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 Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 
 AT HARVARD COLLEGE. 
 
 VOL. LII. No. 17. 
 
 THE ECHINODEIIMS OF PERU. 
 
 - T. J<1 NCAID 
 
 6 S~ 
 
 BY HUIJERT LYMAN; CLAUK. 
 
 WITH FOURTEEN PLATES. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S.A.: 
 PRINTED FOR T~^E MIJSEUM. 
 
 OCTOREtt, l.QJW. 
 
REPORTS ON THE SCIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE EXPEDITION TO THE EAST- 
 ERN TROPICAL PACIFIC, IN CHARGE OF ALEXANDER AGASSIZ, BY THE 
 U. S. FISH- COMMISSION STEAMER " ALBATROSS," FROM OCTOBER, 
 1904, TO MARCH, 1905, LIEUTENANT COMMANDER L. M. GARRETT, 
 U. S. N., COMMANDING, PUBLISHED OR IN PREPARATION: 
 
 A. AGASSIZ. V.B General Report on the Ex- 
 pedition. 
 
 A. AGASSIZ. I. 1 Three Letters to Geo. M. 
 Bowers, U. S. Fish Com. 
 
 A. AGASSIZ and H. L. CLARK. The Echini. 
 
 H. B. BIGELOW. XVI. 16 The Medusae. 
 
 H. B. BIGELOW. The Siphonophores. 
 
 R. P. BIGELOW. The Stomatopods. 
 
 O. CARLGREN. The Actinarians. 
 
 S. F. CLARKE. VIII. 8 The Hydroids. 
 
 W. R. COE. The Nemerteans. 
 
 L. J. COLE. XIX. 19 The Pycnogonula. 
 
 W. H. DALL. XIV." The Mollusks. 
 
 C. R. EASTMAN. VII. 7 The Sharks' Teeth. 
 
 W. G. FARLOW. The Algae. 
 
 S. GARMAN. XII. 12 The Reptiles. 
 
 H. J. HANSEN. The Cirripeds. 
 
 H. J. HANSEN. The Schizopods. 
 
 S. HENSHAW. The Insects. 
 
 W. E. HOYLE. The Cephalopoda. 
 
 W. C. KENDALL and L. RADCLIFFE. The 
 Fishes. 
 
 C. A. KOFOID. III. 3 IX. 8 XX. 20 The Protozoa. 
 
 P. KRUMBACH. The Sagittae. 
 
 R. VON LENDENFELD. XXI. 21 The Siliceous 
 
 Sponges. 
 
 H. LUDWIG. The Holothuriaus. 
 H. LUDWIG. The Starfishes. 
 H. LUDWIG. The Ophiurans. 
 G. W. MULLER. The Ostracods. 
 JOHN MURRAY and G. V. LEE. XVII." 
 
 The Bottom Specimens. 
 MARY J. RATHBUN. X. 10 The Crustacea 
 
 Decapoda. 
 
 HARRIET RICHARDSON. II. 2 The Isopods. 
 W. E. RITTER. IV.* The Tuuicates. 
 ALICE ROBERTSON. The Bryozoa. 
 B. L. ROBINSON. The Plants. 
 G. O. BARS. The Copepods. 
 F. E. SCHULZE. XI. 11 The Xenophyophoras. 
 H. R. SIMROTH. The Pteropods and Hetero- 
 
 pods. 
 
 E. C. STARRS. XIII.is Atelaxia. 
 TH. STUDER. The Alcyonaria. 
 JH. THIELE. XV. 15 Bathysciadium. 
 T. W. VAUGHAN. VI.8 The Corals. 
 R. WOLTERECK. XVIII. 18 The Amphipods. 
 W. McM. WOODWORTH. The Aunelid.8. 
 
 Bull. M. C. Z., Vol. XLVI., No. 4, April, 1905, 22 pp. 
 Bull. M. C. Z., Vol. XLVI., No. 6, July, 1905, 4 pp., 1 pi. 
 Bull. M. C. Z., Vol. XLVI., No. 9, September, 1905, 5 pp., 1 pi- 
 Bull. M. C. Z., Vol. XLVI., No. 13, January, 1906, 22 pp., 3 pis. 
 Mem. M. C. Z., Vol. XXXIII., January, 1906, 90 pp., 96 pis. 
 Bull. M. C. Z., Vol. L., No. 3, August, 1906, 14 pp., 10 pis. 
 Bull. M. C. Z., Vol. L., No. 4, November, 1906, 26 pp., 4 pis. 
 Mem. M. C. Z., Vol. XXXV., No. 1, February, 1907, 20 pp., 15 pis. 
 Bull. M. C. Z., Vol. L., No. 6, February, 1907, 48 pp., 18 pis. 
 Mem. M. C. Z , Vol. XXXV., No. 2, August, 1907, 56 pp., 9 pis. 
 Bull. M. C. Z., Vol. LI., No. 6, November, 1907, 22 pp., 1 pi. 
 Bull. M. C. Z., Vol. LIL, No. 1, June, 1908, 14 pp., 1 pi. 
 Bull. M. C. Z , Vol. LIL, No. 2, July, 1908, 8 pp., 5 pis. 
 Bull. M. C. Z., Vol. XLTIL, No. 6, October, 1908, 285 pp., 22 pis. 
 Bull. M. C.,Z., Vol. LIL, No. 5, October, 1908, 11 pp., 2 pis. 
 Mem. M. C. Z., Vol. XXXVII., February, 1909, 243 pp., 48 pis. 
 Mem. M. C. Z , Vol. XXXVIII., No. 1, June, 1909, 172 pp., 5 pis., 3 maps. 
 M ;m M. C. Z., Vol. LIL, No. 9, June, 1909, 26 pp., 8 pis. 
 B-ill. M. C. Z., Vol. LIL, No. 11, August, 1909, 10 pp , 3 pis. 
 Bull. M. C. Z., Vol. LIL, No. 13, September, 1909, 48 pp., 4 pis. 
 Mem. M. C. Z , Vol. XLL, August, September, 1910, 323 pp., 5G pis. 
 
Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 
 AT HARVARD COLLEGE. 
 
 VOL. LII. No. 17. 
 
 THE ECHINODERMS OF PERU. 
 
 BY HUBERT LYMAN CLARK. 
 
 WITH FOURTEEN PLATES. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S.A.: 
 PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM. 
 
 OCTOBER, 1910. ? , 
 
 I 
 
\ 
 
No. 17. 2%e Echinoderms of Peru. By HUBERT LYMAN CLARK. 
 
 The following report, prepared at the request of the Ministerio de 
 Fornento, of the Peruvian Government, as a contribution to the knowl- 
 edge of the aquatic resources of Peru, is for use in connection with 
 marine investigations in that country, though the needs of the general 
 zoologist and particularly of those chiefly interested in the fishes and fish- 
 eries of Peru, have been kept in mind. The keys are therefore as simple 
 as possible and are based, so far as practicable, on obvious external char- 
 acters ; they are consequently very artificial. The report is based pri- 
 marily on the collection of echinoderms made by Dr. Robert E. Coker 
 in 1907-08, and I am glad to express my thanks to him for the oppor- 
 tunity to study the collectio^ and for the use of his field notes and 
 other data. In addition to the species found in this collection I have 
 included all the echinoderms actually known to occur south of the equa- 
 tor and north of 40 S. latitude, and which may therefore be reasonably 
 expected to occur on the coasts of Peru. I have not included any species 
 described from such indefinite localities as " west coast of South Amer- 
 ica," " Chile," " Ecuador," or " west coast of Colombia," unless they 
 have since been recorded from the given coastal area, excepting such 
 rare cases as Holothuria chitensis, where the genus is a tropical (or sub- 
 tropical) one and the species is described as from Chile. The collec- 
 tion in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, which contains many South 
 American species, a large number of which were brought home by the 
 "Hassler" expedition, has been of great assistance. In it were found 
 two new starfishes. 
 
 The Peruvian echinoderm fauna is not a rich one. There are no crinoids 
 known from the region, and only seven holothurians and ten ophiurans. 
 The echini are represented by a dozen species, and the starfishes by 
 twice that number. Clearly the starfishes are the predominating fea- 
 ture, and this would be even more striking if the numerous species de- 
 scribed from Ecuador and Colombia, some of which may ultimately be 
 found on the northern coast of Peru, were included. It is interesting to 
 note that the Peruvian marine fauna is made up of two quite different 
 elements, that from the Panamic region hd that from the Chilean. The 
 latter furnishes all of the echinoderms found* south of Aguja Point, 
 
 
 - 
 
322 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
 
 6 S. lat.j while the Panamic fauna is practically confined to the 
 shores north of that point. In spite of its low latitude the coast of Peru 
 south of Aguja Point is far from tropical, and the marine life is dis- 
 tinctly that of temperate seas, owing to the great Humboldt or Peruvian 
 current, which brings the cold waters of the antarctic region down nearly 
 to the equator. 1 
 
 Of the fifty-four echinoderms included in this report, twenty-one are 
 found only on the less than two hundred miles of coast north of Aguja 
 Point, while of the remaining thirty-three species only about a dozen 
 really characterize the succeeding shore line of over twelve hundred 
 miles. Some fifteen species occur both north and south of Aguja Point, 
 while the range of at least half a dozen species is practically unknown. 
 A more detailed analysis of the fauna brings out some of its most inter- 
 esting features and reveals the striking contrast between its two com- 
 ponents. North of Agnja Point the following twenty-two species have 
 been taken, none of which has yet been recorded from far south of there. 
 Those marked * are in the Coker collection. 
 
 *Astropecten erinaceus *0phiothrix magnifica 
 fragilis spiculata 
 
 peruvian us Gorgonocephalus panamensis 
 
 *Luidia Columbia Arbacia stellata 
 Nidorellia armata Echinornetra van brunti 
 
 Oreaster occidentalis *Encope micropora 
 Paulia horrida Mellita pacifica 
 
 Phataria unifascialis * stokesii 
 
 Ophioderma panamensis Lovenia cordiformis 
 
 Amphiodia grisea *Agassizia scrobiculata 
 
 Hemipholis gracilis *Thyone gibber 
 
 Three of these species (Astropeden peruvianus, Amphiodia grisea, 
 Ophiothrix magnifica) seem to have a very restricted range, as they are 
 not known from north of the equator, but the remaining nineteen species 
 are distinctly Panamic. To these nineteen should be added Pharia 
 pyramidata, the occurrence of which south of Aguja Point is open to 
 very serious question, and the single specimen of Mithrodia bradleyi, 
 labeled "Arica," is not sufficient proof of its occurrence south of the 
 Panamic region. The new Luidia phragma probably belongs in this 
 
 1 For an account of the characteristics of the Peruvian coast see Coker, Bull. 
 Bureau of Fisheries, 1910, 28, pp. 335-340. 
 
 - ^ . 
 
CLARK : THE ECHINODEKMS OF PERU. 323 
 
 group also, but the exact point on the South American coast where it 
 was taken is not known. The Panamic element in the Peruvian fauna, 
 therefore, contains twenty-five species, but many of these must be of 
 irregular or rare occurrence, since only nine are in the Coker collection. 
 South of Aguja Point twenty-six species have been taken. 1 Of 
 these, two (Luidia bellon&e and Stichopus fuscus) have a remarkable 
 range, extending from the Gulf of California to Chile and (in the case 
 of Stichopus) even to Patagonia. Another (Heliaster polybrachius) is 
 known only from the Peruvian coast in the vicinity of Aguja Point 
 (say 3 30' - 7 30' S. lat.) and certainly cannot be classed with the 
 Chilean f uina. The little ophiuran taken by Coker near San Lorenzo 
 Island, off Callao, is apparently Amphipholis pug 'etana, a North American 
 species ; it is certainly not A. laevidisca, known from Chile; the genus 
 is cosmopolitan, and some excellent authorities consider that A. squa- 
 mata is equally wide-ranging, and they would doubtless refer these Peru- 
 vian specimens to it. Deducting these four species, there are twenty-two 
 which may fairly be referred to the Chilean fauna. Of these, the follow- 
 ing eight have been reported from north of Aguja Point : 
 
 Asterina chilensis Tetrapygus niger 
 
 Stichaster aurantiacus Arbacia spatuligera 
 
 Heliaster helianthus Strongylocentrotus gibbosus 
 
 Ophiactis kroyeri Phyllophorus peruvianus 
 
 These species are all in the Coker collection, but the specimens of 
 Phyllophorus were not taken north of 9 S. lat. Of the remaining 
 fourteen species supposed to occur along the southern shores of Peru, 
 only Strongylocentrotus albus was taken by Dr. Coker : 
 
 Tosia verrucosa Asterias gelatinosa 
 
 Odontaster singularis Amphipholis laevidiscus 
 
 Asterina calcarata Amphiodia chilensis 
 
 Parasterina obesa Podophora pedifera 
 
 Echinaster cribella Strongylocentrotus albus 
 
 cylindricus Cticumaria leonina 
 Henricia hyadesi godeffroyi 
 
 1 The exact localities where Of>hidiaster lu^wigi, recorded from "Perou," Holo- 
 thnria chilensis from " Chile," and Colochirus peruanus from "Peru," were taken are 
 unknown, and they are omitted from this discussion. 
 
 * **> 
 
 H 
 
324 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
 
 The'Tosia, Asterina, Parasterina, both species of Echinaster, and the 
 Amphipholis are known only from the original specimens (all but one of 
 which were from Chile) and have not been met with by other collectors* 
 The Odontaster and Henricia are species of the far south and are in- 
 cluded in this list only because each has been reported once from north- 
 ern Chile, near Iquique ; their occurrence on the Peruvian coast is quite 
 unlikely. The Asterias and Amphiodia and both Cucumarias are Chi- 
 lean species, which very probably occur, at least occasionally, in Peruvian 
 waters. Although there are specimens of Podophora in the M. C. Z. col- 
 lection labeled as from "Valparaiso" and "Callao," it seems extremely 
 improbable that these specimens were actually collected in South Amer- 
 ica, for the genus is a highly specialized one, characteristic of the Indo- 
 Pacific region, and it could hardly have escaped the notice of such 
 collectors as Plate and Coker, if it occurred on the coasts of either Chile 
 or Peru at the present day. It is clear, then, that the known Chilean 
 element in the Peruvian fauna is very small, and all of the species which 
 undoubtedly occur were taken by Dr. Coker, except an Echinaster and 
 a Cucumaria. x South of Aguja Point, then, one may expect to find, in 
 suitable places, four species of starfish (Luidia bellonae, Asterina chi- 
 lensis, Stichaster aurantiacus, Heliaster heliantkus), one ophiuran (Opliiac- 
 tis kroyeri), four sea-urchins (Tetrapygus niger, Arbacia spatuligera, 
 Strongylocentrotus albus, S. gibbosus), and one holothurian (PTiyllophorm 
 peruvianus). North of Aguja Point, however, one finds a much more 
 varied fauna and may reasonably expect ten or more species of starfishes, 
 (three species of Astropecten, two or three of Luidia, Nidorellia, Oreas- 
 ter, Paulia, Phataria, Pharia, Asterina, at least one Heliaster, and, possi- 
 bly, Stichaster), several ophiurans (Ophioderma, Ophiactis, Amphipholis 
 or Amphiodia, possibly Hemipholis, and two forms of Ophiothrix), eight 
 or ten sea-urchins (Tetrapygus, one or two species of Arbacia, Echino- 
 metra, Strongylocentrotus gibbosus, Encope, one or two Mellitas, Agassizia, 
 and perhaps Lovenia), and one or more holothurians (Thyone, Phyl- 
 lophorus, or Stichopus). 
 
 Starfishes. Asteroidea. 
 
 The starfishes comprise riot only almost one half of all the echino- 
 clerms known from the Peruvian region, but also the great majority of 
 the conspicuous or structurally interesting forms. More than half are 
 large species, reaching a diameter of over five inches, and several rank 
 among the largest known starfishes. The twenty-five species represent 
 
 r 
 
CLARK : THE ECHINODERMS OF PERU. 325 
 
 eighteen genera, of which five are known only from the west coast of 
 Central and South America. Ten of the species are not known outside 
 of the region included in this report, while eleven others are well-known 
 Panainic species. There can be little question that most of the starfishes 
 came to the Peruvian coast from the north. We know too little about 
 Tosia verrucosa and Parasterina obesa to be positive as to their origin, but 
 they probably came from the south. The two species of Asterina may 
 have come from the south, but it is quite as possible that they are of 
 northern stock. Odontaster is unquestionably a southern genus and 
 Henricia liyadesi certainly came up from the south. The south also 
 may be considered the home of Asterias gelatinosa, which has hardly 
 reached the Peruvian coast yet, and while there is lack of definite evi- 
 dence bearing on the point, Stichaster aurantiacus may be considered as 
 an immigrant from the south. But with these exceptions the starfishes 
 of the Peruvian coast are undoubtedly of northern (Panarnic) origin. 
 
 In discussing the characteristic features of starfishes, a few terms require a word 
 of explanation. In many species the dorsal skeletal plates develop vertical, table- 
 like outgrowths, called paxillae; the tops (tabulae) of these paxillae are square, 
 oblong, polygonal or more or less circular, and are usually so crowded as to form 
 a second covering to the dorsal surface of the animal, between which and the true 
 surface there is a more or less considerable space, traversed vertically by the 
 columns or stalks of the paxillae ; the tabulae bear spinelets or granules along 
 their margins and on the free upper surface, and sometimes the central spinelet 
 may develop into a conspicuous spine. The sides of the rays in many starfishes 
 are defined by an upper and lower series of plates, the supero- and infero-marginals ; 
 in some starfishes the marginal plates are very large and conspicuous even in the 
 inter bra chial areas (i. e., the space on the body between the bases of adjoining 
 rays), while in others they are small and inconspicuous, and in the most highly 
 specialized forms they are completely hidden and indistinguishable ; in Luidia the 
 superomarginals appear to be wanting, but the inferomarginals are fairly conspicu- 
 ous. In most starfishes which lack paxillae, minute, finger-like papillae project 
 between the plates of the dorsal skeleton ; these are probably respiratory organs 
 and are known as papulae ; the papulae are often single, but are usually grouped 
 in the areas between the skeletal plates, and these are then referred to as papular 
 areas. The madreporic plate is usually conspicuous on the dorsal side in an inter- 
 bracliial area, but in species having paxillae it is often hard to find. The sides of 
 the furrow, on the under side of each ray, in which the tube-feet are located, are 
 guarded by a series of plates, each of which carries a row or group of spines ; the 
 plates are called the adambulacral plates and the spines make up the adambulacral 
 armature. In describing starfishes, it is customary, for brevity's sake, to let R 
 stand for the major radius, . e., from the center of til e mouth to the tip of a ray, 
 
 nr 
 
 : 
 
326 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
 
 and r stand tor the minor radius, i. e. from the center of the mouth to the middle 
 of an interbrachial margin ; in a perfectly circular starfish, we would say, R = r ; 
 in an ordinary pentagonal starfish R = r +, while in a starfish with long rays 
 R = 6r, more or less. 
 
 Key to the Starfishes of the Peruvian Coast. 
 
 Upper surface covered with paxillae; general form decidedly flattened; 
 inferomarginal plates with long spines forming a conspicuous lateral 
 fringe along the ray. 
 
 Superomarginal plates conspicuous in contrast to paxillae (Astropecten) . 
 Superomarginal plates, each with one or two prominent vertical 
 
 spinelets. 
 
 Superomarginal plates at base of ray (but not in interbrachial area) 
 with two spinelets each, one on inner edge and one near outer 
 
 margin A. erinaceus 
 
 Superomarginal plates with only a single spinelet each, except that 
 
 a few near tip of ray may carry a second small one . . A. peruvianus 
 Superomarginal plates without spinelets ; some of those near base of 
 
 ray may carry, each, a small rounded tubercle A.fragilis 
 
 Superomarginal plates reduced and not readily distinguishable be- 
 neath paxillae (Luidia). 
 Each paxilla in third longitudinal series at side of ray carries, except 
 
 near tip of ray, a long slender spine L. phragma 
 
 None of the paxillae carry long and slender spines. 
 
 Inferomarginal plates, each with a longitudinal (transverse to long 
 axis of ray) series of 4-6 flattened, usually blunt or truncate 
 spines; many paxillae have central spinelet enlarged into a blunt 
 
 elevated tubercle or sharp, stout spine L. bellonae 
 
 Inferomarginal plates, each with 2 or 3 long, sharp spines; no 
 paxillae (except occasionally some along sides of ray) with large 
 
 central tubercle or spinelet L. Columbia 
 
 Upper surface without paxillae; sides of ray without lateral fringe of 
 
 slender inferomarginal spines. 
 
 Tube-feet in two series in each ambulacrum ; rays normally five. 
 Disc large and rays short; form often pentagonal; R never more 
 
 than 2.5r. 
 Marginal plates conspicuous, forming a definite boundary to the 
 
 more or less pentagonal body. 
 Marginal plates and disc free from large~spines. 
 
 Superomarginal plates 19-20 on each side of each ray (in speci- 
 men 75 mm. across), covered by a close pavement of crowded 
 
 granules Tosia verrucosa 
 
 Superomarginal plates 15-16 on side of ray (in specimen 75 mm. 
 across), covered by a coat of distinct granules coarser than 
 
 those of disc Odontaster singularis 
 
 Some marginal or disc plates or both, carry large spines Nidorellia armata 
 
 r 
 
CLARK: THE ECHINODERMS OF PERU. 327 
 
 Marginal plates more or less concealed not forming a definite 
 
 boundary to a pentagonal body. 
 Large species (R up to 150 mm.) with dorsal surface carrying 
 
 numerous big sharp tubercles or spines or both. 
 Dorsal surface elevated, with coarse tubercles, granulated at 
 
 base Oreaster occidentalis 
 
 Dorsal surface flat, with numerous, erect, smooth, very stout 
 
 spines Paulia horrida 
 
 Small species (R seldom exceeds 25 mm.) with dorsal surface, 
 
 entirely free from conspicuous spines or tubercles (Asterina). 
 
 Plates of ventral interbrachial areas with only 1 spine 
 
 each A. calcarata 
 
 Plates of ventral interbrachial areas with 2-6 spines 
 
 each A. chilensis 
 
 Disc small or moderate, R more than 3r and usually more than 4r. 
 Rays short and thick, about equal to 3r covered, as is the disc 
 by groups of crowded blunt spinelets, simulating low paxillae. 
 
 Parasterina obesa 
 Rays longer, 4-1 Or. 
 
 Disc and rays closely covered with a nearly smooth, granulated 
 coat, without projecting spines, except beside ambulacral 
 furrows. 
 Papular areas arranged in a single (rarely double) broad 
 
 series along each side of ray Pkataria unifasclalis 
 
 Papular areas arranged in eight series on each ray. 
 
 Madreporic plate very large, its diameter .25 or more of disc 
 diameter ; rays somewhat trigonal ; inner series of adam- 
 bulacral armature made up of approximately equal and 
 
 similar spines Pharia pyramidata 
 
 Madreporic plate much smaller ; rays more or less cylindri- 
 cal; inner series of adambulacral armature made up of 
 
 alternating large and small spines Ophidiaster ludwigi 
 
 Disc and rays bearing spines or spinelets, sometimes minute and 
 
 crowded. 
 Spines and spinelets large, unequal and irregularly scattered, 
 
 blunt, covered to tip with scale-like granules . . Miihrodia bradleyi 
 Spines and spinelets bare, often small or even minute. 
 Spinelets very minute, in more or less crowded groups on 
 
 dorsal plates Henricia hyadesi 
 
 Spines well developed, arranged singly on dorsal plates (Echinaster). 
 Dorsal spines rather crowded, in irregular rows . . . E, cribella 
 
 Dorsal spines irregularly scattered E. cylindricus 
 
 Tube-feet in four, more or less distinct series in each ambulacrum. 
 Rays few, never more than eight. 
 
 Rays 5, with about 11 longitudinal, abactinal series of groups of 
 
 closely crowded granule-like spinelets Stichaster aurantiacus 
 
 Rays normally 6, rarely 5 or 7, with 5 longitudinal series of large, 
 
 widely separated, abactinal spines . . .JU . . . Asterias gelatinosa 
 
328 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
 
 Kays numerous, up to forty-three (Heliaster). 
 
 Kays very short, free from each other for only .15-.20 of length 
 
 H. polybrachius 
 Rays longer, free from each other .30-.40 of length ....//. helianthus 
 
 Astropecten erinaceus. 
 
 J. E. Gray, 1840. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6, p. 182. 
 
 Plate 1, figure 1. 
 
 Nothing is said by Gray as to either the size or color of this species. The larg- 
 est specimens I have seen have the rays about 85 mm. long, but those taken by 
 Coker do not exceed R 75 mm. Most dry specimens are dull yellowish, more 
 or less dusky above, while the best preserved specimens in the Coker collection 
 are uniformly deep reddish fawn color. But in life the coloration must be much 
 handsomer, for Coker' s field notes show that the specimens taken at the mouth of 
 the river Tumbes were " dorsally blue, except that the spines which margin the 
 lower angles of arms are orange color in their dorsal aspect," while of the speci- 
 mens taken at Capon it is said: "Under side white in small specimens, tinted 
 orange in larger ones ; bluish at tips of arms ; above deep blue ; the spines orange, 
 those margining the arms are bright orange, while the dorsal spines are of a 
 duller shade." The change from this bright coloration to the uniform reddish fawn 
 color of the preserved specimens is very remarkable, but is of course due to the 
 preserving fluids. These specimens were " first preserved in native spirits and 
 subsequently transferred to formalin solution" (3-5^, solution in sea- water). 
 Such a marked change of color shows how little dependence can be placed on the 
 color of preserved specimens not accompanied by field notes. 
 
 This is a Panamic species, ranging from about 25 N. to 3 30' S. lat. It 
 was first collected by Cuming at St. Elena on the coast of Ecuador, about 2 
 S. lat., on a bottom of sandy mud in six fathoms of water. There are specimens 
 in the M. C. Z. collection from Lower California and the Gulf of California. 
 Coker took three specimens at the mouth of the river Tumbes and found the spe- 
 cies abundant at Capon. Regarding its occurrence at Capon he says: "The 
 water here is very quiet, and as the tide recedes most of these starfishes . . . 
 slip away in the water, leaving, however, a very distinct impression of the form in 
 the mud; so that when the mud-flat is exposed one may see in abundance the 
 impressions of these starfishes, but without either the animals or any mark of their 
 departure." It is probable that Dr. 'Coker is mistaken in supposing the starfishes 
 to have slipped away in the water. Verrill (1901, p. 36) speaks of similar im- 
 pressions made by Luidia, and he is satisfied, as he has himself told me, that the 
 impression of the starfish in the sand is made over (not under) the starfish, and is 
 caused by ciliary currents of water among the paxillae and marginal plates of the 
 dorsal surface. If undisturbed, the starfish may by a sudden quick movement be 
 captured in situ, but if disturbed by the approach of the collector, the animal 
 moves away rapidly beneath the surface of the sand, leaving the impression in the 
 
 If 
 
CLARK: THE ECHINODERMS OF PERU. 329 
 
 sand undisturbed, Such habits indicate unusual activity for an echinoderm and 
 deserve detailed and very careful observation and study. 
 
 Astropecten peruvianus. 
 A. E. Verrill, 1867. Trans. Conn. Acad., 1, p. 275. 
 
 This species is very similar to erinaceus in size and general appearance. Ver- 
 rill does not refer to the color and, unfortunately, neither do Coker's field notes. 
 The dry specimens are dull yellow above and nearly white beneath, with the madre- 
 poric plate orange. Verrill's specimens and Coker's also are from Payta, so there 
 is no clue as to the range of the species. Coker took a dozen specimens "with 
 boat-beam trawl, southeast of Caleta, Colon, Bay of Payta, 7-8 fms., soft mud, 
 April 13," 1907. Though occurring in so much deeper water than erinaceus, 
 there is no reason for expecting any difference in the habits of these species. I 
 fully agree with Verrill that it is impossible to determine whether Gray's stellatus 
 is this species or not. 
 
 Astropecten fragilis. 
 A. E. Verrill, 1867. Trans. Conn. Acad., 1, p. 272. 
 
 So far as I can learn this species has not been recorded since the original de- 
 scription was published. Verrill says nothing of the coloration, but gives the 
 following measurements : R - 58 mm., r = 12.5 mm. ; breadth of ray at base, 
 15 mm. (the measurements are given by Verrill in inches and tenths). The only 
 known specimens are from Panama and Zorritos, Peru. 
 
 Luidia phragma, sp. nov. 1 
 
 Plate 2, figure 1. 
 
 Rays 5. R = 73 mm., r = 12 mm., R = 6r. Interbrachial arcs acute. Rays 
 very flat, tapering gradually to a point. Breadth at base, 14 mm. Disc moderate, 
 flat ; vertical diameter only about 7 mm. Paxillae of disc and median portion of 
 rays small (.5-1 mm. in diameter of tabulae), irregularly circular, becoming 
 squarish at sides of rays. Each paxilla has a dozen or more very slender, margi- 
 nal spines, above which are half a dozen or more stouter ones, while the center of 
 the tabula is occupied by 1-4 short, thick, blunt spinelets. Along eacli side of 
 the ray are three longitudinal series of larger paxillae (1-1.25 mm. across), similar 
 to the others, but more nearly rectangular. Innermost of these three rows, very 
 conspicuous, each paxilla carrying, at center of tabula, a single, slender, sharp 
 spine, 2-3 mm. long. These conspicuous spines form a fence or "palisade" 
 along each side of ray about three millimeters from inferomarginal edge. Infe.ro- 
 marginal plates, with similar, though slightly larger spines ; there are two to each 
 plate, one above the other ; the marginal fringe is thus very conspicuous. Seen 
 
 1 <t>pdyij.a, a palisade, in reference to the palisade-like series of spines along the 
 sides of the rays. - ^ 
 
330 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
 
 from below the iuferomarginal plates are well separated from each other ; they 
 have a marginal fringe of slender spinelets like those of the paxillae ; the surface 
 of the plate carries half a dozen flat, pointed spines, 1-2 mm. long, with a number 
 of other smaller ones. Adambulacral armature of 3-4 spines in a single series, at 
 right angles to furrow ; innermost, smallest, sharp and slightly curved ; the next 
 is largest, 3 mm. long, straight (or nearly so) and blunt. Oral plates each with 
 4-6 spines, clustered at ^), and a similar number of variable size scattered on sur- 
 face. Madreporic plate small, lying between the two terminal paxillae of the 
 " palisade " series of two adjoining rays. Color (dry) : disc and median area 
 of rays pale gray with a yellowish tinge ; paxillae outside of " palisade " series, all 
 spines and entire lower surface more or less nearly white ; there are several 
 indistinct blotches of a darker gray on upper surface of rays. 
 
 The specimen described above and two others are in the M. C. Z. collection, 
 labeled "Chile or Sandwich Islands." As they were presented by Dr. W. H. 
 Jones, U. S. N., in April, 1874, and as most of the specimens received from him 
 at that time were from Chile and Peru, these Luidias are doubtless from the same 
 locality. This probability is rendered almost a certainty by the fact that the 
 M. C. Z. collection contains 14 specimens of what appears to be the same species, 
 from the Gulf of California, collected by W. J. Fisher. They are dry and in 
 mediocre or poor condition, and range in size from K 32 to R = 108 mm. In 
 color they are all dirty yellowish, blotched above with blackish. Tew of them have 
 the " palisades " as perfectly developed as in the type, but it is evident in every 
 specimen, even the smallest. It would seem, then, that phragma is a Panamic 
 species, and it is most likely that Dr. Jones's specimens were collected at Payta, 
 Peru. No species nearly allied is known from the Hawaiian Islands. 
 
 Luidia bellonae. 
 C. F. Ltitken, 1865. Vid. Med. f. 1864, p. 133. 
 
 This species reaches, under favorable conditions, a much larger size than has 
 been recorded. Lutken's types were 8 and 12 inches in diameter respectively, 
 which would indicate R = 110-160 mm. Meissner (1896) has recorded specimens 
 from R = 23.5 to 11= 232 mm., the last being the largest specimen known 
 hitherto. But in the M. C. Z. collection there is a specimen from Talcahuano, 
 Chile, in which E, = 250 mm. and the rays are 45 mm. wide at base. Clearly, 
 then, bellonae is one of the largest starfishes known on the west coast of tropical 
 America. The color of dry specimens is like that of many Luidias, gray above, 
 deepest along the middle of each ray, and with more or less of a bluish cast, 
 and white or cream color beneath. Dr. Coker's notes refer to the color of the 
 living animal as simply "gray." This species has a wide distribution, for while 
 Lutken's types (one of them, at least) were from Guayaquil, Verrill (1867) 
 has recorded the species from Callao ; de Loriol (1891) from Mazatlan, Mexico; 
 Meissner (1892) from Callao, and (1896) from Iquique and Talcahuano; and Clark 
 (1902) from Albemarle Island, Galapagos. Meissner (1896) expresses the opiu- 
 
 v 
 
CLARK: THE ECHINODERMS OF PERU. 331 
 
 ion that de Loriol's specimens from Mazatlau were not the true bellonae, and 
 he therefore names them lorioli. I am not able to agree with this view, for it 
 seems that the characters by which he attempts to separate the two forms are 
 unreliable, and de Loriol's description and figures appear to agree very well with 
 Peruvian specimens. 
 
 Dr. Coker took small specimens (R 100 mm. ) of this species "off north- 
 east side of San Lorenzo Island" (which is off Callao) in "about 2 fathoms," 
 on February 5, 1907; and also " with dredge and trawl, Bay of Sechura, west of 
 Matacaballa; about 5 fathoms in depth, April 8," 1907. The Bay of Seehura is 
 just north of Aguja Point. Nothing is recorded of the habits of bellonae. 
 
 Luidia Columbia. 
 
 Petalaster Columbia J. E. Gray, 1840. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6, p. 183. 
 
 Luida tessellata C. F. Liitken, 1859. Vid. Med. f. 1859, p. 40. 
 
 Petalster columbiae A. E. Verrill, 1867. Trans. Conn. Acad., 1, p. 272. 
 
 Luidia colombiae E. Perrier, 1876. Arch. Zool. Exp., 5, p. 253. 
 
 Luidia columbiae W. P. Sladen, 1889. Kept. voy. " Challenger," 30, p. 247.- 
 
 Plate 1, figure 2. 
 
 This is also a very large starfish, for while most of the known specimens have 
 R = 100-200 mm., there are much larger specimens in the M. C. Z. collection 
 from Magdaleua Bay, Lower California. The largest of these has R= 275 mm., 
 and the breadth of the arms at base is 38 mm. The color of preserved specimens 
 is yellowish green, brownish green, or dull greenish gray above, and yellowish 
 beneath. Dr. Coker's field notes show that in life the animal is " dorsally of a 
 mouse color with many dark specks. Below yellowish white." This seems to be 
 one of the most common starfishes of the Panamic region, and one that is widely 
 distributed. It ranges from Magdaleua Bay, Lower California, and the Gulf of 
 California to northern Peru, and has also been reported from the Galapagos Islands. 
 Specimens in the Coker collection were taken with L. bellonae in the Bay of Se- 
 chura, on April 8, 1907, and with Astropecten erinaceus at Capon, January 29, 
 1908. The habits are reported by Coker to be like those of the Astropecteu (q. v.) 
 witli which it is found. 
 
 Tosia verrucosa. 
 
 Goniodiscus verrucosus R. A. Philippi, 1857. Arch. f. Naturg., 36, Bd. 1, p. 132. 
 Pentagonaster (Astrogonium] verrucosus E. Perrier, 1878. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. 
 
 Nat., (2) 1, p. 84. 
 Gnathaster (?) verrucosus W. P. Sladen, 1889. Rept. voy. "Challenger," 30, p. 750. 
 
 To judge from Philippi's account, this starfish would appear to occur not rarely 
 on the coast between Valparaiso and the Rio Maipu, yet strangely enough it does 
 
 1 This is the way the name has been written for many years, but there is no 
 reason why Gray's original spelling should not be Detained. 
 
332 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
 
 not seem to have been met with by any other observers. Consequently its real 
 relationships are still very doubtful. Philippi gives the diameter as three inches 
 and the color red. It is not impossible that the species is based upon specimens 
 of the following species, Odontaster singularis, but I have never seen individuals 
 of Odontaster answering to Philippi's description. 
 
 Odontaster singularis. 
 
 Goniodiscus singularis J. Muller and F. Troschel, 1843. Arch. f. Naturg., 9, Bd. 1, 
 
 p. 116. 
 
 Pentagonaster singularis E. Perrier, 1876. Arch. Zool. Exp , 5, p. 38. 
 Gnathaster singularis W. P. Sladen, 1889. Kept. voy. "Challenger," 30, p. 286. 
 Asterodon singularis E. Perrier, 1891. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn. Zool., 3, p. K 134. 
 Odontaster singularis F. J. Bell, 1893. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 262. 
 
 Plate 2, figure 4. 
 
 The original specimens of this interesting starfish were from Chile, but later in- 
 vestigations have shown that it is a southern species most common on the south 
 and west coasts of Patagonia. It reaches a diameter of 75-80 mm. and in life is 
 red ; preserved specimens are dull yellowish or brownish. The only claim which 
 this species has to a place in the Peruvian fauna is based on Leipoldt's (1895) 
 report of a small specimen (less than 30 mm. in diameter) which was taken be- 
 tween Iquique and Pisagua, about 20 S. lat. It is hardly likely that the north- 
 ern range of Odontaster extends much above the twentieth parallel, so that its 
 occurrence in Peruvian waters is improbable. 
 
 Nidorellia armata. 
 
 Pentaceros (Nidorellia) armatus J. E. Gray, 1840. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6, p. 277. 
 Nidorellia armata A. E. Verrill, 1867. Trans. Conn. Acad., 1, p. 280. 
 
 Plate 4, figure 2. 
 
 This is a common and well-known member of the Panamic fauna, ranging from 
 Guaymas, Mexico, to Zorritos, Peru, and also to the Galapagos Islands. The largest 
 specimen seen has 11=: 88 mm. The proportion II : r is quite variable, ranging 
 from 1.45 : 1 to 1.75 : 1. The number and arrangement of the abactinal spines 
 is exceedingly variable. The color in life is given by Verrill as bright scarlet. 
 Preserved specimens are more or less yellowish or brownish, seldom showing any 
 trace of red. Although this species has been taken as far south as Zorritos, it is 
 not represented in the Coker collection. A specimen in the M. C. Z. collection is 
 remarkable for appearing to have seven rays, when seen from above ; but when 
 the oral side is examined, it is found that only Jive ambulacral furrows run out 
 from the actinostome ; of these, however, two bifurcate, one near the mouth and 
 the other near the distal end, and thus arises the appearance of seven rays. 
 
 .. 
 
CLARK : THE ECHINODERMS OF PERU. 333 
 
 Oreaster Occident alls. 
 
 A. E. Verrill, 1867. Trans. Conn. Acad., 1, p. 278. 
 
 Plate 4, figure 1. 
 
 This species is, like the preceding, a common Panamic form, ranging from the 
 Gulf of California southward. The diameter of a large specimen is about 300 
 mm. Preserved specimens are yellowish or brownish, but in life the dorsal plates 
 are said to be bright crimson, the spaces between greenish brown. Dr. Coker 
 did not meet with this species, nor has it yet been recorded from Peru, but Cuming 
 collected a young Oreaster at Punta Santa Elena, Ecuador, along with Nido- 
 rellia, and as it seems almost certain that Oreasters will be found on the northern 
 shores of Peru, I have included the Panamic species in this list. Verrill (1867) 
 has given reasons why Gray's Pentaceros cumingii, based on the specimen taken 
 by Cuming at St. Elena, cannot be identical with Oreaster occidental, but it 
 seems very probable that when our knowledge of the Ecuadorian Oreasters is 
 complete cumingii will prove to be the young of occidentalis. 
 
 Paulia horrida. 
 
 J. E. Gray, 1840. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6, p. 278. 
 Plate 3, figure 3. 
 
 The original specimens of this remarkable starfish were taken by Cuming at 
 Punta Santa Elena, Ecuador, in 12-18 fathoms, in company with Nidorellia and 
 Oreaster. Unlike these latter, however, it has seldom been met with since and 
 seems to be rather rare, the only specimens recorded since Cuming's day being 
 taken at the Galapagos Islands. Gray's type was about 150 mm. in diameter, 
 but the specimens from the Galapagos were smaller. The color of dried speci- 
 mens is yellowish brown, but in life it is probable the general coloration is red or 
 reddish as in Oreaster and Nidorellia. 
 
 Asterina calcarata. 
 
 Asteriscus calcaratus E. Perrier, 1869. Ann. Sci. Nat., (5) 12, p. 292. 
 Asterina calcarata E. Perrier, 1876. Arch. Zool. Exp., 5, p. 222. 
 
 This species is very little known, the original one (30 mm. in diameter) from 
 Valparaiso remaining unique, so far, at least, as South American specimens are 
 concerned. Under the name calcaratus Valenciennes placed a number of Asteri- 
 nas from Chile, and Gay, in his account (1854) of the echiuoderms of that coun- 
 try, made no effort to differentiate them. Perrier, however, restricted the name 
 to this particular form, supposed to be from Valparaiso. Were it not that a 
 variety (selkirki Meissner, 1896) is common at Juan Fernandez, one might 
 be doubtful whether Perrier's specimen really came from Chile, especially as 
 de Rochebrune (1881) records calcarata from the Cape Verde Islands. For the 
 
334 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
 
 present, however, we may retain the species in the Chilean fauna, with the hope 
 that further collecting on the South American coast may settle the doubt con- 
 cerning it. 
 
 Asterina chilensis. 
 
 Asteriscus chilensis C. F. Liitken, 1859. Vid. Med. f. 1859, p. 61. 
 Asterina chilensis C. F. Lutken, 1871. Vid. Med. f. 1871, p. 302. 
 
 Plate 2, figures 3 and 3. 
 
 This pretty starfish, which may be as much as 50 mm. in diameter, is one of 
 the characteristic species of the Chilean fauna, arid has been recorded from many 
 places along the coast between Payta, Peru, and Talcahuauo, Chile. In the 
 Coker collection there are specimens from La Punta (at Callao), Lobos de 
 Afuera Islands (southwest of Aguja Point) and Bay of Sechura (just north of 
 Aguja Point), but unfortunately there are no notes on coloration or habits. The 
 specimens vary greatly in form, from R= 1.5r to R = 2r and in the spinula- 
 tion of both the upper and lower surfaces ; in some specimens the spinules on the 
 upper side seem rather long, while in others they are more like granules ; the plates 
 of the actinal side carry in some cases only 2 or 3 spines, in others 4-6. 
 There is also a striking difference in the color ; one group of specimens are uni- 
 formly dull yellowish or pale brown, while another shows very bright colors, min- 
 gled blue and red. The latter are from the Bay of Sechura and were at first 
 supposed to represent a different species, bnt unfortunately for that view they do 
 not agree with each other in proportions and spinulation, nor differ consistently 
 in any character but color from the individuals taken south of Aguja Point. It 
 seems therefore that chilensis is a variable species, the limits of whose variation 
 have still to be determined. 
 
 Parasterina obesa, sp. nov. 1 
 
 Plate 3, figures 1 and 2. 
 
 Rays 5. R = 42 mm., r = 14 mm., R = 3r. Interbrachial arcs rounded. 
 Rays very stout, tapering slightly to a blunt point; breadth at base, 13 mm., 
 vertical thickness 10 mm. Disc large and flat, its vertical diameter the same as 
 that of the rays. Whole surface of disc, interbrachial spaces and rays, above and 
 below to the adambulacral series, covered by paxilliform plates very much like 
 those in Odontaster singularis, which carry crowded groups of 10-50 blunt, granule- 
 like spinelets. Along sides of rays, and especially on under surface and in 
 interbrachial areas these plates are in regular longitudinal and diagonal series, but 
 dorsally no such regular arrangement is to be seen. Plates in oral interbrachial 
 areas, largest and most widely spaced from each other, with 6-12 spinelets each. 
 Papulae occur singly or in groups of 2-4, between dorsal plates and along sides 
 of rays but not on lower surface. Neither supero- nor infero marginal plates can 
 
 1 obesus, fat, in allusion to the very plump rays. 
 
CLARK: THE ECHINODEKMS OF PERU. 335 
 
 be distinguished. Adambulacral armature consists of a marginal series of 3 
 (rarely 4) stout, blunt spines (about 1 mm. long) of which adoral is usually 
 smallest and aboral largest ; surface of plate with half a dozen (4-7) somewhat 
 similar but slightly smaller spines, arranged in pairs or trios. Oral plates small, 
 each with a marginal series of four spines, more or less expanded at tip and a 
 single blunt spine on surface of plate. Madreporic plate very inconspicuous, less 
 than 2 mm. across and only 4-5 mm. from center of disc. Color (dry) uni- 
 form, light yellowish brown. 
 
 There are two specimens of this well-characterized species in the M. C. Z. col- 
 lection, which were taken at Talcahuano, Chile, by the '* Hassler " expedition. [ 
 have been in doubt as to their real relationship, but as they are more nearly allied 
 to Sladen's Patina bellula than to any other starfish with which I have compared 
 them, I consider them congeneric with that species. Fisher (1908) has shown 
 that Patiria is untenable and has proposed Parasterina as a substitute. 
 
 Phataria unifascialis. 
 
 Linckia (Phataria) unifascialis J. E. Gray, 1840. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6, p. 285. 
 Phataria unifascialis W. P. Sladen, 1889. Kept. voy. " Challenger," 30, p. 786. 
 
 Plate 5, figure 1. 
 
 This common and well-known Panamic species, which ranges as far north as 
 the Gulf of California, has been recorded by Verrill (1867) from Zorritos, Peru, 
 and doubtless occurs on the northern coasts of that country although not met with 
 by Coker. But the record from Timor (v. Martens, 1866, p. 85) is probably based 
 on an erroneous identification, while de Loriol's (1900) specimen from Celebes 
 can scarcely have been collected originally in the East Indies, though it may have 
 been taken to Europe from there. Museum specimens of this species are usu- 
 ally yellowish or grayish in color, but we have no information as to color in life. 
 From the appearance of the best dry specimens, the living animal was probably red 
 of some shade. The largest specimens have R = 125 mm. and also = 9r. 
 
 Pharia pyramidata. 
 
 Ophidiaster (Pharia) pyramidatus J. E. Gray, 1840. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 6, 
 
 p. 284. 
 Pharia pyramidata W. P. Sladen, 1889. Kept. voy. " Challenger," 30, p. 784. 
 
 Plate 5, figure 2. 
 
 Like the preceding, this is a common Panamic species, known to range from 
 the Gulf of California to Zorritos, Peru, but not met with by Coker. Leipoldt 
 (1895) records two specimens from Valparaiso, but there is little reason to doubt 
 that, if the specimens are correctly labeled, they were brought to that city 
 from the north. Large specimens of Pharia have R = 150-160 mm. and also 
 = 5.3-7,5r. The color of preserved specimens is dull purplish or reddish brown, 
 often more or less yellowish along the ambulacral furrows. Verrill (1867 p. 288) 
 
336 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
 
 says that the color is " in life, variegated above with purple and brown," but else- 
 where (1871, p. 577) he says, "the dry specimens in best condition are light 
 straw color beneath ; the poriferous zones are bright orange ; the rows of large 
 plates on the back and sides olive-green ; madreporic plate, large, dark olive-green. 5 ' 
 
 Ophidiaster ludwigi. 
 P. de Loriol, 1900. Revue Suisse Zool., 8, p. 78. 
 
 This species is based upon a single specimen in de Loriol's collection, labeled 
 simply " Perou." E. = 40 mm., r = 9 mm. Kays, 11 mm. broad and 8 mm. 
 high at base. Color brownish violet ; papular areas lighter ; ventral side, pale 
 yellowish. While at least one species of Ophidiaster may 'occur in the warmer 
 coastal waters of Peru, it should be remembered that many animals, described in 
 Europe as from Peru, were really from the island of Peru in the Gilbert group, 
 and it is quite possible therefore that de Loriol's Ophidiaster is not from South 
 America. 
 
 Mithrodia bradleyi. 
 
 A. E. Verrill, 1867. Trans. Conn. Acad., 1, p. 288. 
 Plate 6, figure 1. 
 
 Although this species was not met with by Dr. Coker and has never been re- 
 corded from Soutli America, I include it for two reasons, neither of which alone 
 would warrant such a course. In the first place, it is a Panamic species with the 
 same general distribution as Pharia, Phataria, and others, and therefore will prob- 
 ably be found near Zorritos. In the second place, there is a single dry specimen 
 in the M. C. Z. collection, received in 1862 from the Academy of Natural Sciences 
 of Philadelphia, labeled simply " Arica, Peru." This specimen is of interest 
 because, while it is quite unlike specimens of bradleyi from the Gulf of Cali- 
 fornia, it resembles very closely in its general appearance, though not in pro- 
 portions, the "peculiar specimen" from the Hawaiian Islands, described and 
 figured by Fisher (1906, p. 1096, pi. 37, figs. 2-3). In the Peruvian specimen, 
 R = 135 mm., r = 15 mm., E. = 9r and the color is light brown ; other dry 
 specimens are nearly black. Fisher (1906) says the rays are usually unequal, and 
 in his largest Hawaiian specimen, R varied from 198' to 230 mm. In life, the 
 color is more or less vermilion red, light or dark or both. 
 
 Henricia hyadesi. 
 
 Cribrdla hyadesi E. Perrier, 1891. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn : Zool. 3, p. K100. 
 Plate 2, figure 5. 
 
 This is a species of the far south, which is admitted here on the strength of Meiss- 
 ner's (1896) identification of a number of specimens from Iquique, which is very 
 near the Chile-Peruvian line. It is a small species ; in the largest known speci- 
 
 c 
 
 r 
 
CLARK: THE ECHINODERMS OF PERU. 337 
 
 mens, R = 41 mm. The color in life is recorded as "ziegelroth oder gelbroth." 
 There is no longer any justification for the use of the name Cribrella, but the name 
 hyadesi does not seem to have been used hitherto in combination with the proper 
 generic name, Henricia. 
 
 Echinaster cribella. 
 C. F. Liitken, 1871. Vid. Med. f. 1871, p. 288. 
 
 This is another of those unsatisfactory species which has not been met with 
 since it was described. The type was not quite 74 mm. in diameter; nothing 
 is said as to its color. It was supposed to have come from Valparaiso. As Echi- 
 naster is a genus characteristic of warm seas, it is quite probable that it occurs on 
 the northern coasts of Peru, but it is hardly to be expected as far south as Val- 
 paraiso ; yet its distribution may be similar to that of Asterina chilensis. 
 
 Echinaster cylindricus. 
 M. Meissner, 1892. Arch. f. Naturg., 58, bd. 1, p. 184. 
 
 This species is based on a single specimen, said to have been taken at Callao, 
 Peru. In this specimen R = 80-90 mm. and also = 7-^r. The color is recorded 
 as "dark blackish brown." 
 
 Stichaster aurantiacus. 
 
 Asterias aurantiacus F. J. F. Meyen, 1834. Reise um die Erde, 1, p. 222. 
 Stichaiter aurantiacus A. E. Verrill, 1867. Trans. Conn. Acad., 1, p. 293. 
 
 Plate 8, figure 1. 
 
 This is one of the characteristic starfishes of the Chilean region. It reaches a 
 large size for a Stichaster, full-grown specimens having R = 120 mm. The color 
 in life is orange or red, but preserved specimens are dull yellowish or pale brown. 
 Specimens have been taken as far north as Callao and as far south as Talcahuano. 
 Dr. Coker met with this species on the rocky shores of the Pescadores Islands 
 and at North Chinca Island. Of the former his notes say, "Abundant; red; 
 brittle," and of the latter, " On rocky shores ; color red ; easily broken ; abundant." 
 
 Asterias gelatinosa. 
 
 F. J. F. Meyen, 1834. Reise um die Erde, 1, p. 222. 
 Plate 6, figure 9. 
 
 Although this species has not yet been recorded from north of Iquique, there 
 is good reason to believe it will be found in suitable localities along the southern 
 coast of Peru. It grows to a large size, full-grown specimens having R = 250 
 mm. and breadth of ray = 50 mm. According to Meyen's original description, 
 the upper surface is milky white, with the spines and tubercles bright orange. 
 Preserved specimens give no hint of such coloration, as they are dull brown or 
 various shades. 
 
338 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
 
 Heliaster polybrachius. 
 
 H. L. Clark, 1907. Bull. M. C. Z., 51, p. 54. 
 
 Plate 7, figure 1. 
 
 This interesting starfish is remarkable for its very limited range, as it is known 
 only from Zorritos, Payta, and the Lobos de Afuera Islands. The number of rays 
 ranges from 31 to 43 and averages rather more than 37. The largest specimen 
 seen is about 180 mm. across. Nothing is recorded of the color in life, but pre- 
 served specimens are dull greenish or blackish above, often marked with yellowish 
 blotches ; rarely the yellowish predominates ; spines and actinal surface yellowish. 
 Two specimens in the Coker collection were taken on the shore rocks of Lobos 
 de Afuera, March 27, 1907. 
 
 Heliaster helianthus. 
 
 Asterias hdianthus J. B. P. Lamarck, 1816. Anim. s. Vert., 2, p. 558. 
 
 Asterias (Heliaster} helianthus J. E. Gray, 1840. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist,, 6, p. 179. 
 
 Heliaster helianthus F. Dujardin et Hupe, 1862. Hist. Nat. Zooph. Ech., p. 344. 
 
 Plate 7, figure 2. 
 
 Meyen (1834) speaks of this as the " ausgezeiclmetesten " species of starfish 
 and it certainly must always rank as one of the most notable species, because of its 
 large size (300 mm. in diameter) and numerous rays (30-40). It ranges from^ 
 northern Ecuador (about 2 N. lat.) to Valparaiso, and seems to be very com- 
 mon, as it has been recorded by all collectors on that coast. Dr. Coker took speci- 
 mens at the Lobos de Afuera Islands, on the northeast side of San Lorenzo Island, 
 at the Pescadores Islands, and at Independencia Bay, south of Pisco. Of the 
 last, he says in his field notes, " white below ; above black with spines red." So 
 far as I can discover this is the only observation on the color of a living Heliaster 
 which has ever been recorded, and it shows that the dull shades (blackish and 
 yellowish) of preserved specimens give no clue to the fine coloration of the living 
 starfish. 
 
 Brittle-Stars. Ophiuroidea. 
 
 The brittle-stars comprise an astonishingly small part of the Peruvian 
 fauna, especially when it is remembered that not less than thirty species 
 occur at Panama, most of which might reasonably be expected to occur 
 as far south as Payta. While lack of attractive reefs and bottoms may 
 account for the absence of some species, it is probable that more inten- 
 sive collecting will increase the number considerably. The ten species 
 herein recorded represent seven genera, none of which is characteristic of 
 the region ; all but one or two are cosmopolitan. Yet, strangely enough, 
 five of the species ar not known outside of the Chile-Peruvian region, 
 
CLARK: THE ECHINODERMS OF PERU. 339 
 
 while four of the remaining five are Panamic. The origin of the ophiu- 
 ran fauna is unquestionably Panamic; indeed, there is not a single 
 species which seems to have come into the Peruvian fauna from the 
 south, unless Amphiodia chilensis is a possible exception. 
 
 In referring to the external features of a brittle-star it is customary to speak of 
 the body as the disc, and the rays as arms. On the sides of the arms, in parallel 
 vertical series, are borne the more or less conspicuous arm-spinet. On the upper 
 surface of the disc lie the radial shields, a pair of plates at the base of each arm ; 
 they are sometimes covered by granules or small scales and so appear to be 
 wanting. Ac the center of the lower surface of the disc is the mouth, made up of 
 five radial slits meeting at a common center ; between each pair of slits is a trian- 
 gular or wedge-shaped interradial jaw, along the margins of which are the mouth- 
 papillae ; these papillae show great diversity in size, form, and position, and are of 
 particular importance in classification ; in Ophiothrix and ome other genera they 
 are quite wanting. 
 
 Key to the Brittle-Stars of the Peruvian Coast. 
 
 Arms simple and unbranched. 
 Disc closely covered with a fine granulation ; arm-spines short and 
 
 appressed Ophioderma panamense 
 
 Disc not granulated but covered with more or less distinct scales ; arm- 
 spines not appressed. 
 
 Disc-scales smooth and free from spines and spinelets. 
 Lower surface of disc (between arms) covered with scales ; 3 mouth- 
 papillae on each side of jaw. 
 
 Outermost mouth-papilla very wide, equalling or exceeding the two 
 inner ones taken together ; size small, disc 2-3 mm. in diam- 
 eter ; arm-spines more or less pointed. 
 
 Disc-scales indistinct even when dry, appearing as though 
 covered by a thin skin ; arm-spines wide and very flat ; no 
 white spot at outer end of radial shield . . Amphipholis laevidisca 
 Disc-scales very distinct ; arm-spines slender and sharp ; radial 
 
 shields more or less white at outer end . . . Amphipholis pugetana 
 Outermost mouth-papilla not conspicuously wider than the others ; 
 size large, disc 5-12 mm. in diameter ; arm-spines stout and 
 very blunt. 
 
 Radial shields large, their length more than one-third radius 
 of disc ; disc-scales coarse, fewer than 10 radial series in 
 each interradial area above and only 100-200 scales in 
 
 each interbnichial space below Amphiodia grisea 
 
 Radial shields small, their length about one-fourth of radius 
 of disc ; disc-scales small, about 15 radial series in each 
 interradial area and 500-1000 scales in each interbrachial 
 space below ? . . Amphiodia chilensis 
 
 J* : 'i 
 
340 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
 
 Lower surface of disc naked ; jaws narrow with only two papillae 
 on each side, a squarish one at apex and a small one at outer cor- 
 ner ; 3 slender, sharp arm-spines Hemipholis gracilis 
 
 Disc-scales with more or fewer spines or spinelets, at least near margin. 
 Disc with only a few spinelets, and these short, smooth, and chiefly 
 
 near margin of disc ; radial shields small Ophiactis kroyeri 
 
 Disc covered with thorny spines or stumps or both ; radial shields 
 very large. 
 Disc with long slender spines and few or no thorny stumps 
 
 Ophiothrix magnified 
 Disc with numerous thorny stumps, often with spines also 
 
 Ophiothrix spiculata 
 Arms dichotomously branched Gorgonocephalus panamensis 
 
 Ophioderma panamense. 
 
 C. F. Lutken, 1859. Add. ad. Hist. Oph., pt. 2, p. 91. 
 Plate 8, figure 2. 
 
 Although this species has not been recorded from Peru, it is a common Panamic 
 species, and it is not strange therefore that the " Hassler " expedition should have 
 found it at Payta. There is a single specimen from that locality in the M. C. Z. 
 collection. Adult specimens are as much as 25 mm. across the disc, with arms 
 110-115 mm. long. The color is "greenish gray or brownish, sometimes with a 
 central light spot ; arms similar in color, banded with lighter and darker. Lower 
 surface grayish or greenish white" (Verrill). 
 
 Amphipholis laevidisca. 
 H. L. Clark, 1909. Mem. Aust. Mus., 4, p. 541. 
 
 This species was taken by the " Hassler " at Talcahuano and has not been met 
 with since. It closely resembles A. squamata and was originally recorded as that 
 species, but seems to be quite distinct. The small size and plain colors render 
 these little brittle-stars so inconspicuous they are ordinarily overlooked. The type 
 is about three millimeters across the disc and has lost whatever color markings it 
 may have had ; there is no indication that the outer ends of the radial shields were 
 
 ever lighter colored than the disc itself. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Amphipholis pugetana. 
 
 Amphiura Pugetana T. Lyman, 1868. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 7, p. 193. 
 Amphipholis pugetana A. E. Verrill, 1899. Trans. Conn. Acad., 10, p. 312. 
 
 Plate 9, figure 2. 
 
 It is only after much hesitation that I have referred to this species, five small 
 specimens, dredged by Dr. Coker in 2 fathoms off the northeast side of San Lo- 
 renzo Island, near Callao, on February 5, 1907. They are certainly Amphipholis, 
 
CLARK: THE ECHINODERMS OF PERU. 341 
 
 and they are not A. laevidisca, but they are not well enough preserved to make it 
 clear whether they are squamata or pugetana. It seems better, for the present, to 
 consider them the latter. 
 
 Amphiodia grisea. 
 
 Amphipholis grisea A. Ljungman, 1867. Ofv. Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Forh., 23, p. 313. 
 Amphiodia grisea A. E. Verrill, 1899. Trans. Conn. Acad., 10, p. 313. 
 
 No one has met with this species since its original description, which was based 
 on a specimen from Guayaquil, Ecuador. It will probably be found on the north- 
 era coast of Peru. The type has the disc 7.3 mm. across and arms 35 mm. long. 
 
 Amphiodia chilensis. 
 
 Ophiolepis chilensis J. Miiller and F. Troschel, 1843. Arch. f. Naturg., 9, bd. 1, 
 
 p. 120. 
 Amphiodia chilensis A. E. Verrill, 1899. Trans. Conn. Acad., 10, p. 313. 
 
 Plate 9, figure 1. 
 
 Originally described as from " Chili," this species has since been taken at Tal- 
 calmano by the " Hassler " expedition and at Calbuco by Plate. It is probably a 
 southern species and its occurrence on the coast of Peru is doubtful. The adult 
 
 has the disc 10-12 mm. across, and arms 70-100 mm. long. 
 
 
 
 Hemipholis gracilis. 
 A. E. Verrill, 1867. Trans. Conn. Acad., 1, p. 262. 
 
 This is a Pauamic species, of which Ljungman had a specimen from Guayaquil ; 
 otherwise it is not known from south of Panama. Ljungman (1867) described 
 his specimen as Hemipholis affinis^ but Verrill's name has about two months' pri- 
 ority and has been generally accepted. In adult specimens the disc is 5-6 mm. 
 across, and the arms 10-50 mm. long. The color is given by Verrill as light 
 greenish gray (in alcohol), the arms banded with whitish ; radial shields green ; 
 beneath white. 
 
 Ophiactis kroyeri. 
 
 C. F. Lutken, 1856. Vid. Med. f. 1856, p. 24. 
 
 Plate 9, figure 3. 
 
 This is the one well-defined, characteristic brittle-star of the Chile-Peruvian 
 region. It has, however, been recorded from the Hawaiian Islands, and if its oc- 
 currence there is confirmed, its distribution is very remarkable, for unlike the star- 
 fish, Mithrodia bradleyi, which also occurs in the Hawaiian group, this Ophiactis 
 is not otherwise known from north of the equator. On the South American coast 
 between Payta, Peru, and Talcahuano, Chile, kroyeri appears to be very common. 
 It is a small species, adults being about 6 mm. across the disc, with arms 18-20 mm. 
 long, and the color is inconspicuous, reddish or purplish brown. Dr. Coker 
 
342 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
 
 found this species off the northeast side of San Lorenzo Island, near Callao ; in 
 Ancon Bay, on a muddy bottom, 9 fathoms, and also among shells and sea-weed ; 
 and in the Bay of Sechura in 5 fathoms. There are no notes in regard to appear- 
 ance or habits. 
 
 Ophiothrix magnifica. 
 
 T. Lyman, 1868. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 7, p. 254. 
 Plate 9, figure 4. 
 
 This handsome brittle-star is known only from the coast of Peru, between Payta 
 and Callao, arid from the Galapagos Islands. It grows to a fairly large size, the 
 disc 10-15 mm. in diameter, the arms 50-75 mm. long. Like most species of the 
 genus the color is more or less variable ; in preserved specimens it varies from 
 light gray to dark blue ; the radial shields may be mottled with very dark and 
 very light shades, almost black and white, or the inner half of the shield may be 
 dark and the outer half white ; in some specimens a longitudinal white stripe on 
 the upper surface of the arm is faintly indicated. Dr. Coker met with this species 
 only in the Bay of Sechura. From a comparison of many specimens of magnifica 
 collected at Payta, with a still larger series of the following species (spiculata) 
 from a number of localities, I have reached the conclusion that the two forms 
 intergrade so completely that they are probably identical. As such a question can 
 much better be decided from fresh or living material, it has seemed best to keep 
 the two forms separate. 
 
 Ophiothrix spiculata. 
 J. Le Conte, 1851. Proc. Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci., 5, p. 318. 
 
 This is a common and wide-spread Panamic species, somewhat smaller than the 
 preceding and more variable in color. Dr. Coker took it in the Bay of Sechura 
 and near Capon, and it has also been taken at Payta and Zorritos. The specimens 
 in the Coker collection from Capon were found living in a sponge, but nothing 
 else is noted as to habits. 
 
 Gorgonocephalus panamensis, 
 
 Astrophyton panamense A. E. Verrill, 1867. Trans. Conn. Acad., 1, p. 251. 
 Gorgonocephalus panamensit T. Lyman, 1882. Kept. voy. " Challenger," 5, p. 264. 
 
 According to Verrill (1. c.), this species ranges from La Paz, Mexico, to Zorri- 
 tos, Peru, but it was not met with by Dr. Coker. The size of an adult is, disc 
 35 mm. in diameter, arms 140-150 mm. long. The color of dried specimens is 
 yellowish brown. 
 
 Sea-Urchins. Bchinoidea. 
 
 The sea-urchins rank next to the star-fishes both in number of species 
 found on the Peruvian ceast and in number of species characteristic of 
 
CLARK: THE ECHINODERMS OF PERU. 343 
 
 the region. Several species reach a large size, and at least one (Strongy- 
 locentrotus albus) is of considerable importance as an article of food. Of 
 the twelve species, five are characteristic of the region, though one of these 
 has been taken at the Galapagos Islands. Six of the remaining species are 
 Panamic forms, while the seventh is characteristic of the southeastern 
 Pacific Islands and its occurrence on the American coast is exceedingly 
 doubtful. The twelve species represent nine genera, six of which occur 
 in the West Indian region, two are characteristically Pacific, and one 
 (Tetrapygus) is peculiar to the Peruvian region. With the exception of 
 Strongylocentrotus albus, which probably has come up the coast from the 
 south, all of the species have doubtless come from the north, and it is 
 interesting that no fewer than four of them have differentiated into well- 
 characterized forms. 
 
 The shell, or more properly test, of a sea-urchin to be well examined should 
 be dry, and partly or wholly cleaned from the spines which cover it. It is made 
 up of vertical columns of plates ; in all living species there are twenty of these 
 columns, and in most sea-urchins the plates are so firmly united with each other 
 that the test is hard and unyielding. At the upper end of each pair of columns there 
 is a single plate, and these ten plates form in the " regular echini " a ring around 
 the periproct, the field in which lies the anus, while in " irregular echini " they 
 form a solid group, the periproct lying outside of them, usually on the lower sur- 
 face of the test. When the periproct lies outside of them, they form the abactinal 
 system, but when the periproct is within, it is also included in the term " abactinal 
 system." Examination of the columns of plates which make up the test will 
 show that these columns are not only arranged in ten pairs, but that the plates 
 of alternate pairs are perforated for the passage of tube-feet; there are thus five 
 double columns of perforated plates (i. e. with tube-feet) called the ambulacra, 
 and alternating with them five double columns of unperforated plates, the inter- 
 ambulacra. The perforations in the ambulacral plates are in pairs and these 
 pore-pairs may be arranged in a vertical series on each side of an ambulacrum. 
 Often however they are arranged in oblique arcs of three or more in each plate. 
 In the abactinal system the five plates at the upper ends of the ambulacra are 
 called oculars and the five at the ends of the interambulacra, genitals. Usually the 
 genitals being larger than the oculars are readily distinguishable by their size, and 
 in the great majority of sea-urchins three or more oculars lie outside the genitals 
 (i. e. away from the anus). But the exact arrangement of the plates of the abac- 
 tinal system shows great diversity in different families and genera. One of the 
 genitals, usually easily distinguished by its larger size, is perforated with nu- 
 merous small pores. This genital is known as the madreporic plate. The ambu- 
 lacrum at the left side of the madreporic plate is considered anterior, i. e. it marks 
 the anterior end of the animal. The test itself is more or less fully covered with 
 
344 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPAEATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
 
 spines, which are often borne on the abactinal system too ; when the spines are 
 large and conspicuous, they are called primaries ; smaller ones are called secon- 
 daries; the smallest are miliaries. In some flattened Echini the ambulacra on the 
 upper surface are laterally expanded in a conspicuous manner, and from their fan- 
 cied resemblance to a flower, each is called a petal. On the flat, lower surface of 
 some species the ambulacra are indicated by furrows radiating from the mouth, 
 but the pores are exceedingly small and difficult to see. The furrows divide 
 on leaving the mouth and diverge steadily until near the margin of the test, when 
 they abruptly converge and disappear without meeting. These ambulacral fur- 
 rows are concealed by the spines and in most specimens can only be followed 
 on the bare test. 
 
 Key to the Sea-Urchins of the Peruvian Coast. 
 
 Anus vertically opposite mouth, which is at center of lower surface and 
 
 provided with jaws and teeth. 
 Periproct covered by 4 (rarely 5 or even more) approximately equal 
 
 plates. 
 Color black or deep purple ; numerous secondary spines present 
 
 Tetrapygus niger 
 
 General coloration reddish brown ; no secondary spines. 
 
 Plates of abactinal system and adjoining bare interambulacral 
 
 areas, so finely granular as to have an almost velvety appearance, 
 
 prettily marked with deep red in contrast to gray or whitish 
 
 ground color ; usually no ocular plate (sometimes one) reaches 
 
 periproct Arbacia stellata 
 
 Plates of abactinal system and adjoining bare interambulacral areas, 
 coarsely granular, not marked with deep red ; one, two, or three 
 
 ocular plates reach the periproct Arbacia spatuligera 
 
 Periproct covered by many small unequal plates. 
 Test (except the flattened lower side) covered by short, very stout, 
 truncate spines, forming a close, smooth pavement over the 
 
 whole Podophora pedifera 
 
 Test almost completely covered by unequal, more or less elongated 
 
 and pointed spines. 
 Test longer than wide, though often only slightly so ; color, dark 
 
 purplish'or deep reddish brown Echinometra van brunti 
 
 Test with circular outline ; color, more or less greenish. 
 Ambulacra with 4 (rarely 5 or 6) pairs of pores in each 
 
 arc Strongylocentrotus gibbosvs 
 
 Ambulacra with 8-10 pairs of pores in each arc 
 
 Strongylocentrotus albus 
 Anus not vertically opposite mouth, the line connecting them being 
 
 approximately horizontal. 
 
 Test very flat with a deep notch in the margin of each ambula- 
 crum, or a broad slit (lunule) formed by the closing of this notch at 
 
CLARK : THE ECHINODERMS OF PERU. 345 
 
 its outer end ; a lunule also in posterior interambulacrum ; mouth 
 with jaws and teeth. 
 
 Size large, 100 mm. and upwards in length ; brown or gray 
 with a purplish tinge ; width of area enclosed between two 
 branches of an ambulacral furrow on lower surface, where 
 
 widest, .40 or more of its length Encope micropora 
 
 Size small, rarely exceeding 60 mm. in length. 
 
 Anus only 5-6 mm. back of mouth ; color deep green Mellita pacijica 
 Anus 9-10 mm. back of mouth ; color not green . . Mellita stokesii 
 Test not flat, without lunules or notches ; no jaws or teeth. 
 
 Size large, up to 70 mm. ; test somewhat flattened ; some con- 
 spicuous primary spines (or tubercles) on upper surface; 
 anterior petals hardly as long as posterior, each containing a 
 
 somewhat triangular area Lovenia cordiformis 
 
 Size small, rarely exceeding 25 mm. in length ; test about as high 
 as wide ; no conspicuous primaries ; anterior petals narrow, 
 more than twice as long as posterior pair. . . . Agassizia scrobiculata 
 
 Tetrapygus niger. 
 
 Echinus niger G. I. Molina, 1782. Saggio St. Nat. Chili, p. 175. 
 
 Echinocidaris (Tetrapyyus) niyra L. Agassiz et E. Desor, 1846. Ann. Sci. Nat., 6. 
 
 p. 354. 
 
 Arbacia nigra A. Agassiz, 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., 1, p. 20. 
 Tetrapygus niger A. Agassiz and H. L. Clark, 1908. Mem. M. C. Z., 34, p. 73. 
 
 Plate 10, figure 1. 
 
 This is one of the characteristic sea-urchins of the west coast of South America, 
 and may be easily recognized by the very dark color and nearly hemispherical 
 test. It reaches a large size, full-grown specimens being 75 mm. or even more in 
 diameter. It ranges from Payta, Peru, to southern Chile. Dr. Coker met with 
 this species at La Punta, near Callao ; on rocks between tide-lines, Feriol Bay 
 near Chimbote ; on the rocky shores of the Pescadores Islands, where it was abun- 
 dant ; and at Independencia Bay, south of Pisco, on the rocky shores of Isla Vieja. 
 Of the last, Dr. Coker's notes say: "Black, sometimes with a tinge of violet. 
 Local name ' Gallinazos ' or ' Erizos Gallinazos.' ' Gallinazo ' is the turkey-buzzard, 
 but the name is also generally applied to the black sea-urchin." 
 
 Arbacia stellata. .>s' t 
 
 Echinus stellatus H. D. de Blainville, 1825. Diet. Sci. Nat., 37, p. 76. 
 Arbacia stellata J. E. Gray, 1835. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 38. 
 
 According to Verrill (1867), this common Panamic species occurs at Payta and 
 Zorritos, Peru, but it was not met with by Dr. Coker. Large specimens may be 
 60 mm. in diameter, but most individuals are considerably smaller. 
 
346 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
 
 Arbacia spatuligera. 
 
 Echinus (Agarites) spatuliger A. Valenciennes, 1846. Voy. Venus Zoophytes, pi. 5, 
 
 fig. 2. 
 Arbacia spatuligera A. Agassiz, 1872. Rev. Ech., pt. 1, p. 93. 
 
 Plate 10, figure 2. 
 
 This characteristic species ranges from Guayaquil to southern Chile. Although 
 not so large as Tetrapygus niger, its spines are so much longer (40-45 mm.) that 
 adults (65-70 mm. in diameter) cover a greater area and look fully as large. 
 Dr. Coker met with spatuligera at San Lorenzo Island near Callao, and in the Bay 
 of Sechura, about half way between Bayovar and Matacabella, in 5-6 fathoms. 
 There are no notes to show the character of the bottom or the appearance or hab- 
 its of the living animal. 
 
 Podophora pedifera. 
 
 Echinus pedifer H. D. de Blainville, 1825. Diet. Sci. Nat., 37, p. 97. 
 Podophora pedifera L. Agassiz et E. Desor, 1846. Ann. Sci. Nat., 6, p. 374. 
 
 Plate 11, figure 2. 
 
 This remarkable sea-urchin has long been known from the southern Pacific 
 islands and was found common in the Paumotus by the "Albatross " in 1899- 
 1900, " on the 8eaface of the reef, exposed to the full force of the surf " (A. Agas- 
 siz, 1908). Although there are specimens in the M. C. Z. collection labeled 
 " Peru," " Chile," " Callao," and " Valparaiso," no recent collectors have met 
 with Podophora on the American coast and it is highly improbable that it occurs 
 there. Yet it has seemed well to include and figure it, in the hope that some 
 Peruvian or Chilean cpllector may verify its occurrence or prove its absence. 
 
 Echinometra van brunti. 
 
 A. Agassiz, 1863. Bull. M. C. Z., 1, p. 21. 
 
 Plate 11, figure 1. 
 
 This well-known Panamic species has been reported from Zorritos, Peru, by 
 Verrill (1867), but it was not met with by Dr. Coker. Large specimens may be 
 75-80 mm. long, with the breadth rather more than nine-tenths as much. 
 
 Strongylocentrotus gibbosus. 
 
 Echinus (Toxopneustes) gibbosus L. Agassiz et E. Desor, 1846. Ann. Sci. Nat., 6, 
 
 p. 367. 
 Strong ylocentrotus gibbosus A. Agassiz, 1872. Rev. Ech., pt. 1, p. 164. 
 
 Plate 13, figure 8. 
 
 Among the sea-urchins of South America this species offers the most interesting 
 subjects for investigation owing to the fact that in the very great majority of 
 specimens (in museums at least) the test, and especially the abactinal system, is 
 
CLARK: THE ECHINODERMS OF PERU. 347 
 
 more or less distorted by the presence of a parasitic crab (Fabia chilensis Dana). 
 In specimens of gibbosus, less than ten millimeters in diameter, there is no evi- 
 dence of the presence of the crab ; the test is symmetrical and all of the ocular 
 plates are excluded (by the large genitals) from the periproct. In larger speci- 
 mens, however, the abactinal system shows the effect of the parasite, and in adults 
 the whole periproct and the ring of genital and ocular plates are more or less 
 profoundly modified. The number of ocular plates in contact with the periproct 
 ranges, in adults, from one to five, but as a rule the anterior ocular and the two 
 of the left side are in contact, while the two on the right side are exsert. Very 
 rarely one sees an adult gibbosus which appears to be free from the parasite, but 
 even in such specimens it is the left side which has the insert oculars. Among 
 the many questions which arise in connection with this interesting case of sym- 
 biosis, are these : Is this symbiosis, with some mutual advantage, or is it pure 
 parasitism ? Is it only the urchins in shallow water, near shore, or also individ- 
 uals in deep water, which are attacked by the crab? At what stage of its own 
 development does the crab enter the urchin ? How does it enter and how does it 
 avoid being cast off ? Does the presence of the crab cause the ultimate death of 
 its host ? Does the crab leave a dead host or does it die too ? How does the 
 crab distinguish gibbosus from S. albus and other Echini ? 
 
 The adult gibbosus may be 60 mm. in diameter, but the great majority of spec- 
 imens seen are under 50. The green coloration is often modified by red (or red- 
 dish brown) tips on the spines. This species seems to be most common in the 
 region between Payta and Callao, but there is a small specimen in the M. C. Z. 
 collection labeled " Valparaiso," and it is probable that the range extends from 
 the Gulf of Guayaquil southwards at least along the shores of northern Chile. 
 Dr. Coker took specimens " with short spines of olive-green color, off northeast 
 side of San Lorenzo Island, in about 2 fathoms " ; others " from the rocks be- 
 tween tide-lines, northeast end of Ferrol Bay, Chimbote, March 1," 1907, where 
 they were " abundant " and had the " spines olive-green, reddish at tips " ; 
 others, " olive-green," were " collected from the rocks in two feet of water (at half 
 tide), at Lobos de Afuera, ... on the bay called ' Independencia.' " 
 
 Meissner (1896) makes the rather surprising error of recording this species from 
 Iquique as Strongylocentrotus albus ; he says all the specimens were more or less 
 deformed by the presence of the crab ; the field note quoted calls them " rother 
 seeigel." If it were not for the very full synonymy given, one might regard the 
 error as a slip of the pen ; as it is, it is difficult to explain. 
 
 Strongylocentrotus albus. 
 
 Echinus albus G. I. Molina, 1782. Saggio St. Nat. Chili, p. 175. 
 Strongylocentrotus albus A. Agassiz, 1872. Rev. Ech., pt. 1, p. 162. 
 
 , Plate 12, figure 1. 
 
 This is the largest of the sea-urchins of the west coast of South America, and 
 of special interest because it is the only echinoderm of that region which serves 
 
348 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
 
 as food for man. Large specimens may be as much as 120 mm. in diameter. 
 The color is more or less uniformly green, though the tips of the spines may be 
 reddish, or, in young specimens, quite red. The range of albus is from Callao to 
 the southern part of Chile. Dr. Coker met with this species at Mollendo, where 
 he says it is " valued as food," and on the rocky shores of Isla Vieja, Indepen- 
 dencia Bay, south of Pisco ; of these latter he says : " The spines are green ; 
 those on the lower part of the sides are reddish ; the corona appearing between 
 the spines, deep red or reddish chestnut. These are the edible ' erizos ' which 
 are so highly esteemed. This form does not seem to be common north of Inde- 
 pendencia. (The forms common at Callao are rarely eaten.)" 
 
 Encope micropora. 
 
 L. Agassiz, 1841. Mon. Scut., p. 50. 
 
 Plate 13, figure 1. 
 
 This is a Panamic species ranging from the Gulf of California (Guaymas) to 
 the Galapagos Islands and Peru. It reaches a large size, individuals occasionally 
 exceeding 150 mm. in length. The color is variable, ranging from brown to gray. 
 Dr. Coker took a number of specimens of this Encope " with dredge and trawl 
 Bay of Sechura west of Matacaballa ; about 5 fathoms in depth. April 8," 
 1907. These specimens are all more or less rubbed, and are of a light purplish 
 gray color. 
 
 Mellita pacifica. 
 A. E. Verrill, 1867. Trans. Conn. Acad., 1, p. 313. 
 
 The type specimen of this interesting form was from Zorritos, Peru, and the 
 species has not been taken elsewhere. The type measured about 55 mm. in 
 length and was a trifle broader. The color of the dried specimen was deep green, 
 but it is quite possible that in life it was red-brown, for the red-brown shades of 
 clypeastroids have the remarkable property of becoming green, especially after 
 death. 
 
 Mellita stokesii. 
 
 Encope stokesii L. Agassiz, 1841. Mon. Scut., p. 59. 
 Mellita stokesii A. Agassiz, 1872. Rev. Ech., pt 1, p. 141. 
 
 Plate 13, figure 3. 
 
 Were it not for the differences shown by the internal structure of the test, I 
 should have no doubt that this is simply the young of Encope micropora, but 
 those differences are so striking it is hard to believe they are due to age only. 
 The smallest Encope before me is so much larger than the largest stokesii that a 
 fair comparison is not possible and the true relationship of the two forms must 
 remain undetermined. The distribution of stokesii is not merely throughout the 
 
CLARK: THE ECHINODERMS OF PERU. 349 
 
 Panamic region but extends to the Galapagos Islands. Dr. Coker met with it 
 only in a tide pond at La Boca Grande, Tumbes. These specimens are gray, 
 with an evident purple tinge, and show no trace of the " greenish brown " or 
 " olive " color, to which Verrill (1867) and A. Agassiz (1873) refer. The largest 
 specimen is 63 mm. across, the width slightly exceeding the length. 
 
 Lovenia cordiformis. 
 
 A. Agassiz, 1872. Bull. M. C. Z., 3, p. 67. 
 
 Plate 13, figure 3. 
 
 This is a Panamic species recorded from Guayaquil by Liitken, and although 
 not met with by Dr. Coker it probably occurs on the northern coast of Peru. 
 It is light brown in color, judging from dry specimens, with a decidedly rosy 
 tinge above, especially on the long spines, and yellowish underneath. The test is 
 markedly longer than wide and wider than high ; about 50 X 36 X 21 mm. in 
 a fully grown individual. 
 
 Agassizia scrobiculata. 
 
 A. Valenciennes, 1846. Voy. Venus Zoophytes, pi. 1, fig. 2. 
 Plate 13, figure 4. 
 
 Originally described from Peru, this curious little sea-urchin has since been 
 found throughout the Panamic region. Verrill (1871) gives the measurements 
 of a large specimen as follows : length, 43 mm. ; width, 40 mm. ; height, 31 mm. 
 The color of preserved specimens is light brown or yellowish gray. Dr. Coker 
 met with this species at Capon, and states that it is common on the mud-flats, 
 where it is known by the local name " Chimpanzas." 
 
 Sea-Cucumbers. Holothurioidea. 
 
 The holothurians are the least known, and appear to be the least 
 common, of the classes of echinoderms on the Peruvian coast. Al- 
 though seven species are given in the following list, one is known only 
 from the original description of a specimen labeled " Peru," a second is 
 very unsatisfactorily known from a specimen labeled " Chile " but 
 belonging to a warm-water genus, a third is known from Mexico and 
 from Patagonia and hence is assumed to occur in Peruvian waters, and 
 a fourth is a Panamic species, hitherto very little known. Of the 
 remaining thrtee, two are southern species, which only reach the lower 
 coast of Peru. Consequently there remains only a single common and 
 well-distributed holothurian on the Peruvian coast. In view of these 
 facts it is futile to discuss the origin of the holothurian fauna. It is 
 only necessary to add that the nearest relative of the common Phyllo- 
 phorus of Peru is apparently some one of the Australasian species. 
 
 1 
 
350 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
 
 The more or less elongate body of a holothurian terminates anteriorly in a 
 circle of tentacles surrounding the mouth, but these are very sensitive and highly 
 contractile organs and when the animal is alarmed or irritated, they are withdrawn 
 (or folded) into the anterior end of the body-cavity and the body appears to 
 terminate in a blunt point. Preserved holothurians are usually in this condition 
 unless some artificial means are used to prevent the contraction. The tentacles 
 differ in form in different groups, but among Peruvian holothurians they are either 
 arborescent, i. e. irregularly branched from near the base, or peltate, i. e. the 
 branches are confined to the tip, where they form a more or less flat and circular 
 disk. The body of a holothurian is more or less soft and smooth, but carries, 
 either scattered all over the surface, or confined to five longitudinal areas (the 
 ambulacra), little outgrowths or projections which like the tentacles are highly 
 contractile. When these end in a flat sucking disc, they are called pedicels or 
 tube-feet, but when more or less pointed, they are papillae. Papillae are often 
 borne on large conical elevations called warts. The positive identification of 
 holothurians is only possible when the internal anatomy and the calcareous 
 particles in the skin (usually microscopic) are carefully examined. 
 
 Key to the Sea-Cucumbers of the Peruvian Coast. 
 
 Tentacles peltate. 
 Body with large warts and conical papillae on the back and sides 
 
 Stichopus fuscus 
 
 Body without warts but covered by numerous pedicels . . Holothuria c.hilensis 
 Tentacles arborescent. 
 
 Tentacles 20, or sometimes fewer, either equal or more or less unequal 
 
 in size Phyllophorus peruvicinm 
 
 Tentacles 10. 
 
 Pedicels arranged in more or less distinct series confined to the ambu- 
 lacra, at least on the ventral surface. 
 Pedicels in distinct series along the dorsal ambulacra; body 
 
 elongated as usual in holothurians. 
 
 Pedicels relatively few in two series along each ambu- 
 lacrum Cucumaria leonina 
 
 Pedicels more numerous, in, three or four series along each 
 
 ambulacrum Cucumaria godeffroyi 
 
 Pedicels wanting on back, but papillae present ; body with ends 
 
 upturned and thus ascidian-shaped Colochirus peruanus 
 
 Pedicels numerous, irregularly scattered all over body .... Thyone gibber 
 
 Stichopus fuscus. 
 H. Ludwig, 1874. Arb. Zool.-Zoot. Inst. Wurzburg, 2, p. 21. 
 
 This species has been recorded from San Diego, California ; Mazatlan, Mexico ; 
 Machalilla, Ecuador, and the west coast of Patagonia (see Ludwig, 1898a) and 
 therefore doubtless occurs in the Chile-Peruvian region. It reaches a length of 
 
CLARK: THE ECHINODERMS OF PERU. 351 
 
 several hundred millimeters and the wart-like papillae of the back may be 5 mm. 
 in diameter at base and 3-4 mm. high. The color in life, of the Ecuadorian 
 specimen, was red. 
 
 Holothuria chilensis. 
 C. Semper, 1868. Reisen im Arch. d. Phil., 2 Th., 1, 5 heft, p. 249. 
 
 Nothing is known of this species beyond what is given in the original descrip- 
 tion, which was based on a specimen in the Hamburg Museum, labeled " Chile," 
 and even the type specimen is no longer extant. As the genus is characteristic 
 of the tropics and is well represented in the Panamic region, it probably occurs 
 on the coast of Peru, and if the type of chilensis really came from Chile, that 
 species is the one we should naturally expect to find. The specimen of H. vaga- 
 bunda in the Stockholm Museum, labeled "Peru " (see Theel, 1886), is doubtless 
 from " Peru " in the Gilbert Islands and not from South America. 
 
 Phyllophorus peruvianue. 
 
 Holothuria (Mulleria, Flemm.) peruviana R. P. Lesson, 1830. Cen. Zool., p. 124. 
 
 Anaperus peruanus F. Troschel, 1846. Arch. f. Naturg., 12, Bd. 1, p. 61. 
 
 Pattalus mollis Selenka, 1868. Zeit. f. w. Zool., 18, p. 113. 
 
 Thyonidium peruanum Semper, 1868. Reisen im Arch. d. Phil., 2 Th., 1, 2 heft, p. 67 
 
 Thyonidium molle Semper, 1868. Op. cit., 5 heft, p. 243. 
 
 Thyone (Stolus) chilensis Semper, 1868. Op. cit., 5 heft, p. 241. 
 
 Pattalus peruvianus Verrill, 1868. Trans. Conn. Acad., 1, p. 376. 
 
 Eucyclus duplicatus Lampert, 1885. Die seewalzen, p. 290. 
 
 Phyllophorus chilensis Ludwig, 1887. SB. Akad. Berlin, No. 54, p. 24. 
 
 Phyllophorus mollis Ludwig, 1892. Die seewalzen, p. 347. 
 
 Plate 14, figure 1. 
 
 The above list of synonyms is by no means complete, but is sufficient to show 
 how frequently this holothurian has served as the basis for a new name. This is 
 due, not to any unusual variability, but to the unequal development of its numer- 
 ous tentacles and to the very great (and usually unequal) contraction they undergo 
 in death. Very few preserved specimens show twenty equally large and symmet- 
 rically arranged tentacles; typically ten tentacles are large and ten small, and 
 commonly in such specimens the small tentacles are arranged in five pairs 
 alternating more or less perfectly with the five pairs of large ones ; in some speci- 
 mens the tentacles appear to form two concentric circles. There can be very little 
 doubt that the names given above all refer to the same animal. One of the speci- 
 mens before me is almost exactly like Lesson's type in that it seems to have but 
 eight tentacles and these are large and about equal ; dissection shows, however, 
 the remaining tentacles of very unequal size, strongly contracted and withdrawn 
 into the body. Ludwig (1898 b), while inclined to the view that Lesson's species 
 is identical with Seleuka's, thinks Troschel's species and Semper's Thyone chilensis 
 are different. He bases his opinion concerning the former on Troschel's statement 
 
352 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
 
 that anal teeth or at least calcareous anal papillae are present, whereas in P. peru- 
 vianus there is no trace of them. In view of the individual diversity shown by 
 holothurians in the amount of calcification of the papillae near the anus, I do not 
 think this objection outweighs TrosehePs own opinion that his species was iden- 
 tical with Lesson's, and the fact that his having many specimens indicates that 
 the species was the common holotlmrian of Peru. As regards chilensis, Ludwig 
 maintains the separation of Semper's species from Seleuka's on the strength of 
 differences in color, calcareous ring, stone-canals and polian vessels. The exami- 
 nation of the specimens in the Coker collection has satisfied me that these differ- 
 ences are not specific, red individuals showing the characters (in their internal 
 anatomy) which ought to go witli green color and vice versa. Ludwig states that 
 Plate regarded these supposed species as varieties which he designated as " die 
 rothe " and " die grime " ; he found both forms under rocks at Iquique and Ca- 
 vancha near Iquique. The largest specimen was 200 mm. long, 60 mm. thick. 
 Coker found this species at La Punta, Callao, and north of there at the Pescadores 
 Islands, Ancon, and in the Bay of Ferrol, near Chimbote. The known range is 
 from Payta, Peru, to Talcahuauo, Chile. Of the specimens in the Coker collec- 
 tion, those from La Punta are olive-green, those from Pescadores Island reddish 
 purple, one from Bay of Ferrol bright purplish red, and those from " beach drift " 
 at Ancon dull black. They show equal diversity in the structure of the calcareous 
 ring, but the differences do not correlate with either color or locality. It seems 
 to me, therefore, that we have in Phyllophorus peruvianus a well-characterized 
 but somewhat variable species, the diverse forms and peculiarities of which offer a 
 most interesting field of investigation to any one so situated that fresh material, 
 especially of growth stages, is available. 
 
 Cucumaria leonina. 
 
 C. Semper, 1868. Reisen im Arch. d. Phil., 2 Th., 1, 2 heft, p. 53. 
 
 Ludwig (1898 a) has given a full synonymy and an interesting account of this 
 species. Although Semper's type was supposed to come from Singapore, Ludwig 
 thinks the locality was probably wrongly noted, as the species has not been found 
 in the East Indian region since. On the contrary, it \s a common species around 
 the southern end of South America, extending eastward to the Falkland Islands 
 and northward on the western coast of the continent to the southern part of Peru. 
 It is usually 30-40 mm. long, but is known to reach a length of 70 mm. The 
 color in life is usually rosy red or clear lake, but may be white tinged with red, 
 and some of those taken by Plate at Calbuco, Chile, are recorded as " im Leben 
 hell gelb." 
 
 Cucumaria godeffroyi. 
 C. Semper, 1868. Reisen im Arch. d. Phil., 2 Th., 1, 2 heft, p. 53. 
 
 This species, originally discovered at Iquique, is now known to range south- 
 ward, at least as far as Calbuco, and will probably be found on the southern 
 
CLARK: THE ECHINODERMS OF PERU. 353 
 
 coasts of Peru. It reaches a length of 55 mm., and in life is sulphur-yellow in 
 color. It lives among mussel-shells (Mytilus) and stones in shallow water along 
 shore. 
 
 Colochirus peruanus. 
 C. Semper, 1868. Reisen im Arch. d. Phil, 2 Th., 1, 5 heft, p. 239. 
 
 As this species has not been met with since it was described by Semper, there 
 is nothing further to be recorded of it, save that the specimens he had were "yel- 
 lowish," 15-18 mm. long and 6-7 mm. in diameter. They were recorded as from 
 Peru, but whether it was Peru, South America, or Peru, Gilbert Islands, remains 
 to be shown. 
 
 Thyone gibber. 
 
 Stolus gibber E. Selenka, 1867. Zeit. f. w. Zool., 17, p. 356. 
 
 Thyone gibber C. Semper, 1868. Reisen im Arch. d. Phil., 2 Th., 1, 2 heft, p. 66. 
 
 Plate 14, figures 2-6. 
 
 Seleuka's description is very brief and he gives no figures, so that a detailed 
 description and a few figures are desirable, especially as the species does not 
 seem to have been met with since it was described; it is entirely overlooked 
 by Lampert (1885) and omitted from his monograph. The following are the 
 chief characters : 
 
 Tentacles 10, of which the two ventral are very small. Pedicels very numer- 
 ous, covering all parts of the body. Body wall firm and leathery. Calcareous 
 ring well developed (fig. 2) ; radial pieces much larger than interradial and with 
 conspicuous posterior prolongations. Polian vessels 3, of which one is very 
 small. Stone-canal single, in the dorsal mesentery ; madreporic body elongate, 
 cylindrical, truncate at end and somewhat convolute or spirally wound. Repro- 
 ductive organs situated posterior to the middle of the body, consisting of a tuft 
 of yellowish, unbranched tubules on each side of the mesentery. Alimentary 
 canal and respiratory-trees apparently not peculiar. Anus without calcareous 
 teeth. Calcareous deposits in body wall abundant, in the form of knobbed, per- 
 forated buttons (figs. 3, 4) about .09 mm. long ; while there is more or less 
 diversity in details and some are not perfectly formed, most of the buttons have 
 4 large perforations, 10 knobs on the margin (on each surface) and 2 conspicuous, 
 elevated knobs, connected by a thick ridge, in the middle of each surface. There 
 seem to be no other deposits in the body wall. In the pedicels, besides terminal 
 discs, we find that the buttons become elongated into curved supporting rods 
 (figs. 5, 6), without knobs on the margin but flattened and perforated at the 
 ends ; the knobs at the middle of the plate disappear on the concave surface, but 
 remain as more or less conspicuous elevations on the convex side. The tentacles 
 are literally packed full of perforated supporting plates and rods ; in the tips of 
 the branches these are small and comparable with those in the pedicels, but in the 
 main trunk and its branches they are much larger and are more like elongated 
 
354 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
 
 perforated plates ; while most of them are flat, many are curved and the resem- 
 blance to those in the pedicels is occasionally marked. The calcareous particles 
 impart a very considerable rigidity to both body wall and tentacles. The largest 
 specimen before me is 60 mm. long and 20 mm. in diameter, the smallest is 
 only about one-fifth as long. All the specimens agree in color, though the 
 depth of the shades shows considerable diversity. The darkest specimens are 
 nearly or quite black, except for the ventral surface which is more or less whitish, 
 sometimes in very marked contrast. In lighter specimens the dark shade is brown 
 or gray and the ventral surface is yellowish or grayish. In only a few specimens 
 is there a lack of sharp contrast between the upper and under surfaces. As a 
 rule, the anterior part of the lower surface is colored like the back and the tenta- 
 cles are always very dark. 
 
 It is a matter of some interest that Dr. Coker should have met with this Pa- 
 namic species in Peruvian waters ; there seems to be no good reason for doubting 
 that his specimens are identical with Selenka's species. He took two specimens 
 in the Bay of Sechura, in five fathoms, but at the Lobos de Afuera Islands he 
 found this Thyone " very abundant." They were " collected from rocks in two 
 feet of water (at half tide), near ' muello ' of Grace & Co., on the bay called ' Inde- 
 pendencia ' (this little bay to be distinguished from the great bay of ' Indepen- 
 dencia' on the coast, south of Pisco)." The color of these specimens in life is 
 noted as "black." It may be added that the nearest relative of this species ap- 
 pears to be Thyone buccalis Stimpson of Australia. , 
 
CLARK : THE ECHINODERMS OF PERU. 355 
 
 LITERATURE CITED. 
 A. Agassiz. 
 
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 1872 b. Revision of the Echini. Mem. M. C. Z., 3, 774- pp., 94 pis. 
 
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 L. Agassiz. 
 
 1841. Monographies d'^chiuodermes, Scutelles. 155 pp., 27 pis. 
 
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 F. J. Bell. 
 
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 H. M. de Blainville. 
 
 1825. Oursin, Diet. Sci. Nat., 37, p. 59-98. 
 H. L. Clark. 
 
 1902. Papers from the Hopkins-Stanford Galapagos expedition, 1898-99. 
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 1907. The starfishes of the genus Heliaster. Bull. M. C. Z., 51, p. 23-76, 
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 1909. Scientific results of the trawling expedition of H. M. C. S. "Thetis" 
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 F. Dujardin et H. Hupe. 
 
 1862. Histoire naturelle des Zoophytes Echinodermes. p. 1-628. 
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 1908. Necesssary changes in the nomenclature of starfishes. Smithsonian 
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 1854. Historia fisica y politica de Chile. Zoologia, 8, 500 pp. 
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356 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
 
 J. B. P. A. de Lamarck. 
 
 1816. Histoire uaturelle des animaux sans vertebres. 2. Radiaires Echi- 
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 K. Lamport. 
 
 1885. Die seewalzen. Holotlmrioidea. Eine systematische raonograpliie 
 
 mit bestimmungs- und verbreitungs-tabellen. p. 1-310, pi. 1. 
 J. L. Le Conte. 
 
 1851. Zoological notes. Proc. Philadelphia Acad. Sci., 5, p. 317-320. 
 
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 1895. Asteroidea der " Vettor-Pisani " Expedition (1882-1885). Zeit. f. 
 
 w. Zool., 59, p. 545-654, pis. 31 and 32. . 
 R. P. Lesson. 
 
 1830. Centurie zoologique, ou choix d'animaux rares, nouveaux, ou impar- 
 
 faitement connus. 254 pp., 80 pis. 
 A. Ljungman. 
 
 1867. Ophiuroidea viventia hue usque cognita enumerat. Ofv. Kongl. Vet.- 
 
 Ak. Forh., 23, p. 303-336. 
 P. de Loriol. 
 
 1891. Notes pour servir a 1'^tude des echinodermes. 3. Mem. Soc. Phys. 
 et Hist. Nat. Geneve, Suppl. Vol., 1890, p. 1-31, pis. 10-12. 
 
 1900. Notes pour servir a 1'etude des echinodermes. 8. Rev. Suisse Zool. K 
 
 8, p. 55-96, pis. 6-9. 
 H. Ludwig. 
 
 1874. Beitrage zur keuutniss der holothurieu. Arb. Zool.-Zoot. Inst. 
 Wiirzburg, 2, p. 77-118, pis. 6 and 7. 
 
 1887. Drei mittheilungen iiber alte und neue holothurienarten. SB. Ber- 
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 1892. Echinodermen. I Buch. Die seewalzen. In Bronn's Klassen und 
 Ordnungen des Thierreichs, 2, Abt. 3, 468 pp., pis. 1-17. 
 
 1898 a, Holothufien. Ergebn. d. Hamburger Magalhaensische Sammel- 
 
 reise, 98 pp., 3 pis. 
 1898 b. Die holothurieu der sammlung Plate. Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. 4, 
 
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 C. F. Lutken. 
 
 1856. Bidrag til kundskab om slangestjernenie. 3. Bidrag til kundskab 
 
 om ophiurerne ved Central- Arnerikas vestkyst. Vid. Med. f. 1856, 
 
 p. 20-26. 
 1859 a. Additamenta ad historian! Ophiuridarum. Pt. 2, p. 77-169, 
 
 pis. 1-5. 
 1859 b. Bidrag til kundskab om de ved kysterne af Mellem- og Syd- 
 
 Amerika levende arter af sostjerner. Vid. Med. f. 1859, p. 25-96. 
 1865. Kritiske bemaerkninger om forskjellige sostjerner (Asterider) med 
 
 beskrivelse af nogle nye arter. Vid. Med. f. 1864, p. 123-169. 
 
CLARK: THE ECHINODERMS OF PERU. 357 
 
 C. F. Liitken. 
 
 1871. Fortsatte kritiske og beskrivende bid rag til kundskab om sostjer- 
 nerne (Asteriderne). Vid. Med. f. 1871, p. 227-304, pis. 4 and 5. 
 
 T. Lyman. 
 
 1860. Descriptions of new Ophiuridae belonging to the Smithsonian Insti- 
 tution and to the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge. Proc. 
 Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 7, p. 193-204, 252-262. 
 
 1882. The voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology. 5, pt. 14. Report 
 on the Ophiuroidea. 385 pp., 48 pis. 
 
 E. von Martens. 
 
 1866. Ueber ostasiatische echiuodermen. Arch. f. Naturg., Jahrg. 32, 
 bd. 1, p. 57-88. 
 
 M. Meissner. 
 
 1892. Asteriden gesammelt von Herrn Stabsarzt Dr. Sander auf der Reise 
 
 S.M.S. "Prinz Adalbert." Arch. f. Naturg., 58, bd. 1, p. 183. 
 1896. Die von Dr. Plate aus Chile heimgebrachten see-igel. Die von 
 Hernn Dr. L. Plate aus Chile und Feuerlaud heimgebrachten see-sterne. 
 Arch. f. Naturg., 62, bd. 1, p. 83-108, pi. 6. 
 
 F. J. F. Meyen. 
 
 1834. Reise urn die erde. Erste Theil. 503 pp. 
 
 G. I. Molina. 
 
 1782. Saggio sulla storia naturale del Chili. 8vo. 
 
 J. Muller und F. Troschel. 
 
 1843. Neue beitrage zur kenntniss der asteriden. Arch. f. Naturg., 9, 
 bd. 1, p. 113-131. 
 
 E. Perrier. 
 
 1869. Recherches sur les pedicellaires et les ambulacres des asteries et des 
 oursins. Ann. Sci. Nat., 12, p. 197-304, pis. 17 and 18. 
 
 1876. Revision des stellerides du Museum. Arch. Zool. Exp., 5, p. 1-104. 
 
 1878. litude sur la repartition geographique des asterides. Nouv. Arch. 
 Mus. Hist. Nat., (2) 1, p. 1-108. 
 
 1891. Mission scientifique du Cap Horn. 1882-1883. 6, Zoologie, 
 troisieme partie. Echinodermes. 1. Stellerides. K1-K198. 
 
 R. A. Philippi. 
 
 1857. Vier neue echinodermen des Chilenischen meeres. Arch. f. Naturg., 
 23, bd. 1, p. 130-134. 
 
 A. T. de Rochebrune. 
 
 1881. Materiaux pour la faune de 1'Archipel du Cap Vert. Nouv. Arch, 
 du Mus. His. Nat., (2) 4, p. 215-338. The title on the cover of fasc. 2, 
 vol. 4, is printed "Materiaux pour le flore de 1'Archipel du Cap Vert." 
 
358 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
 
 E. Selenka. 
 
 1867. Beitrage zur anatomic und systematik der liolothurien. Zeit. f. w. 
 Zool., 17, p. 291-374, pis. 17-20." 
 
 1868. Nachtrag dazu. Zeit. f. w. Zool., 18, p. 109-119, pi. 8. 
 
 C. Semper. 
 
 1868. Reiseu im arcliipel der Philippine!!. 2 Theil. Wissenscliaftliclie 
 resultate. Bd. 1. Holotlmrien. 288 pp., 40 pis. 
 
 W. P. Sladen. 
 
 1889. The voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology. 30. Report on 
 the Asteroidea. 935 pp., 118 pis., in two volumes. 
 
 H. Th<el. 
 
 1886. The voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology. 14, pt. 39. Report 
 on the Holothurioidea, part 2. 290 pp., 16 pis. 
 
 F. Troschel. 
 
 1846. Neue holothurien-gattungen. Arch. f. Naturg., 12, bd. 1, p. 60-66. 
 
 A. Valenciennes. 
 
 1846. Voyage autour du monde sur la fregate La Venus pendant les 
 annees 1836-39. Atlas 4: Zoophytes. 
 
 A. E. Verrill. 
 
 1867. Notes on the echinoderms of Panama and west coast of America, 
 with descriptions of new genera and species. Trans. Conn. Acad., 1, 
 p. 251-322. 
 
 1868. Notice of a collection of echinoderms from La Paz, Lower Cali- 
 fornia, with descriptions of a new genus. Trans. Conn. Acad., 1, 
 p. 371-376. 
 
 1871. Additional observations on echinoderms, chiefly from the Pacific 
 coast of America. Trans. Conn. Acad., 1, p. 568-593. 
 
 1899. Revision of certain families and genera of West Indian ophiurans. 
 Trans. Conn. Acad., 10, p. 301-371, pis. 42 and 43. 
 
 1901. Additions to the fauna of the Bermudas. Trans. Conn. Acad., 11, 
 p. 15-62. 
 
Clark. The Echinc .". ms of Peru. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 
 
 PLATE 1. 
 
 Fig. 1. Astropecten erinaceus. Capon, Peru. Upper surface. X f . 
 Fig. 2. Luidia Columbia. Capon, Peru. Upper surface. X H- 
 
Clark. Echinoderms. 
 
 Plate i. 
 
Clark. The Echinoderms of Peru. 
 
 PLATE 2. 
 
 Fig. 1. Luidia phragma. Talcahuano, Chile. Upper surface. X f . 
 
 Fig. 2. Asterina chilensis. Bay of Sechura, Peru. Upper surface. X f 
 
 Fig. 3. Asterina chilensis. Lobos de Afuera Islands, Peru. Upper surface. 
 
 Fig. 4. Odontaster singularis. Shoal Bay, Patagonia. Upper surface. X -, 
 
 Fig. 5. Henricia hyadesi. Eastern Patagonia. Upper surface. X f . 
 
Clark. Echinoderms. 
 
 Plate 2. 
 
Clark. The Echinoderms of Peru. 
 
 PLATE 3. 
 
 Fig. 1. Parasterina obesa. lalcahuano, Chile. Upper surface. X f. 
 Fig. 2. Parasterina obesa. Talcahuano, Chile. Lower surface. X |. 
 Fig. 3. Paulia horricla. Galapagos Islands. Upper surface. X $ 
 
Clark. Echinoderms. 
 
 Plate 3. 
 
Clark. The Echinoderms of Peru. 
 
 PLATE 4. 
 
 Fig. 1. Greasier occidentalis. Lower California. Upper surface. X 
 Fig. 2. Nidorellia armata. La Paz, Mexico. Upper surface, X . 
 
Clark. Echinoderms. 
 
 Plate 4. 
 
Clark. The Echinoderms of Peru. 
 
 PLATE 5. 
 
 Fig. 1. Phataria unifascialis. Acapulco, Mexico 1 Lower surface. X 
 Fig. 2. Pharia pyramidata. Acapulco, Mexico 1 Lower surface. X i- 
 
Clark. Echinoderms. 
 
 Plate 5. 
 
Clark. The Echinoderms of Peru. 
 
 PLATE 6. 
 
 Fig. 1. Mithrodia bradleyi. Arica, Peru ? Upper surface. X 
 Fig. 2. Asterias gelatinosa. Talcahuano, Chile. Upper surface. X |. 
 
Clark. Echinoderms. 
 
 Plate 6, 
 
Clark. The Echinoderms of Peru. 
 
 PLATE 7. 
 
 Fig. 1. Heliaster polybrachius. Payta, Peru. Upper surface. X . 
 
 Fig. 2. Heliaster helianthus. Pescadores Islands, Peru. Upper surface. X . 
 
Clark. Echinoderms. 
 
 Plate 7. 
 
CUrk. The Echinoderms of Peru. 
 
 PLATE 8. 
 
 Fig. 1. Stichaster aurantiacus. Caldera, Chile. Upper surface. X 
 Fig. 2. Ophioderma panamense. Lower California. Upper surface. X |- 
 
Clark. Echinoderms. 
 
 Plate 8. 
 
Clark. The Echinoderms of Peru. 
 
 PLATE 9. 
 
 Fig. 1. Amphiodia chtlensis. Calbuco, Chile. Lower surface. X 1.3. 
 
 Fig. 2. Amphipholis pugetana. San Lorenzo Island, Peru. Upper surface. X 2.5. 
 
 Fig. 3. Ophiactis kroyeri. Talcahuano, Cbile. Upper surface. X 1.3. 
 
 Fig. 4. Ophiothrix magnifica. Payta, Peru. Upper surface. X 1.3. 
 
Clark. Echinoderms. 
 
 Plate 9. 
 
Clark. The Echinoderms of Peru. 
 
 PLATE 10. 
 
 Fig. 1. Tetrapygus niger. Talcahuano, Chile. Upper surface. X f . 
 
 Fig. 2. Arbacia spatuligera. San Lorenzo Island, Peru. Upper surface. X 
 
Clark. Echinoderms. 
 
 Plate 10. 
 
Clark. The Echiuoclerms of Peru. 
 
 PLATE 11. 
 
 Fig. 1. Echinometra van brunti. Mazatlan, Mexico. Upper surface. Nat, size, 
 Fig. 2. Podophora pedifera. Fakarava, Paumotus. Side view. Nat. size. 
 
Clark. Echinoderms. 
 
 Plate ii 
 
Clark. The Echiuoderms of Peru. 
 
 PLATE 12. 
 
 Fig. 1. Strongylocentrotus albus. Talcahuano, Chile. Upper surface. Nat. size. 
 Fig. 2. Strongylocentrotus gibbosus. Payta, Peru. Upper surface. Nat. size. 
 
Clark. Echinoderms. 
 
 Plate 12. 
 
 
Clark. The Echinoderms of Peru. 
 
 PLATE 13. 
 
 Fig. 1 Encope micropora. Bay of Sechura, Peru. Upper surface. X 
 
 Fig. 2 Mellita stokesii. Tumbes, Peru. Upper surface. X $. 
 
 Fig. 3 Lovenia cordiformis. San Diego, Cal. Upper surface. X f . 
 
 Fig. 4 Agassizia scrobiculata. Capon, Peru. Side view. X f. 
 
Clark. Echinoderms. 
 
 Plate 13. 
 
 t 
 
Clark. The Echinoderma of Peru. 
 
 PLATE 14. 
 
 Fig. 1. Phyllophorus peruvianus. La Punta, Callao, Peru. Side view. Nat. size. 
 Fig. 2. Part of calcareous ring of Thyone gibber. Lobos de Af uera Islands, 
 
 Peru. X 5. 
 Fig. 3. Calcareous " button " from body wall of Thyone gibber. Lobos de Af uera 
 
 Islands, Peru. X 450. 
 
 Fig. 4. The same as 3, but seen from the side. X 450. 
 Fig. 5. Calcareous supporting rod of pedicel of same Thyone. X 450. 
 Fig 6. The same as 5, but seen from the side. X 450. 
 
it 
 
 I 
 
The following' Publications of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 
 are in preparation :- 
 
 LOUIS CABOT. Immature State of the Odonata, Part IV. 
 E. L. MARK. Studies on Lepidosteus, continued. 
 
 " On Araclmactis. 
 
 A. AGASSIZ -And G. O. WHITMAN. Pelagic Fishes. Part II., with 14 Plates. 
 A. AGASSIZ and H. L. CLARK. The " Albatross " Hawaiian Echini. 
 S. GARMAN. The Plagiostomes. 
 
 Reports on the Results of Dredging Operations in 1877, 1878, 1879, and 1880, in charge of ALEX- 
 ANDER AGASSIZ, by the U. S. Coast Survey Steamer " Blake," as follows : 
 
 C. HARTLAU B. The Comatulae of the " Blake," with 15 Plates. 
 
 H. LUDWIG. The Genus Pentacrinus. 
 
 A. MILNE EDWARDS and E. L. BOUVIER. The Crustacea of the "Blake." 
 
 A. E. VERRILL. The Alcyonaria of the " Blake." 
 
 Reports on the Results of the Expedition of 1891 of the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer 
 "Albatross," Lieutenant Commander Z. L. TANNER, U. S. N., Commanding, in charge of 
 ALEXANDEU AGASSIZ, as follows: 
 
 H. B. BIGELOW. The Siphonophores. 
 K. BRANDT. The Sagittae. 
 
 The Thalassicolae. 
 O. CARLGREN. The Actinarians. 
 W. R. COE. The Nemerteans. 
 REINHARI) DOHRN. The Eyes of Deep- 
 
 Sea Crustacea. 
 H. J. HANSEN. The Cirripeds. 
 
 " The Schizopods. 
 
 HAROLD HEATH. Solenogaster. 
 
 W. A. HERDMAN. The Ascidians. 
 S. J. H1CKSON. The Antipathids. 
 E. L. MARK. Branchioceria.sthns. 
 JOHN MURRAY. The Bottom Specimens 
 P. SCH1EMENZ. The Pteropods and 
 
 ropods. 
 THEO- STUDER. The Alcyouarians. 
 
 The Salpidae and Doliolidae. 
 
 H. B. WARD. The Sipunculids. 
 
 W. McM. WOOD WORTH. The Annelids. 
 
 Reports on the Scientific Results of the Expedition to the Tropical Pacific, in charge of 
 ALEXANDKK AGASSIZ, on theU. S. Fish Commission Steamer "Albatross," from August, 
 1899, to March, 1900, Commander Jefferson F. Moser, U. S. N., Commanding, as follows : 
 A. AGASSIZ. The Echini. G . W. MULLER. The Ostracods. 
 
 MARY J. RATH BUN. The Crustacea 
 
 Decapoda. 
 RICHARD RATHBUN. 
 
 H. L. CLARK. The Holothurians. 
 
 The Volcanic Rocks. 
 
 The Coralliferous Limestones. 
 
 J. M. FLINT. The Foraminifera and Radi- 
 
 olaria. 
 
 S. HENS HAW. The Insects. 
 W. C . KENDALL and E. L. GOLDSBOR- 
 OCTGH. The Fishes. 
 
 The Hydrocoral- 
 
 lidae. 
 
 G. O. SARS. The Copepods. 
 L. STEJNEGER. The Reptiles. 
 C. H. TOWNSEND. The Mammals, Birds, 
 
 and Fishes. 
 
 R. LENDENFELD. The Siliceous Sponges. T. W. VAUGHAN. The Corals, Recent and 
 
 H. LUDWIG. 
 
 urans. 
 
 The Starfishes and Ophi- Fossil. 
 
 W. McM. WOODWORTH. The Annelids. 
 
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