A ^UIDE TO SYSTEMATIC READINGS IN THE ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA, A^£A^ AND REyiSED EDITION BY JAMES BALDWIN, Ph.D. Author of " The Vook Lover," " The Book of Elegies," " Tlie Story of Siegfried," etc. REVISED BY FREDERICK T. JONES CHICAGO NEW YORK THE WERNER COMPANY 1902 Copyright, 1895, by THE WERNER COMPANV Copyright, 1S97, by THE WERNER COMPANY Copyright, 1900, by THE WERNER COMPANY Uuitle to BrltannlcA 2.JAl.**it 1 UMVEKSITY OF CAIJFOR.NU SANTA BARB.UIA PREFACE ALTHOUGH the Enci/clojKedia Britannica has long been recognized as the greatest of reference works, and although its possessors may have never consulted it without com- plete satisfaction, yet its full value has seldom been recognized. It has usually been regarded simply as a repository of general information, to be kept ready at hand for consul- tation as occasion should demand. But while this is the ordinary use of the Britannica, it has been found that it possesses a broader function, and that it may be utilized in such manner as to perform the office of a great educational agent. The Britannica is a work of reference, and much more : it is a collection of all histories, all biographies, all arts, all literatures, and all scientific, professional, and mechanical knowledge; but on account of its comprehensiveness, extending as it does through so many large volumes, it presents such an " embarrassment of riches " that those who consult it fail sometimes to discover all that is suited to their individual needs. It is evident, therefore, that if each reader and patron of this great library can have a guide to point out to him, according to his vocation, the parts that are the most helpful to him, he will be able to systematize his reading or his investigations ; and thus, while economizing both time and labor, reach the highest results. The present volume has been prepared for that purpose; and it is believed that, recognizing its helpfulness, the many thousand owners of the Britannica will welcome it as an invaluable addition to their libraries. The plan has been to direct each individual how to draw from this great storehouse of knowledge that which will cover with all desir- able completeness the line of work in which he is most interested, thus assisting him in the knowledge of his particular business, and aiding him in its prosecution. It being recognized that the Britannica contains a great deal of interesting and profit- able matter for boys and girls, the first part of this Guide is addressed to young people. By the aid of brief but gray)hic text and copious references, the youth is led along pleasant avenues of research, and tjius aided in acijuiring a liabil of reading and of investigation that will continue through life, and add largely to his chances of success. The second part is designed specially for students. The scholar who is desirous of some means v^'hereby to supplement the work of the school or the college will find here the very thing he is seeking. The earnest, ambitious young iiiuii or young wonian wiio is being self-educated, because unalilr to secure the aieprles.s knight of France. XX, 62(); the history of Hicliard the Lion- hearted, XX, 539, and particularly of his exploits in Palestine. VI, 628; the story of the English outlaw, Robin Hood, XX, 24 GUIDE TO THE BRITANNICA stories of Eome 605 ; the account of Godfrey of Bouillon, VI, 624; the history of the Children's Crusade, VI, 627 ; that of Edward the Black Prince, VII, 686-87 ; that of Ber- traud Du Guescliu, VII, 517-18; and fi- nally, the story of Chevalier Bayard, the knight " without fear and without re- proach," III, 457. When you have mastered this course of reading, you will have a better knowl- edge of mediaeval life and manners and traditions than you could ever have ac- quired merely by studying an ordinary text-book at school. 2. A second course — equally interest- ing, but somewhat harder, and therefore suited to older readers — may be taken from Roman History. Read the legendary story of Romulus, the reputed founder of the city, XX, 840 ; the mythical tale of the Hora- tii and Curiatii, XII, 166 ; the account of Horatius Codes, the hero who kept the bridge, VI, 100; of brave Regulus, who never broke his word, XX, 348; of Ca- millus. who saved the capitol of Rome from the Gauls, IV. 742 ; XX, 740 ; of Cincinnatus, called from his plough to defend his country, V. 784 ; of Cornelia, the mother of the Gracchi, VI, 421 ; of the Gracchi themselves, and of their services to their country, XI, 25; of Han- nibal, the Carthaginian hero, XI, 441; of his conqueror, Scipio Africanus, XXI, 467-68 ; of Caesar, IV, 633, and Pompey, XIX, 451, and the downfall of the Ro- man republic, XX, 763. 3. The third course is not historical, but mythical or legendary, and yet there is doubtless some sort of his- torical basis for it. It relates to the story of the Trojan War, an ^^of Troy event immortalized by Homer, the first of the poets, and made the subject of many a tale and poem and tragic drama from his time until now. As the basis and starting point of this course, read the Legend of Troy, XXIII, 582 ; then refer to the following articles in their order: Paris, whose perfidy was the cause of the war and the ultimate ruin of his country, XVIII, 295. Helen of Argos. the most beautiful w^oman in the world, XI, 629. Menelaus, the wronged husband of Helen. XVI, 10. Agamemnon, "king of men" and leader of the Grecian forces, I, 273. Odysseus, the wily hero, chief actor in Homer's Odyssey, XVII, 729. Penelope, wife of Odysseus, XVIII, 490-91. Achilles, whose wrath and its conse- quences form the subject of the Iliad, 1,94. Hector, the bravest and ablest of the Trojan chiefs, XI, 609. Ajax Telamon and Ajax Oileus, typi- cal heroes and leaders of the Greeks, I, 432. And now, if you have become inte- rested in stories of this kind, turn to Chapter XX in this Guide and find there an extensive list of Greek legends and other romantic tales, all of which are narrated with more or less fulness in the pages of the Britannica. CHAPTER III Home Readings in Biography " Lives of great men all remind us, We can make our lives sublime, And, departing, leave behind us Footprints on the sands of time." — Loncjfellow. The biographies of great, and espe- cially of good men, will always be found instructive and useful to the young. Some of the best are almost '^Biograpny ^fi^al 1^0 gospels. They teach right living, high thinking, and energetic action. They show what is in the power of each to accomplish for himself. No young man can rise from the perusal of such lives without feeling his whole mind and heart made better, and his best resolutions strengthened. They increase his self-reliance by forti- fying his views and elevating his aims in life. Sometimes, too, a young man discovers himself in a l)iogi'apby, as Correggio felt within him the risings of genius on contemi^lating the works of Michel Angelo. "And I, too, am a painter!" he exclaimed. Benjamin Franklin was accustomed to attril)ute his usefulness and eminence to his hav- ing in youth read a work of Cotton Mather's. And Samuel Drew avers that he framed his own life, and especially his business habits, on the model left on record by Benjamin Franklin. ThuS; it is impossible to say where a good ex- ample may not reach, or where it will end, if indeed it have an end. But, to be more precise, it may be well to name a few biographies that will illustrate the more de.siral)le ele- ments of character. Y(^x instance, the most striking lessons of Men of Dill gence DILIGENCE, APPLICATION, AND PERSE- VERANCE are to be found in the lives of certain famous men about whom no one can afford to be ignorant. Read, therefore, the following biographical sketches : Benjamin Franklin, the stu- dious printer's apprentice, who became the first philosopher of America, IX, 711. Washington Irving, the "father of American literature," XIII, 372. Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Welling- ton, the leader of the victorious armies at Waterloo, XXIV, 493. Michael Faraday, the distinguished scientist, IX, 29. James A. Garfield, the canal-boy, who became President of the United States, XXVII, 65. Richard Cobden, the English political economist and reformer, VI, 85. Hugh Miller, the stonecutter of Cro- marty, who attained distinction in both science and literature, XVI, 318. Sir Isaac Newton, the son of a small farmer, who through his industry be- came the foremost mathematician and astronomer of modern times, XVII, 438. Buffon, the French naturalist, who declared that "genius is patience," and whose rule was to turn every moment to account. IV, 444. Dr. .IciimT. the discnveror of vaccina tion, Xlll.(i22; XXIV, 23. (26) 26 GUIDE TO THE BRITANNICA Daguerre, the inventor of the da- guerreotype, and the real founder of the art of photography. VI, 761. Gainsborough, the son of a cloth- worker, who became one of the greatest of English painters, X, 15. General Grant, who rose from obscur- ity to be one the most successful mili- tary leaders of modern times, XXVII, 142. Then there have been men who, in the face of POVERTY, SICKNESS, OR DISASTER, won their way to success and distinc- tion. Bead the story of their lives, and learn that, to the boy or man of deter- mination and will, there is no such thing as failure. Among scores of such men, it is necessary to mention only a few. Palissy, the potter, whose life reads ugjj of like a romance, XVIII, 1S6. Determina- Galileo, who coutiuued his """^ scientific pursuits even after blindness and old age had come upon him. X, 30. Elihu Burritt, "the learned black- smith," who, in the odd moments of his business, made himself the master of forty languages, XXV, 657. Thomas Carlyle, the son of a mason, who, by his own perseverance, became one of the most famous men of modern times, XXVI, 64. John Bunyan, who wrote the "Pil- grim's Progress" while in prison, and at the same time supported his family by making tag laces. IV, 526. Sir Richard Arkwright, who worked his way from a barber's shop to be the inventor of the spinning jenny and the founder of the cotton industiy in Great Britain, II, 540. Samuel Drew, who rose from the shoe- Men of Energy maker's bench to be a distinguished es- sayist and preacher, VII, 469. Sir Humphry Davy, the distinguished chemist, who worked his way up from the position of a country apothecary, VI, 845. George Stephenson, the colliery en- gine-man, who invented the railway locomotive, XXII, 537. Matthew Boulton, "the father of Bir- mingham," IV. 172; XXIV, 413. Andrew Johnson, the tailor's appren- tice, who became President of the United States. XIII. 719. For examples of ENERGY, PROMPTITUDE, AND HARDIHOOD, look into the biographies of such men as the following : Napoleon Bonaparte, XVII, 192. Peter the Great, XVIII, 698. Saladin, XVI, 588. Francisco Xavier, XXIV, 716. Lord Clive, VI, 8. Oliver Cromwell, VI, 597. Andrew Jackson, XIII, 533. Robert E. Lee, XIV, 399. Henry M. Stanley, XXIX, 149. For interesting illustrations of the manly qualities of PATIENCE AND FORTITUDE UNDER RE- VERSES, study the lives of such noted men as Christopher Columbus, VI, Men of -. ,-■, Patience ^'•^• John Hampden, the English patriot, XI, 428. Dante, the great Italian poet, VI, 809. Sir Walter Raleigh, XX, 262. Louis Kossuth, the Hungarian patriot, XXVIl. 517. James Watt, the inventor of the steam engine, XXIV, 412. HOME READINGS IN BIOGRAPHY 27 James Audubon, the famous American ornithologist, III, 70. Sir Austen H. Layard, the discoverer and excavator of the ruins of Nineveh, XXVIl, 560. William Harve5% the discoverer of the circulation of the blood, XI, 502. Claude Lorraine, the pastry-cook's ap- prentice, who became one of the great- est landscape painters of France, V, 814. John Flaxman. the famous English sculptoi', IX, 298. If you would like to read of pleasant instances of CHEERFULNESS AND EQUANIMITY OF TEMPER under every variety of fortune, turn to the lives of men like Dr. Samuel Johnson, XIII, 719. Men Of Oliver Goldsmith, X, 760. fulness Sydney Smith, XXII, 177. Lord Palmerston, XVIII, 193. Abraham Lincoln, XIV, 658. Very interesting and valuable also are those lessons of INTEGRITY AND UPRIGHTNESS OF PRIN- CIPLE that are shown in the careers of Diogenes, the (ireek philoso- "r,°' ,t P'ler, VII, 245. Integrity ^ ' ' Edmund Burke, the Anglo- Irish orator, IV, 538. Dr. Thunias Arnold, head master of the school at Rugby, II, 626. Sir Thomas More, the English states- man, XVI, 815. John Howard, the philanthropist, XII, 319. William Chambers, the Scottish pub- lisher, V, 380. Loyola, the founder of the society of Jesuits, XV, 31. William WilI)erforce, the opponent of the slave trade, XXIV, 565. "Stonewall" Jackson, the Confeder- ate general, XIII, 534. If you would learn of tlie rewards which follow METHOD, PRECISION, AND PAINSTAKING, read the biographies of Nicolas Poussin. the French "r °f ■ painter, XIX, 649. Precision i ' ' Michel Angelo, the great Italian artist. XVI. 229. Baron Cuvier, the French naturalist, VI, 740. Titian, the Italian painter, XXIII, 413. William Wordsworth, the poet of na- ture, XXIV, 668. Lord Brougham, lord chancellor of England, IV, 373. Alexander Pope, XIX, 481. William Cecil, Lord Burghley, Queen Elizabeth's prime minister, V, 283. Benjamin Disraeli, Lord Beaconsfield, VIII, 367. And for the supreme lessons of purity of life and NOBILITY OF MOTIVE examine the lives of such men as Al)raham Lincoln, XIV, 658. Men of - 1 T f -v^TTT r%r\t Noble General Lafayette, XIV, 201. Motives William Lloyd Garrison, X, 85. Horace Greeley, XL 160. John G. Whittier, XXIX, 545. and other illustrious persons of our own and foreign lands. Some we have here named might be catalogued, indeed, as types of every ex- cellence that should adorn human char- acter. Such are our own Wasliington and Benjamin Franklin : Imt even the youngest stutlent will see how hard it is to attempt a biographical classification on these lines. Most l)oys are ambitious. They wish to grow up to become men of influence 28 GUIDE TO THE BRITANNICA Musicians and renown. Many of them lose this ambition because they are unwilling to wait long enough, work hard enough, and be sufficiently patient in well- doing. " The heights by great men reached and kept Were not attained by sudden flight." And yet there have been many great men who displayed their abilities at a very early age. Perhaps you would like to read about some of these GREAT YOUNG MEN. Handel composed a set of sonatas when he was ten years old, XI, 433. Haydn composed a mass at thirteen. XI, 53S-41. Mozart composed his first opera at twelve, XVII, 8. Beethoven's music was beaten into him, but he composed three sonatas when thirteen, III, 504. Cherubini composed a mass at thir- teen, V, 587. Paganini was a great violinist at eight, XVIII, 134. Charles Wesley, the great hymn writer, played the harpsichord when he was a babe, XXIV, 504. Schubert, the greatest of song-writ- ers, began to compose at the age of thirteen, and died when only thirty- one, XXI, 458. Michel Angelo finished his great marble statue of " David " before he was twenty, XVI, 229. Raphael was an eminent painter at seventeen, XX, 274. Canova modeled a lion out of butter when only four years old, V, 24. Sir Edwin Landseer painted one of his greatest pictures at sixteen, XIV, 280. Artists Authors Cervantes had written several ro- mances before he was twenty, V, 347. Goethe could write in five languages when he was eight, X, 721. Victor Hugo wrote his first tragedy when fifteen years old, IX, 678. Alexander Pope wrote his Pastorals when only sixteen, XIX, 481, Chatterton, who died before he was eighteen, was already a great poet, V, 445. Burns began to rhyme at sixteen, IV, 566. Thomas Moore wrote verses at thir- teen. XVI, 805. Shelley published Queen Mab when eighteen, XXI, 789. Southey wrote Joan of Arc when nine- teen, XXII, 289. Mrs. Browning wrote poems at ten, IV, 391. Tennyson wrote his first volume of poems before he was eighteen, XXIX, 251. Sir Isaac Newton displayed wonderful ability when a mere child, XVII, 438. Blaise Pascal wrote a treatise pwioso- Q^^ Conic Sections when he was pliers sixteen, XVIII. 333. Grotius wrote Latin verses when he was eight, XI, 217. Haller composed a Chaldee grammar at twelve. XI. 396. Lord Bacon planned his Novum Orga- niim before he was sixteen. III, 200. Sir Christopher Wren invented an astronomical instrument at thirteen, XXIV, 689. William Pitt, the younger, entered Parliament when he was twenty-one, XIX, 134. These were some of the great young men of modern times. Ancient history furnishes us with other examples of men to whom HOME READINGS IN SCIENCE 29 SUCCESS CAME EARLY IN LIFE : Themistocles, who won his greatest victory at the age of thirty, XXIII, 250. Alexander the Great, who Young war- ^j^^ ^^ thirty-one, I, 480. rlors, etc. •' ' ' Pompey, who was a success- ful Roman general at twenty-three, XIX, 450. Hannibal, who, when only twenty- six, was made sole commander of the Carthaginian army, XI, 441. Charlemagne, who was master of France and Germany at thirty, V, 402. Marshal Saxe, who began his military career at twelve, XXI, 346. Charles XII of Sweden, who became king at the age of fifteen, V, 420. William Pitt, the younger, who be- came premier at the age of twenty-four, XIX, 134. This list might be easily extended; but here is reading enough for several winter evenings. And when you have finished it, you will be at no loss to determine whether these men attained distinction at a single bound or whether they did not rather win by hard and patient labor, begun while they were very young. Greatness comes to no man simply because he wishes it. is the reward of determined effort. It CHAPTER IV Home Readings in Science " To neglect all tbe abiding parts of knowledge for the sake of the evanescent parts is really to know nothing worth knowing." — Frederic Harrison. Natural History The subject of history is not equally attractive to all young people. There are some who would prefer to read of the great world of na- ture, and for these it would be easy to name very many Britatniica ar- ticles which would prove interesting and instructive. Now, here is a course of readings in natural history, arranged in twelve divisions, each of wliich can be easily completed in a mouth. You will find some of the articles very in- teresting indeed, while others, perhaps, will seem rather hard and at first not so easy to understand. Hut if you be- gin on this course and hold to it for a year, you will find not only that you have gained a great deal of information, but that the reading of these various articles has increased your capacity for deriving the highest pleasure from the perusal of books. HEADINGS IN NATURAL HISTORY. I. MAMMALS. The Elephant, VIII, 122. The Giraffe, X. (51 S. The Beaver and its habits. III, 475. Monkeys, II, 148. The Tiger, XXIII. 385. The Bear. III. 4()l-()2. The Bison. III. 792. The Wolf. XXIV, 628-29; XV, 438. II. CURIOUS BIRDS. The Albatross, the famous bird of the South Seas, I, 449. 30 GUIDE TO THE BRITANNICA The Dodo, a strange bird now no longer in existence, VII, 321. The Cormorant, how it is taught to catch fish, VI, 407. The Dove, VII, 379. Migration of Birds. Ill, 765. The Nightingale. XVII, 498. The Stork, XXII, 577. III. FISHES. The Shark, XXI. 774. The Swordfish, XXII, 804. Mackerel, XV, 159. Codfish, VI, 103. Cuttlefish, VI, 735. Goldfish, X, 759. IV. REPTILES. Special article, XX, 432. Rattlesnake, XX, 293. Cobra, VI. 90. Anaconda, I, 788. Boa Constrictor, III, 841. Tortoise. XXIII. 455 (illustrated). Crocodile, VI, 592. Alligator, I, 585- The Chameleon, V, 381. V. INSECTS. Habits of Ants. II, 94 a. Slaveholding Ants. II, 97 a. White Ants of S. America, 11. 99 a. Bees and their Habits. Ill, 484. An interesting description of Spiders, II. 297. The Mantis, the curious "subject of many widespread legends," XV, 503. VI. EXTINCT ANIMALS. The Mammoth (illustrated), XV, 447. The Megatherium (illustrated), XV, 829. The Plesiosaurus, XIX. 220. The Pterodactyl, XX, 86. VII. FABLED ANIMALS. The Dragon, VII. 385. The Cockatrice, VI. 98. The Griffin, XI, 195. The Chimjera, V, 626. The Phffinix. XVIII, 810. The Sphinx. XXII, 398. The Centaur, V, 340. The Satyr, XXI, 322. The Roc, XX, 611. VIII. DOMESTIC ANIMALS. History of the Horse, XII, 172. The Arabian Horse, II, 240. The Camel, IV, 735. Dogs (an illustrated article), VII, 324. Cats, V, 205. The Cow, I, 390. IX. SEA ANIMALS. Life in the Ocean, VII, 276-281. Whales and whale fishing, XXIV, 523 ; XV, 391. Seals and seal fishing, XXI. 580. The Walrus (illustrated), XXIV, 337. The Dolphin, VII, 346. Corals, VI, 369. X. COMMON INSECTS. The Housefly, XII, 317. The Humble-bee, XII, 342. Beetles. VI, 126. Gnats, X, 700. Mosquitoes, XVI, 866. Butterflies, IV, 592. XI. BARNYARD FOWLS. Chickens. IX. 491. Turkeys. XXIII, 657. Geese, X, 777. Ducks, VII, 505. Pigeons. XIX. 84. Eggs of Birds. Ill, 772. XII. MISCELLANEOUS. Special article on birds. III, 699. Special article on insects, XIII, 141. Animals of Asia. II, 695. GAMES, SPORTS, AND PASTIMES 31 Animals of Africa. I, 258. Animals of America, I, 681. Article on Amphibia, I, 750. Of course this list niiglit have been made very much longer, for the Brlfaii- nica contains hundreds of such articles ; but the above will be sufficient to start with. As you proceed witli your read- ing, other subjects will naturally suggest themselves, which you will be able to find from the Index vohuiie without any further help frou) the Guide. CHAPTER V Games, Sports, and Pastimes "Up! uii ! my friend, and quit your books. Or surely youll jjrow double : Up ! up ! my friend, and clear your looks ; \Vliv all this toil and trouble?" — Wordsworth. This would be but a dull world if everybody worked all the time, and never took any recreation. Pi„ And the Eiicijclopa'ilia Britan- nica would be a dull book if it were filled entirely with information about the different branches of scien- tific knowledge, and said nothing about the games, sports, and pastimes which amuse our leisure hours and add to the enjoyableness of life. Hut from these volumes you can learn how to play as well as how to work. Every game of any importance, every pastime that is of general interest, receives its proper notice. OUTDOOR GAMES. The game of hajj, has Ih'cu a favorite pastime of all ages and nations. Read the article on that subject. XXV, '3f]4. Do you want to know all aliout base- ball, its history, the rules which govern the game, etc.? Turn to vol- ^1^ ° unic HI. page 4(l(), and you will find there a bi'it'f l)ut compre- hensive article on that subject, which every boy will want to study ; and this is continued in a supplementary article, XXV, 377, which gives a complete history of the game since its first introduction in 1857 to the present time. In this lat- ter article will be found the rules which govern its playing in America. The English national game of cricket is treated w^th equal fulness in VI, 578. See also William (i. Grace. XXVII, 134. The leading articles on both cricket and baseball contain not only the rules most generally recognized for the govern- ment of the games, but carefully drawn diagrams of the fields, and full direc- tions for playing. Next to baseball, footliall claims the greatest attention in this country. In- deed, it would be diiiicult to say whicli is the leading favorite. The article on football, XXVI, (>74-77, contains the very latest rules regulating this e.xcit- ing game. A history and general notice of football as it w^as formerly played may be found in IX, 3(57. AitoiiEUY is the subject of an ex- tremely interesting articl(>, 11, 371. 32 GUIDE TO THE BRITANNICA From that article you may learn not only the history of bows and arrows, but how to make them (II, Games 376), and also the rules which govern the popular pastime of archery (II, 377). Other outdoor games of almest every kind are described with like complete- ness: Golf, X, 765. Lacrosse, XIV, 195. Bowls, IV, 179. Croquet. VI, 608 b. Quoits, XX, 189. Curling, VI, 712. Rackets, XX, 209. Polo, XIX, 403. Tennis, XXIII, 179. Lawn Tennis, XXIII, 181-83. Badminton, III, 228. INDOOR GAMES. All kinds of indoor games are also de- scribed, together with minute directions for playing them. The article Games ou CHESS, V, 592, Is interesting for its historical information. The modern changes of style in playing chessare noted in XXVI, 141. Thearticle on DRAUGHTS (commonly known in this country as checkers), VII, 444, and that on BACKGAMMON, HI, 197, are equally entertaining and instructive. Then there are the various games at cards, all of ivhich are described in the Bfitannica. Casino, XXVI, SO. Bezique, III, 623. Cribbage, VI, 575. Ecarte, VII, 620. Euchre, VIII, 654. Loo, XV, 1. Napoleon, XVII, 229. Picquet, XIX, 114. Poker, XIX. 282. Whist, XXIV, 543. Flslilng Among other indoor pastimes we may mention Riddles, XX, 549. Legerdemain, or sleight of hand, XIV, 414 ; XV, 207. Billiards, III, 674-77. Bagatelle. Ill, 229-30. Ten-pins. IV, ISO.'" See amusements in this Guide, p. 235. SPORTS. Few sports are more attractive to boys and men than fishing; and to all who ai'e partial to this kind of amusement, the article on an- gling, II, 32, will prove both interesting and instructive. It contains a great deal of information about fish and the art of taking them with hooks. The life of quaint old Izaak Walton, the most famous of anglers, should lie read in this connection, XXIV. 342. Most boys, even though they are de- barred from such sports themselves, like to read about hunting ; and so they will derive much pleasure from the general article on that subject, XII, 392. Here, too, they may learn about the care of foxhounds, XII, 315; about fox- hunting, XII, 395 ; and about horsemanship in the chase, XII, 195. There is more of the same kind of read- ing in VII, 328, 330, where a good deal of information is given about sportsmen's dogs, such as the pointer, the setter, and the retriever. Closely related to these sports are the pleasant pastimes of rowing and sailing on the water. Several articles now claim our attention. As for rowing, read what is said further on that sub- ject in XXI, 29. An account of intercol- legiate boat-racing is given in XXVIII, 626. The article on canoeing, IV, 811, is full of practical information. Row- boats are described further over, in XXI, 825. The articles on yachting, XXIV, Hunting GAMES, SPORTS, AND PASTIMES 33 722-25, and yacht-building, XXIX, 614, are verj' comislete. iiud are full of historical interest. Practical Eowlng. etc. , . , . . . . , directions tor swimming and diving are given in XXII, 768, and these will repay you for all the time spent in their study. Skating, XXII. 104, is an- other instructive and interesting article. Everybody, nowadays, rides a bicycle; and so everybody will w-ant to read its history, III, 665. A complete descrip- tion of bicycle manufacture in the United States may be found in XXV, 465-67. The laws regai'ding bicycles and bicycle riders are noticed in XXV, 468. Then in XXVII, 561, there is a brief history of the organization called the League of American Wheelmen, which every bicycler will read. What bicycles have done for good roads is related in XXVIII, 599. ATHLETIC SPORTS, ETC. While learning about the games and sports of our own times it is but natural that we should wish to know In Greece , , , i c r and Kome ^ow the people of former ages amused themselves, how they trained their bodies, and cultivated their strength. Here then, to begin with, are a few of the many articles or parts of articles relating to this subject : Greek games, X, ("v^ ; Olympian games, XXVUl, 287. The revival of these sports at Athens in the summer of 1896 lend:, much additional interest to the chap- ters describing them. Read then the following additional references to the Olympian games, V, 711; VIII, 140; XI, 94; XVII, 766. Athletas, III, 11. Gymnasium, XI, 347. Roman games, X, 65. Athletic Training Gladiatorial games, X, 632. Secular games at Rome, XXI. 618. The Amphitheatre, I, 774 ; XX, 830. The Colosseum. II. 419. Roman circus, V, 791; XX, 829. Chariot races, X, 64. Wrestling, X. 64. In the Middle Ages the most popular of all amusements were those connected with tournaments, the history of which is pleasantly narrated in XXIII, 489. The knights who engaged in these contests at arms often found amusement of a lighter character in following the chase in the manner described in XII, 393. The rearing and train- ing of hawks for hunting pur- poses was called falcounj. and this is the subject of an interesting article in IX, 5-12. And now', approaching our own times, read the two articles on Athletic Sports, III, 12, and XXV. 285. Both are full of valuable information, especially regard- ing physical culture. They are so full and exhaustive that some of the young- est readers may not care to read them through; and yet it will pay to get as many useful hints and suggestions from them as you can. The article on Athletic Training and Apparatus, in the Supplements, presents the very latest facts ;iik1 the oi)ii:ions of the best authorities on this subject. The article on (iymnastics, XI, 348, presents some interesting statements with reference to the training of the body by systematic exercises. The best methods of dieting while attempting to improveone'sstrength by physical train- ing are adequately described in VII. 200, See, now. Calisthenics. XXVI, 20, and Delsarte System, XX\1, 391. PART II THE STUDENT ,'36 > CHAPTER VI Three Courses of Reading in History History is pliilosophy teaching by examples."' — JJolinyhroks. The entire history of man, from the earliest times to the present, will be found in the Encyclop(edia Britannica. Many of the articles on historical sub- jects are chietiy valuable for purposes of reference, while others are ex- tremely interesting when read in course, and if taken up and studied systematicall}' will give to the student a mastery of the subject which he could not well acquire from any simi- lar work. It is proposed in this chapter to in- dicate three distinct courses of read- ing, any one of which can be pursued independently of the others. In lay- ing out these courses the aim has been to select from the gi-eat abun- dance -of material in the Jirifamiica such portions as are essential to an understanding of the march of events, and to pass lightly over those periods of history which have been unprolitic of events of general and permanent interest. I. AMERIC.XN HISTORY. The article America. I. (>(')'.l. contains a section of twenty pages devoted to ancient America. This will *AmTr'ica '^^^'^'^ '^^ ^" excellent iiitrodiic- tiou til I lie coursi^ of study upon whicli we have entered. liei'o you will hnd a full account of the alio- rigines. page (Wi;; their languages, page 688; their tribal organization, page (i'.M); the ancient remains of the Mississippi The Dis- covery valley and other localities, page G91; an account of the native civilization, page 694; and a very interesting resume of the curious traditional history of Cen- ti-al America. In the articles Mexico, XVI, -206, and Yucatan. XXIV. 757. there is a still fuller exposition of this sub- ject. In the article Peru. XVIII, (576.. the remarkable civilization of the coun- try of the Yncas (Incas) is described in a manner both pleasing and instructive. It is still, in certain respects, a de- bated point as to who was the real dis- coverer of America. In the article America, I, 706. a full account is given of the voy- ages of the Northmen to the shores of North America, and following this we have the story of Columbus and his dis- coveries. Turn now to the biography of Columbus. VI, 171. Read, also, the life of Sebastian Cabot, IV. 622, and that of Amerigo Vespucci. XXIV, 192, who, by a singular fortune, gave his name to the New World. The conquest of Mex- ico is well told in the article Cortes, VI, 441, and that of Peru in the article Pi- ZARRO, XIX, 159. TllH UNITED STATES. Pegin with the article United States, XXIII, 72'.). '{"he first part of tiiis article, containing seventy-two pages, embraces a bistoi'v of our coun- try whicli is not only more complete, Iml f;ir moi'o readable than most of tiie school text -books on this (37) General Views 38 GUIDE TO THE BRITANNICA Virginia subject. To add to the value of the ar- ticle, it is illustrated with several maps: 1. A map of the Euj^lish colonies. 2. A map showing the territorial growth of the United States from 1776 to 1887. 3. A map of the United States cor- rected to date. A brief analysis of this article will show us what additional subjects may be brought in by way of collateral read- ing. In connection with the history of Virginia, XXIV, 255, read the following articles or parts of articles: Sir Walter Raleigh, XX, 262. John Smith, XXII, 173. History of Tobacco, XXIII, 423 (one column). Introduction of Slavery into America, XXII, 137, beginning with "Spanish Colonies," second column, and ending at the bottom of page 138. In connection with New England, XXIII. 729, read about the Pur- "nTes itans, VIII, 340-46, 376-78; the Pilgrim Fathers. XXVIII, 427 ; and Roger Williams, XXIV, 586. In connection with Pennsylvania, XXIII, 730, read about William Penn, XVIII, 494. With the Revolutionary War, XXIII, 739, we reach the period of those great men whom we justly stj'le "the fathers." Let us read the biographical sketches of a few of these makers of the nation: George Washington, XXIV, 387. Patrick Henry, XI, 676. Thomas Jefferson, XIII, 613. John Adams, I, 141. James Madison, XV, 182. James Monroe, XVI, 760. Alexander Hamilton, XI, 412. The Revolution Slavery These articles will help us to under- stand not only the period of the Revo- lution, but the equally important pe- riods which followed — the formation of the Federal Constitution, XXIII, 744, and the beginnings of the govern- ment under the Constitution. XXIII, 751. Nullification, XXIII. 763. With this read Andrew Jackson, XIII, 533, and John C. Calhoun, IV, 683. Opposition to Slavery, XXIII, 765. William Lloyd Garrison, X, 85. History of Slavery, XXII, beginning near the bottom of page 138 and continuing to the middle of the sec- ond column, page 142. Henrv Clav, V, 817 : Daniel Webster, XXIV, 471^; Stephen A. Douglas, VII, 377. Entering now upon the period of the Civil War and the reconstruction which followed it, XXIII, 774-84, we may read, for additional information, the articles Abraham Lincoln, XIV, 658, U. S. Grant, XXVII. 142. Jefferson Davis, XXVI, 365, and Robert E. Lee. XIV, 399. Read also the ai-ticle on the Confed- erate States of America. XXVI, 251. Before concluding this course of read- ing, it will be well to notice another Supple- ^■G^'y important article, or rather mentary series of articles, relating to the Chapters ^igtory of our couutry. Among the articles comprising the American supplements to the BrUamiica there are forty-one pages of matter, XXIX, 357-99, which should be read, and some of it studied thoroughly. The facts there given are of interest and imi:)ortance to every American citizen. Here are the headings of some of the sections : The admission of the several States, XXIX, p. 357. Representatives in Congress, p. 358. Population, 12th Census (1900), p. 360. Presidential elections, p. 361. THREE COURSES OF READING IN HISTORY Centre of Poiiulation, p. 362. Recent History of the U. S.. p. 369. The Venezuelan Imbroglio, p. 378. The War with Spain, p. 382. The ■■ Boxer" Rising in China, p. 397 ; also XXVI, 155. II. ANCIENT HISTORY. In indicating the following course of reading, an attempt will be made to cover all the more important periods of ancient history, and at the same time not to mark out more than can be mastered within a reasonable length of time. It is possible that the reader will enlarge it at many points by reading entire articles, of which only parts are here indicated ; but, whether he does this or not, he should find himself at the end of "counties ^lie course possessed of a good general knowledge of ancient history, of its leading characters, and its more interesting scenes and inci- dents. Egypt. A long and very scholarly article on this country is contained in the seventli volume of the Brifdiuuca. Read the following sections : Description of Egypt, page 7(12 ; its ancient inhabitants, page 713; its chronology, page 728; the Egyptian dynasties, page 730; the twelfth dy- nasty, page 734 ; the accession of Ptolemy I, page 745. Assyria and Babylonia. Read the entire article on these countries. III, 183. Read also the description of Babylon, III, 182, and of Nineveh. XVII, 511 ; also, the account of Jonah, XIII, 736, and that of Berosus. III. 607 Ph(knicia. Read the greater \nirt of the article under this heading, and especially the following sections : De- scription of Pha?nicia, XVIII, 801-02 ; Greece origin of the Pha?nicians, page 803 ; navigation, trades, and colonies, pages 804-07. Read also the articles Tyre, XXIII, 710, -Sidon, XXII, 35, and Car- thage, V. 160-63. Persia. In volume XVIII of the Britaiuiica, one hundred pages are de- voted to Persia. The history of ancient Persia extends from page 561 to page 616. If your time is limited, begin with the section entitled Medo- Persian Empire, page 561 ; read the history of Cyrus, page 564, and of his successors, to the accession of Arta- xerxes, page 573. The account of the expedition against Creece may be de- ferred until its proper place is reached in Greek history. Greece. With the history of this country it is necessary to spend much more time. Begin by reading the whole of Section I, "Greek History to the Death of Alexander the Great." in volume XI, pages 89-105. For collateral reading, see the following articles: Troy XXIII, 577-82; Lycur- gus, XV, 95; Sparta, XXII. 369; Greek Games, X, 64. While studying the his- tory of Attica, XI, 95, refer to the article Athens, III. 1, and read with particular care the description of that city given by Pausanias. III. 9. Solon's account of his own wdik. XI. 1)7. is supplemented l)y a much fuller account in the twenty- second volume of the HrHainiiva, page 253. Here, too. it will be well to read the biography of Pi.sistratus, XIX, 130. The events which followed the hi.storic battle of Marathon, XI, 99, brought l)i-()minently forward the great rival statesmen. Aristid(>s, II. 504. and The- niistocles. XXIII. 250. Then follows the period of Athenian supremacy. XI, 100 ; and in connection with it the article on Pericles, XVIII, 529, should be read. 40 GUIDE TO THE BRITANNICA With the Theban supremacy, read Epaminoudas, VIII, 450 ; and, with the decay of Greek civic life XI, 103, study the excellent article on Demosthenes, VII, 67. Turn now to the article Macedonian Empire, XV, 138, and read down to the account of the departure of Alexander on his great expedition against Persia. From this point continue the story with the article Alexander the Great, I, 480. The death of Alexander, as you wall learn, was the signal for the l)reakiug up of his empire. Ptolemy, one of his generals, established himself in Egypt^ VII, 745; Seleucus, another general^ founded a new Persian empire, Avith its capital at Seleucia, on the Tigris, XVIII, 587 ; and Antipater. who had Ijeen made regent of Macedonia, maintained the integrity of Greece, XV, 142. We need not follow the history of these frag- ments of Alexander's great empire — their wars with one another, and their internal dissensions. A new empii'e was about to arise w'hich would overpower them all. Rome. The article under this heading, XX, 731-837, embraces a complete and very interesting survey of the History history of the Eternal City from its foundation in legend- ary times to the year 1870. Read, as a beginning, the first sixteen pages of the article, to the section entitled "Rome and the Mediterranean States." Numerous collateral references present themselves, but if your time is limited they may be omitted, and the reading of the principal article may be continued. The story becomes very interesting now, and you need not be told to read it carefully. The second Punic War brings to our notice Hannibal. XI. 441, and the elder Scipio, XXI, 466. In connection with the third Punic War we shall read of the younger Scipio, XXI, 468, and of Cato the Censor, V, 239. Other collat- eral readings will include Marius, XV, 549 ; Sulla, XXII, 632 ; Cicero, V, 770 ; Catiline, V, 238 ; Pompey, XIX, 450 ; and Julius Caesar, IV, 633. These readings ought to give you a very complete knowledge of the history of Rome in the palmy and heroic days of the republic, as well as in the period of that repuldic's degeneracy. The story of the Empire begins on page 769 of the twentieth volume ; it ends with the downfall of the Western Empire (a. n. 476), as described on page 781. Let us, however, continue our I'ead- ing with the Eastern Empire, until it, too, is ended with the fall of Constanti- nople, A. T>. 1453. We shall hud this part of the story in the article Greece, XI, 110-20. On the thread of these two articles the following biographies, each in its proper place, may be strung : Augustus, III, 79 ; Tiberius. XXIII, 335 ; Nero, XVII. 347; Trajan, XXIII, 502; Hadrian, XI, 363 ; Marcus Aurelius, III, 86 ; Commodus, VI, 207 ; Constantino, VI. 298: Justinian I, XIII. 792. For further collateral reading, add the following articles : Goths. X, 846 ; Alaric, I, 442 ; Vandals. XXIV, 58 ; Genseric, X, 159 ; Huns. XII, 381 ; Attila, III. 61. This course of reading embraces in the aggregate about 150 pages of the Britannica. By reading an hour or so regularly every evening, one may complete it in a short time ; and there is no doubt but that the reader will oljtain from it a far more satisfac- tory view of ancient history than can be gained from any of the so-called '•Univ^ersal Histoiies." The reason is obvious. Here the subject is pi-esented as in a painting, with a distinct back- Conclusion THREE COURSES OF READING IX HISTORY 41 ground, and the foregi'ound appropri- ately tilled with lifelike figures. It is no mere catalogue of events that you have been studying ; it is history itself. III. MODERN HISTORY. The Mohammedan Empire. The first part of the article, Moh.\mmedanism, XVI, ;j45. relates the storv of The Arab Mohammed and the first four Conquest caliphs. Read this part care- fully. Then proceed to the second part, XVI, 565, which gives an account of Moslem conquest and dominion down to the capture of Bagdad l)y Jenghis Khan, A. D. 1258. The most important event for us during this latter period is the conquest of Spain, a full account of which may be found in the article Spain, XXII, 312-15. Continental Europe from a. d. 47(j to A. D. 1453. The period of ten centuries which intervened between the fall of the Western Empire and the capture of Constantinople by the Turks may be briefly studied. The Franks invade Gaul, IX, 528 ; the Goths and Lombards establish themselves in Italy, XIII, 407; the Visigoths gain control of Spain. XXII, 308; a new empire is established by Cuakle- MAGNE, V, 402. This brings us to the year 814. From this point to the close of the period only a few events need be noticed. The rise of the feudal mon- archy in France, IX, 536 ; the Hapsburg dynasty, X, 4'.ll, and III, 124 ; the liouse of lJrandenl)urg in Germany, XX, 4. Now read the account of the Hundred Years' War between France and Eng- land, IX, 545-51. This prepares us for the study of the article on Feudalism, IX, 119, and the various notices of Chiv- alry indicated in the Index volume, page 96. See Dark Ages, XXVI. 355. The Middle Ages The chief events of this period are connected with the Crusades, which are the subject of an interesting and im- portant article, VI, 622. In connection with the above-named articles there is room for a good deal of collateral read- ing. Study the following articles : Venice. XXIV, 141; Florence. IX, 333; Medici, XV. 783 ; Naples. XVII, 187 ; Hau- seatic League, XI, 449 ; and a part of the article on commerce, VI, 199-201. From A. D. 1453 to the French Bevolit- fion. Among the important events of this period were the following: The discovery of America, X, 17S- 92. The invention of printing, XXIII. 687. The circumnavigation of the Trope gl"l'e ; see Magellan, XV, 197. The Reformation, XX, 319. The invention of the steam engine, XXII, 473. The study of the history of this period may begin with tiie Renaissance, XX, 380. In connection with this study, re- fer to the historical portion of each of the following articles: Austria, III, 124-31; Prussia, XX, I 11; Holland, XII, 69-82; France, IX, 552-96. See also Italy, XIII, 482 ; Spain, XXII, 339. The portions of this history wiiich will claim our chief attention are: The career of Ciiakles V, V, 413 ; the struggle of the Netherlands with Spain, XII, 74- 77; The Thirty Years' War. III. 125. In connection with these, read : Wallen- stein, XXIV, 328; Gustavus Adolphu.s, XI. 333; Louis XIV, IX. 573 83: Philip II of Spain. XVI II. 743 ; Catherine de Me- dici. V. 235 : I'eter the Gn-at. X\l 1 1. CDS; Charles XI I of Sweden. \'. IJn ; Kn-d- erick the (!reat. IX. 735; and Catherine II of Russia. V, 233. 42 GUIDE TO THE BRITANNICA From the French Rcvohdion to the Pres- ent Time. The leading article for the study of this period is that on France from page 596 to page 629, vol- The XlXth T-v' TT J Century "'^^^ IX. Here you may read (1) of the Revolution, page 596; (2) of the Republic, page 604; (3) of the Empire, page 615; (4) of the subsequent history of France to the close of the presidency of M. Grevy. A supplement- ary article. XXVII, 19, brings the history of France down to date. In connection with the above, read the following bio- graphical sketches : Mirabeau, XVI, 492: Marie Antoinette, XV, 540; Robes- pierre, XX, 601 ; Danton, VI, 815 ; Marat, XV, 526; Dreyfus Case, XXVI, 453. The history of Napoleon fills thirty- seven pages of the Britcnuiica. XVII, 192. In connection with this article, read the following : Josephine, XIII, 751 ; Talley- rand, XXIII, 29; Wellington. XXIV, 493. These articles alone will give us the best part of the political history of Con- tinental Europe down to the year 1815. The more important events which have since occurred outside of France may then be read: The liberation of Greece, XI, 125. The Crimean war, XXI, 102. The Independence of Italy, XIII, 485. The Austro-Prussian war, X. 502. The Franco-Prussian war, X, 503-506. And now you will no longer need the help of the Guide. Almost any informa- tion that you may desire can be found by. turning to the proper heading in the Britannica as indicated in the Index volume. For events that have occurred since 1879, as w^ell as for the biographies of men who were living at that time, it is always well to consult the later volumes. For example, there is no separate article on Bismarck in the Early main portion of the Britannica; but in Volume XXV, page 485, there is a complete biographical sketch, and in the Index volume (page 57) thei-e are references to other articles in which he is mentioned. Here also are to be found articles relating to many other historical events of recent occurrence. See Home Rule, XXVII, 309. Corea and the war between China and Japan in 1895, XXVI, 284. The British Doniinions — England. In the article Britannia, IV, 352, an ac- count is given of the ancient Britain Biitons, and of the occupancy of their country by the Ro- mans previous to its settlement by the English. The historical part of the arti- cle England fills about one hundred pages (VIII, 263-367), which may be read at your odd moments of leisure. The history of England since 1874 is suc- cinctly told in XXVIl, 149. From these articles alone you may obtain a good practical knowledge of English history. In connection with them, however, it will be profitable to read the following briefer articles : William the Conqueror, XXIV, 574. Henry II. XI, 657-58. Thomas a Becket, I, 31-33: Richard Cceur de Lion. XX, 539. John, XIII, 713-14 ; and Charter, V, 431-33. Stephen Langton, XIV, 286-87. Edward I, VII, 682-83. Henry VIII, XI. 662. 'Srapty Q"een Mary, XV, 592. Lady Jane Grey, XI, 193. Queen Elizabeth, VIII, 142.. Sir Francis Drake, VII, 389. Charles I, V, 404. (Oliver Cromwell, VI, 597. William III, XXIV, 578. THREE COURSES OF READING IN HISTORY 43 Queen Anne, 11. 62. Marlborou< lished in 1626. See the article, George Sandys, XXI, 262; also Ovid, XVIII, 78. Of other early writers in Amer- ica, there are a few whose biographies should be studied. Read the lives of the great theologians and controver- sialists of colonial Xew England : Roger Williams. XXIV, 5S6. John Cotton, XII, 726. John Eliot, the Apostle of the Lidi- ans. VIII. 136. Cotton Mather, XV. 63L Jonathan Edwards, VII, 688. Then turn to the article on Ben- jamin Franklin. IX, 71L This, with the first two columns of Chapter III, on page 720 of volume I, will com- plete our study of the Colonial Pe- riod. Concerning the orators, statesmen, and poets who flourished during the Revolutionary Period there is much to read ; and vet of the writ- "ZT/oL i"g« of that period there re- mains to us but little that is of permanent literary value. Read what is said on this subject on pages FIVE COURSES OF READING IX THE IIISTOUV OF UTEUATrKE 45 Historians Orators 721 and 722 of the first volume of the Britaiinica. Read the articles on Patrick Henry. XI, G7C. Alexander Hamilton, XI, 412. Thomas Jefferson, XIII, 613. John Trumbull. XXIII, 592. Joel Barlow. Ill, 877. Benjamin Franklin, IX, 711-19. Thomas Paine, XVIII, 136-37. Coming now to the literature of the Nineteenth Century, let us read tirst of the great historians : (ieorge Bancroft, XXV, 341. Jolm Bach McMaster, XXVII, 675. William 11. Prescott, XIX. 702. John Lothrop Motley, XVII, 2. Francis Parkman, XX\'III, 334. Of the orators: Daniel Webster, XXIV, 471. Henry Clay, V, 817. John C. Calhoun, IV. 683. Edward Everett, VIII, 736. Of writers of fiction and miscellanies : Washington Irving, XIII, 372. Nathaniel P. Willis, XXIV, 587. ^Ttc"''' 'Tames Fenimore Cooper, VI, 337. Charles Brockden Brown. IV, 383. Nathaniel Hawthorne, XI, 536. Harriet Beecher Stowe. XXIX, 169. William Dean Howells. XXVII, 331. Of e.ssayists and theologians : William Ellery Channing, V, 393. 'I'lioodoro Parker, XVIII, 300. Kalpli Waldo Emer.son, X.WI, 508. Henry D. Thoreau, XXIII, 313. Oliver Wendell Holmes, XXVII, 3(i5. Of poets : Henry W. Longfelh.w. XIV, 860. Edgar Allan Poe, XIX. 255. William Ciilln Bryant. XXV, Essayists, etc. Poets 62 James Russell Ldwell. XXVII, 638. John G. Whittier, XX iX, 545. Walt Whitman, XXIX, 544. Read, next, Chapter IV, pages 722- 34, Volume I. The new era in tlie history of American literature began at about the time of the Civil War. The pro- ducts of that period, and the charac- teristics which distinguished them, are described in an able article by Prof. F. L. Pattee, in X.XV, 164-71. See also American Drama, XX\'I, 447. If the student wishes to continue this course of reading so as to include a still more minute survey of our re- cent literature, with a study of the lives and works of some of the later writers, he can do so without further direction from the Guide. ^'Luerature l^y Consulting the Index vol- ume he will be able in most cases to find any name of real prom- inence in American literature. A course of reading pursued in the man- ner here indicated cannot fail to imjiart a comprehensive knowledge of the history of our own literature. If con- ducted in connection with the reading of extracts from the writers men- tioned, its educative value can scarcely be overrated. The readings may con- clude with the "Summary." l', 734- COUKSE THE SECOND — ENGLISH I.ITEK.A.- TURE. See the special article on English literature. VIII, 403. This is a long and valuable contribution bv Eleven Periods Tlmiiias A mold, and should be read in parts in connection with the following short articles, or parts of articles : I. ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD, 5961066. The Venerable Beda, III, 480. Csedmon,the first English poet, IV, 629. 46 GUIDE TO THE BRITANNICA King Alfred, I, 506 ; VIII, 404. iElfric, the Grammarian, I, 182. II. ANGLO-NORMAN PERIOD, 1066-1215. Romances and legends of King Arthur. V. 322; II, 649; VIII, 309; IX, 642 ; XX, 642-49. Layamon (13th century), XIV, 374. Geoffrey of Monmouth (l-2th cen- tury), X. 172. III. THE TRANSITION PERIOD, 1215-1350. Matthew of Paris (13th century), XV, 633. Duns Scotus, VII, 545. Roger Bacon (died 1292). Ill, 218. Ormin's Rhythmic gospels, VIII, 395. Robert Manning, XV, 494. IV. EARLY ENGLISH LITERATURE, 1350-1477. John Wyckliffe, XXIV, 708. John Gower, XI, 21. Geoffrey Chaucer, V, 449 ; VIII, 411. John Lydgate, XV, 97. The invention of printing, XI, 336 ; VIII, 413. Caxton, the first English printer, V, 279 ; VIII, 398. V. THE RENAISSANCE AND THE REFORMA- TION, 1477-1579. John Skelton. XXII. 119. John Colet, VI, 139. Sir Thomas More, XVI, 815. William Tyndale, XXIII, 675 ; VIII, 384-85. Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, XXII, 694; XXIV. 704. Sir Thomas Sackville, Earl of Dor- set, VII, 372. Roger Ascham, II, 677. VI. THE ELIZABETHAN ERA, 1579-1620. Sir Philip Sidney, XXJI, 35; XVIII, 346. Edmund Spenser, XXII, 392. Sir Francis Bacon, III, 200; VIII, 422. Christopher Marlowe, XV, 556-58. William Shakespeare, XXI, 787. Ben Jonson, XIII, 741. Beaumont and Fletcher, III, 469-74. Philip Massinger, XV, 618-19. VII. THE PURITAN PERIOD, 1620-1660. Thomas Hobbes, XII, 31. Sir Thomas Browne, IV, 389. John Milton, XVI, 324 ; XIX, 268. Jeremy Taylor, XXIII, 93. Edmund Waller, XXIV, 330. Abraham Cowley, VI, 532. VIII. PERIOD OF THE RESTORATION, 1660-1700. John Drvden. VII, 488. Samuel Butler, IV, 588; XXI, 319. .John Bunyan. IV, 526. John Locke, XIV, 751. IX. IN THE AGE OF QUEEN ANNE, 1700-1727. Daniel Defoe. VII. 26. Jonathan Swift. XXII, 761 ; XXI, 320. Joseph Addison, I, 146. George Berkeley, HI, 589. Alexander Pope, XIX, 481. X. THE GEORGIAN ERA, 1727-1800. Samuel Richardson, XX, 543. Bishop Butler, IV, 582 ; I, 792. Henry Fielding, IX. 142 ; XXI, 320. Samuel Johnson, XIII, 719. David Hume, XII. 346. Laurence Sterne, XXII. 541. Thomas Gray, XI, 77. Tobias G. Smollett, XXII, 183. William Robertson. XX. 599. Adam Smith. XXII. 169. Sir William Blackstone, III, 800. Oliver Goldsmith, X, 760. FIVE COURSES OF READING IN THE HISTORY OF LITERATURE 47 Edmund Burke, IV, 538. William Cowper, VI, 533. Edward Gibbon. X, 572. Jeremy Bentham, III, 575. Richard Briusley Sheridan, XXI, 797. George Crabbe. VI, 539. William Blake, III. 804. Robert Burns, IV, 566. XI. THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. William Wordsworth, XXIV, 668; XIX, 271. Sir Walter Scott, XXI, 544. Samuel T. Coleridjre, VI. 135. Robert Southey. XXII, 289. Charles Lamb, XIV, 234. Henry Hallam, XI. 393. 'J'homas Campbell, IV, 755. Thomas De Quincey, VII, 101. Lord Byron, IV, 604 ; XXI, 320. Frederick Marryat, XV, 569. Percy Bysshe Shelley. XXI, 789. William Whewell, XXIV, 539. George Grote, XI. eii'. Thomas Carlyle, XXVI, 64. John Keats. XIV, 22. Connop Thirlwall. XXIII, 305- Sir Charles Lyell, XV, 101. Thomas Hood, XII, 145. George Finlay, IX, 220. Thomas B. Macaulay, XV, 125. John Henry Newman, XXVIII, 214- Lord Lytton, XV. 121. Elizabeth B. Browning, IV, 391. John Stuart Mill. XVI, 307. Charles Lever, XIV, 485. Charles R. Darwin, XXVI, 358. Alexander W. Kinglake, XXVII, 498. Alfred Tennyson, XXIX, 251. William M. Thackeray, XXIII, 214 ; XXI, 320. Charles Dickens, VII, 173. Robert Browning, X.XV, 616. Charles Reade, XX, 302. Anthony Trollope. XXIII, 5S5. Charlotte Bronte, IV. 364. George Henry Lewes, XIV, 491. James A. Froude. XXVII. 44. John Ruskin, XXVIII, 631. Charles Kingsley, XIV, 88. George Eliot (Mrs. Mary Ann Cross), XXVI, 318. Herbert Spencer, XXIX, 136. John Tyndall, XXIX, 342. Matthew Arnold. XXV, 250. Edward A. Freeman. XXVII, 33. Goldwin Smith, XXIX, 106. William Wilkie Collins, XXVI, 231. Thomas H. Huxley. XXVII. 346. William Stubbs. XXIX, 186. George Meredith, XXVIII, 73. Samuel R. Gardiner, XXVII, 64. Sir Edwin Arnold. XXV, 249. Algernon C. Swinburne, XXIX, 210. John R. Green, XXVII. 163. William E. H. Lecky. XXVII, 564. James Bryce. XXV. 625. Thomas Hardy, XXVII, 230. Rudyard Kipling. XXVII, 500. Poet Laureate. XXVII, 554. Read now the article on Canadian Literature, XXVI, 38. COURSE the third — ANCIENT LITER- ATURE. 1. Greelx Lifrrafiirc. The article on Greek literature, XI, 136, is a compre- hensive sketch of the literary wruers development of Greece, show- ing how its successive pori(«ls were related to each other, and marking the dominant characteristics of each. It should be read in parts, in connection with the separate articles relating to the lives and particular works of Greek writers. The study of this literature nat- urally begins with the lIonuM-ic liyiuns and with the two great epics, the J'idd ajid the Odyssen. ^^e the article Homer, XI[. 108. 48 GUIDE TO THE BKITANNICA After this read the following articles on three great poets of ancient Greece : Hesiod, XI, 777. Simonides, XXII, 83. Pindar, XIX, 98. This brings us to the Greek drama. Read the first two paragraphs on the Attic Literature, XI, 140 ; then turn "^ Drama to the article Drama, VII, 403, and read the six pages devoted to Greek drama. After this take up each of the great dramatists separately, the the tragedians first: ^schylus, I. 208. Sophocles, XXII. 271. Euripides, VIII, 673. Then re-read what is said of Greek COMEDY, VII, 407, and study the article on the great comic dramatist, Aristo- phanes, II, 507. Prose writers will next claim our at- tention, especially iEsop, the fabulist. Historians I' 211 ; and the great historians, and Hei'odotus, XI, 756 ; Xenophon, orators ^XIV, 720; and Thucydides. XXIII, 322. After these make a short study of the Greek orators, XI, 142, and especially of Demosthenes, VII, 67, and Isocrates, XIII, 388. The Greek philosophers will then come in for brief mention. Read the pmioso- biographical portion of each phers Qf ti^g following articles : Socrates. XXII, 231. Plato, XIX. 194. Aristotle, II, 510. Attention may now be given to the chapter entitled. The Literature of the Decadence, XI, 142, wherein is given a brief survey of the literary ^^^^., history of the Alexandrian and Writers '' Grseco-Roman periods of in- tellectual activity. Here a number of interesting names present themselves. In the department of pastoral poetry we shall read of Theocritus, XXIII. -252, and of his disciples and imitators, Bion, III, 696, and Moschus. XVI, 855. In the field of criticism we shall learn of Aris- tarchus, II, 504, whose studies, with those of his disciples, gradually formed the basis for the science of grammar. In mathematics we find the noted name of Euclid, VIII. 655. In prose fiction we have Lucian, XV, 42, the inventor of the art of the story-writer. In history we have Josephus. the historian of the Jew* ish nation, XIII, 751. In biography, Plutarch stands forth preeminent, XIX, 232. In geography appears the noted name of Strabo. In rhetoric we have Cassius Longinus, XIV, 864, the reputed author of the still famous essay on Sub- limity. In i^hilosophy are the great names of Epictetus, VIII, 471, and Mar- cus Aurelius, III, 86. It would be easy to extend these read- ings in Greek literature almost indefi- nitely ; and the student who wishes to do so may, by referring to the numerous articles devoted to the lives of famous Greek writers, continue them to almost any desired length. 2. Eoiiiai) Llfcrafinr. In the depart- ment of Roman literature we shall take as the basis for our studies the very comprehensive and scholarly article on that subject in XX, 715-27. This arti- cle, w^hich gives a general survey of the progress of literature during the different periods of Roman history, should be read in sec- tions, with constant reference to the separate articles devoted to the lives of the most famous Latin writers. In con- nection with the chapter on the first period (from 240 b.c. to about 80 b.c), read the account of the Roman drama, First Period FIVE COURSES OF HEADING IN THE HISTORY OF LITERATURE 49 VJI, 409-12. Then study the history of the early Romau dramatists : NcBvius. XVII, 161. Ennins, VIII. 447. Plautns, XIX. 215. Terence, XXIII, 1S6. In connection with the chapter on the second period (SO b.c. to 42 b.c), read the following special articles : Cicero, V. 770. second Sallust, XXI, 219. Period Ca?sar, IV, 633. Lucretius, XV, 50. With the third period (42 b. c. to 17 A. D.) we enter upon the study of the Augustan age of Roman lit- period erature. Ill, 82-84. Here a noble list of names is pre- sented, demanding a special study of the following biographical articles: Virgil, XXIV, 248. Ovid, XVIII, 78. Horace, XII, 159. Livy, XIV, 725. During the fourth period, extending for more than a century (17 a. d. to 130 A. D.), Roman literature continues to flow in the old channels, but there is a manifest deterior- ation in almost every depart- ment of literary effort. And yet anu)ng the dramatists we have Persius, XVIII, 661 ; among satirists, Juvenal, XIII, 804 ; among historians, Tacitus, XXIII, 19 ; among philosophers, Seneca, XXI, 658 ; among rhetoricians, (^lintilian, XX, 187 ; and amoug poets, Martial, XV, 577, and Statius, XXII, 466. "The last writer who combines genius with something of national spirit is the poet Claudian (V, 815), who wrote his epics under the immediate inspiring influence of a great national crisis and a national hero." After liim there is perhaps only one Latin writer wiiose life and works 4 Pourtll Period are deserving of study in this connection. That writer is Boetius (III, 855), who lived in the fifth century of our era, and who is described by Gibbon as " the last of the Romans whom Cato or Tully could have acknowledged for their country- man." COURSE THE FOURTH ^ — FIFTEEN GREAT LITERATURES. 1. Hebrew. XI, 597. The Bible, HI, 634-41 ; Early Israelitish literature, XIII, 408; the Talmud. XXIII, 35; the Mid- rash, XVI, 285 ; the Mishnah, XVI, 502 ; Abenezra, I. 36. 2. Sanskrit. XXI. 273-86. 3. Persian. XVIII, 655. Zend-Avesta, XXIV, 775; Zoroaster, XXIV, 820; Fir- dousi, IX, 225 ; Omar Khayyam, XVII, 771 ; Hafiz, XI, 367. L Greek. XI, 136. Homer, XII, 108 ; /Eschylus, I, 208; Xenophon, XXIV, 720; Plato, XIX, 194; Demosthenes, VII, 67. 5. Boman. XX, 715-27. Lucretius, XV, 50 ; Cajsar, IV, 633 ; Cicero, V, 770 ; Augustan Age, HI, 82; Virgil XXIV, 248; Ovid, XVIII, 78; Livy, XIV, 725; Tacitus, XXIII, 19. 6. Chinese. V, 653. Confucius, VI, 258 ; Lao-tsze, XIV, 295. 7. French. IX, 637. Froissart, IX, 797 ; Ral)elais. XX, 193 ; Montaigne. XVI, 767 ; Corueille, VI, 417; Pascal, XVIII, 333; Moliere, XVI, 624; La Fontaine, XIV, 203 ; Racine, XX, 203 ; Boileau, III, 863 ; Bossuet, IV, 70; Voltaire, XXIV, 285; Rousseau, XXI, 23; Victor Hugo, IX, 678, XXVII, 336 ; Cousin, VI, 521 ; Guizot, XI. 268 ; Dumas, VII. 521 ; George Sand, Vn, 507; Emile Zola. XXIX, 630; the French Academy. XXV. 31. 8. German. X, 522. Luther, XV, 71 Arndt, II, 622; Wieland, XXIV. 558 Lessing, XIV, 47S; Herder, XI, 727; 50 GUIDE TO THE BRITANNICA Goethe, X, 721 ; Schiller, XXI. 395 : No- valis, XI, 472 ; Hegel. XI, 612 ; Heine XI, 625 ; Paul Heyse. X, 545 ; Spielhageu, X, 545, XXIX, 140 ; Fritz Eeuter. XX. 494 ; Auerbach, XXV, 294 ; Freytag, X, 545, XXVII, 40 ; Ebers, XXVI, 483. 9. naJian. XIII, 49S. Dante. VI. S09 ; Petrarch. XVIII. 706 ; Boccaccio. Ill, 842; Tasso, XXIII, 75 ; Ariosto, II. 502 ; Al- fieri. 1, 502 ; Mauzoni, XV, 514 ; Carducci, XXVI, 60. 10. Spanish. XXII, 352. Lope de Vega, XXIV, 121 ; Cervantes, V, 347 ; Calderon, IV, 659. 11. Ritssinu. XXI, 102. Poushkiu. XIX. 348; Turgenieff, XXIII, 488; Tolstoy, XXIX, 297 ; Gogol, X, 738 ; Dostovevskv, XXVI, 440: Marie Bashkirtseff. XXV. 380. 12. Surdish. XXII, 753. Tegner, XXIII, 110; Fredrika Bremer. IV, 256; Rune- berg, XXI, 60; Topelius, XXII, 758; Rydberg, XXVIII. 637. 13. Konciica gives a good deal of information concerning both of these. The articles on the Almanac, I, 590, and Almanacs A GENERAL COURSE OF READING IN BIOLOGY 57 American Almanacs, XXV, 143, are espe- cially interesting. So, too, is that on the Calendar. IV, (HU. The different calendars that have been or are still in use are each fulh^ described : The Egyptian calendar. VII, 728. The Hebrew calendar. IV. 677. The Mohammedan calendar, IV, 679. The Burmese calendar, IV, 555. The Siamese calendar. XXI. 853. The Gregorian calendar, IV, 671. The famous Mexican calendar-stone, I, 695. The peculiar terms used in almanacs and calendars are also explained, as : Time Chronological eras or epochs, IV, 681 ; V, 711. Epact. IV. 672. Dominical letter, IV, 669, etc. The various methods of measuring time are described in XXIII, 392. Difference between mean time and sidereal time, VI, 14. Equation of time in astronomy, II, 772. Timepieces. VI, 13; XXIV, 394. Sun-dials, VII, 153. Clocks, VI, 13, and XXVI, 203; Watches, XXIV, 394. Standard time, XXIX, 148. CHAPTER X A General Course of Reading in Biology "Full nature swarms witli life." — T/tomnon, The Seasons. Biology in its widest sense is the sci- ence of life and living things. It there- fore includes Zoology and Botany, to which separate chapters are devoted in this Guide. The following general course of reading, although far from exliaustive. includes several chapters on subjects relating to the foundation principles of the .science. It is distinctively a course for advanced students. Biology III, 679. Protoplasm, XIX. 828, 12, 21, 43. Morphology. XVI, ,S37. Histology. XII, 4 ; III, 681; XVI, 840. Differentiation, XVI. 79. Taxonomy, II. 49 ; III, 683. Classification, botanical, XVI, 845. XXVI, 188-90 ; zoological, II, 49. General Topics Distribution, III, 684 ; of animals. VII, 267 ; of plants. VII. 286. Geological distribution of animals, VII, 281. Continuity of life. Ill, 684. Physiology. Ill, 684. Animal jjliysiology, XIX, 10. Human physiology, XVII, 667. Vegetalilo physiology, XIX, 43. Reproduction, X.\. 407. Gemmation, XXIII, 617. Fission. Ill, 686. Agamogenosis. XIII, 146. iiereditarv transmi.ssiou. III, 687. Heredity, I, 87; XXVII, 275. Variation and Soloction. XXI\'. 76. Individuality. HI, 68S. I'arasitism. XVIII. 258. ii']TI0L0GY, III, 688. 58 GUIDE TO THE BRITANNICA Abiogenesis. I, 49. Biogenesis, III, 689. Epigenesis, XI. 505 b.'" Evolution Embryology, XXVI. 559. Species, XXII, 372. Origin of Species, Darwin on. XXIV, 77, 81 : Lamarck on, XIV, 232. Evolution, VIII, 744. Neo-Darwinism, XXVIII, 195. Phylogeny, II, 49 ; III, 690. See, also Haeckel, XX, 422 ; Darwin, XXVI, 358 ; Lamarck. XIV. 231 ; Huxley, XXVII, 346 ; Weismann, XXIX, 516 ; Neo- Lamarckism, XXVIII, 195. The Vegetable Kingdom. See Read- ings in Botany, in this Guide. Vegetable Limits and classification, HI, Kingdom gQQ Thallophyta. XX, 430 ; XXIV, 125. Cormophyta. Ill, 694. The Animal Kingdom. See Readings in Zoologij, Chapter XI, in this Guide. Acclimatization, I, 84. Breeds and Breeding, IV, 244. Hybridism, XII, 422. Instinct, XIII, 157. Animal Mechanics, XV, 772. Longevity of Animals, XIV, 857. Animal Kingdom CHAPTER XI Readings in Zoology " I used to believe a great deal more in opportunities and less in application than I do now. Time and health are needed, but with these there are always opportunities. Rich people have a fancy for spending money very uselessly on their culture, because it seems to them more valuable when it has been costly ; but the truth is, that bj the blessincr of good and cheap literature, intellectual light has become almost as accessible as daylight." — Philip Gilbert Samerton. Three Courses The amount and variety of informa- tion which the Britannica offers on all subjects connected with the natural sciences is truly won- derful. The articles on Zool- ogy, or animal life, are very numerous — some of them brief descriptive para- graphs, instructive and interesting to every reader; others exhaustive trea- tises designed for the study of special- ists. The vast range of such subjects can perhaps best be illustrated by refer- ence to the following schemes for courses of reading in this science. The first two are of a popular character, and are be- lieved to be not too diflBcult for the home student or amateur zoologist ; the third is more purely scientific, and will be appreciated only by those who have already made considerable progress in the study, and are able to understand its technical difficulties. I. historical course. In Volume XXIV, 799-803, the history of the science of zoology is treated in a Progress manner which appeals to the of the intei'est of every person who science ^^^^^ ^^ acquaint himself with the progress of scientific ideas. After reading this, the student will naturally turn to the biographical sketches of the READINGS IN ZOOLOGV 59 Biographies great men who have contributed most to our knowledge of this subject. The following articles will be especially in- teresting and instructive : Aristotle, the most famous of the ancient writers on this subject, II. 510. Edward Wotton (1492-1555), the earli- est English zoologist, XXIV, 803. William Harvey (1578-1 658), the dis- coverer of the circulation of the blood, and the propounder of the theory of epigenesis, XI, 502. Conrad Gesner. the eminent Swiss naturalist of the XVIth century, X, 554. John Ray (1628-1705), "the father of modern zoology," XX. 300. Carl LinnfBus, '"the Adam of zoologi- cal science," XIV, 671. Comte de Buffon, the first great popu- larizer of natural history, IV, 444. Gilbert ^Vhite, author of "The Nat- ural History of Selborne," XXIV, 549. Baron Cuvier, the eminent French naturalist, VI, 740. Charles Darwin, the great leader of evolutional^ biology, XXVI, 358. Ernst Haeckel, the famous German disciple of the doctrine of evolution. XX. 422. Alfred Russel Wallace, author of "The Geographical Distribution of Ani- mals." XXIX, 472. Albrecht von Haller, the Swiss physi- ologist, XI, 396. Johannes MiiUcr, the German anato- mist, XVII, 17. Jean Baptiste Lamarck, a pre-Dar- wiiiian evolutioni.st, XIV, 231. Louis L. R. Agassiz, the great Swiss- American naturalist, I, 274. John Swammerdam, XX 11, 73(1. Anthony van Leeuwenhoek, Xl\', 410. Rene A. F. de Reaumur, XX, 308. Charles Bonnet, IV, 35. Fran(,ois Huber, XII, 327. Asa Gray, the great American botau ist, XXVII, 147. Sir John Lubbock. XXVII, 640. Thomas Henry Huxley, the English naturalist, XXVII, 346. Ernst von Baer. founder of the science of embryology, XXIV, 807. Sir Richard Owen, the foremost of the disciples of Cuvier, XXVIII, 306. John Vaughan Thompson, the great authority on marine invertebrata, XXIV, 808. Theodoi-e Schwann, inventor of the cell theory, XXI, 460. John James Audubon, the greatest of ornithologists, III, 70. Alexander Wilson, the Scottish-Amer- ican ornithologist, XXIV. 590. Spencer F. Baird, secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. XXV, 328. James Cossar Ewart, founder of ma- rine laboratories, XXVI, 599. G. Brown (roode, director of the Na- tional Museum, XXVIl, 123. Joseiih Leidy, American biologist, XXVII, 573. Lewis Le Conte, American naturalist. XXVII, 565. II. POPULAR READINGS ABOUT ANIMALS. As an introduction to those readings it will be interesting to notice the his- torical paragraphs in the arti- MammaUa '■ ^ '^ cle on Zoology. XXI\, <99- 803. Read also the first .section of the article on Mammalia. XV, 347, and the last section of the same article, XV, 444. Many things in the article on Anthro- pology, II. 107-23, are both curious and instructive ; but for the present the reader's attention is directed only to the section on the Origin of Man, page IIH. and that on the Races of Mankind, [lage 60 GUIDE TO THE BRITANNICA The article on the Ape, II, 148-69, by Professor St. George Mivart, is a com- plete popular and scientific description of the various families and groups of monkeys. The general reader will be interested in the first section, pages 148-55, and also in the concluding sec- tions, relating to the geographical dis- tribution, etc., of apes. The Elephant is the subject of an im- portant article, VIII, 122. His prehis- toric relatives or progenitors are also appropriately described : the Mammoth, XV, 447 ; the Mastodon, XV, 622 ; and the Megatherium, XV. 829. Perhaps the most interesting of all domestic animals is the Camel. See the general article, IV, 735. and also the section on the camel in Arabia, II, 242. Interesting articles — historical and descriptive, and illustrated ■ — are those on the Horse, XII, 172; the Dog, VII, 324 ; and the Cat, V, 205. Carnivorous animals are represented by the Tiger. XXIII, 385; the Lion, XIV, 679 ; and the Hyena, XII, 420. Somecui'ious animals are : the Beaver, III, 475 ; the Chamois, V, 384 ; the Sloth, XXII. 161 ; the Ichneumon, XII, 629. Of the long and very comprehensive article on Birds, III. 699, the general reader can select the following chapters as the most interest- ing : Fossil birds. III, 728 ; migration of birds, III, 765 ; birds' eggs. III, 772. The different classes of birds are variously represented and described in a large number of separate articles. For the present it is unnecessary to call atten- tion to any of these articles further than to say that no popular course of reading should omit the Ostrich, XVIII, 62; the Rhea, XX, 505; the Eagle, VII, 589; the Raven, XX, 295; the Hum- Birds Fishes mingbird, XII, 357 ; or the Albatross, I, 449. The Dodo, that wonderful bird which has but lately become extinct, is the subject of an interesting sketch, VII, 321. A general study of fishes, such as is contemplated in this course, should in- clude a glance at the special article, XII, 630, and also a portion of the chapter on fish-culturC) XIX, 126. The article on Angling, II, 32, will be read and enjoyed by every angler. Among the multitude of simi- lar articles, the following on food fishes should not be omitted : Salmon, XXVIII, 654 ; Mackerel, XV, 159 ; Herring, XI, 764; Cod, VI, 103; Sardine, XXI, 307. Fossil fishes are noticed in I, 275, and poisonous fishes in XV. 782. See also Spencer F. Baird, XXV, 328, and Seth Green, XXVII, 164, the famous fish-cul- turists. David Starr Jordan, the American ichthyologist, XXVII, 462. Aquarial Building, XXIX, 600 ; and Fisheries Building, XXIX, 599, As to reptiles, read the following: General Characters of the Class Reptilia, XX, 441-42; the Division of Bept'lUa into Orders, XX, 442- 45 ; Distribution of reptiles in time, XX, 465 ; Rattlesnake, XX, 293 ; Cobra, VI, 90; Asp, II, 714; Crocodile, VI, 592; Lizard, XIV, 732; Chameleon, V, 381 ; Tortoise, XXIII, 455. Concerning Crustacea there is a val- uable article in VI, 632 ; but our popular course will include only the chapters relating to the Crab, VI, 538, and the Lobster, VI, 657. Ocean life is noticed in an interesting way in VII, 276-81. The articles on the Whale, XXIV, 523; the Walrus, XXIV, 337 ; the Dol- phin, VII, 346; the Seal, XXI, 580; and Reptiles Ocean Life READINGS IX ZOOLOGY 61 the Oyster, XXVIII, 309-10, are particu- larly interesting. Tlie above lists include only a very small portion of the articles on animals. These are sufficient, however, to indicate the great variety of interesting and practical information on zoological sub- jects contained in the pages of the Brifannica. This course of reading might be ex- tended indetiuitely until it would em- brace many hundreds of subjects, and require half a lifetime for its comple- tion. The purpose of the Guide, how- ever, has been not to present an exhaus- tive course, but only to indicate that which may I)e completed easily by the amateur student within a comparatively brief period of time. A still briefer and much easier course is indicated in Chap- ter IV of this GciDE. III. SUPPLEMENTARY COURSE FOR SPECIAL STUDENTS. The principal articles on zoological subjects, written by specialists and em- bodying the latest discoveries, are par- ticularly valuable to advanced students. They are remarkable alike for their comprehensiveness and their accuracy. Taken together, they would form a com- plete library of zoology in themselves. After reading the history of the science as it is related in XXIV, 799-803, to- gether with the l)i()gi-aphical ciassiflca- f;i^gt(.iies indicated in Course 1 tlon above, the student will be pre- pared to make some study of the various forms of classification that have been proposed by great naturalists. Most of these may be found in the special arti- cle on ZooLOov, already alluded to: Aristotle's, XXIV, HU-l. The Linnijuan, XXIV. 805. Lamarck's, XXIV, 806. Cuvier's, XXIV, 807. Owen's, XXIV, 808. Huxley's, XXIV. 809. A valual:)le scientific article on classi- fication, written by Huxley himself, may be found in II, 49. Keeping Huxley's classification in mind, the student who cares to go so deeply into the subject may obtain a general and complete view of the science of zoology by studying the following articles in the order here given : I. /^■o^o^o«. XIX, 830 — a valuable ar- ticle, very finely illustrated. II. Infusoria, XXll, 106. III. Ccelenterafa,\l, 107 — a short ar- ticle, purely scientific. Under this sub- kingdom, see also Hydrozoa, XII, 547, and Actinozoa, I, 129. IV. Annuloida. See Echinodermata, VII, 629. V. Annulosa. Under this sub-king- dom there may be many references. We give only a few : Crustacea, VI, 632. Arachnida, II, 271. Myriapoda. XVII, 115, and V, 340. Insecta. XIII. 141 (see Index. 224). Chittognatha (marine worms), XXI, 148, and II, 52. Annelida, II, 65. VI. Molluscokla, IV, 188. Under this sub-kingdom, see : Polyzoa, XIX. 429. Ih'iicliiopodit. IV, 188. Tunicata. XXlll, 6(i9; II, 53. VII. Mol/iisra, XVI, 632 ; II, 53. Un- der this sub-kingdom, refer to the fol- lowing subjects : Lamellil)rHncliiata, XVI, 684. Gastropoda. XVI, 641. Pteropoda. XVI. 665. Cephalopoda. VI, 735. VIII. Vnfrhraia, XXIV, 178. Under t his sub-kingdom hundreds of references GUIDE TO THE BRITANNICA Fishes might be given. The following articles and paragraphs will be found especially valuable : Class 1. Pisces. See Ichthyology, XII, 630 ; distribution of marine fishes, VII, 280. XII, 677 ; freshwater fishes. XII. 669 ; fishes of America, I, 684 ; geo- graphical distribution of fishes, XII, 668 ; fishes of prehistoric times, XII. 666 ; Agassiz's researches in fossil fishes, I, 275 ; angling, II, 32 ; aquariums, II, 217. Several special articles may be of interest to the general reader, such as : Sea fisheries, IX, 243. Mackerel. XV, 159. Cod, VI, 103. Sturgeon, XXII, 611. Fish-culture, XII. 664; XIX, 126; XXVI. 653. Angling. II, 32. Izaak Walton, XXIV, 342. David Starr Jordan, XXVII, 462. Class 2. Amphibia, I, 750. Class 3. Reptilia. XX, 432 ; snakes, XXII, 189 ; crocodiles, VI, 592 ; alliga- tors, I, 585 ; the tortoise ( including the turtle and the terrapin), XXIII, 455. Class 4. Aves. See Birds. Ill, 699 ; distribution of. Ill, 736. VII, 269 ; birds of America. I, 684. Turn to the special article. Ornithology, XVIII, 2. The history of this science, as narrated in the first pages of this article, is espe- cially interesting. The list of leading works on birds, XVIII, 11-19, is very complete and valuable. The titles of hundreds of articles referring to different birds might be given, but we quote only a few ; for example, in volume VI are such articles as the following : Cockatoo, p. 98; Condor, p. 253; Coot, p. 341; Cor- morant, p. 407 ; Crane, p. 546 ; Crow, Birds Mammalia p. 617 ; Cuckoo, p. 685 ; Curassow, p. 709; Curlew, p. 711. But the student needs no guide to find such articles as these. Class 5. Mammalia, XV, 347 — a very comprehensive and scientific article, fully illustrated. Classification of Mammalia, XV, 370. History of Mammalia in former times, XV, 374. See also Palseon- tology, X, 319. Siibdass Echidna, VII, 628. Subclass Mefafherla, XV, 378; Mar- supials, XIII, 838; Kangaroo, III, 111. Subclass Eidhcria, order Edentata, VII, 652; Sloth, XXII. 161; Armadillo, II, 544 ; Aard-vark, I, 3 : Anteater. XV, 385, etc. Order Sirenia, XV, 389; the Man- atee, XV, 456. etc. Order Cetacca. V. 357 ; Whale. XXIV, 523 ; Porpoise, XIX, 521 ; Dolphin, VII, 346, etc. Order Lisecfirora, XV, 400. Order Chiroptera, XV, 405; Bats, III, 431. Order Eodeidia, XV, 415 ; Squirrels, XXII, 437 ; Rabbits, XX, 192 ; Hares, XI, 476, etc. Order Unyiilata, XV, 421 ; Elephant, VIII, 122 ; Rhinoceros, XX, 521 ; Horse, XII, 172; Zebra, XXIV, 772; Deer, VII, 23, etc. Order Carnivora, XV, 432; Cat, V, 205; Dog. VII, 824; Bear, III, 461; Lion. XIV, 679; Tiger, XXIII, 385; Puma, XX, 104; Jaguar, XIII, 542, etc. Order Primates, II, 108 ; Lemur, XIV. 440 ; Monkey, II, 148 ; Man, XV, 444. and II, 107, etc. MISCELLANEOUS READINGS. The student who has followed this course of reading to the present point liEAUIXGS IX BOTANY 63 will now be prepared to notice the fol- lowing important special ai-ticles : Anthropology, II, 107. ^'l^tcies Animism, ui bb. Biology, III. 679. Evolution, Vlil, 744. Neo-Darwinism, XXVIII, 195. Variation and selection, XXIV, 76. Acclimatization, I. 84. Reproduction, XX, 407. Parthenogenesis. XXVIII, 340. Embryology, VIII, 163. A valuable supplementary article, giving an ac- count of the latest discoveries and the- ories in this department of science, may be found in XXVI, 559-68. Breeds and Breeding, IV, 244. Hybridism, XII, 422. Distribution of Animals, VII, 267. Longevity of Animals, XIV, 857. Animal Physiology, XIX, 10. Animal Heat, XXV, 195. Animal Magnetism, XV, 277. Animal Mechanics, XV, 772. Sense-Organs. XXIX, 54. Segmentation of the Vertebrate Head and Brain, XXIX, 46. Instinct. XIII. 157. Histology, XII, 4. See General Course of Reading in Biol- oflll, Chapter X, for a more logical ar- rangement of these subjects. CHAPTER XII Readings in Botany " In my garden I spend my days ; in my library I spend my nijjhts. My interests are divided between my geraniums and my books." • — Alexander Smith. The reader who wishes to acquire a general knowledge of the subject of liotany may begin by reading '^^Botanists ^^^ chapter on the history of botanical science, IV, 79. Af- ter this, read the biographies of the famous men who have contributed most to the advancement of this science. Among these the following are named as among the most important : The elder Pliny, the first who made any extensive catalogue of plants, XIX, 224. Andreas Ccrsal]iinus. the great Flor- entine botanist of the 16th century, IV, 633. John Ray, the originator of the "nat- ural system" of classification, XX, 300. Joseph P. de Tournefort. the foremost French botanist of the 17th century, XXIII, 490. Carl Linnieus, the real founder of the science, XIV, 671. Jussieu, a famous French family of botanists. XIII. 7.SS. Robert Brown, the first British botan- ist to adopt and support the " natural system," IV. 385. Augustin P. De Candolle, the Swiss botanist, who modified Jussieu's system of classification, VII. IS ; IV, 80b-81a. Sir William J. Hooker, Xll. 152 53, and his son. Sir Joseph 1). Hooker, XXVII, 317. Stephen L. Endlicher, the Austrian botanist. XXVI, 574. 64 GUIDE TO THE BRITANNICA Johu Lindley, XIV, 663. George Bentham, XXV, 429. Asa Gray, the well-known American botanist, XXVII. 147. John M. Coulter, author of many of the articles on botanical subjects in the Supplements to the Britannica, XXVI, 294. After having read these biographical sketches, turn again to the special arti- cle on Botany, IV, 79-163, and notice the comprehensive manner in which the subject is there treated. This article comprises much more matter than is contained in the ordinary school text- books, and. as you will see, is profusely and beautifully illustrated with numer- ous full-page plates. If it is your wish to make a thorough study of the anatomical structure of plants, their arrangement and classifi- cation, their distribution over the globe, and the uses to which they are subservi- ent, you will find this article to be full of just the kind of information that you want. We will suppose, however, that you pre- fer, instead of studying every portion of this article, to use it for purposes of reference, and in order to supplement the information which you oI;)tain from other sources. If this be the case, con- sult the "Index of Principal vSubjects," J1,V, 162. Even if you are making only a hasty and superficial survey of tkis delightful science, you will find several chapters in this article worthy of your attention. Here are a few which you cannot afford to pass unnoticed : Different parts of flowers, p. 126 ; es- sential organs of flowers, p. 134 ; respi- ration of planb p. 119; pollen, p. 138; fertilization, p 147 ; mosses, p. 107 ; lichens, p. 107; leaves, pp. 108-19; fruit, pp. 148-58. Article on Botany One of the most important articles to aid in the systematic study of this sci- ence is that on Classification by Prof. John M. Coulter, XXVI, 18S-90. The article on Ecology, XXVI, 484, a new department of plant physiology, is indispensable to all advanced stu- dents. The article on Morphology of Plants, XXVIII, 139, is equally lucid, scientific, and comprehensive. Other articles relating to botanical topics are numerous. Any lover of flowers who does not care to pursue a course of reading may while away many pleasant hours in perusing chapters like the following : Distribution of plants, VII, 286. Propagation of plants, XII, 211, 234. Reproduction of plants, XX, 423 ; XXVIII, 575. Ancestry of plants, XXV, 182. Fertilization by insects, XIII, 142. Linnieus's classification of plants, XIV, 672. Morphology, XVI, 837. Alternation of generation, XXV, 149. Assimilation in plants. XXV, 275. Physiology of plants, XIX, 43. Insectivorous plants. XIII, 134. Parasitic plants, XVIII, 264. The article on the Vegetable King- dom, XXIV, 125-31, contains a complete classification of plants. Read also : Botanic Gardens, XXV, 553. Alga?. I, 507 ; XXV, 129. Fungus, IX, 827. Lichens, XIV, 552. Hepaticaj, XIV, 718. Muscinese, XVII, 65. In pursuing the study of botany in a practical way, it is of course necessary that you should acquire a knowledge READINGS IN GEOGRAPHY 65 of plants at first hand, through per- sonal observation. You must, therefore, make a collection of plants "^ Herbarium and arrangeVn herbarium for your own use and study. Full directions for doing this may be found in XT. 717. For further reference to plants, their culture, uses, etc., see the chapters in this volume entitled. The Gardnio; Tlie Fruit-Groirer, and The Woodsiiiaii. In the first will be found a series of read- Further studies ings on the propagation and care of flowers and vegetables ; and in the others some interesting and curious matter pertaining to trees, their modes of growth, their history, and their uses in the world's economy. It is well to remember that all the most important trees and plants in existence are the subjects of special articles in the Brifaiuiica. These may readily be found in their proper alphabetical place or by consulting the Index volume. CHAPTER XIll Readings in Geography What a world is this ! " — As You Like It. I. HISTOliY OF GEOGRAPHY. No TEACHER of geography can afford to be without the Encydopa'dia Brif- annica. In its pages are found a wealth and variety of matter pertaining to this science which it is impossible to find in any similar work. By reference to its numerous geographical articles all difficult questions may be easily solved, and a store of information may be acquii-ed which will he of in- finite value at times when it is needed most. The teaching of geography began in very ancient times. The people of antiquity knew but very lit- Geog/aphy ^^^ about the earth, it is true; but they wore anxious to perpetuate and extend tliat knowl- edge. Among the Greeks it was cus- tomary to lay particular stress upon the teaching of the second book of che Iliad, for that book contains, in connection with the "catalogue of ships," a brief notice of the geography of the countries known at the time of the Trojan war. (See Homer, XII, 108; Iliad, XI, 137; Troy, XX, 637). Among ancient travellers and explor- ers the following are specially worthy of note : Hanno, the Carthaginian, who is be- lieved to have reached the Sargasso Sea, in the raid-Atlantic, and who wrote the Pcriplus. probaldy the earli- est known geographical work. XI, 445 a. Herodotus, who travelled in Scythia, Persia, Syria, Asia Minor, and Egypt, XI, 756. Pytheas, from whom we derive our earliest knowledge of Britain, XX. 142. Nearchus, the famous admiral of Alexander the Great's fleet, XVII, 305, whose voyage synchronized with that of Pytheas (about 330 b. c). The first person who attempted to reduce geography to a science was 66 GUIDE TO THE BRITANNICA Eratosthenes (VIII. 519) ; and when we consider how limited was his knowl- edge of the subject we are surprised that he succeeded so well. He was followed by Hipparchus (XV, 516), who proposed a method for determining the relative position of places upon the earth ; and by Pliuy the Elder (XIX, 224), who gave a geographical account of the known world. Later came Ptolemy, the greatest of all the ancient geographers (XX, 87). His maps are the most ancient that have come down to us. (For a copy of his map of the world, see XV, 516.) Strabo, who was a century or two earlier, was perhaps even more scien- tific in his methods and conclusions than Ptolemy (XXII, 580). During the Middle Ages, geography was taught in the monastic schools. (See fririiini and qiiadririiini. The Middle ^j^ 5J5 >,>^ jj^ ^j f Ages ' _ •' study it was placed under the head of geometry ; but the '" geometry " of these schools consisted chiefly of an abridgment of Ptolemy's or Pliny's ge- ography (X. 177: XIX, 224), to which the definitions of a few geometric forms had been added. For a thousand years absolutely no advance was made in either the knowledge of geography or the methods of teaching it. The first modern impetus to discovery was given by the invention of the mariner's compass (VI, 225), which was followed by a corresponding extension of geographical knowledge. Then came the invention of the astrolabe (XVII, 251). Then Prince Henry the Navi- Birth of gator began his career of ex- Modem ploration (XI. 672) ; Columbus Geography gj^^^g a ucw impetus to the study of geography by discovering a new continent (VI, 171) ; and Magellan's ex- Promoters of Geographical Knowledge pedition gave another impetus to it by circumnavigating the globe. Other bold adventurers sailed the seas and added their contributions to mankind's stock of knowledge concerning the world and its inhabitants. See Hakluyt, XI, 378. and Purchas, XX, 114. But the history of the progress of geographical study is given in full, and with many interesting details, in the Britaunira. See Geography, X, 175. In obtaining a knowledge of the his- tory of this subject, the following arti- cles will be found full of information: Globe, X, 680. Maps, XV, 515; earliest forms of maps, XX. 91, 94; classes of maps, X, 191; Mer- cator's map, XVII. 253. Navigation, XVII, 250. Marco Polo, XIX. 408. Varenius, XXIV, 69. Rennell. XX, 399. Ritter, XX. 570. Petermann, XXVIII. 394-95. See also Polar Explorations since 1880, XXVIII, 448. Henry M. Stanley, XXIX, 149. II. A VIEW OF THE WORLD. On the orthography of geographic names, see XXVII, 77. Every reader of the Brifa?uiic. S('>. in. ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTIQUITIES. Under this head wo shall include a brief survey of a few of the more inter- esting antiquities described in various articles in the Britannica. No attempt Customs 82 GUIDE TO THE BRITANNICA Antiquities will be made at classification. Read first the brief article on Antiquities, II, 134, and then turn to Archa?ol- ogy, II, 333. This latter article may be studied by sections in connec- tion with the supplementary article on the same subject. XXV, 222. See also Egyptology, XXVI, 500 ; W. M. Flinders Petrie, XXVIII, 896. Then read, as occasion requires, or as inclination may direct, the following articles, which have been selected on account of their interest to general readers : Antiquity of Man, II, 115. Antiquities of America, I, 692. The Mound-Builders, 1, 691-93 ; 111,399. Ancient American Architecture, II, 450. Ancient Ruins in Yucatan, XXIV, 758. Antiquities of Egpyt, VII, 767-84. AntiquitiesofPeru,I.696;XVIII,676-77. Wall of Romulus, XX, 812. Wall of Servius. XX, SI 3. Wall of Antoninus, II. 139. Wall of Hadrian, XI, 364. Wall sculptures of Babylon, XVII, 34. Wall decorations in Pompeii, XVII, 37-41. Great Wall of China, V, 638, 641. Baalbec, III, 176. TheTempleofBel.inBabylon.III,183a. Nineveh, XVII, 511 ; II, 397. Schliemann's researches in ancient Troy, II, 341 ; XXIX. 19, Olympia, recent discoveries at, XVII, 765. Mycenae, ancient remains of, XVII, 115. Cylopean masonry, II, 346, 401-02. Remains of masonry in Ithaca, XIII, 517. Tiryns, XXIII, 407. General di Cesnola, XXVI, 101, and his discoveries in Cyprus, VI, 750, note. Temple of Poseidon, XVIII, 133. Temple at Bassa?. XVIII, 735-36. The Palladium, XVIII. 188. Painted Tombs of Corneto, VI, 423. Mummies. XVII, 20. Pompeii, XIX, 444. Herculaueum, XI, 723. Cave animals and Cave men, V, 266. Prehistoric Stone Circles, II, 383. Stone Monuments, Dolmens, etc., XXI, 50. Stonehenge, XXII, 576. Avebury, III, 144. Carnac, V, 118. Ancient Monuments in Peru, II, 451. Stone Monuments in Polynesia, XIX, 428; XX, 273 b' (Rapanui). Animal Mounds of Wisconsin, XXIV, 618. Druidic Monuments, XXI, 52. Ancient Barrows, III, 397. Old Roman Roads, XX, 582. The Catacombs. V, 206-16. ' Ancient Stone Weapons, II, 553. Ancient Inscriptions, XIII, 114-38. Ancient Bottles, IV, 167. Ancient Bracelets, IV, 187. Ancient Bricks, IV, 279. Ancient Brooches, IV, 369. Ancient Lamps, XIV, 247. Ancient Mirrors, XVI, 501. Ancient Baths, III, 434. Ancient Mosaics, XVI, 850. Ancient Relics, XX, 355. Relics in connection with Christian thought and practice, XX, 357. Remains of antique art, II, 134. Ancient rings ; earliest existing rings, cylinders, Roman rings, XX. 560 ; Epis- copal rings, poison rings. XX, 561. Ancient Plate (Assyrian, Etruscan, etc.), XIX, 179-82. Ancient Writing Materials, XVIII, 143. 232. Ancient Pottery, III, 189 ; XIX, 600-19. READINGS IN PHILOSOPHY 83 Ancient Textiles, Weaving in Prehis- toric Times, etc., XXIII, 206. Antiquarian Societies, II, 135. Archieological Societies. XXII, 221. Asiatic Societies, XXV, 271. IV. SOCIOLOGY. The following are a few of the articles or sections which will be found interest- ing or instructive in connection with this study : Ethnography, section VI, on Social Development, VIII, 619-21. Government. XI. 9-21. Philosophv. XVIII, 796 b. Political Economy, XIX, 346-401. Comte's conceptions in sociology, VI, 235 b-23S. Statistics, XXII. 461-66. Socialism, XXII, 205-21. Sociological Societies. XXII, 226 a." CHAPTER XVllI Readings in Philosophy Deanltion Philosophy is a term the meaning and scope of which have varied greatly according to the usage of dif- ferent authors and different ages. The aim of the courses of read- ing which we shall here attempt to in- dicate is to afford a general view of the history of philosophic ideas from the earliest times to the present, with a brief notice of some of the famous schools of philosophy, and of their in- fluence upon modern thought. Of the large number of articles in the Brifan- nica which may be utilized for this pur- pose, only those will be named which are the most essential to a general knowledge of the sul)ject, or which are deemed to be of the greatest interest to the young student or the casual reader. I. ETHICS. The special article on Philosophy. XVIII, 791, may be made the starting- point and basis for these stud- ies. This article, leaving con- troversial details as far as possible in the background, attempts to explain generally the essential natuveof philoso- Etblcs phy, and to indicate the main divisions into which, as a matter of historical fact, its treatment has fallen. After reading the first and second divisions of this article, pp. 791-98, let us make a brief study of the lives of some of the famous ancient philosophers, and of the different schools which they founded. But first, turn to the article on ethics, VIII, 574, and read the introductory paragraphs defining and giving a general account of this division of the subject. Read next the article on Thales. the earliest philosopher of Greece, and the founder of Greek astronomy and geom- etry, XXIII, 217. Then read the follow- ing articles in their order : Pythagoras (580-500 b. c.) and Pytha- goreanism. XX, 137. Ileraclitus of Ephesus (530 470 b. c), XI. 6S1. Democritus (470?-362? b.c). VII. 59. The Sophists. XXII. 263; The Age of the Sophists. VIII. 576. Ancient Socrates (470-399 b. c. I. X.XII. Phiioso- 231 ; Socratic Scho()Is.\'III,57S. P^"" Aristippu.s, II, 506. The Cy- renaic School, VI, 750. u GUIDE TO THE BRITANNICA The Cynics, VI, 745; VIII, 578; Antis- thenes. II, 136 ; Diogenes, VII, 245. Plato, XIX, 194; VIII, 579 ; Platonism, I, 68; Plato and Aristotle, VIII, 580; Plato's school, VIII, 587 ; the Academy, 1,68. Aristotle, II, 510 ; Aristotle's Ethics, VIII, 581 ; his logic, XIV, 784 ; his meta- physics, XVI, 79 ; the Peripatetics, XVIII, 545. Epicurus, VIII, 472, 586. Stoicism, VIII, 583; XXII, 561. Seneca, XXI, 658-59. Epictetus, VIII, 471-72. Marcus Aurelius. Ill, 86. Neoplatonism, XVII, 382 ; VIII, 587. Mysticism, XVII. 128. Christian ethics, VIII. 588 ; faith, VIII, 589 ; love and purity. VIII, 590. Alexandrian school, I, 498. St. Augustine, Christian philosopher, III, 75. St. Ambrose, I, 662. Scholastic philosophy, XXI, 417. Thomas Aquinas, II, 231. Albertus Magnus, I, 453. Abelard, I, 34. Bernard of Clairvaux. Ill, 601. Grotius, XI, 217. Modern Hobbes and his "Levia- Phiioso- than," XII, 31. P'^"' Descartes. VII, 11,5-28. The Cambridge Moralists, VIII, 597. Henry More, XVI, 814. John Locke, XIV, 751. Spinoza, XXII, 399-404. Shaftesbury, XXI, 731. Bernard de Mandeville, XV, 472. David Hume, XII, 346. Adam Smith, XXII, 169. The Intuitional School, VIII, 603. Dugald Stewart, XXII. 546. Utilitarianism, VIII, 606 ; XXIX, 411. William Paley, XVIII, 181. Jeremy Bentham, III, 575. Immanuel Kant, XIII, 844. Johann Gottlieb Fichte, IX, 134-38. Georg Friedrich Hegel, XI, 612. John Stuart Mill, XVI, 307 ; XXIX, 412. Auguste Comte, VI, 229. Arthur Schopenhauer, XXI, 448-58. Pessimism, XVIII. 684-91. Herbert Spencer, XXIX, 136. Ralph Waldo Emerson, I, 729 ; XXVI, 568. Transcendentalism, XXIX. 309. Finally, this study of ethics may be brought to a close by reading the con- cluding paragraph on that subject in XVIII, 796 a. II. METAPHTSIC. Metaphysic is ''the science which deals with the principles which are presupposed in all being and Definition | f "^ ° knowing, though they are brought to light only by philosophy." According to Aristotle it includes also theology, the science of God. It is treated at considerable length by Pro- fessor Caird, of Glasgow, in XVI, 79-102. See the references given above for Aristotle, the Sophists, the Socratic school, Neoplatonism, Kant, Locke, etc. Read also the fol- lowing articles : Neoplatonism. VIII, 587 ; XVII, 332-39. ManichiT-ism, XV, 481-87. Scholasticism, XXI. 417-31. Bacon, HI, 200; XXIII, 244. Descartes. VII, 115. Spinoza, XXII. 399. Fichte, IX, 134 ; XX, 290. Animism, II, 55. Realism. XXI, 419; XXVIII. 557; see also Hamilton, XI, 417 ; Schopenhauer. XXI, 457 ; Pessimism, XVIII, 684-91 ; and Universals. XXI, 418 et seq. Idealism, XXVII, 356. Altruism, XXV, 151. References READINGS IN PHILOSOPHY 85 Modern Psychology Analj'tic Judgments, I, 797. Association of Ideas, II, 730. Antinomy, II, 130. III. PSYCHOLOGY. Psycholog\% " the science of tlie phe- nomena of the mind," is the subject of a long and very learned article by Professor Ward, of Cam- bridge University, XX, 37-85. It may be read by sections with collat- eral references to the articles treating of the lives and works of the men who have done most for the development of this science. ' See the references given above for Locke, Hume. Mill, and many others. Read also the following articles : ■ Berkeley. HI, 589. Herbart, XI, 718. Leibnitz. XIV, 417. Sir William Hamilton, XI, 416. Herbert Spencer, II, 733. Bain, I, 223 ; III, 534. Association of ideas, II, 730. Analytic judgments, I, 797. Belief, HI, 532. Imagination, XX, 57. Feeling, XX, 40, 66, 74. Abstraction, I, 58. Absolute, I, 57. Analysis and Synthesis, I, 796. Attention, III, 52, etc. P.sychology, XXVIII. 51.3. James Sullv. XXIX. 192. Telepathy, XXIX. 242. Magnetism, Animal, XV, 277-83. Psychology in relation to ethics, VIII, 574 ; in relation to logic, XIV, 780 ; to metaphysics, XVIII, 848; to evolution, VIII, 766; to religion, XXIII. 274. Aristotle's Psychologv, II, 522. Plato's, XIX, 201. The Stoics', XXII, .565. Xenocrates's, XXIV, 719. Logic Descartes', VII, 126. Hume's, XII, 352. Leibnitz's, XIV, 422. Kant's, XIII, 848. Hegel's, XI, 620. Cousin's, VI. 525. Lewes's, XIV. 491. See additional references to this sub- ject in Chapter LVIII, entitled The Teacher, in this Guide. IV. LOGIC. Logic is the systematic study of thought. The subject is discussed in a comprehensive and scholarly article by Professor Adamson, of Manchester, in Volume XIV of the Brifaiuiica, pages 780-803. Aristotle's contributions to the development of this science are briefly noticed in II, 516-17. Hutcheson's in XII, 411. Condillac's in VI, 251. Gilbert de la Porree's in X, 592. Leibnitz's in XIV, 422. Hegel's in XI, 619. Kant's in XIII, 852. Lully's in XV, 64. Hamilton's in XI, 419. John Stuart Mill's in XVI, 312. Whately's in XXIV, 530. Boole's in IV. 47-48. De Morgan's in VII, 66-67. The various terms and distinctive ex- pressions used in the science are defined and discussed, sometimes sep- arately, each under its own head, and sometimes in a comprehensive treatise upon some general topic. For example : A priori and a posteriori, II, 214. Reductio ad absurdum, I, 59. Accident, I, S3. Analogy, I, 791. Reality, XIV, 797-98. Terms 86 GUIDE TO THE BRITANNICA Analysis, I, 793, 796. Reason, XIV, 780. Association of Ideas, II. 730-34. See the references given above for Aristotle, Kant, Mill, Hegel, etc. Read also the following articles or paragraphs : Lotze, XV, 12. Ueberweg, XXIII, 716. CoudillacVI. 249. Ulrici, XXIII, 721. Analytics, XIV, 785. Dialectics, XIV. 786 ; II, 516. Deduction, I, 797. Induction, I, 797 ; XIV, 785. Syllogism. XIV, 789. V. .ESTHETICS. By .Esthetics is generally meant the science of the beautiful, with its allied conceptions and emotions. A "'^ifui*^^ l)rief survey of the subject and of the various problems which its study involves is given in a special article by Professor James Sully in I, 212-24. After reading the first two sec- tions of this article, see the references given above for Socrates, Plato, Aris- totle, and the other philosophers men- tioned under the head of Ethics. Read next the chapter on the history of aes- thetic systems, pp. 214-24. This course of reading may be contin- ued with a study of the short section on a3sthetics. XVIII, 795. Edmund Burke's work on the sublime and beautiful is briefly noticed in IV, 540. Jouffroy's theory, that the beauti- ful when considered apart from utility may be useless, is referred to in XIII, 754 b.'" See also : Human Society The nature of beauty, IX, 194. Hutcheson on beauty, XII, 411. Plato on beauty, XIX, 201. VI. SOCIOLOGY. Philosophers will agree in telling us that for the content of morality we must refer, in great part, to the expe- rience crystallized in laws and institutions, and to the un- written law of custom, honor, and good breeding, which has become organic in the society of which we are member's. Sociology, or the science of the develop- ment of human society, is brought there- fore within the scope of philosophy. In some of its aspects it may indeed be regarded as a branch or subdivision of ethics. Many articles in the Britannica relate more or less directly to this in- teresting subject. The following may be studied with profit : Antiquity of Man, II. 115. Development of Civilization, II, 120. Development of Culture. 11, 121. Family Development, VIII, 618. Social Development, VIII, 619. Association and Evolution, VIII, 607. Relations of sociology to economics, XIX, 347. Sociological conceptions of Comte. VI, 235. Herbert Spencer's Social Statics, XXIX, 137. Sociology in relation to Statistics, XXII, 464. See also Sociological Societies, XXII, 226. In connection- with these readings, make use of the references to ethnology given in this Guide, p. 81. CHAPTER XIX Eeadings for Bible Students " This course of reading Scripture and good books will be many ways to your great advantage."- — Richard Baxter, lOGO. Sunday-school teachers, ministers of the Gospel, theologians, and all students of the Bible will Hnd the En- ^Histor ciidopa'dta Britannica replete with information concerning all subjects connected with Bible his- tory, biography, or geography. There is scarcely a proper name in the Old Testament or the New that is not the subject of a special article. The history of the Bible itself, with tliat of the crit- ical problems connected with the books which compose it, is ably and fully dis- cussed by Professor W. Robertson Smith in a fourteen-page article, III, 634-48. Many of the books composing the Bible are treated separately in a similar coni- prehensive manner. See the following : Pentateuch and Joshua, XVIII, 505- 14. This article embraces a complete survey of the first six books of ''°T°' the Bible, with a careful dis- the Bible ' cussion of the Mosaic law. and a notice of the most recent criticisms and opinions. In connection with this article it will lie interesting to read what is said of I'hilo's "Exposition of the Mosaic Law," XVIII, 76:3. The Book of .ludges, XIII, 7G3, and XIII, 400. The Book of Huth, XXI, 110. The Books of Samuel, XXI. 252. The First and Second Books of Kings. XIV, 83. Chronicles, V, 706. The Books of Ezra and Neheniiah, VIII, 831. The Book of Esther. VIII, 560. The Book of Job. XIII, 420. 697. The Book of Psalms. XX, 29, and XII. 589. The Book of Proverbs, XIX. 879. The Book of Ecclesiastes, VII, 623. Song of Solomon, V. 32. Prophet, Prophets, XIX, 814. Lamentations of Jeremiah, XIV, 240. The Book of Daniel, VI, 803. The Old Testament Canon, V, 1. The Gospels, X, 789. Acts of the Apostles, I. 123. Epistles of St. Paul, HI, 642. Epistle to the Hebrews, XI, 602. Epistle to the Romans, XX. 727. Epistles to the Corinthians, VI. 399. Epistle to the Galatians, X, 19. Epistle to the Ephesians, VIII. 458, Epistle to the Ct)lossians, VI, 164. Epistles to the Thessalonians, XXIII, 297. Epistles to Timothy and Titus, XVIII, 348. Epistle to Philemon, XVIII, 741. Epistle of St. James, XIII, 553. Epistlos of St. Peter, XVIII, 697. Epistles of St. John, XIII, 707. Epistle of St. Jude, XIII, 761. The Book of Revelation, XX. 496. The New Testament Canon, V, 7. Apocalyptic Literature, II, 174. The Apocrypha of the Old Testament. II, 180; the Book of Baruch. III. 4(14 ; Esdras, VIII, .■)41; Judith. XIII, 765; Maccabees, XV, 131 ; Tobit, XXIII. 427. (87) 88 GUIDE TO THE BRITANNICA Versions Apocryphal Books of the New Testa- ment, II, 184. Israel, XIII, 396. Moses, XVI, 860. Miscenane- David. VI, 836. ous Bible Jews. XIII. 679. Topics g-j^ig Coucordauce, VI, 240. Bible Glosses, X, 687. Versions of the Bible : English, VIII, 381 ; Wycliffe's. XXIV, 710; Tyudale's. XXIII. 675 ; Coverdale's, VI. 531; the Bishops', VIII, 388; the Authorized Version, VIII, 388-89 ; Luther's, XV, 76 ; Geneva, VIII, 387 ; the Septuagint, XXI, 667 ; the Vulgate, III. 647; XIII, 631 a; the Ro- man Catholic version, VIII, 389 b" ; V, 372 b"'-73a.' Inspiration of the Bible, XIII. 154. Circulation of the Bible, III. 634; XXV, 449-63. The above-named articles, many of them long and all the work of Biblical scholars of high repute, if read in the order named, will constitute a complete course of study in Bible history and criticism. Theologians and advanced students will recognize at once their great interest and value. The Britannica also contains innum- erable briefer articles on subjects con- cerning which every Bible reader desires to be informed. The following is a partial list of such articles arranged alphabetically, according to the volumes in which they occur : Volume I. Aaron, the first high priest, p. 3 ; Abel, the first man slain, p. 33 ; Abimelech, the title of certain kings in Palestine, p. 49 ; Abraham, the " father of the faithful," p. 52 ; Absalom, the re- bellious son of David, p. 56 ; Adam, the first man, p. 134 ; Ahab, the wicked king of Israel, p. 420; Ahasuerus, king of Shorter Articles Persia, p. 421 ; Amos, one of the proph- ets, p. 747. Amalekites. p. 651 ; Ammonites, p. 742 ; and Amorites, p. 747 — tribes at war with the Israelites. Abana and Pharpar. p. 4 ; Adullam, p. 166 ; and Ai, p. 424 — rivers or cities mentioned in the Old Testament. Volume II. Athaliah. p. 827 ; Asa (Vol. XXV, p. 265) ; Apocrypha, p. 180 ; Ark of the Covenant, p. 539 ; Ararat, p. 309. Volume III. Balaam, p. 258 ; Baruch, p. 404 ; Belshazzar, p. 553. Volume /T'. Cain. p. 642 ; Canaanites, p. 763 ; Cana of Galilee, p. 762. Volume V. Canticles, p. 32 ; Chroni- cles, p. 706. Volume VI. Daniel, p. 803; David, p. 836. Volume VII. Deluge, p. 54 ; Deca- logue, p. 15. Volume VIII Eli, p. 133 ; Elijah, p. 134; Elisha, p. 140; Emmaus, p. 177; Enoch, p. 449 ; Esau, p. 533 ; Esdras. p. 541 ; Esther, p. 560 ; Eve, p. 733 ; Ezekiel, p. 828. Volume X. Galilee, p. 27; Gath, p. 108; Gilead, p. 594; Goshen, p. 788; Gideon, p. 588 ; Gog, p. 738 ; Bible Glos- ses, p. 687 ; the Gospels, p. 789. Volume XII. Hittites, p. 25 ; Hosea, p. 295. Volume XIII. Isaiah, p. 377 ; Israel, p. 396 ; Jeremiah, p. 626 ; Jesus Christ, p. 656; Jesus, son of Sirach, p. 672; Job, p. 697. Volume XIV. Lamech, p. 238. Volume XV. Manna, p. 493; Mark, p. 551 ; Mary. p. 589 ; Matthew, p. 633. Volume XVI. Messiah, p. 53 ; Micah, p. 224; Michael, p. 226; Midian, p. 284; Moab, p. 533 ; Moloch, p. 695 ; Moses, p. 860. Volume XVII. Nahum, p. 165 ; Naph- tali, p. 174; Nathanael. p. 242; Nehe- READINGS FOR BIBLE STUDENTS 89 miah, p. 320; Nimrod, p. 511; Nebu- chadnezzar, p. 309. Volume XVIIL Paul, p. 415; Peter, 693 ; Pharaoh, p. 730 ; Philemon, p. 741 ; Philip, p. 742 ; Philistines, p. 755. Volume XX. The land of Rameses, p. 265. Volume XXI. Sabbath, p. 124; Sa- maria, p. 243 ; Samaritans, p. 244 ; Sam- uel, p. 252 ; Samson, p. 252. Volume XXII. Simeon, p. 77 ; Simon Magus, p. 78 ; Sinai, p. 88 ; Solomon, p. 251 ; Synagogue, p. 811 ; Susa, p. 722. Volume XXIII. Thomas, p. 308 ; Tim- othy, p. 399 ; Titus, p. 420 ; Tobit, p. 427. Of the articles which relate to the geography of the Bible, the following are a few of the most important : Sinai, celebrated as the place where Moses received the Law, XXII, 88. Palestine, the '' Promised Land," XVIII, 170, and XIII, 400. Jerusalem, the holy city, XIII, 636. Dead Sea, together with an account of the two cities, Sodom and Gomorrah, which are said to have occu- Tcrapny pied its site, VII, 1. Hebron, the ancient capital of Judea, XI, 608. Bethlehem, the city of David, III, 617. Bethany, the "town of Mary and Martha," III, 617. Beersheba, the most southern town of Palestine, III, 504. Samaria, XXI, 243. Shechem, XXI, 783. Nazareth, the town where Jesus lived, XVII, 302. Gennesaret, otherwise called the Sea of Galilee, X, 29. Gethsemane, XXVII, 89. Capernaum, V, 54. Joppa, XIII, 746. Antioch, II, 130. Damascus, the oldest existing city in the world, VI, 790. The journeyings of the Israelites from Egypt to the Promised Land may be Journey traced by reading the follow- From iug references in their order: Egypt Starting from Rameses in Egypt, XX, 265, they fled to the Red Sea, XIII, 396. Here Pharaoh and his host were overthrown and drowned, but the Israelites, having crossed in safety, pursued their journey through the wil- derness. For three days they had no water to drink, and arriving at last at Marah, XIV, 767, they found that the water in the springs there was bittei*. This water was miraculously made sweet, and they continued their jour- ney, finally reaching Sinai, XXII, 88, where the law was delivered to Moses. From Sinai they passed by various stations to Kadesh-Barnea, XXII, 821, and from that place sent out twelve spies to view the Promised Land. Be' ing afraid to enter the Promised Land, they then turned back into the wilder- ness, where they wandered for forty years. At Mount Hor. XII, 159, Aaron died. While passing around Edom, XII, 699, they were attacked by fiery .serpents. Arriving at last on the plains of Moab, XVI. 533, the Israelite army was re- viewed and the law was confirmed by Moses. Moses viewed the Promised Land from the top of Mount Pisgah and died there. After this the people, under Joshua, crossed the Jordan. XIII. 746 encamped a short time at (iilgal, X, 596, and then marched against Jericho, XIII, 629. and Ai, I, 424. At Shechem, XXI, 7S3, they again encanipod, and there the cursings were read from Mount Kl)al, X, 444, and the blessings from Mount Gerizim, XXI, 244. Returning to Gilgal, 90 GUIDE TO THE BRITANNICA a treaty was made with the people of Gibeon, X, 583. At Merom. XIII, 746, the northern Canaanites were signally defeated ; and at Shiloh, XXI, 803, the twelve tribes were assigned to their re- spective possessions. In much the same way we may follow the Apostle Paul in his voyage to Rome. He sets sail from Csesarea, IV, P^'^i's 689; touches at Sidon, XXII, to°Kome 35 ; thence proceeds to Cyprus. VI, 747, and to Myra, XV. 93, where he is transhipped to a corn vessel, which coasts along the shore of Asia Minor to Cnidus, VI, 44. Being caught by the wind, the vessel is driven to Crete, VI, 569, and follows the south(?rn coast of that island to Fair Haven, VI, 570. Sailing thence to find a secure harbor for the winter, the vessel encounters the wind Eurokylon, XV, 340, and XXVI, 593 ; and, under shelter of the island Clauda, VI, 570, the sailors prepare for the storm by striking sail and turning the vessel's head to the wind. For fourteen days they are driven helpless across the sea, and are finally thrown upon the shore of Melita. XV, 840, escaping only with their lives. After three months, Paul sets sail in an Alexandrian corn ship, stops at Syracuse, XXII, 813, for three days ; then, making circuit, passes Rhe- gium, XX, 341, and the next day lands at Puteoli, XVII, 188, where he rests a full week. Then he proceeds by the Appian Way, II, 211, to the city of Rome, XX, 807. It is safe to say, in conclusion, that the earnest student of the Bible will find in the Britcoudca an answer to al- most every question that may be asked concei'uing biblical subjects. From no other single work will he be able to ob- tain a larger amount of useful informa- tion at so little expenditure of time and labor. The Britaiuiica is, in short, the great authority to which readers and students of every denomination or creed may turn with full confldence in its correctness and impartiality. See Chap- ter LIV, entitled The Preacher and The- ologian, in this Guide. CHAPTER XX Readings in Mythology, Legends, Traditions, and Folklore " Books are our household gods." — January Searle. "Gods and goddesses, all the whole synod of them!" — Antony and Cleoi^atra. Definition I. MYTHOLOGY. Mythology is the science which ex- amines the myths of cosmogony and of gods and heroes. A very schol- arly exposition of this science is given by Andrew Lang in Volume XVII, pp. 135-58, of the BrHamuca. Students, however, who are not already somewhat familiar with the subject will prefer to read some of the shorter arti- cles first ; they will afterward be able to take up this entertaining and com- prehensive disquisition, and read it with appreciation and delight. The follow- ing list includes a number of interesting and valuable articles, arranged for the most part in alphabetical order : Myths of the creation, VI, 446, and READINGS IN MYTHOLOGY, LEGENDS, TRADITIONS, AND FOLKLORE 91 XVII, 156. Read also the chapter on cosmogonies, I, 460 ; and the article on Mysteries, XVII, 124-28. Mvths of the |rods : Apollo, II, 185. '"Roman" ^^^^^^na (Minerva), II, 830; XVI, 437. Diana (Artemis), II, 643 ; VII, 167. Hebe, XI, 593. Hephaestus (Vulcan), XI, 679. Juno (Hera), XI. 679 ; XIII, 778. Jupiter (Zeus), XIII, 779 ; XXIV, 782. Mars (Ares), XV. 569 ; II, 484. Marsyas, XV, 575. Mercury (Hermes), XI, 749 ; XVI, 31. Nemesis, XVII, 331. Neptune (Poseidon), XVII, 345; XIX, 558. Saturn (Cronus), XXI, 320. Uranus, XXIV, 7b' ; XVII, 155. Venus (Aphrodite), II, 171. Vesta, XXIV, 193. The ^sir, I. 209. Odin, II, 679-80; XVII, 156. Frey, I, 210. Baldur, III, 275. ' Niord, I, 210. Bragi, 1,211. Thor, XVII, 156. Freya, IX, 777. Loki, XVII, 474. Heimdal, I, 211, etc. Asgard, II, 679. Bel, III, 175. Ashtoreth, II, 735. Astarte, II, 735. °GodB Merodach, XXIII, 237. Ammon, I, 740. Anubis, II, 146. Bubastis, IV, 408. Baal, III, 175. Moloch, XVI, 695. Ahriman, I. 424. Old Greek Stories Dagon, VI, 761. Anoukis, II, 90. Athor. III. 13. Buto. IV, 590. Ra,VII, 716. Osiris, VI'I. 716. Isis, VII, 717 a." Serapis, XXI, 674. For further references, see Chapter LIV, entitled The Preacher and Theolo- gian, in this Guide. II. LEGENDS. 1. Closely allied to the myths of the gods — in fact, inseparable from them — are the legends of the ancient heroes. All are related in the Brifaiuiiea, with now and then a pertinent . inquiry respecting their origin, or a brief discussion concerning their interpretation. Here j'ou may find the story of Achilles, whose "vengeful wrath brought woes numberless upon the Greeks," I, 94 ; of Acis and his love for the nymph Galatea, I, 98 ; of Actteon, hunted by his own hounds, I, 129; of Adonis, beloved by Venus, I, 1(53 ; of Adrastus and the war of the Seven against Thebes, 1. 164 ; of xEacus, famed for his integrity and piety. I, 179; of ^geus, the king of Athens, and of ^gina. the river-nymph, 1.180 ; of .Kgis, the buckler of Jupitei-, I, 181; of .Egis- thus, the traitor, I, 181, and his betrayal of Agamemnon, "king'of men." I. 273 ; of ^]neas and his llight from Troy, 1. 1S2; of Ajax Telamon and Ajax Olleus and their bold exploits. T. 432 ; of fair Alcestis; giving herself up to death to save the life of her hus])and. I, 459; of Alcinous and his Pha'acian people. I, 468 ; of Alpheus, the river-god, I. 615. and liis adventure with the nymph Arothusa. II, 485 ; of the Amazonian women, I, 655. brave warriors of the Colchian shore; 92 GUIDE TO THE BRITANNICA of Amphiaraus, I, 749, whose prophetic power did not save him from an early death ; of Amphion, I, 774, the sound of whose lyre caused stones to move and form themselves into the walls of Thebes ; of Amymone and the satyr, I. 782. This takes us only through the first volume. Of the numerous classical otjjgr legends narrated in the re- ciassicai maiuiug volumes, it is unnec- Legends ggga,j-y to name all. Any course of reading on this subject, however, ought to include the following : Anchises, the father of ^neas,II, 3. Andromache, the wife of Trojan Hec- tor, II. 22. Andromeda, saved by Perseus from the jaws of a sea-monster, II, 22. Antgeus. giant and wrestler, overcome by Hercules, II, 100. Antigone, the heroine of one of the most famous of the old Greek tragedies, II. 127. The Argonauts and their famous voy- age in search of the Golden Fleece, II, 496. Ariadne.the fair maiden of Crete.II.501 . Arion. the Greek bard and player on the cithara, II, 502. Atalanta, the swift-footed huntress of Arcadia, II, 826. Atreus, the father of Agamemnon, III, 50. Atropos, one of the Fates, IX. 49. Atys, the beautiful shepherd of Phrygia, III, 65. The autochthones, or aborigines of Greece, III, 141. Cadmus, the reputed inventor of letters, IV, 629. Calchas, the wisest of soothsayers, IV, 653. Calliope, the Muse of epic poetry, IV, 709. The centaurs, or "bull-killers," fabled as creatures half man and half horse, V, 340. Cerberus, the three-headed dog that guards the gates of Hades, V, 345. Cupid and Psyche, VI, 708. The Cyclopes, a lawless race of oue- eyed monsters. VI, 744. Daedalus, the most famous artisan of prehistoric times, VI, 760. Danae, the mother of Perseus, VI, 797. Danatis and his fiftv daughters, VI, 797. Daphne, beloved by Apollo. VI. 821. Deucalion, the Noah of the Greeks, VII. 134. Dodona and its famous oaks. VII, 322. Echo and her love for Narcissus, VII, 640. Elysium, or the abode of the blessed, VIII, 156. Endvmion, and his perpetual sleep, VIII, 205. The Epigoni, sons of the seven heroes who perished at Thetes, VIII, 477. The Erinyes, or Furies, VIII, 524. The Fates, IX. 49. The Fauns, IX, 53. The Furies, VIII, 524 ; IX, 840. Ganymede, the cup-bearer of Zeus, X, 72. The Giants, X, 571. Glaucus, the fisherman who became a god. X, 676. The Gorgons, X, 784. The Graces. XI, 26. The Harpies, XI, 490. Hercules, the greatest of the heroes, XI. 725. Hero and Leander, XI, 754. The Hesperides, daughters of the West, XI. 778. Iphigenia, XIII, 211. Jason, the leader of the Argonauts XIII, 596. READINGS IN MYTHOLOGY, LEGENDS, TRADITIONS, AND FOLKLORE 93 Hyacinthus, the friend of Apollo, XII, 420. Laocoon, the unfortunate Trojan, crushed by serpents, XIV, 292. The Lapithge, ancient race of Thessaly, XIV, 300. Linus, who taught Hercules music, XIV, 678. Medea, the enchantress, XV, 776. Medusa, the Gorgon, X, 785. Midas and the "golden touch," XVI, 278. Milo, the wrestler, XVI, 323. Minos, the Minotaur, and the Labyrinth of Crete, XVI, 478. The Nymphs, XVII. 688. Nestor, oldest of Grecian heroes before Troy, XVII, 354. Orpheus, the sweetest of all musicians, XVIII, 51. Odysseus, or Ulysses, XVII, 729. Pegasus, the winged horse of the Muses, XVIII, 468. Pelias. king of lolcos bv the sea, XVIII, 474. Penelope, the faithful wife of Odys- seus, XVIII, 490. Phaethon, son of Helios, XVIII, 727. Romulus, the mythical founder of Rome, XX, 840. Theseus, the great Athenian hero, XXIII, 293. The Trojan war, XXIII, 582-83. See also Homer, XII, 117. 2. Of old English legends intimately associated with much that is best in our literature, there are several with which every student should be familiar. Among these are the following : Beowulf, VIII, 403b', 404a'"; XX, 657. King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table, II, 649 ; XX, 642-49. Lancelot of the Lake, XX, 644. EngUsU Legends Merlin, the wizard, XX, 645. Guy of Warwick, XI, 341. Sir Bevis of Hampton, XX, 65^3. Godiva, the fair lady of Coventry, VI, 530. Fair Rosamond, XX. 848. Whittington and his Cat, XXIV, 556. 3. Of Christian legends, some of the most interesting are: Lilith, the legendary wife of ™nas Adam, I, 138 b'; VII, 62b". 64 b." Saint Cecilia, V, 284. Saint Christopher, V, 704. Saint Denis, VII, 79. Saint George and the Dragon, X, 429. The Holy Grail, XI, 34. The V^andering Jew, XIII, 673-75. The Flying Dutchman. XIIJ, 674b"; XXIV, 314 a (Der FUeqende Ho/lamhr). Saint Nicholas, XVII, 483. Saint Veronica, XXIV, 174. Seven Sleepers of Ephesus, XXI, 697. Prester John, XIX, 714-18. 4. Of other famous legends the num- ber is too great for anything like a com- plete list to be given. Among "^'ZT those referred to or narrated neous in the Briiannica the following may be mentioned : Adam's Peak in Ceylon, I, 140. The Tower of Babel, III, 178. The Story of Lohengrin, XXIV. 314. The Story of Tannhiiuser, XXIII. 46. Find, or Fingal, the Celtic hero. IX, 215. Roland, the French hero, XX, 626. The Cid. famous in Spanish story, V, 773. Amadis of Gaul, I. 650; XX, 653-56. Palmerin de Oliva, XX, 656 b 657. Havelok, the Dane, XX, 657-58 ; VIII, 410 b.' 94 GUIDE TO THE BRITANNICA Ogier, the Dane, XX, 652. Prester John, King of Abyssinia, I, 65 ; XIX, 714. The Legend of Dr. Faustus, IX, 54. Legends of Atlantis, III, 27. AVilliam Tell, XXIII, 155. The Beast Epic of Eeineke Vos, VIII, 838. The Pied Piper of Hamelin, XI, 409 : XXV. 616. The Nibelungen Lied, XVII, 474. The legends peculiar to different coun- tries are also noticed in their appropri- ate places, as : Legends of Afghanistan, I, 238. Legends of Arabia, II, 255. Legends of Central America, 1, 703, etc. 5. Fainj Stories and Folk Tales.— For special articles, see VIII, 854 ; XXIII, 27-29. See also the following sections paragraphs, and short articles : Fairies, II, 203. Brownies, II, 204. Fairies in Celtic literature, V, 325. Morgan, the Fay, V, 325. Oberon, XVII, 704. Charles Perrault, XVIII, 556 ; XXIII, 27 b.' The Brothers Grimm, XI, 1 99 b"'-200 a . ' Hans Christian Andersen, XXV, 184. 6. Fables. — See special article, VIII, 837. Sanscrit fables, XXI, 287. Ji^sop, the Greek fabulist, I, 211. La Fontaine, the French writer of fables, XIV, 203. Kriloff, the Russian collector of fables, XIV, 148. CHAPTER XXI Readings in the Study of the Supernatural " To make modern and familiar, things supernatural and causeless." —Airs Wc/l that Ends Well. Occult Sciences In this chapter it is proposed to point out to the reader a few of the most interesting articles in the Bri- taiuiica relating to supernat- ural phenomena, the .occult sciences, ipagic, mystery, superstition, btc. No attempt will be made towards a classification or logical arrangement of the subjects, nor is it possible to pre- sent anything approaching to a com- plete list of the articles and parts of articles which relate directly or indi- rectly to the supernatural. But it is believed that every student will find in these readings matter that will afford entertainment and instruction. Before the era of modern science, the belief in the supernatural held a much larger place in the estimation of man- kind than it is possible for it to hold again. Alchemy, astrology, and magic reigned undisputed, and knowledge of every kind was tinctured with supersti- tion. Let us begin our readings, there- fore, with selections from articles relating to these defunct sciences. READINGS IN THE STUDY OF THE SUPERNATURAL 95 1. Alchemy has been very aptly de- scribed as "the sickly but imaginative infancy through which modern chemistry had to pass before it attained its majority." See the very interesting article on this subject, I, 459-67. Read also the following arti- cles and selections : Paracelsus, XVIII, 234. Jakob Bohme, III, 852. Hermes Trismegistus, XI, 750. Alexander of Aphrodisias, I, 486. Roger Bacon, III, 218 ; I, 186. Albertus Magnus, I, 453. Cornelius Agrippa, I, 418. Raymond Lully, XV, 63. Arnold of Villenenve, II, 620. The Rosicrucians. XX, 852. Cagliostro. IV, 641. Alembic, I, 477. 2. Astrology was the forerunner of the modern science of astronomy, and, like alchemy, was not alto- gether unproductive of good results. For a general history of this interesting subject, see the special ar- ticle in volume II, 738-43. Also, con- sult the following short articles : Horoscope, XV. 206. Zodiac, XXIV, 791 ; VII, 550. William Lilly, XIV, 642. Nostradamus, XVII. 596. Robert Fludd, IX, 349. John Dee. VII. 22. Michael Scott. XXI. 469. Girolamo Cardan, V, 90; 11, 742. Napier's belief in Astrology, XVII. 183. Astrology among the Parsees. XVIII, 825. 3. Necromancy. An iiii|)(iil:iiit article on magic, its hi.story and influence, may be found in XV, 199. Magic nr • , . , . Magic among prelustoric na- tions, VIII, 62a Astrology Mysticism Egyptian Magic, XV, 201. Babylonian and Assyrian Magic. XV, 201. Greek and Roman Magic, XV, 202. Magic among Asiatic Nations, XV, 203. Magic in Christendom, XV, 204. Necromancy in England, VII, 22. Divination, or the art of discovering secret or future things by preternatural means, VII, 293. superstitious ^^^^^^.^^ ^^. ^^^^ ^^.^ ^^ ^-^^ covering through natural signs the will of the gods. III, 72. Palmistry, the art of divining persona' history from the lines in the palm of tLe hand, XXVIII, 321. Ordeal, or the mediaeval method ot dis- covering the will of God, XVII 818. Dreams and their interpretation, VII, 452, 293 b.'" Lycanthropy, or the metamorphosis of men into wolves, XV, S9. The mystical arrangement of letters, called Abracadabra, I, 52. The mystical word Abraxas, I, 56. The mystical ornament or charm. Amulet, I, 781. The mystical science, Kabbalah, XIII. 810. 4. Demonology, or the influence of spiritual beings ujton the affairs of men. VII, 6U 64. Sorcery, or familiar inter- course with demons, VII, 63. Witchcraft. XXIV. 619— a history of the laws and methods by which dilTor- ent nations have attempted to suppress this supposed crime. Exorcism, or the means by wliicli evil spirits are expelled. VIII, 806. Devil. VII. 136. EvUSpirlts x-,'iT c-o . Ahniiian. I, -121 : X\ II S-»S ; XXIII, 238; Beelzebub, III, 503. Asmodeus, 11, 714. Wltcbcraft 96 GUIDE TO THE BRITANNICA Mephistopheles, XVI, 29. Faust, the sorcerer of mediaeval leg- end, IX, 54; X, 539. Merlin, the wizard of Britain, XX, 645. Apollonius of Tyana, philosopher and magician, II, 188. Reginald Scot. English writer on witchcraft. XXI, 470. Cotton Mather, the New England op- ponent of witchcraft, XV, 631. 5. The history of the belief in super- natural beings and in supernatural Super- influences may be further illus- naturai trated by reference to the influences foHowing articles: Mysticism, XVII, 128-35. Angels, II, 26 ; II, 183. Azrael, XXV, 312. Raphael. XX, 274. Gabriel, X, 3. Michael, XVI, 226. Apparitions, II, 202. Astral Spirits, XXV, 279. Ghosts, II, 205; XV, 199. Spiritualism. II, 207; XXII, 404; the Fox sisters, XXVII, 18; Daniel D. Home, XXVII, 308; RobertD. Owen. XXVIII. :307. Fetichism, II. 45. Totemism, XXIII. 467. Prophecy, XIX, 814. Inspiration. XIII, 154; XIX. 197. Second Sight, II, 202. Hypnotism, II. 505. Mesmerism, XV, 277. Telepathy, XXIX, 242-43. Theosophy, XXIII, 278-79 ; XXIX, 267. Augury, HI, 72. Divination, VII, 293. Bibliomancy, XXV, 464. Divination by Cup, XXVI, 834. The Sibyls, XXII, 13 ; XI, 144. See also Augurs, III, 72 ; Oracles, XVII, 808 ; XIX, 91. Apotheosis, II, 199. See also Metem- psychosis, XVI, 106. 6. The popular belief in imaginary creatures, as set forth in very many of the classical legends, in the 'TeSs''' romances of the Middle Ages, and in the fairy tales and folk- lore of almost every nation in the world, is the subject of numerous articles. Tbe following are especially notice- able : Genii, XXVII, 76. Manes, XV, 477. Lares, XIV, 313. Penates, XVIII, 488. Nymphs, XVII, 688. Dryads, VII, 487. Fauns. IX, 53. Chimera, V, 626. Harpies, XI, 490. Mermaids and mermen, XVI, 39. Griffin, XI, 195. Dragon, VII, 385. Werewolves, XV, 89. Fairies, VIII, 854. Oberou and Titania. XVII, 704. Morgana, V, 325 b.'" Elves, VIII. 854. Incubi and Succubi, VII, 62 b.' Vampire, XXIV, 52. Banshee, XXV, 352. See the references to astrology in Beadiiigs in Asironowij, in Chapter IX of this Guide ; also the references to alchemy in the chapter entitled The Chemist. CHAPTER XXII The Desultory Reader's Course " Read what amuses you and pleases you." — Hobert Lowe. " Adjust your proposed amount of reading to your time and inclination." — Dr. Thomas Arnold. To THE person who takes pleasure (and who does not?) in browsing among the good things in books, with- Readingfor ^ undertaking to read sys- Pleasure ^ •' tematically, the Encyclopcedia Brifdiutica offers advantages which can be derived from no other publication. Here maj' be found all kinds of literary nuggets — readings on all manner of subjects — short articles, long articles — anything and everything to suit the de- mands of the hour. You need not at- tempt to follow any special course of reading; read only that which pleases you, and you may be sure that, what- ever you may select from the Britannica, you cannot fail to be improved thereby. If your time is limited, choose some- thing that is brief and light ; if you are in a studious mood, take up a subject that will make you think, and that will be to your mind what l)risk exercise is to your body. Among the thousands of articles with which yon may tlius oc- cupy your spare moments, the following are mentioned merely as examples : I. CURIOUS INVENTIONS, ETC. The automaton, HI, 142. The magic lantern (fully illustrated), XV. 211. The guillotine. XI, 263. Tunneling, XXIII. 622 (illustrated). Wax figures, XXIV, 460. Horn-books, XII, 170. Perfumery. XVIII, 525. 7 Inventions Nature Balloons, I. 187. Fire-engines, IX, 235. Hydraulic clock, V, S26. Fire works. XX, 134. Flying machines, I, 185. II. NATURAL CURIOSITIES, SCENERY, ETC. Yellowstone National Park, XXIV, 736-38 ; XXIX, 618-20. The Grand Canon of the Colorado, Arizona, VI, 163b ; XXV, 237. Petrified forest in Apache Co., Arizona, XXV, 237-38. The Luray cavern, XV, 67. The Mammoth cave, XV, 448. Fingal's Cave, isle of Staffa, V, 265 b." Niagara Falls, XVII, 472. Whirlpools, XXIV, 540. Whirlwinds and tornadoes, XVI, 129. Geysers, X, 556. Glaciers, X, 626. Natural gas, XXVIII, 175. Artesian Wells, XXV, 256. (iiant's Causeway, X, 572. Tides, XXIII, 353. Cave, V, 265-71. III. STRANGE ANIMALS AND PLANTS. Prehistoric monsters, XII, 695, Tlie ichneumon, XII, 629. The dodo, VII, 321. The honey-guide. XII, 139. The sloth, XXII. 161. Sea-serpents, XXI. (i08. Mermaids, XVI, 39. (97) GUIDE TO THE BRITANNIUA Trees Dragons, VII, 385. Chimaera, V, 626. Harpies, XI, 490. Baobab tree, I, 268. Sacred fig, IX. 154. Upas tree, XXIII, 859. Orchids, XVII, 816. IV. CURIOUS CUSTOMS, ETC. Deodands. VII, 100. Ordeal of Fire and of Battle. XVII, 820. April Fool Day, H, 214. ^"c"st"oms ^^ay Day in Old England, XY, 647. Hallowe'en, XI, 398. Beltane. Ill, 554. The Morris-Dance, XVI, 846. Caste, V. 186. Clans, V. 799. Saturnalia, XXI. 321. The Nile festival, VII, 727. Exorcism, VIII, 806. Fehmic Court (a secret tribunal in Germany, twelfth to sixteenth century), IX. 63. Pillory, XIX, 95. V. DEATH AND BURIAL. Funeral rites, IX, 824. Burial, IV, 537. Embalming, VIII, 158 Mummies, XVII, 20 Wakes, XXIX, 468. Cremation, XXVI. 307 ; VI, 565. National cemeteries, XXVI, 95. Tombs, XXIX, 297. Mausoleum, XI, 383-84. Suttee, XXII, 727. VI. HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY. History of Flags, IX, 276. Guilds, XI, 259-62. The Man of the Iron Mask, Historical ^HI, 360. Chevalier d'Eou. VIII, 455. Alexander Selkirk, XXI, 639 a. History of Newspapers, XVII, 412. Piracy^ XIX, 116. Mutiny .on the Bounty, III. 826 a': XIX, 132. Hypatia, XII, 596. Semiramis, XXI, 639. Aspasia. II, 714. Field of the Cloth of Gold, II, 480. The Spanish Armada, II, 543. Great fires : in London, XIV, 826 ; in Chicago, V, 611 ; in Boston, IV, 75. World's Fair, XXIX. 594. International Exhibitions, VIII, 803 ; XXVlil, 323, 329. VII. MISCELLANEOUS. James Holman, the blind traveller. XII, 103. Zerah Colburn, the mathe- peopie matical prodigy, XXVI, 226, Things Joseph Scaligci', "the great- est scholar of modern times," XXI, 362. The Admirable Crichton, VI, 577. Kaspar Hauser, the mysterious Ger- man youth, XI, 523. Christian Heinrich Heinecken, the precocious child, XI, 628. Dwarfs, VII, 567; XX, 120 b. Siamese Twins, XVI, 765. Heredity, I, 87. Animal Magnetism, XV, 277. Hypnotism, XV, 277-83. The Malthusian doctrine, XV, 344. Darwinism, XXIV, 77-85. Ci-yptography, VI. 669. White Magic (sleight of hand), XV, 207. See also Legerdemain, XIV, 414 ; Ventriloquism, XXIX, 428. Pillar-Hermits, XVI, 701 a.' Anabaptists. I, 786-87. Flagellants, IX, 280-81. Thugs, XXIII, 326. Assassins, II, 722. Story of the Tichborne Claimant. XXIX, 283. PART III THE BUSY WORLD «8 CHAPTER XXIII The Manufacturer "Active doer, noble liver, Strong to labor, sure to conquer." — Robert Broxcning. Maker or Con sumer Few subjects engage the attention of so large a number of busy men as does that of manufacturing. Who, indeed, is not either directly or indirectly interested in the making of things, either by hand or by machinery ? You may not be a manu- facturer yourself, but you are necessarily the patron of many manufacturers. You are the consumer of the products of various manufacturing industries, and very naturally you have a curiosity to know something about the processes by which these products have been evolved from raw material and made into their present forms of usefulness. The En- cydopcedia Britannica will give you the desired information. If you are engaged in some particular line of manufacturing, the Britannica will add to your knowledge concerning it. It will tell you what are the best materials to be used, the most econom- ical processes to be employed, and the iiio.st desirable qualities to be sought in the products which you design to manu- facture. Besides this, it will probably give you a great deal of interesting historical information concorning the origin, development, and various fluctu- ations of the business in which you are engaged — infornuition which, although not absolutely necessary to your success, Wool may nevertheless add directly to your enjoyment and incidentally to your prosperity. This subject covers so wide a field and embraces so many different industries that, within our limited space, we can do but little more than make haxQ i-efer- ences to some of the most important articles contained in the Britannica. Let us first notice some of the manufac- tures of textile products, 1. Wool and Woollen Manufactures is the title of a special article, XXIV, 653, The first part of this article, relating to the early history of the woolen industry, will interest every reader. See next the article on woolen manufactures in the United States, XXIX, 5.S7, where the latest information and statistics are given. Now read what is said of Wool libre. IX, 133. Bleaching of wool. HI. S22. Dyeing of wool, \T1, 571. Cassimeres, XXVI, 81. Spinning, XXIV, 730; XIV, 664. Locmi, XXIV, 464 ; XXI 11. 'J(IC). 210. 'i'urn to the illustrated article on Textiles, XXIII, 206, and read the in- teresting history there given of the art of weaving. (101) 102 GUIDE TO THE BRITANNICA Flax Cotton 2. For an account of flax and linen manufactures, see XIV, 663. The manufacture of linen in England, VIII, 232 ; in Ireland, II, 143, and XIII, 231 ; in Scotland, VII, 534. Cultivation of flax in America, XXV, 94. Bleaching of linen, III, 820. 3. For a complete history of cotton and cotton manufactures, see VI, 482. Cotton in the United States, XXIII, 824 ; XXIX, 364 ; in India, XII, 748 ; in Egypt, VII, 708, 786 ; in Brazil, IV, 227. Cotton manufacture in England, VIII, 230 ; in India, XII, 761, 763 ; in Russia, XXI, 849. Bleaching of cotton, III, 812. Dyeing of cotton, VII, 576. Cotton-spinning frame, II, 541. Robert Owen's improvements in cot- ton spinning, XVIII, 87. Cotton yarns, XXIV, 731. The spinning-jenny, II, 541, and VI, 490. The spinning-wheel, XXIV, 730. Calico, VI, 488, 500. Calico printing, IV, 684, Ginghams, X, 604. Gauze, X, 118. Laces, XIV, 183. See Samuel Slater, XXIX, 100, Cottonseed and Cottonseed-oil, XXVL 292. 4. For a history of silk and silk manu- factures, see XXII, 56, 61. Manufacture of silk in the United States, XXIX, 89 ; in Eng]and,VIII, 232 ; in India, XII, 761 ; in China, V, 638; in France, IX, 520; in Italy, XIII, 442, Silk in ancient times, XXIII, 208. Bleaching of Silk, III, 822. SlUc The silkworm, IV, 596, and XIH, 151. Silk from spiders, II, 295. 5. Miscellaneous. Hosiery, XII, 299, and VIII, 233. Knitting, XIV, 127. Invention of the stocking frame, XII, 299. Cloth, weaving of, XXIV, 463, 466. Ancient weaving of cloth, XXIII, 206. Improvements in looms, XXVII, 629. Carpets, V, 127; Persian carpets, V, 128; XVIII, 626 ; Turkish, V, 129 ; Oriental, XXIII, 211. Canvas, V, 40 ; canvas for sails, XXI, 154. Straw manufactures, XXII, 593. Rope-making, XX, 844. Twine manufacture, XX, 845. Rhea fibre, XX, 506. MINERAL PRODUCTS. 1. Iron manufactures, XIII, 278. Statistics of iron manufacture, XIII, 358 ; iron industry in the United States, XXIII, 813; XXVII, 401 ; iron as building material, IV, 447, Strength of iron, XXII, 603. The Blast Furnace, IX, 840 ; III, 550 ; XXVII, 403. Melting-point of metals, XXVIII, 67. Puddling, XIII, 320. Pig iron, XIII, 284, 306. Cast iron. XIII, 281, 318. Manufacture of steel, XIII, 358; strength of steel, XXII, 603 ; rigidity of, VII, 815 ; manufacture in the United States, XXIII, 813 ; XXVII, 407 ; use in ships, XVII, 288. Bessemer steel, XXVII, 408, Steel castings, XXVII, 411, Nails, XVII, 165, Screws, XXI, 552. Locks, XIV, 744. Iron THE MANUFACTURER 103 Galvanized iron, XIII, 357. Foundry operations, IX, 479. The casting of metal, IX, 479. Rolling-mills, XIII, 32S. Wire, XXIV, 614 ; wire-drawing, XXIX, 572 ; strength of, XVI, 05 ; elasticity of, VII, SOO. S03 ; telegraph wire, XXIII, 114 ; w'ire nails, XVII, 166; wire rope, XX, 846 ; wire netting, XVII, 360 ; wire fences, I, 310; wire-glass, XXIX, 572. Stoves, XXII, 579. Iron pipes, II, 222. Pipe-making, XXVIII, 488. 2. Copper, VI, 347 ; copper wire, XXIV, 615. Brass (alloy of copper and ^'TdTin zinc). IV, -jn : zinc. XXIV. 784. Tin, XXIII, 400; strength of, XXII, 603. Tin-plate, XIII, 357. Tin-plate manufacture in the United States, XXIX, 290. Can manufacture and canner's tools, XXVI, 47. Bronze (alloy of copper and tin), VI, 351. Early casting of l)ronze, II, 348. Strength of, XXII, 603. Bronze work, XVI, 71. 3. Silver. XXII. 69. Silver plate, XXII, 71. Silver plate works, XIX, 178. ' Metrs Silvering, XXII, 71. Silver wire, XXIV, 615. Use of silver in mirrors, XVI, 501. Silver lace, X, 753. Silversmiths in Rome, 11, 366. Gold, X, 740. Gold plate, XIX. 178. Gold wire, XXIV. 615. Gold thread, XXIII, 209. Gold lace, X, 753; gold cloth, XXIII, 210. Pottery Ancient workers in gold, XXIII, 210. See now the chapter entitled The Miner, in this volume ; also The Railroad Man, and TIte Machinist. 4. Pottery, XIX, 600 ; burning of, XX, 133 ; glazing. IV, 51. Pottery industry in the United States. XXVIII, 473. Palissy's pottery. XVIII, 186. Wedgwood's pottery, XXIV, 476. Japanese pottery, XIII, 590. Indian pottery. XII. 763. The potteries,' XXVIII, 473. Kaolin, XIV, 1. Porcelain, clay for, XIV, 1, and XVI, 424. Chinese porcelain, XIV, 90. Japanese porcelain. XIII, 590. Limoges ware, XIV. 651. Sevres ware, XIX, 637. 5. Glass, history of, X, 647 ; XXVII, 106. Manufacture of glass, X, 650. Manufacture of glass in the United States, XXVII, 106. Annealing. II, 63. Colors of glass, XXIV, 427. Painting on, X, 067. Venetian glass-works. XVII, 48. Glass-cutting. VII, 167. Plate glass, X, 662; XX\II, 1U7. Wire-glass, XXIX, 572. Window glass. X. 660, 668. Glass bottles, IV, 167, and X. 664. Pressed-ghiss. XXVII. 107. Mirroi-s, XVI, 499. Lenses, XXTII, 138b'"-139a. 6. Leather, XIV, 380. Arliiicial leather. XIV. 391. Latest processes, X.\VII,562. Shoemaking. XXI, 830. 7. Paper, X\1II. 217. Papier-mache, XVIII, 228. Glass 104 GUIDE TO THE BRITANNICA Food Parchment, XVIII, 271. Linoleum, XIV, 676. Lincrusta Walton, XIV, 662. Esparto, VIII, 547 b. 8. Flour, XXVI, 666 ; IX, 343; III, 251. Bread, III, 250. Cracknels, III. 252. Macaroni, XV, 125. The Canning Industry, XXVI, 48. Raisins, XXIX. 455. Sugar, XXII, 622. Products Sugar - making machinery, XXIX, 190. Beet sugar, I, 382. Glucose, XXVII. 111. Maple sugar. XXVIII, 22. Molasses, XXII, 626. Salt, XXI, 228 ; XXIII. 817. Animal foods, see Packing, XXVIII, 314, and Abattoirs, XXV, 11. 9. Brick-making, IV, 280. Ancient bricks, XIX, 604, 619. • Glazed brick, XVII. 35. Tiles, XXIII, 387 ; IV, 283. Gutta-percha, XI, 337. India-rubber, XII, 835, 839; Good- year's inventions, XXVII, 125. "neoi's^" Rope-making, XXVIII, 618. Straw manufactures, XXII, 593. Baskets, III, 421. Keedles, XVII. 313. Pigments — methods of manufactur- ing paints, XIX, 85. Hats, XI, 518; straw hats, XXII, 593. Gloves, X, 692 ; XIV, 389. Pins, XIX, 97. Button-making, IV, 599. American watches, XXIX, 496. Fans, IX, 27. Furniture, IX, 847. Very interesting are the accounts that are given of some of the great manufac- turing centres, such as : "tu^^ng" Manchester, the centre of Centres the EugHsh cottou industry, XV, 459. Birmingham, noted for its iron and steel works. Ill, 780. SheflBeld, famous for its cutlery, XXI. 785. Philadelphia, and its extensive and varied industries. XVIII. 736. Pittsburg, and its iron manufactures, XXVIII. 436. Lowell, and its cotton mills, XXVII, 638. Lawrence, and its cotton and woolen mills, XIV, 370. Lynn, famous for the manufacture of shoes, XXVII, 651. Boston. IV, 72; Newark, XVII, 370; Wilmington, XXIV. 589 : Birmingham, Ala., XXV. 483 ; and scores of other man u facturing cities of similar importance. For statistics and other information concerning manufactures in all the prin- cipal countries of the world, see the appropriate paragraph under the name of each country. For examjjle : Manufactures in England, VIII. 230. Manufactures in Germany, X, 459. Manufactures in Arabia. II, 245. See World's Fairs, XXIX. 594. But the intelligent reader will require no further assistance from the Guide in finding such information. CHAPTER XXIV The Mechanic "Thou art deeper read and better skilled." — Titus Andronicus. Artisan or Bungler What constitutes the difference be- tween the good artisan and the Ijungler? Knowledge and skill. These may be attained in some de- gree liy practice in the hand- ling of tools ; but that broader knowl- edge which leads to success, and that more perfect skill which wins distinction, can be acquired only through diligent study. The mechanic who would rise to a higher position in his calling must learn all about the nature of the materials with which he works ; he must know what are the best tools to use, and why ; he must understand the philosophy of the forces with which he deals ; and he must seek to comprehend the natural laws which govern or regulate the oper- ations connected with his particular handicraft. This is the kind of knowl- edge which enables the humblest work- man to develop into the skilled artisan, the foreman, the manager, and the in- ventor. Now, there is no other printed publi- cation in the world which offers the means of acquiring so much of this kind of knowledge as does the EiicijrhqKt'dia Brifannica. There is hardly a single diflicult problem connected with the laws of mechanicsorof machinery which is not clearly explained in the lin'/annica. There is hardly a knotty question with reference to tools, materials, or products which is not elucidated or answered in one of these vol»rae« ''1ie successful Mechanic's Helper mechanic will not always wait for these difficulties to present themselves. He will study the principles of his trade and every detail concerning it, so as to be ready beforehand for all emergencies. Instead of running with childish ques- tions to his foreman, he is ready himself to give instructions to those who are in need of them. His workmanship is of superior character. He is constantly improving, while his fellows who work without thought remain always on the same level. His greater knowledge leads to greater ability. His employer recog- nizes the greater value of his .services. Promotion comes to him as a matter oi course. Success and fortune are waiting for him — and all because he has made use of the op]iortunities for self-culture which lie within tlie reach of everyone who will take the trouble to secure them. In these days there are so many kinds of handicrafts and so many classes of mechanics, that to mark out complete courses of study with relation to all would require more space than we have at command. But the Kiici/i'hqHi'did Britaiiiiica contains a vast amount of valuable information concerning every one of them ; and it is the object of tne Guide to help you to get at some of this information ifi a methodical way. and thereby make you the better able to cai-ry on the.se studies independently and without aid. 106 GUIDE TO THE BRITANNICA Wood Work Your first thought, no doubt, will be to turn at once to the article Mechanics, XV, 676 ; but it will be better to leave this article until you have made a study of some of the materials and tools with which you propose to work. In this way you will gradually approach the difficult science of mechanics, and by and by be prepared to read portions of this exhaustive article with a more thorough appreciation than is now pos- sible. THE WOOD-WORKER. Are you a worker in wood ? Here are a few articles, or parts of articles, which you will read with pleasure and profit : Lumber, IX. 404. Strength of materials, XXII, 594 ; XXIX. 171. Bending of plank, XV, 744. Carpentry, IV, 476. Sawing of wood, XXI, 345. Joinery, IV, 485. Fir, IX, 222. Teak, XXIII, 103. Hemlock, II, 320. Spruce, IX, 222. Oak, XVII, 689. Pine, XIX, 102. Poplar. XIX, 510. Rosewood, XX, 851. Mahogany, XV, 288. The early use of tools, VIII, 617. The plane, XI, 437. The auger, XI, 438. Other hand tools. XI, 437. Machine tools, XV, 152. rnrners' tools, XIV, 324. The hammer. XI. 425. The lathe, XIV, 323. Glue, X, 133. and IV, 489. Veneering, XXIV, 138, and IX, 849. Varnish, XXIV, 91. Barrel-making. XXV, 368. Tools Metal Work Wood-carving, XXIV, 644, and V, 16S. These are mentioned here simply as samples of the numerous articles wherein the wood-working mechanic will find practical information concern- ing the materials, tools, etc., of his handicraft. If you are a carpenter or builder, turn now to Chapter XXIX in this volume, entitled The Builder, and observe the long and valuable list of references there given. THE METAL-WORKEE. The metal-worker will find that most of the above references are of direct im- portance to him also, and he will scarcely be willing to omit any of them from his course of reading. Besides these there are numerous others which he will regard as having a special value, referring, as they do, directly to the handicraft in which he is the most deeply interested. Here are a few of them: Anvil, II, 147 ; XI. 426. Smith-work in building. IV, 510. Annealing, II, 63. and XIII, 352. Forge, IX, 412 ; its history, XIII, 290; forging-machines, IX, 413. Foundry, IX, 479 ; XIII, 355. Bellows for smelting ores, XVI, 60. Blast furnace, IX, 840; III, 550; XXVII, 403. Iron, XIII, 278. Iron as building material. IV, 447. Iron-work in architecture, II, 466 ; XVI, 71. Famous iron-works : at Barrow-in- Furness, England. Ill, 395 ; at Stafford, England, XXII, 442; at Neviansk, Russia, XVII, 369. Iron bridges, IV, 334. Nail-making, XVII, 165. Tack-making, XXIX, 217. Steel, XIII, 278 ; XXVII, 401. THE MECHANIC 107 Tube-making, IV, 218. Valves, XXII, 501. Wire-making. XXIX, 572. Wire, XXIV, (514; wire-drawing, IV, 217. Arms, II, 588 ; artillery, 11, 655 ,• rifles, XI, 2S2 ; rifling of cannon, XI, 21)4. (See Chapter XLI in this Guide, entitled The Soldier.) Assaying, II. 724 ; XVI, 63. Boilers for steam engines, XXII, 496 ; improvement in, for abating smoke, XXII. 181. Brass, IV, 217. Bronze, IV, 366. Copper, VI, 347. (See Chapter XXXVII in this Guide, entitled The Miner.) Electro-plating, VIII, 116. (See Chap- ter XXVI in thisGuiDE, entitled TheElec- tririuH.) Metallurgy, XVI, 57. Metal work, XVI, 71. Tin-plate manufacture in the United States, XXIX, 290. THE LEATHER-WORKER. Thei'e are mechanics who work neither in wood nor in metal. Of these, one of the most prominent is the '^fn^Leather '"^" ^^^^ works with leather, or with the prepared skins of animals. For him there are, in the Br ltd nniea, snch articles as the following : Tanning, XIV, 381. Tannin. XXIIT. 47. LeatliLT. XIV, 380. Buff leather, XXV, 634. Cordovan leather. XXVI. 284. Artiflcial Icatiier. XIV, 391. New proce.ss iu making leather, XXVII, 562. Paper Shoemaking, XXI, 830. Harness-making and saddlery, XXI, 142. Stamped leather for wall decoration, XVII, 37. Morocco leather, XIV, 388. Russian leather. XIV, 388; III, 698a.' Book-binding, IV, 41 ; XIV, 538. THE PAPER-WORKER. Then there is the worker on paper, who will find the following articles brimful of information: Paper, XVIII, 217 ; manufac- ture of, XVIII, 219; bleaching of mate- rials, III, 821. Esparto, VIII, 547 b. Rilling of paper, XXII, 461. Wall paper. IV. 512 ; XVII, 38. Papier-mache, XVIII. 228. Paper pulp, XVIII, 225, 226. See the chapter in this volume en- titled The Laborer. THE STONE-WORKER. Building-stone, XXV, 638. Stone cutting and dressing, XXIX, 166. Strength of building-stone, XXII, 603. Plaster-work, IV, .504. Cements, V, 328; IV, 459; XIV, 647. Stone pavements, IV, 473. Chimney-pieces, IV, 473. Limestone, X, 232. Marble, XV, 528. Marlile veneer XVII, 36. Sandstone, X, 237. Granite, XI, 48. See the references to labor and wages in e'hapter XI.IV, entitled The Pulithvl Ecoiioiiiisf, in (Ills vdlume. CHAPTER XXV The Machinist "He that loves reading has everything within his reach." — William Godwin. Macbines In addition to the articles already mentioned in the chapter addressed to the Mechanic, the practical ma,chinist will find a great many others which will be of direct and special aid to him in his calling. He will want to make a careful study of that portion of the article Mechanics which refers directly to the theory of machines, XV, 752. He will want to read what is said about their purposes and effects, XV, 771. There may be other portions also of the same article which will answer troublesome ques- tions or difficult problems that come in his way, and to find what he needs he should refer to the index to the article, XV, 749. The article on Machine Tools, XV, 152, will have a special value to him. The supplementary article on special forms of machine tools, XXVII. 665, gives an exceedingly interesting description of some of the latest inven- tions of this class. See also Tool-mak- ing. XXIX. 301. The Steam-Engine, XXII,- 473, a very complete and comprehensive treatise (fifty-four pages, illustrated) ^^Engine Written by Professor Ewing of Dundee, one of the most eminent of living authorities. Addi- tional matter concerning the invention of the steam-engine by Watts may be found in XXIV, 412. The improve- ments made by Murdock are briefly noted in XVII, 53, and those of Trevi- thick, in XXIII, 554. See also Govern- ors, XXVII, 133. tl08) Various applications of the steam-en- gine are described : Its use in steamships, XXn, 517, XXI, 823, and XXVIII, 26; its use in locomotive engines, XX, 225, 244, XXII. 537, and XXVII, 618 ; its use in land carriages, VIII, 726 ; its applica- tion to farm machinery, I, 305, etc. The article Hydromechanics, XII, 435 ; the application of water to mechanical purposes, as described in the ^mechanics chapters ou HydrauHc Ma- chinery, XII, 519, and XXVII, 348. The hydraulic press, XV, 753, and the history of its invention, IV, 213. The article on Calendar, IV, 682-83. The description of Montgolfier's hy- draulic ram. IV, 173. The description of the hydraulic ele- vator (lift), XII, 520, XIV, 574, and XXVI, 55a Of water motors in general, XII, 519. Of water power in mechanics, XV, 773. Of water wheels and their action, XII, 438. 522. Late improvements in water wheels, XXIX, 503. Of the uses of air in connection with mechanics, read the article Pneumatics, XIX, 240 ; refer also to XII, 439, 445. Its special application in air locks is noticed in XXV, 107 ; in the air-washer for extinguishing fires. XXVI, Pneumatics o o 647 ; in the pneumatic power transmitter, XV, 753 ; in pneumatic tubes, XII, 491 ; in the air-engine. I, 428 ; in the air-gun, I, 428 ; in the air- pump, XVI, 80 ; XIX, 246 ; I, 429. THE MACHINIST 109 Balloons As to the application of air in ijropel- ling machinery, see Windmills, XXIV, 599 ; XV, 773. ' Wind carriages, XXII, 545. See also what is said about the wind in navigation, XVII, 275. In this con- nection it will be interesting to learn many important facts concerning the nature of air: Its composition, III, 32 ; its density. III, 381 ; its weight, HI, 28; its other physical propei'ties, XIX, 240. Here, too, you may read of the efforts that have been made to navigate the air, I, 187, with a description of all the great balloons that have ever been con- structed. Whether it is possible ever to build a successful air-ship no one can yet predict. The problem of aeronau- tics has, however, engaged the attention of inventors for many years, and the history of their efforts and experiments is in the highest de- gree interesting and instructive. Read of the invention of the balloon by Stephen and Joseph Montgolfier, I, 187 ; of the later experiments by Langley, Maxim, Chanute, Lilienthal, and others, XXV, 55 ; and of the aeronautic associations which liave been formed for the encourage- ment of f ui'ther experiments and inven- tions. But air is only a gas, — or rather a mixture of two gases, I, 427, — and much that is true with reference to its proper- ties applies also to gases in general. And so the machinist who finds it neces- sary to become acquainted with the laws of pneumatics will not only study the properties of air in motion and at rest, but will learn all that he can about gases in general. VI, 310, their physical properties, XIX, 240, and their diffusion. VII, 215. Of the application of gas to the pur- poses of machinery, see what is said Gas Horse-Power , about gas-engines, XXII, 523 ; expansion of gases by heat, XI, 574, and XX, 347 ; elasticity of gases, VII, 801 ; dilation of gases, 111,35; their molecular laws, XVI, 611. Then read about the discovery and use of natural gas in the United States, XXIII. 811, and XXVIII, 175. For a list of references relating to applications of electricity, see Chapter XXVI, in this volume, entitled TheElec- trlHan. The meaning of the term '"horse- power " and its application in practical mechanics is exjDlained in XV, 772-73 ; and it is still further noticed in XII, 207, and XV, 715. The signification of the term when used in connection with steam-engines is made clear in XXII, 476, 491. There are still other forces which in- fluence the action of machinery, and of whose manifestations and laws the machinist cannot afford to be ignorant. There is Gravi- tation, for example, the influence of which must always be considered when any system of machinery is contem- plated. Study the article on this sub- ject, XI, 66. Then read of the discovery of the general law of gravitation, II, 755; of the various theories in relation to it, III, 64; of gravity in mechanics, XV, 701, 729 ; and of the discoveries of Ar- chimedes concerning the centre of grav- ity, II, 380. Still pursuing this line of study, read of the laws and effects of adhesion. I. 153; of cohesion, V, 56; and of elas- ticity, VII, 796. The laws of friction must now claim your attention, and these you will find very fully treated in IX, 777, and XV, 702, 765. The action of friction in con- Laws of Mechanics 110 GUIDE TO THE BKITANNICA uection with liquids is described in XII, 482, and with gases in XVI, 618. The expenditure of energy in the over- coming of friction is explained in VIII, 208; and the influence of lubricants in preventing friction receives attention in XV, 35. For an elaborate and very practical essay on Strength of Materials, see XXIX, 171 85. You are now ready for the article on Dynamics, or the science which treats of the action of force ; and after that for the article on Energy, or the power of doing work, VIII, 205. Then read the following : Force, VII, 581. Motion XV, 676, 752. Momentum, XV, 677. Velocity, XV, 681, 769. Inertia, XV. 676, 748. Laws of Projectiles. XXII. 47. If you have followed this course of reading faithfully, you have acquired a comprehensive knowledge of those fun- damental principles of mechanics which govern the action and modify the effec- tiveness of all machinery. Much of the reading has been difficult ; it has re- quired hard study to master it all. But now you will understand what is meant when it is said that it is the well-in- formed mind no less than the skilful hand that makes the successful me- chanic. Knowledge never impairs one's ability to work, but it adds to that ability. Of course, knowledge cannot supply the place of energy and strength. A good mind must be aided by strong arms ; a full memory must have the support of steady industry, or no worthy success can be attained. The best ar- tisan is he who possesses a thorough knowledge of the foundation principles of his calling, while at the same time he has the trained hand and eye and the obedient muscle which can result only from long and patient training and ex- perience, See now, for further references, the following chapters in this Guide : Thr Architeci, The Builder, The Manu- facturer, The Electrician, The Inreiitor, and Two Courses of Beading in Physics. CHAPTER XXVI The Electrician " Every person has two educations, one which he receives from others, and one, more important, which he gives to himself." — Gibbon. Practical electricians will find in the supplementary article on Electricity, XXVI, 506-47, a very comprehensive presentation of the entire subject as it is now understood. This article, which comprises forty pages, is very fully illus- trated, and gives a complete outline of all the latest discoveries. It is invalua- ble to all persons who are in any way interested in this subject. The leading article on electricity, in the eighth volume of the Britannica, comprises over one hundred ^"Arucie pages — equal in amount of matter to an ordinary r2mo volume of nearly five hundred pages. For the sake of non-scientific readers it is introduced by a brief history of the science, wherein mention is made of some of the more striking electrical dis- THE ELECTRICIAN 111 Historical coveries, and of the steps bj' which our knowledge of the subject has advanced to its present condition. FAMOUS ELECTRICIANS. In connection with the above-named articles, the following notices of men who have contributed to the advance- ment of the science will be read with interest : Dr. Gilbert (1540-1603), founder of the science, X, 592. Robert Boyle (1627-91). one of the ear- liest experimenters, IV, 184-S5. Otto von Guericke (1602-80), XI, 245. Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727), XVII, 438. Francis Hawksbee (died 1712?), VIII, 4. Benjamin Franklin (1706-90), IX, 711. Henry Cavendish (1731-1810), V, 271. Coulomb (1736-1806), VI, 509. Galvani (1737-98), discoverer of gal- vanism, X, 48. Volta (1745-1827), inventor of the voltaic battery, XXIV, 284. Ampere (1775-1836), I, 748. Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851), VII, 91; VIII, 10: XXVIII, 275. Ohm (1787-1854), XVII, 738. Michael Faraday (1791-1867). IX, 29. Samuel F. B. Morse (1791 1872), XVI, 847-48. Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-75), XXIV, 537-38. Cyrus W. Field (1819-1892), XXVI, 637. Lord Kelvin (1824-), XXVII, 484. Thomas A. Edison (1847-), XXVI, 488. Nikola Tesla (1857-), XXIX, 256. SPECIAL SUBJECTS IN ELECTRICITY. Accumulators, I, 92. Armatures, XXV, 241 ; drum armature, X.XVI, 531. Batteries: History of, VIII, 92 94: bichromate. XXVI, 543 ; Buusen's XXVI, 542 ; copper oxide, XXVI. 543 • ^t!r" Daniell's, XXVI, 542 ; Grove's XXVI, 542 ; Leclanche's, XXVI, 543 ; silver chloride, XXVI, 543 ; Voltaic, XXVI, 541. Circuit, Magnetic. XXVI, 525. Condensers, XXVI, 516. Conductors and non-conductors, XXVI, 507, 513, 519. Currents. XXVI. 517. 532. Diagometer. XXVI, 410. Dynamo electric machines, XXVI, 529. Dynamos, XXVI, 532. Electric lightinmicroscopy.XXVIII. 91. Electric meters, VIII, 107-08. Electrification, XXVI, 506. Electrodynaraic action. VIII. 10. 66 105. Electrolysis, or the decomposition of chemical substances by the agency of the electrical current, is dealt with in a comprehensive and scientific manner in VIII. 10(5-14. A supplementary article on the same subject (see X.XVI, 547-49) gives an in- teresting account of the latest discover- ies and investigations in this branch of science. Electromagnets, VIII, 66 ; XXVI, 520, 523. Electrometallurgy, VIII. 114. Electrometer, Vlil, 117-22. Electromotive force, XXVI, 518. Electromotograph, XXVI. 549. Electrophorus. VIII, 101 ; XXVI. 509. Electroscopes, VIII, 118; diagometer, XXVI, 410. Fan-motor. XXVI. 616. Field-magnets. XXVI, 531. Fluoroscope, XXVI. (UK Galvanism, X, 48 ; XVII. 524. Galvanometers, X, 49 ; VIII, 41 : XXVI, 520. 112 GUIDE TO THE BRITANNICA Induction, Electromagnetic,XXVI,525. Induction-coils, XXVI, 527. Influence-machines. XXVI, 510. Insulators. XXVI, 507. Intensity, XXVI, 512. Magnetism, XV, 219; XXVI, 524; I, 749. Ohm's law, VIII, 41-43. Poles of electromagnet, XXVI, 525. Potential, XXVI. 514. Eesonance. XXVI, 535. Thermoelectric generator. XXVII, 75. Rontgen Rays, XXVI, 539; XXVIII, 616. Transformers, XXVI, 528. Volts and amperes, XXVI, 533. Voltmeter, XXIX, 458. ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES AND MACHINERY. Telegraph, XXIII, 112. Invention of the telegraph, see Guil- laume Amontons, I, 746 ; Samuel F. B. Morse. XVI, 847 ; Sir Charles Wheat- stone, XXIV, 537. Telegraphic devices, XXIX, 238. The pautelegraph, XXVIII, 326. The phonophore, XXVIII. 409. Ocean cables and submarine telegraphy, XXII, 281, and XXVI, 637 (Cyrus W. Field). Telegraphs in the United States, XXIX, 239. Telegraphic statistics, XXIX, 240. Telautograph. XXIX. 238 ; writing tele- graph, XXIX, 6(»7. The telephone, XXIII, 127. Long-distance telephones. XXIX, 243. Alexander Graham Bell, XXV, 415. Thomas A. Edison, XXVI, 488. Telephonic apparatus, XXIX, 244. Theatrophone, XXIX, 262. Electric motors, XXIII, 496, 508. Latest improvements in elec- tric motors. XXVIII, 149. Electric railways, XX, 249;XXVIII, 547. The Tele graph Phonograph Electric Motors Trolley systems for electric motors, XXIII, 494 ; XXVIII, 150. Trolley railways. XXIX, 319. Electric-car construction, XXVI, 58. Storage batteries. XXVI, 544. Tesla's oscillator, XXVIII, 300. Lightning arresters, XXVII, 598. Niagara power plant, XXVIII, 242. Electric elevators, XXVI. 550. Electric police and fire-alarm systems, XXVI, 645. Electric clocks, VI, 25 ; XXVI, 203. Electric alarm thermometer, XXV, 111. Electric piano, XXVIII, 420. Electric regulator, XXVIII, 571. Electric lighting, XIV, 630. The fluorescent lamp, XXVI, 668. Electric welding, XXIX, 517. Phonograph, XXIII, 130, 134; X'XVIII, 408. Kineto-phonograph. XXVII, 497. Gramophone, XXVII, 137. Kinetoscope, XXVII, 497. Vitascope, XXIX, 455. See Chapter XXVII, in this Guide, entitled The Inventor. MAGNETISM. Magnetism, XV, 219 ; XXVI, 524 ; I, 749. Terrestrial magnetism, XVI, 159. The compass, VI. 225. Ta's°";c. The dipping-needle, XXVI, 422. Variation of magnetic needle, XV, 220. Relation of magnetism to electricity, I, 749. Electromagnets, VIII. 66 ; XXVI, 520, 523. Field-magnets, XXVI, 531. Magnetic iron ore, XIII, 287. Animal magnetism, XV, 277. ELECTRICAL PHENOMENA. Lightning, XXIII, 330. Franklin's experiment with a kite, VIII, 6 ; Lightning conductor, XIV, 633. THE INVENTOR 113 The cause of thunder, I. 107. Natural laws regulating the frequency of thunderstorms, XVI, 128. Aurora Borealis and Australis, or Northern and Southern Lights, III, 90-99. Electricity in minerals, XVI, 376. Connection of lightning with the au- rora, III, 9-2, W>. Sun-spots and magnetic disturbances, II, 787. Easy experiments to illustrate elec- trical laws, VIII, 16. Animal electricity, XXV. 194. CHAPTER XXVIl The Inventor " Neither the naked liiuul iicir the understanding, left to itself, can do mufh : the work is accomplished bv instruments and helps, of which the need is not less for the understanding than the hand." — Jiaron. Knowledge vs. Guesswork accident. Few persons have more to gain from self-culture tiian those who as- pire to success as invent- ors. It is true that now and then some wonderful discov- ery has been stumbled on by But almost every invention that has been of any genuine import- ance to the world has been the result of long and patient study and unweary- ing toil. No amount of guesswork will produce a new machine possessing the qualities of novelty and utility requisite to a successful invention. The man who would bring such a machine into existence must devote liis days to the acquisition of a thorough knowledge of the philosophical principles underlying its construction, lie will need to under- stand the laws of mechanics; he must be al)le to perform certain necessary mathematical pi'ocesscs ; and he must have an insight into the theory of ma- chinery. One inventor will probal)ly find it necessary to study tlw laws (if hydrostatics; aiiDthcr will need to have a complete knowledge of chemistry, or 8 Patents of mineralogy, or of botany; still an- other will add to all these branches of knowledge an understanding of the sci- ence of optics, or of acou.stics, or it may be of meteorology, or of astronomy, or of navigation. PATENTS. Then, again, every inventor will find it worth while to learn what has been done by other inventors who have come before him. Turn to the chronological table on pages 720-54, Volume V, of the Encf/clojxedia Brlfaiiiiira. and notice the dates when the great inventions and discoveries which have revolutionized the world first made their appearance. IJead next the HisTOUY OF Patents in XX'III, 8")4- 58, and notice the patent laws which are now in force in all the principal countries, and particularly in the United States, XXVIII, :i47. List of models in the U. S. Patent Oflice, XXVIII. 349. Business of the I'atent Office, 1837-96, XXVIII, 351. 114 GUIDE TO THE BRITANNICA New organization of the Patent Office, XXVIII, 353. How to api^ly for a patent. XXVIII, 355. Fees for patents, XXVIII, 358. Trade-marks, XXIII, 498 ; XXVIII, 359. Registration of prints, etc., XXVI II, 360. Forgery, IX 413. GREAT INVENTORS. It will now be both profitable and in- teresting to read the biographies of the famous inventors of various times and countries. You might begin with the legendary story of Dgedahis. the first great inventor, VI, 760 ; then take up subjects like the following : Roger Bacon, the first English scien- tist and inventor. III. 21 S ; his magical inventions, XV, 208 ; his theory of optical glasses, XXIII, 135. Hans Lippershey. inventor of the tele- scope, X, 31 b"'-32 a.' Galileo, inventor of the alcohol ther- mometer, XXIII, 288a; X, 31 b." Evangelista Torricelli. inventor of the barometer, XXIII, 452-53. Otto von Guericke, inventor of the air-pump, XI, 245-46. John Harrison, inventor of the chro- nometer, and of the gridiron pendulum, XI, 494-95. John Dollond, inventor of the achro- matic telescope, VII, 345. Sir Humphry Davy, inventor of the safety-lamp, VI, 845 ; the Davy lamp.VI, 72. Denis Papin, inventor of the heat-en- gine, XVIII. 228, and XXII, 474; his improvements on the air-pump. XIX, 246. James Watt, inventor of the steam- engine, XXIV, 412. John Fitch. IX. 270, and Robert Ful- ton, IX, 817 b; III, 542 (Henry Bell), in- ventors of the steamboat. Oliver Evans, improver of the steam- engine, VIII, 726. and XXII, 476. Benjamin Franklin, the first Ameri- can scientist, IX. 711 ; his electrical re- searches, VIII, 6. Eli Whitnev. inventor of the cotton- gin, VI, 483 ; XXIX, 544. Samuel F. B. Morse, XVI. 847, and Sir Charles Wheatstone, XXIV, 537-38, in- ventors of the electric telegraph. Wheatstone also invented the stereo- scope, XXII, 537 b-538 a. David Edward Hughes, inventor of the printing-telegraph. XXVII. 336. Sir Richard Arkwright, inventor of the spinning-frame, II, 540; VI, 490. James Hargreaves, inventor of the spinning-jenny. VI, 490; XVII. G()(l. Joseph Nicephore Niepce. XVII, 495; Louis J. M. Daguerre. VI. 761 : and Wil- liam Henry Fox Talbot. XXIII, 27, in- ventors of photography. Scott Archer, inventor of the collo- dion process in photographv. XXIII, 27a";XVIII, 824b"'-825a. George Stephenson, improver of tlie locomotive, XXII, 537. Sir David Brewster, inventor of the kaleidoscope, and of the diopti'ic appa- ratus for lighthouses, IV, 276-77. Charles Goodyear, inventor of vulcan- ized india-rubber, XXVII, 125. Robert Hare, inventor of the oxy- hydrogen blowpijje, XXVII, 231. Samuel Crompton, inventor of the spinning-mule. VI, 597. Samuel Colt, inventor of improved firearms. VI, 166. Hichard J. Gatling, inventor of the Gatling gun, XXVII, 70. Henri de Girard. inventor of flax- spinning apparatus, X, 620. Sir William Siemens, inventor of the gas-engine, XXII, 37, 526. THE INVENTOR IIT) Elias Howe, inventor of the sewing- machine, XXI, 718 ; XXVII, 380. Alvan Clark, telescope-maker, XXVI, 183. Cyrus H. McConnick. inventor of the reaping-machine, XXVII, 659. Thomas A. Edi-sou, inventor of many electrical machines and appliances, XXVI. 48S. Alexander (iraham Bell, inventor of the speaking-telephone. XXV. 415. Isaac Babbitt, inventor of Babbitt metal. XXV. 314. Sir Henry Bessemer, " Bessemer steel," XXV, 444. John Ericsson, inventor of the Moni- tor, XXVI, 585. Oliver Evans, inventor of the steam road-carriago, XXVI, 595. M. W. Baldwin, inventor of locomo- tives, XXV, 332. Thaddous Fairbanks, inventor of plat- form scales, XXVI, (JlO. FAMOUS INVENTIONS. Gunpowder. IT, 655 ; XI, 316 ; VIII, 807 ; first use of gunpowder, II, 655. Firearms, history of, II. 655 ; ancient guns, II, 557 ; gun-making, XI, 278; gun- nery, XI, 297; musket, II, 558; rifle, XI, 282; naval cannon, XVII. 286. Printing-presses, XXVIII, 490; type- setting machines. XXIX. 343 ; XXIII, 700 ; typewriters, XXIX, 346 ; XXIV, 698. Air-ships, See the article Aeronaut- ics. I. 185, and particularly the supple- mentary article on the same sul)ject, XXV, 55, which gives an account of the latest experiments and discoveries, liead of flying-machines in the article Flight. IX,'317-23; and of balloons iu I, 187, and XIX, 581 b.' Air-compressors, XXV. 106. Air-engines. I. 428. Anemometer, XXV, 190. 15ells, XXV, 419. Brakes, IV, 211; railway brake, XX, 248; XXV, 571. Buttons. IV. 598. Brushes and brooms, I\'. 403. Calico-printing machines. IV, 685. Calculating machines, XXVI, 13. Candle-making, history of. IV, 802. Carriages, history of, V, 134. Clocks. VI. 13 ; electrical clocks. VI, 25; XXVI. 203. Coloring-machines. IV. GUI. Compressed air for driving machinery,. XXV, 106. Combs. VI, 177. Cutlery, VI, 733. Diving-bells, VII. 294-97. The eidoloscope, XXVI. 500. Elevators (lifts), XIV. 573 ; XXVI, 550. Ferris wheel. XXVI, 634. Fire-extinguishing apparatus, IX, 235, and XXVI. 649. Friction matches, invention and his- tory of, XV, 625. Furniture, IX, 847. Gramophone, XXVII, 137. Horseless wagons. XXV, 303. Kinetograph, XXVII. 497. Kineto-phonograph, and kinetoscope, XXVII, 497. Locks, XIV. 714. Lithography. XIV, 697. Photo-lithography. XVIII, 833. .Microsc()[)e. invention of. XVI, 258. Milling-machine. XXVI II. KH. Mortising-machine. XXX'III. 147. Mirrors, XVI, 499 ; magic mirrors. XVI. 501. Pens, XVIII, 483. Pencils. XVni. 1S9. Phouograpli. iincntion (•!', Will, 13(t. 134. Photography, XVI 1 1. 821 ; Daguerre's invention of. VI, 761; Niejjce's inven- tions, XVII, 495; electric-Hash process, 116 GUIDE TO THE BRITANNICA XXVIII, 411 ; receut photography, XXVIII, 410; astronomical photo- graphy, XXVIII, 416. Engraving, use of photography in, XXVI. .J7S. " Pneumatic-delivery systems, XXV, 106. Reaping-machines, I,"'322 ; XXVII, 243. Rings, history of, XX, 560. Rope-making, XX, 843. Sewing-machines, XXI, 718. Slot-machines. XXIX, 102. Safety-lamp, VI, 72 b," 487 ; XVI, 461. Screw-propellers, XXI, 823-25. Spectacles, XXII, 372, and XVI, 258. Steam-engine, invention of, XXIV, 412 ; description of, XXII, 473. See also XXVII, 618; XXVIII, 26. Steamships, invention of. Ill, 542; IX, 270 ; and XXII, 478 ; description of, XXI, 823. See also XXVIII, 26. Stereoscopes, XXII, 537. Stocking-frame. XII, 299. Telegraph, history of, XXIII, 112. Telephone, history of, XXIII, 127; description of. 130. Telescope, history of, XXIII, 135-39 ; de- scription of, 139-54. See also XXIX, 245. Twine-making, XX, 845. Vitascope, XXIX, 455. Watch-making, XXIV, 394. Water-tube boilers. XXV, 533. Water-meter. XXIX, 500. Weaving, XXIV, 463 ; ancient looms, XXIII, 206 ; spinning-jenny, II, 541, and VI. 490. Weighing-machines, XXIX, 515. This list might be continued to a very great length, but enough has been given to indicate the very complete and com- prehensive manner in which the subject of inventions is treated in the Britanuka. SPECIAL SUBJECTS. There are certain special subjects with which almost every inventor needs to Heat have some acquaintance. One man will want to know all about the most recent discoveries in electricity ; for he is seek- ing to invent some new electrical ap- pliance, or to make some improvement on former patents. He should consult the references given in Chapter XXVI, entitled Tlic Electrician, in this Guide. Another inventor will find it neces- sary to investigate the phenomena and laws of Heat. Here are some refer- ences that may be helpful to him : Special article on Heat, XI, 554. Theory of the action of heat, XIX, 2. Heat as energy, VIII, 207. Law of latent heat, VIII, 731. Diffusion of heat, VII, 217. Conduction of heat, XX, 212. Convection of heat, XX, 212. Power of heat in mechanics, XV, 773. Production of heat by different fuels, IX, S07, Heat of coal compared with that of oil, XVIII, 240. Mechanical equivalent of heat, VIII, 209. Transformation of heat into force, XXIII, 283. A third inventor will want to under- stand the theory and construction of Machines, and perhaps also the general laws of mechan- ics. Let such a one consult the references given in Chapter XXIV, entitled The Mechanic, in this Guide. A fourth inventor is interested in such subjects as the air, gases, etc. He will find the Brifainiica full of information of just the sort that he is seeking. For example, in I, 427, there is a brief ar- ticle on Air, with references to Atmosphere. III. 28. Meteorology, XVI, 114. Barometer, III, 381. Mechanical Laws THE ARCHITECT 117 Pneumatics, XIX, 240. Veutilatiun, XXIV, 157. This is followed by an interesting ac- count of the air-engine, I, 428; and this by an article describing the air-pump, I, 429. Then, by turning to the Index volume, one may find scores of minor references to various items of informa- tion relating to this particular sul)ject. In short, there is no subject connected with the invention of machines, or of useful appliances of any kind, that does not receive somewhere in the Britannica the concise and comprehensive treat- ment which its importance demands. See the following chapters in this book: T/ie Enijineei; The Architect, The Biii/drr, The MdiiKfactiirer, The Bailmad Man, The Farmer, The Fruiter, The Miner. CHAPTER XXVIII The Architect "... When we mean to build We first survey the plot, then draw (he iiiodol." — 2 Henry IV. "If a man read little, he had need to have much cunning to seem to know that he doth not." — Lord Macon. The work of the architect is closely connected with that of the builder. The end of building, merely as such, Deflnltlons . . ^ . IS convenience or use, irrespec- tive of appearance ; Init the end of archi- tecture is so to arrange the plan, masses, and enrichments of a structure as to impart to it interest, beauty, grandeur, unity, power. Building is a trade; architecture is an art. The KiicijrJojtd ili(( I'n'itiiiiiiicd is a mine of valuable information for the. archi- tect. There is scarcely anj^ question connected with the i)ractical applica- tion of his art that does not receive notice and discussion somewhere within its pages. The history of archi- tecture is treated with special fulness. The leading article on this subject (in Volume II, pp. ;iS2- 475) is a very complete treatise embrac- Leadlng Article ing as much matter as is contained in an ordinary r2mo book of four hundred pages. It is enriched with eighteen full-page plates, besides nearly one hundred illustrations. Following it is a Glossary of Architectural Terms (especially classical and mediajval), fill- ing sixteen double-column pages. A supplementary article on Ame'ucan Akciiitectuke. XXV, 224. contains a numlxM- of designs and plans for mod- ern dwelling-houses, witli much other valuable matter. The following are among the nuin(^r- ous subjects of interest which the arciii- tect will find fully descrilxMl or ex- plained in the Hrilannicit. Prehistoric structures. 11. 888 ; ancient remains at Carnac, V, llS; XXI, 51a'"; Cromlechs. VI. 5t)7; XXI. 51 52; ancient stone circle at Stouelieuge, XXII. 570; 118 GUIDE TO THE BRITANNICA and at Avebury, HI, 144, tumuli, HI, 397; lake-dwellings, XIV. 222; cran- nogs, VI, 552 ; dolmens, XXI, 52. Egyptian architecture, 11. 384 ; pyra- mids," XX, 122; V, 582; sphinxes, VII, 772 ; the Serapeum.XXI,674 ; Historyot labyrinth, VII. 774; tombs, Aixhitec- VII. 781; XVI, 865; temj.les, VII, 770. Jewish architecture, 11, 392 ; temple, of Solomon, XXIII, 166; of Zerubbabel, XXIII, 167 ; of Herod, XXIII, 168. Indian architecture, II, 394 ; Taj Ma- hal, I, 286. Assyrian architecture, II, 397. Persian architecture, II, 399 ; Persep- olis. XVIII, 557 , Susa. XXII, 722. Grecian architecture, 11, 401 ; remains at Mycena?. II, 346; XVII, 115; the Cary- atides, II, 407 ; Choragic monuments, II, 411. Three orders of Grecian architecture (Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian), II. 402; Doric, II, 409 ; Ionic, II, 417 ; Corinthian, II, 407; IV, 709. Eoman architecture, II, 414 ; the Pantheon, XX, 828 ; Colosseum, I, 774 ; dwellings of Pompeii, 11, 420; XIX, 444. Byzantine architecture, II, 422 a", XXIV, 148b"-149a. Pointed architecture, II, 422; Gothic architecture in England, II. 425; in France, II, 429 ; in Germany, II, 431 ; in Spain, II, 432; in Italy, II, 434. Modern Italian architecture, II, 436 ; St. Peter's at Rome. II, 438; III, 415. Modern English architecture, II, 442 ; St. Paul's Cathedral. XIV, 837; Inigo Jones, XIII, 738 ; Sir Christopher Wren, XXIV, 689; XVII, 442; Ely Cathedral, VIII, 155. Saracenic architecture, II, 445; mosques of Bagdad. III. 232 ; of Constan- tinople, VI, 305 ; great mosque at Da- mascus, VI, 791 ; at Mecca, XV, 672 ; the Alhambra, I, 570. Chinese architecture, II, 448. American Architecture. XXV. 224. Ancient American architecture, II, 450. Present position of architecture. 11,452. Architecture at the World's Colum- bian Exposition. XXIX. 595. Richard M. Hunt. XXVII, 341. Henry Hobson Richardson, XXVIII, 588. Richardson and his work, XXV. 228. Among the large number of special subjects relating to practice of this art, the following will be found ^'sub^ects '^"^tli valualile and interesting: Abacus, I, 4. Abbeys, I. 10. Aisle. I. 430. Almshouses. II, 459. Apartment houses, XXV, 208. Apse, II, 215. Arcade, II. 325. Arch, II, 327. Architrave, II, 459. Baluster, II. 460. Baptistery. Ill, 352. Basilica, HI, 412. Campanile. IV, 753. Carvatides, II, 407. Cathedral. V, 226. Chantry, II, 462. Cloister, VI, 35. Column, II, 462. Coping, IV, 464. Cornice. II, 462. Cupola, VII, 347. Dome, VII. 347. Dormer window. II, 463. Entablature. II, 391. Fresco, IX. 769. Monastery. I, 10. Mosaic, XVI. 849. Moulding, IV, 487. Parapet, II, 469 ; IX. 421. THE BUILDER 119 Famous Buildings AECHITECTURAL ACHIEVEMENTS. St. Peter's at Rome, II. 438. St. Paul's in London, XIV, S37. Cologne Cathedral, VI, 151 ; II, 431 ; XXI, 565 a. Milan Cathedral, XVI, 290 b'"- 291 ; II, 436. Seville Cathedral, XXI, 709a"-709b.' Cordova Cathedral, with its Hall of 1,000 coliinins, VI, 389 b-390. York Minster, II, 427 ; (Cathedral of St. Peter), XXIV, 750. Cathedral of Geneva, X, 147-48. The Egyptian Temples, II, 388. The Parthenon, III, 5. The Atrium, III, 50. The Mausoleum, XV, 643 a : XI, 383. The Colosseum, I, 774. The Temple of Diana at Ephesus, VIII, 468-69. The Temple o£ the Sun at Baalbec, HI, 176-78. The Temple of the Sun at Palmyra, XVIII, 199. The Hindu temples, II, 395. Jain temple, I, 423. The Taj Mahal, I, 286. The Grand Mosque and the Kaaba of Mecca, XV, 672. The Alhambra, I, 570-72. The Bastile, III, 429. Lara Jongrau, IV, 214. Leaning Tower of Pisa, IV, 753. Pyramid of Gizeh, XX, 124. The Escorial, VIII, 539. The Labyrinth, XIV, 179. i'he Capitol at Washington, XXV. 225. For additional references, see the fol- lowing chapter, entitled The Builder. BRIDGES, FORTIFICATIONS, ETC. For references to articles concerning the construction of bridges, fortifica- tions, etc., see Chapter XXX, entitled The Engineer, in this Guide. CHAPTER XXIX The Builder " In the elder days of art ■ Builders wrought with greatest care Each minute and unseen part. For the gods see everywhere." — Lon(ifelloio. The art of building is in a certain sense supplementary to the art of archi- tectui'e. In its highest appli- cation it may very properly be called prdcliraJ arrhifecfidge, the Eiiri/rlojjddia HrHainiicit for information 130 GUIDE TO THE BRITANNICA which will help you in the practice of your calling, we would advise you to turn to some of the articles which we have just named in the chapter for the guidance of the farmer. When you have obtained such information as you wish upon the subjects therein mentioned, you will be all the more ready to profit by the courses of reading and reference which follow. The general article on Horticulture, XII, 211-95, will of course claim your first attention. This is a ** Ge^n°raf ^"^ ^^^^ Comprehensive chapter, and contains as much matter as an ordinary 12mo volume of 350 pages. Some portions of the article may be of greater value to you than others. Turn to the Index on page 295, and see what the article contains that is of special interest to you. The chapter on the Formation and Preparation of the Garden, XII, 217, contains some valuable practical hints. That on Garden Materials and Appli- ances (including Manures and Tools and Implements), XII, 232-34 ; that on Plant Houses, XII, 221-23; that on Fruit Houses, XII, 223-25; and that on Propagation, XII, 234 b-239, will also be found rich in suggestiveness and in direct information. Is yours a flower garden? Read the chapter on the Flowers, XII, 247-6S ; and the chapter on Pruning. XII. 241-44. The article on Floriculture, XXVI, 663-64. contains a number of interesting statis- tics concerning the progress of this in- dustry in the United States, and will be read with profit by every florist. The following articles and parts of articles are worthy of the attention of every gardener and of every lover of flowers. The Flower Garden History of the first attempts at the classification of plants, IV, 79 a. The story of Linnaeus, XIV. 671, and his classification of plants, IV, 79 b. The account of Robert Brown, the originator of the natural system of classification, IV, 81 a", and IV, 385. The chapter on Structural Elements of Plants. IV, 83. The special article on the Rose, XX, 850. Then there are innumerable special articles on the different kinds of flowers, all of which may be found by reference to the Index volume. Among these articles it may not be amiss to call at- tention to the following : Lily, XIV, 643. Fuchsia, IX, 806. Gladiolus, X, 632. Geranium and Pelargonium, X, 439. Convolvulus, XXVI. 273. Dahlia, VI, 763. Nasturtium, XVII, 239. Orchids, XVII, 816. Pansv, XVIII, 214. Phlox, XVIII, 798. Honevsuckle, XII, 140. Hollyhock. XII, 102. Hyacinth, XII, 419. Mignonette, XVI, 289. Rhododendron, XX, 526-27. Tulip, XXIII, 605. But it is unnecessary to name more. These are mentioned only as examples of many articles which lovers of flowers will take pleasure in finding and reading. There are articles on wild flowers, too, such as Goldenrod. XXVII. 119 ; Ra- ™4,^„, nunculus (buttercup), XX, wnd Flowers ^ ^^ ^ ' 272; Violet, XXIV.. 241; Daisy. VI. 773 ; Lily of the Valley, XXVII, 599-000; Dandelion, VI, 802; and scores of others. And in the general article on Botany, IV, 79, their structure, hab- THE FRUIT-GROWER 131 its. and growth are treated and de- scribed from a scientific standpoint. If you are interested in Landscape- Gardening. see the article on that sub- ject in XXVri. 541-42 : also the 'X'eTng article on Lawns. XII, 248, and the articles on National Parks, National Military Parks, and Natural Parks, XXVII I, ^84. 835, and the cross-references there given. See also William Kent, XIV, 40; and Andrew Jackson Downing, XXVI, 444. Some curious historical facts in rela- tion to the subject may be found by reference to the article Labyrinth, XIV, 180. The article Arboriculture, II, 314, will also supply some useful hints ; and the account of the Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew, XII, 153, and XXVII, 492, will be found interesting. The Vegetable Garden is described in XII, 278; and the different kinds of vegetables profitable for cul- tivation are noticed, each in its appropriate place. Mar- ket gardening in the Ignited States is the subject of a comprehensive The Vegetable Garden paragraph in XXV, 95. See what is said about the Potato, XIX. 593, and I, 364, about its diseases, XIX, 596, and about its most destructive enemy, VI, 134. The manner of raising other root crops, such as turnips, mangel-vpurzels, carrots, parsnips, cabbages, kohlrabi, etc., is described with some minuteness in the chapter beginning on I. 364. All the common vegetables raised in the gardens receive notice in the Britannica. Special articles also are given on the cultivation of these vegetables in the United States, as : Beet, XXV, 409 ; Beet Sugar, XXV, 410, etc. But for the latest information, see the special article on Agriculture in the LInited States, XXV, 89-101. Market-Gardens, XXV, 95. Minor Crops, XXV, 96. Truck-farming in the United States, XXIX, 325. Truck farms, XXV, 94. See also the references in Chapters XXXIV and XXXV, entitled The Fniit- Grouer and Tlic ]Vuoiii(in. CHAPTER XXXIV The Fruit-Grower "They shall sit every man under his vine and under liis fig tree." — Micah, " You only, O books, are liberal and independent. Vou cive to all who ask, and enfranehise all who serve vou assiduouslv. Trulv. Vou are the ears tilled with most palatable grains fruitful olives, vines of Engaddi, fig-trees knowing no sterility ; burniiiir lamps to be ever held in the hand." — Ricfidrd de Jixri/. For the fruit-grower, lie he farmer or gardener, there is to be found in the Britannica a great variety of practical, u.seful information. As to soils, fertilizers, irriga- tion, and other subjects of general inter- The Orcbard est to all cultivators of the ground, it may be well to consult the references already given in Chapter XXXII, for The Farmer. In the first vohinie of the Brifaiiniea. ]iago 384, there is a short chapter on Orchard Culture which will 13:; GUIDE TO THE BRITANNICA repay the reading. Of still greater practical interest is a chapter in XXV, 95, on Orchard Products of the United States. An extensive list of standard Peuit Trees, with descriptions of the best varieties, may be found in XII. 269, and should be marked for ready refer- ence. Further descriptions of fruit and fruit trees are presented in special short articles under appropriate headings, for example : Apple, II, 211 ; the culture of apples for cider, V, 775. Apricot, II, 214. Peach, XVIII, 442 ; the peach-house, XII, 224 ; peaches in the United States, XXVIII. 3(58. Pear. XVIII. 445 ; XXVIII. 368. Cherry, XII, 270, and V, 586. Plum. XIX, 230. Prune, XIX. 230. Quince, XX, 182. The article on Strawberry, XXII, 592, XII, 276 b, is interesting and valuable. So also are those on other small fruits : Raspberry, XII, 276. Cranberry. VI, 545, and XII, 270. Whortleberry, XXIV, 556. Huckleberrv. XXVII, 333-34. Bilberry, XXV, 473. Blueberry, XXV, 510. Currants, VI, 715, and XII, 270. • Gooseberry, X, 779. The culture of grapes receives the at- tention which its importance deserves. See the practical chapters on Vineyards, XII, 277, and that on Vineyards in the United States. XXV, 96. See, too.ViTicuLTURE, XXIX, 454; also the special article on the Vine, XXIV, 237. The manufacture of wine from grapes is described fully in XXIV, 602. The wines of different localities are referred to elsewhere, as : Small Fruits Grapes Fruit Houses Tropical Fruits Canary wine, IV, 797. Catawba, V, 219. Madeira, XV. 178. Tokay, XXIII, 432. Wiirtemberg, XXIV. 700 b"'. Fruit-houses, for the storing of the products of garden and orchard, are de- scribed at length in XII, 223. The entire article on Horti- culture, XII, 211-95, is of value to the fruit-grower, and should be read and frequently consulted. See also the account of the societies that have been formed for the promo- tion of horticulture. XXII. 225. Tropical fruits are noticed, and de- scribed at length. Some of the best known are : The date-palm, VI, 831. The fig-tree, IX, 153 ; IV, 121. Banana, III, 307. Olive. XVII, 761 ; III, 59. Bread-fruit, IV, 241. Lemon, XIV, 437. Orange. XVII. 810. Pine-apple, XIX. 106. Pomegranate, XIX, 441. Other articles which commend them- selves not only to fruit-growers, but also to large numbers of gardeners and farm- ers, are the following: Grafting, XII, 213, 236. Budding. XII. 237 ; XX, 423. Pruning, XII, 214, 241. Garden Trees. XII, 260. Fungicides, XXVII, 47-48. Mildew. XVI, 293. Diseases of Vines, XXIV, 238. The Canning Industry. XXVI. 48. In Chapter XXXV. entitled TheWoods- nuni, in this Guide, the fruit-grower can find references to many other articles on trees, their culture, propagation, and uses. Many of these articles, if he will take the pains to consult them, may prove to be of genuine value to him. Care of Trees CHAPTER XXXV The Woodsman " Love of trees and plants is safe. You do not run risks in your affections." — Ahxaiider Smith. " The love of knowledge comes with reading, and grows upon it." — Henry Ward Beecher. In this chapter the word woodsman will be used iu a broad and somewhat unusual sen.se. It will include every- one who is in anj' way actively inter- ested in trees, especially the trees of the forest: First, the man who regards trees only as objects of trade and profit, and views them always from an eco- nomical standpoint, cai'ing for them only so far as they are of practical use to mankind ; second, those who love trees for their beauty, their fragrance, their grateful shade, their friendship ; and third, those who take pleasure in studying them in their scientific aspects, observing their modes of growth and their influence upon climate, soil, and various forms of vegetable and animal life. For all these "woodsmen" the Encyclopa-d'ui Briiainiica has a variety of useful, entertaining, and trustworthy information. As an introduction to the study of trees, read the article on Forestry, XXVII, 5. Then turn to the very compre- hensive article. Forests, Forest Admin- istration, IX, :!')7 41(1. and notice the practical character of tlie inforniation there given. After this, read of the Forests of the United States. XXII 1,802- (l(). Another article of much value is thaton Akuoriculture, II,;>14-24. This, of course, relates especially to the grow- ing of trees as one branch of agricult uro. Koad particularly the section relating to the culture of trees, II, lUO, and that on Lumbering timber trees, IX, 405-06. Valuable prac- tical suggestions are also given with relation to plantations of forest trees,. II, 322 a. For an account of the tim- bered region of the United States, see XXVIII, 430; IV, 704; XXIII. S02. Forthe forests of Canada, see IV, 773. The cli- matic influences of forests are discussed in VI, 4. Of special intere.st to luml)ermen is the article on Sawmills, XXI, 344. An account of the lumber trade in the United States is given in XXIII, 805. The trade in Michigan re- ceives notice in XVI, 238, and that of Canada, in IV, 774. The uses of wood as building material are descril)ed in TV, 448; its strength, Vll, 810, and XXll, G03 ; its value as fuel, IX, 808. n. USEFUL TREES. It is, of course, impossible in this chapter to name all the articles in the Brifainiica that have reference to indi- vidual forest trees. It may not he amiss, however, to direct special attention to the following : Oak, XVn. r)8<) — an illu.^rated article very interesting to all lovers of trees; thestrengthof oak wood, XXII, "^Tre" ^••^•'^ : ^^^^ "^e of oak bark for tanning. XTV. 3S1 ; fho oak in the United States. X\ I II. 8)2 o:!. Kim, VIII. 1.".! b: cult uro of, II, 317. Pine. XIX. I (12: strength of wood, XXII. (id:!; pines of California. IV. 704; 134 GUIDE TO THE BRITANNICA pines of the Alps, XIX, 102 ; culture of, II, 316. Pine lumbering in the United States, XXVIII, 430. Fir, IX, 222 ; strength of wood, XXII, 603 ; Scotch pines, XIX, 108. Boxwood, IV, 181 ; uses of wood, XXIV, 645. Rosewood, XX, 851. Logwood, XIV, 805 ; XII, 133. Mahogany. XV, 288 ; IX, 406; strength of wood, XXII, 603. Eucalyptus, VIII, 649; XIII. 593; eucalyptus in Australia, XXIV, 216, 508. The great trees of California are de- scribed in IV, 704, and XXI, 673. Of the trees that are valuable for their products, but not valuable as timber, it may be interesting to note the ""t^T following: Cinchona (quinine tree), V, 780 ; its cultivation in Peru, XVIII. 673 : in India, III, 568, and XII, 751 ; and in the Himalaya Mountains, XI, 833. Caoutchouc (india-rubber), IX, 154 ; XVIII, 674; IV, 88 b'", 226 b'"; XII, 835. Gutta Percha, IV, 88 b'" ; XI, 337. Cork {Qiiercus suber), VI, 402. Gall-nuts (Querciis infectoria), X, Aba.. III. FRUIT TREES. Olive, XVII, 761 ; III, 59. Orange, XVII, 810. Lemon, XIV, 437. Banana, III, 307; XIX. 176; and XIX, 419. Mulberry, XVII, 13, and XXII, 58. But for the common fruit trees, see Chapter XXXIII, entitled The Gardener. IV. FOOD PLANTS AND TREES. Coffee Plant, cultivation of, VI, 110; in Brazil. IV. 227 ; in Cuba, VI, 681 ; in Arabia, II, 237 ; in Java, XIII, 603; in Ceylon, V, 369; in Venezuela, XXIV, 140a' ; in British Central Africa (Nyas- saland), XXV, 82. Tea Plant, XXIII, 97, and IV, 738 ; cultivation of. in China, V, 636 ; in India, XII, 750, and III. 568; in Ceylon, V, 369 b' ;XXVL 101-02. Cocoa, or Cacao, VI, 100. Cocoa-nut Palm, VI, 103. Date Palm, VI, 831 ; XVIII, 190 ; of Arabia, II, 237. Fig. IX, 153. Almond, I, 594. Aloe, I, 597. Bread-fruit. IV. 241. Among the curious trees of the world, mention may be made of the Banyan, III, 348 ; Baobab, I, 268 ; Bo, or sacred fig-tree, IX. 154 ; Upas tree, XXIII. 859 ; and this list might be extended indefi- nitely. See also Chapter XXXIII, entitled The Gardener. An account of the great parks of the world appeals to the interest of every woodsman and every lover of Parks trees. See the following arti- cles: National Parks, XXVIII. 334. Parks of the Rockv :\Iountains.XXVIII, 335; VL 161 ; XXIII, 792. Adirondack Park. XXV, 48. National Military Parks, XXVIII, 335. Yellowstone National Park,XXIX.618. Washington Elm, at Cambridge, XXVI, 24.^ Charter Oak, XXVI. 120. In conclusion, the readers attention is directed to the article on Arbor Day, XXV. 221. and to the paragraph on the same subject, XXVII, 302. The above references are sufEciisnt to indicate the vast amount of curious, in- teresting, and instructive information that may be derived from the Briiaiiitica with reference to this subject of trees. CHAPTER XXXVI The Stock-Raiser and Dairyman "Tiie cattle are grazincr. Their heads never raising'; There are forty feeding like one." — Wordsworth. "The man who has studied a subject is on that subject the intel- lectual superior of the man who has not." — Earl Lyttox. The interests of the stock-raiser are in many respects identical with those of the farmer. Indeed, most farmers are stock-raisers, and most stock-raisers are by necessity also farmers. Hence, the references and readings indicated in this chapter are intended for the help and guidance both of farmers and stock- raisers, and of all readers of the Britan- nica who are in any way engaged in the breeding or care of domestic animals. The chapter on stock-raising in the United States, XXV, 96, gives much val- uable information that is strictly up to date. So also does the paragraph on farm animals in the United States, XXIX. 365. Read the article Breeds and Breed- ing, IV, 244 ; then see what is said of the breeding of animals, I, 3S9, 393, and XXI. 722. The article on the Horse, XII, 172, is a comprehensive one, of great value to every horse-owner. This is supplemented by some later facts in the article on Agriculture in THE United States, XXV, 89-101, and by further information regarding the breeding and rearing of horses, I, 3S4. An interesting article on Horse-Rac- ing in the United States may be found in XXVII, 322-24. After this, see Trot- ting and Pacing, XXIX, 322. Tbe Horse Cattle For the Arabian horse, see 11, 240. For the Persian, XVIII. 624-25. For the Clydesdale, XIV, 251. Trotting records, XXIX, 322. Famous trotters and pacers, XXIX, 323. For the diseases of horses, see XXIV, 201, 204. The art of horse-shoeing is described in XXI, 831, and XVII, 166. A special article on Cattle, V. 244, is interesting for its historical information. The chapter on Bovida\ XV, 432, has a strictly scientific value. The breeding of cattle is dis- cussed in I, 387. For the diseases of cattle, see XXV, 97 ; XVII, 57 ; XXIV, 204 ; I, 304; and V. 589. See also Fardel- bound, XXVI, 617 ; Foot-rot, XXVI, (577 ; Founder, XXVII, 16. The dairynian will read of the man- agement of milch cows. I, 390. He will be specially interested in the long arti- cle on the Dairy, VI, 768 ; in the chapter on Dairy I'roducts in the United States. XX\'. 9S ; in the article on Milk. XM. 301 ; Beestings. XXV. 409 ; Butter, IV, 590 ; and Cheese. V. 455. He will also read what is said of the freshness and purity of milk, and the directions for its treat- ment in the dairy, XVI, 304. Within re- cent years tlio methods of making butter have undergone radical rlianges. and these methods are described in XXV, 662. (13.5) 136 GUIDE TO THE BRITANNICA The Butcher See also Artificial Butter, XXY, 663. American process of making cheese, XXVI. 126. The influence of cattle-shows, I, 390, is another subject which will claim the cattle-breeder's attention. One of the chief objects of the stock- raiser is to provide beeves, hogs, or sheep for the great markets, where they are slaughtered and turned into food pro- ducts. This latter process does not necessarily interest the stock-raiser ; it concerns rather the butcher and the dealer in dressed meats, and to these it may be a matter of moment to learn how every portion of a slaughtered animal may be made to realize some profit. The latest im- proved methods of slaughtering beeves and preparing the various parts for market are fully described in an article on the Economical System of Abattoirs, XXV, 11. A further and more complete account of the processes connected with the manufacture of flesh-food products is given in the article Packing. XXVIII, 314. The article on Sheep, XXI. 784, is one of much value to all who have the care of these animals. The breed- ing and management of sheep are further discussed in I, 391. and IV, 250. The question as to what are the best foods in wool-culture is discussed in XXIX. 588. For Southdowns, see XXII, 725. For Merinos, XXII, 300. For Dorsets, VII, 371. The diseases of sheep are described in XXIV, 204, and XXIII, 539; Mimain. XVII, 59. The proper method of shearing is de- scribed in I, 396. And in this connection the article on Wool, XXIV, 653, should be read, to- Sheep Hogs gether with the supplementary article on Woolen Manufactures in the United States, XXIX, 587. and the sec- tion on Sheep and Wool, XXV, 98. The American wool-grower will also be interested in what is said of wool- growing in Australia, III, 114. See also the references to Textile Products in Chapter XXIII, entitled The Manufac- turer, in this Guide. Hogs are treated historically and scientifically in the article on Swine, XXII, 772 ; and notes concern- ing their breeding and man- agement are given in I, 400. For the history of hog-raising in the United States during the past ten years, see the section on that subject, XXV, 974J8. Their diseases are described in XXIV, 205-06, and XVIII, 270. Poultry is the subject of a valuable article, XIX, 644, wherein the various breeds of fowls are described at length. This may be sup- plemented by the article on Fowl, IX, 491. The management of poultry re- ceives special attention in I, 401. Some interesting facts about eggs are given in VII, 201b'", 696-97; and the latest figures about their production, in XXV, 99. See also HI. 772-75. The Goose is noticed in a special arti- cle, X, 777; and the Duck in VII, 505; while the Turkey is described at length in XXIII. 657. The question of foods and feeding is one in which the stock-raiser and the farmer are always interested. The subject of pastures and pasturage is intelligently discussed in I, 370, 402, and is worthv of the careful Pasturage ., ,• ,: , i attention oi every stock- raiser. See also XIII, 368. Poultry THE Ml NEK 137 Some account of American grass crops for pasturage is given in XI, 5o GO; and the cultivation of American grasses is the sul)ject of an article in XXVI, 678. The latest facts relating to the pro- duction of forage crops in this country are given in XXV. 94 ; XXVI, ()7S. For the culture of Hay. see I. 378. The various grains, vegetables, etc., used in feeding domestic animals liave already been referred to in Chapter XXXII, entitled The Farmer. Other domestic animals, not men- tioned in this chapter, are treated of, each in its proper place. But the care of them cannot properly be said to be- long exclusively to the stock-raiser or the farmer. (See the Index volume.) CHAPTER XXXVII The Miner 'Excellence is never granted to man but as the reward of labor." — Sir Jiishiia l\i-i^-i"g levels sliafts. XVT, 444 4!). Blasting, III, S(I8; XXIII. 622. sinking See also 5. Emph^yment of labor, XVI, 44'J. 6. Securing excavations by timber, iron, or masonry, XVI, 449-51. 7. Working away of veins, beds, and masses, XVI. 451-55. 8. Carriage of minerals along under- ground roads, XVI, 455-50. 9. Raising minerals to the surface, XVI, 456-57. 10. rJrainage of mines, XVI, 457-59. 11. Ventilation and lighting of mines, XVI, 459-61. 12. Means of descending and ascend- ing. XVI, 461-62. Safety appliances, XXVIII, 642. 13. Preparation of ores, XVI, 462-66. 14. Laws relating to mining. X\'I, 46('). 15. Accidents in mines. X\'l. KUJ 67. For a geiieial descrii)ti()n of (he methods of c