BUYERS' GUIDE PROTECTIVE CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT For Index to Announcements by Corporations, Firms, Individuals, named below, see List of Advertisers, on next Page NEW YORK CITY AIR COMPRESSORS Deming Co. (Ralph B. Carter Co., 50 Church St.) International Sprinkler Co. Rockwood Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. ELECTRICAL APPARATUS H. G. Vogel Co. FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS, AUXILIARY International Sprinkler Co. FIRE DEPARTMENT SUPPLIES H. G. Vogel Co. FIRE PAILS H. G. Vogel Co. FITTINGS General Fire Extinguisher Co. GAGES, PRESSURE H. G. Vogel Co. GAGES, WATER H. G. Vogel Co. GAS ENGINE POWER Challenge Co. (Stothoff Bros., 16 Murray St.) GOVERNORS FOR PUMPS H. G. Vogel Co. HOSE International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. HOSE RACKS AND REELS International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. HOSE, UNLINED LINEN International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. HYDRANTS General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. METERS, WATER H. G. Vogel Co. BUYERS' GUIDE LIST OF ADVERTISERS. PAGE Beach-Russ Co., Chicago, 111 13 Challenge Co., Batavia, 111 16 Deming Co., The, Salem, Ohio 5 General Fire Extinguisher Co., Chicago, 111 21 Graver Tank Works, Wm., East Chicago, Ind 5 International Sprinkler Co., Philadelphia, Pa 23 National Boiler Works, Chicago, 111 9 New England Tank & Tower Co., 13 Niagara Fire Extinguisher Co., Akron, Ohio 25 Rockwood Sprinkler Co., Worcester, Mass 27 Scully Steel and Iron Co., Chicago, 111 9 Simplex Valve & Meter Co., Philadelphia, Pa 13 Vogel Co, H. G., New York 19 Wilson & Co., F. Cortez, Chicago, 111 13 BUYERS' GUIDE OIL PUMPS, HAND Deming Co. (Ralph B. Carter Co., 50 Church St.) H. G. Vogel Co. PIPES General Fire Extinguisher Co. PIPE HANGERS H. G. Vog-el Co. PLAY PIPES H. G. Vogel Co. PLAY PIPES, MONITOR NOZZLES H. G. Vogel Co. PUMPS, CENTRIFUGAL H. G. Vogel Co. PUMPS, ELECTRIC Deming- Co. (Ralph B. Carter Co., 50 Church St.) H. G. Vog-el Co. PUMPS, ROTARY Deming Co. (Ralph B. Carter Co., 50 Church St.) H. G Vog-el Co. PUMPS, STEAM H. G. Vogel Co. PUMPS, POWER Deming Co. (Ralph B. Carter Co., 50 Church St.) H. G. Vogel Co. SPRINKLERS, AUTOMATIC General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. Rockwood Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. STANDPIPES International Sprinkler Co. Rockwood Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. TANKS, GRAVITY Challenge Co. (Stothoff Bros., 16 Murray St.) Rockwood Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. TANK HEATERS Rockwood Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. TANKS, PRESSURE Rockwood Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. TANK TELL-TALES Challenge Co. (Stothoff Bros., 1C Murray St.) H. G. Vogel Co. TANK TOWERS, STEEL Challenge Co. (Stothoff Bros., 16 Murray St.) VALVES Challenge Co. (Stothoff Bros., 16 Murray St.) International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. 4 BUYERS' GUIDE VALVES, ALARM General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. Rockwood Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, CHECK Deming Co. (Ralph B. Carter Co., 50 Church St.) General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, DRY General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. Rockwood Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, FLOAT Challenge Co. (Stothoff Bros., 16 Murray St.) Deming Co. (Ralph B. Carter Co., 50 Church St.) H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, FOOT Rockwood Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, INDICATOR GATE International Sprinkler Co. Rockwood Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, POST INDICATOR GATE General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. Rockwood Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. CHICAGO AIR COMPRESSORS Beach-Russ Co. Deming Co. (Henion & Hubbell, 61 N. Jefferson St.) International Sprinkler Co. Niagara Fire Extinguisher Co. Rockwood Sprinkler Co. Scully Steel & Iron Co. H. G. Vogel Co. BARS, IRON & STEEL Scully Steel & Iron Co. BEAM STEEL, "I." Scully Steel & Iron Co. BLOWERS, POSITIVE PRESSURE Beach-Russ Co. BOILERS National Boiler Works. BOILER WORKERS' SUPPLIES Scully Steel & Iron Co. BOLTS, ALL KINDS Scully Steel & Iron Co. BUYERS' GUIDE DEMINQ POWER PUMPS The efficiency and economy of our pumping- machinery has been thoroughly tested in mills, mines, factories, hotels, apartment houses, suburban residences, etc., in all parts of the civilized world, with the result that Deming- Power Pumps have acquired an unequalled reputation among* their users for low operating- costs, reliability and minimum repairs. Catalogue "G-" contains many special engineering- tables and a complete description of our Power Pumps, Power Working- Heads and Deep Well Cylinders. THE DEMINQ COMPANY SALEM, OHIO General Western Agents, HENION & HUBBELL, Chicago OTHER AGENCIES IN PRINCIPAL CITIES G R A V E R ON TANKS AND PLATE WORK MEANS QUALITY OVER 35 YEARS EXPERIENCE STEEL TANKS AND PLATE WORK FOR EVERY PURPOSE WRITE US FOR PRICES AND ESTIMATES WM. GRAVER TANK WORKS, E. Chicago, Ind. 6 BUYERS' GUIDE BREECHINGS National Boiler Works. CANS. OILY WASTE F. Cortez Wilson & Co. CORRUGATED IRON Scully Steel & Iron Co. ELECTRICAL APPARATUS H. G. Vogel Co. ENGINE ROOM SUPPLIES, SHEET METAL F. Cortez AVilson & Co. FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS, AUXILIARY International Sprinkler Co. FIRE DEPARTMENT SUPPLIES H. G. Vogel Co. FIRE PAILS H. G. Vogel Co. FITTINGS General Fire Extinguisher Co. FLOOR PLATES, WROUGHT STEEL Scully Steel & Iron Co. FLUE CLEANERS Scully Steel & Iron Co. GAGES, PRESSURE General Fire Extinguisher Co. H. G. Vogel Co. GAGES, WATER H. G. Vogel Co. GALVANIZED SHEET STEEL Scully Steel & Iron Co. GAS ENGINE TANKS F. Cortez Wilson & Co. GAS TANKS Wm. Graver Tank Works, (East Chicago, Ind.) GOVERNORS FOR PUMPS H. G. Vogel Co. GRAVEL BASINS National Boiler Works. HEATERS, EXHAUST STEAM F. Cortez Wilson & Co. HOSE International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. HOSE, METAL Scully Steel & Iron Co. HOSE RACKS AND REELS International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. HOSE, UNLINED LINEN International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. BUYERS' GUIDE HYDRANTS General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. IRON AND STEEL Scully Steel & Iron Co. MACHINERY, BOILER MAKERS AND IRON WORK- ERS Scully Steel & Iron Co. MEASURES, ACCURATE LIQUID P. Cortez Wilson & Co. METERS, WATER H. G. Vogel Co. NUTS Scully Steel & Iron Co. OIL PUMPS, HAND Deming Co. (Henion & Hubbell, 61 N. Jefferson St.) H. G. Vogel Co. OIL PUMPS, POWER Beach-Russ Co. OIL PUMPS, SHEET METAL F. Cortez Wilson & Co. PENSTOCKS Wm. Graver Tank Works, (East Chicago, Ind.) PIPES General Fire Extinguisher Co. PIPE, RIVETED Wm. Graver Tank Works, (East Chicago, Ind.) PIPE HANGERS Niagara Fire Extinguisher Co. H. G. Vogel Co. PLATES, FLANGE AND TANK STEEL Scully Steel & Iron Co. PLATE WORK Wm. Graver Tank Works, (East Chicago, Ind.) PLAY PIPES H. G. Vogel Co. PLAY PIPES, MONITOR NOZZLES H. G. Vogel Co. PUMPS, CENTRIFUGAL Beach-Russ Co. H. G. Vogel Co. PUMPS, ELECTRIC Beach-Russ Co. Deming Co. (Henion & Hubbell, 61 N. Jefferson St.) H. G. Vogel Co. PUMPS, POWER Beach-Russ Co. Deming Co. (Henion & Hubbell, 61 N. Jefferson St.) H. G. Vogel Co. PUMPS, ROTARY Beach-Russ Co. Deming Co. (Henion & Hubbell, 61 N. Jefferson St.) H. G. Vogel Co. 8 BUYERS' GUIDE PUMPS, SHEET METAL F. Cortez Wilson & Co. PUMPS, STEAM H. G. Vogel Co. PUMPS, VACUUM Beach-Russ Co. RIVETS, BOILER, STRUCTURAL STEEL, SHEET AND TANK Scully Steel & Iron Co. ROOFING Scully Steel & Iron Co. SHAFTING Scully Steel & Iron Co. SHEETS, STEEL, GALVANIZED Scully Steel & Iron Co. SMOKE STACKS National Boiler Works. SPRINKLERS, AUTOMATIC General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. Niagara Fire Extinguisher Co. Rockwood Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. STANDPIPES International Sprinkler Co. Wm. Graver Tank Works, (East Chicago, Ind.) Rockwood Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. STEEL, PLATES AND SHEETS Scully Steel & Iron Co. TANK CARS Wm. Graver Tank Works, (East Chicago, Ind.) TANKS, GAS Wm. Graver Tank Works, (East Chicago, Ind.) TANKS, GRAVITY Wm. Graver Tank Works, (East Chicago, Ind.) Rockwood Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. TANK HEATERS Niagara Fire Extinguisher Co. Rockwood Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. TANKS, OIL & GASOLINE F. Cortez Wilson & Co. TANKS, PRESSURE Wm. Graver Tank "Works, (East Chicago, Ind.) National Boiler Works. Rockwood Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. TANKS, STEEL Wm. Graver Tank Works, (East Chicago, Ind.) TANKS, STORAGE Wm. Graver Tank Works, (East Chicago, Ind.) BUYERS' GUIDE ESTABLISHED 1867 INCORPORATED 1893 National Boiler Works INCORPORATED BOILERS TANK5 SMOKE STACKS BREECHINGS GRAVEL BASINS SPRINKLER PRESSURE TANKS BOILER HEADS AND FLUE HOLES FLANGED BY MACHINERY, HEADS DISHED AND FLUE HOLES DRILLED OFFICE 60 FULTON STREET Chicago, III. D. R. CORMODE TELEPHONE MAIN 4272 SEC'Y &, TREAS. EVERLASTING BLOW-OFF VALVE EASILY OPERATED. STRAIGHT THROUGH BLOW. SELF CLEANING. SELF GRINDING SEATS. NO REPAIRING. NO STUFFING BOX. Send for descriptive booklet and prices SCULLY STEEL & IRON CO. CHICAGO, ILL. 10 BUYERS' GUIDE TANKTTELL- TALES H. G. Vogel Co. TOOLS Scully Steel & Iron Co. TOOL STEEL Scully Steel & Iron Co. TUBES, IRON, SEAMLESS STEEL Scully Steel & Iron Co. VALVES International Sprinkler Co. Niagara Fire Extinguisher Co. H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, ALARM General Fire Extinguisher Co." International Sprinkler Co. Niagara Fire Extinguisher Co. Rockwood Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, BLOW OFF Scully Steel & Iron Co. VALVES, CHECK Deming Co. (Henion & Hubbell, 61 N. Jefferson St.) General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. Niagara Fire Extinguisher Co. H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, DRY General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. Niagara Fire Extinguisher Co. Rockwood Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, FLOAT Deming Co. (Henion & Hubbell, 61 N. Jefferson St.) H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, FOOT Rockwood Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, INDICATOR GATE International Sprinkler Co. Rockwood Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES. POST INDICATOR GATE General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. Rockwood Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. WASTE CANS F. Cortez Wilson & Co. WATER COOLERS F. Cortez Wilson & Co. WATER HEATERS F. Cortez Wilson & Co. "Z" BARS Scully Steel & Iron Co. BUYERS' GUIDE 11 PHILADELPHIA AIR COMPRESSORS Deming Co. (W. P. Dallett, 49 N. Seventh St.) International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. CONTROLLERS (FILTERS) Simplex Valve & Meter Co. ELECTRICAL APPARATUS H. G. Vogel Co. FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS, AUXILIARY International Sprinkler Co. FIRE DEPARTMENT SUPPLIES H. G. Vogel Co. FIRE PAILS H. G. Vogel Co. FITTINGS General Fire Extinguisher Co. GAGES, PRESSURE H. G. Vogel Co. GAGES, WATER H. G. Vogel Co. GOVERNORS FOR PUMPS H. G. Vogel Co. HOSE International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. HOSE RACKS AND REELS International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. HOSE, UNLINED LINEN International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. HYDRANTS General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. MANOMETERS Simplex Valve & Meter Co. METERS (RECORDING) Simplex Valve & Meter Co. METERS, WATER H. G. Vogel Co. OIL PUMPS, HAND Deming Co. (W. P. Dallett, 49 N. Seventh St.) H. G. Vogel Co. PIEZOMETERS Simplex Valve & Meter Co. PIPES General Fire Extinguisher Co. PIPE HANGERS H. G. Vogel Co. PLAY PIPES H. G. Vogel Co. 12 BUYERS' GUIDE PLAY PIPES, MONITOR NOZZLES H. G. Vogel Co. PUMPS, CENTRIFUGAL H. G. Vogel Co. PUMPS, ELECTRIC Deming Co. (W. P. Dallett, 49 N. Seventh St.) H. G. Vogel Co. PUMPS, POWER Deming Co. (W. P. Dallett, 49 N. Seventh St.) H. G. Vogel Co. PUMPS, ROTARY Deming Co. (W. P. Dallett, 49 N. Seventh St.) H. G. Vogel Co. PUMPS, STEAM H. G. Vogel Co. SPRINKLERS, AUTOMATIC General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. STANDPIPES International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. TANKS, GRAVITY H. G. Vogel Co. TANK HEATERS H. G. Vogel Co. TANKS, PRESSURE H. G. Vogel Co. TANK TELL-TALES H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES (AIR) AUTOMATIC Simplex Valve & Meter Co. VALVES, ALARM General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, ALTITUDE Simplex Valve & Meter Co. VALVES, CHECK Deming Co. (W. P. Dallett, 49 N. Seventh St.) General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, CONTROLLING (STANDPIPE) Simplex Valve & Meter Co. VALVES, DRY General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. BUYERS' GUIDE AUTOMATIC VACUUM PRIMING OUTFITS BEACH-RUSSCO, Chicago, III, TANKS AND VATS STEEL TANK TOWERS ELEVATED TANKS FOR FIRE PROTECTION SPECIAL TOWERS DESIGNED FOR ANY REQUIREMENTS Pumping and Storage Plants installed for factory and domestic supply Ask for Estimates NEW ENGLAND TANK&TOWER CO. 112 HIGH STREET, BOSTON, MASS. HOT WATER HEATERS THAT HEAT HOT, USING EXHAUST ONLY SOLD ON APPROVAL, THEY STAY SOLD SEPARATE OIL PERFECTLY SAVE COAL SAVE TIME SAVE WATER SAVE MONEY TELL US WHAT YOU WANT, LET US SHOW YOU F. CORTEZ WILSON & CO., EST. 1869 SHEET METAL WORKS, CHICAGO TANKS WASTE CANS ACETYLENE GENERATORS WATER METERS for Large Pipes. CONTROLLING VALVES for Reservoirs and Stand-Pipes. RATE CONTROLLERS, LOSS OF HEAD and RATE OF FLOW GAUGES for Filters, Etc. AUTOMATIC AIR VALVES for Pipe Lines, and Other Water Work Specialties. SIMPLEX VALVE & METER CO. 112 N. BROAD ST., PHILADELPHIA, PA. 13 14 BUYERS' GUIDE VALVES, FLOAT Deming Co. (AY. P. Dallett, 49 N. Seventh St.) H. G. A^ogel Co. A^ALVES, FOOT H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, INDICATOR GATE International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. VALA^ES, POST INDICATOR GATE General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. VENTURI TUBES Simplex Valve & Meter Co. ST. LOUIS AIR COMPRESSORS Deming Co. (Chas. S. Lewis & Co.) International Sprinkler Co. Niagara Fire Extinguisher Co. FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS, AUXILIARY International Sprinkler Co. FITTINGS General Fire Extinguisher Co. HOSE International Sprinkler Co. HOSE RACKS AND REELS International Sprinkler Co. HOSE, UNLINED LINEN International Sprinkler Co. HYDRANTS General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. OIL PUMPS, HAND Deming Co. (Chas. S. Lewis & Co.) PIPES General Fire Extinguisher Co. PIPE HANGERS Niagara Fire Extinguisher Co. PUMPS, ELECTRIC Deming Co. (Chas. S. Lewis & Co.) PUMPS, POWER Deming Co. (Chas. S. Lewis & Co.) PUMPS, ROTARY Deming Co. (Chas. S. Lewis & Co.) SPRINKLERS, AUTOMATIC General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. Niagara Fire Extinguisher Co. STANDPIPES International Sprinkler Co. TANK HEATERS Niagara Fire Extinguisher Co. BUYERS' GUIDE 15 VALVES International Sprinkler Co. Niagara Eire Extinguisher Co. VALVES, ALARM General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. Niagara Fire Extinguisher Co. VALVES, CHECK Deming Co. (Chas. S. Lewis & Co.) General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. Niagara Fire Extinguisher Co. VALVES, DRY General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. Niagara Fire Extinguisher Co. VALVES, FLOAT Deming Co. (Chas. S. Lewis & Co.) VALVES, INDICATOR GATE International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, POST INDICATOR GATE General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. BOSTON AIR COMPRESSORS Deming Co. (Chas. J. Jager Co., 281 Franklin St.) International Sprinkler Co. Rockwood Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. ELECTRICAL APPARATUS H. G. Vogel Co. FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS, AUXILIARY International Sprinkler Co. FIRE DEPARTMENT SUPPLIES H. G. Vogel Co. FIRE ESCAPES New England Tank & Tower Co. FIRE PAILS H. G. Vogel Co. FITTINGS General Fire Extinguisher Co. GAGES, MERCURY New England Tank & Tower Co. GAGES, PRESSURE H. G. Vogel Co. GAGES, WATER H. G. Vogel Co. GOVERNORS FOR PUMPS H. G. Vogel Co. (Continued on Page 17) BUYERS' GUIDE CHALLENGE STEEL SUBSTRUCTURES AND WOOD TANKS are built according to the most approved methods of construction. Material and workmanship first class and subject to the approval of the Insurance Underwriters. We quote on any size outfit, f. o. b. or erected. Send us your inquiry. CHALLENGE COMPANY Incorporated 1882 Established 1870 BATAVIA, ILLINOIS Branches : Minneapolis, Minn. Kansas City, Mo. Omaha, Neb. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS A Pocket Book of Useful Data for Engineers, Architects, Factory Managers, Fire Insurance Inspectors and Students By IRA J. OWEN, M. E. Consulting Engineer Junior American Society Mechanical Engineers NEW YORK: THE INSURANCE PRESS Copyright, 1907, by THE INSURANCE PRESS New York, N. Y. PREFACE THE OBJECT of this book, as conceived by the author, is to provide simplified rules and forms for the con- venience of Engineers, Architects and the Insurance Fraternity. It is intended to be an aid in solving hydraulic problems that commonly occur in Fire Insurance Engineering. Many of the subjects herein contained may have been more extensively treated than would seem necessary and consistent for a book of this character. This, however, has been done for the benefit of those who have not had the advantage of a theoretical training and to whom a book of this character would be of little use were they not supplied with a few elementary principles by which means they may learn to use and understand these Formulae. Most of the Rules and Formulae herein given are taken from authorities and standard works on the subject, although perhaps appearing in new form for the purpose of making them more simple. Amendments to certain requirements and specifications for standard appliances have been included. There are those into whose hands this work will fall who are entirely competent to criticise it, both as to usefulness and accuracy. From such critics the author invites criticisms and suggestions and contributions of fresh material that may be useful for future editions. 242290 L J INDEX Absolute pressure 13 Air compressor 252 Alarm valve system 70 Atmospheric pressure 12 AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS SYSTEMS: Alarm valve system 70 Arrangement of supplies, etc 257 Auxiliary pumps and steam pump governors, National Stand- ard Specifications (1904, 1907) 170-177, 363-375 Discharges from sprinklers 68 Discharges from sprinklers (Owen's tests) 277 Dry pipe system and fittings 79 Esty sprinkler 52 Feed mains and risers 64 Feed-pipe distribution 56-59 Fire engines (Fourth water supply) 102 Fire pump (Third water supply-) 102 Fittings and valves 65 Fourth source of water supply 102 Gravity tank (Second water supply) 100 Gravity tank connections, Diagram of 263 Gravity tanks, National Standard Specifications 259-262 Grinnell sprinkler 51 Grinnell straightway dry pipe.valve 82 Indicator post valves 69 International alarm valve 74 International dry pipe valve 89, 387 International sprinkler 52 Location of sprinklers 60 Manufacturers dry pipe valve 94 Manufacturers sprinkler 52 National Board rules , 50 Neracher sprinkler 51 Niagara sprinkler 53 Phoenix sprinkler 53 Pipe sizes 63 INDEX AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS SYSTEMS Continued. Pipes, Contents of, in cubic feet (IT. S. gallons) and weihtof same 297 Preparation of buildings 54 Pressure tank (Primary water supply) 100 Pressure tank connections 256 Pressure tanlrs. National Standard Specifications 50-253 Pressure tanks, Capacities of 254 Pressure tank, Diagram of 255 Primary source of water supply 100 Public water works systems 103 Pumps, electric, National Standard Specifications (1904, 1905) 228-235, 380-381 Pumps, rotary, National Standard Specifications (1905, 1906, 1907, 1908) 178-215, 376-379 Pumps, steam, National Standard Specifications (1904, 1907) 103, 111-165, 360-362 Pumps, steam, Index to National Standard Specifications 163-165 Pumps, steam, Tests for acceptance of 157 Risers, Location of .-s 56-59 Rockwood dry pipe valve 382 Rockwood sprinkler 52 Rotary fire pumps, Tests for acceptance of 193 Second source of water supply 100 Spacing of sprinklers 61 Sprinkler heads, Types of 51-53 Steam pump governors and auxiliary pumps. National Stand- ard Specifications (1904, 1907) 170-177, 363-375 Steam pump tables 166-169 Tanks and cisterns, cylindrical. Capacities of 292, 293 Tanks, rectangular, Capacities of * 291 Third source of water supply 102 Valves and fittings 65 Variable pressure alarm valve 71 Water pressures, Table of 289, 290 Water supplies and connections, Diagram of 257 Water supply, Diagram of four sources of 101 Water supply, Source of 99 Water, Useful information about 359 Auxiliary pumps and steam pump governors, National Standard Specifications (1904, 1907) 170-177, 363-375 Centrifugal fire pump, National Standard 217, 223 COEFFICIENTS : Contraction 18 Discharge 20 Discharge of nozzles 264-266 INDEX COEFFICIENTS Continued. Orifices with rounded edges 22 Ring 1 nozzles 22 Short conical converging tubes 22 Short cylindrical tubes 22 Smooth nozzles 22 Standard circular orifices 21 Velocity 19 Cotton, rubber-lined hose, Friction loss in 280 Curve sheets, discharges of nozzles (Owen). 278-282 Discharges from automatic sprinklers (Owen's tests) 277 Discharge (TJ. S. gallons) by one piston or plunger 236-239 Discharges of steam fire engines 284 Discharges of water, Coefficient of 19-22 Dry pipe sprinkler systems and fittings 79 Dry pipe valve, Grinnell straightway 82 Dry pipe valve (International) 89 Dry pipe valve, Manufacturers 94 Dry pipe valve, Rockwood 382 Electric fire pumps, National Standard Specifications (1904, 1905) 228-235, 380, 381 Ellis's experiments with friction in pipes 276 Fire engines, steam 283-287 Fire streams ( Freeman's tables) 270-275 Friction in pipes (Ellis's experiments) 276 Friction loss in cotton rubber-lined hose 280 Flow of water, Theory of 11 Freeman's tables for discharge of open hose butts 246, 247 Freeman's tables for discharge of open hydrant butts 248, 249 Freeman's tables for discharge of nozzles 240-245 Freeman's pump inspection tables 240-249 Freeman's standard play pipe 266, 267 Freeman's tests of ring nozzles 268,269 Gravity tank connections, Diagram of 263 Gravity tanks, National Standard Specifications 259-262 Hose butts, open, Discharge of (Freeman's tables) 246, 247 Hose, cotton rubber-lined, Friction loss in 280 Hydrant butts, open, Discharge of (Freeman's tables) 248, 249 Indicator post valves . INDEX LOSSES OF PRESSURE: Bends 36 Contraction of section 38 Entrance 34 Enlargement of section 36 Friction 35 Meters 44 Valves and fittings 43 Velocity through pipes 46 Loss of head or pressure 30 Measuring instruments 23 Mercury gages 30 Meters, Loss of pressure caused by 44 NATIONAL BOARD STANDARDS: Automatic sprinklers : 50 Centrifugal fire pump .217, 223 Electric fire pumps (1904, 1905) 228-235, 380, 381 Gravity tanks 259-262 Pressure tanks 250-253 Rotary fire pumps (1905, 1906, 1907, 1908) 178-215, 376-379 Rotary fire pump, Type A 216, 219, 220 Rotary fire pump, Type B 222 Rotary pump tables 224-527 Steam fire pumps ((1934, 1907) 111-165, 360-362 Steam pumps, Characteristics of 162 Steam pump governors and auxiliary pumps (1904, 1907) 170-177, 363-375 Steam pump tables 166-169 Turbine fire pump, electric drive. 223 Nozzles, Curve sheets of discharges (Owen) 278-282 Nozzles, Discharges of 264-266 Nozzles, Discharges of (Freeman's tables) 240-245 Nozzles, ring 268,269 Owen's curve sheets of discharges of nozzles (Freeman's tests). 278-282 Piezometers 32 Pipes, Friction in (Ellis's experiments) 276 Piston or plunger, Discharge (U. S. gallons) of one 236-239 Pitot tube 28 Play pipe, standard type 266, 267 Pressure and velocity 46 Pressure gages 25 Pressure head of water , 15 INDEX NATIONAL BOARD STANDARDS Continued. Pressure tanks, Capacities of 254 Pressure tank connections 256 Pressure tank, Diagram of 255 Pressure tanks, National Standard Specifications 250-253 Pressure tank, Specifications of Chicago Underwriters' Ass'n 258 PUMPS : Auxiliary pumps and steam pump governors, National Stand- ard Specifications (1904, 1907) 170-177, 363-375 Centrifugal pumps, National Standard 217, 223 Electric pumps, National Standard Specifications (1904, 1905) 228-235, 380, 381 Power pumps, single 218 Power pumps, triplex 221 Pump inspection tables (Freeman) 240-249 Rotary pumps, National Standard Specifications (1905, 1906, 1907, 1908) 178-215, 376-379 Steam pumps, National Standard Specifications (1904, 1907) 103, 111-165, 360-362 Tables of sizes and capacities, various makes 166-169, 224-227 Tests for acceptance, rotary pumps 193 Tests for acceptance, steam pumps 157 Turbine pumps, electrically driven 223 Ratings of steam fire engines 284 Rotary fire pumps, National Standard Specifications (1905, 1906, 1907, 1908) 178-215, 376-379 Rotary fire pumps, Tests for acceptance of 193 Rotary pump tables 224-227 Static head of water 15 Steam fire engines 283-287 Steam pump governors and auxiliary pumps, National Standard Specifications (1904, 1907) 170-177, 363-375 Steam pump tables. 166-169 TABLES : Areas of circles 299-306 Circumference of circles 307-313 Columns of water in feet, Comparison of 288 Decimal equivalents of an inch 298 Discharge of nozzles (Freeman) 240-245 Discharge of open hose butts (Freeman) 246, 247 Discharge of open hydrant butts (Freeman) 248, 249 Discharge (U. S. gallons) by one piston or plunger 236-239 INDEX T A BLES Continued. Discharge (U. S. gallons) per minute, Equivalents of 294, 295 Equivalents of water pressures in horse-powers 296 Equivalents of (U. S.) gallons per minute 294,295 Fire streams (Freeman) 270-275 Freeman's pump inspection tables 240-249 Friction in cast iron pipes 41 Friction in wrought iron pipes 40 Gallons (U. S.) per minute and their equivalents 294, 295 Horse-powers of water, Calculations of 296 Loss of head for 100 feet of pipe 39 Loss of pressure caused by meter 44 Pipes, Contents of, in cubic feet (U. S. gallons) and weight of same 297 Pump inspection tables ( Freeman) 240-249 Relative discharge of full pipes 49 Rotary fire pumps 224-227 Squares, cubes, square roots, cub4roots, and reciprocals. . 314-358 Steam pumps 166-169 Tanks and cisterns, cylindrical (U. S. gallons) 292,293 Tanks, rectangular (U. S. gallons) 291 Velocity and discharge under different heads 48 Water pressures 289, 290 Testing gages 26 Turbine fire pump, National Standard, electric drive 223 VALVES : Alarm 71-74 Dry-pipe 82, 89, 94, 382 Post indicator 69 Variable pressure 71 Variable pressure alarm valve 71 Velocity, Consumption of pressure 46 Velocity head of water 15 Venturi meter 31 Water supply for automatic sprinkler systems 99 Water, Theory of flow of 11 Water, Useful information about 359 Theory of the Flow of Water. For reference^ see Weisbacti s Mechanics, Vol. 1 ] Church's Mechanics^ Encyclopedia Britannica. THE following is a concise statement of the principles involved : In the flow of water, the particles are urged onward by gravity, or an equivalent force, and move with the same velocity as bodies falling through a height, equal to the head of water exerting the pressure. Velocity. Is the rapidity with which a particle moves, i e., its rate of motion, or rate of change of position. Uniform Velocity. When the change of position in the second, third, or any subsequent unit of time is the same as described in the first unit, the velocity is said to be uniform. Note. Velocities are generally expressed in ft. per sec. in all hydraulic formulas. Time. The unit of time used in all hydraulic formulas is the Second. Unit of Work or Energy. Is the foot-pound, %. e., One pound lifted through a ver- tical distance of one foot. One H. P. = 33,000 ft. Ibs. per min. or 33,000 Ibs. lifted a distance of one ft. in one minute. Unit of Weight. Is the avoirdupois pound, which is also the unit for measuring pressures. The intensity of pressure will be measured in pounds per square foot or in pounds per square 11 12 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. inch as may be most convenient, and sometimes in atmos- pheres. Gages for recording the pressures of water are usually graduated so as to read in pounds per square inch. Gravity. The symbol (g) is used to denote the acceleration of gravity; that is, the increase in velocity per second for a body falling freely in a vacuum at the surface of the earth. At the end of (t) seconds from the beginning of the fall, the velocity of the body is V=gt or i^~- (I) o The space (h) passed over in this time is the product of the mean velocity and the time (t) in seconds: h = \Vt or / = ^- (2) Eliminating (t) by substituting Eq. 1 in 2 we have JL^Ji .-. v = V%h s r which is the fundamental formulae in hydraulics. 32.2 feet per sec. is an approximate value for (g) which is the value used in all computations in this book. The above equation may be stated as follows: THE VELOCITY IS EQUAL TO THE SQUAEE EOOT OF TWO TIMES THE VALUE OF GEAVITY MULTI- PLIED BY THE HEAD OE PEESSUEE WHICH PEO- DUCES THAT VELOCITY. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. Atmospheric pressure is measured by the readings of the Barometer. The pressure of the air on the surface of the liquid causes it to rise in the tube, until it attains a height which exactly balances the pressure of the air, i e., the weight of the barometric column, is equal to the weight of a column of air of the same cross-section as that of the tube. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 13 The liquid generally employed is mercury which weighs 0.49 pounds per cubic inch at common temperatures. THEREFORE to obtain the value of the atmospheric pressure, multiply the barometric reading in inches, by 0.49. Example : The average barometric reading near the sea level is 30 inches, then 30 x 0.49 = 14.7 pounds per sq. inch or the value of one atmosphere. ABSOLUTE PRESSURE. The pressure of the atmosphere as stated above is about 14.7 Ibs. per square inch. Gages are usually indexed so that the zero reading is at atmospheric pressure. The abso- lute pressure then is the sum of the atmospheric pressure and the indicated or gage pressure. Thus if the pressure gage reads 10 pounds the absolute pressure would be 10 + 14.7 = 24.7 Ibs. per square inch absolute. BERNOULLI'S THEOREM FOR STEADY FLOW WITHOUT FRICTION. If a pipe is comparatively short without sudden bends, elbows or abrupt changes of cross-section, the effect of fric- tion of the liquid particles against the sides of the pipe and against each other (as when eddies are produced, dis- turbing the parallelism of flow), is small and can be neg- lected. Denoting by potential head the vertical head of any section of pipe above a convenient datum level, we may state Bernoulli's Theorem as follows: IN THE STEADY FLOW WITHOUT FRICTION THE SUM OF THE VELOCITY HEAD, PRESSURE HEAD AND POTENTIAL HEAD AT ANY SECTION OF PIPE, IS A CONSTANT QUANTITY BEING EQUAL TO THE SUM OF THE CORRESPONDING HEADS AT ANY OTHER SECTION. 14 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. It must be clearly understood that Bernoulli's Theorem does not hold unless the flow of water is steady; that is, unless each lamina in coming into the position just vacated by the one next ahead of (equal mass), comes also into the exact conditions of velocity and pressure in which the other was when in that position. Bernoulli's Theorem may also be stated by the following equation : D ATUM_ LjN E.^ .__._. V + pm + Z m Vn + P n %g y %g y Where -^ = Velocity head at Section m of pipe. r~ = Pressure head at Section m of pipe. z m = Potential head at Section m of pipe. vl = Velocity head at Section n of pipe. "O pn = Pressure head at Section n of pipe. ZH Potential head at Section n of pipe. See Fig. No. 1. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 15 BERNOULLI'S THEOREM FOR STEADY FLOW WITH FRICTION. If a pipe is of considerable length or has a number of sudden bends or elbows or abrupt changes of cross-section, the Bernoulli's Theorem for steady flow without friction, will not hold, as frictional losses are produced and in deter- mining the pressure and quantity of water flowing through a pipe, these losses must be taken into consideration. Taking into account no resistances or friction except the "skin friction " or "fluid friction 7 ' of the liquid on the sides of the pipe (resistances due to internal friction or of eddying occasioned by sudden enlargements of cross- section of pipe by elbows, sharp curves, gate valves, etc., will be mentioned later). Bernoulli's Theorem for steady flow of a liquid in a pipe of slightly varying sectional area and internal perimeter w, may be stated as follows: THE SUM OF THE VELOCITY HEAD, PEESSUEE HEAD AND POTENTIAL HEAD AT ANY SECTION OF THE PIPE IS EQUAL TO THE COEEESPONDING HEADS AT ANY OTHEE SECTION MINUS THE FEICTION HEAD OE EESISTANCE HEAD, DUE TO SKIN FEICTION BETWEEN THE SECTIONS. PRESSURE HEAD, VELOCITY HEAD AND STATIC HEAD. FIG. 2 When a vessel is filled with water at rest, the pressure at any point depends only on the head of water above that point. But when the water is in motion it is a fact of 16 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. observation that the pressure becomes less than that due to head. The actual pressure in any event may be meas- ured by the height of a column of water. Thus, if the water be at rest in the case shown in the Fig. 2 and small tubes (open Piezometers) be installed at A, B, C, the water will rise in each tube to the same height as that of the water level in the reservoir, and the pres- sures at A, B and C will be those due to heads Aa, Bb and Cc. But if an orifice be open as seen near D, the water levels in the tubes sink to the points a lt b x and c 1 i. e. t the pressures at A, B, C are reduced to those due to the heads Aa 1} Bb 1} and Cc^ Aaj is the PEESSUEE HEAD P aa x is the VELOCITY HEAD ~- Aa is the HYDEOSTATIC or STATIC HEAD h The theoretical Velocity of flow is V = ]/%gh (1) V 2 The theoretical height the jet will rise is then h =cT~ (2) Equation 1 states the velocity due to a given head. Equation 2 the head which would generate a given velocity. z/ 2 The term VELOCITY HEAD is designated by <^r mean- ing thereby that its value is the head which can produce the velocity V. If p is taken in Ibs. per square inch, or gage pressure, and h is taken in feet and w = weight of a cubic ft. of water = 62.5 # approx- imately. Then p = hw Ibs. per square foot, hw or p =~i44 Ibs. per square inch. p = 0.434 h Gage pressure in terms of hydrostatic head. h = 2.304 p Hydrostatic head in terms of gage pressure. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 17 The STATIC HEAD or EFFECTIVE HEAD, as can readily be seen, equals the pressure head plus the velocity head. Let h = static head /t l= = pressure head head due to actual pressure v 2 ^ = head due to actual velocity. "is v 2 Then h h^ + = or in the form of a theorem: THE PEESSUEE HEAD PLUS THE VELOCITY HEAD IS EQUAL TO THE TOTAL HYDEOSTATIC HEAD. Proof- Let W equal the weight of water which passes the sec- tion per second V 2 Then W s * s the energy which it possesses. The total theoretical energy of this water is Wh, and if there be no losses of energy, the remaining energy is W //! W X (h - / w hich represents the poten- tial energy still existing in the form of pressure. THEEEFOEE h ^- = h or h - h^ + ^- Qed. COEFFICIENTS. A coefficient as applied in hydraulics may be denned as a number or multiplier introduced into an expression or equation for the purpose of reducing the theoretical to a true value, or nearly so. 18 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. It is found that in the actual discharge of water, except in rare cases, the actual velocity of discharge is less than the theoretical, that the area of the stream discharged is less than the area of the orifice through which it passes, etc., etc. These losses are corrected by introducing coefficients, and the following are definitions of a number of coefficients commonly used in hydraulic formulae and also the manner in which they are obtained from experiment : COEFFICIENT OF CONTRACTION. Is the number by which the area of the orifice is to be multiplied in order to obtain the area of the section of the jet at a distance from the plane of the orifice of about one- half its diameter. Thus if C ^be the coefficient of contrac- tion, (A) the area of the orifice, and (a) the area of the contracted section of the jet then C c A a IT MAY ALSO BE DEFINED (AS CAN BE SEEN BY THE ABOVE EQUATION) AS THE SQUAKE OF THE EATIO OF THE DIAMETEE OF THE JET TO THAT OF THE OEIFICE. The mean or average value of ^ the coefficient of con- traction, has been given by different authorities as .61 .63 .64. These values vary for different forms of orifices and for the same orifice under different heads, but little is known regarding the extent cf these variations or the laws that govern them. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 19 FIG. 3 Probably C c is slightly smaller for circles than for squares, and smaller for squares than for rectangles. Prob- ably C c is larger for low heads than for high heads. The coefficient of contraction is directly determined by measuring the dimensions of the least cross-section of the jet. This may be accomplished by the use of calipers or by means of fixed screws of fine pitch (see fig, 3) which are very convenient. These are set to touch the jet and then the distance between them can be measured at leisure. COEFFICIENT OF VELOCITY. The coefficient of velocity is the number by which the theoretical velocity of flow from the orifice is to be multi- plied, in order to give the actual velocity at the least cross- section of the jet: Thus if Q.be the coefficient of, velocity, V the theoretical velocity due to head on the center of the orifice, and v the actual velocity at the contracted section The velocity of flow at the contracted section of the jet cannot be directly measured. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. FIG. 4 One method of finding coefficient of velocity (C v ) is to place the orifice horizontal so that the jet will be directed vertically upward as in fig. 4. The height to which it rises is the velocity head 2,2 = % (1) in which v is the actual velocity and is equal to C v ]/ 2g/i, Substituting this in eq. (1) we have h =C* v k and C v = from which C v may be computed. This method fails to give good results for high velocities, owing to the resistance of the air and the difficulty in measuring the distance h with precision. A mean or average value for C v the coefficient of velocity is .98. The coefficient of velocity in smooth nozzles is the same as the coefficient of discharge, since the jet issues without contraction. COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE. The coefficient of discharge is the number by which the theoretical discharge is to be multiplied in order to obtain the actual discharge. Thus if c be the coefficient of dis- charge, Q the theoretical, and q the actual discharge per second then q c X Q. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 21 The coefficient of discharge may also be defined as the product of the coefficients of contraction and velocity. In general c is greater for low heads than for high heads, greater for rectangles than for squares, and greater for squares than for circles. Its value ranges from 0.59 to 0.63 or higher, and as a mean the following value may be stated : c Coef. of Discharge = 0.61. The actual discharge from a standard orifice is, on the average, about 61% of the theoretical discharge. The coefficient of discharge can be accurately found by allowing the flow from an orifice to discharge into a tank and the volume measured as explained in article on meas- urement of water. Thus q the actual discharge is known and Q the theoretical discharge having been computed, the coefficient of discharge will be equal to q divided by Q or t. STANDARD CIRCULAR ORIFICES. Standard Circular Orifices with sharp edges i. e. where the water does not touch the orifice after having passed the inner edge. See fig. 5. Coef. of Discharge - .61. FIG. 5 FIG. 6 22 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. Orifices with Rounded Edges. When the inner edges of the orifice are rounded. See fig. 6. Coef. of Discharge varies from .61 to 1.00. Short Cylindrical Tube. i. e. where length of tube is 2^/2 to 3 times the diameter, and inner corner sharp as standard orifice. See fig. 7. Coef. of discharge = .82. FIG. 7 Short Conical Converging Tubes. Coef. for this form will vary with the angle (A) at the Vertex from .85 to .95. Where the angle at the Vertex is 10 to 15 degrees, the coef. of discharge is .94. Smooth Nozzles. Like "underwriters play pipe. " Coef. of discharge .976 Ring Nozzles. Coef. of discharge .74 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 23 Mr. J. K. Freeman furnishes the following mean or aver- age values of the coefficient of discharge for smooth cone nozzles of different diameters under pressure heads ranging from 45 to 180 ft.: Diam. in Inches. Coef. of Disch. f .983 .982 1 .972 1 .976 U .97.1 1| .959 THE MEASUREMENT OF WATER AND INSTRUMENTS USED. There are many ways by which the determination of a cubic volume of water that passes a given point in a unit of time can be made. A brief discussion of a few of the methods in common use will be taken up in this chapter. THE TANK. The simplest of all methods of measuring water is by the use of the tank. At first sight this method seems extremely simple, but in reality if accuracy is required, measuring water by means of a measuring tank requires considerable skill. Two methods may be employed in meas- uring tank volumes. First, by directly computing the cubical contents, and second, by weighing the volume of water and computing the contents from the temperature of the contained water and from its weight per cubic foot, corresponding to the temperature. In computing the cubical contents (the tank if of wood the wood must be thoroughly water-logged) the water level must be accu-. rately determined and the linear measurements must be cor- rect. It can be readily seen that if the sides are slightly 24 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. warped or if the form is irregular, to obtain accurate results would mean a laborious undertaking. It is, there- fore, advisable in measuring volumes in this way that a tank of regular form without warps and one which will not absorb water should be used. It is obvious that the easier method is by weighing the water, taking its temperature and computing the volume from this data. Kent gives the following as the weight of water per cubic foot at different temperatures from 32 to 100 degrees Fahr. : Temp. Degs. Fahr. Lbs. Per Cu. Ft. Temp. Degs. Fahr. Lbs. Per Ca. Ft. Temp. Degs. Fahr. Lbs. Per Cu. Ft. Temp. Degs. Fahr. Lbs. Per Cu. Ft. Temp. Decs. Fahr. Lbs. Per Cu. Ft. 32 62.42 46 62.42 60 62.37 74 62.28 88 62.15 33 62.42 47 62.42 61 62.37 75 62.28 89 62.14 34 62.42 48 62.41 62 62.36 76 62.27 90 62.13 35 62.42 49 62.41 63 62.36 77 62.26 91 62.12 36 62.42 50 62.41 64 62.35 78 62.25 92 62.11 37 62.42 51 62.41 65 62.34 79 62.24 93 62.10 38 62.42 52 62.40 66 62.34 80 62.23 94 62,09 39 62.42 53 62.40 67 62.33 81 62.22 95 62.08 40 62.42 54 62.40 68 62.33 82 62.21 96 62.07 41 62.42 55 62.39 69 62.32 83 62.20 97 62.06 42 62.42 56 62.39 70 62.31 84 62.19 98 62.05 43 62.42 57 62.39 71 62.31 85 62.18 99 62.03 44 62.42 58 62.38 72 62.30 86 62.17 100 62.02 45 62.42 59 62.38 73 62.29 87 62.16 When limiting the length of time during which the stream whose flow is desired to be measured discharges into the tank, a convenient way is to use a movable spout by w r hich the stream of water may be made to discharge into the tank and again to one side of it at given signals. By the use of a stop-watch the length of time may be determined during which the tank receives the discharge to be meas- ured. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. PRESSURE GAGES. 25 One of the most common used pressure gages is Bour- don 's, and is illustrated in fig. 8. It consists of a bent metal tube eliptical in cross-section which is put in connection with the interior of the pipe or tank in which the pressure is to be measured, by means of a pipe which is provided with a stop cock. The effect of the in- ternal pressure on the tube is to tend to transform the elipti- cal into a circular cross-section. This, however, cannot be done without partially unbending or straightening the tube aa, that is to say, the effect of internal pressure is alternately to straighten the tube and the greater the pressure the more the tube is unbent, and consequently, the more the free end c is moved from its normal position. The free end is con- nected by means of a link with an index like the hand of a watch either directly or else through the medium of the small rack and pinnon, which multiplies the motion of the index. When the free end of the tube moves under the influence of pressure, the end of the index describes an arc of a circle. By placing a dial behind the index and grad- uating the former experimentally so that a given position of the needle corresponds with a given pressure in the tube, we obtain an exact pressure gage. 26 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. APPARATUS FOR TESTING GAGE. Mercury columns have long been accepted as the standard for measuring pressures, but are so expensive and difficult to keep in order that a more simple and inexpensive, yet accurate, machine is required. Apparatus of this nature consists of a pump or other means of obtaining pressure and some methods of attaching the gage to be tested and the standard with which it is to be compared. One of the forms of gage testers now in common use is shown in fig. 9. FIG. 9 It consists of a stand from which rises a cylinder having accurately fitted into it a piston with an area of exactly one-fifth of a square inch which moves freely up and down. Attached to the top of the piston rod is a disc for sup- porting the weights. Each weight is marked with the num- ber of pounds pressure per square inch it will exert on the gage. From the bottom of the cylinder 2 tubes project; one forms a standard for holding the gage to be tested and one is furnished with a coupling to connect it, and with a three-way cock; the other rises at an inclination and forms a reservoir for oil, having within it a screw plunger for forcing the oil inward or outward. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 27 DIRECTIONS FOR USING GAGE TESTER. Fasten the gage to the arm by means of a coupler or similar arrangement; set the handle of a three-way cock horizontally or in an open position; see that the screw plunger is in as far as it will go, then remove the cap and pour oil into the cylinder until it is full, then gradually withdraw the plunger and continue pouring in oil until it is out nearly to its limit and the bore of the cylinder is nearly full. Now insert the piston which with its disc will exert a pressure on the gage of exactly the weight of the disc and piston. The weights, one at a time, may now be placed on the disc which should be gently rotated to insure perfect freedom of motion to the piston. Each weight added will exert a pressure on the gage equal to the number of pounds marked on it. If in testing a large gage the piston descends to its full length, screw in the plunger and the piston will be forced upward and more weights may be added as may be required by the limit of pressure marked on the gage dial. Wihen the test is completed remove the weights, one at a time, and as the piston rises withdraw the plunger to make room for the returning oil. When all the weights have been removed, turn the cock handle to a vertical position which will allow the oil in the gage to drain out into a can which should be previously placed under the cock. The oil may be left in the machine, but the piston should be care- fully wiped and replaced in the case. "When it is desired to drain the whole machine of oil, set the cock handle so that the port leading to the reservoir for oil will be open. It is advisable to use nothing but good light mineral oil which should be kept entirely free from grit. The following is a form that is used quite frequently in calibrating pressure-gages of this type: 28 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. CALIBRATING OF PRESSURE-GAGE WITH GAGE TESTER. Maker and No. of Gage. Date. . .190 Observers, No. Load in Ibs. on Valve Gage Error Remarks PITOT TUBE. In measuring pressure exerted by moving water in a pipe, both the velocity head and pressure head have to be taken into consideration. To separate these two factors, an in- strument known as the Pitot Tube may be used. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 29 One form of this instrument is shown in the following figure 10: FIG. 10 Tube A is open at the end and connects by rubber tube to one arm of an ordinary U tube mercury gage, the other, tube B, is closed upon the end, but has in its opposite side two small holes and is connected to the other arm of the gage. Tube A receives the full effect of the current of moving water and thus tends to indicate upon the gauge the total head, including both the velocity and the pressure heads. But the influence of the velocity is practically removed from B, which, therefore, receives only the pressure due to the pressure head. As this tube is connected to the other arm of the gage, the pressure thus indicated is only that due to the velocity head; for both arms being subject to the pressure head these pressures are balanced. The difference in height of the mercury in the gage would be that due to velocity of current; thus, if the mer- cury stands at m on one side and at n on the other, the velocity is that due to the height of the column of liquid, equal to the distance that m is above n. Call this distance h, then the velocity v = c x l/2gh . c is the coefficient of velocity for the given tube and must be determined by experiment made on a tube in which the velocity of flow is known. The principal use of this instrument is to determine the velocity of the flowing water. 30 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. MERCURY GAGE FOR DETERMINING LOSS OF HEAD OR PRESSURE. Some time ago the author occasioned to investigate closely the actual loss of head in a valve under high pres- sure and for the purpose of measuring directly this loss, he devised a simple apparatus shown in the following sketch, fig. 11: FIG. 11 The difference in hydraulic pressure existing in any two points in a line of water pipe is at once exhibited by the difference in height of two communicating columns of mer- cury. The apparatus is, therefore, merely a pressure differ- ence gage which has the merit of being both sensitive and accurate and which may also be applied in other similar investigations. In principle the gage consists of a glass U tube par tially filled with mercury, while the upper ends of these tubes are connected to the water main by means of suitable cocks and piping. On the admission of water into the two tubes the mercury will be depressed in one and raised in the other until equilibrium is established. Whereupon, the dif- ference in the height of the two mercury columns is to be read off on a suitable scale whose divisions correspond to known pressures of water as determined by careful experi- ments beforehand. In practice, however, it is necessary to exercise the utmost care to expel all the air in the tubes above the mercury, which may be accomplished by judicious manipulation of the pet-cocks. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 31 In using this gage as a pressure difference gage the principal correction to be made is that due to excess water columns on the short leg of the U tube. This correction for any pressure is the distance in inches between the sur- faces of the mercury, multiplied by .036, this equals the number of pounds to be subtracted from the reading of the short leg. VENTIRI METER. Another method of measuring water is by means of the Venturi Meter, so called from Venturi, who first pointed out the relation between the pressures and velocities of flow in converging and diverging tubes. B R FIG. 12 As shown by the longitudinal section Fig. 12 this meter consists of a converging, followed by a gently diverging, tube; between the two is a short cylindrical piece known as the throat. A and B are air or pressure chambers which are connected with the interior by piezometer holes. Piezo- meters are connected as shown by which the fluid pressure may be measured. 32 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. It is a fundamental principle in hydraulics that the hydraulic pressure of water in motion against the interior of a pipe is equal to the hydrostatic head (pressure of water not in motion) less the head due to velocity. If P be the pressure in terms of the height of a water-column at the inlet B and P! be the pressure in terms of the height of a water-column at the throat A, P t P equals the dif- ference of heads in the piezometers or the "head on Ven- turi/' as it is called. a t and a 2 equals the sectional areas at A and B respect- ively. Then the quantity of flow at A is gj X 02 lx - Q = V*P-P Introducing coef. of discharge C the actual delivery through A is Q-C a, X a, An elaborate series of experiments by Herschel gave C varying from .94 to 1.04, but the great majority lay between .96 and .99. After such a meter has been rated its discharge can be relied upon as correct within 1 to 2 per cent for any single reading. PIEZOMETERS. A piezometer is an instrument for measuring the pres- sure of water which exists in a pipe. The simplest form of this instrument consists of an ordinary tube inserted into a pipe at right angles. The water will rise in the tube to a height equal to the pressure exerted at the point where the piezometer or tube is installed. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 33 FIG. 13 A,B,C,D, are piezometer orifices. Both screw ends fit Standard Hose Couplings, so piezometer may be introduced at any joint in a line of hose or at the base of Play Pipe, coupling thus forming part of line. This form of piezometer answers the purpose very well for measuring static pressures (pressure due to head, when water is not in motion), but when water is in motion the pressure at different points in the pipe varies, that is, the pressures at the top, bottom, and sides are not the same. It is desirable therefore to know the mean or average pres- sure. PIEZOMETER FITTING. A number of piezometer fittings have been designed for obtaining the average pressure. Figure 13 shows the cross-section of a piezometer fitting designed by Mr. J. R. Freeman and used very successfully in his tests on fire streams. LOSS OF HEAD OR PRESSURE. The loss of head or pressure or EESISTANCE TO FLOW commonly though INCORRECTLY called FRIC- TION, between any two points in a pipe line may consist of any one or more of the following: 34 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 1. Loss at Entrance. 2. Skin or surface friction. 3. Change in cross-section. 4. Bends or Curvature. 5. Obstructions in Channel. On account of lack of experimental and theoretical knowl- edge regarding the laws of flow of water in pipes, the loss of pressure can not be definitely computed. LOSS OF PRESSURE AT ENTRANCE. The loss of pressure which occurs in the upper end of a pipe due to contraction and resistance of the inner edges, is called LOSS OF HEAD OE PBESSUBE AT EN- TBANCE and is the same as the loss of head in a short cylindrical tube under the same velocity of flow. This loss is always less than the velocity head, therefore, where ^ E equals the loss of head at entrance we have The value for K varies from to .93 For a perfect mouth piece K equals For an inward projecting pipe K equals .93 For a standard end K equals .50 Example: Compute the loss of head at entrance in a 1 inch pipe 100 feet long discharging 15" gallons per minute: Discharge in cubic ft. per sec. .033 . - Velocity = - -^r, = 6.11 ft. per sec. Area in square feet .0054 (6.1D 8 37.33 ._ - 2x32.2 Assuming K to equal .5 then h .5 x .579 .2895 feet, loss of head due to entrance. XOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 35 LOSS OF PRESSURE DIE TO FRICTION. The loss of pressure due to friction of the interior sur- face of a pipe is governed by the following laws which have been deduced from many experiments made on pipes of different sizes and lengths under different velocities of flow. 1. THE LOSS IN FRICTION IS PEOPOETIONAL TO THE LENGTH OF THE PIPE. 2. IT INCREASES AS THE SQUARE OF THE VELOCITY. 3. IT DECREASES AS THE DIAMETER OF THE PIPE INCREASES. 4. IT INCREASES WITH THE ROUGHNESS. 5. IT IS INDEPENDENT OF THE PRESSURE OF THE WATER. Let L equal the length of pipe. d equal the 'diameter of pipe. H Y equal the head or pressure lost due to friction. / equal a coefficient depending on the roughness of the interior surface of the pipe. Then these laws may be expressed by the following equa- tion: H f L v * F = y ^ IT The factor/ for new clean pipes ranges from .05 to .01. For approximate computations the mean or average value for /, .02 may be used. Example: Find the loss of head in 100 feet of pipe 2 inches in diameter when discharging 150 gallons of water per minute. H Y 02 ^__?^_ _ 40 feet .17 64.4 The velocity v is obtained* by dividing the discharge in cubic feet per second by the area of the pipe in square 36 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. feet; thus the area of a 2-inch pipe is .022 the discharge in cubic feet per second is 150 -+- 60 -f- 7.48 = .334. Then .334 divided by .022 equals 15 the velocity, and z/ 2 is 225. LOSS OF HEAD OR PRESSURE DUE TO BENDS. The loss of pressure caused by easy curves is very slight and need not be taken into consideration. Where there is a sharp bend such as an elbow the loss is small, but where a number of such bends occur the loss may amount to con- siderable. This loss is a percentage of the velocity head and may be expressed by the equation H B n Where H B is the loss due to the bend, and n the coefficient. Weisbach gives the following values for n which were derived from experiments made on small pipes. This loss for larger pipes is undoubtedly less. Where R = Radius of curvature d = diameter of pipe 4^- = .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 .1 K. for these values n equals .18, .14, .16, .21, .29, .44, .66, .98, 1.41, 1.98 LOSS OF PRESSURE DUE TO ENLARGEMENT OF SECTION. When a section of pipe is enlarged as shown in fig. 14, and the pipe is kept constantly full of water, a loss of head or pressure results. From Bernoulli's theorem the pressure head plus the velocity head at any point in a line of pipe is equal to the pressure head plus the velocity head at any other section in the line, if no losses occur. NOTES ON JlYDItAULICS. 37 FIG. 14 Let Vj equal the velocity and hj equal the pressure head at section A and V 8 equal the velocity and h 8 equal the pressure head at section B, then according to Bournellies theorem K J7 h, + . = h* + -: *X but aw I lie second effective lie;ul is always smaller than the first their difference is the loss of head due to enlargement of |>i|H'. Loss of head dm- to enlargement = y* y* _ This 18 a ^-IMT;I| rxprrsHiori ^ivin^ lli<^ loss due not, only to enlargement but to all resistances bet\\< -n .my two sec* tions of a pipe. Another form which is probably iiM.n- <-on\ cnicnt for practical use is (<* \ * V* _JL __ 1 1 - _ i / % vvlu-n ./, ;md /7 8 are the areas of the small and large sections, 38 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. LOSS OF PRESSURE DIE TO CONTRACTION OF SECTION. When a section of pipe is contracted in the direction of flow as shown in figure 15 that is gradual contraction the loss of pressure is Loss due to contraction = also . = (-- - 1) . + Al _ h2 in which ^ and J^ 2 are the velocities, h and h 2 the pressure heads and a and a^ the areas. FIG. 15 FIG. 16 For sudden contraction of section as shown in fig. 16. 1 V 2 The loss due to contraction ( 1 ) 2 in which C is the coefficient of contraction and equal to the area ^L_ the value of C varies from .62 to 1. For an aver- a age .65 may be used. The loss of pressure through valves and other fittings can only be determined by experiment. An instrument for measuring these losses is described in the chapter on Meas- urement of Water and instruments used. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 39 LOSS OF HEAD IN FRICTION FOR 100 FEET OF PIPE. Diameter in Feet Velocity in Feet per Second. 1 2 3 4 6 10 15 Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet Feet 0.05 1.46 5.10 10.3 16.9 34.7 0.1 0.59 1.99 4.20 6.97 14.5 37.3 0.25 .20 0.70 1.46 2.49 5.37 13.7 29.4 0.5 .09 0.32 0.70 1.14 2.46 6.22 13.3 0.75 .05 .21 .45 0.73 1.57 3.94 8.40 1. .04 .15 .32 .55 1.12 2.80 5.95 1.25 .03 .11 .25 .42 0.85 2.11 4'. 48 1.5 .02 .09 .20 .33 .67 1.66 3.50 1.75 .02 .07 .16 .26 .54 1.33 2.80 2. .02 .06 .13 .21 .45 1.09 2.27 2.5 .01 .05 .10 .16 .34 0.81 1.68 3. .01 .04 .07 .12 .26 .67 1.40 3.5 .01 .03 .06 .10 .21 .53 4. .01 .02 .05 .08 .17 .42 5. .00 .02 .04 .06 .13 6. .00 .01 .03 .05 .10 40 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. w Q< I .2 JS = I 'J & & i S! t5 ! i S i & sanoH fS^Hd "ivo 'S "ij "IVQ *S "A i ICO^t^CSC^OiOl OS O5 CO * D -* O C 00 r-i CO ... i-l 5* 00 i-H CO W S t- <> Cvj 10 ... rH W CO 1C CD 00 O ( NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 41 ' rH rH r-i ' rH rH (M - CO rji 1C t- O Th CO ( H O 8388888 CW 1 : DM ETBBJL1 I i s %l -< 2 c a 2 .s i s '< M,|| |, 'I LI ' ' > ; p^^^^fHfNM E681 ^ ,* ,-( I C 7 / C C ' ',-;-, ,:',/: ', fHl-*l-<. / r+r+^r., r^ iM r-l -?< 00 1* 5 I - M8SSSS?" I ^CICC^'^ <-CT.ee fHi-H^ICC -r-C i - NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 43 LOSS OF PRESSURE CAUSED BY VALVES AND FITTINGS. The data given below is condensed from the results of experiments made at different times by the Inspection Department of the Associated Factory Mutuals Fire Insur- ance Companies. The friction losses in ells and tees are approximate, but, since fittings of the same nominal size with the different curvatures and different smoothness as made by different manufacturers will cause materially different friction losses, the figures below will give a fair indication of what loss may be expected from the several fittings. NAME OF FITTING. Number of feet of clean, straight pipe of same size which would cause the same loss as the fitting. 6-inch Grinnell Dry-Pipe Valve* 80 4-inch Grinnell Dry-Pipe Valve* 47 6-inch Grinnell Alarm Check 100 4-inch Grinnell Alarm Check 47 6-inch Pratt & Cady Check Valve 50 6-inch Walworth Globe Check Valve 200 4-inch Pratt & Cady Check Valve 25 4-inch Walworth Globe Check Valve 130 2^ -inch to 8-inch Long-Turn Ells 4 2^-inch to 8-inch Short-Turn Ells 9 3-inch to 8-inch Long-Turn Tees 9 3-inch to 8-inch Short-Turn Tees 17 %-bend 5 * Differential type. 44 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. <^ COOi^ OOOJOirH 1000WOO t~ . . . ^u'rT^ c OOrH rHCO^t- ^ ^ rH rH rH j j j en s uo^a !WOA v iflW^i^ OOCDCOOO .0 I fc n o OrHrH ^COOS ^ CO O g ; td Ok u- COrHCO COrHO I I I I I I I I I i g G ^"^ : i : ; ; ijlj 8 tf UMOJ3 'UI f OB e to ^CO^ OOCO Q E ^xaqraB itj f : owco ^GOWOO .coo . . :::.-,; WCOO OSrHrHOS ^H OS ^1 IE ^uajjox '! ^ OrHCVi OJlOCOrH CO GO rH p OOrH COt-rHrH CO 1C GO Ut> 1U3Q 'UI f OrH rHIN^CO GO OS O CO uiw J S J sion?o la s 11 mi mi |ii NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 45 The tests showed: 1. That all meters obstruct the flow of water to a greater or less extent, many types seriously reducing the pressure with heavy fire drafts. 2. That ordinary types of disc and piston meters may almost completely stop the flow of water if their moving parts become blocked, which is easily possible. 3. That fish traps, while lessening the danger of the mov- ing parts becoming blocked, are liable to become seriously clogged by pipe scales, leaves, etc. 4. Therefore, meters should not be put on fire service sup- plies. The best way to remove a supposed need of meters is to absolutely separate the pipes carrying water for manu- facturing and domestic purposes from the fire system and supply them by a separate metered connection from the public mains; then guarantee that no water will be used from the fire system except in case of fire or for occasional tests, which should be made strictly in accordance with the rules of the water department. In the cases where some further check is considered neces- sary, hydrant and sprinkler drain valves may be sealed by the water department and notice promptly' given when one is broken for any cause. In some such cases the meters of the i i Proportional 7 ' type may be the most satisfactory check and are unobjectionable. a. The Gem, Crown and Hersey Meters had fish traps as part of the meter, so that the losses above include the trap. The Torrent, Lambert, Union and Worthington Meters use a separate trap; they were, however, tested without traps. &. All the meters tested, with the exception of the Worth- ington 3-inch ; which had been used for some time, were new, clean meters. c. The above results were obtained from tests made by the Inspection Department of the Associated Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Companies during 1896-7-8. For full data of experiments, see " Journal of N. E. W. W. Association," vol. xii., No. 2; also "Transactions American Society Mechanical Engineers, ' ' vol. xx. 46 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. PRESSURE CONSUMED IN PRODUCING VELOCITY OF WATER THROUGH PIPES. When water moves through a pipe at a certain velocity, part of the total pressure is consumed in producing that velocity. The following is the ' general f ormula3 for com- puting the pressure consumed in producing velocity: 7; 2 r"& P - - - .001148 V- 2gX 2.31 d Where P =. Velocity pressure Ibs. per sq. inch. v =Linear velocity. Ft. per second. d =Diameter of pipe in inches. G =Rate of flow. Gals, per minute. g Acceleration due to gravity=32.2. PROOF. Let h =velocity head in feet. v 2 Then h - ~ v 2g Reducing this to pounds per sq. inch, we have 2.307 P - h - - v ~ * - Kg and P 7> = v Kg X 2.307 " 2 X 32.2 X 2.307 148.39 Velocity=( length of pipe in feet holding one gallon) mul- tiplied by (number of gallons per sec.) Length of pipe in feet holding one gallon equals= .1331 Area in square feet then Velocity= .1331 X (gal, per sec.) _ .1331 X (gal, per min.) X 144 Area in square inches 60 X (Area in square inches) NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 47 7T d 2 Area in square inches j = .7854 X (diameter in inches) 2 Velocitv- 144 X .1331 X (gal, per min.) _ ^ 60 X .7854 (diameter in inches) 2 ' d p v* c2 - o >ra oj os t- f CO OJ>-II-ITH O> IOOOCO CMrH 5 XOOOOCM05 t-HOSOiO GQ Oi ?O O ~ 881882 50 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS. The idea conceived by inventors of automatic sprinklers was to create a device by means of which a fire might be arrested or extinguished in its incipiency through the agency of heat created by the fire itself. How well they have suc- ceeded, is shown by the fire records covering a period of more than twenty years. There is no question but that the automatic sprinkler system has proven an unqualified suc- cess for the purpose for which it was created. DESCRIPTION AND GENERAL ARRANGEMENT. Lines of pipes are installed through the building near the ceiling from 8 to 10 feet apart, and supported by means of hangers. These lines are connected to larger pipes lead- ing to the source of water supply. To each of these line pipes is connected at intervals from 8 to 10 feet, the auto- matic sprinkler head. Should a fire start at any point in the room the heat coming in contact with the fusible solder at a temperature of 160 degrees or more would instantly melt same, causing a release of the disc or valve of the sprinkler head, and the water under pressure would be forced out through the discharge orifice, striking the deflector or distributor and thereby cause the water to spray in all directions. There are two sprinkler systems in general use. The Wet System, which is used in buildings in which there is no dan- ger of freezing, the pipes being at all times filled with water. The Dry System, which is used where freezing is possible, the water supply being intercepted at the point where freezing might occur, by a dry pipe valve j and be- tween this valve and the sprinkler heads the pipes are filled with compressed air at a relatively low pressure of about 30 pounds per square inch. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 51 Figures 21 to 28 ; inclusive, show eight well-known Sprinkler Heads in general use at the present time. A fur- ther description of these heads is omitted owing to the fact that the manufacturers have minutely and fully described them in their catalogues, of which a liberal supply is con- stantly before the public. FIG. 21 THE GRINNELL. Manufactured by The General Fire Extinguisher Company, Providence, R, I. FIG. 22. THE NERACHER. Manufactured by The General Fire Extinguisher Company, Providence, R. I. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. FIG. 23. THE MANUFACTURERS. Manufactured by Manufacturers Automatic Sprinkler Co., Syracuse, N. Y. Manufactured by The Esty Sprinkler Company, Ivaconia, N. H. FIG. 25. THE INTERNATIONAL. Manufactured by The Interna- tional Sprinkler Company, Philadelphia, Pa. FIG. 26. THE ROCKWOOD. Manufactured by The Worcester Fire Extinguisher Company, Worcester, Mass. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. FIG. 27 THE NIAGARA. Manufactured by Niagara Fire Extinguisher Company, Akron, Ohio. FIG. 28 THE PHOENIX. Manufactured by The Phoenix Fire Extinguisher Company, Chicago, 111. 54 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. NATIONAL BOARD SPRINKLER RILES. SECTION A GENERAL INFORMATION. 1. Preparation of Building. Many buildings require preparation for sprinkler equip- ment. All needless ceiling sheathing, hollow siding, tops of high shelving, needless partitions or decks should be re- moved. Necessary ' ' stops ' ; to check draught, necessary new partitions, closets, decks, etc., should be put in place so that the equipment may conform to the same. The top flooring should be made thoroughly tight. (See Sec. B4.) 2. Accessory Woodwork. Sprinkler equipments require accessory woodwork, dry pipe valve closets, ladders, anti-freezing boxing for tank pipes, etc. This work should be promptly attended to if not let with sprinkler contract. 3. Drapery and Sheathing. Paper or similar light inflammable ceiling sheathing is objectionable and unnecessary. Where floors leak dirt, an acceptable sheathing may be made of lath and plaster, matched boards or joined metal. All channels back of sheathing to be thoroughly closed between timbers or joists. Sheathing to be tightly put together and kept in repair. In mill bays, sheathing to follow contour of timbers without concealed space. 4. Vertical Draughts. Vertical draughts through buildings are detrimental to the proper action of sprinklers and should be " stopped " where practicable. 5. Clear Space Below Ceilings. Full, effective action of sprinklers requires about 24 inches wholly clear space below roofs or ceilings; this loss of storage capacity should be realized in advance of equipment. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 55 6. Experienced Workmen Eecommended. Sprinkler installation is a trade in itself. Insurance inspectors cannot be expected to act as working superin- tendents, nor correct errors of beginners. Sprinkler work should be entrusted to none but fully experienced and respon- sible parties. 7. All Portions of Buildings to ~be Protected. Experience teaches that sprinklers are often necessary where seemingly least needed. Their protection is required not alone where a fire may begin, but, also wherever any fire might extend, including wet or damp locations. 8. Degree of Protection. A maximum protection cannot be expected where sprinklers are at more or less permanent disadvantage, as in the case of stocks very susceptible to smoke and water damage, buildings having deep piles of hollow goods, excessive draughts, explosion or flash fire hazards, or large amounts of benzine or similar fluid. 9. Curtain Boards. Where two or more floors of a building communicate by openings not provided with approved ' ' stops, " acceptable curtain boards or cornices, wide enough to bank up the heated air at least 6 inches below the fusible device of the sprinklers, should be fitted around the openings at each floor. 10. Necessary Cut-offs. Sprinklers cannot be expected to keep out fire originating in unsprinkled territory. Stringent measures should be used to properly cut off all unsprinkled portions of buildings or exposures. 56 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. j s o H < O NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 57 58 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. M U NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 59 W o H O 60 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. SECTION B LOCATION OF AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS. 1. Position of Sprinkler. To be located in an upright position. When construction or occupancy of a room makes it preferable, permission may be given, except on dry-pipe systems, to locate sprinklers in a pendant position. 2. Position of Deflectors. Sprinkler deflectors to be parallel to ceilings, roofs, or the incline of stairs, but when installed in the peak of a pitched roof, they should be horizontal. 3. Distance of Deflectors Below Ceiling. Distance of deflectors from ceilings or bottom of joists to be not less than 3 inches nor more than 10 inches (6 to 8 inches is preferable). 4. Detailed Locations. Sprinklers to be placed throughout premises, including basement and lofts, under stairs, inside elevator wells, in belt, cable, pipe, gear and pulley boxes, inside small en- closures, such as drying and heating boxes, tenter and dry room enclosures, chutes, conveyor trunks and all cupboards and closets unless they have tops entirely open and are so located that sprinklers can properly spray therein. Sprink- lers not to be omitted in any room merely because it is damp, wet or of fireproof construction. Special instructions to be obtained relative to placing sprinklers inside show windows, boxed machines, metal air ducts, ventilators and concealed spaces, and under large shelves, benches, tables, overhead storage racks, over dynamos and switchboards, platforms and similar water sheds. 5. Protection of Vertical Shafts. In vertical shafts having inflammable sides, a sprinkler to be provided within shaft for each 200 square feet of the inflammable surface. Such sprinklers to be installed at each floor when practicable and always when shaft is trapped. Inflammable shafts even if lined with plaster or metal require sprinklers as above. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 61 SECTION C SPACING OF AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS. 1. Distance from Walls. The distance from wall or partition not to exceed one- half the distance between sprinklers in the same direction 2. Partitions. A line of sprinklers to be run on each side of partition. Cutting holes through a partition to allow sprinklers on one side thereof to distribute water to the other side is not effectual. This rule applies to both solid and slatted partitions. 3. Mill Construction. Under mill ceiling (smooth, solid plank and timber con- struction, 6 to 12-feet bays) one line of sprinklers should be placed in center of each bay and distance between the sprinklers on each line not to exceed the following: 8 feet in 12-feet bays. 9 feet in 11-feet bays. 10 feet in 10-feet bays. 11 feet in 9-feet bays. 12 feet in 6 to 8-feet bays. Measurements to be taken from center to center of timbers. Special instructions should be asked where rule allows sprinkler spacing to be over 10 feet, because special conditions may require the Underwriters having jurisdiction to modify the rule. 4. Joisted Ceilings. Under joisted ceiling, open finished, distance between sprinklers not to exceed 8 feet at right angles with joists or 10 feet parallel with joists. EXCEPTION. An exception may be made to this rule if the conditions warrant, viz., special permission may be given to install but one line of sprinklers in bays 10 to 11% feet wide from center to center of the timbers which support the joists. In all cases where such bays are over 11% feet wide, two or more lines of sprinklers should be 62 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. installed in each bay as required by the rules for spacing. This does not apply where beams are flush with the joists, in which case sprinklers may be spaced as called for in the Eule 4. Where permission is given, the sprinklers should be placed closer together on a line so that in no case will the area covered by a single sprinkler exceed 80 square feet. Also see Eule 8. 5. Smooth Sheathed or Plastered Ceilings. Under smooth sheathed or plastered ceilings, in bays 6 to 12 feet wide (measurement to be taken from center to center of timber, girder or other protection or support forming the bay), one line of sprinklers to be placed in center of each bay, and distance between the sprinklers on each line not to exceed the following: 8 feet in 12-feet bays; 9 feet in 11-feet bays; 10 feet in 6 to 10-feet bays. Bays in excess of 12 feet width and less than 23 feet width to contain at least two lines of sprinklers; bays 23 feet in width or over to have the lines therein not over 10 feet apart. In bays in excess of 12 feet width, not more than 100 square feet ceiling area to be allotted any one sprinkler. 6. Pitched Roofs. Under a pitched roof sloping more steeply than 1 foot in 3, one line of sprinklers to be located in peak of roof, and sprinklers on either side to be spaced according to above requirements. Distance between sprinklers to be measured on a line parallel with roof. Where the roof meets the floor line there should be a line of sprinklers placed not over 3% feet from where roof timbers meet floor. Two lines of sprinklers not more than 2% feet distant each way from the peak of roof, measured on a line with the roof, may be used in lieu of one line of sprinklers located in peak of roof Also see Eule 8. 7. Staggered Spacing. Under open finish, joisted construction floors, decks and roofs, the sprinklers should be ll staggered 77 spaced so that heads will be opposite a point half-way between sprinklers NOTES oisr HYDRAULICS. 63 on adjacent lines, the end heads on alternate lines to be not more than 2 feet from wall of partition. Also see Eule 1. This regulation does not except sprinklers within a bay, whether on one, two or more lines. Adjacent sprinklers to be so staggered as not to distribute water into the same joist channel ways. Special instruction to be obtained in each case as to whether staggered spacing shall be required under open joist construction, where the channel spaces between joists are positively blocked off within the territory of any two adjacent sprinklers. 8. Unusual Construction. Special instructions to be obtained from underwriters having jurisdiction relative to location of sprinklers under floors and roofs of panel or other unusual construction which may interfere with distribution of water and for which provision is not hereinbefore made. SECTION D-PIPE SIZES. 1. General Schedule. In no case should the number of sprinklers on a given size pipe exceed the following: Size of Pipe. %-inch. . Maximum No. of Sprinklers Allowed. 1 sprinkler 1 tf 2 " 1% " 3 " iy 2 " 5 " 2 " ;. 10 " 2% " 20 " 3 " 36 " 55 to the alarm. The "by-pass" is closed by inserting a bronze diaphragm on the under side of the clapper. Perforations through the outside edge of this diaphragm admit the water pressure above it. When the clapper comes down upon the main seat the diaphragm closes over the " by-pass " opening, and the water pressure above moves the diaphragm sufficiently to tightly bottle up this "by-pass" to the alarms. The movement of the dia- phragm is so slight, however, that the passage of sufficient water through the check valve to operate one sprinkler only will raise the clapper enough to admit water through the "by-pass" to the alarm system. VARIABLE PRESSURE CHAMBER. This is placed between the alarm check and the alarms when the water supply is variable in its pressure and pro- ductive of false alarms. It produces a delay of about 15 seconds before permitting the gongs to ring. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 75' 16 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. "INTERNATIONAL" ALARM VALVE. (International Sprinkler Company, Philadelphia, Pa.) FIG. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 77 CIRCUIT CLOSER. This consists of a standard electric switch in an upper section, operated by water pressure on the under side of a diaphragm. The lower section, which constitutes the water intake, has a strainer which can be removed through a main cap. The upper section has an inspection plate, through which access is gained to the electric switch. WATER MOTOR. All moving parts are bronze and small in size. In the top section (accessible through a plate) there is a strainer, which may be removed to give access to the water outlet nozzle. Directions for Care and Maintenance. Figs. 32 and 33 indicate an "International" alarm valve and all attachments necessary to furnish both elec- trical and mechanical alarms where variable pressure exists. The photograph illustrates the common practice of placing gauges on either side of the alarm valve and the use of the 2-inch outlet furnished in the alarm valve for the extension of the main drip when the alarm valve is placed at the low- est level. The variable pressure chamber is designed to prevent any variation in pressure, commonly termed water-hammer, giv- ing false alarms and should always be used where the sprinkler system is connected to city mains, automatic pumps or any supply where the pressure is variable. Precautions. Alarm Valve. When attached to air sys- tems the alarm valve should always be located on the water side of the dry pipe valve. Before attaching any of the auxiliary alarm apparatus, the clapper (No. 3) and the hinge (No. 5) should be removed and the system thoroughly cleansed and flushed. 78 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. Variable Pressure Chamber. Always install close to alarm valve and on same level. Never attach to new sys- tems until they are thoroughly cleaned by flushing. Circuit Closer. Plug outlet at base when connected as illustrated in Fig. 32. When used without variable pressure chamber and with mechanical alarm place on same level as water motor. Where this arrangement necessitates a run of pipe to a higher level than the alarm valve through an unheated section, provide a 1/16-ineh drain outlet for this pipe close to the alarm valve. INSPECTION. Should be made only by insurance inspector or person having charge of sprinkler system. Alarm Check. Eemove main plate and raise or remove clapper to clean seat and have access to all openings. Variable Pressure Chamber. Eemove top plate to gain access to by-pass (pipe C), strainer and opening into air chamber. Unscrew bottom cap to gain access into lower (main supply) chamber, strainer and valve. Strainer and valve can be pulled down and out for inspection and cleansing. Circuit Closer. Eemove side plate. The switch, thus ex- posed, may be raised with a pencil or knife and contact effected. If gong rings the circuit closer is in good con- dition. See that drip opening underneath is entirely open (when this is used as above instructed). Water Motor. Eemove top plate to gain access to strainer and jet opening underneath same. NOTE. Where outlets come under strainer, the strainer should always be removed and outlet cleaned. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 79 NATIONAL BOARD SPRINKLER RULES. SECTION H DRY PIPE SYSTEM AND FITTINGS. 1. Not Recommended. A dry pipe system should be used only when a wet pipe system is impracticable, as in buildings which have no heating facilities. Dry pipe rystems should not be installed where the various parts of a building can be protected from frost by the exercise of reasonable precautions. The use of an approved dry pipe system is, however, far preferable to entirely shutting off the water supply during cold weather. Air pressure should be maintained on dry pipe systems throughout the year, unless changed by consent of under- writers having jurisdiction. 2. Drainage. Sprinklers to be located in an upright position. All sprinkler pipes and fittings to be so installed that they can be thoroughly drained, and where practicable, all pipes to bo arranged to drain at the main drips. Horizontal branch pipes to be pitched not less than l / 2 inch in 10 feet. Care should be taken to support the piping in a secure manner, and to see that the sprinklers do not violate the rules for position. (See Section B-3.) 3. Supply to Enter Below Valve. All water supplies to sprinklers should enter the system below the dry pipe valve. 4. Size of Dry System. The number of sprinklers dependent on one dry pipe valve should not exceed 500, preferably not to exceed 300. Where more than 500 sprinklers are necessary in buildings contain- ing two or more floors, the system should preferably be divided horizontally and supplied through two or more dry pjpe valves. 80 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 5. Independent Air Filling Connection. The connection from the air pump should be made u,t the dry pipe valve, and on this supply at this point a shut- off valve should be placed and immediately back of it a check valve. 6. Enclosure of Valve. Where exposed to cold the dry pipe valve to be located in an approved underground pit or enclosed in a closet of sufficient size to give 2% feet free space on all sides of and above and below the valve. Make double walled top, sides and bottom with four (4) inch hollow space. Space may be filled with tan bark, mineral wool, etc., as desired. Heat by steam, lard oil lantern, or gas or electric heater. (Elec- tric heater to be installed in accordance with the National Electrical Code.) A wet pipe sprinkler with a shut-off valve to be placed in the valve closet. 7. Test Pipe. Place a 2 -inch pipe directly under every dry pipe valve and provide the same with shut-off valve. This test pipe provides means of determining whether water is on the system up to the dry pipe valve. Where the dry pipe valve is enclosed as required in Eule 6 the connection supplying the wet pipe sprinkler may also be used as the supply to the test pipe. 8. Air Compressor. Pump to be of sufficient capacity to increase air pressure not less than 1 pound per 2 minutes pumping (preferably faster). It is strongly recommended that a steam or electrically driven air pump be used instead of a power pump. The air supply should be taken from outside or from a room having dry air, in order to avoid carrying moisture into the sys- tem. The intake should be protected by a screen. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 81 9. Auxiliary Dry System. Where it is necessary to have but twenty-five (25) per cent, or less of the total number of sprinklers on an air system, only such sprinklers should be thus piped; the remainder to be on wet system. This rule requires small dry pipe systems for show win- dows, blind attics or other minor portions exposed to freez- ing. 10. Flanged Dummy. A flanged section of pipe fitted to take the place of dry pipe valve, in case of repairs, to be provided for each style installed. "ROCKWOOD" DRY PIPE VALVE. (Worcester Fire Extinguisher Co., Worcester, Mass.) For illustrations and description of the new "Kockwood'' straightway dry pipe valve, see page 382. 82 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. "GRIMELL" STRAIGHTWAY DRY PIPE VALVE. (1908.) . (General Fire Extinguisher Co., Providence, R. I.) NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. Section through Grinnell Valve. Air Valve Seat "C" and Diaphragm "B." FIG. 35. 84 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. DESCRIPTION. See Figs. 34 and 35. A is a round metal disc which closes the waterway. B is a flexible metal diaphragm which is clamped at its outer edge between the two parts of the valve body, and :.t its inner edge by a bronze ring screwed into C. C is the air valve seat carried by the diaphragm B. D is the piston which draws A from the waterway when valve operates. It fits loosely in a bronze tin-lined cylinder. E is a vent to allow the escape from the cylinder of any water that may pass the piston. It is automatically closed as shown by D' after valve has operated. E' is the discharge from e, so designed as to prevent obstructions from entering the cylinder. F is the water valve. G is the air valve. H are guides which limit the upward movement of the disc A. I are stops which by coming into contact with the surface I', limit the upward movement of C. J are stops to support C when disc A is withdrawn. K is the draw-off valve and pipe for emptying the entire system of water. fc L is a hand-hole plate which gives access to the interior of the valve. M is the main gate valve controlling entire system. N is a pip 3 which connects the intermediate chamber below the diaphragm B to an electric alarm circuit-closer E. When the valve opens, the full water pressure enters into the pipe N to E, and the pressure upon a flexible metal diaphragm closes a circuit and sounds a continuous electric alarm. The pipe N may also be connected to a water motor alarm and made to sound a continuous mechanical alarm. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 85 O is a pressure gage to indicate the pressure of water in the supply pipe. O' is a pressure gage to indicate the pressure of air in the sprinkler system. P is a ball check valve, so constructed that it allows any slight leakage of water past the valve F to flow out through the drip pipe P' and is automatically closed by the pressure of water in the intermediate chamber when the dry pipe valve operates. Q is a plunger to release the check and drain the body of the valve before the hand-hole plate is opened. E is an electric alarm circuit-closer. S is a babbit lining. T is a valve to be kept closed except when valve W is opened to test for water above the air valve. U is a bronze ring. V is a valve controlling supply from air-pump. W is a valve used for the purpose of ascertaining that the system of sprinklers and piping is free of water down to the level of the draw-off pipe. X is a support for A after it is withdrawn from the waterway. Y is a test valve to determine amount of water in supply pipe. OPERATION. When the air pressure is relieved by the opening of a sprinkler, the disc A is no longer held against the water seat F. The pressure of water then lifts A and C, and entering the intermediate chamber through F, acts on the piston D and disc C. As A is allowed to rise but half the distance which C does, therefore the valve G is forcibly opened, and A is drawn from the waterway by D without chance of sticking to or dragging across either seat, F or G, and a straight, unobstructed passage is left for the water. 86 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. D, at the end of its movement, closes the vent E. The pressure of water in the pipe N sounds an alarm. DIRECTIONS FOR SETTING. The valves should never be closed without being thoroughly cleaned, or they may be ruined. Never apply grease, tallow or any oily substance to valve seats F or G. 1st. Shut the main gate valve M in the supply pipe under the valve, and drain the system as described below, then open the check P by pressing on the plunger Q to drain the body of the dry-pipe valve. 2d. Shut the draw-off valve K. 3d. Open the plate L and if A is not out of the waterway, push it out with one hand, holding C up clear of A with the other. Then wipe clean both faces of A, and the seats of F and G. 4th. Hold up C with one hand and push A into position. Let C down easily. 5th. Fill the body of the valve above G with water through the valve W by means of the funnel (valve T being closed). Then close valve W. 6th. Pump up sufficient air-pressure in the sprinkler sys- tem to hold the dry-pipe valve closed against the water pressure in the supply pipe. NOTE. The difference between the areas of diaphragm B and valve F is such that 1 pound of air pressure on dia- phragm B will hold about 6 pounds of water pressure on valve F. In practice, pressure should be maintained as follows: NOTE. In using this table the maximum water pressure to which the system is liable to be subjected should be taken instead of the normal pressure. Fire pumps give at least 100 pounds pressure. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. WATER AIR PRESSURE. PRESSURE. Not Less Than Not More Than 50 Ibs. 15 Ibs. 25 Ibs. 75 Ibs. 20 Ibs. 30 Ibs. 100 Ibs. 25 Ibs. 35 Ibs. 150 Ibs. 35 Ibs. 50 Ibs. 7th. Open main gate valve M wide, and see if the valves F and G are tight. If no leak is found, bolt on the plate L so that the joint will be water-tight. If either F or G leaks it will be on account of dirt on the seat. In this case shut the main gate valve M, and let the air pressure off through the valve K. Clean the surfaces of the disc A and the valve seats F and G and reset the valve. The above described method of closing the valve prevents any sediment being lodged on the valve seats, and it will be seen that one of the special objects of the peculiar con- struction of this valve is to thus give opportunity to perfectly clean the valves and seats before subjecting them to pressure. Water must not be allowed to stand above the draw-off valve W, where it might freeze or exert pressure on the air valve. INSPECTION. 1st. Open valves T and W to see that the system of sprinklers and piping is free of water down to this level. If any water appears, draw it off, and then tightly close valves T and W. 2d. Open the hand-hole plate L occasionally (say, twice a year) and see that the water valve F and the air valve G are tight; also that the intermediate chamber is clear and free from deposits or other obstructions. This is accomplished by simply looking in at the hand-hole. Then shut and bolt on plate L. 3d. Test automatic alarm. 88 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 4th. After making the above examination there is nothing more for an inspector to do; and it follows that, as far as the Grinnell valve is concerned, the system is in perfect working order. TO DRAIN THE SYSTEM. Whenever a dry-pipe system has been filled with water, the following directions for emptying the system should be observed: 1st. Close main gate valve M in supply pipe under dry- pipe valve. 2d. Open draw-off valve K, closing it when water has ceased to run. 3d. Open drip valves and vents throughout the system, closing them when water has ceased to run. 4th. Pump a few pounds of air pressure on the system. 5th. Open drip valves and vents separately (drips to be opened first), to force water from low points of the system. 6th. Set dry-pipe valve and pump up air pressure, as above described. CAUTION. As water from condensation may settle at the low points of the system, it will be prudent to occasionally open valve W and other drips throughout the system and if water appears draw it off, closing the valves tightly as soon as air appears. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 89 " INTERNATIONAL " DRY PIPE VALVE. (Model No. 4, 1908.) (International Sprinkler Company, Philadelphia, Pa.) DESCRIPTION. The valve consists of a main body, divided into an upper ("air chamber"), an intermediate chamber (under atmos- pheric pressure when the valve is "set"), and a third ("water intake") chamber normally closed by a swinging check. This latter check also serves, however, a second func- tion, vis., to close the atmospheric opening through the in- termediate chamber by its reverse side when the valve opens and water is admitted to the sprinkler system. The hinge of this water check is of peculiar form, consisting of a long, slotted, protruding stem, which swings on a fork centrally attached thereto. The outside end of this stem is engaged by a set screw, which is adjusted through the upper end of a hook, loosely swinging on knife-edged ears. The lower end of this hook is caught on a weight swinging loosely on a pin. This weight, in turn,- engages with a tumbler loosely swinging on a knife-edge pin. This tumbler is held by the air clapper by means of a vertical strut pass- ing loosely through the slot in the fork, the movement of this strut being limited by a loose pin connecting it with the fork. The entire mechanism, therefore, practically con- sists of three loosely swinging levers connecting a standard air check with a standard water check. All the . working mechanism lies entirely out of the water ways. The entire area of contact between the working parts hardly exceeds a square inch. All these contacts separate with an angular movement, hence no corrosive action could possibly prevent the valve from opening. The air and water valves are of equal area, and make metal to metal contacts. In the "International" dry valve the air and water clap- pers are of equal area, and the control of the water supply by relatively lower air pressure is secured by mechanical differentiation. The air clapper is the "tripping" device. 90 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. It opens by the combined action of water pressure and the use of a weight; the weight, regardless of water pressure, causing opening when the air pressure is reduced to 9 pounds per square inch. This weight would, therefore, lift a column of water in the air system more than 20 feet in height, should it accidentally be present. The influence of the water supply on this device is limited (by the leverages employed) to 6 pounds per square inch against the air clap- per. When the adjusting screw is set tight enough to hold any available water pressure, the valve still opens at not more than 15 pounds of air pressure. Directions for Care and Maintenance. To Set Valve " Dry." 1. Close all supply valves. Open all drip valves, and drain the system thoroughly, opening air cocks or removing plugs at end of line on each floor. 2. Open cover plate (No. 4) on side of valve. Wipe carefully face of clapper for air seat (No. 13), air seat ring (No. 24), re-set clapper (No. 13) on seat (No. 24), wipe both faces of water clapper (No. 12), water seat ring (No. 14) and outer seat ring (No. 20). Be sure that no grit or dirt of any kind remains to prevent clappers from seating properly. Eeplace cover plate (No. 4). 3. By using primer (see page 387) be sure there is at least 12 inches of water above the air clapper (No. 13). 4. Close all drips and pump air pressure up to 30 pounds. 5. Open each drip valve on the system, and allow the air pressure to blow out any water remaining in the system. 6. When the system is entirely drained of water, prime as outlined above, then pump 30 pounds of air pressure into system. This pressure is sufficient to safely hold any avail- able water pressure. Never permit air pressure to fall below 25 pounds, for below that pressure there is danger of the valve tripping. Never pump air pressure higher than 30 pounds, for while excess pressure is being exhausted water is delayed from reaching fire. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 91 7. Loosen the adjusting screw (No. 23) so that inside end does not project through bearing. Bring water clapper (No. 12) into position. Eaise ball weight (No. 6) with left hand, bringing hook (No. 8) and tumbler (No. 9) with right hand into position. With ball weight still held up high and adjusting screw still loose, bring strut (No. 10) with right hand into position between air clapper (No. 13) and tumbler (No. 9). Screw up adjusting screw (No. 23) with moderate strain, using one hand on a 9- to 12-inch wrench. See that air pressure is fully 30 pounds and air seat properly primed. Examine ball drip for leakage at air seat. If tight, then turn water on slowly by opening supply gate valve. Should any leak from water seat show through ball drip, tighten adjusting screw (No. 23) until leak ceases. 8. When both air and water seats are tight, which is indicated by the absence of water through ball drip, close and lock covers. The system is then ready for service. NOTE. It is necessary to open all drip valves occasionally (during a warm day in winter) to allow any water which may have condensed through pumping warm air in cold pipes, to escape, otherwise these low places at the drip might freeze, bursting the pipes and thus crippling the entire air system. Inspection. 1. Open %-inch test valve (soft-seated globe valve) and see that system is free from water to level of valve. 2. Test-cock for water should be placed on end of main drip port for test of water above air clapper. Air being found at this point, valve should be primed with water up to air test valve by use of primer. 3. Push in pin on %-inch ball drip to ascertain if i/rinch ball is off seat, no leakage indicates both seats are tight, valve is in perfect condition, as parts will not go together wrong. 92 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS "INTERNATIONAL" DRY PIPE VALVE. Model No. 4. (International Sprinkler Co., Philadelphia, Pa.) DESCRIPTION OF VALVE AND PARTS. INTERNATIONAL AIR VALVE MODEL N0.4 MANUFACTURED BV 4TERNATIONAL SPRINKLER CO PHILAOELPHIA.PENNA NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 93 No. 1. Body. No. 2. Foot casting. No. 3. Eight and left cover. No. 4. Cover plate. No. 5. Kivet. No. 6. Ball weight. No. 7. Fork. No. 8. Hook. No. 9. Tumbler. No. 10. Strut. No. 11. Plate. No. 12. Clapper for water seat. No. 13. Clapper for air seat. No. 14. Water seat ring. No. 15. Pin. No. 16. Left bracket. No. 17. Eight bracket. No. 18. Top pin. No. 19. Bottom pin. No. 20. Outer seat ring. No. 21. Head for ball weight. ]^o. 22. Connecting rod. No. 23. Adjusting screw. No. 24. Air seat ring. No. 25-29. Pins. NOTE. For exterior view of li International' ' Dry Pipe Valve set "dry," see page 387. 94 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. "MANUFACTURERS" DRY PIPE VALVE. (Manufacturers Automatic Sprinkler Co., N. Y. City.) DESCRIPTION OF VALVE AND PARTS. (See Figs. 38 and 38A). FIG. 38. No. 1. Lever support. No. 2. Flat horizontal lever. No. 3. Yoke lever. No. 4. Lever hinge. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 95 No. 5. Horizontal weight lever. No. 6. Upright weight lever. No. 7. Link lever. No. 8. Fulcrum. No. 9. Stem to main water valve. No. 10. Set screw. No. 11. Lower link. A and B. Upper and lower chambers of valve body. C. Swing check valve. To divide upper and lower chambers. D. Main water valve. E and F. Arm and support. To swing check valve ' ' C. ' ' G. Face flange. To main water valve "D. M H. Outlet flange. To sprinkler system. I. Face flange. To swing check valve "C." J. Inlet flange. To water supply pipe. K. Air cup. Controlling leverage system. L. Yalve and steam. M. Gage. N. Drain cock. To lower chamber f 'B. " O. Main drain valve. To " riser. M P. Drain valve. To ' ' anti-water column. ' ' Q. Alarm closing device. R. Valve shield. S. Test cock. To "anti-water column/ 7 96 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. " MANUFACTURERS " DRY PIPE VALVE. (Manufacturers Automatic Sprinkler Co., New York, N. Y.) FIG. 38A. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 97 To Drain a Dry Pipe System Which Has Been Oper- ated as Wet Pipe During the Summer Months. First. Close the controlling gate valve in water supply pipe. Second. Open all drain valves throughout the system and close them when water stops flowing. Care should be taken that system is properly drained and that piping is not allowed to sag and form water pockets, which would freeze under the dry pipe system. Third. Pump a few pounds of air into system, then again open all drain valves which will have a tendency to drive water from low points in the piping. Fourth. Close all drain valves and set dry pipe valve (see Instructions). Instructions for Setting "Manufacturers'* Dry Pipe Valve. First. Close the controlling gate valve in water supply pipe and open all drain valves in sprinkler system, and leave open until all water is drained from the pipes, then close all drain valves throughout the system. Second. (1) Lift the stem ("L"), which has attached valve, in air cup ("K"), and with the finger remove from valve seat any foreign substance. (2) Place horizontal lever No. 2 in position, the end resting under link lever No. 7, on which rests stem ("L"). (3) Lower stem ("L"), allow- ing valve to reseat itself. (4) Start air pump and when gage ("M") registers 2 pounds pressure open drain valve ("P") to blow out any dirt. (5) Close drain valve ("P"). Third. Pump necessary air pressure (30 to 40 pounds) into the system. Fourth. Lift upright weight lever No. 6 to position, taking 98 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. its bearing on end of lever No. 2, placing lower end of yoke lever No. 3 in link No. 11, and bringing upper end in position under shoulder of lever support No. 1. Fifth. Place main water valve ("D") to its seat by means of stem No. 9. Sixth. Place link No. 11 on shoulder of horizontal weight lever No. 5. Seventh. (1) Tighten set screw No. 10 with fingers suffi- cient to hold yoke lever No. 3 in place. (2) Close drain cock ("N"). (3) Open controlling gate valve in water supply pipe about one-third. (4) With a wrench slowly tighten set screw No. 10 until main water valve ("D") stops leaking. Care should be taken not to place more tension on set screw No. 10 than is necessary to prevent the main water valve ("D") from leaking at pressure obtained. Eighth. Open drain cock ("~N") and empty the lower chamber ("B"). The dry pipe valve is now set complete and ready for operation. Ninth. Open wide the controlling gate valve in water supply pipe and strap the same open. Tenth. Close valve shield ("R")- Eleventh. Test alarm circuit to ascertain if in order by pressing in on stem of alarm closing device ("Q") To Test "Manufacturers" Dry Pipe System When Dry Pipe Valve is Set. First. Close the controlling gate valve in water supply pipe. Second. Open drain valve (P) to drain off air pressure when dry pipe valve will trip and operate as in case of a fire, but will not allow water into system. Third. Close drain valve (P). Fourth. Reset valve as per instructions (two to eleven). NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 99 SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY FOR SPRINKLER SYSTEMS. For an efficient sprinkler system it is absolutely necessary that the source of water supply should be both certain and adequate and to insure certainty there should be at least two sources of supply, which should be used exclusively for the sprinkler system. The source of water supplies are usually public or private reservoir, public water mains from two streets, air pressure tanks, gravity tanks, fire pumps, and city steamer or fire engine of the Public Fire Department. In arranging a sprinkler system it should be the aim to make the first sprinklers that are opened as effective as possible, which depends very largely on the pressure under which they open. A light pressure may result in the failure of the first sprinklers that open to completely arrest the fire, and consequently cause the opening of a large number of heads with comparatively serious results. In the typical sprinkler systems of the large cities there are generally four sources of water supply to the main risers of the system, as shown in Fig. 39, and in the Perspective View Showing the Application of The Auto- matic Sprinklers in a Modern Factory, page 257. They may be divided into two classes, the Automatic Supplies, consisting of the pressure tank, gravity tank, auto- matic pump, and occasionally the city water mains, and the Manual or Auxiliary Supply, The Public Fire Department or the City Steamer. Naturally, the automatic supply producing the highest water pressure would be considered the primary source of supply, whether city water pressure, pressure tank, gravity tank or automatic pump. In order to illustrate the operation of typical system we will assume that the highest pressure before a sprinkler releases, is produced by the pressure tank. The main pipe leading from each source of supply con- tains a check valve. These valves are installed for the 100 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. purpose of preventing the water from flowing in any direc- tion other than that of the open sprinkler when the supply from one or more sources has become exhausted. These valves are indicated on the diagram by crosses and are lettered A, B, C, D and E. Primary Source of Water Supply. The primary source of water supply is the PRESSURE TANK. This can readily be seen by examining the diagram. With 75 pounds pressure on the pressure tank, which is the usual pressure per square inch required to be maintained, check valve B would close unless the gravity tank was placed high enough to produce a pressure greater than that of the pressure tank. This would mean that the gravity tank would have to be elevated to a height of about 175 feet above the pressure tank, which is impracticable. As the fire pump is not running continuously, the check valve D would normally remain closed due to excess pres- sure from the primary (pressure tank) supply. And as the fourth source of supply or the steamer is not maintained at all times, the check valve E would be closed. We then have check valve A and C open, with check valve B, D and E closed, making the pressure tank the primary source of supply. Second Source of Water Supply. The second source of water supply is the GRAVITY TANK. As I have stated above, check valves D and E are closed. When the source of water supply is becoming exhausted in the pressure tank, the pressure will drop, and when this pressure falls below that due to the height of the gravity tank above the pressure tank, check valve B will open and check valve A will close, making the gravity tank the source of supply. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 101 0-L VT3SI\I MVW E 1 H w | J S Ul J *i ll y 9 ^ ^_ s s 09 /N e5 UJ g I^J UJ , 0fiS '^gj lx| jJ > > o 2 3 J -4 J fe 5^ > >^ t *- LJ 3: isT 3T I 1 ^ O <> M ^ u u O i J S <^w ::: !* gy^ tf LJ lg t/^ PL- S| ^ 5i lit HI gS *il ^ ?8! 3 g U. o^-S 1 y) g S|5fe E Ip2 NOTES Oil HYDRAULICS. Third Source of Water Supply. The third source of water supply is the FIEE PUMP, that is, if th3 building in which the sprinkler system is located contains such a pump. When the primary and second source have given out the fire pump must then be resorted to. On starting the fire pump check valve D will open and check valve C will close, preventing water from flowing back into the primary or second source of supply. Fourth Source of Water Supply. The fourth source of water supply is the CITY FIRE ENGINE. Should the fire pump break down or become disabled in any way, the fourth source of supply resorted to for the sprinkler system will be that furnished by the city fire engine, or the city water mains. When the fire engine is connected to the steamer connec- tion check valve E opens and check valves D and G close, preventing any water from flowing back into the primary, second or third sources of supply. In this case the water is pumped from the city mains by the steamer into the sprinkler system and may be considered the fourth source of water supply. NATIONAL BOARD SPRINKLER RULES. SECTION I WATER SUPPLIES. 1. Double Supply. Two independent supplies are absolutely necessary for a standard equipment. At least one of the supplies to be automatic and one to be capable of furnishing water under heavy pressure. The choice of water supplies for each equipment to be determined by the underwriters having jurisdiction. 2. Size of Connection. Connection from water supply or main pipe system to sprinkler riser to be equal to or larger in size than the riser. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 103 NATIONAL BOARD SPRINKLER RULES. SECTION J PUBLIC WATER WORKS SYSTEMS. (Eules also applicable to private reservoir and stand pipe systems.) 1. Pressure Required. Should give not less than 25 pounds static pressure at all hours of the day at highest line of sprinklers. Where the normal static pressure complies with the above, the supply to be also satisfactory to the underwriters having jurisdiction, in its ability to maintain 10 pounds pressure at highest sprinklers, with the water flowing through the num- ber of sprinklers judged liable to be opened by fire at any one time. 2. Size of Mains. Street main should be of ample size, in no case smaller than 6 inches. 3. Dead Ends. If possible, avoid a dead end in street main by arranging main to be fed at both ends. 4. Meter. No water supply for sprinklers to pass through a meter or pressure-regulating valve, except by special consent. NATIONAL BOARD SPRINKLER RULES. SECTION K- STEAM PUMP. 1. Type. To be in accordance with the National Standard specifica- tions. 2. Capacity. To be determined by underwriters having jurisdiction in each instance, but never less than 500 gallons rated capacity per minute. 104 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 3. Location. To be so located on the premises as to be free from damage by fire or other cause. Pump room should be readily accessible and provide easy and safe egress for attendant. A clean and well-floored room with a tight roof should be provided for a fire pump. No room is acceptable where the conditions prevent or discourage the engineer from keeping the pump in good condition. 4. Suction and Water Supply. To take water from an approved source having an avail- able supply specified by the underwriters having jurisdic- tion, but never less than 60 minutes' supply while the pump is delivering its rated capacity. The capacity specified is the minimum acceptable. A larger supply should be provided in large plants and where the continued use of hose, open sprinklers, or both, may be necessary 5. Intake Well. When a pump takes suction from a river, lake, or other large body of water, an effectively screened intake well (brick or concrete preferred) should be provided. The well to be deep enough to be free from ice or accumulation of dirt. 6. Cistern. When a pump takes suction from a cistern, reliable means for keeping the cistern full should be provided, particularly where the water can be used for other purposes. Where water from public service mains is available, a filling con- nection not smaller than 2 inches and equipped with a ball and cock valve should be provided. Where possible, the cis- tern should be constructed so as to supply the water to the pump under head for at least 10 minutes. A sump should be provided in the bottom so that all of the water will be available. See Rule 4 for capacity. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 105 7. Public Mains. When a pump takes suction from public service mains, the reliability of the supply should be ascertained beyond any reasonable question of doubt. If the plant is remote from the public pumping station and supplied through a long main having a dead end, this source of supply may be entirely unreliable, even though the mains are reasonably large and the normal pressures com- paratively high. The possible interruption of the supply by city fire engines, and by other means not under the control of the owner of the plant, should be taken into considera- tion in determining this source of water supply. 8. Lift. Pump to be so located in respect to its water supply that at no time will it have a lift of over 15 feet during 60 minutes 7 discharge at rated capacity. When a pump takes water under head, there should be an approved indicator gate valve in the suction pipe, located at the pump. 9. Suction Pipe. Suction pipe to be as short and direct as possible, to be free from air pockets and leaks and so located that water in same will not freeze during the most extreme weather. To be provided with a strainer so located with reference to the bottom of cistern, or intake, that it will be free from possible accumulation of dirt and afford free entrance of water when the pump is running at full rated capacity. A foot valve is not advised in ordinary cases. In extreme cases, where the lift is unavoidably in excess of 15 feet and where the suction pipe is necessarily long, a foot valve may be used. The foot valve to comply with the above requirement regarding the location of the screen. If supply is from a cistern the end of the suction pipe should be located in a sump, so that all of the water can be drawn from the cistern 106 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 10. Steam Connections. Pump to be supplied through independent connection from boilers, so installed as to be free from pockets or traps and so located as not to be subject to injury in case of fire or other accident; to be fitted with drip pipe and steam trap at the pump, so connected that the closed throttle valve will not prevent the operation of the steam trap. When possible, the steam connection from the header at boilers should be taken from the end opposite to that from which the supply for large engine is taken. The steam connection should be pitched so that as much condensation as possible will drain back to the boilers. 11. Steam Valves. Where there is more than one boiler, the arrangement of pipes and valves to be such that each boiler may be "cut out" without interrupting steam supply to pump from the other boilers. Where there are several fire pumps, each should be arranged to be "cut out" without affecting the others. Valves to be located in boiler house so that all steam supply to other buildings may be cut off from them at time of fire and reserved for pump. 12. Exhaust Pipe. Each pump to be provided with an independent exhaust pipe, free from liability to back pressure and equipped with an open drain pipe at lowest point. 13. Steam Pressures. Steam pressure of not less than 50 pounds to be main- tained at the pump at all times. 14. Boilers. Provision to be made for sufficient steam power to run pump to full rated capacity; not less than 40 H. P. for each 250 gallons rated capacity of pump. Boilers to be sup- plied with ample water supply not liable to be crippled in case of fire. Where forced draught is necessary, provision should be made for safe, independent control of the same. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 107 15. Boiler House. Any boiler house on which pump depends for steam sup- ply should be of brick or stone, detached, or cut off from main buildings by standard fire doors. 16. Priming Tank. Where pump does not take water under head, it should be primed from a water tank, or its equivalent, having a capacity not less than one-half the full capacity of the pump for one minute. The tank to be safely located and used exclusively for this purpose. 17. Automatic Regulator. If an automatic regulator is placed in steam connection to pump, it should be on a by-pass with a shut-off valve on each side of same. These valves to be in addition to the valve for operating the pump independently of the regulator. The connection from the regulator to the water end of the pump to be of i-inch brass pipe. Kegulator to be installed in accordance with the Eules of the National Board of Fire Underwriters. 18. Recording Gage. Where a steam pump is the primary supply an approved automatic recording gage, when required, may be applied to record the steam pressure in pump steam chest or water pressure in pump discharge. Under the above arrangement the gage will indicate when the steam to the pump has been shut off. The gage should be placed on the wall near the pump, in proper box or cabinet, which should contain blank dials, ink, etc., together with the file of used dials. 19. Hose Connections. When hose connections at pump are not conveniently located, pump may be fitted with a discharge pipe leading to a convenient location for attachment of the hose valves. A shut-off gate may be required in this pipe. This discharge pipe to be taken out back of the gate and check valve in the main discharge pipe. 20. Test. Fire pump to be operated at least once a week. 108 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. THE NATIONAL STANDARD STEAM PIMP. Key to Illustration. 1. Main steam pipe direct from boilers independent of all other pipes. Valves at boilers so arranged that steam can be shut off from factory supplies and reserved for fire pump. 2. Main throttle valve. 3. Automatic regulator placed on a " by-pass " around main throttle. For ordinary conditions it does not need to be full size of steam inlet, 1^-inch or 2 inches is sufficient for a 1,000-gallon pump. 4. Controlling valves for automatic regulator of globe pattern to be kept wide open. 5. Sight feed lubricator. 6. Steam gage attached directly to steam chest. 7. Hand oil pump. Glass body with one pint capacity. 8. Hand wheels operating cushion valves for regulating stroke of pump. 9. Waste pipe from relief valve. This should be carried outside pump house, and if pump draughts from cistern or other limited supply of water, waste pipe should discharge into this supply. 10. Open cone on waste pipe. 11. Belief valve, spring pattern. 12. Suction air chamber. 13. Six or 8-inch pipe extending from pump discharge through wall of pump house. The hose valves each with its independent gate to be attached to this, leaving a hole in wall, covered to prevent freezing. This method does away with short bends in hose. 14. Air chamber. 15. Name plate. 16. Duplex spring water-pressure gage. 17. Horizontal straightway check-valve. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 109 18. Outside screw and yoke or other approved indicator gate-valve. 19. Priming tank. 20. Priming valve, pipe from tank to be not less than 2 inches diameter. 21. Priming checks and reliefs. 22. Lever handle air cocks, relieving the air cushion in force chamber of the pump. 23. Lever handle drip cocks for draining. 24. Stroke gage with marked lines showing full stroke of pump. There shall be a fixed index on piston rod so that pump stroke can be accurately measured. 25. Drip cocks and open cups. 26. Steam trap. 27. Pocket for strainer, easily removed and cleaned. 28. Brass tube, \ inch in diameter, being water pressure connection to automatic regulator. 29. Brass globe valves. FIG. 40 NATIONAL STANDARD STEAM FIRE PUMP. 110 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. Ill SPECIFICATIONS OF THE NATIONAL BOARD OF FIRE UNDERWRITERS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF STEAM FIRE PUMPS AS RECOMMENDED BY THE NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION. EDITION OF 1904. UNIFORM REQUIREMENTS. The following specifications for the manufacture of Steam Fire Pumps, developed from those originally drawn by Mr. John R. Freeman, are now used throughout the whole country, having been agreed upon in joint conference by representatives of the dif- ferent organizations interested in this class of work. They will be known as "The National Standard," and have been up to this time adopted by the following associations : Associated Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Companies. National Board of Fire Underwriters. National Fire Protection Association. NOTE. Pages 111 to 165 are a reprint of the pamphlet on Steam Fire Pumps of the National Board of Fire Underwriters. 112 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. THE NATIONAL STANDARD PUMP. This pump is merely a pump of the well-known "duplex" type, built in a very substantial manner, and with certain improvements suggested by the experience of inspectors with Fire Pumps. The principal points of difference between the National Standard Pump and the ordinary commercial pump are : 1st. Its steam ports and water passages and air chamber are made much larger than in common trade pumps, so that a larger volume of water can be delivered in an emergency without water hammer. 2d. It is "rust proofed" that it may start instantly after disuse, by making its piston rods and valve rods of Tobin Bronze, instead of steel ; its water pistons, stuffing boxes and rock-shaft bearings of brass, instead of cast-iron. Its valve-levers are made of steel or wrought-iron forgings, or of steel castings. 3d. The following necessary attachments are all included in the price of the "National Standard Pump," viz.: a vacuum chamber, two pressure gages, a relief valve, a set of brass priming pipes, 2 to 6 hose valves, a stroke gage, a capacity plate, an oil pump, a sight feed lubricator and a cast-iron relief-valve discharge-cone. By reason of the larger ports, passageways and pipes, its larger number of valves, and the added attachments, and general superior construction a "National Standard" pump costs more than a common trade fire pump, but the cost per gallon which these pumps can deliver in an emergency by reason of their large passageways, etc., is no greater than for the old style of fire pump and is well worth this extra cost. Finally it should be remembered that these specifications cover only the outlines of the design, and that all pumps built under them are not of equal merit, for certain of the pump factories possess a broader experience and better shop facilities than others, and that the responsibility for first-class workmanship and strength of materials rests on the pump manufacturers, and not on the insurance companies. We advise that all contracts call for strict conformity to the National Standard Steam Fire Pump specifications of the National Board of Fire Underwriters. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 113 NATIONAL STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF STEAM FIRE PIMPS. 1. Workmanship. a. The general character and accuracy of foundry and machine work must throughout equal that of the best steam-engine practice of the times, as illustrated in commercial engines of similar horse-power. This refers to strength of details, accuracy of foundry work, accuracy of alignment, accuracy of fits, quality of steam joints and flanges, construction of steam pistons and slide-valves, etc., and does not apply particularly to exterior finish. 2. Duplex Only. a. Only "Standard Duplex pumps " are acceptable. So-called " Duplex " pumps, consisting of a pair of pumps with "steam-thrown valves " actuated by supple- mental pistons, are not acceptable. Experience shows that duplex pumps are more certain of starting after long disuse. The whole power of the main cylinder is*available for moving a corroded valve or valve rod, whereas on a single pump with a "steam-thrown" valve no such surplus of power is available. Further, the direct acting duplex has the great advantage over a fly-wheel pump of not suffering breakage if water gets into steam cylinder. '6. Sizes of Pumps. a. Only the four different sizes given on the next page will be recognized for "National Standard" pumps. The multiplicity of odd sizes of "Trade Pumps " is confusing, and different makers have, in the past, estimated the capacity in gallons according to different arbitrary standards. 114 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. NATIONAL STANDARD PUMP SIZES. Pump Sizes. d o Capacity at 100-Iybs., at Pump. *Boiler Power Required. Full Speed. m g "o c . n S . a . . rt to ! % 1 Water. Stroke. 3 About Number of 1^-ln. Strean Nominal Gall< Per Minute Actual Gals, per as per Art. 4 1 g o vSteam Pressur Pump, I,bs Revolution* Per Minute Piston Travel 1 Per Minute 14 x 7 x!2 14 x 7# x 12 to 1 Two 500 483 520 100 40 70 140 16 x 9 x!2 3 tol Three 750 806 115 45 70 140 18 x20 x!2 18^x10^ x 12 3 tol Four 1000 mm 1050 150 45 70 140 ^u x 1(4 x lo 4. < Six 1500 1655 200 50 60 160 to 1 6. The above sizes of steam and water cylinders and length of stroke have given general satisfaction and will now be considered as standard. *This boiler power is required for continuous running at full speed arid pressure. It is, however, often best to put in a larger pump than the existing boilers could drive at full capacity, as a small boiler will drive a 75Q-gallon pump at the 500-gallon speed with very nearly as good economy as it can drive a 500-gallon pump at full speed. The pump then does not have to be changed when the plant is enlarged and the boiler power increased. A steam piston relatively larger than necessary is a source of weakness. It takes more volume of steam, and gives more power with which to burst something if the throttle is opened wide suddenly during excitement. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 115 It has been common to make all fire pumps with water plunger of only one-fourth the area of steam piston, with the idea that pump could thereby be more readily run at night, when steam was low. The capacity in gallons is thus reduced 25 per cent, as compared with a 3 to 1 plunger on the same steam cylinders. Often, especially with large pumps, "4 to 1" construc- tion is a mistake, and gives no additional security, although the pump might start and give a few puffs with 30 Ibs. of steam on banked fires; because, if any pump of whatever cylinder ratio draws 50 or 100 horse-power of steam from boilers with dead fires, it can run effectively only a very short time (ordinarily, perhaps, 3 to 5' minutes), unless fires are first aroused to make fresh steam to replace that withdrawn. Steam pressures stated above must be maintained at the pump, to give full speed and 100 Ibs. water pressure. Pressure at boilers must be a little more to allow for loss of steam pressure between boiler and pump. Pumps in poor order, or too tightly packed, will require more steam. The boiler horse-powers above are reckoned on the A. S. M. E. basis of 34% Ibs. of water evaporated from and at 212 degrees Fahrenheit as the unit of boiler horse-power. From 12 to 15 square feet of water-heating surface in the boiler is commonly assumed necessary for the generation of one horse-power. Smaller boilers than called for above, if favorably set, and having excellent chimney draft, can sometimes be forced to nearly double their nominal capacity for a short run, as for fire service. c. 250 gallons per minute is the standard allowance for a good l}^-inch (smooth nozzle) fire stream. A so-called "King Nozzle" discharges only three-fourths as much water as a smooth- nozzle of the same bore, and is not recommended. From fifteen to twenty automatic sprinklers may be reck- oned as discharging about the same quantity as a 1%-inch hose stream under the ordinary practical conditions as to pipes supplying sprinkler and hose systems respectively. 4. Capacity. a. Plunger diameter alone will not tell how many gallons per minute a pump can deliver, and it is not reasonable to 116 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. continue the old time notion of estimating capacity on the basis of 100 feet per minute piston travel. b. The capacity of a pump depends on the speed at which it can be run, and the speed depends largely on the arrange- ment of valves and passageways for water and steam. c. It is all right to run fire-pumps at the highest speed that is possible without causing violent jar, or hammering within the cylinders. Considerations of wear do not affect the brief periods of fire service or test, hence these speeds are greater than allowable for constant daily duty. d. Careful experiments on a large number of pumps of various makes at full speed, show that in a new pump with clean valves, and an air-tight suction pipe, and less than 15 feet lift, the actual delivery is only from 1$ to 5 per cent, less than plunger displacement. This slip will increase with wear, and for a good average pump in practical use, probably 10 per cent, is a fair allowance to cover slip, valve leakage, slight short-stroke, etc. e. Largely from tests, but partly from "average judg- ment," and recognizing that a long stroke pump can run at a higher rate of piston travel in lineal feet per minute than a short stroke pump, and that a small pump can make more strokes per minute than a very large one, the speeds given in the preceding table have been adopted as stand- ards in fire service for direct acting (non-flywheel) steam pumps, which have the large steam and water passages herein specified. f. Eated capacity is to be based on the speed in the preceding table, correcting the plunger displacement for one-half the rod area and deducting 10 per cent, for slip, short-stroke, etc. Men sometimes ask why, if they can run a. pump smoothly so as to get a delivery of 1,000 gals, per minute, we should not accept it as "a thousand gallon pump," irrespective of its suction valve area or its exhaust port area or the size of its cylinders. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 117 To this we reply that when new and favorably set almost any pump built according to these specifications can run at a much greater delivery than here rated, but when lift is unusually high or suction pipe long, or when the pump takes its suction under a head, no pump can be run so fast as on, for instance, a 5-foot lift. A solid foundation is also a great aid in running a pump fast. Standard 500-gallon pumps have often delivered 800 gal- lons, and 1,500-gallon pumps have delivered 2,000 gallons; but some margin must be allowed for unfavorable condi- tions and for deterioration as pump grows old, or for absence of an expert to get its utmost duty. 5. Capacity Plate. a. Every steam fire pump must bear a conspicuous state- ment of its capacity securely attached to the inboard side of air chamber, thus: NATIONAL STANDARD FIRE PUMP 16 X 9 X 12 CAPACITY 750 GALLONS PER MINUTE, OR 3 GOOD IJfc-IN. SMOOTH NOZZLE FIRE STREAMS FULL SPEED 70 REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE NEVER LET STEAM GET BELOW 50 POUNDS, NIGHTS, SUNDAYS OR AT ANY OTHER TIME The name "Underwriter" has been largely used for a considerable time to designate the type of pump covered by the principal features of these specifications. While our preferences are against the use of this word as designating 118 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. any piece of apparatus objections will not be raised at the present time to its being continued on name plates in place of the words "National Standard," if manufacturers so desire. &. This plate must have an area of not less than one square foot, and must be made of an alloy at least two-thirds aluminum and the remainder zinc. The letters must be at least one-half inch in height, plain and distinct, with their surfaces raised on a black background and buffed off to a dead smooth finish. The name of pump manufacturer may also be placed on this plate, if desired. c. A smaller plate of composition must be attached to steam chest bearing the size of pump, the shop number, and the name of shop in which the pump was built. 6. Strength of Parts. a. The maker must warrant each pump built under these specifications to be at time of delivery, in all its parts, strong enough to admit of closing all valves on water outlet pipes while steam valve is wide open and steam pressure eighty pounds, and agree to so test it before shipment from his works. b. The pump must be warranted so designed and with such arrangement of thickness of metal that it shall be safe to instantly turn a full head of steam on to a cold pump without cracking or breaking the same by unequal expansion. 7. Shop Inspection. A systematic shop inspection must be given to each pump to ensure completed workmanship, and to prevent the use of defective parts, improper materials, or the careless leaving of foreign matter in any part of the cylinders or chests. Several instances have occurred in which chisels, bolts, or core irons have been found in steam chests or steam cyl- inders. This has resulted in a serious crippling of the pump and in some cases requiring repairs to be made before pump could be used for fire purposes. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 119 THE STEAM END. 8. Steam Cylinders. a. These must be of hard, close iron with metal so dis- tributed as to ensure sound castings and freedom from shrink cracks. The following are the minimum thicknesses acceptable : 14" Diam. %" thick. 16" " 15/16" " 1" thick. &. The inside face of the steam cylinder heads and the two faces of the piston must be smooth surfaces, fair and true, so that if the piston should hit the heads it will strike uniformly all around, thus reducing to a minimum the chances of cramping the piston rod or injuring the pump. c. All flanged joints for steam must be fair and true and must be steam-tight under 80 pounds pressure if only a packing of oiled paper 1/100 inch thick covered with graphite were used. Jenkins, "Bainbow" or equivalent packing of not exceeding 1/32 inch original thickness is acceptable. Oiled paper is not acceptable as a final packing, as it burns out. For size of steam and exhaust pipes, standard flanges and bolting, see Art. 39. The specifications originally required machine facing for all these surfaces. The art of machine molding from metal patterns with draw plates, etc., has, however, attained such excellence in certain shops that in regular practice ' ' foundry faced" cylinder heads and piston faces can be made true and fair, and steam joints can be made tight under 80 Ibs. pressure with a packing of oiled paper only 1/100 inch thick. Under proper assurance that this precision can be obtained in regular practice at the shop in question, foundry finish may be accepted on cylinder heads and piston faces, steam chests and steam-chest covers. In the case of built-up pistons, of separable form, it must be conclusively shown that the boring and finishing are car- ried on by such methods as will ensure the faces of pistons 120 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. being exactly square to the piston rod and exactly parallel to the cylinder head. In the case of solid pistons the two faces must be machine faced, as proper parallelism cannot well be obtained by foundry methods. Ordinary foundry finish secured by the old methods and wooden patterns is not acceptable and acceptance of any foundry-finish can only be secured after a special investi- gation of shop practices. d. Heads at both ends of cylinder must be beveled off very slightly over a ring about 1 inch wide, or equivalent means provided to give steam a quick push at piston, should it stand at contact stroke. 9. Bolts and Studs. a. The stress on bolts or studs in connection with steam cylinders must not exceed 7,500 Ibs. per square inch under a test pressure of 80 Ibs. steam, disregarding such initial strain as may be due to setting up. (Compute pressure area out to center line of bolts.) .No stud or bolt smaller than f-inch should be used to assemble parts subject to the strain of steam pressure as smaller bolts are likely to be twisted off. 10. Yoke. a. The steam cylinders and water cylinders must be con- nected by such a form of yoke as requires no packing, a metal to metal joint at this connection being considered necessary. The piston rod stuffing box heads should con- centrically fit the counter -bore of the yoke. . If packing is put into these joints, there is a chance of the steam and water ends getting out of alignment and leaking at the joint between cylinders and yoke. 11. Steam Ports. a. The area of each exhaust steam passage, at its smallest section, must not be less than 4 per cent, of the area of the piston from which it leads. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 121 This is a large increase over the size heretofore common, but indicator cards which we have taken from pumps of several different makes indicate this to be one of the points in which improvement is most needed to accommodate the high speeds at which fire pumps are always supposed to run, and this unrestricted exhaust aids very materially in giving steadiness to the jet of water. &. Each admission port must be not less than 2 per cent, of area of its piston, and to avoid wasteful excess of clear- ance, these passages should not be bored out larger in interior of casting than at ends or passage. c. The edges of the steam-valve ports must be accurately milled, or chipped and exactly filed to templets, true to line, and the valve seat must be accurately fitted to a plane surface, all in a most thorough and workmanlike manner and equal to high-grade steam-engine work. d. To guard against a piston ring catching in the large exhaust ports, these ports must have a center rib cast with cylinder at cylinder wall. See also Art. 13 d. 12. Steam-clearance Space. a. Clearance (including nut-recess, counter-bore, and valve passages) must not exceed 5 per cent, for contact stroke or about 8 per cent, for nominal stroke (i. e. } contact stroke should overrun nominal stroke not more than one-half inch or not less than one-fourth inch, at each end). &. The clearance space between face. of piston and cylinder head must be reduced to smallest possible amount, and these contacting surfaces be fiat, without projections or recesses other than the piston rod nut and its recess. Some makers, with the idea that a fire pump need not be economical, have not taken pains to keep these waste spaces small. Securing small clearance costs almost nothing but care in design, and is often of value, since at many factories boiler capacity is scant for the large quantity of steam taken by a fire pump of proper size. 122 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 13. Steam Pistons. a. May be either built up or solid, as maker thinks best. It is believed that " solid " (cored) pistons with rings "sprung in," are for fire-pumps much preferable to built- up pistons, since follower bolts do sometimes get loose. &. Piston must be not less than four inches thick between faces. If solid, walls should be not less than % inch thick, and special care should be given to shop inspection to determine uniformity of thickness. c. If built-up pistons are used, involving follower bolts, such bolts must be of best machinery steel, with screw thread cut for about twice the diameter of the bolt and fitting tightly its whole length. d. The width of each piston ring must exceed the length of the large exhaust port by at least 5 inch. This is to avoid the possibility of piston ring catching in the port. See also Art. 11, d. 14. Steam Slide Valves. a. Slide valves must be machine fitted on all four of the outer edges, the exhaust port edges, and the surfaces in contact with rod connections. &. The slide valve itself must have its steam and exhaust edges fitted up "line and line" with their respective steam and exhaust ports. The adding of lap to these edges in lieu of lost motion is not acceptable further than a possible 1/32 of an inch to cover inaccuracies of edges. c. The valves must be guided laterally by guide strips cast in steam chest, and these strips must be machine fitted. The lateral play at these surfaces should not exceed 1/16 inch. The height of these guide strips should not be less than inch, measuring from valve seat. The construction must be such as to absolutely preclude NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 123 the possibility of the valve riding up on top of this guide strip. d. The valves must be guided vertically by the valve-rod itself, the inside end of which must be kept in alignment by the usual form of tail-rod guide. The vertical play at these parts should not exceed of an inch. e. The surface of valves must be machine faced and accu- rately fitted to a plane surface, and be steam-tight when in contact with the seat of steam valve. 15. Steam Slide Valve Adjustment. a. The lost motion at the valves and the setting of them must be determined by a solid hub on the rod, finished in the pump shop to standard dimensions, so that no adjustment is possible after the pump is once set up. This hub may be forged on the rod and then lathe-finished to standard dimensions, or it may be made by turning down a rod of the size of the hub. It is believed that Tobin bronze can be safely forged after a little experience, if care is taken to maintain the proper heat. It is recognized that the practice of making adjustable valve tappets located outside of the steam ches'; is a good thing in a large pump in constant service and operated by a skilled engineer, but for the infrequently used ordinary fire pump, the utmost simplicity is desirable, and it is best not to tempt the ordinary man to readjust the valve gear. The common form of lost motion adjustment consisting of nut and check nut at each end of the slide valve is not acceptable, as these nuts are liable to become loose and may be incorrectly reset by incompetent persons. A long, rect- angular nut in the center of the valve is also not acceptable, as it can be moved out of adjustment. A solid hub made as a part of the rod is required, as it absolutely avoids the possibility of the hub becoming loose, an accident possible with a separate hub attached to the rod. The amount of lost motion should generally be such that admission takes place at about % of the stroke of the piston, i. e., for 12-inch stroke R. H. valve will be about to open when L. H. piston has moved 7% inches to 8 inches from the beginning of stroke. When piston is at end cf stroke the ports should be full open. 124 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 16. EocTc Shafts, Cranks, Links, Etc. a. Rock shafts must be either forged iron, forged steel, or cold rolled steel. Cast-iron is not acceptable. The fol- lowing are the minimum diameters acceptable: 500 gallon pump li in. 750 gallon pump If in. 1000 gallon pump 2 in. 1500 gallon pump 2 to 2% in. 6. The rock shaft bearings must be bushed with bronze and the bushings pinned firmly in place. The length of each of these non-corrosive bearings must be not less than 4 inches. c. Rock shaft cranks, valve rod heads, valve rod links, and piston rod spools or crossheads may be wrought iron or steel forgings, or steel castings. If of a heavy, strong pattern, these parts, with the exception of valve rod links, may be of semi-steel or cast iron. d. The sectional area of all connections between rock shaft cranks and valve rod must be such as to give a tensile or compressive strength substantially equal to that of the valve rod. 17. Valve Motion Levers. a. The valve motion levers must be steel, wrought iron, or steel castings. Cast iron is not acceptable. Steel cast- ings, if used, must be deeply stamped with the name of the makers, with letters one-eighth inch high, near the upper end of each lever, where it can easily be seen, thus " Steel Castings." Cast-iron arms, if bulky enough to be safe against exter- nal blows, are awkward in shape. The sectional area neces- sary for any arm depends upon the means provided for preventing a sidewise strain on the lever, due to rotation of piston or friction of its connection to piston rod. The spool or crosshead on the piston rod should be so designed that no sidewise strain can be thus produced in the lever. &. The levers must have a double or bifurcated end at crosshead* NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 125 The double end is less likely than a single end to put an undue strain on the lever as the rod turns, and is also less likely to give trouble from lack of lubrication or from a loos- ening of any small parts, and has proved to be the most satisfactory arrangement. 18. Valve Motion Stand. a. The valve motion stand must be securely dowel-pinned to the yoke castings, to prevent any movement after once adjusted. 19. Cushion Valves. a. Cushion-release valves regulating the amount of cushion steam retained at ends of stroke must be provided. 'b. The cushion release must be through an independent port as shown in Pigs. 2 and 3, so located as to positively retain a certain amount of cushion steam. FIG. 2 FIG. 3 The old form of cushion release through bridge between ports is not acceptable. This form, while leading into the exhaust passage as formerly, differs by starting from a small, independent port (about % inch wide x 2 1 / inches long) through the cylinder wall, located about % or % inch back from the cylinder head. (The exact position for affording the best action has to be determined by experi- ment with each different make of pump, as it depends some- what on the extent of clearance space and on the point of closure of exhaust by piston and somewhat on the weight of reciprocating parts.) This style of cushion port makes the pump safer in case 126 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. cushion valves are unskillfully left open too wide and tends to prevent a pump from pounding itself to pieces in case of a sudden release of load, as by a break in suction or deliv- ery mains, or by a temporary admission of air to suction pipe. Pumps made with this form of cushion release have given very satisfactory results, and if the ports are properly located there will be no rebound of piston. c. Cushion valves must be al- ways provided with hand-wheels marked as per sketch, for the rea- son that very few men in charge of fire pumps are found to clearly understand or to remember their use. The lettering must be very open, clear and distinct, not liable to be obscured by grease and dirt, and of a permanent character. It is desirable that spindle or wheel be so formed that a monkey wrench can get a grip to open a jammed valve. Fig. 5 shows the stem flattened for this purpose. FIG. 4 FIG. 5 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 127 d. The valve and stem of cushion valve must be in one piece without any swivel joint. Swivel joints are apt to come apart and make it impossible to operate the valve. 20. Piston Eods. a. Piston rods for their entire length must be of solid Tobin bronze, and the distinguishing brand of the manu- facturers of this metal must be visible on at least one end of each rod. &. The sizes must be not less than in table below. Size of Pump. 500 Gal. 750 Gal. 1,000 Gal. 1,500 Gal. Diameter of rod. . . . 2 Inch. 2# Inch. 2^ Inch. 2^ Inch. c. The size and form of connection of rod to piston plunger and cross-head must be such that the "stress in pounds per square inch at bottom of screw thread, or at such other point of reduced area as receives the highest tensile strain, shall not exceed 8,000 Ibs. per square inch, when the steam pressure acting on the piston is 80 Ibs. per square inch. d. Piston rod nuts, in both steam and water ends, must be tightly fitted, and preferably of a finer thread than the United States Standard. This is to avoid as much as possible the unnecessary weakening of the rod at the bottom of the thread, and to reduce the tendency of the nut to work loose. In practice 8 threads per inch has been found to give good satisfaction. e. In addition to a tightly fitting nut, some reliable device must be provided, in both steam and water ends, for abso- lutely preventing these nuts from working off. 128 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. Fig. 6 shows one form of such a locking device and illus- trates the kind of security desired. FIG. 6 This device combines the advantage of a taper key and a split pin, and the elongated key-slot gives sufficient leeway to always insure that the key can be driven up tight against the nut and thus prevent it from even starting to work off. Other methods will be approved in writing, if found satisfactory. 21. Valve Rods. a. Valve Eods for their entire length must be of solid Tobin Bronze, with sizes not less than in table below. Size of Pump. 500 Gal. 750 Gal. Diameter of rod. . . . 1 Inch. 1# Inch. 1,000 Gal. 1,500 Gal. Inch. Inch. &. The net area of valve-rod at its smallest section subject to tensile stress, must not be smaller than at bottom of U. S. standard screw thread on rod of diameter given above. The construction of this rod as affecting lost motion at slide valve is specified under Article 15. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 129 22. Stuffing Boxes. a. All six stuffing boxes must be bushed at the bottom with a brass ring with suitable neck and flange, and the follower or gland must be either of solid brass, or be lined with a brass shell 3/16-inch thick, having a flange next the packing, as shown YIG. 7 in the sketch. The bottom of stuffing boxes and the end of glands should taper slightly towards the center as per sketch. &. These glands should be strong enough to withstand considerable abuse, so as not to break from the unfair treatment of unskilled men. 23. Pressure Gage. a. A pressure gage of the Lane double tube spring pat- tern with 5-inch case must be provided and attached to the steam chest inside the throttle valve. The dial of gage should be sealed to indicate pressures up to 120 Ibs. and be marked ' ' STEAM. ' ' This kind of gage is used on locomotives and is the best for withstanding the vibration which causes fire pump gages to be often unreliable. Moreover, this double spring is safer against freezing. 24. Drain Cocks. a. Four brass drain cocks, each with lever handle and of one-half inch bore, are to be provided, and located one on each end of each steam cylinder. Care should be taken to select a pattern of cock whose passageway is the full equivalent of a ^-inch hole. Some patterns of %-inch commercial cocks, although threaded for %-inch pipe thread, have but a %-inch hole through them. Such are not acceptable. 25. Oiling Devices. a. A one-pint hand oil pump, to be connected below the throttle, and a one-pint sight feed lubricator, to be con- nected above the throttle, must be furnished with each pump. 130 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. &. Oiling holes must be provided for all valve motion pins, and for each end of both rock shafts. 26. Stroke Gage. a. A length-of -stroke-index must be provided for each side of pump. These must be of simple form for at all times rendering obvious the exact length of stroke which each piston is making, and thus calling attention to improper adjustments of cushion valves or stuffing boxes. Z>. The gage piece over which the index slides must have deep, conspicuous marks at ends of nominal stroke, and also light marks at extreme positions; it need contain no other graduations. c. This stroke index must be rigidly secured to cross-head in such a way that it cannot get loose or out of adjustment. THE WATER END. 27. Water Cylinders. a. These must be of hard, close iron with metal so dis- tributed as to ensure sound castings, and freedom from shrink cracks. &. The design should be along lines best calculated to resist internal pressures so as to avoid as much as possible the need of ribs for stiffening. c. They must be capable of withstanding, without showing signs of weakness, the pressures and shocks due to running under the conditions mentioned in Chapter " Tests for Acceptance/' Art. 48-54. The suction chamber should be able to withstand a water pressure of 100 Ibs. Although suction chambers are not regularly subject to a pressure, it is sometimes desired to connect them to public water supplies, and where foot valves are used there is a chance of getting pressure on the suction, so that ample strength is necessary. Foundry finish may be permitted on the joints at water cylinder heads and at hand-pole plates, provided surfaces NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 131 are so true that a rubber packing not over l/lt> of an inch in thickness is sufficient to secure perfect tightness. d. Conveniently placed hand-holes of liberal size must be provided for the ready examination and renewal of valve parts at the yoke end of water cylinders and in the delivery chamber. This will necessitate holes not less than 6x8 inches, or its equivalent, for the two largest-size pumps, and holes propor- tionately as large for the 500 and 750-gallon pumps. The easy access to the valve parts is of vital importance, and must receive careful attention. e. The thickness of metal for cylinder shell, valve decks, partitions, ribs, etc., will depend largely upon the form of construction, but, in a general way, to establish safe mini- mums for the average water cylinder, of nearly cylindrical form, whose flat surfaces are stiffly ribbed, we submit the table below. Size of Pump. 1 500 Gal. 750 Gal. 1,000 Gal. 1,500 Gal. Thickness | of cylin- Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. der shell when of| nearly cylindrical j form Thickness of valve decks when well ribbed Thickness transverse partition, depend- ing on ribbing . . . Thickness of longi- tudinal partition, depending on rib- bing Thickness of ribs. . . Thickness of suction chamber Thickness of deliv- ery chamber IX to tol# {IK to 2 >1# to 2 X 1 to 2 1# to 2 132 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. Lighter construction than herein specified will not be regarded as satisfactory, and any construction will be finally passed upon on examination of drawings. f. The bolting of all parts of the water end is to be of such strength that the maximum stress at bottom of screw thread will not exceed 10,000 Ibs. per square inch (disre- garding for the moment the initial stress due setting up nuts) for a water pressure of 200 Ibs. per square inch, computed on an area out to center line of bolts. No stud or bolt smaller than f-inch should be used to assemble parts subject to the strain of water pressure, as smaller bolts are likely to be twisted off. Although these pumps are not expected to be designed for a regular working water-pressure of 240 or 320 Ibs., it is expected that bolts, shells, rods, etc., will be figured to stand this comparatively quiet, temporary high pressure, exclusive of further allowance for initial strain due setting up of bolts, with a factor of safety of at least four. This high test pressure is analogous to the custom of proving all common cast-iron water pipes to 300 Ibs. and all common lap-welded steam pipes to 500 Ibs. per square inch, and common water-works gate valves to 400 Ibs., even though these are to be regularly used at much less pressure. We are assured that castings no heavier than at present used by the best makers will stand this test, if properly shaped and liberally bolted. g. For requirements for stuffing boxes, see Art. 22. 28. Water Plungers and Bushings. a. The "inside plunger and bushing " is preferred for all situations where the water is free from grit or mud. 6. Water plungers must be of solid brass or bronze, and the bushing in which they slide must also be of brass or bronze. The composition of the plunger and its bushing should be of very hard, though dissimilar alloys, to ensure good wearing qualities. For material and size of piston rods and lock for nuts, see Art. 20. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 133 With poor alignment or bad workmanship or lack of skill in mixing the alloys, brass plungers are liable to score and give trouble; but with proper selection of alloys and true cylinders accurately aligned, they can be made to run all right wherever iron ones can. It is quite a fine point to get these wearing surfaces just right; and this is wherein the experience, skill and shop practice of one maker is likely to be much superior to that of another working under the same specification. c. The length of machined cylindrical bearing within the partition must be not less than 2 inches. The plunger bush- ing must have a faced seat transverse to its axis against partition, forming a water-tight ground joint not less than one-half inch wide. Any rubber gasket or other compressible packing for making this joint water-tight is not acceptable. d. The construction of bushing and hole in partition must be such that a cylindrical shell for use with a packed piston can be interchangeably inserted in its place and secured by the same bolts. This can readily be arranged and enables a packed piston to be inserted in place of a plunger subsequent to the in- stallation of the pump with a minimum of expense, should this become desirable from change of conditions at any future time. e. Small transverse grooves cut within the sliding surface of the plunger bushing, with a view to lessen the leakage, are not acceptable. Although a slight advantage in this respect for clean water, they are a disadvantage on the whole, as dirt catches in them in the ordinary situation and cuts the plungers. 29. Standard Dimensions of Plungers and Plunger Bushings, a. To bring all these expensive parts to the same standard of weight and bearing surface, the following dimensions are specified as the least that will be acceptable. These are based on a length of plunger which uncovers the bushings one inch at end of nominal stroke, 134 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. SOLID BRONZE PLUNGERS AND BUSHINGS. Size of Pump. 500 Gal. 750 Gal. 1,000 Gal. 1,500 Gal. Plunger. Diameter 7 or 7^ -in. 9-in. I0orl0^-in. 12-in Length 17-in. 17 " 18-in. 24 " Thickness of trans- verse petition . . Thickness next to partition # " V 2 " H " S A " X " M " ^ " K " Thickness next to end 5/16 " 3 A " 3/ & X " Number of ribs . Thickness of ribs. Bushing. Length 4 " 5/16 " 7 " 4 " 5/16" 7 " 6 H " 8 < 6 " y* " 10 " Thickness at end . Thence tapered evenlytoathick- nessnexttobear- ing of not less than 5/16 " 1 A " y* H " H gl ^ " ^ 4< ^ in. >-in. 9/16-in. Tapered evenly from end to a thickness next to bearing of not less than ...... 9/16 " $A " 11/16 " */ " Thickness at cen- ter bearing, at least 3/ " M' " 3 / " 13/16 " f. In other respects, the specifications for plunger bushings, already given in Art. 28, will apply to the above. g. The water piston used in the shell described above must expose not less than 2 inches in width of fibrous packing, and must be of bronze, with disc and follower accurately turned to a sliding fit, so that the leakage past it will be a minimum, even when no fibrous packing is in place. There must be at least 2 inches in length of metallic bearing on both disc and follower. The follower must be accurately centered and fitted to hub of piston, so that alignment will not be disturbed if taken apart. h. The water piston must be of simple and strong con- struction, with follower bolts tightly fitted, and with fibrous packing so cut as to prevent by-passing. 136 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. i. All materials used in construction of piston, except packing, must be brass, bronze or other non-corrosive metal. ./. Bushing studs must be of Tobin Bronze, and of such size and number that the maximum stress at the bottom of the screw thread shall not exceed 10 ; 000 Ibs. per square inch, in the event of plunger becoming fast in the bushing with 80 Ibs. of steam in the steam cylinders. Tc. For each bushing stud there must be provided a compo- sition nut and check nut. I. All minor parts exposed to the action of water in water cylinder, that are not herein specified, must be of brass, bronze or other non-corrosive material. 31. Pump Valves. a. All the suction and discharge valves in any one pump must be of the same size and interchangeable. &. There must be a clear space around each rubber valve, between it and the nearest valve, equal to at least one- fourth of the diameter of the valve, or between it and the wall of the chamber of at least one-eighth of the diameter of the valve. c. These valves must be of the very best quality of rubber, of medium temper, with a face as soft as good wearing quality will permit. They must be double-faced, so they can be reversed when one face is worn. The quality of rubber is almost impossible of determina- tion by brief inspecton or by chemical analysis. The rela- tive amount of pure gum and of cheaper composition may vary, or good material may be injured by defective vulcan- ization. The only safe way to secure excellence and uni- formity is for the pump manufacturer to test samples of each new lot under severe duty (as by a week's run in a small special pump, with say, 150 pounds pressure and heavy NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 137 water hammer, or by some equivalent means) and to further- more require the rubber manufacturer to mould a date mark as " (Name of pump manufacturer, lot 201 April 3, 1904) ' ' on the edge of every valve, by which the pump manufacturer can keep track of those which prove defective. 32. Size and Number of Pump-Valves. a. The diameter of the disc of rubber forming the valve must not be greater than 4 inches or less than 3 inches. Three and a half inches diameter is probably the most favor- able size, but is not insisted upon. There is some confusion between different shops about designating size of valves. The practice is here adopted, which is much the most widely used, of naming the diameter of the disc of rubber which covers the ports, and it is hereby specified that this shall be about % inch greater than the diameter of the valve-port circle which it covers, thus afford- ing about % inch over-lap or bearing for the rubber disc all around its edge. If valves are larger than 4-inch there is an increased ten- dency to valve-slam at the very high speed at -which the pump is designed to run, and if valves are smaller than 3 inches diameter the greater number tends to unnecessary multipli- cation of parts, and the ports being so small are a little more liable to become obstructed by rubbish. &. The thickness of the rubber valve must in no cases be less than f-inch. 33. Suction Valve Area. a. The total lift of suction valves must not exceed i-inch. 138 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. &. The net suction valve port area and the total suction valve outlet area under valves lifted \ inch high must not be smaller than the figures given in the table below: ^ * ** Approx. giSb j ^^ $ V 53 5 u .g Speed i 3 4 2 2 A 100 2 31 4f 2* 2| 6/7 250 3 4i 5} 3 3 H 350 4 5 7 4 4 if 45'0 5 7 8 5 5 2& 500 ROOTS ROTARY PIMP. Manufactured by P. H. & F. M. Roots Co., Connersville, Ind. 1 5 5 5 4 1 140 2 6| 8i 6 5 2J 310 3 si 8| 8 6 4| 510 4 10 10 10 8 7 770 5 12 12 12 10 12 1200 TORRENT ROTARY PUMP. Formerly Manufactured by H. M. Wiswell. 1 10 5i 3 3 1 300 4 11 6* 4 4 1| 450 5 14 8 5 5 3 900 228 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. RULES AND REQUIREMENTS For the Construction and Installation of ELECTRIC FIRE PIMPS. NOTE The following is a reprint of the Rules and Require- ments of the National Board of Fire Underwriters. (1904.) 1. Current Supply. Whether any particular current supply will be satis- factory must be left more or less to the discretion of the Underwriters having jurisdiction, but any source should within reasonable limits meet the following requirements: a. The Current should be furnished from a fireproof or semi-fireproof constructed station. NOTE. A station having brick walls, concrete floors, plank roof, and containing modern apparatus and equipment, will be considered as a ' ' semi-fireproof ' ' station. It is desirable to have the mains and feeders supplied by two or more sta- tions, any one of which is capable of furnishing the necessary current. When two stations are available, good, non-fire- proof stations may be accepted in place of fireproof, but fireproof stations should be chosen wherever possible. 5. The supply of current must be from mains and feeders which can furnish the necessary current at all times, day or night, every day in the year, and w r hich can show a service record of no interruption in any one year, exceeding one-half hour, and not over four interruptions exceeding five minutes each. c. The supply must have a reserve capacity such as to be in no way discommoded provided the maximum quantity needed, by a reasonable number of motors supplied, was suddenly called for in addition to the normal load of the circuit. 2. Transmission of Current. a. Two circuits should be provided, either from the same or separate stations, entirely independent from the source of supply to the pump room, so arranged as to afford the least liability of interruption. NOTE, Two connections from different sections of an NOTES ON HYDEAULICS. 229 Edison network, separated by one or more junction boxes, will be considered as complying with this requirement. In case of isolated plants, with complete conduits from dynamo room to pump room, one connection only would be required. &. When the potential of the transmission circuit is over the maximum allowed for low potential systems as specified by the "National Electrical Code," so that transformers at the plant are necessary, those which furnish current for the motor shall be used for this purpose only, and must be connected without fuses in their primaries or secondaries. c. The mains and feeders of these circuits must be of ample size that the maximum current necessary to supply the motor can be furnished without excessive drop. NOTE. A drop in excess of 10 per cent, will ordinarily be considered excessive. d. The protective devices on the circuits at the source of power must be of such capacity that they will not open except from short circuit on the mains and feeders. e. The wires leading from the source of supply to the motor must be installed in accordance with the requirements of the "National Electrical Code," with the exceptions noted under 2& and 2d, and in addition must.be so arranged that liability to injury or accident will be reduced to a minimum. NOTE. A complete underground circuit from generating station to pump is strongly recommended and should be obtained when practicable. When such construction is not available, an overhead circuit may be allowed, but that part of the circuit adjacent to the plant or exposing plants, must be run with special reference to damage in case of fire. Where the pump room is a part of, or in close proximity to, the plant which the pump is designed to protect, the wires for some distance from the pump room must be underground. f. Wires in pump room must have an insulation as called for in "National Electrical Code" Bule 40 and Sections a to d, inclusive, and Section In of Eule 41. No wires carry- ing a potential over the maximum allowed for low poten- tial systems as specified by the "National Electrical Code," shall be allowed in pump room. 230 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 3. Pump Room and Transformer Vault. a. Pump Eoom must be of fireproof construction, thor- oughly cut off from balance of plant, and so arranged that access can be had to it from the outside. The room should be used for no other purpose, must be arranged to allow for ample drainage, and must be thoroughly ventilated to the outer air. 5. When it is necessary to provide for transformers for pump motor at plant, they must be located in a fireproof vault, cut off from pump room and thoroughly ventilated to the outer air through a flue or chimney. 4. Foundation. The foundations on which the motor and pump rest must be of substantial fireproof construction, as of brick, stone or concrete, the motor and pump being in alignment and securely fastened to their foundations. 5. Transmission of Power. Motor must be connected to pump directly or by gearing having single reduction. Bearings must be self -lubricating and where gearing is used, must have bronze or other ap- proved metal pinions. 6. Motor. a. May be of either the continuous or alternating current type, and must be designed for voltages within the limits for low potential systems as specified by the "National Elec- trical Code." 6. Must be so protected that it will not be injured by water escaping from pump or connections. NOTE. It is desirable, and is strongly recommended, that the motor be made waterproof. In any event, it should be so protected that escaping water, as from a leaky stuffing box, the blowing out of packing, bursting of hose, etc., will not injure the motor or interfere with its operation. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 231 c. Must have all revolving parts mechanically and elec- trically balanced. d. Must have self-lubricating bearings. e. Must be of such capacity that it can run the pump for ten (10) consecutive hours at its normal speed, when pump is delivering its full capacity at a pressure of 100 Ibs. per square inch, without a rise of temperature in any part of more than 40 C. above the surrounding atmosphere. f. At the end of test prescribed in Section e those parts of the motor designed to be insulated from each other must withstand the continued application for one minute of an alternating E. M. F. of 2,000 volts. g. Other things being equal, preference will be given to the motor showing the highest efficiency. Ji. Must be provided with a name plate stating the name of the manufacturer, the capacity in volts and amperes, and the normal speed in revolutions per minute. 7. Means of Control. It is recommended that the motor be arranged to start automatically upon reduction of the pump discharge pres- sure, and to stop automatically when the pressure has reached the maximum desired. Manual control may, how- ever, be permitted at the discretion of the Underwriters having jurisdiction, and both systems will be required if deemed advisable. Automatic Controller. a. Must substantially be waterproof. &. Must be capable of starting the pump against a pres- sure not more than 10 pounds below that at which the relief valve operates, limiting the starting current to 125' per cent, of that required by the motor running at full speed, deliv- ering water through the relief valves with all other pump (or discharge) outlets closed. 232 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. c. Must return to the starting position immediatly upon cutting out the motor, and must be so arranged that the motor cannot start until the controller has reached such position. d. Must be constructed in a substantial and durable man- ner throughout, with special attention to permanency and reliability of contacts. e. Must be provided with a name plate stating the name of the manufacturer, the voltage and maximum current for which the controller is designed, and the minimum permis- sible period at which it may operate repeatedly without damage from overheating. Manual Controller. f. Must substantially be waterproof. g. Must be so proportioned that the motor can be started, under the most severe conditions that are liable to be met with in practice, limiting the starting current to 125 per cent, of that required by the motor running at full speed delivering water through relief valves with all other pump (or discharge) outlets closed. NOTE. Manually operated, variable-speed controllers of practicable size cannot meet the widely varying conditions of pump output which must be provided for in an equipment for fire service. It is therefore required that where the equipment is not automatic the motor shall be brought to speed by means of a starting box only, and shall continue running at full speed, discharging the surplus water, if any, through the relief valves. h. The starting operation must be accomplished by the use of one handle or lever arm. i. Must be constructed in a substantial and durable man- ner throughout with special attention as to permanency and reliability of contacts. j. Must be so designed that if current is interrupted, the NOTES ON HYDKAULICS. 233 lever or contact arm must be brought back to its off or start- ing position before current can be again applied. No over- load release device will be allowed. fr. Must be provided with a name plate stating the name of the manufacturer, the voltage and the maximum current for which the starting box is designed. 8. Switch-Circuit Breaker. a. A double throw switch must be provided at entrance of wires into pump room which can disconnect the motor from all sources of supply. The circuits called for in Sec- tion a under l i Transmission of Current, ' ' to be connected at either end of switch, the leads to motor being connected at the center. &. A circuit breaker in motor leads must also be provided, which shall be so designed as to be capable of interrupting the circuit without injury to itself. NOTE. The circuit breaker should be set to open at about 100 per cent, above maximum current, which the motor re- quires when running at normal speed, with pump discharging full capacity against 100 pounds pressure. Its function is solely to cut out the motor in case of a short circuit or accident. No metallic fuses to be allowed in the circuit. 9. Pump. a. Pumps of the piston or plunger type, as regards con- struction, must comply with those requirements pertaining to the water end of "The National Standard" Steam Fire Pumps. &. Pumps of the rotary type, as regards construction, must comply with requirements pertaining to Rotary Fire Pumps. c. Pumps of the screw type must comply as far as material which enters into their construction, with rules governing Eotary Fire Pumps. d. Name plate, suction and water supply, lift, priming 234 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. tank and connections, hose conections, gages, valves, air chamber, etc., must be as called for on Steam or Botary Pump Specifications as the case may be. e. Must be provided with two relief valves of the spring "Pop Belease" type, attached direct to discharge casting, and to have hand-wheel for pressure regulation. Each valve must have same capacity as required in Steam or Eotary Pump Specifications for pumps of same size. Belief valves to discharge into a waste pipe having cone top with slide so that discharge can be made visible, and when the supply of water is limited, as from a special suction reservoir or cis- tern, the waste pipe must drain into such reservoir or cistern. 10. Compression Tank for Automatic Pumps. a. Where automatic control is installed, the pump dis- charge must have direct connection with an air tank of sufficient size to prevent too frequent operation of the auto- matic starter, and too wide variation of pressure at any discharge which the pump is capable of supplying, and the requisite amount of air in the tank must be maintained by means of an air compressor. NOTE. This tank must be much larger than the air cushion ordinarily used to steady the discharge of reciprocating pumps, its function being to take a portion of the discharge while the pump is running at full speed and then supply the system after the pump has stopped and while the controller is recovering and again bringing the pump to speed. 6. The inlet to the tank must be of the same size as the discharge pipe from the pump, and contain a straightway gate valve of approved outside screw and yoke or other approved indicator pattern. This valve must be kept se- cured open with a padlock or riveted leather strap, exception being made only where a reliable system is maintained for permanently sealing all valves and for immediate notification of broken seals. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 235 c. The tank must be provided with a suitable water gage, the two gage valves being ordinarily kept closed, and opened only to ascertain the water level in the tank. 11. Approval. Each type of pump, together with motor and all con- trolling devices, to be submitted to Underwriters' Labora- tories for test. For amendments to National Board Eules adopted by the National Fire Protection Association since the foregoing rules were promulgated, see page 380. 236 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. I). S. GALLONS DISCHARGED BY ONE PISTON OR PLUNGER. Estimated on piston speed of 100 feet per minute, of double acting piston, no allowance being made for slip. Diameter Gallons per Gallons Gals, per of Piston Minute per Hour 24 Hours 1 4.07 244.7 5,875 li 6.37 382.5 9,180 11 9.18 550.8 13,219 If 12.49 749 17,992 2 16.31 979 23,500 2J 20.6 1,239' 28,180 21 . 25.5 1,530 36,720 2f 30.8 1,851 44,424 3 36.7 2,203 52,878 3i 43.1 2,586 62,064 31 49.9 2,998 71,971 3f 57.3 3,442 82,619 4 65.2 3,916 94,002 4i 73.7 4,422 106,128 41 82.6 4,957 118,971 4f 92 5,523 132,552 5 102 6,120 146,880 5i 112 6,745 161,934 51 123 7,404 177,696 5| 134 8,093 194,248 6 146 8,812 211,511 6i 159 9,562 229,500 61 172 10,344 248,256 6f 185 11,152 267,600 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 237 U. S. GALLONS DISCHARGED BY ONE PISTON OR PLlNGER-(Conl.) Diameter of Piston Gallons per Minute Gallons per Hour Gals, per 24 Hours 7 200 11,995 287,886 7* 214 12,867 308,808 71 229 13,769 330,478 71 245 14,700 35'2,300 8 261 15,667 376,011 si 277 ,16,660 399,852 81 294 17,688 424,512 81 312 18,741 449,978 9 330 19,828 475,887 9J 349 20,944 502,668 91 368 22,092 530,208 91 388 23,280 558,720 10 408 24,480 587,518 m 428 25,716 617,184 101 449 26,989 647,789 11 493 29,616 710,784 iii 529 32,374 776,993 12 587 35,251 846,046 121 637 38,250 918,000 13 689 41,370 992,880 131 743 44,610 1,070,640 14 799 47,980 1,151,536 141 858 51,468 1,235,232 15 918 55,070 1,321,915 151 980 58,800 1,411,200 16 1,044 62,668 1,504,046 238 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. U. S. GALLONS DISCHARGED BY ONE PISTON OR PLUNGER (Cont.) Diameter Gallons per Gallons Gals, per of Piston Minute per Hour 24 Hours Hi 1,110 66,642 1,599,408 17 1,179 70,752 1,698,048 171 1,249 74,964 1,799,136 18 1,322 79,314 1,903,550 181 1,396 83,778 2,010,672 19 1,473 88,368 2,120,832 191 1,552 93,120 2,234,880 20 1,632 97,920 2,350,080 201 1,714 102,840 2,468,160 21 1,799 107,952 2,590,848 211 1,886 113,154 2,715,696 22 1,974 118,482 2,843,568 221 2,065 123,924 2,974,175 23 2,158 129,492 3,107,808 231 2,253 135,186 3,244,464 24 2,349 140,958 3,382,992 241 2,449 146,958 3,526,992 25 2,550 152,994 3,671,856 251 2,653 15'9,179 3,820,300 26 2,758 165,484 3,971,630 26i 2,865 171,908 4,125,800 27 2,974 178,457 4,282,967 271 3,085 185,130 4,443,125 28 3,199 191,922 4,606,125 281 3,314 198,838 4,772,118 29 3,431 205,876 4,941,028 30 3,672 220,320 5,287,675 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 239 To compute the equivalent in Imperial gallons, multiply by .833. The gallons discharged, as noted above, being for one double acting plunger, should be multiplied by 2 to determine quantity discharged by a duplex pump. I^>r single-acting triplex multiply by 1. For double-acting triplex pump multiply by 3. For a greater or less piston speed than 100 feet per minute, calculations can be readily made. 240 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. PUMP INSPECTION Discharge of Nozzles attached HYDRANT 1%-lnch Smoofh Nozzle, IV* -Inch Smooth Nozzle, IVs-lnch Smooth Nozzle. 1-Inch Smooth Nozzle. 7 / 8 -lnch Smooth Nozzle f or 1-inch Ring PRESSURE Nozzle. Gals, per Min. Gals, per Min. Gals, per Min. Gals, per Min. Gals, per Min. Indicated while Stream Is If II if u II II 1 Jo o 3 | I! 3 G if ll flow ng by G u#e 1 11 || 1 si g il || 1 11 Kjg 2 if ttn fra attach d to H 1 = n O G Hj-.lr nt. a Jj f"? i/ ll ij fl 1- s~\ ij 7 as eh wn. a 3 I !j fl 3 1 '2 o Sa If 3 1 fi 3 l II 3 1 fl 1 Lbs. * fl "a if fl "a la f| "a IP ll = 5* i| per sq. !n. p 5* 0"" ^ a " & M ~ f! 5' o" 1 ^ * o" 5 90 92 103 So 82 90 7 7 1 75 59 59 62 47 47 48 10 127 131 146 114 116 127 99 101 107 83 84 87 66 67 68 15 155 1601179 140 143 '54 121 123 101 1 02 1 06 81 81 84 20 1 80 i85|2o6 161 1641179 140 142 '5 1 "7 118 123 93 94 96 25 201 207 1 80 184 200 I 5 6 158 169 131 132 137 104 105] 107 30 2 2O 226 251 197 202 219 171 173 184 143 144 15 114 ^5 118 35 238 245 272 213 218 2 3 6 J8 4 1 88 199 154 156 162 123 124 127 40 255 262 291 227 2J3 253 197 201 213 165 167 173 132 i33 136 45 270 278 309 241 247 269 209 213 226 175 177 184 140 141 144 50 284 293 325 255 260 283 221 22 4 238 184 1 86 194 147 148 152 05 298 307 341 267 273 296 232 235 250 193 195 204 154 '55 J 59 CO 3 11 320 357 279 285 309 2 4 2 245 261 202 2'04 213 161 162 167 C5 324 333 371 290 296 322 252 255 272 210 213221 1 68 169 173 70 336 346 385 301 307 334 26l 265 281 218 221 230 174 176 180 75 348 358 399 3" 3i8 344 2 7 2751291 226 228 238 181 182 186 00 359 37 412 322 329 357 279 2841301 233 2 3 6 246 186 1 88 192 85 37i 38, 425 332 339 369 288 293 310 240 243 253 192 193 198 90 381 393 437 34i 349 379 296 3 OI 319 247 2 5 261 197 199 204 95 392 403 449 35 358 39 34 309 328 253 257 268 203 204 209 100 402 414 461 359 368 400 312 317 337 260 264 275 208 210 215 Quantities are stated in United States gallons of 231 cubic inches. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 241 TABLES. to 5O Feet of 2K-inch Hose. TABLE B.-NO.I. %-lnch Smooth Nozzle, 1%-lnch 1%-lnch IVs-lnch or K inch King Nozzle. Ring Nozzle, Ring Nozzle, Ring Nozzle. Gals per Min. Gals, per Min. Gals, per Min. Gals, per Min. If lit = II If If If II HYDRANT ^i 3 g 3 | I s 53 PRESSURE. 1 g |j 1 ' H a 11 B n 1 I g || 73 I! 3 gj Is 3 = g | = 2 li 3 A li 1 rS li 1 la N a 1 = ^ 3 1 |1 So _ c Lbs. p s 0" p a 1 o U> S J o~ t i5* sr persq.ln. 36 36 37 75 76 84 66 67 70 56 56 59 5 5 5 51 108 no 118 94 96 101 80 Si 84 10 61 61 62 132 I3S 144 117 124 98 99 103 15 7 1 71 72 152 155 167 133 135 143 113 114 119 20 79 80 81 170 174 187 149 151 159 126 128 133 25 86 8 7 88 187 191 20^ -163 165 175 138 140 145 30 93 93 95 201 206 221 176 179 189 149 IS 1 157 35 IOO IOO 101 215 219 237 1 88 191 202 159 162 168 40 106 1 06 1 08 229 233 251 200 203 214 169 172 178 45 112 112 H3 241 24S 264 211 214 226 179 181 188 50 117 117 119 253 257 277 221 224 237 I8 7 189 197 55 122 122 124 264 269 289 231 234 247 I 9 6 198 205 60 127 I2 7 129 275 280 301 240 244 257 205 206 214 65 132 132 134 291 313 249 253 267 212 213 222 70 *37 137 139 295 301 324 2 5 8 262 2 7 6 219 221 230 75 141 142 H4 305 3" 334 . 266 270 285 226 228| 237 80, 145 146 148 314 320 345 274 279 294 233 235 244 85 149 150 '52 323 329 355 282 287 303 239 242 252 90 i S3 54 IS6 332 338 364 290 29 s 3" 2 4 6 249 259 95 158 159 161 340 347 374 2 9 8 303 253 255 266 100 NOTE. The above figures for Ring Nozzle Discharges will apply to any ordinary form of Ring accurately enough for practical purposes, but apply especially to ordinary form of Ring Nozzle with square shoulder J or i inch deep. Ring Nozzles with "under-cut" or "knife-edge" shoulder, discharge, M ordinarily constructed, about 3 per cent, less than quantity given above. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. PUMP INSPECTION *eg^= Discharge of Nozzles attached HYDRANT 1%-lnch Smooth Nozzle, IVi-lnch Smooth Nozzle. . IVs-lnch Smooth Nozzle. 1-Inch Smooth Nozzle, 7 /8-lnch Smooth Nozzle, or 1-inch Ring PRESSURE Nozzle. Gals, per Min. Gals, per Min. Gals, per Min. Gals, per Min. Gals, per Min. while of fee II S & fe5 5^ fe5 = ~ 5 Stream is 5l SF? u || > II 1! ! flowing by Gauge attached to Hydrant, 1 It -7 ~ JJ 11 S Q ! Jber-llned "Inside I) 1 B || II 1 i! g 11 P as shown. 3 i| l| 3 IJ .8 g 1 33 *S 3 31 is f| f | is'2 ] *~ c^ "3 c5 2 ] e_ S | Lbs. 1 s vl "3 i? "S i fil 7-S "a ^B 53 per sq. in. p fl 0" * fl o" P a* 0" P o 5 75 79 93 70 72 82 62 64 7 1 54 ^ 59 44 4S 47 10 107 in 98 102 116 88 91 100 76 78 83 63 63 66 15 131 136 160 121 I2,S 143 108 III 123 93 9S 1 02 76 77 81 20 '5' '57 185 139 I 44 164 125 128 142 107 1 10 118 88 8 9 94 25 1691176 207 155 161 184 139 143 158 120 122 132 99' loo I0 5 30 185-192 226 170 176 202 152 156 132 134 144 108 no "5 35 200 208 2 4 s I8 4 190 218 i6 S 169 1 88 142 HS I S 6 117 119 124 40 214 222 262 197 204 233 176 181 201 152 l $5 167 125127 133 45 226 2 3 6 278 2O9 216 247 187 192 213 161 1*5 177 132 134 141 50 239 249 293 220 228 260 197 202 224 170 ^74 1 86 139 142 148 55 251 26l 307 231 239 273 207 212 23S 178 182 195 146 148 ISS 60 261 273 320 2 4 I 250 285 216 222 245 1 86 190 204 J 53 '55 162 65 272 284 333 251 260 296 22S 231 2SS 194 198213 159 161 169 70 282 294 346 26l 270 307 233 240 265 201 205 221 165 167 176 75 292 304 358 270 279 319 2 4 I 248 275 208 212 228 171 173 182 80 301 314 37 2 7 8 288 329 249 2 5 6 284 215 219 236 177 179 188 85 3" 324 382 287 297339 257 264 293 222 ! 226 243 182 185 193 90 320 333 393 295 306 349 26 4 2 7 2 301 228 233 250 188 190 199 95 329 342 403 33 314 358 *72 2 79 309 234 239 257 192 i95 204 100 337 35i 414 3" 322 368 279 28 7 317 240 245 264 197 200 2IO Quantities are stated in United States gallons of 231 cubic inches* NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 243 TABLES. to 1OO Feet of 2%-mch Hose. TABLES.- NO. 2. (From experiments of \ J.R. FREEMAN, 1888 .) 3 /4 Smoot orK- K Gals. p -Inc hNo nchl ozzle. per} If 1! I! ^i i zzle, "ng [in. w 1 o~* 1%-lnch Ring Nozzle, Gals, per Min. IH-lnch Ring Nozzle. Gals, per Min. IVs-lnch Ring Nozzle. Gals, per Min. HYDRANT PRESSURE, Unlined Linen Hose. Inferior Rubber-lined Cotton "Mill Hose." Inside Rough. Ordinary best quality Rubber- lined Hose. Inside Smooth. Unlined Linen Hose. & 11 1 si 11 fi "P ?! 0" Unlined Linen Hose. Inferior Rubber-lined Cotton "Mill Hose." Inside Rough* 6s fi ! fi fi s P 0~ I* Lbs. per sq. in. 34 48 59 68 34 49 60 69 35 50 61 7i 67 94 115 133 6 9 97 1 20 138 78 110 135 155 60 85 104 120 62 87 107 123 68 96 117 135 S 2 74 90 105 53 75 92 107 57 81 99 114 5 10 15 20 76 84 90 97 77 84 97 79 87 93 100 149 163 176 188 154 169 182 195 174 191 2O6 2I 9 134 I6 9 138 163 174 165 179 191 117 128 139 148 119 130 141 '5 1 128 140 151 162 25 30 35 40 103 1 08 113 118 103 109 114 1 06 112 117 122 200 211 221 231 207 218 229 239 233 245 269 1 80 190 199 208 185 204 213 203 214 224 234 157 165 173 181 1 60 169 177 185 172 181 189 198 45 50 55 60 123 128 132 137 124 129 133 138 127 132 137 142 241 2 5 259 267 248 258 267 275 280 291 301 3" 217 22 5 233 240 222 230 239 246 244 253 262 270 189 '95 203 209 192 199 206 213 206 213 221 228 65 70 75 " 80 85 90 95 100 141 '45 145 153 142 146 ! 5 C '54 I 4 6 T 54 158 275 283 291 299 284 292 300 320 329 338 347 247 255 262 269 254 26l 269 275 279 287 295 302 215 222 228 234 219 226 232 2 3 S 235 242 249 255 KOTE. The above figures for Ring Nozzle Discharges will apply to any ordinary form of Ring accurately enough for practical purposes, but apply especially to ordinary form of Ring Nozzle with square shoulder -Jg- or ^ inch deep. Ring Nozzles with "under-cut" or "knife-edge" shoulder, discharge, as ordinari^ constructed, about 3 per cent, less tbau quantity given above. 244 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. PUMP INSPECTION Discharge of Nozzles attached to 50 Feet 2V 2 -Inoh Hose. 1 OO Feet 2V 2 -Inch Hose. HYDRANT PRESSURE. Indicated while Stream Is flowing by Gauge Attached to Hydrant M shown. 1%-lnch Smooth Nozzle, Gals, per Min. m-lnch Smooth Nozzle, Gals, per Min. Bi-lnch Smooth Nozzle, Gals, per Min. iVo-lnch Smooth Nozzle, Ga s. per Min. Unllned Linen Hoae. Inferior Rubber-lined Cotton Mill Hose." Inside Rough. Ordinary best quality Rubber- lined Hose. Inside Smooth. Unllned Linen Hose. Inferior Rubber-lined Cotton " Mill Hose." Inside Rough. 1 Ordinary beet quality Rubber- lined Uose. Inside Smooth. 1 "3 t> Inferior Rubber-lined Cotton "Mill Hose." Inside Rouyh. Ordinary bestquallty Rubber- lined Hose. Inside Smooth. H I i p 1! 11 1 1 lj if ji 11 s persq.'ln. 5 10 15 110 154 190 219 114 162 198 22 9 136 193 237 274 97 138 169 196 101 143 I 7 6 20 3 163 200 232 86 122 150 173 90 128 '57 182 114 162 I 9 8 22 9 so "3 138 160 83 iiS 145 167 101 176 203 25 30 35 40 245 268 290 310 2 5 6 28l 303 324 306 335 362 387 219 239 259 277 227 248 268 286 259 283 306 327 193 211 228 244 203 222 240 -56 2 5 6 28l 324 179 196 212 226 187 205 222 237 25 1 265 278 290 227 248 268 286 45 50 65 60 328 346 364 380 344 363 380 397 410 432 453 473 294 3^0 325 339 34 321 336 35 347 366 383 400 258 272 285 2 9 8 272 287 301 3'4 344 363 380 397 240 253 265 277 34 321 336 350 65 70 75 80 395 410 425 439 414 429 444 458 492 528 546 353 366 379 364 378 392 405 43- 447 461 3 IO 321 331 344 327 339 35 1 363 414 429 444 458 288 299 3^9 319 302 313 324 335 364 378 392 405 85 90 95 100 452 465 477 489 472 487 500 563 579 595 610 403 4'5 427 438 429 441 453 476 490 503 515 354 364 374 383 374 385 396 406 472 487 500 ,512 329 339 348 357 346 356 366 375 417 429 441 453 NOTE. This table was computed from formulas (2) and (7) of Appendix, " Free- man on Hydraulics of Fire Streams," in Trans. Am. Soc. (J. E., Nov. 1889. Coefficient of discharge used = .974. For Underwriter Playpipe -with Tip removed (this outlet should be 1% inches) use columns for 1%-inch Smooth Nozzle. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 245 TABLES. various lengths of 2^-inch hose. TABLE B.-*. *A. (From experiments of\ J. R. FKKKMAW. 1888. 1 Computed,. iop. / ISO Feet 2y 2 -Inch Hose. 1%-lnch Smooth Nozzle. Gals, per Min. Hi-Inch Smooth Nozzle. Gals, per Min. iy 8 .|"ch Smooth Nozz e Gals, per Min. 1-Inch Smooth Nozzle. Gals, per Min. HYDRANT RESSURE Indicated while Stream is flowing by Gauge ttached to Hydrant, s shown. 1 3 1 t> Inferior Rubber-lined Cotton " Mill-Hose." Inside Rough. Ordinary best quality Rubber- lined Hose.-7-Inslde Smooth. la- Inferior Rubber-lined Cotton " Mill Hose.'' Inside Rough. Ordinary best quality Rubber- lined Hose. Inside Smooth. Unlined Linen Hose. Inferior Rubber-lined Cotton " Mill Hose." Inside Rough. Ordinary best quality Rubber- lined Hose. Inside Smooth. Unlined Linen Bose. Inferior Bnbber-llned Cotton " Mill Hose." Inside Rough. lary best quality Rubber- Hose. Ins.de Smooth. 11 per sq. in. Si 107 130 9 1 117 138 118 146 168 SS 108 123 112. 128 80 no 134 56 8r 97 "3 60 84 101 118 94 119 136 45 69 86 IOO 5Q 73' ' 90 103 56 79 99 114 5 10 15 20 147 163 179 190 154 170 184 196 189 207 225 239 139 153 163 174 MS 159 171 183 171 187 203 216 127 140 150 160 144 155 166 ~^6 186 195 204 152 165 r 7 8 190 112 122 132 141 116 126 136 145 127 139 161 25 30 35 40 200 210 22O 229 208 220 230 241 254 267 279 292 185 95 205 215 194 205 215 225 229 241 253 .265 170 179 1 88 197 201 212 223 233 ISO I S 8 166 .174 154 163 172 1*79 171 1 80 189 198 45 50 55 60 238 2 4 8 257 265 251 260 269 277 .305 328 ,'338 224 232 240 248 234 243 251 259 277 287 297 306 205 213 220 228 212 220 228 236 243 252 26l 269 181 187 194 200 186 192 199 205 206 213 221 228 65 70 75 80 273 28l 288 2 95 285 294 302 310 348 358 368 378 256 264 271 278 267 275 283 290 325 334 342 235 2 4 8 255 243 250 257 263 277 285 293 300 207 2J2 218 221 212 218 224 230 234 241 247 253 85 90 95 100 Quarxtitiea are stated in United States gaUons of 231 cubic inches. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. iected In this mam PUMP INSPECTION The degree of accuracy attained in estimating of the two preceding tables B, No. 1 and HYDRANT Quantity of Water Discharged per minute through ordinary 2 1 /2-inch Fire Hose, PRESSURE (United States Gallons of 231 cubic inches.") Open Hose Butt. No Play- indicated while Length 25 feet, Length 50 feet. Length 100 feet, Inferior Ordinary Inferior Ordinary Inferior Ordinary by Gauge attached to Unlined Rubber- lined best quality Unlined Rubber- lined best quality Ualined Kubber- lined quality as shown. Linen Cotton "Mill Rubber- lined Linen Cotton " Mill Rubber- lined Linen Cotton " Mill Rubber- lined Hose. Hose." Hose. Hose. Hose." Hose. Hose. Hose." Hose. Inside Inside Inside Inside Inside Inside per sq. in. Rough. Smooth. Rough, Smooth. Rough. Smooth. 10 231 242 297 I 7 6 1 88 242 1*32 140 1 88 15 ,; 283 297 , 363 u 217 c 2 3 C 2 97 . 161 171 230 20 f 326 *~343 |4I9 | 251 1 266 |343 its* 199 266 25 & 365 ^383 & 4 68 &28l &2 9 7 ^383 &208 222 297 30 S4 ~ 420 t 5H 37 -326 -420 |228 243 326 35 432 *453 S554 332 352 S453 t 246 262 352 40 462 484 593 355 376 ^484 ^264 280 376 45 S 49 o *5'4 * 630 ^377 2399 "SH 280 297 399 50 1 516 1542 664 1398 1 4 20 1542 294 313 420 55 ",S4i 0696 4*6 Ef 308 328 440 60 ^5 6 5 -594 5 726 |434 S460 |594 S 3 22 343 460 65 |588 |6i8 |75& |452 | 4 8o |6i8 |336 358 480 70 f6io <64 i 784 f 47 o ^'498 ^'641 f348 37 i 498 75 632 663 5812 486 S5I5 1-663 384 515 80 85 1.652 I 672 | 7 o6 1 o 5 02 S532 1548 | 7 o6 1372 1383 397 409 532 548 90 o 692 g727 - .... 533 - 564 727 394 421 564 05 |y, a 747 o .... 1547 1579 * 747 |*0$ 432 579 100 5730 N 5 594 5766 443 594 110 766 806 588 623 806 436 465 623 120 800 614 651 45 6 486 651 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 247 TABLE B.-No.3. TABLES. " Open Hose Butts." ($3SSrS) rtischarpe through " Open Butt " is not nearly so great as may be obtained by the methods U. No. 2 by reason of greater influence of form of Hydrant and differences in Hose. with Couplings of 2V 3 -inch Bore, NOTE. The values in this table are based Pipe or Nozzle attached, on experiments with these kinds of Hose at- tached to a Chapman 4-way Independent Length 200 feet, Length 400 feet, Gate Hydrant (Coeff. Disch. by Expt. 0.71). So far as influence of kind of Hydrant upon Inferior Ordinary Inferior Ordinary discharge is concerned, the same values are Rubber- lined best quality Rubber- lined best quality correct enough for practical purposes, except Cotton Rubber- Cotton Rubber- as noted in margin of columns. "Mill Hose." lined Eose. " Mill Hose." lined Hose. It will be noted that this table gives, for Inside Inside Inside Inside each length, the discharge through the best Rough. Smooth. Rough. Smooth. OT smoothest hose, and gives, also, discharge 102 140 74 102 for same length of Hose with roughest water- way. -By use of a little judgment in inter- 125 171 90 I2 5 polating between these two values, error, in 144 199 104 144 ordinary use of table need not exceed 10 per 161 222 116 161 cent. 177 243 127 177 (Style A.) Ordinary Matthews (B. D. Wood & Co.'s) Hydrant without independent 190 262 137 190 gates', Inside corner being rounded off. 204 280 146 204 217 297 155 217 228 313 164 228 239 328 172 239 HOLYOKE HYDRANT TESTS. 250 260 343 358 179 186 250 260 Tables B, No. 4 and B, No. 5 for the dis- charge of open hydrant butts, and the values following, on the friction losses in hydrants 270 37 1 194 270 (pages 58 and 59), were obtained from the 279 384 2OI 279 Holyoke Hydrant Tests. 288 397 208 288 These tests were made in 1897 and 1898, 297 409 215 297 for the Water Department of Holyoke, by 306 421 221 306 Department of the A ssociated Factory Mutual 3H 322 432 443 227 232 314 322 Insurance Cos. co-operating in the work and in the computation of results. For full data on these, experiments, see " Transactions of 338 465 243 338 the American Society of Mechanical Engl- 354 486 254 354 HI neers," vol. xx. 248 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. (If Gauge is not connected in this\ manner, proper allowance must be I made for loss of pressure between / Gauge and Bydraut. PUMP INSPECTION Discharge through One Open Diameter of Outlet If the diameter of outlet is not exactly 2y 3 inches, an addi- I tional correction as ] follows must be made. r Diameter. Add. 2-/16 2% 2% 10 per cent. 5 per cent. 16 19 Chapman 2-Way. Chapman 2-Way, Chapman 2-Way. Chapman 3 -Way, Chapman 3or4-Way. Coffin 2-Way. HYDRANT PRESSURE "No. 1," Old pattern made from 1878-1899. Casting at out- lets, square and jagged. Inside diam. of bbl. at "No, 2," Same Hy- drant as No. l, but with outlets chipped and filed "No. 3." 3- Way with Steamer Con- nection. Pattern made after 1893. Cast- ing at outlets smooth and Hexagonal Pattern, with Independent Gates, made after 1897. Out- lets have sharp corners and pro- ject in to bbL Inside diam. of Regular patteru of Independent Gate; also used as 8- Way, with one outlet blanked. Made since 1883. Outlets have sharp corners and pro- ject into bbL Same dis charge t'ot -Way Gate 2-Way Con pression wi Steamer Connectioi Nozzle en Indicated nutlets, 4Hii s. fairly well rounded. bbL at outlets Inside diam. of while Stream is flowing * See Note page 44. smooth rounding, but with bbl. at outlets, 1% ins. (hex'l),6% e .lns J See Note p. 44. .bbl. at outlets, f 8X ins. 'See Note p. 44. Inside dla of bbl. at outlets, 6 ii by Gauge |1 radius. t''/A B $L i attached to J^^^/y^ I/J^TTX fy. tfSk J^^ m^ Hydrant, T 39 50 979 1,218 1,133 o 835 3 806 1,093 55 1,025 1,280 1,182 877 5 845 1,144 60 1,070 i,337 1,227 915 s 883 1,193 65 1,112 i,394 1,269 951 ^ 919 1,240 70 1,154 1,447 1,309 S 987 j 953 1,285 75 I , I 95 i ,499 1,349 | 1,021 * 986 1,329 80 85 1,234 1,270 i,549 1,598 M20 | 1,055 2 1,087 1,018 1,049 1,410 90 1,305 1,644 1,454 3 1,119 g i, 080 1,450 95 J,342 1,690 1,489 1,148 5 1,109 i,490 100 i,375 i,734 1,520 o 1,177 1,138 1,528 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. TABLES. "Open Hydrant Butts." TABLE B.-N Hydrant Butt, without Hose attached, exactly 2Vz ins. The degree of accuracy attained in estimating the discharge through the " open butt" is not nearly so great as may be obtained by the methods of the three preceding tables, B, Nos. I, 2, and 2A. Slight peculiarities in the construction of the nozzle, and possibly also in the shape of the hydrant head, make large diffei-ences in the dis- charge from the open butt without hose. The data below covers the types of outlets usually found and, with good judgment in applying corrections for hydrants not exactly coming under any of the cases given, results accurate within 10 to 15 per cent, may generally be obtained. Holyoke 2-Way, Holyoke 6-Way. Ludlow 2-Way, Mathews 2-Way, Mathews 4-Way. Regular Pattern Gate or Com- pression. Independent Gates. Outlets Regular Patt'rn. Diam. of outlet 2-Way with Steamer Connec- Independent Gates. When Casting at outlets well rounded but rough with nubs outlet hole in cast- ing, 3% ins. square* jagged. Corners of 2%- to radius of abt. M in. Inside from valve face to outlet is HYDRANT PRFQQIIRF Average of 4 Hydrants. 2*6 ins. Inside diam. of bbl. at outlets 9 l /i ins. sharp. PP Inside diivm. of bbl.at outlets, 754 ins. See Note p. 45. outlets, 7 Hj Ins. sharp corners. Inside diam. of bbl. at outlets, indicated while Stream is flowing by Gauge attached to \1 !] Hydrant as shown: I nr w ^^n" Gals, per Min. Gals, per Min. Gals, per Min. Gals, per Min. Gals, per Min. Lbs. persq. In. 506 62O 713 794 473 743 t 533 653 752 8 3 6 576 712 | 903 I 4 6 5 6 10 15 20 25 867 935 999 1,062 805 5 860 S 908 "0 954 * 9 I2 982 ,049 ,109 984 Q ,060 fa ' _. 2 -inch ordinary best quality of rubber-lined hose, and the head or pressure indicated at the hydrant. Curves shown in Fig. 26 (page 280) show the pressure lost in pounds per square inch in 100 feet of cotton rubber- lined (smoothest lined) hose from 2 to 4 inches in diameter. Curves shown in Figs. 24 and 25 (pages 278 and 279) give the discharge of nozzles and the head or pressure at the base of the play-pipe. Mr. Freeman states that with smooth, true, carefully calibrated nozzles very accurate re- sults can be obtained. 2 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. FIRE STREAMS. From Tables Published by John R. Freeman, M. E. . -M g ,M g Pressure in Ibs. required at Hydrant or Pump to g.c'.S g g -2 maintain pressure at nozzle through various lengths j inch smooth, rubber-lined hose. p ISR 8 S* S'S 50 Ft. 100 Ft. 200 Ft. 300 Ft. 400 Ft. 500 Ft. 600 Ft. 800 Ft. 1000 Ft. % INCH SMOOTH NOZZLE. 35 97 55 41 37 38 40 42 44 46 48 53 57 40 104 60 44 42 43 46 48 50 53 55 60 65 45 110 64 47 47 48 51 54 57 59 62 68 73 50 116 67 50 52 54 57 60 63 66 69 75 81 55 122 70 52 58 59 63 66 69 73 76 83 89 60 127 72 54 63 65 68 72 76 79 83 90 97 65 132 74 56 68 70 74 78 82 86 90 98 10U 70 137 ' 76 58 73 75 80 84 88 92 97 105 114 75 142 78 60 79 81 85 90 94 99 104 113 122 80 147 79 62 84 86 91 96 101 106 111 120 130 85 15] 80 64 89 92 97 102 107 112 117 128 138 90 156 81 65 94 97 102 108 113 119 124 135 146 95 160 82 G6 99 102 108 114 120 125 131 143 154 100 164 83 C8 105 108 114 120 126 132 138 150 163 7-8 INCH SMOOTH NOZZLE. 35 133 56 46 38 40 44 48 52 56 60 68 76 40 142 62 49 43 46 50 55 59 64 68 78 87 45 150 67 52 49 51 57 62 67 72 77 87 97 50 159 71 55 54 57 63 69 74 80 86 97 108 55 166 74 58 60 63 69 75 82 88 94 107 119 60 174 77 61 65 69 75 82 89 96 103 116 130 65 181 79 64 71 74 82 89 96 104 111 126 141 70 188 81 66 76 80 88 96 104 112 120 136 152 75 194 83 68 82 86 94 103 111 120 128 145 162 80 201 85 70 87 91 101 110 119 128 137 155 173 85 207 87 72 92 97 107 116 126 136 145 165 184 90 213 88 74 98 103 113 123 134 144 154 174 195 95 219 89 75 103 109 119 130 141 152 163 184 206 100 224 90 76 109 114 126 137 148 160 171 194 216 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 273 FIRE STREAMS Conl. From Tables Published by John R. Freeman, M. E. 4., . g *; g Pressure in Ibs. required at Hydrant or Pump to ^ gjq.2 :? rt * a maintain pressure at nozzle through various length | ,2 %% 2 C 3 of 2^ inch smooth, rubber-lined hose. I* s?a tJ# lm-i > o 65*0 "va 50 Ft. 100 Ft. 200 Ft. 300 Ft. 400 Ft. 500 Ft. 6CO Ft. 800 Ft. 1000 Ft. 1 INCH SMOOTH NOZZLE. 35 174 58 51 40 44 51 57 64 71 78 92 105 40 186 64 55 46 50 58 66 73 81 89 105 120 45 198 69 58 52 56 65 74 83 91 100 118 135 50 208 73 61 57 62 72 82 92 102 111 131 151 55 218 76 64 63 69 79 90 101 112 122 144 166 60 228 79 G7 69 75 87 98 110 122 134 157 181 65 237 82 70 75 81 94 107 119 132 145 170 196 70 246 85 72 80 87 101 115 128 142 156 183 211 75 255 87 74 86 94 108 123 138 ' 152 167 196 226 80 263 89 76 92 100 115 131 147 162 178 209 241 85 274 91 78 98 106 123 139 156 173 189 222 90 279 92 80 103 112 130 147 165 183 200 236 . . . 95 287 100 295 94 96 82 83 m 109 118 137 156 174 193 115 125 144 164 183 203 INCH SMOOTH NOZZLE. 211 223 249 ... 35 222 59 54 43 49 60 71 82 94 105 127 149 40 238 65 59 50 56 69 81 94 107 120 145 171 45 252 70 63 56 63 77 92 106 120 1H5 163 192 50 266 75 66 62 70 86 102 118 134 150 181 213 55 279 80 69 68 77 95 112 130 147 1P.5 200 235 60 291 83 72 74 84 103 122 141 160 180 218 256 65 303 86 75 81 91- 112 132 153 174 195 236 70 314 75 325 80 336 88 90 1)2 77 79 81 87 93 99 98 105 112 120 129 138 143 153 163 165 177 188 187 201 214 209 224 239 254 ... 85 346 94 83 106 119 146 173 200 227 254 . . . 90 356 96 85 112 126 155 183 212 241 95 366 100 376 98 99 87 89 118 124. 133 140 163 172 194 204 224 236 254 ... 274 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. FIRE STREAMS-Cont. From Tables Published by John R. Freeman, M. E. . -M g +_'-' Pressure in Ibs. required at Hydrant or Pump to ** C.d-2 * * " rt maintain pressure at nozzle through varirus lengths M g ,2 & ^ ~ Q of 2J^ inch smooth, rubber-lined hose. $1 1* 2 2 50 100 00 300 400 500 600 SCO 1000 >0 Wo Ft. Ft- Ft- tt . ht> Ft. Ft. Ft. Ft. 114 INCH SMOOTH NOZZLE. 35 277 60 59 48 57 74 91 109 126 142 178 212 40 296 67 63 55 65 84 104 124 144 164 203 24.J 43 314 72 67 62 73 95 117 140 162 184 229 ... 50 331 77 70 68 81 106 130 155 180 204 254 ... 55 347 81 73 75 89 116 143 170 198 225 60 363 85 76 82 97 127 156 186 216 245 65 377 88 79 89 105 137 169 201 234 70 392 91 81 96 113 148 182 217 232 75 405 93 83 103 121 158 195 232 80 419 95 85 110 129 169 208 248 85 432 97 88 116 137 179 221 90 444 99 90 123 145 190 234 95 456 100 92 130 154 201 247 100 468 101 93 137 1fi2 211 261 1% INCH SMOOTH NOZZLE. 35 340 62 62 54 67 94 120 146 172 198 250 ... 40 363 69 66 62 77 107 137 166 196 226 45 385 74 70 70 87 120 154 187 221 254 50 406 79 73 78 96 134 171 208 245 55 426 83 76 86 106 147 188 229 270 60 445 87 79 93 116 160 205 250 65 463 90 82 101 125 174 222 70 480 92 84 109 135 187 239 487 95 86 117 145 201 256 80 514 97 88 124 154 214 85 529 99 90 132 164 227 90 100 92 140 173 240 95 560 101 94 148 183 254 100 574 103 96 156 193 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 273 The pressures given are indicated pressures, not effective pressures. Effective pressures would be slightly greater. The horizontal and vertical distances given are for good, effective fire streams. The distances to which insulated drops would be thrown are very much greater. The pressures stated are based on the hose being coupled directly to the pump or the hydrant and while the stream is flowing. 276 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. x UJ .. Ss _ ^ ^ - m >~ < -- - ^ - u J Q s: . S " I 1 ni i- C- II:II r rr -T C v - PLX- ^r ft: - - - - v - \Y. s S \ <(/-) U_ {2 u. - - - ^ C5 VJ Hn~ : :: a- i n ^ _ . _ _ _ ^ _ : r->U->0____ ___ ^7=: o c _ ,. Q ry < jj I - P- uj > **?: C~ I 1 1 1 1 J^ /'V'' lA T" 1 - ^ ::_:: Q^ LL. J2J5 t -^ LU -J uf " - - -3 | D " _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ^ _ J >/) Z x* w o C - _ _ _ _ . $ s~ ^tuc ~~ ^ ~" uj O . Ox tr I tr ^ f - - - .__ _ 31 1 .n ^S^u .____ -Li- oc r r\ uj i , \ - u ; 5 iu - - v-> <^ E LjJ^J g S5o g U- 10 ^_ :n~auij hn P E Si2 i= P QF. xv HDNI SHvn5s HHd *sai NI ; NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. ntxi::::=t:i::^|f| _ _ _ __ in _ __. CO o i i i- . i_ ^ j w ^ ixi o i~ . _ ^ ---'I f \ t ~~^ s, Z ^ I U \ / rr . +J O x ^ ^ r s"i :: vj; i ^ r\^ s c> \ S v J S P-i -^ ::_si: \ /"S- C x F-- ^ 5 ., ^ s \ s 5 i * >* ^ r il!s; ^__ "^ V !:E ; * " ^\ *|r-^ ::s; v ::::-::::::::::N-:: s--i-5 ^ \\- Tn ~^^\ oo OiOOt*COkO 'XNVHOAH XV HDNI HHVil5s o o o o 'sa"i xi aanssHci NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 283 THE STEAM FIRE ENGINE. The modern steam fire engine, practically a portable pumping engine, illustrates the remarkable concentration of power in small compass, with lightness and strength of parts. As constructed by the best builders they are composed of selected materials, are exceedingly careful and well- proportioned and are beautifully finished. The machine itself is composed of a boiler, engine, pump and the auxiliary appliances found necessary for its operation. Their pumps have large passages and valves of small lift and deliver large volumes of w r ater easily. The pumps are generally of the reciprocating or rotary type and are generally placed in front of the boiler. If of the recipro- cating type, two pumps are placed alongside each other and are operated either by a double-slide valve or piston valve engine. The piston rods of the engines connect directly with plunger rods of the pumps and are also connected to a crank shaft by means of either connecting rods or jokes, the cranks being set at right angles, so that one pump is always acting, while the other passes the ' ' dead ' ' center, which thus gives a practically steady stream. Some of the engines are equipped with a boiler feed pump and others depend upon an injector or feed directly from the main pump. The engines exhaust into the stack, which gives the necessary draft. The boilers, which are generally of the upright semi- water tube type, are combined with the engine by means of a strong iron frame, which carries all the auxiliary appli- ances and forms the body of the truck. The boilers con- tain little water and are crowded with heating surface; they therefore make steam with great rapidity, working pressure being generated in six to seven minutes from cold water. 284 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. The modern steam fire engines are generally classified as to size, and their capacities as follows: Size of Engine. Capacity gallons per minute. Double Extra First 1,300 Extra First 1,100 First 900 Second 700 Third 600 Fourth 500 Fifth . 400 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 285 286 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 237 288 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. COMPARISON OF COLUMNS OF WATER IN FEET. Mercury in Inches and Pressure in Lbs., per Square Inch. Lbs. Press. Sq. In. Water Feet Mercury Inches Water Feet Mercury Inches Lbs. Press. Sq. In. Mercury Water Inches Feet Ivbs.. Press Sq. In- 1 2.311 2.046 1 0.8853 0.4327 1 1.1295 0.4887 2 4.622 4.092 2 1.7706 0.8654 2 2.2590 0.9775 3 6.933 6.138 3 2.6560 1.2981 3 3.3885 1.4662 4 9.244 8.184 4 3.5413 1.7308 4 4.5181 1.9550 5 11.555 10.230 5 4.4266 2.1635 5 5.6476 2.4437 6 13.866 12.2276 6 5.3120 2.5962 6 6.7771 2.9325 7 16.177 14.322 7 6.1973 3.0289 7 7.9066 3.4212 8 18.488 16.368 8 7.0826 3.4616 8 9.0361 3.9100 9 20.800 18.414 9 7.9680 3.8942 9 10.165 4.3987 10 23.111 20.462 10 8.8533 4.3273 10 11.295 4.8875 11 25.422 22.508 11 9.7386 4.7600 11 12.424 5.3762 12 27.733 24.554 12 10.624 5.1927 12 13.555 5.8650 13 30.044 26.600 13 11.509 5.6255 13 14.683 6.3537 14 32.355 28.646 14 12.394 6.0582 14 15.813 6.8425 15 34.666 30.692 15 13.280' 6.4909 15 16.942 7.3312 16 36.977 32.738 16 14.165 6.9236 16 18.072 7.8200 17 39.288 34.784 17 15.050 7.3563 17 19.201 8.3087 18 41.599 36.830 18 15.936 7.7890 18 20.331 8.7975 19 43.910 38.876 19 16.821 8.2217 19 21.460 9.2862 20 46.221 40.922 20 17.706 8.6544 20 22.490 9.7750 21 48.532 42.968 21 18.591 9.0871 21 23.719 10.2G4 22 50.843 45.014 22 19.477 9.5198 22 24.849 10.752 23 53.154 47.060 23 20.362 9.9525 23 25.978 11.241 24 55.465 49.106 24 21.247 10.385 24 27.108 11.7300 25 57.776 51.152 25 22.133 10.818 25 28.237 12.219 26 60.087 53.198 26 23.018 11.251 26 29.367 12.707 27 62.398 55.244 27 23.903 11.683 27 30.496 13.196 28 64.709 57.290 28 24.789 12.116 28 31.626 13.685 29 67.020 59.336 29 25.674 12.549 29 32.755 14.174 30 69.331 61.386 30 26.560 12.981 30 33.885 14.662 XOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 289 PRESSURE OE WATER. The pressure of water in Ibs. per square inch for every foot in height to 300 feet ; and then by intervals to 1000 feet head. Feet Head Press. Sq. In. Feet Head Press. Sq. In. Feet Head Press Sq. In. Feet Head Press. Sq. In. Feet Head Press. Sq. In. 1 0.43 65 28.15 129 55.88 193 83.60 257 111.32 2 0.86 66 28.58 130 56.31 194 84.03 258 111.76 3 1.30 67 ' 29.02 131 56.74 195 84.47 259 112.19 4 1.73 68 29.45 132 57.18 196 84.90 260 112.62 5 2.16 69 29.88 133 57.61 197 85.33 261 113.06 6 2.59 70 30.32 134 58.04 198 85.76 262 113.49 7 3.03 71 30.75 135 58.48 199 86.20 263 113.92 8 3.46 72 31.18 136 58.91 200 86.63 264 114.36 9 3.89 73 31.62 137 59.34 201 87.07 265 114.79 10 4.33 74 32.05 138 59.77 202 87.50 266 115.22 11 4.76 75 32.48 139 60.21 203 87.93 267 115.66 12 5.20 76 32.92 140 60.64 204 88.36 268 116.09 13 5.63 77 33.35 141 61.07 205 88.80 269 116.52 14 6.06 78 33.78 142 61.51 206 89.23 270 116.96 15 6.49 79 34.21 143 61.94 207 89.66 271 117.39 16 6.93 80 34.65 144 62.37 208 90,10 272 117.82 17 7.36 81 35.08 145 62.81 209 90.53 273 118.26 18 7.79 82 35.52 146 63.24 210 90.96 274 118.69 19 8.22 83 35.95 147 63.67 211 91.39 275 119.12 20 8.66 84 36.39 148 64.10 212 91.83 276 119.56 21 9.09 85 36.82 149 64.54 213 92.26 277 . 119.99 22 9.53 86 37.25 150 64.97 214 92.69 278 120.42 23 9.96 87 37.68 151 65.40 215 93.13 279 120.85 24 10.39 88 38.12 152 65.84 216 93.56 280 121.29 25 10.82 89 38.55 153 66.27 217 93.99 281 121.72 26 11.26 90 38.98 154 66.70 218 94.43 282 122.15 27 11.69 91 39.42 155 67.14 219 94.86 283 122.59 28 ^ 12.12 92 39.85 156 67.57 220 95.30 284 123.02 29 "12.55 93 40.28 157 68.00 221 95.73 285 123.45 30 12.99 94 40.72 158 68.43 222 96.16 286 123.89 31 13.42 95 41.15 159 P8.87 223 96.60 287 124.32 32 13.86 96 41.58 160 69.31 224 97.03 288 124.75 33 14.29 97 42.01 161 69.74 225 97.46 289 125.18 34 14.72 98 42.45 162 70.17 226 97.90 290 125.62 35 15.16 99 42.88 163 70.61 227 98.33 291 126.05 36 15.59 100 43.31 164 71.04 228 98.76 292 126.48 37 16.02 101 43.75 165 71 .47 229 99.20 293 126.92 38 16.45 102 44.18 166 71.91 230 99.63 294 127.35 39 16.89 103 44.61 167 72.34 231 100.06 295 127.78 290 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. PRESSURE OF WATER Cont. Feet Press. Feet Press. Feet Press. Feet Press. Feet Press. Head Sq. In. Head Sq. In. Head Sq. In. Head Sq. In. Head Sq. In. 40 17.32 104 45.05 168 72.77 232 100.49 296 128.22 41 17.75 105 45.48 169 73.20 233 100.93 297 128.65 42 18.19 106 45.91 170 73.64 234 101.36 298 129.08 43 18.62 107 46.34 171 74.07 235 101.79 299 129.51 44 19.05 10$ 46.78 172 74.50 236 102.23 300 129.95 45 19.49 109 47.21 173 74.94 237 102.66 310 134.28 46 19.92 110 47.64 174 75.37 238 103.09 320 138.62 47 20.35 111 48.08 175 75.80 239 103.53 330 142.95 48 20.79 112 48.51 176 76.23 240 103.96 340 147.28 49 21.22 113 48.94 177 76.67 241 104.39 350 151.61 50 21.65 114 49.38 178 77.10 242 104.83 360 155.94 51 22.09 115 49.81 179 77.53 243 '105.26 370 160.27 52 22.52 116 50.24 180 77.97 244 105.69 380 164.61 53 22.95 117 50.68 181 78.40 245 106.13 390 168.94 54 23.39 118 51.11 182 78.84 246 106.56 400 173.27 55 23.82 119 51.54 183 79.27 247 106.99 500 216.58 56 24.26 120 51.98 184 79.70 248 107.43 600 259.90 57 24.69 121 52.41 185 80.14 249 107.86 700 303.22 58 25.12 122 52.84 186 80.57 250 108.29 800 346.54 59 25.55 123 53.28 187 81.00 251 108.73 900 389.86 60 25.99 124 53.71 188 81.43 252 109.16 1000 433.18 61 26.42 125 54.15 189 81.87 253 109.59 62 26.85 126 54.57 190 82.30 254 110.03 63 27.29 127 55.01 191 82.73 255 110.46 64 27.72 128 55.44 192 83.17 256 110.89 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 291 i^no>i'>tf>icracccO'^-^'^ i ore?o? <".<".^. --g^- iOCt~OOO5Oi ICONI (WOOOi 1-TOOr-H-^iJ.^ lOi-*U^aii i-^CCC OO O C^i Oi SO CO O C^i tD Oi CVJ O 00 CO T I Oi 00 CD "^ ^GOO^H 0?O Ot-OOO^H cc mSS 883^ I 292 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. CAPACITY OF CYLINDRICAL TANKS AND CISTERNS. (In U. S. Gallons of 231 cubic inches). Inside Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Diam. Ft. In. Depth 1 Ft. Depth 4 Ft. Depth 5 Ft. Depth 6 Ft. Depth 7 Ft. Depth 8 Ft. Depth 9 Ft Depth 12 Ft. Depth 15 Ft. 4. 94.0 376 470 564 658 752 846 1128 1410 ". . ..6 119.0 476 595 714 833 952 1071 1428 1785 5.. 146.9 588 734 881 1028 1175 1322 1763 2203 ". . ..6 177.7 711 889 1066 1244 1422 1600 2133 2666 6. 211.5 846 1058 1269 1481 1692 1904 2538 3173 ..3 229.5 918 1148 1377 1607 1836 2066 2754 3443 ". . ..6 248.2 993 1241 1489 1738 1986 2234 2979 3724 ". . ..9 267.7 1071 1338 1606 1874 2142^ 2409 3212 4015 7. 287.9 1152 1439 1727 2015 2303 2591 3455 4318 ". . ..3 308.8 1235 1544 1853 2162 2471 2779 3706 4632 ".. ..6 330.5 1322 1652 1983 2313 2544 2974 3966 4957 ". . ..9 352.9 1412 1764 2117 2470 2823 3176 4235 5293 8.. 376.0 1504 1880 2256 2632 3008 3384 4512 5640 ".. ..3 399.9 1600 1999 2399 2799 3199 3599 4799 5998 *. . ..6 424.5 1698 2122 2547 2971 3396 3820 5094 6367 ". . ..9 449.8 1799 2249 2699 3149 3599 4148 5398 6747 9.. 475.9 1904 2380 2855 3331 3807 "4283 5711 7138 ". . ..3 502.7 2011 2514 3016 3519 4022 4524 6032 7540 ". . ..6 530.2 2121 2651 3181 3712 4242 4772 6363 7954 ". . ..9- 558.5 2234 2793 3351 3910 4468 5027 6702 8378 10. 587.5 2350 2938 3525 4113 4700 5288 7050 8813 ". . ..3 617.3 2469 3086 3704 4321 4938 5555 7407 9259 ".. ..6 647.7 2591 3239 3886 4534 5182 5830 7773 9716 ". ..9 679.0 2716 3395 4074 4753 5432 6111 8147 10184 11. 710.9 2844 3555 4265 4976 5687 6398 8531 10664 ".. ..3 743.6 2974 3718 4462 5205 5949 6692 8923 ' 11154 ".. ..6 777.0 3108 3885 4662 5439 6216 6993 9324 11655 ". . ..9 811.1 3245 4056 4867 5678 6489 7300 9734 12167 12. 846.0 3384 4230 5076 5922 6768 7614 10152 12691 ".. ..6 918.0 3672 4590 5508 6426 7344 8262 11016 13770 13. 992.9 3972 4965 5957 6950 7943 8936 11915 14894 ". . ..6 1070.8 4283 5354 6425 7495 8566 9637 12849 16061 14. 1151.5 4606 5758 6909 8061 9212 10364 13819 17273 ". ..6 1235.3 4941 6176 7412 8647 9882 11117 14823 18529 15. 1321.9 5288 6610 7932 9253 10575 11897 15863 19829 . ..6 1411.5 5646 7058 8469 9881 11292 12704 16938 21173 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 293 CAPACITY OF CYLINDRICAL TANKS AND CISTERNS Cent (In U. S. Gallons of 231 cubic inches). Inside Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Diam. Depth Depth Depth Depth Depth Depth Depth Depth Depth Ft. In. 1 Ft. 4 Ft. 5 Ft. 6 Ft. 7 Ft. 8 Ft. 9 Ft. 12 Ft. 15 Ft. 16 1504.1 6016 7520 9024 10528 12032 13537 18049 22561 17 1697.9 6792 8490 10188 11886 13583 15281 20375 25469 18 1903.6 7614 9518 11421 13325 15228 17132 22843 28553 19 2120.9 8484 10605 12726 14847 16968 19089 25451 31814 20 2350.1 9400 11750 14100 16451 18801 21151 28201 35251 21 2590.8 10363 12954 15545 18136 20726 23317 31090 38862 22 2843.6 11374 14218 17062 19905 22749 25592 34123 42654 23 3107.9 12432 15540 18647 21755 24863 27971 37295 46619 24 3384.1 13536 16921 20305 23689 27073 30457 40609 50762 25 3671.7 14687 18359 22030 25702 29374 33045 44060 55076 26 3971.6 15887 19858 23830 27801 31773 35745 47660 59575 27 4282.7 17131 21414 25696 29979 34262 38544 51392 64241 28 4606.2 18425 23031 27637 32243 36849. 41455 55274 69092 29 4940.7 19763 24704 29644 34585 39526 44466 59288 74111 30 5287.7 21151 26438 31726 37014 42301 47589 63452 79315 31 5645.7 22583 28229 33874 39520 45166 50811 67748 84686 32 6016.2 24065 30081 36097 42113 48130 54146 72194 90243 33 6397.6 25590 31988 38386 44783 51181 57578 76771 95964 34 6791.2 27165 33956 40747 47538 54330 61121 81494 101868 35 7197.1 28788 35986 43183 50380 57577 64774 86365 107957 36 7614.4 30458 38072 45686 53301 60915 68530 91372 114216 37 8043.1 32172 40216 48259 56302 64345 72388 96517 120647 38 8483.7 33935 42419 50902 59386 67870 76353 101804 127256 39 8936.2 35745 44681 53617 62553 71490 80426 107234 134043 40 9400.3 37601 47002 56402 65802 75202 84603 112804 141005 42 10362.7 41451 51814 62176 72539 82902 93264 124357 155441 45 11897.3 47589 59486 71384 83281 95178 107075 142767 178459 47 12977.1 51908 64886 77863 90840 103817 116794 155725 194657 50 14688.0 58752 73440 88128 102816 117504 132192 176256 220319 60 21150.7 84603 105753 126904 148055 169205 190356 253808 317260 70 28788.4 115154 143942 172730 201519 230307 259096 345461 431826 80 37600.8 150403 188004 225605 263206 300806 338407 451210 564012 90 47588.8 190355 237944 285533 333122 380710 428299 571066 713832 LOO 58752.0 235008 293760 352512 411264 470016 528768 705024 881280 294 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. TABLE OF I. S. GALLONS PER MINUTE AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS. Gallons per Minute. Gallons per 24 Hours. Cubic Feet Per Sec. , Gnllons per Minute. Gallons per 24 Hours. Cubic Feet Per Sec. 1 1440 0.002 350 504000 0.780 10 14400 .022 360 518400 .802 20 28800 .044 370 532800 .825 30 43200 .067 380 547200 .847 40 57600 .089 390 561600 .869 50 72000 .121 400 576000 .892 60 86400 .134 410 590400 .914 70 100800 .150 420 604800 .936 80 115200 .178 430 619200 .958 90 129600 .200 440 633600 .981 100 141000 .223 450 648000 1.003 110 158400 .245 460 662400 1.025 120 172800 .268 470 676800 1.048 130 187200 .290 480 691200 1.069 140 201600 .312 490 705600 1.091 150 216000 .335 500 720000 1.112 160 230400 .357 510 734400 1.136 170 244800 .380 520 748800 1.159 180 259200 .401 530 763200 1.181 190 273600 .421 540 777600 1.202 200 288000 .446 550 792000 1.222 210 302400 .468 560 806400 1.243 220 316800 .490 570 820800 1.269 230 331200 .513 580 835200 1.293 240 345600 .535 590 849600 1.312 250 360000 .557 600 864000 1.337 260 374400 .579 610 878400 1.350 270 388800 .601 620 892800 1.381 280 403200 .624 630 907200 1.402 290 417600 .647 640 921600 1.426 300 432000 .669 650 936000 1.449 310 446400 .691 660 950400 1.470 320 460800 .713 670 964800 1.492 330 475200 .736 680 979200 1.515 340 489600 .758 690 993600 1.538 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 295 TABLE OF I. S. GALLONS PER MINUTE AND THEIR EQUIVALENTS Cont. Gallons Gallons Cubic Gallons Gallons Cubic per per Feet per per heet Minute. 24 Hours. Per vSec. Minute. 24 Hours. Per Sec. 700 1008000 1.559 1250 1800000 2.785 710 1022400 1.581 1300 1872000 2.893 720 1036800 1.602 1350 1944000 3.009 730 1051200 1.627 1400 201COOO 3.119 740 1065600 1.649 1450 2088000 3.2.30 750 1080000 1.671 1500 2160000 3.341 760 1094400 1.692 1550 2232000 3.453 770 1108800 1.715 1600 2304000 3.562 780 1123200 1.738 1650 2376000 3.676 790 1137600 1.760 1700 2448000 3.785 800 1152000 1.782 1750 2520000 3.899 810 1166400 1.802 1800 2592000 4.010 820 1180800 1.827 1850 2664000 4.12J 830 1195200 1.849 1900 2736000 4.233 840 1209600 1.871 1950 2808000 4.344 850 1224000 1.892 2000 2880000 4.453 860 1238400 1.918 2050 2952000 4.567 870 1252800 1.936 2100 3024000 4.683 880 12(57200 1.9fcO 2150 309KHH) 4.790 890 1281600 1.982 2200 3168000 4.901 900 1296000 2.005 2250 3240000 5.013 910 1310400 2.027 2300 3312000 5.125 920 1324800 2.048 2350 3384000 5.235 930 1339200 2.073 2400 3456000 5.347 940 1353600 2.093 2450 3528000 5.458 950 1368000 2.114 2500 3600000 5.570 960 1382400 2.138 2550 3672000 5.681 970 1396800 2.161 2600 3744000 5.792 980 1411200 2.181 2650 3816000 5.904 990 1425600 2.202 2700 3888000 6.015 1000 1440000 2.228 2750 3960000 6.127 1050 1512000 2.339 2800 4032000 6.245 1100 1584000 2.450 2850 4104000 6.349 1150 1656000 2.562 2900 4176000 6.464 1200 1728000 2.672 2950 4248000 6.573 3000 4320000 6.684 296 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. TABLE FOR CALCULATING THE HORSE-POWER OF WATER. The following table gives the horse-power that may be developed under normal conditions with one cubic foot of water per minute under heads from one up to eleven hundred feet : Horse- Power. .515136 .531234 .547332 .563430 .579528 .595626 .611724 .627822 .643920 .660018 .676116 .692214 .708312 .724410 .740508 .756606 .772704 Heads in Feet. Horse- Power. Heads iti Feet. 1 .0016098 320 20 .032196 330 30 .048294 340 40 .064392 350 50 .080490 360 60 .096588 370 70 .112686 380 80 .128784 390 90 .144892 400 100 .160980 410 110 .177078 420 120 .193176 430 130 .209274 440 140 .225372 450 150 .241470 460 160 .257568 470 170 .273666 480 180 .289764 490 190 .305862 500 200 .321960 520 210 .338058 540 220 .354156 560 230 .370254 580 240 .386352 600 250 .402450 650 260 .418548 700 270 .434646 750 280 .450744 800 290 .466842 900 300 .482940 1,000 310 .499038 1,100 .804900 .837096 .869292 .901488 .933684 1.046370 1.126860 1.207350 1.287840 1.448820 1.609800 1.770780 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 297 Contents in cubic feet, I). S. gallons and weight of water per foot length for pipe of various diameters, also area in square feet and inches, and circum- ference in inches. Diameter of Pipe in inches. Area in sq. feet or contents in cubic feet per foot of length. Contents in U. S. gallons per foot length. Weight of water in one foot length, in Ibs. Area in sq. in. Circum- ference in inches. 1 .0055 .0408 .34 .78 3.14 2 .0218 .1632 1.36 3.14 6.28 3 .0491 .3672 3.06 7.06 9.42 4 .0873 .6528 5.44 12.56 12.56 5 .1364 1.020 8.51 19.63 15.70 6 .1963 1.469 12.25 28.27 18.85 7 .2673 1.999 16.68 38.48 21.99 8 .3491 2.611 21.79 50.26 25.13 9 .4418 3.305 27.57 63.61 28.27 10 .5454 4.08 34.04 78.54 31.41 11 .66 4.937 41.19 95.03 34.55 12 .7854 5.875 49.02 113.10 37.69 13 .9218 6.895 57.54 .132.73 40.84 14 1.069 7.997 66.73 153.94 43.98 15 1.227 9.180 76.60 176.71 47.12 16 1.396 10.44 87.16 201.06 50.26 18 1.768 13.22 110.31 254.47 56.54 20 2.182 16.32 136.19 314.16 62.83 22 2.640 19.75 164.79 380.13 69.11 24 3.142 23.50 196.11 452.39 75.39 26 3.687 27.58 230.16 530.93 81.68 28 4.276 31.99 266.93 615.75 87.96 30 4.909 36.72 306.42 706.86 94.24 32 5.585 41.78 348.64 804.25 100.53 34 6.305 47.16 393.59 907.92 106.81 36 7.069 52.88 441.25 1017.9 113.09 38 7.876 58.92 491.64 1134.1 119.38 40 8.727 65.28 544.76 1256.6 125.66 42 9.621 71.97 600.59 1385.4 131.94 44 10.559 78.99 659.16 1520.5 138.23 46 11.541 86.33 720.44 1661.9 144.51 48 12.566 94.00 784.45 1809.6 150.79 50 13.635 102.00 851.18 1963.5 157.08 52 14.748 110.32 920.64 2123.7 163.36 54 15.90 118.97 992.82 2290.2 169.64 60 19.63 146.88 1225.71 2827.4 188.49 66 23.76 177.72 1483.11 3421.2 207.34 72 28.27 211.51 1765.02 4071.5 226.19 298 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS OF AN INCH. By 64ths : from 1/64 to 1 inch. Fraction Decimal Fraction Decimal Fraction Decimal Fraction Decimal 1/64 .015625 17/64 .265625 33/64 .515625 49/64 .765625 1/32 .031250 9/32 .281250 17/32 .531250 35/64 .781250 3/64 .046875 19/64 .296875 35/64 .546875 51/64 .796875 1/16 .062500 5/16 .312500 9/16 .562500 13/16 .812500 5/64 .078125 21/64 .328125 37/64 .578125 53/64 .828125 3/32 .093750 11/32 .343750 19/32 .593750 27/32 .843750 7/64 .109375 23/64 .359375 39/64 .609375 55/64 .859375 1/8 .125000 3/8 .375000 5/8 .625000 7/8 .875000 9/64 .140625 25/64 .390625 41/64 .640625 57/64 .890625 5/32 .156250 13/32 .406250 21/32 .656250 29/32 .906250 11/64 .171875 27/64 .421875 43/64 .671875 59/64 .921875 3/16 .187500 7/16 .437500 11/16 .687500 15/16 .937500 13/64 .203125 29/64 .453125 45/64 .703125 61/64 .953125 7/32 .218750 15/32 .468750 23/32 .718750 31/32 .968750 15/64 .234375 31/64 .484375 47/64 .734375 63/64 .984375 1/4 .250000 1/2 .500000 3/4 .750000 1 1.000000 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 299 TABLE GIVING AREAS OF CIRCLES. From 1/32 to 2 inches diameter. Diameter. Area. Circum. Diameter. Area. Circum. y 32 000767 09817 iy 32 83525 3-2398 Vie 003068 19635 lYie 88665 3'3379 s / 32 006903 29452 l s / 32 93956 3-4361 Vs 012272 39270 1 99402 3-5343 % 019175 49087 !% 1-0500 3-6325 3 /16 027612 58905 iMi 1-1075 37306 y 32 037583 68722 iy 32 1-1666 3-8288 y 4 049087 78540 154 1-2272 3-9270 5ti 062126 88357 iy 32 1-2893 4-0252 6 /16 076699 93175 iy ie 1 -3530 4-1233 *% 092806 1-0799 i 11 /.. 1-4182 4-2215 3 /8 11045 1-1781 1% 1-4849 4-3197 13 / 32 12962 1-2763 i i3 / 32 1-5531 4-4179 7 /16 15033 1-3744 iy ie 1-6229 4-5160 16 / 32 17257 1-4726 i lc / 32 1-6943 4-6142 y 2 19635 1-5708 1^2 17671 4-7124 ir / 3 . 22166 1-6690 i i7 / 32 1.-8415 4-8106 %6 -24850 1-7671 l 9 /ie 1-9175 4-9087 19 /3 2 27688 1-8653 i i9 / 32 1-9949 5-0069 % 30680 1-9635 1% 2-0739 5-1051 21 / 32 33824 2-0617 i 2i / 32 2-1545 5-2033 % 37122 2-1598 iXi 2-2365 5*3014 23 / 32 40574 2-2580 i 2s / 32 2-3201 5-3996 3 /4 44179 2-3562 ! 3 /4^ 2-4053 5-4978 25 /3 2 47937 2-4544 ! 26 / 32 2-4919 5-5959 % 51849 2-5525 1 13 /16 2-5801 5-6941 27 / 32 55914 2-6507 ! 27 / 32 2-6699 57923 % 60132 27489 t a 2-7612 5-8905 2 / 32 64504 2-8471 i 29 / 32 2-8540 5-9886 15 /16 69029 2-9452 ! 1B Xe *? 2-9483 6*0868 31 / 32 73708 3-0434 1% 3-0442 6-1850 1 78540 3-1416 2 3-1416 6-2832 300 HI ON* HYDKAUJJCS. t df fftlO 40^4 tAO 4940 < o o ^-< oo /-. co o a. o c< >o o coeo-ciHQOeo . -*- o oo 09oo I-H oo ct a, t' ci o * P k O^<-lr-(flOGOkOajrOO (^Ofciococo-^toonooccicciaoccooaocooeot^ l * > " 'rl r-i 2 f-4 p- CJ ^ <^ 8 00 W CO - 9 Ki$ 2 VK -- ta> 9. i^ o fj I SSS ,c, S - *unrooocQ9at>iac > i--io0Or-i < ' r^ '/j ^i ~* 13 a. eo co .-. c \OTKS ON n vnu ATI. irs. M ^ O JJ ^ H f^iOifttxO'^'OOOt'>OU^\ r-ttM^Sf-tr-l^-lr-if-lr-t COriOr^ieO*e5OOOrH'^'OtO5'*iOOO(NOO O _ * ?L 'r^P^wi^ooiigj ' V s 5 r. r-i '^^ ' 9 ' 302 NOTES OK HYDRAULICS. *8J8^i >.. ^^^^^sssss^s^ssissss^s * SSSSSSSSSSS3SSS5KSSSS5S sslllllllillllllilliil OSCO^OSi (OOC < lOOkOrHCOOC5 M t> !> *> t> l> t>- t> t^ t> GO OO OO GO 00 00 OO. CO OO COCOCOCO-^^iT^^Tji^^rJiiOOiOOlOtfaiOOCOO COCOCOCOCO-^T^T^Tjir^^T^^lOlOiOkftkftOkftiacO CO CO CO l> l> !> t> t> t> t> IS* t> t> OOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOO 304 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. [osOr-i.ooosOi-i.t>. t>-.t^ t^ *>. oo oo oo oo I^,i cooooooooa)u>o^oo^^ooo^ CDOOr-t.COO. OOOOOCO OCOCO?OOt>t>t>l>.^.t>.IS.OOOOOOOOOOOOOiO>OiOS I ^O^OCOO.r.O^O^t.C.COCOOO OOOiCOOOCOOOCOOOCOOiO ^Hrf> CO 0> i iC^OO^u ------ _ -- . . OSCOt^.t^t>.t^t-t^t^OdOOOOOOOOOOOSO5OSO5 O) <0 r-i CV C* OO rH iHOO(NCOO%DO>OOIO - -DO^COOSpOOi-tO-^irHpC* ?b o co "co co co <> t> t* t> <> t> oo oo oo oo ^coocooodii^^^>oi^6ooo.t>.t>.t^t^t>'OOOOOOOOOOOOO>O5piOl (N CO ^O CO OO O5.r-( C^-Tj.OOOr-(COift COCOCOCOCOCO't^tt-t^t>i^.OOOOOOOO 9 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ w ^ w cocococococot>t>t>*>'t^t < -ooo666oboo,o6o6bsdiO> 7>O5OSOO>OOOOOOOOOOrH NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 305 T^^cOTjiiOCOt^OOOiOr-iC^CO^OCOl^OOC&Oi-lC* r^r^.^,^r^,^r-tf-t.-iooc^<>ioo 306 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. I o O r-> >. o: r>- o c NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 307 rHCO^^^~OOOrHCO-'tfOt>-OOOrHCOTf'>pl>.OOp kO Oi T 1 ^ 308 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. cot>.r-i COt>-r-iO-*t)O as OTH*^ '*<^"^000r)<0t^ iOf ceio!oioidiotat0t9MH fe C S K ** t NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 311 000>0>0>0>OiO>OiOO>OjOOOOOOOOOO-H OOOOOOOlOSOiOOOi IT-HI o>oo>o>o>oo>ooooooooooor-i 312 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. s* 50 GQ CQGQGQCOCQCQCOCQOQCQCQCQCQCO krj\ou^urjooot^i^-t>-oooooooososoooo> (i ( O

O 45617 001044932 958 917764 879217912 30-9515751 9-8579929 001043841 959 91&681 881974079 30-9677251. 9-8614218 001042753 960 921600 884736000 30-9838668 9-8648483 001041667 961 923521 887503681 31-0000000 9-8682724 001040583 962 925444 890277128 31-0161248 9-8716941 001039501 963 927369 893056347 31-0322413 9-8751135 001038422 964 929296 895841344 31-0483494 9-8785305 001037344 965 931225 898632125 31-0644491 9-8819451 001036269 966 933156 901428696 31-0805405 9-8853574 001035197 967 935089 904231063 31-0966236 9-8887673 001034126 968 937024 907039232 3ril26984 9-8921749 001033058 969 938961 909853209 31-1287648 9-8955801 001031992 970 940900 912673000 31-1448230 9-8989830 001030928 971 942841 915498611 31-1608729 9-9023835 001029866 972 944784 918330048 31-1769145 9-9057817 001028807 973 946729 921167317 31-1929479 9-9091776 001027749 974 948676 924010424 31-2089731 9-9125712 001026694 975 950625 926859375 31-2249900 9-9159624 001025641 976 952576 929714176 31-2409987 9-9193513 001024590 334 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. No. Square Cube Square Root Cube Root Reciprocal 977 954529 932574833 31-2569992 9-9227379 001023541 978 956484 935441352 31-2729915 9-9261222 001022495 979 958441 938313739 31-2889757 9-9295042 001021450 980 96U400 941192000 31-3049517 9-9328839 001020408 981 962361 944076141 31-3209195 9-9362613 001019368 982 964324 946966168 31-3368792 9-9396363 001018330 983 966289 949862087 31-3528308 9-9430092 001017294 984 968256 952763904 31-3687743 9-9463797 001016260 985 970-225 955671625 31-3847097 9-9497479 001015228 986 972196 958585256 31-4006369 9-9531138 001014199 987 974169 961504803 31-4165561 9-9564775 001013171 988 976144 964430272 31-4324673 9-9598389 001012146 989 978121 967361669 31-4483704 9-9631981 001011122 990 980100 970299000 31-4642654 9-9665549 001010101 991 982081 973242271 31-4801525 9-9609095 001009082 992 984064 976191488 31-4960315 9-9732619 001008065 993 986049 979146657 31-5119025 9-9766120 001007049 994 988036 982107784 31-5277655 9-9799599 001000036 995 990025 985074875 31-5436206 9 '9838055 001005025 996 992016 988047936 31-5594677 9-9866488 001004016 997 994009 991026973 31-5753068 9-9899900 001003009 998 996004 994011992 3 1 . ;.911380 9-9933289 001002004 999 998001 997002999 31-6069613 9-9966656 001001001 1000 1000000 1000000000 31-6227766 10-0000000 0010000000 1001 1002001 1003003001 31-6385840 10-0033322 0009990010 1002 1004004 1006012008 31-6543836 10-0066622 0009980040 1003 1006009 1009027027 31-6701752 10 '0099899 0009970090 1001 1008016 1012048064 31-6859590 10-0133155 0009960159 1005 1010025 1015075125 31-7017349 10-0166389 0009950249 1006 1012036 1018108216 31-7175030 10-0199601 0009940358 1007 1014049 1021147343 31-7332633 10-0232791 0009930487 1008 1016064 1024192512 31-7490157 10-0265958 0009920635 1009 1018081 1027243729 31-7647603 100299104 0009910803 1010 1020100 1030301000 31-7804972 10-0332228 0009900990 1011 1022121 1033364331 31-7962262 10-0365330 0009891197 1012 1024144 1036433728 31-8119474 10-0398410 0009881423 1013 1026169 1039509197 31-8276609 10-0431469 0009871668 1014 1028196 1042590744 31-8433666 10-0464506 0009861933 1015 1030225 1045678375 31-8590646 10-0497521 0009852217 1016 1032256 1048772096 31-8747549 10-0530514 0009842520 1017 1034289 1051871913 31-8904374 10-0563485 0009832842 1018 1036324 1054977832 31-9061123 10-0596435 0009823183 1019 1038361 1058089859 31-9217794 10-0629364 0009813543 1020 1040400 1061208000 31-9374388 10-0662271 0009803922 1021 1042441 1064332261 31-9530906 10-0695156 0009794319 1022 1044484 1067462648 31-9687347 10-0728020 0009784736 1023 1046529 1070599167 31-9843712 10-0760863 0009775171 1024 1048576 1073741824 32-0000000 10-0793684 0009765625 1025 1050625 1076890625 32-0156212 10-0826484 0009756098 No. Square Cube Square Root Cube Root Reciprocal 1026 1052676 1080045576 32-0312348 10-0859262 0009746589 1027 1054729 1088206683 32-0468407 10-0892019 0009737098 1028 1056784 1086373952 32-0624391 10-0924755 0009727626 1029 1058841 1089547389 32-0780298 10-0957469 0009718173 1030 1060900 1092727000 32-0936131 10-0990163 0009708738 1031 1062961 1095912791 32-1091887 10-1022835 0009699321 1032 1065024 1099104768 32-1247568 10-1055487 0009689022 1033 1067089 1102302937 32-1403173 10-1088117 0009680542 1034 1069156 1105507304 32-1558704 10-1120726 0009671180 1035 1071225 1108717875 32-1714159 10-1153314 0009661836 1036 1073296 1111934656 32-1869539 10-1185882 0009652510 1037 1075369 1115157653 32-2024844 10-1218428 0009643202 1038 1077444 1118386872 32-2180074 10-1250953 0009633911 1039 1079521 1121622319 32-2335229 10-1283457 0009624639 1040 1081600 1124864000 32-2490310 10-1315941 0009615385 1041 1083681 1128111921 32-2645316 10-1348403 0009606148 1042 1085764 1131366088 32-2800248 10-1380845 0009596929 1043 1087849 1134626507 32-2955105 10-1413266 0009587728 1044 1089936 1137893184 32-3109888 10-1445667 0009578544 1045 1092025 1141166125 32-3264598 10-147804Z 0009569378 1046 1094116 1144445336 32-3419233 10-1510406 0009560229 1047 1096209 1147730823 32-3573794 10-1542744 0009551008 1048 1098304 1151022592 32-3728281 10-1575062 0009541985 1049 1100401 1154320649 32-3882695 10-1607359 0009532888 1050 1102500 1157625000 32-4037035 10-1639636 0009523810 1051 1104601 1160935651 32-4191301 10-1671893 0009514748 1052 1106704 1164252608 32-4345495 10-1704129 0009505703 1053 1108809 1167575877 32-4499615 10-1736344 0009496676 1054 1110916 1170905464 32-4653662 10-1768539 0009487666 1055 1113025 1174241375 32-4807635 10-1800714 0009478673 1056 1115136 1177583616 32-4961536 10-1832868 0009469697 1057 1117249 1180932193 32-5115364 10-1865002 0009460738 1058 1119364 1184287112 32-5269119 10-1897116 0009451796 1059 1121481 1187648379 32-5422802 10-1929209 0009442871 1060 1123600 1191016000 32-5576412 10-1961283 0009433962 1061 1125721 1194389981 32-5729949 10-1993336 0009425071 1062 1127844 1197770328 32-5883415 10-2025369 0009416196 1063 1129969 1201157047 32-6036807 10-2057382 0009407338 1064 1132096 1204550144 32-6190129 10-2089375 0009398496 1065 1134225 1207949625 32-6343377 10-2121347 0009389671 1066 1136356 1211355496 32-6496554 10-2153300 0009380863 1067 1138489 1214767763 32-6649659 10-2185233 0009372071 1068 1140624 1218186432 32-6802693 10-2217146 0009363296 1069 1142761 1221611509 32-6955654 10-2249039 0009354537 1070 1144900 1225043000 32-7108544 10-2280912 0009345794 1071 1147041 1228480911 32-7261363 10-2312766 0009337068 1072 1149184 1231925248 . 32-7414111 10-2344599 0000328358 1073 1151329 1235376017 32-7566787 10-2376413 0009319664 1074 1153476 1238833224 327719392 10-2408207 0009310987 No. Square Cube Square Root Cube Root Reciprocal 1075 1155625 1242296875 32-7871926 10-2439981 0009302326 1076 1157776 1245766976 32-8024389 10-2471735 0009293680 1077 ] 159929 1249243533 32-8176782 10-2503470 0009285051 1078 1162084 1252726552 32-8329103 10-2535186 0009276438 1079 1164241 1256216039 32-8481354 10-2566881 0009267841 1080 1166400 1259712000 32-8633535 10-2598557 0009259259 1081 1168561 1263214441 32-8785644 10-2630213 0009250694 1082 1170724 1266723368 32-8937684 10-2661850 0009242144 1083 1172889 1270238787 32-9089653 10-2693467 0009233610 1084 1175056 1273760704 32-9241553 10-2725065 0009225092 1085 1177225 1277289125 32-9393382 10-2756644 0009216590 1086 1179396 1280824056 32-9545141 10-2788203 0009208103 1087 1181569 1284365503 32-9696830 10-2819743 0009199632 1088 1183744 1287913472 32-9848450 10-2851264 0009191176 1089 1185921 1291467969 33-0000000 10-2882765 0009182736 1090 1188100 1295029000 33-0151480 10-2914247 0009174312 1091 1190281 1298596571 33-0302891 10-2945709 0009165903 1092 1192464 1302170688 33-0454233 10-2977153 0009157509 1093 1194649 1305751357 33-0605505 10-3008577 0009149131 1094 1196836 1309338584 33-0756708 10-3039982 0009140768 1095 1199025 1312932375 33-0907842 10-3071368 0009132420 1096 1201216 1316532736 33-1058907 10-3102735 0009124088 1097 1203409 1320139673 33-1209903 10-3134083 0009115770 1098 1205604 1323753192 33-1360830 10-3165411 0009107468 1099 1207801 1327373299 33-1511689 10-3196721 0009099181 1100 TJlOOOO 1331000000 33-1662479 10-3228012 0009090909 1101 1212201 1334633301 33-1813200 10-3259284 0009082652 1102 1214404 1338273208 33-1963853 10-3290537 0009074410 1103 1216609 1341919727 33-2114438 10-3321770 0009066183 1104 1218S16 1345572864 33-2264955 10-3352985 0009057971 1105 1221025 1349232625 33-2415403 10-3384181 0009049774 1106 1223236 1352899016 33-2565783 10-3415358 0009041591 1107 1225449 1356572043 33-2716095 ia-3446517 0009033424 1108 1227664 1360251712 33-2866339 10-3477657 0009025271 1109 1229881 1363938029 33-3016516 10-3508778 0009017133 1110 1232100 1367631000 33-3166625 10-3539880 0009009009 1111 1234321 1371330631 33-3316666 10-3570964 0009000900 1112 1236544 1375036928 33-3466640 10-3602029 0008992806 1113 1238769 1378749897 33-3616546 10-3633076 0008984726 1114 1240996 1382469544 33-3766385 10-3664103 0008976661 1115 1243225 1386195875 33-3916157 10-3695113 0008968610 1116 1245456 1389928896 33-4065862 10-3726103 0008960573 1117 1247689 1393668613 33-4215499 10-3757076 0008952551 1118 1249924 1397415032 33-4365070 10-3788030 0008944544 1119 1252161 1401168159 33-4514573 10-3818965 0008936550 1120 1254400 1404928000 33-4664011 10-3849882 0008928571 1121 1256641 1408694561 33-4813381 10-3880781 0008920607 1122 1258884 1412467848 33-4962684 10-3911661 0008912656 1123 1261129 1416247867 33-5111921 10-3942523 0008904720 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 337 No. Square Cube Square Root Cube Root Reciprocal 1124 1263376 1420034624 33-5261092 10-3973366 0008896797 1125 1265625 1423828125 33-5410196 10-4004192 0008888889 1126 1267876 1427628376 33-5559234 10-4034999 0008880995 1127 1270129 1431435383 33-5708206 10-4065787 0008873114 1128 1272384 1435249152 33-5857112 10-4096557 0008865248 1129 1274641 1439069689 33-6005952 10-4127310 0008857396 1130 1276900 1442897000 33-6154726 10-4158044 0008849558 1131 1279161 1446731091 33-6303434 10-4188760 0008841733 1132 1281424 1450571968 33-6452077 10-4219458 0008833922 1133 1283689 1454419637 33-6600653 10-4250138 0008826125 1134 1285956 1458274104 33-6749165 10-4280800 0008818342 1135 1288225 1462135375 33-6897610 10-4311443 0008810573 1136 1290496 1466003456 33-7045991 10-4342069 0008802817 1137 1292769 1469878353 33-7194306 10-4372677 0008795075 1138 1295044 1473760072 33-7342556 10-4403267 0008787346 1139 1297321 1477648619 33-7490741 10-4433839 0008779631 1140 1299600 1481544000 33-7638860 10-4464393 0008771930 1141 1301881 1485446221 337786915 10-4494929 0008764242 1142 1304164 1489355288 33-7934905 10-4525448 0008756567 1143 1306449 1493271207 33-8082830 10-4555948 0008748906 1144 1308736 1497193984 33-8230691 10-4586431 0008741259 1145 1311025 1501123625 33-8378486 10-4616896 0008733624 1146 1313316 1505060136 33-8526218 10-4647343 0008726003 1147 1315609 1509003523 33-8673884 10-4677773 0008718396 1148 1317904 1512953792 33-8821487 10-4708185 0008710801 1149 1320201 1516910949 33-8969025 10-4738579 0008703220 1150 1322500 1520875000 33-9116499 10-4768955 0008695652 1151 1324801 1524845951 33-9263909 10-4799314 0008688097 1152 1327104 1528823808 33-9411255 10-4829656 0008680556 1153 1329409 1532808577 33-9558537 10-4859980 0008673027 1154 1331716 1536800264 33-9705755 10-4890286 0008665511 1155 1334025 1540798875 33-9852910 10-4920575 0008658009 1156 1336336 1544804416 34-0000000 10-4950847 0008^50519 1157 1338649 1548816893 34-0147027 10-4981101 0008643042 1158 1340964 1552836312 34-0293990 10-5011337 0008635579 1159 1343281 1556862679 34-0440890 10-5041556 0008628128 1160 1345600 1560896000 34-0587727 10-5071757 0008620690 1161 1347921 1564936281 34-0734501 10-5101942 0008613264 1162 1350244 1568983528 34-0881211 10-5132109 0008605852 1163 1352569 1573037747 34-1027858 10-5162259 0008598452 1164 1354896 1577098944 34-1174442 '10-5192391 0008591065 1165 1357225 1581167125 34-1320963 10-5222506 0008583691 1166 1359556 1585242296 34-1467422 10-5252604 0008576329 1167 1361889 1589324463 34-1613817 10-5282685 0008568980 1168 1364224 1593413632 34-1760150 10-5312749 0008561644 1169 1366561 1597509809 34-1906420 10-5342795 0008554320 1170 1368900 1601613000 34-2052627 10-5372825 0008547009 1171 1371241 1605723211 34-2198773 10-5402837 0008539710 1172 13735S4 1609840448 34-2344855 10-5432832 0008532423 No. Square Cube Square Root Cube Root Reciprocal 1173 1375929 1613964717 34-2490875 10-5462810 0008525149 1174 1378276 1618096024 34-2636834 10-5492771 0008517888 1175 1380625 1622234375 34-2782730 10-5522715 0008510638 1176 1382976 1626379776 34-2928564 10-5552642 0008503401 1177 1385329 1630532233 34-3074336 10-5582552 0008496177 1178 1387684 1634691752 34-3220046 10-5612445 0008488964 1179 1390041 1638858339 34-3365694 10-5642322 0008481764 1180 1392400 1643032000 34-3511281 10-5672181 0008474576 1181 1394761 1647212741 34-3656805 10-5702024 0008467401 1182 1397124 1651400568 34-3802268 10-5731849 0008460237 1183 1399489 1655595487 34-3947670 10-5761658 0008453085 1184 1401856 1659797504 34-4093011 10-5791449 0008445946 1185 1404225 1664006625 34-4238289 10-5821225 0008438819 1186 1406596 1668222856 34-4383507 10-5850983 0008431703 1187 1408969 1672446203 34-4528663 10-5880725 0008424600 1188 1411344 1676676672 34-4673759 10-5910450 0008417508 1189 1413721 1680914269 34-4818793 10-5940158 0008410429 1190 1416100 1685159000 34-4963766 10-5969850 0008403361 1191 1418481 1689410871 34-5108678 10-5999525 0008396306 1192 1420864 1693669888 34-5253530 10-6029184 0008389262 1193 1423249 1697936057 34-5398321 10-6058826 0008382230 1194 1425636 1702209384 34-5543051 10-6088451 0008375209 1195 1428025 1706489875 34-5687720 10-6118060 0008368201 1190 1430416 1710777536 34-5832329 10-6147652 0008361204 1197 1432809 1715072373 34-5976879- 10-6177228 0008354219 1198 1435204 1719374392 34-6121366 10-6206788 OOOS347245 1199 1437601 17236S3599' 34-0265794 10-6236331 0008340284 1200 1440000 1728000000 34-6410162 10-6265857 0008333333 1201 1442401 1732323601 34-6554469 10-6295367 0008326395 1202 1444804 1736654408 34-6698716 10-6324860 0008319468 1203 1447209 1740992427 34 -6842904 10-6354338 0008312552 1204 1449616 1745337664 34-6987031 10-6383799 0008305648 1205 1452025 1749690125 34-7131099 10-6413244 0008298755 1206 1454436 1754049816 34-7275107 10-6442672 0008291874 1207 1456849 1758416743 34-7419055 10-6472085 0008285004 1208 1459264 1762790912 34-7562944 10-6501480 0608278146 1209 1461681 1767172329 34-7706773 10-6530860 0008271299 1210 1464100 1771561000 34-7850543 10-6560223 000^264463 1211 1466521 1775956931 34-7994253 10-6589570 0008257638 1212 1468944 1780360128 34-8137904 10-6618902 0008250825 1213 1471369 1784770597 34-8281495 10-6648217 0008244023 1214 1473796 1789188344 34-8425028 10-6677516 0008237232 1215 1476225 1793613375 34-8568501 10-6706799 0008230453 1216 1478656 1798045696 34-8711915 10-6736066 0008223684 1217 1481089 1802485313 34-8855271 10-6765317 0008216927 1218 1483524 1806932232 34-8998567 10-6794552 0008210181 1219 1485961 1811386459 34-9141805 10-6823771 0008203445 1220 1488400 1815848000 34-9284984 10-6852973 0008196721 1221 1490841 1820316861 34-9428104 10-6882160 0008190008 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 339 No. Square Cube Square Root Cube Root Reciprocal 1222 1493284 1824793048 34-9571166 10-6911331 0008183306 1223 1495729 1829276567 34-9714169 10-6940486 0008176615 1224 1498176 1833767424 34-9857114 10-6969625 0008169935 1225 1500625 1838265625 35-0000000 10-6998748 0008163265 1226 1503076 1842771176 35-0142828 10-7027855 0008156607 1227 1505529 18472S4083 35-0285598 10-7056947 0008149959 1228 1507984 1851804352 35-0428309 10-7086023 0008143322 1229 1510441 1856331989 35-0570963 10-7115083 0008136696 1230 1512900 1860867000 35-0713558 10-7144127 0008130081 1231 1515361 1865409391 35-0856096 10-7173155 0008123477 1232 1517824 1869959168 35-0998575 10-7202168 0008116883 1233 1520289 1874516337 35-1140997 10-7231165 0008110300 1234 1522756 1879080904 35-1283361 10-7260146 0008103728 1235 1525225 1883652875 35-1425668 10-7289112 0008097166 1236 152769o 1888232256 35-1567917 10-7318062 0008090615 1237 1530169 1892819053 35-1710108 10-7346997 0008084074 1238 1532644 1897413272 35-1852242 10-7375916 0008077544 1239 1535121 1902014919 35-1994318 10-7404819 0008071025 1240 1537600 1906624000 35-2136337 10-7433707 0008064516 1241 1540081 1911240521 35-2278299 10-7462579 0008058018 1242 1542564 1915864488 35-2420204 10-7491436 0008051530 1243 1545049 1920495907 35-2562051 10-7520277 0008045052 1244 1547536 1925134784 35-2703842 10-8549103 0008038585 1245 1550025 1929781125 35-2845575 10-7577913 0008032129 1246 1552516 1934434936 35-2987252 10-7606708 0008025682 1247 1555009 1939096223 35-3128872 10-7635488 0008019246 1248 1557504 1943764992 35-3270435 10-7664252 0008012821 1249 1560001 1948441249 35-3411941 10-7693001 0008006405 1250 1562500 1953125000 35-3553391 10-7721735 0008000000 1251 1565001 1957816251 35-3694784 10-7750453 0007993605 1252 1567504 1962515008 35-3836120 10-7779156 0007987220 1253 1570009 1967221277 35-3977400 10-7807843 0007980846 1254 1572516 1971935064 35-4118624 10-7836516 0007974482 1255 1575025 1976656375 35-4259792 107865173 000796'8127 1256 1577536 1981385216 35-4400903 10-7893815 0007961783 1257 1580049 1986121593 35-4541958 10-7922441 0007955449 1258 1582564 1990865512 35-4682957 10-7951053 0007949126 1259 1585081 1995616979 35-4823900 10-7979649 0007942812 1260 1587600 2000376000 35-4964787 10-8008230 0007936508 1261 1590121 2005142581 35-5105618 10-8036797 1 0007930214 1262 1592644 2009916728 35-5246393 10-8065348 0007923930 1263 1595169 2014698447 35-5387113 10-8093884 0007917656 1264 1597696 2019487744 35-5527777 10-8122404 0007911392 1265 1600225 2024284625 35-5668385 10-8150909 0007905138 1266 1602756 2029089096 35-5808937 10-8179400 0007898894 1267 1605289 2033901163 35-5949434 10-8207876 0007892660 1268 1607824 .2038720832 35-6089876 10-8236336 0007886435 1269 1610361 2043548109 35-6230262 10-8264782 0007880221 1270 1612900 2048383000 35-6370593 10-8293213 0007874016 340 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. No. Square Cube Square Root Cube Root Reciprocal 1271 1615441 2053225511 3;, -6510869 10-8321629 0007867821 1272 1617984 2058075648 35-6651090 10-8350030 0007861635 1273 1620529 2062933417 35-6791255 10-8378416 0007855460 1274 1623076 2067798824 35-6931366 10-8406788 0007849294 1275 1625625 2072671875 35-7071421 10-8435144 0007843137 1276 1628176 2077552576 35-7211422 10-8463485 0007836991 1277 1630729 2082440933 35-7351367 10-8491812 0007830854 1278 1633284 2087336952 35-7491258 10-8520125 0007824726 1279 1635841 2092240639 35-7631095 10-8548422 0007818608 1280 1638400 2097152000 35-7770876 10-8576704 0007812500 1281 1640961 2102071041 35-7910603 10-8604972 0007806401 1282 1643524 2106997768 35-8050276 10-8633225 0007800312 1283 1646089 2111932187 35-8189894 10-8661464 0007794232 1284 1648656 2116874304 35-8329457 10-8689687 0007788162 1285 1651225 2121824125 35-8468966 10-8717897 0007782101 1286 1653796 2126781656 35-8608421 10-8746091 0007776050 1287 1656369 2131746903 35-8747822 10-8774271 0007770008 1288 1658944 2136719872 35-8887169 10-8802436 0007763975 1289 1661521 2141700569 35-9026461 10-8830587* 0007757952 1290 1664100 2146689000 35-9165699 10-8858723 0007751938 1291 1666681 2151685171 35-9304884 10-8886845 0007745933 1292 1669264 2156689088 35-9444015 10-8914952 0007739938 1293 1671849 2161700757 35-9583092 10-8943044 0007733952 1294 1674436 2166720184 33-9722115 10-8971123 0007727975 1295 1677025 2171747375 35-9861084 10-8999186 0007722008 1296 1679616 2176782336 36-0000000 10-9027235 0007716049 1297 1682209 2181825073 36-0138862 10-9055269 0007710100 1298 1684804 2186875592 36-0277671 10-9083290 0007704160 1299 1687401 2191933899 36-0416426 10-9111296 0007698229 1300 1690000 2197000000 36-0555128 10-9139287 0007692308 1301 1692601 2202073901 36-0693776 10-9167265 0007686395 1302 1695204 2207155608 36-0832371 10-9195228 0007680492 1303 1697809 2212245127 36-0970913 10-9223177 0007674597 1304 1700416 2217342464 36-1109402 10-9251111 0007668712 1305 1703025 2222447625 36-1247837 10-9279031 0007662835 1306 1705636 2227560616 36-1386220 10-9306937 0007656968 1307 1708249 2232681443 36-1524550 10-9334829 0007651109 1308 1710864 2237810112 36-1662826 10-9362706 0007645260 1309 1713481 2242946629 36-1801050 10-9390569 0007639419 1310 1716100 2248091000 36-1939221 10-9418418 0007633588 1311 1718721 2253243231 36-2077340 10-9446253 0007627765 1312 1721344 2258403328 36-2215406 10-9474074 0007621951 1313 1723969 2263571297 36-2353419 10-9501880 0007616146 1314 1726596 2268747144 36-2491379 10-9529673 0007610350 1315 1729225 2273930875 36-2629287 10-9557451 0007604563 1316 1731856 2279122496 36-2767143 10-9585215 0007598784 1317 1734489 2284322013 36-2904946 10-9612965 0007593014 1318 1737124 2289529432 36-3042697 10-9640701 0007587253 1319 1739761 2294744759 36-3180396 10-9668423 0007581501 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 341 No. Square Cube Square Root Cube Root Reciprocal 1320 1742400 2299968000 36-3318042 10-9696131 0007575758 1321 1745041 2305199161 36-3455637 10-9723825 0007570023 1322 1747684 2310438248 36-3593179 10-9753505 0007564297 1323 1750329 2315685267 36-3730670 10-9779171 0007558579 1324 1752976 2320940224 36-3868108 10-9806823 0007552870 1325 1755625 2326203125 36-4005494 10-9834462 0007547170 1326 1758276 2331473976 36-4142829 10-9862086 0007541478 1327 1760929 2336752783 36-4280112 10-9889696 0007535795 1328 1763584 2342039552 36-4417343 10-9917293 0007530120 1329 1766241 2347334289 36-4554523 10-9944876 0007524454 1330 1768900 2352637000 36-4691650 10-9972445 0007518797 1331 1771561 2357947691 36-4828727 11-0000000 0007513148 1332 1774224 2363266368 36-4965752 11-0027541 0007507508 1333 1776889 2368593037 36-5102725 11-0055069 &007501875 1334 1779556 2373927704 36-5239647 11-0082583 0007496252 1335 1782225 2379270375 36-5376518 11-0110082 0007490637 1336 1784896 2384621056 36-5513338 11-0137569 0007485030 1^37 1787569 2389979753 36-5650106 11-0165041 0007479432 1338 1790244 2395346472 36-5786823 11-0192500 OC 07473842 1339 1792921 2400721219 36-5923489 11-0219945 0007468260 1340 1795600 2406104000 36-6060104 11-0247377 0007462687 1341 1798281 2411494821 36-6196668 11-0274795 0007457122 1342 1800964 2416893688 36-6333181 11-0302199 0007451565 1343 1803649 2422300607 36-6469644 11-0329590 0007446016 1344 1806336 2427715584 36-6606056 11-0356967 0007440476 1345 1809025 2433138625 36-6742416 11-0384330 0007434944 1346 1811716 2438569736 36-6878726 11-0411680 0007429421 1347 1814409 2444008923 36-7014986 11-0439017 0007423905 1348 1817104 2449456192 36-7151195 '11-0466339 0007418398 1349 1819801 2454911549 36-7287353 11-0493649 0007412898 1350 1822500 2460375000 36-7423461 11-0520945 0007407407 1351 1825201 2465846551 36-7559519 11-0548227 0007401924 1352 1827904 2471326208 36-7695526 11-0575497 0007396450 1353 1830609 2476813977 36-7831483 11-0602752 0007390983 1354 1833316 2482309864 36-7967390 11-0629994 0007385524 1355 1836025 2487813875 36-8103246 11-0657222 0007380074 1356 1838736 2493326016 36-8239053 11-0684437 0007374631 1357 1841449 2498846293 36-8374809 11-0711639 0007369197 1358 1844164 2504374712 36-8510515 11-0738828 0007363770 1359 1846881 2509911279 36-8646172 11-0766003 0007358352 1360 1849600 2515456000 36-8781778 11-0793165 0007352941 1361 1852321 2521008881 36-8917335 11-0820314 0007347539 1362 1855044 2526565928 36-9052842 11-0847449 0007342144 1363 1857769 2532139147 36-9188299 11-0874571 0007336757 1364 1860496 2537716544 36-9323706 11-0901679 0007331378 1365 1863225 2543302125 36-9459064 11-0928775 0007326007 1366 1865956 2548895896 36-9594372 11-0955857 0007320644 1367 1868689 2554497863 36-9729631 11-0982926 0007315289 1368 1871424 2560108032 36-9864840 11-1009982 0007309942 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. No. Square Cute Square Root Cube Root Reciprocal 1369 1874161 2565726409 37-0000000 11-1037025 0007304602 1370 1876900 2571353000 37-0135110 11-1064054 0007299270 1371 1879641 2576987811 37-0270172 11-1091070 0007293946 1372 1882384 2582630848 37-0405184 11-1118073 0007288630 1373 1885129 2588282117 37-0540146 11-1145064 0007283321 1374 1887876 2593941624 37-0675060 11-1172041 0007278020 1375 1890625 2599609375 37-0809924 11-1199004 0007272727 1376 1893376 2605285376 37-0944740 11-1225955 0007267442 1377 1896129 2610969633 37-1079506 11-1252893 0007262164 1378 1898884 2616662152 37-1214224 11-1279817 0007256894 1379 1901641 2622362939 37-1348893 11-1306729 0007251632 1380 1904400 2628072000 37-1483512 11-13:33028 0007246377 1381 1907161 2633789341 37-1618084 11-1360514 000724L130 1382 1909924 2639514968 37-1752606 11-1387386 0007235890 1383 1912689 2645248887 37-1887079 11-1414246 0007230658 1384 1915456 2650991104 37-2021505 11-1441093 0007225434 1385 1918225 2656741625 37-2155881 11-1467926 0007220217 1386 1920996 2662500456 37-2290209 11-1494747 0007215007 1387 1923769 2668267603 37-2424489 11-1521555 0007209805 1388 1926544 2674043072 37-2558720 11-1548350 0007204611 1389 1929321 2679826869 37-2692903 11-1575133 0007199424 1390 1932100 2685619000 37-2827037 11-1601903 0007194245 1391 1934881 2691419471 -37-2961124 11-1628659 0007189073 1392 1937664 2697228288 37-3095162 11-1655403 0007183908 1393 1940449 2703045457 37-3229152 11-1682134 0007178751 1394 1943236 2708870984 37-3363094 11-1708852 0007173601 1395 1946025 2714704875 37-3496988 11-1735558 0007168459 1396 1948816 2720547136 37-3630834 11-1762250 0007163324, 1397 1951609 2726397773 37-3764632 11-1788930 0007158196 1398 1954404 2732256792 37*3898382 11-1815598 0007153076 1399 1957201 2738124199 37-4032084 11-1842252 0007147963 1400 1960000 2744000000 37-4165738 11-1868894 0007142857 1401 1962801 2749884201 37-4299345 11-1895523 0007137759 1402 1965604 2755776808 37-4432904 11-1922139 0007132668 1403 1968409 2761677827 37-4566416 11-1948743 0007127584 1404 1971216 2767587264 37-4699880 11-1975334 0007122507 1405 1974025 2773505125 37-4833296 11-2001913 0007117438 1406 1976836 2779431416 37-4966665 11-2028479 0007112376 1407 1979649 2785366143 37'5099987 11-2055032 0007107321 1408 1982464 2791309312 37'5233261 11-2081573 0007102273 1409 1985281 2797260929 37*5366487 11-2108101 0007097232 1410 1988100 2803221000 37-5499667 11-2134617 0007092199 1411 1990921 2809189531 37*5632799 11-2161120 0007087172 1412 1993744 2815166528 37-5765885 11-2187611 0007082153 1413 1996569 2821151997 37-5898922 11-2214089 0007077141 1414 1999396 2827145944 37 : 6031913 11-2240554 0007072136 1415 2002225 2833148375 37-6164857 11-2267007 0007067138 1416 2005056 2839159296 37-6297754 11-2293448 0007062147 1417 2007889 2845178713 37-6430604 11-2319876 0007057163 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 343 No. Square Cube Square Root Cube Root Reciprocal 1418 2010724 2851206632 37-6563407 11-2346292 0007052186 1419 2013561 2857243059 37-6696164 11-2372696 0007047216 1420 2016400 2863288000 37-6828874 11-2399087 0007042254 1421 2019241 2869341461 37-6961536 11-2425465 0007037298 1422 2022084 2875403448 37-7094153 11-2451831 0007032349 1423 2024929 2881473967 37-7226722 11-2478185 0007027407 1424 2027776 2887553024 87-7359245 11-2504527 0007022472 1425 2030625 2893640625 37-7491722 11-2530856 0007017644 1426 2033476 2899736776 37-7624152 11-2557173 0007012623 1427 2036329 2905841483 37-7756535 11-2583478 0007007708 1428 2039184 2911954752 37-7888873 11-2609770 0007002801 1429 2042041 29180765^9 37-8021163 11-2636050 0006997901 1430 2044900 2924207000 37-8153408 11-2662318 0006993007 1431 2047761 2930345991 37-8285606 11-2688573 0006988120 1432 2050624 2936493568 37-8417759 11-2714816 0006983240 1433 2053489 2942649737 37-8549864 11-2741047 0006978367 1434 2056356 .2948814504 37-8681924 11-2767266 0006973501 1435 2059225 2954987875 37-8813938 11-2793472 .0006968641 1436 2062096 2961169866 37-8945906 11-2819666 0006963788 1437 2064969 2967360453 37-9077828 11-2845849 0006958942 1438 2067844 2973559672 37-9209704 11-2872019 0006954103 1439 2070721 2979767510 37-9341535 11-2898177 0006949270 1440 2073600 2985984000 37-9473319 11-2924323 0006944444 1441 2076481 2992209121 37-9605058 11-2950457 0006939625 1442 2079364 2998442888 37-9736751 11-2976579 0006934813 1443 2082249 3004685307 37-9868398 11-3002688 0006930007 1444 2085136 3010936384 38-0000000 11-3028786 0006925208 1445 2088025 3017196125 38-0131556 11-3054871 0006920415 1446 2090916 3023464536 38-0263067 11-3080945 0006915629 1447 2093809 3029741623 38-0394532 11-3107006 0006910850 1448 2096704 3036027392 38-0525952 11-3133056 0006906078 1449 2099601 3042321849 38-0657326 11-3159094 0006901312 1460 2102500 3048625000 38-0788655 11-3185119 0006896552 1451 2105401 3054936851 38-0919939 11-3211132 0006891799 1452 2108304 3061257408 38-1051178 11-3237134 0006887052 1453 2111209 3067586677 38-1182371 11-3263124 0006882312 1454 2114116 3073924664 38-1313519 11-3289102 0006877579 1455 2117025 3080271375 38-1444622 11-3315067 0006872852 1456 2119936 3086626816 38-1575681 11-3341022 0006868132 1457 2122849 3092990993 38-1706693 11-3366964 0006863418 1458 2125764 3099363912 38-1837662 11-3392894 0006858711 1459 2128681 3105745579 38-1968585 11-3418813 0006854010 1460 2131600 3112136000 . 38-2099463 11-3444719 0006849315 1461 2134521 3118535181 38-2230297 11-3470614 0006844627 1462 2137444 3124943128 38-2361085 11-3496497 0006839945 1463 2140369 3131359847 38-2491829 11-3522368 0006835270 1464 2143296 3137785344 38-2622529 11-3548227 0006830601 1465 2146225 3144219625 38-2753184 11-3574075 0006825939 146G 2149156 3150662696 38-2883794 11-3599911 0006821282 344 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. No. Square Cube Square Root Cube Root Reciprocal 1467 2152089 3157114563 38-3014360 11-3625735 0006816633 1468 2155024 3163575232 38-3144881 11-3651547 0006811989 1469 2157961 3170044709 38-3275358 11-3677347 0006807352 1470 216Q900 3176523000 38-3405790 11-3703136 0006802721 1471 2163841 3183010111 38-3536178 11-3728914 0006798097 1472 2166784 3189506048 38-3666522 11-3754679 0006793478 1473 2169729 3169010817 38-3796821 11-3780433 0006788866 1474 2172676 3202524424 38-3927076 11-3806175 0006784261 1475 2175625 3209046875 38-4057287 11-3831906 0006779661 1476 2178576 3215578176 38-4187454 11-3857625 0006775068 1477 2181529 3222118333 38-4317577 11-3883332 0006770481 1478 2184484 3228667352 88-4447656 11-3909028 0006765900 1479 2187441 3235225239 38-4577691 11-3934712 0006761325 1480 2190400 3241792000 38-4707681 11-3960384 0006756757 1481 2193361 3248367641 38-4837627 11-3986045 0006752194 1482 2196324 3254952168 38-4967530 11-4011695 0006747638 1483 2199289 3261545587 38-5097390 11-4037332 0006743088 1484 2202256 3268147904 38-5227206 11-4062959 0006738544 1485 2205225 3274759125 38-5356977 11-4088574 0006734007 1486 2208196 3281379256 38-5486705 11-4114177 0006729475 1487 2211169 3288008303 88-5616389 il-4139769 0006724950 1488 2214144 3294646272 38-5746030 11-4165349 0006720430 1489 2217121 3301293169 38-5875627 11-4190918 0006715917 1490 2220100 3307949000 38-6005181 11-4216476 0006711409 1491 2223081 3314613771 38-6134691 11-4242022 0006706908 1492 2226064 3321287488 38-6264158 11-4267556 0006702413 1493 2229049 3327970157 38-6393582 11-4293079 0006697924 1494 2232036 3334661784 38-6522962 11-4318591 0006693440 1495 2235025 3341362375 38-6652299 11-4344092 0006688963 1496 2238016 3348071936 38-6781593 11-4369581 0006684492 1497 2241009 3354790473 38-6910843 11-4395059 0006680027 1498 2244004 3361517992 38-7040050 11-4420525 0006675^67 1499 2247001 3368254499 38-7169214 11-4445980 0006671114 1500 2250000 3375000000 38-7298335 11-4471424 0006666667 1501 2253001 3381754501 38-7427412 11-4496857 0006662225 1502 2256004 3388518008 38-7556447 11-4522278 0006657790 1503 2259009 3395290527 38-7685439 11-4547688 0006643360 1504 2262016 3402072064 38-7814389 11-4573087 0006648936 1505 2265025 3408862625 38-7943294 11-4598474 0006644518 1506 2268036 3415662216 38-8072158 11-4623850 0006640106 1507 2271049 3422470843 38-8200978 11-4649215 0006635700 1508 2274064 3429288512 38-8329757 11-4674568 0006631300 1509 2277081 3436115229 38-8458491 11-4699911 0006626905 1510 2280100 3442951000 38-8587184 11-4725242 0006622517 1511 2283121 8449795831 38-8715834 11-4750562 0006618134 1512 2286144 3456649728 38-8844442 11-4775871 0006613757 1513 2289169 3463512697 38-8973006 11-4801169 0006609385 1514 2292196 3470384744 38-9101529 11-4826455 -0006605020 1515 2295225 3477265875 38-9230009 11-4851731 0006600660 NOTES o>r HYDRAULICS. 345 No. Square Cube Square Root Cube Root Reciprocal 1516 2298256 3484156096 38-9358447 11-4876995 0006596306 1517 2301289 3491055413 38-9486841 11-4902249 0006591958 1518 2304324 3497963832 38-9615194 11-4927491 0006587615 1519 2307361 3504881359 38-9743505 11-4952722 0006583278 1520 2310400 3511808000 38-9871774 11-4977942 0006578947 1521 2313441 3518743761 39-0000000 11-5003151 0006574622 1522 2316484 3525688648 39-0128184 11-5028348 ^0006570302 1523 2319529 3532642667 39-0256326 11-5053535 0006565988 1524 2322576 3539605824 39-0384426 11-5078711 0006561680 1525 2325625 3546578125 39-0512483 11-5103876 0006557377 1526 2328676 3553559576 39-0640499 11-5129030 0006553080 1527 2331729 3560550183 39-0768473 11-5154173 0006548788 1528 2334784 -3567549952 39-0896406 11-5179305 0006544503 1529 2337841 3574558889 39-1024296 11-5204425 0006540222 1530 2340900 3581577000 39-1152144 11-5229535 0006535948 1531 2343961 3588604291 39-1279951 11-5254634 0006531679 1532 2347024 3595640768 39-1407716 11-5279722 0006527415 1533 2350089 3602686437 39-1535439 11-5304799 0006523157 1534 2353156 3609741304 39-1663120 11-5329865 0006518905 1535 2356225 3616805375 39-1790760 11-5354920 0006514658 1536 2359296 3623878656 39-1918359 11-5379965 0006510417 1537 2362369 3630961153 39-2045915 11-5404998 0006506181 1538 2365444 3638052872 39-2173431 11-5430021 0006501951 1539 2368521 3645153819 39-2300905 11-5455033 0006497726 1540 2371600 36522C4000 39-2428337 11-5480034 0006493506 1541 2374681 3659383421 39-2555728 11-5505025 0006489293 1542 2377764 3666512088 39-2683078 11-5530004 0006485084 1543 2380849 3673650007 39-2810387 11 -5554973 0006480S81 1544 2383936 3680797184 39-2937654 11-5579931 0006476684 1545 2387025 3687953625 39-3064880 11-5604878 0006472492 1546 2390116 3695119336 39-3192065 11-5629815 0006468305 1547 2393209 3702294323 39-3319208 11-5654740 0006464124 1548 2396304 3709478592 39-3446311 11-5679655 0006459948 1549 2399401 3716672149 39-3573373 11-5704559 0006455778 1550 2402500 3723875000 39-3700394 11-5729453 0006451613 1551 2405601 3731087151 39-3827373 11-5754336 0006447453 1552 2408704 3738308608 39-3954312 11-5779208 0006443299 1553 2411809 3745539377 39-4081210 11-5804069 0006439150 1554 2414916 3752779464 39-4208067 11-5828919 0006435006 1555 2418025 3760028875 39-4334883 11-5853759 0006430868 1556 2421136 3767287616 39-4461658 11-5878588 0006426735 1557 2424249 3774555693 39-4588393 11-5903407 0006422608 1558 2427364 3781833112 39-4715087 11-5928215 0006418485 1559 2430481 3789119879 39-4841740 11-5953013 0006414368 1560 2433600 3796416000 39-4968353 11-5977799 OOOG410256 1561 2436721 3803721481 39-5094925 11-6002576 0006406150 1562 2439844 3811036328 39-5221457 11-6027342 0006402049 1563 2442969 3818360547 39-5347948 11-6052097 0006397953 1564 2446096 3825694144 39-5474399 11-6076841 0006393862 346 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. Ko. Square Cube Square Root Cube Root Reciprocal 1565 2449225 3833037125 39-5600809 11-6101575 0006389776 1566 2452356 3840389496 39-5727179 11-6126299 0006385696 1567 2455489 3847751263 39-5853508 11-6151012 0006381621 1568 2458624 3855122432 39-5979797 11-6175715 0006377551 1569 2461761 3862503009 39-6106046 11-6200407 0006373486 1570 2464900 3869893000 39-6232255 11-6225088 0006369427 1571 2468041 3877292411 39-6358424 11-6249759 0006365372 1572 2471184 3884701248 39-6484552 11-6274420 0006361323 1573 2474329 3892119517 39-6610640 11-6299070 0006357279 1574 2477476 3899547224 39-673Q688 11-6323710 0006353240 1575 2480625 3906984375 39-6862696 11-6348339 0006349026 1576 2483776 3914430976 39-6988665 11-6372957 0006345178 1577 2486929 3921887033 39-7114593 11 -6397566 0006341154 1578 2490084 3929352552 39-7240481 11-6422164 0006337336 1579 2493241 3936827539 39-7366329 11-6446751 0006333122 1580 2496400 3944312000 39-7492138 11-6471329 0006329114 1581 2499561 3951805941 39-7617907 11-6495895 0006325111 1582 2502724 3959309368 39-7743636 11-6520452 0006321113 1583 2505889 3966822287 39-7869325 11-6544998 0006317119 1584 2509056 3974344704 39-7994975 11-6569534 0006343131 1585 2512225 3981876625 39-8120585 11-6594059 0006309148 1586 2515396 3989418056 39-8246155 11-6618574 0006305170 1587 2518569 3996969003 39-8371686 11-6643079 0006301197 1588 2521744 4004529472 39-8497177 11-6667574 0006297229 1589 2524921 4012099469 39-8622628 11-6692058 0006293266 1590 2528100 4019679000 39-8748040 11-6716532 0006289308 1591 2531281 4027268071 39-8873413 11-6740996 0006285355 1592 2534464 4034866688 39-8998747 11 -6765449 0006281407 1593 2537649 4042474857 39-9124041 11-6789892 0006277464 1594 2540836 4050092584 39-9249295 11-6814325 0006273526 1595 2544025 4057719875 39-9374511 11-6838748 -0006269592 1596 2547216 4065356736 39-9499687 11-6863161 0006265664 1597 2550409 4073003173 39-9624824 11-6887563 0006261741 1598 2553604 4080659192 39-9749922 11-6911955 0006257822 1599 2556801 4088324799 39-9874980 11-6936337 0006253909 1600 2560000 4096000000 40-0000000 11-6960709 0006250000 1601 2563201 4103684801 40-0124980 11-6985071 0006246096 1602 2566404 4111379208 40-0249922 11-7009422 0006242197 1603 2569609 4119083227 40-0374824 11-7033764 0006238303 1604 2572816 4326796864 40-0499688 11-7058095 0006234414 1605 2576025 4134520125 40-0624512 11-7082417 0006230530 1606 2579236 4142253016 40-0749298 11-7106728 0006226650 1607 2582449 4149995543 40-0874045 11-7131029 0006222775 1608 2585664 4157747712 40-0998753 11-7155320 0006218905 1609 2588881 4165509529 40-1123423 11-7179601 0006215040 1610 2592100 4173281000 40-1248053 11-7203872 0006211180 16-11 2595321 4181062131 40-1372645 11-7228133 0006207325 1612 2598544 4188852928 40-1497198 11-7252384 0006203474 1613 2601769 4196653397 40-1621713 11-7276625 0006199628 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 347 No. Square Cube Square Root Cube Root Reciproca. 1614 2604996 4204463544 40-1746188 11-7300855 0006195787 1615 2608225 4212283375 40-1870626 11-7325076 0006191950 1616 2611456 4220112896 40-1995025 11-7349286 0006188119 1617 2614689 4227952113 40-2119385 11-7373487 0006184292 1618 2617924 4235801032 40-2243707 11-7397677 0006180470 1619 2621161 4243659659 40-2367990 11-7421858 0006176652 1620 2624400 4251528000 40-2492236 11-7446029 0006172840 1621 2627641 4259406061 40-2616443 11-7470190 0006169031 1622 2630884 4267293848 40-2740611 11-7494341 0006165228 1623 2634129 4275191367 40-2864742 11-7518482 0006161429 1624 2637376 4283098624 40-2988834 11-7542613 0006157635 1625 2640625 4291015625 40-3112888 11-7566734 0006153846 1626 2643876 4298942376 40-3236903 11-7590846 0006150062 1627 2647129 4306878883 40-3360881 11-7614947 0006146282 1628 2650384 4314825152 40-3484820 11-7639039 0006142506 1629 2653641 4322781189 40-3608721 11-7663121 0006138735 1630 2656900 4330747000 40-3732585 11-7687193 0006134969 1631 2660161 4338722591 40-3856410 11-7711255 0006131208 1632 2663424 4346707968 40-3980198 11-7735306 0006127451 1633 2666689 4354703137 40-4103947 11-7759349 0006123699 1634 2669956 4362708104 40-4227658 11-7783381 0006119951 1635 2673225 4370722875 40-4351332 11-7807404 0006116208 1636 2676496 4378747456 40-4474968 11-7831417 0006112469 1637 2679769 4386781853 40-4598566 11-7855420 0006108735 1638 2683044 4394826072 40-4722127 11-7879414 0006105006 1639 2686321 4402880119 40-4845649 11-7903397 0006101281 1640 2689600 4410944000 40-4969135 11-7927371 0006097561 1641 2692881 4419017721 40-5092582 11-7951335 0006093845 1642 2696164 4427101288 40-5215992 11-7975289 0006090134 1643 2699449 4435194707 40-5339364 11-7999234 0006086427 1644 2702736 4443297984 40-5462699 11-8023169 0006082725 1645 2706025 4451411125 40-5585996 11-8047094 0006079027 1646 2709316 4459534136 40-5709255 11-8071010 0006075334 1647 2712609 4467667023 40-5832477 11-8094916 0006071645 1648 2715904 447"5809792 40-5955663 11-8118812 0006067961 1649 2719201 4483962449 40-6078810 11-8142698 0006064281 1650 2722500 4492125000 40-6201920 11-8166576 0006060606 1651 2725801 4500297451 40-6324993 11-8190443 ^0006056935 1652 2729104 4508479808. 40-6448029 11-8214301 0006053269 1653 2732409 4516672077 40-6571027 11-8238149 0006049607 1654 2735716 4524874264 40-6693988 11-8261987 0006045949 1655 2739025 4533086375 40-6816912 11-8285816 0006042296 1656 2742336 4541308416 ' 40-6939799 11-8309634 0006038647 1657 2745649 4549540393 40-7062648 11-8333444 0006035003 1658 2748964 4557782312 40-7185461 11-8357244 0006031363 1659 2752281 4566034179 40-7308237 11-8381034 0006027728 1660 2755600 4574296000 40-7430976 11-8404815 0006024096 1661 2758921 4582567781 40-7553677 11-8428586 0006020470 1662 2762244 4590849528 40-7676342 11-8452348 0006016847 348 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. No. Square Cube Square Root Cube Root Reciprocal 1663 2765569 4599141247 40-7798970 11-8476100 0006013229 1664 2768896 4607442994 40-7921561 11-8499843 0006009615 1665 2772225 4615754625 40-8044115 . 11-8523576 0006006006 1666 2775556 4624076296 40-8166633 11-8547299 0006002401 1667 2778889 4632407963 40-8289113 11-8571014 0005998800 1668 2782224 4640749632 40-8411557 11-8594719 0005995204 1669 2785561 4649101309 40-8533964 11-8618414 0005991612 1670 27B8900 4657463000 40-8656335 11-8642100 0005988024 1671 2792241 4665834711 40-8778669 11-8665776 0005984440 1672 2795584 4674216448 40-8900966 11-8689443 0005980861 1673 2798929 4682608217 40-9023227 11-8713100 0005977286 1674 2802276 4691010024 40-9145451 11-8736748 0005973716 1675 2805625 4699421875 40-9267638 11-8760387 0005970149 1676 2808976 4707843776 40-9389790 11-8784016 '0005966587 1677 2812329 4716275733 40-9511905 11-8807636 0005963029 1678 2815684 4724717752 40-9633983 11-8831246 0005959476 1679 2819041 4733169839 40-9756025 11 -8854847 0005955926 1680 2822400 4741632000 40-9878031 11-8878439 0005952381 1681 2825761 4750104241 41*0000000 11-8902022' 0005948840 1682 2829124 4758586568 41-0121933 11-8925595 0005945303 1683 2832489 4767078987 41-0243830 11-8949159 0005941771 1684 2835856 4775581504 41-0365691 11-8972713 0005938242 1685 2839225 4784094125 41-0487515 11-8996258 0005934718 1686 2842596 4792616856 41-0609303 11-9019793 0005931198 1687 2845969 4801149703 41-0731055 11-9043319 0005927682 lt>88 2849344 4809692672 41-0852772 11-9066836 0005924171 1689 2852721 4818245769 41^0974452 11-9090344 0005920663 1690 2856100 4826809000 41-1096096 11-9113843 0005917160 1691 2359481 4835382371 41-1217704 11-9137332 0005913661 1692 2862864 4843965888 41-1339276 11-9160812 0005910165 1693 2866249 4852559557 41-1460812 11-9184283 0005906675 1694 2869636 4861163384 41-1582313 11-9207744 '0005903188 1695 2873025 4869777375 41-1703777 11-9231196 0005899705 1696 2876416 4878401536 41-1825206 11*9254639 0005896226 1697 2879809 4887035873 41-1946599 11-9278073 0005892752 1698 2883204 4895680392 41-2067956 11-9301497 0005889282 1699 2886601 4904335099 41-2189277 11-9324913 0005885815 1700 2890000 4913000000 41-2310563 11-9348319 0005882353 1701 2893401 4921675101 41-2431812 11-9371716 0005878895 1702 2896804 4930360408 41-2553027 11'9395104 0005875441 1703 2900209 4939055927 41-2674205 11-9418482 0005871991 1704 2903616 4947761664 41-2795349 11-9441852 0005868545 1705 2907025 4956477625 41-2916456 11-9465213 0005865103 1706 2910436 4965203816 41-3037529 11-9488564 0005861665 1707 2913849 4973940243 41-3158565 11-9511906 0005858231 1708 2917264 4982686912 41-3279566 11-9535239 0005854801 1709 2920681 4991443829 41-3400532 11-9558563 0005851375 1710 2924100 5000211000 41-3521463 11-9581878 0005847953 1711 2927521 5008988431 41-3642358 11-9605184 0005844535 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 349 No. Square Cube Square Root Cube Root Reciprocal 1712 2930944 5017776128 41-3763217 11-9628481 0005841121 1713 2934369 5026574097 41-3884042 11-9651768 0005837712 1714 2937796 5035382344 41-4004831 11-9675047 0005834306 1715 2941225 5044200875 41-4125585 11-9698317 0005830904 1716 2944656 5053029696 41-424630* 11-9721577 0005827506 1717 2948089 5061868813 41-4366987 11-9744829 0005824112 1718 2951524 5070718232 41-4487636 11-9768071 0005820722 1719 2954961 5079577959 41-4608249 11-9791304 0005817336 1720 2958400 5088448000 41-4728827 11-9814528 0005813953 1721 2961841 5097328361 41-4849370 11-9837744 0005810575 1722 2965284 5106219048 41-4969878 11-9860950 0005807201 1723 2968729 5115120067 41-5090351 11-9884148 0005803831 1724 2972176 5124031424 41-5210790 11-9907336 0005800464 1725 2975625 5132953125 41-5331193 11-9930516 0005797101 1726 2979076 5141885176 41-5451561 11-9953686 0005793743 1727 2982529 5150827583 41-5571895 11-9976848 0005790388 1728 2985984 5159780352 41-5692194 12-0000000 0005787037 1729 2989441 5168743489 41-5812457 12-0023144 0005783690 1730 2992900 5177717000 41-5932686 12-0046278 0005780347 1731 2996361 5186700891 41-6052881 12-0069404 0005777008 1732 2999824 5195695168 41-6173041 12-0092521 0005773672 1733 3003289 5204699837 41-6293166 12-0115629 0005770340 1734 3006756 5213714904 41-6413256 12-0138728 0005767013 1735 3010225 5222740375 41-6533312 12-0161818 0005763689 1736 3013696 5231776256 41-6653333 12-0184900 0005760369 1737 3017169 5240822553 41-6773319 12-0207973 0005757052 1738 3020644 5249879272 41-6893271 12-0231037 0005753740 1739 3024121 5258946419 41-7013189 12-0254092 0005750431 1740 3027600 5268024000 41-7133072 12-0277138 0005747126 1741 3031081 5277112021 41-7252921 12-0300175 (0005743825 1742 3034564 5286210488 41-7372735 12-0323204 0005740528 1743 3038049 5295319407 41-7492515 12-0346223 0005737235 1744 3041536 5304438784 41-7612260 12-0369233 0005733945 1745 3045025 5313568625 41-7731971 12-0392235 0005730659 1746 3048516 5322708936 417851648 12-0415229 0005727377 1747 3052009 5331859723 41-7971291 12-0438213 0005724098 1748 3055504 5341020992 41-8090899 12-0461189 0005720824 1749 3059001 5350192749 41-8210473 12-0484156 0005717553 1750 3062500 5359375000 41-8330013 12-0507114 0005714286 1751 3066001 5368567751 41-8449519 12-0530063 0005711022 1752 3069504 5377771008 41-8568991 12-0553003 0005707763 1753 3073009 5386984777 41-8688428 12-0575935 0005704507 1754 3076516 5396209064 41-8807832 12-0598859 0005701254 1755 3080025 5405443875 41-8927201 12-0621773 0005698006 1756 3083536 5414689216 41-9046537 12-0644679 0005694761 1757 3087049 5423945093 41-9165838 12-0667576 0005691520 1758 3090564 5433211512 41-9285106 12-0690464 0005688282 1759 3094081 5442488479 41-9404339 12-0713344 0005685048 1760 3097600 5451776000 41-9523539 12-0736215 0005681818 350 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. No. Square Cube Square Root Cube Root Reciprocal 1761 3101121 5461074081 41-9642705 12-0759077 0005678592 1762 3104644 5470382728 41-9761837 12-0781930 0005675369 1763 3108169 5479701947 41-9880935 12-0804775 0005672150 1764 3111696 5489031744 42-0000000 12-0827612 0005668934 1765 3115225 5498372125 42-0119031 12-0850439 0005665722 1766 3118756 5507723096 42-0238028 12-0873258 0005662514 1767 3122289 5517084663 42-0356991 12-0896069 0005659310 1768 3125824 5526456832 42-0475921 12-0918870 0005656109 1769 3129361 5535839609 42-0594817 12-0941664 0005652911 1770 3132900 5545233000 42-0713679 12-0964449 0005649718 1771 3136441 5554637011 42-0832508 12-0987226 0005646527 1772 3139984 5564051648 42-0951304 12-1009993 0005643341 1773 3143529 5573476917 42-1070065 12-1032753 0005640158 1774 3147076 5582912824 42-1188794 12-1055503 0005636979 1775 3150625 5592359375 42-1307488 12-1078245 0005633803 1776 3154176 5601816576 42-1426150 12-1100979 0005630631 1777 3157729 5611284433 42-1544778 121123704 0005627462 1778 3161284 5620762952 42-1663373 12-1146420 0005624297 1779 3164841 5630252139 42-1781934 12-116912a 0005621135 1780 3168400 5639752000 42-1900462 12-1191827 0005617978 1781 3171961 5649262541 42-2018957 12-1214518 0005614823 1782 3175524 5658783768 42-2137418 12-1237200 0005611672 1783 3179089 5668315687 42-2255846 12-1259874 0005608525 1784 31S2656 5677858304 42-2374242 12-1282539 0005605381 1785 3186225 5687411625 42-2492603 12-1305197 0005602241 1786 3189796 5696975656 42-2610932 12-1327845 0005599104 1787 3193369 5706550403 42-2729227 12-1350485 0005595971 1788 3196944 5716135872 42-2847490 12-1373117 0005592841 1789 3200521 5725732069 42-2965719 12-1395740 0005589715 1790 3204100 5735339000 42-3083916 12-1418355 0005586592 1791 3207681 5744956671 42-3202079 12-1440961 0005583473 1792 3211264 5754585088 42-3320210 12-1463559 0005580357 1793 3214849 5764224257 42-3438307 12-1486148 0005577245 1794 3218436 5773874184 42-3556371 12-1508729 0005574136 1795 3222025 5783534875 42-3674403 12-1531302 0005571031 1796 3225616 5793206336 42-3792402 12-1553866 0005567929 1797 3229209 5802888573 42-3910368 12-1576422 0005564830 1798 3232804 5812581592 42-4028301 12-1598970 0005561735 1799 3236401 5822285399 42-4146201 12-1621509 0005558644 1800 3240000 5832000000 42-4264069 12-1644040 0005555556 1801 3243601 5841725401 42-4381903 12-1666562 0005552471 1802 3247204 5851461608 42-4499705 12-1689076 0005549390 1803 3250809 5861208627 42:4617475 12-1711582 0005546312- 1804 3254416 5870966464 42-4735212 12-1734079 0005543237 1805 3258025 5880735125 42-4852916 12-1756569 0005540166 1806 3261636 5890514616 42-4970587 12-1779050 0005537099 1807 3265249 5900304943 42-5088226 12-1801522 0005534034 1808 3268864 5910106112 42-5205833 12-1823987 0005530973 1809 3272481 5919918129 42-5323406 12-1846443 0005527916 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 351 No. Squard Cube Square Root Cube Root Reciprocal 1810 3276100 5929741000 42-5440948 12-1868891 0005524862 1811 3279721 5939574731 42-5558456 12-1891331 0005521811 1812 3283344 5949419328 42-5675933 12-1913762 0005518764 1813 3286969 5959274797 42-5793377 12-1936185 0005515720 1814 3290596 5969141144 42-5910789 12-1958599 0005512679 1815 3294225 5979018375 42-6028168 12-1981006 0005509642 1816 3297856 5988906496 42-6145515 12-2003404 0005506608 1817 3301489 5998805513 42-6262829 12-2025794 0005503577 1818 3305124 6008715432 42-6380112 12-2048176 0005500550 1819 3308761 6018636259 42-6497362 12-2070549 0005497526 1820 3312400 6028568000 42-6614580 12-2092915 0005494505 1821 3316041 6038510661 42-6731766 12-2115272 0005491488 1822 3319684 6048464248 42-6848919 12-2137621 0005488474 1823 3323329 6058428767 42-6966040 12-2159962 0005485464 1824 3326976 6068404224 42-7083130 12-2182295 0005482456 1825 3330625 6078390625 42-7200187 12-2204620 0005479452 1826 3334276 6088387976 42-7317212 12-2226936 0005476451 1827 3337929 6098396283 42-74^4206 12-2249244 0005473454 1828 3341584 6108415552 42-7551167 12-2271544 0005470460 1829 3345241 6118445789 42-7668095 12-2293836 0005467469 1830 3348900 6128487000 42-7784992 12-2316120 0005464481 1831 3352561 6138539191 42-7901858 12-2338396 0005461496 1832 3356224 6148602368 42-8018691 12-2360663 0005458515 1833 3359889 6158676537 42-8135492 12-2382923 0005455537 1834 3363556 6168761704 42-8252262 12-2405174 0005452563 1835 3367225 6178857875 42-8368999 12-2427418 0005449591 1836 3370896 6188965056 42-8485706 12-2449653 0005446623 1837 3374569 6199083253 42-8602380 12-2471880 0005443658 1838 3378244 6209212472 42-8719022 12-2494099 0005440696 1839 3381921 6219352719 42-8835633 12-251631Q 0005437738 1840 3385600 6229504000 42-8952212 12-2538513 0005434783 1841 3389281 6239666321 42-9068759 12-2560708 0005431831 1842 3392964 6249839688 42-9185275 12-2582895 0005428882 1843 3396649 6260024107 42-9301759 12-2605074 0005425936 1844 3400336 6270219584 42-9418211 12-2627245 0005422993 1845 3404025 6280426125 42-9534632 12-2649408 0005420054 1846 3407716 6290643736 42-9651021 12-2671563 0005417118 1847 3411409 6300872423 42-9767379 12-2693710 0005414185 1848 3415104 6311112192 42-9883705 12-2715849 0005411255 1849 3418801 6321363049 43-0000000 12-2737980 0005408329 1850 3422500 6331625000 43-0116263 12-2760103 0005405405 1851 3426201 6341898051 43-0232495 12-2782218 0005402485 1852 3429904 6352182208 43-0348696 12-2804325 0005399568 1853 3433609 6362477477 43-0464865 12-2826424 0005396654 1854 3437316 6372783864 43-0581003 12-2848515 0005393743 1855 3441025 6383101375 45-0697109 12-2870598 0005390836 1856 3444736 6393430016 43-0813185 12-2^92673 0005387931 1857 3448449 6403769793 43-0929228 12-2914740 0005385030 1858 3452164 6414120712 431045241 12-2936800 0005382131 352 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. No. Square Cube Square Root Cube Root Reciprocal 1859 3455881 6424482779 43-1161223 12-2958851 0005379236 1860 3459600 6434856000 43-1277173 12-2980895 0005376344 1861 3463321 644524.0381 43-1393092 12-3002930 0005373455 1862 3467044 6455635928 43-1508980 12-3024958 0005370569 1863 3470769 6466042647 43-1624837 12-3046978 0005367687 1864 3474496 6476460544 43-1740663 12-3068990 0005364807 1865 3478225 6486889625 43-1856458 12-3090994 0005361930 1866 3481956 6497329896 43-1972221 12-3112991 0005359057 1867 3485689 6507781363 43-2087954 12-3134979 0005356186 1868 3489424 6518244032 43-2203656 12-3156959 0005353319 1869 3493161 6528717909 43-2319326 12-3178932 0005350455 1870 3496900 6539203000 43-2434966 12-3200897 0005347594 1871 3500641 6549699311 43-2550575 12-3222854 0005344735 1872 3504384 6560206848 43-2666153 12-3244S03 0005341880 1873 3508129 6570725617 43-2781700 12-3266744 0005339028 3874 3511876 6581255624 43-2897216 12-32SS678 0005336179 1875 3515625 6591796875 43-3012702 12-331060,4 0005333333 1876 3519376 6602349376 43-3128157 12-3332522 0005330490 1877 3523129 6612913133 43-3243580 12-3354432 0005327651 1878 3526884 6623488152 43-3353973 12-3376334 0005324814 1879 3530641 6634074439 43-3474336 12-3393229 0005321980 1880 3534400 6644672000 43-3589668 12-3420116 0005319149 1881 3538161 6655280841 43-3704969 12-3441995 0005316321 1882 3541924 6665900968 43-3820239 12-3463866 0005313496 1883 3545689 6676532387 43-3935479 12-3485730 0005310674 1884 3549456 6687175104 43-4050688 12-3507586 0005307856 1885 3553225 6697829125 43-4165867 12-3529434 0005305040 1886 3556996 6708494456 43-4281015 12-3551274 0005302227 1887 3560769 6719171103 43-4396132 12-3573107 0005299417 1888 3564544 6729859072 43-4511220 12-3594932 0005296610 1889 3568321 6740558369 43 : 4626276 12-3016749 0005293806 1890 3572100 6751269000 43-4741302 12-3G3S559 0005291005 1891 3575881 6761990971 43-485(5298 12-3660361 0005288207 1892 3579664 6772724288 43-4971263 12-3682155 0005285412 1893 3583449 6783468957 43-5086198 12-3703941 0005282620 1894 3587236 6794224984 43-5201103 12-3725721 0005279831 1895 3591025 6804992375 43-5315977 12-3747492 0005277045 1896 3594816 6815771136 43-5430821 12-3769255 0005274262 1897 3598609 6826561273 43-5545635 12-3791011 0005271481 1898 3602404 6837362792 43-5660418 12-3812759 0005268704 1899 3606201 6848175699 43-5775171 12-3834500 0005265929 1900 3610000 6859000000 43-5889894 12-3856233 0005263158 1901 3613801 6869835701 43-6004587 12-3877959 0005260389 1902 3617604 6880682808 43-6119249 12-3899676 0005257624 1903 3621409 6891541327 43-6233882 12-3921386 0005254861 1904 3625216 6902411264 43-6348485 12-3943089 0005252101 1905 3629025 6913292625 43-6463057 12-3964784 0005249344 1906 3632836 6924185416 43-6577599 12-3986471 0005246590 1907 3636649 6935089643 43-6692111 12-4008151 0005243838 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS, No. Square Cube Square Root Cube Root Reciprocal 1908 3640464 6946005312 43-6806593 12-4029823 0005241090 1909 3644281 6956932429 43-6921045 12-4051488 0005238345 1910 3648100 6967871000 437035467 12-4073145 0005235602 1911 3651921 6978821031 43-7149860 12-4094794 0005232862 1912 3655744 6989782528 43-7264222 12-4116436 0005230126 1913 3659569 7000755497 43-7378554 12-4138070 0005227392 1914 3663396 7011739944 43-7492857 12-4159697 0005224660 1915 3667225 7022735875 43-7607129 12-4181316 0005221932 1916 3671056 7033743296 43-7721373 12-4202928 0005219207 1917 3674889 7044762213 43-7835585 12-4224533 0005216484 1918 3678724 7055792632 43-7949768 12-4246129 0005213764 1919 3682561 7066834559 43-8063922 12-4267719 0005211047 1920 3686400 7077888000 43-8178046 12-4289300 0005208333 1921 3690241 7088952961 43-8292140 12-4310875 0005205622 1922 3694084 7100029448 43-8406204 12-4332441 0005202914 1923 3697929 7111117467 43-8520239 12-4354001 0005200208 1924 3701776 7122217024 43-8634244 12-4375552 0005197505 1925 3705625 7133328125 43-8748219 12-4397097 0005194805 1926 3709476 7144450776 43-8862165 12-4418634 0005192108 1927 3713329 7155584983 43-8976081 12-4440163 0005189414 1928 3717184 7166730752 43-9089968 12-4461685 0005186722 1929 3721041 7177888089 43-9203725 12-4483200 0005184033 1930 3724900 7189057000 43-9317652 12-4504707 0005181347 1931 3728761 7200237491 43-9431451 12-4526206 0005178664 1932 3732624 7211429568 43-9545220 12-4547699 0005175983 1933 3736489 7222633237 43-9658959 12-4569184 0005173306 1934 3740356 7233848504 43-9772668 12-4590661 0005170631 1935 3744225 7245075375 43-9886349 12-4612131 0005167959 1936 3748096 7256313856 44-0000000 12-4633594 0005165289 1937 3751969 7267563953 44-0113622 12-4655049 0005162623 1938 3755844 7278825672 44-0227214 12-4676497 0005159959 1939 3759721 7290099019 44'0340777 12-4697937 0005157298 1940 3763600 7301384000 44-0454311 12-4719370 -0005154639 1941 3767481 7312680621 44-0567815 12-4740796 0005151984 1942 3771364 7323988888 44-0681291 12-4762214 0005149331 1943 3775249 7335308807 44-0794737 12-4783625 0005146680 1944 3779136 7346640384 44-0908154 12-4805029 0005144033 1945 3783025 7357983625 44-1021541 12-4826426 0005141388 1946 3786916 7369338536 44-1134900 12-4847815 0005138746 1947 3790809 7380705123 44-1248229 12-4869197 0005136107 1948 3794704 7392083392 44-1361530 12-4890571 Q005133470 1949 3798601 7403473349 44-1474801 12-4911938 0005130836 1950 3802500 7414875000 44-1588043 12-4933298 0005128205 1951 3806401 7426288351 44-1701256 12-4954651 0005125577 1952 3810304 7437713408 44-1814441 12-4975995 0005122951 1953 3814209 7449150177 44-1027596 12-4997333 0005120328 1954 3818116 7460598664 44-2040722 12-5018664 0005117707 1955 3822025 7472058875 44-2153819 12-5039988 0005115090 1956 3825936 7483530816 44-2266888 12-5061304 0005112474 354 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. No. Square Cube Square Root Cube Root Reciprocal 1957 3829849 7495014493 44-2379927 12-5082612 0005109862 1958 3833764 7506509912 44-2492938 12-5103914 0005107252 1959 3837681 7518017079 44-2605919 12'5125208 0005104645 1960 3841600 7529536000 44-2718872 12-5146495 0005102041 1961 3845521 7541066681 44-2831797 12-5167775 0005099439 1962 3849444 7552609128 44-2944692 12-5189047 0005096840 1963 3853369 7564163347 44-3057558 12-5210313 0005094244 1964 3857296 7575729344 44-3170396 12-5231571 0005091650 1965 3861225 7587307125 44-3283205 12-5252822 0005089059 1966 3865156 7598896696 44-3395985 12-5274065 0005086470 1967 3869089 7610498063 44-3508737 12-5295302 0005083884 1968 3873024 7622111232 44-3621460 12-5316531 0005081301 1969 3876961 7633736209 44-3734155 12-5337753 0005078720 1970 3880900 7645373000 44-3846820 12-5358968 0005076142 1971 3884841 7657021611 44-3959457 12-5380176 0005073567 1972 3888784 7668682048 44-4072066 12-5401377 0005070994 1973 3892729 7680354317 44-4184646 12-5422570 0005068424 1974 3896676 7692038424 44-4297198 12-5443757 0005065856 1975 3900625 770373^375 44-4409720 12-5464936 0005063291 1976 3904576 7715442176 44-4522215 12-5486107 0005060729 1977 3908529 7727161833 44-4634681 12-5507272 0005058169 1978 3912484 7738893352 44-4747119 12-5528430 0005055612 1979 3916441 7750636739 44-4859528 12-5549580 0005053057 1980 3920400 7762392000 44-4971909 12-5570723 0005050505 1981 3924361 7774159141 44-5084262 12-5591860 0005047956 1982 3928324 7785938168 44-5196586 12-5612989 0005045409 1983 3932289 7797729087 44-5308881 12-5634111 0005042864 1984 3936256 7809531904 44-5421149 12-5655226 0005040323 1985 3940225 7821346625 44-5533388 12-5676334 0005037783 1986 3944196 7833173256 44-5645599 12-5697435 0005035247 1987 3948169 7845011803 44-5757781 12-5718529 0005032713 1988 3952144 7856862272 44-5869936 12-5739615 0005030] 81 1989 3956121 7868724669 44-5982062 12-5760695 0005027652 1990 3960100 7880599000 44-6094160 12-5781767 0005025126 1991 3964081 7892485271 44-6206230 12-5802832 0005022602 1992 3968064 7904383488 44-6318272 12-5823891 0005020080 1993 3972049 7916293657 44-6430286 12-5844942 0005017561 1994 3976036 7928215784 44-6542271 12-5865987 0005015045 1995 3980025 7940149875 44-6654228 12-5887024 0005012531 1996 3984016 7952095936 44-6766158 ' 12-5908054 0005010020 1997 3988009 7964053973 44-6878059 12-5929078 0005007511 1998 3992004 7976023992 44-6989933 12-5950094 0005005005 1999 399Q001 7988005999 44-7101778 12-5971103 0005002501 2000 4000000 8000000000 44-7213596 12-5992105 0005000000 2001 4004001 8012006001 44-7325385 12-6013101 0004997501 2002 4008004 8024024008 44-7437146 12-6034089 0004995005 2003 4012009 8036054027 44-7548880 12-6055070 0004992511 2004 4016016 8048096064 44-7660586 12-6076014 0004990020 2005 4020025 8060150125 44-7772264 12-6097011 0004987531 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 355 No. Square Cube Square Root Cube Root Reciprocal 2006 4024036 8072216216 44-7883913 12-6117971 0004985045 2007 4028049 8084294343 44-7995535 12-6138924 0004982561 2008 4032064 8096384512 44-8107130 12-6159870 0004980080 2009 4036081 8108486729 44-8218697 12-6180810 0004977601 2010 4040100 8120601000 44-8330235 12-6201743 0004975124 2011 4044121 8132727331 44-8441746 12-6222669 0004972650 2012 4048144 144865728 44-8553230 12-6243587 0004970179 2013 4052169 8157016197 44-8664685 12-6264499 0004967710 2014 4056196 8169178744 44-8776113 12-6285404 0004965243 2015 4060225 8181353375 44-8887514 12-6306301 0004962779 2016 4064256 8193540096 44-8998886 12-6327192 0004060317 2017 4068289 8205738913 44-9110231 12-6348076 0004957858 2018 4072324 3217949832 44-9221549 12-6368953 0004955401 2019 4076361 8230172859 44-9332889 12*6389823 0004952947 2020 4080400 8242408000 44-9444101 12-0410687 0004950495 2021 4084441 8254655261 '44-9555336 12-6431543 0004948046 2022 4088484 8266914648 44-9666543 12-6452393 0004945598 2023 4092529 8279186167 44-9777723 12-6473235 0004943154 2024 4096576 8291469824 44-9888875 12-6494071 0004940711 2025 4100625 '8303765625 45-0000000 12-6514900 0004938272 2026 4104676 8316073576 45-0111097 12-6535722 0004935834 2027 4108729 $328393683 45-0222167 12-6556538 0004933399 2028 4112784 8340725952 45-0333210 12-6577346 0004930966 2029 4116841 8353070389 45-0444225 12-6598148 0004928536 2030 4120900 8365427000 45-0555213 12-6618943 0004926108 2031 4124961 8377795791 45-0666173 12-6639731 0004923683 2032 4129024 8390176768 45-0777107 12-6660512 0004921260 2033 4133089 8402569937 45-0888013 12-6681286 0004918839 2034 4137156' 8414975304 45-0998891 12-6702053 00049164,21 2035 4141225 3427392875 45-1109743 12-6722814 0004914005 2036 4145296 8439822656 45-1220567 12-6743567 0004911591 2037 4149369 8452264653 45-1331364 12-6764314 0004909180 2038 4153444 8464718872 45-1442134 12-6785054 0004906771 2039 4157521 8477185319 45-1552876 12-6805788 0004904365 2040 4161600 8489664000 45-1663592 12-6826514 0004901961 2041 4165681 8502154921 45-1774280 12-6847234 0004899559 2042 4169764 8514658088 45-1884941 12-6867947 0004897160 2043 4173849 8527173507 45-1995575 12-6888654 0004894762 2044 4177936 8539701184 45-2106182 12-6909354 0004892368 2045 4182025 8552241125 45-2216762 12-6930047 0004889976 2046 4186116 8564793336 45-2327315 12-6950733 0004887586 2047 4190209 8577357823 45-2437841 12-6971412 0004885198 2048 4194304 8589934592 45-2548340 12-6992084 0004882813 2049 4198401 8602523649 45-2658812 12-7012750 0004880429 2050 4202500 8615125000 45-2769257 12-7033409 0004878049 2051 4206601 8627738651 45-2879675 12-7054061 0004875670 2052 4210704 8640364608 45-2990066 12-7074707 0004873294 2053 4214809 8653002877 45-3100430 12-7095346 0004870921 2054 4218916 8665653464 45-3210768 12-7115978 0004868549 356 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. No. Square Cube Square Root Cube Root Reciprocal 2055 4223025 8678316375 45-3321078 12-7136603 0004866180 2056 4227136 8690991616 45-3431362 12-7157222 0004863813 2057 4231249 8703679193 45-3541619 12-7177835 0004861449 2058 4235364 8716379112 45-3651849 12-7198441 0004869086 2059 4239481 8729091379 45-3762052 12-7219040 0004856727 2060 4243600 8741816000 45-3872229 12-7239632 0004854369 2061 4247721 8754552981 45-3982378 12-7260218 0004852014" 2062 4251844 8767302328 45-4092501 12-72S0797 0004849661 2063 4255969 8780064047 45-4202598 12-7301370 0004847310 2064 4260096 8792838144 45-4312668 12-7321935 0004844961 2065 4264225 8805624625 45-4422711 12-7342494 0004842615 2066 4268356 8818423496 45-4532727 12-7363046 0004840271 2067 4272489 8831234763 45-4642717 12-7383592 0004837929 2068 4276624 8844058432 45-4752680 12-7404131 0004835590 2069 4280761 8856894509 45-4862616 12-7424664 0004833253 2070 4284900 8869743000 45-4972526 12-7445189 0004830918 2071 4239041 8882603911 45-5082410 12-7465709 0004828585 2072 4293184 8895477248 45-5192267 12-748,6222 0004826255 2073 4297329 8908363017 45-5302097 12-7506728 0004823927 2074 4301476 8921261224 45-5411901 12-7527227 0004821601 2075 4305625 8934171875 45-5521679 12-7547721 0004819277 2076 4309776 8947094976 45-5631430 12-7568207 0004816956 2077 4313929 8960030533 45-5741155 12-7588687 0004814636 2078 4318084 8972978552 45-5850853 12-7609160 0004812320 2079 4322241 8985939039 45-5960525 12-7629627 0004810005 2080 4326400 8998912000 45-6070170 12-7650087 0004807692 2081 4330561 9011897441 45-6179789 12-7670540 0004805382 2082 4334724 9024895368 45-6289382 12-7690987 0004803074 2083 4338889 9037905787 45-6398948 12-7711427 0004800768 2084 4343056 9050928704 45-6508488 12-7731861 0004798464 2085 4347225 9063964125 45-6618002 12-7752288 0004796163 -2086 4351396 9077012056 45-6727490 12-7772709 0004793864 2087 4355569 9090072503 45-6836951 12-7793123 0004791567 2088 4359744 9103145472 45-6946386 12-7813531 0004789272 2089 4363921 9116230969 457055795 12-7833932 0004786979 2090 4368100 9129329000 45-7165178 12-7854326 0004784689 2091 4372281 9142439571 45-7274534 12-7874714 0004782401 2092 4376464 9155562688 45-7383865 12-7895096 0004780115 2093 4380649 9168698357 45-7493169 12-7915471 0004777831 2094 4384836 9181846584 45-7602447 12-7935840 0004775549 2095 4389025 9195007375 45-7711699 12-7956202 0004773270 2096 4393216 9208130736 45-7820926 12-7976558 0004770992 2097 4397409 9221366673 45-7930126 12-7996907 0004768717 2098 4401604 9234565192 45-8039299 12-8017250 ; 0004766444 2099 4405801 9247776299 45-8148447 12-8037586 0004764173 2100 4410000 9261000000 45-8257569 12-8057916 0004761905 2101 4414201 9274236301 45-8366665 12-8078239 0004759638 2102 4418404 9287485208 45-8475735 12-8098556 0004757374 2103 4422609 9300746727 45-8584779 12-8118866 0004755112 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. No. Square Cube Square Root Cube Root Reciprocal 2104 4426816 9314020864 45-8693798 12-8139170 0004752852 2105 4431025 9327307625 45-8802790 12-8159468 0004750594 2106 4435236 9340607016 45-8911756 12-8179759 0004748338 2107 4439449 9353919043 45-9020696 12-8200044 0004746084 2108 4443664 9367243712 45-9129611 12-8220323 0004743833 2109 4447881 9380581029 45-9238500 12-8240595 0004741584 2110 4452100 9393931000 45-9347363 12-8260861 0004739336 2111 4456321 9407293631 45-9456200 12-8281120 0004737091 2112 4460544 9420668928 45-9565012 12-8301373 0004734848 2113 4464769 9434056897 45-9673798 12-8321620 0004732608 2114 4468996 9447457544 45-9782557 12-8341860 0004730369 2115 4473225 9460870875 45-9891291 12-8362094 0004728132 2116 4477456 9474296896 46-0000000 12-8382321 0004725898 2117 4481689 9487735613 46-0108683 12-8402542 0004723666 2118 4485924 9501187032 46-0217340 12-8422756 0004721435 2119 4490161 9514651159 46-0325971 12-8442964 0004719207 2120 4494400 9528128000 46-0434577 12-8463166 0004716981 2121 4498641 9541617561 46-0543158 12-8483361 0004714757 2122 4502884 9555119848 46-0651712 12-8503551 0004712535 2123 4507129 9568634867 46-0760241 12-8523733 0004710316 2124 4511376 9582162624 46-0868745 12-8543910 0004708098 2125 4515625 9595703125 46-0977223 12-8564080 0004705882 2126 4519876 9609256376 46-1085675 12-8584243 00047036G9 2127 4524129 9622822383 46-1194102 12-8604401 0004701457 2128 4528384 9636401152 46-1302504 12-8624552 0004699248 3129 4532641 9649992689 46-1410880 12-8644697 0004697041 2130 4536900 9663597000 46-1519230 12-8664835 0004694836 2131 4541161 9677214091 46-1627555 12-8684967 0004692633 2132 4545424 9690843968 46-1735855 12-8705093 0004690432 2133 4549689 9704486637 46-1844130 12-8725213 0004688233 2134 4553956 9718142104 46-1952378 12-8745326 0004686036 2135 4558225 9731810375 46-2060602 12-8765433 0004683841 2136 4562496 9745491456 46-2168800 12-8785534 0004681648 2137 4566769 9759185353 46-2276973 12-8805628 0004679457 2138 4571044 9772892072 46-2385121 12-8825717 0004677268 2139 4575321 9786611619 46-2493243 12-8845199 0004675082 2140 4579600 9800344000 46-2601340 12-8865874 0004672897 2141 4583881 9814089221 46-2709412 12-8885944 0004670715 2142 4588164 9827847288 46-2817459 12-8906007 0004668534 2143, 4592449 9841618207 46-2925480 12-8926064 0004666356 2144 4596736 9855401984 46-3033476 12-8946115 0004664179 2145 4601025 9869198625 46-3141447 12-8966159 0004662005 2146 4605316 9883008136 46-3249393 12-8986197 0004659832 2147 4609609 9896830523 46-3357314 12-9006229 0004657662 2148 4613904 9910665792 46-3465209 12-9026255 0004655493 2149 4618201 9924513949 46-3573079 12-9046275 0004653327 2150 4622500 9938375000 46-3680924 12-9066288 0004651163 2151 4626801 9952248951 46-3788745 12-9086295 0004649000 2152 4631104 9966135808 46-3896540 12-9106296 0004646840 358 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. No. Square Cube Square Root Cube Root Reciprocal 2153 4635409 9980035577 46-4004310 12-9126291 0004644682 2154 4639716 9993948264 46-4112055 12-9146279 0004642526 2155 4644025 10007873875 46-4219775 ' 12-9166262 0004640371 2156 4648336 10021812416 46-4327471 12-9186238 0004638219 2157 4652649 10035763893 46-4435141 12-9206208 0004636069 2158 4656964 10049728312 46-4542786 12-9226172 0004633920 2159 4661281 10063705679 46-4650406 12-9246129 0004631774 2160 4665600 10077696000 46-4758002 12-9266081 0004629630 2161 4669921 10091699281 46-4865572 12-9286027 0004627487 2162 4674244 10105715528 46-4973118 12-9305966 0004625347 2163 4678569 10119744747 46-5080638 12-9325899 0004623209 2164 4682896 10133786944 46-5188134 12-9345827 0004621072 2165 4687225 10147842125 46-5295605 12-9365747 0004618938 2166 4691556 10161910296 46-5403051 12-9385662 0004616805 2167 4695889 10175991463 46-5510472 12-9405570 0004614675 2168 4700224 10190085632 46-5617869 12-9425472 0004612546 2169 4704561 10204192809 46-5725241 12-9445369 0004610420 2170 4708900 10218313000 46-5832588 12-9465^59 0004608295 2171 4713241 10232446211 46-5939910 12-9485143 0004606172 2172 4717584 10246592448 46-6047208 12-9505021 0004604052 2173 4721929 10260751717 46-6154481 12-9524893 0004601933 2174 4726276 10274924024 46-6261729 12-9544759 0004599816 2175 4730625 10289109375 46-6368953 12-9564618 0004597701 2176 4734976 10303307776 46-6476152 12-9584472 0004595588 2177 4739329 10317519233 46-6583326 12-9604319 0004593477 2178 4743684 10331743752 46-6690476 12-9624161 0004591368 2179 4748041 10345981339 46-6797601 12-9643996 0004589261 2180 4752400 10360232000 46-6904701 12-9663826 0004587156 2181 4756761 10374495741 46-7011777 12-9683649 0004585053 2182 4761124 10388772568 46-7118829 12-9703466 0004582951 2183 4765489 10403062487 46-7225855 12-9723277 0004580852 2184 4769856 10417365504 46-7332858 12-9743082 0004578755 2185 4774225 10431681625 46-7439836 12-9762881 0004576659 2186 4778596 10446010856 46-7546789 12-9782674 0004574565 2187 4782969 10460353203 46-7653718 12-9802461 0004572474 2188 4787344 10474708672 46-7760623 12-9822242 0004570384 2189 4791721 10489077269 46-7867503 12-9842017 0004568296 2190 4796100 10503459000 46-7974358 12-9861786 0004566210 2191 4800481 10517853871 46-8081189 12-9881549 0004564126 2192 4804864 10532261888 46-8187996 12-9901306 0004562044 2193 4809249 10546683057 46-8294779 12-9921057 0004559964 2194 4813636 10561117384 46-8401537 12-9940802 0004557885 2195 4818025 10575564875 46-8508271 12-9960540 0004555809 2196 4822416 10590025536 46-8614981 12-9980273 0004553734 2197 4826809 10604499373 46-8721666 13-0000000 0004551661 2198 4831204 10618986392 46-8828327 13-0019721 0004549591 2199 4835601 10633486599 46-8934963 13-0039436 0004547522 2200 4840000 10648000000 46-9041576 13-0059145 0004545455 2201 4844401 10662526601 46-9148164 13-0078848 0004543389 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 359 USEFUL INFORMATION ABOUT WATER. Water is incompressible, or nearly so, showing no sensible change of volume under changes of pressure. The pressure of a perfect fluid on any surface with which it is in contact is perpendicular to the surface. The pressure of a fluid at any point of a surface is the pressure per unit area. Any pressure applied at the surface of a fluid is trans- mitted equally to all parts of the fluid. The pressure of water at rest under gravity increases uniformly with the distance; that is, the difference of pres- sure at any two points varies as the vertical distance between the points. The free surface of a liquid at rest under gravity is a horizontal plane. One cubic foot of water contains about 7.48 gallons. One cubic foot of pure water at a temperature of 60 degrees Fahr., weighs 62.366 pounds. One U. S. gallon of pure water at a temperature of 60 degrees Fahr., weighs 8.331 pounds. The amount of water required to fill an ordinary auto- matic sprinkler system is about 1 gallon per sprinkler. This includes riser and all distribution pipes, but does not include ground mains from pump or city supply to base of riser. This figure (one gallon per head) applies especially to systems piped from the center with 75 to 150 heads on each floor. If system of 150 sprinkler heads is fed from end instead of center, contents will be about 1% gallons per head. For large systems with 6-inch rider and about 250 heads per floor, contents, if riser is in center, will be about li gallons per head, and if riser is at one end, will be 1| gallons per head. 3GO NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. SPECIFICATIONS FOR STEAM FIRE PUMPS. AMENDMENTS. Adopted by the National Fire Protection Association, 1907. (Page 115, fourth paragraph, second line). Change to read: of 34^ Ibs. of water per hour, etc. (Page 118, first paragraph, second line). 5. Capacity Plate. &. Change to read: at least 85 per cent, aluminum, etc. NOTE. This per cent, of aluminum is considered neces- sary to guard against tarnishing. (Page 120, new note) . (8. Steam Cylinders. d. Add: Note. The slight beveling of piston face edges may be considered as the equivalent of this. (Page 121, fifth paragraph, third line). 12. Steam Clearance Space. a. Change clause in second parenthesis to read: Contact stroke should overrun nominal stroke at each end about NOTE. It is not found practicable to run full stroke under fire conditions with a much less clearance and receive the desired benefit from the cushion ports. (Page 122, third paragraph). 13. Steam Pistons. b. Change to read: The thickness of piston should be about one-fourth of its diameter. If solid, walls should be not less than ^-inch thick, and special care should be given to shop inspection to insure uniformity of thick- ness. NOTE. This will demand, for the four sizes of pumps, pistons as follows: 500-GAL. 750-GAL. Diameter 14 in. Diameter 16 in. Thickness 3>^ in. Thickness 4 in. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 3G1 1,OOC-GAL. 1,500-GAL. Diameter 18 in. Diameter 20 in. Thickness 4j^ in. Thickness 5 in. Manufacturers desiring to use existing patterns approx- imating these thicknesses may be allowed to do so after due consideration of working drawings. (Page 132, third paragraph). 27. Water Cylinders. f. Change to read: No stud or tap bolt smaller than %-inch should be used to assemble parts subject to the strain of water pressure, as smaller bolts are likely to be twisted off. This does not apply to standard flanges where through bolts are used. (Page 135, first paragraph). 30. Water Pistons' and Bushings. d. Change to read: The length of cylindrical bushing irust be such that the outer edge of packing will come short of the edge of bushing at contact stroke about % ir.ch and not uncover. (Page 137, first paragraph). 32. Size and Number of Pump-Valves. a. Change to read : The diameter of the disc of rubber forming the valve must not be greater than 4 inches, nor less than 3 inches. NOTE. Three and five-eighths inches diameter appears to be the size best meeting all the conditions, and has been adopted by several manufacturers, but is not insisted upon. (Page 140, paragraph under table). 33. Suction Valve Area. d. Substitute for the 3^ inch the following for a 3% inch valve: Diam. Valve. Diam. of Valve Port Circ. Circ. of V. P. Circle. Valve Port Area (Net). Square Inches. 3" % l / 2 " 7.85" 3.5" 8M" W 9.82" 5.1" 4" w 10,99" 6.3" 302 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. Also substitute for the second table iu same paragraph the following; Size of Pump. 50C-Gal. 750-Gal. l,OOC-Gal. 1,500-Gal. Size of Valves 3' 3%" 4" 3" 3%" 4" 3" Z%" 4" 3" 3%" 4" Necessary number of valves to sat- isfy (4) under c.. 65 6 08 7 11 9 8 19 14 14 Necessary number of valves to sat- isfy (3) under c.. 75 4 10 8 13 9 7 21 15 12 In the same article change fine print note to read : "3%" valve/ 7 and not "3%" valve. " (Page 150, last paragraph) . 44. Discharge Cone. b. Change to read: The cone must be provided with an opening to receive the air-vent required by Article 45, etc. (Page 153, second paragraph). " . 46. Priming, Controllable Valve Arrangement. d. Change fine print note to read: This valve can prefer- ably be provided with a flange connection in place of the thread- ed one, and secured to water cylinder with three %" bolts. This will permit of easier fitting up as to pipe connections. Objection has been raised to this double-seated valve from the possible difficulty of keeping both seats tight. If de- sired, the stem between the two seats may be somew r hat enlarged and provided with a suitable spring, thus giving flexibility between the two seats and preventing all trouble from uneven wear. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 363 STEAM PUMP GOVERNORS AND AUXILIARY PUMPS. AMENDED RULES AND REQUIREMENTS. Adopted by the National Fire Protection Association, 1907. General Rules. 1. Automatically controlled pumps are not acceptable as the sole primary water supply for automatic sprinklers. Such pumps may occasionally be used to advantage to supplement a weak tank or public water supply until more extensive and permanent improvements can be made. Experience has shown that the automatic devices for such pumps are easily deranged and require more care than can surely be counted upon at the average risk. As it is abso- lutely necessary that the primary supply to sprinklers should be instantly and surely available for every moment, night and day, a good gravity supply has been found the best and only thoroughly satisfactory one. 2. Where there is a good gravity supply it is not advis- able to equip the fire pump with an automatic governor. Under these conditions automatic control is not needed, and its first cost and constant use of steam and possible damage to the pump, if the governor goes wrong, had better be avoided. The fire pump should, however, be started as soon as a fire is discovered and operated by hand at good pressure and at such speeds as necessary to give the amount of water needed. Experience shows this to be the simplest, surest, and safest method. 3. Whenever it is necessary to use an automatically con- trolled pump an auxiliary pump should always be provided to maintain the pressure and supply leakage. The arrangement of the auxiliary pumps, governors, etc., is shown in Plans A, B and C, following. The governor on the small pump is set for about 10 364 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. pounds higher water pressure than the governor on the main pump, so that the large pump does not start till the pressure has dropped about 10 pounds. The small pump, therefore, does all the work of supplying the leakage in the system and maintaining the pressure. This saves the large and expensive pump from constant wear and further limits the steam consumption to a pump having a much smaller steam cylinder than the main pump, thus considerably reducing the cost of the steam. Experience has shown that where the main pump alone is relied upon to keep up the pressure the leakage in the system and past the large plungers allows it to run con- tinuously at a few strokes per minute. After a few years the plungers become so worn that the delivery of the pump is cut down 10 per cent, and often more. This fur- ther wastes steam as well as reduces the capacity of the pump for fire fighting. Valves and other parts of the pump are also likely to get out of order under this service. Moreover, the con- stant action of the large governor within narrow limits is liable to impair its certainty of action when large deliv- ery is suddenly required. Governor Construction. Successful governors vary too greatly in type to admit of uniform mechanical construction. The following speci- fications cover general points necessary in governors of all types. A searching test under practical working conditions must be the main criterion for acceptance, and for the list- ing of a governor as an approved device. The Governor. 1. Must be controlled by the water pressure in the fire system. 2. Must be adjustable to maintain any desired pressure between 75 and 125 pounds using steam at any pressure from 50 to 200 pounds. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 3G5 3. Must be capable of governing the pump from slow speed to full speed without more than about 5 pounds vari- ation above or below the intended water pressure. 4. Must show no distress under steam pressure at 200 pounds. 5. Must be capable of enduring 240 pounds water pres- sure without injury. 6. Must have all working parts made of suitable rust- proof material. 7. Must be made so that valve and valve-seat can be removed without disconnecting governor from the piping. 8. Must have maximum working lift of valve afford prac- tically the same steam passage area as that of the steam pipe controlled by the governor. 9. Must have threaded connections for attachment to ordinary pipe fittings. 10. Must have no internal stuffin'g box or gland. 11. Should preferably have valve and valve seat form an abutment contact when closed. 12. Should preferably admit of full manual movement on inspection, as a proof of working freedom of parts. 13. Should have a tendency to increase rather than de- crease the water pressure as the speed of the pump in- creases. 14. Should respond slowly to any sudden lowering of water pressure, and thus start the pump gradually. 15. Should have concealed mechanism kept at a minimum. 1C. Should avoid internal steam joints capable of leak- ing and passing unregulated steam to the pump. rfOO NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. Auxiliary Pumps. 1. Auxiliary pumps should be of duplex type, brass fitted and with packed pistons or exterior packed plungers. Brass fitting prevents rusting. Packed pistons make it easy to take care of wear. Exterior packed plungers make it easy to dectect leakage and remedy it. 2. The ratio of steam to water piston areas should be such that the auxiliary pump can maintain the desired water pressure with 50 pounds of steam. At night boiler pressures may drop to 50 pounds and if this ratio is too small the large pump will start. A 4%"x2"x4" pump has been used in many situations with good satisfaction. A 4 1 X J "x2 1 / "x4" would probably answer equally well in most cases and have the advantage of some greater capacity. Where a larg'er capacity is needed, as in a very large pipe system, a 5}4"x3"x5" would be advised. These pumps are large enough to have good lifting ability and they are of sufficient capacity to take care of all ordinary leaks and wastes. In special cases where a larger amount of water must be more or less continuously supplied from a fire system, the auxiliary pump must be larger and may be of any size desired. The auxiliary pump is of value to keep the main fire pump primed, as well as to maintain the pressure and waste in the fire system. Installation of Governors and Auxiliary Pumps. 1. Pump governors and auxiliary pumps should be ar- ranged in accordance with one of the three plans, A, B or C, following. . This applies to the scheme of connections and number and location of valves, but not to the exact position of the auxiliary pump and connecting pipes. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 3(57 2. The main pump and the auxiliary pump must have separate governors made entirely independent by a valve on the water connection of each. 3. The size of governors for the main pump should be as follows : For 500-gallon pump, 11/4" governor. For 750-gallon pump, l 1 /^" governor. For 1,000-gallon pump, l ] /{>" or 2" governor. For 1, 500-gallon pump, 2" governor. The size of the governor is restricted in this way in order that the pump may not run too rapidly for safety in the absence of an attendant, in case of an excessive demand for water, or of a loss of its suction supply. When, in case of fire, the attendant reaches the pump, it is expected that he will control it through the regular throttle valve. How- ever, with the boiler pressures now common, these governors will run the pumps at good speed and often at full speed. 4. The governor for the auxiliary pump should be %" connected into a %" steam pipe. A pipe larger than %" is undesirable, as it would permit excessive racing of the small pump if the pressure in the main system were low. A %" governor is required to get the working parts large enough to be reliable. 5. The auxiliary pump should have an independent ex- haust. If the auxiliary pump exhaust is connected into the ex- haust of the main pump there is danger of water collecting in the large pump pipe and causing trouble. 6. The water pressure pipe controlling the governors must be of brass. It must connect beyond the main pump dis- charge check and must have control gates as called for in Art. 2. Brass is required to avoid trouble from corrosion. 7. Lubricant must be applied so as not to pass through 3G8 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. governors before entering pumps, unless manufacturers specify otherwise. Unless the governors are designed for it there is danger of the oil gumming up the parts. 8. The governor for large pump to be installed on usual " three valve" by-pass arrangement of steam piping. This is shown in the cuts, a valve being provided on each side of the governor, while the governor itself is on a by- pass around the main valve. This permits shutting oif the governor for repairs and still have steam available on the pump through the main throttle. 9. The auxiliary pump should have a relief valve capable of discharging full capacity of pump without letting pres- sure rise more than 25 pounds above that at which governor is set. This is to prevent the small pump putting a dangerous pressure on the system. In some cases the large pump governor is also available for the small pump, but where this is not so a special governor must be provided for it. 10. Duplicate governors, or duplicates of wearing parts, should be kept on hand in all important installations. This is to avoid delay in repairs. 11. The governor on the auxiliary pump should usually be set at about 10 pounds higher water pressure than the governor of the main pump. This is to give some margin so that the large pump will not start with small changes in pressure. 12. An auxiliary pump will not operate successfully un- less the water end stuffing boxes and joints and suction fittings complete of 'the main fire pump are in good condi- tion. Further, there should be no serious leaks in any part of the fire system. Under proper conditions the small pump will move slowly all the time, making just enough strokes to maintain the NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 309 small leakage which exists in any considerable equipment. The large pump will remain quiet until there is a demand for water by sprinklers or hose streams. PLAN A. For Pumps Taking Water Under a Head. Not Suitable Where Water Must Be Lifted. In this plan the auxiliary pump is placed on the floor, generally close to the main pump, or may be back against the pump-house wall. All connections should be put in so as to permit easy access to all parts of the large pump. It takes its suction by a short connection to the suction pipe of the large pump, a gate and check valve being provided so that the small suction cannot interfere with the large one. The pump discharges into the discharge pipe of the large pump just beyond the main check valve, a valve being provided so that the small pump can be cut off, while the large one can run as usual. This plan is not recommended where water must be lifted because the small pump can draw the water up only to the suction deck of the large one. The large pump would then have to develop a vacuum equal to the lift to draw the water into the chambers, which it might not be able to do if the plungers were worn or the pump not fully primed. See Plan B or C for such cases. G and Gl are the governors. T a steam trap for taking care of condensation. EV is a relief valve to prevent the small pump putting a dangerously high pressure on the system. A valve is provided on each side of the governor on the large pump so that it can be shut off for repairs, etc., and steam still used through the main throttle. The idea is to make it impossible for. any derangement of the automatic apparatus to prevent using the large pump in the ordinary way, that is, by hand control through the main throttle. Sight feed lubricators are shown on both the small and the large pumps. A forced feed lubricator as shown in Plan C could be used if desired. The check valve on the large pump discharge is shown 370 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. in a well in the pump room. The point is to place this check so that should the jar of the pump break the dis- charge pipe or loosen a joint, or should some other accident happen in or about the pump, this check would be" so securely located that it would not be affected, but would close and prevent the waste of water from other sources, as public mains, tanks or other fire pumps connected to the system. The discharge valve on the main pump is bolted directly to the pump outlet, so that no matter what break occurs in the pipe beyond, it can be closed and the pump used through its hose connections. PLAN B. For Pumps With Short Suction Pipes and Lifts Not Over Ten Feet, and Not Provided With a Foot Valve. Also Suitable For Use Where Water Is Taken Under a Head. With this arrangement the small pump *is located near the floor and takes its suction from the suction of the large pump at a point just above the level of the suction deck. This small suction pipe should run level, or slightly ascend- ing towards the small pump. The small pump discharges into the pulsation chambers of main pump through the priming connections, and thence through the discharge valves into fire system. A valve is placed on both the suction and discharge of small pump, so that all its con- nections may be shut off and the large pump operated independently. This plan will keep the large pump fully primed and will work well on moderate lifts advisably not exceeding 8 to 10 feet. It is not recommended for higher lifts or long suction pipes, as the small pump cannot be relied upon to maintain the suction under severe conditions. See Plan C for such cases. G and Gl are the governors. T is a steam trap for tak- ing care of condensation. No relief valve is required, as small pump operates against relief valve of main pump. A valve is provided on each side of the governor on NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. . 371 the large pump, so that it can be shut off for repairs, etc., and steam still used through the main throttle. The idea is to make it impossible for any derangement of the auto- matic apparatus to prevent the use of the large pump in the ordinary way, that is, by hand control, through the main throttle. Sight feed lubricators are shown on both the large and the small pumps. A forced feed lubricator could be used as shown in Plan C, if desired. The check valve on the main pump discharge is shown in a well outside the pump room, and this is a very good arrangement. The conditions governing the arrangement of this check valve and the main gate on the large pump are fully explained under Plan A. The well for the check valve is desirable, as it not only makes the check valve easily accessible, but also the connection from the small pump discharge is put where it can readily be gotten at. PLAN C. For Pumps With Long Suction Pipe or Lifts Over Ten Feet, ^Requiring a Foot Valve, But Suitable For Use With Lesser Lifts or Where Water Is Taken Under a Head. The auxiliary pump is shown on the floor of the pump house, over against the distant side wall. The small pump takes its suction independently of the main one, from some reliable water supply, either that from which the main pump draws or any other sure source. If a near water supply for the small pump can be obtained at a moderate lift it is better than to have it working under a high lift. The auxiliary pump discharges into the suction pipe of the large pump, and on the end of the large pump suction a check or foot valve is placed to retain the water. The foot or check valve used should have metal seat and valve, as, if a soft seat is. used, the continual high water pressure on it maintained by the small pump may in time indent the soft material, possibly making the clapper stick, so that the suction action of the large pump would not be sufficient to tear it from its seat. As in the other plans, a valve is 372 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. provided on the discharge so that the small pump connec- tions may be shut off and the large pump run independ- ently. The connections from the small to the large pump are shown running up the side wall to a height sufficient to let a man walk under them where they pass overhead to the large pump. The discharge pipe should be carried just below the floor in a trench covered with a plate. This arrangement is advised for high lifts, but is, of course, available for less severe conditions, because it absolutely insures keeping the large pump and suction pipe full of water, thus giving no chance that when a sudden demand for water comes and steam is turned on to the large pump it will fail to take water and work as desired. Where a pump is equipped with an automatic governor there is almost sure to be some damage done the pump if, when a demand for water arises, and the governor turns on steam, the pump does not at once obtain a full supply of water, for without w r ater the pump would tend to run away, frequently resulting in breaking some part or wrench- ing some connections loose. The explanation of details is the same as for Plans A and B. In this case no relief valve is necessary on the small pump, as the relief valve on the large pump would take care of the pressure on both pumps. A forced feed lubricator is shown on the large pump, but of course a sight feed lubricator as in Plans A and B could be used if preferred. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 374 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 375 376 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROTARY FIRE PUMPS. AMENDMENTS. Adopted by the National Fire Protection Association, 1906, 1907 and 1908. NAME PLATES (1906). (Type A, page 182. Type B, page 201). Specifications (pages 178 to 194) to be designated as "Type A"; those in the appendix (pages 195 to 215) to remain "Type B." 'Name plates to be as fellows: PUMP COMPANY ROTARY FIRE PUMP. TYPE A. THE NATI'>NAL STANDARD. PUMP COMPANY ROTARY FIRE PUMP. TYPE P>. THE NATIONAL STANDARD. TYPE A. (1907) (Page 184, new paragraph). 9. Bed Plate. a. A substantial cast iron bed plate must be provided, NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 377 to which bearings and pump must be firmly secured. Foun- dation bolts of a size not less than from %" to 1", accord- ing to size of pump, must be provided for anchoring bed plate to foundations. (Page 187, new paragraph). 1<). Safety Valve. fj. Pumps operated by electric motors must be provided with two relief valves, each one of \vhich must be at least of a size next smaller than that required for this size pump. NOTE. This is a precaution necessitated by the danger of crippling the electric current by the blowing of a main fuse in case one of the relief valves is inoperative at the desired pressure. It is believed the chances are much less for both valves being stuck or set at too high a pressure. TYPE A. (1908). (Page 18J, last paragraph). 5. Capacity Plate. a. Change to read : Every pump must bear a conspicuous statement of its capacity securely attached to the inboard side of air chamber, thus : (Page 182). Amend wording of plate to read: "Nominal Capacity," instead of "Capacity." Designate the first paragraph lt b " and change " 55 ' ' to read "5e." (Page 183, fifth paragraph). 8. Body of Pump. Change heading to read "Pump Casing" and section "a" following to read: The cylindrical portions and the cr.ds of pump casing to be of cast bronze, etc. TYPE B. (1907). (Page 204, last paragraph). 12. Stuffing Boxes. Substitute requirements of Associated Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Companies, Specifications of September, 378 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. (Page 208, third paragraph). 15. Bed Plate. e. Change to read: Foundation bolts of a size not less than from %-ineh to 1-inch, according to size of pump, must be provided for anchoring bed plate to foundation. (Page 211, new paragraph). 21. Safety Valve. d. Pumps operated by electric motors must be provided with two relief valves, each one of which must be at least of a size next smaller than that required for this size pump. NOTE. This is a precaution necessitated by the danger of crippling the electric circuit by the blowing of a main fuse in case one of the relief valves is inoperative at the desired pressure. It is believed the chances are much less for both valves being stuck or set at too high a pressure. Type B. (1908). (Page 199, third paragraph, third line). 3. Sizes of Pump. Cha*nge, in third paragraph of fine note, 5.34 to read 5.83. (Page 201). Amend wording of plate to read: "Nominal Capacity/ ' instead of "Capacity." (Page 206, first paragraph, third line). 12. Stuffing Boxes. &. Add: Some means must be provided for preventing the gland nuts from jarring loose. (Page 206, ninth paragraph, last line). 13. Gearing. c. Add: or the equivalent diametrical pitch. (Page 209, fourth line.) 16. Suction and Discharge Openings. c. Amend second line of diameters in -table to read, for the respective pump sizes, 5-inch or 6-inch, 6-inch or 8-inch, 8-inch or 10-inch. NOTE. Starting valve should be connected to the dis- charge casting at such a point that the water from the NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 379 priming pipe will not run out through this starting valve when open. NOTE. The object of the change in the table is to permit the manufacturer at his option to make the openings for the hose connection piece the same size as for the main discharge, thus permitting the discharge pipe to lead away from the pump in any one of three different directions. This undoubtedly would be a considerable advantage under many conditions of pump installation. (Page 211, fifth paragraph). 22. Discharge Cone. ~b. Amend to read: The cone must be provided with an opening to receive the air-vent pipe required by Steam Pump Rules, Article 45 (page 151). REMARKS. Further amendments were proposed to the specifications for Type B Rotary Fire Pumps, as outlined in a committee report printed in the 1908 Proceedings of the National Fire Protection Association (page 167 of the Proceedings). oSO NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. SPECIFICATIONS FOR ELECTRIC FIRE PUMPS. AMENDMENTS. Adopted by the National Fire Protection Association, 1905. (Page 230, fifth paragraph) . 6. Motor. a. Change to read: May be of either the direct or alter- nating current type and must be designed for voltages within the limits for low potential systems as specified by the "National Electrical Code. " (Page 232, seventh paragraph). 7. Means of Control, Manual Controller. h. Change to read: The starting operation should pref- erably be accomplished by the use of one handle or level- arm. NOTE. When more than one lever or arm must be manip- ulated, the lever or arm must be interlocked in order to insure their handling in proper order. (Page 234, first paragraph). 9. Pump. c. Section stricken out. (Page 234, new articles). 10. Eelief Valve. a. Must be provided with two relief valves of the spring "Pop Release " type, attached to discharge casting, and to have hand wheel for pressure regulation. Each valve must have same capacity as required in Steam or Rotary Pump Specifications for pumps of same size. Relief valves to discharge into waste pipes having cone tops with slides so that the discharge from each valve can be made visible. b. When the supply of water is limited, as from a special suction reservoir or cistern, the waste pipes must drain into such reservoir or cistern, entering as far from the pump NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 381 suction as is necessary to prevent the pump from draught- ing air which may be carried down into the cistern by the discharge from the waste pipes. NCTE. In case such reservoir or cistern is above the level of the pump, the waste cones may be omitted. (Page 234). 11. Compression Tank for Automatic Pumps. Same as old 10, a, I), c. (Page 235). VI. Approval. Same as old 11. 3813 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. "ROCKWOOD" STRAIGHTWAY DRY PIPE VALVE. (1908.) (Worcester Fire Extinguisher Company, Worcester, Mass.) M DESCRIPTION. A is a bronze valve-plate which both closes the water inlet J and seals the air-valve chamber by the contact of the rubber ring at its circumference on a block tin air- valve seat I. B is the upper part of the valve body, in which the valve-plate A swings when it opens the water inlet. C is the lower part of the valve body, and carries the air and water seats. D is a swinging arm, to which are attached the valve- plate A and the counterweight E; the whole swings about the axis F as the valve opens to the position A' E' F, NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 383 E is an iron ball filled with lead. The weight of the valve-plate A tends to hold itself down on its two seats when shut, and the weight of the ball tends to hold the valve-plate open after it has started to open. G is the draw-off valve and pipe for emptying the entire system of sprinklers and piping. H is the hand-hole cover plate, for giving access to all interior parts of the valve. I and J are the tin air seat ond bronze water seat, respectively. K is a projection on the ball E adapted to engage a 384 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. spring latch L. It is brought into use to prevent the valve- plate from returning to its seats if the combination should occur of (1) a feeble water supply; (2), a corroded or jammed spindle F; (3), a reversal of flow after the riser had been filled with water. Under normal conditions it plays no part. M is a ball-seated swing check-valve, which is automati- cally held off its seat by the contact of its arm extension with the under side of the valve-plate, and thus allows any water which may leak by J to run freely out of the intermediate chamber N into the drip cup P. O is a drip pipe for draining the priming water left in the valve-body after the system has been emptied through G. E is a jack for raising the lip of the upper body B over the flange of the under body C when it is desired to remove C or A for repairs. To use the jack, hold the pipe post E with one pipe wrench while screwing upwards the coupling at the upper end of E with another wrench. DIRECTIONS For setting the Rockwood Straightway Dry-Pipe Valve. Never apply grease, tallow, or any oily substance to valve seats I or J. 1. Drain the system through G, and the valve-body through O. 2. With a piece of waste, clean the surfaces of (1) the rubber valve; (2) the tin air seat I; (3) the bronze water seat J. With the hand, scoop out any excess of scale 01 solid particles found in the intermediate chamber N. 3. Push the valve-plate A down towards its seats. It will stop w r hen engaged by the latch L. To lift the latch over the projection on the ball, insert the end of the valve- wrench between the top of the ball and the latch and pry the latter up, thus releasing the valve-plate, which will then seat itself. ON HYDRAULICS. 385 4. Pour water (from a hose or pail) into the upper valve body through the hand-hole H until it will almost overflow. 5. Arrange the hand-hole gasket in place and then bolt on the cover-plate. Set the nuts up hard. 6. Pump the necessary air pressure into the system to hold the valve closed against the water pressure in the supply pipe. NOTE. With a water pressure of 50 pounds, the air pressure should not be less than 15 pounds nor more than 25 pounds; water pressure of 75 pounds, air pressure of not less than 20 nor more than 30 pounds; water pressure of 100 pounds, air pressure of not less than 25 nor more than 35 pounds; and with a water pressure of 150 pounds, the air pressure should not be less than 35 nor more than 50 pounds. 7. After the air pressure has been pumped into the sys- tem, open the main gate valve. If the valve seats are tight, no leakage water will be observed to flow out through the ball check-valve M into the drip cup P. Water must not be allowed to stand above the Draw-off Valve G, where it might freeze or exert pressure on the Air Valve. OPERATION When the air pressure, acting on the surface of the prim- ing water, is relieved by the opening of a sprinkler, the upward pressure of the water underneath the valve plate A causes A to lift, the intermediate chamber N instantly fills, with the result that the entire force of the water, exerted over the full area of the valve plate, pushes it over to the wide-open position and thus leaves a straight unob- structed passage for the water. INSPECTION 1. Open draw-off valve G to see that the system of sprin- klers and piping is free of water down to this level. If any water appears, draw it off and then tightly close valve G. 386 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 2. Observe the outlet from the ball-seated swing check- valve M to see that there is no leakage from either valve seat. Insert the middle finger of the hand into this outlet and tip the ball of the check-valve to see that there is entire freedom of movement and no dirt surrounding it. 3. Test automatic alarm occasionally. TO DRAIN SYSTEM 1. Close main gate valve Q in supply pipe under dry-pipe valve. 2. Open draw-off valve G, closing it (after operation 3) when water has stopped running. 3. Open drip-valves and vents throughout system; then close after water stops running. "- 4. Pump a few pounds of air pressure on the system. 5. Open drip-valves and vents to force water from low points of the system. 6. Set DKY-PIPE VALVE and pump up air pressure, as described before under BISECTIONS. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 'INTERNATIONAL' 9 DRY PIPE VALVE. Model No. 4. 387 Set **dry," with mechanical and electrical alarms, (See pages 89 to 93.) 388 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. ALARMS ON DRY PIPE SYSTEMS. On dry pipe systems where air is maintained throughout the year, either the circuit closer or the water motor, or both, may be connected direct to the intermediate chamber of the air-valve. In dry pipe systems where the air is not maintained in the system throughout the year, but water is admitted during the summer, an alarm check valve must be used with the dry pipe valve at the water intake end. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 389 "NIAGARA" DRY PIPE VALVE. (Niagara Fire Extinguisher Co., Akron, Ohio.) DESCRIPTION. Figure 1 shows the "Niagara" dry pipe valve as it appears when set and ready for operation. Figure 2 is a view similar to Fig. 1, with the doors open to disclose the tripping mechanism. Figure 3 shows the valve as it appears when tripped, door (17) being removed to clearly disclose parts. Figure 4 is a diagramatic partial sectional view, designed to show clearly all operating parts. The device is shown ** set" in this diagram. The valve consists of the body portion (1) which has bolted thereto the portion (16 A) to which are hinged the doors (17 and 1.7 A). Secured to the lower portion of (16 A) is the alarm (18). The water clapper (3) in the lower part of the valve body (1) is held on the seat (2) by means of the toggle, consisting of (4), (5) and (6), the upper toggle strut (5) being mounted upon and bearing against the pin (25). The horizontal thrust of the toggle is resisted by the plunger (7), levers (9) and (10), weight (11), weight hook (33A), trip lever (12A) and air pot disc (15). The parts (9) and (11) are mounted in (16 A) by '''scale bearings." Nearly alt of the moving parts of the valve have loose bearings of the ball and socket or "scale bearing" type. Mounted upon the top of the valve body (1) is a suitable air check valve, consisting of the body portion (37), clapper (36) and seat ring (35). This check valve is provided with a suitable drain (C). Both the air pot (14) and air check valve (37) are provided Nvith suitable priming devices, consisting of (D) and (23), which permit of priming while system is under air pressure. INSTRUCTIONS FOR SETTING. Close gate valve under dry pipe valve and drain the system through (B) an J (C). Remove the cover (38) of the air check valve and clean seat (35) and face of air clapper (36). Reseat (36) on (35) and replace cover. Remove the air pot cover (22) 390 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. FIG, 1, NOTES ON HYDRAULICS* 391 FIG. 2. 392 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. FIG. 3. NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. 393 FIG. 4. 394 NOTES ON HYDRAULICS. and thoroughly clean the air pot (14) and seat of air clapper (15) and replace the cover (22). Next raise the ou.er end of (12 A) so the inner end rests under the depending- portion of (15), after which pump up the air on the system to 35 pounds or more pressure. Next hang up weight (11) by hooking (33 A) on (12 A) as shown in the diagram. The water clapper (3) and seat (2) should now be thoroughly cleaned and the clapper (3) seated on (2). Next screw the nut (6) up as high as possible on ^5) and set the end of lower strut (4) in the socket on top of (3). Draw the plunger (7) into the valve body as far as possible and set the levers (9) and (10) in position shown in diagram; place the lower end, or ball portion, of the stress nut (6) in the socket on top of (7) and screw down the nut (6). Open the gate valve below the dry valve and see that water seat is tight. Close the hinged cover (20) and doors (17) and (17 A) and valve is set for action. A ball drip (24) is provided to take care of any possible leakage past the water seat (2-3). In order to prime the air pot and air check, while system is under pressure, open the upper valve on (23), fill the priming chambers (23) through (D), close upper valve and open lower valve, when the water will descend and cover seats. Prime until water shows at test valves (F). OPERATION. In case air is allowed to escape from the system, because of a sprinkler head opening or a valve being opened, and the pressure becomes reduced to, say, from 13 to 15 pounds per square inch, the weight (11) will begin to drop, thereby releasing the lever (9) and allowing the plunger (7) to move to a seat in bushing (8) and close the opening in same. This operation will release the stress toggle and permit the water clapper (3) to open and water to fill the system. The weight (11), coming in contact with the plunger of the alarm device (18), causes an alarm to be sounded until such time as contact is broken. The valve cannot be reset until the air seat is raised above the inner portion of (12 A). This guards against any chance of "water column" in air riser pipe, as this cannot be done until all pressure is out of the system. BUYERS' GUIDE 17 (Continued from Page 15) HOSE International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. HOSE RACKS AND REELS International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. HOSE, UNLINED LINEN International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. HYDRANTS General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. METERS, WATER H. G. Vogel Co. OIL PUMPS, HAND Deming Co. (Chas. J. Jager Co., 281 Franklin St.) H. G. Vogel Co. PIPES General Fire Extinguisher Co. PIPE HANGERS H. G. Vogel Co. PLAY PIPES H. G. Vogel Co. PLAY PIPES, MONITOR NOZZLES H. G. Vogel Co. PUMPS, CENTRIFUGAL H. G. Vogel Co. PUMPS, ELECTRIC Deming Co. (Chas. J. Jager Co., 281 Franklin St.) H. G. Vogel Co. PUMPS, POWER Deming Co. (Chas. J. Jager Co., 281 Franklin St.) H. G. Vogel Co. PUMPS, ROTARY Deming Co. (Chas. J. Jager Co., 281 Franklin St.) H. G. Vogel Co. PUMPS, STEAM H. G. Vogel Co. SPRINKLERS, AUTOMATIC General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. Rockwood Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. STANDPIPES International Sprinkler Co. Rockwood Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. TANKS, GRAVITY New England Tank & Tower Co. Rockwood Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. TANK HEATERS Rockwood Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. 18 BUYERS' GUIDE TANKS, PRESSURE Rockwood Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. TANK TELL-TALES New England Tank & Tower Co. H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES International Sprinkler Co. i' H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, ALARM General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. Rockwood Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, CHECK Deming Co. (Chas. J. Jager Co., 281 Franklin St.) General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. . VALVES, DRY General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. Rockwood Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, FLOAT Deming Co. (Chas. J. Jager Co., 281 Franklin St.) H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, FOOT Rockwood Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, INDICATOR GATE International Sprinkler Co. Rockwood Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, POST INDICATOR GATE General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. Rockwood Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. BALTIMORE AIR COMPRESSORS Deming Co. (Crook-Horner Co.) OIL PUMPS, HAND Deming Co. (Crook-Horner Co.) PUMPS, ELECTRIC Deming Co. (Crook-Horner Co.) PUMPS, POWER Deming Co. (Crook-Horner Co.) PUMPS, ROTARY Deming Co. (Crook-Horner Co.) VALVES, CHECK Deming Co. (Crook-Horner Co.) VALVES, FLOAT BUYERS' GUIDE ESTY SPRINKLER I m H. C. YOCEL CO. EXECUTIVE OFFICES 12-14 WALKER STREET, NEW YORK CITY CHICAGO, ILL., Western Union Building PHILADELPHIA, PA., 3d and Chestnut Streets BOSTON, MASS., 31 Milk Street BUFFALO, N. Y., Dun Building MONTREAL, P. Q., 620 St. Paul Street, West 19 20 BUYERS' GUIDE CLEVELAND AIR COMPRESSORS International Sprinkler Co. FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS, AUXILIARY International Sprinkler Co. FITTINGS General Fire Extinguisher Co. HOSE International Sprinkler Co. HOSE RACKS AND REELS International Sprinkler Co. HOSE, UNLINED LINEN International Sprinkler Co. HYDRANTS General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. PIPES General Fire Extinguisher Co. SPRINKLERS, AUTOMATIC General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. STANDPIPES International Sprinkler Co. VALVES International Sprinkler Co. VALVES ALARM General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, CHECK General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, DRY General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, INDICATOR GATE International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, POST INDICATOR GATE General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. .. . BUFFALO AIR COMPRESSORS Deming Co. (Root, Neal & Co., 178 Main St.) H. G. Vogel Co. ELECTRICAL APPARATUS H. G. Vogel Co. FIRE DEPARTMENT SUPPLIES H. G. Vogel Co. BUYERS' GUIDE GENERAL FIRE EXTINGUISHER COMPANY Equips Factories and Warehouses with the GRINNELL AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER Both Wet Pipe and Dry Pipe Systems Jobbers, Manufacturers, Dealers in Pipe, Fittings, Valves, Hydrants, and all kinds of Steam, Gas and Water Supplies and Specialties. Executive Offices, Providence, R. I. The Oldest and Largest Manufacturers of Automatic Sprinkers in the world. Estimates on both wet and dry pipe systems furnished at the various offices, namely: NEW YORK, German-American Bldg. BOSTON, Post Office Sq. Bldg. PHILADELPHIA. Mutual Life Bldg. BUFFALO, Dun Building CLEVELAND, Society for Savings Bldg. ST. LOUIS, Lincoln Trust Bldg. CINCINNATI, Union Trust Bldg. ATLANTA, 276 Marietta St. CHARLOTTE, N. C., North College St. MONTREAL, 620 St. Paul St. West. NEW ORLEANS, Canal & N. Claiborne Sts. P1TTSBURG, MacChesney Bldg. Western Factory, Warren, Ohio. CHICAGO OFFICE Temple Bldg., 184 La Salle Street J. G. THOMAS, Northwestern Dept. Agt. A. J. NERACHER, Chicago Dept. Agt. 22 BUYERS' GUIDE FIRE PAILS H. G. Vogel Co. FITTINGS General Fire Extinguisher Co. GAGES, PRESSURE H. G. Vogel Co. GAGES, WATER * H. G. Vogel Co. GOVERNORS FOR PUMPS H. G. Vogel Co. HOSE H. G. Vogel Co. HOSE RACKS AND REELS H. G. Vogel Co. HOSE, UNLINED LINEN H. G. Vogel Co. HYDRANTS General Fire Extinguisher Co. H. G. Vogel Co. METERS, WATER H. G. Vogel Co. OIL PUMPS, HAND Deming Co. (Root, Neal & Co., 178 Main St.) H. G. Vogel Co. PIPES General Fire Extinguisher Co. PIPE HANGERS H. G. Vogel Co. PLAY PIPES H. G. Vogel Co. PLAY PIPES, MONITOR NOZZLES H. G. Vogel Co. PUMPS, CENTRIFUGAL H. G. Vogel Co. PUMPS, ELECTRIC Deming Co. (Root, Neal & Co., 178 Main St.) H. G. Vogel Co. PUMPS, POWER Deming Co. (Root, Neal & Co., 178 Main St.) H. G. Vogel Co. PUMPS, ROTARY Deming Co. (Root, Neal & Co., 178 Main St.) H. G. Vogel Co. PUMPS, STEAM H. G. Vogel Co. SPRINKLERS, AUTOMATIC General Fire Extinguisher Co. H. G. Vogel Co. STANDPIPES H. G. Vogel Co. BUYERS' GUIDE A costly fire is a blot on tbe managers reputation There's no excuse for the management which suffers a serious lo-asrthroucjh fire because positive means of fire prevention are easi ly obtained. When are mstal led, fire cannot lent he<=idway to cause appreciable damage They are inf a liable and are not costly to install or maintain Insurance, interests endorse them, your mterestsdeniand them. Detaibmour Dooklet-Wantacopy? ^ InternationahJ Sprinkler Co.* Philadelphia 23 24 BUYERS' GUIDE TANKS, GRAVITY H. G. Vogel Co. TANK HEATERS H. G. Vogel Co. TANKS, PRESSURE H. G. Vogel Co. TANK TELL-TALES H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, ALARM General Fire Extinguisher Co. H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, CHECK Deming Co. (Root, Neal & Co., 178 Main St.) General Fire Extinguisher Co. H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, DRY General Fire Extinguisher Co. H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, FLOAT Deming Co. (Root, Neal & Co., 178 Main St.) H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, FOOT H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, INDICATOR GATE H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, POST INDICATOR GATE General Fire Extinguisher Co. H. G. Vogel Co. PITTSBURG AIR COMPRESSORS Deming Co. (Harris Pump & Supply Co., 320 Second Ave.) International Sprinkler Co. FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS, AUXILIARY International Sprinkler Co. HOSE International Sprinkler Co. HOSE RACKS AND REELS International Sprinkler Co. HOSE, UNLINED LINEN International Sprinkler Co. HYDRANTS International Sprinkler Co. OIL PUMPS, HAND Deming Co. (Harris Pump & Supply Co., 320 Second Ave.) BUYERS' GUIDE NIAGARA FIRE EXTINGUISHER Co. AKRON, OHIO We manufacture and install complete and standard Automatic Sprinkler Equip- ments in every part of the United States. Fully approved by all the leading Insurance Organizations. Information and Proposals furnished by our several Department Agencies. EXECUTIVE OFFICES HAMILTON BUILDING, AKRON, OHIO, The Standard Auiomaiic Fire Sprinkler Co., Lid., Montreal, Canada, Agents for Canada. 26 BUYERS' GUIDE PUMPS, ELECTRIC Deming Co. (Harris Pump & Supply Co., 320 Second Av.e.) PUMPS, POWER Deming Co. (Harris Pump & Supply Co., 320 Second Ave.) PUMPS, ROTARY Deming Co. (Harris Pump & Supply Co., 320 Second Ave.) SPRINKLERS, AUTOMATIC International Sprinkler Co. STANDPIPES International Sprinkler Co. VALVES International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, ALARM International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, CHECK Deming Co. (Harris Pump & Supply Co., 320 Second Ave.) International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, DRY International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, FLOAT Deming Co. (Harris Pump & Supply Co., 320 Second Ave.) VALVES, INDICATOR GATE International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, POST INDICATOR GATE International Sprinkler Co. SAN FRANCISCO AIR COMPRESSORS Deming Co. (Henshaw, Bulkley & Co.) International Sprinkler Co. FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS, AUXILIARY International Sprinkler Co. HOSE International Sprinkler Co. HOSE RACKS AND REELS International Sprinkler Co. HOSE, UNLINED LINEN International Sprinkler Co. HYDRANTS International Sprinkler Co. OIL PUMPS, HAND Deming Co. (Henshaw, Bulkley & Co.) PUMPS, ELECTRIC Deming Co. (Henshaw, Bulkley &, Co.) BUYERS' GUIDE ROCKWOOD AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS AND DRY- PIPE VALVES (STRAIGHT WAY) APPROVED BY ALL INSURANCE INTERESTS MANUFACTURERS ENGINEERS and CONTRACTORS FOR COMPLETE SPRINKLER EQUIPMENTS THE ROCKWOOD SPRINKLER ROCKWOOD SPRINKLER CO. Offices at which Rockwood Sprinkler Apparatus is sold : For NEW ENGLAND AND For NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY, PENN'A . 2 Rector St., New York, N.Y. For CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN STATES . 206 LaSalle St., Chicago, 111. For PACIFIC COAST STATES . . . Seattle, Washington For TEXAS 1210^ Congress Ave., Houston, Texas 27 28 BUYERS' GUIDE PUMPS, POWER Deming Co. (Henshaw, Bulkley & Co.) PUMPS, ROTARY Deming Co. (Henshaw, Bulkley & Co.) SPRINKLERS, AUTOMATIC International Sprinkler Co. STANDPIPES International Sprinkler Co. VALVES International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, ALARM International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, CHECK Deming Co. (Henshaw, Bulkley & Co.) International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, DRY International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, FLOAT Deming Co. (Henshaw, Bulkley & Co.) VALVES, INDICATOR GATE International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, POST INDICATOR GATE International Sprinkler Co. DETROIT AIR COMPRESSORS Deming Co. (Kerr Machinery & Supply Co.) OIL PUMPS, HAND Deming Co. (Kerr Machinery & Supply Co.) PUMPS, ELECTRIC Deming Co. (Kerr Machinery & Supply Co.) PUMPS, POWER Deming Co. (Kerr Machinery & Supply Co.) PUMPS, ROTARY Deming Co. (Kerr Machinery & Supply Co.) VALVES, CHECK Deming Co. (Kerr Machinery & Supply Co.) VALVES, FLOAT Deming Co. (Kerr Machinery & Supply Co.) CINCINNATI AIR COMPRESSORS Deming Co. (Fairbanks, Morse & Co.) International Sprinkler Co. Niagara Fire Extinguisher Co. H. G. Vogel Co. ELECTRICAL APPARATUS H. G. Vogel Co. FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS, AUXILIARY International Sprinkler Co. BUYERS' GUIDE 29 FIRE DEPARTMENT SUPPLIES H. G. Vogel Co. FIRE PAILS H. G. Vogel Co. GAGES, PRESSURE H. G. Vogel Co. GAGES, WATER H. G. Vogel Co. GOVERNORS FOR PUMPS H. G. Vogel Co. HOSE International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. HOSE RACKS AND REELS International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. HOSE, UNLINED LINEN International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. HYDRANTS International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. METERS, WATER H. G. Vogel Co. OIL PUMPS, HAND Deming Co. (Fairbanks, Morse & Co.) H. G. Vogel Co. PIPE HANGERS Niagara Fire Extinguisher Co. H. G. Vogel Co. PLAY PIPES H. G. Vogel Co. PLAY PIPES, MONITOR NOZZLES H. G. Vogel Co. PUMPS, CENTRIFUGAL H. G. Vogel Co. PUMPS, ELECTRIC Deming Co. (Fairbanks, Morse & Co.) H. G. Vogel Co. PUMPS, POWER Deming Co. (Fairbanks, Morse & Co.) H. G. Vogel Co, PUMPS, ROTARY Deming Co. (Fairbanks, Morse & Co.) H. G. Vogel Co. PUMPS, STEAM H. G. Vogel Co. SPRINKLERS, AUTOMATIC International Sprinkler Co. Niagara Fire Extinguisher Co. H. G. Vogel Co. STANDPIPES International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. 30 BUYERS' GUIDE TANKS, GRAVITY H. G. Vogel Co. TANK HEATERS Niagara Fire Extinguisher Co. H. G. Vogel Co. TANKS, PRESSURE H. G. Vogel Co. TANK TELL-TALES H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES International Sprinkler Co. Niagara Fire Extinguisher Co. H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, ALARM International Sprinkler Co. Niagara Fire Extinguisher Co. H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, CHECK Deming Co. (Fairbanks, Morse & Co.) International Sprinkler Co. Niagara Fire Extinguisher Co. H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, DRY International Sprinkler Co. Niagara Fire Extinguisher Co. H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, FLOAT Deming Co. (Fairbanks, Morse & Co.) H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, FOOT H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, INDICATOR GATE International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. VALVES, POST INDICATOR GATE International Sprinkler Co. H. G. Vogel Co. NEW ORLEANS AIR COMPRESSORS Deming Co. (Wilmot Machinery Co.) International Sprinkler Co. FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS, AUXILIARY International Sprinkler Co. FITTINGS General Fire Extinguisher Co. HOSE International Sprinkler Co. HOSE RACKS AND REELS International Sprinkler Co. HOSE, UNLINED LINEN International Sprinkler Co. HYDRANTS General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. BUYERS' GUIDE 31 OIL PUMPS, HAND Deming Co. (Wilmot Machinery Co.) PIPES \ General Fire Extinguisher Co. PUMPS, ELECTRIC Deming Co. (Wilmot Machinery Co.) PUMPS, POWER Deming Co. (Wilmot Machinery Co.) PUMPS, ROTARY Deming Co. (Wilmot Machinery Co.) SPRINKLERS, AUTOMATIC General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. STANDPIPES International Sprinkler Co. VALVES International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, ALARM General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, CHECK Deming Co. (Wilmot Machinery Co.) General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, DRY General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, FLOAT Deming Co. (Wilmot Machinery Co.) VALVES, INDICATOR GATE International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, POST INDICATOR GATE General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. WASHINGTON AIR COMPRESSORS Deming Co. (Columbia Pump & Well Co.) OIL PUMPS, HAND Deming Co. (Columbia Pump & Well Co.) PUMPS, ELECTRIC Deming Co. (Columbia Pump & Well Co.) PUMPS, POWER Deming Co. (Columbia Pump & Well Co.) PUMPS, ROTARY Deming Co. (Columbia Pump & Well Co.) VALVES, CHECK Deming Co. (Columbia Pump & Well Co.) VALVES, FLOAT Deming Co. (Columbia Pump & Well Co.) 82 BUYERS' GUIDE MINNEAPOLIS AIR COMPRESSORS International Sprinkler Co. FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS, AUXILIARY International Sprinkler Co. GAS ENGINE POWER Challenge Co. HOSE International Sprinkler Co. HOSE RACKS AND REELS International Sprinkler Co. HOSE, UNLINED LINEN International Sprinkler Co. HYDRANTS International Sprinkler Co. SPRINKLERS, AUTOMATIC International Sprinkler Co. STANDPIPES International Sprinkler Co. TANKS, GRAVITY Challenge Co. TANK TELL-TALES Challenge Co. TANK TOWERS, STEEL Challenge Co. VALVES Challenge Co. International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, ALARM International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, CHECK International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, DRY International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, FLOAT Challenge Co. VALVES, INDICATOR GATE International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, POST INDICATOR GATE International Sprinkler Co. LOUISVILLE AIR COMPRESSORS Deming Co. (Laib Co.) OIL PUMPS, HAND Deming Co. (Laib Co.) PUMPS, ELECTRIC Deming Co. (Laib Co.) BUYERS' GUIDE 33 PUMPS, POWER Deming Co. (Laib Co.) PUMPS, ROTARY Derating Co. (Laib Co.) VALVES, CHECK Deming Co. (Laib Co.) VALVES, FLOAT Deming Co. (Laib Co.) KANSAS CITY AIR COMPRESSORS Deming Co. (English Iron Works Co.) International Sprinkler Co. FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS, AUXILIARY International Sprinkler Co. GAS ENGINE POWER Challenge Co. HOSE International Sprinkler Co. HOSE RACKS AND REELS International Sprinkler Co. HOSE, UNLINED LINEN International Sprinkler Co. HYDRANTS International Sprinkler Co. OIL PUMPS,HAND Deming Co. (English Iron Works Co.) PUMPS, ELECTRIC Deming Co. (English Iron Works Co.) PUMPS, POWER Deming Co. (English Iron Works Co.) PUMPS, ROTARY Deming Co. (English Iron Works Co.) SPRINKLERS, AUTOMATIC International Sprinkler Co. STANDPIPES International Sprinkler Co. TANKS, GRAVITY Challenge Co. TANK TELL-TALES Challenge Co. TANK TOWERS, STEEL Challenge Co. VALVES Challenge Co. International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, ALARM International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, CHECK Deming Co. (English Iron Works Co.) International Sprinkler Co. 84 BUYERS' GUIDE VALVES, DRY International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, FLOAT Challenge Co. Deming Co. (English Iron Works Co.) VALVES, INDICATOR GATE International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, POST INDICATOR GATE International Sprinkler Co. DENVER AIR COMPRESSORS Deming Co. (Hendrie & Bolthoff Mfg. & Supply Co.) International Sprinkler Co. FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS, AUXILIARY International Sprinkler Co. HOSE International Sprinkler Co. HOSE RACKS AND REELS International Sprinkler Co. HOSE, UNLINED LINEN . International Sprinkler Co. HYDRANTS International Sprinkler Co. OIL PUMPS, HAND Deming Co. (Hendrie & Bolthoff Mfg. & Supply Co.) PUMPS, ELECTRIC Deming Co. (Hendrie & Bolthoff Mfg. & Supply Co.) PUMPS, POWER Deming Co. (Hendrie & Bolthoff Mfg. & Supply Co.) PUMPS, ROTARY Deming Co. (Hendrie & Bolthoff Mfg. & Supply Co.) SPRINKLERS, AUTOMATIC International Sprinkler Co. STANDPIPES International Sprinkler Co. VALVES International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, ALARM International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, CHECK Deming Co. (Hendrie & Bolthoff Mfg. & Supply Co.) International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, DRY International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, FLOAT Deming Co. (Hendrie & Bolthoff Mfg. & Supply Co.) VALVES, INDICATOR GATE International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, POST INDICATOR GATE International Sprinkler Co. BUYERS' GUIDE 155 ATLANTA AIR COMPRESSORS Deming- Co. (Dunn Machinery Co.) International Sprinkler Co. FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS, AUXILIARY International Sprinkler Co. FITTINGS General Fire Extinguisher Co. HOSE International Sprinkler Co. HOSE RACKS AND REELS International Sprinkler Co. HOSE, UNLINED LINEN International Sprinkler Co. HYDRANTS General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. OIL PUMPS, HAND Deming- Co. (Dunn Machinery Co.) PIPES General Fire Extinguisher Co. PUMPS, ELECTRIC Deming- Co. (Dunn Machinery Co.) PUMPS, POWER Deming Co. (Dunn Machinery Co.) PUMPS, ROTARY Deming Co. (Dunn Machinery Co.) SPRINKLERS, AUTOMATIC General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. STANDPIPES International Sprinkler Co. VALVES International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, ALARM General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, CHECK Deming- Co. (Dunn Machinery Co.) General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, DRY General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, FLOAT Deming- Co. (Dunn Machinery Co.) VALVES, INDICATOR GATE International Sprinkler Co. VALVES, POST INDICATOR GATE General Fire Extinguisher Co. International Sprinkler Co. o m