REFORMS AND PROS 
 PERITY QUIROGA MADE BISHOP OF MICHOACAN His BENEFICENT 
 RULE. 
 
 EVERY one raised to high estate must fall ; and little 
 pulling down was left for death to do while Charles 
 ruled the Indies. We have seen the fall of Hernan 
 Cortes and deem it dastardly even though not unde 
 served; we have seen the fall of Nuno de Guzman, 
 and have shed no tears over it. There is yet even 
 deeper abasement in store for him. 
 
 Aroused by tales of Guzman's atrocities, the king 
 by cedula dated the 17th of March 1536, appointed 
 the licentiate Diego Perez de la Torre his juez de 
 residencia and successor of Guzman as governor of 
 Nueva Galicia, 1 with instructions that his examination 
 should be rigid. 
 
 Nor was Guzman the only one to be subjected to a 
 
 1 Torre was a native of Almendralejo in the province of Estremadura, of 
 noble parents, learned, virtuous, and upright in the administration of justice. 
 He occupied the position of judge in his native province at the time of his 
 appointment. Mota Padilla, Conq. N. Gal., 104, 109. 
 
 (457) 
 
458 NUEVA GALICIA AND MICHOACAK 
 
 residencia; all public officers in New Galicia were to 
 be called to account; the management of the royal 
 revenues, public funds, and repartimientos was to be 
 closely investigated. The examinations were to be con 
 ducted with brevity, and nothing reduced to writing 
 except what was essential. The juez de residencia 
 was required in his reports of the proceedings to 
 give an account of the character of the witnesses 
 and the probable motives which might influence their 
 testimony. 2 Explicit instructions were also given him 
 for his guidance in the treatment and government of 
 the natives. 
 
 Hastily arranging his affairs in Spain, Torre sailed 
 with his family, and arrived at Vera Cruz toward the 
 end of the year. Here he learned that Guzman 
 who, as the reader is aware, had arrived at the capi 
 tal was making preparations to escape, having or 
 dered a vessel for his departure. No time was to.be 
 lost, and Torre, leaving his family in Vera Cruz, set 
 out secretly for the city with a single attendant. 
 
 There was a bond between Guzman and Mendoza, 
 dissimilar as they were in man}?- respects ; they both 
 hated Cortes, and there could be little rivalry between 
 them, for Mendoza stood high while Guzman had 
 fallen low. And so the viceroy received the New Gali 
 cia governor kindly when he came to Mexico, 3 confident 
 in the measures he had taken for escape both from the 
 country, and from the unpleasantness of a residencia. 
 
 But the inexorable judge was nigh. Entering the 
 viceroy's hall of reception one morning Guzman met 
 Torre coining from an audience with Mendoza. The 
 recognition was mutual, and the new governor of 
 the north politely informed Guzman that he was his 
 prisoner. Resistance was useless; escape impossible. 
 The toils were around the wild beast that had so long 
 
 z Piif)a, Cedulario, 158. 
 
 3 According to Bernal Diaz, Mendoza, having heard of the king's intention 
 to send out a juez de residencia, wrote to Guzman and induced him to come 
 to Mexico ' y le seual6 por posada sus Palacios. . .y el Virrey le hazia mucha 
 honra, y le fauorecia, y comia con el.' Hist. Verdad., 231. 
 
DIEGO PEREZ DE LA TORRE. 459 
 
 roamed defiantly. Under conduct of Mendoza's guard, 
 which had often witnessed his honorable entrance, he 
 was marched out of the viceregal palace and lodged 
 in the common prison. 4 Fortune had bestowed upon 
 him her last smile. 
 
 His appointed judge lost no time in beginning pro 
 ceedings, and that there might be no unnecessary pro 
 traction of the trial he listened only to the most 
 serious charges. The accusations were the gravest 
 that could be made. The murder of Caltzontzin, the 
 devastations of towns, and the enslavement of natives 
 alike in time of war and peace, were sufficient to con 
 demn a far more popular man. The districts of Pa- 
 nuco and Nueva Galicia were visited by Torre, and 
 the testimony of witnesses taken relative to Guzman's 
 acts in these regions. Thus time passed by, making 
 the trial long, although it had been so promptly 
 begun. 5 Nor was his life in prison cheered by much 
 
 4 Mota, Padilla, Conq. N. Gal., 104. Neither the date of Torre's arrival 
 at Vcra Cruz nor that of Guzman's arrest can be exactly decided. Herrera, 
 dec. vi. lib. i. cap. ix., states that Torre arrived at Nueva Galicia in 1537, but 
 there is reason to conclude that he reached New Spain near the end of 1536. 
 Guzman while in prison addressed a letter to the India Council, dated Febru 
 ary 13, 1537, in which he uses these words: 'y averme tenido en esta carcel 
 veinte y cinco dias . . .antes que comicnce la residencia.' And further on: 'En 
 lo de la residencia quo aqui se me tomo. ' Carta, in Pacheco and Cardenas, Col. 
 Dor. , xiii. 452-3. As about a month was usually occupied in the preparation 
 of the charge, and three more in conducting it, I ain inclined to the opinion 
 that Torre landed at the beginning of November and that Guzman was im 
 prisoned a fc\v days later. Bernal Diaz implies that Mendoza did not display 
 much inclination to assist Torre in the matter, 'y parece ser no hallo' i. e., 
 Torre 'tanta voluntad para ello como quisiera.' Hist. Verdad., 231. 
 
 5 Mota Padilla states that he was confined 'en las atarazanas del rey.' Conq. 
 JV r . Gal., 104. From Guzman's letter, however, already quoted, and from the 
 Auto de b'oltura, in Ramirez, Proceso, 273, 275, it appears that it was the 
 'curcel piiblica' in which he was imprisoned. Bernal Diaz says that Torre 
 'le llcuo a la carcel publica de aquella Ciudad, y estuvo preso ciertos dias, 
 hast:i que rogo por el cl Uirrey, que le sacaron de la carcel. ' Hist. Verdad. , 231. 
 This same author tells of a practical joke played on Torre. The new gov 
 ernor was addicted to gambling, and in order to bring him into bad repute, 
 Guzman's late supporters contrived to place a pack of cards in the long 
 sleeves of his tabard. As the juez de residencia was crossing the plaza in 
 company with persons of high rank, the cards kept dropping out un perceived 
 by him until his attention was called to the contents of his sleeve. Torre was 
 quite angry and said: 'They do not wish me to do upright justice; but if I 
 die not, it will be done in such a manner that his Majesty shall hear of this 
 outrage.' The historian adds: 'y dende a pocos dias cay 6 malo, y de pen- 
 samiento clello, 6 de otrascosas de calenturas que le ocurrieron, murid.' Id. 
 Torre was alive when Guzman went to Spain in 1538. Ramirez, Proceso, 275. 
 
400 NUEVA GALICIA AND MICHOACAK 
 
 sympathy; his enemies were many and his friends 
 few. According to Mota Padilla the latter took less 
 interest in him than the former, who did not leave 
 him in ignorance of the joy with which his imprison 
 ment was generally regarded. 
 
 An appeal to the India Council 6 brought him a 
 temporary relief. On the 4th of October 1537 a 
 royal . cedula was issued, ordering him to surrender 
 himself to the officers of the Casa de Contra tacion 
 at Seville, 7 by which body he would be transferred to 
 the India Council. Hence, on the 30th of June 
 1538, after an incarceration of nearly a year and 
 three quarters, Guzman walked out of his prison and 
 made preparations to return to Spain. 
 
 Neither the elate of his departure nor that of his 
 arrival in the peninsula is known. Indeed, the last 
 years of his life were passed in obscurity and miser}^. 
 The king, whose indignation was roused by the report 
 from the audiencia, 8 would have inflicted extreme 
 punishment 9 but for the influence of powerful friends. 10 
 But the monarch refused to see him, and assigned 
 Torrejon de Velasco as his future abiding-place, where, 
 
 6 Guzman, in this appeal, attempts an explanation in brief of his acts in 
 Panuco and Nueva Galicia. He charges Cortes with being the prompter of 
 accusations made against him, and complains of unfairness in the manner of 
 conducting the proceedings. Carta, in Pacheco and Cardenas, Col. Doc., xiii. 
 450-5. 
 
 7 In this auto de soltura instructions were also given that he should be pro 
 vided with 4,000 pesos out of his property which had been sequestrated. 
 Guzman, by this act, was released on his own recognizance. Ramirez, Pro- 
 ceso, 272-G. 
 
 8 Guzman was himself the bearer of this report. The instructions to the 
 audiencia were : 'e" vos proseguireys la dicha residencia. . .para que la pueda 
 traer consigo. ' Id., 274. 
 
 9 Zamacois assumes that the king had determined to have him executed 
 on his arrival. Hist. Mej., iv. 631-2. But I find no authority to warrant 
 such an assertion. 
 
 10 ' Y como en la Corte no falta poderosas intercessiones, no pag6 sus caa 
 
 como merecian.' Herrera, dec. vi. lib. i. cap. ix. This author, dec. vii. lib. 
 ii. cap. x., intimates that Cortes interested himself in bringing Guzman's 
 trial to a termination. But the expression used by Herrera is of doubtful 
 interpretation. Mota Padilla, however, accepts it as evidence of a noble 
 generosity extended by Cortes to his former foe, besides stating that he 
 liberally aided him in his poverty. Beaumont also takes this view. Cron. 
 Mich., iv. 98-9. Ramirez reasonably concludes that there is no ground for 
 belief in such a story. Proceso, 232-3. 
 
DEATH OF GUZMAN. 461 
 
 neglected and despised, he passed the remaining six 
 years of his life. 11 
 
 The record of Nuiio de Guzman is before the reader, 
 who will see in him an able, scheming, and unscrupu 
 lous lawyer; a fearless soldier and a skilful though 
 unpopular leader; an unfeeling, tyrannical ruler; a 
 grasping miser; and a hypocritical adherent of royalty 
 and Christianity. True, as certain writers claim in 
 his behalf, his faults were those of his time; but in 
 his character these faults are shown by the chroniclers 
 at their worst, unrelieved by a single one of the gen 
 erous impulses or noble traits which, notwithstanding 
 their deeds of blood, have given lasting fame and 
 respect to the memory of many of the conquerors. 
 Few of the old chroniclers have anything good to say 
 of him. He had great opportunities, and abused them 
 all. Had he found a Mexico or a Peru in the north 
 west, his name would not have been so utterly for 
 gotten; his sovereign would not have so abhorred 
 him, and his historians might perhaps have found 
 some one redeeming quality in his character. But he 
 would have been remembered as a Pizarro, not as a 
 Cortes. 12 
 
 As soon as Torre had concluded so much of the 
 residencia of Guzman as pertained to his administra 
 tion in the capital, and provided for the safe custody 
 of his prisoner, he proceeded to Pdnuco, as before 
 mentioned, there to continue his investigations. 13 
 Having completed his labors in that province he 
 removed with his family in 1537 to Guadalajara. 14 
 
 11 He died there in 1544 according to Mota Padilla, Conq. N. Gal., 1C5; 
 but Alaman, Disert., i. app. 28, states that he died at his native place, 
 Guadalajara, in Spain, poor and abhorred by everybody. 
 
 12 Ramirez justly remarks: 'El poderoso valimiento de sus enemigos no nos 
 permite hoy fijarles' that is to say his actions 'cuota ni medida, porque, 
 como ya dije, de el unicamente conocemos todo el mal que hizo.' Proceao, 
 233-58. 
 
 13 Beaumont erroneously says after he had sent Nufio de Guzman to Spain. 
 Cr6n. Mich., iv. 111-12. 
 
 14 He was accompanied by six Franciscan friars one of whom was his own 
 son Fray Diego Perez brought by him from Spain. Mota Padilla, Conq. N. 
 Gal., 105. 
 
462 NUEVA GALICIA AND MICHOACAK 
 
 At Tonald lie was received by the provisional governor 
 Cristobal de Oriate, who recognized his authority and 
 delivered the administration into his hands. 15 
 
 Torre proceeded at once to make his official in 
 vestigations. A general residencia was proclaimed in 
 the towns of Guadalajara, Compostela, Culiacan, and 
 Purificacion, and the proceedings conducted with 
 energy and prudence. Such cases as he was unable 
 to decide himself were remitted to the India Council. 
 By the close of the year the investigations were so 
 far concluded that the governor was permitted to turn 
 his attention to affairs of state. 
 
 The condition in which Guzman had left Nueva 
 Galicia was indeed a deplorable one. His system of 
 enslavement had driven most of the natives to the 
 mountains, thus bringing distress on all who remained, 
 whether Spaniards or Indians. Numbers of settlers 
 were preparing to go to Peru, while others made raids 
 upon the Indians and reduced all they could catch to 
 slavery. 16 
 
 The prudent measures of Torre 17 restored confi 
 dence. He was well supported by the viceroy, and 
 the colonists after their long and ineffectual com 
 plaints 18 settled down with some degree of content. 
 
 15 Oiiate's brother, Juan, was one of the stanchest partisans of Guzman. 
 When the news arrived in Nueva Galicia, where Juan de Onate had remained, 
 of Guzman's imprisonment, and that Torre was empowered to take the 
 residencia of all subordinate officials, he was advised by Cristobal to effect 
 his escape. He accordingly fled to Peru, where some assert that he died 
 poor and blind. Id. 
 
 1G Mendoza, on the 10th of December 1537, reported to the king that 
 although this province was rich in resources, it would be lost unless his 
 Majesty applied some remedy. The Spaniards maintained that without slaves 
 they could not subsist, and the settlers in Culiacan had represented to the 
 viceroy that under the prohibition of slavery they would be compelled to 
 abandon the town. Mendoza temporarily assisted them by supplying iron 
 ware and other necessaries to the value of 1,000 pesos de tepuzque. Carta, 
 in Pacheco and Cardenas, Col. Doc., ii. 196-7, 209-10. 
 
 17 'El licenciado de la Torre se entretiene bien harto mejor de lo que todos 
 pensamos,' is the compliment which the viceroy pays the new governor of 
 Nueva Galicia. Id., 209. 
 
 18 The viceroy had proclaimed that no slaves should be made in Nueva 
 Galicia except in accordance with the order issued by the king. He had, 
 moreover, forwarded to his Majesty a copy of the trials of those persons who 
 had committed excesses in branding slaves during Guzman's administration. 
 Id., 180, 196. By c6dula of February 3, 1537, the governor and all authorities 
 
WAR IN THE NORTH-WEST. 4G3 
 
 Nor did the efforts of Torre in his dealings with 
 the natives meet with less encouragement. He soon 
 saw that if treated well the natives would gladly 
 return to their homes, 19 and with the aid of the friars 
 this was in a measure accomplished.' 20 But the bad 
 practices of encomenderos could not immediately be 
 stopped. Excesses in the outlying districts were still 
 committed, and in 1538 in the northern portion of 
 the province the people of Jocolotlan, Guajacatlan, 
 and Ostoticpaquillo, under the leadership of their 
 cacique Guajicar, rose in arms. 21 
 
 The suppression of this revolt was attended with a 
 catastrophe which closed the career of the unfortunate 
 Torre. As soon as news of the outbreak reached 
 Guadalajara, a council was held at which it was decided 
 to send a force under the command of captains Alonso 
 Alvarez, Diego Sigler, and Cristobal Romero against 
 the disaffected district. 22 The governor, however, in 
 the hope, probably, of effecting a reconciliation with 
 out the necessity of blood-shed, resolved to accompany 
 the expedition in person. When the Spaniards arrived 
 in the hostile territory they found the Indians strongly 
 intrenched on a rocky eminence, and though Torre 
 made every endeavor to induce them to submit on 
 general terms, 23 they refused. " Let death come to 
 you or us," they replied. 
 
 An appeal to arms was therefore unavoidable. 
 The heights were invested and assailed at different 
 points, and the Indians so harassed that they de- 
 
 of New Galicia, judicial, civil, or military, were placed under the jurisdiction 
 of the audiencia of New Spain. Puga, Cedulario, 112. 
 
 19 ' Escribeme ' i. e., Torre to Mendoza 'que con no hacer guerra d los 
 naturales, se vienen muchos d sus casas, aunque en dos 6 tres partes han salido 
 incitalle (para hacer) esclavos.' Pacheco and Cardenas, Col. Doc., ii. 209. 
 
 20 Mota Padilla, Conq. N. Gal., 107. 
 
 21 Beaumont, Crdn. Mich., iv. 114. Mota Padilla assigns the cause of this 
 outbreak to the easy and indolent life which they were leading under the 
 amelioration of their condition ! Conq. N. Gal., 107. 
 
 22 It occupied the borders of the present territories of Jalisco and Zacatecas 
 in the neighborhood of Jocotlan. The captains named were regidores of the 
 cabildo. Tel'o, Hist. N. Gal, 366. 
 
 23 He summoned them to come to a peaceable arrangement, offering in that 
 to grant them a free pardon for all past offences. Id., 367. 
 
464 NUEVA GALICIA AND MICHOACAN. 
 
 scended to the plain, determined to try a pitched bat 
 tle, in which of course they were overthrown. Great 
 numbers w^ere slain, and the remainder, among whom 
 was the cacique Guajicar, fled into the neighboring 
 glens for refuge. 
 
 Torre, who during the engagement had displayed 
 the usual soldierly qualities of a Spaniard, now rode with 
 his pursuing troops, encouraging them as they toiled 
 over the difficult ground. While so occupied he was 
 thrown from his horse, which falling upon him inflicted 
 a mortal injury. 24 He was carried back to Tonold, 25 
 where were his family, and they laid him on his 
 death-bed. 
 
 After several days of suffering, and conscious that 
 his end was near, Torre formally appointed Christ6- 
 bal de Onate his successor pending instructions from 
 the viceroy, 26 and having given him advice regarding 
 the administration, and commended to his care his 
 bereaved family, he yielded up his spirit and was 
 buried in the convent of San Francisco at Tetlan. 27 
 
 Torre is described as possessing a robust frame, with 
 
 24 ' Tenia lastimadas las entrafias de lacaida,' according to Tello, who does 
 not mention that the horse fell upon Torre. Id. Mota Padilla says, ' cayo del 
 caballo, el que se ech6 encima y le lastim<5.' Conq. N. Gal., 108. Parra states 
 that Torre, riding at random over the plain, plunged into a swamp, and in his 
 endeavors to get out of it his horse fell upon him, breaking a rib and injuring 
 his spine. Conq. Xal, 230-1. 
 
 25 Mota Padilla says to Tetlan, situated four leagues from the site occupied 
 by Guadalajara in that author's time. Tello, writing in the middle of the 
 17th century, places this town one league from the Guadalajara of his time. 
 Hist. N. Gal. , 369. The site of Guadalajara was changed several times. 
 
 26 According to orders received from the king providing for such emergency 
 the cabildo was consulted with regard to the appointment of a successor. Torre, 
 however, excepted his son, Melchor Perez de la Torre, on the ground of his 
 youth and inexperience, from the number of those whom he considered fit to 
 occupy the position. Id., 368. 
 
 27 Torre was 56 years of age when he died. His remains were afterward 
 removed to Guadalajara when the convent was transferred thither. The date 
 of his death is not known; but it was probably during the latter part of 1538, 
 inferred from an expression of the escribano of the audiencia, that as late as 
 July 30th of that year no news of his death had reached the capital: ' visto 
 que el lisenciado de la Torre juez de residencia de la Nueva Galicia no estaba 
 en esta dicha cibdad. ' Ramirez, Proceso, 275. Two marriageable daughters 
 were especially intrusted to the protection of Ofiate, who did not fail in the 
 discharge of his trust. One was married to Jacinto de Pineda y Ledesma, a 
 person of good birth, and the other to the alferez mayor, Fernando Flores, 
 from whom Mota Padilla claims to be descended. Conq. N. Gal., 109. 
 
DEATH OF TORRE. 465 
 
 a dark sallow complexion. Brave and industrious, 
 prompt and cautious, he was strict, perhaps stern, in 
 the administration of justice. Possessed of a genial 
 and generous disposition, the absence of arrogance 
 won for him much good-will; and though the kind 
 ness of his heart ever prompted him to friendly acts, 
 lie was guided by discrimination in his benevolence. 
 The satisfactory manner in which he performed his 
 duties in the matter of residencias in Nueva Galicia, 
 and the successful commencement which he made for 
 the establishment of a healthy government, speak 
 loudly in his praise. 
 
 When the news of Torre's death reached Mendoza 
 he appointed Luis Galindo chief justice of Nueva 
 Galicia, 23 and shortly afterward Francisco Vazquez de 
 Coronado provisional governor, this latter appoint 
 ment being confirmed by royal cedula of April 18, 
 1539. 29 
 
 Vasquez de Coronado was a native of Salamanca, 
 and had married a daughter of Alonso de Estrada, 
 the royal treasurer of New Spain. 30 Mendoza held 
 him in high esteem, but his eyes were perhaps a little 
 blinded by friendship. The viceroy regarded him as a 
 prudent and able man, and gifted with talents above 
 
 28 He also ordered Galindo to remove the Spanish settlers from Tonala to 
 Guadalajara, which was done and lots assigned to them. Tello, Hist. N. Gal., 
 369-70. Mota Padilla says the building of Guadalajara was arrested, and 
 Mendoza ordered the Spaniards at Teutlan (Tetlan ?) and Tonala to be removed 
 to. that town. Conq. N. GaL, 109. 
 
 29 The same ceilula ordered Coronado to take the residencia of the deceased 
 governor. Coronado's salary was fixed at 1,000 ducats, with an additional 
 sum of 500 ducats, to be paid him out of the government revenues of his 
 province. /(/., 110. Herrera, dec. vi. lib. v. cap. ix., has here confused 
 events. He leaves it to be inferred that the death of Torre was not known in 
 Mexico at the time of Coronado's appointment by the king: ' y llegado a 
 Guadalajara, hallo que era muerto.' 
 
 30 He had received as his wife's dowry one half of Tlapan, which town had 
 been obtained from the crown by his mother-in-law in compensation for 
 Tepeaca of which the audiencia had deprived her. Mendoza, Lettre, in Tcrnaux- 
 Compans, Voy., sdrie ii. torn. v. 252. Cortes states that Coronado received 
 Jalapa, the tribute from which was over 3,000 ducats, and accuses Mendoza of 
 taking that source of revenue from the crown and granting it to the wife of 
 Estrada with the understanding that it should be given to Coronado. Cortts, 
 Etcritos Sue'tos, 337. 
 
 HIBT. HEX., VOL. II. 30 
 
466 NUEVA GALICIA AND MICHOACAN. 
 
 the ordinary. 31 But Coronado's ability, either as 
 ruler or military commander, was not of an order that 
 made him fit for the position. 32 This is clearly shown 
 in his Cibola expedition, wherein he pushed north 
 ward with great perseverance; but his want of control 
 over his followers was lamentably evident; and the 
 dissension among them, and the disorderly manner of 
 his return, display weakness as a leader. Of his abil 
 ity as a ruler, his administration and its results will 
 enable the reader to judge. 33 
 
 At the time of his appointment Coronado held the 
 office of visitador in New Spain. The arrival of Cabeza 
 de Vaca and his report of what the natives had told 
 him of wealthy cities toward the north, hastened his 
 departure to Nueva Galicia. The viceroy was infected 
 with the general excitement, as we have seen, and 
 ordered Coronado to proceed at once to his province. 
 It was arranged that Father Marcos de Niza should 
 accompany him and make a preliminary exploration 
 northward for the purpose of verifying Vaca's state 
 ments. Should he be successful in discovering the 
 wonderful cities, it was determined that an expedition 
 on a large scale should be sent to take possession of 
 them. 
 
 Coronado departed from the capital during the 
 latter part of 1538, and on the 19th of November, his 
 commission having been recognized, he appointed the 
 alcaldes and regidores of Guadalajara for the ensuing 
 'year. 84 He then proceeded to visit various districts 
 of his province, portions of which were in a disturbed 
 
 31 Although nothing is known of Coronado's previous services to the crown, 
 Mendoza, in December 1537, mentions having brought them to the notice of 
 the king, as also ' las calidades que en el hay para poder servirse del en todo 
 lo demas que en estas partes se of reciere. ' Pacheco and Cardenas, Col. Doc. , 
 ii. 194-5. 
 
 32 Castaiieda, speaking of Coronado, says: 'Ce chef ne snt conserver ni 
 son commaiidement ni son gou vernement. ' Ternaux-Compans, Voy., se"rie i. 
 torn. ix. 18. 
 
 33 Says Oviedo, 'el qual ni los dos enamorados que se dixo de susso no hi- 
 cieron dafio notable en los indios ni en la tierra, sino a si mesmos.' iii. 168. 
 
 34 On the following day he delivered to Niza at Tonala the viceroy's 
 instructions relative to his projected explorations. Mendoza, Carta, in Pa 
 checo and Cardenas, Col. Doc., iii. 328. 
 
FRANCISCO VASQUEZ DE COHONADO. 4G7 
 
 condition, and having arrived at his border town of 
 San Miguel de Culiacan, he despatched Niza from that 
 place, careful provision having been made for his safe 
 return by procuring native guides and taking other 
 precautions. 
 
 On the 7th of March 1539 Niza set out on his 
 search, accompanied by Father Honorato, a negro 
 named Estevanico, and a band of friendly Indians. 
 Coronado a month later invaded a northern territory 
 known by the name of Topiza, 35 of the wealth of 
 which he had received reports. But the expedition 
 met with little success. He failed to discover the 
 people, who decked their persons, as he had been told, 
 with ornaments of gold and precious gems, and who 
 faced the walls of their houses with silver. 36 After a 
 long and wearisome march over mountains he reached 
 a barren land in which he could obtain neither gold 
 nor food ; hence he retraced his steps to San Miguel. 
 
 Not long afterward Niza returned and brought to 
 Coronado the welcome news of the existence and 
 grandeur of the reported cities, whereupon the gov 
 ernor determined to go with him to Mexico, and with 
 the assistance of the viceroy prepare an expedition for 
 the anticipated conquest of Cibola. They arrived at 
 the capital at the end of August, 37 and so great was 
 the excitement over the glowing account of Niza that 
 in a few days he had raised a force of three hundred 
 Spaniards with eight hundred native auxiliaries, eager 
 to join in reaping the golden harvest. A reconnoitring 
 party of fifteen men was sent forward under Melchor 
 
 35 Probably identical with the latter Topia. In a letter addressed to Men- 
 doza after the departure of Niza, Coronado stated that he would be ready to 
 start on this expedition the 10th of April following. His force would consist 
 of 150 horsemen, with 12 spare animals, 200 foot-soldiers, cross-bowmen, and 
 arquebusiers, and be provided with hogs and sheep. The distance to Topiza, 
 or Topira as it is written in this letter, he considers to be 80 leagues from Sail 
 Miguel. Tcrnaux-Compans, Voy., s6rie i. torn. ix. 352-4. 
 
 30 'Les habitants portent des parures en or, des e"meraudes etautres pierred 
 pre"cieuses; ils emploient For et 1'argent & des usages communs; ils couvrent 
 leurs maisons avec ce dernier me" tal. ' Id. , 353. 
 
 37 He was in the city of Mexico on the 2d of September, since he was 
 present on the occasion of Niza presenting to the viceroy a written narrative 
 of his exploration. Niza, Rel. t in Id., 282-3. 
 
468 NUEVA GALICIA AND MICHOACAN. 
 
 Diaz and Juan cle Saldivar, 33 for the purpose of veri 
 fying Niza's account. This party left San Miguel on 
 the 17th of November, and proceeded one hundred 
 leagues northward. The time of the year was, how 
 ever, unfavorable, and the excessive cold prevented 
 further advance. 89 
 
 In the mean time preparations in the capital were 
 pushed forward as rapidly as possible. Compostela 
 was named as the rendezvous, and so important was 
 the expedition deemed by the viceroy that he pro 
 ceeded thither to give encouragement by his presence 
 and to superintend final preparations. But the enter 
 prise was not without its opponents, whose principal 
 arguments were that it would deprive Spanish towns 
 of men needful for their protection. Hearing which 
 Coronado took sworn depositions as to the actual 
 number of citizens enrolled. On the 22d of February 
 a review was held, and from the declarations made it 
 appeared that the ranks were mainly composed of 
 poor but well born adventurers, who had not been 
 long in the country and were regarded as dissolute 
 idlers and burdens upon the community. 40 
 
 It was, perhaps, not without some ground that the 
 settlers of Nueva Galicia objected to the departure of 
 their governor with so fine a band of troops. Just 
 apprehensions of a general uprising of the natives 
 were entertained; indeed, in some portions of the 
 province the natives were in open revolt. Indian 
 towns belonging to the Spaniards were attacked, cat 
 tle driven off, and converts and negroes massacred. 
 Coronado had been so occupied with schemes of con 
 quest and too frequently absent to attend properly to 
 
 38 Done by the viceroy's special order. 
 
 39 ' Quelques Indiens qu'il emmenait avec lui furent geles, et deux Es- 
 pagnols souffrirent beaucoup.' On the 20th of March 1540 Diaz wrote an 
 account of his proceedings to the viceroy. 
 
 40 Only two citizens of the city of Mexico, and two of Guadalajara, were 
 found among the troops. From Compostela not one was going. Among 
 those who examined the men and gave depositions may be mentioned Gon- 
 zalo de Salazar, the royal factor, and Pero Almidez Chirinos, the veedor; also 
 Crist6bal deOuate. Inform., inPacheco and Cardenas, Col. Doc., xiv. 373-84. 
 A certified copy of these depositions was forwarded to the crown. 
 
CORONADO'S EXPEDITION. 4C9 
 
 the affairs of his province, and this neglect sowed the 
 seeds of a revolt which was only suppressed after 
 three years of warfare. Before his departure, so 
 alarming had matters become, that on the 26th of 
 December preceding, the colonists of Guadalajara 
 addressed a petition expressing fear that unless he 
 extended aid the country would be lost. 41 
 
 But the governor was not to be turned from his 
 adventure by trifles. Here was a land where gold 
 was as common as was earthen- ware in Spain, and 
 precious gems could be collected in heaps ; time enough 
 to attend to his people after he had gathered wealth. 
 At the end of February, 42 Oflate having been appointed 
 lieutenant-governor, the army marched out of Com- 
 postela with banners flying, every man of them having 
 taken an oath, required by the viceroy, to obey the 
 orders of their general and never abandon him. 
 
 Day after day and month after month they jour 
 neyed northward, robbing and murdering as occasion 
 offered, their eyes like those of hawks ever eao'er 
 for prey. But gold and jewels were not plentiful 
 there. The seven cities of Cibola proved but so many 
 empty crocks, and the disappointed booty-hunters 
 cursed the reverend Niza. But there was gold enough 
 beyond, according to the statements of the natives, 
 over toward the north-east, and the Spaniards still 
 pursued. Across rapid rivers and over trackless des- 
 
 41 The colonists requested that the refractory natives should be reduced 
 to slavery. The result of the appeal is not known. Tello, Hist. N. Gal., 
 3745. Mota Padilla states that Coronado sent the letter to the viceroy, 
 'para que providenciase, especialmente sobre los dos puntos de la esclavitud 
 dc los rebeldes, y del socorro que se pedia de gente. ' On the 8th of January 
 1540, Corouado set apart lands for the commons of the city of Guadalajara, 
 and on the following day proclaimed the royal ce'dula of December 20, 1538, 
 commanding houses in the Indies to be constructed of stone, brick, or adobe, 
 to insure their permanency. Conq. N. Gal., 110. 
 
 42 The date of departure must have been some day between the review held 
 on the 22d of February and the last day of that month, since Mendoza writing 
 to the king on the 17th of April following commences his letter thus: 'Le 
 dernier de feVrier passe", j'ai dent de Campostelle a votre majesty, pour lui 
 rendre compte de mon arrivde dans cette ville et du depart de Francisco 
 Vasquez, avec 1'expedition,' etc. Ternaux-Compans, Voy., serie i. torn. ix. 
 
 "^90. There is an error in the account of Castaueda in Id., 24, where it is 
 f ^ited that the forces arrived at Compostela from Mexico on Shrove-Tuesday, 
 JUS4L 
 
470 NUEVA GALICIA AND MICHOACAK 
 
 erts Coronado pushed westward to the later New 
 Mexico, and with a portion of his followers penetrated 
 perhaps to the territory of Kansas, while detachments 
 of his forces prosecuted explorations in other direc 
 tions. Still gloomy disappointment was ever at his 
 side, and at last he rode back to Tiguex in the Rio 
 Grande Valley. His soldiers were heart-sick and im 
 pudent. Coronado's control over them was lost, and 
 in April 1542 he commenced the homeward march. 
 On the way his authority was little heeded. Sick in 
 mind and body, 43 he proceeded to Mexico, where he 
 arrived with a remnant of his force, shortly after the 
 middle of the year, there to be greeted by the frigid 
 features of his friend the viceroy. 
 
 While the progress of affairs in New Galicia was 
 thus retarded by the loss of the able Torre and the 
 weak administration of Coronado, the adjacent prov 
 ince of Michoacan was gradually advancing under the 
 benignant rule of Quiroga. After the march of Guz 
 man through the district, it seemed to have been 
 struck by the flail of the evil one. The treatment of 
 the natives by their oppressors became more brutal; 
 the outrages perpetrated by the encomenderos became 
 more violent, and the scourges in their hands fell 
 heavier, as more labor and still more tribute was ex 
 acted from the hapless Tarascans. The missionaries 
 labored hard to mitigate their wrongs, and preached 
 to them the patience and sufferings of the saviour; 
 but even their sympathy and kindly teachings had 
 lost half their power. Horrified at the cruel murder 
 of their much loved king, the Tarascans regarded 
 Christianity as a mockery. Those who, with the un 
 fortunate Caltzontzin, had embraced the religion, lost 
 their faith in it, and all who could betook themselves 
 to the mountains, or to the depths and twilight shelter 
 of the forests on the western lowlands. 
 
 43 Ho had received a severe injury on the head from the kick of a horse, 
 \vliilc engaged in equestrian games at Tiguex. For a detailed account of his ex 
 pedition seelJist. North Mex. States, i., smdHist. NewMex. and Ariz., this series. 
 
CHANGE FOR THE BETTER. 471 
 
 Iii 1532 the audiencia, in accordance with general 
 instructions issued by the king, sent Juan de Villa- 
 seiior to Michoacan 44 in the capacity of visitador. 
 Having made official visits to various districts he sent 
 his report of the condition in which he found it; but 
 his presence there does not seem to have ameliorated 
 matters, since in October of the same year delegates 
 of the native lords went to Mexico and formally 
 complained of the intolerable proceedings of the en- 
 comenderos. To remedy the lamentable state of 
 affairs the audiencia in 1533 45 sent the oidor Quiroga 
 as visitador into that region, in the hope that a man 
 of his ability, high character, and well known zeal for 
 the welfare of the Indians would be able to effect 
 some beneficial change. 
 
 Quiroga well responded to the expectations of the 
 audiencia. With untiring ardor, supported by pru 
 dence, good judgment, and kindness of temper, he 
 carried on the work of reformation. The Tarascans, 
 exasperated as they were, listened to his words and 
 recognized in him a friend, while he sternly imposed 
 restrictions upon the encomenderos by reorganizing 
 the repartimientos in a manner advantageous to the 
 natives. Thus both the ecclesiastical and secular 
 condition of affairs was improved. The natives were 
 gradually induced to abandon their idolatrous and 
 polygamous practices 46 and the Spaniards made to 
 
 44 Villasenor was one of the conquerors and a citizen of Mexico. He was 
 empowered to investigate matters connected with the inquisition and proceed 
 against guilty persons of whatever class or condition. A few years later, by 
 order of Mendoza, he established himself at Guango to oppose the inroads of 
 the Chichimecs, and had assigned to him and his family for four lives that 
 town and those of Numaran, Penjamillo, Conguripo, Puruandiro, and some 
 others, as encomienclas. His descendants figure among the most prominent 
 of the country. Beaumont, Crdn. Midi., iii. 413-19. 
 
 45 Both Herrera, dec. vi. lib. i. cap. x., and Gonzalez Ddvila, Teatro Edes., 
 i. 3, are in error as to the date of Quiroga 's official visit to Michoacan, stating 
 it to hare taken place in 1536. Depositions taken in Quiroga's residencia in 
 that year prove that lie had visited Michoacan two and a half years before. 
 Beaumont, Crdn. Mich., iv. 11-12. 
 
 4G The governor of Michoacan during this period was the native lord 
 Pedro Ganca, or Cuirananguari. Quiroga persuaded him to put aside polyg 
 amy and be legally married to a concubine who had informed Quiroga of the 
 governor's taste for a plurality of wives. Moreno, Fray. Quiroya, 35. 
 
472 NUEVA GALICIA AND MICHOACAN. 
 
 recognyie that there was a controlling power in the 
 land 47 
 
 Among other important results of his labors was 
 the founding of the hospital of Santa Fe, two leagues 
 from the capital town, Tzintzuntzan. From this in 
 stitution, which was intended by the founder to be a 
 centre for the propagation of Christianity 48 as well 
 as an asylum for the sick, the natives derived great 
 benefit. When Quiroga's residencia as oidor was 
 taken in 1536 the erection of this establishment con 
 stituted the ground of a charge of oppression against 
 him, but he was honorably acquitted. 
 
 After Quiroga's official visit the prospects of Micho- 
 acan were brighter. The establishment of a bishopric 
 in the province and the election of this worthy man 
 as prelate have already been mentioned. In 1537 or 
 1538 he returned to the scene of his previous labors 
 and applied himself with unflagging zeal to the good 
 government of his diocese. In order to inform him 
 self of the condition and requirements of the different 
 districts in his extensive see, he visited every portion 
 of it in person, travelling on muleback for more than 
 six hundred and fifty leagues, with no other company 
 than his secretary and a page. 
 
 The success of his administration both as visitador 
 and prelate was signally marked. The influx of friars 
 was maintained with regularity, and convents and edu 
 cational and charitable institutions were rapidly multi 
 plied in Michoacan during this period. His powerful 
 influence in the political government of the province is 
 evidenced by the amelioration noticeable in the condi 
 tion of the Tarascans. The wanderers in the mountains 
 were won from their wild retreats, and settled in 
 
 47 An oppressive encomendero had imposed exorbitant tribute upon the 
 inhabitants of the town of Michoacan. Quiroga intervened and freed them 
 from the exaction. 
 
 48 ' Llamolos de Santa Fe, porque en ellos se avia de propagar la Pe" Ca- 
 tholica.' This hospital was, like the one in Mexico, placed under the charge 
 of a rector with a stipend of 150 pesos de oro de minas. Such superin 
 tendent could only hold the incumbency for a term of three years, not ' in 
 vim bene/icij, sino como en encoinienda. ' Id., 14, 15. 
 
AUTHORITIES. 473 
 
 pleasant towns and villages, where they were taught 
 manufacturing and agriculture. Prosperity followed, 
 and the strong contrast presented between the happy 
 progression under Quiroga and the misery of the few 
 preceding years proclaims his rule a righteous one. 49 
 
 49 Among his historians there are not wanting those who call his adminis 
 tration 'gobierno de oro, porque no se volvieron a oir los clamores de los indios 
 agraviados, ni el estruendo de las armas de los ciudadanos inquietos, ni la 
 violencia de las virgenes, ni los robos, ni las muertes lastimosas. ' Soc. Mex. 
 Geoj., Boletin, i. 227. 
 
 The following additional authorities have been consulted for this chapter : 
 Cortes, Escritos Sueltos, 305, 337; Calle, Mem. y Not., 71-G; lib. i. cap. ix. ; 
 lib. v. cap. ix.; Puya, Ccdulario, 78, 80-4, 112-13, 158-9; Cartas de Jitdias, 
 25-1-5, 859; Pacheco and Cardenas, Col. Doc., ii. 210; vi. 498; xiii. 193; xiv. 
 373-84; xvi. 5-39; xxiii. 410-14; Kamircz, Proceso, 231-76; Beaumont, Crou. 
 Mich., iv. 27-472, passim; Id., MS., 283-625, passim; Florida, Col. Doc., 
 119; Frejes, Jll^t. Breve, 203; Ternaux-Compans, Voy., srie i. torn, ix., 
 passim; Id., torn. x. 259-68; se"rie ii. torn. v. 252; Alaman, Divert. ,\. app. i. 
 28; Jalisco, Mem. Hist., 34-7, 96; Die. Univ., passim; Buelna, Compend., 
 11; Soc. Mex. Oeofj., Boletin, vii. 55-6; Parra, Conq. XaL, MS., 242; Peralta, 
 Not. Hist., 380; Zamacois, Hist. Mej., iv. 543-703, passim; v. 7; Camarfjo, 
 Hist. Tlax., 182-4: cxxxi. 245; Bussiere, IS Empire Mex. , 355; Gomara, 
 Mex., ii. 166-8, 184-7. 
 
CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 THE MIXTON WAR. 
 1541-1542. 
 
 KULE OF GNATS IN NUEVA GALICIA HlS DIFFICULT POSITION REBELLION- 
 RIFE DEPARTURE OF CORONADO CAUSES OF DISSATISFACTION BEGIN 
 NING OF HOSTILITIES DKFEAT OF IBARRA ALVARADO ARRIVES AT 
 NAVIDAD AND is APPEALED TO FOR AID HE RECEIVES A SUMMONS 
 FROM MENDOZA, AND DEPARTS FOR TIRIPITIO AGREEMENT BETWEEN 
 THEM ALVARADO RETURNS TO ONATE'S RELIEF PRECIPITOUS ATTACK 
 ON NOCHISTLAN DEFEAT OF THE SPANIARDS AND DEATH OF ALVA 
 RADO ARRIVAL OF MENDOZA WITH RE ENFORCEMENTS His SUCCESSFUL 
 CAMPAIGN END OF THE MIXTON WAR EXPEDITIONS OF JUAN RODRI 
 GUEZ CABRILLO AND RUY LOPEZ DE VILLALOBOS THE SURVIVORS of 
 SOTO'S FLORIDA EXPEDITION ARRIVE AT PANUCO. 
 
 BY tlie departure of Francisco Vazquez de Coro- 
 nado from Nueva Galicia, Cristobal de Onate, as 
 lieutenant-governor, occupied no enviable position; 
 nevertheless he behaved with prudence and circum 
 spection. He was respected without being hated, 
 and he united justice with clemency as far as he was 
 able. In war he seldom shared in the reckless confi 
 dence of his fellow -conquerors, and never appeared 
 over-hasty to attack; but once engaged, he was want 
 ing in neither skill nor bravery. 
 
 From the revolt of 1538, in which Governor Torre 
 lost his life, to the departure of Coronado, there 
 seems to have been no open hostilities on the part of 
 the natives. Yet there was observed a growing spirit 
 of discontent, and of disregard for the authority of the 
 cncomenderos which foreboded trouble; and here and 
 there outrages began to be committed, until finally 
 open insurrection was at hand. Certain ruling spirits 
 among the conquered race were plotting mischief, and 
 
 U90) 
 
AFFAIRS IN NEW GALICIA. 491 
 
 sounding the minds of the several nations through 
 secret agencies. Sorcerers from the mountains of 
 Zacatecas, messengers of Satan the pious chroniclers 
 called them, appeared in the northern' towns of Tlal- 
 tenango, Juchipila, Jalpa, and elsewhere, inciting the 
 inhabitants to rise and exterminate the oppressors. 
 They refused to pay tribute, and abandoned their 
 houses and lands. 
 
 In some parts the Indians killed the missionaries 
 who tried to persuade them to return in peace and 
 submit to Spanish rule; in other places they killed 
 their encomenderos, abandoned their towns, and re 
 tired to the mountains. Fortified camps were estab 
 lished in the mountains where the chieftains and 
 warriors gathered to meet the unconquered Chichi- 
 mecs. Upon their ancient altars again appeared the 
 bloody sacrifice; promise of supernatural aid through 
 omens was made by the sorcerers; and the effects of 
 Christian baptism were removed by washing of heads 
 and other acts of penance. Few, indeed, were the 
 towns in New Galicia, from Colima to Culiacan, not 
 represented at these mysterious conclaves. But while 
 the conspiracy was thus wide-spread, active operations 
 were confined for the most part to the region north 
 of the Rio Grande, and east of the mountains about 
 Nochistlan. Mixton, Noehistlan, Acatic, and Cuinao 
 were the principal strongholds, and were under the 
 command of Tenarnaxtli. In other parts of the coun 
 try the warriors were also on the alert, but seemed in 
 most cases to have awaited the results in the north. 
 Their pefioles and fortified cliffs, almost impregnable, 
 were strengthened by walls supplied with trunks of 
 trees and stones to be rolled or thrown down upon the 
 assailants; they had been well provided with food and 
 water, though the prophetic words of the magicians 
 led the natives to expect that food would be miracu 
 lously besto\ved; they even reckoned on the annihila 
 tion of the Spaniards by the deities without human 
 instrumentality. 
 
492 
 
 THE MIXTON WAR. 
 
 We are not accustomed to seek long for the reason 
 of insurrection and revolt among conquered nations. 
 In this instance we need only call to mind that 
 Nuiio de Guzman had been there. As to more re 
 cent causes we have the testimony of Cortes that 
 the trouble was due to Cororiado's departure. 1 and 
 Mendoza's extortion of men and provisions for that 
 
 MIXTON WAR. 
 
 expedition. Beaumont declares it certain that the 
 insurrection originated in the brutality of the enco- 
 menderos. 2 
 
 1 Petition al Emperador, in Icazbalceta, Col. Doc. , ii. 63-4. Cortes had 
 complained as early as June 1540 that Coronado was leaving the country un 
 protected. Col. Doc. Ined., iv. 214; see also Frejes, Hist. Breve, 79. 
 
 2 And in the face of such evidence, together with assertions to the same 
 effect by nearly all the old chroniclers, and the appalling expositions of Las 
 Casas, Zamacois, Hist. Mtf., iv. 669-72, stubbornly defends the Spaniards. 
 He slurs Las Casas and the writers who credit such statements, and in a ver 
 bose and fallacious argument seeks to prove that the uprising took place be- 
 .sause the natives would not accept the rites and customs of the Catholic 
 
ADVENTURES OF Oft ATE. 493 
 
 Before open hostilities began, Onate had gone to 
 Compostela .to make provision for the safety of the 
 Tepic region and the coast. Here he left Juan de 
 Villalba as governor, and returned to Guadalajara, 
 where he learned that the Guaynamota and Guasa- 
 mota Indians had killed the encomendero Juan de 
 Arce. The viceroy was notified of the outbreak, and 
 all available measures were adopted for defence. 3 And 
 thus began the last desperate struggle of the natives 
 of New Galicia to regain their ancient liberty. 
 
 Realizing his precarious position, Onate made an 
 attempt at reconciliation. In April 1541 he sent 
 Captain Miguel de Ibarra, with some twenty-five 
 Spaniards and a considerable force of friendly Tlajo- 
 rnulco and Tonalil Indians, up the Juchipila River to 
 reconnoitre. The inhabitants had destroyed their 
 fields, deserted their towns, burned the church, thrown 
 down the crosses, and retired to the mountain fast 
 ness, or peiiol, of Mixton. 
 
 Ibarra arrived, and through friars and interpreters 
 the natives wore exhorted to lay down their arms, 
 whereupon full pardon would be granted. The answer 
 was a shower of arrows and stones, in which one of 
 the Franciscan mediators was killed. The Spaniards 
 fell back to consult respecting future movements. 
 Shortly afterward they were visited by embassadors 
 pretending peace, and who desired the next day, 
 palm Sunday, April 10th, to be set apart for a formal 
 conference. Ibarra was thus thrown off his guard, and 
 retired to rest. Early next morning, during an eclipse 
 of the sun as some say, the Spanish camp was attacked 
 
 faith; they refused above all to discard polygamy. He quotes from Beaumont 
 to sustain his view, but the citation has no bearing on the revolt whatever, 
 merely on the zeal of the missionaries to induce the reluctant neophytes to 
 leave their wives. On the contrary, Beaumont affirms positively 'que el 
 motive principal que movi6 a estos indios a rebelarse fu6 la dureza de algunos 
 encomenderos.' Crdn. Mich., iv. 236. An occurrence during one of their 
 savage feasts, interpreted as a good omen by their sorcerers, strengthened 
 the belief of the natives in success, and probably hastened the outbreak. 
 
 3 It seems that during his visit to Gompostela, Onate changed the site of 
 the place from near Tepic to the Cactlan Valley, for greater safety. Mota- 
 Padilla, Conq. N. Gal., 112; Beaumont, Crdn. Mich., iv. 235. 
 
494 THE MIXTON WAR. 
 
 by overwhelming numbers. Ibarra was defeated and 
 put to flight; ten Spaniards were killed, including Cap 
 tain Francisco de la Mota, and over two hundred of 
 the native allies. 4 It was through the valor of Captain 
 Diego Vazquez that Ibarra's party escaped utter de 
 struction. 
 
 When the first among the wounded arrived at 
 Guadalajara, Onate set out with his force, except 
 twelve whom he left to guard the city. He had not 
 gone a league before he learned that the most gallant 
 of Ibarra's companions were killed or captured, and 
 that the whole province was in arms; whereupon he 
 deemed it more prudent to return and defend the 
 town. Fifteen days later friendly Indians confirmed 
 the alarming news of a general uprising in the regions 
 of Culiacan, Compostela, and Purificacion, where the 
 small Spanish garrisons were continually harassed; it 
 was also said that the enemy intended to march 
 against Guadalajara. Ofiate immediately sent Diego 
 Vazquez to the city of Mexico with urgent appeals 
 for aid. , 
 
 During the month of August 1540, Pedro de Alva- 
 rado had put into the port of Navidad, for water and 
 provisions, with the formidable fleet prepared in 
 Guatemala to discover the Spice Islands/ though 
 now diverted to explore the newly found regions of 
 Cibola, for which were so many claimants. While 
 
 4 In the Mendoza, Visita, in Icazbaketa, Col Doc., ii. 106-8, it is stated 
 that Ibarra was sent out with the friar Coruna, who heard of the revolt at 
 Purificacion and came in person to Guadalajara. The same document men 
 tions an expedition prior to that of Alvarado, in which Ofiate with 50 Span 
 iards was defeated after a battle of four hours. Herrera, dec. vii. lib. ii. cap. 
 x., also makes Onate command the defeated party, consisting of 49 horse and 
 as many foot, and a few Indian allies. A note by Munoz in Pacheco and 
 Cardenas, Col. Doc., iii. 377, also states that Mendoza was in Guadalajara in 
 the early part of 1541. 
 
 5 According to a contract made with the crown. See TJist. Cent. Am., ii. 
 this, series. Alrarado landed at Navidad for water and provisions. Tello, 
 Hist. N. Gal, 382; Remesal, Hist. Chyapa., 161; Torquemada, i. 323. At 
 Purificacion, Bernal Diaz, Hist. Verdad., 236; Vazquez, Chron. Gvat., i. 159. 
 Most authors agree that he came to Navidad direct, though it appears ho 
 touched at several ports south before his arrival at this place. 
 
EXPEDITION OF ALVARADO. 495 
 
 there word reached him from Juan Fernandez de 
 Hijar, commanding at Purificacion, concerning the 
 critical state of affairs. Hijar explained their forlorn 
 condition, and begged the adelantado not to depart 
 without coming to their aid. 
 
 The prospect of an encounter with so formidable a 
 foe appealed at once to Alvarado's chivalry, to his 
 devoteclness to the interest of the crown, and to his 
 love of great and perilous undertakings. He landed 
 his force, consisting of about four hundred Spaniards 
 and some Indians, 6 who all agreed to render the re 
 quired assistance before proceeding on their voyage 
 of discovery. At this juncture couriers arrived from 
 Mendoza, summoning Alvarado to Mexico, to arrange 
 necessary matters concerning his expedition. The 
 order frustrated his plans; but though he had deter 
 mined to go at once to the relief of Guadalajara, 
 he could not disregard the request of the viceroy. 
 He marched his forces to Zapotlan, there to pass the 
 rainy season; and after some discussion with Men- 
 doza's messengers, Luis de Castilla and Agustin 
 Guerrero, Alvarado agreed to meet the viceroy at 
 Tiripitio in Michoacan, where Juan de Alvarado, his 
 relative, had an encomienda. 
 
 It appears that Mendoza had received from the 
 crown an interest in Alvarado's contract, which the 
 latter was reluctant to concede. Difficulties arose 
 between them on this point at Tiripitio, but were for 
 tunately removed by the good offices of Bishop Mar- 
 roquin of Guatemala, who was present. Mendoza's 
 plan to unite with Alvarado and exclude Cortes from 
 further discoveries northward and in the South Sea 
 was accomplished, as much to his own as to Alvarado's 
 satisfaction. The latter was severely censured at the 
 time for thus conniving against the interests <*f his 
 benefactor. 7 
 
 6 The forces of Alvarado are variously given as from 300 to GOO. 
 
 7 Cort6a never resented this ingratitude, but complained of Mendoza's con 
 duct in the matter, and the cunning and avarice he displayed toward Alva 
 rado. According to his testimony the adelantado anchored his magnificent 
 
496 THE MIXTON WAR. 
 
 t 
 
 The contract concluded, Alvarado accompanied the 
 viceroy to the city of Mexico, to attend to the final 
 preparations for the two expeditions agreed upon: 
 one along the northern coast and the other to the 
 Spice Islands, after which Alvarado returned to 
 New Galicia to join his troops and the fleet. When 
 Cristobal de Onate, who was now sorely pressed by 
 the savages, learned of Alvarado's return to Zapotlan, 
 he despatched Juan de Villareal to notify him of the 
 Mixton disaster, and to ask for early assistance. It 
 was necessary to Alvarado's enterprise to leave the 
 ports of New Galicia secure as a base for operations, 
 so that there was inducement for him to hasten to 
 Onate's relief. He sent fifty men to protect Autlan 
 and Purificacion ; fifty remained at Zapotlan to guard 
 the districts of Colima and Avalos; at Etzatlan and 
 Lake Chapala garrisons of twenty-five men each were 
 stationed, and Alvarado himself with a hundred horse 
 and as many foot pushed on to Guadalajara. Tonala 
 and Tlacomulco had been kept faithful by Friar An 
 tonio de Segovia, and reenforced Alvarado on the 
 way; he seems also to have been joined by a native 
 force from Jlichoacan. Such was the rapidity of his 
 march to Guadalajara, that the passage of the bar 
 ranca of Tonala, which, owing to the river and the 
 roughness of the country ordinarily required three 
 days, was accomplished in a day and a night. 
 
 Just before the arrival of Alvarado, which occurred 
 June 12, 1541, Ibarra had returned from a new recon- 
 noissance, during which he had met nothing but scorn 
 
 fleet, composed of 12 or 13 ships, at Huatulco in Tehuantepec, to take in 
 provisions. He was prevented, however, by the viceroy's agents, who in 
 their turn offered him provisions in the name of their master, demanding 
 in exchange an interest in the fleet and in the enterprise. Alvarado refused, 
 and sailed for Navidad. But the viceroy's emissaries had foreseen this and 
 arrived there soon after the fleet. Alvarado had no alternative now but to 
 submit*to the viceroy's conditions, lest his starving forces should desert him; 
 and thus it came about that Mendoza obtained a half ownership in the fleet. 
 After the death of Alvarado the viceroy seized all the ships and even then 
 claimed that Alvarado was still his debtor. Cortts, Memorial, in Escritos 
 Sudtos, 134-5. Bishop Marroquin, writing to the emperor in 1545, refers to 
 his services in arranging the difficulties which had existed between Mendoza 
 and Alvarado. Squier's MSS., xxii. 139. 
 
RASHXESS OF THE CONQUISTADOR. 497 
 
 from the natives at Nochistlan. A council of war 
 was held, and the fiery adelantaclo declined to await 
 the coming of reinforcements from Mexico ; nor would 
 he accept the aid of Onate's brave little band in the 
 attack he had decided upon. The lieutenant-gov 
 ernor, better acquainted with the enemy's strength 
 and desperate valor, counselled prudence and delay. 
 He called to mind the rugged nature of the country, 
 and the recent rains which rendered operations of cav 
 alry difficult. Other prominent persons joined Oiiate 
 in his endeavor to dissuade the adelantado from so 
 perilous an undertaking until troops should arrive 
 from Mexico, but no reason could prevail, and he 
 scoffed at their fears. 
 
 The conqueror had been summoned from weighty 
 matters for this petty strife. He would show Ouate 
 a thing or two, and teach him how to quell his own 
 disturbances. "By Santiago!" he exclaimed, "there 
 are not Indians enough in the country to withstand 
 my attack, and a disgrace would it be to Spanish valor 
 to employ more men. God has guided me hither and 
 I shall vanquish the rebels alone. With a smaller 
 force than this I have discomfited greater hosts. It 
 is disgraceful that the barking of such a pack should 
 suffice to alarm the country. I shall leave this city 
 on the day of St John 9 with my own force, and not 
 a citizen or soldier from Guadalajara shall follow. 
 Let them remain; the victory will be mine alon.e." 
 And somewhat sneeringly he added, " Because of an 
 insignificant advantage gained by the natives, the 
 Spaniards have lost their valor 1" 
 
 Now Oiiate was every whit as brave as Alvarado, 
 but he was more prudent; the lives of the settlers, of 
 their wives and little ones, depended on his judicious 
 conduct. The taunt of the adelantado stung, but he 
 would not treat the illustrious conqueror with disre- 
 
 9 Tcllo, Hist. N. Gftl, 389, and other authors here say ' St James,' which 
 would be July 23th; Alvarado's disastrous defeat occurred June 24th, or oji St 
 John's day. 
 
 HIST. Mcx., VOL. II. 32 
 
498 THE MIXTON WAR. 
 
 spect. It pained him to see bravery becoming bra 
 vado; Alvarado's men were but lately enlisted, and 
 could not be compared with those so recently defeated 
 at the Mixton. " I am sorry to see you depart alone," 
 he said, " for I assure your worship there will be 
 trouble. Had you but awaited the viceroy's ree'n- 
 forcements, we might have jointly pacified the country 
 without much risk." More determined than ever, 
 Alvarado replied: " The die is cast; I trust in God!" 
 Thereupon he set out from Guadalajara with his 
 forces, horse, foot, and Indians, toward Nochistlan. 
 He stirred within his men their vanity and their valor; 
 it was absurd to think of waiting for more men; the 
 fewer the number the greater the share of plunder. 
 Thus was opened the last campaign of the dashing 
 adelantado, one of the most reckless, and one of the 
 most cruel. 
 
 Unable to remain inactive, Onate followed with 
 twenty-five horsemen. Should his fears be realized, he 
 would be near to render aid; and in case of a hope 
 less rout he might return in time for the protection of 
 Guadalajara. He crossed the Rio Grande and march 
 ing through the mountains of Nochistlan toward Juchi- 
 pila stationed himself on a height from which he could 
 witness the attack. 
 
 On the 24th of June Alvarado arrived at the 
 penol of Nochistlan, which was protected by seven 
 walls of stone, earth, and trees, and defended by a 
 multitude of warriors. After a short and fruitless 
 parley he pushed forward to take the breastworks by 
 assault. A human flood opposed his progress. Ten 
 thousand Indians, men and women, poured down upon 
 the aggressor like a torrent. The sky was dark with 
 arrows, darts, and stones, and at the first shock twenty 
 Spaniards fell dead. The ferocity of the enemy was 
 such that they tore the bodies of the slain to pieces, 
 threw them into the air, and then devoured them. 
 Consternation seized the Spaniards. Nevertheless 
 Alvarado rallied, and in a second onslaught ten more 
 
DEFEAT OF THE SPANIARDS. 499 
 
 horsemen bit the dust. Thirty out of a hundred, 
 slain in a trice ! It was a result unparalleled in the 
 history of Indian warfare. It was indeed a perilous 
 situation, yet they rallied again. The natives encour 
 aged by their victory, and aware of the determination 
 of the assailants, were ready; they even came forth 
 from their intrenchment and seemed desirous of tak 
 ing the open field. 9 
 
 Alvarado now ordered to the assault the Spanish 
 foot, Captain Falcon, one hundred strong, with five 
 thousand Michoacan allies under Antonio, son of 
 Caltzontzin, the late king of that country, all to be 
 supported by the cavalry. Disregarding his orders, 
 Falcon attacked too soon, and without awaiting the 
 support, pressed on toward the summit of the hill. 
 Perceiving that the horsemen were not present the 
 Indians offered little resistance until he had reached 
 a point near the top of the penol, then, suddenly clos 
 ing in upon his front and rear, they prevented the 
 cavalry from corning to his aid. With great difficulty 
 the assailants extricated themselves from their des 
 perate situation, during which Captain Falcon with 
 seven or eight Spaniards, and many allies, were killed. 
 The enemy pursued the retreating Spaniards into the 
 plain below, where bogs prevented the cavalry from 
 effective action. The people of the pefiol were masters 
 of the field, and the Spaniards were fairly put to 
 rout. The rain fell in torrents; the roads became 
 impassable. 
 
 For a distance of three leagues the elated Indians 
 pursued, and another Spaniard was killed. Alvarado 
 had dismounted to fight on foot, to cover the retreat 
 in person. At last the Spanish forces were driven 
 into a ravine between Yahualica and Acatic, when the 
 fury of the pursuers began to abate, and they turned 
 
 9 According to Tello, Hist. N. Gal, 391, who has left us the most 
 accurate account of the Mixton war. A somewhat different version of Alva- 
 rado's attack is given by Herrera, dec. vii. lib. ii. cap. xi., who says that 
 the combined forces of Ouate and the adelantado marched on Nochistlan. 
 See also Vega, Cr6n. Mich., MS., lib. iv. cap. vii. 
 
500 THE MIXTON WAR. 
 
 back toward Nochistlan. Alvarado endeavored to 
 check the flight of his men, to rally and rest them; 
 but they were terror-stricken and paid no heed to the 
 orders of the commander. To save their lives they 
 were now even willing the enemy should live; so 
 onward they swept over the rugged ground, caring 
 little for captain or country. Alvarado's secretary, 
 Baltasar de Montoya, whose horse was much fatigued, 
 was particularly anxious to widen the distance be 
 tween himself and the enemy. 
 
 Montoya rode in front of his master, who repeatedly 
 told him to slacken his pace, or the horse would fall 
 with him. But the scribe was beside himself with 
 . fear; so much so that on coming to a broken embank 
 ment, instead of economizing his fast failing resources 
 
 O O 
 
 he spurred the jaded animal toward the steep. When 
 about half way up the horse lost its footing and 
 fell, throwing likewise Alvarado and his horse to the 
 ground, whereupon all were precipitated into a ravine 
 below. Montoya was not much injured, 10 but the 
 gallant conqueror lay crushed, his fair form broken 
 and mutilated. 
 
 Alas! Tonatiuh, the sun, had set; the immortal 
 one .was clay. Slain by no enemy, he was none the 
 less a victim to his own rashness. He was the last 
 of the famous four, and his death was as might have 
 been expected. Cortes and Sandoval, though no less 
 familiar with danger than Olid and Alvarado, were less 
 the slaves of reckless impulse. Ever holding passion 
 subservient to reason, and feeling to common-sense, 
 they escaped violent death. Not that death by vio 
 lence, quick deliverance, is necessarily worse or more 
 appalling than the long-drawn agony attending bodily 
 disease or a broken heart. Alvarado's was not a 
 glorious death, but neither was that of Cortes or 
 Columbus, whose last hours were made miserable by 
 slights and insults, by foiled ambition and a princely 
 pauperism. 
 
 10 The clumsy coward lived to the age of 105 years. Tello, Hist. N. Gal. ,392. 
 
DEATH OF ALVARADO. 501 
 
 Few of the New World conquerors perished in bat 
 tle; and yet it was not altogether on account of the 
 superior prowess of the European. Surely the dan 
 ger was apparently greater during the Noche Triste 
 than in this retreat of Alvarado's, or in the captivity 
 of Olid in Honduras. Look at the fate of Diego de 
 Nicuesa, of Alonsode Ojeda, of Vasco Nunez, Pizarro, 
 and the long list of captains who came to the Indies, 
 and behold the irony of ambition I And even worse, 
 perhaps, was the end of those of yet more exalted 
 ideas and successes, whose souls, no matter how high 
 the achievement, or how great the reward, were racked 
 with disappointment, envy, and hatred as the aching 
 body was descending to the grave. Reverse the prov 
 erb " Per aspera ad astra," and see what toils and suf 
 ferings spring from renown! 
 
 Alvarado did not immediately expire. Upon a 
 hastily prepared litter he was borne, in great suf 
 fering, to Atenguillo, four leagues from where the 
 fatal fall occurred. 11 Onate having witnessed the rout 
 of the Spanish forces from his position, hastened to 
 his relief; but the flight of Alvarado's party was so 
 rapid that it was impossible to overtake them. At 
 Yahualica, too late, he came up with stragglers 
 from whom he learned the particulars of Alvarado's 
 fate. 
 
 At nightfall the lieutenant-governor arrived at 
 Atenguillo, and the meeting of the commanders was 
 touching in the extreme. " He who will not listen to 
 good counsel, must be content to suffer," said Alvarado. 
 "I was wrong, I see it now; yet most of all it was 
 my misfortune to have with me so vile a coward as 
 Montoya, whom I have rescued these many times 
 from death." He was conveyed to the city of Gua 
 dalajara to the house of Juan de Camino, who was 
 married to Magdalena de Alvarado, his relative; and 
 
 11 The first words Alvarado spoke after recovering his senses were: 'Esto 
 merece quien trae consigo tales hombres como Montoya.' Tello. Hist. N. Gal. t 
 31)2. 
 
502 THE MIXTON WAR. 
 
 after attending to his worldly affairs he expired, 
 July 4, 1541. 12 
 
 With few exceptions, Alvarado's men left Guadala 
 jara after their leader's death. But the garrisons 
 posted at different points remained for some time at 
 Oiiate's request; and at last a detachment of troops 
 arrived from Mexico. Fifty men, sent by Mendoza, 
 under Captain Juan de Muncibay came late in July 
 and increased the number of defenders to eighty rfive. 
 And the revolted natives, elated at their recent vic 
 tory, redoubled their efforts to enlist in the struggle 
 for freedom those who had heretofore held aloof. 
 
 Many native chiefs, however, remained faithful to 
 the Spaniards. One of these, Francisco Ganguillos 
 of Ixcatlan, distinguished himself by arresting thirty 
 of the rebel emissaries from Matlatlan, sending them 
 to Guadalajara where they were put to death 13 after 
 having revealed a plan to attack the city in Septem 
 ber, the intention being to annihilate the Spaniards 
 before Mendoza could arrive with succor. At a coun 
 cil of war it was resolved to defend the city to the 
 last, though some of the officers were in favor of 
 
 / O 
 
 abandoning the country, or at least of retreating to 
 Tonala. Onate, however, objected, maintaining that 
 the Indians there were as treacherous as elsewhere. 
 
 The strongest buildings about the plaza were forti 
 fied, the rest being abandoned and torn to pieces for 
 material to strengthen the defences. In the mean 
 time Captain Muncibay and Juan de Alvarado made 
 a reconnoissance, during which they had a sharp fight, 
 and a thousand natives are said to have been slain. 
 
 12 His remains were deposited in the chapel of Oitr Lady in Guadalajara; 
 subsequently transferred to Tiripitio, thence to Mexico, and finally to Guate 
 mala. Tello, Hist. N. Gal., 395-6, rightly remarks: 'Torquemada and Reine- 
 sal erred when, speaking of Alvarado's death, they say it occurred at Etzatlan, 
 or on the height of Mochitiltic, between Guadalajara and Compostela, and 
 that the adelantado was buried at Etzatlan; and that Bernal Diaz errs still 
 more, saying that it happened on some peiioles called Cochitlan, near Purifi- 
 cacion.' The sad fate which overtook Alvarado's wife, Dofia Beatriz de la 
 Cueva, during the destruction of the city of Guatemala, and the biographical 
 sketch of Alvarado is given in Hist. Cent. Am., ii., this series. 
 
 13 Sept. 6, 1541. Tello, Hist. N. Gal, 399. 
 
DESPERATE ENCOUNTERS. 503 
 
 When the fortifications were completed, news came 
 by the natives who supplied the city with food and 
 water, that the friendly people of Tlacotlan, a town 
 of three thousand inhabitants, one league from Gua 
 dalajara, had also rebelled. 
 
 Captain Pedro de Placencia was sent to protect 
 the carriers, but the enemy advanced upon him in 
 such force that he was obliged to return headlong 
 into the city, with the pursuers upon his heels. On 
 the 28th of September the assailants appeared in the 
 vicinity, fifty thousand strong, blackening the plain 
 for half a league about the town. The following morn 
 ing, St Michael's day, they entered Guadalajara, set 
 fire to the abandoned houses, destroyed the church, 
 desecrated the images, and desperately assaulted the 
 fortified buildings. The protected position of the 
 Spaniards and the skilful use of a few pieces of artil 
 lery alone enabled them to withstand the shock. The 
 entrances to the plaza were bravely defended; only 
 one Indian entered, and he was killed by Beatriz 
 Hernandez, wife of Captain Olea, who distinguished 
 herself throughout the war by comforting the women 
 
 O /. O 
 
 and children and aiding the soldiers. 
 
 At one time the enemy were on the point of suc 
 cess. The powder had became wet and the cannon 
 useless, and an explosion occurred during an attempt 
 at drying. Meanwhile the adobe wall was under 
 mined and fell; but the guns were brought to bear 
 in time and the foe fell by hundreds. The Indians 
 ceased their assaults, resolved to starve the besieged ; 
 
 O 
 
 they retired behind the buildings where they were 
 sheltered from the guns, and poured in upon the gar 
 rison volley after volley of taunts and threats, prom 
 ising to kill all the men and make concubines of 
 the women. The virago Beatriz Hernandez, enraged 
 by these insults, would have sprung from a window 
 upon the savages to tear their tongues out, but was 
 prevented by the men. 14 The soldiers in time became 
 
 14 Whereupou * de pura rabia volvi6 la trasera y ak6 las faldas, diciendo: 
 
504 THE MIXTON WAR. 
 
 discouraged, and it was only by great coolness and 
 presence of mind that Onate was able to prevent their 
 spirits from sinking; he threatened finally to open 
 the gates and allow all of them to be butchered in 
 cold blood if they continued to display such pusilla 
 nimity. 
 
 A series of sorties was now resolved on, and proved 
 successful. During a conflict of several hours in which 
 only one Spaniard fell, the hosts of the enemy were 
 routed, leaving fifteen thousand dead in and about the 
 town. The Spaniards themselves were astonished at 
 their victory over such vast numbers; but the secret 
 of their success was soon revealed. Many of the 
 idolatrous Indians were found hidden in the town, 
 blinded and maimed, but not by hand of man. San 
 tiago on his white horse had issued from the burning 
 church, at the head of an army of angels, and had 
 fought for the Christians throughout the battle. Due 
 honors were paid to this saint for his -timely inter 
 position ; also to St Michael, on whose day the battle 
 was fought. Many captives were put to death, and 
 others enslaved; those blinded by the hand of God 
 were set at liberty; and many more were sent to 
 rejoin their tribes after being deprived of their sight, 
 or otherwise mutilated, and having their -wounds 
 bathed in boiling oil. It is hardly to be expected that 
 when the heavenly powers set such an example, their 
 earthly followers should be slow to imitate. This 
 battle was regarded as one of the most hotly contested 
 in the annals of the conquest, and a chapter might.be 
 filled with incidents of individual prowess. 
 
 In October, in consequence of this siege, and the 
 Spaniards fearing another attack, it was determined to 
 transfer the city to its modern site south of the Rio 
 Grande. 15 
 
 Perros, besadme aqui, que no os verdis en ese espejo, sino en este y cnando 
 lo estaba diciendo se arrojaroii una fiecha que le clavo las faldas con el tejado, 
 en las vigas del techo, por estar baja.' Tello, Hist. N. Gal., 406. 
 
 15 Here again Beatriz Hernandez displayed her strength of mind. It was 
 through her resolute and determined decision that the new site of the city 
 was agreed upon. Tello, Hist. N. Gal., 415-10. 
 
THE COUNTRY IN DANGER. 505 
 
 The viceroy and other authorities in Mexico had 
 now become thoroughly aroused. The situation was 
 critical. The rebels were sending messengers in all 
 directions, and aimed at nothing less than the extermi 
 nation of the foreigners throughout America. Their 
 superstitious fear of the Spaniards, of their powder 
 and of their horses, which had rendered conquest 
 possible, had to a great extent disappeared. It was 
 now well understood by the native leaders that they 
 had to deal with men, not gods; united action might 
 throw off the yoke. This unity of action it seemed 
 well-nigh impossible to attain. In the region about 
 Mexico a successful rebellion could not be set on foot; 
 the only hope for the natives and danger to the Span 
 iards lay in the frontier provinces. Let two or three 
 of these expel the intruders, regain their independence, 
 establish fortified camps in naturally strong positions, 
 offer an asylum and rallying-point to the disaffected 
 everywhere, divide the forces of the Spaniards and 
 thus gain time to arouse the native patriotism, and 
 perfect a general plan of action: the result would be 
 a desperate struggle from which the Spaniards had 
 everything to fear. The Indian chiefs of New Galicia 
 had hit upon the only plan which offered any chance 
 of success; the hated invaders must be crushed wholly 
 and immediately. 
 
 Mendoza raised a force of about four hundred and 
 fifty Spaniards, and some thirty thousand Tlascaltec 
 and Aztec warriors, whose fidelity was assured by 
 promises of honors and wealth to their leaders. And 
 not without misgivings and opposition they were in 
 trusted by the viceroy with horses and fire-arms, being 
 authorized for the first time to manufacture and to 
 carry Spanish weapons. The army set out from 
 Mexico on the day of the battle at Guadalajara, and 
 marched through Michoacan by nearly the same route 
 as that followed by Nuno de Guzman in 1529. 16 
 
 16 There was some evidence of a plot for revolt between the natives of 
 Michoacan and the Tlascaltecs, as explained by Lopez in a letter to the em- 
 
506 THE MIXTON WAR. 
 
 While Mendoza was marching to the valley of 
 Cuina, Oiiate was preparing for the removal of Gua 
 dalajara, and had for that purpose sent Juan del 
 Camino with twenty horsemen toward Tlacotlan, 
 Contla, and Mesticacan, to reconnoitre. The Span 
 iards were surprised to find as many Indians here as 
 formerly, who had all been frightened into submission. 
 These natives advised Camino, however, to proceed 
 no farther, as the fierce Cascanes were preparing for 
 another attack on Guadalajara. He thereupon re 
 turned, bringing with him to the city a troop of natives 
 with a large quantity of provisions. 
 
 Meanwhile Mendoza arrived at the peiiol of Cuina, 
 the first 'stronghold of the Indians attacked. It was 
 defended by ten thousand warriors, who scornfully 
 refused offers of peace, withstood a siege of ten or fif 
 teen days, and were finally conquered by stratagem. 
 A party of Mexicans disguised themselves as Cuind, 
 warriors bearing water-jars, and gained access to the 
 fortress, after a sham fight in which other auxiliaries of 
 Mendoza pretended to prevent the succor. The army 
 followed ; and in the hand-to-hand struggle which en 
 sued, a large part of the defenders of the peiiol, with, 
 their wives and children, were slaughtered. In their 
 fright and confusion many threw themselves down 
 the precipice. Over two thousand are said to have 
 been captured and enslaved. 17 
 
 peror. Icazbalceta, Col. Doc., ii. 141-7. He gives this plot as a reason for the 
 opposition to arming the Indians, while Herrera, dec. vii. lib. ii. cap. xii.,and 
 others regard it as one of the incentives to Mendoza 's campaign. Lopez sa,ys 
 Mendoza's army included one half the citizens of Mexico and from 40,000 to 
 50,000 natives; Herrera, 450 Spaniards and same number of Indians, dec. 
 vii. lib. ii. cap. v.; Beaumont, Cr6n. Mich., iv. 387-8; Tello, 10,000 Indians, 
 Hist. N. Gal., 396-8, 417-19; Mendoza, Visita, 180 horsemen and a number 
 of Indian volunteers, in Icazbalceta, Col. Doc., 110-12. The date of departure 
 was Sept. 22d, according to Lopez, and Sept. 29th, according to Acazitli, Rel., 
 in Id., 307. Tello says Mendoza left Mexico 'a los principles de Enero 1542,' 
 having prepared the expedition 'a los fines de 1541.' 
 
 17 Navarrete, Hist. Jal. , 75-7, mentions four other places hi this region, 
 one of them on the author's own estate, where bones and blood-stained stones 
 showed battles to have taken place. Mota Padilla, Conq. N. Gal, 142, implies 
 that there was no assault until after the stratagem. According to Beaumont, 
 Cron. Mich., iv. 390-1, 4,000 Indians killed tb.emse.lves and 10,000 were 
 slam. Herrera, dec. vii. lib. ii. cap. v., tells us the place fell easily and no 
 
FALL OF NOCHISTLAN. 507 
 
 Mendoza then pushed forward over the Cerro 
 Gordo. The natives of Acatic and of the valley of 
 Zapotlan having surrendered without serious resist 
 ance, the forces of Onate and Mendoza effected a 
 junction and marched against Nochistlan. The place 
 was defended by a large army under Tenamaxtli, 
 whose Christian name was Don Diego Zacatecas. In 
 the first attack two of the seven lines of defensive 
 works were carried, and the rest, except the last and 
 strongest, were battered down by the artillery after a 
 siege of, several days. The besieged at last proposed 
 a suspension of hostilities and an attack on Mixton, 
 promising to surrender when that fortress should fall. 
 These terms were of course refused, and "by a final 
 assault the last defences were carried. The Spanish 
 flag was planted by Captain Muncibay on the summit, 
 and those of the defenders who had not escaped with 
 their leader to Mixton, yielded. The prisoners were 
 condemned to slavery by Mendoza; but Ibarra, who 
 was the encomendero of the district, fearing its depop 
 ulation and the ruin of his property interests, allowed 
 them to escape. 18 
 
 The Spanish forces then marched to Juchipila and 
 found that all the natives had taken refuge on the 
 Mixton, which was the strongest of all the rebel 
 
 slaves were made. In Mendoza, Visita, Icazbalceta, Col. Doc., ii. 112-14, it 
 appears that 248 slaves were made and distributed among the auxiliaries. 
 Tello affirms that 4,000, besides women and children, killed themselves; 
 2,000 were killed by Spaniards, and 2,000 slaves taken. Acazitli calls this 
 the battle of Tototlan, and represents it as having been fought Oct. 26. 
 1541. 
 
 18 The Spaniards were 15 days bombarding the place without results. The 
 population was 60,000; 2,000 were killed and 1,000 enslaved. Mota Padilla, 
 Conq. N. Gal., 146-7; Tdlo, Hist, N. Gal., i. 422-5. They fought from 
 eight A. M. to four p. M., when the place was taken after considerable loss. 
 The battle occurred November 12th, and four Spaniards were killed. AcazitH, 
 Rel., 312; Mendoza, Visita, 114. Number of Spaniards 1,000; auxiliaries 
 60,000 to 70,COO. Navarrete, Hist. Jal., 80-2. There were 6,000 killed, and 
 10,000 enslaved, but subsequently released by Ibarra. Beaumont, Cr6n. Mich., 
 iv. 398. Frejes, Hist. Breve., 154, speaks of a twenty days' siege; 6,000 killed; 
 1,000 slaves; the natives surrendered for want of water and owing to the defec 
 tion of a cacique. The Spanish soldiers were exceedingly loath to relinquish 
 the slaves, but Mendoza seems to have approved of Ibarra's act. Tello and 
 Mota Padilla say the people of Nochistlan were allowed to escape before the 
 final surrender and not after their capture. 
 
508 THE MIXTON WAR. 
 
 fortresses. 39 There were still assembled under Tena- 
 maxtli a hundred thousand warriors. So strong was 
 the position, and so bravely were the few accessible 
 passes guarded, that after a siege of about three 
 weeks, with continuous assaults, little progress had 
 been made. But thousands of the patriotic defenders 
 of their native soil had perished, swept down by 
 Spanish cannon, and great suffering began to be ex 
 perienced. Many of the christianized natives, and 
 others who had joined in the rebellion on the sor 
 cerer's assurances of an easy victory and abundant 
 spoils, were tired of the hardships and slaughter, and 
 leaving the penol by secret passes they returned to 
 their homes. The warriors of Teul openly declared 
 they had come to the Mixton only to prove that they 
 were no cowards, and proposed a sortie by the whole 
 force. This being declined, they marched out alone 
 against the Spaniards ; but, traitors as they were, 
 they shot their arrows into the air and allowed them 
 selves to be easily captured. They were pardoned and 
 accepted as auxiliaries or sent home, after having 
 revealed a secret pass by which the viceroy's forces 
 might reach the top of the penol. 
 
 The disclosing of this pass was attributed by some 
 to St James, who appeared to Father Segovia and 
 led the Christians to the attack. Accounts of the 
 final victory are conflicting; but it seems that one or 
 two assaults, accompanied by great slaughter during 
 which thousands cast themselves down the cliff, were 
 made and repulsed; and that finally such survivors as 
 could not escape or had not the courage to destroy 
 themselves, surrendered to an embassy of friars who 
 went unarmed among them. These friars permitted 
 many of the Christian Indians to retire to their 
 towns before the surrender, on promise of good be 
 havior. The captives taken numbered over ten thou 
 sand. A large proportion of the force at Mixton was 
 
 19 Mixton, 'subida de gates' or 'cats' ascent;' thus named because of the 
 difficult access to the summit. 
 
MENDOZA'S SUCCESSES. 500 
 
 composed of Chichimec tribes, and of these such as 
 escaped slavery fled with their leader toward the moun 
 tains of Zacatecas and Nayarit. 20 
 
 There were some further military movements, but 
 apparently no serious resistance north of the river 
 Tololotlan. From Juchipila the Spaniards marched 
 down the river of that name to San Cristobal, at the 
 junction with the former. Thirty thousand native 
 warriors had fortified themselves near Tepeacf, but on 
 the approach of the Spaniards they were persuaded 
 by Romero, the ericomendero of the place, to scatter 
 and abandon the idea of further resistance. In thus 
 looking out for his own interests, he had but followed 
 the example of Ibarra; but he had allowed the escape 
 of the fierce Cascanes, one of the leaders of the rebel 
 lion. He was condemned to death by Mendoza, but 
 afterward pardoned in consideration of past services. 
 The viceroy next marched toward the penol of Ahua- 
 catlan, where all the natives of the province of Com- 
 postela were understood to be fortified. Passing with 
 his army south of the Rio Grande, probably in Jan 
 uary 1542, 21 visiting many of the disaffected towns in 
 that region, he extended his operations to Etzatlan 
 and Tequila, where two friars had been murdered 
 during the year. 22 
 
 O i/ 
 
 The inhabitants now seemed ready to submit with 
 out further resistance. . After several days at Etzatlan, 
 and when about to march on Ahuacatlan, the viceroy 
 learned that Juan de Villalba had taken that penol 
 
 20 Just before the attack on Mixton there was a day's discussion between 
 the leaders and the friars about the justice of the war. Mota Padilla, Conq. 
 N. (led., 149. According to Herrera, dec. vii. lib. v. cap. ii., Mixton surren 
 dered without a struggle. The statements in regard to the number of killed 
 and c xptured vary greatly. 
 
 21 After the fall of Mixton, during Christmas festivities, they were near 
 Jalpa. At Ahuacatlan, February 2d. Acazitli, RcL, 318-27. At Tequila 
 January 23d. Hernandez y Ddvalos, in Soc. Mex. Geoy., Boletin, 2da e"p. ii. 
 481-2. 
 
 2:2 According to Torquemada, iii. 607-9, the friar Calero was killed June 
 10, 1541, and was the first martyr of Nueva Galicia; Father Cuellar perished 
 at the hands of the savages in the following August. Fernandez, Hist. Ecles., 
 158, mentions another, Fray Juan Padilla, as having been killed here about 
 that time. 
 
510 THE MIXTON WAR. 
 
 and dispersed the natives, and in the regions of Puri- 
 fieacion quiet was also restored. Here the viceroy was 
 apprised of Coronado's return from Cibola, where he 
 had found nothing worthy of note. Though Mendoza 
 wished to proceed north to meet Coronado, he was 
 prevailed upon by Onate to return to Mexico. From 
 every part of New Galicia the news came that the 
 bloody arbitrament at Nqchistlan and Mixton was 
 accepted as final, save in the mountains of Nayarit, 
 where the fierce inhabitants had never been conquered, 
 and were not to be so for nearly two hundred years; 
 and in the Culiacan region, where it was left to the 
 army of Coronado to suppress such remnants of revolt 
 as might there be found. The total number of slaves 
 made during this campaign is estimated at over five 
 thousand. Some say that Mendoza made no slaves. 
 But even had his heart prompted so humane an idea, 
 the army would not have consented. For what but 
 the spoils do men endure the pangs of war? 23 Alva- 
 rado's forces were subsequently relieved of their gar 
 rison duty and allowed to depart at their pleasure, 
 and Mendoza returned to the city of Mexico. 
 
 I have thus given in brief the events connected 
 with the great revolt in New Galicia, known as the 
 Mixton war. The records are voluminous, but frag 
 mentary and contradictory, bearing for the most part 
 on petty details of military operations; of dealings 
 between encomencleros and their subjects; of purely 
 local events in hundreds of villages long passed out 
 of existence; of tribal names and those of native 
 
 23 See Mota Padilla, Conq. N. GaL, 154. Says Beaumont, Cr6n. Mich., 
 iv. 420: 'Llevando en trofeo y en seual de triunfo como unos cinco mil indios 
 cautivos.' See also Tello, Hist. N. GaL, 433-6. This campaign cost Mendoza 
 over 30,000 pesos; the loss and suffering among the auxiliaries was slight; the 
 slaves were branded and distributed by Ofiate after deducting the royal fifth, 
 but they were so few that the soldiers did not receive one fourth of what 
 would have been their regular pay. Mendoza, Visita, 115-18. Cavo, Tres Siijlos, 
 i. 136, dates this campaign in 1543, and says no slaves or spoils were taken. 
 Cortes charged that the cost and losses of Mendoza's campaign were greater 
 than those of the conquest of New Spain, and that after all Nueva Galicia 
 was not subdued. Icazbalceta, Col. Doc., ii. 63-4. Bernal Diaz, Hist. Verdad., 
 236, disposed of this final campaign by stating that Maldonado was sent out, 
 and subdued the rebels. 
 
RETURN OF CORONADO. 511 
 
 chieftains, and of Spanish leaders and their individual 
 achievements. 24 
 
 The threatened perils of a general uprising of the 
 American nations having thus been averted, the 
 viceroy was again at liberty to turn his attention 
 northward. Coronado had abandoned the conquest 
 of Cibola and Quivira, and was returning homeward 
 with the remnants of his army. By the voyages of 
 Ulloa and Alarcon the gulf coasts had been explored, 
 and California proved to be a peninsula. .Such results 
 had evidently done much to cool Mendoza's ardor for 
 northern enterprise. Yet, he had a fleet on his hands, 
 and one route for exploration still remained open the 
 continuation of that followed by Ulloa, up the outer 
 coast beyond Cedros Island. Two vessels of Alvara- 
 do's former fleet, the San Salvador and Victoria, were 
 made ready and despatched June 27, 1542, under the 
 
 24 For most of the events of this rebellion we are indebted to the three early 
 chroniclers, Tello, IIi*t. N. Gal., 3G2-43S; Mota Padilla, Conq. N. Gal., Ill- 
 54, and Beaumont, Cr6n. Mich., iv. 59-06, 235-9, 380-421; MS., 300-3, 422-5, 
 550-80. Herrera, dec. vii. lib. ii. cap. xii., lib. v. cap. ii., also speaks of 
 these events at some length. From these authorities Navarrete, Hist. JaL, 
 64-85; Frejes, Hist. Breve, 78-97, and Bustamante, in Gomara, Hist. Mex. 
 (ed. 182G), ii. supl., 1-38, have prepared somewhat extended sketches. Origi 
 nal documents on the subject are few. The Relation de la Jornada que hizo 
 Don Francisco de Sandoval Acazitli, in Icazbalcetci, Col. Doc., ii. 307-32, was 
 written by Gabriel Castaneda at the order of Acazitli, a native chieftain who 
 with his subjects accompanied Mendoza. It is a diary purporting to record 
 the events of the march from day to day; however, it throws but little light 
 on the subject, even in respect to dates, its statements being contradictory 
 among themselves. The Mendoza, Vislta, in Id., 102-18, contains what may 
 be regarded as Mendoza's statements about many points, especially the treat 
 ment of Indian captives and auxiliaries. A Petition Contra Mendoza, in /(/., 
 63-4, gives CorteV views of the causes which led to the revolt. The Carta 
 de Gertinimo Lopez al Emperador, Oct. 20, 1541, in Id., 141-54, speaks of 
 Mendoza's start and of the evidence of intended revolt near Mexico. The 
 Requerlmiento made to the rebels by the friars sent out by the viceroy, is given 
 in Pacheco and Cardenas, Col. Doc., iii. 309-77. Other references are, Oriedo, 
 iv. 26; Torquemada, iii. 604-9; Benzoni, Hist. Hondo Nvovo, 106-7; Salazar 
 y Olarte, Hist. Conq. Mex., 455-7; Bernal Diaz, Hist. Verdad.,236', Ramirez, 
 Proceso, pp. xix.-xxiii., 278-82; Cavo, Tres Stylos, i. 132-3, 136; Gil, in Sc. 
 Mex. Geog., Boletin, viii. 478; Hernandez y Ddva 7 os, in Id., 2dae"p. ii. 481-2, 
 iii. 188; Dice. Univ., i. 173-4, x. 1039; West-und Ost-Indischer Lnsigart, i. 
 391-2; Gottfriedt, Newe Welt, 285-6; Burners Hist. Discov. South Sea, i. 220; 
 Garcilaso de la Vega, Comentarios Regies, ii. 80-1. Monumentos Domin. E*p., 
 MS., 242-3. Parra, Conq. Xalisco, MS., 433-47, written in verse, is correct 
 in some parts as to dates and events; but as for the poetry, the less said of it 
 the better. 
 
512 THE MIXTON WAR. 
 
 command of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo. After touch 
 ing at several points along the coast and passing 
 through the Santa Bdrbara Channel, he died, and his 
 successor, Ferelo, advanced in March 1543 past snow 
 capped mountains to what he called latitude 44, but 
 found the cold so excessive that he turned back. 25 
 
 During Cabrillo's absence two ships and three 
 smaller craft, also remnants of Alvarado's fleet, were 
 despatched by order of Mendoza from the western 
 coast, probably from Navidad. These vessels sailing 
 in November 1542 26 in command of Huy Lopez de 
 Villalobos, carried three hundred and seventy men, 
 including several Austin friars destined for the islands 
 of the Pacific. 27 
 
 The original object of the expedition seems to have 
 been to found a colony on Zebu, and Villalobos was 
 particularly enjoined not to touch at the islands 
 whereof the Portuguese held possession. This com 
 mand, however, was disregarded, either from necessity 
 on account of stress of weather, or by miscalculations 
 of the course, after many other islands had been 
 sighted or touched. The expedition is but a contin 
 uous record of troubles in which the Spaniards became 
 involved, largely by their own fault, with each other, 
 with the natives, and especially with the Portuguese. 
 It was at this time that the Philippines were named, 28 
 and more than one effort was made to send a vessel 
 
 25 For full particulars of this expedition see Hist. North Hex. States, i., 
 and Hist. CaL, i., this series. 
 
 26 Juan Fernandez de Ladrillero declared in 1574 that he and a company 
 were in California until called back to join the expedition of Villalobos. 
 Sutil y Mex., Viage, pp. xlii.-iv. This, if not pure invention, may allude 
 vaguely to Ulloa or Alarcon. 
 
 27 With details of the route followed and the discoveries made on this 
 expedition I have little to do, and therefore make but a slight mention in the 
 text. The original authorities on the matter are vague and confusing. The 
 best authorities are Grijalua, Cron. S. August., 51-60; Gaetan, Relatione, 
 in Ramusio, i. 416 et seq. ; Galvano's Discov., 231-9; Herrera, dec. vii. lib. 
 v. The best English authority is Burners Hist. Discov. South Sea, i. 226-43. 
 Two original reports of the expedition, more or less full, but everywhere con 
 flicting, are Villalobos, Viaje, in Pacheco and Cardenas, Col. Doc., v. 118 et 
 seq., and Santixteban, Carta, in Id., xiv. 151-65. Other authorities are Tar- 
 naux-Compans, Voy., se"rie i. torn. x. 259-65; Gomara, Hist. Ind., 135; 
 Torquemada, i. 608; Cavo, Tres Siqlos, i. 135. 
 
 28 In honor of the prince of Asturias. Cavo, Tres Siglos, i. 135. 
 
SOTO IX FLORIDA. 513 
 
 back to New Spain, but contrary winds always pre 
 vented it. Most of the survivors of the expedition 
 returned by way of Cape Good Hope to Europe in 
 1547 and the following years; but the leader died on 
 the way, and Spain had as yet no foothold in that 
 quarter. Mendoza was prevented from entering upon 
 further expeditions of discovery by a new law which 
 forbade viceroys and governors henceforth to engage 
 in any such enterprise. 29 
 
 Into this period also falls the memorable and disas 
 trous expedition of Fernando de Soto to Florida and 
 the Mississippi Valley. Though not belonging to my 
 province, a slight allusion to the subject may not be 
 out of place, as the remnant of Soto's force landed on 
 the shores of Panuco soon after Mendoza's return to 
 the city of Mexico. 
 
 After departing from Cuba in 1539 with a formida 
 ble force and well appointed fleet, four years were 
 spent in endless marches and countermarches through 
 the regions east and west of the Mississippi, where 
 the cruel barbarities which characterized the earlier 
 conquests were repeated. Gold was the watchword 
 of Soto's band, and where it was not obtained blood 
 must flow. Even the poor and destitute savages they 
 plundered of their little property, and then tortured 
 them because there was no more. The natives, at 
 first friendly and hospitable, were finally compelled by 
 exactions and cruelty to make common cause against 
 the invaders. Driven down the Mississippi after 
 Soto's death, the remnant of the unfortunate band 
 arrived at the town of Panuco, after a most dangerous 
 voyage of fifty -two days from the mouth of the river. 
 The magnificent company of three hundred and fifty 
 horse and nine hundred foot had in a measure met 
 
 29 Mendoza complained that after spending all his patrimony and running 
 in debt to carry out his projects of discovery and conquest for his sovereign, 
 he found himself estopped by the new law and by the acts of a visitador, 
 which had alienated from him the credit and reputation he had formerly en 
 joyed for the execution of those plans. Mendoza, Carta, in Pacheco and Car 
 denas, Col. Doc., iii. 510-11. 
 
 HIST. MEX.. VOL. II. 33 
 
514 THE MIXTON WAR. 
 
 their deserts, being now reduced to some three hun 
 dred men, haggard and worn, clad in tatters arid the 
 skins of animals. They were kindly received by the 
 Spanish settlers and natives, and the viceroy invited 
 them to Mexico, where they were properly cared for. 30 
 
 30 Full particulars of the expedition maybe found in Gorcilaso de la 
 La Florida, 255 et seq.; Robertson's Hist. Am. ii. 1005; Monette's Hist. Discov. 
 Miss., i. G3-4: Biedma, Narr., iuFre?ich's Hist. Louisiana, 97-220. 
 
 Not only this episode, but the early history of New Galicia, depends 
 chiefly on Fray Antonio Tello, Fragmentos de la Historia de la Nueva Galicia, 
 in Icazbalceta, Col. Doc. , ii. 343-438. The author was a learned Franciscan 
 and a native of Guadalajara, who occupied positions of honor and trust in his 
 order during his long life and service in Mexico, being also one of the religious 
 who accompanied Sebastian Vizcaino in his expedition for the discovery of 
 the 'Island of California' in 1596. He wrote or at least revised his work 
 between 1650 and 1652, when he must have been about 86 years of age. 
 Mota Padilla, and Beaumont, author of the Crdnica de Michoacan, made 
 frequent use of Tello's manuscript. The former speaks of it as the Cronicon 
 del Padre Tello, and it seems then to have been complete. Beaumont, who 
 wrote about 1780, said that he had seen the manuscript long before, and that 
 it had been lost, which implies that the loss occurred between the date of his 
 seeing it and that of his writing. Beristain, Biblioteca, refers to him as the 
 author of the Historia de Xalisco y de la Nueva Vizcaya, MS., adding that an 
 extract existed in the archives of the province of the Santo Evangelic of 
 Mexico. Icazbalceta was not allowed access to those archives while the 
 Santo Evangelic existed, and after the closing of the convents he could not 
 find the manuscript. The title of the book has reached us, thanks to ! caz- 
 balceta's efforts: Libro Segundo de la Cr6nica Misceldnea en que se trata de la 
 Conquista espiritual y temporal de la Santa Provincia de Santiago de Jalisco y 
 Nueva Vizcaya, y descubrimiento del Nuevo Mexico. The two fragments 
 being a copy in the possession of Hilariano Romero Gil, of Guadalajara, were 
 presented to and published by Icazbalceta, with the valuable literary assist 
 ance of Romero Gil himself, as the editor informs us, and were preceded by 
 remarks on what he had ascertained about Tello's manuscript, particularly 
 chapters viii. to xiii., the last apparently incomplete, and chapters xxvi. to 
 xxxix., probably of the second book, which chapters give a portion of the 
 expeditions of Nuiio de Guzman, the conquest of territories and founding of 
 towns, an extensive account of the great uprising of the Indians in Nueva 
 Galicia, and the campaign for their subjugation, to the capture of the Mixton 
 in 1542 by Viceroy Mendoza. The style is pure and even elegant as com 
 pared with contemporary writings, clear and to the point, and the writer 
 evidently availed himself judiciously of the labor of others to obtain infor 
 mation. 
 
 A later and complete book on the same region is that by Mota Padilla, 
 Historia de la Conquista de la Provincia de la Nueva Galicia, Mex., 1870, 
 
TELLO AND MOTA PADILLA. 515 
 
 folio, 523 pages, and index. It contains a detailed historical and physical 
 account of northern Mexico, New Mexico, and Texas, from the conquest till 
 1742. The author, born in Guadalajara October 6, 1688, was the second son 
 of Matias Lopez, an hidalgo from Estremadura, and Ana de la Mota, a lineal 
 descendant of the conquerors, and of illustrious family, who for all that at 
 her marriage could not, it is said, sign the papers because she did not know 
 how to write. From 1713 to 1746, and even later, he filled several municipal 
 and judicial offices, namely, those of district judge, attorney general, and 
 associate justice of the audiencia of Guadalajara. His character as a man, 
 lawyer, and public officer stands high. 
 
 Matias de la Mota Padilla, as he preferred to call himself, having become 
 a widower was ordained a priest. The audiencia asked the crown to grant 
 him a benefice, but it was deaf to all solicitations in his favor. Icazbalceta, 
 to whose investigations we owe what is known of that writer, declares Beris- 
 tain mistaken in saying that he was a prebendary. Mota Padilla left no 
 property at his death, which occurred in July 1766, at the age of 68. All 
 his sendees might perhaps not have saved his name from oblivion, but his 
 history preserved it with its honorable record. For writing this work he 
 had a double object in view, namely, obedience to the king's command, and 
 saving from oblivion the deeds of the conquerors of the country, among whom 
 had been his own maternal ancestors. In the preparation of his work he was 
 painstaking ; he searched the public archives, examined private papers, con 
 sulted many persons, and used the writings of the Franciscan friar Antonio 
 Tello. The history was finished in 1742. It was sent by the author to the 
 king through the governor of Nueva Galicia in August of that year. The 
 copy did not for some reason reach the court, and the king on hearing of the 
 existence of such a work in 1747 directed that two copies should be sent him, 
 the expense to be paid out of the judiciary fund; but there being no available 
 sum in that fund, the author had them prepared at his own expense. The 
 original writing had cost him over 1000 pesos, paper being worth then, in 
 1741-2, from one to two reals per sheet, and 50 pesos a ream. Toward the 
 end of 1753 he transmitted the work again; and the receipt not having been 
 acknowledged, the author asked a friend who was going to Spain to solicit 
 for him from the king a copyright that he might print and publish it, and 
 thus be possibly enabled to recover the cost. All his efforts and expenditures 
 were in vain. It seems that the copies forwarded the second time did not 
 reach the court, for the king on the 21st of February 1790 asked for a copy. 
 Still another was made and forwarded. Of the history there are several 
 manuscript copies, of which I know four: that of the archive general, 
 Ramirez', and Andrade's, now my own. The division of the work varies in the 
 several copies ; mine has two parts, each of 48 chapters. It was published 
 in the feuilleton of the newspaper El Pais, full of gross errors, and should be 
 left unnoticed. The better edition mentioned at the head was published 
 under the auspices of the ' Sociedad Mexicana de Geograf ia y Estadistica. ' I 
 also possess a manuscript copy, 1 vol. folio, 832 pages, with an index in 17 
 pages, taken from volumes v. and vi. of the collection of Mcmorias Histtiricus, 
 which exist in 32 volumes, except vol. i. in the general archives of Mexico 
 
CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 NUEVA GALICIA. 
 1601-1803. 
 
 BOUNDARIES oo? THE TERRITORY ITS GOVERNORS THE AUDIENCIA OF GUA 
 DALAJARA ITS JURISDICTION AND POWERS LOCAL GOVERNMENT COR- 
 
 REGIMIENTOS AND ALCALDIAS MA YORES ClTIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, AND 
 
 MINING DISTRICTS THE CAPITAL A CITY OF OFFICE-HOLDERSTREAS 
 URY DEPARTMENT INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS MINES QUICKSILVER MO 
 NOPOLY AND ITS EFFECTS AGRICULTURE AND STOCK-RAISING LABOR, 
 COMMERCE, AND SHIP-BUILDING POPULATION AND LOCAL STATISTICS. 
 
 DURING the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 
 Nneva Galicia almost coincided with the territory 
 which now forms the states of Jalisco, Aguas Ca- 
 lientes, and Zacatecas. On the south, however, those 
 parts of the Avalos provinces that lay south of Au- 
 tlan and Zayula, now forming part of Jalisco, appear 
 to have then belonged to New Spain, and were sub 
 ject to the viceroy, \vhile in the north-east Nueva 
 Galicia included the western portion of what is now 
 San Luis Potosi, the boundary line running near 
 Charcas and Matehuala. The territory was under 
 the political rule of a governor, who was also president 
 of the audiencia of Guadalajara, and was appointed by 
 the king, though nominally subject to the viceroy. 1 
 In case of his death or inability to perform his duties 
 the senior oidor of the audiencia ruled ad interim 
 until a new appointment could be made. 
 
 In the seventeenth century the governors were 
 
 1 During the latter part of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th cen 
 tury their titles were gobernador, presidente de la real audiencia, coman- 
 dante general, and inteudente. See Cedvlario, MS., i. 114, 209; iii. 176, 238; 
 Real Orden, in Mayer MSS., no. 2; Ugarte y Loyola, J^el., in Soc. MC.JO. 
 Geoa., Boletin, 2d ep., iii. 307. 
 
 (296) 
 
GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS. 297 
 
 usually lawyers, and their duties in connection with 
 the civil administration of the country were by no 
 means arduous. Later, military men were more fre 
 quently appointed, and held under the viceroy the 
 rank of captain-general; but their responsibilities 
 were light, for peace prevailed throughout the land 
 except in Nayarit, where a comandante was stationed, 
 subject in military matters to viceregal orders, and in 
 political and judicial affairs to the governor and audi- 
 encia. The election of subordinate local officials 
 seems to have belonged originally to the audiencia; 
 but after long disputes between that body and its 
 president, during which both parties several times 
 appealed to the crown, the latter received the right 
 of making appointments a license which he had 
 gradually usurped. 2 
 
 The governor subsequently named the alcaldes 
 mayores and corregidores of the different districts, 
 with the exception of Zacatecas and perhaps one or 
 two others, where the king, for some special reason, 
 retained the privilege. He also appointed, down to 
 1646, many of the officials of Nueva Vizcaya. All 
 this power would seem, however, to have been vested 
 in him as president of the audiencia, for the revenues 
 were administered by special treasury officials ap 
 pointed by the king, the governor receiving a regular 
 stipend. 3 
 
 There are few incidents worthy of record concern 
 ing the governors of Nueva Galicia, and these relate 
 for the most part to trivial matters, as the quarrel of 
 one with a bishop about some petty formality; the 
 unusual brilliancy of the bull-fights at the installation 
 of another, while the building of a church or even the 
 
 2 Mota-Padilla, Conq. N. Gal., 508, is the authority for this usurpation, 
 and he gives the number of appointments in 1742 as above 32; but Calle, 
 Mftn. y Not., 92, states that a century earlier the governor had the appoint 
 ment of 54 officials in Nueva Galicia and Nueva Vizcaya. 
 
 3 The revenue collected in Guadalajara fi*om all sources from 1730 to 1740 
 was 2,332,335 pesos. Alota- Pad ilia, Conq. N. Gal., 318. The same author 
 boasts of the promptness with which Nueva Galica always paid her quota of 
 taxation. 
 
293 NUEVA GALICIA. 
 
 transfer of a sacred image during a ruler's administra 
 tion was considered by the chroniclers of this period 
 an event sufficiently remarkable to place his name 
 side by side with that of a viceroy. Many of them 
 were able men, as was the case with Juan de Villela, 
 whose rule lasted from 1607 to 1613.* The adminis 
 tration of Diego Nunez de Morquecbo, who held office 
 from 1629 to 1632, 5 is noteworthy from the fact that 
 he enforced the laws which forbade the ill-treatment 
 of Indians. The custom had become prevalent of 
 practically evading the royal decrees against slavery 
 by advancing to native workmen sums of money which 
 they could never pay, and which thus became a life- 
 lien upon their labor. The governor accomplished his 
 purpose by limiting the amount of a native's credit to 
 five pesos. 6 Antonio de Abarca, who was appointed 
 in 1702, was the last of the legal profession who held 
 office as governor, 7 and Toribio Rodriguez de Solis, 
 whose administration lasted until 1716, the first who 
 bore the title of captain-general. 8 
 
 The audiencia of Guadalajara held jurisdiction over 
 
 4 His predecessor was Santiago Vera, who was in office from 1600 to 160C, 
 and it is said that he interested himself in the conversion of the Indians in 
 the north-western sierra, but it is not recorded that he accomplished much. 
 On March 6, 1610, Francisco Pacheco de C6rdoba y Bocanegra was appointed 
 adelantado of Nueva Galicia, but his name does not appear as one of the 
 governors. In 1612 his wife and his son obtained a rental on the Mexican 
 treasury of 1,312,500 maravedis and in the following year his daughter re 
 ceived an encomienda of Indians in New Spain. Calle, Mem. y Not., 90. 
 
 5 His predecessors were Alonso Perez Merchan, who was in power from 
 1613 to 1617, and Pedro de Otarola, who held office from the latter date to 1629. 
 During the rule of the former, earthquakes and floods occurred in the province. 
 Otarola was a religious enthusiast, and is said to have committed a kind of 
 pious suicide, since he died of fasting. 
 
 6 His successor was Juan Canseco y Quiilones, who was governor from 1636 
 to 1643. It is said that he squandered the revenues of the state on bull-fights, 
 and festivities for the populace, although he spent large sums on public im 
 provements. 
 
 7 It is said that he died of melancholy, caused in part by the impression 
 made on his mind by a tragedy styled 'Life is a Dream,' which was performed 
 at his reception. The partial destruction of the governor's palace by fire may 
 have increased his malady. On state occasions he made his appearance so 
 shabbily apparelled as to cause the audiencia to make complaints at court. 
 
 8 He was appointed in 1708. His successor, Tomas Teran de los Rios, 
 who undertook the task of bridging the Rio Grande, or Tololotlan, was in 
 office from 1716 to 1724. Governor Nicolas de Ribera y Santa Cruz, who ruled 
 from 1724 to 1727, was constantly involved in difficulties with subordinates, 
 equals, and superiors. He escaped removal at the hands of the India Coun- 
 
POLITICAL DISTRICTS. 299 
 
 all the regions occupied by the Spaniards north-west 
 of Nueva Galicia, including also the Avalos prov 
 inces, and at times Colima. 9 It claimed jurisdiction 
 as well over the north-western region of Coahuiia and 
 Texas, but the king's decision in 1679 was adverse to 
 this pretension. 10 It does not appear that the au 
 thority of the audiencia in Nueva Galicia differed, in 
 any respect from that in Nueva Vizcaya, although on 
 account of distance and consequent expense, only 
 cases of considerable importance came as a rule from 
 the latter territory. 11 The oidores of the audiencia 
 were alcaldes in criminal proceedings, but had no voice 
 in matters pertaining to war and exchequer; and after 
 the time of Governor Ceballos, who ruled during the 
 latter part of the seventeenth century, they lost the 
 power of making higher appointments which origin 
 ally they seem to have held. The president, who, as 
 we have seen* was also political governor of Nueva 
 Galicia, simply held the right of presiding over the 
 
 cil only by death, and was succeeded by his son. The few and meagre rec 
 ords that have been handed down to us concerning these officials are taken 
 from Mota-Padilla, the original historian of Nueva Galicia. 
 
 9 In 1790 Colima was subject in civil affairs to Nueva Galicia. In matters 
 ecclesiastic it was entirely under the bishop of Michoacan till Augusts, 1700, 
 when it was finally decided that it belonged to the diocese of Guadalajara ; 
 and thus Colima continued belonging in all branches of administration to 
 Nueva Galicia. Colima, Representation, MS., 4. During the 17th and 18th 
 centuries the province of Colima made little progress owing to its isolated 
 position. The Villa de Colima continued to hold its rank as the chief town 
 and capital of the province and was the residence of the principal part of the 
 Spanish population. Some dozen or more smaller towns composed the remain 
 ing settlements, whose inhabitants, for the most part natives, were employed 
 in farming. Besides the usual agricultural products, a limited amount of 
 sugar and cotton was produced; a few natives were employed in the manu 
 facture of matting; considerable salt was made, and a variety of fruits, among 
 which were the cocoanut and plantain, grew in abundance. Upon the estab 
 lishment in 1787 of the system of intendencias this province became a part of 
 the intendencia of Guadalajara. Humboldt, Ess<ii. Pol., i. 259; Calle, Mem. y 
 Not., 78; Gac. de Mex., i. 273; ii. 282, 342; Villa-Senor y Sanchez, Theatro 
 Am., ii. 83-8. 
 
 10 According to royal cddula of October 15, 1778, the audiencia of Guadala 
 jara then had jurisdiction to a certain degree over six provinces: Nueva 
 Galicia, Zacatecas, Nueva Vizcaya, Sonora, New Mexico, and the Californias. 
 Cedulario, MS., iii. 9-10. 
 
 11 The audiencia was composed of four oidores, or judges, and a fiscal, or 
 attorney, each with a salary of 2,000 ducats. There was also quite a number 
 of minor officials of whom a few were appointed and received a salary, but 
 most of them bought their offices at auction, paying from 1,000 to 10,000 
 pesos, according to the privileges and emoluments con7iected with each. 
 
300 NUEVA GALICIA. 
 
 court, and of taking the place of honor on occasions 
 of state, but had no vote in judicial matters. 12 
 
 In*Nueva Galicia there were in the middle of the 
 eighteenth century thirty-two districts under corregi- 
 dores and alcaldes mayores, although a century earlier, 
 according to Calle's list, they numbered forty-one. 
 There were three cities, Guadalajara, Zacatecas, a,nd 
 Compostela; eight towns, Lagos, Aguas Calientes, 
 Jerez, Fresnillo, Purificacion, Villagutierre de Aguila 
 or Villanueva, Sombrerete, and San Jose de Monte- 
 zuma, near Tepatitlan ; and twenty-one reales de minas, 
 or mining towns. 13 So-called pueblos and other small 
 settlements scattered over the territory numbered up 
 ward of two hundred. The officers who ruled the 
 large towns with their districts annexed, known as 
 alcaldias or corregimientos, were with few exceptions 
 appointed by the president of the auctiencia, and re 
 ceived salaries. Under these officials in each city and 
 town were one or more ordinary alcaldes, an alguacil 
 mayor, four regidores, and a notary, forming virtually 
 an ay untamiento, though not often called by that 
 name. There seem to have been no salaries attached 
 to these minor positions, and that of alguacil, or con 
 stable, was nearly always sold at auction, at different 
 times and places. Ordinarily alcaldes in some, and 
 perhaps all the towns, were elected yearly, requiring, 
 in the larger places at least, confirmation by the 
 president. 
 
 Guadalajara, the capital of Nueva Galicia, the cathe 
 dral city, the seat of the audiencia, and the place 
 where the royal treasury was kept, swarmed with 
 
 12 About 1670 there was a quarrel between the president and the audien- 
 cia as to the right to appoint a governor ad interim of Nueva Vizcaya. The 
 king at first decided in favor of the president, but later reversed his decision ; 
 and later still, gave the president and fiscal a vote on the subject. Mota-Pa- 
 dilla, Conq. N. Gal., 400-1. See also on audiencia Recop. de 2nd., i. 326; 
 Call', Mem. y Not. , 91-2. 
 
 13 In Calle's time, 1646, there was yet a villa de Espiritu Santo at Tepic; 
 Fresnillo was only a real de mina; and neither Villagutierre nor San Jos6 had 
 been founded. This author names 13 reales de minas. 
 
MINES AND MINING. 301 
 
 officials, and lie was a humble Spaniard indeed, who 
 lilled no public position. It is not necessary to enter 
 more fully into the details of the municipal machinery 
 or the somewhat intricate relations of the different 
 branches of power in this much governed city. u The 
 treasury department was under a staff of officers whose 
 chief duty it was to receive, tax, and stamp silver bull 
 ion, and to deliver quicksilver for use in the mines. At 
 one time the administration of the exchequer seems 
 to have been intrusted to the governor and audiencia, 
 but they did not long retain control, for the king 
 always took care that the precious metals in transit 
 between the mines and the royal coffers in Spain 
 should pass through as few hands as possible. A 
 branch treasury was also established at Zacatecas, 
 where the revenue for a single decade, commencing in 
 1730, amounted to nearly four million pesos. 
 
 Before 1600, as we have seen, rich mines were dis 
 covered, and during the next two centuries many were 
 developed, often with rich returns in spite of great dis 
 advantages. They were nearly all of silver-bearing 
 ore, though according to Mota-Padilla, very fine gold 
 was taken out at Mezquital, and in such abundance 
 as to be used secretly in trade throughout the 
 country. This yield ceased however toward the mid 
 dle of the eighteenth century. Respecting methods 
 of mining and of reduction we have little or no con 
 temporaneous information, while of the yield we have 
 for statistics only a few meagre, disconnected, and 
 doubtless in most instances inaccurate statements 
 bearing upon different localities at different periods. 
 
 Bullion was presented at the treasury at Guadala 
 jara, Zacatecas, and in later years at Llerena, and was 
 there properly stamped after the royal dues had been 
 
 14 Villa-Senor, Teatro, ii. 204-6, names the secular cabildo of Guadalajara 
 in 1745 as consisting of twelve regidores, alferez real, alguacil mayor, two 
 alcaldes, contador, procurador, and notary. He also speaks of a custom 
 house staff. 
 
302 tfUEVA GALICIA. 
 
 paid. Thence it must be transported to Mexico for 
 sale as there was no nearer mint. 15 The labor was 
 mainly performed by Indians, under Spanish over 
 seers, nominally working for wages of from two to 
 five pesos a month, yet practically held in bondage 
 during much of the time and in many sections. 16 The 
 severest toil, however, fell to the lot of negro slaves. 
 Notwithstanding the richness of the ores, the min 
 ing industry was well nigh paralyzed by the govern 
 ment monopoly of quicksilver, which restricted the 
 production of that metal to the mines of Almaden in 
 Spain. Rich deposits are said to have been discovered 
 in Nueva Galicia, especially in the Sierra de Pinos, 
 but its extraction was prohibited by cedula of 1730. 
 The immediate effect was of course to make the price 
 of quicksilver so excessive that only the most produc 
 tive mines could be profitably worked, to say nothing 
 of the occasional failure of the supply on account of 
 interrupted communication with Mexico. But these 
 were not the only disadvantages of the monopoly ; for 
 not only must the quicksilver be brought directly from 
 the government officials, but must be bought only in 
 large quantities. No subsequent transactions were 
 allowed, nor any retail trade in this commodity. It 
 was not enough, however, that quicksilver must be 
 bought in large quantities and at exorbitant rates; 
 the purchaser must at the same time become responsi 
 ble for the payment of the tax on the amount of silver 
 bullion which the supply purchased would enable him 
 to produce! This was intended to prevent frauds in 
 evading the payment of taxes and tithes; but the 
 practical effect was that if the discoverer of a mine 
 happened to be a man without means he was com 
 pelled to take others into partnership ; and when the 
 
 15 In 1607 a royal order was obtained ordering a mint to be established at 
 Zacatecas, but nothing was done in the matter. Bernardez, Zac., 38; Villa- 
 8enor, Teatro, ii. 223. 
 
 1G l)ainpier. Voyac/e, i. 269, speaks of some hundreds of Indian slaves who 
 worked in the silver mines near Centizpac in 1C86, carrying ore to Cornpostela 
 and supplies back to the mines. 
 
AGRICULTURE AND MANUFACTURES. 303 
 
 mine proved valuable, litigations would follow, and 
 the discoverer would too often lose his interest. 17 
 
 At this period the industries of agriculture and 
 stock-raising were fairly prosperous. There was no 
 lack in Nueva Galicia of fertile land, which produced 
 an abundant food-supply, while in ocean and river 
 there were excellent fisheries. Several small vessels 
 were built on the coast for expeditions to California, 
 the workmen being sent from Mexico and encamping 
 at some suitable spot near the mouth of a river, where 
 they felled the timber, built the craft, and then aban 
 doned their camp. Of manufactures there were none, 
 except the rude articles made by the natives for their 
 own use, and the commerce of the country was carried 
 on by native carriers, pack-mules, and wagon-trains, 
 by means of which agricultural products were carried 
 to the nearest market, ore and bullion forwarded 
 from the mines, and tools, machinery, quicksilver, and 
 clothing brought overland from the city of Mexico. 
 To the capital were also sent the few articles of prod 
 uce which would pay the cost of freight, together 
 with herds of live-stock. At times the privilege of 
 killing and exporting cattle was restricted by the gov 
 ernor on complaint of the ecclesiastical authorities 
 that the amount of tithes was thereby diminished. 
 
 The city of Mexico derived much greater benefit 
 from the resources of Nueva Galicia than did the 
 province itself. In the capital alone could any products 
 except those of mine or field be exchanged for money. 18 
 Men were not wanting who understood these disad 
 vantages, and foremost among them was Mota-Padilla, 
 who never ceased his efforts to separate the country 
 from New Spain, to obtain for her ports a trade with 
 China and with Central and South America; to estab 
 lish a mint, and make Guadalajara a centre of trade; 
 
 17 ' Ya se tiene por cierto que cuantlo se litiga. sobre mina se pierden las 
 leycs.' Mota-Padilla, Conq. N. Gal, 321. 
 
 18 'Mexico se ha hecho garganta precisa por donde haya de pasar todo.' 
 Mota-Padilla, Conq. N. Gat., 263-4. 
 
304 NUEVA GALICIA. 
 
 but the pressure brought to bear on the king from 
 the New World metropolis was always too strong, 
 and the interests of the province were disregarded. 19 
 
 The total population of Nueva Galicia in the middle 
 of the eighteenth century was estimated at not less 
 than two hundred thousand, of which number sixty 
 thousand were Indians and the remainder of Spanish 
 and mixed blood. Though this seems a comparatively 
 high figure, Mota-Padilla certainly had excellent ap- 
 portunities for obtaining correct statistics. 20 During 
 the second half of the century the population seems 
 to have increased more rapidly; for we find that at 
 the beginning of the nineteenth century the popula 
 tion of Guadalajara was variously estimated at from 
 nineteen to thirty-five thousand, and that under the 
 jurisdiction of the audiencia as high as six hundred 
 and thirty thousand. 21 
 
 It will be remembered that at the close of the six 
 teenth century Zacatecas was the new El Dorado which 
 attracted settlers and adventurers from all parts; the 
 population rapidly increased; mines were being dis 
 covered and developed, and a great future seemed to 
 be in store for the new colony. At that time the site 
 of the city of Zacatecas seemed anything but pleasant 
 
 19 From 1748-53, according to the Noticias Biocj. of Icazbalceta, the his 
 torian made efforts to have the four jurisdictions of the coast, Purificacion, 
 Tepic, Acaponeta, and Centizpac, formed into a new government, to be placed 
 under himself as ruler. 
 
 20 Mota-Padilla's actual basis is the number of Indian tributaries, which 
 was 8,000, representing 16,000 persons, not including chiefs, the aged, or 
 children. Conq. N. Gal., 509. Gil, Soc. Mex. Geog.,viii. 493, says the popu 
 lation in about 1750 was estimated at about 115,000. 
 
 21 Gil, in Soc. Mex. Geoy., viii. 493, insists however that in 1807, on taking 
 tribute, the population was found to be only 130,000, having increased but 
 15,000 since 1750. There is no doubt that there was a misunderstanding as 
 to the territory included. Humboldt, Essai PoL, 155, and Ncio Spain, ii. 
 180-3, gives for the intendencia of Guadalajara 630,500, and for the city 
 19,500; 6,381 square leagues with 623,572 inhabitants are mentioned in Tri 
 bunal del Consnlado, 1805. Ortiz, Mex. Jndep., 79, gives 630,000 for 1803. 
 According to Navarro, in Soc. Mex. Geoy., 2da e"p. , i. 291, in 1810 the inten 
 dencia of Guadalajara comprised 9,612 square leagues; 28partidos, lOOcuracies, 
 9 missions, 2 cities, 7 towns, 326 villages, 33 mining districts, 370 haciendas, 
 1,511 ranches, and 118 stock ranches. There were 29 convents and 7 nun 
 neries; 441 clerigos, 192 friars, and 225 nuns; there were 164,420 Spaniards, 
 172,676 Indians, and 179,720 of mixed blood, making a total population, 
 including the religious, of 517,674. 
 
ZACATECAS MATTERS. 
 
 305 
 
 to the Spaniards. The soil was little adapted to the 
 cultivation of wheat, maize, or even fruit, excepting 
 the Indian fig, the cactus apuntia covering the neigh 
 borhood in every direction. Nevertheless its location 
 had many advantages. The climate, though change 
 able, was healthy, being never excessively hot or cold. 
 In the vicinit} 7 - variety of temperature favored the 
 cultivation of different agricultural products. Cattle- 
 raising became an important feature at an early day, 
 and besides silver, copper lead and other metals were 
 found in abundance. 22 
 
 CITY OF ZACATECAS. 
 
 The three or four persons in charge of the treasury, 
 and the corregidor, appointed directly by the king, 
 were the only officials who were paid a salary at Zaca- 
 
 22 The veins around Zacatecas city yielded in 1608 an average of more than 
 two ounces per cental. There were 20 haciendas de minus, whose owners were 
 worth from 30,000 to 100,000 pesos each, and employed about 100 Spaniards, 
 the same number of negroes, and 1,500 Indians. Each hacienda worked about 
 80 centals a day. No smelting was done, and only mule power was used. 
 Zft'-dfrrris, 7.W., in Pacheco and. Cardenas, Col. Doc., ix. 182-7. At San 
 Andres General Mendiola tore down his stone buildings, the material yielding 
 three marks per cental. The product of the mines at Zacatecas had declined 
 considerably in 1732; there were only 24 reduction works; the expenses 
 1,300,000 pesos per year; and the king received 257,350 pesos. Bernardez, 
 HIST. MEX., VOL. III. 20 
 
306 NUEVA GALICIA. 
 
 tecas, and the salable offices brought at auction from 
 six to eight thousand pesos. 23 The province had also 
 a lieutenant captain-general, and a force of troops for 
 protection in case of outbreaks among the natives. 24 
 In wealth and probably in population the city was 
 superior to the capital of Nueva Galicia. 25 
 
 The mining district's of Fresnillo, Sombrerete, Pi- 
 nos, Nieves, Mazapil, and Zacatecas were all alcaldias 
 may ores, subject to a corregimiento, to which grade, 
 in 1736, the so-called province of Zacatecas was 
 raised, the districts of Aguas Calientes and Juchipila 
 being added three years later. When the alcaldias 
 mayores and corregimientos were abolished by the 
 ordinance establishing intendencias, these latter dis 
 tricts were made a part of the intendencia of Gua 
 dalajara, until joined to that of Zacatecas by royal 
 decree of December 30, 1791. 
 
 The town of Aguas Calientes derived its name from 
 the thermal springs -in its immediate vicinity. 26 In 
 
 Zac., 42-50. In 1750 the mines did not yield more than 500,000 pesos; but 
 the output increased in a few years to ten times as much through the efforts 
 of one Laborde. Jacobs' Hist. Inq., ii. 153. The wealthiest inhabitant of 
 Zacatecas was Agustin de Zavala, who in 20 years had paid in silver king's 
 fifths to the amount of 800,000 pesos, which shows that during that time he 
 had sent to be marked 4,000,000. Salgado, Vida, 23. This is the same Zavala 
 who was governor of Nuevo Leon. 
 
 23 Zacatecas, Rel., in Pacheco and Cardenas, Col. Doc., ix. 184-6. Micr y 
 Campo, in Revista Lien., ii. Ill, says the royal treasury was established in 
 1767. 
 
 24 In 1608 Cristobal de Cardivar is named as holding the position of ' teni- 
 ente de capitaii general.' Ibid. The same writer speaks of a governor of 
 Zacatecas appointed every six years by the council of the Indies. A ' capitan 
 a guerra' is also mentioned about 1745 in Villa-Senor, Teatro, ii. 223. 
 
 25 The population of the province of Zacatecas for 1793 as given by Hum- 
 boldt, Essai Pol., i. 57, 155, was 118,027; that of the capital, 25,495, and in 
 1803, 153,300 including city and province. For description of principal 
 places sea Id., 260-61; also Viagero, Univ., xxvii. 105-6. For the latter 
 year the tribunal del cousulado, in Soc. Hex. Geog., Boletin, ii. 6, gives 1681 
 square leagues and 151,749 inhabitants. Murillo, Geog. Hist., 814, gives 
 40,000 for the city in 1778-9, and Caucelada, Ruina, 73-5, the same figures 
 as the consulado. Navarro, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2d ep., i. 291, has 
 in 1810 for the intendencia of Zacatecas 2,355 square leagues, with 22,296 
 
 'Spaniards, 40,872 Indians, and 77,555 other races; 6 partidos, 17 curates, a 
 city, 2 villas, 28 pueblos, 19 reales de minas, 108 haciendas, 438 ranches, and 
 16 cattle ranches. See also Hint's Geog., ii.*132; Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, ix. 
 275; Beryhes, Zac., 4; Zuniga y 0., Calend., 116-17; N. Esp., Brev. Res., ii. 
 319-20. 
 
 20 The town used the royal arms, having no coat of arms of its own. 
 Aguirre, Doc. Antiy., in Soc. Mtx. Geog., Boletin, 2d cp. iii. 19. For other 
 
OTHER MINING DISTRICTS. 
 
 307 
 
 1794 it had a parish church and three convents with 
 about thirty friars, and as many other clergymen. 
 There was also a public school supported by funds 
 bequeathed by a resident of that town. 'Toward the 
 end of the eighteenth century the population was 
 rapidly increasing, 27 and mining, commerce, agricult 
 ure, and stock-raising had made great progress. 
 
 Fresnillo had at this period about five thousand in 
 habitants and was governed by a lieutenant under the 
 
 ZACATECAS, AGUAS CALIENTES, SAN Luis PoTosf. 
 
 alcalde of Jerez; there was a large parochial church 
 and a Dominican hospice. The site was little better 
 than that of Zacatecas. The mines in the hills of 
 Proano, south-west of the town, belonged for the most 
 part to the marquis of Apartado. 28 
 
 Most of the settlements in the province of San 
 
 details concerning it see Id., ii. 18; Dice. Univ., i. 77-8; S. Miguel, Rep. 
 Mex., i. 7. 
 
 2l In 1794 the town had 8,376 inhabitants. Agidrre, Doc. Antiy., in Soc. 
 Mex. Ocorj., Doletin, 2d cp. iii. 21-5. See for other details Dias, Mex., v. 
 '3'2'2; Gazeta Mex., i.-xv., passim. 
 
 M The curacy of Fresnillo was said to be the most lucrative in Nneva 
 Galicia, paying $12,000 per year. Morfi, in Doc. Hist. Mex., 3d ser. iv. 333-5. 
 
308 NUEVA GALICIA. 
 
 Luis Potosi were founded toward the close of the six 
 teenth and during the early part of the seventeenth 
 century, and there is nothing that requires record 
 concerning their progress. The capital of the same 
 name is situated on the eastern declivity of the great 
 plateau of Anahuac, in a fertile and extensive valley, 
 bounded on the. west by the mountains of San Luis. 
 The oldest records of the town council date back to 
 1612, the title of city being awarded by the king in 
 1G56. 29 The population in 1604 consisted of eight 
 hundred Spaniards and some three thousand Indians; 
 and about the middle of the eighteenth century, 
 Villa-Senor states it at sixteen hundred families. 
 Most of the natives were distributed among the 
 mines of San Pedro and the neighboring haciendas, 
 and from this time forward the population seems to 
 have increased rapidly. 30 
 
 San Pedro, Charcas, Villa del Valle, Guadalcazar, 
 Panuco, and other town's were also in a flourishing 
 condition. 31 The mining town of Catorce, so named 
 on account of the murder of fourteen soldiers by sav 
 ages in ancient times, appears to have been founded 
 in 1772, 32 though some place the date as early as 1738. 
 
 29 Iturribarria, in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, vii. SCO. According to Arle- 
 gui, 57, in 1066. 
 
 30 Statistics concerning the population of San Luis Potosi run widely apart. 
 Humboldt. Essai Pol., i. 57, gives for 1793 in the city 8,571, and in the pro 
 vince 242,280; for 1803, 12,000 and 334,900 respectively. Castillo, iuSoc. Mex. 
 Geog., Boletin, 3d ep.v. 497, gives 22, 000 for the city in 1787 an absurd state 
 ment. Taladez, Not., in Id., 58, 61, in 1794 for the province 168,002. Jfot. de 
 Ep., in Id., ii. 19, for 1805, 186,503; so Trib. Consul, in Id,, 16; see for 
 population at different periods /(/., Id., ix. 272; for 1808. Cancelada, lluina, 
 73-5, gives 311,503. Navarro, in Soc. Mex. Grey., Boletin, 2d cp. i. 291, 
 gives for the intendencia of San Luis in 1810: 2,357 square leagues, with 
 22,609 Spaniards, 88,949 Indians, 62,007 of mixed race, a total of 173,651. 
 There were 10 partidos, 23 curacies, and 19 missions; one city, 2 villas, 49 
 pueblos, 15 reales de minas, 124 haciendas, 431 ranches, and 18 cattle ranches. 
 Properly there were 14 partidos, 10 under the viceroy, and four under the 
 commander-general of the provincias orientales. See also IJassel, Hamlbuch, 
 Mex. and Gnat., 224-9. 
 
 31 In 1740 San Pedro had 100 families of Spaniards, mestizos, and mulattoes, 
 with some 2,000 Indians in the vicinity; Charcas, 40 or 50, and Villa del Valle 
 240 Spanish families. V'dla-Sencr, Theatro, i. 54-9. 
 
 32 See Campo, Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2d ep. iv. 374. Five thousand in 
 habitants are given for the year 1776, in Ward's Mex., ii. 132-3, which seems 
 exaggerated. According to Hassel, Ilandbuch, the mines were discovered in 
 1770. 
 
PROGRESS IN SAN LUIS POTOSl 309 
 
 Cedral was established in 1780, and became a doc- 
 trina in 1790. 33 
 
 The alcalde mayor of San Luis Potosi held the 
 title of lieutenant captain-general, the appointment 
 being made on account of the proximity of that prov 
 ince to the Chichimec frontier, where, however, the 
 friars were actively engaged in the work of conversion. 
 The ayuntamiento of the capital consisted of twelve 
 regidores, alcaldes, alguaciles, and other necessary 
 officials. 84 The title of city was granted by viceroy 
 Alburquerque in 1656, and was confirmed by Felipe 
 III. August 17, 1658. On the 25th of October 1787 
 the province was made an intendencia. 35 
 
 Of the mining and other industries I shall have 
 occasion to speak later. The only disturbances which 
 seem to have occurred in San Luis Potosi are those 
 on the occasion of the Jesuit expulsion in 1767. 
 When these were suppressed, the province made ex 
 traordinary progress, remaining free from political 
 convulsions until in 1810 the country was aroused by 
 the revolution of Dolores. 36 
 
 33 See article on San Luis Potosf, in Dice. Univ., x. 321, and Iturribarria, 
 in Soc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, vii. 304. 
 
 34 At an early date the city had five convents and a Jesuit college. Calk, 
 Mem. y Net., 77; Santos, Chron., 407. 
 
 55 The first intendente was Bruno Diaz Salcedo, who took possession on the 
 same day. Castillo, in Soc. Mex. Geoy., Boletln, 3d ep. v. 497. See also in 
 Id., ii. 19-20, 90-110; Humboldt, Essai Pol., i. 282-5; Zunigay 0., Calend., 
 117; GazetaMcx., i.-xvi., passim. 
 
 3G Beside3 Mota-Padilla the following authorities have been consulted for 
 matters treated in this chapter: Torquemada, iii. 333-4, 342, 384; Apostolicos 
 Afancs, passim; Villa-Senor y Sanchez, Theatro,ii. 204-20; Zacatecas, Rel. y 
 in Pachcco and Cardenas, Col. Doc., ix., 179-91; Aleyre, Hist. Comp., i. 205- 
 29,440; ii. 24-5, 52-3, 81-2, 150-9, 241, 410 et seq.; iii. 20-1,04-9,91-2, 191-2; 
 Arleyui, Cron. Zac., passim; Bernardcz, Zac., 20-90; Michoacan, Prov., 95, 
 115-10; Arridvita, Cr6n. Serdf., 92, 590", E-^inosa, Cron. AposL, 415, 499- 
 507; Ayeta, Defensa Vcrdad, passim; Ribas, Hist. Triumphos, 729; Maryil 
 de Jesus, Notizie, passim; Veneyas, Not. CaL, ii. 515-10; Dice. Univ., iv. 
 375-9; ix. 800-2; x. 108, 1032-88; Instruction Vireyes, 3, 12, 120; lylexias, 
 Rcl, 289-310; Jalisco, Not., 10-23, 00/141; Mofras, Explor., i. 200; Lazcano, 
 Vida de Ovledo, 149-50; Alfaro y Pina, Cat. de Guad., 5-14; Camilla, Espejo, 
 1-297; ficvista, Soien., ii. 110-11; Morfi, Diario, 329; Jacob's Hist. Inq., ii. 
 153; Dampicr^s Voy., i. 257-72; Salvador, in Doc. Hist. Max., 3d series, iv. 
 053; Cauo, Tres Stylos, ii. 103-4; Museo Mex., 2d ep. i. 2; FunndVs Voy., 
 91; Gil, in Soc. Mex. Geocj., viii. 493. 
 
CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 THE CONQUEST OF NAYARIT. 
 1701-1722. 
 
 THE LAST REFUGE or IDOLATRY IN NUEVA GALICIA GEOGRAPHY OF NAYA- 
 RIT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NATIVES PARTIAL SUCCESS OF ARISBABA 
 IN 1618 TROUBLE AT ACAPONETA MASSACRE OF BRACAMONTE AND HIS 
 PARTY IN 1701- REVOLT AT COLOTLAN THE BAREFOOT FRIARS MEX- 
 DIOLA'S EXPEDITION AND THE FIRST JESUIT ATTEMPT THE TONATI 
 VISITS MEXICO His' TREATY AND HIS FLIGHT PREPARATIONS AND OB 
 STACLES AT ZACATECAS CAMP AT PEYOTLAN FLORES IN COMMAND 
 ASSAULT ON THE MESA THE NAYARITS SUBDUED AND CONQUEST 
 ACHIEVED PROGRESS OF THE MISSIONS. 
 
 AFTER the conclusion of the Mixton war 1 it was be 
 lieved that the powerful blow administered by Vice 
 roy Mendoza to the revolted savages of Nueva Galicia 
 had been final. The utter defeat and rout of the 
 Chichimecs, who then made a last heroic effort to 
 throw off the Spanish yoke, had been decisive. The 
 Spaniards enjoyed the peaceful possession of the terri 
 tory in the firm belief that no further attempts would 
 ever be made by the scattered natives to assert their 
 ancient rights. The Indians had not been finally sub 
 dued, however, and two centuries later the struggle 
 was to be renewed. Many of the natives who had 
 escaped death or captivity at Cuind, Nochistlan, and 
 Mixton had taken refuge in what was later known as 
 the sierra of Nayarit. 2 
 
 1 See Hist. Mex., ii. 490-515, this series. 
 
 2 The region so called is situated in modern Jalisco, north of the Tololo- 
 tlan, on and south of the Durango boundary, east of the coast province of Aca- 
 poneta, west of Zacatecas, on and near the river San Pedro. In Naynrltas, 
 IteL, 4-5, Nayarit is described as a province of 22 pueblos, lying within a 
 triangle formed by the towns of Zacatecas, Huajuquilla, and Guazamota. It 
 included a valley enclosed by high mountains broken only by the llio Vara- 
 
 (310) 
 
NATIVE NATIONS. 
 
 311 
 
 Very little has been learned about the country 
 since its so-called conquest in the first quarter of the 
 last century. It is still inhabited for the most part 
 by aborigines seemingly but little under the* control 
 of Mexican authority, and has become famous of late 
 years as the central stronghold from which the native 
 chieftain Lozada attempted valiantly, but in Vain, to 
 restore the independence of his nation. One or two 
 
 NAYARTT. 
 
 difficult passes, easily defended against a superior in 
 vading force, lead to a succession of wooded peaks, 
 arid mesas, huge chasms, and small valleys of consid 
 erable fertility. The natives inhabiting this region 
 became known to the Spaniards as Nayarits, Coras, 
 and Tecualmes; there were also other minor tribes, 
 who together with them claimed descent from the 
 
 eant the Tololotlan. The entrance is ten leagues 
 ling to Aposttflicos Afancs, 173, the chief river is the 
 )bably the modern San Pedro, which is tributaf-y to 
 
 nia by which may be meant 
 
 from Guazamota. According 
 
 Jesus Maria y Joseph, probably the modern San Pedro, which is tributary 
 
 the Tololotlan. Mota-Padilla and Alegre content themselves with giving 
 
 latitude and longitude, with general bearings from well known points. It is 
 
 evident that the early writers knew nothing of Nayarit geography. 
 
312 THE CONQUEST OF NAYARIT. 
 
 Aztecs, a claim supported to some extent by their 
 language. 3 
 
 In the central parts of Nayarit are two plateaus, 
 known as the mesas del Tonati and del Cangrejo, on 
 the former of which were the nation's sacred temples. 
 The people were a bold race of mountaineers, for the 
 most part savages, their Aztec forefathers having 
 handed down to them only a few religious forms, and 
 a knowledge of agriculture. They enjoyed a fine and 
 healthy climate. In their territory was an abundance 
 of wild fruits, and no lack of game. They dwelt in 
 security under the protection of their own gods, with 
 whom they were content; but what they seem to have 
 prized above all was their long immunity from Span 
 ish and Christian intermeddling. Nevertheless they 
 beheld with distrust the progress of the Spaniards, 
 and gradually found themselves entirely surrounded 
 by numerous missions. From their observations and 
 the reports of fugitives they had ample opportunities 
 to study the effects of the new institutions that had 
 encircled their retreat; but their conclusion was that 
 their old gods, customs, and rulers were good enough. 
 Like most other natives, they doubted not their abil 
 ity to resist, with the aid of their natural defences, 
 notwithstanding their small numbers perhaps never 
 more than three or four thousand. Circumstances 
 contributed to strengthen their self-confidence as the 
 Spaniards long delajed active measures to subdue 
 them. 
 
 The Indians in their visits to the coast, where they 
 were wont to obtain salt in large quantities for barter 
 with inland tribes, or to the Zacatecan towns, came 
 often into friendly contact with the friars and soldiers, 
 always declining their invitations to become Christians, 
 .and gradually forming the idea that submission was to 
 
 3 See Native Races of the Pacific States, iii. 719-20. The region is often 
 called sierra de los Coras. According to Apostdlicos Afane.s, 8-9, the Nay- 
 arits were there when the Mexicans marched south in search of homes, and 
 the long lines of intrenchments by which they defended their land were still 
 visible in 1752. 
 
EARLY EXPEDITIONS. 313 
 
 be altogether optional. The friars, however, had other 
 views. 
 
 In the sixteenth century there is no record of any 
 definite communication with Nayarit; but we are told 
 that in the first years of the seventeenth, Captain 
 Geronimo de Arciniega penetrated to Guainamota, 
 took thence two thousand Indians, and with them 
 founded four settlements. 4 Then we have a vague 
 narrative of the expedition in 1616 to 1618 of Cap 
 tain Miguel Cadera with several companions. They 
 are said to have set forth from Compostela and to 
 have spent some time about the entrance to the for 
 bidden realms, meeting the king and his attendants, 
 receiving four children as a gift, and making so favor 
 able an impression that some of the Nayarits-came to 
 Tepic and even submitted to baptism. About the 
 same time a band of rebellious Tepehuanes from 
 Durango sought refuge in the southern sierra, and 
 Captain Bartolome Arisbaba, pursuing them, met 
 Caldera and the Indians at Guazamota. Here was 
 a chance for the great chief to give a practical demon 
 stration of his new 'friendship, as in fact he is said to 
 have done, by offering to join in the pursuit. Of the 
 result we only know that Arisbaba left on a stone 
 preserved in the church at Guazamota as late as the 
 middle of the eighteenth century, an inscription recit 
 ing that in 1618 he conquered the province of San 
 Jose del Gran Nayar. His conquest however cannot 
 have been a very effectual one, probably consisting of 
 certain ceremonies of formal submission, of which the 
 wily natives were ever prodigal outside of their own 
 territory; and Guazamota was on the frontier and 
 
 *Mata-Padilla, Conq. N. Gal, 458-9. Other Indians were added in 1G03, 
 and in 1G05 the king thanked Arciniega for his services. The same author 
 relates that in 1613 father Miguel de Aranzii walked barefoot up the Sierra 
 de los Coras, meeting many natives under a one-eyed chieftain who said his 
 name was Nayarit, thus originating a name for the province and for the peo 
 ple. It is probable that the name did come from a native ruler. According 
 to Apostolicos A fanes, 2, 9, it was from El Naye, the first who attained to 
 regal power. El Gran Nayar is another and, according to this author, more 
 vulgar form. He however calls the chief ruler in 1G1G El Gran Nayarit. 
 
314 THE CONQUEST OF NAYARIT. 
 
 not within the pass. From this time, the Franciscans 
 seem to have had a station there. 5 
 
 It was also in 1617 that Acaponeta was attacked 
 and destroyed by a force said to have come from Du- 
 rango, and which seems to have incited a revolt of 
 the natives in this region. Aid soon came from Gua 
 dalajara and Guadiana however, and peace was re 
 stored. It is not unlikely that Arisbaba was in 
 command of the reenforceinent sent on this occasion, 
 and that it was 'against the destroyers of Acaponeta 
 that the alliance of the Gran Nayarit was utilized. 
 In 1667, and again a few years later, the Franciscans 
 drew from Nayarit some converts for their outside 
 missions. According to a royal decree of 1673 the 
 friars were to be aided in their efforts, but nothing 
 more was done during the century. 6 
 
 In 1701 Captain Francisco Bracamonte, who seems 
 to have been military commander on the frontier, had 
 gained the friendship of the Nayarits, and was even 
 known as protector of the Gran Nayar. Governor 
 Gutierre of Nueva Galicia now proposed to use his 
 influence in the subjugation of their territory. Bra 
 camonte, not without misgivings, accepted the offer, 
 and with several priests, escorted by a dozen soldiers, 
 set about his task. The Nayarits were indignant at 
 this action of their friend, and forbade all further ad 
 vances. Foolishly Bracamonte was induced by his 
 'companions to go on and enter the pass known as El 
 Simon. The result was that only one of the ill-fated 
 band escaped, badly wounded, the rest being slain 
 with their commander. 7 
 
 The natives now became more aggressive in their 
 policy. In 1702 there were tumults on the frontier, 
 during which the Nayarits not only sheltered fugitives, 
 
 6 Apostolicos A fanes, 28-34; Alegre, Hist. Comp., iii. 197-8. Arlegui, 
 Cron. Zac., 172, tells us that his order first entered Nayarit in 1635. 
 
 6 See Mota-Padilla, Conq. N. Gal., 459. 
 
 7 The account of this occurrence in Apostolicos Afanes, 34-5, is made up 
 from a written statement by the survivor, and from the testimony of some 
 Indians who were present at the massacre. 
 
A PLACE OF EVIL OCCUPATION. 315 
 
 but sent a force under the chief Tzomon to aid the 
 malecontents. Depredations were committed from 
 time to time; and though open rebellion was finally 
 prevented on the west, the dissatisfaction- spread east 
 ward, and in 1703-4 as we are told by Arlegui, the 
 Indians of the Tololotlan sierra rose, killed Captain 
 Silva, their protector, threatened their curate, and 
 stole everything within their reach. They were four 
 thousand in number, held meetings at Nostic, and sur 
 rounded Tlaltenango; but Count Santa Rosa marched 
 against them with three hundred 'men from Zacate- 
 cas, and defeated them with considerable slaughter. 
 Whether the Nayarits took any active part in this 
 revolt we are not informed. 8 
 
 The Nayarits, though often professing friendship 
 or even submission on the border, allowed no white 
 man to enter their province; and thus, by the weak 
 ness of. Spanish effort rather than by any achievement 
 of their own, became day by day more firmly con 
 vinced that they could not be conquered. Various 
 attempts were made to reduce them, but with insuffi 
 cient forces. Then a party of devoted Franciscans 
 from Nueva Galicia started barefooted from Guada 
 lajara for the dominions of the devil and Gran Nayar. 
 But not even bare and saintly feet were permitted to 
 enter there, and the sorrowing friars turned back 
 from Guazamota. All this occurred before 1709. 
 The Nayarits, 'however, as proved later, were by no 
 means invincible; all that was required for their 
 reduction was a determined effort by a few hundred 
 armed men. 9 
 
 The time for decisive action had not yet arrived. 
 
 *Arler}iti, Cron. Zac., 89-90, 201. Mota-Padilla, Conq. N. Gal, 459, gives 
 the date of the defeat of Bracamonte whom he calls Juan in 1709. 
 
 9 The Jesuit chroniclers, like the author of the Society's Apostdlicos Afanes, 
 or Apostolic Labors, though dpubtless conversant with the facts, delight 
 in exaggerating here as elsewhere the fruitless efforts of state and church to 
 bring gentiles to law and faith before the task was undertaken by the com 
 pany of Jesus. The Jesuits were, like other orders, zealous and able workers; 
 but they also had the good fortune in several notable instances to undertake 
 a difficult task, just when the government was ready to learn by past ex 
 perience and adopt an effective policy. 
 
316 THE CONQUEST OF NAYAEIT. 
 
 Pursuant to the recommendation of oidor Pacheco of 
 Guadalajara, a royal decree of 1709 ordered both the 
 viceroy and the audiericia to intrust the spiritual con 
 quest of the -savage district to the famous Franciscan 
 friar Margil de Jesus. Delays occurred, and the plan 
 of Padre Margil was not matured till 1711. His sug 
 gestions were adopted and all needed aid promised, 
 but he was instructed in case of failure to make care 
 ful observatiqns which might be useful in the future. 
 The good friar, with his companion, Fray Luis Del- 
 gado Cervantes, and six frontier caciques, set out for 
 Guazamota. The Nayarit chief was notified of their 
 intention, and permission to advance was denied. The 
 Nayarits would sooner die than become Christians. 
 Still, Father Margil pressed forward until stopped by 
 hostile demonstrations. No miracle took place to 
 soften the barbarian's heart. The chief insultingly 
 gave the friars for supper a fox-skin stuffed with 
 straw, and retired with his men to the mountains. 
 This was too much for Christian digestion; and sadly 
 the would-be apostles again turned back. By force 
 alone could the gospel of peace be given to these 
 obstinate heathen, and Father Margil now came to 
 the sensible conclusion that the next attempt at con 
 version should be made with the assistance of at least 
 a hundred well armed soldiers. But this was expen 
 sive, and Nayarit must wait. 10 
 
 The next expedition was accompanied by a member 
 of the company of Jesus. Obstacles now began to dis 
 appear, and compared with preceding attempts this 
 one was almost a success. General Gregorio Matias 
 de Mendiola, with thirt}^ Spaniards, a hundred Ind 
 ians, and some friars, arrived at Guazamota in 1715, 
 early in December. In January 1716 the Nayarit 
 
 10 Father Pablo Felipe wrote a report of Viis embassy from which comes 
 the information in Apostdlicos Afanes, 55-61. The date is made 1710 in Nay- 
 aritas, Eel.. 6, and Pedro Alvarez de Roa is named as protector in that year. 
 In the saint's life, Marcjil, Notizie, 67-7'2, it is stated that he was on the point 
 of being killed during this journey, but that God struck terror into the hearts 
 of the savages, thus saving his life. 
 
PABLO FELIPE. 317 
 
 chiefs allowed them to enter the pass, and the country 
 was named, after the day, Provincia del Santo Nombre 
 de Jesus. Passing across the San Pedro up a steep 
 grade to a plateau, they were ceremoniously received 
 by four hundred young warriors; further on they met 
 the priests of the sun and Nayarit nobility. They were 
 greeted with the barbarous etiquette of the sierra 
 tribes. The savages readily went through the forms 
 of submission to the authority of Felipe "V., but re 
 fused to change their religion. 
 
 Argument was in vain, and after several days of 
 festivity the Spaniards noted some peculiarities of con 
 duct on the part of their hosts, which prompted them 
 to retire with more alacrity than they had entered. 11 
 
 The mountaineers now became more haughty and 
 daring than ever, until the tribes of the coast, tired 
 of their continued outrages, assumed about 1718 a 
 hostile-attitude, attacked small parties which ventured 
 out of the stronghold, and finally were able to cut oif 
 Nayarit communication with the coast. Then came a 
 new cedula urging as usual active measures for the 
 breaking up of this last refuge of idolatry in Nueva 
 Galicia. The viceroy put the matter into the hands 
 of Martin Verdugo de Haro, corregidor of Zacatecas, 
 and the latter intrusted it to Juan de la Torre Valdes 
 y Garnboa, a rich and popular citizen of Jerez, with 
 the suggestion that a Nayarit representative be in 
 duced to visit Mexico. Circumstances were favorable, 
 since the Nayarits were in great trouble about the 
 cutting-off of their salt supply for consumption and 
 trade. Pablo Felipe, native chief and governor at 
 San Nicolas, exerted his diplomatic powers in favor 
 of Spanish interests, and, particularly in the interests 
 of his friend Torre, easily persuaded the Indians that 
 the viceroy alone could effectually redress their wrongs, 
 that a personal application to that official was essential, 
 
 11 A letter to the bishop, February 25, 1716, by Father Solchaga, who ac 
 companied this expedition as chaplain, is the authority given in Apostollcos 
 A/axes, 03-7:3; it is followed in Aleyrc, Hist. Comp., iii. 199-201. Other 
 writers do not mention Mendiola's expedition. 
 
318 
 
 THE CONQUEST OF NAYARIT. 
 
 and that Juan de la Torre was the man above all others 
 to accompany their embassy to Mexico and take charge 
 of their interests. 
 
 Accordingly the tonati, or guestlacatl, that is to say 
 the chief, 12 notified Torre of his purpose to visit him 
 with fifty of his subjects for consultation. The viceroy 
 was notified of this intended visit by a letter of the cor- 
 regidor dated November 25, l720, 13 at a time when Juan 
 
 ANCIENT MAP or NAYARIT. 
 
 12 Called also Tonat, Tonatin, Tonatiuh, Tonali, Nayarit, Nayerit, Nayar, 
 Naye, Giiestlacalt, Guactlaco, and Gueitlacal. 
 
 13 Nayaritas, Relation de la Conquista de la Provincla de los Nayaritas en 
 el Reyno de la Nueva Espafla, que cons'ujuieron las Armas de su Alagestad a 
 principles de cste auo de, 1722, Madrid (about 1723), sin. 4to, 30 p. This is a 
 report dated Madrid, Oct. 6, 17*22, apparently made to, and by order of. the 
 king, by a writer whose name is not given. It is a little volume of consider 
 able historical value which has now become very rare. 
 
 Another important authority on the final conquest is the Gacetas de Mex 
 ico, a serial publication, or newspaper, begun by Dr. Juan Ignacio de Casto- 
 rcna y Ursua at the beginning of 1722, just in time to include in the first 
 numbers for January- April of that year, the news from Nayarit. These old 
 est numbers were reprinted in Doc. Hist. Mex., se"rie ii. iv. Of the series 
 from 1784 to 1821 I have a complete set in my library. 
 
ATTITUDE OF THE TONATI. 319 
 
 Berrotaran was negotiating for the conduct of the en 
 terprise, having offered to raise two hundred men for 
 forty days at his own cost; but he immediately ap 
 pointed Torre capitan protector of Nayarit, with four 
 hundred and fifty pesos per year for his expenses, and 
 an allowance of two or three hundred with which to 
 entertain the embassy. 14 This according to Mota- 
 Padilla was on December 10th, and at the appointed 
 time the tonati with his fifty companions arrived at 
 Jerez. Every attention was shown them, both here 
 and at Zacatecas where they soon went with their pro 
 tector. The devil, fearing to be forced from his last 
 Galician intrench ments, circulated a report that the 
 tonati's companions were not Nayarits at all, but 
 apostate frontiersmen. This not being credited, he 
 worked upon the fears of the Indians themselves, so 
 that twenty-five of the fifty on one excuse or another 
 returned home. The rest followed their ruler to 
 Mexico, where they arrived under the escort of Cap 
 tain Torre and Captain Santiago Rioja, in February 
 1721. 15 
 
 The visitors were entertained in the metropolis 
 with the attention and pomp due their rank, hospi 
 talities being measured somewhat by what the Span 
 iards hoped to gain. They created no little sensation 
 among all classes, and were themselves suitably im 
 pressed, though we are told they were successful in 
 concealing their wonder. At their first audience for 
 the transaction of business, perhaps on March 16th, 
 each of the native nobles, kneeling, presented to the 
 viceroy an arrow, and the tonati offered his warid and 
 a crown of feathers, all in token of submission. In 
 return the marquis Valero expressed thanks, pardoned 
 past delinquencies, and received a written memorial 
 containing the Nayarit grievances. At the second 
 
 11 So say Mota-Padilla and the Relation. According to Aposttilicos A fanes 
 Torre was appointed before the negotiations for a visit to Mexico. 
 
 13 Villa-Sefior, Teatro, ii. 268-9; Dice. Univ., x. 834. Cavo, Trcs Siglos, ii. 
 11, "-17; and Re villa Gigedo, Iitforme, 467, make the date of the visit to 
 Mexico 1718. 
 
320 THE CONQUEST OF NAYAEIT. 
 
 audience Viceroy Valero, after granting all the me 
 morial asked for, gave his attention to the spiritual 
 wants of the applicants, delivering orally and in writ 
 ing a most eloquent and convincing argument in favor 
 of the adoption of a new and better faith. The poor 
 Indians were somewhat confused, but they could not 
 answer the viceregal logic, and were understood to 
 assent, and to call for 'black padres,' as they termed 
 the Jesuits, to instruct their people. The archbishop 
 entertained and blessed his prospective converts; and 
 the Jesuit provincial, being assured of non-interfer 
 ence of other orders in Nayarit, named on March 19th 
 fathers Juan Tellez Jiron and Antonio Arias Ibarra 
 as missionaries for the new field. He even made a 
 strong effort to convert and baptize the tonati then 
 and there; but the latter did not deem it a conven 
 ient season, owning that were he baptized his people 
 would probably kill him. He had no yearnings for 
 martyrdom, but at last agreed to submit to the rite at 
 Zacatecas, a city he was subsequently very careful to 
 avoid. 
 
 The treaty, by the terms of which the Nayarits 
 were to be protected in all their rights on condition 
 of rendering allegiance to Spain and admitting Jesuit 
 instructors, was confirmed in a council held March 
 20th. 1G The party soon started for the north, Torre 
 as governor with authority to recruit troops called 
 for by the tonati himself, who dared not return with 
 out their protection and to draw on the treasury at 
 Zacatecas for the necessary funds. Now the tonati's 
 real troubles began. In fact the royal representative 
 of the sun lost his wits in Mexico, and promised 
 
 16 Revilla Gigedo in his report of 1793, Informe, 467, gives the conditions 
 of the treaty more fully than any other. According to this authority the 
 tonati was to be sustained as lord of his country, his rights and titles to 
 descend to his successors; his subjects were never to pay tribute nor to ac 
 knowledge any superior judges save the viceroy; the privilege of obtaining salt 
 from Acaponeta and Nexcatitlan free from all tax was guaranteed; and re 
 bellious Nayarits in the future were to be brought gently back to the path 
 of duty. Frejes gives date of treaty May 20th. His account of Nayarit 
 conquest is incomplete and even inaccurate. Hist. Breve, 150-5. 
 
FURTHER ENLISTMENT. 321 
 
 more than popular feeling at home would permit him 
 to perform. This he realized more and more as the 
 day of meeting with his people drew near, and his 
 companions began to be free in the expression of their 
 views and fears. He became nervous and change 
 able; intending at first perhaps to fulfil his pledges, 
 else he would hardly have asked for a military force; 
 but finally overcome by his fears, especially when 
 warned by one of his old men respecting the popular 
 discontent and the plots of a rival chieftain, Gua- 
 mocat. At Jerez he managed to escape from his 
 Spanish escort, and hurried home to explain his pol 
 icy, regain his impaired influence, and prepare for 
 defence. 17 
 
 Some months were now spent by the governor in 
 preparations at Zacatecas and Jerez, where obstacles 
 were thrown in his way from the first by persons who 
 liked not to hear their old companion addressed as 
 governor and general. These mischief-makers had 
 much to say of the foolhardiness of the expedition; 
 and then raised doubts as to the validity of some of 
 Torre's papers, thus confusing the treasury officials 
 and necessitating a hasty trip of Captain Rioja to 
 Mexico. In June, however, all was declared satisfac 
 tory ; the proper orders were issued ; and after seven 
 teen citizens had raised 40,000 pesos for the depleted 
 treasury, the enlistment flag bearing the holy image of 
 Christ was raised on the 29th of June. 18 One hun 
 dred men were to be raised and to receive each four 
 hundred pesos. Captain Rioja enlisted fifty at Zaca 
 tecas and Captain Alonso de la Reina y Narvaez 
 another company of fifty at Jerez. One hundred 
 
 17 Mota-Padilla, Conq. N. Gal, 472-4, and Villa-Senor, Teatro, ii. 268-9, 
 state that the tonati did not leave the Spaniards until the latter had entered 
 Nayarit, when according to the former he was sent in advance, or as the latter 
 says fled, taking with him a large part of the company's property! 
 
 18 From Nayaritas, Rel. , 8-9, it would appear though vaguely that some 
 of the delay may have arisen from the fact that Torre called on the treasury 
 for more men than had been specified in Mexico. He said he had 800 Indians 
 enlisted and wanted money to pay 200 soldiers. The names of the 17 con 
 tributors to the fund are given. 
 
 HIST. MEX., VOL. III. 21 
 
322 THE CONQUEST OF NAYARIT. 
 
 Indian allies were also enlisted. Father Jiron bad 
 accompanied the embassy from Mexico, and father 
 Ibarra now came down from Nueva Vizcaya. The 
 Jesuits were allowed nine hundred and eighty-four 
 pesos for sacred utensils, and an additional sum for 
 clothing and gifts with which to conciliate the natives. 
 
 Just as the army was about to march, Governor 
 Torre was stricken with a serious brain trouble, 
 resulting from past anxiety, and amounting almost to 
 insanity. The viceroy was notified of the calamity, 
 but before any reply was received the governor recov 
 ered his health and marched with his men to Huaju- 
 quilla, perhaps in July or August. Nothing had been 
 heard from Nayarit;but now came conflicting rumors 
 from dwellers on the frontier respecting the tonati's 
 intentions. Cristobal Geronimo, a friendly Cora, was 
 sent forward, but the Nayarits demanded more time 
 before giving any definite reply. In the mean while 
 news of Torre's malady reached the viceroy and orders 
 came north for Count Laguna to take command. 
 Considerable correspondence and delay ensued, and 
 finally the count came to Huajuquilla, where he found 
 that, although the commander was still afflicted at 
 intervals, yet it would cause dissatisfaction for him to 
 assume command, since many of the officers and men 
 had enlisted merely from friendship to Torre. Pie 
 therefore decided to let the governor go on, but to 
 remain himself as colonel on the frontier to be prepared 
 for any emergency. The little army set out for 
 Nayarit on the 26th of September. 
 
 The distance was thirty leagues over a difficult and 
 dangerous way. Fording a large river called Cha- 
 palagama and climbing a steep grade they entered 
 El Final, where on October 1st they met Geronimo 
 with a message to the effect that the Spaniards might 
 come to the pass and in a designated spot await fur 
 ther communications. Next day they said mass at 
 Angel cle la Guarda, looked from the summit upon the 
 promised land "fit only for apostates or apostles," 
 
BATTLE OF TEAURITE. 323 
 
 and later known as the Nayarit hell and descended 
 to the rendezvous in the pass. The spot was unfavor 
 able both for comfort and defence; many Indians vis 
 ited the camp in pretended friendliness, but the rulers 
 did not make their appearance. The governor went 
 in person to meet a band of two hundred warriors at 
 a rancheria near by, and was ordered by an apostate 
 chief, Cucut, the Serpent, to leave the country since 
 the tonati's acts in Mexico would not be ratified by 
 the people. When Torre refused to comply, the In 
 dians pretended to listen to his arguments, became 
 very friendly, and even held out hopes of submis 
 sion in the near future. During the next few days 
 smoke signals were seen in all directions; Nayarit 
 spies, including Melchor and Alonso, two of the lead 
 ing chiefs, came to inspect the Spanish camp; and 
 other spies .sent out by Torre reported a plan to 
 assemble for formal homage, and having arranged the 
 
 O ' O O 
 
 warriors advantageously to attack at a given signal. 19 
 A council of war decided upon a retreat to Peyotlan, 
 five leagues from the pass. The Indians treacherously 
 protested against the change, promising everything, 
 and the governor was inclined to credit their promises; 
 but his men, and especially the native allies, insisted. 
 The Spaniards remained at Peyotlan from the llth 
 to the 19th of October, frequently visited by Nayarits, 
 who declared that the nation awaited only the coming 
 of the tonati to submit. 
 
 Meantime that dignitary was in council with the 
 elders at the rancheria of El Portero. He was op 
 posed to war, and favored the admission of at least the 
 padres, but was induced to leave the whole matter to 
 the old men. Their decision was to name Coaxata, or 
 Guasta, as a rendezvous, and to attack the Spaniards 
 on the way thither at the Teaurite pass where the 
 trail crossed a stream. This was on the 17th, and two 
 
 19 According to Nayaritas, Rel., 10, the warning came on October 10th, and 
 the attack was planned for October 16th. This writer speaks of a change of 
 camp but does not name Peyotlan. Mota-Padilla, Conq. A r . Gal., 473-4, says 
 nothing of a retreat before the battle. * 
 
324 THE CONQUEST OF NAYARIT. 
 
 days later Torre inarched for Coaxata. The battle 
 took place on the 20th; 20 it was not an unexpected 
 attack by ambushed foes, since the Spaniards were 
 forewarned. The hills swarmed with natives; the Na- 
 yarit chief stood in sight directing his men where the 
 padres went up to embrace him, and the army made 
 no special effort to retire, notwithstanding the unfa 
 vorable nature of the spot for a fight. The Christians 
 were enveloped in a cloud of arrows, but soon learned 
 they had nothing to fear; the arrows fell harmless, 
 only scratching slightly seven or eight men. Santiago 
 with his heavenly corps was plainly visible to the sav 
 age patriots, fighting for the invaders; and after an 
 hour's ineffectual fight Alonso retired with a loss of 
 forty or fifty warriors, and devoted his whole atten 
 tion thereafter to the defense of the mesa. The 
 Spaniards having come to take possession in accord 
 ance with past promises rather than to conquer, did 
 not deem their force sufficient to follow up the victory, 
 and retired to Peyotlan. This is the Jesuit version ; 
 according to Mota-Padilla the glorious victory was a 
 defeat, and the Spaniards with difficulty escaped with 
 their lives. 21 
 
 During the remaining months of 1721, fortifications 
 were strengthened at Peytolan, the presidio being 
 called apparently San Juan ; while the friars gathered 
 about one hundred natives, baptized them, and founded 
 there the pueblo of Santa Rita. Governor Torre re 
 ported to the viceroy, asked for aid and instructions, 
 and at the same time called upon Jerez and Zacatecas 
 for temporary reinforcements with which to hold his 
 position and check threatening movements in the 
 frontier towns. Fifty men were at once enlisted un 
 der Captain Nicolas Escobedo and Nicolas Caldera, 
 
 20 Alegre, Hist. Comp. Jesus, iii. 201-6, says Oct. 26th, and Mota-Padilla 
 makes it Oct. 3d. 
 
 21 Coiiq. N. Gal, 473-4. He makes the date Oct. 3d, and speaks of 24 cap 
 tives. In the Relation, 10, it is stated that Torre was attacked suddenly by 
 500 men in ambush, and that after an hour's hard fighting both parties retired. 
 This version is a medium between the others and is perhaps the most reliable. 
 
GOVERNOR FLORES. 325 
 
 and sent to Peyotlan where they remained a month 
 or more. 22 Communication with the Nayarits on the 
 mesa was not rare. Negotiations, of which the de 
 tails are complicated and need not be repeated, took 
 much the same course with much the same results as 
 before the battle. Many of the chiefs were free with 
 their promises, but never quite ready to perform. 
 Torre called upon them repeatedly to submit, but was 
 not ready to enforce his order, and always granted 
 the few days' delay required. On the mesa a small 
 party with the tonati still opposed resistance; but 
 a plot was formed to kill the tonati and put another 
 in his place. The plot failed, partly because the rival 
 chieftain was captured by the Spaniards in one of 
 their raids to the foot of the mesa. 
 
 In Mexico, though it was resolved to prosecute the 
 war, it was deemed unsafe to trust the command 
 longer to Torre, a return of whose malady might 
 cause disaster at the very moment of success. Juan 
 Flores de San Pedro 23 was made governor, and Torre 
 was summoned to Mexico. The order came on De 
 cember 8th, and the new commander, marching from 
 Villanueva on the 24th, arrived on the 4th or 5th of 
 January 1722, at the camp of San Juan, 24 with sixty 
 men, three hundred horses, and a large store of sup 
 plies. Captain Escobedo and his men seem to have 
 returned at -about the same time. Torre gave up the 
 command arid started for Mexico. 25 
 
 Governor Flores lost no time in notifying the 
 
 22 The names of citizens who contributed to the fund of 839 pesos are given 
 in Nayaritas, Eel., 13-17. Capt. Escobedo raised his company at his own 
 cost. 
 
 23 So called in Aposttilicos Aj'anes, 148; Gacetas de Mex. t Jan. 1722, and 
 Nayaritas, ReL, 16. Mota-Padilla, Conq. N. Gal., 474, and Ilevilla Gigedo, 
 Informs, 467, call him Juan Flores de la Torre, a descendant of the second 
 governor of N. Galicia. Mota-Padilla attributes Torre's insanity to his defeat, 
 and accordingly represents the correspondence with Count Laguna as having 
 taken place while the army was at Peyotlan. 
 
 24 Called Santiago Teyotan in the Gacetas de Hex. 
 
 25 The Gaceta de M ex. for Jan. 1722 contains the notice that Capt. Rioja 
 had arrived with news of the battle, and that Torre was expected soon. The 
 number for Feb. announces Torre's arrival. The force brought by Flores is 
 given by Mota-Padilla as 60; by the Afanes as 70; and by the Relation as 16. 
 
S26 THE CONQUEST OF NAYARIT. 
 
 Nayarits of his appointment, of his intention to take 
 immediate possession, and of his desire to receive at 
 once the promised allegiance. After a not very suc 
 cessful resort to their former dilatory tactics, they 
 formally announced on January 13th their purpose 
 to defend the mesa. Thereupon Flores, who had al 
 ready sent out expeditions in different directions to 
 close all avenues of escape, began active operations on 
 the 14th. Dividing his force he marched in person 
 with fifty soldiers and many Indians via Guainamarus, 
 where he began the foundation of Santa Teresa, 26 
 with three hundred natives, making a long detour to 
 attack the mesa from the west. Escobedo with a 
 like force took a shorter way to the eastern base. 
 This plan of attack by divided forces was not, as the 
 Jesuit chronicler justly observes, a very wise one; 
 but it resulted in no harm, save to the governor him 
 self, who was perhaps deprived by it of the personal 
 honors of the victory. 
 
 Escobedo had orders to march slowly so as to as 
 sault the mesa on January 17th, simultaneously with 
 Flores from the opposite side; but he arrived on the 
 loth, and could nc-t resist the temptation to begin 
 operations at once. The Indians of the mesa del 
 Cangrejo adjoining that of the Tonati were induced 
 to offer no resistance, and to abide by the result if 
 their neighbors were vanquished. On the morning 
 of the 16th Escobedo's force began the ascent, and 
 reached the summit late in the afternoon, having left 
 the horses half way up, with a guard. Authority is 
 not wanting to warrant the historian in giving to the 
 Nayarits a valiant defence, terminated perhaps by a 
 leap down the precipice of the few who escaped Spanish 
 bullets. The Jesuit historian pictures a terrible con 
 flict as Escobedo's men fought their way inch by inch 
 up the narrow, steep, and tortuous trail, over suc- 
 
 * 6 Called Santa Teresa de Miraflores, from Teresa, his wife's name, and 
 Flores, his own. Mota-Padilla, Conq. N. Gal., 478. According to the Rela 
 tion, 17, he arrived here on the loth; the pueblo was named Santa Gertrudis 
 and the presidio Santa Teresa. 
 
ESCOBEDO'S MOVEMENTS. 327 
 
 cessive lines of artificial as well as natural defences, 
 enveloped in clouds of arrows and showers of stones 
 hurled from slings, and above all impeded continually 
 by immense masses of rock which were precipitated 
 from the cliff and dashed large trees into splinters as 
 they passed ! Others assert that not one of the assail 
 ants, and but one or two of the defenders, were in 
 jured which is somewhat absurd unless with the 
 chronicler we can regard the proceeding as miraculous; 
 for Santiago fought with the Spaniards, and against 
 him human missiles could not prevail. It must be 
 confessed, that in the light of their reputed bravery 
 and the strength of their position, the Nayarits made 
 but a sorry show of resistance or heroism. 
 
 The author of the Afanes admits that an accidental 
 turning aside into a by-path near the top materially 
 aided the assailants and deranged the plans of the 
 enemy. Following this writer, Escobedo took pos 
 session of the mesa on the afternoon of the 16th; 
 the enemy fled after one of their bravest leaders, 
 Tahuitole, 27 had fallen in a last desperate and single- 
 handed charge, and Governor Flores arrived next 
 morning, to find the victory won, and to chide the 
 victor for his haste. Mota-Padilla, however, with 
 little to say of hard fighting, tells us that Escobedo 
 did not quite reach the summit on the first day, and 
 that the Nayarits ran away when they heard of 
 another force approaching from the west; so that 
 when Flores next morning prepared for an assault, 
 he found no foe save a few warriors forming a kind of 
 rear-guard to the flying masses. One of this number 
 was Tlahuitole, who was slain by Flores' men. Im 
 mediate pursuit into the barrancas was impracti 
 cable. 28 
 
 With the occupation of the mesa the conquest of 
 
 27 Written also Taguitole, Talmitole, Tlaquilote, and Taquiloe. 
 
 28 The* Relation, 17-18, gives only a general account, stating that both at 
 tacking parties were miraculously protected. The Gaceta for Feb. does not 
 say which party reached the summit first, but seems to have confused the 
 two parties, apparently making Escobedo command the western division 
 under Flores, while the other was under captains Reina and Muro. 
 
328 THE CONQUEST OF NAYARIT. 
 
 Nayarit practically ends. There was no further op 
 position meriting the name even in comparison with 
 past events; neither do subsequent developments re 
 quire more than a general glance here. The attention 
 of the Christians was first turned to the destruction 
 of temples on the mesa, with all their paraphernalia of 
 idolatry. Evil influences were exorcised, though not 
 easily, by the zealous conjurations of the friars; a 
 temporary structure for mass was erected without de 
 lay; and the bones of the first Nayar were sent with 
 other relics and trophies to Mexico. 29 The new prov 
 ince in accordance with the viceroy's wish was called 
 Nuevo Reino de Toledo, because he attributed the 
 successful conquest largely to the image of our lady 
 worshipped in the cathedral of Toledo. Flores was 
 made comandante of the territory he had won as 
 lieutenant of the captain-general. The natives on the 
 adjoining Mesa del Cangrejo 30 had kept their promise, 
 merely rolling down a few stones where they could do 
 no harm and making some noise during the battle in 
 order to make a good showing in case the Spaniards 
 were defeated. They now came in and offered their 
 submission, and other rancherlas followed their exam 
 ple. Soldiers were despatched in every direction, and 
 the whole native population was gradually subdued, 
 though not without considerable difficulty and delay 
 by reason of the abundance of almost inaccessible 
 hiding-places long frequented by apostates. 31 
 
 The missionaries were as usual earnest and indus 
 trious; the military guard at first sufficient; and the 
 local troubles and partial revolts less frequent and 
 serious than might have been anticipated from the 
 
 29 The trophies arrived in Mexico Feb. 12, 1722, where they were burned 
 with great ceremony for the good of the faith. Oacetas de AJex., Feb. 1722. 
 This author calls the temple Huci Call/, the image of the sun worshipped in it 
 Tonati, and the Gran Nayari whose bones were sent to Mexico Guayco or 
 ' third.' Mota-Padilla calls the temple Caliguei. 
 
 30 Their chief is called Cangrejo in Relation, 20. 
 
 31 Mota-Padilla gives more importance to these various expeditions than 
 does the author of the Afanes, and represents the soldiers' sufFei-ings as very 
 great from exposure, scorpions, etc. According to Nayaritas, Relation, a 
 Franciscan friar, P. Arroyo, accompanied the army. 
 
PRESIDIOS AND MISSIONS. 329 
 
 character of the people. Already a presidio of San 
 Juan, and a pueblo, or mission, of Santa Rita had been 
 established at Peyotlan; and preparations had been 
 made for a pueblo of Santa Teresa at Guaimarus in 
 the north. 32 Now the pueblo of Trinidad and presidio 
 of San Francisco Javier de Valero were founded on 
 the mesa, as capital of the province, with Father Tellez 
 in charge; in the north were founded the pueblo of 
 Santa Gertrudis 33 and the presidio of San Salvador el 
 Verde; while on the river were located Jesus Maria 
 and San Francisco de Paula. 34 
 
 Governor Flores left Nayarit in March to visit his 
 hacienda, not returning until the end of May. Dur 
 ing his absence there were some disturbances; many 
 Indians ran aw^ay to join a rebellious band under 
 Alonso at the rancheria of Santiago; and a party 
 searching for mines was attacked, by its own fault, 
 and one man lost. On the comandante's return, how 
 ever, with reinforcements, and with two padres, Jose 
 Bautista Lopez and Jose Mesa, order was restored, 
 and Alonso soon gave up the useless struggle. A 
 new establishment of San Ignacio was founded at 
 Guainamota 35 under Captain Rioja and Father Mesa. 
 In July Flores made an expedition into the territory 
 of the Tecualmes and Coras, and with natives of these 
 tribes founded San Juan Bautista arid San Pedro on 
 the Rio de San Pedro. Of all the fugitives, an 
 apostate female leader named Juana Burro held out 
 longest against the Spaniards; but she at last yielded 
 to gospel influence and muskets. The comandante 
 was now absent again for a year or more; but all went 
 well with the missions, the new one of Rosario being 
 
 32 Coynamams, Guaimamzi, or Coaymarus. It was about 20 leagues north 
 west of the mesa. 
 
 33 According to Relation, 17, 20, Sta Teresa was the presidio and Sta Ger 
 trudis the pueblo, and they were six leagues apart. 
 
 34 The IMacion, 27, states that the presidio of San Juan Bautista was 
 afterward moved to Jesus Maria. Mota-Padilla, Conq. N. Gal. , 480, says a 
 pueblo of Guadalupe was founded in February, 12 1. east of the mesa. The 
 Relorion, 20, says it was on the mesa 12 leagues from the real. 
 
 35 At Guazamota according to Dice. Univ., x. 18. 
 
330 THE CONQUEST OF NAYABIT. 
 
 founded, and fathers Urbano de Covarrubias, Cristobal 
 Lauria, and Manuel Fernandez being added to the 
 Jesuit force. 
 
 Flores came back to Nayarit at the end of 1723, 
 and new troubles soon arose, resulting in the tempo 
 rary abandonment of Trinidad and Santa Gertrudis, 
 the burning of the churches at Rosario and Santa 
 Teresa, and the death of one of the leading allies of the 
 Spaniards named Luna. Aid was sent, however, from 
 different quarters, and quiet restored without much 
 difficulty. It is said that none of the missions re 
 volted on this occasion unless the padre was absent. 
 Perfect safety was secured before March, when Flores 
 returned with a body of fugitives whom he had pur 
 sued into Durango. 
 
 The tonati does not seem to have been a very im 
 portant personage in these latter days. He wandered 
 for some time, a fugitive even from his own people, 
 until captured by the Spaniards in 1722. He was 
 baptized in 1725, when the visitador Rivera stood' as 
 godfather to this relic of Nayarit royalty. Rivera 
 found nearly four thousand Indians in ten settlements, 
 all in excellent condition; and when in 1728 the bishop 
 came on a pastoral visit he was delighted with his 
 reception and with the progress of the converts. * 6 
 
 Indeed from this time, so far as the record shows, 
 the Nayarits were model converts, attached to their 
 teachers, living quietly in their settlements, and all 
 the more orderly doubtless because few Spaniards ever 
 had occasion to visit their mountain homes. The 
 missions were still flourishing in 1767 under seven 
 Jesuits, who were expelled with their order. 37 They 
 
 36 Alegre speaks of 5,000 pesos distributed to pay for damages during the 
 conquest; he also mentions difficulties in 1729 caused by the bad character of 
 the soldiers sent to the country. Hist. Comp., iii. 227-8, 238-9. It is stated, 
 however, by Mota-Padilla, writing in 1742, that the people had given no 
 trouble since the conquest, and that the military governors might well be 
 dispensed with. Conq. N. Gal., 510. In 1725 a presidio with 38 soldiers was 
 still kept up. Villa-Senor, Teatro, ii. 270. In 1752 a real de minas was es 
 tablished at Bolanos and part of Nayarit brought under a corregidor. Instruc 
 tion Vlreyes, 44-57. 
 
 37 The seven missions in 1767 were Santa Rita, Santa Teresa, San Pedro, 
 
MODERATION OF THE MISSIONARIES. 331 
 
 Were then with their settlements turned over to the 
 Franciscans of Nueva Galicia. The principal mission 
 on the mesa was transferred on February 1st, the 
 same day the Jesuits left. All the missions were re 
 ported to be in a lamentable condition as to the 
 spiritual and temporal welfare of the natives, who re 
 ceived no religious instruction, absented themselves at 
 will, arid worshipped their idols unmolested, so that it 
 was necessary to use force in order to bring 'in whole 
 families living thus. At the time the Tecualmes of 
 San Pedro Iscatan still spoke their native tongue; 
 but this was entirely lost before 1785, when they used 
 the mixed Mexican and Spanish spoken in most of 
 the New Spain missions. At the other Nayarit mis 
 sions the Indians were Coras. 38 
 
 The province was garrisoned by a company of about 
 forty soldiers, under a comandante who was at the 
 same time protector of the Indians, and who not in 
 frequently misused his power to oppress the natives. 
 It is said the Jesuits had been so lenient with their 
 flock that under their regime the Indians only con 
 fessed in articalo mortis, and most frequently through 
 interpreters. If the Franciscans applied more strin 
 gent measures, it is not shown that they made more 
 progress than their predecessors; in 1789 only twelve 
 friars were engaged in missionary work in Nayarit, 33 
 nor do the records show how long the garrison or 
 missions were continued. 40 
 
 Jesus Maria, Trinidad, Guainamota, and Rosario. Comp. de Jesus, Catdlogo. 
 Villa-Senor, Teatro, ii. 271, in 1745 adds the following names: San Joaquin, 
 Santa Maria, San Lucas, Dolores, and Tecualmes. Orozco y Berra, Geoy., 
 279-80, adds San Juan Corapa, Santa F, and San Diego. 
 
 Zs Navarro, Misiones de Nayarit, in Pinart, Col. Doc. Mex., 467-80. This 
 author, who was one of the Franciscans to whom the missions were transferred, 
 states that each had its ranches of horned cattle, horses, mules, goats, and 
 sheep. All that belonged to the missions had been placed in deposit with 
 Joaquin Hernandez Solis, a minero matriculado of the real of Tenamachi, 
 who sold everything without rendering an account to the royal treasury. He 
 turned over to the Franciscans only the empty mission buildings without furni 
 ture or utensils of any kind; even the standing crops had been sold, so the 
 friars were obliged to buy maize for their subsistence. 
 
 Soc. Mex. Gcog., Boletin, 2dae>, i. 572. 
 
 40 The principal authorities consulted on matters treated in this chapter 
 have been quoted in separate notes. From certain passages in the Apostoticos 
 
332 THE CONQUEST OF NAYARIT. 
 
 Afanes, I infer that the author was the friar in charge of Santa Hita and 
 Jesus Maria from a date somewhat earlier than 1728, that he wrote much of 
 his work at Santa Rita, that his name was probably Joseph Ortega, and that 
 the part of his narrative relating to Nayarit was largely founded on a manu 
 script from the pen of father Antonio Arias de Ibarra. Frejes, however, 
 speaks of father Fluvia as the author. Hist. Breve, 20. Of the three parts 
 which make up the volume the first is entitled Maravillosa reduction y con- 
 guista de la Provincia de San Joseph del Gran Nayar, Nuevo Reino de Toledo, 
 filling 25 chapters and 223 pages. It is therefore the leading authority for 
 the present chapter of my work. Mota-Padilla's Conq. N. Gal., 271-2, 319, 
 458-87, 510, written ten years earlier than the Afane*, and not consulted by 
 the author of that work, contains some information not included in the Jesuit 
 record, and is hardly second to it as an authority. Alegre, Uiat. Comp., iii. 
 196-239, gives a very full account of the subject, following the Afanen pretty 
 closely, and his version is repeated in Dice. Univ. Geoy., x. 10-18, 834. Ar- 
 legui, Cron. Zac., 89-90, 172-3, 201, and Arricivita, Cron. Serdf., 88-92, nar 
 rate the acts of the Franciscans in the Nayarit region. 
 

 "LITERAKY INDUSTRIES" 
 
 IN A 
 
 NEW LIGHT. 
 
 A STATEMENT ON THE AUTHORSHIP 
 
 OF 
 
 Bancroft's Native Races and History of the Pacific 
 
 States, 
 
 With comments on those works and the system by which they 
 
 were written ; the library ; and the labors of assistants. 
 
 The whole being a reply to statements and 
 
 claims in the Literary Industries. 
 
 BY 
 
 HENRY L. OAK 
 
 For eighteen years librarian and superintendent in the Bancroft Library ; author 
 of ten volumes of the Bancroft Works, including seven and a half consecutive 
 volumes on ANNALS OF THE SPANISH NORTHWEST, 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO 
 
 BACON PRINTING COMPANY 
 
 1893- 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 IT may as well be frankly admitted at the outset, that these 
 pages will be in large degree devoted, directly or indirectly, to 
 myself. Therefore, what I have to say may seem to many an 
 offensive exhibition of weakness and egotism. It is probable 
 that writers are, as a rule, more egotistic than other workers, 
 even the ablest not being free from the defect. True, in the great 
 writers egotism is often counterbalanced and obscured, if not 
 justified, by genius ; while many, with 110 claims to genius, 
 have yet the sense and tact to conceal their peculiar weakness. 
 If I shall seem to lack this sense and tact, possibly readers 
 otherwise favorably disposed may make some allowance for a 
 hermit invalid, brooding, perhaps too much, over the only 
 piece of literary work he has ever done, or is likely to do. 
 
 But I shall not write quite exclusively of or for myself. I 
 shall tell exactly how and by whom the Bancroft works were 
 written ; and since there is very little accurate information ex 
 tant on this subject, and because those works, whatever else 
 may be said of them, have attracted world- wide attention, my 
 statement should have in this respect a certain degree of pres 
 ent bibliographic value and interest to the public. 
 
 Again, those works, having been extravagantly praised in 
 some quarters, and condemned with equal extravagance in 
 others, are at present, justly or unjustly, under a cloud, being as 
 if by tacit agreement avoided or ignored by leading writers of 
 the country. Yet the time must naturally come when their 
 intrinsic merits or demerits, as records of a vast territory found 
 ed on original data, will receive impartial investigation at the 
 hands of students who have to use them. Then the various 
 parts, written by half a dozen authors, will naturally be found 
 to differ in quality ; and then, consequently, accurate informa 
 tion respecting the authorship should have a certain value. 
 
What I have to say, moreover, applies largely to my asso 
 ciates as well as to myself. Our interests are to a large ex 
 tent identical, though they are not at all responsible for my 
 statements. The difference is for the most part only one of 
 degree. I wrote much more than any other individual, and 
 my topics were less disconnected than those of most others ; 
 but I am by no means disposed to ignore or underrate the value 
 of their work. Even Mr. Bancroft himself, as one of the num 
 ber, should in a sense, be benefitted by a revelation of the 
 facts, since it is by no means just that " unlearned assistants " 
 should appropriate any part of his brilliancy, or that their crud 
 ities should be in any degree attributed to him. 
 
 And, finally in this connection, I believe that to put on record 
 the truth, and thus to render exact justice possible, is in itself 
 always a worthy aim. There is, however, one form of egotism 
 that is not likely to be imputed to me ; for in the present state 
 of public opinion, particularly on the Pacific Coast, participa 
 tion of any kind in the Bancroft enterprise is about the last 
 thing that would be proclaimed from the housetops by any. 
 seeker after popular favor. 
 
 It is only after mature deliberation, and several changes of 
 determination, the latter resulting, however, from variations 
 of mood rather than of judgment, that I have decided to 
 make public this statement. It is not essential to present de 
 tails of my contradictory inclinations, except incidentally in a 
 few cases. Having written a considerable part of the Bancroft 
 works without having received a word of credit for the same, 
 I had naturally a strong desire that historical students of the 
 present and future should know, just the extent of my author 
 ship. Moreover, I was bound to silence by one obligation 
 only, one that might easily be, and has been, terminated, as 
 will be explained On the other hand was a natural disinclina 
 tion to force myself on public attention, to engage in any con 
 troversy, or to join the ranks of Mr. Bancroft's foes, with whom 
 in most phases of their enmity I had no sympathy. Again, I 
 was reluctant to take any step that might seem to throw dis 
 credit on a work in which I had toiled so long, with an inter 
 est much deeper, I believe, than is generally shown by a hire 
 ling. Strongest of all was the doubt that might be entertained 
 
by the class of men whose approval I most desired, as to my 
 right to reveal the truth respecting an enterprise in which I 
 had worked for a salary, with knowledge that my services 
 would not be fully acknowledged. 
 
 Of course, I have decided that my statement will not be an 
 offense against propriety or good taste. Possibly my judg 
 ment in this matter may have been unduly affected by my 
 desires ; but with all the facts in evidence the literary public 
 or that infinitesimal part of it that may read these pages will 
 decide whether I am right or wrong ; and I must abide by the 
 decision. 
 
 I write mainly for the historical student writers, who in con 
 stantly increasing numbers will investigate the early annals of 
 the Spanish Northwest, and who will render a final verdict on 
 the value of my researches. Conscious of having worked for 
 many years, with untiring interest and industry, on the early his 
 tory of a broad stretch of new territory ; having had also extra 
 ordinary resources in the way of new and original data, I have 
 hopes that, notwithstanding my commonplace abilities, this 
 final verdict may be one of moderate approval. Should it be 
 otherwise, I shall have no right to complain, as there can be 
 no other possible test. Nor do I see that this verdict can be 
 in any way affected by an adverse decision in the other matter, 
 respecting my right to publish a statement of the facts. Could 
 I in any other way put my work on record, reach the class of 
 readers to which I have alluded, or conscientiously suppress 
 certain phases of the truth, thus avoiding the semblance of an 
 attack on Mr. Bancroft, I should prefer such a course. 
 
 Yet I desire to shirk no responsibility in the matter, and am 
 ready to encounter the disapproval perhaps abuse, from cer 
 tain quarters that may come upon me. I seek to create no 
 sensation or controversy ; am prepared for the cool indifference 
 with which my expose will be generally received ; am not enti 
 tled to anything like fame, and have no desire for notoriety. 
 Though obliged to make assertions that must be, at least, 
 annoying to Mr. Bancroft, I do not wish to detract anything 
 from that part of his reputation that is deservedly great. 
 Though undertaking incidentally what I believe to be a mer 
 ited defense of my associates, I make no pretence of being 
 
actuated mainly by a desire to right their wrongs. Though 
 writing chiefly in self-defence, I do not pose as a victim of 
 oppression, or as a candidate for popular sympathy. I simply 
 believe myself entitled to a certain record, which I present for 
 what it may be worth. 
 
 Doubtless the whole subject assumes in my mind an exag 
 gerated importance. The public in general has heard more 
 than enough of Mr. Bancroft, of his library, his books, and his 
 assistants. Respecting the whole enterprise I could easily, and 
 with much satisfaction to myself write a volume of remin- 
 iscenses that, in bulk at least, would rival the Literary Indus 
 tries ; but, even if I had the means of publishing such a book, 
 I hardly think I should have the effrontery to inflict it on a 
 long-suffering public. Having decided, however, to make cer 
 tain statements on one phase of the matter, I have been unable 
 to resist the temptation to add something of comment on other 
 phases. Yet the line is, for the most part, clearly drawn 
 between facts and opinions ; and the latter, like the former, 
 may be taken for what they may seem to be worth. 
 
 This statement, in substance, and for the most part literally 
 as here presented, was written in December, 1891. Since that 
 date a few sections have been added, and a few slight changes 
 in order have been made. 
 
 HENRY L. OAK. 
 
 SKIGLER SPRINGS, February, 1893. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 GENERAL REMARKS ox THE BANCROFT WORKS. 
 
 In its inception, progress, scope, and results in a general 
 sense, and in most details, this Californian enterprise is well 
 enough known, and neither in general nor in detail do I pro 
 pose to tell the story anew. Certainly the work was planned 
 and executed on a scale never equalled in America, if in the 
 world. After all that has been said of it, there is reason to 
 doubt that its magnitude in certain respects has been fairly 
 comprehended, though in other respects it may have been over 
 rated. The present purpose, however, is to deal with only a 
 few phases of the subject that have never been definitely re 
 corded, though they have given rise to no little speculation 
 and even controversy, in which I have taken directly or indi 
 rectly no part. This opening chapter, though general in its 
 nature, will be found in accord with the purposes of the entire 
 statement. 
 
 I. THE NATIVE RACES AND HISTORY. 
 
 For many years from 1875, when the first volume of the 
 Native Races appeared, these books attracted much attention 
 throughout the literary world. The immensity of Mr. Ban 
 croft's scheme and the novelty of his methods though the 
 latter were but vaguely understood were well calculated to 
 make a vivid impression, especially in connection with the 
 author's position as a new writer, previously known only as a 
 successful man of business, and his residence in California, a 
 land somewhat famous for its sensational enterprises. The 
 fact that he belonged to the Far West, while not without its 
 disadvantages, was at the start an advantage, in removing from 
 his path difficulties arising from professional jealousies, and in 
 disposing literary men in the East and Europe to encourage 
 his efforts and await results in a spirit of comparative fairness, 
 even if they were naturally not very confident in the success 
 ful performance of so vast a task. The prompt appearance of 
 the successive volumes, however, with their evidence not only 
 of unusual resources but of honest and laborious research, and 
 especially the modesty of the author's pretensions at the begin- 
 
10 
 
 ning, went far to remove doubts, inspire confidence, and to 
 give the Native Races a good standing among books of the 
 century. 
 
 The general purport of the world's criticism on this first of 
 Mr. Bancroft's works though there was no lack of comments 
 that were justly or unjustly adverse was heartily favorable 
 and even flattering. On the whole, the merits and defects of 
 the book were fairly presented by critics of all classes and all 
 countries. Not only did it appear that the author must be a 
 man of unusual force and abilities, but his new system, if, as 
 represented, it was mainly such an application of business 
 methods as permitted preliminary research only to be safely 
 entrusted to assistants, must be pronounced tolerably success 
 ful. Doubtless this success was a surprise to many. If, how 
 ever, there was anything in the style of the different volumes 
 and chapters to suggest that the assistants carried their re 
 searches far beyond any stage that could be called preliminary, 
 this fact remained for the most part unnoticed. 
 
 A few years later the History of the Pacific States began to 
 appear at the rate of four volumes per year. For this much 
 more extensive and difficult part of his task, Mr. Bancroft's 
 resources were beyond all comparison superior to those utilized 
 on the earlier work. Both himself and his corps of assistants 
 had gained much useful experience ; his mechanical methods 
 had been greatly improved ; his raw material was more thor 
 oughly prepared ; the authors had more perfect command of 
 their more numerous authorities ; and the subject was a more 
 popular one. For these reasons the History was a much more 
 valuable work than its predecessor ; particularly so as it con 
 tained an immense mass of absolutely new information from 
 documentary and other sources, a merit to which the Native 
 Races could make but slight claim. 
 
 During the earlier years of its publication the History at 
 tracted rather more than less attention than had the earlier 
 book, as was natural, and probably all the more because 
 of increasing adverse criticism and of a controversial element 
 that had begun to appear, as will presently be noted. Subse 
 quently, however, partly by reason of this opposition and the 
 causes that led to it, but largely also for other reasons, 
 though the general purport of criticism remained for the most 
 part encouraging, public interest became much less marked ; 
 in the last years not much appeared in the public journals be 
 yond stereotyped notices, inspired mainly by the publishers' 
 agents ; and the appearance of the final volumes in 1891 at 
 tracted not only less notice than that of the first, but much 
 less than was deserved and might naturally have been expected. 
 Some excellent volumes in the last years were hardly noticed 
 
11 
 
 at all. The attempt to excite attention for business and other 
 reasons had probably been over-done, and had led to a reac 
 tion not to s \y suspicion. Indeed, the public even that part 
 of the public that was but slightly affected by current opposi 
 tion, and remained friendly had become in a sense tired of so 
 bulky a work, appearing at brief intervals for so many years. 
 Friendly critics could hardly find new expressions for their 
 admiration ; and as a rule they ceased to try. All this was 
 natural enough, and had but slight connection, so far, with the 
 book's intrinsic quality. 
 
 II. CAUSES OF DECLINING POPULARITY. 
 
 There were other reasons for final apathy or even disgust 
 on the part of the public ; reasons in great measure due to Mr. 
 Bancroft's peculiar policy in certain directions. It should be 
 kept in mind, however, that his short-comings or what seem 
 such to me and others of the class here referred to, were to 
 a considerable extent in his capacity as publisher rather than 
 as author ; and often such as excite no special notice in the 
 case of a publisher. Early in the progress of the work there 
 began to be developed a spirit of opposition, which increased 
 for many years, though finally, like the spirit of eulogy, it 
 apparently died out so far as open manifestations are concerned. 
 Like most successful business men, but to a far greater ex 
 tent than usual, Mr. Bancroft was regarded as a selfish and 
 cold-blooded man. He apparently made few friends and many 
 bitter enemies. There are, I think, few if any instances known 
 in which he failed to quarrel with, or become indifferent to, the 
 best of his friends including brothers and nephews as soon 
 as he had no further use for them, though rarely sooner. True, 
 he was wont to become reconciled at a moment's notice, and 
 without the slightest embarrassment, to his worst enemies, 
 if there was anything to be gained by such a course. 
 
 As was to be expected, his many foes, including business 
 rivals, with discharged and discontented employees, exerted 
 themselves often to belittle and ridicule his literary aspirations 
 without much apparent effect it is true upon him, for he is a 
 man of unlimited courage in the way of overcoming obstacles. 
 Scores of men employed in the library for brief periods in some 
 of the minor phases of preparatory work went away in anger, 
 because they thought their services were not duly appreciated 
 or remunerated ; and through their subsequent employment on 
 the newspapers or their acquaintance with newspaper men, they 
 were often able to gratify their spite as would have been other 
 wise impossible. 
 
12 
 
 Enthusiastic in all that pertained to his own hobby, ami 
 welcoming the enthusiasm of others in his behalf, Mr. Bancroft 
 was wont to look with indifference on the hobbies of others, 
 and to treat somewhat coolly applicants for aid or sympathy. 
 This gave offense in some rather influential quarters, tending 
 to strengthen the ranks of his detractors, and even in some 
 cases to transfer the field of attack beyond the limits of Cali 
 fornia. The result was a series of abusive articles and even 
 cartoons, in which the soi-disant author was represented as in 
 capable of writing grammatical English, using his great wealth 
 to hire at starvation rates needy men and women of some lit 
 erary experience or ability to write his volumes, and purchas 
 ing with money favorable notices in the press. 
 
 All these, like many other more petty accusations, had of 
 course but the slightest foundation in truth. Mr. Bancroft 
 was a writer of considerable ability, who himself wrote a part 
 of his volumes ; he was not at that time a capitalist investing 
 merely superfluous wealth ; he rarely if ever, so far as I know, 
 paid money for the approval of critics ; and he paid his assist 
 ants, if not very liberally, as much as he could afford, in the 
 case of those who proved their competence, and as much pre 
 sumably as their services would have commanded elsewhere. 
 These articles were as a rule grossly inaccurate in their details ; 
 and the spirit that inspired them was so apparent that they 
 probably did little harm to book or author ; or at least they 
 would have done no harm, except in connection with other 
 more important matters next to be noticed. 
 
 It was Mr. Bancroft's plan not only to write and publish a 
 great work, but above all to sell it at a profit, an achievement 
 that nobody but himself believed to be possible under the cir 
 cumstances. His commercial instincts were always stronger 
 than his aspirations for legitimate literary reputation, though 
 the latter also seemed, for some years at least, a powerful in 
 centive. At no time, I believe, had the choice been squarely 
 presented to him, would he have accepted the highest success 
 as an historian at the cost of financial failure. 
 
 Accordingly the books were sold by subscription, and the 
 sale was pushed by all the arts and devices known in that 
 branch of the trade. By appeals to local pride and by other 
 means, the subscription list was made very large over six 
 thousand, as is understood, at a price of $175 to $400 each. 
 On the Pacific Coast the work was sold to thousands who could 
 by no means afford the cost, and to many who could have no 
 real interest in such a book. Men of wealth were induced to 
 subscribe for many copies, sometimes fifty, or even a hundred. 
 So far, perhaps, the publisher could not be justly blamed, even 
 if many people allowed themselves to be imposed upon by 
 
13 
 
 skillful canvassers. The high price and liberal commissions 
 attracted agents of great skill, and often without scruples. 
 Some of them probably promised anything asked for to get 
 names for their list. Their misrepresentations could not, of 
 course, be altogether prevented by the pnblishers ; but the lat 
 ter sometimes seemed slow to blame or discharge a successful 
 agent, even when his rascality became known. It seemed 
 more convenient to transfer him to a new field, and hope for 
 his reformation. 
 
 The Native Races, by various influences brought to bear on 
 trustees, was forced into many school libraries in California, 
 which naturally and properly caused later much hostile feeling. 
 Moreover, in many instances, subscriptions to the History or 
 Works were obtained from tradesmen, tailors, barbers, stable 
 men, etc., on the representation that the cost would be more 
 than repaid in patronage from the great Bancroft establish 
 ment ; and merchants, dealing with the house, were led to 
 expect that subscriptions might bring commercial favors. 
 Worst of all, employees were induced to subscribe by intima 
 tions that failure to do so was likely to injure their prospects 
 of advancement, or even of continued employment. It may 
 be said that personally Mr. Bancroft may have had no direct 
 part in the more questionable of these expedients ; yet he did 
 not prevent their use. 
 
 Of course, not even the Bible, or any other of the best works 
 ever written, could be thus sold without arousing a storm of 
 popular dissatisfaction ; but of such works the authors are not, 
 as a rule, also the publishers, and they may, therefore, for the 
 most part escape from the storm. Mr. Bancroft succeeded in 
 his chief purpose, as, perhaps, few other men could have done 
 but at a sad cost to his contemporary repute. 
 
 Ill . SOME SOURCES OF GROUNDLESS HOSTILITY. 
 
 In addition to the causes of popular dissatisfaction already 
 noted, and to be noted in the next section, causes that have, to 
 some extent, been discussed in the public journals, and which 
 in my opinion are more or less well founded, there are others 
 which have been but very slightly mentioned in print, which 
 are, for the most part, groundless ; but which, nevertheless, 
 are widely talked of, and have a very decided influence on the 
 standing of the Bancroft books. Long before these books were 
 heard of, the firm and name were exceedingly unpopular on this 
 Coast, whether with or without sufficient cause it is not for me 
 to say ; and thus an immense reserve fund of dislike and sus- 
 
14 
 
 picion was transferred to the author and his works on their 
 appearance. Obviously, this in itself was an injustice. While it 
 is no part of my plan to defend the reputation of this firm, life 
 being, moreover, too short for such an herculean enterprise, and 
 while I dislike, on any pretext of partial defence, to record 
 charges and suspicions that might in time be forgotten, yet I am 
 compelled to notice some phases of this matter, partly because 
 it is important in explanation of the current feeling, and chiefly 
 because it is an essential element of my own defence. It is 
 indeed true that I have never, so far as I know, been accused 
 of any dishonorable or doubtful acts in this connection ; and 
 that personally I had absolutely nothing to do with the sale of 
 the books ; yet, as superintendent of all library work, I might 
 very naturally be regarded as cognizant of, if not responsible 
 for, many of the operations that have excited suspicion. In 
 deed, I have received some intimations, not apparently intended 
 to be offensive or unfriendly, that having once become involved 
 in a doubtful enterprise, it was not strange or very discredita 
 ble that I had to close my eyes to more or less ( ' crookedness. " 
 Such imputations are hardest of all to refute, and I attempt no 
 refutation beyond simple denial. If my testimony may have 
 some little weight in favor of Mr. Bancroft, also, so much the 
 better. With the general assertion, therefore, that these vague 
 accusations and suspicions affecting the reputation of the 
 whole enterprise, or those engaged in it, and of the resulting 
 works, are grossly exaggerated when not wholly groundless, 
 I proceed to offer a few details. 
 
 In gathering material for the History, hundreds of pioneer 
 settlers in the Pacific States, especially in California, were 
 induced to furnish their reminiscences of early times. Great 
 care was taken to prevent misrepresentations, and to assure 
 the witnesses that their statements would be used solely as 
 evidence in connection with other material ; but certain irre 
 sponsible agents are believed to have disobeyed their instruc 
 tions in this respect, and later canvassers did not scruple to 
 promise almost anything to these pioneer witnesses in order to 
 secure their subscriptions. As a result in too many instances, 
 each pioneer felt himself entitled to have his statement printed 
 in extenso, to be treated as the best authority on the points 
 involved, to have many pages devoted to himself, or, at least, 
 to be eulogized in the style deemed an essential feature of 
 pioneer biography. When he or his friends found his testi 
 mony apparently lost in a sea of other evidence, and his life 
 disposed of in a few lines, devoid of eulogy, and sometimes 
 containing disagreeable facts from other sources, there was 
 a general and somewhat natural, though for the most part 
 unfounded, feeling that wrong had been done. So far at least 
 
15 
 
 as my own part of the work is concerned, however, every 
 pioneer was treated with the most impartial justice and even 
 sympathy ; though, by reason of my distaste for stereotyped 
 flattery, I have been accused of a tendency to underrate the 
 excellence of the pioneer character. 
 
 It has been more than hinted that illegitimate means were 
 used to obtain documents and other material for the Library, 
 mainly by retaining permanent possession of papers that the 
 owners had only lent for our use. On this point I can say only 
 that I know of no such instance, though the collection of such 
 material in California was superintended by myself. My instruc 
 tions were always to obtain, if possible, the originals as a gift, 
 to be bound and lettered with the donor's name for preserva 
 tion ; otherwise to solicit a loan of the papers, or permission to 
 copy them. All this was carried out in strict good faith on my 
 part, and, to the best of my knowledge, on the part of Mr. 
 Bancroft. Documents were not purchased, except in a very 
 few instances, because we knew that the first move in this 
 direction would so raise the market price as to put the whole 
 mass far beyond our reach. Appeals to pride, vanity, and vari 
 ous prejudices, like the use of money in small sums for enter 
 tainment, etc., were freely resorted to, as justifiable under the 
 circumstances ; and occasionally some rather undignified meth 
 ods of wire-pulling were employed ; since we had a peculiar 
 class of people to deal with, and honestly believed that we 
 were really working as much -for their interests as our own. 
 The most extreme case within my knowledge was that of Don 
 Manuel Castro, frankly recorded by me in the Hist. Cal. II, 
 754, and by Mr. Bancroft in Lit. Ind. 4226. I cannot say, 
 of course, that our agents did not, in some cases, represent to 
 us as given, papers that had been merely lent ; but if there were 
 such cases, I, like the lenders, was deceived. In one instance, 
 however, our agent confessed later in his written diary to hav 
 ing brought away a manuscript volume against the owner's 
 protest. Mr. Bancroft records this in Lit. Ind. 4001, adding 
 that he returned the volume with apologies. This restitution 
 must have taken place after I left the Library. 
 
 I have heard in late years of several cases in which the 
 former owners have claimed never to have surrendered their 
 ownership. My information respecting the nature of these 
 claims is vague and sometimes probably erroneous ; but I can 
 say that to the best of my knowledge and belief none of them 
 is well founded. They could have had originally no other 
 basis than the dishonesty of some of our agents toward us, as 
 well as towards the owners ; and the length of time that 
 elapsed without complaint, and in some of the more important 
 cases the wide publicity given in print and otherwise to Mr. 
 
16 
 
 Bancroft's claim of ownership, are certainly the strongest kind 
 Q{ prima facie evidence against their validity. I do not men 
 tion any particular cases, because I have no authoritative 
 information that the claims are really made. My main propo 
 sition is, that within my knowledge no part of the Bancroft 
 collection was improperly acquired. 
 
 The occasional and largely uncontrollable rascality of can 
 vassers in obtaining subscriptions has already been alluded to. 
 The extent of this, however, and the publishers' complicity, are 
 greatly exaggerated. The aim of the agents was, as usual in 
 such business, to sell the book and get their commissions ; and 
 to this end they were often very reckless in their representa 
 tions ; but that they often resorted to positive swindling may 
 be doubted. It has been charged that by skillful manipula 
 tion of papers they obtained signatures to contracts very dif 
 ferent from those offered to subscribers for perusal; and of 
 course I cannot know that such was not sometimes the case. 
 The only instance of deception that came under my personal 
 observation was that of a Mexican gentleman, who, having 
 been shown through the Library, having received an explana 
 tion of the work that was being done, and having expressed 
 very warmly his admiration, was asked if he would not like 
 to have a copy of the work on his country sent him. He 
 replied that it would be most acceptable and a great honor ; 
 whereupon he was invited to write his name and address, and 
 did so on an ironclad contract for thirty-nine volumes. I 
 reported this act to the managers, and was assured that no 
 advantage would be taken of the agent's trick. I not only 
 never took any part in soliciting subscriptions, but I did not 
 permit soliciting to be done in the Library ; yet agents often 
 brought their intended victims there, and I always showed the 
 collection and explained the work with enthusiasm and in good 
 faith, because I fully believed in the importance and legiti 
 macy of what we were trying to do. 
 
 The most frequent charge against canvassers was that they 
 obtained subscriptions for one or a few volumes, as was repre 
 sented, though the contract finally obliged them to pay for 
 thirty-nine. Many have assured me that this was done in their 
 own cases ; but it has always seemed to me incredible that any 
 considerable number of intelligent men could be induced to 
 sign a contract without reading it, especially when the number 
 of volumes was so widely advertised for so many years in 
 printed circulars and newspapers. Nothing was more common 
 than the complaint of subscribers that the series would never 
 end, yet no other number than thirty-nine volumes had ever 
 been mentioned from the beginning. The truth would seem 
 to be, that canvassers on these books were not worse than 
 
17 
 
 others ; but the people were induced to buy at a large cost 
 something they did not want and ought to have known they 
 did not want ; were angry ; and in their so-called " kicking " 
 they made some rather flimsy accusations. 
 
 That Mr. Bancroft, for money or other improper considera 
 tion, favored in his History certain interests or individuals, or 
 extorted money by threats of unfavorable treatment, though 
 somewhat widely suspected, is a charge that so far as I know 
 has no foundation in fact. I suppose it is merely a manifesta 
 tion of popular dislike, and one that would be made by no re 
 sponsible person. The idea may possibly have originated from 
 the subsequent series of eulogistic biographies of rich men, 
 written and published for money ; a series that was inaccurately 
 and most unwisely represented as a continuation of the History. 
 I mention these ^suspicions mainly in order to assert most pos- 
 itively that my own estimates of parties and men notably of 
 some thousands of Californian pioneers were in every instance 
 and in all honesty based on such evidence as could be obtained ; 
 and what is more to the purpose, in the absence of accusations 
 against me, that if any improper influences were ever brought 
 to bear on Mr. Bancroft in relation to these pioneers, he cer 
 tainly never even attempted to ' ' deliver the goods, ' ' since he 
 never gave me any instructions or made any changes in my 
 treatment of any individual. I have heard, however, of a few 
 cases in which, presumably to conciliate certain families and 
 secure subscriptions, my matter was somewhat modified in 
 later editions of the volumes. I do not know that this is true. 
 
 As an illustration of the widespread popular prejudice to 
 which I have alluded, I will mention a circumstance that seems 
 peculiarly significative. I have a large collection of autographs, 
 to which I shall refer in a later chapter. Some years since, 
 needing money, I offered it for sale through agents. Of course 
 few cared for, and fewer could afford to purchase, such a relic 
 of the old times ; but several became interested and thought 
 favorably of the purchase. Then, naturally, they asked about 
 the collector, his facilities and fitne?s for the task. Of course 
 they had never heard of me ; but when informed that I had 
 had charge of the Bancroft collection they at once lost all in 
 terest, and some of them declared they had no use for anything 
 directly or indirectly connected with the Bancroft scheme. 
 And a most diabolical scheme indeed that must have been, if 
 my connection with it could thus affect the value of the origi 
 nal autographs I had collected ! 
 
 Thus the matter in this section has not only given me an 
 opportunity for denying all knowledge of, and for the most 
 part all belief in, the grosser forms of iniquity imputed to Mr. 
 Bancroft ; but has served the general purpose of this chapter 
 
18 
 
 in showing the bitter feeling entertained against the works, 
 with some of the least reasonable reasons for that feeling. 
 
 IV. MORE IMPORTANT CAUSES AND EFFECTS. 
 
 Other causes tended to affect unfavorably the standing of 
 the work in much more important directions. At the begin 
 ning Mr. Bancroft went East with portions of the Native Races 
 in print, and by personal interviews, as well as through the 
 agency of friends there and in Europe, obtained from many of 
 the world's most prominent men of literature and science letters 
 of hearty commendation and even eulogy for his book and its 
 author. Naturally, there must have been a tacit understand 
 ing, at the least, that these letters were to be used in launching 
 this new craft in literary waters ; yet the freedom with which 
 they were printed and reprinted and circulated, then and for 
 fifteen years later, as advertisements for volumes and works 
 which the writers had never seen, or at least of which they 
 never expressed a favorable opinion, must naturally have 
 seemed to many not to be in the best of taste. It may be true 
 that Mr. Bancroft never broke faith directly with his early 
 admirers ; but there can be no doubt that some of these liter 
 ary lights and many of their friends were not wholly pleased 
 with this somewhat novel exhibition of " western enterprise.' ' 
 And other prominent writers who, in the early years, volun 
 tarily, as they thought, wrote flattering notices and reviews, 
 and secured their publication in leading journals, perhaps 
 awoke later to a not altogether agreeable consciousness that 
 they had been skillfully used for advertising purposes. 
 
 In the History, moreover, Mr. Bancroft abandoned to a con 
 siderable extent, at least in the first and some of the later 
 volumes, that tone of modesty which had made friends for the 
 Native Races. Assuming that his position was now secure, he 
 became independent, and at times arbitrary, in his statements. 
 He wrote with what seemed undue severity, or with an air of 
 patronizing superiority, of other writers less favored than him 
 self in their facilities for research. He spoke slightingly of 
 such popular favorites as Irving and Prescott. He seemed to 
 think that his own work contained no expression of opinion, 
 no theories or mere arguments, but only final decisions from an 
 historical court of last resort. He rarely admitted the insuffi 
 ciency of his sources on any point ; and indeed though this 
 may be of doubtful relevancy here, as being unknown to the 
 public was prone to erase in the work of his assistants all 
 phrases introduced with a view of ' ' saving the responsibility ' ' 
 
19 
 
 of the author, saying often, " If there are any weak points let 
 the critics find them," or, " If we admit any weaknesses the 
 critics will always parade them as their own discoveries ' ' 
 which, I must admit, proved for the most part true. 
 
 To supplement the effects of this offensive independence, 
 there had meanwhile arisen among literary men at the East, 
 men of more brains than money, a kind of jealousy founded on 
 the praise accorded to this California!! enterprise from high 
 sources. Such a work as had been announced, compiled by a 
 business man by what was represented as a novel application 
 of business methods, must, according to all the canons of the 
 schools, turn out to be little better than trash ; in which case 
 the preliminary flourish of trumpets, and the early expressions 
 of commendation would have been to the university man merely 
 the recollection of amusing phenomena. But with all its super 
 ficial defects, this book was proving to be a record from origi 
 nal sources, whose standard value could not be denied by 
 scholars, whatever their expectations or prejudices. Any one 
 of a hundred earnest and humble delvers in this or similar 
 fields, had he the money, could perhaps not fully considering 
 the question if he probably would have made a collection and 
 written a book bringing him equal fame. Money had long 
 monopolized publishing, to the supposed injury of writers ; was 
 it possible that wealth might really make serious inroads also 
 in the field of authorship ? The prospect was alarming from 
 a certain point of view ; and the alarm, if in a sense absurd, 
 was real and earnest. The injustice which Mr. Bancroft was 
 understood to be doing his assistants furnished an additional 
 motive, if any was needed. The new author must be heavily 
 "sat upon," and taught at least a lesson in modesty; the 
 sheep must enter the fold by the door in daylight, or leaping 
 the wall at night be regarded as a wolf or, perhaps, a coyote. 
 The result was, as if by tacit agreement, silence, sneers, or in 
 criticism exclusive attention to defects on the part of the east 
 ern university element, followed, of course, by what regarded 
 itself as a similar element in California. 
 
 There were several notable exceptions of men who, sharing 
 more or less the current prejudice, but having to use material 
 from the Bancroft work, had the conscientious courage to 
 acknowledge fully their indebtedness, and even to praise such 
 portions as seemed meritorious ; but as a rule this element was 
 either blinded by prejudice to everything but faults, or justi 
 fied itself in ignoring for the good of legitimate authorship all 
 that could not be entirely disapproved. 
 
 From the first volume of the History, and thus very early in 
 the development of the hostile feeling, was selected a single 
 chapter, or rather supplement to a chapter, on a topic not .be- 
 
20 
 
 longing directly to our field, put in fine type to distinguish it 
 from the subject matter of the volume, prefaced by an admis 
 sion that the Library did not contain data for exhaustive 
 treatment, and prepared avowedly from the study of a few 
 standard works as a convenient introduction to the following 
 topics. To the adverse criticism of this chapter, treated as if 
 it purported to be an exhaustive monograph, either filling the 
 volume or constituting its principal feature, was brought into 
 action the talent of experts on the subjects, who devoted to the 
 task all their knowledge and skill, and all their powers of sar 
 casm and ridicule the latter extending not only to the whole 
 volume and work, but to Mr. Bancroft's much vaunted collec 
 tion of material in which fact lies chiefly the radical injustice 
 of the attack. The points were in many cases well made, and 
 the effect of these reviews, published in such journals as the 
 Nation and Independent, must have affected considerably the 
 reputation of the book ; for scholars could but form an unfavor 
 able opinion of a work the first volume of which could be con 
 demned with such apparent fairness and success. 
 
 V. SOME PECULIAR USES OF THE BANCROFT WORKS. 
 
 From the first, but more particularly in the case of the 
 Native Races, writers of a certain class and that by no means 
 a bad class made a peculiar use of our volumes. Taking 
 some one of the hundreds of topics treated, guided by the foot 
 notes directly to the sources, by a special study of the author 
 ities, by devoting vastly more space to the topic than was pos 
 sible in a general work, and sometimes by the employment of 
 their superior skill, they have often improved upon the original, 
 though rarely reaching different conclusions. This was en 
 tirely legitimate, since such should be the chief use of a bulky 
 work of reference ; but these writers have sometimes gone so 
 far as to ignore the indirect source of their information, and 
 very often given only general credit to a " useful compilation, " 
 themselves preferring to follow " original authorities." It 
 would of course be absurd to expect them to make their de 
 tailed references to the compilation rather than to the originals ; 
 but they should obviously give to the former unless they can 
 show, or at least affirm, its un trustworthiness the real credit 
 which it deserves ; that of having enabled them to prepare ex 
 haustive monographs which, without it, they could not have 
 written ; not from any lack of ability, but from lack of time to 
 search so immense a bulk of authorities for information on a 
 special topic. All the more praise is due to the few who have 
 
21 
 
 given this due credit, sometimes against their inclinations, and 
 even at the risk of unfavorable treatment from the critics. 
 Doubtless some have justified their own injustice to Mr. Ban 
 croft by what they regarded as his injustice to his assistants 
 and to other authors ; but so far as the latter are concerned, 
 all intimations to the contrary notwithstanding, the Bancroft 
 work, so far as I am acquainted with it, never suppressed full 
 credit to the authorities consulted, excepting, of course, a few 
 instances of carelessness. 
 
 Writers of another class have pursued a more independent 
 course by not only failing to refer to our work, but by not con 
 sulting it at all. A notable instance was that of an author 
 who wrote a fairly good history of California, apparently with 
 out even reading several of my own volumes, though however 
 defective their conclusions they were full of original data 
 from public and private archives bearing directly on his sub 
 ject, but not elsewhere accessible to him. He deliberately per 
 mitted himself to drift into some serious errors and many 
 omissions, and even went so far as to deny the existence of 
 documents quoted by the hundred, rather than consult the 
 work of a supposed rival. His was, perhaps, not exactly the 
 true spirit of historical research, but it had at least the merit 
 of honesty. It may be added, that most of the voluminous, 
 interesting, and often valuable papers on Californian annals 
 recently published in the Century, Overland, and other journals, 
 were written by men who would not deign to correct their 
 many petty errors by consulting the writings of better informed 
 if less brilliant predecessors in the same field. 
 
 VI. PURPORT OF CURRENT CRITICISM. 
 
 If we study the extraordinary mass, fully equal in bulk, 
 I think, to the thirty-nine volumes criticised of comment 
 published during the past fifteen years, we find that more than 
 half is composed of what are virtually advertising notices of 
 no significance whatever to an author, though doubtless some 
 what cheering from a publisher's point of view. Then there 
 is a considerable amount of generally adverse controversial 
 matter, inaccurate and often abusive, and of course of no value 
 in determining the reputation of a book. Next, we find a bulky 
 accumulation of favorable, often eulogistic, articles on the Li 
 brary, the author, and the enterprise generally, resembling 
 the class first mentioned above, in that many of them were 
 inspired, or their publication engineered, by agents of the pub 
 lishers ; but much more important because written by intelli- 
 
22 
 
 gent and often prominent men, because founded to a consider 
 able extent on genuine admiration of the scheme in some of its 
 phases, and because in many instances the writers took some 
 pains to know what they were writing about. There are also 
 the hundreds of ordinary newspaper reviews, written honestly 
 enough, and generally meant to be favorable, but always ex 
 asperating to an author, because they present ample internal 
 evidence that the writers had neither knowledge of, nor inter 
 est in, the subject, and that they had no time or disposition to 
 examine even superficially the book assigned them for review. 
 
 After eliminating all matter of the above named classes as 
 of no practical value, the critical student would find still re 
 maining a comparatively small, but in the aggregate very 
 large, amount of more or less legitimate criticism, in which 
 the merits and defects of the work are indicated with some 
 degree of ability and impartiality. Of course there is no man 
 living who is competent to pronounce j udgment on the History 
 as a whole, in its most important aspect as a storehouse of in 
 formation on the intricate provincial annals of so vast and new 
 a territory. Unfortunately, moreover, for reasons that will 
 presently appear, the judgment of a comparatively competent 
 critic on the annals of one province affords no satisfactory 
 guidance respecting another. The accuracy of the British 
 Columbia histories proves nothing absolutely in the case of 
 California or Oregon ; and the first volume of a series does not 
 always necessarily indicate the quality of the second. It is by 
 no means my purpose to analyze closely the various criticisms, 
 or to present my own views in detail as to their justice or the 
 merits of the book. I should be obviously anything but an 
 impartial judge. 
 
 While, in my opinion, the critics have failed to emphasize 
 some of the chief excellencies, and to point out the most se 
 rious defects ; while not enough discrimination has been used 
 respecting the different volumes of even the same author ; 
 while the character of the work as essentially a reference book 
 of provincial records has been too much lost sight of; and 
 while prominent critics have accorded too much praise to the 
 Native Races as compared with the History yet I think that 
 the average purport is in the main just, and, at the same time, 
 encouragingly favorable, both in respect of matter and manner 
 of presentment. 
 
 And this average purport seems to be that the work is for 
 the most part what it professes to be ; that while from a purely 
 literary or artistic standpoint it deserves no high praise show 
 ing on the one hand long stretches of monotony somewhat 
 over-burdened with detail, unreadable as a whole, and valua 
 ble mainly for the facts presented ; on the other, labored 
 
28 
 
 efforts at fine writing, with injudicious and mechanical intro 
 duction of foreign quotations and Carlylesque phrases while 
 the style is often far from satisfactory to the purist, showing 
 a tendency to the use of " newspaper English," and a noticea 
 ble poverty of vocabulary ; yet, on the whole, the volumes are 
 made up of accurate and concisely presented records, founded 
 on a conscientious study of an almost unparalleled wealth of 
 original data, and written in an impartial spirit ; that it con 
 tains many readable chapters, and perhaps even volumes that 
 are not too tedious. With all its faults, it would be hard to 
 name another work that could take its place in any one of its 
 fifteen or twenty chief subdivisions ; while not over half its 
 records, at the highest possible estimate, can be found extant 
 in the English language, or accessible to the reader in any lan 
 guage. So far as the earlier chronologic periods and the chief 
 territorial divisions are concerned, in no essential feature has 
 the accuracy of its record been impeached by any competent 
 critic, or by the discovery of new evidence. Thus, while the 
 defects are for the most part superficial, the merits go deeper, 
 and are such as in my opinion are chiefly to be desired in a 
 work of reference on such a scale, and on such a subject. 
 
 The tone of comment of the classes alluded to will not pre 
 sumably be modified to any considerable extent in the future ; 
 indeed, not much more of such comment, for or against, is to 
 be expected. But there is still another kind of criticism, much 
 more important than the work of the critic proper, which will 
 increase in bulk and value for many years. This is the prac 
 tical use made of the work by student writers on the topics 
 embraced in its scope. Already the number of books, pam 
 phlets, and magazine articles that have been based in part on 
 the History and Native Races is large, and in this fact even 
 without the favorable comment that sometimes accompanies 
 .such use of the work is to be found an author's most gratify 
 ing encouragement and reward. For many years historical 
 students in increasing numbers will investigate the annals of 
 these western states ; and throughout large portions of the 
 territory our volumes must serve as original authority or as 
 guides to the sources. In the future as in the past not all will 
 have the frank courage to fully acknowledge their indebted 
 ness ; but this will make no difference in the result. No true 
 student can afford to ignore any accessible facts or views bear 
 ing on his subject, and few will wish to do so. The result 
 must be that almost every volume of the long series will in 
 time be fully dissected by the most competent of all critics, 
 and its real value will be approximately determined. This 
 process is what will fix the permanent reputation of the work, 
 and what is more important to me, of each of its parts. While 
 
24 
 
 it is certain that much new material will be brought to light, 
 and many conclusions thereby modified ; and while I predict 
 that all the parts will not be found of equal value, and that 
 some hitherto unsuspected defects will be revealed, yet I have 
 but slight fear as to the general result, because I am conscious 
 that these volumes represent the earnest and long-continued 
 efforts of several writers, who not only had at their command an 
 extraordinary amount of original data, but wrote on a subject 
 respecting which valuable results depend more on close and 
 intelligent application than on other more brilliant qualities. 
 As one of the writers, and the one who wrote more of the vol 
 umes than any other, I look hopefully to the final decision ; in 
 view of which solely as I have said before and may probably 
 repeat later I attempt in this volume to put on record my 
 part in the work. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 How AND BY WHOM THE BOOK WAS WRITTEN. 
 
 Having considered in the preceding chapter the standing of 
 the Bancroft works, and some of the causes that have some 
 what unfavorably affected that standing, I shall devote this 
 chapter to the authorship of those works, a much more impor 
 tant subject, in my view of the matter, and perhaps the only 
 one treated in this volume which will have any importance in 
 the view of the public. Here I am concerned with facts, and 
 not at all with theories. What I offer is in the nature of direct 
 personal testimony. The subject has excited speculation, and 
 even controversy, in which I have hitherto taken no part. 
 Newspaper articles in the past have been at the best very inac 
 curate, though sometimes presenting fragments of the truth. 
 In self-defense, Mr. Bancroft himself has taken some part in 
 these controversies ; but his testimony there need not be 
 noticed, because finally in his Literary Industries he has cov 
 ered the whole ground, and told the world how he wrote the 
 works. There, and in other volumes, he has said enough of 
 my part in the enterprise to give me at least a standing as a 
 competent witness. Where my testimony differs from his, the 
 public, as far as it cares at all for the matter, must decide 
 between us. If either to any extent misrepresents the facts, 
 he does so knowingly, and for the most part without any 
 plausible excuse of self-deception. 
 
 VII. THE LIBRARY AND THE INDEX. 
 
 In his Literary Industries Mr. Bancroft tells the world how 
 he collected the books and documents constituting his famous 
 Library ; how his assistants catalogued and indexed the mater 
 ial thus collected ; how the same and other assistants extracted 
 notes and references from all the accumulated volumes of print 
 and manuscript ; and, finally, how from these notes and ref 
 erences after some further preliminary arrangement and de 
 velopment by his corps he himself wrote the Native Races, 
 History, and other works. He tells much more that is impor 
 tant and interesting, and tells it exceedingly well ; but it is 
 
26 
 
 only with those phases of his literary career indicated above 
 with few and slight exceptions that this statement has to do ; 
 and, indeed, it is only of the last of the four steps that I shall 
 have much to say that is new and important. 
 
 It may properly be said at the outset that, so far as the pre 
 liminary work of the first three stages is concerned, Mr. Ban 
 croft not only gives a fairly accurate and impartial narrative, 
 but also to myself and associates all the credit that we could 
 reasonably expect. True, in a detailed examination, each of 
 us might probably point out instances of minor injustice ; but 
 it would be difficult to substantiate, even if we had the desire 
 to engage in such petty criticism, any intentional withholding 
 of proper acknowledgement. I am sure, however, that his 
 pages do not show any excess of credit, such as might in one 
 view of the matter tend to compensate for a withholding of 
 credit in other directions. I might quote from the volume 
 many complimentary allusions to myself and my services in 
 this connection, for which I am grateful ; yet I shall have 
 occasion in a later chapter to notice a very peculiar phase of 
 Mr. Bancroft's policy in this very matter. 
 
 The Library and Mr. Bancroft's work as a collector have 
 been described with sufficient accuracy and completeness, not 
 only in the Literary Industries but by many writers, including 
 myself, in so many books, magazines and newspapers that no 
 further details would be required here, even if they belonged to 
 the subject proper of this statement. Down to 1869, the col 
 lecting at home and abroad was done chiefly by Mr. Bancroft ; 
 during the next ten years mainly by myself, through sale cata 
 logues ; but also to a great extent, especially in the matter of 
 Pacific States manuscript material, by Mr. Savage, Mr. Petroff, 
 and other agents on their travels. The system of collecting, 
 that of taking everything on the subject without reference to 
 its value and but slight regard to its price, undoubtedly the 
 best system if the collector can afford it called for no especial 
 skill, but only care and energy on the part of collector and 
 agents ; but the work was for the most part well done, and the 
 result has not, in my opinion, been overrated by the most en 
 thusiastic admirers. Indeed, I doubt that the extent and com 
 parative completeness of the collection has ever been fully ap 
 preciated by the public. We were continually surprised by 
 the wealth of our authorities on almost every topic treated. 
 The manuscript archives of Spain and Mexico were practically 
 not searched ; and in this respect only has the completeness of 
 the collection been generally exaggerated. 
 
 For my services as librarian and cataloguer, full credit is 
 given. In this direction I had no knowledge or experience at 
 the beginning, and though doing a large amount of librarian's 
 
27 
 
 work according to a system mainly devised for the occasion, I 
 never acquired any special skill. It was only for four or five 
 years that I did much of this work in person, turning over the 
 cataloguing and other details to my assistants as soon as the 
 more important tasks were fairly begun, though I continued 
 to be nominally librarian, and to a certain extent to superin 
 tend all library work to the end. To the card-index, a kind of 
 subject catalogue, Mr. Bancroft attaches probably somewhat 
 more importance than it deserves. The system was wholly 
 devised and put in operation by myself, but was soon entrusted 
 to others ; but the work was never fully completed. It was of 
 considerable value in the preparation of the Native Races, and 
 might be useful still to students for purposes of general refer 
 ence, if the Library were open to the public ; but it was hardly 
 used at all on the History, where nearly every volume in the 
 Library had to be read anew throughout. It is my belief that 
 in the hands of competent men, and perhaps with some modi 
 fication, the system inaccurately described by Mr. Bancroft, 
 p. 238, seq., as " ever since in successful and daily operation " 
 would prove practicable, and would vastly increase the 
 working value of any library. I do not think that the cost 
 was so great as $35,000. This card-indexing must not be 
 confounded with the note-taking process to be mentioned in 
 the next section, though the latter resulted in a much more 
 comprehensive, detailed, and costly index, and was often 
 alluded to by that name. 
 
 VIII. NOTE-TAKING AND OTHER PRELIMINARY WORK. 
 
 The indexing proper for historical purposes, that is, the ex 
 tracting of notes and references from all printed and manu 
 script matter, was by far the most important feature in Mr. 
 Bancroft's system, and indeed the most costly ; for while the 
 Library itself cost more money in its purchase, it may be ex 
 pected to return its cost and more by sale. The process, while 
 exceedingly laborious, was not very complicated. It was of 
 my own invention ; but doubtless another man equally inter 
 ested in the same purpose would have invented very much the 
 same. The plan was much less important than its execution. 
 I think I took more pride in other simple devices, such as that 
 of keeping the notes in paper bags such as grocers use, prop 
 erly classified and labeled in territorial and chronologic order. 
 
 The notes were about the same as would be taken by any 
 author for his own use, provided the books were to remain 
 conveniently accessible. The process was simply to read each 
 
28 
 
 volume the most important books and manuscripts being, of 
 course, given to the most capable and experienced men and 
 to write the extracted notes and references on half sheets of 
 legal paper, with blank lines separating items to facilitate the. 
 later and purely mechanical cutting- up and arrangement. Each 
 item had its territory, date, and topic on the left-hand margin 
 at the top, and the title of the book at the bottom. The final 
 result was that when a writer came to treat a certain topic 
 as for instance California, 1818, Bouchard Invasion ; or Arizona, 
 1863, Indian Affairs ; or Fremont (J. C.), Biography, etc. he 
 sought in an alphabetic and chronologic arrangement the paper 
 bag labelled with his topic, and presently had before him from 
 a dozen to a thousand slips of paper, directing him to evejy 
 volume and page in the Library containing data that he 
 required. The difference between ' ' notes ' ' and ' ' references ' ' 
 was only that the former contained what evidence the book or 
 chapter or page offered, taken out in full or in resume, while 
 the latter simply told where information of a certain nature on 
 the topic could be found. The ''notes " were in themselves 
 extremely useful to a writer in his preliminary outlining of a 
 plan of treatment ; but finally in all legitimate work they were 
 mixed with the " references," and all served merely as guides 
 to the study of the sources. Of course, the writer had in each 
 case a useful and necessary knowledge of men, and events, and 
 authorities, derived from his study of the immediately preced 
 ing and cognate topics ; and he often found important matter 
 to be carried back to those preceding topics. The notes thus 
 described must by no means be confounded with the ' ' foot 
 notes " of the printed volumes, for the latter were prepared as 
 carefully as the text, and from the same sources. 
 
 I regard this system as having been perfectly successful when 
 ever properly carried out ; and in using the notes taken out 
 by others, I have rarely had reason to regret that I could not 
 have extracted them all myself. I do not regard as an exag 
 geration Mr. Bancroft's assertion (page 566), that if pasted, 
 as many of them were, and bound, " this series would consti 
 tute in itself a library of Pacific coast history which eighty 
 thousand dollars could not duplicate, even with the Library at 
 hand." I have given some details of this indexing work, be 
 cause Mr. Bancroft's explanations, perhaps accurate enough in 
 the aggregate, are somewhat scattered and vague ; and because 
 he is inclined sometimes to confound it with other alleged pre 
 liminary work. This vagueness is probably due to the fact 
 that, knowing personally very little about any of the prelirqi- 
 nary steps in detail, he wrote some portions of this descriptive 
 text himself. 
 
 Of the other preliminary work just alluded to I have noth- 
 
29 
 
 ing to sa^here, because I know but little about it, and because 
 I doubt that any considerable amount of such work was ever 
 done ; but I shall presently quote what Mr. Bancroft has to say 
 about it. 
 
 IX. MR. BANCROFT ON THE AUTHORSHIP. 
 
 I come now to the most important phase of the whole mat 
 ter, that regarding the real authorship of the Native Races and 
 History proper, thirty-three volumes in all, for I do not in 
 clude in this chapter, for reasons to be given later, the six 
 supplementary volumes of the latter work, which are not with 
 in the territorial and chronologic arrangement. And I begin 
 by quoting literally from the Literary Industries all that the 
 author of that volume has to say on the subject. Of course 
 there is much in the general tenor of his text outside of specific 
 statements that cannot be indicated by quotations ; but that 
 general tenor from beginning to end emphasizes rather than 
 modifies the purport of specific statements. It may be proper 
 to add that, in the preface to the Native Races, Mr. Bancroft 
 not only names his chief assistants, but specifies the general 
 topics in which the assistance of each was utilized. In the 
 preface to the History he also names the assistants, without 
 any such specification. The quotations are as follows : 
 
 " As the scheme was entirely my own, as I had consulted with no one 
 outside of the library about it, and with my associates but little, I had 
 only to work it out after my own fashion." Page 303. 
 
 " When my first division " (the chap, on ' Hyperboreans ' in N. R. 
 I.) " was wholly written, I submitted it in turn to each of my principal 
 assisiants and invited their criticism ... A number of suggestions 
 were made, some of which I acted on. In general, the plan as first con 
 ceived was carried out. ... I then went on and explained to my 
 assistants how I had reached the results, and giving to each a division 
 I requested them in like manner to gather and arrange the material, and 
 place it before me in the best form possible for my use. During the 
 progress of the work I succeeded in utilizing the labors of my assistants 
 to the full extent of my anticipations." Page 304. 
 
 " The failure of certain of my assistants to prove profitable to my 
 work was a source of small anxiety to me, as compared with my own 
 failures. It was what I could do with my own brain and fingers, and 
 that alone, which gave me pleasure." Page 292. 
 
 " To follow this introduction," (Hist. Cent. Amer. I.) " with some as 
 sistance I prepared a summary of voyages and discoveries. . . . On 
 these two summaries I labored long and faithfully, spending fully six 
 months on them with all the assistance I could utilize. Oftentimes work 
 arose where assistance w r as impracticable ; I could perform it better 
 alone ; with a dozen good men at my elbow I have, neveitheless, written 
 many volumes alone, taking out all notes myself, because I could not 
 profitably employ help." Pages 288-9. 
 
30 
 
 "Historical work involves labor of a two-fold nature. *? . . Ma 
 terial in the nature of evidence has first to be accumulated and class 
 ified ; subsequently, from the evidence judgments have to be formed 
 and expressed. . . . My system has no application whatever to the 
 second and final operation of an historian's task. ... In this part 
 of my work I have no peculiar system or method, and I suppose that 
 other authors have none. My system, then, applies only to the accumu 
 lation and arrangement of evidence upon the topics of which I write, 
 and consists in the application of business methods and the division of 
 labor to those ends." Pages 592-3. 
 
 Yet, "perhaps in my experience with many assistants, I have been 
 able to select a few to whom I am able to entrust the preparation of 
 systematic notes on special topics, and thus still further shorten my 
 task." Page 598. 
 
 "Thus it will be seen that although my assistants were of marked 
 and diversified abilities, I had not at my command at all times the best 
 of material for my purpose. On the whole, my tools were not of the 
 latest and best pattern ; and though this was no fault of theirs, it threw 
 the whole burden and responsibility upon me, where it remained from 
 the first to the last ; even my best and most efficient assistants being 
 able to prove up the correctness of but a portion of the work, leaving 
 me to do the rest as best I was able." Page 293. 
 
 "By this means [a description of the alleged preparatory work is 
 quoted a little later] I obtained a sort of bird's-eye view of all evidence 
 on the topics for my history, as I took them up one after the other in 
 accordance with my own order and plan for writing. It saved me the 
 drudgery and loss of time of thoroughly studying any but the best of 
 authorities, or more than a few first-class ancient and modern books." 
 Page 568. 
 
 " To more able and experienced assistants were given the study and 
 reduction of certain minor sections of the history, which I employed in 
 my writing after more or less condensation and change." Ib . 
 
 This is all, but it is directly to the point. Leaving nothing 
 to conjecture, no difficulties to be explained away, no gaps 
 to be filled, no ground for varying interpretations of his mean 
 ing, Mr. Bancroft tells us just how he wrote his volumes. 
 After the notes had been extracted for which credit is given 
 to the assistants and after the matter thus extracted had gone 
 through an additional process of development, also at the 
 hands of assistants, he wrote the history very much as any 
 historian would write it. True, the assistants were permitted 
 to make "suggestions" ; they "gathered and arranged ma 
 terial and placed it before him in the best form for his use," 
 though he had to ' ' write many volumes alone, taking out all 
 the notes himself " ; his system " applied only to the accumu 
 lation and arrangement of evidence"; "on the whole, his 
 tools were not of the latest and best pattern ' ' ; yet to a few 
 of them could be entrusted the study and reduction of a " few 
 minor sections " for his use, or the "preparation of systema 
 tized notes on special topics, ' ' thus shortening his labors ; 
 though the c ' best and most efficient ' ' of them could ' ' prove 
 up the correctness " but of a portion of his work. Not only 
 
31 
 
 is it constantly affirmed and implied throughout the narrative 
 that Mr. Bancroft alone did the writing ; but there is not a 
 phrase anywhere to indicate the possibility that any other per 
 son wrote a chapter, or much less a volume. 
 
 On the nature of the intermediate preliminary work between 
 that of the note- takers and that of the author, I quote as fol 
 lows : 
 
 " The assistant was given a mass of notes and references covering a 
 certain period, or series of incidents, with instructions to so reduce the 
 subject matter that I might receive it weeded of all superfluities and 
 repetitions, whether in words or in facts already expressed by previous 
 authors, yet containing every fact, however minute, every thought and 
 conclusion, including such as occurred to the preparer, and arranged in 
 as good an historic order as the assistant could give it. He arranged 
 the references and notes that pointed to events in a chronologic order, 
 yet bringing together certain incidents of different dates if the historic 
 order demanded it. Institutionary and descriptive notes on commerce, 
 etc., . . . were joined to such dates or occurrences as called for 
 their use. . . . With the material thus grouped it was found that 
 each small subdivision, incident, or descriptive matter had a number of 
 notes bearing upon it from different authors, sometimes several score. 
 These must then be divided into three or more classes, according to the 
 value of the authority ; the first class comprising original narratives and 
 reports ; the second such as were based partly on the first, yet possessed 
 certain original facts or thoughts ; the third those which were merely 
 copied from others or presented brief and hasty compilations. The as 
 sistant then took the best of his first-class authorities, the fullest and 
 most reliable, so far as he could judge after a brief glance, and pro 
 ceeded to extract subject matter from the pages of the book to which 
 the reference directed him. This he did partly in his own language, 
 partly in a series of quotations. . . . Sometimes he found the ex 
 tract already made on the slips called notes. The same book might ap 
 pear to be the best authority for a succession of topics, and the extract 
 ing was continued for some time before the book was laid aside. Bach 
 extract was indexed in the margin, and at the foot of it, or on the page, 
 was written the title, etc. The next best authorities were then read on 
 the same topic or series of topics, and any information additional or 
 contradictory to what had already been noted was extracted and placed 
 at the foot of the page bearing on the subject, or on a blank page, on 
 which was indexed a heading similar to that of the original page, so as 
 to bring the same topics together. If these contradictions bore on par 
 ticular expressions or facts in the original extract, they were subdivided 
 in accordance with and by means of numbers brought in connection 
 with the particular word or line. . . . The titles of all or of several 
 first-class authorities which agreed with the original extract were also 
 added to the foot of that extract, with the remark, 'the same in brief 
 or 'in full,' as the case might be. This showed me which authors con 
 firmed and which contradicted any statement, and enabled me to draw 
 conclusions. From second-class authors the assistant rarely obtained 
 anything but observations, while the third class yielded sometimes 
 nothing. As he proceeded in this refining process or system of conden 
 sation, the assistant added in notes to particular lines or paragraphs his 
 own observations on the character of the hero, the incident, or the 
 author. By this means I obtained a sort of bird's-eye view," etc., as 
 already quoted." Page 566-8. 
 
X, MY OWN VERSION ON THE AUTHORSHIP. 
 
 This alleged preparatory system as above set forth is for the 
 most part purely imaginary. I have to state most positively 
 that I never did, nor did any assistant ever do for me, any such 
 work ; and that to the best of my knowledge and belief no 
 considerable part of the thirty-three volumes was founded by 
 Mr. Bancroft or anybody else on this or any similar preliminary 
 process. For at least nine-tenths of the work the notes 
 were given directly to the author, who made his own researches 
 in his own way, reached his own conclusions, expressed them 
 in his own language, and sent them to the printer without any 
 but a superficial and hasty editorial revision. 
 
 I have used the terms " for the most part," " nine-tenths, " 
 ''no considerable part," not only to avoid possible exaggera 
 tion, but to give the greatest possible basis of accuracy and 
 sincerity to the representations of the Literary Industries. It 
 is not improbable that Mr. Nemos, in the period of haste, to 
 be noticed later as having followed the premature beginning 
 of publication, may have resorted to some such expedient as 
 that described in the preparation of some parts of volumes ; 
 and possibly I may underrate the amount of such work. I 
 presume that, being called on for a description of his method, 
 Mr. Nemos -for the quoted text is evidently from his pen 
 gave a truthful account of the process he was trying at the 
 time ; and Mr. Bancroft saw no good reason why it should not 
 be applied to the whole work of many years. There are in his 
 narrative many statements on less important details that can 
 be justified only by their possible truth in some particular 
 week or month. 
 
 It is true that at first we had some such preliminary system 
 vaguely in view. The notes having been arranged and ampli 
 fied by subordinates, the result was to be studied anew, modi 
 fied in arrangement, enriched with original ideas, written out 
 on a large scale, and then much condensed, as was hoped, by- 
 several successive assistants or corps, graded according to their 
 skill and experience ; and finally Mr. Bancroft, studying only 
 leading authorities, was to re-write at least the text of most 
 parts to a sufficient extent to make the language and style his 
 own. But the immensity of the work, and the necessity of 
 publishing parts before the whole was ready in any form, com 
 pelled us to abandon all such ideas before any practical test of 
 their utility could be made. Mr. Bancroft has never seemed 
 to realize fully that this or any other phase of the early and 
 immature projects was ever entirely given up. 
 
33 
 
 Not only do I deny that the volumes were written by any 
 system even remotely resembling the one described, and affirm 
 that they were written for the most part directly from the notes, 
 like any other history ; but, what is much more serious, I am 
 obliged to deny that Mr. Bancroft wrote the volumes, or one- 
 sixth of them, by any system whatever. When I said that the f 
 notes were given directly to the author, who through them 
 reached the sources for his topic, I should have said " authors ' ' ; 
 and of these Mr. Bancroft was only one. He wrote no com 
 plete volume of the thirty-three, and in the aggregate not more 
 than five volumes ; while other writers whom he does not 
 credit with a chapter wrote the other twenty-eight. 
 
 When, therefore, he claims the authorship of the Native 
 Races and History he must give to the pronoun ' ' I " a meaning 
 so extended beyond his own personality, or even beyond the 
 ordinary editorial "we," as to include his collaborators: or 
 he must regard the twenty -eight volumes of what seemed to 
 us completed manuscript as merely the ' ' classified notes "which 
 gave him his "bird's-eye view," and our writing of those 
 volumes as the preparatory work that has been quoted ; while 
 the veritable " writing " consisted in the reading which, pencil 
 in hand, he gave most chapters before they went to the printer. 
 Perhaps the literary world will accept his view of the matter. 
 
 Having thus made known in general terms the truth respect 
 ing the real authorship, I proceed to state more particularly the 
 authorship of the different parts. Except in my own case, I 
 shall not attempt to specify exactly the chapters and pages to 
 be accredited to each writer. This in many cases would be 
 very difficult, and in some impossible ; but I shall secure 
 approximate accuracy and justice by pointing out the chief 
 portions of each man's work, and, indeed, practically all of 
 such work. It is proper to state here that the details and fig 
 ures of the following statement were submitted, in a memo 
 randum made by me in 1886, to Mr. Nemos, who, next to 
 myself, was best acquainted with the subject, and, indeed, 
 knew more than I respecting some details of work done by 
 himself and certain other assistants. It was approved by him, 
 as being as nearly accurate as it could ever be made. It was 
 thought by both of us that possibly a slight improvement 
 might be Kiade by deducting from the figures accredited to 
 most assistants a varying percentage of matter, amounting in 
 the aggregate to one or two volumes, to be classified as so 
 hopelessly miscellaneous that the authorship cannot be accur 
 ately assigned. This exception of a few volumes made by me 
 over and over in different connections must be understood 
 always to refer to the same matter, and not to matter which in 
 the aggregate might amount to many volumes, thus weaken- 
 
34 
 
 ing our claims, without, however, strengthening those of Mr. 
 Bancroft. None of these exceptions in any connection affect, 
 in the slightest degree, my own portions of the work. 
 
 XI. DETAILS OF MR. BANCROFT'S WORK. 
 
 Hubert H. Bancroft wrote matter amounting in the aggre 
 gate to four and a half volumes. His work, widely scattered, 
 is to be found in Native Races, I. II. III.; History, Central 
 America, I. II., Mexico, I., California VI. VII., Northwest 
 Coast, I. II., British Cohimbia, Alaska, Utah, and to a slight 
 extent in other volumes. Something over three-fourths of 
 Cent. Amer. I., and British Columbia, the first half of Mexico, 
 I., and last half of N. W. Coast, L, nearly all of Id. II., that 
 part of Utah devoted to the earliest annals, and to a discussion 
 of polygamy and other peculiar institutions of Mormonism ; 
 chapter I. of Native Races, I. on " Hyperboreans " ; and the 
 chapter on'* Savageism and Civilization" in Id. II., may be 
 regarded as properly his work. His part of the Native Races 
 was exactly 270 pages out of a total of 4000. He wrote part 
 or all of most prefaces and introductions, though never in rny 
 own volumes. He did a considerable amount of editorial 
 revision, and especially "cutting down," making some small 
 parts partially his own in language, though rarely adding any 
 thing of research. 
 
 Mr. Bancroft did not take very kindly to the system of note- 
 taking or its results, often preferring to gather from the 
 shelves and heap up in his room a ton or two of such books as 
 he thought he might need, extracting notes for a day or two 
 so long as he came across only unimportant books, but rarely 
 able to resist the temptation to begin writing as soon as he 
 found a work that interested him. Usually his space was 
 filled before he had made any serious inroad on his heap of 
 authorities, when he sometimes kept on writing and trusting 
 to a later omission of the least important parts ; but in other 
 instances he called in the aid of some assistant, who through 
 the regular index notes selected the most essential matter 
 that must in some way be woven into his text or foot-notes, 
 something besides time being necessarily lost by this method. 
 Much of his work, however, was done approximately like that 
 of the other writers through the regular notes. As he could 
 not readily read Spanish or French, he was obliged to use 
 many of his references through translations. 
 
 His delight in the voluminous references produced by his 
 assistants, outside of their cost and the effect they were ex- 
 
35 
 
 pected to have on the public mind, had little reference to their 
 legitimate value as guides to needed evidence, but rather to 
 their use in building up long lists of authorities for the ends of 
 his chapters. Any other use of the notes he was apt to regard 
 as at the best but a necessary evil. He cared nothing for the 
 bibliography of his topics, but gladly introduced long biblio 
 graphic notes prepared by others. 
 
 The prevalent idea, I think, among friends as well as foes, 
 has been that, while probably deficient in literary ability, he 
 had unusual skill, not only in organizing and drilling a corps 
 of assistants, but in devising practical and business-like methods 
 for reaching through others his objects ; that he was a much 
 better compiler than writer. In my opinion, the truth lies in 
 the opposite direction. Though his style may show the faults 
 naturally arising from a lack of literary discipline in early life, 
 I regard him as being a remarkably able writer ; and I think 
 the autobiographical portions of his Literary Industries and 
 the volumes accredited to him above contain abundant evi 
 dence to that effect. Where is the man of purely business 
 training, and without liberal education, who could do so well ? 
 Give him a topic which he understood and in which he was 
 interested, and he would present it in a manner to hold the 
 reader's attention in a far higher degree than any of his asso 
 ciates. It was in his writing that he took delight ; and it has 
 been, generally, his parts of his works that have, from a liter 
 ary point of view, elicited praise from the critics. If there are 
 any chapters that will ever be read for pleasure and not exclu 
 sively for information, they are among those that he wrote, 
 even if it be true that his eccentricities of style, his fondness 
 for rhetoric and foreign phrases, may in some instances pro 
 voke ridicule. 
 
 On the other hand, he was among the worst compilers I 
 ever knew, though his energy overcame many natural defects 
 in this, as it would in any direction. Always a hard worker, 
 he expected his hard work to result invariably in a correspond 
 ingly large production of manuscript. He lacked the spirit of 
 patient research that could be content with a short chapter as 
 the outcome of a month's toil ; or at least, if such was to be 
 the result, he preferred to write half-a-dozen long chapters and 
 then select the best for abridgment. He really cared but little 
 for his much vaunted system for securing exhaustive treat 
 ment, except for its effect on public opinion, almost regretting 
 at times that history could not be written acceptably without 
 any authorities whatever. Not only did he never devise any 
 important step in the process followed, but most steps he never 
 really understood, or criticized, except by complaints that they 
 were consuming a good deal of time and money. His success 
 
36 
 
 in the more mechanical phases of his scheme consisted mainly 
 in his obstinate courage in submitting to what he regarded as 
 extravagant demands on his purse and patience. 
 
 As an historian, while desiring and trying to be impartial, he 
 was much too easily influenced by his strong prejudices on 
 many subjects. If really interested in a subject, evidence had 
 too little influence on his mind ; if not interested, he was too 
 prone to think that almost any conclusion would suffice, if the 
 requisite number of pages were filled, and with a good show 
 ing of research. Wishing to be accurate, he more earnestly 
 desired to be considered accurate ; avowedly seeking the truth, 
 he delighted more in a vivid presentment of what would be 
 regarded as truth. He is a man who, by his force of character, 
 would have achieved success in almost any direction. Failure 
 or defeat in any aim, petty or important, is what he most 
 dreads. Hostility and abuse have little apparent effect on him. 
 He makes friends easily for any temporary purpose, but is 
 more at home as a rule with enemies, with whom his expe 
 rience has been very large. A fluent and rapid writer on any 
 subject, he stumbles and fails utterly in the attempt to talk on 
 any but a business proposition. Spending his money freely in 
 pursuit of any pet purpose, he is always ready to spend five 
 dollars' worth of time in haggling over the expenditure of 
 twenty-five cents. 
 
 He had a consciousness of his weakness in certain directions 
 as a writer ; and an extraordinary willingness, for a man of 
 his positive character, to be guided by almost anybody against 
 his own inclinations. He was, indeed, somewhat too ready to 
 modify his conclusions as an historian, especially if the con 
 clusions had been reached by the laborious research and thought 
 indicated in the Literary Industries as the basis of all his views. 
 For instance, his first volume of the History, dealing largely 
 with early church annals in America, was submitted after be 
 ing put in print to a committee from the churches represent 
 ing an element which, for various reasons affecting the reputa 
 tion and sale of the book, he desired to conciliate for revision. 
 The result was a multitude of changes affecting nearly every 
 page, so that it might have been as cheap to set up the type 
 anew as to change the plates ; but the changes were cheerfully 
 made, and in the toning-down of many radical expressions 
 were probably an improvement ; yet this did not prevent the 
 introduction of further matter giving offence to the church, in 
 later volumes on Central America and Mexico. This same 
 committee of ecclesiastical experts examined some of my manu 
 script volumes on California, suggesting changes in two or 
 three instances, which were made. Very likely these changes 
 also were improvements, though I would have seen the church- 
 
37 
 
 men exposed to the warmest temperatures known to their re 
 spective creeds rather than consent to them, had I been con 
 sulted. True, I was not interested in the sale, nor directly in 
 the reputation of the book. 
 
 XII. WORK OF NEMOS, VICTOR, SAVAGK, AND OTHERS. 
 
 William Nemos wrote five volumes, his work appearing 
 chiefly in Central America I. ; Mexico I. -VI. ; California VI.- 
 VII. ; North Mexican States II. ; and in several other volumes 
 to a less extent. Throughout the volumes specified he was 
 largely the author of chapters on institutions. Good samples 
 of his work are to be found in the last half of Mexico I., and 
 first half of Id. II. ; also in the chapter on " Filibusters " in 
 California VI., he being indeed the author of the last two vol 
 umes of California, excepting the opening chapters on the 
 discovery of gold by Mr. Bancroft, the political chapters by 
 Mrs. Victor, and that on " Mexican Land Titles " by myself. 
 His work is hardest of all to estimate fairly in volumes and 
 pages, being more scattered than that of any other worker. 
 He did more editorial work than any other including Mr. 
 Bancroft ; also more indexing and note-taking, besides a very 
 large amount of cataloguing and proof-checking. After about 
 1 88 1 he had almost exclusive charge of details of library work ; 
 and after my departure in 1887 he acted as librarian and super 
 intendent for a year or two, down to his own departure. In the 
 early years his manuscript, as the work of one writing in a 
 foreign language, required some superficial revision ; but his 
 improvement was remarkably rapid, and in the later years his 
 manuscript went to the printer without change. His work as 
 a writer was good, both in matter and style ; and his patient 
 industry, his versatility, and skill in all branches of preliminary 
 work, were worthy of high praise. Outside of the thirty-three 
 volumes to which this statement particularly pertains, Mr. 
 Nemos wrote most of the matter on the Library, with library 
 work and methods, in the Literary Industries ; and a large por 
 tion of Mr. Bancroft's Life of Porfirio Diaz. 
 
 Frances Fuller Victor wrote four volumes. The Oregon, and 
 Washington, etc. were her work, as was mainly the Nevada, etc. 
 She was the author of the chapters of political history in Cal 
 ifornia VI. -VII. ; and of the last of the three chapters on the 
 Oregon Question in Northwest Coast II. Before coming to the 
 Library Mrs. Victor was a writer who had gained a wide repu 
 tation and published several volumes, which cannot be said of 
 
38 
 
 any other member of the corps. Of her ability and faithful 
 ness hardly too much can be said in praise. She had the advan 
 tage not only of literary experience, but of intimate acquaint 
 ance with the history of the Oregon Territory ; also the disad 
 vantage of lacking drill in the library methods of preparatory 
 work, resulting in a certain lack of skill, sometimes, in the use 
 of notes. In her enthusiasm she often exceeded the space 
 assigned to her topics ; and her manuscript therefore required 
 condensation ; but, as Mr. Bancroft's " system " of condensa 
 tion consisted mainly in the selection of certain parts for omis 
 sion much as if an artist should reduce the size of a painting 
 by cutting out a rock here and a tree there T do not regard 
 this kind of editorial revision as having materially affected her 
 claims to authorship. Besides her own writing, and the extrac 
 tion of many notes for her own use, Mrs. Victor did no other 
 work, as far as I am aware. Since leaving the Library she has 
 published a work on the Northern Pacific regions, under the 
 title of Atlantis Arisen. 
 
 [Since the above was written, Mrs. Victor has "declared 
 her independence ' ' by exhibiting her volumes, with her name 
 on back and title, at the Mechanics' Fair at San Francisco, 
 and at the Chicago World's Fair, with the following Special 
 Preface : 
 
 " It is well known, Mr. Bancroft having set if forth in his 
 Literary Industries > that the series of Pacific Coast Histories 
 employed the talents and labors of a number of writers besides 
 himself. As one of those writers whose individual work is not 
 acknowledged, being called upon to state what literary work 
 I have done for the Pacific Coast, it seems not only just but 
 necessary to affix my name to at least four volumes of the 
 History of the Pacific States, although this does not cover all 
 the work done on the History by myself. The four volumes 
 referred to comprise the states of Oregon, Washington, Idaho, 
 Montana, Colorado, Wyoming and Nevada. My name is there 
 fore placed on the backs of these volumes, without displacing 
 that of Mr. Bancroft. 
 
 ' ' FRANCES FULLER VICTOR. ' ' 
 
 I regard this claim and action of Mrs. Victor as entirely 
 justifiable and proper. I should have taken a similar course 
 if my statement had been ready for publication.] 
 
 Thomas Savage was the author of matter amounting to three 
 volumes, to be found in Central America II. -III. : in Mexico 
 III- VI., and in parts of several other volumes. Volume III. 
 of Central America may be regarded as entirely his work. 
 Mainly by reason of his long continued use of the Spanish 
 language and his long practice in diplomatic offices, resulting 
 
39 
 
 in a tendency to employ long sentences and long words, his 
 manuscript in parts required condensation ; but large portions 
 were printed just as they came from his pen. Mr. Savage was 
 Spanish expert for the whole corps ; did a very large amount 
 of indexing and note-taking, especially from Spanish manu 
 scripts ; supervised the copying of public and private archives ; 
 and traveled extensively in California to collect private docu 
 ments and pioneer dictations ; besides doing a considerable 
 amount of proof-reading and miscellaneous work. He is a 
 nephew of Savage, the famous New England antiquarian, and 
 was in every respect one of Mr. Bancroft's most capable and 
 useful assistants. He wrote much of the California Pastoral ; 
 did much translation into Spanish, including portions of .the 
 Life of Diaz and the condensed History of Mexico ; and also 
 wrote in Spanish and English a commercial Manual of Hispano- 
 American countries. 
 
 John J. Peatfield wrote in the aggregate a little more than two 
 volumes, though it is difficult to estimate the exact figures. 
 His work appears in Central America I. -II. ; Mexico III. -VI. 
 (especially in Vol. IV. on the War of Independence, and in 
 the volume including the Mexican War) ; and the Texas chap 
 ters in NortJi Mexican States II. He also rewrote and ex 
 tended the Texas chapters in Id. L, after the first edition had 
 been published, at the same time cutting down other portions 
 of the volume to make room for the extension. Mr. Peatfield 
 did a good deal of note-taking and some preliminary writing, 
 to be put in final shape by Mr. Nemos. He is a man of lib 
 eral education and excellent literary ability, and has since done 
 good work on the Californian Magazine. 
 
 Alfred Bates may be regarded as the author of one volume 
 and a half, in Utah ; Alaska ; British Columbia ; and small 
 portions of other volumes. The last third of Alaska, and at 
 least half of Utah, were written by him. He did very little 
 miscellaneous work beyond the making of some indices for the 
 printed volumes. He wrote very deliberately, with the great 
 est care as to words and phrases ; his work therefore requiring 
 but little modification either in manuscript or proof. Mr. 
 Bates wrote a condensed History of Mexico, and I think some 
 other miscellaneous books ; and he is now (1891) a useful 
 writer on the biographical volumes being published by Mr. 
 Bancroft. 
 
 Theodore A. Harcourt wrote a little less than one volume, 
 including the chapter on " Californians," in Native Races I. ; 
 several chapters in Id. II, ; about 100 pages of the " Mythol- 
 
40 
 
 ogy " in Id. III. ; and other chapters on " Origin " and Maya- 
 Quiche annals in Id. V. His part of the Native Races was ex 
 actly 636 pages. He also wrote on a much larger scale than 
 that finally adopted for publication, the annals of Lower Cali 
 fornia, and on a somewhat smaller scale of the Russian colony 
 in California, and the gold discovery in California ; all of which 
 matter was used by myself in writing the North Mexican 
 States I'., by Mr. Nemos for Id. II., by myself in the Russian 
 chapters of California II. -IV. , and by Mr. Bancroft in Id. VI. 
 In this process Mr. Harcourt's matter was cut down to one- 
 fifth, and rewritten with addition of much new material ; but 
 since much time was saved and some sentences and notes were 
 refined, he deserves mention in this connection. He did a 
 large amount of indexing which indeed he superintended 
 for a time and note-taking ; was later associate editor of the 
 Overland ; and was a man of brilliant and varied abilities, do 
 ing, notwithstanding his erratic ways, much useful work in 
 the Library. 
 
 Ivan Petroff wrote the first half of the volume on Alaska. 
 He did some note -taking and a very large amount of transla 
 tion from Russian manuscripts and books, besides making sev 
 eral trips to Alaska and Washington, D. C., in search of origi 
 nal material. It would have been difficult to fill Mr. Petroff 's 
 place in the Library ; and his varied abilities have been well 
 known and appreciated in government and scientific circles. 
 [Since the above was written Mr. PetrofF seems to have fallen 
 into disgrace at Washington. I cannot believe, however, that 
 the matter is so bad as represented, since with us he was 
 always an honest and efficient worker.] 
 
 Walter M. Fisher wrote half a volume, that is 409 pages, of 
 the " Mythology " in Native Raczs III. He also extracted 
 some notes, and did a little proof-reading. He left the libra 
 ry before work on the History was begun, to become associate 
 editor of the Overland for a brief period, and later author of a 
 book on The Californians. He was a very young man from 
 the north of Ireland, and of great promise in a literary way ; 
 but was inclined to look upon his work in California as un 
 worthy of his best efforts. No member of the corps was so 
 well liked as Mr. Fisher by Mr. Bancroft, or had so great an 
 influence on the literary style of the latter. 
 
 Goldschmidt who ought perhaps to have individual credit 
 as author for his researches on " Languages " for the Native 
 Races III. Gilmour, Paton, Griffin, Murray, Kuhn, Allsop, 
 
41 
 
 Erasmus, and a few others, wrote possibly one volume in the 
 aggregate, though their work was used chiefly for notes, and 
 rewritten. 
 
 The preceding paragraphs afford, I believe, an impartial view 
 of the respective services of Mr. Bancroft's assistants as 
 writers. It is probable, indeed, that if each of them should 
 present conscientiously an estimate of his own work, each esti 
 mate might slightly exceed that given above and that with 
 out any of the number making deductions from the parts ac 
 credited to either Mr. 'Bancroft or myself. But there were 
 only eighteen and a half volumes to be divided between them ; 
 and, while the task was not without its difficulties, my distri 
 bution as confirmed by Mr. Nemos is, I think, as near an ap 
 proximation to accuracy as it would be possible to make. 
 While some portions of the work of each have been considera 
 bly revised or cut down by others of the number, or by Mr. 
 Bancroft himself, nothing was done in my view of the matter 
 to really affect the status of any as a writer. 
 
 In comparing the respective extent and quality of the work 
 accredited above to these assistants and below to myself, it is 
 proper to note that the terms of service differed greatly, as did 
 also the portions of that service devoted to actual writing for 
 the printer ; also, that if my manuscript was never revised or 
 cut down as theirs was in parts, such a revising process would 
 not only have reduced the bulk, but, in the opinion of many, 
 improved the quality of my work. The assistants, moreover, 
 labored under many disadvantages from which I was compara 
 tively free. Their work was for the most part in discon 
 nected sections, and rarely could they begin and end a volume 
 or a subject. They could not generally choose their favorite 
 topics ; were often transferred from one field to another ; were 
 hampered by troublesome restrictions as to time and space ; 
 and their services were for the most part less liberally re 
 warded than mine. I am not aware that Mr. Bancroft ever 
 found fault with any assistant for failing to examine all. his 
 data, to weigh the evidence with due care, or to reach sound 
 conclusions ; but the turning-out of too little manuscript in a 
 week or month was the subject of never-ending complaint. 
 The conditions were thus not favorable for obtaining from 
 each his best efforts ; yet, considering the conditions, the assist 
 ants did remarkably well. 
 
42 
 
 XIII. MY OWN PART OF THE WORK. 
 
 Henry L,. Oak wrote a little less than ten volumes of the 
 thirty-three. His work is exactly as follows : Native Races 
 (1597 pages out of a total of 4000, according to a memorandum 
 made at the date of publication though just now, not having 
 the whole work before me, I have lost track of about eighty 
 pages) I., besides part of the preface, Chap. III. on " Colum 
 bians " 172 p.; II., Chap. II. "General View of Civilized 
 Nations " 52 p., Chap. XVII. " Aztec Picture Writing " 30 p., 
 Chap. XXIV. on "Maya Hieroglyphics" 16 p.; IV. "An 
 tiquities," the entire volume; and V. "Primitive History" 
 Chap. II-X., 407 p. on Nahua Annals and the earliest Maya 
 Records. 
 
 Of the History he wrote seven and a half consecutive vol 
 umes on the History of the Spanish Northwest as follows : 
 North Mexican States, I., the entire volume (that is of the first 
 edition. Because of prospective sales in Texas it was subse 
 quently changed by Mr. Peatfield as already recorded) ; Ari 
 zona and New Mexico, the entire volume ; California, I.-V., 
 five entire volumes ; and the first half of Northwest Coast I., on 
 North Coast explorations, 377 p. Also, to make up eight vol 
 umes of the History and ten volumes in all ; Northwest Coast 
 II., Chap. XV.-XVI., 73 p. on the " Oregon Question " ; Cen 
 tral America I., besides half the preface, Chap. II. 86 p., ' ' Sum 
 mary of Geographical Knowledge and Discovery" ; California 
 VI., Chap. XX. 53 p., " Mexican Land Titles " : a few slight 
 parts of Mexico on the northern regions ; and also those bits 
 elsewhere noted of the Literary Industries. 
 
 Being more definite and consecutive than that of most 
 others, my work is more easily and exactly assigned. It is 
 not probable that any of my associates, in estimating his own 
 work, would infringe to the slightest extent on my claims. The 
 volumes and chapters named above, as they stand in print, are 
 entirely my own work, according to the best of my knowledge 
 and belief. I wrote from the notes already described, many of 
 them made by myself, but more by others especially by Sav 
 age, Nemos, and Harcourt, always using them merely as 
 reference guides to the original sources. The study of these 
 sources, the forming of conclusions, their expression and 
 arrangement, and the entire plan of treating the various sub 
 jects, were exclusively mine. The fact that the books and 
 documents were all in the Library, and that by the notes I 
 was guided directly to volume and page, simply enabled me, as 
 it did the others, to go over the ground much more rapidly 
 
43 
 
 than would otherwise have been possible. Whatever may 
 have been true of others, as already explained, there was in 
 my case no system of preliminary writing to aid me, and there 
 is therefore no temptation to exaggerate into authorship my 
 work as editor. 
 
 The only possible exceptions from any point of view are as 
 follows : In the chapters on Lower California, as before stated, 
 though rewriting, introducing much new material, studying 
 anew all important authorities, radically modifying many con 
 clusions, and condensing the whole to one-fifth its original 
 space, I was aided by Mr. Harcourt's previous work. In the 
 few chapters on the Russian settlement in California I received 
 similar aid, but to a less degree. In the second of my two 
 chapters on the " Oregon Question " I may have been slightly 
 aided by Mrs. Victor's previous treatment of the subject. For 
 a chapter or two of early Texan annals I had the notes arranged 
 and amplified by Mr. Allsop. And, finally, the local mission 
 statistics of California from decade to decade were largely 
 founded on voluminous tables prepared by Mr. Griffin, under 
 my supervision, from the original manuscript records. Mr. 
 Bancroft and most others, even in the volumes which I have 
 accredited to them, received vastly more such aid than I did 
 in these few chapters. There is no real editorial work what 
 ever, by myself or any other, in the volumes and chapters 
 claimed as mine ; and in no portion of the ten volumes was my 
 manuscript ever revised to the slightest extent or even read, 
 unless for information to be used elsewhere by any other than 
 Mr. Bancroft. The manuscript of my California volumes, or 
 several of them, was, however, read by the representative of 
 the churches, as already noted ; and also by Mrs. Helen Hunt. 
 Jackson in her study of the missions. 
 
 Respecting the nature and extent of Mr. Bancroft's revision 
 I desire to speak very explicitly, since this alone in the mind 
 of any critic could affect my exclusive claims. He gave me 
 in advance no instructions as to the way of treating any topic, 
 though, of course, the general tone and policy were the subject 
 of frequent conversation. My space was for the most part 
 fixed by myself, though I did not in some cases get all I 
 wanted. My time was indeed practically limited that is, fixed 
 at about twice Mr. Bancroft's most liberal estimate and that 
 necessarily, else I should still be writing on certain subjects. 
 My manuscript on completion, or at least before going to the 
 printer, was in most but not quite all cases read over by him 
 at the rate, perhaps, of ten or twelve chapters per day. Often 
 he read a chapter on the cable cars between Library and print 
 ing office. His corrections were made in pencil at this reading. 
 There were few chapters entirely free from the marks of his 
 
44 
 
 pencil ; but it is important to note that i at least nine of my 
 ten volumes the final revision was mine. At first, I used to 
 trouble him sometimes with protests against his changes, until 
 presently he instructed me to erase or modify them according 
 to my judgment, explaining that they were simply such super 
 ficial ones as occurred to him on a hasty and uneven reading, 
 not being regarded by him as of any special importance, but 
 rather as suggestions. Subsequently I used to accept his cor 
 rections when they seemed improvements as was often the 
 case or in cases of doubt ; otherwise I restored the original, 
 or substituted other modifications of my own. 
 
 The great bulk of his changes were altogether superficial, 
 and such as any man would make on a cursory reading of an 
 other's manuscript. If to gain space I wrote " 52," he ger.er- 
 ally changed it to " fifty-two." Kach of us had a few pet words ; 
 and occasionally when a chapter proved sufficiently interest 
 ing to inspire a comparatively careful reading, he would sub 
 stitute some of his favorites for mine. In one instance I 
 counted twenty-seven latin forms in a few pages for my Saxon 
 equivalents. I had, at times, a bad habit of using too many 
 superlative and intensive expressions, and found an occasional 
 chapter returned to me with every "very," etc., religiously 
 erased without much regard to the connection. Sometimes to 
 relieve the monotony he changed the past to the present tense 
 through a series of pages. In cases of doubt, or insufficient 
 evidence, I was fond of introducing phrases designed to " save 
 the responsibility " of the author ; and such phrases, if detect 
 ed, were doomed to sacrifice. If many of them remain it is a 
 proof that his reading was not careful. Also a few somewhat 
 radical or sarcastic expressions were struck out, lest they might 
 give offense, for, except in his own writings, Mr. Bancroft 
 was inclined to be conservative. Much more rarely, perhaps 
 in a dozen instances altogether, was a sentence added, gener 
 ally for rhetorical effect ; for I had no time or disposition to 
 indulge in rhetoric. Thus two bits in the California that have 
 been noted by reviewers, one the flowery description of the 
 coming of aid to San Diego in March, 1769, in Calif. I. 166 ; 
 and the sentence, "Of the two, Fremont made by far the 
 greater fool of himself," more true than flowery, in Id. V. 16, 
 are his interpolations. There were, of course, some slips of 
 my pen that it was better to correct in manuscript than in 
 proof. All of Mr. Bancroft's changes, excepting possibly the 
 purely mechanical ones, would not nearly fill the space of one 
 short chapter in the ten volumes. 
 
 To the best of my knowledge he never in any single instance, 
 questioned or verified, or caused to be verified, or consulted 
 any authority, respecting any of my conclusions ; nor did he 
 
45 
 
 ever have or claim to have any knowledge of my topics beyond 
 what he obtained from my manuscript. 
 
 In one chapter only, the Summary in Central America, I. 
 were his changes, though mainly of the .classes noted above, 
 so numerous as to noticeably modify the original purport. I 
 wish he had gone further and made it his own work ; for it has 
 been mercilessly criticised, and with some justice. About 
 this chapter he consulted me in advance. After some investi 
 gation, I reported that while such a summary would be appro 
 priate and desirable as an introduction to what was to follow, 
 yet we had not the material for a proper treatment, and one 
 that would stand criticism. Thinking me too timid, he direct 
 ed me to go ahead. I did my best by summarizing the con 
 tents of half a dozen standard works, with the aid of the few 
 monographs in the Library, protecting myself or him by an 
 unusual abundance of saving clauses. Unfortunately also, and 
 against my protest, he insisted on putting all the old works 
 cited by me at second hand into the ' ' list of authorities. " He 
 frankly admitted that he liked that chapter, on which I had 
 worked hard for several months, less than any other I had 
 written ; and he spent some days or weeks in changing it, 
 mainly by eliminating my saving clauses, and striving to ob 
 literate the evidence of my manifest efforts to mitigate the 
 effects of my comparative ignorance and poverty of sources. 
 The original was doubtless bad enough, but it was not im 
 proved by his blotting-out of my precautionary words and 
 phrases. It is poor comfort that, through this mistaken policy, 
 that chapter did more than any other part of his work to in 
 jure its reputation. 
 
 If it may seem to any that Mr. Bancroft's revision of my man 
 uscript on the whole, as described above, or the preliminary 
 work of the indexers, have the effect to weaken my claims, it 
 must be noted that all authorship in the whole work is in like 
 manner affected ; since not only did all write from the same 
 index-notes, albeit with a marked difference, sometimes, in 
 the manner of using them, but the changes made by others 
 in Mr. Bancroft's manuscript and proofs, on an average, greatly 
 exceeded those made by him in mine. 
 
 XIV. SYSTEMS OF COLLABORATION. 
 
 Having in this chapter explained Mr. Bancroft's system's 
 the one he followed, and the one he claims to have followed 
 it seems proper for me, by reason of my long experience in 
 the use of one of them, to present briefly my views respecting 
 
46 
 
 its merits. Its advantages are clearly set forth with particular 
 reference to the California History in Literary Industries, p. 593 
 -601. As this description is from my own pen with possibly 
 a few changes, as I have no copy of the original manuscript 
 I deem it best to reproduce it here, as follows : 
 
 "Let us suppose an industrious author, determined to write the his 
 tory of California, at the start wholly ignorant of his subject. He easily 
 learns of a few works on California, and having purchased them studies 
 their contents, making notes to aid his memory. His reading directs 
 him to other titles, and he seeks the corresponding books in the libraries, 
 public and private, of the city where he resides. His search of the shelves 
 and catalogues of the various libraries reveals many volumes, of whose 
 existence he had not dreamed at first ; but yet he continues his reading 
 and his notes. 
 
 " His work, even if he devotes his whole attention to it and resides in 
 San Francisco, has at this stage occupied several years, and the author 
 just begins to realize how very many books have been printed about 
 California. His reading, perhaps, has covered 250 books, and he has 
 accumulated the titles in different languages of 250 more not to be con 
 sulted in San Francisco." (These numbers and those following are much 
 too large. I wrote before I had gone far in my work ; and it is not quite 
 impossible that the figures have been changedVrom my original. Hittell, 
 in his history, cites about 70 authorities. 1300 would be perhaps a fair 
 estimate of all.) " He makes an effort to secure some of those that seem 
 most important ; he induces friends at a distance to send him notes from 
 others ; if possible, he travels in Mexico and Europe, and thus actually 
 consults many of the missing tomes. But in the meantime he has prob 
 ably learned through catalogues and bibliographical lists that 500 more 
 works have. been printed on his subject, even if he does not yet suspect 
 the truth, that besides the 1000 there are yet at least another 1000 in ex 
 istence. He now gives up his original idea of exhausting the subject, 
 understands that it would be impossible in a lifetime, and comforts his 
 conscience and pride with the reflection that he has done much, and that 
 many of the works he has not seen, like many of those he has, are prob 
 ably of very slight historic value ; indeed, it is most likely that long ere 
 this he has allowed himself to glance superficially at some ponderous 
 tome or large collection of miscellaneous pamphlets, almost persuading 
 himself that they contain nothing for him. There are ten chances to 
 one that he has not looked at one volume in twenty of the myriads of 
 the U. S. government reports, though there is hardly one which does 
 not contain something about California. It has never occurred to him 
 seriously to explore the countless court records and legal briefs, so rich 
 in historical data. He knows that newspapers contain valuable matter ; 
 he has even examined a partial file of the Californian, and some early 
 numbers of the Alia or Sacramento Union, but being a sane man he has 
 never dreamed of an attack on the 200 files of California newspapers, 
 even could he find them to attack. He knows that each of these fields 
 of research would afford a labor of several years, and that all of them 
 would fill the better part of his life with drudgery. 
 
 "Another trackless wilderness of information" now opens before him. 
 Our author has before this realized that there are sources of history other 
 than those found in printed matter. He is surrounded by early settlers, 
 whose combined recollections are the country's history in the main ; 
 he has talked with several of them, and obtained a few choice anecdotes 
 and reminiscences to be utilized in his book ; he has no time to obtain 
 the statements of many, and does not attempt it. He is aware of the 
 desirability of original manuscript authorities ; he eagerly deciphers a 
 
47 
 
 musty document, procured by a friend who knows of his investigations ; 
 is delighted at the discovery of a small package of old papers at some 
 mission . . . handles gingerly the limited archives of Santa 
 Cruz; obtains from Mr. Hopkins, of the U. S. Surveyor-General's office, 
 translations of a few documentary curiosities ; tries to flatter himself that 
 he has studied the archives of California ; and is a happy man if he 
 escapes being haunted by the 400 huge folio volumes of rnss. containing 
 the very essence of the annals he seeks to write, yet which he knows he 
 could not master in 15 years of hard work. Perhaps he escapes the vis 
 ion of the papers scattered over the state in private hands, enough to 
 make up sundry hundreds of similar tomes. 
 
 " He now realizes yet more fully the utter impossibility of exhausting 
 the material ; feels that the work he set out to do has but fairly com 
 menced, and cannot be completed. Of course, he does not feel called 
 upon to make known to the public his comparative failure ; on the con 
 trary, he makes the most of his authorities. His notes are brought out 
 and arranged ; he has before him the testimony of several good wit 
 nesses on most of the prominent points of his subject ; he has devoted 25 
 years of industrious research to his work ; the book is finished and justly 
 praised. 
 
 " This writer ... is one of a thousand, with whom most of the men 
 who have actually written so-called histories of many nations and epochs 
 are not worthy of comparison. He failed simply because he attempted 
 the impossible. . 
 
 '' I, like my friend, was determined to w r rite the history of California, 
 and had almost as vague an idea as he of the task assumed. He pur 
 chased some books as tools with which to work, selecting such as were 
 known to bear on the subject ; I began ten years before I was ready to 
 write, and bought through agents in all parts of the world every book 
 that could be had concerning the Pacific States ; thus up to that time, 
 or a little later, obtaining 20,000 (40,000) volumes sure to include, as I 
 thought, all existing material about California. To search among my 
 20,000 for 2000 on California was a less formidable undertaking than 
 for him to search the shelves of different libraries and catalogues for 
 his 500 ; but it was too slow for my purposes ; and from 10 to 15 men 
 were employed to index the whole, and furnish me a list of California 
 material with reference to volume and page. My imaginary author 
 plods industriously through each work as he finds it, making careful 
 notes of such matter as he deems of value ; while I put ten men, each as 
 capable in this kind of work as he or I, at work to extract everything 
 under its proper heading. I, like him, am more or less astonished at the 
 apparently never-ending mass of material encountered, but I can see 
 my way through if only the treasury department sustains me. So I 
 tunnel the mountain of court-records and legal briefs, bridge the marsh 
 of U. S. government documents, and stationing myself at a safe distance 
 in the rear, hurl my forces against the solid columns of 200 files of Cali- 
 rornia newspapers. 
 
 "I, too, see about me many living witnesses, and from several hun 
 dreds of them I obtain by aid of stenographers, as w r ell as other report 
 ers, detailed statements respecting early times. I more than suspect 
 the existence of important pages scattered in private hands, and I pro 
 ceed to buy, 'borrow, and beg,' (' beg, borrow, and steal ' was, I think, 
 my original expression,) until the product fills a hundred volumes. The 
 600 bulky tomes of public and mission archives rise up before me, but 
 there is no such thing as retreat at this point of proceedure ; 1 have no 
 15 years to spend in plodding through this pathless waste, but 15 search 
 ers reduce this time to one year, (three,) and the archives are transferred 
 to my library. Meanwhile" my note-takers continue their labors ; each 
 volume, pamphlet, manuscript, and newspaper is made to give up its 
 
48 
 
 evidence, little or much, on one point or many, and nothing is omitted or 
 slighted. 
 
 "At last the preparatory work is ended, and the evidence on each spe 
 cific point is laid before me, as my friend had his before him, with this 
 difference : I have practically all, where he had only part he hardly 
 realized, perhaps, how small a part. He had two or three witnesses 
 whose testimony he had selected as essential on a certain topic ; I have 
 a hundred whose evidence is more or less relevant. From this point our 
 ^progress lies practically in the same path, and the race is well nigh run. 
 Had he the same data as I, his results would be superior to mine, if he 
 were my superior as a thinker and as a writer. Our respective methods 
 
 and systems have little or no influence in the matter Our 
 
 methods differ, after all, in degree rather than in kind. I have done 
 scarcely anything that he has not attempted. He has purchased books, 
 studied books, handled newspapers, deciphered manuscripts, and ques 
 tioned pioneers : I have simply done twenty times as much as he in 
 each of these directions, much more easily and in much less time. . 
 
 . I claim that mine is the only method by which all the evidence 
 on a great subject, or on many smaller subjects, can be brought out. 
 Without it the author must confine himself to limited topics, or do his 
 work superficially. To thus limiting himself there is no objection, as 
 there can be none that I know of to the more ambitious plan of having 
 help and doing more and better work. I can conceive of no case where 
 it is not desirable for an investigator to have before him all the evidence, 
 though I have had some experience with critics who revere as an histo 
 rian the man who writes from a study of twenty books, with rare and 
 patronizing credit to their authors, and more lightly esteem him who 
 studies a thousand works, and chooses in his notes to leave standing the 
 ladder by which he mounted. I have also met critics who apparently 
 could not comprehend that a writer who refers to 1,000 authorities does 
 not necessarily use them mechanically, or allow a numerical majority to 
 decide every point. ... In long and complicated subjects to which 
 niy method is applicable, and which cannot be successfully treated by 
 any other, I am inclined to regard the division of labor as an advantage 
 in itself. I question if the mind which can plod for a long series of 
 years through the necessary preliminary work, is the mind properly 
 constituted for the best use of the material acquired ; or whether the 
 best ability is not injured by long drudgery." 
 
 Though somewhat exaggerated in certain directions, the 
 preceding is, I believe, a fair illustration of our methods. As 
 there shown, the system, so far as it is a system at all, consists 
 simply of ist, an accumulation in one library of all data ; and 
 2nd, the indexing of this material by the employment of many 
 assistants. This simple statement, in my view, removes all 
 necessity and opportunity for argument. The cost of .this 
 system has no bearing on the question so far as the public is 
 concerned ; nor have the merits or defects of the Bancroft works 
 much importance in estimating the value of the system. True, 
 a new element is introduced with that part of the system not 
 mentioned by Mr. Bancroft, namely, the employment of other 
 men to do the actual writing ; but the success or failure of this 
 feature would depend entirely on the ability and zeal of the 
 employees as compared with those of the employer. If these 
 books are to be condemned as full of faults, this fact means 
 
49 
 
 only that the work of collecting and indexing and using the 
 index was done by incompetent, or careless, or over-hurried 
 men. Indeed, the chief difficulty and the chief cause of such 
 differences in quality as may in future be found to exist between 
 different portions lies in the ease with which from the notes 
 alone, not properly used as mere guides, large quantities of 
 manuscript might be turned out by an unscrupulous writer 
 whose own literary reputation was not at stake. 
 
 Popular doubt and disapproval have been based on a mis 
 conception of the system. It may even have been supposed 
 by those who have sneered at the work as a ' ' mere compila 
 tion ' ' as if history could be anything else than a compilation 
 that notes, extracted by many men of widely varying ability 
 and industry, were accepted by the writers, who merely fitted 
 them together with verbal alterations for the text, or copied 
 literally for the foot-notes. This absurd theory I have heard 
 advanced ; but if well founded it would have no bearing on the 
 matter under consideration. 
 
 XV. BANCROFT VERSUS WINSOR. 
 
 In this connection Mr. Bancroft's criticism Literary Indus 
 tries, pp. 764-8 on Mr Winsor's system of co-operation as 
 employed in the production of the Narrative and Critical His 
 tory of America, is worthy of attention. It is true that the 
 critic's quotations from Mr. Winsor's prospectus are argu 
 ments as potent in favor of Mr. Bancroft's system as of the 
 other co-operative plan ; but only because the systems to a 
 much greater extent than has been supposed are identical. On 
 the other hand, and for similar reasons, Mr. Bancroft's un 
 favorable comments on the Boston system apply with equal 
 force to his own. That is, his strongest prima facie criticism 
 of Mr. Winsor that in which he represents the latter as 
 "permitting the several writers to speak for themselves, and 
 independently, instead of having their work recast and made 
 symmetrical by one master mind ' ' loses its force in view of 
 the fact, as shown in this chapter, that Mr . Bancroft did very 
 much the same thing with his assistants, and of the presump 
 tion that Mr. Winsor's " master mind ' ' had quite as much in 
 fluence on one book as did that of the Pacific historian on the 
 other. In other words, the whole criticism rests on the false 
 assumption that the critic wrote his works himself, with co 
 operative aid only in the preliminary research ; and with that 
 assumption it falls to the ground. I have had occasion to ex 
 amine and criticise in Arizona and New Mexico, pp. 25-6 
 
50 
 
 but one small section of Mr. Winsor's book ; but that con 
 firms what seems to me an obvious conclusion, namely : if that 
 work, so far as it covers similar fields, has any advantage over 
 the other, that advantage must result solely from the superior 
 ability and experience of the editor and his corps ; while if in 
 comparison it has defects, they result from the inability of the 
 writers, or some of them, in the time at their disposal, to find 
 and study all the authorities on their topics, and so far as 
 completeness and symmetry are concerned from the lack of 
 sufficiently continuous consultation. That is to say, its possi 
 ble defects must arise from the absence of those elements that 
 constitute the only real difference between the two systems. 
 Had we been Mr. Winsor's collaborators, working in his way, 
 we should have produced much less valuable results, being 
 inferior men with no compensating advantages, than did the 
 men he employed. Had they done our work in our way, 
 with their superior abilities, and with the advantage of having 
 their data collected and indexed in advance, and working 
 together for a longer period, they would presumably have 
 produced better results than we. At any rate, our machinery 
 must have been pretty good, since it enabled comparatively 
 commonplace men to produce a result that in parts has been 
 commended by so critical a scholar as Mr. Winsor. Obviously, 
 the Cambridge plan of giving full credit to each writer will 
 command the approval of literary men and of all lovers of fair 
 play ; but this feature has but little bearing on the historical 
 value of the result. I do not know 7 that Mr. Bancroft's with 
 holding of credit makes my annals of the Spanish Northwest 
 any less or more valuable. 
 
 As to the other Bancroft system, that which was not 
 employed by Mr. Bancroft, its merits must remain in doubt 
 until a practical trial shall be made. A satisfactory test would 
 be much more difficult and costly than in the other case. The 
 result would depend largely on the ability and earnestness of 
 the intermediate workers between the indexers and author ; 
 these would practically make all research and weigh all evi 
 dence, leaving the author responsible for the most part only 
 for the literary unity and style. The author himself would 
 require some special qualifications, in addition to his ability as 
 writer and student. With a corps of fully competent and 
 trustworthy assistants, an author by this method should save 
 much time in comparison with the process of writing every 
 thing himself from the notes, and that without impairing the 
 literary merits of his work or its accuracy as a record : while 
 in comparison with the process actually employed by Mr. 
 Bancroft, that of having others write from the notes, there 
 should be a very decided gain from a literary or artistic point 
 
51 
 
 of view, with but slight loss in accuracy. All this seems 
 plausible in theory ; yet in my limited experience and obser 
 vation I have never seen the best results produced by rewrit 
 ing the work of others. Original research is a powerful and 
 perhaps necessary incentive to a writer, even if it confirm in 
 every particular the correctness of the assistant's work. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 OAK VERSUS BANCROFT. 
 
 This chapter will not be so controversial in its nature as 
 might, perhaps, be inferred from its title. In the preceding- 
 chapter I have tried to avoid controversial elements, confining 
 my remarks as closely as possible to the facts respecting author 
 ship and methods. In this, in an important sense, I shall take 
 the same course, always avoiding even the semblance of a per 
 sonal attack on Mr. Bancroft. When two men have been so 
 long and so intimately associated as we have been, neither mak 
 ing any pretensions to the possession of saintly qualities, it is 
 always possible for either, if offended, to say some things, with 
 more or less plausible foundation in fact, of the other, that 
 would be, at the least, annoying. But I have no inclination, 
 under any provocation, to indulge in that sort of thing ; and 
 if I had, should be ashamed to show it. The various points 
 here touched upon will therefore illustrate such peculiarities 
 of Mr. Bancroft's policy as throw light on the subject proper 
 of this statement ; and I shall also present some matters in 
 explanation and justification of my course in making this pub 
 lic expose, besides recording the termination of the last obliga 
 tion binding me in any sense to silence. 
 
 XVI. REMARKS ON MR. BANCROFT'S POSITION. 
 
 While I have claimed much credit for my associates and my 
 self as authors, in opposition to the exclusive claims of Mr. 
 Bancroft, as made in his Literary Industries, I wish to be clearly 
 understood as disposed to assign proper limits to that credit. 
 We never should or could have written these volumes by our 
 own unaided efforts. But for him, with his unlimited energy 
 and ambition, as supported by his wealth and varied abilities, 
 the work would never have been done ; and that it has been 
 done, is, I think 011 the whole, a benefit to the world. He has 
 not only assumed all the credit, but he has borne all the bur 
 den of risks and responsibility including the curses of a dis 
 gusted and angry community. To be furnished with a library 
 of authorities, with dozens of assistant indexers, and to be paid 
 
53 
 
 a salary to produce volumes bearing the writer's name as author 
 on the title-pages, would be, indeed, authorship made easy 
 somewhat too easy for this world. The man who furnishes the 
 sources, pays the salaries, and takes the risks of literary or 
 financial failure especially when by writing certain volumes 
 he demonstrates his ability as an author -assuredly deserves 
 the lion 's share of whatever credit may accrue to the resulting 
 work. I have no disposition to split hairs respecting what this 
 lion's share should be. 
 
 There are honest differences of opinion as to the position 
 Mr. Bancroft might properly have assumed under the circum 
 stances. Some not unfriendly critics believe that he would not 
 only have served the cause of justice, but have gained a more 
 enduring and gratifying fame, by putting his name as editor 
 with or without the writer's name, though the latter should 
 have had credit somewhere on all volumes not actually written 
 by himself. I express no opinion on this subject ; but had his 
 name appeared thus as editor, though he did no real editorial 
 work on my volumes, I should not have complained, at least, 
 not to the public. Had the work been produced by the system 
 of collaboration described by him, or by that vaguely planned 
 at the beginning, I should not feel justified in any protest 
 against his claims of authorship, even if now and then a chap 
 ter or volume appeared that was practically the work of other 
 men. And even if he had been content to put his name as 
 author 011 the title-pages of the volumes as they stand, leaving 
 the public to speculate with somewhat scanty data on the exact 
 system of collaboration by which he has been understood to 
 produce his results going no farther than to make, as he has 
 sometimes done in the heat of controversy, exaggerated state 
 ments as to his own personal labors much might perhaps be 
 said in his justification ; and, at least, I should not have ven 
 tured on this unfavorable comment, unless under great provo 
 cation. 
 
 But I insist, and I am sure the literary world will agree with 
 me, whatever may be its view on the whole respecting the 
 policy or propriety of my action, that if Mr. Bancroft saw fit 
 to take the public into his confidence, in a deliberate and de 
 tailed exposition of his " literary industries," he was bound to 
 make that exposition absolutely truthful, or as nearly so as 
 a writer's inevitable egotism would permit ; that five volumes 
 out of a total of thirty-three formed too slight a basis for his 
 exclusive claims ; that twenty-eight volumes were quite enough 
 to merit some credit for the writers as writers ; and that the 
 writing often of these volumes, with seven and a half consec 
 utive on one general subject, goes far toward justifying me in 
 assuming the responsibility of exhibiting the matter in its true 
 light. 
 
54 
 
 It is not claimed that Mr. Bancroft ever promised definitely 
 to acknowledge our work as writers ; nor will he claim that 
 we ever bound ourselves to silence. I once made an effort to 
 induce him to give whatever credit he had to give in connec 
 tion with the individual field of labor, that is to me in Califor 
 nia, to Mrs. Victor in Oregon, etc., so that the public might 
 know something of the direction of our efforts ; but his reply 
 was, ( ' That is exactly what I want to avoid." It is not quite 
 as if*we had taken salaries to do certain work, knowing from 
 the first what was to be the final situation of affairs. This 
 final condition was largely a development. It was long be 
 fore we knew that we should be the veritable authors of large 
 or consecutive parts of the work, since Mr. Bancroft always 
 intended, or said he did, to rewrite most parts ; and it was 
 much longer before it became certain that we were to get no 
 credit whatever. The general idea was, for a larger part of 
 the whole period, that while he would avoid giving us any 
 thing like full credit, and, above all, specifying what portions 
 each wrote ; while he would exaggerate his own authorship, 
 and underrate our services as much as possible indirectly by 
 vague language, without committing himself; yet he would 
 not go so far as to state positively that he wrote the whole 
 work, while we did nothing but " prove up the correctness of 
 certain minor sections," thus making it impossible for critics 
 to speculate on the subject without going so far as to accuse 
 him of falsehood. 
 
 It is true that, outside of the matter of authorship, he was 
 willing at first to give me in a sense more credit than I de 
 sired ; that is, in his first draft of my biographical sketch, 
 though now I do not think it would ever have been printed, 
 he filled much space with minute and irrelevant details of my 
 early life, and with the most absurdly eulogistic adjectives, 
 comparing me to Caesar, Napoleon, etc., in terms not alto 
 gether favorable to them, to the publication of which I, of 
 course, would not consent. But from time to time, as it be 
 came necessary to reduce the space, we condensed the manu 
 script, he by cutting out the really prized compliments, and I 
 by expunging the eulogy and biographic matter, until the 
 sketch assumed nearly the shape in which it was published, 
 and of which I had no disposition to complain. 
 
 Yet a peculiar final circumstance is to be noted in this con 
 nection, a circumstance not at all important in itself, but which 
 had some effect on my temper, at least. When I left the Library 
 in 1887 a large part of the Literary Industries had been for some 
 time in plates. On comparing in 1891 the published volume 
 with proofs from the original plates, I found that the latter had 
 been broken up and changed, and that in this process some 
 
55 
 
 complimentary allusions to myself had been ' ' toned down, ' ' in 
 some cases to the extent of obliterating the compliment ! This 
 will seem, I suppose, to the unprejudiced reader merely a new 
 application of that desire for the exact truth which, as we are 
 so often told, always characterized Mr. Bancroft's literary 
 efforts ; to me it indicated rather that, far from regretting his 
 inability to give due credit for my services in one direction, he 
 was inclined to begrudge the credit already given in another. 
 In 1891, true, he had the advantage of several years' additional 
 research and reflection respecting my merits also he had then 
 no further use for my services. 
 
 It may also be noticed that the biographic sketches of all 
 assistants were omitted in the popular edition of the Literary 
 Industries published through the Harpers, and of course ex 
 pected to have a much wider circulation than the bulky origi 
 nal. Naturally, something had to be omitted to reduce the 
 bulk and to make room for more important matter such for 
 instance as biographies of the men, good men be it noted and 
 worthy of this compliment, who not only helped to sell the 
 History, but are still, in 1891, pushing the sale of a biographic 
 series in which great men, who also happen to be rich, may 
 have their greatness put on record by the historian of the Pa 
 cific Coast. Mr. Bancroft kindly offered to dedicate the His 
 tory to me. 
 
 XVII. MORE OF MR. BANCROFT'S POUCY. 
 
 This section will be somewhat miscellaneous in its contents, 
 but will reveal or illustrate some peculiar points. On pp. 474- 
 7 of the Literary Industries the author quotes from me by name 
 some descriptive matter on a portion of his collection the only 
 indication, I believe, to be found in his writings that, within 
 Mr. Bancroft's knowledge, I ever wrote anything for print. 
 And I nearly missed even this glory. He inserted it without 
 quotation marks, making the change only on my suggestion 
 that as the matter had appeared in print some critic might 
 notice it. True, he also quotes on pp. 213-14 from a sort of 
 brief written by me to help the sale of the Library ; but in this 
 case the ' ' eminent writer ' ' is not named. 
 
 On p. 565, he alludes to the "system of note-taking as per 
 fected by Mr. Nemos, " and on p. 574, to the same system as 
 ' l then much further from perfection than subsequently. ' ' 
 These allusions are proper if correctly understood, since Mr. 
 Nemos was not only a competent superintendent, so far as he 
 was allowed to have his own way, but he must have gained 
 
56 
 
 something from his own experience and that of others. As I 
 have stated, the system was my own invention, Mr. Bancroft 
 having had nothing to do with it at any stage beyond hasten 
 ing the movements of the workmen. For several years I 
 worked myself at extracting notes, mainly from Spanish author 
 ities for my own volumes ; and for many years more down to 
 the time when the publication of the History began I super 
 vised in a general way this and all other branches of library 
 work. I was opposed to the beginning of publication at that 
 time, but had lost much of my former influence with Mr. Ban 
 croft, and was obliged to yield. By reason of the necessity for 
 increased haste and also of my failing health, I had to give up 
 either my supervision of the general work or the writing of the 
 volumes that had been assigned to me ; and I chose to retain 
 the latter work. From that time Mr. Nemos supervised the 
 work of subordinates, and did it very ably ; but to the best of 
 my knowledge the system was never modified except by the 
 omission of some features that I deemed essential for thorough 
 work. That the new superintendent did the work as well as, 
 or even better than, I could have done it especially as I could 
 no longer do it quite in my own way I have no doubt ; but 
 so far as his improvement of the system is concerned, I believe 
 that the only real changes were founded not so much on the 
 superintendent's judgment and experience, as on the necessity 
 for haste to keep pace with the printers. If it shall be found 
 in the end that the Mexican, Central American, and some other 
 volumes show as exhaustive command of the authorities as my 
 own volumes, my opinion in this matter will have but little 
 weight, though the former authorities were far from being as 
 extensive or complicated as the latter. 
 
 Admitting frequent consultations with his assistants on 
 many points, and his willingness, not exaggerated, to accept 
 suggestions from them, or indeed from anybody, Mr. Bancroft 
 insists repeatedly that not only the general scheme of his whole 
 enterprise, but the various subdivisions of that scheme, the 
 plan of treatment of every subject, the organizing and train 
 ing of his corps, the practical originating of every salient feat 
 ure, and, with the aid of suggestions, the devising of all meth 
 ods were exclusively his own. To a considerable extent, I 
 believe him to be sincere in this view. When a number of 
 men are in constant consultation for a number of years, each is 
 prone to feel that those features proving to be good were of his 
 own devising ; while others of more doubtful utility were 
 adopted against his judgment. Mr. Bancroft, by reason of the 
 great responsibility resting upon him, was peculiarly suscepti 
 ble to this tendency. My own belief, as sincere as his but to 
 be taken with the same allowance, is that most of the plans 
 
57 
 
 originated by him and actually tried, as dozens of them were, 
 were abandoned or radically modified later at the suggestion of 
 others. 
 
 Left entirely to his own devices, with assistants aiming only 
 to gratify his whims, he w r ould have produced a very different 
 work. He was a business man, without literary training in 
 youth, a rapid and strong writer naturally, addicted to long 
 words and fine sentences, averse to the drudgery of research 
 when more pages could be filled with brilliant theories, fond of 
 hard work only as it produced great results, and ready to fly 
 off on a tangent at the slightest provocation. He was disposed 
 at times to think that it mattered little what a volume or a 
 chapter might be, so long as he had spent a large amount of 
 money on other volumes which were approved. My own the 
 ory from the start was that the work and each of its parts must 
 eventually stand or fall on its merits ; that by our methods no 
 brilliant or artistic success was possible ; and that his only 
 hope of lasting reputation lay in making the work a store 
 house of carefully sifted information. By my industry and 
 enthusiasm I gained in the early years considerable influence 
 over him ; and I go so far as to state my conviction that my 
 greatest service to him was not in the writing of certain vol 
 umes or the devising of certain methods, but in making myself 
 a kind of brake or balance-wheel to keep him in regular motion 
 on a straight road. I have heard others who knew s well 
 including Mr. Bancroft himself express a similar opinion. 
 
 An interesting account is given, pp. 319-24, of his experi 
 ence in obtaining the first review of the Native Races for pub 
 lication in the Overland. The question was, he says, "who 
 should be the writer of the article ? Obviously, no one in the 
 Library, nor any one who had participated in the work." 
 Then followed efforts to have the article written by President 
 Oilman, resulting in disastrous and yet amusing failure, 
 because of the worthy president's unwillingness to commit 
 himself, and his persistence in merely citing our own opinions. 
 Finally the name of Ross Browne was suggested ; "he prom 
 ised his immediate and hearty attention. The consequence 
 was one of the best articles ever written on the subject, in the 
 Overland of December. ' ' I shall not question the accuracy of 
 this narrative as a whole ; much less shall I dispute the excel 
 lence of the article ; but I merely supply a missing link in the 
 fact that the article was written by myself, and Ross Browne's 
 sole agency was in permitting his name to be signed to it. I 
 may as well confess, however, that in my haste I cribbed one 
 or two elegant phrases from President Oilman's previous effu 
 sion. 
 
58 
 
 The letter to General Vallejo, quoted entire on pp. 440-3, 
 of the Literary Industries, with the prefatory statement, ' ' to 
 this I made reply in the following words," was also written by 
 me and sent to Vallejo in my handwriting, though subsequently 
 Mr. Bancroft copied it in his own hand for the General's grati 
 fication. 
 
 In addition to the many passages already quoted, in which 
 he claims the exclusive authorship, he makes now and then a 
 remark that may be pertinent in the same connection. On 
 page 570, he tells us how " I studied the question of the origin 
 of the Americans, to find a place in some part of the Native 
 Races." This is true enough, perhaps ; yet the chapter on 
 that subject, (Vol. V. Chap. I.), was written mainly by Mr. 
 Harcourt. The allusion to ' ' Nemos 's caustic criticisms, " page 
 367, may cause a smile on the part of those who know Mr. 
 Nemos ; but to which of us the substitution of his name for 
 mine, as originally written, is intended as a compliment, I am 
 uncertain. 
 
 He says, on page 300 : "In treating of Antiquities, I began 
 in the South " ; yet he did not write a page of that volume, 
 a large part of which he never saw until it was in print. On page 
 228 : "To follow this introduction, I prepared a summary of 
 voyages," as already quoted. Which, however, requires ex 
 planation, to the effect that " some assistance " was over two 
 months of hard work by another, while Mr. Bancroft " prepared 
 the summary " by devoting perhaps a week of the total "six 
 months ' ' to verbal changes in the manuscript. 
 
 In the first half of 1873, "Mr. Oak spent some weeks on 
 Antiquities " ; true, very likely and also enough other weeks 
 in the first and last halves of this or other years to write the 
 entire volume, besides extracting most of his own notes. " In 
 December, 1872, withGoldschmidt's assistance, I made a thor 
 ough investigation of aboriginal languages on the coast." 
 Without commenting on the thoroughness of an investigation 
 of that subject that could be made in a month, still less hint 
 ing that what Mr. Bancroft never knew about languages would 
 fill a large book, it may be proper to note that Mr. Goldschmidt 
 spent many months in the investigation, though his manuscript, 
 as that of one writing a foreign language, had to be for the 
 most part re-written largely by Mr. Harcourt. ' ' No one 
 ever has known, or ever will knoV, the early history of Cali 
 fornia or the Spanish Northwest as we knew it then ;" page 205 ; 
 but as originally printed it read, "as he [Oak] knew it." 
 " But this one, [Oak] in regard to ability, integrity, and life 
 long devotion [?] to me and my cause was worth them all " 
 as it read originally ; or, " was surpassed by none," in the less 
 extravagant published form, page 251. 
 
59 
 
 The system of proof-reading is described on page 587 as fol 
 lows : " One copy was given to me and one each to Nemos, 
 Oak, and Gilmour. The latter compared and verified botk sub 
 ject matter and references, comparing with original authorities, 
 and placed the corrections of the others with his own on one proof, 
 when it was returned to me. One of the others besides myself 
 also read the corrected proof in pages, which was gone over by 
 the chief proof-reader for printers' errors" ; this, of course, 
 in addition to the original reading in the printing office. So 
 far as the first part of the described routine is concerned, 
 though not perhaps intended to be misleading, the statement 
 is approximately true only for a very brief period. I mention 
 the matter only because it seems to illustrate a tendency of 
 Mr. Bancroft throughout his narrative to confound or mingle 
 my services with those of other assistants, in treating of petty 
 matters, whenever such confusion may have some plausible or 
 incidental foundation in truth. 
 
 The only approximation to uniformity in proof-reading rou 
 tine was that each writer, as a rule, read the first and some 
 times other proofs of his own matter ; that Mr. Bancroft gen 
 erally read one proof, and often more, of all matter ; and that 
 I revised all final page-proofs, while somebody nearly always 
 verified the foot-note references. The subject matter as de 
 pending on the authorities was rarely, if ever, studied by any 
 proof-reader. The references to volume and page, like the 
 accuracy of literal quotations, was very carefully checked off 
 for the Native Races, for the most part by Mr. Nemos ; but 
 less exhaustively by Mr. Gilmour and others for the History, 
 not from any fault of the workers, but because Mr. Bancroft 
 in his haste would not give time for thorough work. On ac 
 count of the cleanness of my manuscript and my unfortunate 
 reputation for accuracy, my proofs were much less closely ex 
 amined than most others, notwithstanding their greater com 
 plexity of references ; and, indeed, much less carefully than 
 they should have been. On this ground I have fears that many 
 petty errors may, in time, be found. 
 
 When preliminary work was begun on the History, the note- 
 takers took up first the authorities on the Spanish Northwest, 
 though the volumes on Central America and Mexico were to come 
 first in the proposed order of publication ; and, indeed, in using 
 the notes some of my own volumes were the first written, ex 
 cepting Mr. Bancroft's first volume on Central America. 
 On p. 582-5 of the Literary Industries he explains his reasons 
 for thus beginning in the north, good reasons in the main, 
 and consisting chiefly in the vast accumulation of original ma 
 terial on the northern regions, and the possibility of its de 
 struction by fire. He concludes thus : " This central part of 
 
60 
 
 my subject I regarded, I will not say as the most important 
 part, for each part was of equal importance, but it was the 
 most difficult part, the most intricate and laborious, and with 
 competent and trained assistants it was the part which I could 
 most thoroughly perform and most perfectly finish. This was 
 to be the crowning effort of these literary industries ; let me 
 do it, I said, while I can." 
 
 It is, of course, gratifying to me to have been chosen to write 
 the volumes which were to constitute this ' ' crowning effort " ; 
 also to find that the plates have not been changed to modify 
 the above admission ; nevertheless, there is more to be said 
 respecting the reasons for this change of plan, against which 
 Mr. Bancroft long protested. 
 
 From the first I was inclined to believe the field too large to 
 be successfully treated in the manner then proposed. At the 
 time alluded to I made an earnest effort to induce Mr. Bancroft 
 to drop Mexico and Central America altogether, and confine 
 his efforts to the Pacific United States, with only one or two 
 preliminary volumes on the general history of the southern 
 regions. I told him that his strength, his patience, and his 
 wealth would not suffice for the proper performance of the 
 whole task ; that particularly he could not properly search the 
 Spanish and Mexican archives, as he then intended ; that 
 sooner or later would come a time as in the case of the Native 
 Races when he would feel obliged to begin prematurely the 
 publication ; when I feared that he would either have to omit 
 or very inadequately treat the more important northern field 
 if he began in the south. To this idea he would not listen, 
 though admitting that some of my arguments were not with 
 out force, and sharing my view to some extent respecting the 
 comparative importance of the territorial sections. He assured 
 me that he would be in no haste to publish, his standing as an 
 author being established by the Native Races ; that his whole 
 life and fortune should be devoted to the task ; and that the 
 whole work should be completed in manuscript before any part 
 was given to the public ; but he insisted that the whole field 
 must be covered. He was, perhaps, sincere in all this, but I 
 had my doubts, which proved well founded. 
 
 Failing thus in my original purpose, I still urged persistently 
 that work should be begun in the north, because it could make 
 no difference which part was done first if all parts were to be 
 done, and equally well done ; while in case of any unforseen 
 emergency, such as financial trouble, death, or failure of health, 
 the completed northern annals would give him greater fame 
 than could possibly be gained from fragments of a greater 
 work. He somewhat reluctantly consented to this, and hence 
 the change of plan. In the light of later events I have some- 
 
61 
 
 times suspected, perhaps unjustly, that his change of plan was 
 more apparent than real ; that his original purpose was to take 
 the greatest pains with the first or southern volumes, writing 
 and rewriting them, and after thus fixing his reputation to have 
 the others written by his assistants as best and most rapidly he 
 could : while his apparent conversion may have rested really 
 on the idea that it would be well to have a few of the first 
 northern volumes also thoroughly done before beginning the 
 ' ' rushing ' ' process. 
 
 The work went on for several years, and much progress was 
 made in northern annals ; though Mr. Bancroft still worked 
 on the south. Then came the time, as I had predicted 
 though much sooner than I had expected when he felt him 
 self obliged to begin publication ; and he still insisted on be 
 ginning in the south, where almost nothing had been done in 
 preliminary or final w r ork outside of the first volume, so that 
 all must yet be taken from the sources and written just behind 
 the printer. I protested somewhat ; but as the search of 
 Mexican and Spanish archives had now been practically aban 
 doned, I finally agreed that all might yet come out well if 
 we could have another year in which to get a start. He did 
 not accept or reject verbally this suggestion, but within a 
 week set the printers at work. Subsequently it was not his 
 custom generally to submit to me his plans ; to others sug 
 gesting that my advice be taken, he sometimes replied, " It is 
 of no use to consult Oak ; I know well enough what his views 
 are." 
 
 Then he wished me to take charge of the southern volumes ; 
 and my unwillingness to give up my chosen field of labor and 
 devote myself to the new work caused the only serious dissat 
 isfaction that he ever seemed to feel toward me, though we did 
 not quarrel ; and the work was given to others. Perhaps I 
 was selfish in this refusal, for its motive was largely a desire 
 to give my part in the finished work as much unity and con- 
 secutiveness as possible: yet I also felt, and told Mr. Bancroft 
 so, that with my failing health, and in view of my experience 
 and interest, I could do much more and better work in the old 
 than in the new field ; besides claiming that my past labors for 
 him entitled me to a choice. I also dreaded the southern work, 
 because I knew that in the need for haste my favorite methods 
 would have to be greatly modified, and either a breaking- 
 down in health or a quarrel might oblige me to leave the Library. 
 I have seen no reason since for regretting my course. 
 
 That the southern work was so well done under the circum 
 stances speaks well for the system, and for the competency and 
 zeal of Mr. Nemos ; yet it was found impossible to fully carry 
 out the proposed plan, and my own suggestion of a way out 
 
62 
 
 of the difficulty was gladly .adopted, namely, not to publish 
 the History continuously from Vol. I. to XXVIII., but to break 
 it up into territorial sections, and proceed chronologically with 
 each section by itself. This not only made it possible to pub 
 lish several northern volumes before those on the south were 
 completed; but it greatly facilitated the work of canvassers, 
 who could thus promise subscribers in the north the early 
 volumes on their own States at a comparatively early date. 
 This plan was at once approved by all concerned, and indeed 
 I was somewhat proud of it. How this plan " occurred " to 
 Mr. Bancroft is told of course without reference to me on 
 page 589 of the Literary Industries. 
 
 I do not include directly in the field of this statement the 
 six supplementary volumes of the History, (Vol. XXXIV. -IX. 
 of the Works ^ except in my allusions to one of them, the Liter- 
 erary Industries, because they were, to a considerable extent, 
 written and published after I left the Library ; some, also, 
 written outside of the Library ; I really know very little 
 about their authorship ; and I do not regard them as essen 
 tially parts of the History. Of them Mr. Bancroft says, p. 
 591 : "I need not go into detail. . . . Suffice it to say 
 that the subjects all came to me of their own accord, and that 
 I wrought them out without aid from any one (except from his 
 wife,) there being no notes to be taken out or information to 
 be gathered further than what I was able to accomplish my 
 self, while writing the History." It is true, or at least I have 
 no definite knowledge to the contrary, that he may have been 
 legitimately the author of five-sixths of the matter in those 
 volumes. I had nothing to do with them except proof-read 
 ing on the Popular Tribunals, and writing some pages in not 
 for the Literary Industries, as elsewhere noted ; indeed, I 
 have never read more than three of the six volumes. Mr. 
 Nemos wrote, I think, much of the matter on the Library and 
 library work in the last volume ; and Mr. Savage, a consider 
 able part of the California Pastoral. The notes for the latter, 
 and for the Inter Pocula were not, by any means, all or mainly 
 extracted by Mr. Bancroft. I think he is correct in saying, 
 p. 655, that these volumes "were more myself than almost 
 any other parts of my work." 
 
 Perhaps I should remark here that I left the Library when 
 my own volumes were finished and in type, leaving the rest 
 to complete in like manner their own volumes and depart as 
 each completed his task, the Library being closed within two 
 years. 
 
63 
 
 XVIII. MY OWN OBLIGATIONS TO MR. BANCROFT. 
 
 Some of these obligations have been considered in connec 
 tion with other matters. There is one phase of the subject to 
 which I allude with reluctance, though it seems necessary in 
 support of my position. [All the more so, as will be seen by 
 reason of later occurrences.] It is that of my financial rela 
 tions with Mr. Bancroft. I begin with the statement that these 
 relations have been in an important sense entirely satisfactory, 
 to me at least. I have no complaint to make of insufficient re 
 muneration for my services, as those services are represented 
 by my employer. For a brief period I received a salary of $75 
 per month, then $100, and $150; but for the later and greater 
 period I received $200 and room rent. It is doubtful if I could 
 have obtained higher wages elsewhere ; it may be true that 
 my services were worth no more ; and in any case I was at all 
 times free to try the effect of a change. Increase of salary 
 was always voluntary on my employer's part, and I never, 
 with or without success, asked for any increase. Why then 
 introduce this topic at all? Partly in justice to a man who 
 has often been accused of extreme niggardliness in the remun 
 eration of his library assistants, but mainly for two other pur 
 poses. 
 
 The first is, to emphasize the fact that if I received a suffi 
 cient compensation for my services as librarian and superin 
 tendent the only services with which I am accredited I re 
 ceived nothing more ; and thus to correct the vague but some 
 what prevalent impression among the few that know me, that, 
 if not in some way " pensioned off" on quitting the Library 
 so rare is it that a literary worker of mediocre abilities can live 
 for a few years without work I at least received during my 
 term of service, or subsequently, some financial favors which 
 bound me virtually to silence on certain phases of the whole 
 matter. It is true that had I accepted such favors or a large 
 salary I should have considered myself so bound ; but the fact 
 is, that I never received a dollar. That my salary was not 
 more than the supposed value of my work is shown not only 
 by a statement of its amount, and by my employer's oft ex 
 pressed satisfaction, and regret that he could not afford to in 
 crease it, but by his frequently repeated assurances verbally 
 and in letters during the time spent by me mainly in writing 
 that my work cost him less per printed page, notwithstand 
 ing my usually larger salary, than that produced by any other 
 writer. 
 
 There were, ho\vever, some reductions of my salary that 
 
64 
 
 were very foolish, the foolishness being for the most part my 
 own. For instance, my summer vacations were almost always 
 taken at my own expense, no salary being collected, though 
 no objections would perhaps have been made to paying it, as 
 others were paid. Also at one time when Mr. Bancroft, though 
 not complaining directly of me, was inclined to be discouraged 
 at the slow progress, and made known his opinion that ten 
 pages per day of finished manuscript was a reasonable task, I 
 hastily affirmed my ability to produce that average on the Cal 
 ifornia history. He did not require or I promise this. On 
 making the attempt I soon found that with my outside duties 
 as librarian especially the necessity of spending much time 
 in showing the Library and explaining our scheme to visitors 
 and writing on topics mainly founded on documentary evi 
 dence, when a day's hard study of many authorities, albeit fully 
 indexed, often furnished material for but a brief paragraph, 
 this average of ten pages was beyond my powers, though I 
 could easily have written fifteen pages that would have been 
 quite as satisfactory to Mr. Bancroft and to most critics. In a 
 spirit of foolish pride, however, and at a pecuniary sacrifice of 
 several thousand dollars, I collected my pay for several years 
 on a basis of ten pages per day. 
 
 I was never given a set of the Bancroft works : but paid for 
 a set that was sent to my mother in the Hast, and also for five 
 sets of the ten volumes written by myself. After the great 
 fire I voluntarily reduced my salary, as did some of the others, 
 by twenty-five per cent. 
 
 There occurs to me, however, one favor received, which I 
 will mention ; not only because I wish to state impartially both 
 sides of this matter, but because it gives me an opportunity to 
 advertise slightly my possession of an historical treasure to 
 which I attach much value. In the immense mass of manu 
 scripts that passed through my hands there were thousands of 
 no possible value receipts for a few hides, private notes, rou 
 tine official papers, duplicates, fragments, etc. ; and from these 
 Mr. Bancroft kindly permitted me to collect autographs of early 
 Californians. With some additions from other sources, this 
 collection, arranged and pasted on sheets ready for binding, 
 each autograph accompanied by a printed biographic sketch 
 from my Pioneer Register, now contains the original signatures 
 of more than 1 100 men and women who figured in California 
 history before 1849. This collection can never be duplicated 
 or rivalled ; and if I could live a hundred years it would doubt 
 less fetch a round sum. At present I could hardly get $1,000 
 for it. 
 
 I now come, finally, to the second, [and in the light of sub 
 sequent developments the most important,] of my two main 
 
65 
 
 purposes for alluding to the financial aspects of my subject. I 
 have already said that if I had accepted financial favors, or a 
 large salary, I should have felt myself bound to silence respect 
 ing my claims to authorship, and certain details of Mr. Ban 
 croft's enterprise. I will add that, for years, I did consider 
 myself so bound, and in a certain sense still take that view of 
 it, though I am pretty sure that the obligation will be termi 
 nated within a short time. 
 
 During ten years or more of intimate confidential relations, 
 Mr. Bancroft not only expressed, verbally and in letters, his 
 regret that he could never give me all the credit I deserved, 
 but he frequently assured me in various expressions, always 
 falling a little short of definite and detailed promises, that so 
 long as he had any money I need never have anxiety about 
 financial matters. He also provided by his will that, in the 
 event of his death, the completion of his work should be en 
 trusted to me at a good salary ; authorized me to use the Li 
 brary material subsequently for the preparation of a series of / 
 works to be published in my own name at the expense of his 
 estate ; made me one of the executors ; and gave me besides 
 .$10,000. 
 
 Just what all this, and many similar assurances, were in 
 tended to mean in dollars and cents, I have no means of know 
 ing ; but I was weak enough to found on them some rather 
 rose-colored hopes. These hopes, though ridiculed by my 
 friends, were not wholly abandoned for many years ; and they 
 were a powerful incentive to hard work ; besides serving as a 
 kind of consolation when I came gradually to realize that I 
 was to get little or no credit for my services as a writer. In. 
 later years of comparatively cooler relations his assurances, in 
 this as in most other directions, were of rarer occurrence, and 
 before I left the Library they ceased altogether. 
 
 True, in those years Mr. Bancroft's prospective wealth was 
 considered by all, and represented by himself, as exceedingly 
 problematic ; and after the fire all my hopes could have been 
 cashed at a very low rate. But his financial recovery was re 
 markably rapid, his book is understood to have returned him 
 half a million, and he is now by far a richer man than ever be 
 fore, several times a millionaire by his own estimate. Yet, 
 he has shown no sign of remembering any old score to be set 
 tled with me. On the contrary, he has indicated clearly, by 
 certain acts already mentioned in these pages, perfect indiffer 
 ence as to what course I might decide to take. Evidently he 
 is disposed to deny my power or disposition or right to make 
 an}- statement that might unfavorably affect his reputation, or 
 otherwise, and more probably, he attaches very little real value 
 to that reputation in a literary sense, now that his books have 
 proved financially successful. 
 
66 
 
 Thus there was a kind of implied contract, constituting, at 
 least in my mind, an obligation. Whether I did right or wrong, 
 acted wisely or foolishly, in permitting myself to become so 
 bound is outside of the present question ; suffice it to say that 
 the obligation did exist ; and since Mr. Bancroft has never for 
 mally broken the contract, or refused to carry it out, and as he 
 may, in theory, at least, still intend to do something handsome 
 for me, the obligation still, in a sense, is valid ; and before pub 
 lishing this statement I shall probably be compelled to give 
 him an opportunity of making good his old-time assurances, if 
 he has any desire to do so as I am sure he has not. This will 
 enable him and perhaps others whose opinion I value more 
 than his to put my action in an unfavorable light ; but it will 
 remove the last doubt in my mind, and leave my conscience 
 clear. 
 
 [After the first writing of this statement, I had the following 
 correspondence with Mr. Bancroft :] 
 
 SPRINGS, April 3, 1892. 
 " H. H. BANCROFT, 
 
 41 Dear Sir I write to inform you of my intention to publish a state 
 ment respecting the authorship of the Bancroft Works and my connec 
 tion with the same, with some comments on the methods of writing the 
 works, and some criticism of statements in the Literary Industries. 
 
 " I am not sure that I am bound to notify you of this, or that you will 
 take any interest in the matter, but I prefer to be on the safe side, as a 
 clear conscience is all that I am likely to get out of the matter in the 
 end. I regret to join to any extent the ranks of your enemies, with 
 whose enmity I have in most phases no sympathy ; but I earnestly desire 
 to have my authorship put clearly on record, and I honestly believe my 
 self entitled to the same, or to some equivalent. I have decided after 
 much thought that I have a right to take this course, and that it will 
 not be an offense against good taste, though my wishes may have unduly 
 influenced my judgment. I will not argue the case here, but with all 
 the facts before them the public or that small portion which I hope to 
 reach will decide, and I must abide by the verdict. 
 
 "Of course, I have had many obstacles to overcome in my reasoning, 
 but one of the chief obstacles you have yourself removed. In old times, 
 you often, both verbally and in letters, assured me of your regret that 
 you never could properly acknowledge my services. Presumably, that 
 feeling ceased to influence you long ago, but possibly you might still 
 entertain it. On comparing, however, the Literary Industries with the 
 proofs of that work as standing when I left the Library, I find that you 
 have broken up the plates to modify the Complimentary notices of my 
 self in several instances to the extent of obliterating the compliment. 
 This in itself is a small matter, but in one sense it is important as show 
 ing the state of your mind, and that you not only do not regret your in 
 ability to acknowledge my work as a writer, but that you begrudge the 
 credit already given for other services ; in fact, that you are entirely in 
 different to anything I may do. This has had much effect on my mind. 
 
 " With the old-time assurances alluded to, there were others in which 
 you told me I had nothing to fear financially so long as you had any 
 money. I was weak enough to attach some importance to such assur 
 ances. Presumably, of course, these, like the others, ceased long ago 
 to be valid in your mind, and I certainly ceased to expect anything in 
 
67 
 
 that direction ; but possibly or in theory you may have continued to 
 hold such intentions, the execution of the same being delayed from time 
 to time by financial and other complications. If, in addition to courte 
 ous treatment and a fair salary for work done for you, I had ever accepted 
 from you any financial favors of any amount, I should of course feel 
 bound to silence on certain matters. And even now if you are willing 
 to give me for past services, say $20,000, an immense sum for me and a 
 very small one for you, I should still feel myself so bound, destroying 
 my statement and all memoranda, and whenever I could not conscienti 
 ously speak in your favor, keeping strict silence. 
 
 " Do not regard this as a demand, still less as a threat, for I have no 
 idea that you will entertain the proposition. My judgment tells me, 
 somewhat against my inclinations, that this sum would be worth more 
 to me than any satisfaction I am likely to get from publishing my state 
 ment ; and as only my own interests are involved, I have a right to ac 
 cept it. But my chief motive is to provide for future peace of mind. 
 I should not like to leave it in your power to say later : ' I always in 
 tended to do something for Oak, and if he had given me notice all might 
 have been arranged ' ; nor should I like in future years when my money 
 is all gone, and I have realized fully the indifference of even historical 
 students to my claims to feel that ' if I had notified Mr. Bancroft in 
 advance, possibly all might have been made satisfactory.' I wish to 
 feel that I have done the best I could, and to throw the responsibility 
 of mv misfortunes on fate. 
 
 " I have not yet spoken to any one of my intention, but shall soon con 
 sult several friends on certain phases of the matter, and on the best 
 method of putting my statement before the public. I hope to hear 
 from you at an early date, if you have anything to say on the subject. 
 
 ' ' Yours respectfully, 
 
 - "HENRY L. OAK." 
 
 " HELIX, April 14, 1892. 
 "DEAR OAK : 
 
 "I received your very remarkable letter, and as I know that you are 
 neither fool, knave, nor blackmailer, I conclude it 's your liver, and also 
 that you have more friends than you know what to do with, as you are 
 so ready to sacrifice the oldest and best you ever had. If I have any 
 conception of what kindness, consideration, and liberality are, you have 
 always had them and nothing else from me. And I had no idea that 
 you felt ugly tow r ards me. For many years I gave you pleasant and con 
 genial employment, treated you well, paid you twice as much as others, 
 gave you a room, rent free, paid you twice as much as I need to have 
 done, helped you to a good turn in real estate, and gave you more credit 
 than you wished me to, as you repeatedly said. Indeed, I doubt if 
 authors are in the habit of giving their employees any credit at all, and 
 oftentimes not very much pay. 
 
 " In regard to the threat you make, that if I don't give you $20,000 
 you will publish something against me, I say, Proceed I have al 
 ways wanted you to write more about the Library work, and I am not 
 at all afraid of anything you can say, truthfully or otherwise, about me. 
 I did what others did, and all about it is pretty generally understood ; 
 and I am not at all concerned if it is not, or how people regard it. The 
 work is done, and you may say what you please, and people may think 
 what they please. I am not afraid of your writing anything very bad 
 about me. You cannot do so truthfully, as you well know. Besides, if 
 you really meant it, you could not have been so foolish as to have given 
 yourself so completely away in a letter, which I shall always preserve 
 with great care, as I have only to hand it to a newspaper reporter at any 
 time to take effectually the sting from anything unjust you may say of 
 
68 
 
 me. If you are sick I am sorry, but making an ass of yourself will not 
 make you feel any better; and I don't think you will find many who 
 will sympathize with a sorehead who has dirty linen to wash, if such is 
 your state or condition. H. H. B." 
 
 This correspondence requires little comment. My letter is 
 but a repetition of parts of my statement, and my motives are 
 frankly presented. I made no "threat" whatever, and ex 
 pected no money, but wrote simply to terminate an obligation 
 that had become irksome. The reply is in purport precisely 
 what I expected, though I did not look for so frank an avowal 
 of the writer's attitude toward the public. In style, naturally, 
 a mere employee, even had he foreseen the necessity of pub 
 lication, could not hope to rival the historian. I hope, how 
 ever, that no reader, carried away by admiration for his purely 
 classic diction, will fail to note the courteously profound and 
 scholarly manner in which he has treated the points made by 
 me. Most of his list of past favors have already been fully 
 acknowledged in these pages. Just how he knows that he paid 
 me twice as much as he need have done, I cannot imagine. 
 His ' ' help " to a good turn in real estate was simply his ad 
 vice to buy when, having selected a library site, he found that 
 the seller had more land than he wished to purchase. If the 
 investment had proved a losing one he would have made up 
 the loss perhaps. The public will be delighted at his permis 
 sion to " think what they please of him," though on the Pa 
 cific Coast, discounting his license, they have been doing this 
 for some time. Which of us two most foolishly "gives him 
 self away " in a letter, the reader must decide. At any rate, 
 I am not that particular kind of an "ass " that writes a letter 
 which he is ashamed to see in print. It would seem, and I am 
 glad to know, that my fears of giving offense were groundless, 
 being probably due to a disordered liver. I hardly think my 
 dignified correspondent will find it necessary to hand my letter 
 to a reporter ; indeed, after his characteristic declaration of in 
 dependence and carte blanche to say what I please, he is not 
 likely to find a "sting," but rather flattery, in what I have 
 written. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 CONCLUDING REMARKS. 
 
 This final chapter is practically a plea for my own writings. 
 I do not wish to assume too offensively the position of praising 
 these writings, of which, in many respects, I have not a high 
 opinion, or of trying to force them on public attention. Such 
 an attempt, even to the extent that I shall make it, will prob 
 ably seem to many not only futile but in doubtful taste. Every 
 disappointed author sees doubtless very clearly in what respects 
 his work has been unjustly condemned or neglected, but he 
 has often the good sense to refrain from its defence, except 
 against open and detailed criticism. The absurdity of any de 
 fence in the case of a novel, or philosophic essay, or of many 
 other classes of literature, is apparent even to me. Neverthe 
 less, I feel justified in attempting something of the kind, and 
 for several reasons. I am not quite a disappointed author, 
 since criticisms of my work have not been unfavorable, and 
 because my authorship has not been known. If my work has been 
 neglected, the reasons for that neglect have not been altogether 
 dependent on its intrinsic qualities. I have written, moreover, 
 on a subject in which a man of ordinary intelligence, with ade 
 quate resources and industry, ought to accomplish results of 
 some value, and am thus, in a sense, forced to defence ; for if 
 with my advantages I have not produced such a result, I am 
 not such a man ; and one may be pardoned for accepting such 
 a conclusion only with great reluctance. Therefore, I propose 
 to offer some remarks on my work, together with the view of 
 critics, all tending to establish certain presumptions, and thus 
 to clear the field for a final estimate by others in the ' ' good (or 
 bad) time coming," to which I have so often alluded. 
 
 XIX. A PLEA FOR THE ANNALIST. 
 
 First, there is something to be said, perhaps unwisely and 
 doubtless in vain, in defence, not necessarily of the work done 
 by my associates and myself, but of the kind of work we tried 
 to do work known to some not unfriendly critics as at the best 
 4< mere annals. " In late years there has been a marked revival 
 of interest and activity in historical studies among men of a 
 
70 
 
 class represented notably by the American Historical Asso 
 ciation. At the same time there has been developed a fondness 
 for making special studies of the early history, and especially 
 the institutions, of different sections of our country. In con 
 nection with this laudable spirit there is a disposition to sneer 
 at ' ' mere annals, " and at the men who are supposed to record 
 events without understanding what they mean. While heart 
 ily in sympathy with this philosophic tendency as a whole, 
 and even sharing the prejudice against the annals that in former 
 times constituted the principal element of what was regarded 
 as history, I am yet inclined to protest somewhat against cer 
 tain phases of the prevalent spirit. The farm boy who makes 
 a good harrow perhaps does better service, not than the inventor 
 of a steam engine or printing press, but than the same boy 
 could do by trying to improve those complicated pieces of 
 machinery. 
 
 I have had occasion to examine many of the studies produced 
 by the current system on topics with the details of which I was 
 acquainted, and as a rule I have found the superstructure of 
 comment more noticeable than the foundation of fact. That 
 is, while often charmed with the talent displa} T ed by the writ 
 ers, and with their admirable use of available material, in many 
 cases I could not fail to note the insufficiency of that material, 
 and the variation of conclusions resulting from varying selec 
 tions of data and points of view. I do not complain of these 
 deficiencies, still less of the differences ; I admit that by this 
 general route the best results of historical research are to be 
 reached ; and I do not deny that this system affords a better 
 field for the display of the writer's talent than that of the an 
 nalist ; but I doubt that such display can be deemed the high 
 est aim of any work ; I believe the so-called annalist has a 
 legitimate and useful field of labor ; and I am certain that the 
 average writer may do better service by presenting all the facts 
 he can find, than by offering his comments on a selection from 
 those facts ; while the credit due him is not at all diminished 
 by the circumstance that he is fortunate enough to find a great 
 many facts for his record. I have elsewhere quoted from my 
 self through Mr. Bancroft some views respecting critics who 
 seem to hold a somewhat different opinion. 
 
 In my annals of the Spanish Northwest I had at my com 
 mand, by accident of course so far as I was concerned, a much 
 larger amount of original data than could be expected to come 
 in the ordinary ways into the possession of one or many stu 
 dents for many years. It is not a question of how well I used 
 them, or how much better another might have done the work, 
 or of the comparative credit due to each of the two men who 
 might have done it well by the two respective systems ; but 
 
71 
 
 rather if I, with the material before me, or any hypothetic 
 worker in my place, acted wisely in attempting to put on 
 record all the facts and all the topics, instead of selecting the 
 more significant, and attempting to point out their significance. 
 
 I affirm without hesitation that I acted wisely, and that a 
 writer of vastly superior abilities would have acted wisely, in 
 taking the former course. True, the latter would have afford 
 ed a better test of my or his ability ; but the world is not prac 
 tically much interested in such tests. True also, that some 
 universally recognized genius would have reached a more per 
 fect result and rendered a greater service by the other system ; 
 but writers and their topics are not yet chosen by the univer 
 sal suffrage of qualified literary voters ; and they are sometimes 
 not the best judges of their own qualifications. Moreover, 
 their estimate is likely to be less exaggerated in the case of 
 the annalist than in that of the philosophic historian. 
 
 The annalist then, in the best sense of the term, presents in 
 narrative form, as is best for the use of all but the compara 
 tively few student writers, a collection of facts on all branches 
 of his subject, giving to each topic and to each detail accord 
 ing to his judgment its proper space, without selecting those 
 that are of most interest to himself, or deemed likely to be so 
 to others. Not only this, but at the risk of tediousness he re 
 fers at every step to his authorities. His facts remain forever, 
 and not only does his work not prevent but rather facilitates the 
 finding of new facts, but it affords through the references a 
 ready and perpetual means of verifying and correcting his 
 statements. Thus he furnishes to the specialist just the ma 
 terial he wants, or at least the means of finding it. On the 
 other hand, the lessons to be learned from the facts, with the 
 relative importance of them and the topics from which they 
 are drawn, must always vary with the changing judgment and 
 standpoint of different students, or the trend of public opinion 
 or attention at different periods. 
 
 I have recorded many thousands of petty facts that were 
 new ; and I confess I do not know exactly what they mean, or 
 what ones may as well have been omitted as insignificant. I 
 even suspect that more philosophic minds are not so infalible 
 in this respect as they seem, and that they would differ among 
 themselves on these very points. I have repeatedly heard in 
 telligent men specify radically different elements as the only 
 proper subjects of investigation in California history. One 
 man of national reputation gave it as his opinion that time 
 spent in studying the Indians, padres, and "greasers" was 
 wasted ; and another, a writer of good standing, affirmed that 
 a study of the old English voyages would furnish all the really 
 important matter to be desired. How, then, was I or a much 
 
72 
 
 ablier and more philosophic mind than mine to decide ? Was 
 it not obviously best to present the facts with their sources 
 drawing conclusions indeed, as I have done constantly, but 
 keeping them as distinct as possible from the facts and leave 
 others to select and philosophize and draw different conclus 
 ions ? 
 
 For the work of the provincial annalist is by no means to be 
 regarded as rivaling or aspiring to take the place of the higher 
 work of the historian, but rather as an essential element of a 
 general system that includes both ; a foundation to the ex 
 tent that it is well done for the more artistic and valuable 
 historic structure. 
 
 It is my opinion, however, that criticism of my work and 
 that of my associates, of the class alluded to in this section, is 
 not founded to any great extent on anything in that work 
 itself, but rather on some of Mr. Bancroft's own assumptions, 
 more or less clearly indicated in various parts of his writings, 
 that his work was not to be regarded as annals, but as history. 
 This seems to afford still another justification for my attempt 
 to exhibit the whole matter in its true light. 
 
 XX. A PLEA FOR MY OWN WORK. 
 
 My published writings, as already denned, consist mainly of 
 seven and a half octavo volumes, of about 800 pages each, on 
 the early annals of what I term the Spanish Northwest ; namely, 
 one volume on the North Mexican States, to 1800 ; one volume 
 on Arizona and New Mexico, including the latest periods ; five 
 volumes on California, to 1848 : and half a volume on explora 
 tions by sea of the Northwest Coast, to which general topic may 
 properly be added a chapter on ' ' Mexican Land Titles ' ' in 
 California, and two chapters on the " Oregon Question." I am 
 also the author of other matter, on "Antiquities" and the 
 aborigines, sufficient to complete a total of about ten volumes ; 
 but as these additional products of my pen are somewhat scat 
 tered, including but one complete volume, and as they are for 
 the most part compilations resting but slightly on new original 
 authorities, I choose for the most part to ignore them for pres 
 ent purposes. 
 
 These works form part of the Bancroft series on the History 
 of the Pacific States, my name not appearing anywhere as the 
 author of any portion. That series as a whole, for reasons that 
 have been fully set forth, reasons largely independent of its 
 real qualities, while highly praised in the beginning, now rests, 
 justly or unjustly, under a cloud of disapproval and distrust. 
 
73 
 
 This cloud covers not only the five volumes written by Mr. 
 Bancroft, but naturally, and perhaps inevitably, the twenty- 
 eight volumes written by other men. I write with no hope of 
 modifying for the present this unfavorable attitude of readers 
 and critics, but only to put on record my own view of its inher 
 ent injustice. This view may be founded on egotism, or false 
 reasoning ; but it is an honest view ; and I present the princi 
 pal elements on which it rests. 
 
 My life before taking charge of the Library in 1869 calls for 
 but the briefest glance. I was educated in the common and high 
 schools of a New England village ; spent three years at Bow- 
 doin College, and was graduated from Dartmouth in 1865, 
 holding good rank in my class, especially at Bowdoin. These 
 institutions are well known and of good repute, the former 
 having educated such men as Hawthorne and Longfellow, the 
 latter such as Webster and Choate. During my college course 
 I had some experience as teacher in public and high schools, 
 and academies, also two years of like experience later in New 
 Jersey and California. There was added a very brief exper 
 ience as editor of a weekly journal. This is all ; and it cer 
 tainly affords no proof or presumption that I was likely to suc 
 ceed as writer, historian, or annalist ; but neither, on the other 
 hand and this is the point of my argument does it afford a 
 fair presumption against success in either of these directions. 
 
 My work of eighteen years as librarian, superintendent of 
 Literary Industries, and writer, was at least prima facie an edu 
 cation and training for moderate success in my line. About 
 one-third of the whole period, at a rough estimate, may be re 
 garded as only an indirect but still useful training, since it gave 
 me some knowledge of Pacific Coast books and documents in 
 general, as also a good knowledge of the Spanish and French 
 languages, with a smattering of Italian and others. Two-thirds 
 of the term afforded direct training for my efforts as a writer, 
 since that time was devoted to indexing and other fesearches 
 by myself or by others under my supervision on my special 
 field, or the Spanish Northwest. And, finally, at the least 
 eight years were devoted entirely lo direct study of that field 
 and the writing of my volumes. 
 
 That in the meantime I cannot have been quite a failure in 
 respect of executive ability, is indicated, I think, by the fact of 
 my having held the position so long, and by the at least super 
 ficial success of the enterprise, and the attention it attracted 
 from the literary world as merely a piece of mechanism. True, 
 I had no instruction beyond what could be absorbed from con 
 tact with my associates and employer. 
 
 It is true, and as I believe largely susceptible of proof, that 
 I was entirely devoted to my work, was thoroughly in earnest 
 
74 
 
 in every part of the task, and labored as hard and long as any 
 man could have done to produce creditable results. I had 
 mentally and physically more than average powers of endur 
 ance, powers that did not fail to any practical extent until my 
 task was completed. That my health broke down later is of 
 no consequence in this connection. 
 
 The time devoted by me to the preparation of my volumes 
 has not to the best of my knowledge been exceeded by that 
 given to the annals of any other section of our country by any 
 other writer : yet there may be doubt on this point, the con 
 ditions being so different. My work was eight to fourteen 
 hours per day for the months and years continuously ; while 
 usually an author has other duties that claim his attention, and 
 can hardly know himself just how much time he has given to 
 his work. If, however, there be added to my time, as would 
 be proper, a fair allowance for my advantages in having my 
 sources all together with the aid of a large corps of assistant in- 
 dexers, it seems doubtful if the time has ever been equalled. 
 This, however, is not essential. My point is that I had time 
 enough if competent to do fairly good work. 
 
 Not only was the time reasonably sufficient, but the space 
 occupied was likewise ample. Indeed, the general opinion 
 would doubtless be that in some parts, notably in the California, 
 I have gone too minutely into details, and have occupied too 
 much space. Here I may also call attention to the fact that 
 my work was on one general subject, and not on a variety of 
 topics in chapters scattered throughout the series. This is 
 surely an advantage for both author and critic. In other 
 words, my work in respect of bulk is worthy of being consid 
 ered on its merits, and it is sufficiently compact and consecu 
 tive to admit such consideration without too great a tax on the 
 critic's patience in long search for material. 
 
 Another most essential element in provincial annals is the 
 extent of the sources available. A very able man might spend 
 many years in the study of Tu thill's and Bryant's California, 
 Prince's and Davis' New Mexico, Venegas' Lower California, 
 and divers dozens of other excellent works, without accom 
 plishing results at all comparable to those that might be 
 reached by a man of commonplace abilities having a few hun 
 dred original documents to supplement those authorities. My 
 study may fairly be claimed to have covered practically all ex 
 isting authorities in print ; certainly more than double the 
 number consulted by any other writer on any main branch of 
 the subject ; while of original and new authorities in manu 
 script I had for the North Mexican regions, and for Arizona 
 and New Mexico, a very large and satisfactory supply ; and for 
 the annals of California a wealth of such material that has 
 never been equalled in that or any other state. 
 
75 
 
 So abundant indeed were these sources that, as I remarked 
 in the preface to those volumes, the total destruction of printed 
 matter would not have notably affected the result, and except 
 ing the annals of the earliest years from Palou's writings in 
 part, and of the last ten years from government documents, 
 nine-tenths of the matter presented was from original and pre 
 viously unknown sources. The wonderful completeness of 
 the collection has always been frankly conceded by even those 
 who have most earnestly condemned the methods and results. 
 Thus it may be honestly claimed that, whatever its value and 
 whatever may be true of other parts of the series, my work on 
 the Spanish Northwest is essentially one of original research, 
 and not at all a mere compilation in the popular and unfavor 
 able, though somewhat unjust, meaning of that term. 
 
 Again, the general subject of my work is not in comparison 
 with the annals of other sections of our country an uninterest 
 ing one. While good work may be done by an able man on a 
 topic so devoid of all elements of popular interest as to prove 
 a bore to all but a few specialists ; and while a good subject 
 may be presented, albeit accurately and with a high degree of 
 skill and learning on the author's part, with such monotonous 
 arrangement and style as to make it absolutely unreadable ; 
 yet it has never been claimed, and cannot be, that the history 
 of this far West will not compare favorably in inherent interest 
 with that of any other section. That is, my subject is not de 
 void of interest, if properly treated. 
 
 Finally, the subject of provincial annals is in one sense a 
 peculiar one. It differs from some others in the fact that it 
 does not require genius or the highest grade of talent on the 
 part of the writer. Not that such talent could be without its 
 advantages on any subject ; but men of the higher ranks do 
 not ordinarily, and cannot be expected to, give their best 
 efforts to such a subject, since others offer in several respects 
 a better field. It will be admitted that a comparatively com 
 monplace man may by long and patient labor, if aided by ex 
 ceptional resources and facilities, accomplish good work in this 
 direction, as he probably could not in others. For instance, in 
 poetry, art criticism, fiction, philosophic essays, or constitu 
 tional history of a great nation, time, zeal, work, and access 
 to unlimited data would afford hardly the slightest presump 
 tion of valuable results. All these would indeed be essential, 
 but could never to any great extent take the place of natural 
 and acquired personal gifts and talents. This, I believe, is not 
 true of provincial or local annals. 
 
 All this, however, does not prove, and is not intended to 
 prove, that my \\ork has value. or excellence. There are prob 
 ably men, graduates of reputable colleges, of fair abilities in 
 
76 
 
 some directions, who, after many years of self-training, having 
 access to the richest stores of data, wholly devoted to their 
 task, giving sufficient time to the conscientious study of an in 
 teresting and homogeneous subject, and filling space enough 
 to do it justice, might, even in provincial annals, produce a 
 work of slight if any value. Such an author must have a mind 
 utterly unfitted by nature for correct reasoning, use of evi 
 dence, and estimate of character, with a style so hopelessly bad 
 that he cannot clearly convey the meaning of even his least 
 faulty conclusions. This in some classes of work would mean 
 only that he had misdirected such talents as he might possess ; 
 in the case of provincial history, it would prove him little bet 
 ter than a blockhead ; else, at the least, he would have discov 
 ered his unfitness, and abandoned the task in an early stage. 
 
 Such a man I may be, and surely am, or worse, if my record 
 of the Spanish Northwest has no value ; or if, considering my 
 exceptional advantages, it is not of very great value, provided, 
 of course, that it is worth while to put on record the history of 
 any province. I go so far as to claim a presumption that my 
 work is not thus worthless, or at least that its worthlessness 
 is not to be taken for granted ; that my volumes should be 
 taken at an approximation to their face value, as being more 
 or less what they purport to be, until such time as their radi 
 cal defects may be pointed out by presumably competent crit 
 ics. It will be seen that current criticism, so far as it goes, 
 tends to confirm my view of the matter. 
 
 XXI. PURPORT OF CURRENT CRITICISM. 
 
 In the first chapter I have said something of the tone of 
 criticism on the Native Races, which was, on the whole, very 
 favorable. The work was highly praise:! by many prominent 
 writers altogether competent to pass judgment on such a sub 
 ject. So far as my part of that work is concerned, its recep 
 tion was not noticeably different from that of the rest. Com 
 ing for the most part late in the order of publication, it may, 
 naturally, have received comparatively a little less space and 
 enthusiasm of approval ; but, on the other hand, it had to bear 
 but little of the opposition encountered by a few other por 
 tions. There were a few critics who pronounced it the least 
 valuable and interesting part of the whole referring to the 
 volumes on " Antiquities" and " Primitive History ; " but 
 a few others declared them to be the best of the series. It 
 was, moreover, cheering to me to note that those who con 
 demned my " Antiquities " did so mainly on the ground that 
 
77 
 
 the volume was but a ' ( cyclopedia ' ' of information on the sub 
 ject that is, just what, above all things, I had tried to make 
 it. I was also flattered by the fact that numerous criticisms 
 relating to petty blunders in the choice and use of words and 
 phrases in Vol. I. including a list which, after a close read 
 ing, James Russell Lowell was kind enough to send us, with a 
 remark to the effect that such slips, if not corrected, might 
 have a certain unfavorable effect on narrow critics hardly 
 touched my single chapter on the " Columbians. " Several 
 prominent antiquarians in private letters not, of course, ad 
 dressed to me complimented my work in the fourth volume ; 
 and more than one explorer informed me that they had found 
 that volume useful in the field. 
 
 Not only was I of course satisfied with my treatment, or 
 rather that of my writings, at the hands of critics ; but I have 
 been encouraged to believe that in a work of five volumes so 
 highly praised by able critics in all parts of the world, the pres 
 ence of so large a proportion as two volumes by an incompe 
 tent writer would not have passed unnoticed. It has also 
 seemed to me that a man who did fairly satisfactory work in 
 one book, might presumably in another book on a subject 
 not of radically different nature, with equal zeal, more hard 
 work, increased experience, and vastly greater resources 
 accomplish similar results. 
 
 This natural expectation might not, however, be realized ; 
 and had such been the decision in my case, though very likely 
 dissatisfied, I hardly think I should try to change it. But 
 there has been apparently no such decision, nor indeed any 
 decision at all. My volumes of the History have practically 
 with one important and a few slight exceptions in the case of 
 the California not been reviewed or criticised at all. Such 
 notices as have appeared have been on the whole favorable ; 
 but they have been remarkably few remarkably I say, con 
 sidering the presumable importance of what purports to be so 
 complete and original a record of so new and important a ter 
 ritory ; and many of these have been of the " machine " class 
 noted in my first chapter. Yet at the end of this chapter I 
 shall print a series of extracts from these notices, made up 
 somewhat after the manner of the usual " notices of the press " 
 for advertising purposes, except that I shall include the most 
 unfavorable comments that have been made. Some of these 
 articles come from sources that give them some weight ; but 
 as a whole they fail to give any adequate idea of the book's 
 merits or defects. 
 
 As I have often repeated in one form or another, I cling to 
 the idea that this neglect, if it be neglect, is largely indepen 
 dent of my works' inherent qualities, and due to the causes 
 
78 
 
 already alluded to ; that is, to such as the popular feeling 
 against the Bancroft series, and the fact that my volumes came 
 late in the series, when the enthusiasm of friends had been 
 somewhat wearied. I may even mention another possible 
 cause not before alluded to, namely, a custom of the publishers 
 to suspend the giving-out of volumes for review to journals 
 whose treatment of former volumes had not been satisfactory. 
 I even draw some consolation from this prevalent neglect, 
 fancying that the state of popular feeling would surely have 
 condemned my volumes, if any good foundation for such con 
 demnation could have been found. But never, so far as I know 
 except in one chapter as already fully explained have the 
 critics attributed to my work any of the special qualities on 
 which the current disapproval of the series has been founded. 
 My disappointment, so far as I have been disappointed, has 
 not been at the neglect of the critics, for I thought I could see 
 plausible reasons for that ; nor at their occasional references to 
 the dry-as-dust monotony of some parts of my work, for such 
 references were often too well supported by the truth ; but 
 rather at the way in which my record has been practically used, 
 or to be more accurate, not used, in certain directions. The 
 local lack of interest, especially in the California and New 
 Mexico volumes, has been a disappointment to me. In old times, 
 when very little was accurately known of events under Spanish 
 and Mexican rule, the subject, even in its petty details, seemed 
 full of interest. Not only were the few meager attempts at 
 formal history warmly welcomed, but the imperfect study of a 
 few newly found documents, or the faulty reminiscences of 
 some old pioneer, were eagerly published and read in books, 
 magazines, and newspapers. But no sooner was the field of 
 knowledge extended by my researches, and the means fur 
 nished of reaching practical accuracy in details, than popular 
 interest seemed largely to die out. In one sense this was nat 
 ural enough, since good medicine may be administered in ex 
 cessive doses ; but not so in another sense. Fully aware that 
 my voluminous work as a whole could enjoy but slight popu 
 larity, I had nevertheless vaguely expected that writers for the 
 press, as well as authors of volumes on special topics, would 
 correct their statements or at least test them by the results 
 of my labors, thus making legitimate use of a reference book. 
 While indeed few in the first years could be expected to ac 
 knowledge their indebtedness, and while none of the credit 
 would eome to me personally, yet I took comfort in the idea 
 that I was to be rewarded by the consciousness of having sup 
 plied the means of current accuracy. So far, at least, writers 
 seem to regard accuracy, when it can be so easily secured, 
 as a comparatively unimportant element of early history. 
 
79 
 
 True, newspaper and magazine articles on these topics are still 
 published in considerable numbers ; but they are not notice 
 ably more correct in detail than in old times. I rarely read 
 one of them in which I, or any one else by consulting my 
 work, could not easily correct several inexcusable errors. Old 
 exploded theories, and versions proved to be legendary, are 
 continually repeated gravely as truthful historical facts ; pio 
 neer sketches largely imaginary and absurdly inaccurate are 
 published by the score. When a writer is disposed to make a 
 showing of authority, and in the rare cases when he does not 
 avoid Bancroft, he cites alternately Tuthill, Gleason, Hittell, 
 my work, and half-a-dozen others, with an apparent uncon 
 sciousness that there is any radical difference between the au 
 thorities, together with a vague idea that too much should not 
 be taken from any particular one of them lest the writer 's own 
 dignity and originality may be compromised. As a work of 
 reference for editors, my work has so far been a failure. 
 
 As to the writers of books and pamphlets who have had oc 
 casion to use my volumes, however, something more should in 
 justice be said. A few, notably such as Royce in his Califor 
 nia, having to write of subjects covered by my work, and be 
 ing unable or having no desire to impugn its accuracy, have 
 simply accepted my record for what it purported to be, and 
 have either based on it those portions of their own work that 
 were beyond the limits of their personal and more immediate 
 research, or within those limits have used it not without fav 
 orable comment in connection with their own material. There 
 have been quite a number of such writers, and their comments, 
 though not always altogether favorable, have been the source 
 of the greatest gratification to me. I regret that I cannot 
 present a list of quotations, as of matter much more important 
 than the newspaper notices ; but not only have I not access 
 under present circumstances to most of these books, but I 
 have also unfortunately lost my memorandum of references to 
 volume and page. 
 
 True, there are several notable instances of a contrary tend 
 ency, where writers in the same position as Royce and the oth 
 ers, not deigning to question the accuracy of my record or its 
 sources, have simply ignored my work, as apparently or pre 
 sumably unworthy of attention. It is my hope that eventually 
 such writers may so far modify their policy as to specify, or at 
 least assert, the worthlessness of what I have written, instead 
 of simply taking it for granted. I cannot admit that any con 
 scientious student may, at least for reasons not clearly stated, 
 ignore anything that purports to give information on the sub 
 ject of his researches. 
 
80 
 
 The main point in current criticism for me is, that in no es 
 sential detail has the accuracy of my record been impeached, or 
 its radical weakness as a whole been openly asserted by any 
 presumably competent critic. To this absence of condemnation, 
 perhaps, I should note a slight apparent exception in the case of 
 my treatment of the Bear Flag episode and Fremont's opera 
 tions. With this Prof. Jones, before the Historical Society, 
 found some fault ; but so mildly and vaguely as to create the 
 impression that he was voicing not so much his convictions or 
 the critical talent of a professor of history, as his duty to Mrs. 
 Fremont, his aunt. And Mr. Far well, in the Overland, very 
 fiercely assailed my position, and very ably from a literary 
 point of view. But he adduced no new evidence or witnesses, 
 and joined no direct issue. He simply repeated a portion of 
 the evidence in favor of the old legend as cited by me, ignored 
 the mass of opposing evidence by which I had overthrown that 
 legend, and was content to express his preference for the for 
 mer. And there have been several minor instances of similar 
 disapproval, the critics usually not condescending to anything 
 so commonplace as a consideration of evidence, and some of 
 them, indeed, finding it convenient to attack positions that I had 
 never thought of assuming. 
 
 On this matter, moreover, it is to be noted that the volume 
 in question, that on the California history of 1846-8, has been, 
 on account of popular interest in the topic, more widely no 
 ticed and more fully approved than any other ; that my position 
 on the subject has been developed, sustained, and to some ex 
 tent originated by other writers, such as Royce, Bidwell, and 
 the Hittells ; that the opposition has been directed more bit 
 terly though very unjustly against Royce's work than my 
 own ; and finally, that the new version has been as completely 
 established as any historical proposition can be by the use of 
 evidence. Nothing has been or can be brought against it. It 
 has seemed to me that my success in establishing this position 
 incontrovertibly, against the current of popular belief and a 
 mass of what seemed to be opposing testimony, indicates a 
 probability of similar success in the other scores of topics which 
 I have presented in an entirely new light. That these other 
 topics are of less popular interest is not my fault, and has no 
 bearing on my skill, or lack of it. 
 
 There is one unfavorable criticism to be quoted entire in the 
 next section which I wish to notice here ; not to refute it, for 
 it is irrefutable ; not to find fault with the critic, for his appre 
 ciative comments have given me more satisfaction than those 
 of all other critics combined ; but in order to explain more fully 
 certain views and motives of my own. That criticism is to the 
 effect that my volumes on California lack artistic unity ; that 
 
81 
 
 is, that the sharp separation of different topics and classes of 
 topics makes the work unreadable as a continuous whole. This 
 objection is well founded ; the defect exists, and has been real 
 ized by me from the beginning. It would be doubtless an ex 
 aggeration to suggest that the objection would be valid against 
 such useful books as the dictionary and encyclopaedia ; yet I 
 always did regard my work as mainly a work of reference, and 
 it never occurred to me that anyone would try to read it con 
 tinuously from beginning to end. I simply aimed to make 
 each topic in itself as readable as possible, without interfering 
 with the accuracy and completeness of the record. I expressed 
 my views in the preface as follows : 
 
 "Unless I am greatly in error respecting what I have written, no in 
 telligent reader desiring information on any particular event of early 
 Californian history information on the founding or early annals of any 
 mission or town ; on the development of any political, social, industrial, 
 or religious institution ; on the occurrences of any year or period ; on 
 the life and character of any official or friar or prominent citizen or early 
 pioneer ; on the visit and narrative of any voyager ; on the adventures 
 and composition of any immigrant party ; on any book or class of bocks 
 about California ; on any one or any group of the incidents that make 
 up this work will accuse me of having written at too great length on 
 that particular topic. And I trust the system of classification will enable 
 the reader to select without inconvenience or confusion such portions as 
 may suit his taste." Vol. I, p. X. 
 
 It is true, as suggested by the critic, that if I could have 
 rewritten the volumes I might have improved them in this re 
 spect ; that is, I might have somewhat reduced their bulk, in 
 creased their artistic unity as a narrative, and that without 
 greatly impairing their value as a record. Yet I am inclined 
 to doubt the ability of any man to make five bulky volumes of 
 local and provincial annals continuously readable ; and I have 
 no doubt at all respecting my own inability to do so. An abler 
 man would make the book more readable and interesting and 
 even valuable ; but he would do it largely by omitting details, 
 thus making of it a book of a different class. At the start, 
 realizing that my time, though large, was insufficient for all 
 purposes, I preferred to devote all my time and energies to the 
 perfection of the record as a record, in which direction I felt 
 comparatively competent and confident, rather than to divert 
 any considerable part of them to a seeking for artistic unity of 
 narrative, in which direction I had reason to distrust my pros 
 pects for success. 
 
 Under these circumstances, forced to write rapidly and often 
 too close behind the printer, I adopted the plan of sharp divis 
 ion of topics as the best means of securing accuracy. It still 
 seems to me that I did wisely, and adopted a fairly good plan ; 
 also that if there had to be a choice and a sacrifice, as there 
 
82 
 
 certainly had to be in my case, I used good judgment in choos 
 ing accuracy and completeness of detail under a somewhat stiff 
 method, and in sacrificing the effort for an artistic unity that 
 was perhaps beyond my powers. Of course I regret that I had 
 to make any choice or sacrifice at all. 
 
 XXII. REVIEW IN THE "NATION." 
 
 The only real critical review that my work has ever received 
 is that in the New York Nation on the California. The fact 
 that this review includes another work, published about the 
 same time, makes it somewhat difficult to represent fairly in 
 quotations ; and also, in connection with the critic's sarcastic 
 conservatism on certain points and his frankness on others, 
 made the article unsatisfactory to the publishers, who could 
 find in it little matter available for advertising purposes ; but 
 to me it brought the greatest comfort, and this not solely by 
 reason of its generally favorable comments, but of the review 
 er's evident competence and conscientious desire to be just; 
 also because of the high standing of the Nation, a paper that, 
 whatever its faults, has never, I think, been accused of an 
 undue tendency to praise in its review department especially 
 when there is no question of free trade or Mr. Elaine involved. 
 
 The writer was not, on the whole, an admirer of the Ban 
 croft enterprise, or its results ; but he was not blinded by prej 
 udice to the work's merits, or those of any part, as a reposi 
 tory of useful information. Very likely he was over-indulgent 
 to some defects in my work, on account of the labor to which 
 its pages bore witness. 
 
 I am obliged, to a greater extent than I might for several 
 obvious reasons desire, to include the critic's comparison of 
 my work with that of Mr. Hittell. That he pronounces in my 
 favor, notwithstanding his high valuation of the rival work, 
 is, of course, gratifying to me. It indicates, not that I am an 
 abler writer than my rival for no such idea has presumably 
 occurred to any one but that my resources were vastly supe 
 rior, and that I was not, at least, so obviously inferior a writer 
 as to seriously mar the value of my work. I agree, to some 
 extent, with the reviewer in his estimate of Mr. Hittell's book ; 
 that with equal labor and resources he might have produced 
 better results than I is very probable ; his book is certainly 
 more readable than mine ; and that, under the circumstances, 
 he did so well has been a surprise to me, for I know better 
 than the critic some of his limitations in respect to data. The 
 quotations are as follows : 
 
83 
 
 " As to the relative merits of these two books as they stand, a consid 
 erable examination has convinced us that not only in bulk, but also in 
 scholarly completeness, and in accuracy of detail, the work of Mr. Ban 
 croft and his collaborators is greatly superior to Mr. Hittell's work. In 
 readableness, however, Mr. Hittell's work stands on the whole a little 
 higher. In fairness towards the people described, and in good sense, in 
 sound judgment of the meaning of facts once fully assured, both books 
 seem, so far as we can now decide, nearly equal. . . . Were Mr. Hit 
 tell's book alone, one would think of it very highly indeed. . . . Mr. 
 Hittell says nothing of the existence of the larger work. . . . Mr. 
 Bancroft's volumes have had, to be sure, no opportunity to mention or 
 criticise Mr. Hittell's book. . . . Both authors mention their chief 
 sources, and in Mr. Bancroft's book these sources are, in all doubtful 
 cases, elaborately cited and compared. . . . Mr. Hittell's citations 
 are briefer, and his principle of selection among the authorities he has 
 used is seldom, if ever, confessed. . . . One sees the advantage given 
 to Mr. Bancroft by the far greater wealth of his material. ... If 
 the history of an outlying and impecunious Mexican province ... is 
 to be told at all . . it might as well be accurately told. And when 
 Mr. Bancroft gives elaborate citations to prove what he relates in great 
 detail, while Mr. Hittell, passing over the same points more hastily, and 
 citing either no authorities at all or less important authorities, makes 
 statements in direct or indirect opposition to the results of the rival 
 work, the general reader must have, at least provisionally, more confi 
 dence in the historian whose witnesses are the more numerous and the 
 more carefully cross-questioned. Examples of such conflicts are not 
 hard to find. . . . There are a number of instances of this sort in 
 Mr. Hittell's record of the mission life, so that one could not venture to 
 found any conclusions on the dates of minor events. . . . More im 
 portant, however, are the differences between the two historians as to 
 the policy of the Californian authorities in certain cases. . . . Espec 
 ially subject to error Mr. Hittell seems further to be, whenever he follows 
 the manuscript of very important reminiscences which Alvarado . . . 
 prepared in his old age, and of which Mr. Bancroft also possesses and 
 frequently cites a copy." (In fact, the two manuscripts are not at all iden 
 tical.) "In consequence his story of the change," (from Spanish to Mex 
 ican rule,) "is as dramatic as it is unreal and absurd." 
 
 " Of Mr. Bancroft's Vols. II. and III." (Vol. I. is not reviewed), "one 
 must surely say that their method is obviously conscientious, and has 
 aimed to secure exhaustive accuracy. . . . That these volumes are 
 unreadable is already a common assertion of popular criticism ; and they 
 are surely not exactly a great work of historic art, as art. But we find in 
 them many admirable literary qualities. To whom in particular these 
 are due is, indeed, not revealed, since Mr. Bancroft confessedly and will 
 ingly shares with his devoted anonymous collaborator the honors of his 
 colossal literary undertaking. At all events, however, we do find in 
 these volumes one quality that some critics have missed in other vol 
 umes of the Pacific Coast History, namely, a certain unity, both of work 
 manship and judgment, which we must highly admire, in view of the 
 number of hands that are supposed to have been at work in preparing 
 the manuscript. Mr. Bancroft and his collaborators have here somehow 
 joined themselves in an exceptionally close personal union, so that they 
 for this time actually work as one man, whose character and general 
 literary style are equally admirable ; an unrhetorical, thoroughly sensi 
 ble man, with an unwearied diligence, a suppressed but. plainly intense 
 scholarly enthusiasm, a quiet humor, and an excellent facility for sum 
 marizing, in few words, characters and situations. . . . We take 
 pleasure in pointing out the well-defined personal unity manifest 
 throughout the ' California,' and in congratulating Mr. Bancroft as the 
 
84 
 
 presumed master workman, that here at least is a book which reads like 
 the almost undisturbed product of a single devoted and enthusiastic 
 mind. May his revision and final alteration of the work of his collab 
 orators always affect their industry in just the same fashion and with just 
 as happy results. 
 
 "What we object to in this book, therefore, is not the style, which is 
 simple, manly and earnest, nor the immensity of detail, which is the 
 result of the original plan, but rather that defect of method which has 
 forced the worker to distinguish so sharply secular annals from mission 
 annals, both of these from commercial annals and from foreign affairs, 
 and all these together from the local annals of each district. It is this 
 sharp division which gives the best foundation to the charge that the 
 book is unreadable. Personal unity, as we have said, is present through 
 out these two volumes unity of purpose, of judgment, of enthusiasm, 
 and of knowledge. But an artistic unity of the many currents of the 
 narrative into one great stream has not been quite reached. If the same 
 hand that' has given the personal unity to the work could only once 
 more rewrite it the higher unity of historical workmanship could now, 
 perhaps, be attained. But it is not given us to live onr lives twice." (See 
 remarks in Sec. XX I. ) . . . " Meanwhile we wish for this whole Cal- 
 fornia history, the most carefully prepared of all Mr. Bancroft's great 
 series, the fullest attention and best criticism of all historical students 
 interested in the topic. For here, whatever else may be said about the 
 matter, is a very remarkable and permanently valuable book. 
 
 " As before, Mr. Hittell's industrious reading and conscientious use of 
 what he happens to regard as the authoritative sources of information 
 are plain. But this volume, even more than the previous one, shows the 
 risks that his work runs when compared with Mr. Bancroft's, by reason 
 of the limited range and the frequently arbitrary choice of his author 
 ities. . . 'Of private letters and papers,' he finally asserts, 'few of 
 any importance remain.' The readers of Mr Bancroft, accustomed to 
 minute citations of the extensive collections of business letters, of family 
 archives, and of mission records and correspondence in Mr. Bancroft's 
 library, reads this meagre catalogue of authorities with surprise, and 
 finds frequent occasion in Mr. Hittell's pages to di- trust the critical judg 
 ment with which even these have for some purposes been used. The 
 first half of this volume {Hittell^ II.} must in fact . . be described as 
 an imperfectly organized union of erudition and gossip, nearly always 
 very readable, and seldom quite satisfactory. . . As it is, this imper 
 fect doing of original work that somebody else has the means to do far 
 better produces a melancholy impression of wasted effort. . . Ban 
 croft's account of the revolution of 18.^6, with its consequences, is not 
 too diffuse for the purposes of his work ; but it fairly bristles with cita 
 tions and quotations of the contemporary correspondence of Vallejo, 
 Alvarado, and the other prominent leaders. One may indeed feel that 
 few political movements occurring under purely provincial conditions 
 have ever been so fully described as is here the case. The whole forms 
 a really admirable study of human passion, intrigue, vacillation, and 
 success. But Mr. Hittell's account is by comparison fragmentary, inci 
 dental, and disconnected. . . One feels in passing from his pages to 
 those of Mr. Bancroft that one is in the first learning from a man who 
 sees through a glass darkly ; and in the other case, from a man w r ho does 
 not indeed see quite face to face, but who does see a great deal very 
 clearly, and who tells you very frankly just what his records fail to let 
 him see. The Alvarado resolution is in fact one of the best narratives 
 in Bancroft's work, so far as it has been published. . . As for Mr. 
 Bancroft, one can never forget, nor cease to regret, the fact that he is a 
 
85 
 
 composite person, and that his devoted collaborators ought to be prom 
 inently named. How much of authority, of dignity, and of genuine fame 
 would be added to this truly noble monument of patient scholarship, if 
 the unwise resolution that still leaves the public in the dark about the 
 actual division of the labor were to be frankly abandoned ' Above all 
 ought this to be the case in respect of the California, by far the best of 
 the whole series both as to plan and as to workmanship. Whoever wrote 
 any part of this book ought to be named on the title page." 
 
 " Previous reviews have prepared our readers to expect much of this 
 crowning volume (V.) of the early California series. We think that 
 there will be no disappointment with the book as published. The same 
 hand is at work here as in the previous volumes of the 'California.' 
 Whose hand it is we are still permitted to conjecture. But we have the 
 sense that a good piece of work has been done once for all. 
 The history of early California has been written in great detail, and in 
 a fashion that must make the book readable only in single chapters or 
 episodes never as one connected whole. Yet nowhere else can be 
 found so thorough an account of the beginnings of an important com 
 munity. It is an axiom of historical study, that to make the exact truth 
 accessible must be a true end in itself to the investigator. If this be 
 so, then no one should complain that Mr. Bancroft's work deals so 
 exhaustively with provincial annals. ... In the future, near or 
 remote, no sensible man will doubt the value of the elaborate research 
 which has now made the early portions of this history both accessible 
 and comprehensible for all time. We have expressed our decided dis 
 agreement with some features of Mr. Bancroft's plan. We have no 
 doubt of the great importance of what has resulted." 
 
 " In beginning our comments " (on Vol. VI., not written by me,) "our 
 memory naturally recurs to the earlier volumes of the series, and espec 
 ially to the itnme'diately preceding one, containing the story of the con 
 quest. This is, as we still feel, by far the strongest of Mr. Bancroft's 
 series relating to California. . . . The very scholarly chapter on the 
 Mexican Land Titles . . . probably from the same hand which is 
 responsible for the clean work and sound results of Vol. V., gives so far 
 as we know the first accessible and fairly popular summary of all the 
 main facts of that land litigation, which for a quarter of a century meant 
 so much evil to California. The most trustworthy cases are summarized 
 in fine print and in alphabetical order. The conflicting interests con 
 cerned are stated with impartiality, and the conclusions are cautiously 
 
 drawn The more popular chapters are decidedly unequal. 
 
 That one among Mr. Bancroft's collaborators, who may be best known 
 as the Rhetorician, is occasionally allowed a freedom which he has 
 not heretofore enjoyed during the progress of this History of California. 
 Elsewhere in this series, as in portions of the history of the Northwest 
 Coast, this unfortunate person has played altogether too large a part, 
 and one hates to have to meet him in a region which he has usually 
 spared." N. Y. Nation, March n, July 29, 1889 ; Jan. 13, 1887 ; Feb. 14, 
 1886. 
 
 If this one swallow could make a summer, then would my 
 literary summer be bright indeed ; for the comments above 
 quoted put my work on a plane much higher than any to which 
 I have ever assigned it. Too favorable as they probably are, 
 they describe very vividly, if not the books I wrote, at least 
 
86 
 
 the kind of books I tried to write. In any case this review 
 unless indeed the Nation sends its volumes for review to a 
 lunatic asylum, where I also ought to be confined furnishes 
 some support to the position I have been trying to establish ; 
 namely, that my annals of the Spanish Northwest merit a more 
 general and careful examination than they have received ; that 
 they may not with justice be consigned to oblivion for any 
 other reasons than their own unworthiness ; that other reasons 
 connected in some way with the cloud of distrust that has 
 settled over the whole Bancroft series may have had much to 
 do with their neglect ; that my own incompetence should be 
 proved, or at least plausibly or authoritatively asserted ; and 
 that therefore I have at least a fighting chance in the final tests 
 to which I have so often alluded. 
 
 XXIII. COMMENTS OF THE PRESS. 
 
 Finally, with the explicit confession that these notices from 
 a few newspapers have little real significance still less extracts 
 culled from them without much reference to the context after 
 the manner of publishers and advertisers, I still yield to the 
 temptation to present some such extracts as follows : 
 
 " In no part of the colossal work of Mr. Bancroft has he been more at 
 home than in this volume, (N. Mtx. States, I.) nor has he had in any 
 period of his task ampler resources. . . . No volume of the series 
 thus far, we repeat, is so interesting nor so instructive." Sac. Record 
 Union, Apr. 12, 1884. "This new volume . . . sufficiently justifies 
 all we have said of former volumes. If it lacks the brilliancy of episode 
 which characterized the two volumes we last noticed, it maintains a high 
 level of vigorous narrative. ... A volume which like its predeces 
 sors is at once a monument of industry and of literary skill." Brit. Quart. 
 Review, April, 1884. The discovery, explorations, etc., "are portrayed 
 with a clearness of statement and attractiveness of style that rob even 
 the statistical chapters of dullness. . . . The superficial critic who 
 avers that many pens have combined to make this series of Histories 
 has but to trace the charming evenness that characterizes the flow of the 
 narrative . . . to be convinced that the elegant genius of a master 
 mind is over every chapter, and that no prentice hand can have had 
 place," etc ! S. F. Post, Jan. 26, 1884. "Probably it is the least inter 
 esting volume of the long series. . . . This volume can afford to lose 
 many pages of its trivial figures and names of small men, but it cannot 
 afford to lose any of its own liveliness. As might be expected " (why ?) 
 " the style is grave, plain, and perspicuous. There is not a trace of the 
 picturesque and sometimes tumid writing in which previous volumes 
 have abounded. There is, however, an occasional touch of humor in the 
 comments upon the experiences of the Jesuits with the Mission Indians 
 of Baja California." S. F. Bulletin, Feb. 2, 1884. "Everything is on 
 one dead flat of mediocrity and commonplace, which is relieved only by 
 the curious speculations of the ancient voyagers." S. F. Chronicle. 
 
87 
 
 " Told in simple style (N. IV. Coast, I.) the story of the early voyages 
 . is more thrilling than romance." 7<r/., July 27, 1884. "In the 
 present narrative the famous Oregon question, which grew out of the 
 earliest expeditions and controversies, is for the first time treated from 
 a historical rather than from a partisan standpoint. ' ' London Times, 
 Dec. 3, 1885. " Full of living interest. . . . To the general reader, 
 doubtless, the chapters which will be found most attractive are those 
 headed 'Apocryphal Voyages to the Northwest,'" etc. Brit. Quart. 
 Review, Oct. 1884. " At the outset our historian devotes certainly suffi 
 cient space to the farrago of falsehood known in the history of naviga 
 tion as the literature of the Strait of Arian. . . . The only items of 
 especial interest in the first half of this volume are the visits of Cook, 
 La Perouse, etc. . . . Thenceforth (in Mr. Bancroft's half) the in 
 terest quickens, and the style bounds elastically forward. . . . Some 
 of the volume partakes of the useful dry-as-dust, but much of the book 
 is unusually marked with a nervous rythm and pictorial charm of style." 
 S. F. Bulletin, Aug. 6, 1884. "What may be said to be the clearest and 
 most satisfactory analysis extant in history of the great Oregon ques 
 tion" (probably attributed by the reviewer to Mrs. Victor). Id., Nov. 8, 
 1884. " The account of the Oregon controversy is exhaustive and im 
 partial, and the conclusions reached seem to us sound and impregna 
 ble." N. Y. Sun, Dec. 7, 1884. 
 
 "The style (California, I.) is perspicuous, easy, and rigidly plain. 
 There is perhaps a single exception to the latter quality " (Mr. Ban 
 croft's only paragraph). " Of course there are histories and histories 
 the history from the burrow and the history from the hill. The former 
 is minute even to painfulness. . , . But if all history were written 
 thus, the world would not contain all the books that would be written. 
 
 . . How much to omit, how much to leave in the burrow, and how 
 much to bring out marks the wisdom of the historian." Yet the vol 
 ume, if tedious, is probably of some value. S. F. Bulletin, May 3, 1884. 
 " It may fairly be said that the volume (Cal. II.) would be better if con 
 densed. ... So jejune of activity and interest is the term of years 
 described, that many pages have little value except to fill space. The 
 style is perfectly plain, business-like, and unobjectionable, but the mat 
 ter is too diffuse for history and sometimes for annals. . . . This new 
 feature (Pioneer Register) will add greatly to the general plan of the 
 work." Id., Aug. i, 1885. " The readers in this rich jungle (Cal. III.) are 
 almost at the point where the narrative will become of the highest 
 interest." (That a record can have any other purpose than to be inter 
 esting, does not seem to occur to many critics.) " Hitherto it has been 
 more valuable than interesting in itself. The writer has made the most 
 of his immense collection of facts. From the condensation obvious on 
 almost every page it is plain that he has not endeavored to pad, but it 
 is equally plain that he has preserved in historical amber many triviali 
 ties that really have no claim on the future." Id., Oct. 17, 1885. " In the 
 publication of this great history (Cal. IV.) as it nears the discovery of 
 gold, it becomes perceptibly more interesting. . . . When he gets 
 upon the larger ground of 1848 and suceeeding years, we may reasonably 
 expect to see the great monument of his life." Id., Apr. 17, 1886. 
 "The infinite detail of preceding volumes (Cal. V.) and the weary work 
 of grubbing out the springs of history, are mainly left behind, and the 
 reader moves with confident pleasure into the new fields where the fig 
 ures are larger, and the events are worthy of a life extending beyond 
 their own days Throughout this volume is of marked ability. 
 
 . . Generally the writing is not only careful and cool, but such as 
 belongs to permanent history. In every volume and notably in this, 
 Mr. Bancroft forgets the American, and remembers only the cosmopoli 
 tan and the historian." Id., Aug. 14, 1886. 
 
88 
 
 " A story which has been told in fragments by several hands, but never 
 before with the minuteness and accuracy of this history (Cat. I.) . . . 
 Unequalled by any volume in the series for clearness of statement, lucid 
 ity of style, soundness of historical judgment, and interest to the gen 
 eral reader." S. F. Chronicle, Apr. 27, 1884. "It is a period (Cat. II.) 
 destitute of any great events, yet so many have been the sources of in 
 formation, and so clearly is the story told . . . that the reader will 
 find it as interesting as the previous volume. . . . Nothing like this 
 (Pioneer Register) has been done in any new country. Nothing like it 
 would be possible, save to the possessor of such an incomparable collec 
 tion of original material." Id., July 26, 1885. "In no other part of 
 Mr. Bancroft's work (CaL III.) is his mastery of details shown to bet 
 ter advantage than in the history of this state. ... He has always 
 treated the subject of the Missions and the Mission Indians with rare 
 impartiality." Id., Oct., 1885. " In this volume (CaL IV.) is shown 
 the extraordinary care taken by the historian to verify facts and get at 
 the truth of history from the mass of contradictory statements. 
 Even Hittell's history, which seems to be fairly complete when one 
 reads it, appears like an abstract when brought into contact with Ban 
 croft's elaborate and painstaking work." Id., Apr. 16, 1886." The fifth 
 volume will prove the most readable of the series." Id., Aug. 15, 1886. 
 
 " In its placid recital of our early growth it is preeminently satisfac 
 tory (Cal. I.). . . . The record is complete and impartial. . . . 
 No historical event is ignored or slighted. . . . His judgment of 
 men and measures is unbiased, his estimate of character conscientious, 
 and his investigations thorough." S. F. Post, April 16, 1884. "We 
 are amazed at the extent of his researches, the magnitude of the task he 
 has performed, and the indomitable energy and patient industry with 
 which he has presented both ; and we are bewildered and perplexed by 
 the immense mass of materials 'wood, hay, stubble,' with a scant 
 gleam here and there of ' gold, silver and precious stones ' which he 
 has emptied into his capacious volumes." Hardens Magazine, May, 
 1884. "Whether that portion of the history (Cal. I.) should be told so 
 much in detail as to fill 740 octavo pages . . . is a question that is 
 certainly open to debate. Standing by itself, and at the head of eight 
 (seven) volumes on California it is not too prolix, nor too much given 
 up to detail. . . . But in a general history of the Pacific States . . . 
 it is altogether too verbose." Rochester Herald, May 20, 1884. "The 
 history ... is admirable in every respect. No event has been 
 slurred over, no explorer slighted, no friar or official neglected ; in fact, 
 to every incident and personage is carefully allotted attention propor 
 tionate to historical importance." Argonaut, April 26, 1884. "The 
 clearest, the most circumstantial, and the most authentic narrative of 
 this history." Id. "He makes dry papers interesting to the reader, 
 without losing any of their value and significance." London Times, 
 Dec. 3, 1885. "The careful attention to facts, and the power of relating 
 widely separated phenomena by the link of law, that were observable 
 in former volumes, re-appeared here." Brit. Quart. Review, April, 
 1886. " Mr. Bancroft has apparently (Cal. V.) taken a comprehensive 
 view of the situation, and writes with an assurance that seems to be fully 
 sustained with overwhelming evidence." Mag. of Amer. Hist., Nov., 
 1886. "Nowhere has the importance of Mr. Bancroft's elaborate and 
 comprehensive preparations been so clearly demonstrated as in this vol 
 ume. . . . All that can be said, indeed, in behalf of a narrative 
 which is often anything but pleasant reading to such as wish to think 
 well of their country, is, that it is undoubtedly true. It may also be 
 some consolation to reflect that there is probably no period in the his 
 tory of any country which, if submitted to an examination so micro 
 scopic as that of Mr. Bancroft, would not yield results equally tending 
 to disenchantment." N. Y. Tribune, Sept. 14, 1886. 
 
89 
 
 It should be borne in mind that I have not access to all the 
 notices that have been published ; also that many of the long 
 est, and in an important sense the most favorable, are mainly 
 occupied with a summary of contents, or a discussion of epi 
 sodes, and not susceptible of fair representation by quotations. 
 
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