UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA RICE AND RICE BY-PRODUCTS AS FEEDS FOR FATTENING SWINE E. H. HUGHES BULLETIN 420 March, 1927 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRINTING OFFICE BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 1927 RICE AND RICE BY-PRODUCTS AS FEEDS FOR FATTENING SWINE E. H. HUGHES* INTRODUCTION In 1925 the State of California produced 4,738,000 bushels of rice. Rice was grown experimentally as early as 1909 but was not produced commercially until 1912. From that time on, it has rapidly gained importance as a field crop. At present the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys produce almost all the rice grown in California. Although rice, like wheat, is grown for human consumption, its by- products are used as feeds for livestock, and under certain conditions, whole rice is fed. Experimental evidence concerning the value of rice and rice by-products is limited. Rough rice, rice bran, rice polish, and brewers' rice have been fed experimentally with corn or the grain sorghums, by the experiment stations of southern states, and com- parative values have been obtained. However, there is no information available concerning the comparative values of rice and rice by- products and barley, feeds which are being used by swine producers in California. A demand for accurate information concerning their nutritive value has led to the experiments reported in this paper. Milling of rice. — Rough rice consists of the grain proper with its close-fitting cuticle roughly inclosed by the stiff, hard husk or hull. Before it is fit for consumption, the rice must go through a process called milling, which cleans and polishes the surface of the grain. To produce clean rice, the rough rice is passed between revolving stones which remove the rough outer hull. The rice and hulls are then separated. The rice passes into the huller, where the outer layer of bran is removed, and is then transferred to the pearling cone where the inner layer is taken off and where the products are separated. The rice is now polished by revolving cylinders covered with pigskin or other suitable materials. The products resulting from the last two steps are known as polished rice and rice polish. The polished rice and by-products are then placed on the market as human and animal foods, respectively. From 162 pounds of paddy or rough rice (1) t there * Associate Professor of Animal Husbandry, and Associate Animal Husband- man in the Experiment Station. t Superscript numbers in parentheses refer to literature cited, pp. 23, 24. 4 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION is obtained during milling 100 pounds of polished rice, 20 pounds of rice bran, 7 pounds of rice polish, and 35 pounds of chaff or hulls. In Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 191, (2) the following more detailed report of the products of rice milling is given: " hulls, 32 pounds ; bran, 21 pounds ; polish, 6 pounds ; fancy rice, 72 pounds ; second rice, 21 pounds; screenings rice, 10 pounds; brewers' rice, 6 pounds; loss and dirt, 3.4 pounds." There are, therefore, large quantities of rice by-products available in California for swine feeding. Review of literature. — No information concerning the value of rice by-products when fed with barley is available. All experiments in the Corn Belt, eastern, and southern states, where corn is the principal feed for livestock, base the relative values of rice and rice by-products on corn values. The results from some of the agricultural experiment stations are interesting. At the Alabama Station, (3) where five experiments with feeding pigs were carried on, rice polish was found superior to corn meal. One pound of gain required only 3.73 pounds of rice polish as com- pared with 4.74 pounds of corn meal. Hence, 78.6 pounds of the rice polish were equal to 100 pounds of corn meal. At the Arkansas Station, (4) one pound of rice polish, when fed alone or with supplements, proved to be equal on the average to 1.25 pounds of corn chops. Hogs scoured severely when fed large quanti- ties of rice polish dampened just before feeding. The addition of lime water checked the scours. Hogs fed on rice polish alone or with protein supplements attained as high a finish as corn-fed hogs. When supplemented with protein, rice bran was only about 90 per cent as valuable as corn chops. Rice bran alone or supplemented with protein was not so desirable a fattening ration for hogs, especially on account of its bulk, as either rice polish or corn chops. A high finish was not attained by hogs fed on such rations. Dvorachek and Sandhouse of the Arkansas Station (6) report that rice bran when fed alone produced a soft, oily fat somewhat grayish in color. Ground rough rice and brewers' rice were found to have no deleterious effects at the Louisiana Station (7) when fed to shoats averaging 140 pounds in weight. The Massachusetts Station, (8) in a report published in 1897, reports feeding rice meal and skimmilk to three pigs that weighed an average of 67 pounds at the beginning of the experiment and 195.2 pounds at the end of the experiment. The rice meal referred to in this report was a mixture of the chaff and flour obtained in the manufacture of com- BUL. 420] rice FOR FATTENING SWINE 5 mercial rice. The rice hulls were not included. A check lot of three pigs fed corn meal and skimmilk showed an average weight of 65 pounds at the beginning and 193.5 pounds at the end of the experi- ment. Both lots required 2.91 pounds of dry matter to produce a pound of live weight. The conclusion was that a good quality of rice meal has a feeding value equal to a similar quantity of corn meal. The Mississippi Station/ 9 } reports two trials where corn and tank- age and rice polish and tankage are compared as rations for fattening pigs. This station concludes that the widely varying results of the two trials make it impossible to draw definite conclusions until further work has been done. Rice meal, at the South Carolina Station, (10) when fed with skim- milk, had a feeding value equal to that of corn. Pigs, six months old, made an average gain of 1.72 pounds a day for 61 days when fed rice meal and skimmilk at the ratio of one pound of rice meal to four pounds of milk. The lot fed on corn meal and milk at the same ratio made an average gain of 1.66 pounds for 61 days. It required 2.48 pounds of rice meal and 9.91 pounds of skimmilk to make one pound of gain. It required 2.57 pounds of corn meal and 10.28 pounds of skimmilk to make one pound of gain. The rice meal fed was a by-product of the rice mills and consisted largely of rice flower, rice polish, and rice bran. The Texas Station has published seven bulletins, each dealing with some phases of feeding rice and rice by-products to growing and fattening swine. A summary of a part of their investigations is pre- sented. In Bulletin 131 (11) it was reported that rice bran was much cheaper than corn and yielded a larger gain. The pork produced by it, however, was inferior in quality to that produced by corn. Cruse (12) found ground rough red rice fed with cottonseed meal to be an economical ration for fattening pigs. Fed with alfalfa meal it gave better results than corn chops fed with alfalfa meal. The feeds were fermented before being fed. One lot of pigs, reported in Texas Bulletin 224, (13) was fed a ration of rice bran, 10 pounds, and cottonseed meal, 1 pound, for 80 days in dry lot. When slaughtered they were graded as 4 oily and 5 firm. This indicates that a ration of rice bran and cottonseed meal will produce soft or oily hogs. The gains made by pigs in this lot were low. When half the rice bran was replaced by milo chops, the hogs made better gains, and all carcasses were firm. 6 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION Burk (14) reported that pigs fed a ration of rice bran, four parts, rice polish, four parts, and cottonseed meal, one part, made relatively small daily gains and that the amount of feed required to produce 100 pounds of gain was high. The pork produced by this ration was very soft. Texas Bulletin 286 (15) reports that rice bran, when fed with tank- age, was not a satisfactory ration as shown by the rates of gain. The ration seemed to be unpalatable and was too bulky; as a result, the pigs were frequently off feed. It was necessary to make a deduction of two cents a pound because the carcasses were graded as soft. However, it appears that rice bran can be fed safely with equal parts of corn chops and 10 per cent of tankage, and in all probability can be fed in as high a proportion as 60 per cent of the ration without resulting in soft carcasses. Two lots with 10 pigs in each lot, as reported in Bulletin 305, (16) were fed rations, 50 per cent of which was rice bran. The rate of gain was low. The pork produced was not so soft as to require a dockage in price. In two experiments summarized in Bulletin 313, (17) 50 and 60 per cent of rice bran and rice polish fed in combination with corn and tankage to 140-pound pigs for a period of 60 days did not produce any carcasses so soft as to require the ordinary dockage for "soft hogs." Fifty per cent of rice bran or polish in the rations produced greater gains and required less feed per unit Of gain than did 60 per cent. When the hogs were fed heavily, with the feed wet at feeding time, rations containing 60 per cent of rice polish produced scours. A unit of gain was made on less feed when 50 per cent of the ration was rice polish than when the ration was corn and tankage. This indicates that rice polish will produce more gain for a pound of feed than will corn. In the second test reported in this bulletin, one group of pigs was fed a ration of 50 parts rice bran, 40 parts corn chops, and 10 parts tankage for 150 days. At the conclusion of the test, nine of the ten hogs in this group killed "soft." As compared with corn, rice bran invariably lowered the average daily gains and increased the amount of feed required per unit of gain. The feeding of rice meal and rice meal mixtures is reported by the Experimental Farm, Agassiz, B. C. (5) There thirteen pens were fed rice meal and rice meal mixtures. Twelve pens were used as controls and were fed on wheat shorts or shorts and the same mixture as in the BUL. 420] RICE for FATTENING SWINE 7 case of rice meal. The several lots contained both summer and winter- fed hogs. The general condition of the hogs fed rice meal did not compare favorably with the condition of those in the control pens. In some cases a definite disease developed, and when the hogs were slaughtered their carcasses were condemned on account of lack of condition. Dr. Seymour Howden, of the Health of Animals Branch, inspected, both before and after slaughter, every hog put through the pens. He reports a malady found in the lots fed rice meal, resembling very closely the disease beri-beri in man. When it first occurred the disease was thought to be due to some faulty method of housing or feeding ; but when experience proved that this malady could be produced or checked at will by changing the ration, this idea was given up. In every case where rice meal was fed, symptoms of a like nature were produced. This was done with various classes of hogs at all seasons of the year and with various foods mixed with rice meal. The rice meal fed was a by-product of the rice mills, showing the following chemical composition: moisture, 10.54; protein, 11.44; fat, 11.25; carbohydrates, 53.36; fiber, 6.13; ash, 7.28. OBJECT AND CONDITIONS OF THE EXPERIMENTS The object of the experiments reported in this publication was to determine the feeding value of rice and rice by-products as swine feeds, their relative efficiency as compared with barley — the principal carbonaceous swine feed in California — and their relative efficiency when fed in conjunction with barley and nitrogenous supplements. The quality of pork produced by these feeds when fed alone and when fed in combination with barley and some nitrogenous concentrate was also investigated. Animals used. — The pigs used in the tests reported herein were all bred and raised at the University Farm. Nearly all were purebreds and included the Poland-China, Duroc-Jersey, Berkshire, and Hamp- shire breeds. A few were crossbreds. In each experiment the animals were divided into lots of the same size, as nearly uniform as possible as to weight, breed, age, and sex. Weights. — The hogs were weighed on three consecutive days at the beginning of each experiment, the three-day average weight was calculated and taken as the initial weight. Weekly weights of each animal were taken throughout the experiments. The final weight was obtained in the same manner as the initial weight. 8 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION Equipment. — The lots, houses, self-feeders, feeding floors, and other equipment were the same for all lots. Automatic waterers were located in each lot. Mineral mixture. — A simple mineral mixture was available at all times. This mixture contained common salt, air-slacked lime, finely ground bone meal, and charcoal. Composition of feed used. — A comparison of the data in table 1 with the average percentage composition of American feeding stuffs, as reported by Henry and Morrison, (lb) discloses the fact that the barley fed contained somewhat more water, crude fiber, and fat, and less ash, protein, and nitrogen-free extract than the average reported. TABLE 1 Composition of Kick By-products, Barley, and Tankage* Feeds Rolled barley Rough or paddy rice Rice bran Rice polish Tankage Moisture Ash Crude protein Crude fiber Nitrogen- free extract per cent per cent per cent pe- cent per cent 11.42 2 05 9.21 7.56 66 87 12.06 5.05 11.76 8.62 60.49 9.97 11 05 13.18 10.59 40 60 10.96 5.23 10.79 1 28 60 97 9.43 15.11 62.95 1 07 .18 Fat per cent 2 89 2 02 14 61 10 77 11.26 * Analyzed by Nutrition Division of the University of California. The rough rice carried more moisture, considerably more crude protein, and less crude fiber, less nitrogen-free extract, and decidedly less fat than the average reported by Henry and Morrison. The rice bran was very similar in composition to that reported by them. It did, however, contain a higher percentage of ash, crude protein, and fat, and somewhat less crude fiber and nitrogen-free extract. The composition of the rice polish used compared very closely with that of the average. The tankage fed carried a higher fat content and somewhat less fiber and nitrogen-free extract than the average. In table 1 is presented an analysis of feeds fed in the first and second trials. FIRST TRIAL This trial began October 10, 1921, and closed December 12, 1921, covering a feeding period of 63 days. Eight lots of pigs, farrowed in the spring of 1921, were self-fed in dry lot. There were ten pigs in each lot except lot V, which had nine, one pig having been taken out of this lot November 28 and disregarded from the first. Bul. 420] RICE FOR FATTENING SWINE Rations. — The following rations were fed in separate self-feeders : Lot I, rolled barley and tankage. Lot II, rough rice and tankage. Lot III, rice polish and tankage. Lot IV, rice bran and tankage. Lot V, rice polish, rice bran, and tankage. Lot VI, rolled barley, rough rice, and tankage. Lot VII, rolled barley, rice polish, and tankage. Lot VIII, rolled barley, rice bran, and tankage. TABLE 2 Summary of Eesults of First Trial Lot No. Ration Average initial weight Average final weight Average daily gain Feed consumed for 100 lbs. of gain Total feed consumed for 100 lbs. gain II III IV VI VII VIII Rolled barley. Tankage Rough rice Tankage Rice polish Tankage Rice bran Tankage Rice polish Rice bran Tankage Rolled barley Rough rice Tankage Rolled barley Rice polish Tankage Rolled barley Rice bran Tankage pounds 120.73 115.33 113.90 114.33 115.52 118.77 130.53 107.33 pounds 236.00 197.80 238.40 222.00 224.11 236.77 262.27 230.87 pounds 1.830 1.976 1.709 1.724 .873 2.091 1.961 pounds Barley, 431.08 Tankage, 34.61 Rough rice, 356.68 Tankage, 132.. 11 Rice polish, 309.72 Tankage, 47.87 Rice bran, Tankage, Barley, Rice polish, Tankage, 347.73 65.34 Rice polish, 297. 14 Rice bran, 57. 97 Tankage, 14.98 Barley, 363.31 Rough rice, 52.50 Tankage, 31.99 321.81 84.79 20.00 Barley, 339.32 Rice bran, 74.47 Tankage, 18.78 ■pOUM S 463 6 J 488.79 D 357.59 413.07 O 370.09 1 <£ $ & $* •^ £ <* £ .0 .0 c; $ $ & SS k Experiment no. 1 reed consumed per IOO pounds go/ri. Fig. 1. — The rate of gain and the feed consumed for 100 pounds of gain for the several lots in the first trial. Bul. 420] RICE FOR FATTENING SWINE 11 This lot consumed relatively less tankage than those lots receiving rough rice and tankage, rice polish and tankage, and rice bran and tankage, when these feeds alone were fed. When this experiment began, the pigs were somewhat heavier than desired. They were well grown but not fat. This fact is reflected in the rate of gain of the various lots. Each lot in the experiment, with the exception of lot II, made gains of more than one and one-half pounds a head daily for the feeding period. Lot II, fed rough rice, Fig. 2. — Lot I, fed rolled barley and tankage, at the beginning and at the close of the first trial. This figure indicates the finish that can be obtained by feeding such a ration. made relatively slower gains than the other lots and consumed an excessive amount of tankage. Pigs in this lot had trouble masticating the rough rice. They would stand at the feeder for long periods of time and chew continuously. When they were tired of chewing the rice, they would complete their meals on tankage which was fed in a separate self-feeder. The rate of gain was much less than in the other lots and the amount of feed consumed for 100 pounds of gain was greater than in any other lot. If the cost of gain were figured, that of this lot would be exceedingly high because of the larger amount of tankage that was consumed for 100 pounds of gain. Lot III, fed rice polish and tankage, made excellent gains and consumed somewhat less feed for 100 pounds of gain than any of the other lots. However, the amount of tankage for 100 pounds of gain 12 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION was somewhat higher than in lot I, where barley and tankage con- stituted the ration. While this lot of pigs gained especially well, they scoured some throughout the feeding period. This scouring was not noticed in lot VII, where barley, rice polish, and tankage made up the ration. Lot IV, fed rice bran and tankage, made somewhat slower gains than some of the other lots ; however, the total amount of feed con- sumed for 100 pounds of gain was somewhat less than that of lot I, but the tankage consumed for 100 pounds of gain was nearly 100 per cent greater. Fig. 3. — Lot VII, fed rolled barley, rice polish, and tankage, at the begin- ning and at the close of the first trial. The pigs in this group gained more rapidly and were more highly finished at the close of the experiment than those of the other lots. Lot V, fed rice polish, rice bran, and tankage, consumed a rela- tively small amount of feed for 100 pounds of gain, and the amount of tankage for 100 pounds of gain in this lot was less than in any other lot. It was also noticed that the hogs apparently relished the rice polish more than the rice bran, because they consumed above five times as much polish as bran. Lot VI, fed barley, rough rice, and tankage, gained more rapidly and on less feed than lot I. The amount of tankage that they con- sumed was not very different from that consumed by the check lot, and the addition of rough rice to the ration, although comparatively Bul. 420] RICE FOR FATTENING SWINE 13 small quantities were consumed, seemed to reduce the amount of feed consumed per 100 pounds of gain. Lots VII and VIII were among the best lots in the experiment, particularly in the rates of gain and finish. Both lots did exceedingly well from the beginning. This was particularly true in the case of lot VII. Both of these lots consumed a relatively small amount of tankage for 100 pounds of gain and in comparison with lot I, con- sumed a less total amount of feed for 100 pounds of gain. Where the pigs had free access to barley and some rice by-product, such as polish or bran, they chose a larger amount of barley than rice by-product. However, in both cases, they did consume about four times as much of the rice by-products as tankage. When the experiment was con- cluded, these hogs were well finished and were shipped to San Fran- cisco where dressing percentages were obtained and where physical examinations of the carcasses were made and data collected on the degree of hardness of the various carcasses (see page 21). TABLE 3 Summary of Results of Second Trial Lot No. Ration Average initial weight Average final weight Average daily gain Feed consumed for 100 lbs. of gain Total feed consumed for 100 lbs. gain I pounds 87.00 89.60 90.73 88.93 88.07 87.60 88.87 88.20 pounds 199.67 161.87 195.00 169.33 188.54 201.20 205.13 204.47 pounds 1.610 1.032 1.490 1.149 1.435 1.623 1.661 1.661 pound Barley, Tankage, Rough rice, Tankage, Rice polish, Tankage, Rice bran, Tankage, Rice polish, Rice bran, Tankage, Barley, Rough rice, Tankage, Barley, Rice polish, Tankage, Barley, Rice bran, Tankage, s 425.27 40.60 356.72 159.54 311.31 52.03 348.76 96.39 303.27 32.50 47.38 363.38 77.86 39.13 217.92 157.49 30.79 307.39 104.97 31.65 pounds 465.87 II Tankage 516.26 III Tankage Rice polish 363.34 IV Tankage Rice bran 445.15 V Tankage 383.15 VI Rice bran Tankage 480.37 VII Rough rice Tankage 406.20 VIII Rice polish Tankage Rolled barley 444.01 Rice bran Tankage 14 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION SECOND TRIAL The second trial began December 31, 1921, shortly after the close of the first, and closed March 11, 1922, covering a feeding period of 70 days. There were ten pigs in each lot. They had been farrowed in September and averaged about 88 pounds each when the experi- ment began. They were self -fed in dry lot. 2.0- *$! " S s 3 ^"tf A - X) . w 4 5 6 Pate of Ooin ;,,;,. 5 g f^tdo - tao - J— ■ 4- GO ■ E ■ A — f- 1 1 1 ■ 1 I ■ ■ ■ ■ o . 1 1 1 JJ II 1 ■ I Lot 1 5 ! 5 53 ^ | a 8 ? & & > 7 u t 5 Experiment no. 2 Fig. 4. feed consumed per /OO pounds go/n The rate of gain and the feed consumed for 100 pounds of gain for the eight lots in the second trial. BUL. 420 J RICE FOR FATTENING SWINE 15 Rations. — The second trial was a duplication of the first, and the rations were the same (see page 9). Results. — A comparison of the tabulated results of these two trials (tables 2 and 3), indicates that the rate of gain was somewhat less in the second trial than in the previous one, as the pigs fed were younger and weighed about thirty pounds less when the trial began. The amount of feed consumed for 100 pounds of gain was about the same in the corresponding lots of the two tests. For example, lot I of the first trial, fed rolled barley and tankage, consumed for 100 pounds of gain, 465.69 pounds of feed. In the second trial the amount of feed consumed was 465.87 pounds. The smaller pigs had more trouble consuming the rough rice than did the older and heavier pigs. This is reflected (see fig. 4) in the rate of gain for lot II in the second trial, and also in the amount of feed consumed for 100 pounds of gain. It required 516.26 pounds of rough rice and tankage for 100 pounds of gain in the second trial. They consumed nearly 160 pounds of tankage for every 100 pounds of gain. The other lots compare very closely with those of the first test, with the exception of lots VII and VIII. These lots consumed in the second trial somewhat more tankage than did those of the first trial, and the younger pigs apparently were unable to handle so economic- ally the ration of barley, rice bran, and tankage as the older pigs of the first test. There is some variation noted in the feeds the pigs consumed. In lots VII and VIII, the smaller pigs consumed relatively larger amounts of rice polish and rice bran than did the older pigs. THIRD TRIAL The third trial began June 9, 1922, and closed September 22, 1922, covering a feeding period of 105 days. The pigs were self -fed in dry lot except those in lot VIII. The rough rice fed to this lot was cooked and hand fed. There were ten pigs in each lot, except lots IV and V, each of which had only nine. Rations. — The following rations were fed: Lot I, rolled barley and tankage in separate self-feeders. Lot II, brewers' rice and tankage in separate self-feeders. Lot III, rolled barley, rice polish, and rice bran, equal parts by weight, mixed and self -fed. Lot IV, rolled barley and rice polish, equal parts by weight, mixed and self-fed. 16 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION Lot V, rolled barley and rice bran, equal parts by weight, mixed and self -fed. Lot VI, rolled barley, rice polish, equal parts by weight, mixed and self -fed; tankage in separate self-feeder. Lot VII, rolled barley and rice bran, equal parts by weight, mixed and self -fed ; tankage in separate self-feeder. Lot VIII, rough rice, cooked; tankage in separate self-feeder. TABLE 4 Summary of Eesults of Third Trial Lot No. Ration Average initial weight Average final weight Average daily gain Feed consumed for 100 lbs. of gain Total feed consumed for 100 lbs. gain pounds pounds pounds pound s pounds I 60.1 201.0 1.34 Barley, Tankage, 369.02 45.03 414.05 Tankage II 60.7 232.2 1.63 Brewers' rice Tankage, ,332.68 33.15 365.83 Tankage III Rolled barley ) * Rice polish > Rice bran J 59.1 129.2 .67 Barley, Rice polish, Rice bran, 188.40 188.40 188.40 565.20 IV Rolled barley 1 * Rice polish / 62.7 135.8 .696 Barley, Rice polish, 284.855 284.855 569.71 V Rolled barley 1 * Rice bran / 60.0 136.0 .72 Barley, Rice bran, 291.50 291.50 583.00 VI Rolled barley 1 * Rice polish / Tankage 57.0 205.2 1.41 Barley, Rice polish, Tankage, 183.14 183.14 33.27 399.55 VII Rolled barley 1 * Rice bran m j Tankage 56.1 192.1 1.30 Barley, Rice bran, Tankage, 202.095 202.095 53.60 457.79 VIII Rough rice, cooked.... Tankage 54.2 118.9 .616 Rough rice, Tankage, 596.49 66.11 662.60 * Equal parts by weight, mixed and self-fed. To obtain additional information concerning the feeding of rice by-products, the work which had begun in 1921 was continued. In the third trial, information concerning the feeding value of brewers' rice was obtained. Barley and rice by-products were fed without any nitrogenous concentrate to see if it were possible to get reasonable gains without the use of nitrogenous concentrate. Eight lots of pigs were used in the experiment. When the experi- ment began, the pigs were about twelve weeks of age and weighed an average of about 60 pounds. Bul. 420] RICE FOR FATTENING SWINE 17 -5 1.0 1.6 /.4 /.O j3 6 1 4- 1 1 .£ 1 1 O ■ Lot / c. 3 4 3- 6 Pafe af~ Oo/n 7 6 600 ' 420 - ^ 3 i &*u - m 1 1 ■ ■ 1 1 o . 1 ■ 1 ■ 1 Lot I §1 experiment no. 3 Fig. ^ $ <§ I A IS. h I fieed consumed per /OO pounds go/n The rate of gain and the feed consumed for 100 pounds of gain for the several lots in the third trial. Results. — The average daily gain was not large. The check lot, fed barley and tankage, gained 1.34 pounds a head daily, and the amount of feed consumed for 100 pounds of gain was relatively less than in the first two trials. The lot of pigs fed brewers' rice and tankage gained more rapidly (see table 4 and fig. 5) than any other 18 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA— EXPERIMENT STATION lot and were well finished at the close of the experiment. _ They con- sumed the brewers' rice and tankage in the proportion of about 10 pounds of brewers' rice to 1 pound of tankage. The amount of feed consumed for 100 pounds of gain was less than that consumed by any of the other lots. Lots III, IV, and V gained slowly and the pigs were not in con- dition to market when the experiment was closed at the end of 105 days. These pigs were fed barley and rice by-products without nitrogenous supplement. The amount of feed consumed for 100 pounds of gain was excessive as compared with the check lot. Lot VI, fed equal parts of rolled barley and rice polish plus tankage in a separate self-feeder, made gains of 1.41 pounds a head daily and required slightly less than 400 pounds of feed for 100 pounds of gain. Lot VII, fed equal parts of rolled barley and rice bran with tank- age in a separate self-feeder, gained somewhat less rapidly and required more feed to produce 100 pounds of gain than did the pigs in the check lot and those fed equal parts of barley, rice polish, and tankage. Lot VIII was fed rough rice, cooked. Tankage was fed in addition in a separate self-feeder. It was thought that cooking would soften the rice and make it more palatable than whole or ground rice. This method of feeding rough rice did not produce favorable results. The pigs made gains of only a little more than one-half pound a head daily, and the amount of feed consumed for 100 pounds of gain was excessive. FOURTH TRIAL The fourth trial began January 16, 1923, and closed April 3, 1923, covering a feeding period of 77 days. There were twelve pigs in each lot except lot I, which contained only eleven pigs. Rations. — The following rations were fed : Lot I, rolled barley and tankage in separate self-feeders. Lot II, ground barley and tankage in separate self-feeders. Lot III, rough rice (ground medium) and tankage in separate self-feeders. Lot IV, rough rice (ground fine) and tankage in separate self- feeders. Lot V, rough rice (damaged and ground coarse) and tankage in separate self-feeders. Lot VI, rough rice (damaged and ground very fine) and tankage in separate self-feeders. Bul. 420] RICE FOR FATTENING SWINE 19 It was deemed advisable to make another attempt to see whether rough rice could be fed successfully to fattening pigs. With this in mind, a trial covering a feeding period of 77 days was conducted with six lots of twelve pigs each. The check lot was fed rolled barley and tankage; lot II was fed ground barley and tankage, there being some question as to which was the better feed. The pigs fed the ground barley gained more TABLE 5 Summary of Eesults of Fourth Trial Lot No. Ration Average initial weight Average final weight Average daily gain Feed consumed for 100 lbs. gain Total feed consumed for 100 lbs. gain pounds pounds pounds pound 8 pounds I 86 188.5 1.331 485 67 524 21 Tankage Tankage, 38.54 II Ground barley 88.1 202.4 1.484 485.00 517.45 Tankage Tankage, 32.45 III Rough rice* Tankage 81.2 178.2 1.260 Rough rice, Tankage, 463.96 68.54 532.50 IV Rough ricef 82.1 180.7 1.280 Rough rice, 473.76 529.96 Tankage Tankage, 56.20 V Rough rice (damaged) t Tankage 81.8 169.5 1.140 Rough rice, Tankage, 449.64 99.95 549.59 VI Rough rice (damaged) § Tankage 78.8 194.9 1.508 Rough rice, Tankage, 448.39 55.48 503.87 * Good quality, ground medium, t Good quality, ground fine. t Damaged, ground coarse. § Damaged, ground very fine. rapidly than did those fed rolled barley. The amount of feed for 100 pounds of gain was not very different, however (see fig. 6). The other lots were fed ground rough rice with tankage. For lot III the rough rice was ground rather fine ; for lot IV, the rough rice was ground fine; and in both cases the feed used was of good quality. The slightly damaged rough rice fed to lot V was ground rather coarsely, and that fed to lot VI was ground very fine. Results. — The results (table 5) as reflected in the rate of gain were not very different in lots III and IV, although there was con- siderable difference between the rate of gain in lots V and VI. Lot V, which was fed rough rice ground rather coarsely, gained more slowly than did the pigs in the other lots, and lot VI, in which the rough rice was ground very fine, gained more rapidly than any other lot in the experiment. 20 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION i.6 14 /.£ 1.0 %s <5 .6 A .£ O Lot Lot ? 5 Pote of Oo/'n 4SO if) 300 ■ _ 1 GO 1 ■ 1 ■ | ■ 1 1 ■ ■ O 1 1 1 ■ 1 II I Experiment no.4- If 111 « «) $.§£ 111 ■sis ft H reed consumed per JOO pounds gain. Fig. 6. — The rate of gain and feed consumed for 100 pounds of gain for the several lots in the fourth trial. Bul. 420] RICE FOR FATTENING SWINE 21 The amount of feed consumed for 100 pounds of gain in the various lots was not very different, except for lots V and VI. Lot V required more feed for 100 pounds of gain and consumed a relatively higher percentage of tankage than did any of the other lots. In lot VI the amount of tankage consumed for 100 pounds of gain was less than that consumed by lots III, IV, and V. However, it was greater than that consumed by lots I and II, fed barley and tankage. FAT TESTS The pigs from the first trial were marketed by lots, fat samples being taken of the back fat and leaf fat. These samples were analyzed after they had been kept about a month in cold storage at 28° F. TABLE 6 Average Melting Point of Fat of Hogs in First Trial Lot No. Leaf fat -«-- ■ Back fat °C. °C. I 46.58 39.25 II 45.66 37.32 III 45.33 38.02 IV 39.99 29.07 V 38.90 32.31 VI 45.16 39.00 VII 44.40 37.41 VIII 45.67 35.89 A physical examination of the carcasses was also made in the coolers about 48 hours after the hogs were slaughtered. The fat samples were rendered separately in porcelain dishes at 50° C. The melted fat was poured into glass sample bottles and some of it was sucked up into capillary tubes before determining the melting point. The capillary tubes containing fat were allowed to remain in the ice chest for 24 hours before melting points were determined. The melting point determination of the fat of each individual hog was made for both back fat and leaf fat. The Mulliken capillary tube method for determining the melting point of the fat was used. A physical examination of the carcasses in the coolers as reported by the packer representatives for this trial was as follows : 1 ' The hogs in lot IV killed out soft. Lot V could hardly be classed as hard. They ran from medium to hard. All other lots killed out hard, while lots VII and VIII seemed to be much firmer than the others. ' ' 22 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION From the information presented, it is noted that the two lots which had low melting points of the fat, lots IV and V, were also designated by the packers as not being so hard and firm as the others. Lot IV, fed a ration of rice bran and tankage, was somewhat softer than any of the other lots, and lot V, fed rice polish, rice bran, and tankage, was also soft, facts which indicate, no doubt, that rice bran, when fed alone or when fed with rice polish, produces a fat that is somewhat softer than that produced by the ordinary ration of barley and tankage. Soft pork was not produced when rolled barley, rice bran, and tankage were self -fed in dry lot. The melting point of the fat from carcasses of pigs self -fed rice polish, rice bran, and tankage was lower than that from carcasses of pigs fed rice polish and tankage. SUMMARY The average daily gain for pigs self -fed rolled barley and tankage in these trials was 1.528 pounds. When rolled barley and tankage were self -fed in dry lot, the average feed consumed for 100 pounds of gain was 427.76 pounds of rolled barley and 39.695 pounds of tankage. The rate of gain is slightly higher but the total feed for 100 pounds of gain is practically the same as that reported by other stations (18) for pigs fed in a similar manner. The feeding of whole rough rice and tankage resulted in low daily gains and the amount of feed for 100 pounds of gain was large. The amount of tankage consumed was excessive when compared with that consumed by the other lots. The feeding of cooked whole rice, as was noted in lot VIII of the third trial, is not to be recommended as an economical method of feeding because the total feed consumed for 100 pounds of gain was 662.6 pounds, which is considerably in excess of that required by any other ration reported. Brewers' rice was found to be superior to barley for fattening pigs when brewers' rice and tankage were self -fed. The pigs con- sumed about 10 pounds of brewers' rice to 1 pound of tankage, and the amount of feed consumed for 100 pounds of gain was much less than when barley and tankage were fed. Pigs fed brewers' rice required for 100 pounds of gain 95.08 pounds less carbonaceous con- centrate and 6.545 pounds less tankage than for the average of those fed rolled barley and tankage. BUL. 420] MCE FOR FATTENING SWINE 23 Finely ground rough rice was found to be superior to coarsely ground rough rice in the amount of feed consumed for 100 pounds of gain and also in the rate of gain. Rice polish and tankage when self -fed in dry lot caused the pigs to scour. In all cases rice polish was found to be superior to rice bran. Pigs fed rice polish and tankage gained more rapidly and required less feed for 100 pounds of gain than those fed rice bran and tankage. Fattening pigs on a ration of rice polish and tankage self- fed required less total feed for 100 pounds of gain than did those self -fed rolled barley and tankage, but the former consumed more tankage. A ration of rice bran and tankage produced carcasses that were somewhat softer than carcasses produced by other rations fed. LITERATURE CITED i True, A. C. 1910. Experiment Station work, LVIII. U. S. D. A. Farmers' Bui. 412: 7. 2 Fraps, G. S. 1916. The composition of rice and its by-products. Texas Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 191: 9. t. 2. 3 DUGGAR, J. F. 1903. Grazing and feeding experiments with hogs. Alabama Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 122: 1-48, 4 DVORACHECK, H. E., AND H. A. SaNDHOUSE 1916. Fattening swine on rice by-products. Arkansas Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 128: 1-24. s Moore, P. H. 1915. Experiment on the effects of feeding rice meal to fattening hogs. Experimental Farm, Agassiz, B. C. Sessional Paper 16: 461- 475, 611. 6 DVORACHECK, H. E., AND H. A. SANDHOUSE 1918. Soft pork from rice bran. Arkansas Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 142: 1-8. 7 Jordan, E. L., and A. F. Kidde 1921. Feeding ground rice, etc., to horses, mules, hogs, and dairy cattle. Louisiana Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 179: 1-8. s Brooks, W. P. 1897. Ninth annual report of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. Public Document 33: 126-130. 9 BARNETT, E., AND C. J. GOODELL 1923. Grazing and feeding trials with hogs. Mississippi Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 218: 20-26. 24 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION 10 Connor, 0. M. 1900. Feeding rice meal to pigs. South Carolina Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 55: 1-7. ii Burns, John C. 1910. Hog feeding experiments. Texas Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 131: 22-23. 12 Cruse, J. T. 1910. Feeding experiments with steers and hogs. Texas Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 135: 17-25. is Burk, L. B. 1918. The influence of peanuts and rice bran on the quality of pork. Texas Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 224: 1-14. 14 Burk, L. B. 1918. The influence of peanut meal on the quality of pork. Texas Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 228: 1-18. is Williams, D. W., and O. E. McConnell 1922. Rice bran for fattening hogs. Texas Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 286: 1-11. le Warren, G. E. 1923. Swine feeding experiments. Experiment No. V — Protein supple- ments in fattening rations for pigs. Texas Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 305: 36-41. 17 Williams, D. W., and G. E. Warren 1923. Eice bran and rice polish for growing and fattening pigs. Texas Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 313: 1-18. is Henry, W. A., and F. B. Morrison 1923. Feeds and feeding. A handbook for the student and stockman. Appendix I, table I, p. 709-721. p. 632. Henry-Morrison Company, Madison, Wisconsin.