/ /^X^^^Alcx I A >: ^. T H 33 lPI^O\XIT 3-89 +0-65 Edmundston Fredericton 5-51 3-37 5-99 2-84 + 1-44 Moncton . . . . +011 St. John + 1-58 Williamsburg (Stanley) December. Bathurst Chatham 12 10 12 13 19 8 - 7 "-'7" - 9 - 5 39 40 41 47 46 54 -26 -31 -26 -21 -17 -30 1-29 0-56 2-75 1-92 3-55 219 -1-89 Edmundston Fredericton -0-70 Moncton —0-69 St. John —0-62 Williamsburg (Stanley) 14 THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA Climatology By A. J. Connor, Climatologist of the Meteorological Service of Canada. The usual procedure in publications of this nature is to state the differences of the meteorological factors from their average or normal values, and afterwards to translate these differences into verbal characterizations of the weather. There is no doubt that this method of analyzing the weather of a period becomes somewhat unsatisfactory as the period increases in length since the levelling action of taking the " means " smooths out of existence many of the extraordinary values of the meteorological factors which may have prevailed for a few days or a week, values, however, which may have had a great influence on the crops. These monthly means as well as the normal values at certain meteorological stations in !N"ew Brunswick are included in this chapter, but in the present article I wish to describe another method of presenting the principal meteorological factors. So far as I am aware no such method has ever been used by anyone else, and I do not present it now as being above criticism, but as a new departure which may be improved and which illustrates graphically the basic factors of climate as they affect average farm crops. In brief, the end desired was to be able to combine the maximum and minimum temperatures with the rainfall so as to yield an index number for the month. But the use of the mean maximum and minimum temperatures was soon seen to be undesirable, for the reason that a few days with extraordinary temperatures at one time in the month may entirely counterbalance other days with extraordinary temperatures whose differences from normal are of contrary sign. The counterbalance is, of course, mathe- matically correct, but it is very doubtful indeed whether extremely hot days remedy any 3amage which a growing crop has suffered by reason of low temperatures at an earlier date. In the case of a crop which has been damaged by frost, for instance, it is obvious that there is no corrective quality in subsequent great heat. And a con- sideration of the possible intermediate stages between these extremes leads us naturally to the idea of an optimum temperature — the temperature at which plants grow best. The optimum temperature differs with the plant to a considerable extent, as, for instance, weather that is too cool for corn is excellent for potatoes, but may not be cool enough for turnips. The temperature to be chosen in forming the monthly index, must, therefore, be a compromise forced by the varied nature of the crops produced in New Brunswick. The temperatures finally chosen were those above the limits shown in the following table: — April. May. June. July. August. September. Day — lower limit 60 60 70 70 70 60 Night — lower limit 43 43 50 50 50 43 For each station the number of days with a temperature equal to or exceeding the limit in the respective months was counted and tabulated, and also the number of nights in which the temperature did not fall below the assigned limit. In effect, this procedure measures the number of days which received a sufficient quantity of heat, and gives no weight to heat in excess. The numbers thus obtained are to be found in the table. In regard to the rainfall, it may be said that for crops usually grown in this province, the efficiency of the moisture thus obtained in promoting growth increases rapidly and directly with the rainfall at fiist; but after the rainfall has reached the neighbourhood of four inches for the month, it is evident that normally a much smaller additional quantity will suffice to maintain the soil in a condition sufficiently moist for agriculture. Some method of weighting the rainfall figures is, therefore, required which will give the greatest weight to increase in rainfall below some assigned limit and little or no weight to increase above the same limit. The method adopted, although excessively simple of itself, is not clear without reference to the accompanying diagram. The rainfall totals (for each month) may be considered as ranging upward from zero without limit and it is therefore always INTRODUCTION 15 possible to find an arc of which the rainfall total is the natural tangent. Thus, for example, if the rainfall be 0-30 inch, we have 0-30 as the tangent of 16° 42', or if the rainfall be 4-50 inches, the corresponding angle is 77° 28'. Further, after the corresponding arc is found, we can always determine its natural sine. Thus in the examples now quoted, the sines of 16° 42' and 77° 28' are known respectively to WEATHER-INDEX FORMUL/V 1.00 .80 60 ^ . ^ .40 .20 3 4-5 RAINFALL IN INCHES Weather-index formula. be 0-287 and 0-976. The final measure of the influence of the rainfall of 0-30 inch is 0-287 and of 4-50 inches is 0-976. A reference to the diagram will show how rapidly the measure increases with the rainfall at first, but that after the rainfall has reached what we assume to be near the optimum amount, the measure becomes practically constant. It now remains to combine the figures obtained from temperature and from rain- fall, together. This is done by means of a triangle. Let one side of the triangle have units of length equal in number to the number of sufficiently warm days, and let another side have units of length corresponding to the number of siifficiently warm nights. If the angle between these two sides be the angle whose tangent is the rainfall, then the area of the triangle is equal to the product of those two sides into half the sine of the included angle. Or more briefly, — INDEX-AEEA— Fd x Fn x ^Sin arc tan K. where Fd is the frequency of warm days, and Fn the frequency of sufficiently warm nights, and R is the total rainfall for the month. Now, since the frequencies and the rainfall are variable for the months and for the stations, we shall obtain a series of areas, which may be entered on a map and differentiated by lines in the usual manner. 16 THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA It should be noted that if any one of the factors be zero, then the index will be zero. For instance, no matter how warm the month may have been if there has been no rainfall, then the index is zero. Similarly if all the nights have been too cold the index is zero. Such cases will not occur except at the beginning or end of the growing season or in regions lying outside the limits of successful agriculture. By this method a number of cold days in a month is not counter-balanced by a number of days of great heat, as in the taking of a mean temperature, but the number of too cool days is definitely counted out by this system, while the excessively hot days are counted only as days with sufficient heat. Moreover, since high temperatures and low rainfalls are to a certain extent correlated, periods of great heat being often very dry, an excessively hot month will not in general have a large index-number; for the reason that since the rainfall factor (sin arc tan R) is always less than unity, and decreases rapidly for decreases in rainfall, the product Fd x Fn will generally in cases of great heat be multiplied by a very small decimal. On the accompanying maps the resulting figures for the growing season as determined over the five years 1915-19 inclusive have been graphically differentiated. They are now considered seriatim. April. — In this month only northern and extreme southern New Brunswick have index values not more than zero. That is to say, only in these portions of the province were all tiie nights colder than the assigned lower limit of temperature, during the last five Aprils. The indices in these cases are zero. This map then shows that spring " opened earlier " in central than in northern New Brunswick. APRIL 1915 - 19 Prepared m the Natural Resources inte/fi^ence Brar^ch Weather-index for April. INTRODUCTION 17 May. — If we take the index 100 as representing the lower limit of assured growth in this month (this is taken only as a tentative approximation to the truth and is subject to further investigation) the May map shows that the strip from the Nova Scotia boundary westward to the state of Maine experienced favourable meteorological conditions and that all plants indigenous to a cool climate made satisfactory progress Weather-index for May. after sowing, or in the cases of grasses and the like, after resumption of growth. Central and northern New Brunswick did not experience as favourable conditions as the eastern and western portions of the province and the strip of country above- mentioned, or at least did not experience them for any length of time. 11193— -2 18 THE PROVINCE OP NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA June. — In this month the values of the temperature limits are shifted in forming the indices from 43° and 60° to 50° and 70°. The indices for June are therefore not strictly comparable with those of April and May. Yet comparison with known climatic facts indicates that the values are fairly uniform with those for earlier months. In the favoured area we may then include most of the eastern, southern and central portions of the province and an area about Edmundston. A small area on the shores of the bay of Fundy show conditions to have heen backward for all but plants satisfied by the coolest weather. thp Saturn/ Oesaurees Inteflf^ence Branch. Weather-index for June. July and August. — These are the summer months and high indices are shown throughout the province. The effect of the cool waters of the bay of Fundy in delaying the rise in index values is a noteworthy feature. 1915-19 /Cap4 Breton '- If 60 Prepared in the /natural Resources /ntellyence Branch Weather-index for July. 11193— 2i Prepared in the Natural Resources i/ite/Ziyence Branch Weather-index for August. 20 THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA September. — The indices for this month are still high for the major part of the province. A consideration of values obtained for areas farther west in Canada shows that autumn is late in ITew Brunswick and unusually favourable for crops. Thai, this is due to proximity to the sea is indicated by the shores of Fundy, which in. previous months showed a slow rise in values but in September have the highest in the province. 64 iQo SEPTEMBER 915 - 19 Prepared in the ^aturaJ Pesources i Weather-index for September. >'a/ .fC^C^ Sro^cJ^ INTRODUCTION 21 Season. — This map gives a basis for estimation and comparison of climatic values at various points. That it is in general accord with what is known by experience as to suitability of climate for agriculture, is apparent. Of course these values are quite independent of the nature of the soil, which is an important additional factor. It should, however, be noted that very few observations of temperature and precipitation have ever been made in the northern interior of the province, and that the maps might be considerably changed in the counties of Northumberland, Gloucester and Restigouche should numerous observing stations be opened there and the necessary data be secured. It is interesting to note that all new lands being opened for settle- ment have values well above those of some other districts where farming is known to be successful. One of these, the Blue Bell Settlement, is well within the climatic belt which contains all the best agricultural areas in New Brunswick. TOTAL HYDROTHERMAL UNITS FOR SEASON 1915-19 Prepared rj the f^aturai fiescurcc^ f*>tciligence Branch Total hydrothermal units for season. History The authentic history of New Brunswick begins in 1534 when Jacques Cartier first sighted its shores at Escuminac point about 35 miles from Chatham and landed somewhere near. But it was not until 1604 that the coast was carefully explored. On .Tune 24 of that year Samuel de Champlain and de Monts discovered, to quote from Champlain's narrative, "one of the largest and deepest rivers that I had yet seen, which I called the river St. John because it was on that day that I arrived thera" During the following winter, Champlain, de Monts and eighty companions lived on Dochet island at the mouth of the St. Croix. Here was issued a series of papers under 22 THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA the title Maitre Guillaume, "in order that the spirits might be sustained by sundry pleasantries." There is no question but that this was the forerunner of all the jour- nals of this continent. During the next forty years numerous expeditions came out to Eastern Canada, among which may be mentioned those of Sir William Alexander (1621) Claude and Charles La Tour, d'Aunay de Charnisay, Nicolas Denys and Villebon. It was during this period that the famous episode occurred of the intrepid defence by the wife of Charles la Tour of their fort, which stood where now is Fort Frederick, West St. John. Throughout the 17th century contests for this territory between the English and French were frequent, until in 1710 the former were victorious and three years later obtained Acadia by the treaty of Utrecht. Afterwards what is now New Brunswick was disputed territory as a result of conflicting contentions as to whether or not it was part of Acadia. Finally in 1756 an expedition under General Moncton cleared the St. John river. In 1761 the Tantramar marsh lands about Sackville which had been tilled by the French were colonized by English settlers from Connecticut and Massachusetts. In 1762 the settlements of Maugerville, Sheffield and Gagetown were established, all newcomers being from New England. This movement rapidly extended. Settlements by Scotch and English at Bathurst and other points along the Gulf coast were started about 1764. In the following year the territory became the county of Sunbury in the province of Nova Scotia, and was accorded representation in the House of Assembly at Halifax. Shortly afterwards the American Kevolution broke out, during which the settle- ment at the mouth of the St. John was loyal. The province remained a British colony and when in each of the United States edicts of banishment and laws of con- fiscation were passed against the persons and property of those who had remained faithful to the British government during the war, these loyalists, of whom there were about 70,000, came chiefly to Canada. On May 18, 1783, twenty vessels arrived in St. John harbour and disembarked nearly 3,000 people. The landing was in West St. John, at the foot of the street fittingly called "King." The following year saw over 9,000 loyalists in St. John. In this year that portion of Nova Scotia north of the Missaguash became a new province under the name of New Brunswick. Its first governor was Thomas Carleton, who formed an executive government with a council of nine members. St. Ann's point on the St. John river opposite Fort Nashwaak which had a century before been the seat of government of Acadia was chosen as the capital and named Fredericton. The first session of the legislature of the province to be held in the new capital convened in 1788 in a building still in existence on what is now Q^ueen street. The first sessions of the legislature elected in 1785 had been held in the newly-established city of St. John. The Napoleonic wars and that of 1812 with the United States retarded the progress of the province and harassed its shipping. In these days the St. John river played an important part as a military route to Quebec by way of the Madawaska river, lake Temiscouata and Riviere du Loup. In 1812 the 104th New Brunswick regiment marched to Quebec on snowshoes in the depth of winter. The distance of 435 miles between St. John and Quebec was accomplished in 16 days, or an average of 27 miles a day without the loss of a man. In 1837 this feat was repeated in almost the same time by the 43rd Light Infantry. The first steamboat to run on the St. John was the General Smyth, which inaug- urated a service in 1816 between St. John city and Fredericton. The Saint John was the first steam craft to cross the bay of Fundy. On its maiden trip in 1827 it anchored in Digby harbour amid great excitement. The year 1825 was marked by several disastrous fires, the worst of which was that on the Miramichi, as a result of which tremendous areas of forest land were burned over and 160 persons killed. The progress of the province in the next forty years was steady and permanent. The principal questions of general interest were concerning the boundary line between INTRODUCTION 23 New Brunswick and the state of Maine, responsible government, and the reciprocity treaty with the United States. The boundary line was one of the questions not finally disposed of at the treaties of Versailles and Ghent, and as regards New Brunswick and the state of Maine there were continuous disputes and strife. In 1839 there was probability of war between the disputants and military preparations were made by both sides. However, negotiations were renewed and resulted in the Ash- burton treaty of 1847 which established the boundary as it is at present. Early Government The early government of New Brunswick was not all that could be desired, either in theory or practice. The members of the House of Assembly were duly elected by the freeholders of the different counties they represented, but the popular voice had little authority. The Governor, appointed by the British Government, claimed that he was responsible solely to the Colonial Office in London, and, with the assistance of a number of gentlemen selected by him, but whose advice he did not always take, he ruled the province. The Crown Lands remained the property of the King and their management was solely in the hands of the Colonial Office. Large tracts of land were reserved for the purpose of securing timber for the masts of naval vessels. This area was out of all proportion to the requirements of the navy and materially interfered with the settlement of the country. This condition together with mismanagement of the Crown Lands had reached such a pitch in 1829 that even the Council joined the House of Assembly in an address to the King on the subject. As a result, the control of these lands was vested in 1837 in the House of Assembly who, in return, undertook a nominal provision towards the expense of the civil list which included 'the salaries of the Lieutenant-Governor, judges and other officials. However, the Governor still continued to claim and exercise the royal prerogative in many ways unacceptable to the people and it was not until 1855 that continued agitation resulted in a full measure of responsible government being granted to the province. The next great question to occupy the attention of the people of New Brunswick was that of confederation. This matter, which for some time previously had been dis- cussed in the Nova Scotia and Upper and Lower Canada legislatures, was considered in the New Brunswick Parliament in 1862-64, and in the latter year the Government was authorized to enter into negotiations and hold a convention for the purpose of effecting a union of the Maritime Provinces. The convention of these provinces was held at Charlottetown, P.E.L, in 1865 and was attended by a strong delegation from Upper and Lower Canada who lurged the larger union. The convention adjourned to Quebec where all the colonies of British North America were represented, and a scheme of union was prepared. This was rejected by the people of New Brunswick in a general election held in 1865, but the Government elected to oppose confederation resigned. A second election proved that the general feeling had changed and in the new legislature in 1866 a resolution favouring the union was carried by a vote of 30 to 8. Similar action having been taken by the other colonies with the exception of Prince Edward Island, and the measure to bring confederation into being having been drafted, it was passed by the Imperial Parliament on March 29, 1867, as the British North America Act, and on July 1 of that year the Dominion of Canada came into existence. Prince Edward Island entered the Dominion in 1873, but Newfoundland has not done so. This Act is the Canadian constitution. There have as yet been no important amendments, so that the system of government of New Brunswick is still virtually the same. Progress throughout the last half century has been gradual but steady. More and more of the land is being brought under cultivation. The most notable develop- ments have been the opening up of the country by railways and the growing import- ance of St. John as a national winter port of Canada. 24 THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA Population The population of New Brunswick was estimated in 1919 to number 369,000. There was no census prior to 1824, and estimates of i>opulation before that time were largely guess work. The latest census was held in 1911. The following table shows the growth in population in the province: — 1782 Estimate. 1783 1817 1824Census.... 1834 " . . . . 1840 " 800 11,457 35,000 74,176 119,457 156,162 1851 Census 193,800 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901 1911 252,047 285,594 321,233 321,263 331,120 351.889 1919 Estimate 369,000 AREA AND POPULATION BY COUNTIES. Counties. Whole province Carleton Charlotte Gloucester Kent Kings and Albert Northumberland Restigouche St. John city and county. Sunbury and Queens Victoria and Madawaska Westmorland York Area in acres. 17,910,400 838,785 821,376 1,196,676 1,137,931 1,345,110 3,033,985 2,092,595 394,163 1,618,742 2,153,549 922,993 2,307,367 Population in 1911. Male. 179,867 11,034 10,774 16,588 12,435 15,470 16,150 8,434 26,082 8,986 15,086 22,703 16,125 Female. 172,022 10,412 10,373 16,074 11,941 14,815 15,044 7,253 27,490 8,130 13,136 21,918 15,436 Total. 351,889 21,446 21,147 32,662 24,376 30,285 31,194 15,687 53,572 17,116 28,222 44,621 31,561 Per square mile. 12-61 16-36 16-48 17-47 13-71 14-41 6-58 4-80 86-98 6-77 8-39 30-94 8-75 Population in 1901. 331,120 21,621 22,415 27,936 23,958 32,580 28,548 10,536 51.759 16,906 21,136 42,060 31,620 Of the total population of the province in 1911, 252,342 is classed as rural and 99,547 as urban. The number of dwellings is given as 60,930, and the number of families as 67,093, with an average of 5-2 persons per family. Those born in Canada numbered 333,576; born in the British Islands, 8,729; in other British possessions, 1,430; in Europe, 2,052; in Asia, 257; in the United States, 5,766, and in other places 79. The number of male persons is given as 179,867, and females as 172,022, showing an excess of 7,845 males. The war casualties, however, have probably changed these figures somewhat. The number of Indians is given as 1,846 in 1917. These are of the Micmac tribe. ORIGINS OF THE PEOPLE. The people of New Brunswick are mostly of English, Scotch and Irish origin, but there are also many thousands of descendants of the original French colonists or Acadians. These latter are settled mostly along the shores of the guK of St. Lawrence in the counties of Gloucester, Kent, and Westmorland, and are engaged chiefly in the fishing and fish canning industries. The northern portion of the province, particularly the county of Madawaska, contains a considerable number of Erench Canadians from the neighbouring province of Quebec. The English-speaking majority is composed mainly of the descendants of United Empire Loyalists who came from the United States at the time of the revolution there, and of settlers who since that time have been coming direct from the British Isles. The tide of immigra- tion which of late years had passed over Eastern Canada on its way to the western plains, now favours New Brunswick again, whose opportunities are no"w more apparent and development more rapid than previously. The province is predominantly English-speaking, and contains no problems of assimilation of alien races, nor lack of congenial society to incoming settlers of English speech. GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE System of Government Canada is a self-governing dominion in the British Empire and a member of the League of Nations. Combined with having the status of a nation, she enjoys important benefits through being an integral part of 6o powerful a world-wide commonwealth. But the link that binds her to the mother country, though strong in sentiment on both sides, is yet in every other way the lightest possible. Officially, Canada places her highest authority in the Sovereign, represented at Ottawa by the Governor General. Her Government is modelled, as far as possible, after that of Great Britain, whose constitution, the result of centuries of growth, is generally admitted to be most satisfactory. Nominally the Sovereign rules, but in reality government is carried on by the representatives of the people. The leader of the Cabinet, usually called the Prime Minister, is in reality the actual head of the country's affairs, the Governor General acting only on his advice. The Government of Canada, called the Federal Government, is, as stated above, very similar to that of Great Britain. The King is represented by the Governor General. Parliament consists of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Commons. The members of the Senate are chosen for life by the Governor General on the advice of his ministers. The Commons are elected by the people every five y^ars, or at lesser intervals should Parliament for any reason be dissolved within that time. An exception to this rule was made during the war when the life of Parliament was extended to six years because of the unusual conditions. The leader of the political party having the majority in the House of Commons forms a Government, choosing a number of liis party, as a rule from the Common.-; though sometimes a few from the Senate, to form a Cabinet. He heads the Cabinet as Prime Minister or Premier, and the other members take charge of the various departments of the Government's business, being styled ministers. They carry on the business of the cotmtry for a term of five years, after which Parliament is dissolved and a general election held. The election may be brought on, however, before the five-year term is up. Should the Government lose the confidence of Parliament and suffer a reverse on the floor of the Commons, or lose the confidence of the people and fail to have a majority of supporters elected at a general election, the Governor General receives their resignation and calls on the leader of their opponents (called the Leader of the Opposition) to form a new Government. This form of government has been in existence since the Dominion of Canada was formed by the confederation of the colonies of Upper and Lower Canada (Ontario and Quebec), Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, on July 1, 1867. Its constitution is set forth in the British North America Act. Each province has representation in the Commons in proportion to its population and the members of the Senate are chosen along pretty much the same lines. New Brunswick has ten representatives in the Senate and eleven members in the House of Commons. The provinces then have individual governments of their own. The Provincial Governments are formed along lines similar to the Federal Government. At the head, and representing the Federal Government, is a Lieutenant- Governor appointed by the Governor General for a term of five years. His duties in the province correspond to those of the Governor General in the Dominion. Though nominally head of the province's affairs, he acts on the advice of his Government. It is his duty, however, to veto any Act which in his opinion might be detrimental to the interests of the Dominion at large. The Government of this province consists of one House only, elected by the people, and called the Legislative Assembly. A second chamber, the Legislative Council, was abolished in 1S92. From this Assembly the Lieutenant-Governor calls upon the leader of the party having a majority of supporters to form an Executive Council, the leader being the Premier. Thir Council, like the 25 26 THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA Federal Cabinet, carries on the business of the province. The Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick now consists of forty-eight members. The Executive Council consists of the Premier and eight other ministers. The Assembly has control of legislation and matters especially affecting the province while the Federal Government controls matters of a wider nature. In order that there should be no doubt the British North America Act set forth the following list of eubjects to which the exclusive authority of the Federal Government extends: (1) The public debt and property; (2) trade and commerce; (3) the raising of money by any kind of taxation; (4) the borrowing of money; (5) the postal service; (6) the taking of the census; (7) military and naval matters; (8) the payment of the officials employed by the Government; (9) lighthouses; (10) navigation and shipping; (11) quarantine and marine hospitals; (12) fisheries; (13) ferries, except when entirely within a province; (14) currency and coinage; (15) banking and the issue of paper money; (16) saving banks; (17) weights and measures; (18) bills of exchange and promissory notes; (19) interest; (20) legal tender; (21) bankruptcy; (22) patents for invention; (23) copyrights on books, pictures, etc.; (24) Indians and Indian lands; (25) naturalization of foreigners; (26) marriage and divorce; (27) the criminal law; (28) penitentiaries; (29) matters expressly stated in the Act as not assigned to the province. Those subjects over which the province was given legislative authority are set out in the following list: — (1) The amendment of the constitution of the province, except in regard to the office of Lieutenant-Governor; (2) direct taxation; (3) the borrowing of money on the sole credit of the province; (4) the civil service of the province; (5) the public lands, belonging to the province; (6) the prisons and reformatories of the province; (7) hospitals, asylums, and charitable institutions; (8) municipal institutions; (9) licenses, such as those of taverns, shops, and auctioneers; (10) local works and under- takings, except lines of steamships, railways, canals, telegraph, and other works and undertakings extending outside the province, and such works which, although wholly inside the province, are declared by the Dominion Parliament to be for the general advantage of Canada, or of two or more of the provinces; (11) the incorporation of companies for business in the province; (12) the solemnization of marriage in the province; (13) property and civil rights in the province; (14) the administration of justice in the province; (15) punishment by fine and imprisonment, in case any provincial law is broken; (16) generally all matters of a merely local or private nature in the province. By a further provision in the British North America Act, the legislature of each province may exclusively make laws relating to education within the province. There are also certain subjects, such as agriculture and immigration, over which both the Dominion and the Provincial Governments have jurisdiction. In case, however, the law passed by the province does not agree with that passed by the Dominion, the latter governs. Any law passed by the Provincial Government may be disallowed by the Dominion Government within one year after the receipt of an official copy of the Act. This, however, is very seldom likely to occur, except when the Act is one that inter- feres with the general welfare of Clanada or the Empire. New Brunswick Provincial Government Capital — Fredericton. Lieutenant-Governor — The Honourable WiUiam Pugsley, P.C., K.C., D.C.L., L.L.D EXECUTIVE COUNCTL The Executive Council consists of seven ministers in charge of departments and two ministers without portfolio. Following out the basic principle of self-government which characterizes the success of British rule everywhere, the Provincial Government grants to local bodies GOVERNMENT, ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE 27 of her residents the rights to manage their own affairs as they desire, restricted only in so far as necessary for the well-being of the province at large. Four forms of muni- cipal government are provided for according to the progress and population of the community. Three provide for urban centres and one for rural settlements. They are graded in the following order of descending responsibility: cities, towns, villages and rural municipalities. These mvmicipalities all receive their incori)oration from the Provincial Government. They elect their own officers, fix their assessment and tax rate, raise and spend money, make by-laws, and generally look to their own advancement and welfare under several provincial and federal regulations. The Administration of Justice The laws of New Brunswick, like all the other provinces of Canada except Quebec, are founded upon the Common Law of England. In addition to this law all English Statute Law down to the restoration of Charles 11 is considered to have been adopted by the General Assembly of the province at its first session. Much of the later English Statute Law is also in force in the province because of having been re-enacted by the Provincial Legislature. Other laws have been enacted by the Dominion Parliament. This Parliament in 1875 established the Supreme Court of Canada and later the Exchequer Court. The Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction from all the courts of the provinces. The Governor General in Council may refer questions to this court. Its judgment is final in criminal matters. This court also has jurisdiction in cases of controversies between the provinces and the Dominion, and in certain cases between the provinces themselves. There is an appeal from the Supreme Court in civil cases, under certain limita- tions, to the Privy Council in England. The Privy Council also entertains appeals direct from the provincial Appeal Courts without the intervention of the Supreme Court of Canada. The decisions of the Privy Council contain most valuable and important declarations of law as to the constitution of Canada and as to the varied powers of the Federal and Provincial Legislatures. The law is administered within New Brxmswick by various courts, all of which have jurisdiction in both civil and criminal matters. The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick extends over the entire province. In 1913 the constitution of this court was changed. The court now consists of three divisions — a Court of Appeal, a Chancery Division, and a King's Bench Division. The judges of this court are seven in number. The county courts have jurisdiction only over their respective counties, and are limited to actions in which no greater sum than $400 is involved in matters of con- tract and $200 in matters of tort. They cannot deal with a..atters affecti->"- the uitlo to land or the validity of bequests under wills. They have criminal jurisdiction in all • misidemeanours and in all but the more serious felonies. Stipendiary magistrates' courts and parish courts have more limited powers. Finally come justices of the peace, whose jurisdiction extends only to $20 in contract and $18 in tort. Nataralization Any alien desiring naturalization may apply to the Secretary of State of Canada for a certificate provided that he can comply with certain conditions ; namely, he must have a residence of five years in Canada or a British possession, of which at least one must have been actually spent in Canada — all this within the last eight years before his application. Any person receiving this certificate shall be entitled to all the political and other rights, powers and privileges of a British subject, and be subject to all obligations, duties and liabilities of the same. The Secretary of State may include in the certificate the names of all the children of the applicant who are minors. The applicant who is a resident of New Brunswick should apply to the Supreme Court or the county court of the county in which he is situated. The clerk shall post up his application for a specified time and then report the application to the Secretary of State, who issues the certificate if satisfied as to the circiimstances. 28 THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA Banking The Canadian banking system provides the province with the best of facilities for the transaction of business. All the banks are chartered by the Dominion Govern- ment, and instead of having numerous small banks scattered throughout the country, each of which is dependent on the prosperity of its own locality for stability and strength, under the Canadian system the banking institutions are i)ermitted to operate from their head offices, located in the largest commercial centres, any number of branches which the management and directors consider necessary to serve the interests of the country and the bank. There are eighteen chartered banks doing business in Canada, many of which are represented in New Bnmswick, the total number of branches in the province being 11 9. Probably every town and village of 600 people is supplied with at least one bank. That the Canadian banks are as strong as any in the world will be seen from the following statement, as at December 31, 1919 : — Total paid up capital $ 119,199,441 Total reserves i:i4,712,670 Total public deposits in Canada 1,841,478,895 Total assets 2,967,373,675 Note holders and depositors are secured by the large capital and reserve of each bank, and by the liability of each shareholder for double the par value of shares owned. Currency The decimal system of currency is in use in Canada, the imit of value being one cent, one hundred of which make a dollar. The Canadian branch of the Royal Mint, at Ottawa, produces gold, silver, and bronze coins. The gold coins are minted in five and ten-dollar pieces. The silver coins are in denominations of five, ten, twenty-five, and fifty cents, which correspond practically to the British threepenny, sixpenny, shilling, and two shilling pieces, respectively. There is only one bronze coin, the one- cent piece, about equal to a halfpenny. The change-making notes, that is, the one, two, and five-dollar bills, are issued by the Dominion Government. Chartered banks issue bills in denominations of five dollars and multiples thereof. The following notes are in general use and have values in English currency (exchange at $4.86=£1) as follows : — £ s. d. One dollar ($1) 4 IJ Two dollars ($2) 8 21 Five dollars ($5) 1 6i Ten dollars ($10) 2 1 IJ • Twenty dollars ($20) 4 2 24 If the immigrant from the British Isles will keep in mind that one pound sterling is approximately of the same value as five dollars ($5) and one shilling about the same as a quarter, or twenty-five cents, he will grasp Canadian money values quickly, although the difference of fourteen cents between the pound and five dollars must not be lost sight of. Finance PROVINCIAL. The chief source of revenue is the customs tariff which is administered by the Dominion Government. Funds necessary for the carrying on of the province's affairs are secured from various sources, chief among which are subsidies from the Dominion Government and fees collected by the several departments such as stumpage, motor vehicles tax, succession duties, amusement taxes, etc. The administration of the affairs of the province requires a considerable expen- diture which is added to by interest on the public debt. This debt has been acquired by borrowings for undertakings, chiefly of a permanent nature, such as means of com- GOVERNMENT, ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCE 29 munication and public buildings. The main items of expenditure are those under education, agriculture, administration of justice, legislative assembly and public works. Herewith is a financial statement issued by the New Brunswick Government: — Total funded debt (including present issue) $ 20,eC4,402 Less — sinking fund $1,'078,173 St. Jjliii and Quebec Railway deben- tures 6,954,408 8.032,581 Net funded debt 12,631,821 Indirect liabilities, fully secured 1,117,000 Estimated value of seven million acres timber limits owned by province ". oO.QOO.O&O Public buildings and farm lands owned by province 650,000 Annual subsidy receivable from Dominion Government C38,0'0'0 Population, 368,760 ; area, 27,985 square miles. This province does not tax income, real estate or personal property for revenue purposes. Agricultural production in 1919 was valued at $80,971,000, or practically four times the total debt of the province. MUNICIPAL. Municipalities raise their money by direct taxation. Each has its assessor whose duty it is to prepare an annual statement showing all lands within the boundaries of the municipality together with the owners' names thereof, to set a valuation on these lands and on the buildings and improvements thereon, and to prepare a roll of the adult population of the municipality showing the value of the personal property and the amount of income of each. A tax is then levied to meet the estimated require- ments of the ensuing year. These taxes are for roads and bridges, for schools, for general administrative purposes, for the establishment of water and sewage systems and for the acquisition and operation of public utilities. Education Under the provisions of the British North America Act the legislature of each province in Canada exercises exclusive control of education within its own boundaries. In New Brunswick it is under the charge of the Board of Education, composed of the Lieutenant-Governor, the members of the Executive Council, the Chancellor of the Provincial University and the Chief Superintendent of Education. The latter official has the supervision of the entire system, being ex-officio the president of the University Senate, as well as superintendent of all public schools of lower grades. The educational system of the province, inaugurated in 1871, is most thorough and comprehensive. It is headed by the Provincial University at Fredericton, and from this distinguished seat of learning to the most humble rural public school, pro- visions for the dissemination of knowledge are most complete. The courses of study in the various grades, through primary, intermediate, superior and grammar schools and the university, are carefully co-ordinated and correlated, so that a child may proceed step b.y step until he or she graduates in either arts or science. The New Brunswick school section must be at least three and a half square miles in area or have at least fifty children of school age. In rural districts the governing body is composed of three trustees, elected by the ratepayers, and they levy the school tax. The funds for teachers' salaries are supplemented from two other sources — the county fund and the provincial grant. Special grants are given to consolidated schools, and for the conveyance of children to and from school where the children in certain large areas are too few and scattered to require more than one school. In cities and towns the Board of Trustees consists of nine or eleven members, the majority of whom are appointed by the municipal council, and the remainder by the Provincial Govern- ment. Two of the members may be women. 30 THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK. CANADA All the public schools of the province are non-sectarian. There are two prominent religious educational institutions — Mount Allison University (Methodist) at Sackville, and St. Joseph's College (Eonaan Catholic) at Memramcook. In all schools conducted under the school law no dogmatic religious teaching is allowed, but as most of the Eoman Catholic children are grouped together in the same schools under teachers of their own faith, they are thus enabled to receive religious instruction either before or after school hours. Manual training and household science departments are operated by the School Boards in most of the cities and towns and are generously assisted by the Provincial Government. Vocational training of less than college grade for persons over fourteen years of aere is also provided. A high standard in the teaching staff is maintained through the training of teachers in the Normal and Model schools at Fredericton, through school inspection and through adequate provision for the payment and pensioning of teachers. The province is divided into eight inspectoral districts, each with one inspector whoso duty is to inspect all schools in his district, make monthly reports of visitations to the Education Department and generally to assist in promoting educational efficiency. The Provincial University was founded and incorporated as the College of New Brunswick in 1800. In 1859 the University of New Brunswick was established as now constituted. It confers the degrees of bachelor and master of arts; bachelor, master, and doctor of science; doctor of philosophy; bachelor and doctor of civil law, and the honorary degree of doctor of laws. Agricultural education is provided in the common schools, in two special agri- cultural schools, one at Woodstock and one at Sussex, by the demonstrational and instructional work of district representatives, and through agricultural societies and school fairs. The Provincial Government is assisted in this work by an annual grant of $64,110.80 from the Dominion as provided by the " Agricultural Instruction Act.'' The money is equitably distributed to assist all phases of instruction in the principle? and practice of goodi farming. This subject is further dealt with in the section devoted to agriculture. Soldiers' Civil Re-establishment Eeturned soldiers in New Brunswick in need of hospital care or who, by reason of disabilities, are in need of training for vocations other than those in which they were engaged prior to enlistment, are cared for by the Department of Soldiers' Civil Ee-establishment of the Dominion Government. In Fredericton the old Government House has been enlarged to accommodate 120 hospital patients, and to furnish rooms for the administrative staff, and the vocational classes. This hospital is equipped with electro-and hydro-theraphy and operating rooms, a gymnasium for muscular function work, diet kitchens, etc. In St. John a hospital of 65 beds^ capacity is in operation, besides a wing of the East St. John county hospital for advanced tubercular cases. A sanatorium for tubercular patients is maintained at Eiver Glade. Vocational training is carried on in Fredericton, where classes in general education, motor mechanics, carpentry, electric wiring, electrical engineering, lumber scaling, gardening, shoe repairing, and stationary engineering are conducted. Up to June 30, 1920, approximately 2,000 cases for re-training passed through this branch, of whom over seventy per cent have completed their courses and have obtained employ- ment as trained men. Unemployed numbered fifteen only. In addition a number of men have been apprenticed in different industrial institutions in the province. Most of these were given employment where apprenticed on completion of their courses. Eeturned soldiers who may consider themselves eligible for assistance along these lines may apply to Lt.-Col. S. S. Wetmore, Assistant Director "K" Unit, Department of Soldiers' Civil Ee-establishraent, Fredericton, N.B. CITIES AND TOWNS (Manufactures) The geographical position of New Brunswick, and the exploitation of her natural resources, have brought into being numerous urban centres and are responsible for the growth and prominence of her cities. The long coast line, and the proximity of the province to one of the greatest fishing areas of the world, have caused fishing villages and towns manufacturing fish products to spring up along the coast. The lumbering industry is responsible for several urban centres of importance as is also agriculture. Cheap light, heat, and power in the form of natural gas has made an important industrial city of Moncton, and finally its great facilities as a national port has made St. John one of the most important cities in the Dominion. Brief descriptions of the more important cities and towns are given below. Those desirous of obtaining more complete information regarding business, professional or other opportunities in any of the towns or cities of New Brunswick should communicate with the secretary of the local Board of Trade or with the city clerk, town clerk, or village secretary-treasurer, as the case may be. HARBOUR Plan of St. John Harbour. The site upon which St. John stands and its geographical position are such that this city could not but be important, and its progressive people, alive to the great opportunities of their city and port, are ensuring that St. John, which already has a volume of trade second, in Canada, only to that of Montreal, and a population of 63,000, 32 THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA will shortly become one of the great ports and cities of the world. It has been aptly described as '" one of the big front doors of Canada on the Atlantic coast — a door that is never closed winter or summer." In fact it is as a national winter port that its importance is most pronounced. St. John is situated on the bay of Fundy, at the mouth of the St. John river. This great river is 450 miles long, and passes through a most fertile and beautiful region. The various products of the major part of the province find their way to the sea at St. John, where also the Canadian Pacific and Canadian National railways join forces with ocean steamships from all parts of the world. This city is an important manufacturing, wholesale, and retail centre. Among its industries are lumber, woodworking and pulp mills; box factories; cotton mills; wool and hide plants ; a sugar refinery ; fish prodiict plants ; metal foundries ; lime-kilns ; paper-bag works; edge-tool plants; tanneries; potteries; breweries; flour mills; and factories for manufacturing nails, biscuits, confectionery, and brooms and brushes. St. John is the financial and commercial metropolis of the province, and its development in this respect has been remarkable, especially within recent years. It has eighteen branches of chartered banks and numerous other financial institutions. Its financial progress and that of the province are indicated by the following table : — ST. JOHN BANK CLEARINGS. 1900 % 36,925,498 1913 82',447,747 1914 78,259,921 1913 77,'018,8i54 1916 90,5812,130 1917 . 102,602,383 1918 116,588,787 1919 149.883,103 But it is chiefly to overseas trade that St. John owes its great importance, and in this trade which will come through the development of Canada generally, she lays her hopes for the future. The closing by ice of the ports of Montreal and Quebec for St. John Harbour. CITIES AND TOWNS 33 about five months each year leaves St. John as the Atlantic port nearest to Central Canada. For this reason it has been selected as the eastern terminus of the Canadian Pacific railway and as its winter port. It is also the terminus in New Brunswick of the Canadian National railways. St. John is the great railway focus of the province. The harbour of St. John is a magnificent body of water stretching seaward as far as the eye can see. Although it has great natural advantages, being never affected bj ice, and protected from storms from most directions, yet it has been very greatly improved. The main harbour on its west side possesses ten berths, with a sufficient depth of water for modern ocean-going steamers — 32 feet at low tide and 58 feet at normal high tide. Six of these berths have conveyor connections with the grain elevators of the Canadian Pacific Railway. These elevators, of which there are two, have a total grain capacity of 1,750,000 bushels. Another grain conveyor connecting with one of the Government piers, is at present under course of construction. On the eastern side of the main harboiir, adjoining the half-million bushel elevator of the Canadian National railways, are three berths, while at the "Long Wharf" of this railway system, situated in the northern part of the harbour, are two berths. Still another berth is that at the Atlantic Sugar Refinery, situated near the south of the harbour. This latter berth is connected with the Canadian National railways, ai ig the greater part of the eastern front of the main harbour. Just outside the main harbour to the east lies Oourtenay bay, which is being trana- formed to offer great additional facilities. At this point a large dry dock, 1,150 feet in length, is in course of construction, and when completed will be one of the largest in the world. Adjacent to this dry dock is a breakwater 7,070 feet long which is not as yet quite completed. There are also under way the construction of a ship repair yard and the dredging of a basin to accommodate shipping, and additional wharfage spaces for the Canadian National railways system. Had it not been for the suspen- sion of this work on account of the war, it would have been completed some time ago. Courtenay bay is the second horseshoe that will bring good fortune to St. John. Moncton is the second largest city in New Brunswick and is rapidly growing in importance. Its population is estimated to be 18,000 and with its suburbs nearly 25,000. One of its outstanding features is its importance as a railway centre, it being the converging point for several lines. It also contains the workshops and offices of the Canadian National railways, some 3,000 persons being employed in these two branches of the service. Being a railway centre it is naturally an important manufacturing and distributing point as well. An important Toronto company has recently erected a large six-story warehouse here for handling its business in the Maritime Provinces. Still another factor contributing to the development of Moncton is natural gas This important natural resource is dealt with under the chapter on minerals and mining. The gas is piped to Moncton from the wells and supplies factories, business houses and homes with cheap power, light, and fuel, being the only city in Eastern Canada in this position. Among the industries of Moncton, in addition to its railway shops, are foundriea, machine shops, woollen mills, cotton mills, a carriage factory, hat and cap factory, biscuit factory, marble works, wire-fencing plant, grist mill, wood-working plants and mattress factory. Moncton is also a decidely attractive residential city.Its scenic attractions are notable and include the famous tidal ''bore" on the Petitcodiac. The wonderful wave- sculptured rocks of Hopewell are within a convenient distance. The capital of New Brunswick is very pleasantly situated near the head of naviga- tion on the St. John river. As early as 1692 this site was the seat of government of Acadia. Over a hundred years later it was again chosen as the location of the capital, this time of the province of New Brunswick, and was named Fredericton. Fredericton is a city of about 8,000 population. Here are the Parliament buildings, tlie university of New Brunswick and the Provincial Normal School. The 11193—3 34 THE PROVINCE OP NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA city is also noted for the beauty of its cathedral. Its public buildings, its elm-shaded streets and comfortable homes, and the beautiful river on which it is situated, all combine to make the capital of New Brunswick a very attractive place in which to live. The city also has some industries of importance. These include a canoe and motor-boat factory, boot and shoe works, Ivmiber mills, tanneries, farm implement works, etc. Fredericton is also an excellent starting point for tourists and sportsmen, who may here procure guides and equipment and need not proceed far in any direction before reaching the haunts of big game, and streams for canoeing and fishing. Sachville is a growing town near the Nova Scotia border in the famous agricul- tural district of the Tantramar marshes. It has a population of about 4,000 and is becoming noted as an active industrial centre. Here are made stoves, ranges and furnaces, boots, harness, paper boxes, concrete blocks and building stone. This town is the seat of the Methodist university of Mt. Allison. Other towns worthy of note are Chatham and Newcastle on the Miramichi, Camphellton and Bathurst on Chaleur bay, St. Stephen at the head of tidewater on the St. Croix and St. Andrews at its mouth, and the farming centres of Woodstoclc on the St. John and Sussex in Kings county. The first four towns owe their importance to the forests whose products reach them chiefly by the rivers at whose mouths they are situated. These towns ship their products, lumber and paper, direct to their destina- tions in Europe and elsewhere. St. Stephen is an industrial town also but its products are varied and include soap, confectionery, chemicals, edge tools, bricks, fertilizers, carriages and aerated waters. St. Andrews is a popular s-ummer resort and has a deep harbour open all the year round. Following is a list of the cities, towns, and villages in New Brunswick, with populations : City or town. Census, 1911. Estimated, 1919. St. John 42,511 63.000 Moncton 1.1, 345 18.000 Fredericton 7.208 8.0.0.Q Cliatiiam 4,666 5;5'00 Woodstoclt 3,8-56 4,0'0'0 Campbellton 3,817 4,&0'0 Newcastle 2,945 3,000 St. Stephen 2,836 3,6i0'0 Sackville 2,039 4i000 Sussex 1,W6 SjOm Marysviile.'. ' 1.837 2.050 Edmundston 1.821 2,600 . Milltown 1.804 2,250 Dalhousie 1.650 1,700 Shediac 1.442 1.500 Grand Falls 1.280 1,T50 Dorchester l.O'SO l.OOO Bathurst 960 3.50O The development and preparation of natural resources within its boundaries is improving the general conditions of New Brunswick's cities and towns. Forest products are now more and more beinVICK Legend Settled Farm Lands - — i Crown Farm Land Areas opened for settlement = Acreage in each county under Oats. Buckwheat Botatoes, Wheat and Turnips - Creameries --- - — Cheese Factories _. -^ .,.-—^. , ^--^^- Creameries and Cheese Factories (m same localityj„ Agricultural map of New Brunswick. 42 THE PROyiNCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA the province. In appearance they resemble flat stretches of prairie meadow covered with rich grass and are not at all to be confused with bogs or swamps. These marsh lands have been created by the extraordinary tides of the bay of Fundy, which some- times race in to a height of fifty feet above low water, the current scouring out of its channel large quantities of soil and depositing the same on the land every tide in layers of varying thickness. The land which used to be overflowed by the tide was reclaimed by dikes built by the early French settlers, and now forms a vast natural meadow with a soil sometimes 80 feet deep. It yields heavy crops of hay year after year without any fertilizing and this inexhaustible supply of cheap hay from the marsh is of great advantage to the stock farmers. If at any time the land needs reviving, the dike gates are opened for a while so that the tide can come in and deposit a fresh layer of soil. These lands are wonderfully fertile, and in this respect they are unsurpassed, if they are equalled, by any land in Eastern Canada. They are not, however, equally good for all crops, but are best for grasses and grains, to which consequently they are almost entirely given up. Root crops will grow upon them, but not to advantage. The grasses which grow upon the best parts are the usual upland English hay grasses, which grow very tall, very dense, and of very superior quality, luxuriant but not rank, producing easily Kl> ^ •»:^' A clover field at Florenceville, St. John river valley. three tons and upwards of the best hay to the acre. No attempt is made to take two crops a year, though some farmers allow their cattle to fatten on the rich aftergrowth. No fertilizers of any sort are placed upon the marshes, and the only cultivation con- sists in an occasional ploughing, on an average once in ten or fifteen years, when a single crop of oats is sown, after which the land is at once brought into grass again. There are upwards of forty thousand acres of these dikes and reclaimed marsh lands along the bay of Fundy, east of St. John, most of which are in the counties of Albert and Westmorland. The " intervale lands " of the river valleys were described by Professor Sheldon, who invstigated the agricultural capacities of New Brunswick, as follows : " In some sections of the province there are soils which have certain very remarkable properties and features. These intervale lands, as they are aptly termed, of the St. John, Mira- michi and other river valleys, are among the most valuable to be found in the Dominion of Canada, and they are generally attractive in appearance, sometimes forming beauti- ful and extensive islands in mid-stream, but generally flanking the river on either side. They are annually covered, more or less, and for a longer or shorter time, by the spring freshets of the rivers by which they have been formed, and are so often enriched by the alluvial deposits of mineral and vegetable matter which is left by the AGRICULTURE 43 subsiding waters. Generally speaking, these intervales are clothed by a thick sward of rich and varied grasses, forming herbage unsurpassed, in all probability, by the natural grasses of any portion of the American continent, and equally valuable for pasturage or for meadow. " To the upland farms adjoining, many of which have a frontage on the river, these intervale lands are of great value. Cutting year by year large crops of hay whose quality is good, and requiring no assistance beyond that which the freshets furnish, they provide a large supply of forage for the winter use, and valuable aftermath for pasturage in the autumn. Thus it is that the river helps to maintain the fertility of the uplands — by covering the lowlands with a sediment which does away with the need of employing other fertilizers, so that the whole of the barnyard manure may be used on the uplands." The land not yet brought under cultivation, of which the province holds some 7,0(X),0()0 acres, is mostly timbered and a considerable proportion is not suitable for agriculture, but there are extensive areas which on clearing would make excellent farming land. These Crown lands can be obtained by settlers as free grants of 100 acres by residing on the land for eight years, clearing ten acres and building a house 16 by 20 feet. No land is thrown open for settlement, however, unless it is well served by roads and is adapted for agriculture. One of the important features of the forest survey that is now under way is the classification and marking out of the agricultural lands, the object being to direct future settlement to suitable farming localities and to prevent the denuding of purely timber land under the guise of clearing for agricultural purposes. Of the uncleared portions of the province the best soils are in the north and west, and here, in the counties of Victoria and Restigouche, are the principal areas that have been made available for settlement, although districts containing good land have been opened in Westmorland and Queens also. Of these new districts the Blue Bell tract is perhaps most worthy of attention. It comprises some 50,000 acres in Victoria county, and is bounded by the Canadian Pacific railway, the St. John river and the Canadian National railway. It is a rolling upland, covered with a fine growth of trees, free from underbrush and easily cleared. The soil is a reddish loam with clay subsoil, and is well watered by branches of the Tobique river. Nearby are the towns of Grand Falls and Plaster Eock. In this area 7,000 acres have already been thrown open for settlement and 100-acre lots are available on each side of the colonization road which has been constructed. Classes of Farm Lands Available Farms in various stages of improvement may be purchased throughout the settled portions of New Brunswick as well as the above-mentioned Crown Lands. They may be classed as to soil area under cultivation, equipment, and general condition. They range from the very best in each class downwards, neglect from lack of help or change of ownership being often responsible for unfavourable conditions where they exist. Vacant farms, where such exist, are often well worth taking up, though in some cases they are the result of settlement attempted in the past on land not suitable for agriculture. Improved farms available for purchase vary in size from 75 to 200 acres, with from 20 to 100 acres cleared and ready for cropping and pasturage, an abundance of firewood and in some cases a fair amount of lumber. A number of these farms have small orchards sufficient to provide all the apples and such fruit needed for family use. The buildings are generally adequate, in some cases needing repair, but in most cases ready for occupancy and worth as much or more than the entire cost of the property. While the soil on some of these places is somewhat run down from neglect, they are so cheap that the new settler can afford to buy hay and fertilizer the first year with which to sustain his live stock and produce his crops. 44 THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA Why Farms Are So Readily Obtainable The difference in density of population between Europe and America makes it difficult for Europeans to comprehend the readiness with which a Canadian will sell or leave his farm and take the chance of getting another one that will suit him better. In the older countries land is held by the same family for generations, or until it has come to be looked on almost as a part of themselves, and they rarely think of parting with it unless compelled by stress of circumstances to do so. In many instances, it is entailed from father to son and cannot be sold without an Act of Parliament. Here it is entirely different. Very few farms in Canada have been in the possession of one family more than one or two generations, and if a man is offered what he considers a good price for his farm he is quite likely to take it, since farms are plentiful and there is always the opportrmity to buy another and perhaps a better one. Eor this reason, improved farms in good condition may be bought without much difficulty although not many are being offered for sale. From time to time such properties are advertised for sale for various reasons. In some cases the owner wishes to go West or locate in some district where he thinks the opportunities are better; or perhaps having done well on the farm and saved considerable money, he wishes to take up business in town or city. But in the case of other good farms, in good condition, the decision to sell is often brought about by the breaking up of the family resulting from conditions about as follows: In the old days farm work consisted so largely of drudgery and offered so little scope for high intellectual talent that the bright boys not only wanted to leave the farm but were encouraged by their parents to do so. The ranks of the medical, legal and teaching professions and commercial men in the cities and towns of Canada and the Eastern United States have been largely recruited from the farm boys of New Brunswick and Eastern Canada. The success which these men have achieved in every profession, while it speaks eloquently for their ancestors and for the climate in which they were brought up, was a distinct loss to our farmers. Many of the country boys were also attracted away by the glamour of the newly opened West and settled there although some of them might just as well have stayed in New Brunswick. Be that as it may, the sturdy training and hard work of their youth was certainly the best possible preparation for the new lands to which they went. The farm youtlis of Eastern Canada have played a noble part in buiding up Western Canada and making that country what it is to-day and there is no doubt that they were better suited as settlers for the West than most of the Old Country farmers whose home surroundings and up-bringing better qualified them for the older settled districts of Eastern Canada. So these two factors — the lure of the cities and the development of the West — did much to deplete the rural population of the Maritime Provinces and Ontario, and has left a number of farm homes where the old people find them- selves all alone or with most of their family gone. Unable to keep the farm up to its former state of production and with nobody in the family to take it over they prefer to dispose of it to some one better able to work it, and spend the remainder of their days in retirement in a nearby town. Other farms are to be had in fair quantity whose owners are principally interested in lumbering and other pursuits and who use the farm chiefly as a place of residence, growing vegetables and other produce on it for their own use. In these cases the farming operations are secondary to the others, but many such farms are capable of far greater production. Under the above-noted conditions a considerable number of farms have become vacant. The best of these are being repopulated under the Farm Settlement Board and already a large proportion has been occupied again. Others are not suitable for agriculture and should never have been settled. Mistakes of this nature may be avoided by consulting the board. A list of unoccupied farms in New Brunswick may be had on application to the Superintendent, Natural Resources Intelligence Branch, Depart- ment of the Interior, Ottawa. AGRICULTURE 45 How Farms May Be Acquired The means of acquiring a farm ofiFered by the province through the Farm Settle- ment Board, should appeal to the man with limited capital only. This board haa, at various times, bought available farms and will at any time purchase any other vacant farm that an applicant may desire — which it will resell to a purchaser at cost price, on the following terms: Twenty-five per cent of the purchase money, if the price being paid for the property purchased is less than one thousand dollars, but if in excess of that sum, then an intial payment of thirty-five per cent to be paid when possession is given to the purchaser, and the balance with interest at five per cent thereon, at such stated periods as the board may agree upon with the purchaser ; the final payment must be made at a date not exceeding ten years from the date of the agreement to poirchase, except that in special cases an extension of two years may bs given by unanimous consent of the board. The title to the lands so purchased by or granted to the board, shall remain in the board until the purchaser has made all payments required by the agreement to purchase; but nothing shall prevent the board from selling to any purchaser for cash at any time, and from forthwith conveying the lands so purchased to' such purchaser for cash. Quite a large number of farms have found new owners under the auspices of the Farm Settlement Board, as the terms under which the farms can be acquired are so liberal, that a young man can readily earn his living and be paying for his farm while paying annually only such a sum as would, in the great majority of cases, be about the amount he would have to pay for rent alone. CROWN LANDS. The man who is without capital, or who has only so little that he cannot afford to spend any part of it in acquiring a farm, can still obtain one of 100 acres under the provisions of the "Labour Act." Under this Act, the Lieutenant Governor in Council may cause suitable portions of the vacant Crown Lands to be selected for settlement in various parts of the province, and cause public roads to be made to and through such lands, and may have the said lands surveyed and laid off in one-hundred-acre lots on both sides of such road. All lots so surveyed and laid off, and all other lots of Crown Land which haVe been surveyed and are open for settlement shall be reserved for actual settlers, and shall not be disposed of to speculators or for lumbering purposes. They shall be available to applicants upon the following terms: — (1) Applicant must be a male of 18 years or over and must not be the owner of any land in the province. (2) Not more than 100 acres wdll be allotted to any one applicant and the land must have been approved by the Crown as suitable for farming. (3) The Crown retains the right to all minerals in lands which are granted, but mining rights can be obtained ujwn application to the Government. (4) Applicant must actually live on the lot and cultivate it during the three consecutive years succeeding his allotment, but he may absent himself during the months of July, August, January, February and March. (5) Applicant must within three years after allotment build a habitable houee not less than 16 by 20 feet and clear two acres, and he must clear and cultivate not less than ten acres before receiving his grant (6) During the period of occupancy and before a grant will issue, applicant must I)erform $30 worth of work upon the public roads or in lieu thereof pay to the Crown $20. (7) No timber shall be cut upon the lot until a grant is issued, except within the ten-acre tract selected for a homestead. 46 THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA In addition to the above the following special regulations apply to the Blue Bell tract : — (1) Applicant must pay one dollar per acre, twenty-five per cent on application, and the balance in three annual instalments. (2) Applicant must in the first year of occupation clear and grub three acres, in the second year plant and crop the three acres and cut down two additional acres; before the end of the third year erect on the lot a habitable house 16 by 20 feet. (3) After the first instalment is paid, he may cut from the lot 20,000 feet board measure of lumber free, for building purposes only, and an additional 20,000 feet upon payment of stumpage duties. So that taking matters all around, it is not difficult for any man, let his circum- stances be what they may, to obtain a farm in New Brunswick. When one compares all the various phases of the situation in this province with those to be met with in the Western Provinces, it becomes a source of wonderment why so many people have gone West. While it may be true that in the western prairies a free farm of 160 acres ready for the plough can be obtained, yet in New Brunswick one is in the midst of civilization, with neighbours, railway, school and church within a mile or so at most and in marked contrast to prairie conditions. The countryside is delightfully pic- turesque, well wooded and well watered. There are excellent markets for all the farmer can produce right at his very door, and any man who chooses to set to work in New Brunswick with the same amount of determination and effort as he would need to put forth in the West, will very soon find himself more than " making good." SOLDIER SETTLEMENT BOARD. The Soldier Settlement Act applies to honourably discharged veterans of the Canadian, Imperial or Dominions' Forces, who served out of the country of enlistment, or members of any Allied Force who were resident in Canada prior to the war, or members of the Canadian Force who are receiving pensions for injuries incurred during service in Canada. Widows of an 3' of the above <;lasses of men who were ordinarily resident in Canada before the war and who served with the Canadian, Imperial or Allied Forces in a theatre of war, are extended the same privileges. Nursing sisters who were ordinarily resident in Canada before the war and who served in a theatre of war are included. The Soldier Settlement Board may purchase for eligible returned soldiers lands in any part of Canada, if such lands are suitable for immediate settlement. The board also is empowered to purchase stock, equipment and building material for resale to soldier settlers at cost. The applicant for the privileges of the Act is required to pass a qualification test before becoming eligible for its benefits. If he is deemed to be a person well qualified for the vocation of farming, the board will assist him to purchase a suitable farm and to equip it; and it will guide him in his operations until he has demonstrated that he can succeed. Loans are available up to a maximum of $7,500, the interest rate being five per cent. The soldier is required to pay 10 per cent of the purchase price of his land in cash. With regard to Imperial soldiers, they are required to pay 20 per cent of the purchase price of land and also equipment. They are required to deposit £200 with the board as a guarantee that they will be able to pay the required 20 per cent and to carry on successfully until adequate returns are obtained from their farms. They are required, on passing a preliminary test in England, to spend a period of from one to two years on Canadian farms gaining experience before becoming eligible for loans. The soldier is required to choose his own land and is responsible for that choice,, but the board has its own appraisers who also inspect the land before purchase. AGRICULTURE 47 The board may loan up to $4,500 on the purchase of land and $1,000 for permanent improvements. In the case of unimproved lands the first instalment is payable not later than two years from date of sale or advance and shall consist of accrued interest only for the broken year up to the first of the followini? October. The interest for the second year will be consolidated with the amortized payments over a period of twenty-five years, and the first payment shall be made the first day of October in the third year. On improved lands settlers begin repayment on loan for land purchased and permanent improvements not later than one year from date of sale. The board also may grant loans for implements and stock up to a maximum ot $2,000, which are repayable in six equal annual instalments. In the case of the settler on unimproved lands no interest is charged for two years. While the amounts owing the Settlement Board remain unpaid, the land and goods supplied are fully protected from seizure to the prejudice of the board, nor can sales or charges are made without the board's consent. The crops grown are protected from seizure to the extent of the obligations due the board, or to fall due within a reasonable time after seizure. Up to July 10, 1920, returned soldiers to the number of 480 had been settled in New Brunswick, and loans had been approved to the amount of $1,367,465. The New Brunswick office of the Soldier Settlement Board of Canada is in the Post Office Building, St. John, where full information can be obtained from the officer in charge. The Improvement in Markets for Farm Produce and Conditions of Farm Life Before considering the opportunities offered in the different branches of farming, it is important to point out the vast difference in conditions surrounding farm life to-day as compared with those of a quarter of a century ago, referred to in preceding paragraphs. The steady continent-wide flow of the people from the country to the city has made itself felt in the ratio of supply and demand, the latter having steadily increased as tlae former has decreased, to a large extent reversing the market situation of twenty-five years ago. Canada has made big strides industrially and very largely increased her population, consequently the Canadian home markets are far greater. In keeping with the other provinces of Eastern Canada, New Brunswick is experiencing a period of industrial and general development and prosperity with resulting large increases in local markets and food requirements, in addition to which the heavy ocean traffic from the winter port of St. John calls for large quantities of vegetables, fruits, and meat, poultry and dairy products. The social living and working conditions have undergone remarkable changes for the better. Improved methods and machinery have done much to remove the drudgery and supply the much needed interest that hitherto was lacking. No longer is farming considered as something that any man can do but rather as a calling that demands a high degree of skill, intelligence and industry and offers scope for the most active minds. The general establishment of telephone, almost every farm being on a tele- phone line, and of free rural mail delivery, the improvement of roads and the common use of automobiles together with the improved railway facilities, have to a large extent removed the former isolation of country life and brought the rural people into much closer touch with each other as well as with the towns and cities or centres of population. General and agricultural education facilities as provided by the Provincial and Federal Governments have also greatly improved the position of the farmer and his family. 48 THE PROVINCE OP NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA Women's Institutes and the Improvement of Living Conditions Much has been said, and rightly so, concerning the improved conditions under which farming to-day is conducted in New Brunswick. The industry of farming, and the term is used advisedly, is one of the leading if not the primary industry, in this province and the opportunities afforded by the agricultural schools, Extension Services of the Provincial and Dominion Departments of Agriculture, and other organizations, have aided materially in bringing the industry into its present prominent position. But if agricultural instruction has done so much for the men, what about the women of the province? What has been done for them? In 1911, the work of establishing Women's Institutes throughout the province was started, a Women's Institute Division being created in the Department of Agriculture through which such work could be efficiently conducted. Educating the farmer and the farmer's son and improving their conditions was not in itself sufficient, for similar opportunities for improvement and further education must be afforded the women '«f the farm before a true development of the whole agrarian circle could be obtained. With this object in view, women organizers, demonstrators and lecturers vrere sent to the rural districts to explain the objects and demonstrate the advantages to be gained by having a Women's Institute in the community. The objects were to improve the physical and ethical standards; awaken a desire for clean, well-arranged homes and healthful surroundings; raise the standard of efficiency in the management of home affairs ; develop agriculture ; promote educational, moral, social and economic measures ; ;ind encc.nage co-operation and community efforts. At f rst, institutes were organized in a few communities, and these aroused interest in neighbouring localities. Thus the good work was spread until at the present time there are 134 branch institutes, representing some 5,000 women, working not only in the country but also in village, town and city. The work could not be con- fined to the rural districts since the problem of the homemaker, both in populous centres and in the more sparsely settled districts was similar, fundamentally. The institutes have fully realized the great scope of their work and already have achieved a great measure of success. Being a non-partisan, non-sectarian organization, an excellent opportunity is given to all sects and classes to come together ujKm mutual ground and to discuss matters common to all. The first work taken up outside the home was the improvement of the schools. Sanitary conditions in and around the school buildings were investigated, and remedied wherever possible. Sanitary drinking fountains and cups were installed and in several instances a general renovation was effected. In other cases, modem equipment replaced that of many years' standing and provision was made for school gardens and fairs. Going stiU deeper into child welfare, medical inspection of schools was introduced into the rural districts. In general, all in child life that tends to improve the physical standard received generous consideration and support. More recently, a deep interest in community welfares and the establishment of community centres is being developed. Institute after institute reports the remodelling or equipping of a community hall, the erection of a building for community purposes, or the formation of plans whereby a certain community becomes the proud possessor of a centre from which to radiate the beneficial results of the community spirit. Public improvements also receive the attention of the institutes. More than one village boasts of a new sidewalk, the installation of street lights, the erection of a public drinking fountain, the provision of a bandstand, the improvement of parks and public highways, through their efforts. Nor are members of the Women's InBtitutea averse to co-operating with other organizations. They are always ready and willing to assist in everything that tends to develop better citizenship. To encourage these activities the Department of Agriculture, through its Women's Institutes, sends out graduates in household science during the summer months, to demonstrate and explain various lines of work such as cookery, sevnng, home nursing, and house management. AGRICULTURE 49 During the winter short courses in household science, i.e., classes in cookery, sew- ing, millinery and nursing are held at different centres, thus bringing the practical benefits of scientific research and training direct to the homes of the people. " For Home and Country " is the motto of the Women's Institutes, and they are proving themselves to be a powerful and increasing factor in the improvement of those social and living conditions upon which a nation's wellbeing and greatness is based. The Departments of Agriculture PROVIXCUL. Agriculture being the basic industry of the province, it is natural that the depart- ment devoted to its interests should be one of the busiest of the provincial service. The Department of Agriculture, with headquarters at Fredericton, and branch offices at St. John, Sussex, Moncton, Chatham, and Woodstock, aims to assist and guide farmers in the improvement of their methods of production and marketing, to encourage co-oper- ation, and to better social conditions. It is headquarters in the province for infor- mation on all matters pertaining to farming, and both old and new settlers aie invited to avail themselves at all times of the information so offered and of its extensive services. Tiy so doing many farmers are meeting with more success in their work and safeguarding themselves against prejudiced or ignorant advice from other quarters. The new settler, particularly, may benefit through keeping in close touch with the department and obtaining its advice and guidance in locating and deciding on the farm to be bought. The department is presided over by the Minister of Agriculture, who is assisted by the deputy minister and a staff of trained officials. The work of the department is divided into various branches or divisions, each of them in charge of specially quali- fied experts and in this way the work of each division is clearly defined and duplication of effort is avoided. The various methods by which the department carries out its work are described in the annual agricultural reports, copies of which may be had on appli- cation to the office of the department, Fredericton. The Dominion Department of Agriculture at Ottawa is also most active in furthering the industry in New Brunswick. An extensive experimental farm is con- ducted at Fredericton. All the activities of farm life are here carried on and experi- ments and tests are constantly being made in field and animal husbandry. The federal department embraces a number of divisions specializing on certain subjects, such as divisions of chemistry, economic botany and animal husbandry. The province enjoys the benefits of the results obtained from the work and experiments of these divisions. Field Crops New Brunswick agriculture is characterized by the successful production of a wide range of crops, the variety and nature of which should be siifficiently attractive, and the field for their production be large enough, for any intending settler. In looking over the following pages it should be remembered that the average yields per acre, made up as they are by the good, poor and indifferent farmers and the best and poorest sections, do not at all represent the yields that the best conditions plus the best farming practice, will produce. For example, by taking the counties showing the highest average yields per acre in 1919, we get the following yields in bushels : wheat, 21| ; oats, 41^ ; barley, 32 ; buckwheat, 33 ; potatoes, 205 ; and turnips, 617. Again in 1919, yields were recorded three times as large as the averages. One farm in Kent covmty produced 34 11193—4 50 THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA tons of air- dry hay from 8 acres, and 225 bustels of wheat from 4 acres. A farm in Carleton county produced 180 barrels or 495 bushels of Cumming's Pride potatoes per acre, while in the Sackville district yields of 420 bushels of potatoes and 1,400 bushels of turnips per acre were secured. The principal field crops are oats, buckwheat, wheat, barley, potatoes, turnips, and hay. The 1919 production of these crops was approximately as follows: — Crop. Acreage. Yield. Value. Yield per acre. Oats 305.4'84 9, 260,0i00 bushels $9,086,000 3'(>. 25 bushels Buckwheat 74,642 1,871,000 " 2,547,000 25.00 " Wheat 35,641 623,000 " 1,444,000 17.5 Barley 10.662 285,000 " 385,000 26.75 " Potatoes 60.00Q 10,790,000 " 16.185,300 180 Turnips 12,000 5.474,000 " 2,169.600 450 Hay 750,000 1,1215,000 " 22,500,000 Ih tons. Oats comprise the most extensively grown grain crop, with an average yield of about thirty bushels to the acre. Buckwheat is quite generally cultivated, much of it being used by country people for food as well as for stock-feeding. It does well on the lighter soils and gives a good yield on comparatively poor lands under our favourable climatic conditions. ...frnf^smmammaUm' Cutting oats near Chatham. Although the soils of many parts of the province are well adapted to the growth of wheat, the cheapness with which it had been produced up to the outbreak of the war on the vast prairies of the western provinces, had an effect in deterring the farmer of New Brunswick from growing that crop; and for several years prior to 1914 its cultivation was almost abandoned in the province, but recently the Government has taken up the matter, recognizing the fact that wheat-growing, even though it may not be so immediately profitable as some other crops, is a feature of good agriculture and that the province ought not to depend on other parts of the Dominion for its bread. The war has further emphasized the need of the province being self-supporting as far AGRICULTURE 51 as breadstuffs are concerned and there is no doubt that interest in the cultivation of wheat is making steady progress, as the statistics above quoted show. To encourage the growth of wheat, the Government provides a handsome bonus towards the cost of con- / truction of up-to-date roller mills in approved districts, where the wheat grown in those districts may be ground into flour, etc. A number of these modern mills are to be found in different parts of the province, and others are in course of erection. Barley is not grown to any great extent, there being no opportunity to use it for malting purposes and farmers appear to prefer cornmeal — or did prefer it until the price of that meal got so high. As a food for fattening stock, barley is superior to cornmeal, and it may be hoped that the high price of this meal, which cannot be grown in this province, will induce farmers to produce larger crops of barley for feed. The acreage has doubled recently. The happy combination of abundance of sunshine and plenty of moisture without periods of drought or extreme heat, which characterizes our growing seasons, are ideal for the production of roots and vegetables of the highest quality and consequently New Brunswick potatoes,turnips and garden vegetables have gained a reputation for culinary and market purposes unsurpassed on the American continent. Turnips are being sown in increasing extent, the ease with which they can be grown causing stockraisers to depend almost entirely on turnips and hay for winter- feeding. Considerable quantities of turnips are shipped for table use to Boston and other New England markets, these coming almost entirely from Charlotte county and the St. John valley. The potato is the most highly specialized of the field crops, the annual value of the crop being from ten to fifteen million dollars according to the seasonal variation in yield and prices. The comparatively cool, moist climate keeps the potatoes growing longer and they are green and vigorous until the frost comes, hence their firmness, full starch content, good keeping quality and pleasant flavour. Their excellence both for edible and seed purposes has gained a high reputation for them in the large consuming centres of Canada and the New England States and also in the West Indies, in which places they find a ready market. They are also increasingly in demand for seed purposes in Ontario and in such states as Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Con- necticut and New Jersey, where they have been found to give much superior yields to the locally-grown tubers. The average yield per acre of about 180 bushels is second on the American continent only to that of the state of Maine. In the chief producing sections of the province, in the counties of Carleton and Victoria, crops of 100 to 130 barrels or 275 to 350 bushels per acre are commonly secured by the application of the best methods of culture. As a specialized crop on the general farm, the potato is decidedly profitable and constitutes an important, safe, and increasing part of New Brunswick agriculture. It fits in very well with apple growing, being particularly well suited for intercropping young orchards. The same climatic conditions which are so favourable to the production of roots and vegetables are equally favourable to the growth of clover and grasses, and con- sequently there is an abundance of pasturage, and a large production of hay, a considerable quantity of which is baled and exported. Additional field crops grown successfully but only to a limited extent are rye, 353 acres; peas, 4,697 acres; mixed grains, 5,297 acres; fodder com, 5,906 acres; and beans, 6,409 acres. » The growing of red clover for seed has lately received attention, quite a number of farmers harvesting an acre or two for seed. A few growers have undertaken more extensive operations with much success and one farmer in Victoria county secured 3,500 pounds of seed from 25 acres. Live Stock Onp_ of the greatest needs of agriculture in New Brunswick at the present time is more live stock of aU kinds. Natural conditions are distinctly favourable, inasmuch as soil and climate which produce all kinds of fodder crops of high quality in abund- 11193— 4i 52 THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA ance, provide cheap raw material for the stock raiser and dairyman. There are thou- sands of acres of pasture land available for feeding purposes, and many thousands of tons of hay are sold off the farm annually which might be fed to better advantage to cattle or sheep. The following table shows the amount of live stock in the province for the last five years : — 1915 Horses 65,827 Milch cattle 1'01,665 Other cattle 96,437 Sheep 111,026 Swine 72,533 Poultry (all kinds). .. During the last few years large amounts have been spent both by the province and by private individuals in importing animals of various classes from outside sources with the object of holding up the quality of the live stock of the province. Interest in pure-bred live stock was anything but keen for a few years and the quality of many herds was very much lowered which had a damaging effect on the ordinary stock and the nondescript became much too common. This indifference, however, is 1916 1917 1918 1919 65,169 65,169 66,590 77,828 100,221 100,221 120,123 153,058 92,223 89,456 146,624 211,964 105,997 103,877 140.015 212,745 70,683 69,269 79,814 104,939 675,412 796,698 Ayrshire cattle are v.ell adapted to New Bnins^vick conditions. being gradually overcome; a few enthusiastic men of the younger generation have worked wonders in this direction during the last few years, and at the present time there are to be found many herds of high-class stock of various kinds. The Depart- ment of Agriculture is doing everything in its power to encourage the improvement in live stock and to this end pays large sums annually by way of bonuses to the various agricultural societies for the purchase of pure-bred sires for the use of their members. The principal breeds of cattle for dairy purposes are Holsteins and Ayrshires, though several herds of the Channel Island cattle are also to be found. Of the beef- producing type the Shorthorn or Durham predominates. The great majority of cattle, however, are grades of one or other of these breeds. For practical farm purposes, many of these grades are very valuable in point of production, and it is not a difficult matter by using a pure-bred sire of the predominating breed of the grade to build up in time an exceedingly useful herd of animals. At present New Brunswick depends largely on Ontario and Western Canada for its beef supply, although the abundance of well-watered grass lands and cheap fodder should at least make it self-supporting. The production of beef is carried on to only a limited extent, as dairying is found to be more profitable and for this reason the dairy breeds predominate. Straight beef-raising could probably be made profitable AGRICULTURE 53 under proper management in some localities where lands could be cheaply obtained, but taking the province as a whole, it could not be compared in profit with the keeping of dual purpose or good grade Shorthorn cows, that would give from five to ten thousand pounds of milk each year and a calf that for our markets would make beef as profitably under three years old as one from a special beef cow. A modification of the two systems could be run to advantage, perhaps, by allowing two calves to one cow, and saving the trouble of hand feeding the calf and of milking half the cows. There are some farms where there is a large amount of cheap pasturage, with access to unfenced areas where cattle could be run at some profit without paying any attention to the dairy end of it. Horses of the finest breed can be raised in the province, but as yet there is not sufficient local demand for high-class draught horses to support the right kind of sires. A few progressive horsemen continue to import high-class stallions, even under these unfavorable conditions, and now receive some support through the enforcement of the new Stallion Act, which provides that no stallion shall be permitted to travel the country until he has been enrolled in the books of the department, which cannot be done until proof of his breeding and absolute soundness have been produced. Pigs are kept on most of the farms and are easily and cheaply raised, except that during the past three years the cost of growing them increased, largely through the high cost of millfeeds due to war conditions. However, this extra cost is covered by the great increase in the price of pork and pork products, which is now twice the pre-war figure. The majority of the stock kept is grade Yorkshire, with some grade Chester and Berkshire. An excellent market for the whole hog is assured by the large number of lumber camps, and there is a very good general demand for both bacon and salt pork. Hogs alone can use to best advantage certain feeds and surpluses of crops, and because they multiply rapidly, are housed easily, feed economically, mature early, kill with very little waste and provide a food necessity which is consumed in enor- mous quantities, they therefore form an important part in mixed farming practice. Realizing this, the Department of Agriculture is encouraging the raising of swine through the establishment of Boys' Pig Clubs and by assisting and organizing the co-operative marketing of the finished product. SHEEP-RAISING While sheep-raising has been a more or less important industry in New Bruns- wick from the time of the earliest settlers, yet there has always been room for far greater numbers. No province in Canada has a climate and natural conditions more conducive to the successful raising of sheep. Professor Brown, of the Ontario Agricultural College, made the following statement regarding the possibilities for sheep-raising in New Brunswick: "British Columbia excepted, you hold the only extensive and naturally suitable lands in the Dominion of Canada for the cheap production of wool and mutton. At a rough under-estimate there are now in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia some 2,000,000 acres of sheep runs, outside of the arable, bush, rock, water- meadow and the richer cattle grazing lands of the valleys. These should carry such a number as to produce annually — not to maintain, but to sell off each year — iO,000,000 pounds of mutton and 20,000,000 pounds of wool. This is no wild speculative calcu- lation but one based upon my own handling of the same subject in Scotland and Ontario and upon the experience of other Canadian flock masters." However, notwithstanding these favourable natural conditions, fear of loss from the ravages of dogs, general lack of interest, and depressed market conditions caused the number of sheep in the province to decrease from 1911, until in 1917 they num- bered 103,877, which represented a decrease of 100,000 in seven years. Faced by this discouraging decrease and realizing the great opportunities for sheep-raising which 54 THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA the province offered, the Provincial Government and Department of Agriculture tooK strong measures to revive the industry and since 191Y the increaee has been remark- ably rapid and the number of sheep, according to estimates compiled in June, 1919, was 212,745, an increase of 103.84 per cent in less than three years. This large increase was due to the higher prices for wool, lambs and mutton, together with the active measures of Government assistance which included the enacting of protective legislation, the importation of pure-bred sheep and the establishment of co-operative marketing of wool and lambs. One of the greatest factors in this recent improvement of the sheep indiistry is the work in wool grading and co-operative selling carried on under the auspices of the New Brunswick and Dominion Departments of Agriculture. It speaks well for the success of this work that the amount of wool graded each year shows a substantial increase and the number of satisfied producers also continues to grow. During 1919 a grading station was established at Fredericton and arrangements made whereby any flock owner in the province could ship his wool clip to that point. Thus, wool was graded and sold direct to the manufacturers, netting the owner a much higher price, dispensing with the old method of sale, the flat price, and placing a premium on quality, thereby stimulating better care of wool and sheep. The growth of the co-operative wool marketing business in the province is indi- cated by the following table, showing the amounts of the various grades handled in each of the two years in which this plan has been followed : — Grade. Lbs. handled in 1918. Lbs. handled in 1919. Net Price to farmer 1918. Net Price to farmer 1919. Clothing.. - . Fine medium combing. Medium combing Medium clothing. ..... Low medium combing. Low combing Coarse Cotts Rejects Grey and black Locks and pieces Tags Total. Average price in li918 — $0.77. Number of shippers in 1918 — 317. 50 1,778 18,602 39 9,502 691 403-5 367-5 150 152 31,735-0 24,550 28,127 1,092 334 230 27 842 638 55,840 0-81f 0-82^ 0-81f 0-79 0-75^ 0-69 J 0-42 0-50 0-40 0-10 0-771 0-67 0-62 0-49 0-42 0-26 0-29 0-39 008 0-627 Average price in 1919' — $i0.62i7. Number of shippers in 1919 — 547. The wool market afforded the sheep raiser is equal to any in Canada. He markets this product through the Canadian Co-operative Wool Growers, Ltd. This company handles, in the interest of the farmers, 5,000,000 pounds of the Canadian wool clip. In the past, the New Brunswick wool graded higher than that from the western provinces, hence a higher price per pound was obtained. Freight rates in connection with the co-operative marketing are pooled, bringing the market equally close to the door of every sheep raiser. Prices received correspond with the highest market prices at Boston, which is the controlling market for America. The large centres afford a ready market for lambs and mutton. St. John, the winter port of Canada, situated on the Atlantic seaboard, uses a large amount of mutton for home consumption and for provisioning the ocean-going liners. The surplus sheep are either butchered in the province and exported to Boston and New York markets or shipped alive in the fall to Montreal and Toronto. During the fall of 1919 many carloads were thus disposed of. The sheep were collected and sold -co-operatively by farmers' associations and the work was supervised by the Provincial AGRICULTURE 55 ajid Federal Departments of Agriculture. Market prices, less shipping charges of approximately one cent per pound, were received by the patrons. The erection of the proposed abattoir and stock yards at a central location in the Maritime Provinces will greatly improve the present marketing facilities. Although the present number of sheep is more than double tkat of three years ago, the sheep-raising possibilities of the province have barely been touched. A higher class of sheep is now being kept as a result of the premium placed on quality by the advanced methods of marketing. The sheep industry' was never on a stronger footing and with the present good prices for wool, mutton and lambs and all evidence pointing to their remaining high for some years to come, the industry should make rapid advances. DAIRYING As long ago as 1800 an effort was made by the Government of the day to stimulate the dairy industry by the establishment of co-operative butter and cheese factories on a bonus system. At that time the hand separator was little known and the induce- ments offered by the factories were such as to cause a continual increase in the number of patrons and also of factories, until 1903, when factory production reached its highest point with an output of 1,996,377 pounds of cheese and 895,086 pounds of butter. Then followed a period of decline in which the factory production of cheese was lowest in 1912 with 1,022,646 pounds and of butter in 1909 with 645,779 pounds. The hand separator and the high prices being paid in local markets cause many farmers to leave the factories and make butter at home. Another reason for the lessened factory production, as given by the farmers, was the difficulty in procuring suitable labour willing to work seven days in the week — a condition that is necessary in dairy farming. However, the last few years have again witnessed an increasing production, as evidenced by the factory output in 1919 of 1,256,388 pounds of cheese and 915,816 pounds of butter. The number of factories is less than half of those in existence in 1903, as many of the small country factories have been replaced by large, modemly equipped, central plants, to which are shipped the cream and milk of large territories which were catered to previously by several small factories. This represents a very distinct improvement since it prevents duplication of equipment, cheapens manu- facture, and results in the output of a more uniform and higher quality of butter and cheese. Dairy farming is undoubtedly the system making for the greatest returns from the land in any particular year, while at the same time it not only maintains but even increases the fertility of the farm occupied. Selling the raw product from the farm is not good farming and is not profitable in the long rim.. A wider realization of this basic fact is gaining ground and will result in a more general adoption of dairying and resultant improvement in general farm practice. The dairy industry of the province is capable of being largely increased and developed, the demand at the present time being considerably in excess of the produc- tion. Every year sees large importations from Ontario and the western provinces of both cheese and butter. Producers are thus assured of a ready market for fine goods at a fair price. Climatic conditions are such as to make it comparatively easy to produce milk and cream of good quality, one of the first essentials in the manufacture of " first- grade" dairy products. During the summer months the weather is not excessively hot, the nights, as a rule, being especially cool, a condition very favourable for keeping milk and cream sweet. Rainfall and moisture are usually sufficient to produce excel- lent pasturage, and most farms are well supplied with water from wells, brooks or springs. The manufacture of cheese is carried on quite extensively in sections particularly well adapted to that phase of the industry, but the general conditions are more favour- able to the development of the central co-operative creamery business, which usually 56 THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA embraces the m-anufacture of butter and ice-cream and the sale of table cream and buttermilk. While the districts are somewhat scattered, the railway accommodation, shipping privileges and the excellent system of public highways, which is being per- fected, make the collection of cream and its transportation to a central creamery comparatively easy. In the matter of markets. New Brunswick dairymen occupy a favourable position. The demand is in excess of the supply and importations are handicapped by the " long haul " with its added freight charges. An improved system of marketing has Central co-operative creamery, Moncton. been introduced by the formation of a "Cheese and Butter Board," with headquarters at Sussex, Here the buyers and salesmen meet at regular intervals and transact their business in the most approved manner. All offerings are made subject to Government inspection and grading which encourage the buyers to invest their money with every confidence. An efficient system of practical instruction and inspection is maintained by the Provincial Dairy Division, whereby the factory and creamery men receive assistance in meeting the various problems and difficulties which they may encounter in con- nection with their work from time to time. Practical advice and help is also rendered the producer, which enables him to produce the best quality of raw material in the most economical manner. Cheesemakers, buttennakers and milk-testers are encouraged by free transportation to attend the Maritime Dairy School at Truro, which is main- tained jointly by the Departments of Agriculture of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and New Brunswick. The following list shows the location of the cheese factories and creameries by counties; figures dealing with the production of cheese and butter for a number of years are also included: — AGRICULTURE BUTTER PRODUCTION, NEW BRUNSWICK CREAMERIES. 1919. 57 Name of Creamery. County. Manager or Secretary. P.O. Address. No. of Patrons. Midland Woodstock Evangeline Sussex C. & B. Co Jeffries' Comer Lower Millstream Norton Madawaska St.Basile St. Andre Lancaster Dairy Standard Pacific Dairies St. John Creamery Farmers' Co-operative Victoria Mills Petitcodiac Albert Carleton Kent Kings Kings Kings Kings Kings Madawaska. Madawaska. St. John St. John St. John. St. John Westmorland . Westmorland . Westmorland . G. J. Goggin Geo. Ranson.... F. Vautour A. C.McCully.. N. W. Eveleigh. J. E. McAuley.. W. A. Reynolds Ben Gallant Greg. Poqrin. . . Fred. Marquis.. A. Stem T. E. Robinson. F.J. Donegani.. W.H.Bell J. P. Simmonds L.J. Blakney.. . S. L. Stockton.. Elgin Woodstock St. Louis Sussex Sussex Lr. Millstream Norton Albertine St.Basile St. Andre St. John St. John, 119 Main. St. John, 680 Main. St. John Moncton Wheaton Mills Petitcodiac !.■? 110 58 150 45 15 23 270 ZZ 73 34 50 50 46 602 100 25 Lbs. Butter made. Average Price per pound. Value of Butter* In 1919, 17 creameries reported In 1918, 15 creameries reported In 1917, 14 creameries reported 915,816 660,804 500,050 cts. 55 45 39-93 $ cts. 604.602 22 297,397 80 199,686 33 CHEESE PRODUCTION IN NEW BRUNSWICK, 1919. Name of Factory. County. Secretary. P.O. Address. Bathurst Belleisle Berwick Carsonville Collina Clover Hill Comhill, C. & B. Co Cornhill Comer Canaan Road Hammond Vale Head Millstream Havelock Lower Ridge , Mt. Middleton Newtown Pearsonville Penobsquis Lake Baker Ledges Rockway St. Jacques.... Lewis Mountain Manhurst KiUam Mills Gloucester... Kings Kings Kings Kings Kings Kings Kings Kings Kings Kings Kings Kings Kings Kings Kings Kings Madawaska.. Madawaska.. Madawaska.. Madawaska.. Westmorland Westmorland Westmorland M. D. Simard R. H. Pearson J. A. Northrup P. H. Leiper O. W. Kierstead.... R. A. Cassidy Chas. Burlock A.T.Stockton M. H. McFarlane... R. Jas. Myles W.S.Mason H. A. McMackin T.G.Perry N.W. Eveleigh H.R.Keith J. S. Gamblin , A. Sears Louis Bouchard Arsen Pelletier Germain Toussaint. O. N.Martin H.F.Hughes N.W. Eveleigh H.F.Hughes West Bathurst. Belleisle Creek. Millstream. Carsonville. Collina. Sussex, R.R. No. 3. Anagance. ComhUl. Butternut Ridge. Hammond Vale. Head Millstream. Butternut Ridge. Butternut Ridge. Sussex. Newtown. Collina. Penobsquis. Lake Baker. Ledges. Plourd. St. Jacques. Petitcodiac. Sussex. Petitcodiac. In 1919, 24 factories operation, 675 patrons. 58 THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA Lbs. Cheese manufactured. Average Price per lb. Value of Cheese 1919 1,256,388 1,174,362 1,115,753 1,022,026 cts. 27-66 22-43 21-7 13-5 $ cts. 347,772 02 264,304 05 232,527 36 138,714 73 1918 1917 1914 Poultry-raising This is a young but growing industry in New Brunswick. No doubt since the arrival of the early settlers poultry has been raised oh the farms and town lots, but it has not been considered an important part of the agricultural activity of the province. Poultry work has always been part of the daily routine of the farmer's wife. It is, however, rapidly assuming a much more prominent position and is recognized as an essential part of well organized, diversified agriculture. New Brunswick's climate is much more favourable to poultry production than is generally supposed. The last United States census showed the state of Maine leading the other states of the Union in the average production per hen. The climate in Maine is very similar to that of New Brunswick. It therefore stands to reason that our climate will at least permit of satisfactory production if the proper methods are employed. The greatest climatic handicap is the relatively late spring which some- what delays natural hatching processes but artificial methods render this by no means an insurmountable barrier. Land suitable for poultry-raising is available in practically all sections at very reasonable prices. Lumber for house construction can be obtained at very low cost. A sufficient variety of suitable grains to make a complete grain ration can be grown in most sections. The combination of poultry-raising and fruit-growing or mixed farming offers striking inducements. There is no danger of over-production. New Brunswick's geographical position is a distinct advantage over the other provinces in connection with Canadian export trade with European countries. During the season of 1919 Canada exported about 5,600,000 dozen eggs, a large percentage of which went to European buyers. St. John is one of the nearest Canadian ports to this market. Practically all the settled portions of the province are within easy access to this port. St. John also serves as a convenient shipping point to the large con- suming centres of the Eastern States and to the West Indies. The various steamship lines operating from St. John require enormous quantities of poultry and eggs for their ocean-going vessels. At present, even these are secured from points farther west, particularly Toronto and Montreal, which indicates the opportunities open to poultry raisers in the province. These markets at present obtain very large quantities of poultry products from Western Canada and would serve as dependable home markets for New Brunswick poultry and eggs which may be obtained at a fraction of the freight rate on western supplies. Prices of poultry and eggs have advanced at a remarkable rate during the past five years; they are still advancing; and they will continue to advance. Recent scientific discoveries have shown the egg to be one of a very limited class of foods con- taining elements wholly indispensable to the human race. This alone vouchsafes their position in our national or universal dietary and reacts in an ever-increasing demand. The number of poultry in New Brunswick in 1918 was placed at 674,412. In 1919 it had grown to 796,698, an increase of 122,286, or 18 per cent. This is a remark- able growth. However, the average farm flock does not exceed 20 to 25 birds, which number may be increased three or fourfold before the industry will have assumed the proportions its importance justifies. AGRICULTURE 59 New Brunswick is rich iii lakes, rivers and brooks. These provide admirable con- ditions for the growing of ducks and geese, which are among the most remunerative of farm products. The great number of farms bordering on the innumerable water bodies of the province have choice feeding grounds for birds of this class. Under such conditions a flock of 40 or 50 water-fowl may be grown practically free of cost. Turkeys are grown extensively in some sections. The natural foraging inclin- nations of this noble bird may have unrestricted freedom on the average New Bnms- wick farm without the destruction of other crops. Unlimited woodlands in the higher and drier parts are their ''happy hunting grounds." In many sections of the continent they have become practically extinct, due to soil contamination by virulent disease organisms and improper breeding methods. To prevent this fate to the industry in New Brunswick, a plan is under consideration by the Poultry Division of the Depart- ment of Agriculture for the introductdon of a high-class of breeding stock with strong vitality to be the nucleus of a system of supervised and approved flocks for extensive distribution. During the seasons of 1918 and 1919 the Provincial Government imported nearly 50,000 hens' eggs for hatching, of the highest laying strains available, and distributed them to boys' and girls' poultry clubs and other breeders throughout the province. These came mostly from Ontario and Maine, where egg production is a primary object in modern poultry-raising. All eggs were of one good utility variety, Barred Ply- mouth Rock. Results in all sections of the province and in laying contests in other provinces where owners of this stock have sent birds for competition prove the sound- ness of the policy. This stock furnishes an excellent foundation for a really great development of the poultry industry. The standardizazion of the stock is a real asset which helps to advertise the industry in outside points and creates a huge demand fo^" stock and eggs of these highly productive strains. The ^unprecedented development of poultry culture during the past two decades is one of the outstanding features of Canadian agriculture. The present status of the industry was scarcely dreamed of at that time. New Brunswick will share in the developments of the next decade if her farmers and poultry raisers vigorously uphold the principles of standardization and modern methods of increased production and stock improvement. Bee-keeping Honey production is an industry that has received increased attention since the war period caused the price of sugar to soar to almost prohibitive heights. There is evidence to show that bees have been kept in New Brunswick since its earliest settlement. Hives of the old type with the glass in the back have recently come to light with dates of hiving swarms inscribed thereon more than one hundred years ago. But little Government attention has been given to this work until the fall of 1917 when an appropriation sufficient to pay the salary of an apiarist, was provided. Since that time the interest in bees and honey has greatly increased. Nearly every bee-keeper has been visited and instructed in the use of modern equipment and methods. In the spring and early summer months, beginners are given especial assist- ance, the months of May and June being devoted to this work. These improved methods have been adopted by many bee-keepers all over the province with the result that over one hundred per cent more honey was placed on the market in 1919 than the previous year. One lady bee-keeper reported 1,795 pounds of honey from twelve hives. Clover is the principal source of the honey flow, but this is supplemented by fall flowers of the golden rod and aster types and many others of lesser importance. In the northern counties, fireweed or great willow herb abounds in the newly-settled sections and supplements the flow from white and alsike clover. A hive on scales at the Dominion Experimental Farm, Fredericton, registered an increase of 58 pounds in four days as follows : June 24, 11 pounds ; 25, 21 pounds ; 26, 16 pounds; 27, 10 pounds. 60 THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA The average crop per hive, reported to the Department of Agriculture from 135 apiaries, was 68 pounds. The total number of bee-keepers listed is close to 700. The estimated output for the province in 1919 was valued at $74,562. Because of better grading the product placed on sale has been very greatly improved. New Brunswick honey, when properly graded, is equal to the be^ from any other province or country and the demand is more than keeping pace with the supply. Very little disease is found in New Brunswick. The few affected localities are being watched closely and the disease may be considered under control. Most of the bees in New Brunswick are wintered in cellars but where cellars have given unsatisfactory results, they may be wintered in packing cases on their summer stands. New Brunswick bee-keepers have an association which, in 1919, had a member- ship of one hundred and twenty, and which purchases its supplies co-operatively. Fruit-growing PROSPECTS FOR THE APPLE INDUSTRY The determination of the prospects for apple growing in Canada or in any of its several provinces involves a consideration of the conditions and prospects of the industry in the United States. In this connection we cannot do better than quote the United States Department of Agriculture, which, in a special publication entitled, "The Commercial Apple Industry in the United States," prepared in 1918 by J. C. Folger, Fruit Crop Specialist, of the Bureau of Crop Estimates, says, under the heading of "Future of the Apple Industry" : — "Apple production does not respond quickly to supply and demand, and for this reason there has been more or less instability in the matter of prices. It requires several years for trees to come into full bearing, and over-production as the result of excessive planting is not felt for a considerable period. There seems no reason to believe that over a period of years, taking the good with the bad, apple acreage as a whole will make any materially better returns than the average farm crop, yet apples will always afford better opportunity for individual efforts of the exceptional grower. " Aside from the possibility of certain local ' boom development ' and the planting of imsuitable land, there seem many reasons for viewing the future of the apple industry as promising. In speculating upon future production, one instinctively turns to New York State. Unquestionably, western New York is approaching its maximum production. The Hudson valley includes many new orchards, but in the more imxwrtant parts of western New York, the average orchard is more than forty years old. Nowhere in the Eastern States, with the exception of the Shenandoah-Cumberland region, does there seem likely to be any early material increase in production. Many of the old trees all through the East are dying out. On the other hand, the Pacific Northwest can be expected to show a constantly increasing production for several years. A very large percentage of the new plantings in the decade 1900-1910 occurred in the Northwest. These plantings are to a large extent commercial. Taking the United States as a whole, there has been very little planting in any locality since 1910. It would, therefore, not seem improbable that this lack of planting wiU have a pronounced effect, beginning about 1925, if not sooner. "With the cessation of war, the export markets, which normally furnish an outlet for approximately 10 x>er cent of the United States commercial crop, will be opened. The probable extension of foreign markets wiU increase this per- AGRICULTURE 61 centage. While a moderate increase in ajxple production seems probable, tbe increase in population and the movement toward the cities are factors likely to increase consumption very materially. Furthermore, the improved market- able quality of commercial apples is unquestionably stimulating the demand for this fruit among all classes. Better means of distribution and wider use of the apple combine to give a decidedly hopeful outlook to the commercial apple industry." Coming to Canada we find an increased production in British Colxmabia but not sufficient to have any marked influence on the situation, a practically stationary production in Nova Scotia, and a decreased production in Ontario and Quebec. Speaking of the apple industry in Ontario, in the October (1919) issue of the Canadian Horticulturist, Professor J. W. Crow said: "The depletion of our apple orchards has been so serious that Ontario will soon be reduced to the necessity of importing apples to meet our home requirements. Our orchards have not been taken care of as they should have been, and many of them are rapidly dying out. This condition existed even previous to the war, and during the past five years has been intensified by the shortage of labour. Possibly not over one per cent of the orchards of the province have been given proper attention during the past few years. ... It is evident from this that the industry has suffered a severe blow and that many years wiU be required before normal production will be restored." In the province of Quebec the situation is far worse, for a recent census of apple trees there showed a loss of approximately 1,000,000 trees since 1911, or nearly one-half the bearing trees. This was largely due to the severe winter of 1917-18, but the cause went farther back than that, as many orchards were dying through old age and neglect previous to that winter. As yet, this great loss is not being replaced by new plantings. In Europe the orchard situation is extremely backward, having suffered heavily from the war. The bearing trees have been neglected and are ruined in the war area, and in great areas where the actual fighting did not take place they have been very much neglected. In 1918, following one of the most severe winters on record, our orchards appeared to have sustained but little permanent injury, notwithstanding the fact that heavy winter-killing and injury resvdted in sections hitherto considered more favourable for apple growing than New Brunswick. This judgment of light injury to our orchards was confirmed this year, when those trees and varieties which showed signs of injury from the winter of 1917 and 1918, coiild not be detected from the others — blooming and bearing equally as well and looking as vigorous. We are now able to say that the damage to apple trees in this province from the winter of 1917 and 1918 was remark- ably light and the recovery as complete as could be required, in marked contrast to Quebec, Maine and Eastern Ontario where very extensive damage was reported in the summer of 1918 and where many trees that lived through that summer succumbed to last winter, though it was mild and favourable. The foregoing facts indicate that this is indeed an opporttme time to extend the plantings of apples in New Bnmswick. The experience of recent years in this province has demonstrated that commercial production of high quality apples that are in good demand on a variety of markets is practicable and fraught with no greater danger than in many other apple sections of the Dominion. The ability of oiir growers to realize top prices for their apples on the largest competitive market in Canada (Mont- real), and to do that practically at the first attempt, has added greatly to their con- fidence in their ability to grow good apples and market them successfully in open competition with the apples from long established fruit-growing sections, hitherto considered as more favourably adapted. It is almost certain that the price of apples will be high for many years. In the great neglect of European orchards, the shortage of seedling stock, increased prices for everything and the decreasing condition of the orchards in Quebec, Ontario and parts 62 THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA of the Eastern United States, lies the opportunity of the present for the enterprisingr fruit ^ower in New Brunswick and Eastern Canada. There is no place to-day for the bogey of over-production preached so often a decade ago. It is altogether probable that for some years to come Canadian markets will con- sume the small surplus of New Brunswick apples with the most profit and to the best advantage. The increased production of the future will probably to a large extent be marketed in Europe, and it is gratifying to note some marked advantages which this province has in catering to such a trade. Our apple lands being from 800 to 3,000 miles closer to the European markets than the large producing sections to the west of us, not only is the cost of transportation less, but the fruit can be placed in the con- sumer's hands in better condition with less difficulty. Added to these advantages is the relatively low price of land here and comparative cheapness of production, so that even should the other apple sections of the North American continent increase their exportable surplus, which is by no means a certainty, the prospects for commercial orcharding in New Brunswick would still be bright. SOIL AND CLIMATE SUITABLE FOR FRUIT-GROWING. Convincing evidence of the adaptability of the soil and climate to the production of apples is furnished by the abundance of wild apple trees growing on the roadsides and in fence corners. Even in the woods they may be found, having sprung up from the seeds of apples dropped or thrown away by some wandering game hunter or lumberman. The soil of the chief fruit lands is for the most part a clay loam, with a medium to a gravelly subsoil, having the requisite depth for the penetration of the roots, being easily worked, affording good natural drainage and holding the heat well, four very important essentials in apple-growing. The springs are not very early, and operations do not begin on the land till the middle of April, or later. In fact, to quote the late Mr. Francis Sharp, of Woodstock — the great pioneer of apple-growing in New Brunswick : " The province, as compared with England and the rest of Europe, has no spring. As soon as the winter is over summer is at hand. Our prevailing wind is west and northwest and as long as the vast body of land lying to the north and west of us is covered with snow, no amount of weather warm enough to develop growth is possible. These winds keep back our spring long after the same latitude in England, nursed by the mild breezes of the wide Atlantic, has started into growth. When the snow to north and west of us disappears, spring bursts upon us with a warmth defying all frosts which would cause the failure of the apple crop." The summer climate, while affording abundance of sunshine and heat for the proper growth and maturity of the apple and other fruits, is yet remark- ably free from the prolonged daisty, dry spells and hot murky nights too often experi- enced farther west. The rainfall, too, is ample, precluding any necessity for irrigation, as good cultivation will always carry the growth of crops through any period of drought yet experienced. THE DOMINION EXPERt's REPORT ON FRUIT-GROWING. In the early summer of 1911 Mr. W. H. Bunting, of St. Catharines, Ont., one of the largest and best known fruit growers in Canada, was appointed by the Federal Government to investigate and report on the fruit-growing conditions and prospects of the various provinces of the Dominion. The following is the abbreviated report on New Brunswick, as read by Mr. Bunting at the Third Dominion Conference of Fruit Growers, at Ottawa, February 16, 1912: — " I looked forward with a great deal of interest to a visit to New Bruns- wick, as I had heard so much of the St. John valley and the opportunities for fruit-growing which were just beginning to be realized by erations, such as saw-mills, operating within one-half mile of forest land are required to keep screens of a certain standard gauge in the smokestack and refuse burners. Once a fire has started it is essential that it be detected as quickly as possible so that it may be reached and extinguished while yet small. The interior part of the province contains an extensive area of forest land in which few people travel, so that fires once started might burn for some time before being located. The Forest Service is going ahead with the construction of look-out stations on outstanding peaks where a large area of forest land may be viewed. These stations are connected by telephone and fires are located by range finders and outside points advised by telephone of the exact location of the fire by the look-out man a few moments after it is detected. One look-out was in operation during the past season and was of much value as ten fires were detected and put out before reaching any great size. Patrols are also necessary part of fire protection. The fire rangers during the dry season are continually patrolling their respective districts. Special patrols are maintained on railways, following behind trains and putting out fires shortly after being ignited. Aeroplanes promise to prove especially useful in this service, providing a means to cover great areas in a short time, to discover from the air fires a great distance away, and to summon assistance quickly. The numerous streams and lakes of the forested areas afford suitable landing-places for seaplanes. The Forest Service has given special attention to the selection of proper fire- fighting equipment. Shovels, axes, canvas pails, etc., have been purchased and placed at convenient points for use in case of fire. The latest addition to the equipment is a portable fire pump with 1,500 feet of one and one-half inch hose which can be carried by two men through the woods, and has proven very effective for the extinguishing of fires in old stumps, sawdust piles, etc. Perfect co-operation is very necessary in fire protection so that a fire fighting force may reach the fire as quickly as possible. As the ranger may be in one part of his territory when a fire occurs in another part, the Forest Service has appointed a number of men in each district to act in case of fire and have the ix)wers of an ordinary fire warden; 124 voluntary fire wardens were appointed and authorized to call out men to fight fire when occurring; 60 woods foremen in the employ of private lumber companies were appointed co-operative fire wardens with authority to act in case of fire the same as fire wardens. This co-operation of the lumber companies brought splendid results. In addition 490 road supervisors were instructed to act in case of fire and use their road crews for this work. In this way a force of over 700 men were directly interested in fire potection, and the esults secured justify the policy of the Forest Service in continuing such arrangements. 74 THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA MINERALS AND MINING * Investigation has shown that New Brunswick is a territory of favourable mineral prospects. All the geological divisions from Pre-Cambrian to Triassic are repre- sented, while those formations such as the Laurentian, Huronian and Cambrian, which elsewhere are usually most productive of metallic ores, and the Carboniferous formation yielding coal and related products, are among those which occupy the largest areas. Moreover, the former have generally been subjected to profound dis- turbance and metamorphism, conditions most favourable to the occurrence in them of useful minerals. More than twenty-five minerals of economic importance have been discovered throughout the province and many of them have been worked. The mineral development of New Brunswick is backward, however, the total value of the mineral production for 1919 being only $1,770,945. That actual mining has not developed to the extent that geological indications warrant is probably due to the general concealment of the rocks by forests, which makes discoveries diflBcult, so that very little of the province has been prospected. New Brunswick should yet prove a source of great mineral wealth. At present, activities are restricted mainly to the mining of bituminous coal, the quarrying of gypsum and stone, and the production of natural gas and lime. Coal is found at several places in the broad carboniferous belt extending westward from the coast in Albert and Kent through the counties of Kings, Queens, Sunbury and York, notably near Minto, Grand lake district, at Beersville, on the coal branch of the Richibucto river, and at Dunsinane, thirty miles southwest of Moncton, but it has been worked economically only in the vicinity of Minto. Here the eeam runs from sixteen to thirty inches in thickness and is found at various depths down to 120 feet. Some of the coal is so close to the surface that it is mined by simply stripping the earth cover by means of eteam shovels. This process, carried out carefully, adds materially to the production of coal and has been found to be economical. Unless con- siderable care is exercised, however, there is danger of taking earth or rock with the coal. A very effective method used by one of the operators is to remove as much earth as passible with the steam shovel and then scrape off the remaining foreign matter by hand. For underground work the room and pillar method is generally adopted, although one company is using a mechanical coal cutter and the longwall system. Since the construction of a railway to Minto in 1914 and the organization of some coal companies with long term leases and a large tract upon which to work, this industry has become important. The following figures give the production of marketable coal from 1912 to 1919 inclusive, with values: — Year. Short tons. Value. 1912 44,780 89,560 1913 70,311 166,637 1914 98,049 241,075 1915 127,391 309,612 1916 143,540 386,016 1917 .■ 189.095 708,010 1918 268,212 1,331,710 1919 179,108 794.761 Mr. Dowling, of the Geological Survey of Canada, has estimated the contents of the Grand lake coal-field at 138,000,000 metric tons, giving with the addition of 13,- 000,000 for the areas of Dunsinane and Beersville, a total for the province of 151,000,000 metric tons. ♦ Revised by the Department of Mines, Ottawa. MINERALS AND MINING 75 Gypsum ranks next to coal among the important minerals of New Brunswick. It is intimately connected with the building industry, large quantities being used in the manufacture of plaster of Paris and gypsum cements, for mortar and architectural decoration. It is also used as a "retarder" in Portland cement. The finer qualities of plaster of Paris are used for pottery moulds, for modelling, and for plaster casts for electrotyping. In a coarse form gypsum is used as a fertilizer on account of its action in promoting nitrification, of liberating potash from the double silicates of the soil, and of minimizing loss of volatile ammonia from stable manure. Finely ground it forms an ingredient of paints, and it is occasionally used as an adulterant of white lead. It is used to a considerable extent for loading paper and in "finishing" cotton and lace goods. Gypsum is found in several localities, is quarried at Hillsborough and part of the production made into plaster there by the Albert Manufacturing Company. Owing to excellent water transportation facilities, much of the gypsum has been exported crude to mills in the United States. The war, with its restriction of the building trade and shortage of shipping, reacted on this business and reduced production to less than one-fourth of the tonnage mined in 1913. With the coming of peace there was a quick recovery and renewed activity in construction trades promises continued prosperity to this industry. Production figures for the years 1913 to 1919 inclusive are as follows: — Quantity mined. Tear. Tons. 191.3 112,739 1914 86,912 1915 78,640 1916 53,003 1917 48,396 1918 25,984 1919 52,023 Impure gypsum such as that at Plaster Eock occurs in considerable quantities and has been found useful as a fertilizer. Anhydrous calcium sulphate or anhydrite is also found in large quantities but no use for it has yet been discovered. The natural gas snad petroleum produced in New Brunswick all comes from the Stoney creek district, south of Moncton. Production of both gas and oil has increased in recent years and has been of great benefit to Moncton and vicinity, where the gas is largely used for power, domestic heating and lighting purposes. At the present time exploratory work is being carried on in the hope of discovering additional gas or oil fields in the eastern counties. NATURAL GAS PaODUCTION 1915-19. Year. M. cu. ft. Value. 1915 430,692 ? 60,383 1916 610.118 79.628 1917 796,775 103,735 1918 792.396 107,842 1919 682,890 120,510 PETROLKUM PRODUCTION, 1915-19. Year. Bb!s. Value. 1915 1,020 $ 1.423 1916 1,345 2,663 1917 2,341 5,460 1918 3,009 7.402 1919 4.225 13,141 Shipment. Value of Tons. Shipment. 103.954 $279,395 79,083 200,680 74,501 184,929 39,546 153,064 38,556 191,631 27,225 214,114 42,409 315,656 Oil and gas well near Moncton. MINERALS AND MINING 77 Bituminous or oU-shales exist extensively in Albert and Westmorland counties near Moncton, but as yet have not been worked commercially. These shales are richer in oil and by-products than the Scottish shales which have been operated very profit- ably for many years. The quantity of rich shale is practically unlimited and has been estimated by several mining engineers at as much as 270,000,000 tons. Retorting would have to be undertaken on a large scale in order to be profitable, but under these circumstances the prospects appear favourable. Tungsten (wolframite) was discovered a few years ago on the Southwest Miramichi river about twenty miles above Boiestown. The property has been worked on a small scale and a certain quantity of concentrates shipped out, but owing to limitations in the plant, its inaccessibility, not being near a railway, the condition of the market and other difficulties, the plant has not been worked since 1917. There evidently was no lack of ore of fairly good quality. Copper has been mined to a certain extent at various places in the province, notably at Dorchester and at Annidale, in Queens county. A somewhat extensive plant was erected at Dorchester but the mine was never a success and was closed down a few years ago, evidently for lack of ore in sight. At Annidale there is a very good showing of low-grade chalcopyrite, which if found in sufficient quantity, would be valuable. Iron deposits exist in the vicinity of Bathurst. The ore is a siliceous magnetite, the average iron content being from 43 to 47 per cent with about 0.8 per cent of phosphorus. According to the estimate of E. Lindeman, of the Mines Department, Ottawa, based on magnetometric surveys the ore reserves are placed at 18,600,000 tons to a depth of 500 feet. Mining operations were started in 1907 and discontinued a few years ago. In all some 180,000 tons were taken out. The ore is too low-grade to be marketed in its natural state, but under favourable conditions and with a concentration process these iron deposits may yet be developed. Antimony, a metal of many uses, is found near lake George, in York county. It is a constituent of babbitt metal, type metal, "white metal," and solder, and its compo-unds are used in matches, rubber, paints, and enamels, medicine, colouring matter, and antiseptics. Great quantities of the sulphide are used in rubber manu- facture and for this purpose the lake George deposits, which in the past have been mined intermittently, are being opened up by the North America Antimony Smelting Company. Manganese has been found at a number of places in the province both as pyrolusite and as wad or bog ore. Years ago it was mined very successfully, but no mining of any commercial value has been carried on for a number of years. ■ Infusorial earth, diatomaceous earth, or tripolite, which is useful as a polishing material and for other purposes, exists in quantity as an organic deposit in Pollet lake, near Anagance, also near St. John and opposite Westfield on the St. John river. This material is not being developed. Nickel is found near St. Stephen. Galena (lead) at Elm Tree, in Gloucester county, and salt near S^ussex, in Kings County, but none of these are being developed. Mineral water is found at Havelock, Kings county. Limestone is found at many widely separated points throughout the province but the production of lime is small, being about 500,000 bushels yearly worth about $225,000. New Brunswick is also noted for its granite, building, paving and ornamental stone. The total value of the province's output of stone is about three per cent of that of all Canada. 78 THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA Most of the Canadian production of grindstones and pulpstones comes from New Brunswick, notably from Northumberland, Gloucester and Westmorland counties. The Miramichi Quarry Company produce pulpstones and building stone at Quarry- ville, Northumberland county. In 1918 the total production of grindstones in New Brunswick was 2,816 tons, valued at $75,005. There is a great demand in Canada for pulpstones, most of which are being imported at present. The prospects of the abrasives industry are promising. Both brick and fire clay are to be found in quantity. The former is being used principally in the brickworks of St. John, but the latter, whicJi exists both in the Grand lake and Beersville coal area, has never been utilized. Peat bogs are of common occurrence and in several places cover large areas, especially in the southern part of Charlotte county, the adjoining portions of St. John county and in the district bordering on the gulf of St. Lawrence. Notable bog» are those of Spruce lake and point Lepreau, western St. John county, Miscou and Shippegan islands and near the mouths of the Tracadie, Tabusintac, Kouchibouguac and Aldouane rivers. Most of this peat is of the litter variety and is chieliy useful for that purpose. WATER-POWERS * In 1918; under a formal agreement between the province of New Brunswick and the Department of the Interior, Canada, water-;^wer investigations involving stream measurement work, profile surveys and storage investigations were undertaken in New Brunswick under the direction of the Dominion Water Power Branch of the A combination of natural resources — logs and water power. Department of the Interior, Canada. At about the same time the New Brunswick Water Power Commission was appointed to co-operate with the Dominion Water Power Branch on behalf of the province of New Brunswick in connection with this undertaking. Hitherto, no systematic survey of the water-powers of New Brunswick had been undertaken, although investigations had been made of a nimiber of outstanding sites by private individuals or corporations and a number of developments had actually ♦ This section was supplied by the Dominion Water Power Branch. WATER-POWERS 79 been made. On international streams such as the St. Croix and St. John rivers, some work had been done by the United States authorities and by the International Joint Commission. The outstanding power site of the province was Grand Falls, on the St. John river, which had been investigated by private corporations and concerning which there had been some special provincial legislation. It was essential at the outset to secure systematic stream-flow records on the more important rivers of the province. Gauging stations were established without delay and records have been obtained or are now being obtained at the following points : — Index Inventory Number. River. Locality. lARi Dana river At Moore's mills. IAR2 Eel Lake river At head of falls, 2 miles from North Head village, lAPi lAQi Kennebecasis river Lepreau Grand Manan. At C.P.R. bridge at Norton and 38 miles from St. John. At highway bridge at mouth of river and near Lepreau lADi Madawaska river. ...... Magaguadavic river. . . . Miramichi river station. At highway bridge at St. Rose and about 2 miles IAQ2 below Temiscouata lake. At Lee Settlement highway bridge near Elmcroft iBOi P.O. and 7 miles from Bonny River station. At Blackville highway bridge. iBVi Mispec river About 9 miles from St. John city on highway bridge lALi Nashwaak river Nipisiguit river crossing Mispec river on Black river road. At covered highway bridge about 3 miles above IBKi Marysville and near Penniac. One mile above Grand Falls at Bathurst Mines. lAKi Shogomoc river Just above highway bridge at mouth of river and lAKi St. John river. about 1 mile from Allendale station. At Hawkshaw bridge about one-half mile below iBJi Tetagouche jiver Tobique river mouth of Pokiok river. At power-house, 8 miles from Bathurst. lAHi At Arthurette highway bridge. IBE, Upsalquitch river At railway bridge near Upsalquitch station. All existing information was compiled and surveys and investigations are being carried out as rapidly as possible. The following tabulated statements of the water- powers in New Brunswick computed in accordance with the standard index inventory system of the Dominion Water Power Branch is the most complete information available : — 80 THE PROVINCE OP NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA '^-d £ -a "^ iJ fe S^ c c >-3 H a s a5 S «^ § «j tifL, p., O c3 P m . — > 5 O lO O OJ Oo o o o "ra CD C-l CO o CO o oooino 00 lO -^ O 00 o ■^ O 00 CO o C<1 T-H Mr-T T-H 00 o o ■<*< c^ o ^5 ' o o o o o ^ o o o t:^ 03 05 ooo CO (M C4 3 S -iJ .; C3 C3 >. -4-^ ooo 005010 O C3 CO 05 -^ 00 02 O 00 -i— il>-C^'^ oj o) +i Q i2 •'t^ -"S .ti jc O 3 r/^ C« rn ^ S&H 03 _^ CO 02 02 f^ -^ (M CO > 0-- C3 OJ (U « (U O 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3>: 1^ c3 03 03 O O O C^ i-5fc,(HtH03e8c3c3e ^ S O 3 _, — 03^ b c "S o . . . g c « .T^.rt.sl o ^ '^ ja 3 3 2 C aj a 3 *< >o CO t- 00 o o -H N CO -^ >o CO t~- 00 03 o ■— I c^ CO ,— It— (l-H»— t^Ht— (1-H»— <1— 'C Ph a >. S-^l g;§t^ § gaiJ H u S * -iJ e4 o §5.ti _> 0'Xl^^ ^ "tl m rt _a jajsjs * "to o o o ji d "a C C e u 3 f^ ^ (h ^ § g* c Wffiffl •M •4-:> -U) 3 d o q3 o3 ff .£ K* X* >• .a" •+3 p 'S'o'S o "o h b M hi O ooo U "S jj *j -1-j +.5 +5 i» mmm M 11193—6 82 THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA Early in 1920 the New Brunswick Water Power Commission issued a special report covering the nature of the co-operative arrangement between the province and the Dominion Water Power Branch of the Department of the Interior, Canada, and dealing with three sections of the province to which particular study had been given. The rivers specially dealt with in this report were the Tetagouche, the Pokiok and Shogomoc and the Lepreau, estimates for which are given in the tabulated statement above. The greatest cataract in habitable regions east of Niagara, the undeveloped Grand Falls. At the 1920 session of the New Brunswick Legislature, an Act was passed similar to Acts already in force in Ontario and in Nova Scotia under which an independent commission has been appointed to actually carry out the development of certain water- powers. This commission succeeds the former New Brunswick Water Power Commission, which was purely an investigatory body, and is now actively engaged in connection with the developments covered by the special report of the New Brunswick Water Power Commission already mentioned. FISHERIES * The most important of the four great fishing areas of the world is situated off the coast of Eastern Canada. Fishing is the oldest of all Canadian industries, antedatinc, lumbering, mining, and agriculture by centuries. Historical records show that long before the days of Columbus, Cabot, and Cartier, European fishermen came to the great cod banks ott' Canada's eastern coasts. The codfish was the lure which attracted the pioneers and still brings fleets of fishing vessels from Europe annually. But to the fishermen of New Brunswick there are many other varieties of importance. All ♦Revised by the Fisheries Branch, Department of Marine and Fisheries. FISHERIES 83 along: its 600 miles of coast, both in the bay of Fundy and the gulf of St. Lawrence, and on the fishing banks farther out, the fishermen of the province are industriously engaged in the catch of herring, cod, haddock, hake, salmon, smelts, mackerel, pollock, alewives (gaspereau), shad, and lobsters, oysters, and clams. New Brunswick ranks third among the provinces of the Dominion in the value of its fisheries, being exceeded only by British Columbia and Nova Scotia. The value of the fish and fish products marketed in 1918 was $6,262,197 for sea fisheries and $36,793 for inland fisheries. Deep-sea Fisheries The Atlantic Banks are not so convenient to New Brunswick as to Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. Consequently most of this province's fishing is inshore. Some deep-sea fishing is carried on, however, but New Brunswick fishermen visit only the nearby banks in the gulf of St. Lawrence or around the bay of Fundy. They use very small boats for this purpose, which are quite a contrast to the large steam trawlers and fishing schooners used by Nova Scotians, New Englanders, and others on the larger banks farther out. Deep-sea fishermen clean and pack their fish either in ice or salt. The varieties caught are cod,' haddock, pollock, hake, cusk, and halibut. Inshore Fisheries These are by far the more important in New Brunswick. The method of fishing from boats is the same as on the banks but the large schooners are not required. The varieties caught are similar but include as well, mackerel, shad, herring, gaspereau, smelt, salmon, lobster, oysters, and quahaugs, in all of which boats are employed. The catch is brought in "undressed," and is cleaned ashore, there to be sold as fresh fish, salted or dried. Two men go in each boat, fishing from two to ten miles offshore for the ordinary varieties caught, and running out to the fishing grounds daily. Most of the fishermen use fast motor-boats twenty to thirty-five feet long. LOBSTERS This fishery is confined to the Atlantic coast and is purely inshore. The lobster is caught in traps or "pots," which are usually from 2^ to 4 feet long, by 2 feet wide, and li feet high, and are constructed in the form of a half-cylinder with strips running lengthwise. The ends have a funnel-shaped opening made of netted corrl with an entrance ring through which the lobster crawls to reach the bait spiked on the floor of the trap. Once inside the crustacean cannot escape. The trap is weighted and lowered to the sea bottom by a rope attached at its upper end to a wooden buoy painted with the owner's mark. The traps are sometimes set attached to each other by anchored ground lines. Lobster fishermen set from fifty to two hundred traps and use in tending them motor-boats from twenty to thirty feet in length. Sometimes special hoisting engines are used for hauling the gear, but the majority of lobster-men heave the traps up bv hand or with the aid of a winch. Cod heads, small herring, hake and almost any fresh fish are used as bait. For live lobsters and for those in a boiled fresh state, packed in ice, the United States offers the greatest market, and thousands of crates are shipped from southern New Brunswick during the season. Owing to the distance, points along the gulf of St. Lawrence are unable to ship lobsters in this state to American ports with profit, so the greater quantity caught there is canned. There are no size limits for the lobster, except in St. John and Charlotte counties, where a length of carapace of 4^ inches determines the size of lobster which can be legally captured and sold. Soft-shelled and " berried " lobsters, i.e., those in the moult- ing and egg-bearing stage, must be liberated when caught, and traps cannot be set in, less than two fathoms of water 11193— 6A 84 THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA HERRINGS AND SARDINES. These two important fisheries may be grouped together, as the sardine so-called, in Canada, is really young herring. This fish strikes inshore in enormous quantities during the summer and is captured largely by means of brushwood weirs erected in tidal coves and places sheltered from a rough sea. These weirs are built of stakes driven into the sand from high-water mark seaward, the spaces between the stakes being interlaced with willow or brush. The whole is constructed in the form of a Salmon boats. corral or pond with a wide entrance or " shoot " seaward. At high-water, the weir is almost submerged and during the ebb the herring are caught. The fish can then be bailed out or kept alive until required. The well-known sardine fishery on Passama- quoddy bay depends on weirs for the capture of the small herring, which they can as sardines. Great quantities of herring are caught in this manner for use as food, fresh, canned, smoked, boneless and pickled, and many tons are utilized for bait and fertilizer. Mackerel, salmon, shad and alewives or gaspereau are also caught in these weirs. The possibilities of New Brunswick's sardine and herring industries are immense. The former is being conducted along proper lines with success, but the methods of pickling and curing of herring need improvement. With stricter attention to these matters along lines urged by the Dominion Fisheries Branch, the Canadian herring should compete in the markets of the world on equal terms with the European. MACKEREL. The Canadian mackerel fishery is mainly inshore and most of the catch is taken in shore trsips. Where fished offshore they are pursued by schooners and taken in purse seines or nets handled from small boats. They are also caught by " jigging " hooks in an area of water in which bait in the form of herring pounded to mush has been thrown. Some seasons this fish is caught in great numbers and others is very scarce. The demand is always greater than the supply. FISHERIES 85 GASPEHEAU AND SHAD. The gaspereau is also known as the alewife and branch herring, and is caught while ascending fresh-water streams in the spring to spawn. New Brunswick riverh supply a great proportion of the Canadian catch of this fish. The method of caoture is usually by dip-nets, drift-nets and weirs. Most of the catch is salted and packed in barrels, but a certain amount is marketed fresh. The shad is caught in the spring similarly to the gaspereau, whose run up the rivers it follows. New Brunswick leads in the shad fishery, and as this is a favourite food fish of delicate flavour, and very popular in the United States, the industry is of great value. ATLANTIC SALMON. The Atlantic salmon fishery is extensively prosecuted in New Brunswick and large quantities are caught at the mouths of the St. John, Miramichi, and Restigouche rivers. These salmon are usually caugfht in drift and gill-nets from small two-masted boats. Trap and pound-nets somewhat similar to herring nets are also used. SMELTS. This fish is caught in the bays and brackish rivers in the winter through the ice. The fishermen construct small huts on the ice from which they fish either by gill or bag-nets or hook and line. These are small fish, but the industry is important to the province. OYSTERS. New Brunswick is the largest producer of oysters in the Dominion and hag excellent prospects of reviving and greatly developing this industry. The bivalve is found on mud bottoms in shallow sheltered waters on the gulf of St. Lawrence coasts of the province, usually at the mouth of tidal rivers which flow into estuaries or bays. They are taken either by great, tongs which grasp and wrench them from the bottom, or by dredging from gasolene or steam vessels. The Canadian oyster has a very fine reputation. Dr. Joseph Stafford, who is regarded as the highest Canadian authority on oyster culture, says that the Canadian oyster is superior to any other. After referring to the high reputation of the flavour of the Canadian as compared with the United States oysters, Dr. Stafford says: " Our Canadian oysters took first place at the International Exposition at Paris some years ago. They had to be collected from various places in the Maritime Provinces and during that time they were standing in barrels on wharves, sometimes in the hot sun. After having been subjected to that treatment they had to be transported across the Atlantic and placed on wharves there until the exhibit could be arranged, and yet when placed in competition with European oysters, that had been taken from the water only the day before, they were awarded first place." Owing to lack of proper methods of conservation and propagation the wonderful natural oyster beds of the province have been in danger of becoming fished out, but a system of farming and oyster culture is now in existence. Under modern methods of oyster farming, great areas of tidal mud on the eastern coast of the province are being planted with seed oysters for future harvesting, and the prospects for a great per- manent industry are bright. CLAMS, QUAIIAUGS AND SCALLOPS These shellfish constitute a valuable asset to New Brunswick. Clams are dug out of the sand and mud flats which are laid bare at low tide. Clam digging is hard work and the diggers get out on the flats and bars as soon as the ebb tide makes. Quahaugs are usually found around the edges of oyster beds and such places. They are dug up with forks' attached to long handles, which are operated from boat«». Seal- 86 THE PROVINCE OP NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA lops are native to the deeper waters like oysters and are tonged and dredged in a similar manner. Two-thirds of the catch of these shellfish are sold fresh in barrels while one-third is carmed. New Brunswick is the greatest producer of these varieties in the Dominion. COCKLES, MUSSELS AND WINKLES These shellfish are very plentiful along the coasts but are not gathered to any extent as in Europe. Cockles are dug out of the sand or mud at low water, while mussels and winkles are gathered from the rocks to which they adhere. There should be opportunity for considerable development here. Although other species than those above referred to find their way to market there is no regular fishery conducted for any of them, as they are taken along with other fish. The men engaged in the coastal fisheries of New Brunswick are exclusively Canadians and residents of the province. Drying codfish The following table gives the quantities and values to the fishermen at point of landing, of the chief kinds of fish caught in 1919 : — E'inds of fish. Quantity. Value, Fresh. Kinds of Fish. Quantity. Value Fresh. Salmon cwt. Lobsters " Cod " 7,873 50.275 151,212 8,510 96,499 52,890 315,712 19,563 718 56,584 205,435 $166,371 569,419 459,092 22,119 138,947 99,071 216.016 78,534 4,535 79,126 238,860 Halibut cwt. Flounders " Skate " 204 1,092 35 53,703 10.846 7.053 15,945 20 1,140 2,045 235 S 2,990 2.579 35 Haddock " Smelts " 372,998 Hake and cusk " Pollock " Herring " Mackerel " Shad " Tom-cod " Oysters brl. Clams " Scallops " Quahaugs " 16,484 45,849 27,961 160 3,320 Alewives " Sardines brl. Crabs, cockles cwt. Squid (bait fish). . brl. 2,4039 1,077 ! 1 i S2,. 547, 94 6 HUNTING AND ANGLING 87 The sea fisheries are under the care of the Fisheries Branch of the Federal Depart- ment of Marine and Fisheries. It enforces close seasons, safeguards the spawning period, and prevents illegal poaching on closed areas. It controls fish hatcheries and the transfer of fry. It also carries on investigations into problems confronting the fish industry and offers advice and assistance to fishermen in the conduct of their operations. The inland fisheries are largely administered by the Department of Lands and Mines of the Provincial Government. To the extent that they differ from the inshore fisheries they are confined almost entirely to angling for the puri>oses of sport, and are dealt vfith under the section devoted to hunting and angling. HUNTING AND ANGLING * New Brunswick has always been famous for its big game. From the early days of the French occupation the ^eat attraction of the country has been the abundance of wild animals, and it is still a veritable game preserve although one of the first sections of North America to be colonized. The secret of this is found in the reten- tion of the forests, in the enactment and enforcement of wise game laws, and in an intelligent appreciation on the part of the people of the value of the game interests as an asset to the province. No province or state is more justly famous .to-day for the amount of big game in its forests than is New Brunswick. During the open season of 1919 some five hundred licenses for big game were sold to non-residents and fifteen thousand to resident sportsmen. The number of moose killed and reported during that season was 1,430 and the number of deer 2,416. The number of non-resident hunters during the fall of 1920 was greater than the previous season, and although the number of deer shot, 2,480, was greater than last year, the number of moose shot, 1,275, was considerably less. The revenue from the sale of hunting licenses is used almost exclusively for forest and game protection, and the results have been highly satisfactory from the standpoint both of the sports- man and of the preservation of the game. A Game Refuge in Northumberland county consists of 400 square miles, where all forms of game are safe from molestation. This refuge ensures the preservation from extinction of all varieties and keeps the surrounding forests where hunting is per- mitted always well stocked. Lines of railway tap every county in the province and the most remote sections are but a brief journey from the large cities of the Eastern and Middle States and Central Canada. The service on these railways is first-class in every particular and the officials will be found ever courteous and ready to supply information to travellers. Moose The moose is generally conceded to be the finest game animal in America and nowhere — Alaska alone excepted — can better specimens be found than in New Bruns- wick. Here the cows have been protected by law for many years and the result has been very satisfactory. These animals have increased in number to a surprising extent in recent years and to-day there are thousands of them roaming in the woods where twenty-five years ago there were but hundreds. Caribou and Deer The caribou, which is a smaller animal than the moose, and is similar to the rein- deer of Northern Europe, was also fairly abundant at one time, but is at present somewhat scarce, so much so that it lias been found necessary to put a tempoiary embargo upon the shooting of it. Unlike the moose which leads a more or less solitary • The information in this .«.ection was furnished by the Department of Lands and Mines, Predericton, N.B. 88 THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA life, caribou are usually to be found in herds, whicb roam about from place to place in search of the food they most i)refer. The ban on hunting caribou is in force till September, 1921. The Ked or Virginia deer is found practically all over the province, and is so plentiful as to become in some sections something of a nuisance on account of the raids it makes upon the farmers' crops. Fur-bearing Animals A considerable variety of fur-bearing animals are also to be found in the New Brunswick forests, among which may be mentioned the bear, raccoon, wolverine, marten, mink, otter, beaver, lynx, wild cat, muskrat, squirrel, and wood chuck. Hares also are found in great numbers all over the province. This animal turns white in winter. Bears are found chiefly in the less frequented parts of the forest, and they are somewhat shy, rarely showing fight unless it be a she-bear in defence of her off- spring. Wild Fowl New Brunswick has also and deservedly a great reputation for feathered game. Wild geese are fairly abundant, and there are six species of wild ducks, besides brant. The great haunts of wild geese and of brant are on the north shore, but wild ducks are to be found on rivers all over the province. There are two species of partridge, although the proper designation of this bird is grouse. The ruffed grouse, which have been pro- tected for the last few years, are getting very numerous again and an open season will shortly be allowed for these birds. Curlew, plover, snipe and woodcock are also to be found and afford admirable sport. The great northern diver or loon is to be found in all the great rivers. In addition to these, there are two species of eagles, five species of hawks, and four or five varieties of owls. These are but a few of the birds of New Brunswick of which there are about two hundred species in all. A splendid collection of them can be seen in the museum of the university at Fredericton. The care and management of all migratory birds, including geese, brant, teal, black duck, shore birds, snipe, and woodcock, has passed into the hands of the Federal Government. The shooting of sea-gulls, pheasants and small birds frequenting fields and woods (except blackbirds, crows and English sparrows) is prohibited at any season. Guides There are three hundred registered guides in the province, half of whom are camp owners who hire other guides not owning camps of their own, but who are good woods- men, hunters, and guides. As each party has its own district there is little danger of accidents in the woods. Camp owners furnish complete outfits excepting guns and ammunition. A list of these guides may be obtained from the Crown Lands office at Fredericton. Angling Besides being a land of big game and wild fowl. New Brunswick has much to offer the sportsman who enjoys using the rod as well as the rifle and shotgun. Many varieties of fish abound in the inland waters of the province, the chief being salmon, trout, bass, chub, perch, pickerel, eels, landlock salmon and whitefish. Some of the larger rivers, such as the Restigouche, Miramichi, Tobique, Upsal- quitch, and Nipisiguit, are famed for their salmon fishing and in fact have few superiors in the world so far as this royal sport is concerned. Giant moose shot in a New Brunswick forest. iiuUL aLidin, ou^ocx. Hopewell rocks 90 THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA While salmon fishing has many staunch devotees, it is generally conceded that trout angling is a sport more generally enjoyed. New Brunswick is noted for its excellent trout, having such a large number of lakes and streams far from settlements and beyond the reach of the small boy. There is excellent fishing to be had on the Nipisiguit river above the falls, and also on Green river. The lakes above the town of Campbellton also afford fine trout fishing. Easier trips which can be made at less expense will be found in the vicinity of Skiff lake and of the Tabusintac, Bartiboque, Pokemouche, Charlo, and several other streams. Game Regrulations Features of the game laws of New Brunswick of special interest to non-resident sportsmen are briefly as follows: — The open season for moose and deer is from September 15 to November 30. Non- resident license fee for hunting same is $50. This license permits the holder to shoot one bull moose and two deer. The shooting of cow or calf moose is prohibited, as is also the hunting of moose and deer with dogs. The hunting of moose or deer by means of " Jack-Light " or traps or snares is also prohibited. No non-resident shall enter the woods of the province to hunt without a registered guide, and such guide must be a bona fide resident of the province. It is unlawful to hunt or kill game on Sunday under double penalty. It is unlawful to carry firearms in the woods during the close season without a special permit. When a person has killed a moose, he must bring out the head and affix thereto a tag, stating by whom it was killed, and the number of his license, and forward a duplicate of such tag to the Department of Lands and Mines at Fredericton. No game head is to be shipped without a tag being attached thereto. The carcass of game or parts thereof cannot be taken out of the province without a permit issued by the above department. Bird licenses are issued to non-residents on payment of a fee of $10. Fishing licenses are issued to non-residents for a fee of $25 for salmon and $10 for trout angling. Eeliable information as to hunting, fishing and canoeing trips, guides, etc., in New Brunswick can be obtained by addressing any of the following : Deputy Minister of Lands and Mines, Fredericton; Chief Game Warden, Fredericton, N.B.; President N.B. Tourist Association, St. John, N.B.; Secretary N.B. Guides' Association, Fredericton, N.B. FUR-BEARERS AND FUR FARMS The same conditions which make game so plentiful afford great opportunities for the trapper. The principal animals of the province whose fur is valuable are black bear, fox, lynx, beaver, raccoon, sable, marten, mink, otter, and muskrat. The recent great rise in the value of furs has made trapping particularly profitable and has also provided an impetus to fur-farming. The success achieved in the raising of foxes in the neighbouring province of Prince Edward Island was instrumental in the development of the industry in New Brunswick. To-day there are many fur-farming companies established in the province with a total capitalization of several millions of dollars. The Provincial Government has enacted legislation to protect and further the interests of this industry. The control of these animals in captivity is now fairly well understood, so that the industry may be regarded as on a stable basis. For some time, however, this was not the case and many foxes died from causes we now know to be preventable. Con- fidence is therefore returning to the business which in capable hands may be fairly regarded as a profitable undertaking in New Brunswick. Statistics as to animals caught, furs marketed and fur farms in the province will not be available until next year, when they may be obtained from the Bureau of Statistics, Ottawa, or the Department of Lands and Mines, Fredericton. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bailey, L. W. Ph.D.. L.L.D., F.R.S.C— " The Mineral Resources of the Province of New Brunswick." Geological Survey, Ottawa, 1898. Canadian Manufacturer's Association. — " Canadian Trade Inde.x," Toronto, 1920. Champlain, S. de — " The Voyages and Explorations of Samuel de Champlain," translated by A. N. Bourne, The Courier Press, Ltd., Toronto, 1911. Clapis, F. G., A. M.— " Petroleum and Natural Gas Resources of Canada," Vol. II, Mines Branch, Department of Mines, Ottawa, 1915. Cole, L. H.— " Gypsum in Canada," Mines Branch, Department of Mines, Ottawa, 191.3. " Test of Some Canadian Sandstones to Determine their Suitability as Pulpstones," Bulletin 19, Mines Branch, Department of Mines, Ottawa, 1917. Department of Agriculture, Ottawa — Annual Reports of the Director of Experimental Farms. " The Agricultural Gazette of Canada." Department of Agriculture, Fredericton, N.B. — Annual Reports. , Department of the Interior, Ottawa. — " New Brunswick, Canada, the Country and its People," 1911. Forestry Branch: " Wood-using Industries of the Maritime Provinces," Bulletin 44, 1916. Natural Resources Intelligence Branch : " The Province of New Brunswick, its Resources Developed and Undeveloped," 1918. " List of Unoccupied and Uncultivated Lands," 1919. Department of Lands and Mines, Fredericton, N.B. — Annual Crown Land Reports. " Hunting and Fishing in New Brunswick," 1919. Department of Marine and Fisheries, Ottawa — " Port Directory," 1914. Department of Mines, Ottawa — Geological Survey: Annual and Summary Reports. Mines Branch: Annual Reports, Annual Statements of Mineral Production. Department of Naval Service, Ottawa — Fisheries Branch: Annual and Quarterly Reports. Department of Trade and Commerce, Ottawa — Canada Year Book, Census, 1911. Dominione Royal Commission— " Minutes of Evidence Taken in the Maritime Provinces in 1914," H.M. Stationery Office, London, England, 1915. Dowliug, D. B., B. Sc, F.R.S.C— " Coal Fields and Coal Resources of Canada," Memoir 59, Geological Survey, Department of Mines, Ottawa, 1915. Ells. R. W., L.L.D., F.R.S.C— " Bituminous or Oil-Shales of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia," Mines Branch, Department of Mines, Ottawa, 1909. " The Geology and Mineral Resources of New Brunswick," Geological Surv'ey, Ottawa, 1907. Fredericton Tourist Association — " Fredericton and New Brunswick, Canada." Ganong, W. B. — " Place Nomenclature." 91 92 THE PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA Grant, W. L., M.A.— " History of Canada," The T. Eaton Co., Ltd., Toronto, 1911. Griffin, Watson— " Canada, the Country of the Twentieth Century," Department of Trade and Commerce, Ottawa, 1915. Heaton, Ernest — " Heaton's Annual," The Commercial Handbook of Canada, and Boards of Trade Register, Heaton's Agency, Toronto, annually. " Opportunities in New Brunswick." Hopkins, J. C. — " The Story of the Dominion," Toronto, 1901. Jennison, Wm. F., M.E. — " Gypsum Deposits of the Maritime Provinces," Mines Branch, Department of Mines, Ottawa, 1911. Jones, J. W., B.A., B.S.A.— " Fur-farming in Canada," Commission of Conservation, Ottawa, 1914. Morton, B. R., B.Sc.F., and Lewis, R G., B.Sc.F.— " Native Trees of Canada," Bulletin 61, Forestry Branch, Department of Interior, Ottawa, 1917. Lindeman, E. — " Austin Brook Iron-bearing District, N.B." Mines Branch, Department of Mines, Ottawa, 1913. " Official Year Book of New Brunswick," Provincial Secretary-Treasurer, Fred- ericton. Macoun, W. F. — " The Apple in Canada," Bulletin 86, Dominion Experimental Farms, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, 1916. Parks. W. W., B.A., Ph.D.— " Report on the Building and Ornamental Stones of Canada," Vol. II, Mines Branch, Department of Mines, Ottawa, 1914. Raymond, Rev. Dr. — " History of the St. John River." Ries, H., and Keele, Jos. — " The Clay and Shale Deposits of Nova Scotia and Portions of New Brunswick," Memoir 16-E, Geological Survey, Department of Mines, Ottawa, 1911. St. John Board of Trade.— Annual Reports. Short. A., C.M.G., M.A., L.L.D., F.R.S.C., and Doughty, A.G., C.M.G.— " Canada and its Provinces," in 22 volumes. Glasgow Brook and Co., Toronto, 1914. Smith, K. H.— " Water Powers of the Maritime Provinces," Dominion Water Power Branch, Department of the Interior, Ottawa, 1915. Thomas, A. W.— "Canadian Almanac," Misoellaneous Directory, The Oopp, Clark Co., Ltd., Toronto, Annually. TurnbuU, W. R., F.R.Ae.S.— " Proposed Tidal Hydro-electric Development of the Petitcodiac and Memramcook Rivers." Journal of the Engineering Institute of Canada, October, 1919. Inquiries relating to the natural resources of the Dominion of Canada will be given prompt attention if addressed to: — The Superintendent Natural Resources IntelHgence Branch Department of the Interior, Ottawa. / A 000 431 026 4