-g-o 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 OF THK 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Received... NOV 18 1891 , 18 
 
 Accessions No^/.J.l^^'^ Shelf No. 
 
PRACTICAL HANDBOOK 
 
 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 AND 
 
 STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 
 
PRACTICAL HANDBOOK 
 
 ON 
 
 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 BY 
 
 PHILIP E. BJORLINGL 
 
 t 
 
 WITH TWENTY PLATES. 
 
 E. & F. N. SPON, 125, STKAND, LONDON. 
 
 NEW YORK : 12, CORTLANDT STREET. 
 
 1889. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 THE hearty reception of " Practical Handbook on Pump 
 Construction," together with the request of numerous readers 
 for further and more detailed information upon the subject, 
 has induced me to continue the pleasant task of placing at 
 the disposal of those desiring to design or judge of the 
 best steam pump for a particular purpose, all necessary 
 information. 
 
 I have been persuaded to append the orthodox tables of 
 areas, &c. 5 for reference, together with new tables of squares 
 and cubes, and fourth and fifth powers advancing by -J, J, 
 and J. 
 
 I trust this book will merit its title and prove as suc- 
 cessful as the last, though any suggestion, as before, will be 
 duly considered. 
 
 P. K. B. 
 
 GLOUCESTER, 1889. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 INTRODUCTION .. 1 
 
 GENERAL REMARKS 3 
 
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DIRECT-ACTING STEAM 
 
 PUMPS 6 
 
 CLASSIFICATION .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF VALVE GEARS .. .. 11 
 
 RULES AND FORMULAS 44 
 
 TABLES .. 53 
 
 INDEX OF TEXT .. .. 119 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . at end. 
 

 
 ^rilj 
 
 PRACTICAL HANDBOOK 
 
 ON 
 
 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 AND 
 
 STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 IT is apparently difficult to give a satisfactory solution to 
 the question, " What is a direct-acting pump f " or " What 
 is the difference between a direct-acting pumping engine and 
 a direct-acting steam pump ? " 
 
 Mr. Robert Grimshaw, in his ' Pump Catechism,' asks, 
 " What is a direct-acting steam pump ? " and thus solves 
 the question: "One in which there is no rotary motion, 
 the piston being reversed by an impulse derived from 
 itself, at or near the end of each stroke. There is but one 
 steam cylinder for one water cylinder ; the valve motion of 
 the steam cylinder being controlled by the action of the 
 steam in that cylinder." Now, according to this theory, a 
 " Cornish pumping engine " and a " Bull engine " are both 
 steam pumps. 
 
 Mr. Stephen Michel 1, in his book, 'Mine Drainage/ 
 gives : " What is a steam pump ? " " An answer is not 
 easily found ; the term is so elastic and so loosely applied, 
 and may be made to comprehend so much . . . that a satis- 
 
Z DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 factory answer cannot be given to the question, but engineers 
 appear to apply the term to any compact machine, vertical 
 or horizontal, for pumping water (or other liquid) in which 
 the power of the steam is applied direct to a plunger or 
 piston, one or more moving in a water cylinder or water 
 cylinders, and the steam and water parts are either on a 
 common bed-plate or foundation, or are otherwise so imme- 
 diately and closely connected as to form, as it were, one 
 machine. The term is not entirely restricted to single- 
 cylinder engines, but in the case of a combination of steam 
 cylinders the engines are known as compound steam pumps, 
 in contradistinction to the simple pumps. By many en- 
 gineers the term appears only to be applied to the single- 
 cylinder engines ; the compound pumps, from their greater 
 size and importance, taking rank with other and more 
 extensive forms of machinery, and for which the term steam 
 pump is an insignificant designation." 
 
 A " direct-acting pumping engine " is a machine for 
 raising water, so constructed that the pump is worked by 
 the motive-power cylinder, in which the steam is cut off at 
 any required part of the stroke, without the intervention of 
 beams, connecting-rods, cranks, or fly-wheel. 
 
 A " direct-acting steam pump " is a similar machine for 
 raising liquids, so constructed that the pump is worked 
 direct by the motive-power cylinder, but the steam is ad- 
 mitted into the steam cylinder through the whole stroke of 
 the piston. 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 GENERAL REMARKS. 
 
 DIRECT-ACTING pumps for dip workings in collieries and 
 mines are best worked by compressed air ; it dispenses with 
 the hot steam pipes and exhaust steam, and improves the 
 ventilation in the workings by the cool exhaust air. When 
 worked by steam a condenser ought to be used : either an 
 injection condenser fixed behind the pump cylinder, having 
 an air pump actuated by a prolongation of the pump rod ; 
 or a suction condenser, by means of which the exhaust 
 steam is sucked out of the steam cylinder by the suction of 
 the pump and condensed by the suction water before entering 
 the pump. 
 
 In dip workings it is very advantageous to use a lot of 
 small pumps, instead of one large one, for in dry seasons one 
 or two of them can be worked whilst the others are standing, 
 therefore no more steam is used than actually necessary ; 
 and in case of one breaking down, the other pumps can be 
 worked to keep the water down during repairs. 
 
 When fixing direct-acting pumps the perpendicular suc- 
 tion height should be as little as possible, and the length 
 of the pipe the same; the pump then can be run at a good 
 speed and still ensure the barrel of the pump being perfectly 
 filled with the liquid. 
 
 Loss of Steam in Pipe going down a Pit or Mine Shaft. 
 
 With regard to the condensation of steam in pipes, the 
 late Mr. Walter May, of Birmingham, made some experi- 
 ments with a length of 8 feet of steam pipe, clothed with 
 
 B 2 
 
i DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 hay-bands, and outside the covering of hay-bands there was 
 a covering of zinc. The pipe was of cast iron, 3 inches 
 inside and 3J inches outside diameter, and 6J inches out- 
 side the covering. The condensation depended upon the 
 completeness of the covering, being rather less where the 
 covering was well done, and rather greater where it was not 
 quite so good. There was 40 Ib. pressure of steam per 
 square inch in the pipe; the temperature of the air was 
 75 Fahr. The condensation per hour, in the pipe, was 
 found to be an average of 0' 125 Ib. of water per square foot 
 of the outside surface of the covering, or 0'219 Ib. per 
 square foot of the outside surface of the pipe. 
 
 The amount of loss by condensation has since been ascer- 
 tained by actual practice at the Clay Cross Colliery, near 
 Chesterfield, where there is a pipe 7*- inches internal dia- 
 meter, 1100 feet long. The loss of steam by condensation 
 was ascertained by direct measurement of the water depo- 
 sited in a receiver, and was found to be 8 cubic feet of water 
 per hour when the engines were standing, and 12 cubic feet 
 per hour when working at the ordinary speed of 10 double 
 strokes per minute, or 60 feet piston speed, with a steam 
 pressure of 45 Ib. per square inch. Taking the average 
 duty of the coal at 9 Ib. per cubic foot of water, the loss of 
 coal from the condensation of the steam in the pipe amounts 
 to 72 Ib. per hour when standing, and 108 Ib. per hour when 
 working, and the loss per twenty-four hours would therefore 
 be 2160 Ib. if the engines are standing half the time, or 
 '2592 Ib. if working continually. These observations were 
 made by the engineer, Mr. Howe, for Henry Davy, Esq. 
 This makes the loss equivalent to about 1 Ib. of coal per 
 indicated horse-power per hour for every 100 feet of steam 
 pipe ; but there is no doubt that if the pipes had been in the 
 upcast shaft, and well covered with a good non-conducting 
 material, the loss would have been less. 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 5 
 
 At Tynewydd Colliery, when tbe inundation occurred in 
 April 1877, the loss in conveying steam 130 yards through 
 a 2J-inch pipe was 8 Ib. per square inch, the steam being 
 supplied at 110 and used at 102 Ib. per square inch at the 
 pump. 
 
DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 
 OF DIRECT-ACTING STEAM PUMPS. 
 
 ADVANTAGES. 
 
 THAT, having neither connecting rods or fly-wheel, the 
 space occupied is very small ; they are, therefore, very applic- 
 able for collieries, mines, and boiler houses, or any other 
 situation where a limited space is allotted to the pumping 
 machinery. 
 
 Their weight is small in proportion to their power, and 
 they are, therefore, easily removed from place to place, as 
 required. For dip workings in collieries and mines they 
 can be mounted upon wheels and lowered down the incline 
 to follow the water. The long suction pipes, so objection- 
 able, and the cause of many accidents to the pump, being 
 dispensed with. 
 
 'Where long suction pipes are necessary the direct-acting 
 pump is by far the best, because the speed of the water is 
 constant through the entire length of the stroke, being pro- 
 portionate to the movement of the pump and steam pistons, 
 which is not the case with rotative or fly-wheel pumps, 
 where the speed of water in the pipes continually changes, 
 and in the middle of the stroke, when it should be least, is 
 above three times as great as the average speed. The 
 stroke of a properly designed direct-acting steam pump 
 commences suddenly, which causes all the pump valves to 
 close instantly, the piston then moves at a uniform steady 
 speed, and finishes gradually with a slight pause; this 
 latter retardation allowing the pump valves to fall gradu- 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 7 
 
 ally, and when the sadden commencement of the next stroke 
 occurs, the valves are nearly down on their seats. 
 
 The wear and tear is very small by reason of the few 
 working parts ; only a little oil is necessary for lubrication ; 
 the pump can be worked night and day, simply requiring a 
 visit two to three times each shift for oiling. 
 
 Their simplicity is a special recommendation, for, with 
 the exception of repairs (when duplicate parts can generally 
 be obtained at once from the maker), any unskilled person 
 can attend to them. 
 
 All the foundation necessary is a short piece of timber, 
 for the small sizes ; the larger sizes requiring a timber 
 frame, or, if the floors in the mines or pits are good, they can 
 be put down without any further preparation than levelling 
 the floor. 
 
 Direct-acting steam pumps are particularly applicable for 
 pumping direct into hydraulic presses, without an accumu- 
 lator, because at the commencement, when the resistance is 
 small, they run fast, with a long stroke, which is gradually 
 reduced until the pressure has reached its height. By this 
 arrangement it is impossible to get too great a pressure, 
 which occurs when the fly-wheel types are used, the result 
 being either broken pipes or presses. 
 
 DISADVANTAGES. 
 
 Some direct-acting steam pumps in the market, especially 
 those with steam-moved valves, are wrong in principle and 
 badly made, the consumption of steam is then sufficient to 
 entitle them to the name often given, " steam eaters." All 
 users of steam pumps should, therefore, be careful in their 
 choice, or otherwise nothing but disappointment will follow. 
 
 A difficulty is often experienced in starting these pumps. 
 This may be entirely due to the use of bad lubricant, 
 
8 DIRECT-ACTING TUMPING ENGINE 
 
 which, becoming thick, chokes up the small holes in the 
 valves and valve chest necessary in this class of pump. 
 
 If worked by compressed air, the same is liable to occur 
 by reason of the formation of ice. Choice should be made 
 of those pumps in which a small number of large holes is 
 used. 
 
 Tappets should always be avoided, especially internal 
 tappets ; they are liable to stick and become burred at the 
 ends by the constant tapping against the piston at each end 
 of every stroke. 
 
 In most direct-acting steam pumps, with steam-moved 
 valves, there exists another disadvantage, that the length of 
 the piston's stroke varies with the load against which the 
 pump is working. If the load is heavy they work with 
 short strokes, thus the lighter the load the longer the stroke. 
 This objection does not exist in pumps with mechanically- 
 moved valves. This is a great advantage when pumping 
 direct into hydraulic presses. 
 
 Pumps with long or deep pistons are objectionable on 
 account of their weight and the great space they occupy ; 
 this is especially the case 'in the larger sizes. The piston 
 in this class of pump must be longer than the length of the 
 pump stroke ; therefore these pumps are always made with a 
 short stroke, usually equal to the diameter of the steam 
 cylinder, an objection explained on page 22. 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OF DIEECT - ACTING 
 PUMPING ENGINES AND STEAM 
 PUMPS. 
 
 THE pumping engines and steam pumps are classified, 
 according to the manner in which the steam valves are 
 actuated, into the following three clauses. 
 
 A. MECHANICALLY-MOVED VALVES. 
 
 B. STEAM-MOVED VALVES. 
 
 C. PARTLY MECHANICALLY- AND PARTLY STEAM-MOVED 
 VALVES. 
 
 A. THE MECHANICALLY-MOVED VALVES ARE SUBDIVIDED 
 into : 
 
 a. Those which cut off the steam automatically according to tlie 
 
 resistance against the pump. 
 
 b. Those which have a fixed cut-off. 
 
 c. Those which carry the full pressure of the steam all through 
 
 the stroJce. 
 
 B. STEAM-MOVED VALVES ARE SUBDIVIDED into : 
 a. Actuated on the positive principle ; that is, those in which 
 the main valve is moved over by the direct pressure of the 
 steam. 
 1st. Those which have two valves, of which the supplementary 
 
 valve moves first, and then the main valve. 
 2nd. Those which have two valves, of which the main valve 
 
 moves first, then the supplementary valve. 
 3rd. Those which have only one valve. 
 
10 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 b. Actuated on the negative principle ; that is, those in which 
 the main valve is moved over by means of a negative 
 exhaust. 
 
 C. PARTIALLY MECHANICALLY- AND PARTIALLY STEAM- 
 MOVED VALVES. 
 
 Those in which the supplementary valves are moved by 
 levers or tappets from the piston rod and the main valves 
 actuated by steam. 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 11 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF DIFFERENT TYPES 
 OF YALYE GEAR. 
 
 A. MECHANICALLY-MOVED VALVES WITH AUTOMATIC 
 CUT-OFF. 
 
 ONLY large pumping engines are fitted with this class of 
 gear, and are manufactured both simple and compound, the 
 latter, of course, being the most economical. 
 
 THE " DAVEY " DIFFERENTIAL GEAR. 
 
 The valve gear for single-cylinder pumping engine fitted 
 with this gear is illustrated in Fig. 1, Plate I. The main 
 slide valve G receives its motion from a lever L, to the 
 centre of which it is connected. The lever receives two 
 motions, one at the end D, derived directly from the main 
 parts of the engine by another lever of the first order, 
 which, receiving the full motion of the piston at the long 
 end, imparts from its short limb to the end D of the lever L 
 the amount of motion suitable to the working of the valve ; 
 and another motion derived from a subsidiary piston J. 
 This subsidiary piston receives its motion from the steam in 
 the main slide chest by means of a small valve I, and gives 
 motion to the cataract piston K, working in a cylinder filled 
 with water, which escapes from side to side through a small 
 opening, that can be regulated at pleasure by means of the 
 valve or plug Q. This cataract regulates the speed of the 
 piston J and, consequently, the motion of the end M of the 
 lever L to which it is attached. The valve I admitting 
 steam on the subsidiary piston J is actuated by means of a 
 
12 
 
 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 lever N, to which it is attached, and this lever, usually fixed 
 at P, receives motion from the lever L by a connecting link. 
 When it is required to start the engine, motion can be given 
 to the valve I by removing the pivot P of the lever N, and 
 moving the lever by hand at the end O. 
 
 Figs. 2, 3, 4, and 5,* Plate II., are not drawn to scale, 
 but are intended to show clearly the action of the gear. The 
 main slide valve G is actuated by the piston rod through a 
 lever H working on a fixed centre, which reduces the motion 
 to the required extent and reverses its direction. The valve 
 spindle is not coupled direct to this lever, but to an inter- 
 mediate lever L, which is jointed to the piston rod of the small 
 subsidiary steam cylinder E, which has a motion independent 
 of the engine cylinder, its slide valve I being actuated by a 
 third lever N, coupled at one end of the intermediate lever 
 L, and moving on a fixed centre P at the other end. The 
 motion of the piston J in the subsidiary cylinder E is con- 
 trolled by a cataract piston K on the same piston rod, by 
 which the motion of this piston is made uniform throughout 
 the stroke; and the regulating plug Q can be adjusted to 
 give any desired time for the stroke. 
 
 The intermediate lever L has no fixed centre of motion, 
 its outer end M being jointed to the piston rod of subsidiary 
 cylinder E, and the main valve G consequently receives a 
 differential motion compounded of the separate motions 
 given to the two ends of the lever L. If this lever had a 
 fixed centre of motion at the outer end M, the steam would 
 be cut off in the engine cylinder at a constant point in each 
 stroke, on the closing of the slide valve by the motion 
 derived from the engine piston rod; but inasmuch as the 
 centre of motion at the outer end M of the lever shifts in 
 the opposite direction with the movement of the subsidiary 
 
 * Trans. I. M. E., "Direct-acting Pumping Engines," by Henry 
 Davey, 1874. 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 13 
 
 piston J, the position of the cut-off point is shifted, and 
 depends upon the position of the subsidiary piston at the 
 moment when the main slide valve closes. At the begin- 
 ning of the engine stroke the subsidiary piston is moving in 
 the same direction as the engine piston, as shown by the 
 arrows in Fig. 2, Plate II. ; and in the instance of a light 
 load, as illustrated in Fig. 3, Plate II., the engine piston 
 having less resistance to encounter, moves off at a higher 
 speed, and sooner overtakes the subsidiary piston moving at 
 a constant speed under the control of the cataract; the 
 closing of the valve G is consequently accelerated, causing 
 the earlier cut-off. But with a heavy load, as in Fig. 4, the 
 engine piston encounters greater resistance, moves off more 
 slowly, and the subsidiary piston has time consequently to 
 advance further in its stroke before it is overtaken, thus 
 retarding the closing of the main valve G and causing it to 
 cut-off later. At the end of the engine stroke, Fig. 5, the 
 relative positions become reversed from Fig. 2, in readiness 
 for the commencement of the return stroke. 
 
 The subsidiary piston being made to move at a uniform 
 velocity by means of the cataract, the cut-off consequently 
 takes place at the same point in each stroke, so long as the 
 engine continues to work at a uniform speed; but if the 
 speed of the engine becomes changed in consequence of a 
 variation in the load if, for instance, the load be reduced, 
 causing the engine to make its stroke quicker, the subsidiary 
 piston has not time to advance so far in its stroke before 
 the cut-off takes place, and the cut-off is therefore effected 
 sooner. On the contrary, if the load be increased, causing 
 the engine stroke to be slower, the additional time allows 
 the subsidiary piston to advance further before the cut-off 
 takes place, and the cut-off is consequently later. This 
 adjustment of cut-off point in accordance with each variation 
 in the load is entirely self-acting, and takes place instantly, 
 
14: DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 however sudden or extensive the variation in the load on the 
 engine may be ; consequently the engine is rendered safe in 
 working against variable loads, as it automatically and in- 
 stantly varies the distribution of steam with every increase 
 or decrease of the resistance. The* action of the differential 
 valve gear is so sensitive that the load on the engine may 
 be greatly varied whilst in full work without requiring hand 
 control by the stop valve ; engines on this plan may accord- 
 ingly be employed to pump direct into town mains without 
 the use of stand pipes or balance valves. 
 
 The force acting on the subsidiary piston J, is much 
 greater than that required for moving its slide valve, the 
 excess being absorbed in driving the fluid in the cataract 
 cylinder K through the small adjustable aperture Q : and as 
 the resistance of the fluid increases as the square of the 
 velocity, a very small variation only in the speed of the 
 subsidiary piston can be effected by a considerable varia- 
 tion in the force upon it; so that the speed is main- 
 tained practically constant for a given adjustment of 
 the cataract plug Q, although the boiler pressure of steam 
 may vary. The main slide valve G is opened at the 
 beginning of each stroke by the motion of the subsidiary 
 piston, which is controlled by the cataract ; and a pause 
 is consequently given at the completion of each single stroke 
 of the engine, which allows time for the pump valves to fall 
 to their seats. Slip in the water is by this means prevented, 
 or, at least, greatly reduced, as well as the shock which 
 occurs when pump valves close under the pressure from a 
 moving plunger. This freedom from shocks in the pump is 
 an important point, giving safety from accidents, such as the 
 bursting of pipes ; and at the same time the durability of the 
 valves and seats are materially increased. 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 15 
 
 COPE AND MAXWELL'S SELF-GOVERNING VALVE GEAR.* 
 
 The self-governing motion, like the differential motion, 
 was introduced to ensure economy of fuel, to produce a 
 positive motion of the valves at all times, and for regulating 
 the motion of the main piston, under all circumstances, to 
 which pumping engines are subject by suddenly increased 
 or diminished load on the pump or pumps, and thereby 
 render the engine safe under variable loads, by varying the 
 pressure of steam in the main steam cylinder or cylinders, 
 according to the load or resistance against which the piston 
 works. This is accomplished by actuating the main slide 
 valve of the engine by the combined motion of a valve- 
 moving cylinder and a valve-moving piston. The valve- 
 moving cylinder receives its motion from the main piston of 
 the engine by means of levers, and consequently has a 
 motion which varies with the velocity of the main piston. 
 The valve-moving piston is actuated by the direct pressure 
 of steam, and has its motion controlled and rendered 
 constant by a cataract governor. The valve-moving cylinder 
 and valve-moving piston travel in opposite directions, the 
 one acting upon the main valve to cause it to open the 
 steam ports, and the other to shut off the admission of 
 steam. The resultant of these two motions is to cause a 
 motion of the main slide valve, which varies with every 
 minute increase or decrease of the resistance of load upon 
 the main piston. 
 
 Fig. 6, Plate III., represents a longitudinal section ; 
 Fig. 7, a plan ; and Fig. 8, a cross section of an engine fitted 
 with the self-governing gear. In this arrangement of gear 
 both the valve-moving cylinder and cataract governor travel. 
 A represents the main cylinder, provided with the usual 
 
 * Trans. Society of Engineers, " Direct-acting Engines," by P. K. 
 Bjorling, 1887. 
 
16 DIRECT- ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 steam and exhaust ports and passages ; B the main piston ; 
 C the valve chest ; D is the main slide valve of the 
 ordinary D type ; E is the valve spindle, which is pro- 
 longed, and also acts as the rod for the valve-moving piston 
 F, and the cataract piston G ; Q is the valve-moving 
 cylinder, on the top of which is a small valve chest H, in 
 which works a supplementary valve I. This valve admits 
 steam alternately on either side of the valve-moving piston 
 F ; N is the supplementary valve spindle, which is provided 
 with two tappets 0, and on the end of this spindle provision 
 is made for the hand-working lever, shown in plan, Fig. 7, 
 Plate III. J is a pipe admitting steam from the main 
 valve chest to the valve-moving cylinder chest, and K is a 
 pipe leading from the valve-moving cylinder to the main 
 exhaust L. These pipes work in glands, shown in plan. 
 The cataract governor P consists of a plain cylinder with a 
 port or passage leading from one end of the cylinder to 
 the other, and an adjusting plug fitted in the middle of 
 this passage for regulating the speed of the valve-moving 
 piston, and consequently of the main slide valve, which is 
 attached to the same rod, E being the main levers, working 
 on a fulcrum S ; the bottom end of these levers are, by the 
 two links T, connected to a horn or arm U, which is 
 fastened to the main piston rod V, with two set screws or a 
 cotter. At the top part of the main lever, a little distance 
 above the fulcrum, are two side links W, which connect the 
 levers E to the cataract cylinder ; the top ends of these 
 levers are prolonged and fitted with small rollers for 
 working the tappets ; the valve-moving and cataract 
 cylinders arc coupled together by two stays X X. 
 
 The action of this gear is as follows : By the position 
 of the valve I, shown in the sectional elevation, steam will 
 be admitted to the right-hand side of the valve-moving 
 cylinder Q, and thus move the main valve towards the left, 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 17 
 
 and by that means admits steam into the main cylinder at 
 the right end, consequently commences to move the main 
 piston towards the left. But as soon as the piston com- 
 mences to travel, the top part of the main lever R will 
 also travel, but in the reverse direction, towards the right, 
 and the valve-moving and cataract cylinders go with it ; the 
 slide valve will still move onward to the left, till the valve- 
 moving piston F has come to the end of the valve-moving 
 cylinder, when the main valve will be taken back by 
 the valve-moving cylinder and cut off the steam. The 
 rollers on the top of the main levers will strike the lappets 
 before the main piston has arrived at the end of its 
 stroke, and thus, by reversing the supplementary valve, the 
 whole is reversed. 
 
 Assuming that the engine has commenced its stroke, and 
 the resistance is very great, the main piston travels on 
 slowly, but the valve-moving piston will travel as fast as 
 the cataract governor will allow. The main slide valve will 
 go to the end of its stroke before the main lever has time 
 to pull the valve-moving and cataract cylinders back, con- 
 sequently cutting off the steam late. But if the reverse 
 should occur through the load being light, the main piston 
 will travel fast and pull the valve-moving and cataract 
 cylinders back before the main valve has had time to travel 
 to the end of its stroke, and therefore cut off the steam from 
 the main piston early. 
 
 Another arrangement of the self-governing gear is illus- 
 trated in Fig. 9, Plate IV. In this case only the cataract 
 governor moves. Referring to the illustration, it will be 
 seen that the crosshead driven by the piston A of the steam 
 cylinder is connected by a link to the lever a, having its 
 fulcrum on a bracket above the piston rod. The upper end 
 of the lever a is in its turn connected by the links b to the 
 cataract cylinder c, which slides on the bracket already 
 
 c 
 
18 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 mentioned. The piston in the cataract cylinder is connected 
 by the rod d with the pistons i i' working in the auxiliary 
 cylinders above the main steam cylinders, these pistons 
 giving motion to the main slide valve h. On the top of the 
 cataract cylinder is arm e, which, as the cylinder moves to 
 and fro, comes in contact alternately with the tappets ff 
 on the rod of the same auxiliary slide valve g. 
 
 The action of the arrangement is as follows : Let us 
 suppose the parts to be in the position shown in Fig. 9, 
 Plate IV., and the pump to be started by shifting the small 
 auxiliary slide g towards the left. Steam will then be 
 admitted through the passage h' against the valve piston i', 
 and the main slide valve will be forced towards the left, thus 
 admitting steam to the right-hand end of the main steam 
 cylinder. The main piston rod will then move towards the 
 left hand, and in so doing the cataract cylinder c will be 
 moved towards the right, the effect being that if the main 
 piston A moves at a greater rate than that at which the 
 cataract piston is allowed to move, the main slide valve will 
 be carried back towards the right, and the admission of 
 steam to the right-hand end of the main cylinder will be 
 stopped. During the stroke in the reverse direction the 
 opposite action will, of course, take place. 
 
 MECHANICALLT-MOVED VALVES, WHICH CARRY FULL PRESSURE 
 OF THE STEAM ALL THE WAY THROUGH THE STROKE. 
 
 LEE'S VALVE GEAR.* 
 
 1 his gear is generally called Worthington's duplex gear. 
 
 Figs. 10 and 11, Plate V., is a longitudinal vertical 
 
 section taken through part of one of the two cylinders and 
 
 valve chest, and the valve belonging to it. A is the steam 
 
 cylinder ; C the piston rod ; D the valve chest ; E the slide 
 
 * * The Engineer/ May 23rd, 1862, p. 312. 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 19 
 
 valve, which is worked therein over the steam ports F, F', 
 G, G', by means of the valve spindle H, which passes 
 through a stuffing box J, and is connected at its outer end 
 by means of a link K to a vibrating lever L on a rocking 
 shaft M. In connection with the other steam cylinder there 
 is a similar rocking shaft N, carrying at one end a vibrating 
 lever 0, which, through a link P, communicates motion to the 
 valve spindle and slide valve of the other cylinder. On the 
 opposite end of the rocking shafts are keyed two levers Q E, 
 which are connected at their lower extremities to the blocks 
 S T, which are secured near the middle of the piston rods 0. 
 On referring to Fig. 10, it will be seen that on the advance 
 of the piston in the steam cylinder A, the block S on the 
 piston rod C of that cylinder will, through the intervention 
 of the vibrating lever 0, cause the rocking shaft N to vibrate 
 in its bearing, and push forward the valve spindle of the 
 other cylinder, and thereby open the valve of that cylinder ; 
 and, on the other hand, the block T on the piston rod will, 
 through the intervention of the other vibrating lever, cause 
 the rocking shaft to vibrate on its bearing, and thereby com- 
 municate motion to the valve spindle H and valve E of 
 first-mentioned cylinder. Of course, on the return stroke, 
 the reverse action of the valves takes place. It will thus be 
 understood that the piston rod of steam cylinder No. 1 will 
 actuate the valve gear of the cylinder No. 2, and the piston 
 rod of the latter will actuate the valve gear of the cylinder 
 No. 1. 
 
 In order to form a cushion of steam in front of the piston 
 at the end of the stroke, the exhaust ports are closed before 
 the piston reaches the end of the cylinder : an arrangement 
 for effecting this object is shown in Fig. 10, Plate V., in 
 which it will be seen that there are five steam ports F, F', 
 G, G', V. The ports F F' are the induction ports for admit- 
 ting steam to the ends of the cylinders. The steam is supplied 
 
 c 2 
 
20 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 to the valve chest in the ordinary manner ; G, G', are the 
 exhaust passages, which, by means of the hollow space W in 
 the valve E, communicate with the central exhaust port V, 
 \\hich is common to both passages G G'. It will therefore 
 be understood that, instead of using the same port alter- 
 nately as an inlet and exhaust port as heretofore, the ports 
 F F' are never used except for steam passages, and the ports 
 G G' are always used as exhaust passages. By this arrange- 
 ment of ports the piston, as it arrives near the end of its 
 stroke, is made to close the exhaust ports, and thereby con- 
 fine a cushion of steam between the face of the piston and 
 the end of the cylinder, as the inlet passage F will not be 
 open until the piston has rested for a second of time, so as 
 to give time for the valves to be changed. The inlet port F 
 will then be opened by the piston of the other cylinder 
 moving the valve, and on the admission of steam the piston 
 will be driven back the action of one blending into that of 
 the other, as each alternately takes up the load ; the result 
 being that the delivery is uniform, a uniform pressure is 
 maintained in the main, and the pumps, under heavy or light 
 pressure, operate without jar or noise. 
 
 " FIELDING'S " DUPLEX PUMPS. 
 
 The duplex pumps usually consist of two entirely distinct 
 and complete engines, placed side by side, the slide valve of 
 each being operated by the crosshead of the other. The 
 distinctive feature of the " Fielding " duplex is, that, instead 
 of each cylinder A B, Figs. 12, 13, 14, Plate VI., baing 
 fitted with its own slide valve, a single valve C, Fig. 12, 
 serves both cylinders, an arrangement which occasions a 
 reduction in the number of wearing parts. As the steam 
 distribution to each engine is due, like in Lee's gear, to the 
 movement of the crosshead of the other, each pump plunger 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 21 
 
 begins its stroke before the other comes to rest. In this 
 way the flow of water in the suction and delivery pipes is 
 steadily maintained with little or no pulsation, whilst a 
 pause is made by each piston or plunger, as the case may 
 be, at the end of its stroke, enabling the chamber to be 
 completely charged ; and the valves quietly seating by their 
 own weight alone. 
 
 The slide valve C is of the semi-cylindrical or Corliss 
 type, working upon a concave bored valve face, in which 
 two pairs of cylinder ports D E, F G are arranged around a 
 central exhaust port H, the latter, as also the exhaust cavity 
 J in the slide valve, being common to both pairs of cylinders 
 A and B. The slide valve receives a longitudinal to-and-fro 
 movement by means of suitable levers from the piston rod 
 crosshead of one engine, whilst from that of the other it 
 receives an oscillating motion about its axis, with which the 
 axis of the valve spindle coincides. The two motions are 
 quite distinct from, and independent of, each other. The 
 steam ports, which are controlled by the valve's longitudinal 
 motion, lead to the cylinder of the engine, which imparts to 
 it the oscillating motion, and vice versa. Tne pistons are 
 cushioned in the manner usual in this class of engine, the 
 cylinder ports being placed at a distance from the ends of 
 the cylinders, and the exhaust being cut off by the piston 
 passing over them. Small valves, as shown in Fig. 15, 
 Plate VI., are provided to admit the steam for the next 
 stroke until the piston has again uncovered the main port. 
 
 In another arrangement of the " Fielding " duplex the slide 
 valve is of the ordinary D type, and receives a longitudinal 
 and transverse motion by levers from the piston rod. This 
 valve must necessarily have a large surface area it cover- 
 ing five ports therefore the amount of power expended in 
 effecting the two motions required is very great indeed. 
 Care should be taken to see that the valve spindle is at least 
 
22 DIKECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 the same diameter as the piston rod, and made of cast steel, 
 for each cylinder has respectively to operate its own and the 
 other valve, whereas with Lee's gear each cylinder has but 
 one valve to move. 
 
 B. STEAM-MOVED VALVES. 
 a. Actuated on the positive principle. 
 
 1st. Those which have two valves, of which the supplementary 
 valve moves first and then the main valve. 
 
 Universal Short StroJce. 
 
 Fig. 16, Plate VII., is a sectional elevation ; Fig. 17 a 
 plan ; Fig. 18, section through the shooting or valve-moving 
 ports ; Fig. 19, section through centre of cylinder. 
 
 It will be seen that the steam cylinder is a plain barrel, 
 with a steam branch on one side and an exhaust branch on 
 the other. The piston, which performs the function of a 
 valve in opening and closing the ports and steam passages, 
 is as much longer than the stroke as is required to cover 
 the steam ports at each end and centre of the cylinder alter- 
 nately, when working. Inside this piston is a smaller 
 piston- or steam-moved valve, which is actuated by the 
 steam. A represents the steam cylinder, provided with 
 covers at each end ; B, the piston ; C, the piston- or steam- 
 moved valve ; D, the steam branch ; E, the exhaust branch ; 
 F F, rods connecting the piston covers G G ; H, ordinary 
 packing rings surrounding the ends of the piston ; I is a 
 guide pin, working in a corresponding groove, to prevent 
 the piston from rotating in its reciprocating movements ; J 
 is a pin, working in a groove, to prevent the steam-moved 
 valve from turning round ; K is the piston rod connecting 
 the steam piston with the pump piston. 
 
 The action of the steam in the cylinder, and the working 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 23 
 
 of the piston is as follows : Steam enters at the inlet pipe 
 D, Figs. 17 and 19, and has constant access to the interior of 
 the piston through the aperture L, and elongated slot M, in 
 the side of the piston ; it also enters the interior of the 
 steam-moved valve through the rectangular openings marked 
 N. which are in constant communication with the inlet pipe. 
 This aperture is made above the centre of the steam-moved 
 valve, in order that the steam may exert a pressure down- 
 wards, greater than in any other direction, and thereby cause 
 the bottom surface of the piston valve or steam-moved valve 
 to work steam tight, more particularly on the face where all 
 the ports are. The steam passes down the port 0, and 
 thereby has access to one end of the piston, causing it to 
 make a stroke. Near the termination of the stroke the 
 piston causes the elongated slot P, in its side, to pass over 
 the opening Q, in the side of the cylinder, which com- 
 municates by a passage to the opening E, which is made 
 sufficiently long to enable the orifice of the passage leading 
 to the back of the steam-moved valve to be in constant com- 
 munication with the orifice Q, as it passes along over it 
 during the completion of the stroke of the piston, over 
 which passes simultaneously with the latter an orifice and 
 passage S, in the piston, leading direct to the inner chamber 
 wherein the piston valve works. The steam consequently 
 obtains access to one end of the piston valve, and forces it 
 to the opposite end of its traverse, the steam on the opposite 
 side having at the same time free access to the exhaust 
 branch E, through the port T in the piston, similar to the 
 port S before mentioned, and which passes over a correspond- 
 ing aperture U, in the centre of the length of the cylinder. 
 The piston valve thereby, on the principle of the D slide, 
 changes the direction of the steam, at the same time opening 
 the exhaust, causing the piston to make a return stroke, the 
 steam escaping down through the aperture, and out through 
 
24 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 the exhaust branch E. A certain amount of lead is given 
 to allow the steam to exhaust before the entrance of steam 
 on the other side, which is accomplished by permitting the 
 passage U to communicate with each exhaust passage leading 
 to the back of the piston valve a little before the slot P 
 covers the aperture Q, which allows steam to enter the 
 opposite end. By this arrangement an alternate movement 
 is given to the piston valve, and thus causes the piston to 
 reciprocate to and fro. 
 
 HARLOW'S VALVE GEAR.* 
 
 This gear is represented in Figs. 20, 21, Plate VIII. It 
 consists of three parts, viz. the auxiliary valve P, attached 
 to the main piston rod, and moving with it, the auxiliary 
 piston F, and the main valve V moved by the auxiliary 
 piston. Its operation may be described as follows: as 
 represented the main piston has reached the end of its 
 upward stroke, and the auxiliary valve P, has opened the 
 ports B and C, exhausting the steam from the end of the 
 auxiliary piston. Steam enters the other end through the 
 port D, and moves the main valve to the other side. When 
 the main valve is open for the return or downward stroke 
 the ports B and D are covered by the auxiliary piston, the 
 valve remaining in its position. When the main piston 
 reaches the lower end of the cylinder the end of the auxiliary 
 valve P has passed below the ports A and C, and the 
 auxiliary piston is moved at the other end of the stroke, as 
 previously described, by steam entering through D'. 
 
 The auxiliary piston is steam-cushioned to avoid striking 
 the heads, and this also accomplishes another purpose, that 
 is, if the auxiliary piston is moved too far, so as to partially 
 
 * 'American Machinist,' October 11, 1884, p. A. 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 25 
 
 cover the main steam port, the cushion pressure retains it so 
 as to leave the ports fully open. 
 
 The main steam ports, where they enter the cylinder, are 
 divided, so that when the main piston nears the end of its 
 stroke the supply of steam is diminished. Similarly, the 
 full supply of steam is not admitted until after the piston 
 has travelled a short distance on its return stroke. This 
 provides for a slow motion at the beginning and end of the 
 stroke, avoids striking the heads with the piston, and gives 
 the pump valves time to seat quietly and without shock. 
 
 TONKIN'S VALVE GEAR. 
 
 Fig. 22, Plate IX., is an elevation; Fig. 23, sectional 
 plan through P, Q, E, S; Fig. 24, a sectional elevation 
 through G, H, J, K ; Fig. 25, Plate X., sectional elevation 
 through L, M, N, O ; Fig. 26, Plate IX., section through 
 T, U; Fig. 27, Plate X., section through A, B, C ; and 
 Fig. 28, section through D, E, F. 
 
 W is the steam cylinder ; X, piston ; Y, steam chest ; 
 Z, starting lever; 1, steam chest cover; 2, caps at end of 
 large plunger ; a, steam inlet ; 6, main exhaust ; c, main 
 ports ; &, ordinary Q slide valve ; Z, small plunger valve ; 
 m, larger plunger valve, d, e, /, g, h, n, o, p, r, Z, v, w, x, y, 
 shooting or valve-moving ports. 
 
 Assuming the piston to have just completed its stroke, 
 say from right to left, having passed over hole e, steam is 
 admitted through holes e, /, y, to left of small plunger Z, 
 forcing it over to the right, and putting holes p, n, r, in 
 communication with live steam in steam chest Y ; the large 
 plunger m is forced over to the opposite end of steam chest, 
 carrying with it the slide valve K, thereby admitting steam 
 through port C to back of piston X, and reversing motion 
 of same. A similar action takes place at the opposite end of 
 
26 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 stroke, The exhaust steam from small plunger I passes 
 through holes p, n, and p, w, o, through h, and away to main 
 exhaust. The cushioning of the plunger valves is effectually 
 performed by means of holes g and slot x t through which 
 steam direct from steam chest flows upon the ends of plunger 
 towards the completion of their stroke, preventing their 
 striking against the cover 1, and cap 2. 
 
 The piston X is cushioned by means of hole w. 
 
 The steam chest being placed on the side of the cylinder, 
 and the bottom of the steam ports on a level with bottom of 
 same, the condensed steam is carried away in the exhaust at 
 every stroke, thereby doing away with drain cocks. 
 
 2nd. Those ivhich have two valves, of which the main valve 
 moves first, and then the supplementary. 
 
 PARKER AND WESTON'S VALVE GEAR. 
 
 Fig. 29, Plate XL, is a sectional elevation of the steam 
 cylinder, valve chest, and main valve ; Fig. 30 is a sectional 
 plan of the valve chest and auxiliary cylinder ; Fig. 31 is a 
 section across the cylinder, valve chest, and valves ; Fig. 32 
 is an inverted plan of the face of the valve chest. 
 
 It will be seen, on reference to Fig. 29, that the steam 
 cylinder piston is of the ordinary kind. 
 
 The action of the steam valves is as follows : We will 
 suppose that the engine has been started, and the piston to 
 be travelling in the direction shown by the arrow. The 
 main valve is at the right-hand end of the steam chest, and 
 steam is entering the left-hand end of the cylinder by the 
 port A. The auxiliary valve is also at the right-hand end 
 of the steam chest. This state of things continues until the 
 main piston has passed the hole B' in the steam cylinder, 
 when the steam rushes up the hole B', which communicates 
 with the circular groove L', Fig. 30, turned in the auxiliary 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 27 
 
 valve, passes through the cross passage F', and, getting 
 between the main valve and the steam chest cover, drives 
 the valve over to the left, and allows the steam in the chest 
 to find its way in to the right-hand end of the main cylinder, 
 and to exhaust from the opposite end. The piston being 
 instantly stopped in its motion, and proceeding to make its 
 stroke in the opposite direction. The instant the port A' is 
 charged with steam from the chest by the movement of the 
 main valve, a small hole G' conducts steam from the port E' 
 to the end of the auxiliary valve, which is by this means 
 shot over to the opposite end of the valve chest, and placed 
 in a position for admitting and exhausting steam to and 
 from the main slide valve. It will, therefore, be seen that 
 the main valve makes its stroke first, and on steam being 
 admitted to the cylinder, the auxiliary valve then moves 
 over. The steam used in moving the valve is exhausted 
 through the passage E', thence into the groove L' in the 
 auxiliary valve, then by a number of small holes into a 
 passage formed in the auxiliary valve, and finally escapes 
 into the chamber M, and hence by the hole C into the main 
 exhaust pipe. When the main valve has made about half 
 its stroke it closes the outlet for the exhaust C, and the 
 remaining steam is confined between the end of the valve 
 and the steam chest cover, and thus effectually prevents the 
 valve from striking the ends. N is the starting handle ; 
 O the starting spindle ; and P the tongue that moves the 
 valve at starting. 
 
 3rd. Those which have only one valve. 
 
 COLEBEOOK'S VALVE GEAB. 
 
 Fig. 33, Plate XII., is a sectional elevation through the 
 valve chest, part of valve and cylinder ; Fig. 34 is a sectional 
 elevation showing the valve in the mid-position ; Fig. 35 is 
 
28 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 a sectional elevation showing the valve in its last position ; 
 and Fig. 36 a cross section through the valve chest. 
 
 K is the steam inlet to the valve chest ; in each end of 
 which is a fixed piston, fitted with packing rings, which 
 forms part of the steam chest covers, the diameter being 
 about two-thirds of the area of the valve chest. 
 
 Through the centre of each of these pistons is a small spindle 
 which acts as a starting handle. Above the valve chamber, 
 near each end, is an exhaust port which terminates in a main 
 exhaust branch. The slide valve is formed of two pistons 
 connected by a distance piece ; each end of these pistons is 
 made hollow to work over the fixed pistons at each end of 
 the valve chamber. The difference in the diameter of the 
 fixed pistons and the valve chest is sufficiently great to 
 permit of the annular projection of the piston heads being 
 cast hollow. At the bottom part of each projection is an 
 aperture which communicates between the auxiliary passages 
 and the solid end of the valve. The main piston A is of the 
 ordinary steam engine type. The main cylinder is furnished 
 with two main steam ports F and G, and two auxiliary ports, 
 or valve-moving ports, B in Fig. 33, and port L is shown in 
 Fig. 35 ; the object of these ports being to conduct a portion 
 of the steam from the steam cylinder to the valve chambers 
 E and M, to start the steam valve the motion being continued 
 and completed by the exhaust steam from the main cylinder, 
 through the annular ends of the steam valve, on its way to 
 the exhaust pipe. 
 
 The positive system is the character of the valve motion 
 in this gear, in which the action of the high-pressure steam 
 is quickly followed and aided by the creation of an exhaust 
 at the other end of the valve chamber. Eeferring to Fig. 33, 
 the piston A has just completed its travel in the direction of 
 the arrow and uncovered the port B. This port, as shown 
 by the dotted passages, communicates with C, which was in 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 29 
 
 juxtaposition with the port D, when the valve was over at 
 the other extremity of its stroke. 
 
 The live steam passes up through the ports B, C, and D, 
 into the interior chamber E of the valve. The pressure of 
 the steam thus introduced between the valve and the fixed 
 cover moves over the valve to some extent, and by this 
 preliminary motion brings the port of the chamber at the 
 other end of the valve in juxtaposition with a port corre- 
 sponding to B, which has by this time become an exhaust 
 port. This position is illustrated in Fig. 34, Plate XI. 
 
 The onward travel of the valve is thus accelerated and 
 determined, whilst by the same motion the port C is now 
 closed against the disturbing effect of the exhaust im- 
 mediately set up on the former steam side of the piston A. 
 The corresponding ports to D aud are now in juxtaposi- 
 tion at the other end of the valve chamber, ready for a repe- 
 tition of the reversing action when the piston A shall have 
 arrived at the other end of the cylinder. 
 
 The continued action of the valve is thus maintained by 
 a suitable juxtaposition of ports, without shock or jar. The 
 valve itself is built after the principle of an ordinary D 
 valve sliding over the usual steam ports, one at either end of 
 the cylinder, but with a steam passage in the centre and 
 exhaust exits at each end. As the valve stands in Fig. 34 
 the port F to the cylinder has become the exhaust, and G the 
 steam port to reverse the action of the piston. The exhaust 
 steam issuing through F passes the space H, and thus out into 
 the exhaust branch and pipe at the top of the valve chest. 
 
 From this description it will be seen that this gear is 
 extremely simple, there being only one moving part ; two 
 holes in the valve, which are in the smallest sizes, J of an 
 inch by f of an inch, and are therefore not liable to get 
 choked, which is a great advantage, especially when worked 
 by compressed air, or when bad lubricating oil is used. 
 
30 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 CARRICKBURN VALVE GEAR.* 
 
 This gear is illustrated in Figs. 37 and 38, Plate XIII. It 
 consists of a steam cylinder A ; piston B ; piston rod C ; 
 slide valve D ; auxiliary pistons E and F ; steam and exhaust 
 ports G, H, J, K ; valve-moving ports L and M ; N and O 
 are ports between exhaust ports H and J and pistons E 
 andF. 
 
 Supposing the pistons and valve are in the position illus- 
 trated, the steam is passing through the port K, and the 
 piston is moving to the right, and the exhaust port H is 
 open to the exhaust branch P. As soon as the piston B 
 passes or covers the ports H and T, the steam is confined, 
 and prevents the piston B striking the cylinder cover. The 
 distance between the port M and the cylinder cover is greater 
 than the depth of the piston, and the steam, therefore, enters 
 the port M, as soon as the piston uncovers it ; while the 
 piston is thus compressing the confined exhaust steam, the live 
 steam passes through the port M, and acts upon the piston F, 
 moving it and the slide valve D. The port K is thus 
 closed, and the port G opened for admitting live steam to 
 the cylinder. The exhaust on the other side of the piston 
 is also opened by J to P, and the piston accordingly com- 
 mences to move the other way. The exhaust of the steam 
 decreases the pressure in the port M, and the steam in the 
 valve chest, therefore, acting upon the rod of the valve 
 piston F, drives the latter back before the main piston B 
 uncovers port H, and then the steam coming through H and 
 O holds F in place. The steam coming through M causes 
 the pressure to balance at opposite side of the piston F, and 
 hence the latter remains in its normal position. The whole 
 action is, of course, repeated at the other end of the stroke. 
 
 If from any obstruction the valve should be moved just 
 
 * ' Pump Catechism,' by R. Grimsbaw. 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 31 
 
 sufficiently to exactly cover both steam ports G and K, ports 
 Q and E, Fig. 38, are provided, passing down into the steam 
 cylinder, and holes are drilled through the valve so that 
 when the latter is in the position mentioned, these holes 
 correspond with the ports Q and K, and let steam into the 
 cylinder. The steam will then act through the port M or 
 L, upon whichever valve-moving piston is to be moved 
 further to complete the movement of the valve. The 
 openings in the valve naturally correspond with the ports Q 
 and R only at the middle of the valve travel, and the ports 
 are closed at all other times. It may be added that when 
 the valve D is on its centre, and the ports Q and R are open 
 into the steam cylinder, if the steam piston B is covering 
 one of the ports M or L, and thereby obstructing the opera- 
 tion of the valve motion, the steam admitted by Q and K 
 will act upon the steam piston, moving it until port L or M, 
 that had been covered, is uncovered and the steam, acting 
 through this port upon the valve-moving piston, will remove 
 the valve from its central position. 
 
 Beneath the cylinder is a small valve-chamber V, which 
 is tubular, and provided with caps at the ends and valve 
 with triangular guide-stems in the smaller inner portion of 
 the tubular chamber Y. The combined length of the two 
 valve- stems is greater than the distance between the seats 
 for the valves, and there are ports T and U from the ends 
 of the chamber V to the steam cylinder, and a lateral dis- 
 charge pipe between the valve seats, which may be provided 
 with a cock, When the steam acts on one side of the piston 
 B, the pressure closes the valve upon the other side, so that 
 water of condensation can run off at the exhaust side from 
 the cylinder. These operations are automatic, the valves 
 closing and opening in opposite directions at each admission 
 of steam to the cylinder. Two small blocks of wood or 
 other similar material, one of them being marked W, are 
 
32 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 arranged in the valve D to act as buffer for the rods of the 
 independent pistons E and F. 
 
 COLBURN'S VALVE GEAK.* 
 
 Fig. 39, Plate XIII., is a sectional elevation of a pump 
 fitted with this type of valve motion, which is actuated by 
 steam, without the intervention of any external gear. A is 
 the steam cylinder, and B the water cylinder, both of which 
 are cast together ; C is the steam piston, and D water piston, 
 working in unison and cast together, and should be of such 
 length as to obviate any connection taking place between the 
 steam and water cylinders. This distance is regulated by 
 the depth of the pistons. As for example, with a 12-inch 
 stroke, the total length over the two pistons must be at least 
 15 inches, but 20 inches is better. The proportion between 
 the areas of the two pistons depends, of course, upon the 
 steam pressure in the cylinder, and the height to which the 
 water from the pump cylinder has to be forced. The steam 
 cylinder A is provided with a cover E, F is the steam inlet, 
 G and H is the steam space in the main valve, which latter 
 is of the piston-valve type, and is furnished with four pistons 
 J, K, L, M. The annular space between K and L forms the 
 communication between the steam inlet F and the steam port 
 N, which opens into the steam cylinder A. It will be seen 
 from the position of the piston and the valve in Fig. 39 that 
 steam is admitted on the left side of the steam piston C and 
 moves it to the right. When the piston has arrived nearly at 
 the end of its stroke, the port is opened, through which 
 the steam from the cylinder A is allowed ingress into the 
 annular space round the pistons L and M. It will be 
 noticed that the diameter of M is in excess of L, therefore 
 the steam having this extra area for action, forces over the 
 
 * * Die Pumpen,' by Frederich Koning. 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 33 
 
 piston valve to the right, closing the steam port N, by the 
 piston K, cutting off steam. This terminates its primary 
 motion. Before the pistons can again obtain their original 
 position the steam must be released from the cylinder A, 
 which is done in the following manner : The valve having 
 been moved over to its extreme position towards the right, 
 the length of its travel being regulated by the steam escaping 
 at the point V, uncovers the eduction port B (shown in 
 dotted lines), which is in communication with the condenser. 
 This condenser should have at least the same capacity as 
 the steam cylinder A. S is a clack valve at the bottom of 
 the pipe, T is another for the admission of the injection 
 water. As soon as this condition of tilings has taken place 
 between the steam space A and the condenser pipe Q, a 
 vacuum is produced, and the atmospheric pressure begins 
 to act upon the piston M, which, being in equilibrium, is 
 shot over to the left again, opening port Gr for admission of 
 steam. 
 
 When, as in this case, the steam piston is larger than the 
 pump piston, the action is assisted by air being admitted 
 through the hole U between the two pistons. 
 
 It will be seen from this that the steam only acts in the 
 forcing stroke of the pump, and that the return or suction 
 stroke is performed by the vacuum. 
 
 If the steam pump is near a condenser, the steam can be 
 let direct into it ; but if this is not the case, the special 
 condensing apparatus must be applied. 
 
 If a more even flow of delivery is desired, two of these 
 pumps should be worked together side by side or end to 
 end. 
 
34 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 (b) Actuated on the negative principle, that is, those in which 
 the main valve is moved over by means of a negative 
 exhaust action. 
 
 CAMERON'S VALVE GEAR. 
 
 Fig. 40, Plate XIV., is a sectional elevation of the steam 
 cylinder, slide valve, valve-moving plungers, valve chest 
 and tappets. 
 
 A is the steam cylinder ; B, the main steam piston ; C, 
 slide valve ; D and E, valve-moving plungers ; F, valve 
 chest ; G and H, tappets ; J, piston rod , K and L, valve- 
 moving ports. 
 
 The steam cylinder A is made with a double set of steam 
 passages, one pair M N of these passages leading from the 
 slide valve face to the ends of the cylinder in the usual 
 way, and the other ports P extending from near the end 
 of the steam chest F to the inner ends of small cylindrical 
 chambers Q B formed on each cylinder cover. Each of 
 these chambers is fitted with a piston valve, or tappet, G H, 
 which closes an opening in the cylinder cover, these valves 
 being, except when moved by the piston, kept against their 
 seats by the pressure of steam on their back, the outer ends 
 of the valve chambers being placed in free communication 
 with the steam chest F by small passages or holes drilled in 
 the valve-moving plungers D and E. 
 
 The main slide valve covers the exhaust port U and one 
 pair of steam ports, and is made of the section shown in 
 Fig. 40, so that when it is moved to the right steam is 
 admitted into the right-hand port, and vice versa. In Fig. 40, 
 Plate XIV., the valve is shown in the position it occupies 
 when steam is being admitted into the left-hand port, the 
 other being placed in communication with the exhaust. On 
 the back of the valve are a pair of lugs which fit between 1 two 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 35 
 
 collars formed on a spindle which connects, and is cast in 
 one piece with, a pair of plungers D and E, which work in the 
 cylindrical portions forming the ends of the valve chest F, 
 and into which the second pair of steam ports K and L open. 
 The plungers do not fit their cylinder tightly, but are made 
 so that they allow a small amount of leakage to take place 
 past them, the steam thus passing being shut in when either 
 plunger travels beyond the port, and thus forming a cushion 
 to check the motion of the valve. In case the engine should 
 stop in such a position that both steam ports are closed by 
 the valve, a rocking shaft, working by an external handle, is 
 provided, this shaft carrying a finger or tongue V, Fig. 40, 
 by which the valve can be shifted. When the pump is at 
 work this rocking shaft remains stationary, as the valve 
 does not move far enough to touch the finger. 
 
 The action of the gear is as follows : Supposing all the 
 parts to be in the position shown in Fig. 40, the piston B 
 will, when steam is turned on, move from left to right. On 
 arriving at the end of the stroke it will strike against the 
 spindle of the tappet G, on the right-hand cylinder cover, 
 and force it off its seat, thus placing the second right-hand 
 passage in communication with the right-hand end of the 
 cylinder, and, consequently, owing to the position of the 
 main valve C, in communication with the exhaust. This 
 being the case, the pressure is removed from the back of the 
 right-hand plunger D, connected with the main valve, and 
 the pressure of the steam on the inner side of the plunger 
 then forces the latter to the right, the slide valve being of 
 course carried with it. This movement admits steam to the 
 right-hand end of the cylinder, and places the left-hand 
 end in communication with the exhaust, and the piston then 
 performs its stroke from right to left, when the operations 
 are repeated at the other end of the cylinder. 
 
 D 2 
 
SG DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 FLOYD'S VALVE GEAR. 
 
 This gear, as will be seen from Fig. 41, Plate XIV., is a 
 simplification of the Cameron valve gear. The action of it 
 is as follows: In the position shown in the illustration 
 the steam is passing from the steam chest A, through the 
 passage or steam port B, to the left-hand side of the steam 
 piston 0, forcing it in the direction of the arrow, and the 
 steam is exhausting from the other side of the piston, 
 through the steam port C, to the exhaust pipe D. On the 
 piston reaching the end of its stroke, its bevelled edge rises 
 the tappet or reversing valve E, and allows the steam from 
 the small cylinder F to pass through the passage G, into the 
 steam port C, and exhaust pipe D ; the steam in the opposite 
 small cylinder N then forces the pistons H and L which 
 are cast in one piece in the direction of the arrow, and 
 with them the slide valve J, which then admits steam to the 
 right-hand end of the cylinder, and the piston makes its 
 return stroke. A similar action takes place when the piston 
 lifts the tappet K. The small cylinders F and N, receive 
 their stea'm through little holes drilled through their 
 pistons. 
 
 EACKHAM'S VALVE GEAR.* 
 
 This gear is illustrated in Figs. 42 and 43, Plate XV. 
 It consists of a steam cylinder A ; main piston B ; valve chest 
 C ; slide valves D D ; valve-moving plungers or pistons E 
 and F ; steam ports G and H ; exhaust ports J and K ; 
 tappets L and M ; reversing valves N and ; starting 
 tongue P. 
 
 Eeferring to the illustration it will be seen that the valves 
 of the steam cylinder are controlled by subsidiary or 
 
 * 'Engineering.' 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 37 
 
 reversing valves N and 0, operated by tappets L and M. 
 These tappets project through the two cylinder covers, and 
 are struck at each end of the stroke by the piston B. They 
 are connected to a pair of piston valves E and F, which 
 work in communication with the small cylinders at each 
 end of the main steam chest C. Steam is always passing 
 into the cylinders through leaklioles in the pistons E and F, 
 and thus there is a constant tendency towards equilibrium. 
 When one tappet is struck it connects the corresponding 
 cylinder to the exhaust, and thus destroys tho equilibrium ; 
 the steam in the opposite cylinder then expands and forces 
 over the main valve ready for the next stroke, the motion 
 taking place slowly and without concussion. A lever and 
 tongue P is provided to start the pump in case it should be 
 stopped at mid-stroke of the valve. 
 
 C. PARTIALLY MECHANICALLY- AND PARTIALLY STEAIM- 
 MOVED VALVES. 
 
 BLAKE'S VALVE GEAR. 
 
 Fig. 44, Plate XVI., shows a longitudinal section of the 
 cylinder, valve chest, and valves ; Fig. 45, combined mov- 
 able seat and auxiliary valve ; Fig. 46, plan of steam chest. 
 
 A is the steam cylinder ; B the main piston ; C the valve 
 chest ; D slide valve ; E and F valve-moving plungers ; 
 G movable seat ; H tappets (in this case one tappet is in the 
 steam cylinder and one in the pump, sometimes one is pro- 
 vided at each end of the cylinder) ; J the tappet lever ; and K 
 the movable seat spindle. 
 
 The tappet rod H is moved in one direction on being 
 struck by the steam piston B just before reaching the end of 
 the stroke, and the reverse when struck by the water piston. 
 
 The tappet rod H is connected by a vibrating lever J and 
 spindle K to the movable seat G, which also acts as the 
 
38 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 auxiliary valve. The main valve D is of the ordinary D- 
 valve type sliding upon the movable seat, and held between 
 two shoulders of supplementary pistons or plungers E 
 and F. 
 
 The ends of the supplementary pistons or plungers are 
 fitted in their respective cylinders, which are cast in one 
 piece with the main valve chest ; the outer ends of the 
 cylinders being connected with openings under the auxiliary 
 valves by little ports cast in the chest. These small ports 
 lead from the auxiliary valve seat towards each end of the 
 supplementary cylinders, and are divided so as to enter at 
 two different points, one through -the head, and the other 
 some distance from it, this last being covered by a piece of 
 sheet brass acting as a valve, which allows steam to enter 
 the cylinder but opposes its exit. The main slide valve D 
 has three ports of equal area, which correspond in every 
 position with the ports of the main cylinder. 
 
 The action of the gear is as follows : Suppose the piston 
 B to be moving to the right, the movable seat and auxiliary 
 valve G will then be at the extreme left, with the exhaust 
 port L open on the right-hand, and steam admitted on the 
 left-hand through the port M ; directly the piston B ap- 
 proaches the end of its stroke it moves the tappet rod H, 
 which communicates motion, through the lever J and the rod 
 K, to the movable seat and auxiliary valve G. By this 
 operation steam is at once given to the right-hand side of the 
 piston through the port N, which it slightly opens in sufficient 
 quantity to cushion the piston B, and start it on its return 
 stroke ; at the same time steam passes through the auxiliary 
 port 0, which communicates with the right-hand plunger F, 
 at once opening the main slide valve D and giving the 
 piston full steam ; the steam at the back of plunger E is 
 exhausted through P and Q to the main exhaust L. The 
 valves are operated in the same way at the other end of 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 39 
 
 the stroke, only in the opposite direction, thus giving con- 
 tinuous action to the steam piston and to the pump. The 
 plungers E and F are prevented from striking the covers by 
 the arrangement of ports and valves at either end, which 
 checks them with the utmost certainty. 
 
 In working, if the main piston should attain a velocity in 
 excess of the valve-moving plungers, which actuate the main 
 valve, the piston strikes the tappet. By this means a lead 
 is given to the main valve, steam being thereby admitted in 
 front of the piston, forming a cushion, and giving steam to 
 start the piston on its return stroke. 
 
 DELAMETER VALVE GEAR. 
 
 This is illustrated in Figs. 47, 48, 49, and 50, 
 Plate XVII. It consists of a steam cylinder A, steam 
 piston B of the usual depth for ordinary steam engines, slide 
 valve C ; D and E are the valve-moving plungers, F the 
 auxiliary valve, G the auxiliary valve spindle, H a port 
 leading from the main valve chest to the auxiliary valve 
 chest, J the starting tongue, K and L steam ports, N 
 exhaust port, M exhaust branch. 
 
 Fig. 47 is a longitudinal section through cylinder and 
 valve chest, showing the main piston in mid-position ; 
 Fig. 48, a section on line a ; Fig. 49, a section on line b ; 
 Fig. 50, section on line c. 
 
 The illustration shows the main slide valve C, with a 
 piston D and E on each end of it. These pistons are 
 packed with spring rings. The steam and exhaust are 
 admitted to the proper end of these pistons or plungers by 
 a small auxiliary valve F. This latter is cylindrical, and is 
 oscillated from one side to the other by a cam on the valve 
 spindle G. This cam is worked by an arm from the piston 
 rod, and as the piston reaches one end, it turns the auxiliary 
 
40 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 valve into a position which admits live steam from the 
 boiler to one or the other of the main valve plungers, and 
 exhausts the steam from the other. This allows the steam to 
 drive the main valve over to its opposite position, and 
 reverses the motion of the main piston B. 
 
 THE " SELDON " VALVE GEAR.* 
 
 This gear is illustrated in Fig. 51, Plate XVIII. It will 
 be seen that, as in other pumps of the class, the main 
 cylinder is surmounted by the valve chamber. The bottom 
 of the valve chamber contains a main D -slide valve and two 
 starting slide valves D D, one on each side of the main valve, 
 and all working upon the same face. Each starting valve is 
 attached to a spindle working through a stuffing box at each 
 end of the chamber. Each spindle is connected to a lever C, 
 which is actuated by a tappet B in the end of the main 
 cylinder. The top part of the valve chamber contains an 
 annular auxiliary or shooting valve F, with a piston head at 
 each end, the main slide valve being attached midway 
 between the piston head. The main cylinder contains the 
 usual pair of steam ports, and the exhaust branch, covered 
 by the main slide valve in the centre of its face. At each 
 end of the face is a small steam port E (communicatiDg with 
 the ends of the shooting valves), and an exhaust branch H', 
 discharging into the main exhaust ; these are covered by the 
 starting slide valves. The tappets before referred to, 
 receive their motion from the main piston, which is of 
 the ordinary type. We will suppose the latter to be 
 travelling towards the right-hand end of the cylinder ; near 
 the end of its stroke it strikes a tappet B, in the end of the 
 cylinder, which gives motion through a double-ended lever C 
 
 * ' Mine Drainage,' by Stephen Michell. 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 41 
 
 (anchored to a fulcrum on the cylinder end), to the starting 
 slide valves D D, causing them to make a stroke to the left, 
 thereby uncovering the auxiliary steam port E, at the right- 
 hand end of ihe cylinder, and admitting steam behind the 
 right-hand end of the shooting valve F (the left-hand end 
 being simultaneously open to the exhaust II H'), driving it 
 and the main slide valve G to the left. The steam is thus 
 diverted from the left-hand end of the main cylinder to the 
 right-hand end through the port I ; the used steam at the 
 opposite end at the same time escaping to the exhaust 
 through the port A, K. 
 
 If it happen that the auxiliary piston is retarded in its 
 action, the starting valve compensates for the irregularity 
 by tapping the main valve and giving the required cushion 
 to the piston. 
 
 THE "VALLEY" VALVE GEAR. 
 
 Fig. 52, Plate XIX., is a sectional elevation showing main 
 steam cylinder A ; piston B ; main slide valve C ; valve 
 moving plungers D and E ; auxiliary valve F ; auxiliary 
 valve spindle G ; main piston rod H. Fig. 53 is a plan of 
 valve face ; Fig. 54 a perspective view of the slide valve ; 
 Fig. 55 a perspective view of the auxiliary valve. 
 
 The main valve is a plain slide valve of the D type, cast 
 with a groove through its face, and is moved by independent 
 plungers working in small cylinders above the main cylinder. 
 The auxiliary valve, Fig. 55, which controls the steam to the 
 valve piston, is made with two flat faces far enough apart to 
 allow the main valve to work between them. These faces 
 are connected together by a bar which fits into the groove 
 in the face of the main valve, so that both valves are out in 
 sight when the steam chest is removed, and both work in the 
 same valve-face. The auxiliary valve is moved by a tappet- 
 
42 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 arm or crosshead on the main piston rod, to prevent the 
 pump having a dead centre. 
 
 The action of the valve-gear is as follows: In the 
 position shown in Fig, 52, Plate XIX., the main-piston B 
 has just finished its stroke to the left, the tappet has 
 moved the auxiliary valve in position for admitting steam to 
 the face of the valve-moving plunger D, and has moved the 
 plungers D and E, and main slide valve C, to the extreme 
 travel to the right, and admitting the steam through the 
 port H, to the left-hand side of the main piston B. When 
 the piston arrives at the right-hand end of the cylinder A, 
 the other tappet will move the auxiliary valve to the right, 
 open the small ports to the valve plunger E, and shoot the 
 plungers D and E, and main slide valve C to the extreme 
 left. The steam and exhaust ports for the valve-moving 
 plungers are shown in Fig. 52, and also in the sectional plan 
 Fig. 53. 
 
 WORTHINGTON'S SIMPLEX VALVE GEAR.* 
 
 Its chief peculiarity is that the stroke is regulated 
 without the use of a crank, so that the motion of the plunger 
 is nearly uniform for the whole length of the stroke. 
 
 Fig. 56, Plate XX., is a longitudinal section. A is the 
 steam piston. The slide valve I is moved by the tappet K, 
 fixed on the piston-rod, and striking either of the nuts L 
 or M. Steam is admitted under the slide, as shown, since 
 the motion of the slide in one direction has to admit steam 
 for the piston moving in the opposite direction. A steam 
 buffer is provided for the slide, to remove the concussion ; 
 N is a piston attached to the valve spindle, working in a 
 cylinder, which has a small groove cut in the bottom of it. 
 The cylinder is fitted with steam from the valve chest 
 
 * ' Trans. Mech. Engineers,' July, 1852, 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 43 
 
 through a small hole in the end, and then is compressed 
 by the piston N, at each stroke of the tappet K, thus form- 
 ing a buffer or spring of very perfect elasticity ; and the 
 compressed steam escapes immediately afterwards to the 
 other side of the piston N, through the groove in the bottom 
 side of the cylinder, thus preventing any recoil of the 
 valve. 
 
44 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 RULES AND FORMULAS. 
 
 Duty. The term duty, applied to a pumping engine or 
 steam pump, represents the number of pounds of water raised 
 one foot high with one hundredweight (112 pounds) of coal 
 (formerly one bushel or 94 pounds of coal). 
 
 Rule. Multiply the number of pounds of coal used for 
 each indicated horse-power per hour by 1,980,000, which is 
 pounds lifted 1 foot high per hour, by 1 horseTpower, and 
 divide by 112 pounds; the product multiplied by the 
 number of indicated horse-powers of the engine gives the 
 duty. 
 
 Example. A steam pump or pumping engine of 30 
 indicated horse-power, using 5 pounds of coal per horse- 
 power per hour, 
 
 ^g^ = 88,214-28, 
 
 88,214-28 x 30 = 2,646,428 foot pounds duty for each cwt. 
 of coal consumed. 
 
 To find the proportion between the steam and pump 
 cylinder : 
 
 Rule. Multiply the given area of the pump cylinder by 
 the resistance on the pump in pounds per square inch, and 
 divide the product by the available pressure of steam in 
 pounds per square inch ; the product equals the area of 
 cylinder in square inches to overcome the load ; to this must 
 be added an extra area to overcome the friction, which in 
 ordinary steam pumps is usually reckoned 25 per cent., or 
 one-fourth. 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 45 
 
 Example. Pump cylinder 4 inches diameter, pressure 
 against the pump piston 50 Ib. per square inch, steam 
 pressure 40 Ib, per square inch, 
 
 Four inches diameter equals 12*56 square inches. 
 12-56 x 50 
 
 40 
 
 = 15 '7 inches area, 
 
 15-7 x 25 per cent. = 15-7 x 3-925 = 19-625 = 5 inches 
 diameter of steam cylinder. 
 
 To find the steam pressure required, when the diameter of 
 cylinder, diameter of pump barrel, and the resistance against 
 the pump in pounds per square inch are given : 
 
 Rule. Multiply the area of the pump piston or plunger 
 in square inches by the resistance on the pump^n pounds 
 per square inch, and divide the product by the are&'of steam 
 cylinder ; the product equals the number of pounds of steam 
 pressure per square inch necessary to overcome the load ; 
 to this must be added 25 per cent, to overcome the friction. 
 
 Example. 4 inches diameter of pump piston, pressure 
 against the pump 50 Ibs. per square inch, 5 inches diameter 
 of steam cylinder. 
 
 4 inches diameter equals 12*56 inches area. 
 
 5 inches diameter equals 19*625 inches area, 
 
 12-56 X 50 
 
 19 -625 
 
 32 4- 25 per cent. = 32 -f 8 = 40 lb, pressure per square 
 inch required. 
 
 To find the pressure against which a pump can deliver water, 
 when the diameter of the steam cylinder, the steam pressure, and 
 diameter of pump barrel are given : 
 
 Rule. Multiply the area of the steam cylinder by the 
 pressure of the steam in pounds per square inch, and divide 
 
46 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 the product by the area of the pump piston ; the product, 
 minus 25 per cent., will be the pressure per square inch 
 against which the pump will force the water. 
 
 Example. Steam cylinder 5 inches diameter, steam 
 pressure 40 Ib. per square inch, pump piston 4 inches 
 diameter : 
 
 19-625 X 40 
 
 Tnrz =62-o Ib. pressure per square inch. 
 
 \i ' oo 
 
 62-5 - 25 per cent. = 62-5 - 15-625 = 46-875 Ib. per 
 square inch. 
 
 To find diameter of pump piston, when diameter of steam 
 cylinder, steam pressure in pounds per square inch, and 
 resistance against the pump piston in pounds per square inch 
 are given : 
 
 Eule. Multiply the area of the steam cylinder by the 
 steam pressure in pounds per square inch, and divide the 
 product by the resistance on the pump in pounds per square 
 inch, minus 25 per cent, to overcome the friction. 
 
 Example. 5 inches diameter of steam cylinder, 40 Ib. 
 steam pressure per square inch, pressure against the pump 
 50 Ib. per square inch, 
 
 19-625 X 40 
 
 50 
 
 = 15-7 inches area. 
 
 15-7 25 per cent. = 15 " 7 3 925 = 11 - 775 inches area, 
 say 4 inches diameter of pump. 
 
 To find the diameter of low-pressure cylinder required for a 
 compound pumping engine : 
 
 Rule. Divide the total pressure on the pump piston by 
 the average pressure of steam available, the quotient will 
 be the area of the low-pressure cylinder. 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 47 
 
 Example. 10 inches diameter of pump piston, 500 Ib. 
 pressure per square inch. 
 
 Total pressure = 78*54 inches area of pump x 500 
 = 39270 -f- 50 per cent, for friction = 58905 Ib. pressure. 
 
 Steam pressure 100 Ib. per square inch, expansion 2J to 1 
 = 76-64 Ib. average pressure of steam. 
 
 _ . = 768 inches area, say 32 inches diameter of low- 
 pressure cylinder. 
 
 (For average pressure of steam, see Table No. III., 
 page 64.) 
 
 To find the diameter of high-pressure cylinder required for a 
 compound pumping engine: 
 
 Rule. Divide the area of the low-pressure cylinder by 
 the number of expansions, and the quotient equals the area 
 of the high-pressure cylinder. 
 
 Example. 32 inches diameter of low-pressure cylinder, 
 2-J- expansions. 
 
 804 24 inches area of low-pressure cylinder 
 2*5 expansion 
 
 321-68 inches, say 20 inches diameter of high-pressure 
 cylinder. 
 
 The friction allowed for in the above rules is only the 
 actual friction in the steam pump itself. To the total load 
 against the pump should be added the power required to 
 overcome the friction of the water in the suction and delivery 
 pipes, which in many cases, especially in the delivery pipe, 
 is very great. The rule for calculating the friction in pipes 
 is given, but to avoid the calculation, the Table IL, giving 
 the head of water in feet or part of a foot, to overcome the 
 friction of the water in pipes 100 feet long, for a given 
 quantity in English gallons per minute. If the quantity is 
 
48 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 required in American gallons, it is easily converted by multi- 
 plying the English gallons by 12 and dividing the product 
 by 10, the result being number of American gallons. 
 
 To find the friction of water in pipes : 
 
 Rule. Multiply the quantity of water passing through 
 the pipe in gallons per minute by itself and then by the 
 length of the pipe in yards, divide the product by 3 times 
 the diameter of the pipe in inches raised to the 5th power. 
 The result equals the head of the water in feet to overcome 
 the friction in the pipe. 
 
 Example. 4 inches diameter of pipe, 200 gallons per 
 minute, 300 yards length of pipe. 
 
 200 2 x 300 200 x 200 x 300 
 
 (3 X 4) 5 = 12 x 12 x 12 x 12 X 12 
 
 nearly 48J feet head required to overcome the friction. 
 
 SIZE or STEAM PORTS. 
 
 The steam ports are made of different proportions by 
 different makers, but a good proportion is -^th f r small 
 sizes, ^Lth for medium sizes, and ^th for large sizes. For 
 large pumping engines the following rule has been found to 
 give good results : 
 
 Rule. Multiply the area of the steam cylinder in inches 
 by the piston speed in feet per minute, and divide the 
 product by 6000. 
 
 Example. 24 inches diameter of steam cylinder, 120 feet 
 piston speed. 
 
 24 inches diameter equals 452 38 inches area. 
 
 452-38 x 120 
 
 - = 9-04, say 9mches area of steam ports. 
 
c\ 
 
 AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 49 
 
 DEPTH OF STEAM PISTONS. 
 
 The depth of small steam pistons equals one-half of the 
 diameter of the steam cylinder; for larger cylinders it is 
 made one-fourth the diameter. A 4-inch cylinder piston 
 is generally made 2 inches deep, and an 18-inch piston 
 4^ inches deep. 
 
 AREA OF THE PISTON ROD. 
 
 The area of the piston rod for small cylinders is made 
 T Vth of the area of the cylinder ; for larger cylinders ^Vth ; 
 the average of various makers being ^ik. 
 
 Relative areas of the main piston valve or valve-moving 
 plungers and of the cylinder vary greatly with the design. 
 In some valve gears the proportions vary from ^th to ^th. 
 
 Relative areas of main piston valve and subsidiary valve are 
 usually 4J to 1. In valve gears having only one main piston 
 valve, the relative areas of cylinder and main valve are 3J 
 to 1. 
 
 PISTON SPEEDS. 
 
 The speed of pump pistons varies according to circum- 
 stances and the class of liquid pumped. 
 
 Ordinary direct-acting steam pumps run at from 100 to 
 120 feet per minute. 
 
 The best speed for large pumping engines is obtained by 
 multiplying the square root of the length of stroke of the 
 piston by 80. 
 
 KATIO OF THE AREA OF SUBSIDIARY CYLINDER AND AREA 
 
 OF SLIDE VALVE. 
 For Single Cylinder Engines. 
 
 Rule. Divide the area of slide valve by 3 and the quotient 
 equals area of subsidiary cylinder. 
 
50 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 Example. A slide valve 4J inches long by 8 inches wide. 
 4-5 x 8 = 36 inches area of valve. 
 
 nr* 
 
 =12 inches area of subsidiary or valve-moving cylinder, 
 or, say, 4 inches diameter. * 
 
 FOR COMPOUND ENGINES. 
 
 Rule. Divide the areas of the two slide valves, added 
 together, by 5 ; the quotient equals the area of the subsidiary 
 piston. 
 
 Example. High pressure slide valve 41 inches long by 
 8 inches wide ; low pressure slide valve 41 inches long by 
 11 inches wide. 
 
 4-5 x 8 = 36 inches. 
 
 4-5 x 11 = 49-5 inches. 
 
 36 + 49 *5 = 85 5 inches area of the two slide valves. 
 
 OK.K 
 
 =17'1 inches area of subsidiary cylinder, say 
 o 
 
 5 inches diameter. 
 
 The Cataract Governors are usually made the same 
 diameter as the subsidiary cylinder. 
 
 FEED PUMPS. 
 
 15 gallons of feed water is usually allowed for each 
 nominal horse-power per hour. 
 
 2 to 21 gallons per hour for each indicated horse-power. 
 
 The ratio of area of steam cylinder to area of pump barrel 
 varies from 2 to 2^ to 1. 
 
 SURFACE CONDENSERS. 
 
 21 square feet of cooling surface should be allowed for 
 each indicated horse-power ; and 6 * 6 square feet for each 
 nominal horse-power. 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 51 
 
 1*12 gallons of circulating water should be provided for 
 each square foot of cooling or tube surface, or from 4 to 5 
 gallons of circulating water for each pound of steam to be 
 condensed. 
 
 Circulating tubes are made from \ inch to 1 inch outside 
 diameter. 
 
 Superficial area of external surface of tubes per foot length 
 in square inches : 
 
 External diameter of tube, area in square feet. 
 
 i inch = 0-1309 
 
 | = 0-1636 
 
 -| = 0-1963 
 
 I = 0-2290 
 
 1 = 0-2618 
 
 Single-acting air pumps are usually made the same diame- 
 ter as double-acting circulating pumps, the stroke being the 
 same. 
 
 The American practice is to make the steam cylinder for 
 circulating pumps one-third the area of the water cylinder. 
 
 INJECTION CONDENSER. 
 
 Quantity of injection water required is 5 gallons per 
 minute per nominal horse-power and 2J gallons per indi- 
 cated horse-power. 
 
 The size of injection pipes is usually ^th of a square inch 
 for every 6 24 gallons of water condensed per hour. Some- 
 times the injection pipe is made ^i^th of the area of the 
 steam cylinder. 
 
 Size of air pump : When the stroke of the pump is half of 
 the engine stroke it is found by multiplying the diameter of 
 the cylinder by 0-3. If the air pump has the same length 
 of stroke as the steam piston, it is made T^ n ^ * ne area ^ 
 the steam cylinder. 
 
 E 2 
 
TABLES. 
 
 I. TOTAL PRESSURE ON CYLINDER PISTONS. 
 II. FRICTION OF WATER IN PIPES 100 FEET LENGTH. 
 III. MEAN PRESSURE OF EXPANSIVE STEAM. 
 IV. HORSE-POWER KEQUIRED TO RAISE WATER. 
 V. CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CIRCLES. 
 VI. SQUARES AND CUBES OF NUMBERS. 
 VII. FOURTH AND FIFTH POWERS OF NUMBERS. 
 VIII. SQUARE AND CUBE ROOT. 
 
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 GC 
 
 
 -J3AO 01 PB9JJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 O 
 
 HH 
 
 CO 
 
 i i 
 
 I 1 
 
 
 
 Ci 
 
 CM 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 CM 
 
 i 
 
 o 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 1 
 
 CM 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 w -pejur 
 
 uoipuj araoo 
 
 
 
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 g 
 
 % 
 
 o 
 
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 CO 
 
 CM 
 
 
 -J8AO 01 PB9JJ 
 
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 CO 
 
 j^ 
 
 CO 
 10 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 3 
 
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 -J9AO 01 p^^H 
 
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 o 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
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 o 
 
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 CO 
 
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 CM 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 
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 p 
 
 p 
 
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AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 63 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 t> 
 
 00 
 
 p 
 t> 
 
 
 
 O 
 GO 
 
 s 
 
 00 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 OS 
 
 1 
 
 OS 
 
 i 
 
 os 
 
 s 
 
 CM 
 
 o 
 
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 o 
 
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 1 
 
 rH 
 
 OS 
 CO 
 
 <N 
 
 g 
 
 g 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 3 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 05 
 
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 ri 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 ? 
 
 I 
 
 -H 
 
 os 
 
 CO 
 
 (M 
 
 (M 
 
 ^H 
 
 1 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 * 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 P 
 
 3 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 O 
 
 co 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 5 
 
 TH 
 
 I 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 S 
 
 1 ( 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 t> 
 
 lO 
 
 ^ 
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 CO 
 CO 
 
 (M 
 
 CO 
 CO 
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 00 
 
 to 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 os 
 
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 co 
 
 55 
 
 o 
 
 to 
 
 CO 
 
 TJH 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
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 -+l 
 
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 CO 
 
 O 
 
 CD 
 
 (M 
 
 i 
 
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 CO 
 
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 ^ 
 CO 
 
 t 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 rH 
 
 os 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
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 g 
 
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 3 
 
 TjH 
 
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 ^H 
 
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 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 s 
 
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 lO 
 
 g 
 
 CO 
 
 co 
 TM 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 CO 
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 CO 
 
 o 
 
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 g 
 
 ^ 
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 g 
 
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 CO 
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 $ 
 
 QO 
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 CO 
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 co 
 
 9 
 
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 lO 
 
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 lO 
 
 to 
 
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 CO 
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 o 
 
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 CM 
 
 to 
 
 l> 
 
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 CO 
 
 
 
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 CO 
 
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 co 
 
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 CO 
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 o 
 
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 t> 
 
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 CO 
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 g 
 
 os 
 
 
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 co 
 
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 cS 
 
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 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 cS 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
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 t- 
 
 o 
 
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 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 o 
 
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 CO 
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 -+l 
 
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 ^ 
 
 CO 
 
 i 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 TJH 
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 i 
 
 CO 
 
 "t< 
 
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 t^ 
 
 C<J 
 
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 co 
 
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 CO 
 
 10 
 rM 
 
 O 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 t- 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 rH 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 I 
 
 co 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 os 
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 g 
 s 
 
 T)H 
 
 OS 
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 5 
 
 o 
 
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 CO 
 
 CD 
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 i> 
 
 s 
 
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 8 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 CO 
 
 g 
 
 (M 
 
 O 
 
 CO 
 
 s 
 
 CO 
 
 8 
 
 CO 
 
 g 
 
 CO 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
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 s 
 
 to 
 
 s 
 
 i 
 
 
 
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 CO 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 g 
 
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 TH 
 
 co 
 
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 o 
 
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 T*H 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
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 co 
 
 co 
 
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64 
 
 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 H2 
 
 
 
 co 
 
 05 
 
 
 (N * 
 
 CO CO O5 CO CO O5 
 
 CO CO T* CO i-( 05 
 
 
 CO 
 
 r-l 
 
 
 CO l> rH lO O5 CO 
 i 1 i i i I CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 
 CO CO 05 CO CO 05 
 
 H" 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 
 T*H C5 * O5 -^i O5 
 
 
 
 co 
 
 1 
 
 CO CO O CO t> O 
 
 I-( 1-H T-( CO 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 H2 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 1 
 
 -+H CO 
 O O i i i I CO CO 
 CO C5 CO IO UO 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 1 
 
 CO CO O5 CO CO O5 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 H-* 
 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 1 
 
 CO O O 
 
 CO CO * CO r^ O 
 C5 O5 O5 O5 C5 Oi 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 1 
 
 CO CO i-l ^ i> 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 f 
 
 CO l> 
 r-H CO CO * If5 
 
 H 
 
 IO 
 
 o 
 
 ^ | CO CO CO T^ O CO 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 1 
 
 CO IO t> O CO O 
 
 
 co 
 
 CO 
 
 C5 
 
 o 
 
 "o 
 
 o co o t- 
 
 CO ^ CO O5 CO CO 
 CO CO 05 CO 02 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
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 CO * CO O5 CO 
 
 H|OC 
 
 CO 
 
 O5 
 
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 "* CO CO I> O 
 
 (M -ri IT- ^5 co 'ti 
 
 O5 GO t> CO CO O 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 r-l CO O t> O5 i I 
 
 
 
 
 
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 J 
 
 
 
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 o o 10 o o o 
 
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 CO 
 
 
 i-H CO Tj^ CO CO O5 
 
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AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 65 
 
 CO O 
 
 co co 
 
 CO CO IO 
 
 CO CO i-l 
 
 CO rH IO CO r-H ^ t>- O "*^ t^ 
 
 OSCOCO^COi lOSGOCO'*' 
 
 co co 
 
 -H CO CO 
 
 CO CO T* 
 
 tOOSCO^'-HlOCOCOCDO 
 
 3 
 
 CO CD CO 
 
 cot>cDt>cot^i>cococo 
 os TJH os "^ os ^ os ^ os ^ 
 
 -^ f^. 
 CO CO 
 
 i"H T^ GO 
 CO CO CO 
 
 i-H tO CO CO to OS CO CD OS CO 
 
 CO CO 
 
 CO CO 
 CO CO 
 
 TH ^ CO 
 t> O CO 
 
 OS CO CD 
 CO CO CO 
 
 lOOCOi lt>COOO^OOCO 
 COOCOCOCOCN'^iOOO'ti 
 
 oscocbosoqcooscococs 
 
 CQ-*H'*H-*t4lOlOiOtDtOSD 
 
 t to 
 
 GO GO 
 
 <*H CO O 
 CO CO CO 
 
 OSt^-tOCOCOt*-COCDlOCO 
 
 O CO 
 CO CO 
 
 CO OS CO 
 CO CO CO 
 
 lOCOr l'fl|>OCOCOOSCO 
 COCO^H^THiOtOtoiOCO 
 
 CO CO 
 
 2 
 
 GO O OS 
 
 i-Hr-ICOCOrtHlOCDt^COGO 
 COOSlOr lt>COOStOi 1 t> 
 
 i ICOCOOS^-I^COOSCO-H 
 
 GO OS 
 CO to 
 
 OS CO IO 
 
 CO-HlOOi itOCOO ICO 
 
 oscotooscotooocoioto 
 
 co co 
 
 CO 
 CO CO CO 
 
 r~- O CO "^H l^ OS i-H T^H CD GO 
 
 CO S.O CO CO CO CO TH * T^ -H 
 
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 CO CO i i 
 
 'H'<tlCDO:rH't<CDCO^H 
 OOSOOt^l>CO4O-^Thi 
 
 co to 
 1 1 1 1 
 
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 coiococooco-^cocoo 
 
 CNCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO-*! 
 
 10 CO 
 
 CO rH CO 
 CO IO rH 
 
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 CO^i iC^-^Ot-IOOCO 
 
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 "*l CO CO 
 
 Sc^cocococoSS^^ 
 
 
 
 
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 3 S S 
 
 StOOtOOiO'OiOOlO 
 CDC-OCOGOOSOSOO 
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S6 
 
 DIEECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 CO 
 rH 
 
 
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 oo oo Ci Ci Ci o 
 
 
 
 
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 p 
 
 t> 00 CO CO Ci Ci 
 
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 8, 
 
 
 
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 co 
 
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 co 
 
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 CO Ci CO <M Ci O 
 
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 co co co -* *<*( 
 
 
 
 
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AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 67 
 
 CO 
 
 rH t- CO "f (M 
 
 -H -H co CM co o 
 
 rH rH rH CM <M CO 
 
 rH Ci t* 
 
 -H t^ rH 
 
 CO CO rH 
 
 CO 
 
 to 
 
 cs 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 "H Ci rH Ci rH Ci 
 
 rH HH OO rH IO CO 
 O O O rH rH 
 
 CO Ci rH 
 CM CM CM 
 
 Ci 
 
 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 Ci 
 
 Ci 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CM 
 tO 
 
 CM 
 
 Ci 
 
 CM CO 
 
 Ci r-" lO CO rH -H 
 
 Ci Ci O O O r-H 
 
 t> CO 
 to Ci CM 
 
 rH rH CM 
 
 CO 
 
 tO 
 CM 
 
 
 
 CM 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rH 
 
 to 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 Ci t>- tO rH CM 
 
 rH -H rH -+ 1 -H rH 
 
 00 00 Ci Ci Ci O 
 
 CO CO CO 
 
 Ci r^ o 
 
 rH 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 Ci 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 CO t- t^ CO Ci O 
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 tO CO O CO CO CO 
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 l> O CO lO CO O 
 t^ Ci CM rH CO Ci 
 
 co co c^* i^* t~* c^ 
 
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 rH t> O 
 
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 00 
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 8 
 
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 cb 
 
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68- 
 
 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
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AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 69 
 
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 CC JO CO O O rH 
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 rH O CD GO t> O 
 
 3 i? 5 8 8 
 
 CO 
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 CO 
 CO 
 
 CO t^- CO IO 
 CO CM i-i O 
 
 CO CO CO CO 
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 rH 
 
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 os 
 
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 rH 
 
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 s s s s 
 
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 CO 
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 JO O '-H OS CO CO 
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 CM 
 
 rH 
 
 t^ r-4 CO O 
 
 r-( CD rH 
 
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 rH 
 
 s 
 
 CO 
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 t^ CM t-- CM CO rH 
 CO rH rH JO O CO 
 
 8 
 
 r-^ JO O JO 
 
 
 
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 CO rH ^M rH O CO 
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 CO 
 
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 CM CO CD CM 
 
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 CO 
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 CO 
 
 os 
 
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 co 
 
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 rH 
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 CM 
 
 CO 
 
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 CO 
 
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70 
 
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 rH 
 
 
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 fc 
 
 a 
 "o 
 
 
 
 
 Pi 
 
 
 H 
 
 PH 
 
 
 CD 
 
 O 
 
 1 
 
 g 
 
 TH TH -+i TH O lO 
 
 rH 
 HH 
 
 
 P 
 
 rH 
 
 
 rH 
 
 
 Ci -HH CO CO l> CM 
 
 rH rH CM 
 
 
 
 rvi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 hJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 * 
 
 (N 
 
 CC 
 
 
 rH CO O CO O CM 
 
 b- i^l 1O TH 
 
 C5 O O O rH rH 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 a 
 a, _a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 g 
 
 c 1 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 s 
 
 o b 
 
 ^S 
 
 O O O iO O O 
 
 rH r- CM CM CO CO 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 6.1 
 
 
 
 JJ5 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 ^5 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 71 
 
 CM (M CM 
 
 TH OS 
 
 rH rH rH 
 IO IO CO CO 
 
 05 05 05 
 TJ-* O5 ^H GO CO GO 
 
 
 
 
 GO CO CO 
 
 t> t> CO CO 
 
 CO IO IO O ^ TH 
 
 GO CO GO 
 CO ^ "^ 
 
 CO CO CO CO 
 IO O CO CO 
 
 CO GO CO CO CO GO 
 t> t^- GO CO C5 O5 
 
 
 
 
 C5 GO t> 
 
 CO IO * CO 
 
 CM rH O O5 CO CO 
 
 CO rH CO 
 
 rH CO rH CO 
 IO IO CO CO 
 
 -H <O rH IO CM IO 
 
 lr^ t^ co co 05 oi 
 
 
 
 
 rH O5 CO 
 
 CO TH CM rH 
 
 O5 ~H O -f 
 T*H IO IO CD 
 
 O5 !> CO ^ CM O 
 
 CO CO CO CO CO CO 
 CO t^" !> GO GO O5 
 
 
 
 
 CO O CO 
 
 CO 10 CO 
 
 CO 10 CO GO 
 
 CM t CM 
 
 CO CO -f 
 
 t> < CO rH 
 
 -f IO IO CO 
 
 CO O iO O iO O5 
 CD t^ l-^ GO CO GO 
 
 
 
 
 rH GO IO 
 
 rH IO O 
 CO CO TH 
 
 IO O5 IO CM 
 
 IO C5 *K O5 
 
 05 CO CM CO CO CO 
 
 CO CO CO t- CM l> 
 
 CO CO t>- C^ GO CO 
 
 
 
 
 10 co 10 
 
 t> CM O CO 
 
 O5 HH O5 TH O !> 
 
 CO l-H IO 
 <M CO CO 
 
 O O OS TH 
 
 CO CO l> CM t> O 
 O CO CO t t^ GO 
 
 
 
 
 IO l> O5 
 
 CM rH CO O5 
 
 rH CO CO GO O CO 
 
 GO (M CO 
 r-H CM CM 
 
 rH IO C5 CO 
 CO CO CO TH 
 
 CO CM CO O IO O5 
 H-i IO *O CO CO CO 
 
 
 
 
 O*OO 
 
 IO O iO O 
 
 IO CD CO t> 
 
 IO O iO O iO O 
 
 O CO GO C5 O5 O 
 
 
 
 
72 
 
 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 P=J w 
 
 HH 
 P 
 
 
 
 
 
 i I r-l i I <M (M 
 
 COCDOCOOO 
 
 r-l rH tH CM CM CN CO 
 
 Oi ii li ( 
 
 i 1 i-" (M CM 
 
 (M^OOCNOi liOCiCOOO 
 
 
 O<MHH 
 
 OC<)GO 
 OrHrH 
 
 rHrHrH(M<M<M 
 
 i-lOOO 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 73 
 
 COOCDCMOSiOrHCO-^Ot^COOCDCM 
 
 - 
 
 55 2 
 
 
 
 CD O 
 CD O 
 
 10 CO CD CO 
 
 CO CO 
 CD OS 
 
 co as 
 
 rH~HiOiOiOCOCOCO 
 lOOOrHrHI^OCOCO 
 rj-l rH IO O O CO -C CO 
 OGOrHrHt^OCOCO 
 
 to t- i> 
 
 OS CM O 
 OS CM IO 
 
 CD CO CO CD 
 
 CM C 
 
 & ? 
 
 l> O CM IO 
 
 rH rH OS 
 IO 00 O 
 
 rH rH C- O 
 
 CO O CM O 
 rH rH I- O 
 
 t> HH rH 
 
 CM O CO 
 
 t- HH rH 
 
 (M IO 00 
 
 CO CD CO I- l> t> 
 
 3 
 
 co i ( re co co 
 
 t^ CM CO O rH 
 00 rH CO CD 00 
 
 O CO IO 00 O 
 OS CO l> rH CD 
 O CO O CO O 
 
 CM CO rH 
 CM CO rH 
 
 CO OS O CO CO rfH 
 
 rH CO CD rH O CM 
 
 00 OS O CO CO rfl 
 
 rH CO CO rH O CM 
 
 CO O 
 
 CD CO 
 
 CO l> 
 
 CD CO 
 
 O rH CM CO 
 
 co *o t~~ os 
 
 rHOOOCOrHiMOOSOiOCOrHOCOCO 
 OOOrHCOiOt>CJ;OCMrtHCOOOOi ICO 
 rHOOOCOrHCMO05l^OCOrHOCOCD 
 COOrHCOOt^-OSOCMrHCOCOOrHCO 
 
 (M O Oi 
 
 t> O5 O 
 
 <M O Cl 
 
 t^ OS O 
 
 OS O <M 
 
 GO CO OO CO OS Hr* 
 
 ^ co c- os o CM 
 
 CO 00 OS O rH CO 
 OS rH CO CO GO O 
 CO 00 OS O rH CO 
 
 CD GO O CO IO l> CO 
 
 CO t^ OS O rH (M OS 
 
 CO GO O CO IO t>- CO 
 
 CD !> OS O rH CM OS 
 
 O O rH CM CO rH O 
 O 05 OO 1^- CD IO rH 
 OSOOrHCMCOrHO 
 
 ^q <M CM CM CM (M CM 
 
 fCD (M CO rJH C 
 OCMCOrfHOCOCOOSlOrHI^ CO OS O > i l>- CO 
 CDCDC^t>OOOSOSOOrHCMCMCOCOr>HlOlOCD 
 
 COOSlOrHt^-COOSlO" 
 OOrHCMCMCOCOrHiO 
 
 CDOSCMOCOrHrHt^-OCOCOOSC<l<OCCrH--tl 
 COCOr^r^rHlOlOOCpCOCOCpl^l>l>CCCC 
 
 8O 
 r^ 
 
 OOOO 
 
 OOOOOO 
 
74 
 
 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 T 
 
 OC5iOCOOCCin<NOt-"tlr-lO 
 
 CDOCDCOOCDCOOCOCOOCOIO 
 CiOOi l<MCNCO^H^H"OCDOf- 
 
 oo os o 
 
 t^oocooiio <r^cociioi ici 
 
 GOOiCiOOr ICsltNCOCO'tllOO 
 t^OOCOO^-i (C^COCiiCi i CS 
 
 Oil II>-(MCOCOO5TtHOiOOOCO 
 
 <>JOr-<Oi ( 
 
 t>tt>COCOC5O5OOi IT i 
 
 i (COCOOOOCOiO 
 
 COCOOOO 
 
 CDO^CD 
 
 t>'O'-ioO'ti 
 CM -H oo i 10 
 
 o uo 
 
 Oi-H 
 
 iO O OD rH 
 lOCOCOrH 
 
 do <C? CO ^O CX) O CO 
 QOOCOOOOOCO 
 
 i ICO'OC<I 
 C l ^D-Ht^ 
 
 'M'MCQCOCO'TOCOCO -H -ft -+l 
 
 IQ T-H CO 
 
 r^aDCTs 
 
 IO iCO 
 
 ..JO O O-l -H 
 
 r ico-^io 
 
 GOOlM-H 
 
 CO O CO OO 
 
 t-^ciO-H 
 
 GOOCOCO 
 
 ROCOCO 
 
 O 'I^ 
 
 OOOO 
 
 OO 
 -^CO 
 
AND STEA.M PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 75 
 
 O CO I> 
 
 rH CN 
 O CO F~ 
 
 Co IO ^ CO 
 CO TfH IO CO 
 CD IO TH CO 
 
 05 co r^ 
 
 O rH CN 
 
 C5 CO t> 
 
 ol 
 
 CO 
 CN 
 
 S 
 
 CO CO 
 CO CO 
 
 COCOOCOCOOCOCD 
 
 cocoococoococo 
 
 OOCDlOCOrHOOPCD 
 
 CD O CO 
 
 co o co 
 
 rH O 00 
 
 CM CO -H 
 
 CO 
 CD 
 
 -HH rH O5 CD 
 CN CO CO Ci 
 TfH rH Oi O 
 
 CN Oi 
 CO 
 CN Oi 
 
 IO CN O 
 rH t^- CO 
 IO CN O 
 
 3 
 
 IO CO 
 
 CO CO Ci 
 
 8 
 
 CO IO 
 
 CO "HH 
 
 CO O 
 
 t^ Oi O CM 
 CN O Ci l> 
 C^ "^ O L^* 
 
 i I CO tO t^ 
 
 CO CO -+< CN 
 rH CO to CN 
 
 
 
 IO 1O CO 
 
 CO CD CD O 
 
 CO C5 IO rH t- CO 
 
 CO CO -HH lO IO f 
 CO Oi IO rH t^ CO 
 
 53 R 1 
 
 r I !> CO 
 
 CD rH CO 
 O CN rH 
 O CO i I CO 
 
 CO CO TH IO 
 
 CO CO t^ CO CO CD 
 
 S 3 
 
 co co t> t>- 
 
 CD Oi CN IO 
 CO rH t^ CM 
 
 t--COCOCCCDC5C5OOO 
 COrH-HHI-^OCOCDOCOCD 
 t>COCOCOO5^O5pO>p 
 
 CO Oi O5 
 
 rH rH rH (N 
 CN O 00 rH 
 
 CD rH CD CN 
 
 rHCNCNCOCOr^ThllOiOCOCD 
 
 "H O5 
 IO 
 T O5 
 
 C<0 CN t^ rH CO O 
 rH l> CN CO CO Ci 
 CO CM C^ rH CO O 
 
 CO CN b- rH 
 
 rH 1^ CN CO 
 CO CN t> rH 
 
 O O O rH rH CN 
 
 lOOOCOCOt^l>CO 
 
 CO i Ci CO ^ 
 
 CO CN O O5 CO l> 
 
 CO rH Oi CD -^H (N 
 
 CO O O -HH CO CN 
 
 CO t> CO IO CO CN rH 
 t^ O CO CO t- O 
 CO CN CD O CO l> rH 
 
 CO CO CD Oi CD 
 
 OO IrHCNCNCNCOCO 
 
 CN O CO rH 
 ,-H ,_| rH CN 
 CN IO CO rH 
 
 CO CD t> l>- 
 
 CN O 00 O~ 
 
 CN IO CO O 
 
 O CN "* CD CD 
 
 IO iO IO tO iO 
 
 05 CD 
 S"& 
 
 O O 
 
 AO 66 
 
 S 
 
 00 
 
 TJH 
 
 CD CO 
 
 _l>_00 
 
 "S J2" 
 
 rt< CD CO 
 
 _co_co_co 
 o *o o 
 
 t- Ci 
 IO O 
 
 CO CO CO _CO _CO^ 
 CO -^H rH Oi CO 
 CN CO CO CD 
 
 CO CN CO 
 
 CO Th rH 
 CO I> 00 
 
 i i CD CM OO 
 
 rH rH CN CO 
 
 8 
 
 CO CO 
 
 rH CN CN CN 
 
 IOOIO 
 r> o CN 
 CO !> t^* 
 
 JO O_ 
 
 t> 
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 to to 
 
 ^1O__IO 
 tO CM 
 
 IO >O to CD 
 
 "o^t^'to co" 
 
 CO 00 CD O 
 
 CNeNCMCNeNCNCNeNeNCO 
 
 to o 
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 t> CO 
 
 to O iO 
 CN to t^ 
 
 CD CD CD 
 
76 
 
 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 x~s 
 
 "B 
 s 
 .5 
 
 I 
 
 a* 
 
 2 ! 
 c$ i 
 
 O 
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 QO -X 1 l^ t> 
 
 3 ! O 
 
 i 2 ; 'i 
 
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 I o 
 
 IIS 
 
 O ! 
 
 ) .aj ui qSpji 
 
 ooccoorooo^o 
 ococooocoococoo 
 
 i i <M <M CO -*i 4n u-: O 
 
 i 1 l (M CO CO * O 
 
 i i <N CO CC ** -H 
 
 1 1 II <M (N JO 
 
 rH <M (M CC CC 
 
 i-H i-H ?Q C<l CO CO 
 
 -r | O3-t<r^-oi<M-'tioc5^H 
 
 OTtHOOCNOi IIOOCOCO 
 rH r-( (M <M <M CO CO 
 
 OCOt^r-4iOC5COt^'-HiO 
 ,1, 4-1 rH (T<l (>1 CO CO 
 
 "~^-T-O ooooooo o" 
 
 r iC^COrtHiOOt-GOO 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 77 
 
 t^- O CM 
 
 CM O t- 
 
 C5 
 10 
 
 -H 
 X 
 
 CO 
 
 OS 
 
 CD 
 CO 
 
 co 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 O 
 OS 
 
 o 
 
 00 
 
 CO 
 
 i 
 
 j 
 
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 b- 
 
 -7< 
 
 
 
 rH 
 
 g 
 
 OS 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 t^ CO CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rH 
 
 0-1 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 -H 
 
 10 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 1- 
 
 X 
 
 00 
 
 o 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 1 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 
 1 - 
 
 -H 
 
 3 
 
 00 
 
 -H 
 00 
 
 "O 
 
 01 
 OM 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 CO 
 
 % 
 
 1 
 
 Ol 
 
 01 
 
 s 
 
 CC 
 
 X 
 
 10 
 
 rH 
 
 10 
 
 CD l^ 00 
 
 
 
 OS 
 
 o 
 
 1 1 
 
 rH 
 
 CM 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 HH 
 
 Ifi 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 b" 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 cs 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CO CO O 
 CD t^- 00 
 
 3 
 
 X 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 05 
 
 o 
 
 
 
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 CD 
 
 O 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 5 
 
 01 
 
 01 
 
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 CO 
 CO 
 
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 CO 
 
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 00 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 CD O CO 
 CO O CD 
 
 01 
 01 
 
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 CO 
 
 CC 
 00 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 l^ 
 
 
 
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 C5 
 
 10 
 
 X 
 
 rH 
 
 00 
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 CD t> 
 
 00 
 
 X 
 
 OS 
 
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 rH 
 
 01 
 
 01 
 
 CO 
 
 * 
 
 -M 
 
 o 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 l^ 
 
 t^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 CO 
 
 x 
 
 X 
 
 GC 
 
 OS 
 
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 OS 
 CD 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 C5 
 
 i 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 B 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 rH 
 
 IO 
 
 rH 
 
 1 - 
 
 1 
 
 OS 
 
 os 
 
 CO CD 1> 
 
 b- 
 
 X 
 
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 OS 
 
 
 
 
 
 rH 
 
 CM 
 
 0^1 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 HH 
 
 O 
 
 IO 
 
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 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 co o 
 
 l^ CO OS 
 tO CO O 
 
 o co os 
 
 00 
 
 H- 
 
 00 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 CM 
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 00 
 
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 10 
 I-H 
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 0<1 
 
 CC 
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 8 
 
 C5 
 
 10 
 
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 b- 
 
 X 
 
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 OS 
 
 OS 
 
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 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
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 10 
 
 CD 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 IO O -H 
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 CC 
 
 X 
 
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 CM 
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 i'~ 
 
 01 
 
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 CO 
 
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 OS 
 
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 IO 
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 LO 
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 CO 
 CO 
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 X 
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 B 
 
 CM 
 
 10 CD CD 
 
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 b. 
 
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 00 
 
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 r-H 
 
 Ol 
 
 CM 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 -H 
 
 TH 
 
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 IO CO CO 
 rH CO rH 
 tO CO GO 
 rH CD rH 
 
 OS 
 
 CO 
 
 8 
 
 M 
 
 CM 
 
 1 
 
 CM 
 CM 
 
 Ifl 
 
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 0-1 
 
 X 
 
 b" 
 
 CO 
 b- 
 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 CO 
 
 CC 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 X 
 
 a 
 
 CO 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
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 CO 
 
 t- 
 
 l^ 
 
 CO 
 
 X 
 
 C5 
 
 C5 
 
 
 
 
 
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 -H 
 
 01 
 
 CM 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 -f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 GO CO CO 
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 GO CO CO 
 
 4* IO O 
 
 o 
 
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 CO 
 
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 CM 
 
 b- 
 
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 o"I 
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 rH 
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 05 
 
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 05 
 
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 CM 
 
 CO 
 
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 CO 
 
 
 
 
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 X 
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 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 
 
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 10 
 
 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 b- 
 
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 CC 
 
 XJ 
 
 05 
 
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 ~ 
 
 
 
 
 
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 rH 
 
 CM 
 
 CM 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 CM O O 
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 CM CD O 
 
 rH 
 
 rH 
 
 CO 
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 CO 
 
 ?5 
 
 00 
 
 l> 
 
 Ol 
 
 rH 
 CM 
 
 CO 
 CD 
 
 CO 
 
 
 cf 
 
 X 
 
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 5* 
 
 CO 
 
 fo 
 
 CO 
 
 b- 
 
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 CO 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 10 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 TtH TH 10 
 
 
 
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 CO 
 
 CO 
 
 ** 
 
 l^ 
 
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 OS 
 
 O5 
 
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 CO CO CM 
 
 05 CO t^ 
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 01 
 
 
 
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 OS 
 
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 2 
 
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 CM 
 
 CO 
 
 cr 
 
 
 
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 CD 
 
 CO 
 
 I- 
 
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 X 
 
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 05 
 
 
 
 C5 
 
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 rH 
 
 
 rH 
 
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 o o o 
 
 O I-H CM 
 
 CO 
 
 
 
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 b" 
 
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 10 
 
 
 
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78 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 CO 
 
 
 
 OJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 02 
 
 
 
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 00 
 
 a 
 
 2 
 
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 g 
 
 rH 
 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 rH 
 
 
 
 
 
 rH 
 
 
 
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 rH 
 
 
 O 
 
 
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 ^Junq^H 
 
 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 ococor^i icoooo 
 
 C5 i i t^- CM 00 CO Cl -f O 
 
 
 t>COC5O t 
 
 C4 ^P <O t> 00 O rH 
 
 i lCOlO 
 
 COlOOD 
 
 C5 O ^ 
 rH <M <M 
 
 <N CM 
 
 CM <M CM CM <M CM 
 
 CM <M 
 
 COCOTHOCDt-OOOSOOr- 1 <M 
 
 o o i i oq co 
 
 (M O4 CM (M C<1 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 79 
 
 CO 10 GO 
 CO t-- > 
 CO O 00 
 
 coiot^ 
 
 _i -tl 00 
 
 CO I- i I IO O 
 
 CO CM CD 
 
 CMTiHco 
 
 i l*OC5 
 
 COO<MTfliOt^aiOCMT*Cr-Ci 
 
 ^^H^T^ioioiooiotococococococo 
 
 COCOOCDCOOCOCOOCOCOOCOCOOCOCOOCO 
 COCOOCOCOOCOCOOCOCOOCC-COOCOCOOCO 
 
 cocoococoococoococoococoococooco 
 
 oaot^oiO"tico<M'-i 
 10 i i i-~ co CD 10 I-H t~ co 
 
 CO GO 
 CO ** 
 CO CO 
 
 
 10 o 10 o 10 o co 
 
 ' CO -H CO f- O5 O 
 IO O IO O *O O CO 
 
 cocoec-tiTfiTri'ti^^tiioio 
 
 O i I CO -H CO t> GO 
 
 2 
 
 CM O l>* IO CO 
 
 i I O GO I- CO 
 
 
 
 CMCO"HCOr^COC5i lCMCOiOCOI>GOOr-l 
 COCOCOCOCOCOCO'*TtiTtl'<t('*lTJH^iOO 
 
 Oi ICM^iOCOt^COCDOCMCO'flO 
 
 cocococococorococoTjHT^TtHT^'iti 
 
 co -* 
 
 CD IO 
 CO rH 
 
 r oooocDOOi ii i<McocO'* 
 
 lO-^r^COOCOCMQC'tlOCOCM 
 t^COCOCJiOOi li-HCMCOCO^ 
 
 aio ' 
 
 co 1-1 co f-i- eo 
 
 >OOOi l 
 
 i I~CO 
 
 CM CM CM 
 
 t"-a>C5O <MTHioo 
 
 CM(MCMCOOtiCOCCCOCOCO 
 
 oi 
 
 CO 
 
 10 o 
 
 1^- O 
 
 10 > 
 
 IO 
 CO 
 
 "^ 8 8" 
 
 t> co CJD 
 
 E5 
 
 10 o 10 o 
 
 (M IO t>- O 
 
 o: a> ci o 
 
80 
 
 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 SSScl&3go 
 
 CMrHCMCO-T'COb-XCiO 
 rHCMr>ICOCOOCMtlCOC5 
 
 
 
 
 
 rHCMCCTH'-Ol-COCiO 
 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 iO O O O O O *O r-i 
 
 rH!OOlOOOOCO-^?O 
 rH-rCOrHCOl^OOCMCO 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 rHCMCOrHiOCDCOC5O 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 CD 
 
 
 o-noob-com-'ticocM-H 
 
 OrHCMCO-HlOCOb-CO 
 OCOb-COiOrHCOCM^H 
 rHOrHCMCOr^lOCOb-CO 
 
 /"s 
 
 " 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 rHCMCO-<fOCOb-COCi 
 
 _s 
 
 O 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 OCOCOClCMlOCO'--hb- 
 COOOOr-trH CMCM^q 
 OCOOC5(MOCO'-H-Wb- 
 rHOOOrHT-lrHCMCMCM 
 
 rHCMCO-*OCOb-COC5 
 
 a 
 
 
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 COCOOt^~f ICO'OCM 
 OrfO5OSOOQOQOb-b-b 
 
 c^cocoor^ -HGCOCM 
 
 OOC5CiCOCOCOb-b-b- 
 rHCMCOrrliOCOb-CO 
 
 < 
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 COOCOCOb-COCOlOlOti 
 CTj CO I 1 rH IO C5 CO b* rH IO 
 
 OOCOCOb-COCOlOiOrH 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 
 S 
 
 3 
 
 c 
 
 CO 
 
 I 
 
 i-HCMCOrHlOCOb-CO 
 
 i 
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 M 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
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 CO 
 
 1 
 
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 OOrHCMCO-^tOCOb-CO 
 
 rHCMCOrtlOCDb-CC 
 
 ta 
 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 rt 
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 OOb-tOCO' ICT5b-OCCO 
 
 GOb-lOCOrHClb-lOCOO 
 OCOb-CDiOCOCMrHOO 
 
 I 
 
 
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 rHCMCOrJHlOCOb-b- 
 
 M 
 
 B 
 
 
 
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 COrHCi'HHCi'-HasCOCOCO 
 -HCO'COOCOCMOCSb-CO 
 CO-HO-HCTj^CrjCOGOCO 
 OCCCOiOCOCMOC5b-O 
 
 1 
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 H 
 
 i-J 
 
 
 
 
 
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 COrHCOOb-C5OCMrHCO 
 OGOCOrHCMOC5b-lOCO 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 4 
 
 
 CM 
 
 
 r-ICMCO-*fr>HlOCDb- 
 
 
 
 
 
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 CM 
 
 
 i-cot^coiococQrHOc: 
 
 GO !> ^O CO' rH C^ t^* iO CO O 
 t^ CO b- CO *O CO CM rH O Ct> 
 O b*" *O CO rH O* b* *O CO O 
 
 rHCMCOCM-^lOCOb- 
 
 
 
 
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 CM 
 
 
 b-Oi it^COQO-^OCO* 
 lOb-iOCMOb-<OCOOCO 
 b-iOr-lb-COCOrHOOi I 
 OO-lOCMOt > -OCOOOO 
 
 rHCMCOCo4lOCDCO 
 
 
 139] 
 
 uiiqS 
 
 
 rHOOOOOOOOO 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 81 
 
 TH CO O 
 CM CO TH 
 rH CO IO 
 
 t- O5 
 
 to co 
 
 t- C5 
 
 CO CO GO 
 O5 O rH 
 
 co co co 
 
 CN TH CO CO 
 -H IO CO t> 
 
 Ol TH CO CO 
 
 tO CO GO 
 
 rH CD rH 
 
 10 co co 
 
 THlOt>GQOrHCOTHCD 
 O1I>O1C^COCOCOGOCO 
 THtOt>-COOi (COTHCO 
 
 t> O5 
 CO CO 
 t> O5 
 
 rH CNI CO 
 
 O (M CO rH IO CO 
 
 IpCpt^COCOOOrH 
 GO O5 O rH Ol TH IO* CD 
 
 rH tO 
 
 3 3 
 
 I- t> CO 
 IO CO i I 
 I> t- CO 
 
 CO O5 O rH <M CO TH 
 
 CO IO 
 CO IO 
 
 CO CO CO CO Ol 
 C5 CO CO O t- 
 
 CO CO CO CO 01 
 
 (M N r-l rH 
 TH r- CC IO 
 
 Ol Ol rH rH 
 
 O5 O rH (M CO rH 
 
 CO CO (M 
 
 O5 CO t^- 
 
 CO CO CM 
 
 O5 O rH 
 
 (M rH 
 
 Ol rH 
 
 QOSOSCOt-t-COCO'tfS 
 
 COCDOHHCOt>COOTtl 
 OCOCOCOt-C^COCOtO 
 
 * CO CO 
 (M CO O 
 TH CO CO 
 
 CO to Hrl CO 
 
 to co 
 
 <M rH O 
 
 !> CO C5 
 Ol rH O 
 
 05 co r-- co to TH 
 
 O rH Ol CO -f IO 
 Ci CO t> CO IO Tfl 
 
 C5 O O rH Ol CO TH 
 
 CO O5 O O rH 01 CO 
 
 rH O O5 CO 
 CO CO CO -H 
 rH O O5 CO 
 
 TH CO Ol 
 IO CO rH 
 TTI CO CM 
 
 GO O5 O rH (M CO 
 
 O5 CO h- CO 
 
 CO HH Ol O 
 O5 CO O CO 
 
 COCOOrH-HOlCOTH 
 
 O CO 
 
 co t~ 
 
 O GO 
 
 lOTHoli IC5COCOIOCOO1O 
 
 !>C<lt-01COrHCOrHCOrHCO 
 tOTH<Mr-(O500COtOCO(MO 
 
 00 O5 O rH rH Ol CO 
 
 COCOC-GOO5OrH01 
 
 3 ol 
 
 QO O rH 
 
 rH O CO 
 
 QO O rH 
 
 i-H O GO 
 
 HH CO CO 
 
 GO CO TH Ol O O5 
 CO CO TH Ol O O5 
 CO CO O5 O rH 01 01 
 
 GOO5O5OrH(MCOCO 
 
 COTHOlOQOCOCOrHO51>lOCOrHO5COTHOlO 
 COtOTHCOrHOC5COCOiOTHCOolOO5COt>CO 
 COTHOlOCOCOCOrHCOOlOCOrHaiCOTHOlO 
 
 GO O5 O rH rH 01 CO 
 
 -H IO CO l> CO CO O5 
 
 5 % 
 
 x> co 
 
 CO O5 -tl O 
 CO O GO CO 
 
 53 S % 
 
 rH GO CO 
 
 ^ rH O5 CO rH CSI 
 M GO CO O5 IO rH 
 f rH O5 CO TH Ol 
 
 OOO5O5OrH(MOlCOTHlOlOCO 
 
 CO GO O5 O rH 
 rH rH rH Ol (M 
 
 OOOOOO 
 i Ol CO -H IO CO 
 <M Ol Ol (M Ol (M CN 
 
82 
 
 f 
 
 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 OC0GOr-(COCOOOOCOtf5aO 
 
 o 
 
 GO 
 CO 
 
 o 
 
 CD 
 
 CO < <M -H f~ Cl r^ 
 
 CO CO CO CC CO "*i -*t rt< *t O >O O tfl 
 
 Q t?03COqo22cOOilo2c3 
 
 CQ Ci O O-l iO t'*" ^i r-^ CO 
 
 (MCOcococcco^iH^^^ioirs 
 
 CO QOCii ((M'fiOCOOM'^OQOO 
 
 cM<Mcococf. cocon-i'ti'*'^'*o 
 
 (NrHOCiOOOiO'+ICO'MOCiGO 
 
 O "3 
 
 rH 
 
 g 1 o5(MCOCOc6cCCO'tirfiTtH 
 
 ^ co i* 
 
 a a, 
 
 -H I O 
 
 o 
 
 05 
 
 _OJ OOCOOSi (COiOCDQOOCNCOO 
 
 o ^ J3 
 
 o 
 
 OJ 
 
 ^ ^ CO 22 ^ =0 CO 
 
 CD 
 0} 
 
 o 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION, 
 
 83 
 
 O CD f- 
 
 CD OS CM 
 CO CO t 
 
 IO OO -H 
 
 CO CM C> 
 CO rH OS 
 CO (M O 
 
 rH CO CM rH O 
 
 OO 
 
 l> O 
 
 CO t 
 
 o t- 
 
 O (M IO 
 O C- -<f 
 
 rH rH OS 
 
 O CO CO OS i-i 
 
 i-> -HH co os 
 
 CO CO CO CO 
 
 S 
 
 CO 00 
 
 O t IO CO 
 
 CO CO rH O 
 
 8 
 
 CO CM 
 
 rH 
 
 CO 
 
 (M rH I 
 
 CO rH 
 
 8 S 
 
 O O5 
 <** CO 
 O O5 
 
 S2 
 
 co to co 
 
 CO rH CO 
 
 O O CO 
 
 O 00 
 O O rH 
 rH IO OO 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 10 OS 
 
 
 
 CM IO 
 
 l> H- 
 
 CM IO 
 
 O CO 
 
 IO CO 
 
 8 
 
 CSJ CM rH r^ -H O O 
 
 OS rH CO O t* OS i I 
 
 00 00 
 CM rH 
 
 g2 
 
 CO 00 
 
 O CM T*H 
 
 CO t OS 
 
 CO CO O 
 CO t- OS 
 
 3 
 
 CM CO 
 (M CO 
 
 rH CO 
 
 t^ CO 
 CM rH 
 I- CO 
 
 
 
 cp o 
 
 IO 00 
 
 <N CO 
 tr- co 
 
 tO l> OS rH 
 
 (M r-| rH rH 
 
 OS 
 
 00 00 
 00 00 
 
 rH 
 00 l> 
 
 OS rH CO 
 
 rH to IO 
 
 rH CO O CO 
 CO CO CO CO 
 
 CO IO 
 IO rH 
 
 rH rH O 
 
 OS CO 00 
 
 CO CM rH 
 
 HH co co 
 
 co co CD 
 
 ~o io o" 
 
 to os 
 
 [^- CO 
 
 O OS 
 
 8 
 
 to o 
 
 CM to 
 
 os os 
 
 to o 
 t- o 
 
 OS O 
 
 G 2 
 
DIBECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGIHE 
 
 TABLE V. 
 
 CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OP CIRCLES. 
 
 Diameter. 
 
 Circum- 
 ference. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diameter. 
 
 Circum- 
 ference. 
 
 Area. 
 
 A 
 
 1963 
 
 00307 
 
 l tt 
 
 5-3014 
 
 2 2365 
 
 1 
 
 3927 
 
 0123 
 
 If" 
 
 5-4978 
 
 2-4053 
 
 3 
 
 Te 
 
 5890 
 
 02761 
 
 l|f 
 
 5-6941 
 
 2-5800 
 
 i 
 
 7854 
 
 0191 
 
 H 
 
 5-8905 
 
 2-7612 
 
 T 5 6 
 
 9817 
 
 0767 
 
 lit 
 
 6-0868 
 
 2 9483 
 
 1 
 
 1-1781 
 
 1104 
 
 2 
 
 6-2832 
 
 3-1416 
 
 7 
 1 6 
 
 1-3744 
 
 1503 
 
 2^ 
 
 6-4795 
 
 3-3380 
 
 1 
 
 1-5708 
 
 1963 
 
 2i 
 
 6-6759 
 
 3-5466 
 
 T73 
 
 1-7771 
 
 2485 
 
 2 T7T 
 
 6-8722 
 
 3-7584 
 
 1 
 
 1-9635 
 
 3068 
 
 2J 
 
 7-0686 
 
 3-9761 
 
 T 
 
 2-1598 
 
 3712 
 
 2 :nf 
 
 7-2649 
 
 4-2000 
 
 1 
 
 2-3562 
 
 4418 
 
 2 f 6 
 
 7-4613 
 
 4-4301 
 
 if 
 
 2-5525 
 
 5185 
 
 2 T ? a 
 
 7*6576 
 
 4-7066 
 
 I 
 
 2-7489 
 
 6013 
 
 2J 
 
 7-8540 
 
 4-9087 
 
 || 
 
 2-9452 
 
 6903 
 
 2-9- 
 
 8-0503 
 
 5-1573 
 
 1 
 
 3-1416 
 
 7854 
 
 2| 
 
 8-2467 
 
 5-4119 
 
 1JL. 
 
 3-3379 
 
 8866 
 
 2ii 
 
 8-4430 
 
 5-6723 
 
 H 
 
 3-5343 
 
 9940 
 
 2| 
 
 8-6394 
 
 5-9396 
 
 1^ 
 
 3-7306 
 
 1-1075 
 
 2if 
 
 8-8357 
 
 6-2126 
 
 1* 
 
 3-9270 
 
 1-2272 
 
 2| 
 
 9-0321 
 
 6-4918 
 
 1 T 5 F 
 
 4-1233 
 
 1-3530 
 
 2|| 
 
 9-2284 
 
 6-7772 
 
 If 
 
 4-3197 
 
 1-4849 
 
 3 
 
 9-4248 
 
 7-0686 
 
 1* 
 
 4-5160 
 
 1-6229 
 
 3 Ta 
 
 9-6211 
 
 7-3662 
 
 H 
 
 4-7124 
 
 1-7671 
 
 31 
 
 9-8175 
 
 7,6699 
 
 1 T 9 6 
 
 4-9087 
 
 1-9175 
 
 3 A 
 
 10-014 
 
 7-9798 
 
 H 
 
 5-1051 
 
 2-0739 
 
 3} 
 
 10-2102 
 
 8-2958 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 85 
 
 TABLE V. CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CIRCLES (continued). 
 
 Diameter. 
 
 Circum- 
 ference. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diameter. 
 
 Circum- 
 ference. 
 
 Area. 
 
 3r 5 ir 
 
 10-406 
 
 8-6180 
 
 5i 
 
 16-1007 
 
 20-6290 
 
 3| 
 
 10-6029 
 
 8-9462 
 
 5* 
 
 16-296 
 
 21-135 
 
 3 T ? a 
 
 10-799 
 
 9-2807 
 
 5J 
 
 16-4934 
 
 21-6475 
 
 3| 
 
 10-9956 
 
 9-6211 
 
 5-r 5 o 
 
 16-689 
 
 22-166 
 
 3^a 
 
 11-191 
 
 9-9680 
 
 5-f 
 
 16-8861 
 
 22-6906 
 
 3f 
 
 11-3883 
 
 10-3206 
 
 5^6 
 
 17-082 
 
 23-221 
 
 3H 
 
 11-584 
 
 10-679 
 
 5* 
 
 17-2788 
 
 23-7583 
 
 3| 
 
 11-7810 
 
 11-0447 
 
 5 T 9 a 
 
 17-474 
 
 24-301 
 
 3H 
 
 11-977 
 
 11-416 
 
 5f 
 
 17-6715 
 
 24-8505 
 
 31 
 
 12-1737 
 
 11-7932 
 
 5 ii 
 
 17-867 
 
 25-406 
 
 311 
 
 12-369 
 
 12 177 
 
 51 
 
 18-0642 
 
 25-9672 
 
 4 
 
 12-5664 
 
 12-5664 
 
 5 il 
 
 18-261 
 
 26-535 
 
 4 iV 
 
 12 762 
 
 12-962 
 
 51 
 
 18-4569 
 
 27-1085 
 
 4 - 
 
 12-9591 
 
 13-3640 
 
 5if 
 
 18-653 
 
 27-688 
 
 4 T 3 6 
 
 13-155 
 
 13-772 
 
 6 
 
 18-8496 
 
 28-2743 
 
 41 
 
 13-3518 
 
 14-1863 
 
 6 T6 
 
 19-04595 
 
 28-8665 
 
 4 T 5 6 
 
 13-547 
 
 14-606 
 
 6| 
 
 19-2423 
 
 29-4647 
 
 4| 
 
 13-7445 
 
 15-0330 
 
 6 T 
 
 19-43865 
 
 30-0691 
 
 4 T6 
 
 13-940 
 
 15-465 
 
 6J 
 
 19-6350 
 
 30-6796 
 
 4 
 
 14-1372 
 
 15-9043 
 
 6 T 5 6 
 
 19-83135 
 
 31-2963 
 
 4 T6 
 
 14-333 
 
 16-349 
 
 6f 
 
 20-0277 
 
 31-9191 
 
 4f 
 
 14-5299 
 
 16-8002 
 
 6 T ? a 
 
 20-22405 
 
 32-5480 
 
 4 H 
 
 14-725 
 
 17*257 
 
 6J 
 
 20-4204 
 
 33-1831 
 
 4| 
 
 14-9226 
 
 17-7205 
 
 6^ 
 
 20-61675 
 
 33-8243 
 
 4 ii 
 
 15-119 
 
 18-190 
 
 6| 
 
 20-8131 
 
 34-4716 
 
 4f 
 
 15-3153 
 
 18-6655 
 
 6 H 
 
 21-00945 
 
 35-1251 
 
 4 nf 
 
 15 511 
 
 19-147 
 
 6| 
 
 21-2058 
 
 35-7847 
 
 5 
 
 15-7080 
 
 19-6350 
 
 6|| 
 
 21-40215 
 
 36-4505 
 
 5,V 
 
 15-904 
 
 20-129 
 
 ^1 
 
 21-5985 
 
 37-1223 
 
86 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 TABLE V. CIRCUMFERENCES ANB AREAS OF CIRCLES (continued}. 
 
 Diameter. 
 
 Circum- 
 ference. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diameter. 
 
 Circum- 
 ference. 
 
 Area. 
 
 6 it 
 
 21-79485 
 
 37-8003 
 
 10| 
 
 32-9867 
 
 86-5901 
 
 7 
 
 21-9912 
 
 38-4846 
 
 lOf 
 
 33-3794 
 
 88-6640 
 
 71 
 
 22-3839 
 
 39-8712 
 
 10? 
 
 33-7721 
 
 90-7626 
 
 7| 
 
 22-7766 
 23-1693 
 
 41-2825 
 42-7183 
 
 11 
 
 34-1648 
 34-5575 
 
 92-8856 
 95-0332 
 
 7| 
 
 23-5620 
 
 44-1786 
 
 I 11-1- 
 
 34-9502 
 
 97-2053 
 
 7| 
 
 23-9547 
 
 45-6635 
 
 ii! 
 
 35-3429 
 
 99-4020 
 
 7| 
 
 24-3474 
 
 47-1730 
 
 ii| 
 
 35 '7356 
 
 101-6232 
 
 71 
 
 24-7401 
 
 48-7070 
 
 HI 
 
 36-1283 
 
 103-8689 
 
 8 
 
 25-1328 
 
 50-2655 
 
 iif 
 
 36-5210 
 
 106-1392 
 
 8 1 
 
 25-5255 
 
 51-8486 
 
 ii| 
 
 36-9137 
 
 108 4340 
 
 8i 
 
 25-9182 
 
 53-4562 
 
 iii 
 
 37-3064 
 
 110-7534 
 
 *t 
 
 26-3109 
 
 55-0883 
 
 12 
 
 37-6991 
 
 113-0976 
 
 8J 
 
 26-7036 
 
 56-7450 
 
 12 1 
 
 38-0018 
 
 115-4658 
 
 *t 
 
 27-0963 
 
 58-4263 
 
 12! 
 
 38-4845 
 
 117-8588 
 
 8| 
 
 27-4890 
 
 60-1320 
 
 12| 
 
 38-8772 
 
 120-2764 
 
 81 
 9 
 
 27-8817 
 28-2743 
 
 61-8624 
 63-6173 
 
 
 39-2699 
 39-6626 
 
 122-7185 
 125-1851 
 
 91 
 
 28-6670 
 
 65-3967 
 
 I2f 
 
 40-0553 
 
 127-6763 
 
 9| 
 
 29-0597 
 
 67-2006 
 
 12i 
 
 40-4480 
 
 130-1920 
 
 9| 
 
 29-4524 
 
 69-0291 
 
 13 
 
 40-8407 
 
 132-7323 
 
 9J 
 
 29-8451 
 
 70-8822 
 
 13^ 
 
 41-2334 
 
 135-2971 
 
 9f 
 
 30-2378 
 
 72-7598 
 
 13i 
 
 41-6261 
 
 137-8865 
 
 9| 
 
 30-6305 
 
 74-6619 
 
 18} 
 
 42-0188 
 
 140-5004 
 
 91 
 
 31-0232 
 
 76-5886 
 
 13* 
 
 42-4115 
 
 143-1388 
 
 10 
 
 31-4159 
 
 78-5398 
 
 13| 
 
 42-8042 
 
 145-8018 
 
 10| 
 
 31-8086 
 
 80-5156 
 
 13f 
 
 43-1969 
 
 148 4893 
 
 10J 
 
 32-2013 
 
 82-5159 
 
 13| 
 
 43-5896 
 
 151-2014 
 
 lOf 
 
 32-5940 
 
 84-5407 
 
 14 
 
 I 
 
 43-9823 
 
 153-0380 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 87 
 
 TABLE V. CIRCUMFEEENCES AND AREAS OF CIRCLES (continued). 
 
 Diameter. 
 
 Circum- 
 ference. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diameter. 
 
 Circum- 
 ference. 
 
 Area. 
 
 14* 
 
 44-3750 
 
 156-6992 
 
 17| 
 
 55-7633 
 
 247-4495 
 
 14* 
 
 44-7677 
 
 159-4849 
 
 171 
 
 56-1560 
 
 250-9470 
 
 14| 
 
 45-1504 
 
 162-2952 
 
 18 
 
 56-5487 
 
 254-4690 
 
 14* 
 
 45-5531 
 
 165-1300 
 
 181 
 
 56; 94 14 
 
 258-0159 
 
 14* 
 
 45-9458 
 
 167-9893 
 
 18i 
 
 57-3341 
 
 261-5867 
 
 HI 
 
 46-3385 
 
 170-8732 
 
 18 1 
 
 57-7268 
 
 265-1824 
 
 14* 
 
 46-7312 
 
 173-7816 
 
 18* 
 
 58-1195 
 
 268-8025 
 
 15 
 
 47*1239 
 
 176-7146 
 
 18 
 
 58-5122 
 
 272-4473 
 
 15* 
 
 47<5166 
 
 179-6721 
 
 18f 
 
 58-9049 
 
 276-1165 
 
 151 
 
 47*9093 
 
 182-6542 
 
 18 2. 
 
 59-2976 
 
 279-8104 
 
 15! 
 
 48 3020 
 
 185-6608 
 
 19 
 
 59-6903 
 
 283-5287 
 
 15* 
 
 48-6947 
 
 188-6919 
 
 19} 
 
 60-0830 
 
 287-2717 
 
 15 1 
 
 49-0874 
 
 191-7476 
 
 19| 
 
 60-4757 
 
 291-0599 
 
 15| 
 
 49-4801 
 
 194-8278 
 
 19| 
 
 60-8684 
 
 294-8311 
 
 15 ' 
 
 49-8726 
 
 197-9326 
 
 19* 
 
 61-2611 
 
 298-6477 
 
 16 
 
 50-2655 
 
 201-0619 
 
 10* 
 
 61-6538 
 
 302-4887 
 
 a 
 
 50 6582 
 
 204-2158 
 
 19f 
 
 62-0465 
 
 306-3544 
 
 161 
 
 51*0509 
 
 207-3942 
 
 19* 
 
 62-4392 
 
 310-2446 
 
 16J 
 
 51-4436 
 
 210-5972 
 
 20 
 
 62-8319 
 
 314-1593 
 
 16* 
 
 51-8363 
 
 213-8246 
 
 2Qi 
 
 63 '2245 
 
 318-0985 
 
 16| 
 
 52-2290 
 
 217-0767 
 
 2Qi 
 
 63-6173 
 
 322-0623 
 
 16| 
 
 52-6217 
 
 220-3533 
 
 20* 
 
 64-0100 
 
 326-0507 
 
 16* 
 
 53-0144 
 
 223-6544 
 
 20J 
 
 64-4026 
 
 330-0636 
 
 17 
 
 53-4071 
 
 226-9801 
 
 20| 
 
 64-7953 
 
 334-1010 
 
 17* 
 
 53-7998 
 
 230 3303 
 
 20f 
 
 65-1880 
 
 338-1630 
 
 17| 
 
 54-1925 
 
 233-7050 
 
 20?- 
 
 65 5807 
 
 342-2495 
 
 17* 
 
 54- 5832 
 
 237-1044 
 
 21 
 
 65-9734 
 
 346-3606 
 
 17* 
 
 54-9779 
 
 240-5282 
 
 21* 
 
 66-3661 
 
 850-4962 
 
 17f 
 
 55-3706 
 
 243-9766 
 
 21i 
 
 66-7588 
 
 354-6564 
 
88 DIRECT- ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 TABLE V. CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CIRCLES (continued^. 
 
 Diameter. 
 
 Circum- 
 ference. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diameter. 
 
 Circum- 
 ference. 
 
 Area. 
 
 21| 
 
 67-1515 
 
 358-8411 
 
 25 
 
 78-5398 
 
 490-8739 
 
 21 
 
 67-5442 
 
 363-0503 
 
 25i 
 
 78-9325 
 
 495-7949 
 
 21f 
 
 67-9369 
 
 367-2841 
 
 25| 
 
 79-3252 
 
 500-7404 
 
 21| 
 
 68-3296 
 
 371-5424 
 
 25^ 
 
 79-7179 
 
 505-7105 
 
 21| 
 
 68-7223 
 
 375-8253 
 
 25} 
 
 80-1106 
 
 510-7052 
 
 22 
 
 69-1150 
 
 380-1327 
 
 25| 
 
 80-5033 
 
 515-7243 
 
 22i 
 
 69-5077 
 
 384-4647 
 
 25f 
 
 80-8960 
 
 520-7681 
 
 22J 
 
 69*9004 
 
 388 8212 
 
 251- 
 
 81-2887 
 
 525-8363 
 
 22f 
 
 70-2931 
 
 393-2022 
 
 26 
 
 81-6814 
 
 530-9292 
 
 22J 
 
 70-6858 
 
 397-6078 
 
 26|- 
 
 82-0741 
 
 536-0465 
 
 22f 
 
 71-0785 
 
 402-0380 
 
 26| 
 
 82-4668 
 
 541 1884 
 
 22| 
 
 71-4712 
 
 406-4926 
 
 26| 
 
 82-8595 
 
 546-3549 
 
 22* 
 
 71-8639 
 
 410-9719 
 
 26| 
 
 83-2522 
 
 551 -5459 
 
 23 
 
 72-2566 
 
 415-4756 
 
 26 1 
 
 83-6449 
 
 556-7614 
 
 23i 
 
 72-6493 
 
 420-0039 
 
 26f 
 
 84-0376 
 
 562-0015 
 
 23| 
 
 73-0420 
 
 424-5568 
 
 26| 
 
 84-4303 
 
 567-2661 
 
 23| 
 
 73-4347 
 
 429-1342 
 
 27 
 
 84-8230 
 
 572-5553 
 
 23! 
 
 73-8274 
 
 433-7361 
 
 271 
 
 85-2157 
 
 577-8690 
 
 ; 23| 
 
 74-2201 
 
 438-3626 
 
 27| 
 
 85 6084 
 
 583-2072 
 
 23f 
 
 74-6128 
 
 443-0137 
 
 27| 
 
 86-0011 
 
 588-5700 
 
 8 
 
 75-0055 
 
 447-6892 
 
 27| 
 
 86-393$ 
 
 593-9574 
 
 24 
 
 75-3982 
 
 452-3893 
 
 27f 
 
 86-7865 
 
 599-3692 
 
 24i 
 
 75-7909 
 
 457-1140 
 
 27| 
 
 87-1792 
 
 604-8057 
 
 241 
 
 76-1836 
 
 461-8632 
 
 271 
 
 87-5719 
 
 610-2666 
 
 24| 
 
 76-5763 
 
 466-6370 
 
 28 
 
 87-9646 
 
 615-7522 
 
 24* 
 
 76-9690 
 
 471-4352 
 
 28i 
 
 88-3573 
 
 621-2622 
 
 24 1 
 
 77-3617 
 
 476-2581 
 
 28J 
 
 88-7500 
 
 626-7968 
 
 24| 
 
 77-7544 
 
 481-1055 
 
 28| 
 
 89-1427 
 
 632-3560 
 
 241 
 
 78-1471 
 
 485-9774 
 
 28} 
 
 89-5354 
 
 637-9397 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 89 
 
 TABLE V. CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CIRCLES (continued), 
 
 Diameter. 
 
 Circum- 
 ference. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diameter. 
 
 Circum- 
 ference. 
 
 Area. 
 
 28| 
 
 89-9281 
 
 643-5479 
 
 32i 
 
 101-3164 
 
 816-8632 
 
 28| 
 
 90-3208 
 
 649-1807 
 
 32| 
 
 101-7091 
 
 823-2077 
 
 28 1 
 
 90-7135 
 
 654-8380 
 
 32i 
 
 102-1018 
 
 829-5768 
 
 29 
 
 91-1062 
 
 660-5199 
 
 32f 
 
 102-4945 
 
 835-9704 
 
 29i 
 
 91-4989 
 
 666-2263 
 
 32f 
 
 102-8872 
 
 842-3886 
 
 29i 
 
 91-8916 
 
 671-9572 
 
 321 
 
 103-2799 
 
 848-8313 
 
 29| 
 
 92-2843 
 
 677-7127 
 
 33 
 
 103-6726 
 
 855-2986 
 
 29| 
 
 92-6770 
 
 683-4928 
 
 33i 
 
 104-0653 
 
 861-7904 
 
 29| 
 
 93-0697 
 
 689-2973 
 
 33i 
 
 104-4580 
 
 868-3068 
 
 29| 
 
 93-4624 
 
 695-1265 
 
 33| 
 
 104-8507 
 
 874-8477 
 
 291 
 
 93 8551 
 
 700-9801 
 
 33| 
 
 105-2434 
 
 881-4131 
 
 30 
 
 94-2478 
 
 706-8583 
 
 33| 
 
 105-6361 
 
 888-0031 
 
 30i 
 
 94-6405 
 
 712-7611 
 
 33f 
 
 106-0288 
 
 894-6176 
 
 301 
 
 95-0332 
 
 718-6884 
 
 331 
 
 106-4215 
 
 901-2576 
 
 30f 
 
 95-4259 
 
 724-6403 
 
 34 
 
 106-8142 
 
 907-9203 
 
 30J 
 
 95-8186 
 
 730-6166 
 
 341 
 
 107-2068 
 
 914-6084 
 
 35f 
 
 96-2113 
 
 736-6176 
 
 34i 
 
 107-5995 
 
 921-2211 
 
 30| 
 
 96-6040 
 
 742-6431 
 
 34| 
 
 107-9922 
 
 928-0584 
 
 301 
 
 96-9967 
 
 748-6931 
 
 34i 
 
 108-3849 
 
 934-8202 
 
 31 
 
 97-3894 
 
 754-7676 
 
 34f 
 
 108-7776 
 
 941-6065 
 
 3H 
 
 97-7821 
 
 760-8667 
 
 34| 
 
 109-1703 
 
 948-4174 
 
 31J 
 
 98-1748 
 
 766-9904 
 
 341 
 
 109-5630 
 
 955-2528 
 
 31f 
 
 98-5675 
 
 773-1386 
 
 35 
 
 109-9557 
 
 962-1128 
 
 31J 
 
 98-9602 
 
 779-3113 
 
 351 
 
 110-3484 
 
 968-9973 
 
 31f 
 
 99-3529 
 
 785-5086 
 
 351 
 
 110-7411 
 
 975-9063 
 
 31f 
 
 99-7456 
 
 791-7304 
 
 35f 
 
 111-1338 
 
 982-8399 
 
 311 
 
 100-1383 
 
 797-9768 
 
 35| 
 
 111-5265 
 
 989-7980 
 
 32 
 
 100-5310 
 
 804-2477 
 
 35| 
 
 111-9192 
 
 996-7807 
 
 32i 
 
 100-9237 
 
 810-5432 
 
 35| 
 
 112-3119 
 
 1003-7879 
 
90 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 TABLE V. CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREAS OF CIRCLES (continued). 
 
 Diameter. 
 
 Circum- 
 ference. 
 
 Area- |j Diameter. 
 
 Circum- 
 ference. 
 
 Area. 
 
 35| 
 
 112-7046 
 
 1010-8197 
 
 39| 
 
 124-0929 
 
 1225-4175 
 
 36 
 
 113-0973 
 
 1017-8760 i 
 
 39 1 
 
 124-4856 
 
 1233-1855 
 
 36| 
 
 113-4900 
 
 1024-9569 
 
 39 A 124-8783 
 
 1240-9782 
 
 36k 
 
 113-8827 
 
 1032-0623 ; 
 
 39| ; 125-2710 
 
 1248-7954 
 
 36| 
 
 114-2754 
 
 1039-1922 40 
 
 125-6637 
 
 1256-6370 
 
 36k 
 
 114-6681 
 
 1046-3467 40k 
 
 126-0564 
 
 1264-5033 
 
 36 jj- 
 
 115-0608 
 
 1053-5257 40k 
 
 126-4491 
 
 1272-3941 
 
 36J 
 
 115-4535 
 
 1060-7293 40 J 
 
 126-8418 
 
 1280-3095 
 
 36* 
 
 37 
 
 115-8462 
 116-2389 
 
 1067-9574 , 
 1075-2101 
 
 40k 
 40| 
 
 127-2345 
 
 127-6272 
 
 1288-2493 
 1296-2138 
 
 3 ~l 
 
 116-6316 
 
 1082-4873 
 
 40} 
 
 128-0199 
 
 1301-2027 
 
 371 
 
 117-0243 
 
 1089-7890 40 ;, 
 
 128-4126 
 
 1312-2163 
 
 37| 
 
 117-4170 
 
 1097-1153 
 
 41 128-8053 
 
 1320-2543 
 
 37i 
 
 117-8097 
 
 1104-4662 
 
 41k 
 
 129-1980 
 
 1328-3169 
 
 37 1 
 
 118-2024 
 
 1111-8415 
 
 41k 
 
 129-5907 
 
 1336-4041 
 
 37| 
 
 118-5951 
 
 1119 2415 
 
 41| 
 
 129-9834 
 
 1344-5158 
 
 37* 
 
 118-9878 
 
 1126-6659 
 
 41i 
 
 130-3761 
 
 1352-6520 
 
 38 
 
 119-3805 
 
 1134-1149 
 
 41| 
 
 130 7688 
 
 1360-8128 
 
 38k 
 
 119-7732 
 
 1141-5885 
 
 41| 
 
 131-1615 
 
 1368-9981 
 
 38k 
 
 120 1659 
 
 1149-0866 
 
 4 H 
 
 131-5542 
 
 1377-2080 
 
 38*- 
 
 120-5586 
 
 1156-6092 
 
 42 
 
 131-9469 1385-4424 
 
 38k 
 38 1 
 
 120-9513 
 121-3440 
 
 1164-1564 
 1171-7282 
 
 4- 
 
 132-3396 \ 1393-7013 
 132-7323 1401-9848 
 
 385 
 
 121-7367 
 
 1179-3244 
 
 42* 
 
 133-1250 1410-2928 
 
 38i 
 
 122-1294 
 
 1186-9452 
 
 42k 
 
 133-5177 1418-6254 
 
 39 
 
 122-5221 
 
 1194-5906 
 
 42f 
 
 133 9104 1426-9826 
 
 39 k 
 
 122-9148 
 
 1202-2605 
 
 42f 
 
 134-3031 
 
 1435-3642 
 
 4 
 
 122-3075 
 
 1209-9550 
 
 421 
 
 134-6958 
 
 1443-7704 
 
 39| 
 
 123-7002 
 
 1217-6739 
 
 43 
 
 135-0885 
 
 1452-2012 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 91 
 
 TABLE V. CIRCUMFERENCE AND AREAS OP CIRCLES (continued). 
 
 Diameter. 
 
 Circum- 
 ference. 
 
 Area. 
 
 Diameter. 
 
 Circum- 
 ference. 
 
 Area. 
 
 48* 
 
 135-4812 
 
 1460-6565 
 
 46} 
 
 146-4768 
 
 1707-3697 
 
 431 
 
 135-8739 
 
 1469-1364 
 
 463- 
 
 146 8695 
 
 1716-5368 
 
 431 
 
 136-2666 
 
 1477-6407 
 
 467- 
 
 147-2622 
 
 1725-7284 
 
 48f 
 
 136-6593 
 
 1486-1697 
 
 47 
 
 147-6549 
 
 1734-9445 
 
 43 j 
 
 137-0520 
 
 1494-7232 
 
 47J- 
 
 148-0476 
 
 1749-1852 
 
 43f 
 
 137-4447 
 
 1503-3012 
 
 47J 
 
 148-4403 
 
 1753-4505 
 
 43! 
 
 137-8374 
 
 1511-9037 
 
 47! 
 
 148-8329 
 
 1762-7403 
 
 44 
 
 138-2301 
 
 1520-5308 
 
 47^ 
 
 149-2257 
 
 1772-0546 
 
 44| 
 
 138-6228 
 
 1529-1825 
 
 47| 
 
 149-6183 
 
 1781-3935 
 
 44i 
 
 139 0155 
 
 1537-8587 
 
 471 
 
 150-0110 
 
 1790-7569 
 
 44} 
 
 139-4082 
 
 1546-5594 
 
 47! 
 
 150-4037 
 
 1800-1449 
 
 44* 
 
 139-8009 
 
 1555-2847 
 
 48 
 
 150-7964 
 
 1809-5574 
 
 44} 
 
 140-1936 
 
 1564-0345 
 
 48| 
 
 151-1891 
 
 1818-9944 
 
 44} 
 
 140-5863 
 
 1572-8089 
 
 48i 
 
 151-5818 
 
 1828-4560 
 
 44! 
 
 140-9790 
 
 1581-6078 
 
 48} 
 
 151-9745 
 
 1837-9421 
 
 45 
 
 141-3717 
 
 1590-4313 
 
 48J 
 
 152-3672 
 
 1847-4528 
 
 45* 
 
 141-7644 
 
 1599-2793 
 
 48} 
 
 152-7599 
 
 1856-9881 
 
 45i 
 
 142-1571 
 
 1608-1518 
 
 48} 
 
 153-1526 
 
 1866-5478 
 
 46} 
 
 142-5498 
 
 1617 0489 
 
 t 
 
 153-5453 
 
 1876-1321 
 
 45| 
 
 142-9425 
 
 1625-9705 
 
 49 
 
 153-9380 
 
 1885-7410 
 
 455. 
 
 143-3352 
 
 1634-9167 
 
 49! 
 
 154-3307 
 
 1895-3744 
 
 45> 
 
 143-7279 
 
 1643-8874 
 
 49| 
 
 154-7234 
 
 1905-0323 
 
 45| 
 
 144-1206 
 
 1652-8827 
 
 493- 
 
 155-1161 
 
 1914 7148 
 
 46 
 
 144-5133 
 
 1661-9025 
 
 491 
 
 155-5088 
 
 1924-4218 
 
 8 
 
 144-9060 
 
 1670-9469 
 
 49 1 
 
 155-9015 
 
 1934-1534 
 
 46]- 
 
 145-2987 
 
 1680-0158 
 
 49f 
 
 156-2942 
 
 1943-9095 
 
 46} 
 
 145-6914 
 
 1689-1092 
 
 49! 
 
 156-6869 
 
 1953-6902 
 
 46J 
 
 146-0841 
 
 1698-2272 
 
 50 
 
 157-0796 
 
 1963-4954 
 
92 
 
 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 TABLE VI. 
 
 SQUAKES AND CUBES OP NUMBERS. 
 
 No. 
 
 Square. 
 
 Cube. 
 
 No. 
 
 Square. 
 
 Cube. 
 
 * 
 
 015625 
 
 001953125 
 
 4 
 
 16- 
 
 64- 
 
 i 
 
 0625 
 
 015625 
 
 4J 
 
 18-0625 
 
 76-765625 
 
 1 
 
 140625 
 
 052734375 
 
 4 
 
 20-25 
 
 91-125 
 
 i 
 
 25 
 
 125 
 
 4f 
 
 22-5625 
 
 107-171875 
 
 1 
 
 390625 
 
 244140625 
 
 5 
 
 25- 
 
 125- 
 
 I 
 
 5625 
 
 421875 
 
 5J 
 
 27-5625 
 
 144-703125 
 
 1 
 
 765625 
 
 669921875 
 
 5 
 
 30-25 
 
 166-375 
 
 1 
 
 1- 
 
 1- 
 
 5| 
 
 33-0625 
 
 190-109375 
 
 H 
 
 1-265625 
 
 1-423828125 
 
 6 
 
 36- 
 
 216- 
 
 H 
 
 1-5625 
 
 1-953125 
 
 6| 
 
 39-0625 
 
 244-140625 
 
 if 
 
 1-890625 
 
 2-599609375 
 
 6i 
 
 42-25 
 
 274-625 
 
 H 
 
 2-25 
 
 3-375 
 
 6| 
 
 45-5625 
 
 307-546875 
 
 H 
 
 2-640625 
 
 4-291015625 
 
 7 
 
 49- 
 
 343- 
 
 i| 
 
 3-0625 
 
 5-359375 
 
 71 
 
 52-5625 
 
 381-078125 
 
 H 
 
 3-515625 
 
 6-591796875 
 
 7% 
 
 56-25 
 
 421-875 
 
 2 
 
 4- 
 
 8- 
 
 7f 
 
 60-0625 
 
 465-484375 
 
 2* 
 
 4-515625 
 
 9-595703125 
 
 8 
 
 64- 
 
 512- 
 
 2i 
 
 5-0625 
 
 11-390625 
 
 8? 
 
 68-0625 
 
 561-515625 
 
 2| 
 
 5-640625 
 
 13-396484375 
 
 8J 
 
 72-25 
 
 614-125 
 
 2J 
 
 6-25 
 
 15-625 
 
 81 
 
 76-5625 
 
 669-921875 
 
 2| 
 
 6-890625 
 
 18-087890625 
 
 9 
 
 81- 
 
 729- 
 
 2f 
 
 7-5625 
 
 20-796875 
 
 9| 
 
 85-5625 
 
 791-453125 
 
 2| 
 
 8-265625 
 
 23-763671875 
 
 9| 
 
 90-25 
 
 857-375 
 
 3 
 
 9- 
 
 27- 
 
 9f 
 
 95-0625 
 
 926-859375 
 
 3i 
 
 10-5625 
 
 34-328125 
 
 10 
 
 100- 
 
 1000- 
 
 3J 
 
 12-25 
 
 42-875 
 
 10 
 
 105-0625 
 
 1076-89062 
 
 3| 
 
 14-0625 
 
 52-734375 
 
 10| 
 
 110-25 
 
 1157-625 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 93 
 
 TABLE VI. SQUARES AND CUBES OF NUMBERS (continued). 
 
 No. 
 
 Square. 
 
 Cube. 
 
 No. 
 
 Square. 
 
 Cube. 
 
 10f 
 
 113-5625 
 
 1242-29687 
 
 18! 
 
 342-25 
 
 6363-625 
 
 11 
 
 121- 
 
 1331- 
 
 18| 
 
 351-5625 
 
 6591-79687 
 
 111 
 
 126-5625 
 
 1423-82812 
 
 19 
 
 361- 
 
 6859- 
 
 11* 
 
 132-25 
 
 1520-875 
 
 19* 
 
 370-5625 
 
 7133-32812 
 
 111 
 
 138-0625 
 
 1622-23487 
 
 19! 
 
 380-25 
 
 7414-875 
 
 12 
 
 144- 
 
 1728- 
 
 19| 
 
 390-0625 
 
 7703-73437 
 
 121 
 
 150-0625 
 
 1838-26562 
 
 20 
 
 400- 
 
 8000- 
 
 12! 
 
 156-25 
 
 1953-125 
 
 20! 
 
 420-25 
 
 8615-125 
 
 12f 
 
 162-5625 
 
 2072-67187 
 
 21 
 
 441- 
 
 9261- 
 
 13 
 
 169- 
 
 2197- 
 
 21! 
 
 462-25 
 
 9938-375 
 
 13i 
 
 175-5625 
 
 2326-20312 
 
 22 
 
 484- 
 
 10648- 
 
 13! 
 
 182-25 
 
 2460-375 
 
 22! 
 
 506-25 
 
 11390-625 
 
 13f 
 
 189-0625 
 
 2599-60937 
 
 23 
 
 529- 
 
 12167- 
 
 14 
 
 196- 
 
 2744- 
 
 23! 
 
 552-25 
 
 12977-875 
 
 141 
 
 203-0625 
 
 3893-64062 
 
 24 
 
 576- 
 
 13824- 
 
 14! 
 
 210-25 
 
 3048-625 
 
 24! 
 
 600-25 
 
 14706-125 
 
 14f 
 
 217-5625 
 
 3209-04687 
 
 25 
 
 625- 
 
 15625- 
 
 15 
 
 225- 
 
 3375- 
 
 25! 
 
 650-25 
 
 16581-375 
 
 151 
 
 232-5625 
 
 3546-57812 
 
 26 
 
 676- 
 
 17576- 
 
 15! 
 
 240-25 
 
 3723-875 , 
 
 26! 
 
 702-25 
 
 18609-625 
 
 15| 
 
 248-0625 
 
 3906-98437 
 
 27 
 
 729- 
 
 19683- 
 
 16 
 
 256- 
 
 4096- 
 
 27! 
 
 756-25 
 
 20796-875 
 
 161 
 
 264-0625 
 
 4291-01562 
 
 28 
 
 784- 
 
 21952' 
 
 16! 
 
 272-25 
 
 4492-125 
 
 28i 
 
 812-25 
 
 23149-125 
 
 16| 
 
 280-5625 
 
 4699-42187 
 
 29 
 
 841- 
 
 24389- 
 
 17 
 
 289- 
 
 4913- 
 
 29! 
 
 870-25 
 
 25672-375 
 
 111 
 
 297-5625 
 
 5132-95312 
 
 30 
 
 900- 
 
 27000- 
 
 17! 
 
 306-25 
 
 5359-375 
 
 30! 
 
 930-25 
 
 28372-625 
 
 17| 
 
 315-0625 
 
 5592-35937 
 
 31 
 
 961- 
 
 29791- 
 
 18 
 
 324- 
 
 5832- 
 
 31! 
 
 992-25 
 
 31255-875 
 
 m 
 
 337-0625 
 
 6151-39062 
 
 32 
 
 1024- 
 
 32768- 
 
DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 TABLE VI. SQUARES AND CUBES OF NUMBERS (continued). 
 
 No. 
 
 Square. 
 
 Cube. 
 
 No. 
 
 Square. 
 
 Cube. 
 
 321 
 
 1056-25 
 
 34328-125 
 
 48 
 
 2304- 
 
 110592- 
 
 33 
 
 1089- 
 
 35937 ' 
 
 48i 
 
 2352-25 
 
 114084-125 
 
 33J 
 
 1122-25 
 
 37595-375 
 
 49 
 
 2401- 
 
 117649- 
 
 34 
 
 1156- 
 
 39304- 
 
 49i 
 
 2450-25 
 
 121287-375 
 
 341 
 
 1190-25 
 
 41063 -.625 
 
 50 
 
 2500- 
 
 125000- 
 
 35 
 
 1225- 
 
 42875- 
 
 2 
 
 255-025 
 
 128787-625 
 
 35| 
 
 1260-25 
 
 44738-875 
 
 51 
 
 2601 
 
 132651- 
 
 36 
 
 1296- 
 
 46656- 
 
 51i 
 
 2652-25 
 
 136590-875 
 
 36| 
 
 1332-25 
 
 48627-125 
 
 52 
 
 270 i- 
 
 140608- 
 
 37 
 
 1369- 
 
 50653- 
 
 52| 
 
 2756-25 
 
 144703-125 
 
 37| 
 
 1406-25 
 
 52734-375 
 
 53 
 
 2809- 
 
 148877- 
 
 38 
 
 1444- 
 
 54872- 
 
 53| 
 
 2862-25 
 
 153130-375 
 
 38| 
 
 1482-25 
 
 57066-625 
 
 54 
 
 2916- 
 
 157464- 
 
 39 
 
 1521- 
 
 59319- 
 
 '2 
 
 2970-25 
 
 161878-625 
 
 39| 
 
 1560-25 
 
 61629-875 
 
 55 
 
 3025- 
 
 166375. 
 
 40 
 
 1600- 
 
 64000- 
 
 55i 
 
 3080-25 
 
 170953-875 
 
 40i 
 
 1640-25 
 
 66430-125 
 
 56 
 
 3136- 
 
 175616- 
 
 41 
 
 1681- 
 
 68921- 
 
 56i 
 
 3192-25 
 
 180362-125 
 
 41| 
 
 1722-25 
 
 71473-975 
 
 57 
 
 3219- 
 
 185193- 
 
 42 
 
 1764- 
 
 74088- 
 
 57i 
 
 3306-25 
 
 190109 '375 
 
 42| 
 
 1806-25 
 
 76765-625 
 
 58 
 
 3364- 
 
 195112- 
 
 43 
 
 1849- 
 
 79507- 
 
 58 L 
 
 3422-25 
 
 200201-625 
 
 43| 
 
 1892-25 
 
 82312-875 
 
 59 
 
 3481- 
 
 205379- 
 
 44 
 
 1936- 
 
 85184- 
 
 a 
 
 2540-25 
 
 210644-875 
 
 3 
 
 1980-25 
 
 88121-125 
 
 60 
 
 3600- 
 
 216000- 
 
 45 
 
 2025- 
 
 91125- 
 
 60| 
 
 3660-25 
 
 221445-125 
 
 45| 
 
 2070-25 
 
 94196-375 
 
 61 
 
 3721- 
 
 226981- 
 
 46 
 
 2116- 
 
 97336- 
 
 611 
 
 3782-25 
 
 232608-375 
 
 46i 
 
 2162-25 
 
 100544-625 
 
 62 
 
 3844- 
 
 238328 
 
 47 
 
 2209- 
 
 103823- 
 
 62| 
 
 3906 25 
 
 244140-625 
 
 47^ 
 
 2256-25 
 
 107171-875 
 
 63 
 
 3969- 
 
 250047- 
 
 
 l 
 
 
 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 95 
 
 TABLE VI. SQUARES AND CUBES OP NUMBERS (continued). 
 
 No. 
 
 Square. 
 
 Cube. 
 
 No. 
 
 Square. 
 
 Cube. 
 
 03! 
 
 4032-25 
 
 256047-875 
 
 79 
 
 6241- 
 
 493039- 
 
 04 
 
 4096- 
 
 262144- 
 
 79! 
 
 6330-25 
 
 503254-875 
 
 04! 
 
 4160-25 
 
 2683;;6'125 
 
 80 
 
 6400- 
 
 512000- 
 
 05 
 
 4225- 
 
 274625- 
 
 80! 
 
 6480-25 
 
 521660-125 
 
 05! 
 
 4290-25 
 
 281011-375 
 
 81 
 
 6561- 
 
 531441- 
 
 06 
 
 4356- 
 
 287496- 
 
 81i 
 
 6642-25 
 
 541343-375 
 
 GGi 
 
 4422-25 
 
 294079-625 
 
 82 
 
 6724- 
 
 551368- 
 
 07 
 
 4489- 
 
 300763- 
 
 82i 
 
 6806-25 
 
 561515-625 
 
 071 
 
 4556-25 
 
 307546-875 
 
 83 
 
 6889- 
 
 571787- 
 
 08 
 
 4624- 
 
 314432- 
 
 2 
 
 0972 25 
 
 582182-875 
 
 681 
 
 4692-25 
 
 321419-125 
 
 84 
 
 7056- 
 
 592704- 
 
 69 
 
 4761' 
 
 328509- 
 
 841 
 
 7140-25 
 
 603351-125 
 
 691 
 
 4830-25 
 
 335702 375 
 
 85 
 
 7205- 
 
 612425- 
 
 70 
 
 4900- 
 
 343000- 
 
 85i 
 
 7310 25 
 
 625026-375 
 
 70.i 
 
 4970-25 
 
 350402-625 
 
 86 
 
 7396- 
 
 636056- 
 
 71 
 
 5041- 
 
 357911- 
 
 ii 
 
 7482-25 
 
 647214-625 
 
 7H 
 
 5112-25 
 
 365525-875 
 
 87 
 
 7569- 
 
 658503- 
 
 72 
 
 5184- 
 
 373248- 
 
 87i 
 
 7656 25 
 
 009921-875 
 
 72i 
 
 5256-25 
 
 381078-125 
 
 88 
 
 7744- 
 
 081472- 
 
 73 
 
 5329- 
 
 389017' 
 
 88i 
 
 7832-25 
 
 093154-125 
 
 73^ 
 
 5402-25 
 
 397065-375 
 
 89 
 
 7921- 
 
 704909- 
 
 74 
 
 5476- 
 
 405224- 
 
 89i 
 
 8010-25 
 
 710917-375 
 
 74! 
 
 5550-25 
 
 413493-625 
 
 90 
 
 8100- 
 
 729000- 
 
 75 
 
 5625- 
 
 421875- 
 
 90! 
 
 8190-25 
 
 741217-625 
 
 75! 
 
 5700-25 
 
 430368-875 
 
 91 
 
 8281- 
 
 753571- 
 
 76 
 
 5776- 
 
 438976 
 
 91! 
 
 8372-25 
 
 766060-875 
 
 76! 
 
 5852-25 
 
 447097-125 
 
 92 
 
 8464- 
 
 778688 
 
 77 
 
 5929- 
 
 450533- 
 
 92! 
 
 8556-25 
 
 791453-125 
 
 77! 
 
 6006-25 
 
 465484-375 
 
 93 
 
 8649- 
 
 804357- 
 
 78 
 
 6084- 
 
 474552- 
 
 93! 
 
 8742-25 
 
 817400-375 
 
 78! 
 
 6162-25 
 
 483736-625 
 
 94 
 
 8836- 
 
 830584- 
 
96 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 TABLE VI. SQUARES AND CUBES OF NUMBERS (continued). 
 
 No. 
 
 Square. 
 
 Cube. 
 
 No. 
 
 Square. 
 
 Cube. 
 
 94J 
 
 8930-25 
 
 843908-625 
 
 120 
 
 14400- 
 
 1728000- 
 
 95 
 
 9025- 
 
 857375- 
 
 121 
 
 14641 ' 
 
 1771561- 
 
 95 
 
 9120-25 
 
 870983-875 
 
 122 
 
 14884- 
 
 1815848- 
 
 96 
 
 9216- 
 
 884736- 
 
 123 
 
 15129- 
 
 1860867- 
 
 96J 
 
 9322-25 
 
 899597-125 
 
 124 
 
 15376- 
 
 1906624- 
 
 97 
 
 9409- 
 
 912673- 
 
 125 
 
 15625- 
 
 1953125- 
 
 97| 
 
 9506-25 
 
 926859-375 
 
 126 
 
 15876- 
 
 2000376- 
 
 98 
 
 9604- 
 
 941192- 
 
 127 
 
 16129- 
 
 2048383- 
 
 98i 
 
 9702-25 
 
 955671-625 
 
 128 
 
 16384- 
 
 2097152- 
 
 99 
 
 9801- 
 
 970299- 
 
 129 
 
 16641- 
 
 2146689- 
 
 99i 
 
 9900-25 
 
 985074-875 
 
 130 
 
 16900- 
 
 2197000- 
 
 100 
 
 10000- 
 
 1000000- 
 
 131 
 
 17161- 
 
 2248091 
 
 101 
 
 10201- 
 
 1030301- 
 
 132 
 
 17424- 
 
 2299968- 
 
 102 
 
 10404 ' 
 
 1061208- 
 
 133 
 
 17689- 
 
 2352637- 
 
 103 
 
 10609- 
 
 1092727- 
 
 134 
 
 17!>56- 
 
 2406104- 
 
 104 
 
 10816- 
 
 1124864- 
 
 135 
 
 18225- 
 
 2460375- 
 
 105 
 
 11025- 
 
 1157625- 
 
 136 
 
 18496- 
 
 2515156- 
 
 106 
 
 11236- 
 
 1191016- 
 
 137 
 
 18769- 
 
 2571353- 
 
 107 
 
 11449- 
 
 1225043- 
 
 138 
 
 19044- 
 
 2628072- 
 
 108 
 
 11664- 
 
 1259712- 
 
 139 
 
 19321- 
 
 2685619- 
 
 109 
 
 11881- 
 
 1295029- 
 
 140 
 
 19600- 
 
 2744000- 
 
 110 
 
 12100- 
 
 1331000- 
 
 141 
 
 19881- 
 
 2803221 
 
 111 
 
 12321- 
 
 1367631* 
 
 142 
 
 20164- 
 
 2863288- 
 
 112 
 
 12544- 
 
 1404928- 
 
 143 
 
 20449- 
 
 2924207- 
 
 113 
 
 12769- 
 
 1442897- 
 
 144 
 
 20736- 
 
 2985984- 
 
 114 
 
 12996- 
 
 1481544- 
 
 145 
 
 21025- 
 
 3048625- 
 
 115 
 
 13225- 
 
 1520875- 
 
 146 
 
 21316- 
 
 3112136- 
 
 116 
 
 13456- 
 
 1560896- 
 
 147 
 
 21609- 
 
 3176523- 
 
 117 
 
 13689- 
 
 1601613- 
 
 148 
 
 21904- 
 
 3241792- 
 
 118 
 
 13924- 
 
 1643032- 
 
 149 
 
 22201 
 
 3307949- 
 
 119 
 
 14161- 
 
 1685159- 
 
 150 
 
 22500- 
 
 3375000- 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 97 
 
 TABLE VII. 
 
 FOUETH AND FlFTH POWERS OF NUMBERS. 
 
 No. 
 
 Fourth Power. 
 
 Fifth Power. 
 
 No. 
 
 Fourth Power. 
 
 Fifth Power. 
 
 1 
 
 000244140 
 
 000030517578 
 
 4 
 
 256- 
 
 1024- 
 
 i 
 
 00390625 
 
 0009765625 
 
 4i 
 
 326-25390625 
 
 1386-579101562.-) 
 
 I 
 
 01977539 
 
 007415771484 
 
 ? 
 
 410-0625 
 
 1845-28125 
 
 
 0625 
 
 03125 
 
 4f 
 
 509-06640625 
 
 2418-0654296875 
 
 -1 
 
 152587890 
 
 095367431640 
 
 5 
 
 625- 
 
 3125- 
 
 i 
 
 31640625 
 
 2373046875 
 
 5i 
 
 759-69140625 
 
 3988-379882812.1 
 
 7 
 
 58618640 
 
 51290893554G 
 
 5J 
 
 915-0625 
 
 5032-84375 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1- 
 
 1- 
 
 5| 
 
 1093-12890625 
 
 6285-4912109375 
 
 H 
 
 1-601806640 
 
 1-802032470703 
 
 6 
 
 1296- 
 
 7776- 
 
 11 
 
 2-44140625 
 
 3-0517578125 
 
 6J 
 
 1525-87890625 
 
 9536-7431640625 
 
 if 
 
 3-574462890 
 
 4-914886474609 
 
 6* 
 
 1785-0625 
 
 11602-90625 
 
 
 5-0625 
 
 7-59375 
 
 6| 
 
 2075 94140625 14012 6044921875 
 
 if 
 
 6-972900390 
 
 11-330963134765 
 
 7 
 
 2401- 
 
 16807- 
 
 if 
 
 9-37890625 
 
 16 4130859375 
 
 7i 
 
 2762-81640625 
 
 20030-4189453125 
 
 H 
 
 12-359619140 
 
 23-174285888671 
 
 7| 
 
 3164-0625 
 
 23750-46875 
 
 2 
 
 16- 
 
 32- 
 
 7f 
 
 3607-50390625 
 
 27958-15524375 
 
 2i 
 
 20-390869240 
 
 43-330597136328 
 
 8 
 
 4096- 
 
 32768- 
 
 2i 
 
 25-62890625 
 
 57-6650390625 
 
 8J 
 
 4632-50390625 
 
 38218-1572265625 
 
 2| 
 
 31-816650390 
 
 75-564544677734 
 
 8| 
 
 5220-0625 
 
 44370-53125 
 
 
 39-0625 
 
 97-65625 
 
 8f 
 
 5861-81640625 
 
 51290 8935546875 
 
 2f 
 
 47-480712890 
 
 24-636871337890 
 
 9 
 
 6561- 
 
 54049- 
 
 2| 
 
 57-19140625 
 
 157 2763671875 
 
 9J 
 
 7320-94140625 
 
 67718 7080078125 
 
 21 
 
 68-320556640 
 
 196-421600341796 
 
 9i 
 
 8145-0625 
 
 77378-09375 
 
 3 
 
 81- 
 
 243- 
 
 9| 
 
 9036-87890625 
 
 88109-6693359375 
 
 3i 
 
 111-56640625 
 
 362-5908203125 
 
 
 
 oooo- 
 
 100000- 
 
 3 
 
 150-0625 
 
 525-21875 
 
 OJ 
 
 1038-128906 
 
 113140-821289 
 
 3f 
 
 197-75390625 
 
 741-5771484375 
 
 OJ 
 
 2155-0625 
 
 127628-15625 
 
98 
 
 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 TABLE VII. FOUKTH AND FIFTH POWERS or NUMBERS (continued). 
 
 No. 
 
 Fourth Power. 
 
 Fifth Power. 
 
 No. 
 
 Fourth Power. 
 
 Fifth Power. 
 
 lOf 13354-691406 
 
 143562-932617 
 
 18* 
 
 117727-0625 
 
 2177950-65625 
 
 11 
 
 14641- 
 
 161051- 
 
 18f 
 
 123596-19140 
 
 2317428-588867 
 
 Hi 
 
 16018-066406 
 
 180203-247070 
 
 19 
 
 130321- 
 
 2476099- 
 
 11* 
 
 17490-0625 
 
 201135-71875 
 
 19i 
 
 137316-56640 
 
 2643343-903320 
 
 HI 
 
 19061-253906 
 
 223969-733398 19* 
 
 144590-0625 
 
 2819506-21875 
 
 12 
 
 20736- 
 
 248832- 19| 
 
 152148-753906 
 
 3004937-889648 
 
 12i 
 
 22518-753906 
 
 275854-735351 
 
 20 
 
 160000- 
 
 3200000- 
 
 12* 
 
 24414-0625 
 
 305175-78125 
 
 20* 
 
 176610-0625 
 
 3720506-28125 
 
 12| 
 
 26426-566040 
 
 336938-721699 
 
 21 
 
 194481- 
 
 4084101 
 
 13 
 
 28561 
 
 371293- 
 
 21* 
 
 213675-0625 
 
 4594013-84375 
 
 13i 
 
 30822-191406 
 
 408374-036132 
 
 22 
 
 234256- 
 
 5153632- 
 
 13* 
 
 33215 0625 
 
 448403-34375 
 
 22* 
 
 256289-0625 
 
 5766503-90625 
 
 13| 
 
 35744-628906 
 
 491488-647460 
 
 23 
 
 279841 
 
 6436343- 
 
 14 
 
 38416- 
 
 537824- 
 
 23* 
 
 304980-0625 
 
 7167031-46875 
 
 14i 
 
 41234-378906 
 
 587589-899414 
 
 24 
 
 331776- 
 
 7962624- 
 
 14* 
 
 44205-0625 
 
 640973-40625 
 
 24* 
 
 360300-0625 
 
 8827351-53125 
 
 14f 
 
 47333-441406 
 
 698168-260742 
 
 25 
 
 390625 
 
 9765625- 
 
 15 
 
 50625- 
 
 759375- 
 
 25* 
 
 422825-0625 
 
 10782039-09375 
 
 loi 
 
 54085-316106 
 
 824801-075195 
 
 26 
 
 456976- 
 
 11881376- 
 
 15* 
 
 57720-0625 
 
 894660-96875 
 
 26* 
 
 493155-0625 
 
 13068609-15625 
 
 15| 
 
 61535-0039062 
 
 969176-311523 
 
 27 
 
 531441- 
 
 14348907- 
 
 16 
 
 65536- 
 
 1048576- 
 
 27* 
 
 571914-0625 
 
 15727636-71875 
 
 16i 69729-003906 
 
 1133096-313476 
 
 28 
 
 614656- 
 
 17210368- 
 
 16* 
 
 74120-0625 
 
 1222981-03125 
 
 28* 
 
 659750-0625 
 
 18802876-78125 
 
 16| 
 
 78715-316406 
 
 1318481-549804 
 
 29 
 
 707281 
 
 20511149- 
 
 17 
 
 83521- 
 
 1419857- 
 
 29* 
 
 757335-0625 
 
 22341384-34375 
 
 17| 
 
 88543-441406 
 
 1527374-364257 
 
 30 
 
 810000- 
 
 24300000- 
 
 17* 
 
 93789-0625 
 
 1641308-59375 
 
 30* 
 
 865365-0625 
 
 26393637-40625 
 
 17| 
 
 99264-378906 
 
 1761942-725585 
 
 31 
 
 923521- 
 
 28629151- 
 
 18 
 
 104976- 
 
 1889568- 
 
 31* 
 
 984560-0625 
 
 31013641-96875 
 
 181 
 
 112262 87890 
 
 2048797-540039 
 
 32 1048576- 
 
 33554432- 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 99 
 
 TABLE VII. FOURTH AND FIFTH POWERS OF NUMBERS (continued). 
 
 Xo. 
 
 Fourth Power. 
 
 Fifth Power. 
 
 No. 
 
 Fourth Power. 
 
 Fifth Power. 
 
 321 
 
 1115664-0625 
 
 36259082-03125 
 
 48 
 
 5308416- 
 
 254803968- 
 
 33 
 
 1185921- 
 
 39135393- 
 
 48i 
 
 5533080-0625 
 
 268354383-03125 
 
 33 1 
 
 1259445-0625 
 
 42191409-59375 
 
 49 
 
 5764801- 
 
 282475249- 
 
 34 
 
 1336336- 
 
 45435424- 
 
 49| 
 
 6003725-0625 
 
 297184390-59375 
 
 3 H 
 
 1416695-0625 
 
 48875979-65625 
 
 50 
 
 6250000- 
 
 312500000- 
 
 35 
 
 1500625- 
 
 52521875- 
 
 50J 
 
 6503775-0625 
 
 328440640-65625 
 
 35| 
 
 1589230-0625 
 
 56417677-21875 
 
 51 
 
 6765201- 
 
 345025251 
 
 36 
 
 1679616- 
 
 60466176- 
 
 51^ 
 
 7034430-0625 
 
 362273148-21875 
 
 36i 
 
 1774890-0625 
 
 64783487-28125 
 
 52 
 
 7311616- 
 
 380204032- 
 
 37 
 
 1874161- 
 
 69343957- 
 
 52J 
 
 7596914-0625 
 
 398837988-28125 
 
 37* 
 
 1977539-0625 
 
 74157714-84375 
 
 53 
 
 7890481- 
 
 418195493- 
 
 38 
 
 2085136- 
 
 79235168- 
 
 m 
 
 8192475-0625 
 
 438297415 8437 
 
 38* 
 
 2197065-0625 
 
 84587004-90625 
 
 54 
 
 8503056- 
 
 459165024- 
 
 39 
 
 2313441- 
 
 90224199- 
 
 54J 
 
 8822385-0625 
 
 480819985-90625 
 
 39* 
 
 2434380-0625 
 
 96158012-46875 
 
 55 
 
 9150625- 
 
 503284375- 
 
 40 
 
 2560000- 
 
 102400000- 
 
 55J 
 
 9487940-0625 
 
 526580673-46875 
 
 40i 
 
 2690420-0625 
 
 108962012-53125 
 
 56 
 
 9834496- 
 
 550731776- 
 
 41 
 
 2825761- 
 
 115856201- 
 
 56| 
 
 10190460-0625 
 
 575760993-53125 
 
 41 
 
 2966145-0625 
 
 123095020-09375 
 
 57 
 
 10556001- 
 
 601692057- 
 
 42 
 
 3111696- 
 
 130691232- 
 
 57J 
 
 10931289-0625 
 
 628549121-09375 
 
 42! 
 
 3262539-0625 
 
 138657910-15625 
 
 58 
 
 11316496- 
 
 656356768- 
 
 43 
 
 3418801- 
 
 147008443- 
 
 58i 
 
 11711795-0625 
 
 685140011-15625 
 
 43! 
 
 3580610-0625 
 
 155756537-71875 
 
 59 
 
 12117361- 
 
 714924299- 
 
 44 
 
 3748096- 
 
 164916224- 
 
 59| 
 
 12533370-0625 
 
 745735518-71875 
 
 44J 
 
 3921390-0625 
 
 174501857-78125 
 
 60 
 
 12960000- 
 
 777600000- 
 
 45 
 
 4100625- 
 
 184528125- 
 
 60! 
 
 13397430-0625 
 
 810544518-78125 
 
 45! 
 
 4285935-0625 
 
 195010045-34375 
 
 61 
 
 13845841- 
 
 844596301 
 
 46 
 
 4477456- 
 
 205962976- 
 
 61! 14305415 -0625 
 
 879783026-34375 
 
 46! 
 
 4675325-0625 
 
 217402615-40625 
 
 62 
 
 14776336- 
 
 916132832- 
 
 47 
 
 4879681 
 
 229345007- 
 
 62! 15258789 -0625 
 
 953674316-40625 
 
 47! 
 
 5090664-0625 
 
 241806542-96875 
 
 63 
 
 15752961 
 
 992436543- 
 
 H 2 
 
100 
 
 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 TABLE VII. FOURTH AND FIFTH POWERS OF NUMBERS (continued). 
 
 No. ' Fourth Power. 
 
 Fifth Power. 
 
 No. 
 
 Fourth Poer. 
 
 Fifth Power. 
 
 3 16259040-0625 
 
 1032449043-96875 
 
 79 
 
 38950081- 3077056399- 
 
 6* 16777216- 
 
 1073741824- 
 
 79J 
 
 40008762 0625 3180696623 71875 
 
 (!4i 
 
 17307680-0625 
 
 1116345364-03125 
 
 80 
 
 40960000- 3276800000- 
 
 65 
 
 17850625- 
 
 1160290625- 
 
 80 
 
 41993640 0625 3380488025-03125 
 
 65| 
 
 18406245-0625 
 
 1205609051-59375 
 
 81 
 
 43046721- 3486784401- 
 
 66 
 
 18974736- 
 
 1252332576- 
 
 81i 
 
 441 19485 0625.3595738032 ' 59375 
 
 661 
 
 19556295 0625 1300493621 65625 
 
 82 
 
 45212176- 
 
 3707398432 
 
 67 
 
 20151121- 
 
 1350125107- 
 
 82^ 
 
 46325039 0625,' 3821815722 65625 
 
 67J 
 
 20759414-0625 
 
 1401260449-21875 
 
 83 
 
 47458321- 
 
 3939040643- 
 
 68 
 
 21381376- 
 
 1453933568- 
 
 83J 
 
 48612270-0625 
 
 4059124550-21875 
 
 68| 
 
 22017210-0625 
 
 1508178889-28125 
 
 84 
 
 49787136- 
 
 4182119424- 
 
 69 
 
 22667121- 
 
 1564031349- 
 
 84^ 
 
 50983170-0625 
 
 4308077870-28125 
 
 69| 
 
 23331315-0625 
 
 1621526396-84375 
 
 85 
 
 52055125- 
 
 4424685625- 
 
 70 
 
 24010000- 
 
 1680700000- 
 
 85^ 
 
 53439755-0625 
 
 4569099057-84375 
 
 70| 
 
 24703385-0625 
 
 1741588646-90625 
 
 86 
 
 54700816- 
 
 4704270176' 
 
 71 
 
 25411681- 
 
 1804229351- 
 
 86^ 
 
 55984065-0625 
 
 4842621627-9062.-) 
 
 711 
 
 26135100-0625 
 
 1868659654-46875 
 
 87 
 
 57289761 
 
 4984209207- 
 
 72 
 
 26873856- 
 
 1934917632- 
 
 87J 
 
 58618164-0625 
 
 5129089355-46875 
 
 721 
 
 27628164 0625 2003041894 53125 
 
 88 
 
 59969536- 
 
 5277319168- 
 
 78 
 
 28398241 
 
 2073071593- 
 
 88 
 
 61344140 0625 5428956395 53125 
 
 73J 
 
 29 1 84305 0625 2145046422 09375 
 
 89 
 
 62742241- 5584059449- 
 
 74 
 
 29986576' 2219006624- 
 
 89J 
 
 64164105 0625 5742687403 09375 
 
 7U 
 
 30805275 0625 2294992b92 15625 
 
 90 
 
 65610000- 5904900000- 
 
 75 
 
 31640625- 2373046875- 
 
 90 
 
 670801 95 0625 6070757653 15625 
 
 75| 
 
 32492850 0625 2453210179 71875 
 
 91 
 
 68574961' 6240321451- 
 
 76 
 
 33362176- 2535525376' 
 
 91^ 
 
 70094570 0625 6413653160 71875 
 
 76i 
 
 34248830 06252620035499 78125 
 
 92 
 
 71639296- 6590815232- 
 
 
 
 
 
 77 
 
 35153041- 
 
 2706784157- 
 
 92^: 73209414-0625 
 
 6771870800-78125 
 
 77J 
 
 36075039-0625 
 
 2795815527-34375 
 
 93 
 
 74805201- 
 
 6956883693- 
 
 78 
 
 37015056- 2887174368- 
 
 93* 
 
 76426935-0625 
 
 7145918428-34375 
 
 78* 
 
 37973325 OG25 2980906017 40625 
 
 94 
 
 78074896- 
 
 7339040224- 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 101 
 
 TABLE VII. FOURTH AND FIFTH POWERS OF NUMBERS (continued). 
 
 No. 
 
 Fourth Power. 
 
 Fifth Power. 
 
 No. 
 
 Fourth Power. 
 
 Fifth Power. 
 
 94* 
 
 79749365-0625 
 
 7536314998-40625 
 
 120 207360000- 
 
 24883200000- 
 
 95 
 
 81450625- 
 
 7737809375- 
 
 121 214358881- 
 
 25937424601 
 
 95i 
 
 83178950-0625 
 
 7943589685-96875 
 
 122 221533456- 
 
 27027081632- 
 
 96 
 
 84934656- 
 
 8153726976- 
 
 123 
 
 228886641 
 
 28153056843- 
 
 96 
 
 86811122-0625 
 
 8377273327-28125 
 
 124 
 
 236421376- 
 
 29316250624- 
 
 97 
 
 88529281 
 
 8587340257- 
 
 125 
 
 244140625- 
 
 30517578125- 
 
 97* 
 
 90368789-0625 
 
 8810956933-59375 
 
 126 
 
 252047376- 
 
 31757969376- 
 
 98 
 
 92236816- 
 
 9039207968- 
 
 127 
 
 260144641- 
 
 33038369407- 
 
 98J 
 
 94133655-0625 
 
 9272155023-65625 
 
 128 
 
 268435456- 
 
 34359738368- 
 
 99 
 
 96059601- 
 
 9509900499- 
 
 129 
 
 276922881- 
 
 35723051649- 
 
 99J 
 
 98014950-0625 
 
 9752487531-21875 
 
 130 
 
 285610000- 
 
 37129300000- 
 
 100 
 
 100000000- 
 
 10000000000- 
 
 131 
 
 294499921- 
 
 38579489651 
 
 101 
 
 104060401- 
 
 10510100501- 
 
 132 
 
 303595776- 
 
 40074642432- 
 
 102 
 
 108243216- 
 
 11040808032- 
 
 133 
 
 312900721- 
 
 41615795893- 
 
 103 
 
 112550881- 
 
 11592740743- 
 
 134 
 
 322417936- 
 
 43204003424- 
 
 104 
 
 116985856- 
 
 12166529024- 
 
 135 
 
 332150625- 
 
 44840334375- 
 
 105 
 
 121550625- 
 
 12762815625- 
 
 136 
 
 342102016- 
 
 46525874176- 
 
 106 
 
 126247696- 
 
 13382255776- 
 
 137 
 
 352275361 
 
 48261724457- 
 
 107 
 
 131079601- 
 
 14025517307- 
 
 138 
 
 362673936- 
 
 50049003168- 
 
 108 
 
 136048896- 
 
 14693280768- 
 
 139 
 
 373301041 
 
 51888844699- 
 
 109 
 
 141158161- 
 
 15386239549- 
 
 140 
 
 384160000- 
 
 53782400000- 
 
 110 
 
 146410000- 
 
 16105100000- 
 
 141 
 
 395254161- 
 
 55730836701- 
 
 111 
 
 151807041- 
 
 16850581551 
 
 142 
 
 406586896- 
 
 57735339232- 
 
 112 
 
 157351936- 
 
 17623416832- 
 
 143 
 
 418161601- 
 
 59797108943- 
 
 113 
 
 163047361- 
 
 18424351793- 
 
 144 
 
 429981696- 
 
 61917364224- 
 
 114 
 
 168896016- 
 
 19254145824- 
 
 145 
 
 442050625- 
 
 64097340625- 
 
 115 
 
 174900625- 
 
 20113571875- 
 
 146 
 
 454371856- 
 
 66338290976 
 
 116 
 
 181063936- 
 
 21003416576- 
 
 147 
 
 466948881- 
 
 68641485507- 
 
 117 
 
 187388721- 
 
 21924480357- 
 
 148 
 
 479785216- 
 
 71008211968- 
 
 118 
 
 193877776- 
 
 22877577568 
 
 149 
 
 492884401- 
 
 73439775749- 
 
 119 
 
 200533921 
 
 23863536599- 
 
 150 
 
 506250000- 
 
 75937500000- 
 
102 
 
 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 TABLE VIII. 
 
 SQUARE AND CUBE BOOT. 
 
 No. 
 
 Square Root. 
 
 Cube Root. 
 
 No. 
 
 Square Root. 
 
 Cube Root. 
 
 1 
 
 1- 
 
 1- 
 
 28 
 
 5-2915 
 
 3-0366 
 
 2 
 
 1-4142 
 
 1-2599 
 
 29 
 
 5-3852 
 
 3-0723 
 
 3 
 
 1-7321 
 
 1-4422 
 
 30 
 
 5-4772 
 
 3-1072 
 
 4 
 
 2- 
 
 1-5874 
 
 31 
 
 5-5678 
 
 3-1414 
 
 5 
 
 2-2361 
 
 1-71 
 
 32 
 
 5 6569 
 
 3-1748 
 
 6 
 
 2-4495 
 
 1-8171 
 
 33 
 
 5-7446 
 
 3-2075 
 
 7 
 
 2-6458 
 
 1-9129 
 
 34 
 
 5-8310 
 
 3-2396 
 
 8 
 
 2-8284 
 
 2- 
 
 35 
 
 5-9161 
 
 3-2711 l 
 
 9 
 
 3- 
 
 2-0801 
 
 36 
 
 6- 
 
 3-3019 
 
 10 
 
 3-1623 
 
 2-1544 
 
 37 
 
 6-0828 
 
 3-3322 
 
 11 
 
 3-3166 
 
 2-224 
 
 38 
 
 6-1644 
 
 3-362 
 
 12 
 
 3-4641 
 
 2-2894 
 
 39 
 
 6-2450 
 
 3-3912 
 
 13 
 
 3-6056 
 
 2-3513 
 
 40 
 
 6-3246 
 
 3-42 
 
 14 
 
 3-7417 
 
 2-4101 
 
 41 
 
 6-4031 
 
 3-4482 
 
 15 
 
 3-873 
 
 2-4662 
 
 42 
 
 6-4807 
 
 3-476 
 
 16 
 
 4- 
 
 2-5198 
 
 43 
 
 6-5574 
 
 3-5034 
 
 17 
 
 4-1231 
 
 2-5713 
 
 44 
 
 6-6332 
 
 3-5303 
 
 18 
 
 4-2426 
 
 2-6207 
 
 45 
 
 6-7082 
 
 3-5569 
 
 19 
 
 4-3589 
 
 2-6684 
 
 46 
 
 6-7823 
 
 3-583 
 
 20 
 
 4-4721 
 
 2-7144 
 
 47 
 
 6-8557 
 
 3-6088 
 
 21 
 
 4-5826 
 
 2-7589 
 
 48 
 
 6-9282 
 
 3-6342 
 
 22 
 
 4-6904 
 
 2-802 
 
 49 
 
 7- 
 
 3-6593 
 
 23 
 
 4-7958 
 
 2-8439 
 
 50 
 
 7-0711 
 
 3-684 
 
 24 
 
 4-899 
 
 2-8845 
 
 51 
 
 7-1414 
 
 3-7084 
 
 25 
 
 5- 
 
 2-924 
 
 52 
 
 7-2111 
 
 3-7325 
 
 26 
 
 5-099 
 
 2 9625 
 
 53 
 
 7-2801 
 
 3-7563 
 
 27 
 
 5-1962 
 
 3- 
 
 54 
 
 7-3485 
 
 3-7798 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 103 
 
 TABLE VIII. SQUARE AND CUBE ROOT (continued). 
 
 No. 
 
 Square Root. 
 
 Cube Root. 
 
 No. 
 
 Square Root. 
 
 Cube Root. 
 
 55 
 
 7-4162 
 
 3-8030 
 
 86 
 
 9-2736 
 
 4-4140 
 
 56 
 
 7-4833 
 
 3-8259 
 
 87 
 
 9-3274 
 
 4-4310 
 
 57 
 
 7-5498 
 
 3-8485 
 
 88 
 
 9-3808 
 
 4-4480 
 
 58 
 
 7-6158 
 
 3-8709 
 
 89 
 
 9-4340 
 
 4-4647 
 
 59 
 
 7-6811 
 
 3-8930 
 
 90 
 
 9-4868 
 
 4-4814 
 
 60 
 
 7-7460 
 
 3-9149 
 
 91 
 
 9-5394 
 
 4-4979 
 
 61 
 
 7-8102 
 
 3-9365 
 
 92 
 
 9-5917 
 
 4-5144 
 
 62 
 
 7-8740 
 
 3-9579 
 
 93 
 
 9-6437 
 
 4-5307 
 
 63 
 
 7-9373 
 
 3-9791 
 
 94 
 
 9-6954 
 
 4-5468 
 
 64 
 
 8- 
 
 4- 
 
 95 
 
 9-7468 
 
 4-5629 
 
 65 
 
 8-0623 
 
 4-0207 
 
 96 
 
 9-7980 
 
 4-5789 
 
 66 
 
 8-1240 
 
 4-0412 
 
 97 
 
 9-8489 
 
 4-5947 
 
 67 
 
 8-1854 
 
 4-0615 
 
 98 
 
 9-8995 
 
 4-6104 
 
 68 
 
 8-2462 
 
 4-0817 
 
 99 
 
 9-9499 
 
 4-6261 
 
 69 
 
 8-3066 
 
 4-1016 
 
 100 
 
 10- 
 
 4-6416 
 
 70 
 
 8-3666 
 
 4-1213 
 
 101 
 
 10-0499 
 
 4-6570 
 
 71 
 
 8-4261 
 
 4-1408 
 
 102 
 
 10-0995 
 
 4-6723 
 
 72 
 
 8-4853 
 
 4-1602 
 
 103 
 
 10-1489 
 
 4-6875 
 
 73 
 
 8-5440 
 
 4-1793 
 
 104 
 
 10-1980 
 
 4-7027 
 
 74 
 
 8-6023 
 
 4-1983 
 
 105 
 
 10-2470 
 
 4-7177 
 
 75 
 
 8-6603 
 
 4-2172 
 
 106 
 
 10-2956 
 
 4-7326 
 
 76 
 
 8-7178 
 
 4-2358 
 
 107 
 
 10-3441 
 
 4-7475 
 
 77 
 
 8-7750 
 
 4-2543 
 
 108 
 
 10-3923 
 
 4-7622 
 
 78 
 
 8-8318 
 
 4-2727 
 
 109 
 
 10 4403 
 
 4-7769 
 
 79 
 
 8-8882 
 
 4-2908 
 
 110 
 
 10-4881 
 
 4-7914 
 
 80 
 
 8-9443 
 
 4-3089 
 
 111 
 
 10-5857 
 
 4-8059 
 
 81 
 
 9- 
 
 4-3267 
 
 112 
 
 10-5830 
 
 4-8203 
 
 82 
 
 9-0554 
 
 4-3445 
 
 113 
 
 10-6301 
 
 4-8346 
 
 83 
 
 9-1104 
 
 4-3621 
 
 114 
 
 10-6771 
 
 4-8488 
 
 84 
 
 9-1652 
 
 4-3795 
 
 115 
 
 10-7238 
 
 4-8629 
 
 85 
 
 9-2195 
 
 4-3968 
 
 116 
 
 10-7703 
 
 4-8770 
 
101 
 
 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 TABLE VIII. SQUARE AND CUBE ROOK (continued.) 
 
 No. 
 
 Square Root. 
 
 Cube Root. 
 
 No. 
 
 Square Root. 
 
 Cube Root. 
 
 117 
 
 10-8167 
 
 4-8910 
 
 148 
 
 12-1655 
 
 5-2896 
 
 118 
 
 10-8628 
 
 4-9049 
 
 149 
 
 12-2066 
 
 5-3015 
 
 119 
 
 10-9087 
 
 4-9187 
 
 150 
 
 12-2474 
 
 5-3133 
 
 120 
 
 10 9545 
 
 4-9324 
 
 151 
 
 12-2882 
 
 5-3251 
 
 121 
 
 11- 
 
 4-9461 
 
 152 
 
 12-3288 
 
 5-3368 
 
 122 
 
 11-0454 
 
 4-9597 
 
 153 
 
 12-3693 
 
 5-3485 
 
 123 
 
 11-0905 
 
 4-9732 
 
 154 
 
 12-4097 
 
 5-3601 
 
 124 
 
 11-1355 
 
 4-9866 
 
 155 
 
 12-4499 
 
 5-3717 
 
 125 
 
 11-1803 
 
 5- 
 
 156 
 
 12-4900 
 
 5-3832 
 
 126 
 
 11 2250 
 
 5-0133 
 
 157 
 
 12-5300 
 
 5-3947 
 
 127 
 
 11-2694 
 
 5-0265 
 
 158 
 
 12-5698 
 
 5-4061 
 
 128 
 
 11-3137 
 
 5-0397 
 
 159 
 
 12-6095 
 
 5-4175 
 
 129 
 
 11-3578 
 
 5-0528 
 
 160 
 
 12 '6491 
 
 5-4288 
 
 130 
 
 11-4018 
 
 5-0658 
 
 161 
 
 12-6886 
 
 5-4401 
 
 131 
 
 11-4455 
 
 5-0788 
 
 162 
 
 12-7279 
 
 5-4514 
 
 132 
 
 11-4891 
 
 5-0916 
 
 163 
 
 12-7671 
 
 5-4626 
 
 133 
 
 11-5326 
 
 5-1045 
 
 164 
 
 12-8062 
 
 5-4737 
 
 134 
 
 11-5758 
 
 5-1172 
 
 165 
 
 12-8452 
 
 5-4848 
 
 135 
 
 11-6190 
 
 5-1299 
 
 166 
 
 12-8841 
 
 5-4959 
 
 136 
 
 11-6619 
 
 5-1426 
 
 167 
 
 12-9228 
 
 5-5069 
 
 137 
 
 11-7047 
 
 5-1551 
 
 168 
 
 12-9615 
 
 5-5178 
 
 138 
 
 11-7473 
 
 5-1676 
 
 169 
 
 13- 
 
 5-5288 
 
 139 
 
 11-7898 
 
 5-1801 
 
 170 
 
 13-0384 
 
 5-5397 
 
 140 
 
 11-8322 
 
 5-1925 
 
 171 
 
 13-0767 
 
 5-5505 
 
 141 
 
 11-8743 
 
 5-2048 
 
 172 
 
 13-1149 
 
 5-5613 
 
 142 
 
 11-9164 
 
 5-2171 
 
 173 
 
 13-1529 
 
 5-5721 
 
 143 
 
 11-9583 
 
 5-2293 
 
 174 
 
 13-1909 
 
 5-5828 
 
 144 
 
 12- 
 
 5-2415 
 
 175 
 
 13-2288 
 
 5-5938 
 
 145 
 
 12-0416 
 
 5-2536 
 
 176 
 
 13-2665 
 
 5-6041 
 
 146 
 
 12-0830 
 
 5-2656 
 
 177 
 
 13-3041 
 
 5-6147 
 
 147 
 
 12-1244 
 
 5-2776 
 
 178 
 
 13-3417 
 
 5-6252 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 105 
 
 TABLE VIII. SQUAKE AND CUBE BOOT (continued). 
 
 No. 
 
 Square Root. 
 
 Cube Eoot. 
 
 No. 
 
 Square Root. 
 
 Cube Root. 
 
 179 
 
 13-3791 
 
 5-6357 
 
 210 
 
 14-4914 
 
 5-9439 
 
 180 
 
 13-4164 
 
 5-6462 
 
 211 
 
 14-5258 
 
 5-9533 
 
 181 
 
 13-4536 
 
 5-6567 
 
 212 
 
 14-5602 
 
 5-9627 
 
 182 
 
 13-4907 
 
 5-6671 
 
 213 
 
 14-5945 
 
 5-9721 
 
 183 
 
 13-5277 
 
 5-6774 
 
 214 
 
 14-6287 
 
 5-9814 
 
 184 
 
 13-5647 
 
 5-6877 
 
 215 
 
 14-6629 
 
 5-9907 
 
 185 
 
 13-6015 
 
 5-6980 
 
 216 
 
 14-6969 
 
 6- 
 
 186 
 
 13-6382 
 
 5-7083 
 
 217 
 
 14-7309 
 
 6-0092 
 
 187 
 
 13-6748 
 
 5-7185 
 
 218 
 
 14-7648 
 
 6-0185 
 
 188 
 
 13-7133 
 
 5-7287 
 
 219 
 
 14-7986 
 
 6-0277 
 
 189 
 
 13-7477 
 
 5-7388 
 
 220 
 
 44-8324 
 
 6-0363 
 
 190 
 
 13-7840 
 
 5-7489 
 
 221 
 
 14-8661 
 
 6-0459 
 
 191 
 
 13-8203 
 
 5-7590 
 
 222 
 
 14-8997 
 
 6-0550 
 
 192 
 
 13-8564 
 
 5-7690 
 
 223 
 
 14-9332 
 
 6-0641 
 
 193 
 
 13-8924 
 
 5-7790 
 
 224 
 
 14-9666 
 
 6-0732 
 
 194 
 
 13-9284 
 
 7-7890 
 
 225 
 
 15- 
 
 6-0822 
 
 195 
 
 13-9642 
 
 5-7989 
 
 226 
 
 15 0333 
 
 6-0912 
 
 196 
 
 14- 
 
 5-8088 
 
 227 
 
 15-0665 
 
 6-1002 
 
 197 
 
 14-0357 
 
 5-8186 
 
 228 
 
 15-0997 
 
 6-1091 
 
 198 
 
 14-0712 
 
 5-8285 
 
 229 
 
 15-1327 
 
 6-1180 
 
 199 
 
 14-1067 
 
 5-8383 
 
 230 
 
 15-1658 
 
 6-1269 
 
 200 
 
 14-1421 
 
 5-8480 
 
 231 
 
 15-1987 
 
 6-1358 
 
 201 
 
 14-1774 
 
 5-8578 
 
 232 
 
 15-2315 
 
 6-1446 
 
 202 
 
 14-2127 
 
 5 8675 
 
 233 
 
 15-2643 
 
 6-1534 
 
 203 
 
 14-2478 
 
 5-8771 
 
 234 
 
 15-2971 
 
 6-1622 
 
 204 
 
 14-2829 
 
 5-8868 
 
 235 
 
 15-3297 
 
 6-1710 
 
 205 
 
 14-3178 
 
 5-8964 
 
 236 
 
 15-3623 
 
 6-1797 
 
 206 
 
 14-3527 
 
 5-9059 
 
 237 
 
 15-3948 
 
 6-1885 
 
 207 
 
 14-3875 
 
 5-9155 
 
 238 
 
 15-4272 
 
 6-1972 
 
 208 
 
 14-4222 
 
 5-9250 
 
 239 
 
 15-4596 
 
 6-2058 
 
 209 
 
 14-4568 
 
 5-9345 
 
 240 
 
 15-4919 
 
 6-2245 
 
106 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 TABLE VIII. SQUARE AND CUBE KOOT (continued). 
 
 No. 
 
 Square Root. 
 
 Cube Root. 
 
 No. 
 
 Square Root. 
 
 Cube Root. 
 
 241 
 
 15-5242 
 
 6-2231 
 
 272 
 
 16-4924 
 
 6-4792 
 
 242 
 
 15-5563 
 
 6-2317 
 
 273 
 
 16-5227 
 
 6-4872 
 
 243 
 
 15-5885 
 
 6-2403 
 
 274 
 
 16-5529 
 
 6-4951 
 
 244 
 
 15-6205 
 
 6-2488 
 
 275 
 
 16-5831 
 
 6-5030 
 
 245 
 
 15-6525 
 
 6-2573 
 
 276 
 
 16-6132 
 
 6-5108 
 
 246 
 
 15-6844 
 
 6-2658 
 
 277 
 
 16-6433 
 
 6-5187 
 
 247 
 
 15-7162 
 
 6-2743 
 
 278 
 
 16-6733 
 
 6-5265 
 
 248 
 
 15-7480 
 
 6-2828 
 
 279 
 
 16-7033 
 
 6-5343 
 
 249 
 
 15-7797 
 
 6-2912 
 
 280 
 
 16-7332 
 
 6-5421 
 
 250 
 
 15-8114 
 
 6-2996 
 
 281 
 
 16-7631 
 
 6 5499 
 
 251 
 
 15-8430 
 
 6-3080 
 
 282 
 
 16-7929 
 
 6-5577 
 
 252 
 
 15-8745 
 
 6-3164 
 
 283 
 
 16-8226 
 
 6-5654 
 
 253 
 
 15-9060 
 
 6-3247 
 
 284 
 
 16-8523 
 
 6 5731 
 
 254 
 
 15-9374 
 
 6-3330 
 
 285 
 
 16-8819 
 
 6-5808 
 
 255 
 
 15-9687 
 
 6-3413 
 
 286 
 
 16-9115 
 
 6-5885 
 
 256 
 
 16- 
 
 6-3496 
 
 287 
 
 16-9411 
 
 6-5962 
 
 257 
 
 16-0312 
 
 6-3579 
 
 288 
 
 16-9706 
 
 6-6039 
 
 258 
 
 16-0624 
 
 6-3661 
 
 289 
 
 17- 
 
 6-6115 
 
 259 
 
 16-0935 
 
 6-3743 
 
 290 
 
 17-0294 
 
 6-6191 
 
 260 
 
 16-1245 
 
 6-3825 
 
 291 
 
 17-0587 
 
 6-6267 
 
 261 
 
 16-1555 
 
 6-3907 
 
 292 
 
 17-0880 
 
 6-6343 
 
 262 
 
 16-1864 
 
 6-3988 
 
 293 
 
 17-1172 
 
 6-6419 
 
 263 
 
 16-2173 
 
 6-4070 
 
 294 
 
 17-1464 
 
 6-6494 
 
 264 
 
 16-2481 
 
 6-4151 
 
 295 
 
 17-1756 
 
 6-6569 
 
 265 
 
 16-2788 
 
 6-4232 
 
 296 
 
 17-2047 
 
 6-6644 
 
 266 
 
 16-3095 
 
 6-4312 
 
 297 
 
 17-2337 
 
 6-6719 
 
 267 
 
 16-3401 
 
 6-4393 
 
 298 
 
 17-2627 
 
 6-6794 
 
 268 
 
 16-3707 
 
 6-4473 
 
 299 
 
 17-2916 
 
 6-6869 
 
 269 
 
 16-4012 
 
 6-4553 
 
 300 
 
 17-3205 
 
 6-6943 
 
 270 
 
 16-4317 
 
 6-4633 
 
 301 
 
 17 3494 
 
 6-7018 
 
 271 
 
 16-4621 
 
 6-4713 
 
 302 
 
 17-3781 
 
 6-7092 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 107 
 
 TABLE VIII. SQUARE AND CUBE ROOT (continued). 
 
 No. 
 
 Square Root. 
 
 Cube Root. 
 
 No. 
 
 Square Root. 
 
 Cube Root. 
 
 303 
 
 17-4069 
 
 6-7166 
 
 334 
 
 18-2757 
 
 6-9382 
 
 304 
 
 17-4356 
 
 6-7240 
 
 335 
 
 18-3030 
 
 6-9451 
 
 305 
 
 17-4642 
 
 6-7313 
 
 336 
 
 18-3303 
 
 6-9521 
 
 306 
 
 17-4929 
 
 6-7387 
 
 337 
 
 18-3576 
 
 6-9589 
 
 307 
 
 17-5214 
 
 6-7460 
 
 338 
 
 18-3848 
 
 6-9658 
 
 308 
 
 17-5499 
 
 6-7533 
 
 339 
 
 18-4120 
 
 6-9727 
 
 309 
 
 17-5784 
 
 6-7606 
 
 340 
 
 18-4391 
 
 6 9795 
 
 310 
 
 17-6068 
 
 6-7679 
 
 341 
 
 18-4662 
 
 6-9864 
 
 311 
 
 17-6352 
 
 6-7752 
 
 342 
 
 18-4932 
 
 6-9932 
 
 312 
 
 17-6635 
 
 6-7824 
 
 343 
 
 18-5203 
 
 7- 
 
 313 
 
 17-6918 
 
 6-7897 
 
 344 
 
 18-5472 
 
 7-0068 
 
 314 
 
 17-7200 
 
 6-7969 
 
 345 
 
 18-5742 
 
 7-0136 
 
 315 
 
 17-7482 
 
 6-8041 
 
 346 
 
 18-6011 
 
 7-0203 
 
 316 
 
 17-7764 
 
 6-8113 
 
 347 
 
 18 6279 
 
 7-0271 
 
 317 
 
 17-8045 
 
 6-8185 
 
 348 
 
 18-6548 
 
 7-0338 
 
 318 
 
 17-8326 
 
 6-8256 
 
 349 
 
 18-6815 
 
 7-0406 
 
 319 
 
 17-8606 
 
 6-8328 
 
 350 
 
 18-7083 
 
 7-0473 
 
 320 
 
 17-8885 
 
 6-8399 
 
 351 
 
 18-7350 
 
 7-0540 
 
 321 
 
 17-9165 
 
 6-8470 
 
 352 
 
 18-7617 
 
 7-0607 
 
 322 
 
 17-9444 
 
 6-8541 
 
 353 
 
 18-7883 
 
 7-0674 
 
 323 
 
 17-9722 
 
 6-8612 
 
 354 
 
 18-8149 
 
 7-0740 
 
 324 
 
 18- 
 
 6-8683 
 
 355 
 
 18-8414 
 
 7-0807 
 
 325 
 
 18-0278 
 
 6-8753 
 
 356 
 
 18-8680 
 
 7-0873 
 
 326 
 
 18-0555 
 
 6-8824 
 
 357 
 
 18-8944 
 
 7-0940 
 
 327 
 
 18-0831 
 
 6-8894 
 
 358 
 
 18-9209 
 
 7-1006 
 
 328 
 
 18-1108 
 
 6-8964 
 
 359 
 
 18-9473 
 
 7-1072 
 
 329 
 
 18-1384 
 
 6-9034 
 
 360 
 
 18-9737 
 
 7-1138 
 
 330 
 
 18-1659 
 
 6-9104 
 
 361 
 
 19- 
 
 7-1204 
 
 331 
 
 18 1934 
 
 6-9174 
 
 362 
 
 19-0263 
 
 7-1269 
 
 332 
 
 18-2209 
 
 6-9244 
 
 363 
 
 19-0526 
 
 7-1335 
 
 333 
 
 18-2483 
 
 6-9313 
 
 364 
 
 19-0788 
 
 7-1400 
 
108 
 
 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 TABLE VIII. SQUARE AND CUBE Rom -(continued). 
 
 No. 
 
 Square Root. 
 
 Cube Root. 
 
 No. 
 
 Square Root. 
 
 Cube Root. 
 
 365 
 
 19-1050 
 
 7-1466 | 
 
 396 
 
 19-8997 
 
 7-3434 
 
 366 
 
 19-1311 
 
 7-1531 
 
 397 
 
 19-9249 
 
 7-3496 
 
 367 
 
 19-1572 
 
 7-1596 
 
 398 
 
 19-9499 
 
 7-3558 
 
 368 
 
 19-1833 
 
 7-1661 
 
 399 
 
 19-9750 
 
 7-3619 
 
 369 
 
 19-2094 
 
 7-1726 
 
 400 
 
 20- 
 
 7-3681 
 
 370 
 
 19-2354 
 
 7-1791 
 
 401 
 
 20-0250 
 
 7-3742 
 
 371 
 
 19-2614 
 
 7-1855 
 
 402 
 
 20-0499 
 
 7-3803 
 
 372 
 
 19-2873 
 
 7-1920 
 
 403 
 
 20-0749 
 
 7-3864 
 
 373 
 
 19-3132 
 
 7-1984 
 
 404 
 
 20-0998 
 
 7-3925 
 
 374 
 
 19-3391 
 
 7-2048 
 
 405 
 
 20-1246 
 
 7-3986 
 
 375 
 
 19-3649 
 
 7-2112 
 
 406 
 
 20-1494 
 
 7-4047 
 
 376 
 
 19-3907 
 
 7-2177 
 
 407 
 
 20-1742 
 
 7-4108 
 
 377 
 
 19-4165 
 
 7-2240 
 
 408 
 
 20-1990 
 
 7 4169 
 
 378 
 
 19-4422 
 
 7-2304 
 
 409 
 
 20-2237 
 
 7-4229 
 
 379 
 
 19 4679 
 
 7-2368 
 
 410 
 
 20-2485 
 
 7-4290 
 
 380 
 
 19-4936 
 
 7-2432 
 
 411 
 
 20-2731 
 
 7-4350 
 
 381 
 
 19-5192 
 
 7-2495 
 
 412 
 
 20-2978 
 
 7-4410 
 
 382 
 
 19-5448 
 
 7-2558 
 
 413 
 
 20-3224 
 
 7-4470 
 
 383 
 
 19-5704 
 
 7-2622 
 
 414 
 
 20-3470 
 
 7-4530 
 
 384 
 
 19-5959 
 
 7-2685 
 
 415 
 
 20-3715 
 
 7-4590 
 
 385 
 
 19-6214 
 
 7-2748 
 
 416 
 
 20-3961 
 
 7-4650 
 
 386 
 
 19-6469 
 
 7-2811 
 
 417 
 
 20-4206 
 
 7-4710 
 
 387 
 
 19-6723 
 
 7-2874 
 
 418 
 
 20-4450 
 
 7-4770 
 
 388 
 
 19-6977 
 
 7-2936 
 
 419 
 
 20-4695 
 
 7-4829 
 
 389 
 
 19-7231 
 
 7-2999 
 
 420 
 
 20-4939 
 
 7-4889 
 
 390 
 
 19-7484 
 
 7-3061 
 
 421 
 
 20 5183 
 
 7-4948 
 
 391 
 
 19-7737 
 
 7-3124 
 
 422 
 
 20-5426 
 
 7-5007 
 
 392 
 
 19-7990 
 
 7-3186 
 
 423 
 
 20-5670 
 
 7-5067 
 
 393 
 
 19-8242 
 
 7-3248 
 
 424 
 
 20-5913 
 
 7-5126 
 
 394 
 
 19-8494 
 
 7-3310 
 
 425 
 
 20-6155 
 
 7-5185 
 
 395 
 
 19-8746 
 
 7'3372 
 
 426 
 
 20-6398 
 
 7-5244 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 109 
 
 TABLE VIII. SQUARE AND CUBE HOOT (continued.) 
 
 No. 
 
 Square Root. 
 
 Cube Root. 
 
 No. 
 
 Square Root. 
 
 Cube Root. 
 
 427 
 
 20 6640 
 
 7-5302 
 
 458 
 
 21-4009 
 
 7-7082 ' 
 
 428 
 
 20-6882 
 
 7-5361 
 
 459 
 
 21-4243 
 
 7-7138 
 
 429 
 
 20-7123 
 
 7-5420 
 
 460 
 
 21-4476 
 
 7-7194 
 
 430 
 
 20-7364 
 
 7-5478 
 
 461 
 
 21-4709 
 
 7-7250 
 
 431 
 
 20-7605 
 
 7-5537 
 
 462 
 
 21-4942 
 
 7-7306 
 
 432 
 
 20-7846 
 
 7-5595 
 
 463 
 
 21-5174 
 
 7-7362 
 
 433 
 
 20 8087 
 
 7-5654 
 
 464 
 
 21-5407 
 
 7-7418 
 
 434 
 
 20-8327 
 
 7-5712 
 
 465 
 
 21-5639 
 
 7-7473 
 
 435 
 
 20-8567 
 
 7-5770 
 
 466 
 
 21 5870 
 
 7-7529 
 
 436 
 
 20-8806 
 
 7-5828 
 
 467 
 
 21-6102 
 
 7-7584 
 
 437 
 
 20-9045 
 
 7-5886 
 
 468 
 
 21-6333 
 
 7-7639 
 
 438 
 
 20-9284 
 
 7-5944 
 
 469 
 
 21-6564 
 
 7-7695 
 
 439 
 
 20-9523 
 
 7-6001 
 
 470 
 
 21-6795 
 
 7-7750 
 
 440 
 
 20-9762 
 
 7-6059 
 
 471 
 
 21-7025 
 
 7-7805 
 
 441 
 
 21- 
 
 7-6117 
 
 472 
 
 21-7256 
 
 7-7860 
 
 442 
 
 21-0238 
 
 7-6174 
 
 473 
 
 21-7486 
 
 7-7915 
 
 443 
 
 21-0476 
 
 7-6232 
 
 474 
 
 21-7715 
 
 7-7970 
 
 444 
 
 21-0713 
 
 7-6289 
 
 475 
 
 21-7945 
 
 7-8025 
 
 445 
 
 21-0950 
 
 7-6346 
 
 476 
 
 21-8174 
 
 7-8079 
 
 446 
 
 21-1187 
 
 7-6403 
 
 477 
 
 21-8403 
 
 7-8134 
 
 447 
 
 21-1424 
 
 7-6460 
 
 478 
 
 21-8632 
 
 7-8188 
 
 448 
 
 21-1660 
 
 7-6517 
 
 479 
 
 21-8861 
 
 7-8243 
 
 449 
 
 21-1896 
 
 7-6574 
 
 480 
 
 21-9089 
 
 7-8297 
 
 450 
 
 21-2132 
 
 7-6631 
 
 481 
 
 21-9317 
 
 7-8352 
 
 451 
 
 21 2368 
 
 7-6688 
 
 482 
 
 21-9545 
 
 7-8406 
 
 452 
 
 21-2603 
 
 7-6744 
 
 483 
 
 21-9773 
 
 7 8460 
 
 453 
 
 21-2838 
 
 7-6801 
 
 484 
 
 22- 
 
 7-8514 
 
 454 
 
 21-3073 
 
 7-6857 
 
 485 
 
 22-0227 
 
 7-8568 
 
 455 
 
 21-3307 
 
 7-6914 
 
 486 
 
 22-0454 
 
 7-8622 
 
 456 
 
 21-3542 
 
 7-6970 
 
 487 
 
 22-0681 
 
 7-8676 
 
 457 
 
 21-3776 
 
 7-7026 
 
 488 
 
 22-0907 
 
 7-8730 
 
110 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 TABLE VIII. SQUARE AND CUBE ROOT (continued). 
 
 No. 
 
 Square Root. 
 
 II 
 Cube Root. I No. 
 
 Square Root. 
 
 Cube Root. 
 
 489 
 
 22-1133 
 
 7-8784 
 
 520 
 
 22-8035 
 
 8-0415 
 
 490 
 
 22-1359 
 
 7-8837 
 
 521 
 
 22-8254 
 
 8-0466 
 
 491 
 
 22-1585 
 
 7-8891 
 
 522 
 
 22-8473 
 
 8 0517 
 
 492 
 
 22-1811 
 
 7-8944 
 
 523 
 
 22-8692 
 
 8-0569 
 
 493 
 
 22-2036 
 
 7-8998 
 
 524 
 
 22-8910 
 
 8-0620 
 
 494 
 
 22-2261 
 
 7-9051 
 
 525 
 
 22-9129 
 
 8-0671 
 
 495 
 
 22-2486 
 
 7-9105 
 
 526 
 
 22-9347 
 
 8-0723 
 
 496 
 
 22-2711 
 
 7-9158 
 
 527 
 
 22-9565 
 
 8-0774 
 
 497 
 
 22-2935 
 
 7-9211 
 
 528 
 
 22-9783 
 
 8-0825 
 
 498 
 
 22-3159 
 
 7-9264 
 
 529 
 
 23- 
 
 8-0876 
 
 499 
 
 22-3383 
 
 7-9317 
 
 530 
 
 23-0217 
 
 8-0927 
 
 500 
 
 22-3607 
 
 7-9370 
 
 531 
 
 23-0434 
 
 8-0978 
 
 501 
 
 22-3830 
 
 7-9423 
 
 532 
 
 23-0651 
 
 8-1028 
 
 502 
 
 22-4054 
 
 7-9476 
 
 533 
 
 23-0868 
 
 8-1079 
 
 503 
 
 22-4277 
 
 7-9528 
 
 534 
 
 23-1084 
 
 8-1130 
 
 504 
 
 22-4499 
 
 7-9581 
 
 535 
 
 23-1301 
 
 8-1180 
 
 505 
 
 22-4722 
 
 7-9634 
 
 536 
 
 23-1517 
 
 8-1231 
 
 506 
 
 22-4944 
 
 7-9686 
 
 537 
 
 23-1733 
 
 8-1281 
 
 507 
 
 22-5167 
 
 7-9739 
 
 538 
 
 23-1948 
 
 8-1332 
 
 508 
 
 22-5389 
 
 7-9791 
 
 539 
 
 23-2164 
 
 8-1382 
 
 509 
 
 22-5610 
 
 7-9843 
 
 540 
 
 23-2379 
 
 8-1433 
 
 510 
 
 22-5832 
 
 7-9896 
 
 541 
 
 23-2594 
 
 8-1483 
 
 511 
 
 22 6053 
 
 7-9948 
 
 542 
 
 23-2809 
 
 8-1533 
 
 512 
 
 22-6274 
 
 8- 
 
 543 
 
 23-3024 
 
 8-1583 
 
 513 
 
 22-6495 
 
 8-0052 
 
 544 
 
 23-3238 
 
 8-1633 
 
 514 
 
 22-6716 
 
 8-0104 
 
 545 
 
 23-3452 
 
 8-1683 
 
 515 
 
 22-6936 
 
 8-0156 
 
 546 
 
 23-3666 
 
 8-1733 
 
 516 
 
 22-7156 
 
 8-0208 
 
 547 
 
 23-3880 
 
 8 1783 
 
 517 
 
 22-7376 
 
 8-0260 
 
 548 
 
 23-4094 
 
 8-1833 
 
 518 
 
 22-7596 
 
 8-0311 
 
 549 
 
 23-4307 
 
 8-1882 
 
 519 
 
 22-7816 
 
 8-0363 
 
 550 
 
 1 
 
 23-4521 
 
 8-1932 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. Ill 
 
 TABLE VIII. SQUARE AND CUBE BOOT (continued). 
 
 No. 
 
 Square Root. 
 
 Cube Root. 
 
 No. 
 
 Square Root. 
 
 Cube Root. 
 
 551 
 
 23-4734 
 
 8-1982 
 
 582 
 
 24-1247 
 
 8-3491 
 
 552 
 
 23-4947 
 
 8-2031 
 
 583 
 
 24-1454 
 
 8-3539 
 
 553 
 
 23-5160 
 
 8-2081 
 
 584 
 
 24-1661 
 
 8-3587 
 
 554 
 
 23-5372 
 
 8-2130 
 
 585 
 
 24-1868 
 
 8-3634 
 
 555 
 
 23-5584 
 
 8-2180 
 
 586 
 
 24-2074 
 
 8-3682 
 
 556 
 
 23-5797 
 
 8-2229 
 
 587 
 
 24-2281 
 
 8-3730 
 
 557 
 
 23-6008 
 
 8-2278 
 
 588 
 
 24-2487 
 
 8-3777 
 
 558 
 
 23-6220 
 
 8-2327 
 
 589 
 
 24-2693 
 
 8-3825 
 
 559 
 
 23-6432 
 
 8-2377 
 
 590 
 
 24-2899 
 
 8-3872 
 
 560 
 
 23-6643 
 
 8-2426 
 
 591 
 
 34-3105 
 
 8-3919 
 
 561 
 
 23-6854 
 
 8-2475 
 
 592 
 
 24-3311 
 
 8-3967 
 
 562 
 
 23-7065 
 
 8-2524 
 
 593 
 
 24-3516 
 
 8-4014 
 
 563 
 
 23-7276 
 
 8-2573 
 
 594 
 
 24-3721 
 
 8-4061 
 
 564 
 
 23-7487 
 
 8-2621 
 
 595 
 
 24-3926 
 
 8-4108 
 
 565 
 
 23-7697 
 
 8 2670 
 
 596 
 
 24-4131 
 
 8-4155 
 
 566 
 
 23-7908 
 
 8-2719 
 
 597 
 
 24-4336 
 
 8-4202 
 
 567 
 
 23-8118 
 
 8-2768 
 
 598 
 
 24-4540 
 
 8-4249 
 
 568 
 
 23-8328 
 
 8-2816 
 
 599 
 
 24-4745 
 
 8-4296 
 
 569 
 
 23-8537 
 
 8-2865 
 
 600 
 
 24-4949 
 
 8-4343 
 
 570 
 
 23-8747 
 
 8-2913 
 
 601 
 
 24-5153 
 
 8-4390 
 
 571 
 
 23-8956 
 
 8-2962 
 
 602 
 
 24-5357 
 
 8-4437 
 
 572 
 
 23-9165 
 
 8-3010 
 
 603 
 
 24-5561 
 
 8-4484 
 
 573 
 
 23-9374 
 
 8-3059 
 
 604 
 
 24-5764 
 
 8-4530 
 
 574 
 
 23-9583 
 
 8-3107 
 
 605 
 
 24-5967 
 
 8-4577 
 
 575 
 
 23-9792 
 
 8-3155 
 
 606 
 
 24-6171 
 
 8-4623 
 
 576 
 
 24- 
 
 8-3203 
 
 607 
 
 24-6374 
 
 8-4670 
 
 577 
 
 24-0203 
 
 8 3251 
 
 608 
 
 24-6577 
 
 8-4716 
 
 578 
 
 24-0416 
 
 8-33 
 
 609 
 
 24-6779 
 
 8-4763 
 
 579 
 
 24-0624 
 
 8-3348 
 
 610 
 
 24-6982 
 
 8-4809 
 
 580 
 
 24-0832 
 
 8-3396 
 
 611 
 
 24-7184 
 
 8-4856 
 
 581 
 
 24-1039 
 
 8-3443 
 
 612 
 
 24-7386 
 
 8-4902 
 
112 
 
 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 TABLE VIII. SQUARE AND CUBE ROOT (continued). 
 
 No. 
 
 Square Root. 
 
 Cube Root. 
 
 No. 
 
 Square Root. 
 
 Cube Root. 
 
 613 
 
 21-7588 
 
 8-1918 
 
 611 
 
 25-3772 
 
 8-6357 
 
 614 
 
 21-7790 
 
 8-1991 
 
 615 
 
 25-3969 
 
 8-6101 
 
 615 
 
 21-7992 
 
 8-5010 
 
 616 
 
 25-1165 
 
 8 6116 
 
 616 
 
 21-8193 
 
 8-5086 
 
 617 
 
 25-1362 
 
 8-6190 
 
 617 
 
 21-8395 
 
 8-5132 
 
 618 
 
 25-1558 
 
 8-6535 
 
 618 
 
 21-8596 
 
 8-5178 
 
 619 
 
 25-1751 
 
 8-6579 
 
 619 
 
 21-8797 
 
 8-5221 
 
 650 
 
 25-1951 
 
 8-6624 
 
 620 
 
 21-8998 
 
 8-5270 
 
 651 
 
 25-5117 
 
 8-6668 
 
 621 
 
 21-9199 
 
 8-5316 
 
 652 
 
 25-5313 
 
 8-6713 
 
 622 
 
 21-9399 
 
 8-5362 
 
 653 
 
 25-5539 
 
 8-6757 
 
 623 
 
 21-9600 
 
 8-5108 
 
 651 
 
 25-5731 
 
 8-6801 
 
 621 
 
 21-9800 
 
 8-5153 
 
 655 
 
 25-5930 
 
 8-6815 
 
 625 
 
 ' 25- 
 
 8-5199 
 
 656 
 
 25-6125 
 
 8-6890 
 
 626 
 
 25-0200 
 
 8-5511 
 
 657 
 
 25-6320 
 
 8-6931 
 
 627 
 
 25-0100 
 
 8-5590 
 
 658 
 
 25-6515 
 
 8-6978 
 
 628 
 
 25-0599 
 
 8-5635 
 
 659 
 
 25-6710 
 
 8-7022 
 
 629 
 
 25-0799 
 
 8-5681 
 
 660 
 
 25-6905 
 
 8-7066 
 
 630 
 
 25-0998 
 
 8-5726 
 
 661 
 
 25-7099 
 
 8-7110 
 
 631 
 
 25-1197 
 
 8-5772 
 
 662 
 
 25-7291 
 
 8-7151 
 
 632 
 
 25-1396 
 
 8-5817 
 
 663 
 
 25-7188 
 
 8-7198 
 
 633 
 
 25-1595 
 
 8-5S62 
 
 661 
 
 25-7682 
 
 8-7211 
 
 631 
 
 25-1791 
 
 8-5907 
 
 665 
 
 25-7876 
 
 8 7285 
 
 635 
 
 25-1992 
 
 8-5952 
 
 666 
 
 25-8070 
 
 8-7329 
 
 636 
 
 25-2190 
 
 8-5997 
 
 667 
 
 25-8263 
 
 8-7373 
 
 637 
 
 25-2389 
 
 8-6013 
 
 668 
 
 25-8157 
 
 8-7116 
 
 638 
 
 25-2587 
 
 8-6088 
 
 669 
 
 25-8650 
 
 8-7160 
 
 639 
 
 25-2781 
 
 8-6132 
 
 670 
 
 25-8811 
 
 8-7503 
 
 610 
 
 25-2982 
 
 8-6177 
 
 671 
 
 25-9037 
 
 8-7517 
 
 611 
 
 25-3180 
 
 8-6222 
 
 672 
 
 25-9230 
 
 8-7590 
 
 612 
 
 25-3377 
 
 8-6267 
 
 673 
 
 25-9122 
 
 8-7631 
 
 613 
 
 25 3571 
 
 8-6312 
 
 671 
 
 25-9615 
 
 8-7677 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 113 
 
 TABLE VIII. SQUARE AND CUBE BOOT (continued). 
 
 No. 
 
 Square Root. 
 
 Cube Root. 
 
 No. 
 
 Square Root. 
 
 Cube Root. 
 
 675 
 
 25-9808 
 
 8-7721 
 
 706 
 
 26-5707 
 
 8-9043 
 
 676 
 
 26- 
 
 8-7764 
 
 707 
 
 26-5895 
 
 8-9085 
 
 677 
 
 26-0192 
 
 8-7807 
 
 708 
 
 26-6083 
 
 8-9125 
 
 678 
 
 26-0384 
 
 8-7850 
 
 709 
 
 26-6271 
 
 8-9169 
 
 679 
 
 26-0576 
 
 8 '7893 
 
 710 
 
 26-6458 
 
 8-9211 
 
 680 
 
 26-0768 
 
 8-7937 
 
 711 
 
 26-6646 
 
 8-9253 
 
 681 
 
 26-0960 
 
 8-7980 
 
 712 
 
 26-6833 
 
 8-9295 
 
 682 
 
 26-1151 
 
 8-8023 
 
 713 
 
 26-7021 
 
 8-9337 
 
 683 
 
 26-1343 
 
 8-8066 
 
 714 
 
 26-7208 
 
 8-9378 
 
 684 
 
 26-1534 
 
 8-8109 
 
 715 
 
 26-7395 
 
 8-9420 
 
 685 
 
 26-1725 
 
 8-8152 
 
 716 
 
 26-7582 
 
 8-9462 
 
 686 
 
 26-1916 
 
 8-8194 
 
 717 
 
 26-7769 
 
 8-9503 
 
 687 
 
 26-2107 
 
 8-8237 
 
 718 
 
 26-7955 
 
 8 9545 
 
 688 
 
 26-2298 
 
 8-8280 
 
 719 
 
 26-8142 
 
 8-9587 
 
 689 
 
 26-2488 
 
 8-8323 
 
 720 
 
 26-8328 
 
 8-9628 
 
 690 
 
 26-2679 
 
 8-8366 
 
 721 
 
 26-8514 
 
 8-9670 
 
 691 
 
 26 2869 
 
 8-8408 
 
 722 
 
 26-8701 
 
 8-9711 
 
 692 
 
 26-3059 
 
 8-8451 
 
 723 
 
 26-8887 
 
 8-9752 
 
 v 693 
 
 26-3249 
 
 8-8493 
 
 724 
 
 26-9072 
 
 8-9794 
 
 694 
 
 26-3439 
 
 8-8536 
 
 725 
 
 26-9258 
 
 8-9835 
 
 695 
 
 26-3629 
 
 8-8578 
 
 726 
 
 26-9444 
 
 8-9876 
 
 696 
 
 26-3818 
 
 8-8621 
 
 727 
 
 26-9629 
 
 8-9918 
 
 697 
 
 26-4008 
 
 8-8663 
 
 728 
 
 26-9815 
 
 8-9959 
 
 698 
 
 26-4197 
 
 8-8706 
 
 729 
 
 27- 
 
 9- 
 
 699 
 
 26-4386 
 
 8-8748 
 
 730 
 
 27-0185 
 
 9-0041 
 
 700 
 
 26-4575 
 
 8-8790 
 
 731 
 
 27-0370 
 
 9-0082 
 
 701 
 
 26-4764 
 
 8 8833 
 
 732 
 
 27-0555 
 
 9-0123 
 
 702 
 
 26-4953 
 
 8-8875 
 
 733 
 
 27-0740 
 
 9-0164 
 
 703 
 
 26-5141 
 
 8-8917 
 
 734 
 
 27-0924 
 
 9-0205 
 
 704 
 
 26-5330 
 
 8-8959 
 
 735 
 
 27-1109 
 
 9-0246 
 
 705 
 
 26-5518 
 
 8-9001 
 
 736 
 
 27-1293 
 
 9-0287 
 
114 
 
 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 TABLE VIII. SQUARE AND CUBE ROOT (continued). 
 
 No. 
 
 Square Root. 
 
 Cube Root. 
 
 No. 
 
 Square Root. 
 
 Cube Root. 
 
 737 
 
 27-1477 
 
 9-0328 
 
 768 
 
 27-7128 
 
 9-1577 
 
 738 
 
 27-1662 
 
 9-0369 
 
 769 
 
 27-7308 
 
 9-1617 
 
 739 
 
 27-1846 
 
 9-0410 
 
 770 
 
 27-7489 
 
 9-1657 
 
 740 
 
 27-2029 
 
 9-0450 
 
 771 
 
 27-7669 
 
 9-1696 
 
 741 
 
 27-2213 
 
 9-0491 
 
 772 
 
 27-7849 
 
 9-1736 
 
 742 
 
 27-2397 
 
 9-0532 
 
 773 
 
 27-8029 
 
 9-1775 
 
 743 
 
 27-2580 
 
 9-0572 
 
 774 
 
 27-8209 
 
 9-1815 
 
 744 
 
 27-2764 
 
 9-0613 
 
 775 
 
 27-8388 
 
 9-1855 
 
 745 
 
 27-2947 
 
 9-0654 
 
 776 
 
 27-8568 
 
 9-1894 
 
 746 
 
 27-3130 
 
 9-0694 
 
 111 
 
 27-8747 
 
 9-1933 
 
 747 
 
 27-3313 
 
 9-0735 
 
 778 
 
 27-8927 
 
 9-1973 
 
 748 
 
 27-3496 
 
 9-0775 
 
 779 
 
 27-9106 
 
 9-2012 
 
 749 
 
 27-3679 
 
 9-0816 
 
 780 
 
 27-9285 
 
 9-2052 
 
 750 
 
 27-3861 
 
 9-0856 
 
 781 
 
 27-9464 
 
 9-2091 
 
 751 
 
 27-4044 
 
 9-0896 
 
 782 
 
 27-9643 
 
 9-2130 
 
 752 
 
 27-4226 
 
 9-0937 
 
 783 
 
 27-9821 
 
 9-2170 
 
 753 
 
 27-4408 
 
 9-0977 
 
 784 
 
 28- 
 
 9-2209 
 
 754 
 
 27-4591 
 
 9-1017 
 
 785 
 
 28-0179 
 
 9-2248 
 
 755 
 
 27-4773 
 
 9-1057 
 
 786 
 
 28-0357 
 
 9-2287 
 
 756 
 
 27-4955 
 
 9-1098 
 
 787 
 
 28-0535 
 
 9-2326 
 
 757 
 
 27-5136 
 
 9-1138 
 
 788 
 
 28-0713 
 
 9-2367 
 
 758 
 
 27-5318 
 
 9-1178 
 
 789 
 
 28-0891 
 
 9-2404 
 
 759 
 
 27-5500 
 
 9-1218 
 
 790 
 
 28-1069 
 
 9-2443 
 
 760 
 
 27-5681 
 
 9-1258 
 
 791 
 
 28-1247 
 
 9-2482 
 
 761 
 
 27-5862 
 
 9-1298 
 
 792 
 
 28-1425 
 
 9-2521 
 
 762 
 
 27-6043 
 
 9-1338 
 
 793 
 
 28-1603 
 
 9-2560 
 
 763 
 
 27-6225 
 
 9-1378 
 
 794 
 
 28-1780 
 
 9-2599 
 
 764 
 
 27-6405 
 
 9-1418 
 
 795 
 
 28-1957 
 
 9-2638 
 
 765 
 
 27-6586 
 
 9-1458 
 
 796 
 
 28-2135 
 
 9-2677 
 
 766 
 
 27-6767 
 
 9-1498 
 
 797 
 
 28-2312 
 
 9-2716 
 
 767 
 
 27-6948 
 
 9-1537 
 
 798 
 
 28-2489 
 
 9-2754 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 115 
 
 TABLE VIIL SQUARE AND CUBE ROOT (continued). 
 
 No. 
 
 Square Root. 
 
 Cube Root. 
 
 No. 
 
 Square Root. 
 
 Cube Root. 
 
 799 
 
 28-2666 
 
 9-2793 
 
 830 
 
 28-8097 
 
 9-3978 
 
 800 
 
 28-2843 
 
 9-2832 
 
 831 
 
 28-8271 
 
 9-4016 
 
 801 
 
 28-3019 
 
 9-2870 
 
 832 
 
 28 8444 
 
 9-4053 
 
 802 
 
 28-3196 
 
 9-2909 
 
 833 
 
 28-8617 
 
 9-4091 
 
 803 
 
 28-3373 
 
 9-2948 
 
 834 
 
 28-8791 
 
 9-4129 
 
 804 
 
 28-3549 
 
 9-2986 
 
 835 
 
 28-8964 
 
 9-4166 
 
 805 
 
 28-3725 
 
 9-3025 
 
 836 
 
 28-9137 
 
 9-4204 
 
 806 
 
 28-3901 
 
 9-3063 
 
 837 
 
 28-9310 
 
 9-4241 
 
 807 
 
 28-4077 
 
 9-3102 
 
 838 
 
 28-9482 
 
 9-4279 
 
 808 
 
 28-4253 
 
 9-3140 
 
 839 
 
 28-9655 
 
 9-4316 
 
 809 
 
 28-4429 
 
 9-3179 
 
 840 
 
 28-9828 
 
 9-4354 
 
 810 
 
 28-4605 
 
 9-3217 
 
 841 
 
 29- 
 
 9-4391 
 
 811 
 
 28-4781 
 
 9-3255 
 
 842 
 
 29-0172 
 
 9-4429 
 
 812 
 
 28-4956 
 
 9-3294 
 
 843 
 
 29-0345 
 
 9-4466 
 
 813 
 
 28-5132 
 
 9-3332 
 
 844 
 
 29-0517 
 
 9-4503 
 
 814 
 
 28-5307 
 
 9-3370 
 
 845 
 
 29-0689 
 
 9-4541 
 
 815 
 
 28-5482 
 
 9-3408 
 
 846 
 
 29-0861 
 
 9-4578 
 
 816 
 
 28-5657 
 
 9-3447 
 
 847 
 
 29-1033 
 
 9-4615 
 
 817 
 
 28-5832 
 
 9-3485 
 
 848 
 
 29-1204 
 
 9-4652 
 
 818 
 
 28-6007 
 
 9-3523 
 
 849 
 
 29-1376 
 
 9-4690 
 
 819 
 
 28-6182 
 
 9-3561 
 
 850 
 
 29-1548 
 
 9-4727 
 
 820 
 
 28-6356 
 
 9-3599 
 
 851 
 
 29-1719 
 
 9-4764 
 
 821 
 
 28-6531 
 
 9-3637 
 
 852 
 
 29-1890 
 
 9-4801 
 
 822 
 
 28-6705 
 
 9-3675 
 
 853 
 
 29-20G2 
 
 9-4838 
 
 823 
 
 28-6880 
 
 9-3713 
 
 854 
 
 29-2233 
 
 9-4875 
 
 824 
 
 28-7054 
 
 9-3751 
 
 855 
 
 29-2404 
 
 9-4912 
 
 825 
 
 28-7228 
 
 9-3789 
 
 856 
 
 29 2575 
 
 9-4949 
 
 826 
 
 28-7402 
 
 9-3827 
 
 857 
 
 29-2746 
 
 9-4986 
 
 827 
 
 28-7576 
 
 9-3865 
 
 858 
 
 29-2916 
 
 9-5023 
 
 828 
 
 28-7750 
 
 9-3902 
 
 859 
 
 29-3087 
 
 9-5060 
 
 829 
 
 28-7924 
 
 9-3940 
 
 860 
 
 29-3258 
 
 9-5097 
 
 i 2 
 
116 
 
 DIRECT-ACTING PUMPING ENGINE 
 
 TABLE VIII. SQUARE AND CUBE ROOT (continued). 
 
 No. 
 
 Square Root. 
 
 Cube Koot. 
 
 No. 
 
 Square Root. 
 
 Cube Root. 
 
 861 
 
 29-3428 
 
 9-5134 
 
 892 
 
 25-8664 
 
 9-6262 
 
 862 
 
 29-3598 
 
 9-5171 
 
 893 
 
 29-8831 
 
 9-6298 
 
 863 
 
 29-3769 
 
 9-5207 
 
 894 
 
 29-8998 
 
 9-6334 
 
 864 
 
 29-3939 
 
 9-5244 
 
 895 
 
 29-9166 
 
 9 6370 
 
 865 
 
 29-4109 
 
 9-5281 
 
 896 
 
 29-9333 
 
 9-6406 
 
 866 
 
 29-4279 
 
 9-5317 
 
 897 
 
 29-9500 
 
 9-6442 
 
 867 
 
 29-4449 
 
 9-5354 
 
 898 
 
 29-9666 
 
 9-6477 
 
 868 
 
 29-4618 
 
 9-5391 
 
 899 
 
 29-9833 
 
 9-6513 
 
 869 
 
 29-4788 
 
 9-5427 
 
 900 
 
 SO- 
 
 9-6549 
 
 870 
 
 29-4958 
 
 9-5464 
 
 901 
 
 SO -0167 
 
 9-6585 
 
 871 
 
 29-5127 
 
 9-5501 
 
 902 
 
 30-0333 
 
 9-6620 
 
 872 
 
 29-5296 
 
 9-5537 
 
 903 
 
 30-0500 
 
 9-6656 
 
 873 
 
 29-5466 
 
 9-5574 
 
 904 
 
 30-0666 
 
 9-6692 
 
 874 
 
 29-5635 
 
 9-5610 
 
 905 
 
 30-0832 
 
 9-6727 
 
 875 
 
 29-5804 
 
 9-5647 
 
 906 
 
 30-0998 
 
 9-6763 
 
 876 
 
 29-5973 
 
 9-5683 
 
 907 
 
 30-1164 
 
 9-6799 
 
 877 
 
 29-6142 
 
 9-5719 
 
 908 
 
 30-1330 
 
 9-6834 
 
 878 
 
 29-6311 
 
 9-5756 
 
 909 
 
 30-1496 
 
 9-6870 
 
 879 
 
 29-6479 
 
 9-5792 
 
 910 
 
 30-1662 
 
 9-6905 
 
 880 
 
 29-6648 
 
 9-5828 
 
 911 
 
 30-1828 
 
 9-6941 
 
 881 
 
 29-6816 
 
 9-5865 
 
 912 
 
 30-1993 
 
 9-6976 
 
 882 
 
 29-6985 
 
 9-5901 
 
 913 
 
 30-2159 
 
 9-7012 
 
 883 
 
 29-7153 
 
 9-5937 
 
 914 
 
 30-2324 
 
 9-7047 
 
 884 
 
 29-7321 
 
 9-5973 
 
 915 
 
 30-2490 
 
 9-7082 
 
 885 
 
 29-7489 
 
 9-6010 
 
 916 
 
 30-2655 
 
 9-7118 
 
 886 
 
 29-7658 
 
 9-6046 
 
 917 
 
 30-2820 
 
 9-7153 
 
 887 
 
 29-7825 
 
 9-6082 
 
 918 
 
 30-2985 
 
 9-7188 
 
 888 
 
 29-7993 
 
 9-6118 
 
 919 
 
 30-3150 
 
 9-7224 
 
 889 
 
 29-8161 
 
 9-6154 
 
 920 
 
 30-3315 
 
 9-7259 
 
 890 
 
 29-8329 
 
 9-6190 
 
 921 
 
 30-3480 
 
 9-7294 
 
 891 
 
 . 29-8496 
 
 9-6226 
 
 922 
 
 30-3645 
 
 9-7329 
 
AND STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 117 
 
 TABLE VIII. SQUARE AND CUBE BOOT (continued). 
 
 No. 
 
 Square Root. 
 
 Cube Root. 
 
 No. 
 
 Square Root. 
 
 Cube Root. 
 
 923 
 
 30-3809 
 
 9-7364 
 
 954 
 
 30-8869 
 
 9-8443 
 
 924 
 
 30-3974 
 
 9-7400 
 
 955 
 
 30-9031 
 
 9-8477 
 
 925 
 
 30-4138 
 
 9-7435 
 
 956 
 
 30-9192 
 
 9-8511 
 
 926 
 
 30-4302 
 
 9-7470 
 
 957 
 
 30-9354 
 
 9-8546 
 
 927 
 
 30-4467 
 
 9-7505 
 
 958 
 
 30-9516 
 
 9-8580 
 
 928 
 
 30-4631 
 
 9-7540 
 
 959 
 
 30-9677 
 
 9-8614 
 
 929 
 
 30-4795 
 
 9-7575 
 
 960 
 
 30-9839 
 
 9-8648 
 
 930 
 
 30-4959 
 
 9-7610 
 
 961 
 
 31- 
 
 9-8683 
 
 931 
 
 30-5123 
 
 9-7645 
 
 962 
 
 31-0161 
 
 9-8717 
 
 932 
 
 30-5287 
 
 9-7680 
 
 963 
 
 31-0322 
 
 9-8751 
 
 933 
 
 30-5450 
 
 9-7715 
 
 964 
 
 31-0483 
 
 9-8785 
 
 934 
 
 30-5614 
 
 9-7750 
 
 965 
 
 31-0644 
 
 9-8819 
 
 935 
 
 30-5778 
 
 9-7785 
 
 966 
 
 31-0805 
 
 9-8854 
 
 936 
 
 30-5941 
 
 9-7819 
 
 967 
 
 31-0966 
 
 9-8888 
 
 937 
 
 30-6105 
 
 9-7854 
 
 968 
 
 31-1127 
 
 9-8922 
 
 938 
 
 30-6268 
 
 9-7889 
 
 969 
 
 31-1288 
 
 9-8956 
 
 939 
 
 30-6431 
 
 9-7924 
 
 970 
 
 31-1448 
 
 9-8990 
 
 940 
 
 30-6594 
 
 9-7959 
 
 971 
 
 31-1609 
 
 9-9024 
 
 941 
 
 30-6757 
 
 9-7993 
 
 972 
 
 31-1769 
 
 9-9058 
 
 942 
 
 30-6920 
 
 9-8028 
 
 973 
 
 31-1929 
 
 9-9092 
 
 943 
 
 30-7083 
 
 9-8063 
 
 974 
 
 31-2090 
 
 9-9126 
 
 944 
 
 30-7246 
 
 9-8097 
 
 975 
 
 31-2250 
 
 9-9160 
 
 945 
 
 30-7409 
 
 9-8132 
 
 976 
 
 31-2410 
 
 9-9194 
 
 946 
 
 30-7571 
 
 9-8167 
 
 977 
 
 31-2570 
 
 9 9227 
 
 947 
 
 30-7734 
 
 9-8201 
 
 978 
 
 31-2730 
 
 9-9261 
 
 948 
 
 30-7896 
 
 9-8236 
 
 979 
 
 31-2890 
 
 9-9295 
 
 949 
 
 30-8058 
 
 9-8270 
 
 980 
 
 31-3050 
 
 9-9329 
 
 950 
 
 30-8221 
 
 9-8305 
 
 981 
 
 31 3209 
 
 9-9363 
 
 951 
 
 30-8383 
 
 9-8339 
 
 982 
 
 31-3369 
 
 9-9396 
 
 952 
 
 30-8545 
 
 9-8374 
 
 983 
 
 31-3528 
 
 9-9430 
 
 953 
 
 30-8707 
 
 9-8408 
 
 984 
 
 31-3688 
 
 9-9464 
 
118 
 
 STEAM PUMP CONSTRUCTION. 
 
 TABLE VIII. SQUAKE AND CCBE ROOT (continued). 
 
 No. 
 
 Square Root. 
 
 Cube Root. 
 
 No. 
 
 Square Root. 
 
 Cube Root. 
 
 985 
 
 31-3847 
 
 9-9497 
 
 993 
 
 31-5119 
 
 9-9766 
 
 986 
 
 31-4006 
 
 9-9531 
 
 994 
 
 31-5278 
 
 9-9800 
 
 987 
 
 31-4166 
 
 9-9565 
 
 995 
 
 31-5436 
 
 9-9833 
 
 988 
 
 31-4325 
 
 9-9598 
 
 996 
 
 31-5595 
 
 9-9866 
 
 989 
 
 31-4484 
 
 9-9632 
 
 997 
 
 31-5753 
 
 9-9900 
 
 990 
 
 31-4643 
 
 9-9666 
 
 998 
 
 31-5911 
 
 9-9933 
 
 991 
 
 31-4802 
 
 9-9699 
 
 999 
 
 31-6070 
 
 9-9967 
 
 992 
 
 31-4960 
 
 9-9732 
 
 1000 
 
 31-6228 
 
 10- 
 
 To find the Square or Cube Hoot of any Number. 
 
 Rule. Multiply the difference between the root of the 
 integer part of the given number and the root of the next 
 higher integer number by the decimal part of the given 
 number, and add the product to the root of the integer 
 number given, the sum is the root required. 
 
 Example 1. Required the square root of 62*75. 
 Square root of 63 = 7 -9373 
 Square root of 62 ^ 7-8740 
 
 Difference = 0-0633 x '75 = -047475 
 
 7-8740 -f -047475 = 7-921475 the root required. 
 
 Example 2. Required the cube root of 6-5. 
 Cube root of 7 = 1-9129 
 Cube root of 6 = 1-8170 
 
 Difference - 0-0958 x '5 = -04790 
 1-8171 -f- -4730 = 1-8650 the root required 
 
INDEX, 
 
 A. 
 
 Advantages of steam pump, 6 
 Air pump, size of, 51 
 Area of auxiliary valve, 49 
 
 circulating tubes, 51 
 
 of circles, 84-91 
 
 of main piston valve, 49 
 
 piston rod, 49 
 
 slide valve, 49 
 
 subsidiary valve, 49 
 
 valve moving plunger, 49 
 Auxiliary cylinder, 49 
 
 B. 
 
 Blake's valve gear, 37 
 
 C. 
 
 Cameron's valve gear, 34 
 Carricaburn's valve gear, 30 
 Cataract governor, 50 
 Circulating pump, 51 
 
 tubes, size of, 51 
 
 water, 51 
 Circumference of circles, 84-91 
 Classification, 9 
 Colebrook's valve gear, 27 
 C olburn's valve gear, 32 
 Compound engine, 50 
 Cooling, surface, 50 
 Cope and Maxwell's valve gear, 15 
 Cube of numbers, 92-96 
 root of any numbers, rule for, 118 
 numbers, 102-118 
 
120 INDEX. 
 
 D. 
 
 Davey's valve gear, 11 
 Delameter valve gear, 39 
 Depth of steam piston, 49 
 Diameter of pump piston, 46 
 Differential valve gear, 11 
 Dip workings, 3 
 
 Disadvantages of steam pumps, 7 
 Duplex valve gear, 18 
 Duty, 44 
 
 E. 
 
 Expansive steam, mean pressure of, 64-71 
 
 F. 
 
 Feed pumps. 50 
 
 water, quantity of, 50 
 Fielding's valve gear, 20 
 Fifth power of numbers, 97-101 
 Fixing direct-acting steam pumps, 7 
 Floyd's valve gear, 36 
 Formulas, 44-51 
 
 Fourth power of numbers, 97-101 
 Friction in pipes, 48 
 
 pumps, 47 
 
 of water in pipes, table of, 58-63 
 
 G. 
 
 General remarks, 3 
 Governor, Cataract, 50 
 
 H. 
 
 Harlow's valve gear, 24 
 
 High pressure cylinder, diameter of, 47 
 
 Horse-power- required to raise water, table of, 72-83 
 
 I. 
 
 Injection condenser, 51 
 
 pipe, size of, 51 
 
 water, 51 
 Introduction, 1 
 
INDEX. 121 
 
 L. 
 
 Lee's valve gear, 18 
 Loss of steam in pipes, 3 
 Low-pressure cylinder, diameter of, 46 
 
 M. 
 
 Main piston valve, diameter of, 49 
 Maxwell's valve gear, 15 
 Mean pressure of expansive steam, 64-71 
 Mechanically- and steam-moved valves, 9 
 moved valves, 11, 18 
 
 N. 
 Number, cube of, 92-96 
 
 root of, 102-118 
 square of, 92-96 
 
 root of, 102-118 
 of expansions, table of, 64 
 
 P. 
 
 Parker and Weston's valve gear, 26 
 
 Partially mechanically and partially steam-moved valves, 37 
 
 Pipes, friction in, 48 
 
 Piston rod, area of, 49 
 
 Pistons, depth of, 49 
 
 Piston speeds, 49 
 
 Point of cut-off, 64-71 
 
 Proportions between steam and pump cylinders, 44 
 
 Q. 
 
 Quantity of injection water, 51 
 
 R. 
 
 Rackham's valve gear, 36 
 
 Ratio of area of subsidiary cylinder and area of slide valve, 49 
 
 steam cylinder and circulating pump (American practice), 51 
 Relative area of main piston valve and area of cylinder, 49 
 
 area of main piston valve and subsidiary cylinder, 49 
 Rules and formulas, 44-51 
 
 K 
 
122 INDEX. 
 
 S, 
 
 Seldon valve gear, 40 
 Self-governing valve gear, 15 
 Single-acting air pump, size of, 51 
 Size of air pump, 51 
 injection pipe, 51 
 pump piston, 44 
 steam ports, 48 
 Slide valve, area of, 49 
 Speed of piston, 49 
 Square of numbers, 92-96 
 
 root of numbers, 102-118 
 
 ' any number, rule for, 118 
 Steam- and mechanically-moved valves, 9 
 
 moved valves, 92 
 
 piston, depth of, 49 
 
 ports, size of, 48 
 
 pressure required, 45 
 Subsidiary cyclinder, 49 
 Superficial area of tubes, 51 
 Surface condenser, 50 
 
 T. 
 
 Tables, 53 
 
 Table of areas of circles, 84 
 
 circumference of circles, 84 
 
 cube of numbers, 92-96 
 
 cube root of numbers, 102-118 
 
 fifth power of numbers, 97 
 
 fourth power of numbers, 97 
 
 friction of water in pipes, 58 
 
 horse-power required to raise water, 72 
 
 mean pressure of expansive steam, 64 
 
 square of numbers, 92-96 
 
 square root of numbers, 102-118 
 
 total pressure on cylinder pistons, 54 
 
 Tonkin's valve gear, 25 
 
 U. 
 Universal short stroke valve gear, 22 
 
INDEX. 123 
 
 V. 
 
 Valve gears, 11 
 
 Valley valve gear, 41 
 
 Valve moving plunger, area of, 49 
 
 W. 
 
 Water pressure required, 45 
 Weston's valve gear, 26 
 Worthington's simplex valve gear, 42 
 
 LONDON : PRINTED BY WM. CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET 
 
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1890- 
 
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PUBLISHED BY E. & F. N. SPON, 
 
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 Elements of Construction for Electro- Magnets. By 
 
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 Masonry, Arches, etc. Struts, Columns, Beams, and Trusses Flooring, Roofing, and Roof 
 Trusses Girders, Bridges, etc. Railways and Roads Hydraulic Formulae Canals, Sewers, 
 Waterworks, Docks Irrigation and Breakwaters Gas, Ventilation, and Warming Heat, 
 Light, Colour, and Sound Gravity : Centres, Forces, and Powers Millwork, Teeth of 
 Wheels, Shafting, etc. Workshop Recipes Sundry Machinery Animal Power Steam and 
 the Steam Engine^Water-power, Water-wheels, Turbines, etc. Wind and Windmills- 
 Steam Navigation, Ship Building, Tonnage, etc. Gunnery, Projectiles, etc. Weights, 
 Measures, and Money Trigonometry, Conic Sections, and Curves Telegraphy Mensura- 
 tion Tables of Areas and Circumference, and Arcs of Circles Logarithms, Square and 
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 lus Algebraic Signs Telegraphic Construction and Formulae. 
 
CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC BOOKS 
 
 Hints on Architectural Draughtsmanship. By G. W. 
 
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 Spans Tables and- Memoranda for Engineers; 
 
 selected and arranged by J. T. HURST, C.E., Author of 'Architectural 
 Surveyors' Handbook,' ' Hurst's Tredgold's Carpentry,' etc. Eleventh 
 edition, 64mo, roan, gilt edges, is. ; or in cloth case, is. 6d. 
 This work is printed in a pearl type, and is so small, measuring only 2i in. by ii in. by 
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 pages for memoranda is, in fact, a true pocket-book, adapted for being carried in the waist- 
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 would imagine could be compressed into so small a space The little volume has been 
 
 compiled with considerable care and judgment, and we can cordially recommend it to our 
 readers as a useful little pocket companion." Engineering. 
 
 A Practical Treatise on Natural and Artificial 
 
 Concrete, its Varieties and Constructive Adaptations. By HENRY REID, 
 Author of the ' Science and Art of the Manufacture of Portland Cement.' 
 New Edition, -with 59 -woodcuts and 5 plates, Svo, cloth, \$s. 
 
 Notes on Concrete and Works in Concrete; especially 
 
 written to assist those engaged upon Public Works. By JOHN NEWMAN, 
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 Electricity as a Motive Power. By Count TH. Du 
 
 MONCEL, Membre de 1'Institut de France, and FRANK GERALD Y, Inge- 
 nieur des Pontset Chaussees. Translated and Edited, with Additions, by 
 C. J. WHARTON, Assoc. Soc. TeL Eng. and Elec. With 113 engravings 
 and diagrams, crown Svo, cloth, Js. 6d. 
 
 Treatise on Valve-Gears, with special consideration 
 
 of the Link-Motions of Locomotive Engines. By Dr. GUSTAV ZEUNER, 
 Professor of Applied Mechanics at the Confederated Polytechnikum of 
 Zurich. Translated from the Fourth German Edition, by Professor J. F. 
 KLEIN, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa. Illustrated, Svo, cloth, 12s. 6d. 
 
 The French- Polisher s Manual. By a French- 
 
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 Smoothing, Spirit Varnishing, French-Polishing, Directions for Re- 
 polishing. Third edition, royal 32mo, sewed, 6d. 
 
 Hops, their Cultivation, Commerce, and Uses in 
 
 various Countries. By P. L. SIMMONDS. Crown Svo, cloth, 4^. 6d. 
 
 The Principles of Graphic Statics. By GEORGE 
 
 SYDENHAM CLARKE, Major Royal Engineers. With 112 illustrations. 
 Second edition, 4to, cloth, 12s. 6d. 
 
PUBLISHED BY E. & F. N. SPON. 
 
 Dynamo Tenders Hand-Book. By F. B. BADT, late 
 
 ist Lieut. Royal Prussian Artillery. With 70 illustrations. Third edition, 
 i8mo, cloth, 4s. 6d. 
 
 Practical Geometry, Perspective^ and Engineering 
 
 Drawing; a Course of Descriptive Geometry adapted to the Require- 
 ments of the Engineering Draughtsman, including the determination of 
 cast shadows and Isometric Projection, each chapter being followed by 
 numerous examples ; to which are added rules for Shading, Shade-lining, 
 etc., together with practical instructions as to the Lining, Colouring, 
 Printing, and general treatment of Engineering Drawings, with a chapter 
 on drawing Instruments. By GEORGE S. CLARKE, Capt. R.E. Second 
 edition, with 21 plates. 2 vols., cloth, IQJ. 6d. 
 
 The Elements of Graphic Statics. By Professor 
 
 KARL VON OTT, translated from the German by G. S. CLARKE, Capt. 
 R.E., Instructor in Mechanical Drawing, Royal Indian Engineering 
 College. With 93 illustrations, crown 8vo, cloth, $s. 
 
 A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture and Distri- 
 bution of Coal Gas. By WILLIAM RICHARDS. Demy 410, with numerous 
 wood engravings and 29 plates, cloth, 28^. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS : 
 
 Introduction History of Gas Lighting Chemistry of Gas Manufacture, by Lewis 
 Thompson, Esq., M.R.C.S. Coal, with Analyses, by J. Paterson, Lewis Thompson, and 
 G. R. Hislop, Esqrs. Retorts, Iron and Clay Retort Setting Hydraulic Main Con- 
 densers Exhausters Washers and Scrubbers Purifiers Purification History of Gas 
 Holder Tanks, Brick and Stone, Composite, Concrete, Cast-iron, Compound Annular 
 Wrpught-iron Specifications Gas Holders Station Meter Governor Distribution 
 Mains Gas Mathematics, or Formulae for the Distribution of Gas, by Lewis Thompson, Esq. 
 Services Consumers' Meters Regulators Burners Fittings Photometer Carburization 
 of Gas Air Gas and Water Gas Composition of Coal Gas, by Lewis Thompson, Esq. 
 Analyses of Gas Influence of Atmospheric Pressure and Temperature on Gas Residual 
 Products Appendix Description of Retort Settings, Buildings, etc., etc. 
 
 The New Formula for Mean Velocity of Discharge 
 
 of Rivers and Canals. By W. R. KUTTER. Translated from articles in 
 the 'Cultur-Ingenieur,' by Lowis D'A. JACKSON, Assoc. Inst. C.E. 
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 The Practical Millwright and Engineers Ready 
 
 Reckoner; or Tables for finding the diameter and power of cog-wheels, 
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 By THOMAS DIXON. Fourth edition, I2mo, cloth, 3*. 
 
 Tin: Describing the Chief Methods of Mining, 
 
 Dressing and Smelting it abroad ; with Notes upon Arsenic, Bismuth and 
 Wolfram. By ARTHUR G. CHARLETON, Mem. American Inst. of 
 Mining Engineers. With plates, 8vo, cloth, I2s. 6d. 
 
 B 3 
 
io CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC BOOKS 
 
 Perspective, Explained and Illustrated. By G. S. 
 
 CLARKE, Capt. R.E. With illustrations, 8vo, cloth, 3*. 6d. 
 
 Practical Hydraulics ; a Series of Rules and Tables 
 
 for the use of Engineers, etc., etc. By THOMAS Box. Ninth edition, 
 numerous plates, post 8vo, cloth, 5-r. 
 
 The Essential Elements of Practical Mechanics; 
 
 based on the Principle of Work, designed for Engineering Students. By 
 OLIVER BYRNE, formerly Professor of Mathematics, College for Civil 
 Engineers. Third edition, -with 148 wood engravings, post 8vo, cloth, 
 is. 6d. 
 
 CONTENTS : 
 
 Chap. I. How Work is Measured by a Unit, both with and without reference to a Unit 
 of Time Chap. 2. The Work of Living Agents, the Influence of Friction, and introduces 
 one of the most beautiful Laws of Motion Chap. 3. The principles expounded in the first and 
 second chapters are applied to the Motion of Bodies Chap. 4. The Transmission of Work by 
 simple Machines Chap. 5. Useful Propositions and Rules. 
 
 Breweries and Mailings : their Arrangement, Con- 
 struction, Machinery, and Plant. By G. SCAMELL, F.R.I.B.A. Second 
 edition, revised, enlarged, and partly rewritten. By F. COLYER, M.I.C.E. , 
 M.I.M.E. With 20 plates, 8vo, cloth, I2J. 6ct. 
 
 A Practical Treatise on the Construction of Hori- 
 zontal and Vertical Waterwheels, specially designed for the use of opera- 
 tive mechanics. By WILLIAM CULLEN, Millwright and Engineer. With 
 II plates. Second edition, revised and enlarged, small 4to, cloth, I2j. 6d. 
 
 A Practical Treatise on Mill-gearing, Wheels, Shafts, 
 
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 edition, with 1 1 plates. Crown 8vo, cloth, 7.7. 6d. 
 
 Mining Machinery: a Descriptive Treatise on the 
 
 Machinery, Tools, and other Appliances used in Mining. By G. G. 
 ANDRE, F.G.S., Assoc. Inst. C.E., Mem. of the Society of Engineers. 
 Royal 4to, uniform with the Author's Treatise on Coal Mining, con- 
 taining 182 plates, accurately drawn to scale, with descriptive text, in 
 2 vols., cloth, 3/. I2,r. 
 
 CONTENTS : 
 
 Machinery for Prospecting, Excavating, Hauling, and Hoisting Ventilation Pumping^ 
 Treatment of Mineral Products, including Gold and Silver, Copper, Tin, and Lead, Iron 
 Coal, Sulphur, China Clay, Brick Earth, etc. 
 
 Tables for Setting out Curves for Railways, Canals, 
 
 Roads, etc., varying from a radius of five chains to three miles. By A. 
 KENNEDY and R. W. HACKWOOD. Illustrated 32010, cloth, 2s. 6d. 
 
PUBLISHED BY E. & F. N. SPON. u 
 
 Practical Electrical Notes and Definitions for the 
 
 use of Engineering Students and Practical Men. By W. PERREN 
 MAYCOCK, Assoc. M. Inst. E.E., Instructor in Electrical Engineering at 
 the Pitlake Institute, Croydon, together with the Rules and Regulations 
 to be observed in Electrical Installation Work. Royal 32mo, cloth. 
 
 The Draughtsman s Handbook of Plan and Map 
 
 Drawing; including instructions for the preparation of Engineering, 
 Architectural, and Mechanical Drawings. With numerous illustrations 
 in the text, and 33 plates (15 printed in colours]. By G. G. ANDRE, 
 F.G.S., Assoc. Inst. C.E. 4to, cloth, gs. 
 
 CONTENTS : 
 
 The Drawing Office and its Furnishings Geometrical Problems Lines, Dots, and their 
 Combinations Colours, Shading, Lettering, Bordering, and North Points Scales Plotting 
 Civil Engineers' and Surveyors' Plans Map Drawing Mechanical and Architectural 
 Drawing Copying and Reducing Trigonometrical Formulae, etc., etc. 
 
 The B oiler-maker s andiron Ship-builders. Companion, 
 
 comprising a series of original and carefully calculated tables, of the 
 utmost utility to persons interested in the iron trades. By JAMES FODEN, 
 author of ' Mechanical Tables,' etc. Second edition revised, with illustra- 
 tions^ crown 8vo, cloth, $s. 
 
 Rock Blasting: a Practical Treatise on the means 
 
 employed in Blasting Rocks for Industrial Purposes. By G. G. ANDRE, 
 F.G.S., Assoc. Inst. C.E. With 56 illustrations and iz plates, 8vo, cloth, 
 los. 6d. 
 
 Experimental Science: Elementary, Practical, and 
 
 Experimental Physics. By GEO. M. HOPKINS. Illustrated by 672 
 engravings. In one large vol., 8vo, cloth, l8j. 
 
 A Treatise on Ropemaking as practised in public and 
 
 private Rope-yards, with a Description of the Manufacture, Rules, Tables 
 of Weights, etc., adapted to the Trade, Shipping, Mining, Railways, 
 Builders, etc. By R. CHAPMAN, formerly foreman to Messrs. Huddart 
 and Co., Limehouse, and late Master Ropemaker to H.M. Dockyard, 
 Deptford. Second edition, I2mo, cloth, 3-r. 
 
 Laxtons Builders and Contractors Tables ; for the 
 
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 others. Bricklayer, containing 22 tables, with nearly 30,000 calculations. 
 4to, cloth, 5-r. 
 
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 24,000 calculations. 4to, cloth, 5^. 
 
12 CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC BOOKS 
 
 Egyptian Irrigation. By W. WILLCOCKS, M.I.C.E., 
 
 Indian Public Works Department, Inspector of Irrigation, Egypt. With 
 Introduction by Lieut.-Col. J. C. Ross, R.E., Inspector-General of 
 Irrigation. With numerous lithographs and wood engravings, royal 8vo, 
 cloth, i/. i6s. 
 
 Screw Cutting Tables for Engineers and Machinists, 
 
 giving the values of the different trains of Wheels required to produce 
 Screws of any pitch, calculated by Lord Lindsay, M.P., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., 
 etc. Cloth, oblong, 2s. 
 
 Screw Cutting' Tables, for the use of Mechanical 
 
 Engineers, showing the proper arrangement of Wheels for cutting the 
 Threads of Screws of any required pitch, with a Table for making the 
 Universal Gas-pipe Threads and Taps. By W. A. MARTIN, Engineer. 
 Second edition, oblong, cloth, u., or sewed, 6d. 
 
 A Treatise on a Practical Method of Designing Slide- 
 
 Valve Gears by Simple Geometrical Construction, based upon the principles 
 enunciated in Euclid's Elements, and comprising the various forms of 
 Plain Slide- Valve and Expansion Gearing ; together with Stephenson's, 
 Gooch's, and Allan's Link-Motions, as applied either to reversing or to 
 variable expansion combinations. By EDWARD J. COWLING WELCH, 
 Memb. Inst. Mechanical Engineers. Crown 8vo, cloth, 6s. 
 
 Cleaning and Scouring : a Manual for Dyers, Laun- 
 dresses, and for Domestic Use. By S. CHRISTOPHER. i8mo, sewed, 6d. 
 
 A Glossary of Terms used in Coal Mining. By 
 
 WILLIAM STUKELEY GRESLEY, Assoc. Mem. Inst. C.E., F.G.S., Member 
 of the North of England Institute of Mining Engineers. Illustrated with 
 numerous woodcuts and diagrams, crown 8vo, cloth, $s. 
 
 A Pocket-Book for Boiler Makers and Steam Users, 
 
 comprising a variety of useful information for Employer and Workman, 
 Government Inspectors, Board of Trade Surveyors, Engineers in charge 
 of Works and Slips, Foremen of Manufactories, and the general Steam- 
 using Public. By MAURICE JOHN SEXTON. Second edition, royal 
 32mo, roan, gilt edges, $s. 
 
 Electrolysis: a Practical Treatise on Nickeling, 
 
 Coppering, Gilding, Silvering, the Refining of Metals, and the treatment 
 of Ores by means of Electricity. By HIPPOLYTE FONTAINE, translated 
 from the French by J. A. BERLY, C.E., Assoc. S.T.E. With engravings. 
 8vo, cloth, 9/. 
 
PUBLISHED BY E. & F. N. SPON. 13 
 
 Barlow s Tables of Squares, Cubes, Square Roots, 
 
 Ciibe Roots, Reciprocals of all Integer Numbers up to 10,000. Post 8vo, 
 cloth, 6s. 
 
 A Practical Treatise on the Steam Engine, con- 
 taining Plans and Arrangements of Details for Fixed Steam Engines, 
 with Essays on the Principles involved in Design and Construction. By 
 ARTHUR RIGG, Engineer, Member of the Society of Engineers and of 
 the Royal Institution of Great Britain. Demy 410, copiously illustrated 
 with woodcuts and 96 plates, in one Volume, half-bound morocco, 2.1. 2s. ; 
 or cheaper edition, cloth, 25^. 
 
 This work is not, in any sense, an elementary treatise, or history of the steam engine, but 
 is intended to describe examples of Fixed Steam Engines without entering into the wide 
 domain of locomotive or marine practice. To this end illustrations will be given of the most 
 recent arrangements of Horizontal, Vertical, Beam, Pumping, Winding, Portable, Semi- 
 portable, Corliss, Allen, Compound, and other similar Engines, by the most eminent Firms in 
 Great Britain and America. The laws relating to the action and precautions to be observed 
 in the construction of the various details, such as Cylinders, Pistons, Piston-rods, Connecting- 
 rods, Cross-heads, Motion-blocks, Eccentrics, Simple, Expansion, Balanced, and Equilibrium 
 Slide-valves, and Valve-gearing will be minutely dealt with. In this connection will be found 
 articles upon the Velocity of Reciprocating Parts and the Mode of Applying the Indicator, 
 Heat and Expansion of Steam Governors, and the like. It is the writer's desire to draw 
 illustrations from every possible source, and give only those rules that present practice deems 
 correct. 
 
 A Practical Treatise on the Science of Land and 
 
 Engineering Surveying, Levelling, Estimating Quantities, etc,, with a 
 general description of the several Instruments required for Surveying, 
 Levelling, Plotting, etc. By H. S. MERRETT. Fourth edition, revised 
 by G. W. USILL, Assoc. Mem. Inst. C.E. 41 plates, with illustrations 
 and tables, royal 8vo, cloth, I2J. 6d. 
 
 PRINCIPAL CONTENTS : 
 
 Part i. Introduction and the Principles of Geometry. Part 2. Land Surveying; com- 
 prising General Observations The Chain Offsets Surveying by the Chain only Surveying 
 Hilly Ground To Survey an Estate or Parish by the Chain only Surveying with the 
 Theodolite Mining and Town Surveying Railroad Surveying Mapping Division and 
 Laying out of Land Observations on Enclosures Plane Trigonometry. Part 3. Levelling 
 Simple and Compound Levelling The Level Book Parliamentary Plan and Section 
 Levelling with a Theodolite Gradients Wooden Curves To Lay out a Railway Curve- 
 Setting out Widths. Part 4. Calculating Quantities generally for Estimates Cuttings and 
 Embankments^Tunnels Brickwork Ironwork Timber Measuring. Part 5. Description 
 and Use of Instruments in Surveying and Plotting The Improved Dumpy Level Troughton's 
 Level The Prismatic Compass Proportional Compass Box Sextant Vernier Panta- 
 graph Merrett's Improved Quadrant Improved Computation Scale The Diagonal Scale 
 Straight Edge and Sector. Part 6. Logarithms of Numbers Logarithmic Sines and 
 Co-Sines, Tangents and Co-TangentsNatural Sines and Co-SinesTables for Earthwork, 
 for Setting out Curves, and for various Calculations, etc., etc., etc. 
 
 Mechanical Graphics. A Second Course of Me- 
 chanical Drawing. With Preface by Prof. PERRY, B.Sc., F.R.S. 
 Arranged for use in Technical and Science and Art Institutes, Schools 
 and Colleges, by GEORGE HALLIDAY, Whitworth Scholar. Svo, 
 cloth, 6s. 
 
 B 4 
 
14 CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC BOOKS 
 
 The Assayers Manual: an Abridged Treatise on 
 
 the Docimastic Examination of Ores and Furnace and other Artificial 
 Products. By BRUNO KERL. Translated by W. T. BRANNT. With 65 
 illustrations, 8vo, cloth, I2s. 6d. 
 
 Dynamo - Electric Machinery : a Text - Book for 
 
 Students of Electro-Technology. By SILVANUS P. THOMPSON, B.A., 
 D.Sc., M.S.T.E. {New edition in the press. 
 
 The Practice of Hand Turning in Wood, Ivory, Shell, 
 
 etc.y with Instructions for Turning such Work in Metal as may be required 
 in the Practice of Turning in Wood, Ivory, etc. ; also an Appendix on 
 Ornamental Turning. (A book for beginners.) By FRANCIS CAMPIN. 
 Third edition, with wood engravings, crown 8vo, cloth, 6s. 
 
 CONTENTS : 
 
 On Lathes Turning Tools Turning Wood Drilling Screw Cutting Miscellaneous 
 Apparatus and Processes Turning Particular Forms Staining Polishing Spinning Metals 
 Materials Ornamental Turning, etc. 
 
 Treatise on Watchwork, Past and Present. By the 
 
 Rev. H. L. NELTHROPP, M.A., F.S.A. With 32 illustrations, crown 
 8vo, cloth, 6s. 6d. 
 
 CONTENTS : 
 
 Definitions of Words and Terms used in Watchwork Tools Time Historical Sum- 
 maryOn Calculations of the Numbers for Wheels and Pinions; their Proportional Sizes, 
 Trains, etc. Of Dial Wheels, or Motion Work Length of Time of Going without Winding 
 up The Verge The Horizontal The Duplex The Lever The Chronometer Repeating 
 \Vatches Keyless Watches The Pendulum, or Spiral Spring Compensation Jewelling of 
 Pivot Holes Clerkenwell Fallacies of the Trade Incapacity of Workmen How to Choose 
 and Use a Watch, etc. 
 
 Algebra Self-Taught. By W. P. HIGGS, M.A., 
 
 D.Sc., LL.D., Assoc. Inst C.E., Author of ' A Handbook of the Differ- 
 ential Calculus,' etc. Second edition, crown 8vo, cloth, 2s. 6d. 
 
 CONTENTS : 
 
 Symbols and the Signs of Operation The Equation and the Unknown Quantity 
 Positive and Negative Quantities Multiplication Involution Exponents Negative Expo- 
 nents Roots, and the Use of Exponents as Logarithms Logarithms Tables of Logarithms 
 and Proportionate Parts Transformation of System of Logarithms Common Uses of 
 Common Logarithms Compound Multiplication and the Binomial Theorem Division, 
 Fractions, and Ratio Continued Proportion The Series and the Summation of the Series 
 Limit of Series Square and Cube Roots Equations List of Formulae, etc. 
 
 Spons Dictionary of Engineering, Civil, Mechanical, 
 
 Military, and Naval, with technical terms in French, German, Italian, 
 and Spanish, 3100 pp., and nearly 8000 engravings, in super-royal 8vo, 
 in 8 divisions, 5/. 8j. Complete in 3 vols., cloth, 5/. 5^. Bound in a 
 superior manner, half-morocco, top edge gilt, 3 vols., 6/. I2J. 
 
PUBLISHED BY E. & F. N. SPON. 15 
 
 Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Compiled prin- 
 cipally for the use of the Students attending the Classes on this subject at 
 the City of London College. By HENRY ADAMS, Mem. Inst. M.E. 
 Mem. Inst. C.E., Mem. Soc. of Engineers. Crown 8vo, cloth, 2s. 6d. 
 
 Canoe and Boat Building: a complete Manual for 
 
 Amateurs, containing plain and comprehensive directions for the con- 
 struction of Canoes, Rowing and Sailing Boats, and Hunting Craft. 
 By W. P. STEPHENS. With numerous illustrations and 24 plates of 
 Working Drawings. Crown 8vo, cloth, gs. 
 
 Proceedings of the National Conference of Electricians, 
 
 Philadelphia, October 8th to I3th, 1884. i8mo, cloth, y. 
 
 Dynamo - Electricity \ its Generation, Application, 
 
 Transmission, Storage, and Measurement. By G. B. PRESCOTT. With 
 545 illustrations. 8vo, cloth, i is. 
 
 Domestic Electricity, for Amateurs. Translated from 
 
 the French of E. HOSPITALIER, Editor of "L'Electricien," by C. J. 
 WHARTON, Assoc. Soc. Tel. Eng. Numerous illustrations. Demy 8vo, 
 cloth, 6s. 
 
 CONTENTS : 
 
 i. Production of the Electric Current 2. Electric Bells 3. Automatic Alarms 4. Domestic 
 Telephones 5. Electric Clocks 6. Electric Lighters 7. Domestic Electric Lighting 
 8. Domestic Application of the Electric Light 9. Electric Motors 10. Electrical Locomo- 
 tion ii. Electrotyping, Plating, and Gilding 12. Electric Recreations 13. Various appli- 
 cations Workshop of the Electrician. 
 
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Specimen Pages, reduced from the originals. 
 
22 
 
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 description). 
 
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 o'-Pearl, and like sub- 
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PUBLISHED BY E. & F. N. SPON. 
 
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 EDITED BY C. G. WARNFORD LOCK, F.L.S. 
 
 Among the more important of the subjects treated of, are the 
 
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 Acids, 207 pp. 220 figs. 
 
 Fur, 5 pp. 
 
 Photography, 13 pp. 20 
 
 Alcohol, 23 pp. 1 6 figs. 
 
 Gas, Coal, 8 pp. 
 
 figs. 
 
 Alcoholic Liquors, 13 pp. 
 Alkalies, 89 pp. 78 figs. 
 
 Gems. 
 Glass, 45 pp. 77 figs. 
 
 Pigments, 9 pp. 6 figs. 
 Pottery, 46 pp. 57 figs. 
 
 Alloys. Alum. 
 
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 Printing and Engraving, 
 
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 20 pp. 8 figs. 
 
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 Hair Manufactures. 
 
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 Honey. Hops. 
 
 Substances, 75 pp. 16 
 
 Bleaching, 5 1 pp. 48 figs. 
 
 Horn. 
 
 figs. 
 
 Candles, 18 pp. 9 figs. 
 
 Ice, 10 pp. 14 figs. 
 
 Rope, i6pp. 17 figs. 
 
 Carbon Bisulphide. 
 
 Indiarubber Manufac- 
 
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 Celluloid, 9 pp. 
 
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 Silk, 8 pp. 
 
 Cements. Clay. 
 
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 Silk Manufactures, 9 pp. 
 
 Coal-tar Products, 44 pp. 
 
 Ivory. 
 
 II figS. 
 
 14 figs. 
 
 Jute Manufactures, 1 1 
 
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 Cocoa, 8 pp. 
 
 pp., ii figs. 
 
 Small Wares, 4 pp. 
 
 Coffee, 32 pp. 13 figs. 
 
 Knitted Fabrics 
 
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 Hosiery, 15 pp. 1 3 figs. 
 
 pp. 45 figs. 
 
 Cotton Manufactures, 62 
 
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 Spices, 1 6 pp. 
 
 pp. 57 figs. 
 
 Leather, 28 pp. 31 figs. 
 
 Sponge, 5 pp. 
 
 Drugs, 38 pp. 
 
 Linen Manufactures, 16 
 
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 Dyeing and Calico 
 
 pp. 6 figs. 
 
 Sugar, 155 pp. 134 
 
 Printing, 28 pp. 9 figs. 
 
 Manures, 21 pp. 30 figs. 
 
 figs. 
 
 Dyestuffs, 16 pp. 
 
 Matches, 17 pp. 38 figs. 
 
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 pp. 
 
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 pp. 79 figs. 
 
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 figs. 
 
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 Abacus, Counters, Speed 
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 A MANUAL FOR HANDICRAFTSMEN AND AMATEURS. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Mechanical Drawing Casting and Founding in Iron, Brass, Bronze, 
 and other Alloys Forging and Finishing Iron Sheetmetal Working 
 Soldering, Brazing, and Burning Carpentry and Joinery, embracing 
 descriptions of some 400 Woods, over 200 Illustrations of Tools and 
 their uses, Explanations (with Diagrams) of 116 joints and hinges, and 
 Details of Construction of Workshop appliances, rough furniture, 
 Garden and Yard Erections, and House Building Cabinet-Making 
 and Veneering Carving and Fretcutting Upholstery Painting, 
 Graining, and Marbling Staining Furniture, Woods, Floors, and 
 Fittings Gilding, dead and bright, on various grounds Polishing 
 Marble, Metals, and Wood Varnishing Mechanical movements, 
 illustrating contrivances for transmitting motion Turning in Wood 
 and Metals Masonry, embracing Stonework, Brickwork, Terracotta, 
 and Concrete Roofing with Thatch, Tiles, Slates, Felt, Zinc, &c. 
 Glazing with and without putty, and lead glazing Plastering and 
 Whitewashing Paper-hanging Gas-fitting Bell-hanging, ordinary 
 and electric Systems Lighting Warming Ventilating Roads, 
 Pavements, and Bridges Hedges, Ditches, and Drains Water 
 Supply and Sanitation Hints on House Construction suited to new 
 countries. 
 
 E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand, London. 
 
 New York : 12, Cortlandt Street. 
 

 
 
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