WmMBmm m, S$S% *-*' V THE CENTURY DICTIONARY AND CYCLOPEDIA AN ENCYCLOPEDIC LEXICON OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND A PRONOUN- CING AND ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF NAMES IN GEOGRAPHY, BIOGRAPHY MYTHOLOGY, HISTORY, ART, ETC., ETC. IN TEN VOLUMES PUBLISHED BY %\)t Century Co. NEW YORK THE CENTURY DICTIONARY AN ENCYCLOPEDIC LEXICON OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE PREPARED UNDER THE SUPERINTENDENCE OF WILLIAM DWIGHT WHITNEY, PH.D., LL.D, PROFESSOR OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY AND SANSKRIT IN YALE UNIVERSITY VOLUME PUBLISHED BY CI)e Centurg Co. NEW YORK Copyright, 1889. 1 89^. by The Century Co. All Rights Reserved. By permission of Messrs. Blackie & Son, publishers of The Imperial Dictionary by Dr. Ogilvie and Dr. Annandale, material from that English copyright work has been freely used in the preparation of Tm Century Dictionary, and certain owners of American copyrights having claimed that undue use of matter so protected has been made in the compilation of The Imperial Dictionary, notice is hereby given that arrangement has also been made with the proprietors of such copyright matter for its use in the preparation of The Century Dictionary. THE D£ VINNE PK:&5- Kef PE C4- en I SANTA BARBARA LIST OF COLLABORATORS EDITOR-IN-CHIEF, WILLIAM D. WHITNEY, Ph. D., LL. D. MANAGING EDITOR, BENJAMIN E. SMITH. A.M. EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS, FRANKLIN H. HOOPER, A. B. JOHN W. PALMER, M. D. ROBERT L1LLEY, M. R. A. S. CHARLES P. G. SCOTT. Ph. D. THOMAS W. LUDLOW, A. M. FRANCIS A. TEALL, A. M. KATHARINE B. WOOD. AUSTIN ABBOTT, LL. D. Lain; Legal and Political Institutions. LYMAN ABBOTT, D. D. Theology; Liturgies; Ecclesiastical History. CHARLES BARNARD, Tools and Machines. ALBERT S. BOLLES, Ph. D. Professor of Mercantile Law and Practice in the Wharton School of Finance and Economy, University of Pennsylvania. Commerce ; Finance. ELLIOTT COUES, M. D., Ph. D. Late Professor of Anatomy in the National Medical College. General Zoology ; Biology; Compar- ative Anatomy. EDWARD S. DANA, Ph. D. Assistant Professor of Natural Philosophy in Yale University. Physics; Mineralogy. ISAAC W. DRUMMOND, E. M., Ph. D. Pigments; Dyes; Dyeing, etc. THEODORE N. GILL, M. D., Ph. D. Professor of Zoology in the Columbian Uni- versity. Ichthyology; Conchology. FRANCIS M. GREEN, Com'r U. S. N. Naval and Nautical Terms. JAMES A. HARRISON, LlTT. D., LL. D. Professor of English and Modern Languages in Washington and Lee University. Contributions to the Etymologies (in the last Quarter of the Alphabet). J. FRANKLIN JAMESON, Ph. D. Professor of History in Brown University. History of the United States. EDITORIAL CONTRIBUTORS, EDWARD H. JENKINS, Ph. D. Vice-Director of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. Chemistry. FRANK H. KNOWLTON, S. M. Professor of Botany in the Columbian Uni- versity and Assistant Curator of Botany, U. S. National Museum. Cryptogamic Botany, H-Z. GEORGE F. KUNZ, Gems; Lapidary Work. THOMAS R. LOUNSBURY, A. M. Professor of English in the Sheffield Scientific School, Yale University. Middle English (Chaucer). THOMAS W. LUDLOW, A. M. Architecture ; Sculpture; Greek and Roman Archeology. DAVID A. LYLE, Capt. U. S. A. Military Terms. THOMAS C. MENDENHALL, Ph.D., LL. D. President of Rose Polytechnic Institute. Electricity. CHARLES S. PEIRCE, S. B., A. M. Late Lecturer on Logic at the Johns Hop- kins University, and of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. Logic; Metaphysics ; Mathematics; Mechanics; Astronomy; Weights and Measures. CHARLES C. PERKINS, A. B. (Deceased.) Painting; Engraving; Etching. WALDO S. PRATT, A. M. Professor of Worship, Hymnology, and Sacred Music in the Hartford Theo- logical Seminary. Music. CHARLES P. G. SCOTT, Ph. D. Etymologies. ARTHUR B. SEYMOUR, S. M. Assistant in the Cryptogamic Herbarium, Harvard University. Cryptogamic Botany, A-G. RUSSELL STURGIS, A. M. Late Professor of Architecture and the Arts of Design in the College of the City of New York. Decorative Art; Ceramics; Medie- val Archaology; Heraldry; Cos- tumes. JAMES K. THACHER, M. D. Professor of Physiology and Clinical Medi- cine in Yale University. Physiology; Medicine; Surgery; Human Anatomy; Histology. ROBERT H. THURSTON, A. M., Doc. Eng. Director of Sibley College, Cornell Uni- versity. General Technology. LESTER F. WARD, A. M., LL. B. Geologist, U. S. Geological Survey ; Honor- ary Curator of Botany and Fossil Plants, U. S. National Museum. Botany, H-Z. SERENO WATSON, Ph. D. Curator of the Herbarium, Harvard Uni- versity. Totany, A-G. HENRY M. WHITNEY, A. M. Professor of English Literature in Beloit College. Synonyms. JOSIAH D. WHITNEY, LL. D. Professor of Geology, Harvard University. Geology; Lithology; Mining; Metals and Metallurgy ; Physical Geogra- phy; Fossil Botany. WILLIAM D. WHITNEY, Ph. D., LL. D. Professor of Comparative Philology and San- skrit in Yale University. Spelling; Pronunciation ; Gram- mar; Comparative Philology; Ethnology ; A nthropology. DEPARTMENT OF ILLUSTRATIONS, WILLIAM LEWIS FRASER. PREFACE HE plan of The Century Dictionary includes three things : the construction of a general dictionary of the English language which shall be serviceable for every literary and practical use; a more complete collection of the technical terms of the various sciences, arts, trades, and professions than has yet been attempted ; and the addition to the definitions proper of such related encyclopedic matter, with pictorial illustrations, as shall constitute a convenient book of general reference. The attempt to accomplish these ends, and at the same time to produce a harmonious whole, has determined both the general character of the work and its details. This design originated early in 1882 in a proposal to adapt The Imperial Dictionary to American needs, made by Mr. Roswell Smith, President of The Century Co., who has supported with unfailing faith and the largest liberality the plans of the editors as they have gradually extended far beyond the original limits. The most obvious result of this plan is a very large addition to the vocabulary of preceding dictionaries, about two hundred thousand words being here defined. The first duty of a comprehensive dictionary is collection, not selection. When a full account of the language is sought, every omis- sion of a genuine English form, even when practically necessary, is so far a defect ; and it is therefore better to err on the side of broad inclusiveness than of narrow exclusive- ness. This is the attitude of The Century Dictionary. It is designed to be a practically complete record of the main body of English speech, from the time of the mingling of the Old French and Anglo-Saxon to the present day, with such of its offshoots as possess historical, etymological, literary, scientific, or practical value. The execution of this design demands that more space be given to obso- lete words and forms than has hitherto been the rule in dictionaries. This is especially true of Middle English words (and particularly of the vocabulary of Chaucer), which represent a stage of the language that is not only of high interest in itself, but is also intimately con- nected, etymologically and otherwise, with living speech. Only a few of these words are contained in existing dictionaries. This is the case also, to a great degree, with the language of much later times. The literature of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the formative period of modern English, abounds in words and idioms hitherto unrecorded by lexicographers. Not to include all of these terms which from their etymological connections, intrinsic literary value, or availability for modern use, are worthy of record, is to make, not a dictionary of English, but Dialectal and pro- vincial words. merely a dictionary of modern and selected English. A similar reason has led to the admission of an unusually large number of dialectal and provincial words. Until about the time of the Reformation the language existed chiefly in the form of dialects ; and while the common literary tongue was establishing itself, and after it became established, its relations with dialectal and provincial forms were most intimate. Many " literary " words sank to the position of provincialisms, and on the other hand provincialisms rose to literary rank — a process which has been continuous to the present day. Thus both historically and with regard to present usage it is impossible to draw a hard aud fast vi PREFACE. line between these two sides of the language, either with respect to words or to their individual senses. This dictionary, therefore, includes words of dialectal form or provincial use which appear to be an Important part of the history of the language. Within the sphere of mere colloquialism, slang, and cant, a much narrower rule of inclusion has, of course, been followed; but colloquialism and even slang must be noticed by the lexicographer who desires to portray the language in its Colloquialism and natural and full outlines, and these phases of English have therefore been treated with liberality. Americanisms, especially, have received the recognition naturally to be expected from an American dictionary, many being recorded for the first time ; on the other hand, many words and uses heretofore regarded as peculiar to this country have been found to be survivals of older or provincial English, or to have gained a foothold in broader English use. Another notable increase in the vocabulary is that due to the admission of the many terms which have come into existence during the present century — especially during the last twenty years — in connection with the advance in all departments of knowledge and labor, scientific, artistic, professional, mechanical, and practical. This increase is nowhere more conspicuous than in the language of the physical sciences, and of those departments of study, such as archaeology, which are con- cerned with the life and customs of the past. Not only have English words been coined in astonishing numbers, but many words of foreign origin or form, especially New Latin and French, have been imported for real or imaginary needs. To consign these terms to special glossaries is unduly to restrict the dictionary at the point at which it comes into the closest contact with what is vital and interesting in contemporary thought and life; it is also practically impossible, for this technical language is, in numberless instances, too closely interwoven with common speech to be dissevered from it. A similar increase is noticeable in the language of the mechanical arts and trades. The progress of inven- tion has brought nearly as great a flood of new words and senses as has the progress of science. To exclude this language of the shop and the market from a general English dictionary is as undesirable as to exclude that of science, and for similar reasons. Both these lines of development have therefore been recorded with great fullness. There is also a considerable number of foreign words — Latin, Fiench, and other — not in technical use, which have been admitted because they either have become established in English literature or stand for noteworthy things that have no English names. Lastly, the individual words have been supplemented by the insertion of idiomatical phrases that are not fully explained by the definitions of their component parts alone, and have in use the force of single words; and of the numerous phrase-names used in the arts and sciences. The number of these phrases here defined is very large. No English dictionary, however, can well include every word or every form of a word that has been used by any English writer or speaker. There is a very large number of words and forms dis- coverable in the Literature of all periods of the language, in the Various dialects, and in colloquial use, which have no practical claim upon the notice of the lexicographer. A large group not meriting inclusion consists of words used only for the nonce by writers of be c .1 ided. * 6 J J all periods and of all degrees of authority, and especially by recent writers in news- papers and other ephemeral publications; of words intended by their inventors for wider use in popular or technical speech, but which have not been accepted; and of many special names of things, as of many chemical compounds, of many inventions, of patented commercial articles, and the like. Yet another group is composed <>f many substantive uses of adjectives, adjective uses of substantives (as of nouns of material), participial adjectives, verbal nouns ending in 4ng, abstract nouns ending in -ness, adverbs ending in -/// from adjectives, adjectives ending in -ish, regular compounds, etc., which can be used at will in accordance with the established principles of the language, but which are too obvious, both in meaning and formation, and often too occasional in use, to need separate definition. So also dialectal, provincial, or colloquial words must be excluded, so far as they stand out of vital relation to the main body of the language which it is the object of a general dic- tionary to explain. The special limitations of the technical and scientific vocabulary will be men- tioned later. PREFACE. vii None of these considerations is of the nature of a definite rule that can be used with precision in all cases. On the contrary, the question whether a word shall be included, even in a dictionary so comprehensive as this, must often be decided by the special circumstances of the case. The sources of the English vocabulary thus presented are extremely various. No other tongue, ancient or modern, has appeared in so many and so different phases; and no other people of high civilization has so completely disregarded the barriers of race and circumstance and adopted into its speech so great a number of unnative words and notions. The making of the t Ktyniologies. English language began, it may be said, with the introduction of Roman rule and Roman speech among the barbarous Celts of Britain. The Latin language, as the vehicle of civil- ization, affected strongly the Celtic, and also the speech of the Teutonic peoples, Saxons, Angles, and Jutes, who in the fifth century obtained a footing on the island. This Teutonic tongue, while assimilating something both of the native Celtic idiom, and of Latin in a Celtic guise, in time became the dominant language. The speech thus formed (called Anglo-Saxon or, as some now prefer, Old English) was raised almost to classic rank by the labors of Alfred and of the numerous priests and scholars who sought to convey to their countrymen in their native language the treasures of Latin learning and the precepts of the Latin Church. Though uniting in the ninth century with an influx of Scandinavian speech, and in the eleventh century, through the Norman conquest, with the stream which flowed through France from Rome, it remained the chief fountain of English. From these two elements, the Teutonic and the Latin (the latter both in its original form and as modified in the Romance tongues), our language has been constructed; though materials more or less important have been borrowed from almost every known speech. The details of this history are exhibited in the etymologies. They have been written anew, on a uniform plan, and in accordance with the established principles of comparative philology. The best works in English etymology, as well as in etymology and philology in general, have been regularly consulted, the most helpful being those of Prof. Skeat and Eduard Midler, and the "New English Dictionary on Historical Principles," edited by Dr. J. A. H. Murray (which, however, could be con- sulted in revising the proofs of A and of part of B only); but the conclusions reached are independent. It has been possible, by means of the fresh material at the disposal of the etymologist, to clear up in many cases doubts or difficulties hitherto resting upon the history of particular words, to decide definitely in favor of one of several suggested etymologies, to discard numerous current errors, and to give for the first time the history of many words of which the etymologies were previously unknown or erroneously stated. Noteworthy features of the etymologies will be found to be the method followed in stating the ascertained facts of the history of each Method of etymo- ° J logical statement. word, and the extensive collation of cognate or allied words. Beginning with the current accepted form or spelling, each important word has been traced back through earlier forms to its remotest known origin. Middle English forms are given, in important cases in numerous variants for the four centuries included in that period, and are traced to the Anglo-Saxon (in which are given the typical forms, with the important variants and the oldest glosses) or, as the case may be, to the Old French, including in special instances the Old French as developed in England, or Anglo-French. The derivation of the Anglo-Saxon or French form is then giveu. When an Anglo- Saxon or other Teutonic form is mentioned, the cognate forms are given from the Old Saxon, the Old Friesic, the Dutch, Low German, High German, and Icelandic in their several periods, the Swedish (and often the Norwegian), the Danish, and the Gothic. The same form of statement is used with the Romance and other groups of forms — the Old French and modern French, the Provencal, the Spanish, the Portuguese, the Italian, and sometimes in special instances the Wallachian and other Romance forms, being given in a regular order, and derived together from their Latin or other source. With the Latin are mentioned the Greek cognates, if any such existed, the Slavic forms, if concerned, and the Sanskrit, Persian, etc. If the Arabic or Hebrew is reached, other Semitic forms are sometimes viii PREFACE. stated. The rule has been to deduce from a comparison of all the principal forms the primitive sense or form, and also to make the process of inference clear to the consulter of the dictionary. Of course, in a search through so vast a field, in which the paths of words have been in many instances effectu- ally obliterated or confused, many points of uncertainty remain; but from the evidence at hand various degrees of approximation to certainty can be established, and these it has been sought clearly to indicate by terms of qualification. The various prefixes and suffixes used in the formation of English words are treated very fully in separate articles. There are thus two distinct groups of forms in the etymologies: those in the line of derivation or direct descent, and those in the lines of cognation or collateral descent. A Greek word, for example, may occur not only in Anglo-Saxon (and English), but also in other Teutonic and in Romance and other tongues, and the full account of the English form requires the mention of the most important of these other forms as " parallel with " or " equal to " the Anglo- Saxon and English. To separate these groups more plainly to thought and to the eye, and to save the space which would be taken up by the frequent repetition of the words "from," "parallel with," and " whence," distinctive symbols are used. For " from " is used the sign < , denoting that the form without the angle is derived from the form within it ; for " whence," the sign > , with a similar significance ; for " parallel with " or " equal to " or " cognate with," the familiar sign of equality, = ; for the word "root," the ordinary algebraic symbol \/. An asterisk * is prefixed uniformly to all forms which are cited either as probable or as theoretical, or as merely alleged ; it indicates in all cases that the form so marked has not been found by the etymologist in the records of the language concerned, or in its dictionaries. But in some cases words are marked with the asterisk which are found in certain dictionaries, but have not been verified in the actual literature. Special care has been taken with the Anglo-Saxon words, unverified forms of which exist in the current dictionaries, some of them probably genuine, though not found in any of the accessible texts, and others due to early errors of editors and d i c ■ t io nary-makers. Words of various origin and meaning, but of the same spelling (homonyms), have been distinguished by small superior figures ( a , 2 , :) , etc.). Such words abound in English. They are mostly common monosyllables, and much confusion exists not only in the explanation of them but also in their use, words of diverse origin having been, in many cases, regarded as one, with consequent entanglement or complete merging of meanings. In numbering these homonyms, the rule has been to give precedence to the oldest or the most familiar, or to that one which is most nearly English in origin. The superior numbers apply not so much to the individual word as to the group or root to which it belongs; hence the different grammatical uses of the same homonym are numbered alike when they are separately entered in the dictionary. Thus verbs and nouns of the same origin and the same present spelling receive the same superior number. But when two words of the same form, and of the same radical origin, now differ considerably in meaning, so as to be used as different words, they are separately numbered. The etymologies have been written by Dr. Charles P. G. Scott, with the assistance, in the later parts of the work, of contributions from Prof. James A. Harrison, Prof. William M. Baskervill, Prof. Francis A. March, Jr., and others. In ascertaining the particular facts with regard to the origin of technical terms, much aid has been given by the specialists in charge of the various departments. Of the great body of words constituting the familiar language the spelling is determined by well- established usage, and, however accidental and unacceptable, in many cases, it may be, and however much of sympathy and well-w 'illing may be due to the efforts now making to introduce a reform, it is not the office of a dictionary like this to propose improvements, or to adopt those which have been proposed, and have not yel won some degree of acceptance and use. But there are also considerable classes as to which usage is wavering, more than one form being sanctioned by excellent authorities, PREFACE. be either in this country or in Great Britain, or in both. Familiar examples are words ending in -or or -our (as labor, labour), in -er or -re (as center, centre), in -ize or -ise (as civilize, civilize); those having a single or double consonant after an unaccented vowel (as tranter, trardlrr ; worshiped, wor- shipped), or spelt with e or with ce or 02 (as hemorrhage, diarrhea; haemorrhage, diar- rhcea) ; and so on. In such cases, both forms are given, with an expressed preference for the briefer one, or the one more accordant with native analogies. The language is struggling toward a more consistent and phonetic spelling, and it is proper, in disputed and doubtful cases, to cast the influence of the dictionary in favor of this movement, both by its own usage in the body of the text, and at the head of articles by the order of forms, or the selection of the form under which the word shall be treated. Technical words not in general use, and words introduced from other languages, have also their varieties of orthographic form : the former, in part, because of the ignorance or care- lessness of those who have made adaptations from Latin or Greek ; the latter, because of the different styles of transliteration or imitation adopted. In such cases, slight variants are here sometimes dis- regarded, the more correct form being given alone, or with mere mention of others ; in other cases, the different forms are given, with cross references to the pi'eferred one, under which the word is treated. Finally, the obsolete words which have no accepted spelling, but occur only in the variety of forms characteristic of the periods from which they come, are treated regularly under that form which is nearest to, or most analogous with, present English, and the quotations, of whatever form, are as a rule presented there; side-forms are entered as liberally as seemed in any measure desirable, with references to the one preferred. All citations, however, are given in the orthography (though not always with the punctuation) of the texts from which they are taken. Still greater than the variation in the orthography, even the accepted orthography, of English words, is the variation in the pronunciation. And here the same general principles must govern the usage of the dictionary. No attempt is made to record all the varieties of popular, or even of educated, utterance, or to report the determinations made by different recognized authorities. It has been necessary, rather, to make a selection of words to which alternative pro- nunciations should be accorded, and to give preference among these according to the circumstances of each particular case, in view of the general analogies and tendencies of English utterance. A large number of scientific names and terms — words that are written rather than uttered, even by those who use them most — are here entered and have a pronunciation noted for the first time. For such words no prescriptive usage can be claimed to exist ; the pronunciation must be deter- mined by the analogies of words more properly English, or by those governing kindred and more common words from the same sources. With respect to many foreign words, more or less used as English, it is often questionable how far usage has given them an English pronunciation, or has modified in the direction of English the sound belonging to them where they are vernacular. In not a few instances a twofold pronunciation is indicated for them, one Anglicized and the other original. Words of present provincial use are for the most part pronounced according to literary analogies, without regard to the varieties of their local utterance. The principal exceptions are Scotch words having a certain literary standing (owing to their use especially by Scott and Burns) ; these are more carefully marked for their provincial pronunciation. Wholly obsolete words are left unmarked. There are certain difficult points in varying English utterance, the treatment of which by the dictionary calls for special explanation. One is the so-called "long m" (as in use, muse, cure), repre- sented here, as almost everywhere, by u. In its full pronunciation, this is as precisely 1/00 {yd) as if written with the two characters. But there has long existed a tendency to lessen or remove the ^-element of the combination in certain situations unfavorable to its production. After an r, this tendency has worked itself fully out ; the pronunciation 00 (0) has taken the place of u in that situa- tion so generally as to be alone accepted by all recent authorities (although some speakers still show x PKEFACE. plain traces of the older utterance). The same has happened, in a less degree, after /, and some of the latest authorities (even in England) prescribe always loo (Id) instead of lu; so radical -a change has not been ventured upon in this work, in which 6 is written only after an I that is preceded by another consonant : cultivated pronunciation is much less uniform here than in the General variations of preceding case. But further, after the other so-called dental consonants t, d, n, s, z, of certain vowels. except in syllables immediately following an accent, the usage of the majority of good speakers tends to reduce the //-element to a lighter and less noticeable form, while many omit it altogether, pronouncing 00 (0). Of this class of discordances no account is taken in the re-spellings for pronunciation ; usage is in too fluid and vacillating a condition to be successfully represented. After the sounds ch, j, sh, zh, however, only is acknowledged. Another case is that of the r. Besides local differences in regard to the point of production in the mouth, and to the presence, or degree, of trilling in its utterance, a very large number, including some of the sections of most authoritative usage, on both sides of the Atlantic, do not really utter the r-sound at all unless it be immediately followed by a vowel (in the same or a succeeding word), but either silence it altogether or convert it into a neutral-vowel sound (that of hut or hurt). The muti- lation thus described is not acknowledged in this dictionary, but r is everywhere written where it has till recently been pronounced by all; and it is left for the future to determine which party of the speakers of the language shall win the upper hand. The distinction of the two shades of neutral- vowel sound in hut and hurt, which many authorities, especially in England, ignore or neglect, is, as a matter of course, made in this work. The latter, or hurt-sound, is found in English words only before /• in the same syllable; but it is also a better correspondent to the French en and "mute e" sounds than is the former, or //»c-sound. In like manner, the air-sound is distinguished (as a) from the ordinary e- or w-sounds. Further, the two sounds written with in sot and song are held apart through- out, the latter (marked with 6) being admitted not only before r (as in nor), but in many other situations, where common good usage puts it. But as there is a growing tendency in the language to turn into n, the hue between the two sounds is a variable one, and the 6 (on this account distinguished from a, with which from a phonetic point of view it is practically identical) must be- taken as marking an o-sound which in a part of good usage is simple 0. A similar character belongs to the so-called " inter- mediate a " of ask, can't, command, and their like, which with many good speakers has the full ra-sound (of far, etc.), and also by many is flattened quite to the " short a " of fat, etc. This is signified by a, which, as applied to English words, should be regarded rather as pointing out the varying utterance here described than as imperatively prescribing any shade of it. On the side of consonant utterance, there is a very large class of cases where it can be made a question whether a pure t or d or s or z is pronounced with an i- or //-sound after it before another vowel, or whether the consonant is fused together with the i or y into the sounds ch, j, sh, or eh respectively — for example, whether we say nature or nachur, gradual or grajoal, sure or shor, visual The pronunciation or vishoal. There are many such words in which accepted usage has fully ranged it certain conso- . * . oante. itself on the side of the fused pronunciation : for example, vizhon, not vieion, for vision; azhiir, not azure, for azure; but with regard to the great majority usage is less decided, or else the one pronunciation is given in ordinary easy utterance and the other when speaking with deliberation or labored plainness, or else the fused pronunciation is used without the fact being acknowledged. For such cases is introduced here a special mark under the consonant — thus, t, d, s, z — which is intended to signify that in elaborate or strained utterance the consonant has its own proper value, but in ordinary styles of speaking combines with the following /-element into the fused sound. The mark is not used unless the fused sound is admissible in good common speech. This same device, of a mark added beneath to indicate a familiar utterance different from an elaborate or forced one, is introduced by this dictionary on a very large scale in marking the sounds of the vowels. One of the most peculiar characteristics of English pronunciation is the way in which it slights the vowels of most unaccented syllables, not merely lightening them in point of quantity and stress, but changing their quality of sound. To write (as systems of re-spelling for pronunciation, and PREFACE. xi even systems of phonetic spelling, generally do) the vowels of unaccented syllables as if they were accented, is a distortion, and to pronounce them as so written would be a caricature of English speech. There are two degrees of this transformation. In the first, the general vowel quality of a long vowel remains, but is modified toward or to the corresponding (natural) short: thus, a and o lose their usual vanish (of e and 6 respectively), and become, the one e (even, in vowds in mmc- \ ■ r J ' cented syllables. some final syllables, the yet thinner i), the other the true short o (which, in accented syllables, occurs only provincially, as in the New England pronunciation of home, whole, etc.) ; e and 6 (of food) become i and u (of good); & or 6 become (more rarely) o. This first degree of change is marked by a single dot under the vowel: thus, a, e, g, U, o, 6. In the second degree, the vowel loses its specific quabty altogether, and is reduced to a neutral sound, the slightly uttered u (of hut) or e (of hurt). This change occurs mainly in short vowels (especially a, o, less often e, but i chiefly in the ending -ity) ; but also sometimes in long vowels (especially u and a). This second degree of alteration is marked by a double dot under the vowel: thus, g, e, g, i, (i, u. Accordingly, the dots show that while in very elaborate utterance the vowel is sounded as marked without them, in the various degrees of inferior elaborateness it ranges down to the shortened or to the neutralized vowel respectively ; and it is intended that the dots shall mark, not a careless and slovenly, but only an ordinary and idiomatic utterance — not that of hasty conversation, but that of plain speaking, or of reading aloud with dis- tinctness. In careless talk there is a yet wider reduction to the neutral sound. It must be clearly understood and borne in mind that these changes are the accompaniment and effect of a lightening and slighting of utterance ; to pronounce with any stress the syllables thus marked would be just as great a caricature as to pronounce them with stress as marked above the letter. In the preparation of the definitions of common words there has been at hand, besides the material generally accessible to students of the language, a special collection of quotations selected for this work from English books of all kinds and of all periods of the language, which is probably much larger than any that has hitherto been made for the use of an English dictionary, except that accumulated for the Philological Society of London. From this source much Definitions of com- mon words. fresh lexicographical matter has been obtained, which appears not only in hitherto unrecorded words and senses, but also, it is believed, in the greater conformity of the definitions as a whole to the facts of the language. In general, the attempt has been made to portray the language as it actually is, separating more or less sharply those senses of each word which are really distinct, but avoiding that over-refinement of analysis which tends rather to confusion than to clearness. Special scientific and technical uses of words have, however, often been separately numbered, for practical reasons, even when they do not constitute logically distinct definitions. The various senses of words have also been classified with reference to the limitations of their use, those not found in current literary English being described as obsolete, local, provincial, colloquial, or technical (legal, botanical, etc.). The arrangement of the definitions historically, in the order in which the senses defined have entered the language, is the most desirable one, and it has been adopted whenever, from the etymo- logical and other data accessible, the historical order could be inferred with a considerable degree of certainty; it has not, however, been possible to employ it in every case. The general definitions have also been supplemented by discussions of synonyms treating of about 7000 words, contributed by Prof. Henry M. Whitney, which will be found convenient as bringing together statements made in the definitions in various parts of the dictionary, and also as touching in a free way upon many literary aspects of words. Many of the extracts mentioned above, together with some contained in the Imperial Dictionary and in other earlier or special works, have been employed to illustrate the meanings of words, or merely to establish the fact of use. They form a large collection (about 200,000) representing all periods and branches of English literature. In many cases they will be found useful from a his- torical point of view, though, as was intimated above, they do not furnish a complete historical xii PREFACE. record. All have been verified from the works from which they have been taken, and are furnished with exact references, except a few obtained from the Imperial Dictionary, which conld not readily be traced to their sources, but were of sufficient value to justify their insertion on the authority of that work. Their dates can be ascertained approximately from the list of authors and works (and editions) cited, which will he published with the concluding part of tic dictionary. These quotations have been used freely wherever they have seemed to be helpful; but it has not been possible thus to illustrate every word or every meaning of each word without an undue increase in the bulk of the book. The omissions affect chiefly technical and obvious senses. In defining this common English vocabulary, important aid has been received from Mr. Benjamin E. Smith, who has also had, under the editor-in-chief, the special direction and revision of the work on all parts of the dictionary, with the charge of putting the book through the press; from Mr. Francis A. Teall, who has also aided in criticizing the proofs; from Mr. Robert Lilley, in the preliminary working- up of the literary material as well as in the final revision of it; from Dr. Charles P. CI. Scott, who has also had special charge of the older English, and of provincial English; from Prof. Thomas R. Lounsbury, who has contributed to the dictionary the results of a systematic reading of Chaucer; from Dr. John W. Palmer, who has aided in revising the manuscript prepared for the press, and has also contributed much special literary matter; from Prof. Henry M. Whitney, who has given assistance in preparing the definitions of common words in certain later divisions of the work and has also examined the proofs; from Mr. Thomas W. Ludlow; from Mr. Franklin H. Hooper; from Mr. Leighton Hoskins, who has also contributed material for the definitions of most of the terms in prosody; from Miss Katharine B. Wood, who has superintended the collecting of new words and the selection and verifi- cation of the quotations; from Miss Mary L. Avery; and from many others who have helped at special points, or by criticisms and suggestions, particularly Prof. Charles S. Peirce and Prof. Josiah D. Whitney. Much space has been devoted to the special terms of the various sciences, fine arts, mechanical arts, professions, and trades, and much care has been bestowed upon their treatment. They have been collected by an extended search through all branches of technical literature, with the design of providing a very complete and many-sided technical dictionary. Many thousands of words have thus been gathered which have never before been recorded in a gen- nical terms. ° ° era] dictionary, or even in special glossaries. Their definitions are intended to be so precise as to I f service to the specialist, and, also, to be simple and "popular" enough to be intelligible to the layman. It is obvious, however, that the attempt to reconcile these aims must impos rtain limitations upon each. On the one hand, strictly technical forms of statement must in many cases be simplified to suit the capacity and requirements of those who are not technically trained; and, on the other, whenever (as often, for example, in mathematics, biology, and anatomy) a true definition is possible only in technical language, or the definition concerned is of interest only to a specialist, the question of immediate intelligibility to a layman cannot be regarded as of prime importance. In general, however, whenever purely technical interests and the demands of popular use obviously clash, preference lias been given 1<> the latter so far as has been possible without sacrifice of accuracy. in many instances, t,, a technical definition has been added a popular explanation or amplification. It is also clear that the completeness with which the lexicographic material of interest to the specialisl can be given must vary greatly with the different subjects. Those (as metaphysics, theology, law, the line arts, etc.) the vocabulary of which consists mainly of abstrad terms which are distinctly English in form, of common English words used in special senses, or of fully naturalized foreign words, may he presented much more fully than those (as zoology, botany, chemistry, mineralogy, etc.) which employ -real numbers of artificial names, many of them Latin. The technical material has been contributed by the gentlemen whose names are given in the list of collaborators, with the assistance at special points of many others; and all their work, after editorial revision, has 1 n submitted to them in one or more proofs for correction. This method of obtaining PREFACE. xiii both accuracy and homogeneity has, perhaps, never before been so fully adopted and faithfully applied in a dictionary. A few special explanations are necessary with regard to the work in several of the technical departments. To the biological sciences a degree of prominence has been given corresponding to the remarkable recent increase in their vocabulary. During the last quarter of a century there has been an extensive reorganization and variation of the former systems of classification, from which have come thousands of new names of genera, families, etc. ; and also a profound modification of biological conceptions, which has led both to new definitions of old words and to the coinage of many The biolo ? ical sciences. new words. All these terms that are English in form, and for any reason worthy of record, have been included, and also as many of the New Latin names of elassificatory groups as are essential to a serviceable presentation of zoology and botany. The selection of the New Latin names in zoology has been liberal as regards the higher groups, as families, orders, etc., whether now current or merely forming a part of the history of the science ; but of generic names only a relatively small number have been entered. Probably about 100,000 names of zoological genera exist, 60,000 at least having a definite scientific standing ; but the whole of them cannot, of course, be admitted into any dictionary. The general rule adopted for the inclusion of such names is to admit those on which are founded the names of higher groups, especially of families, or which are important for some other special reason, as popular use, an established position in works of reference, the existence of species which have popular English names, etc. A similar rule has been adopted with regard to botanical names. The common or ver- nacular names of animals and plants have been freely admitted; many naturalized and unnaturalized foreign names, also, which have no English equivalents and are noteworthy for special literary, com- mercial, or other reasons, have been included. The definitions that have a purely scientific interest have been written from a technical point of view, the more popular information being given under those technical names that are in familiar use or under common names. In the zoological department is properly included anatomy in its widest sense (embracing embryology and morphology), as the science of animal structure, external and internal, normal and abnormal. Its vocabulary necessarily includes many Latin, or New Latin, words and phrases which have no English technical equivalents. The definitions of that part of general biological science which in any way relates to animal life or structure, including systematic zoology, have been written by Dr. Elliott Coues, who has been assisted in ichthyology and conchology by Prof. Theodore N. Gill, in entomology by Mr. Leland O. Howard and Mr. Herbert L. Smith, and in human anatomy by Prof. James K. Thacher. Special aid has also been received from other naturalists, particularly from Prof. Charles V. Riley, who has furnished a number of definitions accompanying a valuable series of entomological cuts obtained from him. Prof. Thacher has also defined all terms relating to medicine and surgery. The botanical work was under- taken by Dr. Sereno Watson, with assistance, in cryptogamic botany, from Mr. Arthur B. Seymour, and has been conducted by him through the letter Gr ; at that point, on account of practical considerations connected with his official duties, he transferred it to Dr. Lester F. Ward. Mr. Seymour also withdrew, his work passing, under Dr. Ward's editorship, to Prof. Frank H. Knowlton. All the definitions of the terms of fossil botany have been written by Prof. J. D. Whitney. In the treatment of the physical and mathematical sciences an equally broad method has been adopted. While their growth has, perhaps, not been so great, from a lexicographical point of view, as has that of biology, it is certainly almost as remarkable. The remodeling and readjustment of former ideas, and the consequent modification of the senses of old terms and the coinage of new, have been hardly less marked ; while one department, at least — that of chemistry — has kept The physical and pace in the invention of names (of chemical compounds) with zoology and botany. To sciences. this must be added the almost numberless practical applications of the principles and results of physical science. The department of electrotechnics is a marked example of the formation within a comparatively few years of a large technical vocabulary, both scientific and mechanical. The adequate definition of all the lexicographical matter thus furnished involves a very complete presenta- tion of the present status of human knowledge of these sciences. The definitions in physics have been xiv PREFACE. written by Prof. Edward S. Dana, with the collaboration, in electroteehnics, of Prof. Thomas C. Mendenhall, and in many special points, particularly those touching upon mathematical theory, of Prof. Charles S. Peirce. Professor Dana has also contributed the definitions of mineralogical terms, including the names of all distinct species and also of all important varieties. He has been assisted in defining the names of gems and the special terms employed in lapidary work by Mr. George F. Kunz. The lithological definitions, as also all those relating to geology, mining, metallurgy, and physical geog- raphy, have been contributed by Prof. J. D. Whitney. Professor Peirce has written the definitions of terms in mechanics, mathematics, astronomy, and astrology, of weights and measures, and of the various names of colors. In the mathematical work the aim has been to define all the older English terms, and all the modern ones that can be considered to be in general use, or are really used by a number of English mathematical writers, but not all the numerous terms that may be found only in special memoirs. All English names of weights and measures, as well as many foreign names, have been entered, but, as a rule, those of the latter that are at once obsolete and not of considerable importance have been omitted. As regards chemistry, it has of com'se been impossible to include names of com- pounds other than those that have a special technical and practical importance. The chemical definitions have been written by Dr. Edward H. Jenkins, with assistance from Dr. Isaac W. Drummond in defining the coal-tar colors, the various pigments, dyes, etc., and the mechanical processes of painting and dyeing. The definitions comprehended under the head of general technology (including all branches of the mechanical arts) have been contributed by Prof. Robert H. Thurston, with the collaboration, in defining the names of many tools and machines, of Mr. Charles Barnard, and, in various mechanical matters which are closely related to the special sciences, of the gentlemen who have been named The mechanical above — as of Prof. Mendenhall in describing electrical machines and appliances, of arts and trades. ° Prof. Dana and Prof. Peirce in describing physical and mathematical apparatus, of Prof. J. D. Whitney in describing mining-tools and processes, etc. The terms used in printing and proof-reading have been explained by Mr. F. A. Teall, with the aid of valuable conti'ibutions of material from Mr. Theodore L. De Vinne. Special assistance in collecting technological material has been received from Mr. F. T. Thurston, and, at particular points, from many others. The terms of the philosophical sciences have been exhibited very completely, with special reference to their history from the time of Plato and Aristotle, through the period of scholasticism, to the present day, though it has not been possible to state all the conflicting definitions of different philosophers and schools. The philosophical wealth of the English language has, it is believed, never The philosophical ) M . en so fully presented in any dictionary. Both the oldest philosophical uses of English JiClGDCGS. words and the most recent additions to the vocabulary of psychology, psycho-physics, sociology, etc., have been given. The definitions of many common words, also, have been prepared with a distinct reference to their possible philosophical or theological applications. The logical and metaphysical, and many psychological definitions have been written by Prof. Peirce. The same method of treatment has also been applied to ethical terms, and to those peculiar to the various sociological sciences. In political economy special assistance has been received from Prof. Albert S. Bolles, Mr. Austin Abbott, and others. Prof. Bolles has also contributed material relating to financial and com- mercial matters. In the department of doctrinal theology considerable difficulty has naturally been experienced in giving definitions of the opinions held by the various denominations which shall be free from partisan- ship. The aim of the dictionary lias been to present all the special doctrines of the different divisions of the Church in such a manner as to convey to the reader the actual intent of those Theological and ec- w ] 10 a( .,. ( . |lt ,| 1( ., n To this end the Rev. Dr. Lvman Abbott, to whom this branch clesiastii'iil b of the work lias been intrusted, has consulted at critical points learned divines of the various churches; though, of course, the idtimate responsibility for the statements made in the dictionary e made at first hand. The general dii*ection of this artistic work has been intrusted to Mr. \Y. Lewis Fraser, manager of the Art Department of The Century Co. Special help in procuring necessary material has been given by Mr. Gaston L. Feuardeut, by Prof. William R. Ware, by the Smithsonian Institution, by the Amei'ican Museum of Natural History in New York, and by the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. In the choice of the typographical style the desire has been to provide a page in which the matter should be at once condensed and legible, and it is believed that this aim has been attained in an unusual degree. In the proof-reading nearly all persons engaged upon the dictionary have assisted, particularly those in charge of technical matters (to nearly all of whom the entire proof has been sent); most efficient help has also been given by special proof-readers, both by those who have worked in the office of The Century Co., and by those connected with The De Yinne Press. Finally, acknowledgment is due to the many friends of the dictionary in this and other lands who have contributed material, often most valuable, for the use of its editors. The list of authorities used, and other acknowledgments and explanations that may be needed, will be given on the comple- tion of the work. It should he stated here, however, that by arrangement with its publishers, considerable use has also been made of Knight's American Mechanical Dictionary. WILLIAM D WIGHT WHITNEY. New Haven, May 1st, 1889. PTJBLISHEBS' NOTE TO THE NEW EDITION. The plates of The Century Dictionary have been revised in the preparation of this new edition. It has been gratifying to and, however, that so thorough and comprehensive was the original work that very few changes were necessary. Only about One Hundred new words were found of sufficient im- portance to warrant their insertion, these few being largely those words which have come into use since the publication of th iginal edition. THE CENTURY CO. October 1, 1895. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE ETYMOLOGIES AND DEFINITIONS. a. adj adjective. abbr. abbreviation. abl ablative. ace accusative. accom. accommodated, accom- modation. act active. adv adverb. AF. Anglo-French. agri agriculture. A L Anglo- Latin. alg algebra. Amer American. anat anatomy. anc ancient. antiq antiquity. aor aorist. appar apparently. Ar. Arabic. arch architecture. archteol archaeology. aritb arithmetic. art article. AS . Anglo-Saxon. astrol astrology. natron astronomy. attrib attributive. .tug augmentative. Bav Bavarian. Bcng Bengali. biol biology. Bohem Bohemian. bot botany. Braz Brazilian. Bret . . . .Breton. bryol bryology. Bulg Bulgarian. carp carpentry. Cat Catalan. Cath Catholic. caus causative. ceram ceramics. cf L. confer, compare. ch church. Clial., , ...Chaldee. chein chemical, chemistry. Chin Chinese. chron chronology. colloq. colloquial, colloquially. com. commerce, commer- cial. comp. composition, com- pound. compar comparative. conch conchology. conj. conjunction. contr contracted, contrac- tion. Corn Cornish. craniol craniology. craniom craniometry. crystal .crystallography. D Dutch. Dan Danish. dat dative. def definite, definition. deriv. derivative, derivation. dial dialect, dialectal. diff . different. dim diminutive. distrib. distributive. dram. dramatic. dynam dynamics. E East. E English (um all'imean- iny modern English). ecel., eccles ecclesiastical. econ economy. e. g L. exempli -jratia, for example. Egypt Egyptian. E. Ind East Indian. elect electricity. embryol embryology. Eng English. engin. engineering. entom entomology. Epis Episcopal. equiv equivalent. esp especially. Eth Ethiopia ethnog ethnography. ethnol ethnology. etym etymology. Eur European. exelam exclamation. f., fern feminine. F French (usually mean- ing modern French). Flem Flemish. fort fortification. freq frequentative. Fiies Friesic. fut future. G C,erman(usually mean- ing New High Ger- man). Gael. Gaelic. galv galvanism. gen. genitive. geog geography. geol geology. geom geometry. Goth. Gothic (Mcesogothic). Gr. Greek. gram grammar. gun gunnery. Heb Hebrew. her heraldry. herpet. herpetology. Hind Hindustani. hist history. horol horology. hort horticulture. Hung. Hungarian. hydraul. hydraulics. hydros hydrostatics. Icel. Icelandic (usually meaning Old Ice- landic, otherwise call- ed Old Norse). ichth ichthyology. i. e L. id est, that is. impers impersonal. impf imperfect. impv. imperative. improp improperly. Ind Indian. ind indicative. Indo-Eur Indo-European. indef. indefinite. inf. infinitive. instr instrumental. interj. interjection. intr., intrans iutransitive. Ir. Irish. irreg irregular, irregularly. It Italian. Jap Japanese. L Latin (usually mean- ing classical Latin). Lett Lettish. LG Low German. lichenul. lichenology. lit literal, literally. lit literature. Lith. Lithuanian. lithog. lithography. lithol lithology. LL Late Latin. m., masc masculine. M Middle. mach machinery. mammal. mammalogy. manuf manufacturing. math mathematics. MD Middle Dutch. ME. M iddle Engl ish (other- wise called Old Eng- lish) mech mechanics, mechani- cal. med. medicine. mensur. mensuration. metal metallurgy. metaph metaphysics. meteor meteorology. Mex. Mexican. MGr Middle Greek, medie- val Greek. MHG Middle High German milit. military. mineral. mineralogy. ML Middle Latin, medie- val Latin. MLG Middle Low German. mod modern. mycol mycology. myth mythology. n noun. n., neut neuter. N New. N North. N. Amer. North America. nat natural. naut nautical. nav navigation. NGr New Greek, modern Greek. NHG New High German (usually simply G., German). NL New Latin, modern Latin. nom nominative. Norm Norman. north northern. Norw. Norwegian. numis numismatics. Old. obs obsolete. obstet obstetries. OBulg Old Bulgarian (other- wise called Church Slavonic, Old Slavic, Old Slavonic). OCat Old Catalan. OD Old Dutch. ODan Old Danish. odontog odontography. odontol. odontology. OF Old French. OFlem. Old Flemish. OGael Old Gaelic. OHG Old High German. Olr Old Irish. Olt Old Italian. OL Old Latin. OLG Old Low German. ONorth. Old Northumbrian OPruss. old Prussian. orig original, originally. ornith ornithology. OS Old Saxon. OSp. Old Spanish. osteol. osteology. OSw. Old Swedish. OTeut Old Teutonic. p. a, participial adjective, paleon. paleontology. part. participle. pass passive. pathol. pathology. perf. perfect. Pers. Persian. pers person. persp perspective. Peruv Peruvian. petrog petrography. Pg Portuguese. phar pharmacy. Phen Phenician. philol philology. philos philosophy. phonog. phonography. photog photography. phren phrenology. phys physical. physiol physiology. pi., plur plural. poet poetical. polit political. Pol Polish. poss possessive. pp past participle. ppr present participle. Pr Provencal (usually meaning Old Pro- vencal). pref prefix. prep preposition. pres present. pret preterit. priv privative. prob probably, probable. pron pronoun. pron pronounced, pronun- ciation. prop properly. pros prosody. Prot Protestant. prov provincial. psychol. psychology. q. v L. quod (or pi. quce) vide, which see. refl reflexive. reg regular, regularly. repr representing. rhet rhetoric. Rom Roman. Rom Romanic, Romance (languages). Russ Russian. S South. S. Amer South American. sc L. scilicet, understand, supply. Sc. Scotch. Scand. . Scandinavian. Scrip Scripture, sculp sculpture. Serv Servian. sing singular. Skt Sanskrit. Slav. Slavic, Slavonic. Sp. Spanish. subj subjunctive. superl. superlative. surg surgery. surv surveying. Sw Swedish. syn synonymy. Syr Syriac. techno] technology. teleg. telegraphy. teratol teratology. term termination. Tent Teutonic. theat theatrical. theol theology. therap. therapeutics. toxicol toxicology. tr., trans transitive. trigon. ...... trigonometry. Turk Turkish. typog typography. ult. ultimate, ultimately v verb. var variant. vet. veterinary. v. i intransitive verb. v. t transitive verb. \V Welsh. Wall Walloon. Wallach Wallacbian. W. Ind West Indian. zoogeog zoogeography. zool. zoology. zoot zootomy. KEY TO PRONUNCIATION, as in fat, man, pang. as in fate, mane, da] as in fai . fal ''■ as in fall, talk, nan ' as in ask, fast, ant. as in fare, hail as in met, pen, bless. as in mete, meet, meat. as in her, fern, heard. as in pin, it. biscuit, as in pine, light, file. as in not, on, frog. aa in note, poke, iloor. as in move, spoon, room, as in nor, song, off. as in tub, sun. blood. as in mate, acute, few (also new, tube, duty : see Preface, pp. ix, x). u as in pull, book, could. u German ii, French u. ol as in oil, joint, boy. ou as in pound, proud, now. A single dot under a vowel in an un- accented syllable Indicates its abbre- viation and tightening, without abso lute loss of its distinctive quality. See Preface, p. xi. Thus: $ as in prelate, courage, captain. £ as in ablegate, episcopal. 9 as in abrogate, eulogy, democrat, ij as iu singular, education. A double dot under a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates tint. even in the mouths of the beat speak- Its sound is variable to, and in or- dinary utterance actually becomes, the short ■« -sound (of but, pun, etc.). See Preface, p. xi. Thus : a as in errant* republican. e as iu prudent, difference. i as in charity, density. j> as in valor, actor, idiot, ii. as in Persia, peninsula, e as in the book. u as in nature, feature. A mark («) under the consonants (, t! : s, z indicates thai they in like manner are variable to ch, j, sh, zk. Thus : t as In nature, adventure. d as in arduous, education. § as in pressure. Z as in seizure. th as in thin. Til as in then. eh as in German ach, Scotch loch. fi French nasalizing n, as in ten, en. ly (In French words) French liquid (mouill, '■) 1. ' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent. (A secondary accent is not marked if at its regular interval of two syllables from the primary, or from another secondary.) SIGNS. < read from; i. e., derived from. > read wfieiice; i. e., from which is derived. -\- read and; i. e., compounded with, or with suffix. = read cognate with; i. e., etymologic ally parallel with. y read root. * read theoretical or alleged; i. e., theoretically assumed, or asserted but unverified form. * read obsolete. SPECIAL EXPLANATIONS. A superior figure placed after a title- word indicates thai the word so marked is distinct etymologically from other words, following or preceding it, spelled in the same man ner and marked with different numbers. Thus : back 1 (bak), n. The posterior part, etc. back 1 (bak), '(. hying or being behind, etc. back 1 (bak), v. To furnish with a back, etc. back 1 (bak), a Iv. Behind, etc. back-t (bak), n. The earlier form of bat%. back :i (baki, n. A targe Bat-bottomed boat, etc. Various abbreviations have been used iu the credits to the .plot at ions, as ' i for StanZO, "p." for page, "1 " for line, • for paragraph, "i<>\." tor/olio The method used in Indicating the subdivisions of books will be understood b) refer* nee to fchi following plan : ■ only , . siv Canto only xiv. Book only iii. Book and chapter N Part and chapter book and line Book and page Act and scene Chapter and verse No. and page } Volume and page II. 34. Volume and chapter IV. iv. Part, book, and chapter II. iv. 12. Part, canto, and stanza II. iv. 12. Chapter and section or II vii. § or It 8. Volume, part, and section or % I. i. § or II G. Book, chapter, and section or • I. i, g or K 6. Different grammatical phases of the same word are grouped under one head, and distinguished by the Ro- man numerals I., II., III., etc. This applies to transitive and intransitive uses of the same verb, to adjectives used also as nouns, In nouns used also as adjectives, I" adverbs used also as prepositions or conjunctions, etc. The capitalizing and italicizing of certain or all of the words in a synonym-list indicates that the words so distin- guished are discriminated in the text immediately follow- ing, or under the title referred to. The figures by which the synonym lists are sometimes divided indicate the senses or definitions with which they are connected. The title-words begin with a small (lower-case) letter, or with a capital, according to usage. When usage dif- fers, in this matter, with the different senses of a word, the abbreviations [cap.] for "capital " and [l.c] for "lower- case " are used to indicate this variation. The difference observed in regard to the capitalizing of the second clement in zoological and botanical terms is in accordance with the existing usage in the two scii Thus, in zoology, in a scientific name consisting oi two words the second of which is derived from a proper name, only the first would be capitalized. Hut a name of Biml- lar derivation in botany would have the second element OlSO capitalized. The names Of zoological and botanical classes, orders, families, genera, etc., have been uniformly italicized, in ac- cordance with the present usage of scientific writers. wiii 1. The first letter in the English alphabet, as also generally in the other al- phabets which, like the English, eome ultimately from the Phenieian. Our letters are the same as those used by the Ro- mans ; the Roman or Latin alphabet is one of several Italian alphabets derived from the Greek; and the Greek alphabet is, with a few adaptations and additions, formed from the Phenieian. As to the origin of the Phenieian alphabet, opinions are by no means agreed; but the view now most widely current is that put forth and supported a few years ago by the French scholar De Rouge: namely, that the Phenieian characters are derived from early Egyptian hieratic characters, or abbreviated forms of written hieroglyphs. Under each letter will be given in this work the Phe- nieian character from which it comes, along with an early form or two of the Greek and Latin derived characters (especially intended to show the change of direction of the let- ter consequent upon the change of direction of writing, since the Phenieian was always written from right to left); and to these will be added the hieratic and hieroglyphic char- acters from which the Phenieian is held to originate, according to De Rouge's theory. It is to be noticed that our ordinary capitals are the original forms of our letters ; the lower- ease, Italic, and written letters are all derived from the capitals. Our A corresponds to the Phenieian letter called aleph ; and this name, signifying "ox," is also the original of the Greek name of the same letter, alpha. The comparative scheme for A is as follows : ^ Xr A A Pheni- Early HieroglyphTc. Hieratic. cian. Greek ana Latin. Egyptian. The Phenieian aleph was not a proper vowel- sign, but rather a quasi-consonantal one, to which an initial vowel-sound, of whatever kind, attached itself; since the fundamental plan of that alphabet assumed that every syl- lable should begin witli a consonant. But the Greeks, in adapting the borrowed alphabet to their own use, made the sign represent a single vowel-sound : that, namely, which we usually call the " Italian" or " Continental" a (a), as heard in far, father. This was its value in the Latin also, and in the various alphabets founded on the Latin, including that of our own ancestors, the speakers and writers of earliest English or Anglo-Saxon ; and it is mainly retained to the present time in the languages of continental Europe. In conse- quence, howover, of the gradual and per- vading change of utterance of English words, without corresponding change in the mode of writing them, it has come to have in our use a variety of values. The sound of a in far is the purest and most fundamental of vowel-sounds, being that which is naturally sent forth by the human organs of utterance when the mouth and throat are widely opened, and the tone from the larynx suffered to come out with least modifying interference by the parts of the mouth. On the other hand, in the production of the j'-sound of machine or pique and the H-sound of rule (or double o of pool), the organs are brought quite nearly together: in the case of i, the flat of the tongue and the roof of the mouth; in the case of a, the rounded lips. Hence these vowels ap- proach a consonantal character, and pass with little or no alteration into y and w respec- tively. Then e and o (as in they and note) are intermediate respectively between a (a) ami i and a (a) and u ; and the sounds in fat and fall are still less removed in either direction from a (ii). The pure or original sound of a (far) is more prevalent in earlier stages of language, and is constantly being weakened or closened into the other vowel-sounds, which are to a great extent derived from it ; and this process has gone on in English on a larger scale than in almost any other known language. Hence the ((-sound (as in far) is very rare with us (less than half of one per cent, of our whole utter- ance, or not a tenth part as frequent as the sound of i in pit or as that of u in but); its short sound has been so generally flattened into that in fat, and its long sound into that in fate, that we now call these sounds respec- tively "short a" and "long a"; and, on the other hand, it has in many words been broad- ened or rounded into the sound heard in all and fall. Thus the most usual sounds of Eng- lish written a are now, in the order of their frequency, those infat, fate, fall, far; there are also a fewcases like the a in what and was (after a ic-sound, nearly a corresponding short to the a of all), many (a "short e"), and others yet more sporadic. In syllables of least stress and distinctness, too, as in the first and third syllables of abundant and abundance, it is uni- versally littered with the " short u" sound of but. The " long a" of fate is not strictly one sound, but ends with a vanishing sound of "longc": i. e., it is a slide from the (.'-sound of they down to the i-sound of pique. From this vanish the a of fare and bare and their like is free, while it has also an opener sound, and is even, in the mouths of many speakers, indistinguishable in quality from the " short a" of fat; hence the a-sound of fare is in the respellings of this work written with a, to distinguish it from the sound id. fate. There is also a class of words, like ask, fast, ant, in which some pronounce the vowel simply as " short a," while some give it the full open sound of a in far, and yet others make it something intermediate between the two: such an a is represented in this work by a. A occurs as final only in a very few proper English words ; and it is never doubled in such words. — 2. As a symbol, a denotes the first of an actual orpossible series. Specifically — (a) In music, the name of the sixth note of the natural diatonic scale of C, or the first note of the relative minor scale ; the la of Italian, French, and Spanish musicians. It is the note sounded by the open second string of the violin, and to it as given hy a fixed-toned instrument (as the oboe or organ) all the instruments of an orchestra are tuned, (ft) I n the mnemonic words of logic, the universal affirma- tive proposition, as, all men are mortal. Simi- larly, / stands for the particular affirmative, as, some men are mortal ; K for the universal negative, as, no men are mortal : O for the particular negative, as, some men are not mortal. The use of these symbols dates from the thirteenth century ; they appear to be arbitrary applications of the vowels a, e, i, o, but are usually supposed to have been taken from the Latin Afflrmo, I affirm, and nEgO, I deny. But some authorities main- tain that their use in Greek is much older, (c) In math.: In algebra, a, b, c, etc., the first letters of tho alphabet, stand for known quantities, while x, y, ;, the last letters, stand for un- known quantities; in geometry, A, B, V, etc., are used to name points, lines, and figures, (d) In abstract reasoning, suppositions, etc., A, B, C, etc., denote each a particular person or thing in relation to the others of a series or group, (e) In writing and. printing, a, b, c, etc., are used instead of or in addition to the Arabic figures in marking paragraphs or other divi- sions, or in making references. (/) In naut. lang., Al, A 2, etc., are symbols used in the Record of American and Foreign Shipping, and in Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping, to denote the relative rating of mer- chant vessels. In the former, the character assigned to vessels hy the surveyors is expressed by the numbers from 1 to 3, Al standing for the highest and A3 for the lowest grade. The numbers H, 1}, 2, 2h express interme- diate degrees of seaworthiness. Vessels classed as Al or A1A are regarded as fit for the carriage of all kinds of cargoes on all kinds of voyages for a specified term of years ; those classed as A1J or A2, for all cargoes on Atlantic voyages, and in exceptional cases on long voy- ages, and for such cargoes as oil, sugar, molasses, etc., on any voyage ; those classed as A2J or A3, for coasting voyages only, with wood or coal. In Lloyd's Register, the letters A, A (in red), JE, and E are used to denote various degrees of excellence in the hulls of ships, the figure 1 being added to express excellence of equipment, such as masts and rigging in sailing-ships, or boilers and engines in steamers. The broad A in the British Lloyd's indicates a ship built of iron. In the American Register, the an- nexed figures do not refer to the equipment. — Hence, in commerce, .11 is used to denote the highest mercantile credit; and colloquially Al, or in the United States A Xo. l, is an adjective of commendation, like first-class, Jirst.rate: as, an .11 speaker. "He must be a first-rater," said Sam. "A 1," replied Mr. Roker. Dickens. Pickwick Papers. An A number one cook, and no mistake. Mrs. Slum; Dred. 3. As an abbreviation, a stands, according to context, for acre, acting, adjective, answer, are (in the metric system), argent (in her.), mini (anal fin, in iehth.), anechinoplacid (in echi- noderms), etc.; in com., for approved, for ac- cepted, and for Latin ad ( commonly written ® ), " at " or " to " : as, 500 shares L. I. preferred ® G?i; 25® 30 cents per yard.— 4. Attrib., hav- ing the form of the capital A, as a tent. The common or A tent, for the use of enlisted men. WiChdm, Mil. Diet. a 2 (a, or a), indef. art. [ (hut uhiefl, to monosyllables and dissyllables) taken as a noun: as tobe aglow with excitement ; to lie o-swtra ; to be all a-trembi | c > I >f time : On, in, at, by, etc., re- maining in BOm< Uoquial expressions : as, to stay out . apparent prefix, properly a preposition, the same as «A jircji. When used before a substantive it forms what is really a prepositional phrase, which is now -riu rally written as one word, with or without a hyphen. Hiid regarded as an adverb or as a predicati adjcclivi as to lie abed, to be asleep, to be all a-trcmble, etc. « lth verbal nouns in -ing it forms what is regarded as a present participle, either active, as, they are a-eoming (colloq.), or passive as, the house was a-buUding. In the latter uses the a is usually, and in all it would be properly, written separately, as a preposition. See a->, prep., where the uses ore explained. a -3. [< ME. fl-, or separately, a, < AS. a (only m mirin, ddune, a reduced form of of dune), a re- duced form of of, E. of, off: see of, off, and cf. fl- 4 .] A prefix, being a reduced form of Anglo-Saxon of, prep., English off, from, as in attaint (which see), or of later English of, as in ant if, afresh, akin, etc. (which see). a- 4 . L< ME. "-, a reduced form of of-, < AS. of-, an intensive prefix, orig.the same as of, prep.: see o- :i and of. ] A prefix, being a re, luce. 1 form of Anglo-Saxon ofi, an intensive prefix, as in athirst, ahungered (which see). a- 5 . [. See ailn. a- 9 . [A mere syllable.] A quasi-prefix, a mere opening svllable, in the interjections aha, ahoy. In aha, and as well in ahoy, it maybe con- sidered as ah, a- 1 ". [A reduced form of D. howl. tf. «-».] A quasi-prefix, a mere opening syllable, in avast, where «-, however, represents historically Dutch howl in the original Dutch expression iiimil vast = English holdfast. a- 11 [< ME. fl-, OE. a-, < L. ad-, or assimi- lated ut>-, ae-, af-, etc. : see ad-.] A prefix, bein" a reduced form of the Latin prefix ad-. In Old French and Middle English regularly a-, and so properly in modern French and English, as in hi'iikcA lult < I- advoeare], amount [ult. < L. ad rnoniem), ava- lanche | ult - L. ad vattem], abet, ameliorate, etc; but in l,l,i old French and Middle English u- took in spell- ing a Latin semblance, ml-, ae-, of-, etc., and so in mod- ern English as in address, account, affect, aggrieve, etc., where the doubled consonant is unctyinologicai. See ad-. a-i 2 [< L - «-> a later alltl P lll ' allel fonn of " d ' before SC-, sp-, St-, and -, st-, and gn-, as in ascend, anjiirc, aspect, astringent, agnate, etc. - , , , -, a-'". [it final '.] A suflix characteristic of feminine nouns and adjectives ot Greek or Eat in origin Or semblance, many of which have been adopted in English without change. Examples are: (a) Greek (first declension in Latin spelling) idea, coma, basilica, mama, etc. : Co) Latin (nrst declension), area, arena, formula, copula, neftuia, vertebra, etc whence (c), in Italian, opera, m ". "'"" "■ ,l ; , ' ; (,/) Spanish, armada, flotilla, manttlla, etc. I (e) "rtu- zieae ma* iro. ; if) New Latin, chiefly in scientific terms, al .../.-, silica, etc.; dahlia, fuchsia, cameWM, „, taria, etc., amoeba, Branta, etc.; comn m geo -raphical nes derived from or formed '. . ,n,inr to Latin or Greek, as Asia, Africa, ■ w, Polunetia, ,. Florida, etc. In English this suffix marks sex onlj in personal nam,-, as m t\„„,U,i. Julia. Iht, in. Anna, etc. (some having responding masculine, as CornAiut Juliv etcAand Ina few feminine iterms from the Italian Spanish, etc., having a corresponding mascu- line as ..'».....'. dofia, duenna, signora, seflora, eultana, inamorata etc., corresponding to masculine don, signer, Man, inamorato, etc. -a'-'. |L -a, pi. to -um, = Gr. -a, pi. to -ov, 2d declension ; L. -fl, -i-a, pi. to -urn, -e, = Gr. -a, -a neut. pi., 3d declension ; lost in AS. and E., as in head, (leer, sheep, etc., pi., without suffix.] A suffix, the nominative neuter plural ending of nouns and adjectives of the second and third declensions in Greek or Latin, some of which have been adopted in English without change of ending. Examples are : («) in Greek, phenomena, plural of phenomenon, miasmata, plural of miasmoXt-), etc. ; Co in Latin, .slrala, plural of stratum, data, plural of datum, genera, plural of genus, etc. Some of these words have also an English plural, as automatons, cri- tenons, dogmas, memorandums, mediums, besides the Greek or Latin plurals, automata, criteria, dogmata, memoranda, media, etc. This suffix is common in New Latin names of classes of animals, as in Mammalia, Am- phibia, Crustacea, Protozoa, etc., these being properly adjectives, agreeing with animalia understood. -a 3 . [Sometimes written, and treated in dic- tionaries, as a separate syllable, but prop, written as a suffix, being prob. a relic of the ME. inflexive -e, which in poetry was pro- nounced (e. g., ME. stil-e, mil-c: see quot.) whenever the meter required it, long after it had ceased to be pronounced in prose.] An unmeaning syllable, used in old ballads and songs to fill out a line. Jog on, jog on, the footpath way, And merrily hent the stile -a ; A merry heart goes all the day, Your sad tires in a mile-a. Quoted by Shak., \V. T., iv. 2. aam (am), ». [< I), (linn, a liquid measure, = G. ohm, also <>hm (see 6hni), = Icel. ama, < ML. ama, a tub, tierce, < L. hatna, uma, iGr. am/, a water-bucket, pail.] A measure of liquids used, especially for wine and oil, in Holland, Germany, Switzerland, Livonia, Esthonia, Denmark, and Sweden ; a tierce. Its value differs in different localities : thus, in Amsterdam an aam of winc = 41 gallons, and an aam of oil = 373 g J d- Ions; while in Brunswick an aam of oil = 39£ gallons. Also written aum, aume, a/cm, awmc. abacus '..■'• Aardvark {Oryctcropus cafensis). aardvark (ard'viirk), n. [D., < aarde, = E. earth, + vark, used only in dim. form varken, a pig, = E. farrow 1 and E. pork, q. v.] The ground-hog or earth-pig of South Africa. See Oryeteropus. Aaronitic (ar-on-it'ik), a. [(Aaronite + -ic] Of or pertaining to the Aaronites. The assumption that the representations in regard to the origin of the Aaronitic priesthood are essentially false cannot well be sustained, unless it can he proved that Hebrew literature did not arise until about the eighth cen- tury B. c, as the critics claim. Schaff-IIcrzog, Encyc, p. 1923. Aaron's-beard (ar'onz- or a'ronz-berdi, n. [See Ps. exxxiii. 2.'] 1. A dwarf evergreen shrub. Hypericum calycinum, with large flowers (the largest of the genus) and numerous stamens, a native of southeastern Europe, and sometimes found in cultivation ; St-John's- wort: so called from the conspicuous hair-like stamens. — 2. The smoke-tree, Rhus Cotiiius. — 3. A species of saxifrage (Saxifrai/a sitriiien- tosu) found in cultivation; Chinese saxifrage. Aaron's-rod (ar'onz- or a'ronz-rod), n. [See Ex. vii. 10; Num. xvii. 8.] 1. In arch., an orna- ment consisting of a straight rod from which pointed leaves sprout on either side. The term is also applied to an ornament consisting of a rod with one serpent entwined about it, as distinguished from a caduceu8, which has two serpents. 2. A popular name of several plants with tall flowering stems, as the goldenrod, the hag-ta- per, etc. Ab(ab), n. [Heb. Cf. Heb. el, verdure.] The eleventh mouth of the Jewish civil year, and the fifth of the ecclesiastical year, answering to a part of July and a part of August. In the Syriac calendar Ab is the last summer month. ab-. [L. ub-, prep, ab, older form ap = Etrur. up = Gr. it-a — Skt. apa = Goth. nf= OHG. aba, MHG. G. ab = AS. of (rarely, as a prefix, eef-), E. of, off: see of, off, apo, and a- 13 , c?- 1 *.] A prefix of Latin origin, denoting disjunction, separation, or departure, off, from, away, etc., as in abduct, abjure, etc. Before c and (, ab becomes (in Latin, and so in English, etc.) abs, as in abscond, ab- stain, etc.; before v and m, it becomes a, as in avert, amentia, etc. — In abbacinate and abbreviate, the prefix (reduced to a- in abridge, which see) is rather an assimi- lation of ad-. A. B. 1. An abbreviation of the Middle and New Latin Artium Baccalaureus, Bachelor of Arts. In England it is more commonly written B. A. See bachelor. — 2. An abbreviation of uhlt -bodied, placed after the name of a seaman on a ship's papers. aba 1 (ab'a), n. [ Naut., said of a vessel's sails when caught by the wind in such a way as to press them aft against the mast. Hence — (b) Figura- tively, suddenly or unexpectedly checked, confounded, or disappointed: as, he was quite taken aback when he was refused admittance. — To brace aback (naut.), to swing (the yards) round by means of the braces, so that the sails may be aback, in order to check a ship's progress or give her sternway. aback 2 t (ab'ak), n. [n the col- umn or pillar ; the abacus, hovi ever, was retained until the - it L-lin.- of the style. In Byzantine work it is often a deep block affiliated with classic examples. In western styles every vuriet> of si/.e, shape, and ornamentation occurs. The general use of a polygonal or roilnil aliaeus, as more eoiisonant with neighboring forms than the square shape, is one of the distinctive features of perfected Pointed architecture. I b Any rectangular slab or piece; especially, a stone or marble tablet serving as a side- board, shelf, or credence. — 4. In Horn, antiq., aboard divided into compartments, for use in a game of the nature of draughts, etc. — 5. The mystic staff carried by the grand master of the Templars. —Abacus harmonious, (o) In ana music, a diagram of the notes with their names. (6) The struc- ture an I arrangement of the key- or pedals of a musical instrument. — Abacus major, a trough in which gold is washed. /;. i'. -Abacus Pythagoricus. see -2, above. Abaddon (a-bad'on), n. [L. Abaddon, < Gr. A iatiduv, < Heb. ubadddn, destruction. < abad, be lost or destroyed.] 1. The destroyer or angel of the bottomless pit; Apollyon (which see). Rev. ix. 11. — 2. The place of destruc- tion; the depth of hell. In all her gates Abaddon rues Thy hold attempt. MiUm, P. R., iv. 624. abadevine, n. Same as aberdevine. abadir (ab'a-der), n. Among the Phenicians, a meteoric stone worshiped as divine. See bcetyltis. abaft (a-liaff), adv. and prep. [< ME. •'abaft, obaft, 'in baft : seea^anibafP-.] Sunt., behind; aft : in "l- at the back or hind part of a ship, or the parts which lie toward the stern: op- posed to forward; relatively, further aft, or toward the stern: as, abaft the mainmast (astern I. The crew st 1 abaft the windlass and hauled the jib down. R. H. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 32. Abaft the beam (nant.), behind a line drawn through thi middle of ;, -hip at right angles to the keel. abaisancet (a-ba'sans), n. [r wholly withdraw. So to bewitch them, bo abalit note their minds. Ah],. Sandys, Sermons, fol. 182b. abalienated (ab-a'lyen-a-ted), p. a. [(aba- lienate.] 1. Estranged; transferred, as prop- erty. — 2 In iii"l.: i,n So decayed or injured as to require extirpation, as a pari of the body. Dei las the mind. | c) • lorrupted ; mortified. abalienation (ab-a-lyen-a'shon), ». [. a. [Pp. of dban- ,>, , . ; in imitation of P, dbandonn4 in same senses, pp. of abandonner.] 1. Deserted; utterly abannition forsaken ; left to destruction : as, an abandoned ship. If . . . we had no hopes of a better state after this, ... we Christians should be the most abandoned and wretched creatures. Atterbury, On 1 Cor. xv. 19. 2. Given up, as to vice, especially to the indul- gence of vicious appetites or passions; shame- lessly aud recklessly wicked ; profligate. Where our abandoned youth she sees, Shipwrecked in luxury and lost in ease. Prior, Ode. = Syn. 1. Forsaken, deserted, given up, relinquished, discarded, rejected, destitute, forlorn. — 2. Profligate, Abandoned, Reprobate, depraved, corrupt, vicious, wicked, unprincipled, hardened, dead to honor, incor- rigible, irreclaimable. Profligate, abandoned, reprobate express extreme wickedness that lias east off moral re- straint. Profligate is applied to one who throws away means and character in the pursuit of vice, and especially denotes depravity exhibited outwardly and conspicuously in conduct ; hence it may be used to characterize political conduct: as. a profligate administration. Abandoned is applied to one who has given himself wholly up to the gratification of vicious propensities; it is stronger than profligate and weaker than reprobate. Reprobate is applied to one who has become insensible t<> reproof and is past hope ; from its use in the Bible it has become the theo- logical term for hopeless alienation from virtue or piety. (For comparison with depraved, etc, see criminal, a.) Next age will see A race more profligate than we. Roscommon. To be negligent of what any one thinks of you, does not only show you arrogant but abandoned, J. Hughes. In works they deny him, being abominable, and disobe- dient, and unto every good work reprobate. Tit. i. 16. abandonedly (a-ban'dond-li), adv. In an abandoned manner ; without moral restraint. abandonee (a-ban-do-ne'), n. [(abandon, v., + -ee 1 , as if , neut. of d/SoVnoroc, that will not sink, < (i- priv. + jiaTTriC,eiv, dip, sink : see baptise. ] In surg., an old form of trepan, the crown of which was made conical, or provided with a ring, collar, or other contrivance, to pre- vent it from penetrating the cranium too far. abarthrosis (ab-iir-thro'sis), n. [NL., < L. ab, away, from, + NL. arthrosis, q. v.] Same as diarthrosis. abarticulation (ab-ar-tik-u-la'shon), n. ['■ [< ME. abashen, abassen, aba- sen, abaisen, etc., < AF. abaiss-, OF. eba(h)iss-, extended stem of aba(h)ir, eba(h)ir, earlier esbahir (>F. s'ebahir), be astonished (= Wal- loon esbawi = It. sbaire, be astonished), < cs- ( F. ahdtardir), ( a- (< L. ad, to) + bastard: see bastard and bastardize.] To bas- tardize ; render illegitimate or base. Being ourselves Corrupted and abastardized thus. Daniel, Queen's Arcadia. Abastor (a-bas'tor), n. [NL. (Gray, 1849).] A North American genus of ordinary harmless serpents of the family Colubridce. a. erythro- oki nun us is the hoop-snake, an abundant species in damp marshy places in the southern United States. abatable (a-ba'ta-bl), a. [< abate + -able. ] Ca- pable of being abated : as, an abatable writ or nuisance. abatamentumt (ab"a-ta-inen'tum), n. [ML., after abatement, q. v.j In old Eng. law, the ouster or disseizin of an heir, effected by the wrongful entry of a stranger after the ances- tor's death and before the heir had taken pos- session. abate (a-baf), v. ; pret. and pp. abated, ppr. abating. [< ME. abaten, < OF. abatre (F. abat- tre), < ML. abbatere, < L. ab + batere, popular form of batuere, beat. In the legal sense, abate had orig. a diff. prefix, en-, OF. enbatre, thrust (one's self) into, < en, in, + batre, beat. See batter 1 , v., and bate 1 .] I. trans. It. To beat down ; pull or batter down. The king of Scots . . . sore abated the walls fof the castle of Norham]. Hall, Chronicles, Hen. VIII., an. 5. 2. To deduct ; subtract ; withdraw from con- sideration. Nine thousand parishes, abating the odd hundreds. Fuller. 3. To lessen ; diminish ; moderate : as, to abate a demand or a tax. Ttllly was the first who observed that friendship im- proves happiness and abates misery, by the doubling of our joy and dividing of our grief. Addison, Spectator, No. 68. 4f. To deject ; depress. For miserie doth bravest mindes abate. Spenser, Mother Hub. Tale, 1. 256. 5. To deprive ; curtail. She hath abated me of half my train. Shak., Lear, ii. 4. 6f. To deprive of ; take away from. I would abate her nothing. Shak., Cymbeline, i. 5. 7. In law: (a) To cause to fail ; extinguish: as, a cause of action for damages for a per- sonal tort is abated by the death of either party. (6) To suspend or stop the progress of : as, where the cause of action survives the death of a party, the action may be abated until an executor or administrator can be appointed and substituted, (c) To reduce : as, a legacy is abated if the assets, after satisfying the debts, are not sufficient to pay it in full. ((/) To de- stroy or remove ; put an end to (a nuisance). A nuisance may be abated either by a public officer pursu- ant to the judgment of a court, or by an aggrieved person exercising his common-law right. 8. In metal., to reduce to a lower temper. — 9. To steep in an alkaline solution : usually shortened to bate. See bate 5 Abated arms, weapons whose edge or point is blunted for the tourna- ment. — Abating process, a process by which skins are rendered soft and porous by putting them into a weak solution of ammoniacal salt. II. intrans. 1. To decrease or become less in strength or violence : as, pain abates; the storm has abated. The very mind which admits your evidence to be unan- swerable will swing back to its old position the instant that the pressure of evidei abates. G. H. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, I. 6. 2. In law : (a) To fail ; come to a premature end ; stop progress or diminish : as, an ac- tion or cause of action may abate by the death or marriage of a party. (/)) To enter into a free- hold after the death of the last possessor, and before the heir or devisee takes possession. Blaekstone. — 3. In the manege, to perform well a downward motion. A horse is said to abate, or take down his curvets, when, working upon curvets, he abatis puts both his hind feet to the ground .it once, and observes tin- same exactness of time in all the motion* 4f. In falconry, to flutter; beat with the wings. See bate l . = Syn. 1. To Abate, Subside, Intermit, de- crease, decline, diminish, lessen, wane, ebb, la 11 au a> . mod- erate, calm. Abate, to diminish in force or intensity: as, the Btorm abated; "my wonder abated," Addison. Subside, to cease from agitation or commotion ; become li in quantity or amount: as, the waves subside; the excite- ment ol tile people subsided. Abate is not s< ■ complete in its effect as subside. Intermit, to abate, subside, or cease for a time. Nor will the raging fever's fire abate With golden canopies and beds of state. Dryden, tr. of Lucretius, ii. 38. A slight temporary fermentation allowed to substih . we should see crystallizations more pure and of more various beauty. Ming. Fuller, Woman in 19th Cent., p. 37. A spring which intermits as often as every three min- utes. ,N ichols, Fireside Science, p. 11. abatet (a-baf), h. [(.abate, v.] Abatement or decrease. The abate of scruples or dragmes. Sir T. Broume. abate (a-bB/te), n. See abbate. abated (a-ba'ted), p. a. [< abate, v.] In decorative art, lowered, beaten down, or cut away, as the background of an ornamental pat- tern in relief. Used specifically of stone-cutting ; also of metal when the pattern or inscription is to show bright on dark, and the ground is therefore worked out with the graving-tool and left rough or hatched in lines. abatement (a-bat'ment), n. [< OF. abatement, (abatre, beat down: see abate, v.] 1. The act of abating, or the state of being abated ; diminution, decrease, reduction, or mitigation : as, abatement of grief or pain. The spirit of accumulation . . . requires abatement rather than increase. J. S. Mill, Pol. Econ., I. xiii. § 2. Such sad abatement in the goal attained. Lowell, Voyage to Vinland. 2. The amount, quantity, or sum by which any- thing is abated or reduced; deduction; de- crease. Specifically, a discount allowed for the prompt payment of a del it, for damage, for o\ nv barge, or for any similar reason ; rebate. Would the Council of Regency consent to an abate- ment of three thousand pounds? Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xxii. 3. In Iter., a mark annexed to coat-armor, in order to denote some dishonorable act of the person bearing the coat of arms, or his illegiti- mate descent. Nine marks for the former purpose are mentioned by heralds, but no instance of their actual use is on record. The bendlet or baton sinister (which see), a mark of illegitimacy, is of the nature of an abatement ; but the paternal shield, although charged with the baton sinister, would generally be the most honorable bearing within reach of the illegitimate son. Abatements gener- ally must be regarded as false heraldry, and are very modern in their origin. The word is also used to denote the turning upside down of the whole shield, which was common in the degrading of a knight. Also called rebate- ment. Throwing down the stars [the nobles and senators) to the ground; putting dishonourable abatements into the fairest coats of arms. J. Spencer, Righteous Ruler. 4. In law : (a) Removal or destruction, as of a nuisance. (6) Failure ; premature end ; sus- pension or diminution, as of an action or of a legacy. See abate, (c) The act of intruding on a freehold vacated by the death of its for- mer owner, and not yet entered on by the heir or devisee, (d) In reroute laic : (1) A deduction from or refunding of duties on goods damaged during importation or in store. (2) A deduc- tion from the amount of a tax. The mode of abatement is prescribed by statute. — 5t. In carji., the waste of a piece of stuff caused by working it into shape — piea in abatement, in /o/c. a defense on some ground that serves to suspend or defeat the particular action, and thus distinguished from a plea in bar, which goes to the merits of the claim. Thus, a plea that the defendant is now insane would beonlyajptea in abatement, because, if sustained, it would at most only suspend the action while his insanity continued ; but a plea that he was insane at the time of the transactions alleged would be a plea in bar, as showing that he never incurred any liability what- ever. =Syn. 1. Decrease, decline, diminution, subsidence, intermission, waning, ebb. — 2. Rebate, allowance, deduc- tion, discount, mitigation. abater (a-ba'ter), «. [See abator.] One who or that which abates. See abator. abatisH (ab'a-tis), n. [ML.; lit., of the mea- sures : L. (7, ab, from, of; LL. batus, < Gr. pa-roc, ( Heb. bath, a liquid measure: see batlfi.] In the middle ages, an officer of the stables who had the care of measuring out the provender ; an avenor. abatis 2 , abattis (a-ba-te' or ab'a-tis), n. [< F. abatis, demolition, felling, < OF.' abaleis, r secured by pickets, and the sharpened ends of the branches directed up- ward and outward toward an advancing en- emy, for the purpose of obstructing his pro- gress. In field-fortifications the abatis is usually con- structed in fruut of the ditch. Sec fortification, 2. In coal-wining, walls of cord-wood piled up crosswise to keep the underground roads open so as to secure ventilation. [Leicestershire, Eng.] abatised, abattised(ab'a-tist), p.a. Provided with an abatis. abat-jour (a-ba'zh8r), n. [F., any contrivance or apparatus to admit light, or to throw it in a desired direction, as a lamp-shade; (.abattre, throw down (see abate), +jour, day, daylight: see journal.'] 1. A skylight, or any beveled ap- erture made in the wall of an apartment or in a roof, for the better admission of light from above. — 2. A sloping, box-like structure, flar- ing upward and open at the top, attached to a window on the outside, to prevent those within from seeing objects below, or for the purpose of directing light downward into the window. abator (a-ba'tor), n. [Also abater; <.abate + -er 1 , -or~.] One who or that which abates. Specifically, in law: (a) A person who without right eaters int« > a freehold, on the death of the last possessor, before the heir or devisee. (6) An agent or cause by which an abatement is procured, (c) One who removes a nui- sance v >'> ab <■• . ab itement. abattis, «. See abatis 2 . abattoir (a-bat-wor'), ». [P., < abatfare, knock down, slaughter, + -oir (< L. -orium), indicating place.] A public slaughter-house, in Europe and in the United States abattoirs of great size have been erected and provided with elaborate machinery for the humane and rapid slaughter of large numbers of animals, and forthe proper commercial and sanitary disposal of the waste material. a battuta (a bat-tB'ta). [It.: see bate 1 , battel.'] With the beat, in <„,,.,■■ a direction to resume strict time after the free declamation of a Binger: chiefly used in recita tives. It is equivalent to a fi mpo. Grove, abature (ab'a-Jjur), n. [< OF. abatture, a throwing down, pi. abattures, un- derbrush trampled down, < abatrc, beat down: see abate, v.] The mark or track of a beast of the chase on the grass; foil- in-. abat-vent (a-bfi'von), n. [F., < abattri , throw down (see abate), + vent, wind : see vent."] 1. A vertical series of slop- ing roofs or broad slats, inclined outward aud downward, forming the filling of a belfry- s i" keep 1 be h Ind it blowing directly down ii- i ' abat-voix(u i.ii'vwo), Ali , n. [K. < itballn (sc.- Vurk . abate, c. ) + voir, voice : see voice."] A sounding-board over a pulpit or rostrum, designed to reflect the speaker's Abat-vent, 13th century. G voice downward toward the audience, or in any desired direction. abawet, v. I. [< ME. abaxoi », abauen, < i >!■'. abau- bir, astonish, < a- + baubir, baubier, stammer, < h.balbutire, stammer, < balbus (OP. baubt , stammering: sec booby&oA balbuties. The ME. form and sense seem to have been affected by OP. abahir, ebahir, esbahir, be astonished, for which see abash.] To abash; dazzle; astonish. I was dbawed for marveile. Rom. of Rose, 1. 3040. abaxial (ab-ak'si-al), a. Same as abaxile, abaxile (ab-ak'sil), a. [ it or abbey: as, an abbatial benediction; abbatial lands, abbaticalt (a-bat'i-kal), a. Same as abbatial. abbey abbayt, abbayet, «• Middle English forms of abbey 1 . They carried him into the next abbay. i 'haucer, Prior's Tale. They would rend this abbaye's massy nave. Scott, L. of L. -M., ii. 14. abbe (a-ba'), «. [F.,< L. abbatem, aee. of abbas : see abbot.] In France, an abbot, (o) More gen- erally, and especially before the French revolution : (1) Any secular person, whether ecclesiastic or layman, hold- ing an abbey in commendam, that is, enjoying a portion, generally about one third, of its revenues, with certain hon- ors, but, except by privilege from the pope, having no ju- risdiction over the monks, and not bound to residence, Such persons were styled abbis convmendataires, and wi re required to be in orders, though a dispensation from this requirement was not uncommonly obtained. (2) A title assumed, either in the hope of obtaining an abbey orfor the sake of distinction, by a numerous class of men who had studied theolo-\ |.i:i.li- -I e< liharv, and adopted a peculiar dress, but who had only a formal connection with the church, and were for the most part employed as tu- tors in the families of the nobility, or engaged in literary pursuits, (b) In recent usage, a title assumed, like the Italian title abbate (which see), by a class of unbeneficed secular clerks. abbess (ab'es), n. [< ME. abbesse, abbes, < OF. abbessc, abesse=Pr. abadessa, < L. abbatissa, fern, of abbas : see abbot, and of. abbotess.] 1. A female superior of a convent of nuns, regularly in the same religious orders in which the monks are governed by an abbot ; also, a superior of CanOUeSSeS. An abbess is, in general, elected by the nuns, and is subject to the bishop of the diocese, by whom site is invested according to a special rite called the bene- diction "/ an abbess. She must be at least forty years of age, ami must have been for eight years a nun in the same monastery. She lias the government of the convent, with the administration of the goods of the community, but cannot, on account of her sex, exercise any of the spiritual functions pertaining to the priesthood. Some- times civil or feudal rights have been attached to the office of abbess, as also jurisdiction over other subordinate convents. 2. A title retained in Hanover, Wiirtemberg, Brunswick, and Schleswig-Holstein by the lady superiors of the Protestant seminaries .and sisterhoods to which the property of certain convents was transferred at the Reformation. abbey 1 (ab'e), n. [ ™ I'.' U ' " presses; b abbot's lodging; K, ditches; L, Ular, the house gardens; M, various dependencies. > ,,, ^j,.,,., for tho residence of the abbot or abbess. After the sup- pressionof the English monasteries bj Henry \ ill. many of the abbatial buildings were converted into private dwellings, to which the name abbey is still applied, as, for example, tfewstead Abbey, the residence of Lord Byron. 3. A church now or formerly attached to a monastery or convent : as, Westminster Abbey. — 4. In Scotland, the sanctuary formerly af- forded by the abbey of Holyrood Palace, as having 1 a a royal residence. abbey 2 (ab e), » [Prob. a modification of abele, q. v., in simulation of abbey 1 .] A name sometimes given to the white poplar, l'o)mliis alba. [Eng.] Plan of the Abbey of St. Germain-des-Pres, Paris, in the 13th century. A, church ; B, cloister ; C, city gate ; D, ale ; E, chapter- verse. Reverse. Abbey-counter, in the British Museum. abbey-counter abbey-counter (ab'e-kounter), «• [< abbey 1 + counter 1 .] A kind of medal, stamped with sacred emblems, the arms of an abbey, or other device, given to a pilgrim as a token of his having visited the shrine ; a kind of pil- grim's sign (which see, under pilgrim ). abbey-laird (ab'e-lard), n. [bot + -cy.] Same as abbacy. [Rare.] abbotesst, »■ [ ult. abbess, q. v.), < abbas (abbat-) + leva, -issa.] An abbess. Also written abbatesse. Abbots, Abbotesses, Presbyters, and Deacons. Selden. And at length became abbatesse there. Holinshed, Chron. abbot-general (ab'ot-jen e-ra.1), re. The head of a congregation of monasteries. abbotship (ab'ot-ship), n. [< abbot + -ship.] The state or office of an abbot. abbozzo (ab-bot'Bd), n. [It., also abboszato, sketch, outline, (.abbozzare, to sketch, deline- ate, also bozzare, ( bozza, blotch, rough draft, = Pr. bossa (>F. bosse), swelling, < OHG-. bo:o, a bundle: see boss 1 and beat.] The dead or first coloring laid on a picture after the sketch has been blocked in. Airs. Merrifield, Ancient Practice of Painting (1849), I. ccc. abbr. A common abbreviation of abbreviated ami abbreviation. abbreuvoir, n. See abreuvoir. abbreviate (a-bre'vi-at), v. ; pret. and pp. ab- breriated, ppr. abbreviating. [< LL. abbrematits, pp. of abbreriare, shorten, < ad-, to, + brevis, short. The same L. verb, through the F., has become E. abridge: see abridge and brief.] 1. trans. 1. To make briefer; abridge; make shorter by contraction or omission of a part : as, to abbreviate a writing or a word. — 2. In math., to reduce to the lowest terms, as frac- tions. = Syn. 1. To shorten, curtail, abridge, epitomize, reduce, compress, condense, cut down. II. intrans. To practise or use abbreviation. It is one thing to abbreviate by contracting, another by cutting off. Bacon, Essays, xxvi. abbreviate (a-bre'vi-at), «. and re. [a, a town in Thrace, birthplace of De- mocritus, called the laughing philosopher.] Pertaining to the town of Abdera or its inhabi- tants ; resembling or recalling in some way the philosopher TJemocritus of Abdera (see Abderite); hence, given to incessant or con- tinued laughter. Abderite (ab'de-rit), ?;. [< L. Abderita, also Abderites, ( Gr. 'A/3d?/p/r?/c, < "AfiSiipa, L. Ab- dera.] 1. An inhabitant of Abdera, an ancient maritime town in Thrace. — 2. A stupid per- son, the inhabitants of Abdera having been proverbial for their stupidity.— The Abderite, Democritus of Abdera. burn about 460 B. c, and the most learned of the Greek philosophers prior to Aristotle. He was, wdth Leucippus, the founder of the atomic or atomis- tic philosophy (see atomic), the first attempt at a complete mechanical interpretation of physical and psychical phe- nomena. The tradition that Democritus always laughed at the follies of mankind gained for him the title of the laughing philosopher. Fragments of some of his numer- ous works have been presen ed. abdest (ab'dest), «. [Per. dbdast, < db, water, + dast, hand.] Purification or ablution before prayer : a Mohammedan rite. Abdevenham Abdevenham (ab-dev'n-ham), n. In astrol., the head of the twelfth house in a scheme of the heavens, abdicable (ab'di-ka-bl), a. [. and F., lxvii. He [Charles II. J was utterly without ambition. He de- tested business, ami would sooner have abdicated his crown than have undergone the trouble of really direct- ing the administration. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., i. 2. To discard ; cast away ; take leave of : as, to abdicate one's mental faculties. — 3. In civil lair, to disclaim and expel from a family, as a child ; disinherit during lifetime : with a per- sonal subject, as father, pan nt. The father will disinherit or abdicate his child, quite cashier him. Burton, Anat. ol Mel (To the Reader), I. 86. 4f. To put away or expel ; banish ; renounce the authority of ; dethrone ; degrade. Scaliger would needs turn down Homer, and abdicate him after the possession of three thousand years. Dryden, Pref. to Third Misc. = Syn. 1. To resign, renounce, give up, quit, vacate, re- linquish, lay down, abandon, desert. (See list under aban- don, r.) II. intrans. To renounce or give up some- thing; abandon some claim; relinquish a right, power, or trust. He cannot abdicate for his children, otherwise than by his own consent in form to a bill from the two houses. Swift, Sent, of Ch. of Eng. Man. Don John is represented ... to have voluntarily re- stored the throne to his father, who had once abdicated in his favor. i I li>- government, which lid not only affect the person of the king him- self, but also "i all his heirs, and rendered tin- throne absolutely and completely vacant. Blaekslnne., Coin., I. iii. i new mind we approach seems to re<|iiire an abdi- cation of all our present and past possessions. Emereon, Essays, 1st ser., p. 811. abdicative (ab'di-ka-tiv), a. [(.abdicate + -ive; in form like L. abdications, negative, < abdi- can . ] Causing or implying abdication. [Bare.] abdicator (ab'di-ka-tor), a. [r the passage of the fern- oral vessels and nerves and the spermatic cord, or the round ligament of the uterus ; and at the navel, in the fetus, for the passage of the umbilical vessels. 2. In vertebrates below mammals, in which there is uo diaphragm, and the abdomen con- sequently is not separated from the thorax, a region of the body corresponding to but not co- incident with the human abdomen, and varying in extent according to the configuration of the body. Thus, the ab- domen of a serpent is coex- tensive with the under side of the body from head to tail ; and in deseriptive ornithology "pectus is re- stricted to the swelling an- \c terior part of the gastrseum, which we call belly or ab- domen as soon as it begins to straighten out and flatten." Coues, N. A. Birds, p. 96. 3. In entom., the hind body, the posterior one of the three parts of a perfect insect, united with the thorax by a slender connecting portion, and containing the greater part of the digestive apparatus, it is divided into a number of rings or segments, typically eleven (or ten, as in Hymen- optera and Lepitloj'tcra), on the sides of which are small respiratory stigmata, or spiracles. 4. In Arthropoda other than insects, the cor- responding hinder part of the body, however distinguished from the thorax, as the tail of a lobster or the apron of a crab. — 5. In ascid- ians (Tunicata), a special posterior portion of the body, situated behind the great pharyn- geal cavity, and containing most of the ali- mentary canal. In . . . must of the compound Ascidians, the greater part of the alimentary canal lies altogether beyond the branchial sac, in a backward prolongation of the body which has been termed the abdomen, and is often longer than all the rest of the body. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 517. abdominal (ab-dom'i-nal), a. and n. [< NL. ab- dominaliSj < L. abdomen : see abdomen.'] I. a. 1. Pertaining to m i Abdomen of an Insect (/«• soma hordei). Abdominal Fish, with ventral behind pec- toral fin. the abdomen or belly; situated in or on the abdomen : as, abdominal ven- tral tins. — 2. In ichth.y having ventral fins un- der the abdomen and about the middle of the See Abdominales. ither mammals, that through the din- body: as, an abdominal fish. — Abdominal aorta, in man and portion of the aorta between its bassagi phragm and its bifurcation into the iliac arteries. — Ah dominal apertures. See ab- domen, i. — Abdominal fins, in ichth., ventral tins when situated behind the pectoral tins.— Ab- dominal legs, in entom,, false legs or prop-legs of the abdomen of insects. In hexapodons insects they arc soft, fleshy, inarticulate, and deciduous. There may be as ni:tti.\ a i eight pairs, or only a Bingle pair, or none. The epinneretsof spiders, though abdominal In posi- 1 1' >n, ai e i egarded as homoli ■-. - with the Jointed legs of higher Insects.— Abdominal line, in fiumtiii limit.: ('/) The white line (lima alba) or lengthwise mid-line of union of the abdominal muscles along the front ol the belly, and one "i several cross-lines Inter- the course of the rectus ancc. The exaggeration of these lines in art gives the " checker-board H appearance of the abdomen In statuary. ('<) pi. Certain imaginary lines drawn to divide the surface oi the abdomen into regions, at given below. Abdominal pore, in some fishes, an ;i|" rture in the belly connected with the sexual function, Tiii 'die ovarium], in some few Ashes, sheds Its ova. as soon as they an- ripened, Into the peritoneal cavity, wiine e the> - . op. by abdominal port r, which place that cavity in direct communication with the exterior. Huxley, Anat. Vert., p. W>. Abdominal reflex, a superficial reflex consisting of a contraction tn the abdominal muscles when the skin over the abdomen in the mammary line is stimulated, — Ab- abdominous dominal regions, in human anat., certain regions into which the abdomen is arbitrarily divided tor the purpose of mapping its surface with reference to the viscera which lie bemath these re- gions respectively. Two hori- zontal parallel lines being drawn around the body, one {a a) crossing the cartilage of the ninth rib, the other(&&) crossing the highest point of the iliac bone, the abdominal Burface is divided into three /ones, an upper, a middle, and a tower, respectively called epigastric, umbilical, and hypogastric. Each of these is subdivided into three parts by two vertical lines ('■ r), each drawn through the middle of Poupart's liga- ment. The central part of the epigastric zone (1) re- tains the name of epigasti ic . its lateral portions (4 4) are the right and left hypochon- driac regions ; the middle part of the umbilical ('2) is called the umbilical region, while its lateral portions (5 5) are the right and left lumbar regions; the middle portion of the hypogastric zone (:i) is a a, horizontal line through the cartilage of the ninth rib; b b t horizontal line touching the high- est parts of the iliac crest ; ;;, vertical lines drawn through the middle of Poupart's ligament, on either side; r, epigastric re- called the hypogastric region, gion; a, umbilical region J3. but sometimes the pubic TO- 4 I. hyp'.- j 5. 1 ' regions; 6 6, iliac regions. hypogastric region ; cnonariac regions; 5 5, lumbar 1 . ■ 1 ;■ Ivedere, show log checker-board " apr> .n- gion, » bile its lateral por- tions (6 6) are called the right and left iliac (or inguinal) regions. The adjoining region of the thigh, below the fold of the groin, is properly excluded.— Abdominal respi- ration, that type of respiration in which the action of the diaphragm, and consequently the movement of the abdo- men, is most marked : contrasted with thoracic or costal rtsj.inttioit.— Abdominal ribs, in herpet., a series of transverse ossifications in the wall of the abdomen of some reptiles, as dinosaurs and crocodiles; in the latter the series consists of seven on each side, lying superficial to the recti muscles. They are quite distinct from true ribs, and considered by some to be dermal ossifications. Abdominal dermal Hbs are developed in some species [of iMnosauria], if not in all. Huxley, Anat. Vert., p, 227. Abdominal ring, in anat. : (a) Internal, an oval open- ing in the fascia of the transversalis abdominis (trans- verse muscle of the abdomen), about midway between the superior iliac spine and the pubic spine, and half an inch above Poupart's ligament, (p) External, a similar oblong opening in the fascia of the obliquus externus abdominis (external oblique muscle of the abdomen), further down and nearer the mid-line of the body. These rings are respectively the inlet and outlet of the inguinal canal. Also called inguinal Win/*.— Abdominal scutella, in herpet., the Bhort, wide, imbricated scales which lie along the belly of a serpent from chin to anus.- Abdominal segments, in entom., etc., the individual somites or rings of which the abdomen of an insect, a crustacean, etc., is or may be composed.— Abdominal vertebrae, In ichth., all the vertebra? behind the head which have ribs or rib- like processes arching over the visceral cavity.— Abdom- inal viscera, those organs, collectively considered, which are situated in the abdomen, being especially those of the digestive system. See abdomen, 1. II. n. One of the Abdominales (which see), Abdominales (ah-dom-i-na'lez), n. pi. [NL., pi. of abdominal is : see abdominal.] 1. A name introduced into the ichthyological sys- tem of Linnu?us ; and variously applied : (a) by Linnieus, as an ordinal name for all osseous fishes with abdominal ventrals; (l>) by Cuvier, as a Bubordinal name for all those malacopterygian osseous fishes which have abdominal ventrals; (c) by J. Muller, as a subordinal name for those malacopterygian fishes which have abdom- inal ventrals and also a pneumatic duct between the air-bladder and intestinal canal. The name has also been applied to other groups varying more or less from the preceding, Thesalmonidsandthe clupeids or herring fam- ily are typical representatives in all the above dil isions, 2. A section of the coleopterous family Carabida-y proposed l>y Lutreille for beetles with the abdomen enlarged in proportion to the thorn x. Abdominalia (ab-dom-i-na'li-fi.), n. pi. [NL. (sc. animalia, animals), neut. pi. or abdomi- nalis : see alxbn>/inaL~] An order <>i' cirriped crustnccMiis, having ;i segmented body, three pairs of abdominal limbs, no thoracic limbs, a Bask-shaped carapace, an extensive mouth, two eyes, and the sexes distinct. The members of the order all burrow in shells. Two families are recog- nized, Cryptophialidce and Alcippidai, The whole family of the A bdominalia. a name proposed by Darwin, if l am noi mistaken, have the Bexes separate. Benedan, An, Parasites. '.V E. />.) abdominally (ab-dom'i-nal-i), adr. On or in the abdomen; toward the abdomen, abdominoscopy (ab-dom-i-nos'ko-pi), >/. [r. -o"/coir/a,< otcottwv, Look ;it, view.] Iu nod., examination of the abdomen for the detection of disease, abdominous (ab-dom'i-nus I, a, \( abdomt n {-mm-) 4- -ow$.] 1. Of or pertaining to the abdomen ; abdominal. — 2. Having a largo belly ; pot-bellied. [Hare.] Gorgoniua sits abdominous and wan, Like a fat squab upon a Chinese fan. Cowper, Prog, of Err. abdnce abduce (ab-diis'), «• <•! pret. and pp. abduced, ppr. abdueimj. [rep. phi: as adv. or a. [< « 3 , pre})., on, + beam. ] Naut., in or into a direc- tion at right angles to the keel of a ship ; directly opposite the middle part of a ship's side, and in line with its main-beam: as, we had the wind abeam. The wind was hauling round to the westward, and we could not take the sea abeam. Kane, Sec. Grinn. Exp., II. 257. The sea went down toward night, and the wind hauled abeam. Ii. H. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 347. abear (a-bar'), v. t. [, represented by such surf-fishes as A. trow- bridgi, of the Californian coast. — 3. In entom., a genus of hemipterous insects. Stal, 1876. aber (ab'er), n. [Gael. dbar = 'W. abet; a con- fluence of waters, the mouth of a river. Cf. Gael, inbhir, with same senses, = W. ijnfer, in- flux : see inver-.] A Celtic word used as a pre- fix to many place-names in Great Britain, and signifying a confluence of waters, either of two rivers or of a river with the sea : as, Aber- deen, Aberdour, Abergavenny, Aberystwith. aberdavine, ». See aberdevine. Latham. aberdeen (ab'er-den), «. [Etym. uncertain. Cf. aberdevine.] In ornith., a name of the knot (which see), Trine/a canutus. aberdevine (ab"er-de-vm'), n. [Etym. un- known: see below.] The siskin, Chrysomitris spinus, a well-known European bird of the finch family (Frini/illidir), nearly related to the goldfinch, and somewhat resembling the green variety of the canary-bird. See siskin. Also spelled aberdavine, abadevine. [Local, Eng.] About London, the siskin is called the aberdevine by bird-catchers. Reniiic, ed. of Montagu's Diet., 1831, p. 2. [The word (aberdevine) is not now in use, if it ever was. I believe it was first published by Albin (1737). and that it was a bird-catchers' or bird-dealers' name about Lon- don ; but I suspect it may have originated in a single bird-dealer, who coined it to give fictitious value to a common bird for which he wanted to get a good price. Book-writers have gone on repeating Albin's statement without adding any new information, and I have never met with any one who called the siskin or any other bird by this name. No suggestion as to its etymology seems possible. Prof. A. Newton, letter.] aberr (ab-er'), v. i. [\,->t Scii ",', .ill 343 2. Iu 0Od7. and /«»/., differing in some of its characters from the group in which it is plao Oil : Baid of au individual, a species, a genus, etc. In certain ofterratrfRotalines the shell is commonly . . . of a rich crimson hue. W, B, Carpenter, Micros., § 459. The more aberrant any form Is, the greater must have been the number of connecting forms which have been exterminated or utterly lost. Darwin, Origin of Species, p. 387. Aberrant duct of the testis, in anat., a Blender tube or diverticulum from the lower part oi the canal of the epididymis, or from the beginning of the excretory duct of the testis (vas deferens). It varies from 2, to 14 inches in length is coiled up into a fusiform mass extending up the spermatic cord 2 or 3 inches, and terminates blindly. Two or m«>ie such tubes are occasionally found together, but they are sometimes entirely wanting. Bee testis. Also called '■-' j "■'" trans, i asculu m a '■■ < i am aberrate (ab-er'at), r. i. ; pret. and pp. aber- rated, ppr. aberrating. [s distorted or indistinct, pret. and [An erro- Aberuncalors. Juy. J. Fi S . 2. he spherical aben i diagram Illustrating the chromatic aberration. In fig. 2 the violet i IK.n tille the frangible re I i ome to a focn - al I pot of light with red on a - iii b b. In the eye the Ii tially eliminate the i iberratlon Opt leal In tru corrected for chromatic aberration are called achromatic. 5. In astron., the apparent displacement of a 10 heavenly body flue to the joint effect of the motion of the rays of light proceeding from it and the motion of the earth. Thus, when the light from ii star that is not directrj in the line of the earth's motion is made to Fall centrally into a telescope, the telescope is in reality inclined Brightly away from the true direction of tin- star toward that In which the earth is ving; just as one running under a vertically falling shower of rain, and holding In his hand a long- in ked Husk, must incline its mouth forward ii he does not wish the sides of the nech to be wetted. This phe- nomenon, discovered and explained by Bradley (1728), is termed the aberration of li:il>t, ami its effect In displacing a star is called the aberration of the slut. The / li.iht. an apparent displacement of a moving body, as a planet, owing to its not being in the same position at the moment the light reaches the earth that it was when the light left it. = Syn. 1. Deviation, divergence, departure. — 2. (a) Derangement, hallucination, illusion, delusion, eccentricity, mania. aberrational (ab-e-ra'shon-al), a. Character- ized by aberration; erratic. aberuncatet (ab-f-rung'kat), v. t. pp. aberuncated, ppr, aberuncating. neous form of averruncate, as if < L. *aberuncare, < ab, from, + c for ex, out, + runcare, uproot, weed ; hence the un- authorized sense given by Bailey. See averruncate."] To pull up by the roots ; extir- pate utterly. Johnson. Aberuncated, pulled up by the roots, weeded. Bailey. aberuncatiOIltOili-e-rung-kft/- shpn), n. [< t0>< rinieitti ■.] Eradication ; extirpation ; re- moval. aberuncator (ab - e - run g'ka - tor), ». [< aberuncate. Cf. L. runcator, a weeder.] 1. An implement for extirpating weeds ; a weeder or weedmg-maehine. — 2. An instrument for pruning trees when their branches are beyond easy reach of the hand. There are various forms of these implements, but they all consist of two blades, similar to those of stout shears, one of which is fixed rigidly to a long handle, while the other forms one arm of a lever, to which a cord passing over a pulley is attached. Also writ- ten, more properly, averruncator. abet (a-bef), v. t. ; pret. and pp. abetted, ppr. abetting. [< ME. abetten, < OF. abettt r, ah U r, instigate, deceive, < a- (< L. ad-), to, + beter, bait, as a bear, < Icel. beita, bait, cause to bite : see bait, v.; also beO-, a shortened form of abet.'] 1. To encourage by aid or approval: used with a personal object, and chiefly in a bad sense. They abetted both parties in the civil war, and always furnished supplies to the weaker side, lest there should he aii end put to these fatal divisions, Addison, Freeholder, No. 28. Note, too, how for having abetted those who wronged the native Irish, England has to pay a penalty. //, Spencer, Social Statics, p. 487. 2f. To maintain ; support ; uphold. '■ Then shall I soone," quoth he, "so God me grace, Abett that virgins cause disconsolate." Spenser, F. t)., I. x. 04. 3. In laic, to encourage, counsel, incite, or as- sist in a criminal act — implying, in the ease of felony, personal presence. Thus, in military lair, it is a grave crime to aid or abet a mutiny or sedi- tion oi excite resistance against lawful orders. In Scots law, a person is said to be abetting though he may only protect a criminal, conceal him from justice, or aid him in making in- escape. Mi nco — 4. To lead to or encourage the com- mission of. Would not the fool abet tie- stealth Who rashly thus exposed his wealth'.' Qay, Fables, ii. 12. = Syn. To support, em rage, Becond, countenance aid .i I. conniveat, stand by, further. abett (a-bef), n. [X ME. abet, instigation, < < IF. abet, instigation, deceit (ML. a hi Hum), < abeter: see abet, v.] The act of aiding or encouraging, especially in a crime Chaucer. abetment (a-bet'ment), n. [< abet + -ment.] The act Of abetting; that which servos tii abet or encourage. abettal (a-bet'al), ». [X "'"'' + -"'•] Theactof abett ing j aid. Bailey. [Rare.] abetter, abettor (a-bet'er, -or, or -6r), ». [Formerly ubcttour; < abet + -er\ -or~.\ 1. abhor One who abets or incites ; one who aids or en- courages another to commit a crime ; a sup- porter orencourager of something bad. Abet- tor is the form used in law. But let th' nil (tor ol the Panthers crime Learn to make fairer wars another time. Dryden, Hind and Panther, 1. 1047. In law, an abettor, as distinguished from an accessory, is more especially one who, being present, gives aid or en- couragement. 2. Ono who aids, supports, or encourages : iu a good sense. It has been the occasion of making me friends and open abettors of several gentlemen of known sense and wit. Pop.', Letters, June 16, 1711. — Syn. 1. Abettor, Accessory, Accomplice. SeBaccompUce, abevacuation (ab-f-vak-n-a'shon), n. [< NL. iihii-iiciuitio(n-): see ab- and evacuation.] In mill., variously used to signify a morbid evacu- ation, whether excessive or deficient. ab extra (abeks'txa). [L.] From without: opposed to ab intra (which see). Those who are so fortunate as to occupy the philosophi- cal position of spectators ab extra are very few in any generation. Lowell, Among my Looks, 1st ser., p. lie. abeyance (a-ba'ans), ». [< OF. >/>te. Chaucer, Troilus, i. 949. 5. To inhere ; belong as an attribute or qual- ity ; have its seat. Though far more cause, yet much less spirit to curse Abides in me. Shak., Rich. III., iv. 4. To abide by. («) To remain at rest beside: as, "abide bg thy crib, Job xxxix. 9. (o) To adhere to ; maintain ; defend ; stand to : as, to abide bg a friend. Specifically, in Scots law, to adhere to as true and genuine: said of the party who relies upon a deed or writing which the other party desires to have reduced or declared null and void, on the ground of forgery or falsehood, (c) To await or accept the consequences of ; rest satisfied with : as, to abide bg the event or issue. = Syn: 1 and 2. Abide, Sojourn, Continue, Dwelt. Reside, Lie,, remain, stay, stop, lodge, settle, settle down, tarry, linger. Live is the most general word : to pass one's life, without indicating place, time, or manner. Abide, sojourn, to stay for a time — length of stay being associated in the mind with the former, and briefness or shortness of stay with the latter. Continue, to stay on, without interval of absence. Dwell, to be domiciled. Reside, to have one's home ; dwell. And if these pleasures may thee move, Then live with me and be my love. Marlowe, Shepherd to his Love. Thou who changest not. abide with me ! Lyte. A certain man of Beth-lehem-judah went to sojourn in the country of Moab, he, and his wife, and his two sons. . . . And they came into the country of Moab, and con- tinued there. Ruth i. 1, 2. And Moses was content to dwell with the man. Exod. ii. 21. There, at the moated grange, resides this dejected Ma- riana. Shak., M. for M., iii. 1. abide 2 (a-bid'), v. t. [This word in the sense of ' suffer for ' does not occur much earlier than Shakspere's time. It is a corruption of ME. abyen, pay for, due to confusion with abide 1 , wait for (as if that sense were equivalent to 'endure'): see further under aby 1 , and ef. abide 1 , v. t., 4.] To pay the price or penalty of ; suffer for. If it be found so, some will dear abide it. Shak., J. C, iii. 2. Ah me ! they little know How dearly I abide that boast so vain. Milton, P. L., iv. 86. abident. Old perfect participle of abide 1 . abider (a-bi'der>, n. l< abide 1 + -er 1 .] One who dwells or continues ; one who lives or resides. abiding (a-bi'ding), p. a. [Ppr. of abide 1 .] Continuing ; permanent ; steadfast : as, an abiding faith. Here thou hast no abiding city. Thomas o Kempis, Ini. of Christ, ii. 1. 1 do not think that Pope's verse anywhere sings, but it should seem that the abiding presence of fancy in his best work forbids his exclusion from the rank of poet. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 432. abidingly (a-bi'ding-li), adv. In an abiding manner; enduriugly ; lastingly; permanently. abiding-place l a-bi'ding-plas >, ii. [< abiding, verbal n. of abide 1 , + place.] A place where one abides ; a permanent dwelling-place ; hence, a place of rest ; a resting-place. A very charming little abiding-place. II. James, jr.. Trans. Sketches, p. 41. Many of these plants . . . found suitable abiding- places at the South. Science, III. 359. Abies (ab'i-ez), n. [L. abies (abiet-), the silver fir; origin unknown.] A genus of trees, the firs, of the suborder Abietinece, natural order finiifriir, some of which are valuable for their timber. It differs from Pinus in its solitary leaves and in the thin scales of its cones, which ripen the first year. From the allied genera Picea, Tsuga, etc., with which it has sometimes been united, it is' distinguished by its closely sessile leaves, by the bracts of the female aments being much larger than the scales, and by having erect cones with deciduous scales. It includes 16 or IS species, (i) Staminate and (2) pistil- late inflorescence of the pine; (3) a pistillate scale, ami 4 the s.uue showing a longitudi- nal section of the ovules. ability confined to the northern hemisphere, and equally divided between the old and new worlds. To it belong the sil- ver fir of central F.uropc ( .1. ]ieeiiuutu), the balsam-fir of eastern North America(.4. balsamea), the red and white firs of western America (A. grand ■ and nobilis), the sacred fir of Mexico {A. religiosa), etc. Set abietene (ab'i-e-ten), n. [< L. abies (abiet-), flic fir, + -ene.] A hydrocarbon obtained by distillation from the resin of the nut-pine of California, Pinus Sabiniana. It consists almost wholly of normal heptane, C7HX6, and is a nearly color- Less mobile liquid, having a strong aromatic smell, highly inflammable, ami burning with a white, smokeless flame. abietic (ab-i-et'ik), a. [< L. abies (abiet-), the fir, + -ic] Of or pertaining to trees of the genus Abies; derived from the fir.— Abietic acid, c.j (l H : , ( ,n L ,, an acid obtained from the resin of sonic species of pine, larch, and fir. These resins are anhydrids of atiietie acid or mixtures containing it. abietin (ab'i-e-tin), n. [< L. abies (abiet-), the fir, + -in 2 .] A tasteless, inodorous resin, de- rived from the turpentine obtained from some species of the genus Abies. Abietinese (ab'i-e-tin'e-e), n. pi. [NL., < L. abies (abiet-), the fir, + -in-ece.] A suborder of the natural order Coniferee, distinguished by bearing strobiles (cones) with two inverted ovules at the base of each scale, which become winged samaroid seeds. The leaves are linear or needle-shaped, and never two- ranked. It includes many of the most valuable kinds of tim- ber-trees, viz., pine (Pinus], true cedar (Cedrus), spruce ( Pi- cea), hemlock-spruce (Tsuga), I 'nimlas's spruce (/'*," OF. habileter, habiliter), ren- der able, < habilis, able : see able 1 .] To assist. Nicholas Ferrar. ability (a-bil'i-ti), ». [< ME. abilite (four syl- lables), '< OF." habilile (ME. also ablete, < C)*F. ablete), < L. habilita(t-)s, ML. abilita(t-)s, apt- ness, < habilis, apt, able: see able 1 .] 1. The state or condition of being able ; power or capacity to do or act in any relation ; compe- tence in any occupation or field of action, from the possession of capacity, skill, means, or other qualification. They gave after their ability unto the treasure of the work. Ezra ii. <:>'.). Alas ! what poor Ability's in me to do him g 1 '.' Shak., M. for M., i. 6. ability 12 Tii the close of the Republic, the law was the sole Held abiogeny (ab-i-oj'e-ni), n. [< Gr. a- priv. + fine, for all a it exo p< the special talent oi a capacity for j^.-,, + _;, T ,; r -born : sec abinaencsis and -grera.1 tehlp. « «"«W Communities, p. 380. S; ,,;„. .,; „,,;„„ to . generals We must regard the colloidal compounds ol which or- B ij A lnri«i1 -, li-ii-loi'i-k-il 3ll as having by their physical uature, the apioiogicai i.to i o 104 i tju olloids n< "in crystalloids. //. spencer, l'i hi. uf Biol.j § 7. 2. pJ. In a concrete sense, talents ; mental gifts or endowments. Natural abiliti i are like natural plants, that need prun- ingbystudy. Bacon, Studies, Bssay&0. 11, nad good a ■ Dial temper, and uo i ices. Emerson, Soc. and Sol 3. The condition of being able to pay or to meel pecuniary obligationsj possession of [< Gr. o- priv. Not biological ; not pertain- Sanir a'b + E. biological.'] ing to biology. The biological sciences are sharply marked off from the abiological, or those which treal of the phenomena inani- t. iti il by not-living matter. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 1. abiologically (ab'i-o-loj'i-kal-i), adv. Not bio- logically ; in an abiological manner. abirritant (ab-ir'i-tant), n. [< L. ab, from, + E. irritant.'] In meet., a soothing drug or application. means: called distinctively financial or pecu- abirritate (al.-ir i-tatt, , . f.jpret. and pp. «/«»•- ritated, ppr. ahimlatiny. [, from, + L. Mian/ ability. Out of my lean and low aotfifif I'll lend you something. .4it, T. N., iii. 4. A draft upon my neigh] r was to me the same as money; for I was sufficiently convinced of his • nith, \ nar, xiv. 4. That which is within one's power to do; best endeavor. Be thou assur'd, g 1 Cassio, I will do All my sWIitv s in thy behalf. Shak., 0th., iii. 3. =Syn. 1. Ab\ Capacii power, strength, skill terity. t i i!t i i a'pability, qualification, ctlicicncy. irritate, abjurer act of casting away or down ; the act of hum- bling or abasing ; abasement. The audacite and liulde BDeche of Daniel signifyeth the abjection ol the kynge and his realme. Joye, Exp. of Daniel, eli. v. 2. The stat.' of being casl down or away; hence, a low state ; meanness of spirit ; base- ness ; groveling humility; abjectness. That this should lie termed has. nesS, o6;'ectiOM of mind, or servility, is it credible: Hooker, Eccl. Pol., v. § il. Contempt for his abjection at the foul feet of the Church. Swinburne, Shakespeare, p. SO. 3. Rejection; expulsion. Calvin understands by Christ's descending into hell, that he suffered in his soul . . . all the torments of hell, even to ab/eetion from (Lid's presem e. Hcylin, Hist, of Presbyterians, p. 350. J !" '""'■■ ' '•" , '.'" or le ?. sen : r r. ,;l - abjective (ab-jek'tiv), a. [< abject + Ave.] ■ soothe bv removing or diminishing X, J ,■ *.. _i_' . j_ i:_: „„ „i..„„<.„.. tion in ; soothe by removing or diminishin : irritability. abirritation (ab-ir-i-ta'shon), n. [< L. el), away, from, + E. irritation.] In patliol, the removal or diminution of irritation or irritability in the various tissues. abirritative (ab-ir'i-ta-tiv), a. Tending to ab- irritate ; due to abirritation. "■ ,lc : x ' abismet,''. See abime. il ',',' ! ';'( abitt. Third person sing. pres. of abide': ,\. ,„:,, . :, tive power or power to perform, and is used "*"*?■ iu " u l 5 f r . s0 " slu »' , P , f,, witbregard to pVwer oi am kind. V,,,,,,,-,,,, conveys the abltt, ». Obsolete form of habit. id,a of receptiveness, of the po ion of resources; it is abitaclet, to.- Obsolete form of habttacle. I. [ME. abitan, < AS. dbitan, bite, eat, a Tjj U clge (ab-juj'), v '. a- + bitan, bite.] To bite ; eat ; de- is partly the result ol education or opportunity. What [s a power, but the ability or faculty of doing a thing? What is the ability to do a thing, but the powi r of employing the means necessary to its execution? .1 Hamilton, Federalist, No. 33. ,. ;t,, is requisite to dense, and ability to execute, a great enterprise. //■ Taylor. 2. Abilities, Talents, Parts, etc. (see genius), gifts, fac- ility, aptitude, accomplishments. -ability. See -able, -bilitij, Ability. abilliamentst (a-bil'i-a-ments), n. pi. [ortions of a parent organism; spontaneous generation. Abiogenesis was I i to prevail quit, i among omplex forms of life. It is now proved that it occurs, if at all, only in the simplest microscopic organ! bl of evidence Is adverse t., the claimthat it has been directly demonstrated there. The tendency oi ion, however, is to ition of a process of natural conversion of non-living into livin the dawn of lift on this ■ , and het- abitiont (ab-ish'on), n. [< L. abitio(n-), < abire, go away, < ab, away, + ire, go.] The act of departing; death. abject (ab'jekt), a. and n. [< ME. abject, >v understood, in the ablative case, which is not dependent upon any other word in the sen- tence. ablaut (ab'lout ; G. pron. iip'lout), n. [G.,i- (pafiov, eyelid, < jlleirew, see. Cf. ablepsia.] A Ablepharus. genus of harmless lizards, family Scincidee, with five-toed feet and only rudimentary eye- lids. ablepsia (a-blep'si-ii), n. [LL., , away, + ligur- rire, lick, be dainty, akin to lingere, Lick, and E. lid; q. v. ] Excess ; prodigal expense for food. [Bare.] ablins, adv. See aiblins. ablocate (ab'lo-kat), v. t.\ pret. and pp. ablo- dated, ppr. ablocating. [< L. ablocatus, pp. of ablocare, let out on hire, < ab, from, + loeare, let out. place : see locate.] To let out ; lease. ablocation (ab-lo-ka'shon), n. A letting for hire ; lease. abloom (a-blom'), prep. phr. a,sadv. or a. [<« 3 , prep., +" bloom 1 .] In a blooming state; in blossom. abludet (ab-18d' \, v. i. : pret. and pp. abluded, ppr. abluding. [< L. ablndere, be different from, < ali, from, + ludere, play. Cf. Gr. (iirade/D, sing out of tune, dissent, < a-6 (= L. ab), from, + pdeiv, sing.] To be unlike ; differ ; be out of harmony. [Rare.] The wise advice of our Seneca not much abluding from the counsel of that Messed apostle. Bp. Ball, Balm of Gilead, vii. 1. abluent ab'lij-ent i, a. and «. [< L. abluen(t-)s, ppr. of abluere, wash off, cleanse, < ab, off, + lltere = (xt. '/oveiv, wash.] I. a. Washing; cleansing ; purifying. II. ii. In mid. : (a) That which purifies the blood, or carries off impurities from the system, especially from the stomach and intestiues ; a detergent, (b) That which removes filth or viscid matter from ulcers or from the skin. ablution (ab-lo'shon), n. [< ME. ablution, ab- lucioun, < OF. ablution, < L. alil)itin(n-), < ab- luere, wash off: see abluent, a.] 1. In a gen- eral sense, the act of washing; a cleansing or purification by water. — 2. Any ceremonial washing. («) Vmoiig the oriental races, a washing of the p it 1 pari a ol it, as the hands and face, and among the Hebrews also of garments and vessels, as a religious duty on certain occasions, or in preparation for some lusact.asasignof moral purification, and sometimes in token ni i in . 1,1', or absence of responsibility for, some particular crime or charge (whence the expression "to wash one's hands of anything"). The -Mohammedan law requires ablution before each of the five daily prayers, and permits it to be performed with sand when water can- not be procured, as in tin- desert. 11 isanatural analogy between the ablution of the and the purification of the soul. Jer. Taylor, Worthy Communicant. (b) In the 1: m Cath. Ch.: (1) The washing of the feet of fohn rill I' Maundy or Eoly Thursday, called mandalum. (2) The washing of the celebrant's haiei communion. (•■) In the Eastern Church, the purification of the newly baptized on the iptism. 3. In the Bom. Cath. Ch., the wine and water which after communion are separately poured into the chalice over the thumb and index- finger of the officiating priest, who drinks this ablution before going on with the (dosing prayers. — 4t. In eluiii., the purification of bodies by the affusion of ■■< proper liquor, as water to dissolve salts. — 5. In /»<i contract. Rescind (literally, to cut short) is coex- tensive in meaning with both repeal and annul. Recall, revoke (see renounce). Cancel is not used of laws, but ol deeds, bonds, contracts, etc., and figuratively of what ei r may bethought ofas crossed out. [In legal parlance, :■> is never applied to a statute ; it is the common ex- pression for the act of a party in justly repudiating a con- tract. Repeal is never applied to a contract ; it is the common expression for the termination of the existence of a statute by a later statute. Annul is the common ex- pressioD for the judicial act of a court in terminating the existence of any obligation or conveyance. Cancel is used when the instrument is obliterated actually or in legal contemplation ; the other words when the obligation is annihilated irrespective of whether the instrument is left intact or not.] I have never doubted the constitutional authority of Congress to abolish slavery in this District [of Columbia]. Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 184. Leaving out amended acts and enumerating only acts entirely repealed, the result is that in the last three his there have been repealed . . . 650 acts belonging to the present reign. II. Spencer, Pop. Sci. Mo., XXV. 6. The king also rescinded the order by which the Bishop of London had been suspended from the exercise of his functions. Ruckle. Whose laws, like those of the Medes and Persians, they cannot alter or abrogate. Rurke. Your promises are sins of inconsideration at best ; and you are bound to repent and annul them. Swift. I here forget all former griefs, Cancel all grudge. Shak., T. G. of V., v. 4. abolisbable (a-bol'ish-a-bl), a. [< abolish + -able. Of. F. abolissable.'] Capable of being abolished or annulled, as a law, rite, custom, etc. ; that may be set aside or destroyed. And yet . . . hope is but deferred; not abolished, not abolisnable. Carlyle, French Rev., I. ii. s. abolisher (a-bol'isk-er), n. [< abolish + -w 1 .] One who or that which abolishes. abolishment (a-bol'ish-ment), n. [< abolish + -ment. Cf. F. dbolissement.'] The act of abolish- ing or of putting an end to ; abrogation ; de- struction ; abolition. [Now rare.] He should think the abolishment of Episcopacy among us would prove a mighty scandal. Swift, Sent, of a Ch. of Eng. Man. abolition (ab-6-lisk'on), n. [< F. abolition, < L. ahofitio{»-\ < abolere, annul, abolish: see abolish.'] 1. The act of abolishing, or the state of being abolished ; annulment ; abrogation ; utter destruction: as, the abolition of laws, decrees, ordinances, rites, customs, debts, etc. ; the abolition of slavery. The most frequent use of the word in recent times has been in connection with the effort to put an end to the system of slavery, which was finally accomplished in the United States in 1865 by the thirteenth amendment to the Constitution. For the amalgamation of races, and for the abolition of villenage, she [Britain] is chiefly indebted to the influence which the priesthood in the middle ages exercised over the laity. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., i. 2f. In law : (a) Permission to desist from further prosecution, (b) Remission of pun- ishment ; condonation, [in the civil, French, and German law, abolition is used nearly synonymously with pardon, remission, grace. Grace is the generic term; pardon, by those laws, is the clemency extended by the prince to a participant in crime who is not a principal or accomplice ; remission is granted in cases of involuntary homicide and self-defense. Abolition is used when the crime cannot he remitted. The prince by letters of aboli- tion may remit the punishment, but the infamy remains unless letters of abolition have been obtained before sen- 15 tence has been rendered. Bouvier.] = Syn. Overthrow, annulment, obliteration, extirpation, suppression. abolitional (ab-o-lish'on-al), a. Pertaining or relating to abolition. abolitionary (ab-o-lish'on-a-ri),«. Destructive ; abolitional. abolitionism (ab-o-lish'gn-izm), n. [<. abolition + -ism.] Belief in the principle of abolition, as of slavery ; devotion to or advocacy of the opinions of abolitionists. abolitionist (ab-o-lish'on-ist), n. [<. abolition + -ist ; = F. abolitionniste.] A person who - favors the abolition of some law, institution, or custom. Specifically, one of those who favored and sought to effect the abolition of slavery in the United States. Before 1830 these persons geuerally advocated gradual and voluntary emancipation. After that time many began to insist on immediate abolition, without rruanl to the wishes of the slaveholders. A portion of the abolitionists formed the Liberty party, which after- ward acted with the Free-soil and Republican parties, and finally became merged in the latter. See abolition, 1. abolitionize (ab-o-lish'on-iz), v. t.; pret. and pp. abolitionized, ppr. abolition izing. To im- bue with the doctrines or principles of aboli- tionists. abolla (a-bol'a), n. ; pi. abollce (-§). [L., < Gr. agjioAi/, contracted form of avaftoV], a cloak, < avaj3a7iXsiv, throw back, < avd, back, + jidUetv, throw. The Gr. form ap6Xka was in turn bor- rowed from the Latin.] In Rom. antiq., a loose woolen cloak. Its precise form is not known ; it dif- fered from the toga, and was worn especially by soldiers ; perhaps on this account, it was adopted by Stoic philoso- phers, who affected great austerity of life, whence Juve- nal's expression /acinus majoris abolto?, a crime of a deep philosopher. aboma (a-bo'rna), ». [< Pg. aboma.] The name in Guiana of some very large boa or anaconda of the family Pythonidw or Boidce, of the warmer parts of America. The species is not determined, and the name is probably of general applicability to the huge tree-snakes of the American tropics. As a book-name, aboma is identified witli the Epicrates cenchris, usually misspelled Epicratis cenchria, after the Penny Cyc, 1886. This isa species called by Sclater the thick-necked tree- boa. A Venezuelan species is known as the brown aboma, Epicrates maurus. Some such serpent is also called the ringed boa, Boa aboma. In any case, the aboma is a near relative of the anaconda, Eunectes murinus. and of the common boa, Boa constrictor. Compare boa and bom. The tamaeuilla huilia <>r aboma appears to be the ser- in nt worshipped by the ancient Mexicans. It is of gigan- tic size. S. 6. Goodrich, Johnson's Nat. Hist., II. 406. abomasum (ab-o-ma'sum), n. ; pi. ahomasa (-sa). [NL., < L. ab, from, + omasum.'] The fourth or true stomach of ruminating animals, lying next to the omasum or third stomach, and opening through the pylorus into the duo- denum. See cut under ruminant. abomasus (ab-o-ma'sus), «.; pi. abomasi (-si). Same as abomasum. abominable (a-bom'i-na-bl), a. [< ME. abomi- nable, abhominable, < OF. abominable = Pr. ab- homenable = Sp. abominable = Pg. abomiiiarvl = It. abommaoUe. < L. abominabilis, deserving abhorrence, (abomiuari, abhor, deprecate as an ill omen : see abominate. For the old spell- ing abhominable, see that form.] Deserving or liable to be abominated; detestable; loath- some ; odious to the mind ; offensive to the senses. In colloquial language especially, abominable often means little more than excessive, extreme, very dis- agreeable : as, his self-conceit is abominable. This infernal pit Abominable, accursed, the house of woe. Milton, P. L., X. 464. The captain was convicted of the murder of a cabin-boy, after a long course of abominable ill-treatment. H. N. Oxenham, Short Studies, p. 54. = Syn. Execrable, Horrible, etc. (see nefarious), detest- able, loathsome, hateful, shocking, horrid, revolting, in- tolerable. See list under detestable. abominableness (a-bom'i-na-bl-nes), n. The quality or state of being abominable, detest- able, or odious. abominably (a-bom'i-na-bli), adv. In an abomi- nable manner or degree; execrably; detestably; sinfully. Sometimes equivalent in colloquial speecll to excessively or disagreeably : as, he is abominably vain. abominate (a-bom'i-nat), v. t. ; pret. and pj). abominated, ppr. abominating. [< L. abomina- tus, pp. of dbommdri, abhor, deprecate as an ill omen, < ab, from, + omindri, regard as an omen, forebode, < omen (omin-), an omen : see omen.] To hate extremely ; abhor ; detest. You will abominate the use of all unfair arts. C. Mather, Essays to Do Good. = Syn. Abhor, Detest, vie. See hate. abominate (a-bom'i-nat), a. [. aboriginally (ab-o-rij'i-nal-i), adv. In ;iu ab- original manner ; originally ; from the very first. There are hardly any domestic races . . . which have been ranked . . . as the descendants of aboriginally distinctsp Darwin, Origin of Specie3, p. 16. aboriginary (ab-o-rij'i-na-ri), n. An aborigi- nal inhabitant. N. E. D. ab origine (ab 6-rij'i-ne). [L. : aft, from; ori- gin*, abl. of origo, origin.] From the origin, beginning, or start. aborigine (ab-6-rij'i-ne), >i. [Sing, from L. pi. aborigines, as if the latter were an E. word.] One of the aborigines (which see) ; an aborigi- nal. Also called aborigen, aborigin. aborigines (ab-o-rij'i-nez), n. pi. [L., pi., the first inhabitants, applied especially to the ab- original inhabitants of Latinm, the ancestors of the Roman people, < ab, from, + origo (m- gin-), origin, beginning.] 1. The primitive inhabitants of a country; the people living in a country at the earliest period of which anything is' known.— 2. The original fauna an"d flora of a given geographical area. aborsementt (a-b6rs'ment), n. [< L. aborsus, brought forth prematurely (collateral form of abortus: see abort, v.), + -merit.'] Abortion. Bp. Hull. aborsivet (a-b6r'siv), a. [■ than an ■ use ol thi enormitj ol the cr i, / Euxop, Morals, 1 1 24. 2. The product of untimely birth; hence, a misshapen being; a monster. 3. Anj fruit or product that does not come to maturity; hence, frequently, in a figurative sense, any- 16 about thing which fails in its progress before it is abortus (a-b6r'tus), ?!.; pi. abortus. [L., an matured or perfected, as a design or project.— abortion: see abort w ] burned., the fruit of the arrested development 4. In but. and :o = E. bear\~] A group of old-world solenoglyph venomous serpents, cor- responding to the family I iperida. s,, called be- cause of the absence of a pit between the eyes and nose, contrasting in this respect with the Bothrophera. - 1 ' " " ""'"''■ >:u ' DMB,i ' "■ lo °; abOUghtt, pret. of aby. [See <%.] Endured ; abortional (a-b6r'shon-al), a. Of the nature ot atouod for . pa j,i dearly for. an abortion ; characterized by failure. The treaty . . . proved abortional, and never came to fulfilment. ' Carlyle, Frederick the Great, VI. xv. -22. abortionist (a-bor'shon-ist), «. [< abortion + -i'.s-i.] One who produces or aims to produce a criminal abortion ; especially, one who makes a practice of so doing. He (Dr. Rnbb] urged the necessity of physicians using all their influence to discountenance the work of abor- tionists. A- !'• Med. Jour., XL. 580. abortive (a-bor'tiv), a. and n. [, c I. trans. To cause to fail or miscarry. II,. wrought tn abortive the bill before it came to the birth. I'l'- Haeket,Mqi. Williams, i lis, II. intrans. To fail; perish; come to nought. Thus one of your bold thunders mill o&orttw, And cause that birth miscarry. Tomkit (';), AJbumazar, i. ■';. Winn peace came so near to the birth, lew it aborHved, and by whose fault, com.- now to be remembered. B}i. lhukel, Abp. Williams, ii. 147. abortively (a-bdr'tiv-li), adv. I" an abortive oruntiniely manner : prematurely ; imperfect- ly ; iueiTec'l tiiilly ; as an abortion. If abortively i ' man must die, Nor reach what reach he might, why die in dread? Young, Night Thoughts, vn. The. hi. I,,, i-c in Ireland, as elsewhere, terminated abor ti Ve ly, /■•,,,, I, I, -, His! I'.IIC , l\ . HI. abortiveness (a-bot'iiv-nes), n. The quality or state of being, or of tending to become, abortive; a failure to reach perfection or ma- turity : want of sit ss or accomplishment. abortmentt (a-b6rt'ment), ». [< abort, »., + -mi til, = F. avorlrnini'l, Sp, aburtanii, ntu, Pg. ,il„, ,'!,,,„, ,,l, ,.\ An untimely birth; an abortion. lie earth, in whose womb those deserted mineral riches must ever lie buried ua lost abortmentt. Bacon, 1'hys. and Med. Remains. The vengeans of thilke yre That Atheon aboughte trewi h Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1445. aboulia, aboulomania, ". Same as abulia. abound (a-bound'), v. i. [< ME. abounden, abunden, "sometimes spelled habunden, < OP. abonder, nabonder, F. abonder = Sp. Pg. abuu- dar =It. abbondare, < L. abundare, overflow, < ab, from, away, + undarr, rise in waves, over- flow, < unda, a wave : see undulate. Cf. redound, surround.} 1. To be in great plenty ; be very prevalent. Where sin abounded, grace did much more u i„, „,,,!. Rom. v. 20. In every political party, in the Cabinet itself, duplicity and perfidy abounded. Macaulay, llallam's Const. Hist. 2. To be unstinted in possession or supply (of anything) ; be copiously provided or furnished (with anything), (o) To be rich or affluent (in), as that which is a special property or characteristic, or con- stitutes an individual distinction: as, he abounds in wealth or in charity. Nature abounds in wits of every kind, And for each author can a talent find. Drydeii, Art of Poetry, i. 13. (b) To teem or be replete (u-itb), as that which is furnished or supplied, or is an intrinsic characteristic : as, the coun- try abounds with wealth, or with fine scenery. The faithful man shall abound n-iil, blessings. Prov. xxviii. 20. To abound in or with one's own senset, to be at liberty to hold or follow one's own opinion or judgment. I meddle not with Mr. Ross, but leave him to abound in Ini nirn sense. Bramhall, ii. 032. Moreover, as every one is said to abound with his men seme, and that among the race of mankind, opinions and Fancies are found to be as various as the several! Faces and Voyces ; so in each individual man there is a differing facultie of Observation, of Judgement, of Appli- cation. Howell, Forreine Travell, i. aboundancet (a-boun'dans), n. An old form of abundance. Time's Sinn bouse, ii. abounding (a-boun'ding), n. [Verbal n. of abound.] The state of being abundant; abun- dance; increase. SoutJi. Sermons, II. 220. abounding (a-boun'ding), p. a. Overflowing; plentiful; abundant : as, abounding wealth. about (a-bout'l, adv. anil prep. [< ive or before everything else ; before every other consideration ; in preference to all other things.— Above the rest, especially ; particularly : as, one night a6oi» '//. ri ■st.— Above the world, (a) Above considering what people say. (b) Holding a secure position in life ; having one's fortune made. With such an income as that he should be above the world, as the saying is. A. Trollope. = Syn. Over, Above, See over. aboveboard (a-buv'bord), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [< above +"board. "A figurative expression, borrowed from gamesters, who, when they put their hands under the table, are changing their cards." Johnson.] Inopensight; withouttricks or disguise: as,, an honest man deals above- board; his actions are open and aboveboard. Lovers in this age have too much honour to do anything underhand ; they do all aboveboard. Vanbrugh, Relapse, ii. 1. above-deck (a-buv'dek), prep. phr. as adv. or a. 1. Upon deck : as, the above-deck cargo. — 2. Figuratively, without artifice; aboveboard: as, his dealings are all above-decJc. [Colloq.] above-ground (a-buv'ground), prep. phr. as adv. or a. Alive ; not buried. Ill have 'em, an they be above-ground. Beau, and Ft., The Chances. ab 0V0 (ab 6'vo). [L., from the egg: ab, from; ovo, abl. of ovum, egg, ovum: see ovum.] Literally, from the egg ; hence, from the very beginning, generally with allusion to the Roman custom of beginning a meal with eggs. In this case it is the first part of the phrase ab ovo usque ad mala, from the egg to the apples, that is, from beginning to end ; but sometimes the allusion is to the poet who began the history of the Trojan war with the story of the egg from which Helen was fabled to have been born. By way of tracing the whole theme [the Homeric con- troversy] ab ovo, suppose we begin by stating the chrono- logical hearings of the principal objects . . . connected with the Iliad. De Quincey, Homer, i. Bark with Yards Abox. abox (a-boks'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [< «3, prep., -H box 2 .] Naut., in or into the position of the yards of a vessel when the head-sails are laid aback: applied to the head-yards only, the other sails being kept full. abp. A contraction of archbishop. abracadabra (ab"ra-ka-dab'ra), «. [L. ; occur- ring first in a poem (Pracepta de Medictna) by Q. Serenus Sammonicus, in the second cen- tury; mere jargon. Cf. abracalam.] 1. Acaba- Abraham-man listic word used in incantations. When writ- ten in a manner similar to that shown in the accompanying diagram, so as to bo read in dif- ABRACADABRA ABRACADABR ABRACADAB ABRACADA A B R A C A D A B R A (' A A B R A C A B R A A B R A B A ferent directions, and worn as an amulet, it was supposed to cure certain ailments. Mr. Banester saith that he healed 200 in one year of an ague by hanging abracadabra about their necks, and would stanch blood, or heal the toothake, although the partyes were 10 myle of. MS. in Brit. Museum. Hence — 2. Any word-charm or empty jingle of words. abracalam (a-brak'a-lam), n. [Cf. abraca- dabra.'] A cabalistic word used as a charm among the Jews. abracfiia (a-bra'ki-a), n. [NL., < Gr. a- priv. + L. brachium, arm.] In zool., absence of anterior limbs. abrachius (a-bra'ki-us), «.; pi. abrachii (-i). [NL. : seo abrachia.] In teratol., a monster in which the anterior limbs are absent, while the posterior are well developed. abradant (ab-ra'dant), a. and n. [< OF. abra- dant, serving to scrape, scraping, < L. abra- den(t-)s, ppr. of abradere, scrape off : see abrade. ] I. a. Abrading; having the property or quality of scraping. II. >i. A material used for grinding, such as emery, sand, powdered glass, etc. abrade (ab-rad'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. abraded, ppr. abrading. [< L. abradere, scrape or rub off, < ab, off,' + radere, scrape : see raze.] To rub or wear away ; rub or scrape off ; detach particles from the surface of by friction: as, glaciers abrade the rocks over which they pass ; to abrade the prominences of a surface. Dusty red walls and abraded towers. Lathrop, Spanish Vistas, p. 132. A termination is the abraded relic of an originally dis- tinct qualifying word. J. Fiske, Cos. Phil., I. 60. = Syn. Scratch, Chafe, etc. See scrape, v. t. Abrahamic (a-bra-ham'ik), a. [< L. Abraham, •■■ at and tear, to which i oin fu lected of circulation, a» opposed to intentional or accidental defacement. nude from ME. pret. iibriii/ile, abrnide, taken for a weak verb, with pret. ending -de (= E. -ed), whereas the verb is strong, with pret. abrayde, abraide, properly abraid, abreid (< AS. nlmriid), similar in form to pres. abrni/dr, abraide, < AS. abregde, inf. abregdan: see abraid.] To awake. But, wheuas I did out of sleep abray, I found her not where I left her whyleare. Spenser, F. Q., IV. \i, 86. abrazite (ab'ra-zit), n. [< Gr. a- priv., not, + BpaQeiv, boil, "ferment, + -»fe 2 .] A mineral found at. Capo di Dove, near Rome, probably the same as that named zeagonite and inter brfd L gfe (a !brij'ed-li), adv erismond.no (which see), shortened lone. abrazitic ( ab-ra-/.it'ik), «. Not effervescing, as in a. -ids or when heated before the blowpipe: said of certain minerals. [Bare.] abread, abreed (a-bred'), prep. phr. as adv. [ Sc., < MB, abrede, on brede, in breadth ; a, on, prep.: brede, < AS. brmdu, breadth, (.brad, broad: see « :! and breadth, and of. abroad.] Abroad. Burns. Also spelled abraid. [Scotch. J abridger abreast (a-brost').;>r<7>. phr. as adv. ox a. [m such a noble rate Shak., H. of v., i. 1. 5. In tib.l., to reduce, as a compound quantity or equation, to a more simple form. = syn. 2. To cut down, prune See abbreviate 4. To dispossess, livest, strip, despoil, In a concise or abridger (a-brij'er), n. One who or that which abridges, by curtailing, shortening, or condensing. Criticks have been represented as the "teat ahriibiers of the native liberty of genius. //. Blair, Lectures, iii. Abridgers are a kind of literary men to whom the indo- lence of modern readers . . . eivc|s| ampk employment. /. D' Israeli, Curios, of Lit., II. 07. abridgment abridgment (a-brij'rnent), n. [< late ME. dbrygement,(.GF. abrigement, abregement: see abridge and. -went.] 1. The act of abridging, or the state of being abridged ; diminution ; con- traction ; reduction ; curtailment ; restriction : as, an abridgment of expenses; "abridgment of liberty," Locke. Persons employed in the mechanic arts are those whom the abridgment ol commerce would immediately affect. A. Hamilton, Works, II. 15. It was his sin and folly which brought him under that abridgment. South. 2. A condensation, as of a book ; a reduction within a smaller space ; a reproduction of any- thing in reduced or condensed form. A genuine abridgment is a reproduction of the matter or substance of a larger work in a condensed form, and in language which is not a mere transcript of that of the original. Drone, Copyright, p. 158. Here lies David Garrick, describe him who can, An abridgment of all that was pleasant in man. Goldsmith, Retaliation. 3. That which abridges or cuts short. [Rare.] Look, where my abridgments come [namely, the players who cut me short in my speech. Compare, however, meaning 4], Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2. 4. That which shortens anything, as time, or makes it appear short; hence, a pastime. [Rare.] Say, what abridgment have you for this evening? What mask, what music? Shak., M. N. D., v. 1. Also spelled abridgement. = Syn. 2. Abridgment, Compendium, Epitome, Abstract, Conspectus, Synopsis, Summary, Syllabus, Uric/, Digest. An abridgment is a work shortened by condensation of statement, or by omitting the less essential parts. A com- pendium, "l- compend, is a concise but comprehensive view cf a subject ; in general it does not imply, as abridgment does, the existence of a larger or previous work. An epitome contains only the most important puints of a work or subject, expressed in the smallest eompass. An abstract is a bare statement or outline of facts, heads, or leading features in a book, lecture, subject, etc. Conspectus and synopsis are, literally, condensed views — the substance of any matter so arranged as to be taken in at a glance ; synopsis implies orderly arrangement under heads and particulars. A summary is a brief statement of the main points in a work or treatise, less methodical than an ft&- stract or a s>inoi>*is ; it may be a recapitulation. A sylla- bus is commonly a synopsis printed for the convenience of those hearing lectures ; but the term is also applied to certain papal documents. (See syllabus.) Brief is generally confined to its technical legal meanings. (See brief.) A digest is a methodical arrangement of the material of a subject, as under heads or titles ; it may include the whole of the matter concerned : as, a digest of laws. There may be an abridgment of a dictionary, a compend or compendium of literature, an epitome of a political situation, an abstract of a sermon, a conspectus or synopsis of a book, a summary of the arguments in a debate, a digest of opinions on some moot point. abrigget, «>• *• A Middle English form of abridge. Chaucer. abrin (a'brin), n. [< Abrus + -in 2 .] A name given to a poisonous principle obtained from Abrus precatorius. abroach (a-broch'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [< ME. abroche,in the phrase sette(n) abrochc, set abroach, < «3 f r on + broche, a spit, spigot, pin: see brooch and broach.'] Broached ; letting out or yielding liquor, or in a position for letting out : as, the cask is abroach. If the full tun of vengeance be abroach, Fill out and swill until you burst again. Webster (?), Weakest Goeth to the Wall, i. 2. To set abroach, (a) To set running ; cause to flow or let out liquor, as a cask or barrel. Barrels of ale set abroach in different places of the road had kept the populace in perfect love and loyalty towards the Queen and her favourite. Scott, Kenilworth, II. xi. (b) Figuratively, to give rise to ; spread abroad ; dissemi- nate ; propagate. What mischiefs he might set abroach. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 2. abroacht (a-broch'), v. t. [< ME. abrochen, broach, tap, < OF. brocher, brochier, broach, with prefix a-, due to adv. abroche : see abroach, prep. phr., and broach.] To open, as a cask, for the purpose of letting out liquor ; tap; broach. Thilke tonne that I schal abroche. Chaucer, Wife of Bath, Prol., 1. 1T7. abroad (a-brad'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [< ME. abroad, abrod, <.a^,prep., on,+ brood, brod, broad: see broad.] 1. Broadly; widely; ex- pansively ; outward on all or on both sides. The love of God is shed abroad in our hearts. Rom. v. 5. Her winges bothe abrod she spradde. Gower. Look now abroad. — another race has filled These populous borders. Bryant, The Ages, st. 32. 2. Out of or beyond certain limits, (a) Beyond the walls of a house or the bounds of any inclosure : as, to walk abroad. Where as he lay So sick alway. He myglit not come abrode. Sir T. More, A Merry Jest. 19 We are for the most part more lonely when we go abroad among men than when we stay in our chambers. Thoreau, Walden, p. 147. (M Beyond the bounds of one's own country; in foreign countries: as, lie lived abroad for many years. | In the United States used most commonly with reference to Europe. ] At home the soldier learned how to value his rights, abroad how to defend them. Macaiday, Hallam's Const. Hist. Others, still, are introduced from abroad by fashion, or are borrowed thence for their usefulness. /•'. Halt, Mod. Eng., p. 153. 3. Absent; gone away, especially to a consider- able distance : as, the head of the firm is abroad. — 4. In an active state ; astir; in circulation : as, there are thieves abroad; rumors of disaster are abroad. There's villainy abroad: this letter will tell you more. Shak.,L. L. L., i. 1. To be all abroad, (a) To be wide of the mark, in a figurative sense ; be far wrong in one's guess or estimate. (6) To be at a loss; be puzzled, perplexed, bewildered, nonplussed ; be all or quite at sea.— The schoolmaster is abroad, education is diffused among the people ; often used ironically or punningly, implying that the school- master is absent. See schoolmaster. Abrocoma (ab-rok'o-mii), n. Same as ITabro- coma. abrocome (ab'ro-koin), n. Same as habrocomc. abrogable (ab'i-o-ga-bl), a. [< L. as if *ab- rogabilis, < abrogare, abrogate : see abrogate, v., and -bis.] Capable of being abrogated. abrogate (ab'ro-gat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. abrogated, ppr. abrogating. [< L. abrogatus, pp. of abrogare, annul, repeal, < ab, from, + rogare, ask, propose a law: see rogation.] 1. To abolish summarily; annul by an authorita- tive act ; repeal. Applied specifically to the repeal of laws, customs, etc., whether expressly or by establish- ing something inconsistent therewith. See abrogation. The supremacy of mind abrogated ceremonies. Bancroft, Hist. U. S., II. 34G. Since I revoke, annul, and abrogate All his decrees in all kinds : they are void ! Brouming, Ring and Book, II. 170. 2f. To keep clear of; avoid. Perge, good master Holof ernes, perge; so it shall please you to abrogate scurrility. Shak., L. L. L., iv. 2. -Syn. 1. Abolish, Repeal, Rescind, etc. (see abolish), can- cel, invalidate, dissolve, countermand. abrogatet (ab'ro-gat), a. [< L. abrogatus, an- nulled, pp. of abrogare: see abrogate, v.] An- nulled; abolished. abrogation (ab-ro-ga'shon), n. [< L. abro- gation-), a repeal, < abrogare, repeal : see abrogate, v. ] The act of abrogating. Specifi- cally,' the annulling of a law by legislative action or by usage. See derogation. Abrogation is expressed when pronounced by the new law in general ^>r particular terms ; it is implied when the new law contains provisions positively contrary to the former law. There are no such institutions here ; — no law that can abide one moment when popular opinion demands its abrogation. W. Phillips, Speeches, p. 4,. abrogative (ab'ro-ga-tiv), a. Abrogating or an- nulling: as, an abrogative law. abrogator (ab'ro-ga-tor), n. One who abro- gates or repeals. Abronia (a-bro'ni-ii), n. [NL., prop. *Habro- nia, < Gt. a(3p6e, graceful, elegant, delicate: see Abrus.] A genus of low and mostly trailing herbs, natural order Nyctaginacea; of the west- ern United States. The showy and sometimes fragrant flowers are borne in umbels, much resembling the garden verbena in appearance, but very different in structure. Two or three species are found in cultivation. abroodt (a-brod'), prep. phr. as adv. [< ME. abrode, < «3, prep., on, + brode, E. brood.] In or as if in the act of brooding. The Spirit of God sat abroad upon the whole rude mass. Abp. Saneroft, Sermons, p. 135. abrookt (a-briik'), v. t. [tr it vehemence, (c) Any want of continuity or smoothness. Some other languages, for their soft and melting fluency, as having no abruptness of consonants, have some advan- tage of the English. Hoieell, Forreine Travell, p. 15S. Abrus (a'brus), n. [NL., prop. *Habrus, < Gr. ajipdc, graceful, elegant, delicate.] A small genus of leguminous plants. A. precatorius, or Indian licorice, is a woody twiner, indigenous to India, but now found in all tropical countries, where its root is often used as a substitute for licorice. Its polished, party. I'nluivd seeds, ..[' the si/.' of :i small pea. called crabs'' eyes, jumble-beads, and jequirity or John Crow beans, are employed for rosaries, necklaces, etc. , and as a remedy in diseases of the conjunctiva. They have given their native name of retti [Hind, ratti, rati] to a weight (2.1S75 grains) used by Hindu jewelers and druggists. See rttti-uriglits. abs-. A prefix of Latin origin ; a form of ab-, used (as in Latin) before c, q, t, as in abscond, abstain, absterge, abstract, etc. abscess (ab'ses), n. [< L. abscessus, a going away, in medical language an abscess, < abscedere, go away, < abs, lengthened form of ab, away, + cedere, go : see cede.] In mcd., a collection of pus in the tissues of any part of the body. abscessed (ab'sest), p. a. Diseased with an abscess or with abscesses. abscessiont (ab-sesh'on), n. [< L. abscessio(n-), < abscedere, go away; see abscess.] 1. De- parture. Abruptly Pinnate Leaf. abscession Neither justly excommunicated out of that particular church to which he wa-s orderly joyueil, nor excoiumuni- cating himself by voluntary Sehismc, declared abscession, separation, or apostasie. Bp. Gauden, Tears of the Church, p. 37. 2. In null., an abscess, abscess-root (ab'ses-rot), n. A popular name of the plant Polemonium reptans. abscind (ab-sind'), r. t. [< L. absdndere, cut off, tear off, < ab, off, + scindere, cut, = Gr. ax<-s tw , cut, separate: see scission and schism.] To cut off. [Rare.] Two syllables abscinded from the rest. Johnson, Rambler, No. 90. abscise (ab-siz'), v. t.; pret. and pp. abscised, ppr. abscising. [< L. absdsus, pp. of abscidere, cut off, < alis for (/A, off, away, + ccedere, cut. Cf. excise, incise, v., and precise, a.] To cut off or away. abscissa (ab-sis'S), ».; pi. abscissa' or abscissas (-e, -az). [L. (tr. of Or. aita'Aafijiavofiivrj), abbre- viation of recta ex diametro abscissa, line cut off from the diameter; fern, of abscissas, cut off, pp. of abscindert : sue abscind.] In math.: (a) In the conic sections, that part of a trans- verse axis which lies between its vertex and a perpendicular ordinate to it from a given point of the conic. Thus (fig. 1), in the parabola PAC, AM. the part of the axis AH cut off by the ordinate P.M, is the abscissa of the point P. (J) In the system of Cartesian coordinates, a certain line used in determining the position of a point in a plane. Thus (fig. 2), let two fixed intersecting lines (axes) oVand OX he taken, and certain directions on them (as from O toward X and fromO toward Y) be assumed as posi- tive. From any point, as P, let a line be drawn parallel to OY and cutting OX in M. Then will the two quantities OM and MP, with the proper algebraic sign, determine the position of the point P. OM, or its value, is called the abscissa of the point, and the fixed line X'X is called the axis of abscissas. See coordinate, n., 2. abscissio infiniti (ab-sish'i-6 in-fi-ni'ti). [L. ; lit., a cutting off of an infinite (number): see abscission and infinite] In lor/ic, a series of arguments which exclude, one after another, various assertions which might be made with regard to the subject under discussion, thus gradually diminishing the number of possible assumptions. abscission (ab-sizh'on), n. [< L. abscissio(n-), < absdndere, cut off: see abscind.'] 1. The act of cutting off ; severance ; removal. Not to in.- cured without the abscission of a member. Jer, Taylor. 2f. The act of putting an end to ; the act of annulling or abolishing. Sir T. Browne. — 3. Retrenchment. [Rare.] — 4. The sudden ter- mination of a disease by death. Hooper, Med. Diet. — 5. In rhet., a figure of speech con- sisting in a sudden reticence, as if the words already spoken made sufficiently clear what the speaker would say if he were to finish tin- sentence: as, "Ho is a man of so much honor and candor, and such generosity — but I need say no more." — 6. In astrol., the cutting off or preventing of anything shown by one aspect by means of another — Abscission of the cornea, in eurg., a specific cutting operation performed upon the eye for the removal "f a staphyloma of the cor nea. absconce (ab-skons'), n. [OIL. absconsa, a dark lantern, fern, of L. absconsus, torabsconai- tits, pp. of absconders, hide : see abscond and 8conc) Restricted to Pipa and Xenopus (or Dactylethra), and divided into the families Pipida and Xenopodidm, which agree in having opisthocoehan verte- bra, expansive sacral processes, discrete epicoracoids, and, in the larval state, one pair of spiracles. 35~3- Surinam Toad {Pipa surinamensis). agnail 2f. [Used as a singular.] A genus of pyralid mol lis, < - ■ > 1 1 1 .- 1 i ri 1 1 1 rii o I. pinglu ami .1. cajiri tilatns. aglossal (a-glos'al), a. [< Gr. hyTmaaoe, tongue- less, + -al.] Tongueless; pertaining to the Aglossa. agiossate (a-glo a. and ». [< NL. aglos- satus: see Aglossa and -ate 1 .] I. a. Having no tongue ; aglossal. II. 11. An aglossal bat rachian; a member of the suborder Aglossa. See Aglossa, 1. aglossostoma (ag-lo-sos'to-inji), ii.; pi. agios- sostomata (ag'lo-so-sto'ma-'iS). [XI.., < Gr. ayAuanor, without a tongue, + ariya, mouth.] In teraiol., a monster having a mouth without a tongue. aglow (a-glo'), prep, phi: as adv. or a. [< «3 + glow.] In a glow; glowing: as, her cheeks were all aglow. The ascetic soul of the Puritan, aglow with the gloomy or rapturous mysteries of his theology. Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 12. A painted window all aglow with the figures of tradil ii in and poetry. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 251. aglutition (ag-16-tish'on), re. [< Gr. d- priv. + L. *glutitio(n-), < glutirc, pp. glutitiis, swallow.] In pathol., inability to swallow. Aglycyderes (ag-li-sid'e-rez), n. [NL., < Gr. a- priv. + yAvni-r, sweet, + dip?/, Attic form of dapi'i, neck. The first two elements, meaning lit. 'not sweet,' are taken in the forced sense of 'uncomely' or 'unusual.'] A notable genus of beetles, of the family JJruehida; character- ized by the fact that the head of the male is an- teriorly produced on each side into a horn-liko process, and posteriorly contracted into a nar- row neck, whence the name. Westwood, 1863. aglyphodont (a-glif o-dont), a. and n. [< Aglyphodontia.] I. «. In herpet, having the characteristics of the Aglyphodontia; without grooved teeth and poison-glands. II. n. A serpent of this character; one of the Aglyphodontia (which see). Aglypnbdonta (a-glif-o-don'ta), n. pi. [NL.] Same as Aglyphodontia. Aglyphodontia (a-glif-o-don'shia), n. pi. [< Gr. ayAveior, uncarved (< a- priv. + ; / i< bearing a figure of the paschal lamli of agnatim, or kinship through males only, such as now agnomical (ag-no mi-kal), a. [< Gr. a- pi i\ . + survives in the Punjab. yvu/ii/, thought, purpose: see gnome, gnomic.] Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 118. qj, m , p 6r tainirig to the absence of set purpose 2. Alliance or relationship generally; descent or intention. X. K. I). [Rare.] agnomina, n. Plural of agnomen. [< agnomen (ag~ nonun-) + -«(".] Of or pertaining to a'n agnomen, agnominatet (ag-nom'i-nat), v. t. [< L. "ag- nominatus, pp. of "agnominare, implied in a,j- froin a common source. L ltare -J agnomina, n Agnation may be found amongst all the languages in agnomina! (ag-nom'i-nal), a. 108. the Northern Hemisphere. Povmall, Study of Antiquities, p. ang paschal first issued by Louis IX., and not struck after Charles IX. Its original weight was from 02.5 to W.ol grains, but after the reign of John II. it gradually fell to about 38.7 grains. agni, n. Plural of ag- nus. «.] An appellation over and above the agn itiont (ag-nish'- on), n. [< L. agni- 'tio(n-), (agnitus, pp. oiagnoseere, alsoa-rf- gnoscere, adnoscere, know as having seen before, recognize, acknowledge, < ad, to, + *gnoscere, nos- <•()'(, know: seefcnow. Cf. agnomen.'] Ac- knowledgment. the feet. 2f. A painful swelling or sore under or about the toe- or finger-nails; a whitlow. Good to I-' laydeunto . . . ulcered nayles or agnayle), whichc is a pawn-full swelling aboute the loyntes and nayles. /-."'' , Dodoens (1578), p. 258. (.V. S. D.) Agnail, a Bore at the root of the nail on the angers or toes. Bo«ej/(1721). 3. A hangnail; a small piece of partly sepa- rated skin at the root of a nail or beside it. agname (ag'nam), n. [< ag- + name, after L. agnomen.'] An ap 4 ordinary name and surname. N. E. ]>. agname'd (ag'namd), a. [< agname + -a/-.] Styled or called apart from Christian name and surname. N. E. D. agnate (ag'nat), n. and a. [Early mod. E. ag- nat, agnet, < F. agnat, < L. agnatus, adgnatus, aihuiliis, prop. pp. of agnasci, adgnasci, be born to, belong by birth, < ad, to, + *gnasei, nasei, be born. Cf. adnate and cognate.] I. n. Spe- cifically, a kinsman whose connection is trace- able exclusively through males; more gener- ally, any male relation by the father's side, agnize (ag-niz'), v. t. See agnati. Who are the Agnates ? In the first place, they are all the Cognates who tract- their connexion exclusively through males. A table of Cognates is, of course, formed by taking each lineal ancestor in turn and including all his descen- dants ol both sexes in the tabular view; if then, in tracing the various branches of such a genealogical tabic or tree we stop whenever we come to the name of a female and pursue that particular branch or ramification no further, all who remain after the descendants of women have been excluded are Agnates, and their connexion together is Agnatic Relationship. Maine, Ancient Law, p. 148. II. a. 1. Related or akin on the father's side. — 2.' Allied in kind; from a common source: as, "ai/nate words," J'oirnall, Study of Antiqui- ties, p. 168. [Rare.] Agnatha (ag'na-tha), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. of agnathus, .lawless: see agnathous.] A section of geophil'ous gastropods destitute of jaws. Agnathi (ag'na-thl), n. pi. [NL._, masc. pi. ol agnathus, jawless: series of ueuropterou a suborder of the or because the jaws an The wings are naked anc pair small, sometimes setaceous, ami 3-jointed; and the abdomen three long, delicate setx. The group includes the well- known May-flies, and is practically identical with the family Ephemeridee. agnathia (ag-na'tki-a), n. [NL., < agnathus, jawless (see agnatlnius), + -in.] In pathol. Agnel of John II.. King of France. (Size of the original.) To acknowledge [< L. agnoscere, m imitation of cognise, ult. (through F.) < L. cognoscere : see agniUon.] own; recognize. [Rare.] I do agnize A natural and prompt alacrity I And in hardness. Shak., Othello, i. 3. Doubtless you have already set me down in your mind as . . . a votary of the desk— a notched and cropt scriven- er one that sucks his sustenance, as certain sick people are said to d.i, through a quill. Well, I do agnize some- thing of the sort. Lamb, Ella, I. u. 11. agnoea (ag-ne'ii), n. [NL., < Gr. ayvoia, want of perception, "ignorance, < *ayvooc, not know- ing, < a- priv. + *yv6oc, vuoe, contr. i-orr, per- ception, mind, akin to E. know: see nous and know.] In pathol, the state of a patient who does not recognize persons or things. nominatiii: see agnomination.] To name. The flowing current's silver streams . . . Shall be agnominated by our name. Locrine, iii. -2. agnomination (ag-nom-i-na'shon), n. [< L. agnominatioi «-), aduiimiiialia(n-), paronomasia, <*agnominare, < ad, to, + 'gnominare, nominare, name.] 1. An additional name or title; a name added to another, as expressive of some act, achievement, etc.; a surname.— 2. Resem- blance in sound between one word and another, especially by alliteration ; also, the practice of using in close proximity to one another words which resemble each other in sound (see an- nomination): as, "Scott of Scotstarvet's Stag- gering State of Scots Statesmen." Our bards . . . hold agnominations and enforcing of con- sonant words or syllables cue upon the other to be the greatest elegance. ... So have I seen divers old rhymes in Italian running so: . . . "In selva salvo a me: Piu caro cuore." Howell, Letters, l. 40. agnostic (ag-nos'tik), n. and a. [< Gr. hyvatnoc, unknowing, unknown, unknowable, < a- priv., not, + yvuaroc, later form of yvaroc, known, to be known (cf. yvuorocdc, good at knowing), verbal adj. of yt-yv6-OK-eiv, know, = L. "gno-so- erc, im-se-ere = E. know: see a- 18 and gnostic. The word agnostic was "suggested by Prof. Huxley . . . in 1869. . . . He took it from St. Paul's mention of the altar to 'the Unknown God' [iiyvuoTu 8eu, Acts xvii. 23]. R. H. Hut- ton, in letter,' . .' . 1881." N. E. D.] I. ». One of a class of thinkers who disclaim any know- ledge of God or of the ultimate nature of things. They hold that human knowledge is limited to experience, and that since the absolute and unconditioned, it it exista at all, cannot fall within experience, we have no right to assert anything whatever with regard to it. I only said I invented the word agnostic. Huxley, Lou. Inn Academy, Nov. 24, 1883. While the old Atheist sheltered his vice behind a ram- part of unbelief where no appeals could reach linn, the new Agnostic honestly maintains that his opinions are the very best foundations of virtue. F. 1'. Cubbe, Teak in Daricn, p. 3. II. a. Pertaining to the agnostics or their doctrines; expressing ignorance or unknow- ableness. That bold thinker in the third century, Clement of Alexandria, declares . . . that the process of theology u, of many 'things; and specifically of thelime of atatM from £<"» OT '' \ ' lie absent f jaws. other forms are Aipioitiv and Agnoitcs. s, t d'. S<,e. Lex.— 2. Of or pertaining to the Ag- Agnoete, Agno'ite (ag'no-et, -it), ». One of the natha or Ignafhi. Agnoete. agnati (ag-na'ti), n. pi. [L., pi. of agnatus: agnoetism (ag-no-e'tizm), n. [< Agunela + see agnate.] The members of an ancient Ro- .,-„».] The doctrinal system of the AgnoStse. man family who traced their origin and name a gnoiology (ag-noi-ol'o-ji), n. [Better *ag- li> :i common ancestor through the male line, nosology, < Gr. ayvoia, ignorance (see agnoea), onder whose paternal power they would be if he + -foyia, < Myeiv, speak of : see -ology.] In were living; hence, in lair, relations exclusively n ,etaph., the doctrine or theory of ignorance, in the male line. See agnate. which seeks to determine what we are neces- [< F. agnaUque, < L, the past only by memory, and the future only as an agnostic. bv inference from the present.— 2. A sect agnosticism (ag-nos'ti-sizm), n. [(agnostic-* of the sixth century, followers of'Themistius, -ism.] 1. The doctrines of the agnostics; the deacon of Alexandria, who, on the authority of doctrine that the ultimate cause and the es- Mark xiii 32 ( "But of that day and that hour sential nature of things are unknowable, or at agnatic (ag-nat ik), a. agnatus : see agnate. ] < lharacterized by or per- t -lining to descent by the male line of ancestors. See agnate, (Teverthi less, tl tltution of the [Hindu] family is cntio I-, i ii" Roman phra e, agnatic . kin nip is a ma! di cent only. .1/Mi'nr-, Early Law and fust p. .1 agnatically (ag-nat'i-kal-i), adv. In an natie manner; bj means of agnation. agnation (ag-na'shon), n. [< F. agnation, < L. a{ii-),< aqnaliis : see agnat, .] 1. Rela- tion, by the father's side only; descent from a i mi hi male ancestor and in the male line: dis- tinct from cognation, which includes descent in both the male ami the female lines. l have already stated my beliel that at the back "I the ancestor-worship practised by Hindus there lay a system sarily ignorant of. We must examine and flxwhat ignorance is what we are andean be, ig ant of. And thus we are wri upon an entirely new research, constituting an intermedi- ate ei tlOD Of philosophy, which we term the nnn logy, . . . the theory of true ignorance. . terrier, lust, ol Metaphysics, p. 51. . Agnoite, ». See Agnoete. ag- agnomen (ag-no'men ), ». ; pi. agnomina (-nom - i-nii). [L., also adn, mien (mill-), < ad, to, + "gnornen, nomen, aame(= E. name), < 'gnoscere, n'aseere, know, = E. know.] An additional name given by the Romans to an individual in allu- sion to some quality, circumstance, or achieve- ment by which he 'was distinguished, us Al'ri- e,i nns added to the mime of 1'. ( 'ornelius Scipio; hence, in modem use, any additional name or epil aet conferred on a person. least unknown. Bv Agnosticism I understand a theory of things which - : ng or denying the existence of ith regard to Theism, a state of suspended judgment ; and all it undertakes to affirm is, that, upon existing evidence, the being of God is unknown. But the term Annus! irism is frequently used in a widely different Bense, as implying belief that the being ol uoa is not merely now unknown, but must always remain un- knowable. O.J. Romanes, Contemporary Kev., L. 69. 2 Belief in the doctrines of the agnostics. Agnostus (ag-nos'tus), n. [NL., < Gr. ayvaoros, unknown: see agnostic] A genus of tnlobites .i| the Lower Silurian rocks: so called because of the uncertainty attaching to its true affinities. They an- of small size and somewhat semicircular form, and'it baa bei n supposed that they maj be the larval form of some other animal _ Agnotherium (ag-119-the'n-um), n. [NL., short for "agnostotherium, < Gr. a; vworoc, unknown (see agnostic), + dnpiov, a wild beast, < 6f/p, a wild beast.] A genus of extinct inmnls ol uncertain affinities. It is identified by some with tin- amphicyon (which see). Kaup. agnus (ag'nus), ». ; pi. agni (-ni). [L., a lamb, perhaps for *avignus, lit. 'sheep-born, < am, older form of ovis, a sheep (= Skt. am = Gr. "ape, *6f(f, iik = E. are, i\. v. ; cf. also Gr. a/nxic, a lamb, for 'uFtmr, prop, adj., < "i'iFi- + -wf), + -gnus (of. benign, malign), -genus (see -genous), < V "gen, beget, bear, j 1. An image or rcprc- sental ion or representation of a lamb as emblematical of Christ 115 agony be most frolick, lively, blithe, crank, merry," agonistical (ag-o-nis'ti-kal I, a. Sumo as ago- etc. (Cotgrave ) ; origin uncertain. The \V. gog, mstic. activity, velocity, gogi, agitate, shake, appear agoilistically (ag-o-nis'ti-kal-i), adv. In an to be unoriginal, and maybe from E.] In a agonistic manner. [Kare.] state of eager desire; highly excited by eager- agonistics (ag o ms'tiks), n. f I'l. of nntstir .• ness or curiosity; astir. see -ics. | The arl or science of contending in public games or other athletic ntests. agonizant (ag-o-ni'zant), n. [< ML. agoni- zan(t-)s, ppr. of agonizare : see agonize.} One of a Roman < !al holic confraternity whose chiei duty it is to idler prayers for the dying, ami more especially to assist and pray for criminals under sentence of death, agonize (ag'o-niz), ''. ; pret. and pp. agoni <.) agometer (a-gom'e-ter), n. [Irreg. < Gr. «; eiv, lead, draw, weigh, + fitrpov, measure.] A form of rheostat. A mereurg agometer is an instrument for measuring electrical resistances, or for varying the re- sistance of a circuit, by means of amercury column whose length may he adjusted as required. Agnus Dei. (From the Campanile of Giotto. Florence.) specifically, such a representation with the nimbus in- scribed with the cross about its head, and supporting the banner of the cross. (6) One of the titles of Christ. John i. 29. (c) In the Rom. Cath. Ch. : (1) A waxen medallion blessed by the pope anil stamped with the figure of a lamb bearing the banner of the cross. It is worn by Roman Catholics as a supplication to be preserved from evil by the merits of the Lamb of God. Anciently these cakes of wax were often mounted or inclosed in precious metals, etc., but this is not now permitted. Relics of the saints were sometimes preserved within them. (2) A prayer, be- ginning with these words, said by the priest at mass shortly before the communion, (d) In the Gr. Ch., the cloth bear- ing the figure of a lamb which covers the com- munion service. — Ag- nus Scythicus (sith'- i-kus), the Scythian or Tamilian land), a fab- ulous creature, half animal, half plant, formerly believed to inhabit the plains hue- dering upon the Vol- ga; in reality, the shaggy rhizome of the fern Dicksonia Baro- meU, which when in- verted and suitably trimmed somewhat re- sembles a small land). ago, agone (a-go', a-gou'), a. and adv. [< ME. ago, agon, agoon, pp. of agon, < AS. agon, go away, pass away, go forth, come to pass (= G. ergehen, come to pass; cf. OS. dgangan, go by, =Goth. usgaggan, go forth), < «- + gun, go: see a- 1 and go. The form agone is now obsolete or archa- ic] I. a. Gone; gone by; gone away; past; passed away: always after the noun. Gf this world the feyth is all agon. Chaucer, Troilus, ii. 410. Yonder woman, sir, you must know was the wife of a certain learned man . . . who bad long dwelt in Amster- dam, whence, some good time agone, he was minded to cross over and east in his lot with us of the Massachusetts. Hawthorne, Scarlet Letter, iii. II. adv. In past time; in time gone by: only in the phrase long ago. o brother, had you known our mighty hall, Which -Merlin built for Arthur long ago ' Teooi/sun, Holy Grail. agog (a-gog'), prep, pit r. as adv. or a. [Former- ly on gog, on gogge, perhaps < OF. en gogues : " estre en ses gogues, to be frolick, lusty, lively, wanton, gamesome, all a hoit, in a pleasant humour ; in a vein of mirth, or in a merry mood " (lit. be in his glee), "gogues, jollity, glee, joy- fulness, light-heartedness" (Cotgrave), in sing. gogue, mirth, glee (Roquefort), "se goguer, to of agomph ins: see ag'omphious.] A name given by Ehrenberg to those rotifers which have tooth- less jaws. [Not in use.] agomphian (a-gom'fi-iin), n. One of the Agom- phia. agomphiasis (a-gom-fi'a-sis), n. [NL., < Gr. a-) dfjcnoi; (see agomphiousj + -iasis.] Looseness of the teeth. agomphious (a-gom'fi-us), a. [, contest: seo agony.'] In Gr.antiq., aeon- test for a prize, whether of athletes in the games or of poets, musicians, painters, and the like. agone*, a. and adv. See ago. agone' 2 (ag'on), n. [< Gr. ayuvoc, without an angle, < a- priv. + yuni'ta, angle: seo goniometer, trigonometry, etc.] An agonic line. Seeagonie. agonic (a-gon'ik), a. [il. Greek and Roman obsequies. Sir T. Browne, Urn-Burial, i. (In this sense agreeable is sometimes incorrectly used for agreeably as, agret able to the order of the day, the house look up the report of the committee.] 2. Pleasing, either to the mind or to the senses ; to one's liking: as, agreeable manners; fruit agreeable to the taste. There was something extremely agreeable in the cheer- ful How of animal spirits of the little man. Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 200. My idea of an agreeable person, said Hugo P.olniu, is a person who agrees with me. JHsraeli, 3. Willing or ready to agree or consent: now used only or chiefly as a colloquialism. These Frenchmen give unto the said captain of Calais a great sum of money, so that he will be but content and agreeable that they may enter into the said town. Latimer. 117 I'llmeet you there, and bring my wife that is to be. . . . ifou're agreeable) Dickens. 4t- Agreeing one with another ; concordant. These manifold and agreeable testimonies of tl Ide and new writers. Author of 1596, quoted by F. Hall. Syn. 1. Fitting, befitting, appropriate, consonant (with). - 2. Pleasing, etc. See pleasant. agreeableness (a-gre'a-bl-nes), n. The state or quality of being agreeable. («) Suitablem conformity; consistency: as. the ageeeutdem^ of virtue to the laws nt God, (0) Tin- quality of phasing; that quality which gives satisfaction or moderate pleasure to tin- mind or senses : as, agreeableness of manners ; there i mi agreeableness in the taste of certain fruits. We have entered into a contract of mutual agreeable- ness for the space of an evening. Jan: A"..t. ,,, Xorthanger Abbey, x. (ct) Concordance ; harmony ; agreement. The agreeableness between man and other parts of crea- tion. Grew, Cosmologia Sacra. agreeably (a-gre'a-bli), adv. [< ME. agreable- ly : see agreeable and -ly 2 .] In an agreeable manner, (a) Suitably; consistently; conformably. See remark under agreeable, 1. The effect of which is, that marriages grow less frequent, agreeably to the maxim above laid down. Paley. Reason requires us, when we speak of Christianity, to expound the phrase agreeably to history, if we mean to claim on its behalf the authority of civilized man. Gladstone, Might of Right, p. 1S9. (b) Pleasingly ; in an agreeable manner ; in a manner to give pleasure: as, to be agreeably entertained with a dis- course. The years which lie [Temple] spent at the Hague seem ... to have passed very agreeably. Macaulay, Sir William Temple. We were also most agreeably surprised by the beauty of the scenery. Lady Brassey, Voyage of Sunbeam, II. xxii. (ct) Alike ; ill the same or a similar manner ; similarly. With hem that every fortune receyven agreablely or egaly [equally]. Chaucer, Boethius. Armed both agreeably. Spenser, F. Q., VI. vii. 3. agreeinglyt (a-gre'ing-li), arlr. In conformity to. Sheldon. agreement (a-gre'ment), n. [< ME. agrement, < OF. agrement, P. agrement: see agree, v., and -men*.] 1. The state of agreeing or of being in accord, (a) Concord ; harmony ; conformity ; resem- blance ; suitableness. What agreement hath the temple of God with idols? 2 Cor. vi. 16. Knowledge is represented as the perception of the agreement or repugnance of our ideas, not with things, but with one another; in some cases the agreement bring seen intuitively or directly, and in others by a process in which there may be more or less certainty. McCosh, Locke's Theory, § 2. (6) Union of opinions or sentiments ; harmony in feeling ; absence of dissension : as, a good agreement subsists among the members of the council. With dim lights and tangled circumstance they tried to shape their thought and deed in noble agreement. George Eliot, Middlemarch, Prelude. (r) In grain., correspondence of words in respect of num- ber, gender, etc. See agree, i\, I., 8. (d) In logic, capability of being true together : said of terms. 2. The act of coining to a mutual arrangement ; a bargain, contract, covenant, or treaty: as, he made an agreement for the purchase of a house. Make an agreement with me by a present. 2 Ki. xviii. 31. An agreement, if it involve an unlawful act or the pre- vention of lawful acts on the part of others, is plainly un- lawful. Woolsey, Int.rod. to Iuter. Law, § 42. 3. Agreeable quality or circumstance ; agree- ableness: generally in the plural. [A Galli- cism, now often written as French, agreements.'] This figure, says he, wants a certain gay air; it has none of those charms and agreements. Tom Brown, Works, III. 52. Agreement for insurance, an agreement preliminary to the filling out and delivery of a policy with specilic stipulations. — External agreement. See external. — Memo- randum Of agreement. See memoran- dum,— Method of agreement. See method.— Non-importation agree- ment, an agreement made between the American colonies at Philadelphia, Oct. 20, 1774, not to import anything from or manufactured in Great Britain or Ire- land nr the West Indies. This action was taken by way of retaliation fort lie passage bj Parliament of certain acts for raising revenue in America. agreget, agregget, "■ See ag- greage. agrenon (a-gro'non), n. [Gr. aypr/vov, a net, a net-like woolen robe.] In Gr. antiq., a net-like woolen garment worn by bac- chanals and soothsayers. agrestial (a-gres'tial), a. [and 1883, as to the relation of land- lord and tenant, the settlement of their disputes, and com- pensation for improvements. — Agricultural society, a society for promoting agricultural interests, such as the improvement of land, of implements, of the breeds of cat- tle, etc. agriculturalist (ag-ri-kul'tur-al-ist), n. [< ag- ricultural + -ist. Cf. naturalist.] Same as agri- culturist. Every truly practical man, whether be be merchant, mechanic, or agriculturalist, transmutes his experience into intelligence, until bis will operates with the celerity of instinct. Whipple, Lit. and Life, p. 194. agriculturally (ag-ri-kul'tur-al-i), adv. Asre- gards agriculture or agricultural purposes. The dissolved constituents of sewage — by far the most valuable portion agriculturally, Sci. Aim r. Supp., XXII. S830. agriculture (ag'ri-kul-tur), «. [< F. agricul- ture, <. L. agricultura, better written separately, agri eultnra, tilling of land: agri, gen. of ager, field; eultura, tilling, cultivation: see agricultor and culture.] The cultivation of the ground; espeeially,cultivation with the plow and in largo areas in order to raise food for man and boast ; husbandry; tillage; farming. Theoretical agricul- tt*rs,orthe theory of agriculture,i&& science comprehending in its scope the nature and properties of soils, the different sorts nt plaids and seeds litted for them, the composition and qualities of manures, and the rotation of crops, and involving a knowledge of chemistry, geology, and kindred scii in is. Practical agriculture, or husbandry, is an art comprehending all the labors of the field and of the farm- yard, such as preparing the land for the reception <•! the seed or plants, sowing and planting, rearing and gathering the crops, care of fruit-trees and domestic animals, dis- position of products, etc.- Bachelor of agriculture, a degree, corresponding to bachelor of arts or of science, conferred by agricultural colleges, often abbreviated to B. A gr.— chamber of Agriculture, an association oi agriculturists for the purpose of promoting and protect- ing tin Interests of agriculture.— Department of Agri- culture and Commissioner of Agriculture. See de- partment. agriculturism (ag-ri-kul'tur-izin), n. [< agri- culture + -ism.] The art or science of agricul- ture. [Rare.] agriculturist (ag-ri-kul'tur-ist), n. [< agricul- ture + -ist.] One occupied in cultivating the ground; a husbandman. Also written agricul- turalist. agriculturist They preferred the produce "f their Hocks to that of their lands, and were shepherds instead <>t agriculturists. Buckle, t i\ ili/.ation, II. i. Ceesar tells us that the natives [of Britain] in his time u re nui generally n iriculturists, but lived on milk and meat, and clothed themselves with skins. G /, iwlinson, Origin <>1 Nations, p. 134. agrieft (a-gref), prep. i>lF. aigre- moine, < L. agrimonia, a false reading of a'rge- monia ( I'liny), a plant similar to another called arm mone ( I 'liny ),< Gr. dp; i u£n>n, a cerl a in pla nt, also tip; ua, a white speck in the eye, for which I his plant is said to have been re- garded as a cure. ( apydr, white, shining.] The general name oi plants of the genus Agrimonia, natural order 'Rosacea, which includes several ' i';s of the norl In m hemisphere and South America. 1 , <. an perennial herbs, with pinnate leaves, yi ii"" flowi i and a rigid i alj « tube besi i above with i hi common agrimony, A, Eupatoria, 1 < nited states, was formerly of much reput M- leaves and root-stock arc astrin- '-■' nt I I!" I HI' ' Acfrimonv {Agrimonia Eupatoria), snowing bnincfi, flowering spray, and fruit. IIS agriology (ag-ri-ol'o-ji), ». [.] Afamilyof acanthop- terygiau fishes, represented by the genus Agri- opus. It includes those Cottoidea in which the dorsal fin is very long, commencing on the nape, and consisting of an elongated aeanthopterous and short arthropterous por- tion ; the anal finis short ; the ventrals are thoracic and well developed, and have 1 spine and 5 soft rays; the head is compressed, with small mouth and lateral eyes; the branchial apertures are separated by an isthmus; the trunk is nuchadiform and compressed; and the vertebra] are numerous (for example, Is abdominal and 21 caudal). Agriopus (a-gri'o-pus), re. [NL., < Gr. dyp/oc, wild, savage, + irovc (iro6-) =E./oot, as assumed in the deriv. form Agriop'odiikv, but iu intention prob. uvj (utt-), face, appearance.] A genus of acanthopterygian fishes, typical of the family Agriopodidm. A. tonus, the sea-horse, is about -2 feet in length, and is common on the shores of the Cape of Good Hope. Also called Agriopes. agriot, n. See egriot. Agriotes (a-gri'o-tez), n. [NL., < Gr. aypi&rne, wildness, iayptoc, wild, early ME. arisen, pret. gros, shudder, bo terrified: see grisly.] I. Iran's. 1. To cause to shudder or tremble; terrify; dis- gust. All where was nothing heard but hideous cries, And pitious plaints, that did the harts agrise. Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas. 2. To abhor. Chaucer.— 3. To make frightful; disfigure. Bngrost with mud which did them fowle agrise. Spenser, F. (,., II. vi. 4fi. II. intrans. To shudder; tremble with fear; be much moved. There sawc I sochc tempest arise, That eviy herte might agrise, To se it paintid on the wall. Chomcer, Mouse of Fame, 1. 210. She nought agros. Chaucer, Troilus, ii. 930. agrodolce (ag-ro-dol'che), n. [It., < agro (< L. acer, sharp, bout) + do/n; < L. dulcis, sweet.] A compound formed by mixing sour and sweet things. Agrodolce ... is a blending of sweets and sours, and ' in nil' by Btewing in a rich gravy prunes, Corinth cur- rants, almonds, pine-kernels, raisins, vinegar, and wine Daaliam, Prose Halieutlcs, p. 62, (.v. E. D.) Agrotis assign, administer; in a special use, to feed or graze cattle.] An agronomist. agronomial (ag-ro-no'mi-al), a. Same as agro- nomic. Rapid as was 1 nard's survey, his rural eye detected tlie signs of a master in the art agronomial. Bulwer, My Novel, v. ± agronomic (ag-ro-nom'ik), fl. [< agronomi + ■4c.] Relating to agronomy, or the manage- ment of farms. Maximsof It. ufitchellfWei Days. agronomical (ag-ro-nom'i-kal), a. Same as agronomic. The experience of British agriculture has shown that the French agronomical division of the soil is infinitely less profitable . . . than that prevailing in this country. Edinburyh Rev., CIII. !)4. agronomics (ag-ro-nom'iks), n. [PI. of agro- nomic: see -ics.] The science of the manage- ment of farms ; that division of the science of political economy which treats of the manage- ment of farming lands. agronomist (a-gron'o-mist), re. [< agronomi/ + -ist.~\ One who is engaged in the study of agronomy, or the management of lands. * An impartial foreign agronomi*!. Edinburgh Rev. M. J. A. Barral, a distinguished French chemist and agronomist. J'np. Sri. Mo., XXVI. 2s.s. agronomy (a-gron'o-mi), ». [< F. agronomic, < Gr. as if *aypovouia, < a) povduoc : see agronome.] The art of cultivating the ground; agriculture. agrope (a-gror/), prep. pur. as adv. [< o 3 + grope] Gropingly. Three women crept at break of day, Agrope along the shadowy way Where Joseph's tomb and garden lay. M. J. Preston, Myrrh-bearers. agrost. Preterit of agrise. Agrostemma (ag-ro-stem'a), re. [NL., < Gr. aypoc, field, + cripfia, a wreath: see stemiiia.] A Linnean genus of plants, of the natural order ( 'aryophyllact m. It is now generally regarded as a sec- tion of the genus Lychnis, from which it differs only in the elongated segments of the calyx, and in the petal's being without scales. A. (/,.) Githago, the common corn-cockle, with large entire purple petals, is the only species belong- ing to the section as now limited. There are several va- rieties in cultivation. Agrostis (a-gros'tis), n. [NL., < L. agrostis, < Gr. ayiucrTic, couch-grass (cf. ayguarijc, nearly equiv. to L. agrestis, rural, of the field: see agrestic), < aypdr, a field, the country.] A large genus of grasses, distributed over the globe, and valuable especially for pasturage. The English species are known as bent-grass. The marsh-bent, A.alba, was at one time widely known as florin. A. vulgaris, cul- tivated for both hay and pasturage, is called in America red-top, or sometimes herds-grass. See bent-. agrostographer (ag-ros-tog'ra-fer), re. Awriter upon grasses. agrostographic (a-gros-to-graf 'ik), a. Per- taining to agrostography. agrostographical (a-gros-to-graf'i-kal), a. .Same as Agrostographic. agrostography (ag-ros-tog'ra-fi), n. [< Gr. aypaortr, couch-grass (see Agrostis), + -}/iap/a, < ypaipeiv, write.] A description of grasses. agrostologic (a-gros-to-loj'ik), a. Relating or pertaining to agrostology. agrostological (a-gros-to-loj'i-kal), a. Same as agrostologic. agTOStologist (ag-ros-tol'6-jist), n. One skilled in agrostology. Encyc. Brit. agrostology (ag-ros-tol'o-ji), re. [< Gr. aypuartc, couch-grass (see Agrostis), + -Aoyia, < /Kiyecv, speak of: see -ology.] That part of botany which relates to grasses. Agrotis (a-gro'tis), n. [NL., < Gr. a-jguTnc, of the field, wild, < ayp6c, field.] Agenus of moths, of the family Xvctiiida; comprising a large num- ber of the night-flying moths, chiefly distin- agrin (argnn ),prep. phr. as adv. or a. [. aguilert, «■ [< ME. aguler, aguiler.i OF. aguiU ler, aguillier, mod. aiguillier (= Pr. aguliarie (Roquefort), a needle-case; cf. aguUier, needle- maker)^ aguile, aiguille, F. aiguille, needle : see aiguille.] A needle-case. Bom. oftheBose, 1.98. agiiiltt (a-gilf), «• [< ME. agilten, agylten, agulten, < AS. dgyltan, be guilty, < a- + gyltan : see fl- 1 and guilt'.] I. intrans. To be guilty of. Tiling of which they nevere agilte hyre lyve. ( 'ho a,; r, ITol. to Wife of Bath's Tale, 1, 392. II. trans. To sin against ; offend. Wlii hastow mad Troylus to me untriste That nevere yet agylte liyni that I wyste? Chancer, TroUus, iii S4.0 aguiset, aguizet (a-giz'), "• [< a- (expletive) + guise.] Dress. Their fashions and brave agguize. Dr. II. More, Song of the Soul, p. 7. aguiset, aguizet (a-giz'), v. t. [See aguise, ».] To dress; adorn. And that deare Crosse uppon your shield devizd, Wherewith above all Knights ye goodly seeme atmizd. Spenser, F. I)., II. i. 31. agnish. (a'gu-ish), o. [< ague + -ish 1 .] 1. Chil- ly; somewhat cold or shivering. — 2. Having the qualities of an ague: as, an aguish fever. Her aguish love now glnws and bums. Granville. 3. Productive of agues : as, an aguish locality. Through chill aguish gloom outburst The comfortable sun. Keats, Bndymion, 111. 4. Subject to ague, large and common South American toad, with agu ishness (a'gu-ish-nes), n. The condition of enormous parotid glands. It is one of the noisiest being aguish" chilliness. Of its tribe, uttering a loud snoring kind of bellow, chiefly ■"" ' ', Sfi „ „-,,.;„, during the night. It is very voracious, and, being believed aguizet, n. .nidi. Bee aguise. to devoiu* rats, has been largely imported from Barbados agUtl, "• Set? \agault. ahu complaint, contempt, dislike, joy, exultation etc., according to the manner of utterance. \\ hi -a ii ' is] born it cryes swa [so]: ii M in man, it crj i t i That the first letter esof the nun [name] Of one ferine [first I fader 'dam; And if the child a woman be, v. leu it is born it says e, e. [Si A.I Bam A. H. An abbreviation of the Latin anno h jinc, in the year of the hejira, or flight of .Mo- hammed from Mecca, A. D. <>'-"-'• aha 1 (ii-ha'), interj. [A repetition of ah, dP, with aspiration of the second a; < ME. a ha = <;. aha, etc. Cf. ha, ha-ha 1 , o-ho, etc.] An; clamation expressing triumph, contempt, pie surprise, etc., according to the manner of utterance. They. . . said, .Mm, oho, our eye bath seen it. Ps. XXV. 21. aha 2 (ii'lia). v. Same as ha-ha". ahead (a-hed'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [,u. V Pers. Ormusd.] Same as Or- muzd. ahyTl (a'u), n. [Jap.] The ai, a Japanese salmonoid fish, Salmo (Plecoglossus) altmelis, also known as the one-year fish. It is catadro- mous. and an annual. The ahyu is specially worthy of record as the only fish known to combine the habits of the two classes [ol cata- dromous and annual fishes]. QUI, Smithsonian Rep., 1883, p. 726. ai 1 . [(1) < MB. ai, ap, < i,ey, tei, as, eg, mg,< AS. 120 bird Platalea ajaja. (fi) leap.] Reiohenbaeh]s generic name of the bird, which he calls Ajaja rosea, to separate it generieallj from the old- Roseate Spoonbill ( • . wg.eg, ceg, eg, thai is. the vowed ir or e, wot followed by the palatal g, Ln ME. g, g, or y, also written i, merging with vowel y or i : see g, //, i. (The digraph in hair, ME. here, has taken the place of earlier <• as in ere, there, their, etc.) (2) < ME. ai, ay, ei, ey, with following vowol mi. etc., < OF. ai, ii, etc.. of various origin, usually developed from L. a or e. (3) I if vari- ous other origin. See examples cited below.] A common English digraph, represent ing gen- erally the sound of "long a" (5), which be- conc lefore r, as in ail (sounded like ale), va in (sounded like vane, n in), air (sounded like ere, heir), etc. Ascommonlj pi meed, it is strictly B diphthong consisting of " long a (a), or i (e), followed by fiV which is, in words of Anglo-Saxon origin, rically Identical with the consonant y. This di- graph occurs in words -(l)ol Anglo-Saxon origin, as in fain, wain, fait ' lair etc., bi Ing also : parallel with ae, in modern Scotch spelling for "long o" equiralenl to E. 'long o," oa, o-e, as in aith, raid, ...... i,. oath, roa ' rode, own i tc . (2) ol ftri nch, and ultimate Latin origin, as in fail, faint, vain grain, „,,., fait :, el ; (8) ol Greek <>i i^in, being used ome lirei i trail HI ration ol On ek ■„ instead ol the usual Latin trail literal u oraH ee «l), as in aitiology, ,i origin, usually representing the diphthong ai or i, a In I an /.--. i and Orii ntal and ..,,.,,, , i lino, Cairo, i„ thi words .a Inglo Saxon and French origin ol . t, ay, which now prevails whi n final, usually at whci ide medial bj the addition affray, array, etc., daily, afraid, ra ' i tc : I u hi h ca es, e ipecially I., [ore a suffix beginning with a vowel, ay remains un- .. ,,i, '.. trayt I ai-lit'e)."- [= 1'."'.'""/.'' I '.ra /.'".//,// ( Mali in. | The three-toed sh.ih, Bradypus tridactylus or torquatu : bo called from having a feeble, plaintive cry somewhat resembling the sound . ated by its m i. See sloth and Bra dypu . ai ; 1 1 1. a. [Jap. I Same as ahyu. aiaia, aiaiai u-i'ii. -n. »• [Native name, prob. imitative; of unsettle, i orthography, found ae a book-name in the forms above given, and also in the forms ayaya, ajaia, ajaja. | 1. The South Ami rican name of the roseate B] bill, a large grallatorial bird of the gi aus Platalea, familv I'lnliili ai, i . related to the ibis.— 2. In the form ajaja : (a) The specific, name of the world spoonbill, Platalea leuciiriulia. Hccxpiuiii- l,M,— 3. in Paraguay, the jabiru, Mycteria americana : in this sense only in the form aiaiai. E. D. See cut under jabiru. aiblillS (ab'linz), adv. [Also spelled iihlms. ablis,abtt, able (Jamieson) ; < ablt , -'lit. proper. apt, liable, in danger of (Jamieson), + -liim. -lings, -lis: see able 1 and -ling*.] Perhaps; per- adventure; possibly. [Scotch.] But fare-ye-weel, auld NicWe-benl Oh wad ye tak' a thought and men', Ye aiblins might I dlnna ken- Still ha'e a stake. Bums, To the De'il. Aich metal. See metal. aid 1 (ad), v. t. [< ME. aiden, < OF. aider, also , i,i, r. aidier, mod. P. ai + -ful] Giving aid; helpful. [Bare.] Aidful to the distresses of God's people. Bp. Ball, Hainan Disrespected. aidless (fid'les), a. [< aid 1 + -less.] Without aid; helpless; without succor; unsupported. aid-majort (ad'ma'ior), «. Same as adjutant. aid-prayer (ad'prar), ». A petition or plea for- merly employed in actions concerning estates in land, by which a defendant claimed the as- sistance of another person jointly interested with him in sustaining the title. aiglet 1 (a'glet), n. [Dim. of OF. aigle, eagle: see eaglet.] In her., an eaglet or young eagle. aiglet-, ii- See aijli t. aigocerine, ". See aigocerine. Aigocerus, n. See Mgocerus. aigre't (a'ger), a. (< F. aigre: Bee eager 1 .] Sharp ; sour. See eager 1 . Like aigre droppings int.) milk. Shak. (1623), Hamli t, I. aigre- (a'ger), n. See cmjir-. aigremore (a'ger-mor), «. [F.; origin un- known.] Charcoal made ready for the admix- ture of the other constituent materials of gun- powder. aigret, aigrette (a'gret, a-gret'), «■ [< F - "'■ grette: seen//'/.] 1. The small while heron. See egret— 2. (a) A plume composed of feathers ar- ranged in imitation of the feathers on the load of the heron, and worn on hel- mets or by ladies as a part of their head-dress, etc. (6) A copy in jewelry of Buch a plume, often SO made I hal the seeming feathers trem- ble with tin- movements of the wearer, causing the gems to sparkle. — 3. In hot, same as egrt i. — 4. In irliili.. a labroid fish, Lach- iiiiiiiiiiiis iiiuxiiiiiis, better known as the hogfish (which seel. aigue-marine (ag-ni|!-ien'). "• [F-] Same as aquamarine. aiguiere (a-gi-ar'), n. [F., a ewer, jug: see ewer".] A tall and Blender vessel oi metal, por- Ai£rct. prom II .hi . Hiiorkm.-iir's h ol Maximilian Aiguie-reofsilverfriltinthe Pitti Palace, Florence. aiguiere oelain, glass, or pottery, with a foot, a handle, and a spout or nozle. in English the word is generally limited to vessels of highly decorative char- acter, of rich material, t'tc. See Ujhllut. aiiruille (a-gweT)i »■ [F., a needle: see aglet.] 1. A slender form of drill used for boring or drilling a blast- holeinroek. — 2. A priming- wire or blasting-needle. — 3. The name given near Mont Blanc to the sharper peaks or clusters of needle- like rock-masses, ordinarily seen where vert he slaty crys- talline rocks occur, forming a more or less considerable part of a mountain range, but most strikingly near Chanionix. Hence applied, though rare- ly, to similar sharply pointed peaks elsewhere. aiguillesque (a-gwe-lesk'), a. [ as „„.„i alld ear 2 n, v .] The beard of wheat, barlev, etc., especially of barley: chiefly in the plural. Ralliwell; Wright. [Prov. Eng. (Essex).] For to wiuden [ear. windwe, winnow] hweate, and schea.len [shed, i. ... separate] the eil.,, and tet chef I the chaff] urom the clene cornea. Ancren Riwle, p. '270. (.v. E. D.) ailantic, ailanthic (a-lan'tik, -thik), a. [< At- lanta*, Ailanthiis, + -ic.] Of or pertaining to A ila ntlis. - Ailantic acid, an acid obtained from the bark of Ailantus excelsa. ailantine (a-lan'tin), o. [< ailantus + -ine 1 .] Krlatmg or pertaining to the ailantus, or to the silkworms which feed upon its leaves. 121 Ailantus (a-lan'tus), n. [NL. ; also errone- ously Ailanthus (simulating Gr. avdor, flower); < ailiniiii, the Malacca name of one species, said to mean 'tree of heaven.'] 1. A genus of trees, natural order Simarubacea. iin only com monly known Bpecies is the tree of heaven or Chinese sumach, A. glandulosa, native of Mongolia and Japan frequently planted as a shade-tree. It is ,,i rapid growth, with very long pinnate leaves, and throws up abundant root-suckers, by which it is usually propagated. The flowers are polygamous or nearly dioecious, and are very ill-scented. Bombyx (Philosamia) eynthia. a species of silkworm, feeds on its leaves. In Japan the produce of nil,". .mis fed on this tree is very large, and the material, though wanting the fineness and gloss of mulberry silk, is produced at far less cost, and is more durable. 2. [/. <•.] A tree of the genus Ailantus, or the genus collectively: as, the ailantus, when once established, is difficult to eradicate. ailet, n. 1. The older and more correct spelling of aisle. — 2. [F. : see ml, tte.] Milit, awing or flank of an army or a fortification. aileron (a'le-ron), n. [F., dim. of aile, wing: see ailette.] Same as ailette. ailette (a-lef), n. [F., dim. of aile, a wing, < L. ula, wing: see ala and aisle.] A plate of iron worn over the mail to pro- tect the shoulders of a man- at-arms, before the introduc- tion of plate-armor for the body. Ailettes were some- times charged with heraldic bearings. Also aislette and ail, ron. ailing (a'ling), n. [Verbal n. of ail 1 , v.] Sickness; indis- position. ailing (ti'Iing), p. a. Not well; indisposed. But there is a sort of puny sickly reputation, that is always ailing, J et will outlive the robuster characters of a bundled prudes. Sheridan, School for Scandal, i. 1 . J'?,'r: he, : , ™ n :"i" l "'"" i '''"". a '" 1 bet;!™:";::!:,,:":,;';;;: century. ( From Violiet- le-Duc's "Diet, du Mo- bilier francais.") not able to eat much, It. D. Blaekmore, Lorna Doone, p. 41 = Syn. Unwell, etc. See stele. ailment (al'nient), n. [<««l, v., + -ment.] Dis- ease; indisposition; morbid affection of the body: not ordinarily applied to acute diseases. = Syn. Sickness, etc. (see illness), indisposition, disorder, complaint. Ailsa-cock (al'zii-kok), 11. A local name for Also ItiUbi To these ill-tuned repetition . K. .h,|in, ii. 1. aim (am), n. [< ME. ayme, ame, < OF. i from the verb.] It. Conjecture; guess. Be that si eth no t k, must si t by aim. Bp. ■'• well, Reply to Hardinge, p. 31. It is impossible by ,ti„, to tell it. Spenser, State of In land. What you would work me to I have ome aim Shak., .1. c, i. 2. 2. Course; direction: in particular, the direc- tion in which a missile is pointed; the line of shot. And when the i tms, -blue lightning seem'd to open The breast of heaven, I did present myself been in the aim and verj Sash of it. Shak., .1. C, i. 3. 3. The act of aiming or directing anything ins a weapon, a blow, a discourse, or a remark | tit or toward a particular point or object with the intention of striking or affecting it; the point- ing or directing of a missile. Each at the head Levell'd his deadly aim. Milton, 1'. L., ii. 712. 4. The point intended to be hit, or object in- tended to be affected; the mark or target. To be the aim of every dangerous shot. Shak., Rich. III., iv. t. 5. A purpose; intention; design; scheme: as, men are often disappointed of their mm. The aim, if reached or not, makes great the life. Try to be Shakspeare, have the rest to fate. Browning, Bishop Blougram's Apology. The aim of scientific thought, then, is to apply past ex- periences to new circumstances. W. K. Clifford, Lectures, I. 131. To give aim, ill areht ry, t.. stand mat the butts to tell the archers « here their arrows alight. The terms are "wide on the shaft (right) hand," "wide on the bow (left) hand," "short," "gone"; the distances being measured by bow- lengths. See bow-hand. = Syn. 5. End, scope, drift, goal, intent, ambition. aim-criert (am'krl"er), n. 1. One who en- couraged an archer by crying " Aim ! " when he was about to shoot. Hence — 2. An encourager generally; an approving on-looker; an abetter. Thou smiling aim-crier at princes' fall. 67. Markham, Eng. Arcadia. aimer (a'nier), n. One who aims. aim-frontlett (am'frunt'let), ». A piece of wood fitted to the muzzle of a cannon so as to make it level with the breech, formerly used by gunners to facilitate aiming. aimful (am'ful), a. [< aim + -fid.] Full of purpose. ^^L^^^jr^^^^a^a^^^^'^- 1 ).^- I" an aimful manner; about Ailsa Craig, in the Frith of Clyde, Scot- with fixed purpose IV^A^-^™^' 1 '" 11 ':'- v r , ., aiming-drill (a'ming-dril), ». A military ex- Allunciae (a-Iun-de),n. pi. Same as Mlurula;. ercise designed to teach men the proper method Alluroidea (a-lu-roi de-a), n.pl. Same as JElu- f pointing and aiming firearms ; a training pre- rotaea. liminary to target-practice. Alluropus (a-lu ro-pus) n. Sam., us J-.laropus. aiming-stand (a'ming-stand), n. Milit, a rest Ailurus (a-lu jus), ». Same ta&JElurus foragun, usedinteacliiiigthetheorj of aiming. ailweed (al wed , n. [Oul 1 ?) + weed 1 .] The aim l e ^ s (km'les), a. [<«««, + -less.] Without clover-dodder, (Wta Vnfoln. aim; pm-poseless. aim (am), v . [< ME. aymen, amen eymen, < OF. llie TurkSi llalf ^ ,. an a ,„,„ t in aindfSA ( .„ nfusion . ,i,„,r{[ ie8,Ta),esmer(=Pi.esmer ) f Horace, Sat. i. 85. 5. To give a certain direction and elevation to (a gun, cannon, arrow, etc.), for the purpose of causing the projectile, when the weapon is discharged, to hit llie object intended to be struck: as, to aim a gun. II. intrans. If. To estimate; guess; conjec- ture. Rom. In sadness, cousin. I do love a woman. Ben. I avm'd so near, when I Buppos'd you lov'd. Shal\, K. and J., i. 1. 2. To direct one's intention, purpose, or ac- tion, as to the attainment or accomplishment [Thoreau's] whole life was a rebuke of the waste and aimlessness of our American luxury, which is an abject enslavement to tawdry upholster} . Lowell, study Windows, p. 209. ain (an), a. [Also spelled one, = E. ownX.] Own. [Scotch.] -ain. [< ME. -ain, -ein, -ayn, -eyn, < ( >F. -ain, -ein, ■ (after L.), < ME. ( it r, ain , i in . ay< r, i w< r, oyr< . i yri . oier, eyr, eir, < OF. a»>, F. air, the air, breath, wind, = I'r. air, aire = Sp. aire = Pg. ar = It. . aire, now commonly <und wafo r. hike ground- water, ground air I as an impoi bant fai tor in de terminlng the sanitar) condition of a locality, Ground air fluctuates with the barometric pri jsure, and with the con- ditions of tei li L the risi and fall of ground-wa ter.— In the air. (a) In circulation ; flying about from oni toan It orantii (pated : as, there amor ol war in the a theaii thai he can- Co u ithouf foundal ion oi a> I ualitj . vision- ' ); our pp spi air. (e) Villi . in an unsupported or hi mnected position ; incapabli of recelvingorgivingaid ; 1 1 1 1 1 >r ■ . i .■ rly i xpe : " air. Residual air, fie- air which re- mains in tli ly estb n i at. i i at from -o to 120 1 ii hie inches. Also called mental air Tidal air. See tidal. To beat the air. '' '. To take air, to i ' ' made pub lie: a- th To take the air, to go i- or ride a little distance] I dtn'datSlr William Godolphin's, and with thai I gentleman wenl to take y aire in Hyde Park whi re wt aglorio tegi Diary, July 1 1679. pounds of obi ions meaning ; only tii . which have a peculiar or p> i If) below in alphabi I h al oi air' (ar), r. [First in mod. E. ; from the noun. | I. trans. 1. To expose to the air; give access 122 to the open air; ventilate: as, to air clothes; to air a room. I ayre or wether, as men do thynges whan they lay them in the open ayre, oi as any iynen thyng i - it i i it Is newe wasshed or it he worne lyre these i lothes for fears of mothes. Palsgrave, To this [public prison] is also annexed a convenient yard to air the criminals in, for the preservation of their life and health, till the time of their trial. /:. oerley, Virginia, iv. If C8. Hence — 2. To expose ostentatiously; display; bring into public notice: as, to air one's views. Airing a snowy hand and signet gem. i< /ie'/so/i, Princess, i. 3. To expose to heat ; warm: as, to air linen; to otr liquors. — 4. refl. To expose (one's self) to the air. To go and air myself in my native fields. Lamb, Elia. Hi- my pleasure to walk forth, And air myself A little. .1/ iddletoti, Chaste Maid, ii. 2. II. intnins. To take the air. she went airing every daw Kiss Mit'/"rd, i lur Village, 2d ser., 317. air 2 (ar). n. [First in mod. E. (end of 16th cen- tury); < P. air, OF. aire, nature, disposition, manner, mien, air, = Pr. aire = It. aire, aere, now aria, manner, mien, countenance ; a word of disputed origin, prob. the same as OF. air, Pr. air, aire, E. air 1 , the atmosphere (ef. atmo- sphere in similar uses): see air 1 and air 3 .] 1. The peculiar look, appearance, and bearing of a person : as, the air of a youth ; a graceful air ; a lofty air. Then retiu'ned to my side, . . . and strolled along with the air of a citizen of the place pointing out the objects of interest to a Btranger. C. D. Warner, Roundabout Journey, xiv. 2. The general character or complexion of anything ; appearance ; semblance. Too great liberties taken [in translation] in varying either the expression or composition, in order to give a new air to the whole, will be apt to haveaverybad effect Bp. Lowth, On Isaiah. As it was communicated with the air of a secret, it soon fi mini its way into the world. Pope, Ded. of K. of the I.. 3. pi. Affected manner; manifestation of pride or vanity ; assumed haughtiness : chiefly in the phrases to put on airs, to give one's self airs. Mrs. Crackenbury read the paragraph in bitterness of spirit, and discoursed to her followers about the airs which that woman was giving herself. Thackeray, Vanity Fair, lxviii. And the .jueeii of the hoopoes ■ tttte herself airs, and sat down upon a twig ; and she refused to speak to the me- ropfl her cousin, and the other birds who bad been her friends, because they were hut vulgar birds. 7;. Ourzon, Monast. in the Levant, p. 136. 4f. pi. The artificial motions or carriage of a horse. — 5. In painting, that which expresses action, manner, gesture, or attitude. air s (ar), n. [First in mod. E. (end of 16th cen- tury l; < F. air, a tune, sound, or air in music, < It. aere, aire, now aria (> Sp. Pg. aria, E. aria, q. v.); prob. identical (through aere, aire, aria, manner, E. air%; cf. L. Modus, manner, mode, musical mode, melody) with aere, aire, aria, E. air 1 .] 1. In music: («) A rhythmical melody; a tuno consisting of single successive notes divided into groups which, in duration, have some definite ratio to one another, recognizable by the ear. (A) A song or piece of poetry for singing: as, the air, "Sound tin Alarm." (c) The soprano part in a harmonized piece of music. ANo called aria. — 2. Any piece of poetry. [Rare.] The repeated air of sad Electra'a poet. Milton, Sonnets, iii. National air, in musvc l a popular tune peculiar to or characteristic oi a particular nation; specifically, that tunc which by national selecti »r consent is usualrj or I 'lay i 1 1 .-ii ret tain puhlic occasions, as "God Save the Queen 1 in I a ml and, ''Hail, Columbia, in the I nited stales, the " Marseillaise" in France, the "Emperor's Hymn " in Austria, etc. air :, t (ar), o. I. [< air*, n.] To set to music. For not a drop that floWS from Helicon Bui ayredbi thee grows Btreight into a song. J. Cobb. I'relK to Law ess Ayres and DialogUt air't, »■ Same as air//-, air//-. air' (ar), adv. and a. [Also written ear; = E. ere, < AS. ar, rarely used as an adj., com- mon as a prep, and adv.: see ere ami early.'] Early. [Scotch.] taatrwinter 1 asah winter. Scotch proverb. Aira (a'rii ). ». [NL., prop, "awa, < Gr. alpa, a kind of darnel, prob. Zolium temitlentum (Lin- el A. genus of slender perennial grasses of temperate regions, mostly of little value. The more common species an- known as hair-grass. airablet (ar'a-bl), a. |< (tir'-t, c, ? -t-.aAfc.] Suit- able lo lie sung. Howell. air-cane air-bag (Sr'bag), h. A large bag composed of layers of canvas, saturate, I or coated with air- proof and water-proof preparations and tilled with air, designed lor use in raising sunken vessels. When needed for use, empty air-bags are secured to the vessel beneath the Burface of the water, and air la then forced into them. Also called air-cushion. air-balloon (Sr'ba-lSn ). n. See bail, tan. air-bath (ar'bath), n. 1. The protracted ex- posure of the person to the action of the air, for tlie promotion of health, usually under the direct rays of the sun. See sun-bath. — 2. An arrangement for drying substances by exposing them to air of any desired temperature. air-bed (ar'bed), n. A bed made by inflating an air-tight bed-shaped bag with air. air-bladder (Sr'blacP'er), n. 1. A vesicle in an organic body tilled with air. The pulmonary artery and vein pass along the surfaces vt these air-bladders in ;m infinite number of ramifications, Arbuthnot, Alimi 2. In iehth., the sound or swim-bladder; asym- metrical bladder or sac filled with air, generally situated directly under the vertebral column iii front, and homologous with the lungs of air- breathing animals. Its principal function is the regu- lation of the equilibrium of the body. It is either connected byatuhewith the intestinal canal, asinthephysostomous fishes, or shut off from till communication with it, as in the physoclistous fishes. It is subject to great variation in form, and is liable to atrophy or complete abortion in species allied to such as have it well developed. air-blast (ar'blast), «. A stream or current of air under pressure; specifically, such a stream used to urge fires iu forges or to assist combus- tion in furnaces. When heated it is called a hot blast; when at normal temperature, a cold blast. Air- blasts arc also used to perform certain kinds of light work, as separating hairs and dust from fur in hat-making, re- moving dust or chaff in grinding, sawing, etc., and picking up paper and light materials. air-bone (ar'bon), n. A bone having a largo cavity filled with air, as in birds. Owen. Spe- cifically, the atmosteou (which see). air-box (ar'boks), n. 1. A ventilating flue; specifically, a wooden tube or box used to con- vey air to a mine for ventilation. — 2. A lino used to supply air to a furnace, either (a) to promote combustion, or (A) to be heated in order to warm apartments. — 3. A chamber at the rear of the fire-box of a furnace to supply air for the more complete combustion of the gases disengaged from the fuel. air-brake (ar'brak), «. A system of continuous railway-brakes operated by compressed air. The air is compressed by a pump upon the locomotive, and conveyed, through pipes beneath the cars and flexilile hose between them, to cylinders under each car. The pistons of the cylinders are connected with and move the brake-levers, which transmit pressure to the brake-shoes. Sec vacuum-brake. air-braving (ai''bra''ving), a. Breasting or de- fying the air or wind. Stately and air-braving towers. Shak., 1 Hen. VI., iv. '2. air-breather (ar'bre"THer), n. An animal which breathes air; specifically, a marine ani- mal breathing out of water by means of lungs, instead of under water by means of gills. air-brick (ar'brik), n. 1. A brick perforated or with open sides, to permit the flow of air through it for purposes of ventilation. — 2. A metal box "I' the size of a brick, with grated sides for the passage of air. See air-grating. air-bridge (ar'brij), n. A furnace-bridge so constructed as to admit air to the gases pass- ing over it, to facilitate their combustion. See bridge. air-brush (ar'brush), n. A peculiar kind of atomizer invented by Walkup, used by lithog- raphers and artists for the distribution of col- or in minute quantities over a paper surf: It consists ot a reservoir idled with pressed air, 1 1 I necting with a no/],- by means ot an elastic tube. air-bucket (ar'buk"et), n. A water-wheel bucket, so constructed as to permit the unim- peded outflow of the air displaced by the wa Id- as it enters the bucket. air-buffer (ar'bufer), v. Same as air-spring. air-bug (ar'bug). ». Any heteropterous heinip- terous insect of the division Ueocorcs (land- bugs) or of the Aurocores. air-built (ar'bilt), a. Erected in the air; hav- ing no solid foundation ; chimerical: as, an air- built eastle ; air-built hopes. air-camel (ar'kam'el), n. A caisson or air- chamber pla I beneath or alongside of vessels, to diminish their draft and enable them to pass over shallow spots or obstructions, and also used in raising sunken vessels. air-cane (ar'kan), ». A walking-stick baring an air-gun concealed within it. air-carbureter air-carbureter (ar'k&r'bu-ret-er), n. An ap- paratus in which air is passed through or over the surfai I liquid hydi arbons, and thus becomes charged with inflammable vapor. gee ,i l inn iii.-i in ijniiif.il airie't (ar'i), a. An old spelling of airy 1 . airie-t (ar'iK «. An old spelling of aery*. airified (ar'i-fid), a. [< "airify, make airy (< air 1 («ir-) + -fy), + -id-.] Fashioned man airj manner; characterized by the assumption of airs: as, an airified style. [Contemptuous or slighting.] airily (ar'i-li), adv. [< air;/ 1 + -h/-.] 1. In an airy or gay manner; gaily; jauntily. Fanny bade her father good-night, and whisk. .1 off airihi. Dickens, Little Dornt 2. Lightly; delicately: as, airily wrought de- tails. airiness (ar'i-nes), ». 1. Exposure to a free current of air; openness to the air: as, the air- iness of a country-seat.— 2. Unsubstantially. like that of air.— 3. Delicacy and lightness; ethereality.— 4. Sprightliness of motion or manner; gaiety; jauntiness; vanity; affecta- tion: as, the airiness of young persons. airing (ar'ing), ». [Verbal n. of air 1 , v.] 1 . An exposure to the air, or to a fire, for drying or warming. — 2. Exercise in or exposure to the open air; an excursion for the purpose of tak- ing the air. Ml the virtues seemed to have come out for an airinii in ,.ne chariot. Uotley, Dutch Republic, III. 534. airing-stage (ar'ing-staj), n. A stage or plat- form upon which materials are placed to ho ; ,ire.l or dried: as, the airing-stage upon which powder is dried. air-injector (Sr'in-jek tor), n. A simple blow- ing device, used with a dental drill or employed for removing dust from the path of a line saw. airisadt, airisardt, n. Same as arisad. airisht (ar'ish), a. [ME. ayrisshe, ayermh, etc.; < air 1 + -i-'li 1 - 1 1. Of or belonging to the air; aerial. And beheld the ayerisshe hestes. Chaucer, House of Fame, 1. 905. 2. Cool; fresh. Themorningesareatris/i. Best, Farming, p. Is. (.V. E. /'.) air-jacket (ar'jak 'el ). «. A jacket inflated with air, or to which bladders tilled with air are fas- tened, to r. ".I. t ill.- wearer buoyant in water. airless (ar'les), a. [< air 1 + -less.'] 1. Nol opentoa free i irrenl of air; wanting fresh air or communication with open air. — 2. Without air; devoid of atmosphere. I, ..;,:, :i ii,, [if 1. is, airless moon. Harper's Mag., LXV. 73. air-level (ar'lev'el), n. A name sometimes 124 in nart of a piston moving In a cylinder would become taed If air should enter the cylinder and remain between On piston and the cylinder-head, so as to pre- vent the piston fr making its urn stroke. air-machine (ar'ma-slien ), ». In nunnig, an apparal us by which pure air is forced into parts badly ventilated, and the foul air extracted. air-manometer (ar'ma-nom'e-ter), n. Same as air-gage. See manometer. air-meter (ar'me'ter), n. An apparatus for measuring the quantity or rate of flow of air. Various .1. flees are used, as bellows, cylinder and piston, and rotating buckets, in which capacities are constant, and fans and vanes, which measure the rapidity ol now through conduits of known sectional area, and therefore ... the quantities passing In any given time. aim (am), »• Scotch form of iron. airohydrogen (ar'6-hi'dro-ien), a. [saw*, after aero-, + hydrogen.] Pertaining to a mix- ture of atmospheric air and hydrogen. -Airo- hydrogen blowpipe. See blowpipe. airometer (ar-om'e-ter), n. [< air 1 , after aero-, + Or. fiirpov, measure. Ci. aerometer.] 1. An air-holder constructed upon the principle of the gasometer, whence the name. See gasometer. — 2. Same as air-meter. given to a spirit-level (whieh see), air-line (ar'lin), e. and '(. I. n. A linens din Ii -l as though .ii. . n or tretched through the air; a bee-line. W o. SI direct as a line in the air; not deflected laterally: as. an air-K»< railroad. airlingtiai'linL'i,/'. L<"<>' +-ling 1 .] Athought- le-s, gay person. gome mori then ' ■ won win, B. Jonton, Catiline, i. 8. air-lock (ar'lok), ». An air-tight chambei ina caisson in which opt rations are carried on under mmunieating by one .1 : with the outer air and the main entrance-shaft of the 'I.!- d • with the chambers filled with condensed air in which the men are a1 work, n purpos. I to i that Hi' ■ ban " i i ordinal | ail ' i" 1 i i ' ,,i without Injury, w h. n a workm the shaft into the air lock thedooi of In n ,-,,i„i ■ ..i,,, mi ,i until ii" ' iambi i 'ii.. prow ilsri when leaving the i air-locomotive (ax'ld-ko-mo'tiv), n. A loco- motive driven by compressed or heated air, usually the former. air-logged (ar'lqgd), a. V ""'' + logged, aftei water-logged.] In mach., impede,!, as motion, by the intrusion of air. I bus, a machine consisting The airometer, the invention of Mr. Henry Hall, the in- spector, by means of a delicately-constructed windmill, shows the rate of the current of air in the passages of the coUiery. Ure > Dict > Iv - s9a air-passage (ar'pas'aj), n. 1. In anat., one of the passages by whieh air is admitted to the lungs, as the nasal passages, the larynx, the trachea, and the bronchial tubes or their minute ramifications.— 2. In hot., a large intercellular space in the stems and leaves of aquatic plants, and in the stems of endogens. air-pipe (ar'pip), n. A pipe used to draw foul air out, of or conduct fresh air mto close places. Specifically— (a) A pipe used to draw foul air from a ship's hold by means of a communication with the furnace and of the rarefaction of the air by the fire. ) In ...... ing, a pipe through which air passes, either for ventila- tion or for use in an air-engine, (c) A small copper pipe leading from the top of the hot-well of a marine engine tin.. a I. the side of the vessel, for the discharge of the air and uncondensed vapor removed from the condenser by the air-pump. . air-pit (ar'pit), n. A pit or shaft in a coal- mine, used for ventilation. Also called air- shaft. [Eng.] air-plant (ar'plant), n, A plant unconnected with the ground and apparently living on air: applied to epiphytes, but usually not to para- sites. Many epiphytic orchids in cultivation are popularly so named. air-poise (ar'poiz), n. An instrument used to measure the weight of the air. air-port (ar'port), n. In shipbuilding: («) A small aperture cut in the side of a vessel to admit light and air. i Ine is generally placed in each state-room, and there are several on cacti side along the berth-deck. They are usually fitted so as to close with a pane of thick glass, set in a brass frame, turning on a hinge, and secured when closed by a heavy thumb-screw, (ft) A large scuttle placed in a ship's bows for the admission of air. Also called air-scuttle. air-proof (ar'prof), a. Impervious to air. air-pump (ar'purup), n. An apparatus lor the exhaustion, compression, or transmission of air. Air-pumps are used for many purposes, and arc made in a variety of forms, which differ according to the uses that they serve. In the more common forms the air is exhausted by means of a cylinder and pi.-tmi. as in Ritchie's air-pump (see cut), or by centrifugal action, ro- tating buckets dipping mto water, which forms a seal are used tor Bome spi i ial purposes ; as is also, for slight changes of pressure, a form consisting ofavessel closed at the top and sides but open at the bottom, and dipping to a certain extent int.. water or other fluid, which forma a seal and prevents the esca] f the air. For the Sprengel air- pump, see mercury air /,.... ./. , an. l.r mercury, The air pump of a condensing si, nn-cnginc is US! 'I 1" main tain :i vacuum with- in the condenser by with- drawing from it air and urn iiiiiliiiseil vapor. See no' ,..ii. ;... is.. )', aspirator, ejector, /."<"/., steam-jet. Air and circulating pumps, in a condensing steam-engine, n combined apparatus used as an air- pump ami also t<> .11.11- thi condensing water. Air-pump bucket, an p| ton »ilb valves mi tin' upper s.nla.'r opi n ing upward so as to admit nd water during the il.iwn troke, and lift tl with the up Btroke, of the pump. air-pyrometer (Sr'pi-rom'e-ter), ». An instru- ment used for measuring high temperatures. I',., Ml ' Air-Pump. i ite air-trunk It consists of a hollow globe made of platinum, so that It may resist excessive heat, filled with air or gas, and con- nected witli a bent glass tube, which holds at its bend water, mercury, or i ither liquid. The expansion by heal of the air within the globe exerts a pressure upon the liquid, causing it to rise in one leg of the tube to a height propoi tinned to tin- expansion, and therefore to the beat which causes it. See •pyrometer. air-receptacle (ar're-sep"ta-kl) ! it. In ornith., a large air-cell; an air-space, air-sac, or pneu- matocyst. Continuous air-receptacles throughout the body. Out it air-regulator (ar'reg"u-la-tpr), n. Any appa- ratus designed to govern the admission or How of air, as a damper or register. air-reservoir (ar'rez'er-vwor), n. See air- liolder and air-vessel. air-sac (ar'sak),«. 1. Ino)-Hif/i.,alargeair-cell; an air-space, an air-receptacle, or a pneumato- cyst; one of the membranous bags or recepta- cles of air lodged in the hollow bones and the cavities of the body of birds, and communicating with the lungs.— 2. pi. The elongated cavities forming the ultimate branches of the air-pas- sages in the lungs of mammals. Also called infuniiibula. aif-SCUttle (ar'skut'l), n. Same as air-port, (ft). air-setting (ar'set'ing), a. Setting or harden- ing on exposure to air, as common mortar. air-shaft (ar'shaft), n. 1. Same as air-pit.— 2. Any ventilating shaft. air-slaked (ar'slakt), «. Hydrated and disin- tegrated by exposure to atmospheric air: as, air-slalu P. naehe, nage, the but- tock, < ML. * mi lien, < 1.. mi Us, buttock) + hone 1 . The initial n was early lost, as in adder 1 ; henci the form aeli-, hack-bone, etc.] The bone ul' the buttock or rtunp in cattle; the cut of beef which includes this bone. Kerve Up the tlesh ther up to the harlt-hnn-' Book oi si. Albans (1 186). aitchpiece I aeh 'pes), n. [(aitch, the name of the letter //, + piece.] A pari of a plunger or force- pump by which the water is forced into the stand-pipe throughthe door-piece. Also ff-pittt . aith (ath), v. Scotch form of oath. aitiology (a-ti-ol'o-ji), n. Another spelling, nearer the Greek, of aitiology. aits (ats), n. Scotch form of outs. aiver (a'ver), n. Scotch form of aver 2 , a work- horse. Aix (aks), n. [NL., < Or. eZf («<;-), a water- bird, appar. of the goose kind; prop, a goat.] A genus of fresh-water ducks, of the family Anatidce and subfamily Anatinat, noted for the elegance of their plumage. It includes the cele- brated mandarin-duck of china, .1. gatericulata, ami tie' beautiful wood-duck or summer duck of North America, .1. sponsa. Also written .Ex. Aix beds. See bed. aizle (a'zl or e'zl), n. Scutch form of isle 3 . ajaia, ajaja, «. See aiaia. ajar 1 (a-jar'), prep. phr. us adv. or a. [< a 3 +jar 1 . "discord.] Out of harmony; jarring. that puts an individual ajar with the Hawthorne, Marble Faun, 1. xiii. Any accident . world. Iral i-.tli century). ignate the alleys or divisions of other structures, such as iiios.|Uis, Ivjyptian temples, lie aters, piil.li.- hulls, etc. As popularly applied to churches in which the nave and aisles pi i iper air tilled with pews, and in general to modern places of assembly, aivfc denotes merely a passage* aj giv- ing access to the seats : as, the center aisle and side aisles. Sometimes -written isle. See figure showing ground-plan of a cathedral, under cathedral. aisle (a-la'), a. [F. aisle', aile, pp. of aisler, ailcr, give wings to, < aisle, aile, a wing: see aisle.] In her., winged or having wings. aisled (ild), a. Furnished with aisles. aisleless (il'les), a. [< aisle + -less.] Without aisles. The so-called Christian basilica may have been a simple oblong aisleless loom divided by a cross arch. Edinburgh lirv., CLXIII. 46. aislet (i'let), n. Misspelling of islet. aislette, »• See ailette. ait (at), «. [Little used in literature; also spelled aight, eyet, eyot. eyght, < ME. eyt, ait (also in comp. eitlond and aitlond, an island), ajar'- 3 (a-jar'), preji. phr. as adv. or a. [< ME. on char, ajar, lit. mi tie- turn; rare as applied to a door, but common in other senses: on, prep., on; char, cherre, etc., a turn, time, piece of work, ele.: see o'-' and jar 2 = char 2 . The change ul' ME. I'll to E. j is very rare; it appears also in jowl and jaw, q. v.] On the turn ; nei- ther quite open nor shut; partly opened: said of a door. Leave the door ajar When he goes wistful bv at dinner-time. Browning, fling and Book, 1. 129. ajava (aj'a-vii), n. Same as ajouan. ajee, agee Ja-Je' I, prep. phr. as adv. or a. [< a 3 +jeeorgee: &eejee,gee.] Awry; off the right line; obliquely; wrong. [Scotch and prov. Eng.] His brain was a wee ajee, but be was a braw preacher for a' that. .s.e//, old Mortality, xxiv. ajouan, »■ Seeajowan. ajoupa (a-jo'pa), n. [F. spelling of native name.] A hut or wigwam, built on piles and covered with branches, leaves, or rushes. a jour (a zhor). [F.: a, to, with; jour, day: see journal.] In decorative art, pierced through; showing daylight through. Said of carving whi re the Work is earned through the solid mass. ha\ hie open spaces, and also of embroidery, metal-work, or am othi i fabric; said also of translucent designs, as in enamel or intaglio, when meant to he seen by transmitted rather than reflected light. Also called a giorno. See opt n u orfe ajoure' (a-zho-ra'), //. [P., as if pp. of *ajourer, let daylight through, < djour: see above.] In In r. . said of any ordinary or bearing of which I he middle part is taken away, leaving only an outer rim, through or within which tin- field is seen. ajowan, ajouan (aj'o-an), ». [E. Ind.] The fruit of an annual umbelliferous plant, Immi < 'opticum, cultivated in Egypt. Persia, and India. It is much used as a condiment and as a carminative. The oil extracted from it contains thymol or thymic acid. Also called ajava ovjavanee seeds. ajUStt, ('. I. An old spelling of adjust. ajutage (aj'6-taj), ». [< P. ajoutage, something added, < ajouter, add, join: see adjust.] Prop erly, a short tube, or nozle, inserted into the wall Akee F ajutage of a vessel or into tlie end of a pipe, so shaped as to offer the least frietional resistance to the outflow of a liquid. The cross-section ol an ajutage is generally circular; longitudinally, the mosl advantageous Bection approaches that oi two frustums of cones with their Bmaller bases in contact The word is also used forthe spout or nozle of a funnel or of a fountain. Sometimes spelled adjutage. akamatsu (a-ka-mats'), ». [< Jap. oka. red, + iHntsii, pine.] Japanese red pine; the Pinus di nsiflora, akazga (a-kaz'gfi), ». [Native name.] A kind of poison used as an ordeal ill Africa. Also called boudou (see voudou) and guai. akazgia (a-kaz'ji-&), n. [XL., < akazga.'] An alkaloid obtained from akazga, resembling strychnine in its physiological action. akbeer (ak'ber), B. [Hind.] A red powder thrown on the clothes and person at Hindu fes- tivals. ake, a. and ». See aeln ■!. Akebia (a-ke'bi-a), n. [NL., < Jap. aA-efci] A genus of woody climbing plants, natural order /,'/ rln ridacea, of China and Japan. A.quinatahax been introduced into cultivation, and is a handsome, hardy vine, with dark-green digitate leaves and small purplish flowers. akee(a-ke'). »■ The Cupania (BUghia) sapida, natural order Sapindacew, a native of Guinea, whence it was car- ried by Captain Bligh to Jamaica in 17'JS, and thence dis- seminated over the West Indies and South America. It is a small tree, with ash- like leaves and a Meshy fruit < taming several large jet-black seeds partly em- bedded in a white spongy aril. '1'his aril when cooked I ines somewhat like custard, and is highly es- teemed. akehomt, "■ A corrupt spelling of acorn. akelet, «■ '■ [ E. keel 3 , make cool: see /.<) Allied by nature; partaking of the same properties; as, envy and jealousy are neara&tfl ; "pity's akin to love," Southern, Oroonoko, ii. 1. Near iik-iii as the judicial and military actions originally are, they are naturally at fust discharged by the same agency. H. Spencer, Prin. of Socio 1 ., §528. - Syn. Kin, kindred, cognate, analogous. akinesia (ak-i-ne'si-ii), n. [NL., < Gr. aKivnaia, quiescence, motionlessness, < a- priv. + Kiv7/oic, motion, < kivciv, move.] Paralysis of the motor nerves; loss of the power of voluntary motion. Also written acini-sin, akinesis. akinesic (ak-i-ne'sik), a. Pertaining to, of the nature of, or characterized by akinesia. akinesis (ak-i-ne'sis), n. Same as akinesia. Akkad, ". See Aeeitd. Akkadian, a. and n. See Accadian. akmite, ». See acmite. aknee (a-ne'), prep. phr. as adr. [< ME. a lone, n cue. on knr. ml cnemcc, < AS. mi cnri'nr : mi. E. «3; cnedw, E. knee.'] On the knee or knees. [Rare.] Aknee they fell before the Prince. Southey, Mudnc. aknowt, aknowledget. Older forms of aeknow, iirknmrii age. ako (ak'6), ft. [Hung, ako.] A liquid measure used in Hungary, equal to about 181 gallons. akornt, «• An old spelling of acorn. al 1 (al), ii. [< Hind, dl, a plant (see def.).] A plant of the genus Morinda, allied to the madder. al'-'t, "-, adv., and re. An old form of all. Al. In cluni., the symbol for aluminium. al- 1 . An assimilated form of Latin ad- before ( (see ad-); also an erroneous form of a- 1 , from Anglo-Saxon a-. See ad-. al- 2 . [Ar. al, in mod. Ar. commonly el; before a sibilant or a liquid, the I is assimilated (as-, ar-, ar-, am-, an-, etc.), with the elision of the vowel if another vowel precedes. ] .V prefix in some words of Arabic origin, being the Arabic definite article "the"; as in alcaid, alchemy, al- cohol, alcove, Aldebaran, algebra, alguazil, alkali, Alkoran, etc.; and, variously disguised, in apri- cot, artichoke, assagai, a.:imuth, hazard, lute, etc. ; also cl, as in elixir. -al. [< F. -al, -cl = Sp. Pg. -al = It. -ale, < L. -alls, ace. -diem, an adj. suffix, 'of the kind of,' 'pertaining to,' varying with -arts, orig. the same as -dlis, and used for it when ( precedes, as in al-aris, E. al-ar : see -arS. In OF. this sul- ii\ was reg. -cl, > ME. -' /, but afterward -al prevailed: cf. mortal, annual, gradual, n., etc. As a noun sullix, -al is due to the adj. sullix, 1 .. -SU8, nciil. -i//e, iii nouns also -al fas animal, animal). In espousal, and some other words, -nl is uit. duo to L. -al-ia, neut. plur.j hence the plur. E. form, rspmi.siils. In bridal and burial -al is of different origin. Cf. -el aiid-f/.] A very common sullix, of Latin origin, it forms from nouns in Latin, and thence in English— (a) Adjec- tives, as In oral K l- orbits, I>. aldbast, nlntst, 1). albast = Dan. alabast = Sw. albaster, now alabaster), < OF. nlnlnisln, V. nltnitre = Kp. Pg. It. ahibnstrn =MHG. G. alabaster, < ML. aln- Inistrum, iilnliinislriim, alabaster (the mineral), < 1j. alabaster, m., alabastrum, neut., a box or casket for perfumes, unguents, etc., tapering to a point at. the top, hence also the form of a rose-bud, = Goth, ittuliiilslriiini, < Gr. li/vd/tacrroof, in., u'/ieiiwri'iir, neut., earlier and more correctly aXafiaoTOC, a box, casket, or vase of alabaster (later also of other materials), the mineral itself being hence known as dXapoor/TiJf or aha- /ianriiirr/e, L. aldbastrites (see aliiliiistriles); said to bo named from ■■< town in Egypl where there were quarries of alabaster; but in fact the town was named from the quarries, 'A'/ajiaarpav ■k6}uc (Ptolemy), L. Aldbastron oppidum, i. e., 'town of alabastra.' in Ar. and lvrs. alabas- ter is called rukham.'] I. «. If. A box, casket, or vase made of alabaster. See alabastrum. — 2. A marble-like mineral of which there aro two well-known varieties, the gypseous and the calcareous, 'the former is a crystalline granular varli ly of sulphate of calcium or gypsum, CBSO4.2H2O. it 1 - various colors, as yellow, red, and gray, but is most es- teemed win 11 pure white. Being soft, it can be tiirined by the lathe or knife into small works of art, as mses, statu. iii- , etc For this purpose the Bnow-white, fine-grained variety found near Florence in italj is especially prized. Calcareous or Oriental alabaster (the alabastrites of the ancients) is a variety ..1 carbonate of calcium or calcite, occurring as a stalactite or stalagmite in caverns of lime- stone rocks. alabaster II. a. Made of alabaster, or resembling it: as, " an alabaster column," Addison, Travels in Italy. -Alabaster glass, an opaque enamel or glass made In Imitation of alabaster, alabastos (al-a-bas'tos), ... Same as alabastrum. alabastra, «■ Plural of alabastrum. alabastrian (al-a-bas'tri-an), a. Pertaining to or like alabaster. alabastrine (al-a-bas'trin), a. Of, pertaining tu, or resembling alabaster. — Alabastrine posi- tive i" photoa., a collodion positive on glass, in which the light portions of the picture have been bleached anil rendered permanently white in a bath of bichlorid of mer- , ury, alcohol, and nitric and hydrochloric acids. alabastrites (al'a-bas-tri'tez), n. [L., < Gr. u/amuTiiirr/c, more correctly a'Aa,3aeTi-nc (sc. >('-.., stone), calcareous alabaster, < a'/.a JaaTos, a box or vase: see alabaster.'] A precious and richly veined mineral much used in ancient art; the hard Oriental alabaster. See alabaster, '_'. It is evident from Pliny that the Alabastrites which this Phrygian marble resembled was diversified with varied colours. Stuart and Revett, Antiq. of Athens, I. v. alabastrum (al-a-bas'trum), n. ; pi. alabastra (-tra). [1 1 r 7T . n commonly callc ,< Gr. alafiaarpov : see alabaster. J g, Ja cuisse (i 1. In Gr. antiq., a small elongated vase for unguents or perfumes, rounded at the bottom and provided with a broad rim about a small ori- fice. Vases of this class were originally so called because made of alabaster; but the name was applied also to vessels of similar form and use in other materials, as metal, glass (sometimes richly ornamented in col- or), or pottery. Sometimes called alabaster, alabastos. 2. [NL., also alabastrus; prop. L. alabaster (ace. pi. alabaslros, in Pliny), a rose-bud: see alabaster.] A flower-bud.— Iconic alabastrum, a name sometimes given to an alabastrum terminating above in a figure or head. a la carte (a lit kart). [F. : A la (see ii In); carte = Pr. Sp. It. carta, < L. charta, card: see card 1 , chart, and charta.'] By a bill of fare: as, dinner a la carte, that is, a dinner in which only 127 I have not that alacrity of spirit, Nor eheer of mind, thai I was wont I" have. Shale, Rich. HI., v. 3. Hence — 3. Readiness; quickness; swiftness. With a dream's alacrity of change, The priest, and the swart fisher by his side, Beheld tin Eternal City lift its domes. Wnittier, Dream of Pio Nono. Alactaga (a-lak'ta-ga), ». [NL., said to be the native name, in the Mongol Tatar language, of a spotted colt.] A genus of rodent mammals, of the family Dipodidce, or jerboas, of the murine series of the suborder Simplicidentata, order limb ii I m. It belongs to the same subfamily (Dijunliinr) as the true jerboas of the genus Di/ms, but is distinguished from them by having hind feet with 5 toes instead of 3, plain instead of grooved upper incisors, a small upper premolar on each side, and certain cranial characters resulting from less development of the occipital region of the skull. The best-known species is A.jaculus, which resembles a jerboa, but is larger, with a longer, tufted tail. It is yellowish above and white beneath, moves on all-fours as well as by leaping, lives in colonies in under- ground burrows, and hibernates in winter. Species of the genus occur throughout a large part of central Asia, Syria, Arabia, etc.. ami also in northern Africa. They are lied jumping rabbits, i la kwes). [F., at the thigh: see d In ami cuisse.] Literally, at the thigh: ap- plied in her. to a leg used as a bearing, when it is erased or couped in the middle of the thigh. Aladdinist (a-lad'in-ist), n. [< Aladdin, a learned divine under Mohammed II. and Bajazet II., + -ist. The name Aladdin, Ar. a hank's leg erased i.i 13- t \. • \ i . 1 la cuisse, belled, Al-iid-din, means 'height of je5sed , a „ d varvt .| e; i' faith or religion ' ; < a'la, height, I f™°> "i"*;? ," Dict - , ,- -i • ii i 7 j-i. _L of Heraldry. acme, any, high, + at, the, t din, faith, creed.] A free-thinker among the Mohammedans. Aladdinize (a-lad'in-iz), r. t; pret. and pp. Aladdiniged, ppr. Aladdinizing. [< Aladdin, the possessor of the magic lamp, in the "Arabian Nights," a common personal name (see Alml- iliiast), + -izc.] To transform as if by magic. N. E. D. such dishes as have been ordered from the bill aladja (al-a-jii/), n. [Prob. the same asalatcha of fare are paid for : opposed to table d'hote, in which a fixed charge is made covering the whole meal, whether all the dishes served in regular course are eaten, or only some of them. See curie 1 , 1. alack (a-lak'), intcrj. [Early mod. E. uluc, uliteke, North, alalce, uluik; according to Skeat, < It. allegro = OF. alegre: see allegro and ale- ger), + -ous.] Acting with alacrity; cheerfully prompt or brisk. 'Twere well if we were a little more alacrious and exact in the performance of the duty. Hammond, Works, IV. 550. adv. With alac- alacriouslyt (a-lak'ri-us-li), rity; briskly. alacriousnesst (a-lak'ri-us-nes), cheerful 'briskness. Alacrity ; To infuse some life, some alacrurasnesa into you. Hammond, Sermons, p. 553. alacritous (a-lak'ri-tus), a. [< alacrity + -oils.] Brisk ; lively; cheerful; full of alacrity. Haw- thorne. alacrity (a-lak'ri-ti), n. [= F. alacrite = It. alacrita, < L. aliicrita(t-)s, liveliness, briskness, < alacer, alacris, lively, brisk: see alacrious.] 1. Liveliness ; briskness ; sprightliness. — 2. Cheer- ful readiness or promptitude ; cheerful willing- ness. alar applied in Texas and westward, as in Mexico, tu b] iis of I ho Cottonwood (l'opnlus). alamodality (&*la-mo-dal'i-ti), n. [ialamode + -nl i ly, after modality.'] Conformity tot lie pre- vailing mode or fashion of the times. [Bare.] Doubtless it hath been selected forme bccall e oi its alamodality a good and pregnant word. South.*/, Doctor, interchapter xx. alamode (a-lil-mod'), adv., «., and n. [Formerlj also all-a-niodi ; < V. u hi mode, in flu- manner or fashion: see a la and mode.] I. adv. In the fashion ; according to the fashion or prevailing mode. II. a. Fashionable ; according to some par- ticular fashioii — Alamode beef, beef alamode (often, or more commonly, beef a la mode), beef larded and stewed or braised with spiees, vegetables, line herbs, wine, etc. III. n. If. A fashion. For an old man to marry a young wife . . . is become the A la made of tire times. K< nnet, tr. "f Erasm. Morise Enc, p. 44. (.V. E. D.) 2. A thin glossy silk for hoods, scarfs, etc. alamort, a la mort (al-a-mort', alarnort), a. [Sometimes written (dl amort, as if all, adv., with amort, q. v. ; < F. a la mort, lit. to the death : a la (seed fa); mort, < L. mor(t-)s, death : see mortal.] In a half -dead or moribund condition; de- pressed ; melancholy. 'Tis wrong to bring into a mix'd resort \\ hat makes some siek, and others a-la-mort. Cowper, Conversation, 1. 202. alant, alantt, ». [Early mod. E. also allan, al- IiiiiiI, etc., < ME. alant, aland, alunnt, < OF. iilun, "allan, a kind of big, strong, thick-headed and short-snouted dog; the brood whereof came first out of Albania (old Epirus). Allan tic, boucherie is like our mastive, and serves butch- ers to bring in fierce oxen, and to keep their stalls. Allan gentil is like a greyhound in all properties and parts, his thick and short head excepted. Allan iiiutre, a great and ugly cur of that kind (having a big head, hanging lips, and slouching ears), kept only to bait the bear, and wild boar" (Cotgrave), also with excres- cent t, alant, allan t, It. Sp. ulano = Pg. aliio, < ML. alarms, a kind of hunting-dog, perhapa named from the Alani (L. Alani, Gr. 'A'Aavoi), a Scythian nation upon the Tanais (Don).] 1. A species of large dog, used to hunt beasts of prey. ' Aboute Iris char ther weuten white alauntz Twenty and mo, as gret as anystere, To hunten at the Icon or the dere. Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1280. 2. In her., a mastiff-dog with short ears. Also written aland, alaun, alaund, alannt. etc. aland 1 (a-land'), prep. )>hr. as adv. [< ME. alond, alondc, o landc, < AS. on land (ace), oh landc (dat.) : on, E. on, n 3 ; land, landc, E. land.] On or at land. [Obsolete or poetical.] He made his shippe alonde for to sette. Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 2166. 3rf Fish. Master, I marvel how the fishes live in the sea. 1st Fish. Why, as men do a-land; the great ones eat up the little ones. Shak., Pericles, ii. 1. A well-hooped cask our shipmen brought aland That knew some white-walled city of the Rhine. William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 33. aland 2 (al'and), n. [ E. alary),. — Low- water alarm, in a steam- boiler, an ant atie device for giving a signal by sound- i whistle when the water falls below the pond ot 'y.=Syn. 1. Alarum, toesin, 3. Alarm, Apprehen- Fright, Terror, Dismay, Consternation, ramie, af- fright, agitation, flutter, perturbation, 'these words all I [ear in view of possible or certain, per- Appr> I" nsion Is the 1 iwesi de- ol i, a, ; the mind takes hold -if the id. a ot dang i , and without alarm considers the best way ot meeting it. Alarm Is th t itage; bydi rivation It is the alarum or summon- to arms. The feeling an b Itated in view of sudden or plst-diseovered A;,:, I h 0] others, t upon the mind is like that ol ither than overpowt n tie mi ntal facult ty are higher s ir difference i In I in effect. J being generally the effect of sudden fea i Ten or maj be a Lab iio ir independent and as BUdden ; it overpowers the under tending and unmans one Dt may appals or breaks down in ipe ami there. m to which troops are to repair in ease of an alarm. alarm-watch (a-larm'woch), n. A watch pro- vided with an alarm which can be sot Iii strike at a given moment, in order to attract attention, n ..ii shall have a gold alarm-watch, which, as there may tie cause, shall awake you. Sir T. Herbert, Memoirs. a latere alarum (a-lar'um or a-lar'um), n. [A form of alarm, due to a strong rolling of the r: see alarm, n.] Same as alarm, but, now used only in sense 4, except poetically. A fiourisli, trumpets! strike nlnnnn, drums! Shak., Rich. III., iv. 4. The dread alarum should make the earth quake to its centre, Hawthoi >>< , old Manse, She- had an alarum to call her up early. Charlotte Bronte, .lam- Pyre, xxi. alarum (a-lar'um or a-lar'um), v. t. Same as alarm. Wither'd murther, Alarvm'd hy his scidinel, the Wolf. Shak,, Macbeth, ii. 1. alarum-bell (a-lar'um-bel i. ». Same as alarm- In II. No citi/eu can lie down secure that he shall Iiol In- roused hy the alarum '<■ //, to n pi 1 or avenge an injury. Macaulay, Dante. alary (a'la-ri), a. [. Alata (a-la'ta), n. ;/.. [NE., neut. pi. of E. alatus, winged: see alate*.] A name given by Lamarck to a combination of tin- molluscas families Slreimlinlir, Aporrliaidce, and Stntthia- lariiila; having referei to the expanded wing- like outer lip of the shell. See wingshell. alatcha (a-la-cha'), n. [See aladja.] A cotton stuff made in central Asia, dyed in the thread, and woven wit It white stripes on a blue ground. /:. Schuyler, Turkistan, I. 5. alate't (a-laf), prep. phr. as mlr. [< a i for <>/ + late.]" Of late; lately. Where chilling frosts ulate did nip, There flasheth now afire. Greene, Dorallcls alate' 2 , alated(a'lai,a'la-ted), rt. [< L. alatus, winged, < ala, wing: see aisle.] 1. Winged; having membranous expansions like wings. But the Harpies a/at, In the storm came, and swept off the maidens. Mrs. Browning, Poems (1878), p. 219, Specifically —(a) In bot., applied to stems and leafstalks with the edges or angles I jitudinally expanded Into leaf- iii, borders, or to other organs having membranous ex- pansions: opposed to apterous. I'd In conch., having an , mm tide, I lip: applied to shells. See cut under Aporrhatdoh 2. In arch., having wings, as a building: as, ••an alate temple," StukeU v. Palseographia Sacra (I7i;:5), p. 73. a latere (a lat'e-ro). [E., from the side : a for ah, from ; latere, abl. of latus, side: see latt rat I I'loin the side; from beside a person: used in (lie phrase legale a latere. See legate. Glass a tatticinio. Wood lark (Alauda arboreal. alatern alatem (al'a-tern), n. Same as alaternus. alaternus fal-a-ter'nus), ». [The L. name (Pliny). ] A species of Rhamnus, or buckthorn, often planted in English gardens, Rhamnus Ala- ternus. See Rhamniis. alation (a-la'shon), n. [(h. alatits, winged: see iiluli-.] 1. A winged condition ; the state of being winged or of hav- ing wind's, as a bat, or parts resembling wings, as a plant. — 2. The manner of formation or disposition of the wings, especially in insects. alatratet, <'• t- See alla- trate. a latticinio (a lat-ti- che'ni-o). [It.: a, < L. ad, to; latticinio, < L. lacticinium, milk-food, < lac(t-), milk: sec lac- tation.] (Deeorated) with lines or bands of opaque white glass, buried in the transparent body of the vessel: said of ornamental glass, such as that made in Murano, near Venice. Alauda (a-la'da), n. [L., the lark; according to Pliny, Suetonius, and Gregory of Tours, a Gaulish or Celtic word (ef. Bret, alchoneder, alchouedez, the lark); said to be "lit. 'great songstress,' from al, high or great, and ) A subfamily of Alaudidce, including the typical larks represented by the genus Alauda and its im- mediate allies. alaudine (a-la'din), a. [< Alauda + -tnel.] Having the character of a lark ; pertaining to the Alaudida: or lark family. There is . . . abundant evidence of the susceptibility of the Alaudine structure to modification from external cir- cumstances. Encyc. Brit., XIV. 31G. alaunt, alaundt, alauntt, «■ Same as alan. Alaus (a-la'us), n. [NL., in form < Gr. ala6r, blind, < a- priv.+ 'Aattv, see; but said to be based on ii'/jioftai, wander, roam, stray.] A genus of click-beetles, of the family Ela- tiridie. A. ocula- tun, one of the largest 'if the North Ameri- can snapping-bee- Hes, is a well-known Bpecies upward of 1! inches long, It lias two velvety black spots encircled with white on the pro- thorax, and white dots scattered over the whole surface ; its larvae live in de- caying wood. 9 129 Alausa (a-la'sii), n. Same as Alosa. alb 1 (all)), n. ('< ME. albe, < AS. albe, < ML. alba (so. ccstis, garment), fern, of L. albus, white : see aube, the French form.] 1. In the Rom. Cath. s have been used in the service of tin- Kn-lisli riiini li. The corresponding garment in the Greek Church is the stoichariou (which see). A white albe plain with a vestment or cope. Book of Common Prayer (1549). Y:.u li priest adorn'd was in a surplice white ; The bishops donn'd their albs aud copes of state. Fair/ax, Tasso, ii. 4. 2. In the early church, a white garment worn from the Sal unlay before Easter until the first Sunday after Easter by the newly baptized. Formerly also written alba, albe. Apparels Of the alb, square pieces of embroidery in col- ors or precious orphrey-work sewed or otherwise fastened upon the alb, commonly in six places : much used between tin- eleventh ami sixteenth centuries. alb- (alb), n. [Turk.] A small Turkish coin, nearly equal in value to a cent. alba (al'ba), n. [NL. (sc. substantia), fern, of L. albus, white, used as a noun.] White fibrous nerve-tissue, as distinguished from the gray or cellular. The alba constitutes the columns of the myelon, etc. Wilder and Gage, Anat. Tech., p. 472. albacore (al'ba-kor), n. [Also formerly written albecore. aVbocore (ef. F. •• albacore, a certain £«<& albe the sides externally concave, used in the fif- teenth century and later as a drug-pot. albarium (al-ba'ri-um), n. [L. rork), white stucco; nc-iit. of albarws, pertaining to the whitening of walls. Cf. albare, whiten, < albus, white] A stucco or white lime obtained from burnt marble. McElrath; Simmonds. albata (al ba'ta), re. [NL.,< L. albata, ft i albatus, clothed in white, made white, pp. of albare, make white, < albus, white.] An alloy consisting of a i binationof nickel, zinc, and copper united in various proportions, often with antimony, iron, lead, tin, and silver, n ,, a white metal, res bling Bilvei In appearance, and is made into sj us, forks, teapots, etc Also called British plate and (,'. \rman silver. lie was not the genuine article, but a substitute, a kind of albata. O. A. Sola, Baddington Peeragi , 1 1 Albati (al-ba'ti), n. pi. [LL., pi. of L. albatus, clothed in white: see albata.] A body of fanat- ics who about 1400 appeared in Italy as peni- tents, clad in white garments. They were sup- pressed by the pope. Also called White Brethren. albatross (al'ba-tr&s), n. [Formerly albitross, albetross, also dlgatross (cf. D. albatros =G. al- batross (but D. usually stormiiogel, G. sturmvogt I. ' storm-bird') =F. albatros, formerly algatros, = It. alhatro = Sp. albatroste = Pg. albatroz, all prob. from or affected by the E. form), a molli- fication (ale-, ((((/-changed to alb-, prob. in allu- sion to L. albus, white) of Pg. alcatraz, a sea- fowl, cormorant, albatross, orig. a pelican: see a/cat ras.] 1. A web-footed sea-bird of tin •petrel family, Proeellariidir, and subfamily Diotrn de- in(C. About 12 speciesof albatross are known, all except the sooty albatross, Pheebetria fuliginosa, belonging to the genus Diomedea. They are distinguished as a group from other birds of the petrel family by having the hind toe rudimentary, and the tubular nostrils separated, one on each side lit the base of the upper mandible. The bill is stout and hooked at the end, the wings are very lou- the tail and feet short, and the stature is very great, Alba- trosses inhabit the southern seas at large, and the whole Pacific ocean, but not the northern Atlantic. Some of them are the largest known sea-birds, and all arc noted for their powers of flight, sailing for hours, and in any di- Alb of Thomas 'i Becket in the cathe- dral at Sens, with apparels of rich stuff sewed on the bottom and sleeves. Albacore or Tunny [Orcynus alalonga fish in the Indian sea, which is very good meat," Cotgrave), < Pg. albacor, albacora, al- becora = Sp. albacora, an albacore, < Ar. al, the, + bulr, pi. bakarat, a young camel, a heifer.] 1. A name given to several fishes of the tunny or mackerel kind, specifically to the germon or long-finned tunny. Orcynus germo or O. ala- lonija. See Orcynus and tunny. — 2. The Lichia glauca, a fish of the family Carangidce. Couch. Also written albicore. albadara (al-ba-da'rS), n. The Arabian caba- listic name for the basal or sesamoid joint of the great toe, to which extraordinary properties were anciently ascribed. alban (al'ban), n. [< L. albus, white, + -an.] A white resinous substance extracted from gut- ta-percha by alcohol or ether. Ure, Diet., I. 41. Albanenses (al-ba-nen'sez), n. jd. [ML., < Albi in Piedmont.] One of the sects embraced under the general name Cathari (which see). Albanensian (nl-ba-nen'si-an), a. and n. I. a. Pertaining to the Albanenses. II. ((. A. member of the sect of the Alba- nenses. Albanian (al-ba'ni-an), a. and n. [< Albania.] I, ((. Relating or pertaining to modern Albania, or to its inhabitants, or their language, man- ners, customs, etc. II. n. 1. A native or an inhabitant of Albania, a division of European Turkey, comprising the greater part of the ancient Epirus, and parts of Illyria and Macedonia. — 2. pi. Light cavalry, formerly recruited in Albania and the neighboring lands, and armed according to the Levantine fashion of the time. There was such a corps in the service of Charles VIII. and of I is XII. of France. See argolet ami estradiot. 3. The language of Albania, possessing strongly marked dialects, and usually classed as Aryan or Indo-European. [The adjective and noun also apply to ancient Albania, on the western coast of the Caspian sea: as, the Al- banian Gates (Albanice Pylce, now the pass of licrbend).] albarello (al-ba-rel'o), n. [It., from the shape, which is held to resemble a tree-trunk ; dim. of albero, a tree.] An earthen vessel, cylindrical in general shape, Italian glazed pottery, 17th century. Wandering Albatross [Diotnedea exnlans). rection with reference to the wind, without visible move- ment of the wings. They nest on the ground, ami lay a single white egg. They are very voracious, may be caught witli a liot.lv an. I line baited with pork, ami when taken on board a vessel are observed to walk with difficulty. I in,- of llu' Commonest and best-knOfl D species LS tin' wan dering albatross, />. exulans; it is also the largest sp having a stretch ol wings of about 12 feet — an assigned di- iiu'iiMnii «.f it'. tVi.'t briny ritluT a .ui'i ;it exaggeration or highly exceptional. This bird is mostly white, with dark markings on the upper parts, flesh-colored feet and a yel- low bill. The short-tailed albatross, D. brachj/ura, is a related but smaller Bpecies. It goes far north in the Pa- cific ocean, where is also found the black-footed albatross, I), nigripes of Audubon. The yellow-nosed albatross is /' eJuororhynchtts, to which another species, D. culminata, is closely related ; these, and 1>. melanophrys, arc among the smaller species, and of about the size of the sooty al- batros-;. The latter is wholly dark-colored. From their habit of following ships for days together without resting, albatrosses arc regarded with feelings of attachment and superstitious awe by sailors, it being considered unlucky to kill one. I loleridge has availed himself of this Ei in his "Ancient Mariner." Also spelled albatros, and in New Latin form dlbatrus, as either a generic or a specific designal Ion, 2. A thin untwilled woolen material used for women's dresses. albe 1 , n. See alW*. albe-t, albeet, conj. Same as albeit. Spenser. albedo albedo (al-be'do), ». [L., whiteness, < albus %hite.l Whiteness; specifically, the propor tionof light falling ona surface and irregularly ,.,.„,.,.,, „i ,■,,„,, ii: as, the aitodo of the moon. albeit (al-be'it), eoiy. [ al-l-'r'ti-ii ), «. [NL-, < 4»ert (Prince Albert I] l.A genus of free Ro*»/< ra, or wheel- animalcules, having a lengthened and vermi- form body, and the trochal disk reduced to a small eil'iated lip around the mouth. Held by Schmarda I stitute with the genus Setson a separate ,.,.,,,,, | ha. They are internal parasites of va- rious oligoi hastousa lids, such as the earthworm. 2 \o-enus of dipterous insects. Rondani, 1843. —3. A genus of ecelenterates. Thomson, 1878. Alberti bass. See bass? Albertiidffi (al-ber-ia'i-de), n. fl. [NL.,< ■' - bertia + -idee.] A family ot rotifers or wheel- animalcules, of which the genus Alberha is the type. See Albt rtm. . Albertine I al'ber-tin), a. Of orpertammgtothe younger and royal branch ot the Saxon house which descended from Albert (G. Albrecht), Duke of Saxony (1443-1500). -Albertine tracts pamphlets dealing with economic subjects, written about isaounderthe auspices of the Albertine branch of the SMonta^e?and in "opposition to a debasement o£ the .cur- re^cy propose 1 l.y the Ernestine branch.,! the same house. The Albertine tract*, according t ; . Koscher exhibit sueh sound views ot the conditions and < i idences of national wealth of the nature of money and trade, and of Ih. rights a, ante- of Governments in relation to economic a. twn, that heregardsthe unknown aul 'as enbtledtoa place betideRaleigh and the other English "™£™"*?™*£ of the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th century. Encyc. ssnl.y aia. ooo. Albertist . al'ber-tist). n. [< ML.AlbertistKv}-, < iVbertus, Albert.] An adherent ot the philos- ophy of Albertus Magnus, a German scholastic philosopher (1193-1280). The Albertists were only recognized as a distinct scl 1 in the university oi < o- lognl in the fifteenth century. Tins school was an off. shoot from that of the Thomists, from which it .1. red concerning many points of logic physics, ami th. ..,.,■> It was attached to the college of St. tawrence. Indiffer- ences which separated the Albertists from the Thomists were insignificant. Among other points the former i. 1. that , ulative, not a practical, discipline , that Driversals in re and port rem are identical (we«m»m«J, 7i.); and that the principle of individuation (which see) is matter. „ albertite (al'her-tit), ». [< Albert, -name of a county in New Brunswick, where this mineral is found, + -He-.] A hydrocarbon, pitch-hie iu appearance, and related to asphaltum, but not so fusible nor so soluble in benzine or ether. It fills a fissure in the lower carboniferous rocks at the Ubert mine in New liniuswick. It is used in the manufacture of illuminating gas, and ol illuminating and lubrii atino -.1 Usoi all. i Albert coal. albertype (al'ber-tip), ». [< Joseph Albert, name ol the inventor, + type.] 1. A method of direct printing in ink from photographic plates. S.e photolithography.— 2. A picture produced by this method. albescence(al-bes'ens), n. [< albescent.] the act or state of growing white or whitish, albescent (al-bes'ent), a. [< L. albe8cen{t-)s, ppr. of albescero, become white, inceptive ot at- bewhite,<«'"H.s-, white.] Becoming white or whitish; moderately white; of a pale, hoary aspeel : bleached; blanched, albespinet (al'be spin), ». [ F. albinos), < albo, now alvo, = Sp. It. albo, < L. albus, white.] 1. A person of pale, milky complexion, with light hair and pini eves. This abnormal condition appears to depend on an absi nee of the minute particles of coloring matter which I 1 cnly occur in the l.™-t and last-deposited layers of the epidf rmis . .r outer skin. Albinos occasionally occur among all races of men. . , H cnce _2. An animal characterized by the same peculiarity in physical constitution. A perfect albino is pure white, with pink eyes ; bu the e ,av be every degree of departure from the Dormal color- ation exhibiting every variation in paleness of color or m ,,t in- r marking with white, such pallid or piedindi- Zu^:u,\n,,M,d 1 ,,,r,,,l,,lb, , Anallnnnisaways a sporl 01 freak of nature as when one of a brood pi lows or blackbirds is snow-white; but albinism tends to be- cninc hereditary and thus established, as in the case 01 white mice, white rabbits, and white poultrj At > al- bino therefore, is to be distinguished from an annual that is naturally white, like the snowy heron or polar bear ol that periodically turns white in winter, like the arctic fox, polar bare, or ptarmigan. Some animals are more bus- ceptible to albinism than others, bul probably a 1 are i,a- i,i, to the deficiency or total lack of pigment winch con- stitutes this affection. . , . . . 3 A plant the leaves of winch are marked by the absence of chlorophyl, or whose flowers are exceptionally white. See albinism. albinoism (al-bi'no-izm), n. Same a,salbintsm. albinotic (al-bi-not'ik), a. [< f>»w + _-ot„: as in liinmotie and other words of Gr. origin.] Al- iVct'ed withalbinism; exhilhtingleucism; being :,,, albino. An equivalent form is albimsUc. albione (al-bi-o'ne), n. [NL., after L. Albion, a son Of Neptune?] A sea-leech ; a leech of the genus PontobcU "«■ , „ .. .„ . albion-metal (al'bi-m,-mci ah „. ■."'•.""'. poetic , iameof England (< I... loW, Or. A , an ancient name of Britain), + metal.} A com- bination made by overlaying had Willi tin and causing the two to adhere by passing them, un- der pressure, between rollers. albite(ul'bit), m. [S P . Pg. It.atettfirmeo),themore cor- rect E form being albuginous = E . albugineux = Sp It. albuginoso, < L. *albuginosus, < albugo (al- buoin-), whiteness: see albugo.] Pertaining to or resembling the white of the eye or of an egg. Equivalent forms are albuginean and albuginous. - Albugineous humor, the aqueous humor of the eye.— Albugineous tunic, the albuginea (which see), albuginitis (al-bu-ji-ni'tis), n. _[< albuginea + -itis.] Inflammation of the tunica albuginea ot the testis. See albuginea. . albuginous (al-bu'ji-nus), «. Same as albugin^ albugo (al-bu'go). n. [L., whiteness, a white L„t.< albus, white.] A disease ot the eye, characterized by deep opacity of the cornet,. Sometimes called leucoma. Albula (al'bu-la ), n. [NL., fem. ot^.albulus, whitish, < albus, white: see able 2 , ablet.] Age- mis of fishes distinguished by their whitish or silvery color, tvpicalof the family Albulidas. albulid (al'bu-'lid), n. A fish of the family .1 - bulida- ; a bonetish, ladyfish, macabe, or t rench mullet. , r ^ TT . .,, . Albulidae (al-bu ' li-de), n. pi, [NL., < Albula + -i,l,e ] A family of abdominal Ashes having an elongate body 'covered with silvery scales, conical head with produced overhanging snout, small mouth, and pavement-like teeth on tM sphenoid and pterygoid bones. Only one spceu-s, Albula Wipes, is I »n. K is genera ly .list, ;ib«'"d "« tropical seas, and is known 111 the \Vesl ln.li.- and 1 ■■ ,, a ii,,, (ions of structure of the heart which suggesl the ga- uoids. See cut under ladyfish. ,.,,,, Albulina (al-bu h'nai, ,, ,,l. [NL. < . ih„„ + -in,,.} In Giinther's classification of fishes, the fifth "Toup of CI up, i, la-. The technical characters ,,, 8ie mouth inferior, of moderate width and toothed, „ ■ „ ir jaw projecting beyond the lower 'mid Uie liter- SirUlary uxtaposcd to the upper edge of he 'naxillarf I,,,,,,., in, grbup corresponds to the family .1" Preferably written Albulina, as a subfamily. album (al'bum), ». [L., prop- neut. ot »'..«, white 1 1. In Rom. antiq., a while tablet, on which the names of public ollicers and records ,,, public transactions were written and which was put up in a public place.- 2. A book con- sisting of blank leaves variously prepared COT special purposes, .as for the reception or pres- ervation of autographs, photographs, v. "sentiments," etc. -3. A book expensively printed or bound, containing short select ons Of Itry or prose, usually illustrated, ate in- tended as a gift or an ornament.— 4t. In "'"> white (silver) money paid as rent. albumen (al-bu'men), ». [L. ; albumen „n the white of an egg; lit., whiteness, < albus, white.] 1 The white of an egg; hence, an animal ana vegetable principle which occurs in its purest albumen natural form in the white of an egg: in the latter sense more correctly called albwmin (which see). — 2. In hot., any form of nutritive matter, whatever its chemical constitution, Seeds cut vertically, showing their Embryos and Albumen. stored within the seed and about the embryo. It may be farinaceous, as in the cereals ; oily and fleshy, as in many nuts; horny, as in the coffee-berry ; or bony, as in the vegetable ivory. Also called endosperm. — Albu- men glue. See glue. albumenize (al-bii'men-Iz), v. t. See albumin- ize. albumenoid, a. and n. See albuminoid. album graecum (al'bum gre'kum). [L. ; lit., Greek white.] The dung of dogs, etc., which, from exposure to the air, has become white like chalk. It was formerly used as a medicine, and is still used by tanners to soften leather. albumin (al-bu'min), ». [< L. album(en) + -in' 2 . See albumen.'] In chem., a substance named from the Latin for the white of an egg, in which it occurs in its purest natural state (see albu- men). It is a proximate principle composed of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with a little sulphur, and enters generally into the composition of the animal anil vegetable juices and solids. Animal albumin abounds in the serum of the blood, the vitreous and crystalline humors of the eye, the so-called coagulable lymph, the juices of flesh, etc. Vegetable albumin is found in most vegetable juices and in many seeds; in composition and properties it does not differ greatly from animal albumin. Albumin obtained from eggs or blood-serum is used for giving a lustrous coating to photographic paper, and rarely in some other photographic processes, for fixing colors in printing, and for clarifying syrupy liquids. When heated with such liquids it coagulates and sinks to the bottom, or else rises as a scum, carrying with it the fine suspended particles which had made the liquid turbid. When albumin in solu- tion is digested with a weak acid, it passes into a modi- fication distinguished by the following properties: it is insoluble in water and weak saline solutions, soluble in weak acids or alkalis, and not coagulated by heat. This modification is called a, -id albumin. Similar treatment with a weak or strong alkali produces a substance having nearly the same properties as acid albumin, but called alkali albumin. Syntonin is not distinguishable from acid albumin. When a solution of either acid or alkali albumin is neutralized, a neutralization precipitate is obtained. This, dissolved in acid, gives acid albumin; dissolved in alkali, it gives alkali albumin, though there is reason to believe that neither the acid nor the alkali combines chemically with the albumin. Albumin is found in com- merce in a dry state, being prepared both from the white of eggs and from the serum of blood; 84 dozen eggs pro- duce about 1.2 gallons of white, which yields 14 per cent, of commercial albumin, while the blood of 5 oxen yields about 2 His. Pure albumin, entirely free from mineral matter, begins to coagulate at about 139°, and becomes completely solidified at 167°. Coagulated albumin is a white opaque substance, possessing the property of com- bining readily with a great many coloring materials, such as fuebsine, aniline violet, purpuramide, etc. It is em- ployed extensively in the arts, as in calico-printing, in which it is used to fix pigments, especially ultramarine, chrome-yelbovs, etc., upon the fibers of cotton cloth, serv- ing both as a vehicle for the color and as a varnish. With aniline colors, however, it forms a true mordant.— Albu- min process, a little-used process of making photo- graphic plates, in which albumin is used instead of collo- dion or gelatin. albuminate (al-bu'mi-nat), n. [<. albumen (al- bumin-) + -uti i.] One of a class of bodies in which albumin appears to be in weak combina- tion with a base. Alkali albuminate is regarded bv some as identical with casein. albumin-beer (al-bu'min-ber), n. A preserv- ing batli which has been used for some early photographic emulsions, composed of albumin, ammonia, pyrogallic acid, beer, and water. albuminiferous (al-bu-mi-nif'e-rus), a. [< L. albumen (-mi)i-) + ferre, bear.] Producing al- bumin. IV. L. Carpenter. | albuminiform (al-bu'ini-ni-f6rni), a. [< L. al- bumen (-miu-) + -for mis,<. forma, form.] Formed like or resembling albumin. albuminimeter (al-bu-nii-nim'e-ter), n. [< L. albumen (-niin-) + metrum, < Gr. pfrpov, mea- sure.] An instrument for measuring the quan- tity of albumin contained in any liquid. 131 albuminin (al-bu'mi-nin), n. [< albumen (-min-) + -in' 2 .] The substance of the cells inclosing the white of birds' eggs. It contains no nitro- gen, and dissolves in caustic potash. Also called iiiinin. albuminiparous (al-bu-mi-nip'a-rus), a. [< L. albumen (-min-) + -parus, < parere, produce.] Same us iilbiiminifi rous. At its upper end this latter [duct] has an album! n i pu - rows gland attached to it. a, genbaur, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 383. albuminize (al-bu'mi-niz), v. t.; pret. and pp. albuminized, ppr. albuminizing. [< albumin + -i:e.] To convert into albumin; cover or im- pregnate with albumin, as paper for the silver- printing of photographs. Also written albu- menize. albuminoid (al-bu'mi-noid), a. and n. [< L. albumen (-miu-) + -aid.] I. a. Besembling al- bumen or albumin. During hard work a larger supply than usual of albu- minoid food is necessary. W. L. Carpenter, Energy in Nature, p. 192. Albuminoid disease, lardaceous disease (which see, un- der lardaceous). II. a. A substance resembling albumin ; pro- teid (which see). Also written albumenoid. albuminoidal (al-bii-nii-noi'dal), a. Eclating to or of the nature of an albuminoid. albuminone (al-bu'mi-non), ii. Same as pep- tone. albuminose (al-bu'mi-nos), a. [=F. albumi- iinix = It. albuniinoso, < NL. albumiiiosiis, < L. iilhu mm (-min-): see albumen, albumin.] 1. Full of or containing albumen: applied to tho seeds of certain plants, as grain, palms, etc. — 2. Pertaining to or of the nature of albumin. albuminosis (al-bu-mi-no'sis), n. [NL., < L. albumen (-min-) + -osis.] A condition of the blood characterized by the presence of more than the usual amount of albumin. albuminous (al-bu'mi-nus), a. Same as albu- minose — Albuminous infiltration. See cloudy swell- inrf, under cloudy. albuminousness (al-bii'mi-nus-nes), n. The state of being albuminous. albumin-paper (al-bu'min-pa/'per), n. Paper sized or coated with albumin, used for ordi- nary photographic printing. albuminuria (al-bu-nii-nu'ri-a), n. [NL., < L. albumen (-min-) + Gr. ovpov, urine: see urine.] In pathol., the presence of albumin in the urine, indicating changes in the blood or in the kid- neys. albuminuric (al-bu-mi-nu'rik), a. [< albumi- nuria + -it:] Pertaining to or characterized by albuminuria. album (al'bern), a. and n. [< ML. alburnus, whitish (see auburn), first as a noun, LL. al- burnus, m., a white fish, prob. the bleak or blay, L. alburnum, neut., sap-wood (see alburnum), < albus, white.] I.t a. An obsolete form of auburn. II. n. 1. Same as alburnum. — 2. A name sometimes given to the fish commonly called the bleak. alburnous (al-ber'nus), a. [< alburnum, q. v., + -ous.] Relating to or of the nature of alburnum. alburnum (al-ber'num), n. [L., sap-wood, prop. neut. of albur-di nus, which appears in ML. in alcatras of these consists of an anacrusis, a trochee, a spondee, and two dactyls. Asecond consistsof a catalectfc Iambic pen- tameter, of which the third foot is always a spondee, and the first may lie. A third lists ol two dactyls followed the' sense of Svhitish': see au- burn.] The lighter-colored and softer part of the wood of exo- genous plants, between the in- ner bark and the heart-wood. It is frequently called sap-wood, and is sap-wood; **. heart- gradually transformed nit, .hcart-w.>ud j:;'-'- '■ i ,lth; ** or duramen. Another form is allium. Alca (al'ka), n. [ML. and NL., < Ieel. atka, dlka, auk:"seo auifcl.l The leading genus of the Aleidie. or auk family of birds. It has been made to cover nearly all the species of the family, but is now gener- ally restricted to the great auk, Alca imprimis, alone or with the razor-billed avtk, .1. tarda uv Utamania tarda. See auk, and cut in next column. alcabala (Sp. pron. al-ka-bii'la), n. Same as alcavala. Alcadae (al'ka-de), n.pl. Same as Aleidie. alcahest, alcahestic, etc. Sec alkahest, etc. Alcaic (al-ka'ik), a. and n. [< L. Jleaieus, < Gr. 'A>.Kain6c, < 'AAkqooc, Aleaaus.] I. a. 1. Per- taining to Alcams, a lyric poet of Mytilene, in Lesbos, who flourished about 600 B. C— 2. [1. c] Pertaining to, of the nature of, or con- sisting of alcaics : as, an alcaic strophe. See II. Alcnic vcrss SyC II. II, n. [Z. ft] A line written in one of the mea- sures invented by Alcseus. The most important one Great Auk lAUa impennis). (From a drawing by R. YV. Shufeldt after Audubon. ) by two trochees. Two lines of the first, followed by one of tbe second and one of the third, constitute the alcaic strophe, the commonest arrangement of alcaics. The fol- lowing is an example of an alcaic strophe : ( ' mighty-month'd inventor of harmonies, O skill'd to sing of Time or Eternity, God-gifted organ-voice of England, Milton, a name to resound for ages. Tennyson, Exper. in Quantity, Alcaics. alcaid. alcayde (al-kful' ; Sp. pron. ai-ka'e-da), n. [< Sp. Pg. alcaide, formerly alcayde, a gov- ernor, jailer, warden, < Ar. al-qaid, < al, the (see al-" 2 ), + quid, leader, governor, prefect, < qddn, lead, govern.] In Spain, Portugal, etc., a com- mander of a fortress; a military officer; also a jailer. alcalde (al-kal'de ; Sp. pron. al-kal'da), n. [Sp. alcalde (in Pg. alcaide by confusion with alcaide, alcaid), < Ar. al-epidi, < al, the, + qddi, judge (> Turk, kadi, > E. cadi, q. v.), < qaelaij, judge, de- cide.] In Spain and Portugal, and in countries settled by Spaniards or governed by Spanish law, the mayor of a pueblo or town, who is tho head of the municipal council, and is vested with judicial powers similar to those of a justice of the peace. alcaldeship (al-kal'de-ship), n. The office of alcalde. The heart of the Spanish local system is the Alcaldi-sli ip. C. II. Shinn, Mining Camps, p. 83. alcali, alcalimeter, alcalizable, etc. See al- kali, etc. alcamistret, alcamyt, etc. See alchemist, al- chemy, etc. Alcana? (al-ka'ne), n. pi. Same as Alcina: alcanna (al-kan'S), n. [Also written alcana, < Sp. alcana, aleaiia (= Pg. alcanna), < Ar. al- liiiinii.inl, tht\ + hi una, henna.] Sameas/V«»o\ Alcantarine (al-kan'ta-rin), n. [< Sp. Alcan- tara, a city on the Tagus, lit. the Bridge, < Ar. al, the, + qantardh, a bridge. Ci. almucantar.] A member of a branch of the Franciscans founded in 1555 by St. Peter of Alcantara (whence the name). See Franciscan. alcarraza(:tl-ka-r;l'za; Sp. pron. al-kar-rii'tha), n. [Sp., < Ar. nl-kiirrdz, < al, the (see al- 2 ), + kurrdz, an earthen vessel, pitcher.] A vessel made of porous unglazed pottery, used in hot climates for cooling water by the evaporation of the moisture oozing through the substance of the vessel. The effectiveness of the process is greatly increased by exposure to a current of air. In the southwestern I nited States commonly called oUa. alcarsin, ». See atharsin. alcatotet, »• [E. dial., also alkitotle (Exmoor ( 'ourtship) ; origin obscure.] A silly elf or fool- ish oaf. Class. Exmoor Scolding. Why. you know I [am] an ignorant, unable trifle in such business, an oaf, a simple alcatvte, an innocent. Ford, Fancies, iv. 1. alcatras (al'ka-tras), n. [< Sp. Pg. alcatraz, a pelican, etc., prob. a modification of Pg. nlen- truz = Sp. areailuz, aleitdtiz, the bucket of a noria or water-raising wheel, < Ar. al, the, + qddus, bucket, < Gr. mfioc, a water-vessel ; the term "bucket" being applied to the pelican for the same reason that the Arabs call it saggd, water-carrier, because it carries water in its pouch (Devic).] A Spanish and Portuguese name loosely applied to sundry large sea-birds, alcatras as the pelican ( peleemius), gannct (Sula), alba- tross 1 1 tin,, i, ,i, a, especially D. fuliginosa), frig- ate-bird I Tachypetes aquilus), etc., but of noex- acl signiiioation iii ornithology. alcavala (al-ka-va'lft), n. [Sp. alcabala, alca- raid, < Ax. al-qabalah, < «/, i hi'. + qabdlah, tax, duty. < qabala, receive: see cabala.] A tax of cue' tenth formerly imposed in Spain upon pub- lie salrs anil exchanges, and paid. by the seller. Also written alcabala. alcayde, «- See alcatel. alcazar (al-ka-zar'; Sp. pron. iil-ka-thiir'), n. [Sp. ami !':_'■. a castle, fort, quarter-deck, < Ar. alqagr, < al, tin'. + . 2. A name given to certain places of arnuse- iii. nt in Frailer and elsewhere, particularly when decorated in the Moorish style. — 3. Naut., the quarter-deck. Alee (al'se), n. [XL., i E. chyme, q. v.), < x^ clv , pour, akin to L. fundcre = AS. gedtan, pour, and to E. gush. Alchemy would thus be origi- nally the art of extracting juices from phinls for medicinal purposos.] 1. Medieval chemis- try ; the doctrines and processes of the early ami medieval chemists; in particular, the sup- posed process, or the search for the process, by which it was hoped to transmuto the baser metals into gold. AlchemywaB, «e may say. the sickly but. imaginative in- fan. v through which modem chemistry hail to pass before it attain.. 1 its majority, or, in other words, bei Hue a pos- itive science. Encyc. Brit., I. 459. 2. Any magical or mysterious power or process of transmuting or transforming. Go laugh, . . . transmuting imps into angels by the al- chemy ..f smiles. Alcatt, Tablets, p. M. In the tiny cellulose sue. by the vegetable protoplasm is wrought tin. very alchemy of life. S. I:. Herrick, Plant Life, p. 21. 3. Formerly, a mixed metal used for utensils. .■1 modification of brass: so called because be- lieved In have I. ecu originally formed by the ail 1 if alchemy ; hence, an imitation, as alchemy was supposed to bo of brass: used figuratively by Milton for a trumpet. Four Bpi 1 'is Cherubim Put to their mouths the Bounding alchumy. Milton, r. L., ii. 517. alcohol Here be the tavern-beakers, and here peep out the flue alchemy knaves, looking like . . . most of our gallants, that seem what they are 11. .t. Middleton, V..nr Five Gallants, ii. 3. Formerly also spelled alchymy. alchochoden (al-ko-ko'den), ». [Ar.] Inosfrol., tlie giver of life or years; the planet which is the dispositor of hyleg and in aspect with that planet when a person is burn, indicating bj its position the length of his life. alchymict, alchymistt, etc. See alchemic, etc. Alcidae (al'si-de), n. pi. [XL., It. alcornoch, the cork-tree); origin uncertain. Cf. Sp. Pg. alcorque, cork soles or clogs, cork, Sp. corcho, Pg. corcha, cork; but no etymological connection can be made out.] The bark of a Brazilian leguminous tree, Bow- dichia virgilioidcs, formerly used as a remedy for phthisis. Also written alcomoco — American al- cornoque, the bark of several species of Byrsonima, used in tanning. European alcornoque, the bark of the smaller branches of the cork-oak, Quercus suber. alcove (al'kov or al-kov'), n. [< F. alcove, < It. aleova, aleovo = OF. aucube, tent, = Pr. alcuba, < Sp. aleova, now alcoba, = Pg. alcora, & recess, < Ar. aUgpobah, < al, the, + qobbah, a vault, a vaulted space, dome, tent, alcove, < qubba, vault, arch, dome. No connection with E. cove 1 .] A covered recess. Specifically — (a) In the strictest sense, any recessed bay or small 1 11 attached to a larger one, having a coved or vaulted ceiling. (6) Most commonly, a recess in a room for the reception of a bed, one of the re- cesses or separate compartments for books in a library- building, a niche for a seat or statue, etc. (c) An arched or covered seat in a garden, or any natural recess, as ;i clear space in a grove or wood, a small bay, a place nearly inclosed by rocks or hills, and the like. (In this use, chiefly poetical.] I in mossy banks, beneath the citron grove, Tile youthful waud'rers found a wide alcove. falconer, shipwreck. alcumistt, alcumyt. Former spellings of al- chemist, alchemy. alcyon (al'si-qn), n.anda. [L.,, >L. halcyon, > E. halcyon, the form now usual : see halcyon.] I. «. 1. An old or poetical name of the kingfisher. Commonly written halcyon. — 2. [cap.] A genus of kingfishers : same as Halcyon, Alcyonidiidae 2. — 3. The spei-itie nai .1' the belled king- fisher of North America, Ccryle alcyon. — 4. A general name of the kingfishers of the genus Halcyon and others of the subfamily Daceloni- nw: as, the v/ood-alcyons, tree-alcyons, etc. II. a. Same as halcyon. Alcyonaria (aFsi-6-na'ri-a), n. pi. [NL., < Aloyonium + -ana.] An order of actinozoan corals, or, as some hold, a subclass of coralli- genous Actinozoa, distinguished in this use ivomZoantharia, the other subclass of Actino oa ( which contains the sea-anemones, etc.), by hav- ing pinnately fringed instead of simple tenta- cles, arranged around the mouth like the rays of a starfish, whence the alternative name Aste- roida. The tentacles of Alcyonaria are in one series of s, instead of or a multiple of 6, whence the alternative name Octocoralla, the sea-anemones being known as Ilcxa- coraUa. For the same reason, the Alcyonaria are also termed Octactinios. The coralluni, when present, is ex. tenia], spicular, or with a sclerobasic axis, but occasion ally thecal or tubular. The polyps are connected by the ceenosare, through which permeate prolongations of the body-cavity of each, thus permitting a free circulation of fluids. There is sometimes an outer skeleton, either with or without a central sclerobasic axis. The coralluni is rarely thecal, never presenting traces of septa. (I'ascoe.) These compound organisms are found only in deep water, and, except the sea-pens, are fixed to some foreign body. The subclass or order is divided into several orders or sub- orders, of which are : (a) the Alcyoniacece, having a lea- thery contractile ectoderm — a group including the so- Alcyotiaria. i. Sea-fan (Rhipidogorgia Jlabtllum) ; 2, Sea-pen (Pcnnatula pliosphorea) ; 3, Cornnlaria rugosa. called dead men's fingers ; (/>) the Goryoniacco?, orsea-fans, which are branched calcareous or horny corals ; (c) the [si- dacete, which are alternately calcareous and horny ; (d) the Titbiporacete, or organ-pipe corals, which are tubular ; and (e) the I'coiiotoloeeir, or sea-pens. See these words. Some species have the appearance of sponges, others re- semble fans, feathers, stars, etc. Also called Halcyonoida. alcyonarian (al'si-o-na'ri-an), a. and n. [< Alcyonaria + -an.] I. a. Relating or pertain- ing to the order or to a member of the order Alcyonaria. Equivalent terms are halcyonoid and asteroidal. II. «. One of the Alcyonaria (which see). Various forms of alcyonarians, a special group of corals, were found at considerable depths. Science, IV. 171. Also written haleyonarian. Alcyone (al-si'6-ne), «. [L.,< Gr. 'A^Kv6vn, in myth, the daughter of ^olus and wife of Ceyx, aThessalian king; she was changed into a king- fisher and her husband into a sea-bird. See alcyon.] 1. A greenish star of magnitude 3.0, the brightest of the Pleiades, n Tauri. See cut under Pleiades. — 2. In ornith., a genus of kingfishers, of the family Alcedinida; subfamily Daceloniinr, related to the genus Ceyx, both be- ing distinguished by the rudimentary condition of the inner front toe. Also written llnleyone. Alcyonella (alsi-o-nel'ii), «. [NL., as Alcyo- ii(ium) + dim. -ella.] A genus of fresh-water Polyzoa, or so-called ascidian zoophytes, related to PlumateUa, Fredericella, and Oris tatella, of the family PhtmateUidee. A. stagnorumisot a greenish- black color, and is found in stagnant water. The species were formerly regarded as plants. Also written llalcyo- neUa. Alcyoniacese (al"si-on-i-a'se-e), n. pi. [NL., < .lleyoniitm + -aeea:] An order of Alcyonaria (which see) considered as a subclass. It is char- acterized by having a leathery contractile ectoderm with calcareous spicules, but no sclerobasis ; the polypary is at- tached to some foreign object, and bears some resemblani e to a sponge. The order consists of the families .4 /r//e/oe/,r and CornvXariidos, to which some authorities add Teles, tidos. See Alcyoniidce. Also written HaUyoniaceos. alcyonic (al-si-on'ik), a. [< Mcyonium + -ic] Pertaining to the Alcyoniidce. Also written halcyonic. Alcyonidiidae (al"si-on-i-di'i-de), «. pi. [NL., < Alcyonidium + -ida:] A family of Polyzoa, or so-called ascidian zoophytes, belonging to the infundibulate order (Gymnola-mata) of that class, the mouth having no epistome. The family forms with the Vcsiculariida; a group or suborder which Alcyonidiidae has been called cien,Ki,>iii,ir,i. the cell-opening being i with marginal Beta, and there being no vibracula and no nidium is the Leading <>r onh genus, Also written Aleyonidiada, Alcyonididce, and Halcyoni- diidee; noi t., be confounded with AleyoniidoB. Alcyonidium (al si-u-niil'i-um), ». [NL.,aa IU cyon-ium + dim, -idiiim, < i fr. -hkov.] A genus of Polyzoa, of the family .f 4. o/2utuu>. sum, one of the Bp& ies, la i ailed ragged stall <>i mermaid's glove, ami was formerly regarded as a plant. Also written It'ii' yonidium. Alcyoniidae (al si-o-ni'i-de), n. pi. [NL.,< Aloyonium + -idcB.] A family of aleyonarian polyps, of the order dlcyoniacece. The leading genus is Alcyonium twin, h Bee). Etepresentatives of the familj are found in all sea- ami at various depths; some [yps. Also written Alcyonicue^ and Hal* not to be i onfounded with Alcyonidiidce. alcyoniteial'si-o-nit), »■ [< Alcyonium + -ite 2 .] A fossil of or like tin- genua Alcyonium ; one of the sponge-like fossils eommon in the ckalkfor- niathm. Also written halcyonite. Alcyonium (al-si-6'ni-um), n. [NL., < L. al- cyonium, also alcyoneum, < 6r. oXkv6viov, also a/.Kivi-tiav, bastard-sponge, a zoophyte, so called from its resemblance to the nest of the cWkvuv, halcyon: see alcyon.] The leading genus of polyps of the family Aleyoniitltc (which see). A. Uum, the so-called dead nun's fingers, dead men's toes, and cow's paps, is a common British species. It is a lol>ed, spongy-looking body, pellucid when distended with water, and covered with stellate apertures for the polyps. (Pascoe.') A. glomeratum is another species. The name of the genus is synonymous with Lnbularui. Also written Halcyonium. alcyonoid (al'si-o-noid), n. [< Alcyonium + -oid. ] A member of the family Alcyoniidw or of the order Alcyoniacece. Also written halcyonoid. aldayt, ot't'- [ME., 8p. alisn, alder) = L. alnus, orig. 'alsnus (> P. aune, alder, and per- haps Sp. Pg. alamo, poplar: see alamo), = < iBulg. it iiim, Bulg. .;< Um = Berv. jelsha = Bo- ln'iii. jelshe, olshe ■ = Pol. olcha, oKza = Buss. olSkha, volucha, dial, elkha, elokha, =Ldth.Lett. alder.] 1. The popular name of shrubs and trees belonging to the genua Alnus, natural order Oupulift roe. 1 1, non alder of Eu rope U Ainu glut 1 in the ea bernl aited states the comi 1 the th alder, A < rrulata, and Bol h an also know □ us black alder. Thi 1 illy tall shrubs, rarely small i .1 , honibi 1 . — 1, frequently gi om trei of medium si." 1 1, bark of the aides eral pai t - ol the world as 01c ol the materials tor dyeing bhu K aloi copperas or iron Liquor, and also In obtainin othi 1 / or orangi ' llnw 2. A name of species of other widi 1 1 nt genera, from their resemblance to tr dors. Iheblackoi berrj bearing alder ol Europe! th< aldei buckthorn Rhamnus Frangula insouthem the name red alder is given to the Cunonia Cam n white alder to Platyloph u > 1 > foliatu bol 1 1 o, [fragaceoufl shrubs. In North America the Hex verticiUata is some- Aider {Alum p/ittiHosn ). 134 times called black alder, the l:/mm>nis aliii/nlia dwarf al- der, and the Clethra alnifolia white abler. alder'-'t, a. ami «. An old form of i-hli r 2 . alder :i t, allert, a. [ME., also written alther, ni- dre. ah r, aire, < AS. ealra, also alra, gcu. pi. of eall, all: see all. The ,1 is inserted as in al- ii, iK] The .Middle English genitive plural of all. From its common occurrence before adjectives in the superlative it came to be regarded as a prefix of such ad- jectivi "'■*'. first of all; alder-best, best of all; alder-liefi st or alaer-lievert, dearest ol all. It is also used, in the form aUer, with the genitive plural of personal pro nouns: as. yourt aller, of all of you ; otirc culer, of all of us ; h,r, alter, of all of them. A-morwe whan the day bigan to sprynge, Vp ros our lioste, ami was oure aller cok. Chaucer, Gen. I'rol. to C. T., 1. 823. You, mine alder-liefest sovereign. Shak., 2 Hen. VI., i. 1. alder-buckthorn (al'der-buk"thorn), n. The European plant Khammts Fraugula. Soellliaiii- II US. alderman (al'der-man), «. ; pi. aldermen (-men). [< ME. alderman, alii' rmon, < AS. ealdorman (= ONorth. aldormon, -mann, -mown), < ealdor, a prince, chief, elder, + man (maun, mon, monn I, man: see alder 2 , elder", n., and man.] 1. In the Anglo-Saxon period of English history, a title meaning at first simply chieftain or lord, but later used specifically to denote the chief magis- trate of a county or group of counties. The office was both civil and military, and was tending to become a great hereditary benefice when it was replaced, under ' 'a- mite, by the earldom. After this the name was applied to any head man, as the head man of a guild. If the earlier kingdoms were restored, the place of flu- king in each was taken by an ealdorman, who, however independent and powerful" he might be, was still named by the West-Saxon sovereign, and could he deposed by that ruler and the national Witan. J. li. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 248. The ealdormen were nobles hy birth, and generally the leaders in war. Stilli>, Stud. Med. Hist., p. 203. Hence — 2. In modern usage, a magistrate of a city or borough, next in rank to the mayor, in England and Ireland, besides being a member of the com- mon council, which manages the art airs of the municipality, he is vested with the powers of a police judge. The corre- sponding title in Scotland is bailie. Aldermen are usually chosen for three years, but the twenty-six aldermen of Lon- don are chosen for life. In most of the United States there is in each city an elected board of aldermen, representing wards, who constitute the municipal assembly, or the up- per branch of it where it consists of two bodies, and usually also possess some judicial powers. In Pennsylvania!! cities the title alderman is given to an officer having duties equiv- alent to those of a justice of the peace elsewhere. 3. In England, a half-crown: a meaning ex- plained by Brewer as containing an allusion to the fact that an alderman is a sort of half-king. [Slang.] — 4. A turkey. [Slang.] —Alderman in chains, a turkey hung with sausages. [Slang.]— Aider- man's pace, a slow, stately pace : equivalent to the French pas d'abbe". aldermanate (al'der-man-at), n. [< alderman + -iiti'-K] The office of aiderman ; aldermen col- lectively. aldermancy (al'der-man-si), n. [i alderman + -cy, as in abbacy and other words of tdt. L. ori- gin.] The office of an alderman; aldermanate. aldermanic (al-der-man'ik), a. [< alderman + -ic.~] Relating or belonging to an alderman ; characteristic of aldermen. aldermanity (al-der-man'i-ti), n. [(.alderman + -ity.~] 1. Aldermen collectively; the body of aldermen. B. Jonson. — 2. Tho dignity or qualities of an alderman. Lamb. alderman-lizard (al'der-man-liz'grd), n. A book-name of the Sauromalus ater, a stout black Calif ornian lizard: so called from its obesity, a characteristic popularly attributed to aldermen. It attains a length of about a foot. See Sauromalus. aldermanly (til'dcr-man-li), a. [< alderman + -h/ 1 .] Pertaining to or like an alderman. aldermanry (al'der-man-ri), «.; pi. alihrmnii- ries (-riz). [< alderman + -ri/.] A district of a borough having its own alderman; award. Y. /:. It. aldermanship (al'dcr-man-ship), n. [(.alder- man + Ship,] The office of an alderman. aldernt (al'doni), a. [< alder + -<«~, -«-; = D. 1I.111, iris, aid']-.] Made of alder. 1 hi n aldern boats first plow'd the ocean, May, tr. of Virgil's Qeorgics. Aldine (al'dSn or al'din), a. [< XL. Aldinm, < Aldus.] An epithet applied to those editions, chiefly of the classics, which proceeded from the press of Aldus Matiutius (Latinized form of Italian Ahh. M n 11 uzio ), of Venice, and his family, from Mill In I.1H7. The distinguishing mark 1 in anchor entwined with a dolphin printed on the title page, 'these edition- an- noted for DOth the beauty of the typography and the correctness of the text The term has 1 in . 1, applied i" certain English and American edi- tion "1 \ariolls Works. See cut in next column. ale-conner Aldriant, »■ [Perhaps Ar.] A star in the neck of the Lion. Chaucer. Aldrovandine (al-dro-van'din), E. ale-rat) = Icel. Sw. Dan. ol, ale, = OBulg. Device of A idus. from siatius. olii, cider, = Sloven, ol, nli j, nil =OPruss. fl/H = Lith. «i«6 - = Lett. alius (> Finn, olut), beer. Cf. Gael, and Ir. ol, drink.] 1. A light-colored beer, made from malt which is dried at a low heat. See beer. Pale nlr is made from the palest or lightest-colored malt, the fermenting temperature being kept below72 to pre- vent the formation of acetic acid. 2t. An ale-drinking; a festival or merrymaking at which ale was the beverage drunk. Com- pare bridal, church-ale, clerk-ale, etc. Every inhabitant of the town of Okebrook shall lie at the several ales ; and every husband and his wife shall pay two-pence, every cottager one penny. Quoted in .V. and y., 6th ser., X. 391. 3f. A brew of ale ; as much ale as is brewed at one time. Witnesseth, that the inhabitants, as well of the said parish of Elvaston as of the said town of Okebrook, shall brew bun- ales, ami every ale of one quarter of malt, and at their own costs and charges, betwixt this and the feast of St. John Baptist next coming. Quoted in X. and 0., 6th ser., X. 391. 4f. An ale-house. Thou hast not so much charity in thee as to go to the ale with a christian. Shak., T. G. of V., ii. 6. O, Tom, that we were now at Tutney, at the ale there. Thomas, Lord Cromwell, iii. 1. Adam's ale. See Adam.— Bitter ale, bitter beer, a clear, strong, highly hopped ale, of a pleasant bitter taste. — Medicated ale, ale which is prepared for medicinal purposes by an infusion of herbs during fermentation. aleak (a-lek'), prep. phr. as adv. [< a 3 + leak, q. v.] In or into a leaking state. aleatico (al-e-at'i-ko), n. [It.] A sweet and strong red wine made in Tuscany. It is of dark- red color, has a delicate flavor and perfume, and is one of the best of very sweet wines. aleatory (a'le-a-to-ri), a. [< L. alcatorius, per- taining to a gamester or to gaming, < aleator, a gamester, a player with dice, < alca, a game with dice.] Literally, depending upon the throw of a die; hence, depending on a con- tingent event — Aleatory contract, in ?«»', an agree- ment the conditions of which depend on an uncertain event.-- Aleatory sale, a sale the completion of which depends on the happening of some uncertain event. aleavementt, «• See allevement. ale-bench (al'bench), n. [ME. not found ; < AS. inlii-lii lie: see ale and bench.] A bench in or before an ale-house. Sit on their ale-hrnch with their cups and cans. Mundti'i and Others, Sir John Oldcastle, i. 1. ale-berry (al'bcril. n. [Early mod. E. alehery, ale-brue, < ME. alebery, alberey, alebrey, albry, ahiire, < ale, ale, + lire, also spelled breire, broth, soup (> brec, broo, q. v.), < AS. briw, broth. The word is thus prop, ale-bree, or ale-brew, al, -broo, the second element being perverted in simulation of berry 1 -.] A beverage formerly made by boiling ale with spice, sugar, and sops of bread. ale-brewer (al'bro ir), n. One whose occupa- I ion is the brewing of ale. alec (il'lek), /(. [L., belter allu; also alr.r, and with aspirate halln: halex, the sediment of a costly fish-sauce, garum, and in general fish- sauce, fish-pickle.] 1. A pickle or sauce of small herrings or anchovies. — 2f. A herring. .Y. /•;. 1). alecampanet (til e-kam-paii'), «. Same as ele- campane. alecize (al'e-siz), v. t.; prct. and pp. aleci ea\ ppr. alecizing. [< aire + -i.e.] To dross with alec sauce. X. A'. /). ale-conner (aPkon^er), n. [< ale + conner^.] Originally, a local officer appointed to assaj ale and beer, ami to take care that they were good and wholesome, and sold at a proper price. The duty of the ale-conners of I Ion now is to inspect the measures used by bed- and liquor sellers, ill order to prevent fraud. Four of these officers are chosen annually by the liverymen, in common hall, on Midsummer's bay l. i iiiic 24). Also called al, -tinier. "l'is well known lo the parish I have 1 n nvicc ale-con- ner. Middlcton, Mayor of Queeuborough, in- 3. ale-cost ale-COSt (al'kost), ». [< ale + cost 3 : see cost- ntary.] Costmary, Tanacetum Balsamita, a plaut put into ale to give it an aromatic flavor. See costmary. Alector (a-lek'tor), n. [NL., < Gr. akiicrup, poet, for aleKTpvav (cf. Alcctryon), a cock; of disputed origin.] If. Klein's name (1756) for a genus of birds of which the common hen is the type: a synonym of Gall us (Linmeus). — -2f. Merrem's name (1786) for birds of the family Cracidce, orcurassows: a synonym of ("rax(Lin- nteus). — 3. [I.e.] The Linnean specific name for a species of citrassow, Crax alector. alectoria 1 (al-ek-to'ri-a), n. ; pi. alectoriw (-e). [L. (sc. gemma), fern, of alectorias, pertaining to a cock, < Gr. aAeKTup, a cock.] Cockstone; a peculiar stone, erroneously supposed to lie sometimes found in the stomach or liver of an aged cock or capon. Many imaginary virtues were attributed to it. Alectoria- (al-ek-to'ri-a), n. [NL.,< Gr. aAhrup, equiv. to a'AzKTpoc, unmarried, < a- priv. + Ain- rpov, bed, marriage-bed (see lectica) ; from the uncertainty respecting its male flowers.] A genus of lichens. A. jubata, or rockhair, grows on trees anil rocks, and affords food for the reindeer while the snow is deep. Alectorides (al-ek-tor'i-dez), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. a'/.eKTopic, pi. -iSec, fem. of aAinrup, a cock.] 1. In Nitzseh's classification (1829), a group of birds represented by the genera Dicholophus and Otis. — 2. In Temminck's classification, a group of birds of uncertain extent. [Not now in use. ] — 3. A suborder or order of birds which in- cludes the cranes, rails, and their allies. Coues. alectoridine (al-ek-tor'i-din), a. [< Alectorides + -ine 1 .] Having the character of or pertain- ing to the Alectorides. It [the genus Parra] would appear to be limicoline, not alectoridine. Coues, Keyto N. A. Birds, p. 669. alectoromachyt (a-lek-to-rom'a-ki), n. [< Gr. a'Ainrup, a cock, + pdx'l, a fight, < pdxeaOai, fight.] Same as aleetryomachy. alectoromancyt (a-lek'to-ro-man"si), n. [< Gr. a'AcKTap, a cock, + pavreia, divination. Cf. alec- tryomancy.~\ Same as alcctryomancy. alectoromorpb. (a-lek'to-ro-inorf), «. A mem- ber of the Alectoromorpha-. Alectoromorphae (a-lek"to-ro-m6r'fe), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. a/JnTup, a cock, + popeii/, form.] In Huxley's classification of birds, the fifth super- family of the suborder Schisognatha:, of the order Carinatw. It includes the families Turnicidce, Phasianidce, Pteroclidce, Sfegapodidce, and Cracidce, or the fowls and fowl-like birds, and therefore corresponds to the old order Gallince or Rasores, exclusive of the pi- geons and tinanious. Since 1867, when the term was pro- posed, a stricter signification has been attached to it by ex- clusion of the Turnicidce and Pteroclidce. In the restricted Bense, it is divided into the two groups of Alectoropodes and Pertitteropodes, the former containing the fowls proper (old family Phasianidce, etc.), the latter the mound-birds fMegapodidce) and curassows (Cracidce). alectoromorphous (a-lek"to-ro-m6r'fus), a. Having the character of or pertaining to the Alectoromorphce ; gallinaceous or rasorial, in a strict sense. Alectoropodes(a-lek-to-rop'o-dez), n.pl. [NL., < Gr. a'/.enTup, a cock, + iroir, pi. Trader, = E. foot.~\ A subdivision of Huxley's superfarnily Alectoromorpha;, containing the true fowl and related to the domestic hen, as pheasants, tur- keys, guinea-fowl, grouse, partridges, quail, etc. : distinguished from those gallinaceous birds, as the Megapodidw and CracicUe, which have the feet more as in pigeons, and are there- fore called Peristeropodes. See cuts under Cu- pidonia, grouse, partridge, and quail. alectoropodoUS (a-lek-to-rop'o-dus), a. Hav- ing the character of or pertaining to the Alec- toropodes. The suborders [of Alectoroinorphce] are called respec- tively the Alectoropodous . . . and the Peristeropodous Oallina;. Stand. Nat. Hist., IV. 197. Alectrurinae (a-lek-tro-ri'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Alcctrurus + -inw.] A subfamily of clamatorial passerine birds, of the family Tyrannidai : an inexact synonyni of Fluvicolinat and of Tceniop- trrimv. See these words, and Alectrurus. alectrurous (al-ek-tro'rus), a. [< NL. alcctru- rus, adj. : see Alectrurus.'] Having a tail like that of the cock: applied to certain birds. See Alcctrurus. Alectrurus (al-ek-tro'rus), n. [NL., < Gr. a/JnTup, a cock, + ob/id, a tail.] A genus of clamatorial passerine birds, of the family Ty- rannidoc, or tyrant flycatchers, of which the type is A. tricolor: so named from the long, compressed, erectile tail. It is sometimes made the type of a subfamily, Alectrurince. The whole group be- 135 longs to South America. Sometimes written, more correct- ly, Alectorurus, and also Alectrura, Aleetvrus, Alectura. aleetryomachy (a-lek-tri-om'a-ki), n. [<(ir. d'Atarpvuv, a cock, + pdxv, a fight.] Cock-fight- ing. Sometimes written alectoromachy. alectryomancy (a-lek'tri-o-inan"si), n. [< P. alectryomantie (Cotgrave), < Gr. d'AaiTpv&v, a cock, + pavreia, divination.] An ancient prac- tice of foretelling events by means of a cock. The letters of the alphabet were traced on the ground in squares within a circle, and a grain of corn was placi d OH each; a cock was then permitted to pick up the grains, and the letters under them, being formed into words in the order of their selection by the cock, were supposed t<> foretell the event. Sometimes written alectoromancy. Alectryon (a-lek'tri-pn), ». [NL., < Gr. uaoc- Tpvuv, a cock : see Alector.'] 1. In oriiith., a ge- nua of birds, proposed by Cabanis in 1846 for a section of the Macartney pheasants, genus Eu- plocamus of Temminck. The type is A. ery- throphthalmus of Malacca. — 2. Apoetical name of the domestic cock. Loud the cock Alcctryon crowed. Longfellow. ale-drapert (al'dra"per), n. [< ale + draper, as in linen-draper: a humorous name, perhaps in allusion to the old ale-yard: see ale-yard.] An ale-house keeper. I get niee a wife ; with her a little money ; when we are married, seeke a house we must ; no other occupation have I but to be an ale-draper. Henry Chettle, Kind-Hart's Dreame (1592). So that nowe hee hath lefte brokery, and is become a draper. A draper, quoth Freeman, what draper, of woollin orlinnen? No, qd [quod, quoth] he, an ale-draper, wherein he hath more skil then [than] in the other. Discoverie of Knights of the Paste, 1597. (Halliwell.) alee (a-le'), prep, phi: as adv. or a. [ME. a lee, after Ieel. d hie, alee; < « 3 , on, + lee 1 , q. v.] Naut., on or toward the lee side of a ship or boat, that is, the sheltered side, on which the wind does not strike; away from the wind: opposed to aweathcr (which see). The helm of a ship is said to be alee when the tiller is pushed close to the lee side, causing the rudder to move in the opposite direction, and thus bringing the ship's head into the wind. In cases where a steering-wheel is used, the same effect is produced by turning the wheel toward the wind. The reek of battle drifting slow alee Not sullener than we. Lowell, On Board the '76. Helm's alee ! hard alee ! orders given in tacking a sail- ing vessel, after the helm has been put down, to direct that the head-sheets and fore-sheets should be let fly. ale-fed (al'fed), a. Nourished with ale. The growth of his ale-fed corps. Stafford, Niobe, ii. 62. aleft (a-leff), prep. phr. as adv. [< a 3 , on, + left.] On or to the left. Houthey. [Rare.] alegar (al'e- or a'le-gar), n. [< ME. alegar (Halli- well), < ale + egar, eger, sour: see eager 1 . The mode of formation is not English, but imitates vinegar, < F. vin aigre, sour wine.] Ale or beer which has been passed through the acetous fer- mentation ; sour ale, used in the north of Eng- land as a cheap substitute for vinegar. For not, after consideration, can you ascertain what liquor it is you are imbibing ; whether . . . Hawkins' en- tire, or, perhaps, some other great brewer's penny -swipes, or even alegar. Carlyle, Boswell's Johnson. ale-garland (al'gar"land), n. A wreath hung to an ale-stake as a part of the sign of a tavern. This custom is as old as the time of Chaucer, who alludes to it. alegeancet, '«• See allegeance^. alegert, «• [< OF. alegre, alaigre, F. allegre = Sp. alegre = Pg. It. allegro (see allegro), < L. alacer, alacris, brisk, lively: see alacrious, alac- rity.] Lively; brisk; sprightly; cheerful; gay. Coffee, the root and leaf betle, [and] . . . tobacco . . . do all condense the spirits and make them strong and aleger. Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 738. alegget, ». t. See allay and allege. ale-gill (al'jil), n. [< ale + gill 5 , ground-ivy, and the liquor made therefrom : see gill 5 , and cf. alehoof.] A kind of medicated liquor prepared by the infusion of ground-ivy in malt liquor. alehoof (al'hof), ». [Early mod. E. also alehoove, alehove, < ME. alehoofe, halehove, appar. a cor- ruption, simulating ale, of earlier Kaihove, hey- hove, etc., prob. < hey, hay", a hedge, + hoofc, hove, ground-ivy, < AS. hofe, ivy (see hore). The D. eiloof, ivy, is" appar. borrowed from English.] Ground-ivy, Xepeta Glechoma, the leaves of which were used in ale-making before the in- troduction of hops. ale-house (al'hous), ». [< ME. alehous, aillc- hotts, < AS. calo-hus.] A house where ale is re- tailed. The redcoats filled all the ale-houses of Westminster and the Strand. Maraulay, Hist. Eng., iii. Aleiodes (al-I-6'dez), n. [NL., prop. *aliodes, appar. < Gr. a- priv. + 1tiu6t)s, smooth, < Aeioc, alembic smooth, + eldoc, appearance.] A genus of para- sitic Hymenoptera, < E. alder 1 , q. v.] The fruit or berry of the white beam- tree, Pyrus Aria. Pom. of the Pose, 1. 1377. ale-knightt (al'nlt), n. A pot-companion. ('nine, all you brave wights, That are dubbed ale-knights, . . . Know malt is of mickle might. Wits' Recreations (1654). To have his picture stanip'd on a stone jug To keep ale-knights in memory of sobriety. Chapman, Gentleman Usher, iii. 1. alem (al'em), n. [Turk, 'aleni, a flag, banner, standard, ensign, the crescent, < Ar. 'alam. a flag, ensign, < 'alama, know. Cf. alim, almali.] The imperial standard of the Turkish empire. Alemannian (al-e-man'i-an), a. Alemannic. Two Alemannian dukes of the 10th century. Encye. Brit., XX. 4. Alemannic (al-e-man'ik), a. and n. [< L. Ale- marmieus, Alamannicus, pertaining to the Ale- inanni, Alamanni, the Latinized form of the Ger- man name of a confederation of German tribes, lit. all men, after Goth, alamans, all men, all mankind, < alls = OHG. al = E. all, + manna = OHG. man = E. man. Hence L. Alemannia, the country of the Alemanni, extended by theGauls to all Germany, > F. Allemagne, Germany, Al- Icmand, German: see Allium, Almoin.] I. a. Belonging to the Alemanni, confederated Ger- man tribes who began to appear between the Main and the Danube about the beginning of the third century, and occupied that region completely. II. n. The language of the Alemanni, or an- cient people of southwestern Germany. Also spelled AUemannie. alembdar (a-lem'dar), «. [Turk, 'alemddr, < 'alem, flag, standard (see alem), + -ddr, < Pers. -ddr, holder, bearer.] In Turkey, an officer who bears the green standard of Mohammed when the sultan appears in public. alembic (a-lem'bik), n. [Early mod. E. alem- bick,dlimo"eck, and abbr. lemhick, limbeck, q. v. ; < ME. alembike, alcmbyh; alembek, ear- lier alaiiibik, diamine, < OF. alombic, also written alambique. F. alambic = Pr. elambic = Sp. alambique = Pg. alambique, lambiquc= It. lambicco, limbicco, < ML. oloiiibiciis, < Ar. al- anbiq, < al, the (see al- 2 ), + anbiq (> Pers. ambiq), a still, < Gr. dpjii^, a cup, later the cup of a still ; cf. Ionic Gr. dp t itj — Gr. ap,iuv, foot of a goblet.] 1. A vessel formerly used in chemistry for distillation, and usually made of glass or copper. The bottom part, containing the liquor to be distilled, was called the matrass or cucurbit; the upper part, which received and c lensed the volatile products, was called the head or capital, the beak of which was fitted to the neck of a receiver. The head alone was more properly the alembic. It is now superseded by the retort and worm-still. Hence — 2. Anything which works a change or transformation : as. the alembic of sorrow. Thus is Art, a nature passed through the alembic of man. Emerson, Misc., p. 27. alembic (a-lem'bik), v. t. ; pret. and pp. alem- bicked, ppr. alembicking. [< alembic, n.] To distil as by an alembic ; obtain as by means of an alembic. [Rare.] alembic I have occasioned great speculation, and diverted my- self with the important mysteries that have been alem. 2 out of a trifle. Walpole, utters, I. 208. alembroth (a-lem'br6th), n. [Formerly also alembor, late MJ&.alembroh : origin unknown.] The salt called by the alchemists i he salt of art, science, 01 wisdom; a double chlorid of rner- eury and ammonia. Although poisonous, it was formerly used as a stimulant. alenaget, n. Same as alnage. Alencon lace. See lace. alengtht a-length*), prep.phr. as«-o-sef'a-loid) a. and u. Als( , ,,,„,.,, „,,_„„,,, „,,,,„,,,. I a. Having the character ot the Alepocephali a i e .taster (al'tas ten. ,i. Same as ale-conner. alethiology (a-le-thi-ol'o-ji ), re. [< Gr. aM/deta, II. ii. Same as alepocephalid. Alepocephalus (a-lep-6-sef'a-lus), n. [NL., < Gr. d- priv. -fr- /.i~m , scale, 4- KtCjaAi/, head.] A genus of fishes, typical of the family Alepoce- phididie : so called from the scaleless head. ale-polet (al'pol), re. Same as ale-stake. Aleposauridse (a-lep-o-s&'ri-de), re. pi truth (<»///(%, true, /,->/<;, a wanderer, vagrant (< aAaadai, wander, stray ), + bpvtc, bird.] A genus of extinct Tertiary birds from the Eocene of Wyoming Territory. Several species are described by Marsh, who places them among the cranes and rails. They range in size from that of a woodcock to that of a small crane. Aletris (al'e-tris), n. [NL., < Gr. aAerpig, a (fe- male) grinder of corn, < aterpevetv, extendedfrom akelv, grind.] A genus of plants, natural order Hemodoracece, natives of the eastern United States, chiefly from New Jersey southward. The two species, A, farinosa and .4. aurea, are low, sin... .th, stendess, bitter herbs, w'ith fibrous roots, a cluster of spread- ing, flat, lance-shaped leaves, and a spiked raceme of small white or yellow tlowers. They are called colic-rant from their medicinal reputation, and also ague-grass, star n 088, alerce(a"lers'; Sp.pron. a-lar'tha), ». [Sp.,the ^'no-star etc larch, prob. < a-, repr. Ar. al, the, + "lercc, alette a-let ), n [F = Sp. ofoto=It. aletta, ^i 7 c -r. , . ' , -± , . , } ,'. ... 'n small winrf rlim <.f T. nln i.-i««.. ir.«« n\dr. T de), ».pl [NL< alethoscope (a-le'tho-skop) Aleposaurus + -,E. erect, q. v.] I. a. 1. Active in vigilance; watchful; vigilantly at- tentive. Yet ceaseless still she throve, alert, alive, The working bee, in full or empty hive. Crabbe, Parish Register. Nothing is worth reading that does not require an alert mind. C. 1>. Wurwr, Backlog .studies, p. l;.. 2. Moving with celerity; brisk; active; nim- Aleurodidae (al-u-rod'i-de), it.pl. ble: as, "an alert voung fellow," Addison, rodis + -ida:] Afamilyof hemipl Spectator, No. 403. = Syn. 1. Heedful, wary.-2. Live- of the suborder fhytophtMria, or E. ease, q. v. The spell- ing aleze may be in simulation of U, breadth, as if a 'spread.'] A cloth folded several times in order to protect a bed from discharges of blood, etc. Alexandrine liturgy, the liturgy' of St. Mark. ' Se"e alfa (al'fii), n. A name in northern Africa for varieties of esparto-grass, Stipa tenacissima and S. arenaria, used in the manufacture of paper. Also written half a. alfa-grass (al'fa-gras), n. Same as alfa. alfalfa (al-fal'fa), n. [Sp., formerly alfalfez, said to be from Ar. al-fagfacah, the best sort of fodder.] The Spanish name of lucerne, Atedi- cago sativa, and the common name under which the chief varieties of lucerne are known in the western United States. alfaqui (al-fa-ke'), n. [Sp., < Ar. al-faqih, < al, the, + faqih, a doctor in theology; cf. fiqh, theological learning, < faqiha,be wise.] A doe- tor learned in Mussulman law ; a Mohammedan priest. A successful inroad into the country of the unbelievers, said he, will make more converts to my cause than a thou- sand texts of the Koran, expounded by ten thousand alfa- quis. Irving, Granada, p. 154. No sooner had the sovereigns left the city, than Ximenes invited some of the leading alfa'/uiex, or Mussulman doc- tors, to a conference, in which he expounded, with all the eloquence at his command, the true foundations of the Christian faith, and the errors of their own. Prescoit, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 6. alfenid, alfenide (al'fe-nid, -nid or -nid), n. [Perhaps < Sp. alfeii(ique), a sugar-paste (verb ull'i -it-tear, ice with sugar), + -id, -ide: see al- ji'ln nie.] Nickel-silver, thickly electroplated with pure silver. alferest ( al-fer'es), n. [Also written alfeeres, al- ferez, alfarez, alfaras, < Sp. alferez, OSp. Pg. alferes, ensign, < Ar. al-faris, < al, the, + faris, horseman, knight, ifaras, horse.] A standard- bearer; an ensign; a cornet. This term was in use in England some time before and during the civil wars of Charles I. Commended to me from some noble friends For my alferes. Fletcher, Rule a Wife, i. L Alexandria was entirely destroyed by a mob of fanatics un dcr the Patriarch Theophilus A. V. 391; a popular account, however, assigns its destruction to the Arabs in 641. — Alexandrian school, (a) A school of literature, science, and philosophy nourishing at Alexandria under the Ptole- mies during tiie three centuries preceding the Christian era, and continuing under the Roman empire, especially as a philosophical school in which Neoplatonism was the most Important element, down to the final extinction uf paganism in the fifth century after Christ, (b) A school cf Christian philosophy and theology at Alex- andria during the first live centuries; especially, the cate- i In teal Bel 1 -if Alexandria, existing in that city from the earliest times of Christianity down to about A. P. 400, for file purpose cf instruct and distinguished for the high attainments of its instruc tms in pagan as well as in Christian philosophy and liter- ature. Among its most famous directors were St. Clement and Origen. This school was remarkable for its attempt to accommodate Greek philosophy to Christianity and to make use of it in Christian teaching, tints antagonizing Judaizing views, according to which there was and could be nothing m common between the two. In some of its forms it tended on the one extreme to a philosophic ration- alism, on the other to an idealizing mysticism. Alexandria continued to be the most important center of Christian theology down to the time of the Council of Chalcedon, A. p. 461. Alexandrianism (al-eg-zan'dri-an-izm), n. The teachings of the Alexandrian school of theology, especially in its distinctive charaeter- istics. See Alexandrian. Also written Alexan- drinisni. Alexandrine (al-eg-zan'drin), o. and n. [< L. Alexandrians, < Alexandria: see Alexandrian.] I. a. Same as Alexandrian, 1. For some time a steady advance of science appeared to be insured by the labors of the Alexandrine school. Pop. Sci. Mo., XIII. 263. urgy of St. Mark. Se< lituryti.— Alexandrine mosaic, or opus Alexandri- num, a kind of rich mosaic in which are used red and green porphyries, precious marbles, enamels, and other costly and brilliant materials. It has its name from the Emperor Alexander Severus (A. P. 222-235), and was used for friezes, panels, etc., under the later Roman empire. II. n. [f al-Jreeco life. Tin Century, XXVII. 100. Such alfrt sco suppers the country gentlemen of Italy ate in tin- first century of our era! D. G. Mitchell, Wet Days. Alfur ul-ir>r' ), n. [< 1>. Alfoer, Pg. Alfuros, pi., said to lie < Ar. a?, the, + Pg. fora (= It. f>>r<>, fvora t fuori)j outside (see foris-); the other forms, Jnifuras, Haroforas, are, then, varia- tions.] Same as Alfurese, n. sing, Alfurese (al-lo-res' or -rez'), n. audrt. [See Al- /«'".] I. ». 1. sing, or pi. A member, or the members collectively, of the race of Alfuros or Alfurs (also called Arafuras, Haraforas, etc.), a group of wild and savage tribes inhabiting Celebes and other islands of the Indian archi- pelago, ethnologically intermediate between the Malays and Papuans or Negritos. The Alfurese arc totally distinct from the brown Malay and black Negrito; they are wild, savage, Pagan head- hunters. R. N. Cast, Mod. Langs. E. Ind., p. 147. 2. The language spoken by the Alfuros or Al- furs. II. a. Pertaining to the Alfuros or Alfurs, or to their language. AlfuTO (al-fo'ro), n. Same as Alfurese, n. sing, alg. An abbreviation of algebra. alga (al'ga), >..; pi. algce (-je). [L v seaweed.] A cryptogam of the <-l.iss of Algce. Algae* (al'je), h. pi. [L., pi. of alga : see algaJ] A division of thallogenous chlorophyllous cryp- togams found for the most part in the sea (seaweeds) or in fresh water. They are wholly cellu- l;u\ though varying ex- ceedingly in form and size, from a single mi- croscopic or 8onit'times large and branching cell, a shapeless, jelly- like mass, or mere string of articulations, to forms with trunk- like stems and mem- branous lamina* many feet in length. Nour- ishment is absorbed by tin -in faceol the plant, never through roots. The mode of propaga tion varies greatly in the different orders. In many no well defined -- sua] differences have been discovered, and reproduction is carried on by means <>f cell-division or by . . spori 'iti 1 pore . /""-pores.). In the highest n are distinct male and fomale organs (an theridia and "" ■■■ is 1 ] he tei m II roe b ■ used bj Linnaeus and earl) botanists include d nol ■ eds, but also the Hepaiica /■ and Characea, By Harvey the Algce were divided Into thra groups, distinguished chiefly by their color vh the oil v< brown, '/. lanospermece ; tin: red or purple, Rhodospermea . and it" green, Chlorospermece. Tin- arrangement has now become nearh obsolete. Rei eni 1 .-■■ proposed Beveral different schemes of tion for the thallophytes In general, In which and developmi n\ a w* n b ■ Buppoi ed relal lon« taki n Into ai counl ai ' In « hich the Algce are buted. Substantia] agreement le nol yel tn nomenclature for manj i >1 t hi gi oup i e mains In a very unsettled condition, [1 1 nowevi r bi Baid that the Alga enei ally divide.! Into the fo] lowing ordei lj developed, producing cystooarpa aft i U rtlll » . propagating sexuall) bj oOspoi 1 <■> iota ijpriu.hu Mm dial ■ d< mid eb . In which inder, the Cryp tophyceceot Thuret, variou lj ■■< other authors, in u hi- h there 1- no known sexual reproduction. Hany of the Algce are edible and nutritious, as carrageen or iii h moss, dulse, laver, etc. Many abound in gelatin, and make a line glue or substitute fur isinglass. Kelp, iodine, und 1, Dictyota dichotoma: a. spore ; b. verticil view of a cystocarp ; c, vertical . f same. -;, Plocamium cocci- neum: /, ictrabpore : g. stichidium ; h, branch let with a cystocarp. 138 bromine are products of various species. Seaweeds are also valuable as fertilizers. algal (al'gal), •/. and n. [< L. alga + -al.] I. a. 01 or pertaining to tin' Alga'; bariug the nature of algee. II. 11. 1 iin- of tlio Mini' (which see). algaroba, n. See algarroba. algarot, algaroth (al'ga-rot, -roth), re. [< P. aTgaroth, from the name of the inventor, Alga- rotti, an Italian scholar of Venice ( 1 71"J— re, Thei dreden shame and vices thci resigne. Chaucer, Troilus, iii. 24. And therefore would I should lie algates slain ; For while I live his life is in suspense. Fairfax, tr. of Tasso, iv. 60. 5-f. Notwithstanding; nevertheless. A maner latin corrupt was hir speche, But abjates ther-by was she understonde. C/niiirrr, Man of Law's Tale, 1. 422. algazel (al-ga-zel'), re. [An early form of gaeel, after Ar. al-gliazdl: Beegaeel.] A name formerly applied to one, and probably to several, of the ruminant quadrupeds of eastern Africa, etc., now known as gazels and antelopes. It is vari- ously identified, some making it out to be the COl I gaze] of Bgypt, etc., AntUope doreas or Dorcas gazeUa : others, the sasin or common antelope. AntUope bezoartiea, ■a vc i\ different animal. It is more probably the first- named Bpecies, or one closely resembling it. Algebar (al'je-bar), ii. [Said to be < Ar. al, tin-, + geodr (Syr. gaboro), giant.] An Arabic and poetical name of the constellation Orion. Begirt with many a blazing star steed the. goat ejant Algebar, (irion, hunter of the beasl ' Longfellow, occult, of Orion, algebra (al'je-brii), ». [Karh i I. E. algeber, < P. algeore (now algebre) ; the present E. form, like 1 >, (i. Sw. Dan. algebra, Buss, algebra, Pol. algiebra, etc., follows It. Pr. Sp. Pg. algebra, < ML. algebra, bone-setting, algebra, < Ar. nl- jabr, alrjebr (> Pers. al-jabr), the redintegration or reunion of broken parts, setting bones, re- ducing fractions to integers, hence "ilm al-jahr iru'l mugabaldh, i. e., 'thesciet of redintegra- tion and equation (comparison),' algebra (> Pers. al-jabr wa'l muqdbalah, I [ina. jabr o muqd- IhiIii, algebra): 'ilm. ' 'hIiu. science, < 'iihiiun. know (ef. alem, alim, almah): e variable are denoted by the last letters of the alphabet, as .< . . ex- pressing all the data in the form ef equations, and then transforming these according to certain rules. The oon- ceptions of negative and imaginary quantities (see nega- tive and imaginary) are employed. Xhe term higher at r - bra usually means the theory of invariants. See invari- ant. Multiple algebra, or n-way algebra, introdui es the conception of units of different denominations, which can, however, be multiplied together. Each such system has a multiplication table characterizing it. 2. Any special system of notation adapted to the study of a special system of relationship: as, " it is an algebra upon an algebra," Sylvester. — 3. A treatise on algebra. Its abbreviation is alg. Boolian algebra, a logical algebra, invented by the Eng- lish mathematician George Boole (1815-64), for the solution of problems in ordinary logic. It has also a connection with the theory of probabilities.— Logical algebra, an at -etna v, liirh isiders particularly non-i|uantitative rela- tions.— NUpotent algebra.au algebra ill which every ex- pression is nilpotent (which sec). — Pure algebra, an alge- bra in which every unit is connected with every other by a definite relation. algebraic (al-je-bra'ik), a. [(.algebra + -ic; prop, "algebric = P. algebriqne, < NL. "algebri- cus.] 1. Pertaining to algebra. — 2. Involving no operations except addition, sul it rac tion, mul- tiplication, division, and the raising of quan- tities to powers whose exponents are commen- surable quantities : as, an algebraic equation or expression. — 3. Relating to the system of quan- tity which extends indefinitely below as well as above zero.— Algebraic curve. See curve.— Algebraic equation, an equation in which the unknown quantities or variables are subjected to no other operations than those enumerated in definition 2, above : as, x% y% + ax7 = 6. — Algebraic form. Sce/unii.— Algebraic function, a function whose connection with its variable is expressed by an algebraic equation. Thus, x and y, as defined by the above equation, are algebraic functions of one another.— Algebraic geometry, a name given to the application of algebra to the solution of geometrical problems. Alge- braic sign, the sign -t- or — which has to be attached to a real number to fix its value in algebra,— Algebraic space, a space in which the position of a point may be uniquely denned by a set of values of periodic algebraic integrals, without exceptions which form part of the space. Alge- braic sum, the sum of several quantities v, hose algebraic signs have been taken into account in adding them: as, the algebraic sum of * 4 and— 2 is (-2. algebraical (al-je-bra'i-kal), conceal bis true name and pass under a fictitious one : thus, Simpson alias Smith means a person calling himself at one time or one place Smith, at another Simpson. alias (a'li-as), n. ; pi. aliases (-ez). 1. [(alias, adv.] An assumed name ; another name. Outcasts . . . forced to assume every week new aliases and new disguises. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xxi. Most [Moslem] women when travelling adopt an alias. R. F. Burl,,, i, LI Medinah, p. 420. 2. [From words in the writ, Sicut alias prm- cipimus, as we at another time command.] In law, a second writ or execution issued when the first has failed to serve its purpose. Also used adjectively : as, an alias execution. alibi (al'i-bi), adv. [L., elsewhere, in another place, < alius, other, + -hi, related to E. by, q. v.] In law, elsewhere ; at another place. The prisoner bad little to say in his defence ; be endea- voured to prove himself alibi. Arbuthiwt, Hist. John Bull, ii. alibi (al'i-bi), «. [< alibi, adv.] 1. Inlaw, a plea of having been elsewhere at the time an offense is alleged to have been committed. Hence — 2. The fact or state of having been elsewhere at the time specified: as, he attempted to prove an alibi. alibility (al-i-bil'i-ti), n. [= F. alibilite, < L. nlilulis : see alible and -hility.] The capacity of a nutritive substance for absorption; assimila- tiveness. K. E. D. alible (al'i-bl), a. [< L. alibilis, nutritive,< alere, nourish: see aliment.] Nutritive. alicant (al'i-kant), n. [< Alicante, a town in Spain, whence the wine is exported.] A strong, sweet, dark-colored Spanish wine. Formerly written aligant, alligant, allegant, etc. alichel (al'i-shel), n. [Orig. a misreading, in a black-letter book, of alicbel, < Ar. al-iqbiil, < al, the, + iqbal, advancement, progress.] In aslrol., the situation of a planet on or follow- ing an angle. alictisal (al-ik-ti'zal), u. [< Ai-. al-ittical, < al, the, + ittical, contact, conjunction of planets, < wagala, join.] In astro!., the conjunction of two planets moving in the same direction, and one overtaking the other. alicula (a-lik'u-lii), h. [L., dim. of ala, wing, perhaps because it covers the upper part of the arm (ala).] In Horn, antiq., a short upper gar- ment, like a cape, worn by hunters, country- men, and boys. alidade (al'i-dad), n. [Also aliilail ;. Diet. II. n. 1. A foreigner; one born in or belong- ing to another country who has not acquired citizenship by naturalization ; one who is not a denizen, or entitled to the privileges of a citi- zen. In France a child born of residents who are not citizens is an alien. In the United states, as in Great Britain, children born and remaining -within the country, though born of alien parents, are, according to the better opinion, natural-born citizens or subjects ; and the children of citizens or subjects, though born in other countries, are generally deemed natural-born citizens or subjects, and if they become resident are entitled to the privileges of resi- dent citizens ; but they also may, when of full age, make declaration of alienage. See eiii:< n. When the Roman jurists applied their experience of Roman citizens to dealings between citizens and aliens, showing by the difference of their actions that they re- garded the circumstances as essentially different, they laid the foundations of that great structure which has guided the social progress of Europe. W. A". Clifford, Lectures, I. 160. 2. A stranger. [Rare.] An alien to the hearts Of all the court, and princes of my blood. 140 n. [< alien + -age.] 1. The state of "being an alien ; the legal standing of an alien. Why restore estates forfeitable on account of alienage > Story. I do hereby order and proclaim that no plea of alienage will in- received, or allowed to exempt from the obligation imposed by the aforesaid Ai t oi Congress auj person of ion ign birth who shall have declared on oath his inten- tion to Income a citizen of the United States. Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 370. 2. The state of being alienated or transferred to another; alienation. [Rare.] alight alienee (al-yen-e'), n. [< alien, v., + -ec 1 .] One tu whom tlio title to property is transferred: us, "if the alien* * enters and keeps possession," Black-stain . aliener (al'yen-er), n. Same as alienor. alien-house (al'yen-hous), n. Formerly, in England, a priory or other religious house I" longing in foreign ecclesiastics, or under their control. Encyc. lint.. II. 459. alienigenate (al-yen-ij'e-nat), a. [< L. alicni- genus, foreign-born (< aliettns. foreign, alien, + -genus, -born), + -ate 1 .] Alien-born. R. V. Il'iu- The provinces were treated in a far more harsh manner „i;„_;' < 5 v_.„ :_„\ „ r< alien + -ism 1 1 an tl„ Italian states, even in the latter period of their alienism (al > en-izm), n. [<. alien f -Ism.] 1. The state ot being an alien. The law was very gentle in the construction of the dis- ability of alienism. Chancellor Kent. 2. The study and treatment of mental dis- eases. alienist (al'yen-ist), n. [< alien + -is*.] One engaged in the scientific study or treatment of mental diseases. He (John Locke] looked at insanity rather too superfi- cially for a practical alienist. E. C. Mann, Psychol. Med., p. 114. alienor (al'yen-pr), n. [Early mod. E. alienour, < AF. alienor, "alienour = OF. alieneur, < ML. "alienator: see alienator.'] One who transfers property to another. Also written aliener. aliethmoid (al-i-eth'moid), n. and a. [< L. ala, a wing, + E. ethmoid.] I. ti. The lateral part or wing of the ethmoidal region of the orbito- nasal cartilage in the skull of an embryonic bird. The hinder region or aliethmoid is the true olfactory re- gion. W. K. Parker. II. a. Pertaining to the aliethmoid: as, the aliethmoid region; an aliethmoid cartilage. alietyt (a-U'e-ti), «. [ l-, u t riuvlm.ns orip*. duo to lietA of alienation; estranged life,' but perhaps orig. due to lit/.] Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iii. 2. Who can not have been altogether an alien from the re- searches of your lordship. Landor. Alien Act. (a) See alien and sedition laws, below. (b) An English statute of 1S36 (u and 7 Wm. IV. c. 11) provid- ing for the registration of aliens; and one of 1844(7 and 8 Vict. c. 60) allowing aliens from friendly nations to hold real and personal property for purposes of residence, and resident aliens to become naturalized, (e) An English statute of 1347 (10 and 11 Vict. e. S3) concerning naturalization.— Alien and sedition laws, a series of laws adopted by the United states government in 1798, during a controversy with Prance in regard to which the country was violently agitated. They included three alien acts, the second and most famous of which (1 Stat. n7u) conferred power on the President to order out of the country such aliens as he might reasonably suspect of secret machinations against tin government or judge dangerous to its peace. It ex- pired by limitation in two years. The sedition law was a stringent act against seditious conspiracy and libel, chiefly aimed at obstructive opposition to the proceedings of gov- ernment and libelous or seditious publications in regard to them. These laws bad little effect besides that of over- throwing the Federal party, which was held responsible for them, alien (aTyen), v. t. [< ME. alienen, ali/enen, < OF. aliener, moil. F. aliener = Pr. Sp. Pg. alienor = It. alienare, < L. alienarc, make alien, estrange, < alienus, alien: see alien, a.] 1. To transfer or convey to another; make over the possession of: as, to alien a title or property. In this souse also written aliene. .i/e n the gleabe, [ntaile it to thy loines, MarsUm, w int •> ou will, ii. l. ii th, jon alien lands, and then repurchase them again cents are to i" observed, as if he the original purchaser. Sir M. llnh, 1 1 ist. Common Law of Eng. Had they, like liim [Charles [.], for c, I and valuable consi'i aed their hurl ml pri rogativi Uacaula , Conv. between Cowley and Milton. 2. To make averse or indifferent ; turn the af- fections or inclinations of ; alienate; estrange. i !,, prince was totally alii ru i from all thoughts of, or inclination t", the marriage. I larendon. I'm try 1i:i I ■ Tied from tile people l'\ He I i. ,i,i i ,,,,, ,,i .in Upper House of vocabli alone entitled i ve in tie- stately ceremonials o! Low 11, Ane, B kg, 1st scr., p. 157. alienability (a 1 yen-a bil'i-ti), ■». [(.alienable, after P. alienabilite.] The state or quality of being alienable; tin i of Iningulienated in' i ransferred. The at ibUityat the domain. Burke, Works, HI. 316. alienable (al'yen-a-bl), it. [< alien, v., + -able, after F. alienable.'] That may 1»' alienated; eapable of being sold or transferred to another: as, land is alienable according to the laws of the state. alienate from God, O spirit accursed I Milton, P. L., as one s Dearly. A clean instep, And that I love ali/e ! Fletcher, M. Thomas, ii. 2. aliferOUS (a-lif'e-rus), a. [< L. ala, wing, + ferre = E. bear 1 '.'] Having wings. aliform (al'i-form), a. [ Ion, at which persons resorting In the judicial processes of flue and recovery for the conveyance of lands were required to pre- sent their" writs, and submit to the payment of fees called the prerfine and the postfint . alienator (al'yen-a-tor), ». (= P. aliinateur, < ML. Din inline, < L. aiienare, pp, alienatus, alien- ate: Bee alien, v.] 1. One who alienates or transfers property. — 2. A thief. [Humorous.] To one like Ella, whose treasures are rather eased in leather covers than closed in iron coffers, there is a class ol alienators more formidable than that which I have ton, bed upon ; I mean your borrowers of books. Lamb, Two Races of Men. aliene (al-yea'), v. t. Same as alien, 1. Having ['::. Alima (al'i-mii), n. [NL., for Halima, < Gr. «////!«;, of the sea.] A spurious genus of crus- taeeans, representing a stage of stomatopodous crustaceans, for which the term is still in use. In the Alima type of development [of Stomatopoda], it seems that the young leaves the egg in nearly the Mima form, and in the youngest stage known the six appendages, eight to thirteen, are absent, although three of the cor- responding segments of the body are developed. Stand. Sni. Hist, II. 06. aliment (al'i-ment), n. [< late ME. aliment, < F. aliment, < L.' alimentum, food, < alere, nour- ish, = Goth, alcm, be nourished, aljan, nourish, fatten, = Icel. ala, beget, bear, nourish, sup- port; cf. «//(i, and alt, all, and old.] 1. That which nourishes or sustains; food; nutriment; sustenance ; support, whether literal or figura- tive. Those elevated meditations which are the proper ali- meni of noble souls. Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 30. 2. In Scots law, the sum paid for support to any one entitled to claim it, as the dole given to a pauper by his parish. The aliment was appointed to continue till the majority or marriage of the daughters. Erskine, Institutes. aliment (al'i-ment), v. t. [< ML. alimentare, < L. alimentum : sec aliment, it.] 1. To furnish with means of sustenance; purvey to; support: generally in a figurative sense: as, to aliment a person's vanity. And that only to sustain and aliment the small frailty of their humanity. Urquhart, tr. of Rabelais, ii. 31. 2. In Scots law, to maintain or support, as a person unable to support himself: used espe- cially of the support of children by parents, or of parents by children. alimental (al-i-men'tal), a. [< aliment + -ah] Of or pertaining to aliment; supplying food; having the quality of nourishing; furnishing the materials for natural growth: as, chyle is alimental ; alimental sap. alimentally (al-i-inen'tal-i), ado. In an ali- mental manner; so as to serve for nourishment or food. alimentariness (al-i-rnen'ta-ri-nes), n. The quality of being alimentary, or of supplying nutriment. alimentary (al-i- men'ta-ri), a. [< L. alimentttruis, < alimentum, ali- ment : see ali- ment.] 1. Per- taining to ali- ment or food ; having the quali- ty of nourishing : a,s,(tlimeutari/\mr- ticles. — 2. Hav- ing an apparatus for alimentation, and consequent- ly able to feed. Huxley. [Rare.] — 3. Concerned with the function of nutrition: as, alimentary pro- cesses. — Alimen- tary canal, in anat. ami zobl., the diges- tive sae, tract, or tube of any animal; the visceral or intestinal cavity ; the canal of the enteron, in any condition of the lat- ter, from the simplest form of arehenteron to the most compl-v of its ultimate modi- fications. In its sim- plest form it is merely the cavity uf a two- layered germ, or gas- trula, lined with hy- poplastic cells — a mere sac, the mouth and anus being one. With increasing com- plexity of structure, and especially by the formation of an out- Alimentary Canal in Man. i, superior turbinated bone; 2, middle turbinated bone ; 3, opening of the nasal duct; 4, inferior turbinated bone; 5,5, pharynx ; l>, opening of Eustachian tube; 7, uvula ; 8, tongue ; 9, tonsil ; 10, epiglot- tis; 11, esophagus; 12, cardiac portion 1 left side) of stomach; 13, fundus of stomach ; 14, pylorus (right side of stom- ach ), resting on right lobe of liver, partly shown in outline ; 15, transverse colon ; 16, duodenum ; 17, ascending colon ; 18, ileum ; 19, jejunum : 20, cscum ; 2r. sig- moid flexure of colon ; 22, beginning of rectum , 23, fundus of urinary bladder. alinasal let (anus) distinct from the inlet (mouth), the alimentary canal assumes re definite!} 1 1 . . - cha erof a pedal gastric "i digestive cavity, which may remain in open munication with a general body cai ity, or become shut off therefrom as an intestinal tube. The latin- is its char- acter in all the higher animals, in which, moreover, the canal acquires various specializations, as into gullet, stom- ach, intestine, etc., becomes variousrj complicated or con- voluted, has Bpecial ramifications ami annexi those animals uhirli develop an umbilical vesicle, or this and an a mil I ml alia lit, ,is. the cavity ol the alum litaly canal is primitively continuous with that of the vesicle and with tin allantoic cavity. — Alimentary debt, in Scote i""'. a debi incurred for necessaries or maintenance. —Ali- mentary fund, in Scots law,& fund Bet apart by the direc- 1 1 i He' giver for an aliment to lie' receiver. If the amount of it. is not unreasonable in view of the rank of i in- i , ceiver, it ran ted be seized I'd' the satisfaction of the claims of riniit"is.— Alimentary mucous membrane, that mucous membrane which lines the alimentary canal, serving, with its various follicles, annexed glands, ami lac- teals, the purpose of digesting and absorbing aliment. alimentation (aPi-men-ta'shon), n. [ed-), wing-footed, swift, < ala, wing, + pes (/»'/-) = E.foot: see jiedal and foot.] I. a. 1. Wing- footed ; having the toes connected by a mern- brane which serves as a wing, as the bats. — 2t. Swift of foot. II. ii. An animal whose toes are connected by a membrane serving for a wing ; a chirop- ter, as the bat. aliquant (al'i-kwant), a. [!/■ aliunde (a-li-un'de), adv. [L., from another place, < alius, other, + uncle, whence.] From another place.— Evidence aliunde, evidence from another source, as from without a will, to explain some ambiguity in it. alive (a-liv'), prep. phr. as a. or adv. [Early mod. E. also alyfe, on lyve, on lyfe, < ME. alive, alyfe, o live, earlier on lire, on life, < AS. on life, in life: on, in; life, dat. ease of lif, life: see a? and life. Hence abbrev. live, a.] 1. In life; living"; in the state in which the organs of the body perform their functions : opposed to dead : as, the man is alive. Nor well alive, nor wholly dead they were, But some faint signs of feeble life appear. Dryden, Pal. and Arc, 1. 151. 2. In a state of action ; in force or operation ; unextinguished; undestroyed; unexpired: as, keep the suit alive. Sweet Liberty inspires And keeps alive his fierce but noble tires. Cowper, Table-Talk. 3. Full of alacrity; active; sprightly; lively: as, the company were all alive. — 4. Enlivened; animated; strongly aroused. this perpetual intercommunication . . . keeps us al- ways alive with excitement. 0. W. Holmes, Old Vol. of Life, p. 7. Tin- special quality of the song is that, however care- lessly fashioned, it seems alive with the energy of music. Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 101. 5. Attentive; open to impressions (from) : sen- sitive; susceptible: used with to : as, ho is suf- ficiently ahre to the beauties of nature, but yet more nlni to his own interests. Awakening to the consciousness of evils which had long existed, and which had escaped notice only because no oni was alive '" them. Fronde, sketches, p. 1il>. 6. Filled as with living things; swarming; thronged: as, the city was all alive when the general entered. The thick roof of green ami stirring branches is alive And musical with birds. Bryant, Entrance to a Wood. The coarser wheat that rolls in lakes of bloom, Its coral stems ami milk-white Bowers alive With the wide murmurs "f the .scattered hive. o. If. Holmes, Ded. of Plttefteld Cemetei | 7. Of all living, by way of emphasis. The Karl of Northumberland . . . was the proudest man alive. Clarendon. 8. hi printing. See live. alkalify alizari (al-i-za'ri), n. [F., Sp v etc. ; also called izari, azala ; prob. < Ar. al, the, + 'agdrah, juice pressed out, extract, < 'aqara, press out, ex- tract.] The commercial name of madder in the Levant. alizaric (al-i-zar'ik), a. In chem., of orpertain- ing to alizari, or madder: as, alizaric acid. alizarin (al-i-za'rin), n. [< F. alizarine, < ali- zari: see alizari.] A peculiar red coloring matter (C^HgO.^ formerly obtained from mad- der, and extensively used as a dyestuff. it was discovered in 1824 by Robiquet audi lolin, who obtained it by digesting madder-root with alcohol and treating ibis with sulphuric acid, thus producing a black mass which they called charbon de garance. On heating this yielded a sublimate of alizarin in lung, brilliant, red, needle shaped crystals. It is now artificially prepared i large scale from anthracene (C14H10), a product of the distillation of coal-tar. Itformsyellowish-red crystals insoluble in water, difficultly soluble in alcohol, but readily soluble in alkalis, git 1 ng to the solution a purplish-red color and beautiful flu- orescence. It has acid properties and unites with bases. — Alizarin red. See red, n. alk 1 (alk), n. [E. dial., = E. auk, < Icel. alka = Sw. alka =Dan. alk, alke.] A provincial Eng- lish name for the razor-billed auk, Alca or Uta- 1111111111 torda. Montagu. See Alca, Alcitke, and auk. alk- (alk), n. [< Ar. 'till;.] A resin obtained in northern Africa from the terebinth-tree, I'ista- Cia Terebiiithus. The best in quality is obtained from the terebinth; but in Arabia it is also derived from the .-, nauber (juniper), the 'arzeh (cedar), the Jista! potassium, sodium, lithium, cassium, ru- bidium, and ammonium. In a more general Bense it is applied Oi the hydrates of metals of the alkaline earths, barium, strontium, calcium, and magnesium, and to a large nberof organic subs!; - both natural and artificial, described under "Unlaid. Alkalis unite «itb saponiflable oils to form soap. Sometimes spoiled alcali. Fixed alkalis, potash, soda, and lithia, in contradistinc- tion toammonta, which is called volatile alkali. See am monia. alkaliferous (al-ka-lif 'e-rus), a. [< alkali + ■ferous.] Containing or producing alkalis; al- kaline: as, alkaliferous clays. alkalifiable (al'ka-li-fi"a-bl), a. [< alkalify + -able. ] ( 'apal ile of being alkalified or converted into ati alkali. alkalify (al'ka-li-fi), v. ; pret. and pp. alkalified, ppr. alkalifi/iii'ii. [< alkali + -/>/.] I. trans. To form or convert into an alkali; alkalize. II, intrans. To becomo an alkali. alkaligen alkaligent (al'ka-li-jon), n. [< alkali + -gen; — F. alealigene.] The name first proposed for nitrogen, as being a chief constituent of am- monia or volatile alkali. N. E. D. alkaligenous (al-ka-lij'e-nus), a. [< alkali + -iIiiiiiils: see -genovs.] Producing or generating alkali. alkali-grass (al'ka-li-gras), n. A name given to several species of grass growing in alkaline localities in the western portions of the United States, especially to Distichlis maritima. ajkalimeter (al-ka-lim'e-ter), n. [< alkali + Gr. /ifrpov, measure.] An instrument used for ascertaining the strength of alkalis, or the quantity of alkali in caustic potash and soda. This is done by determining what quantity of dilute sul- phuric acid of a known strength can be neutralized by a given weight of the alkali or of caustic potash or soda. Sometimes spelled alcalimeter. There are several . . . forms of aikalimeter, but which- ever of them is employed the process is the same. Ure, Diet., I. 74. alkalimetric (aP'ka-li-met'rik), a. [< alkali + Gr. juerpiKOf. Cf. aikalimeter.] Relating to al- kalimetry. Sometimes spelled alcalimetric. alkalimetrical (aFka-li-met'ri-kal), a. Same as alkalimetric. It is advisable, where alkalimctrical assays have fre- quently to be made, to keep a stock of test acid. Ure, Diet., I. 75. alkalimetrically (al'ka-li-met'ri-kal-i), adv. As in alkalimetry; by means of an aikalimeter. Sometimes spelled alealimetrically. The lime in this process is estimated alkali metrically by means of an acid. Ure, Diet., III. 1*27. alkalimetry (al-ka-lim'e-tri), n. [As alkali mi ler + -y.] The process of determining the strength of an alkaline mixture or liquid. This may be done by volumetric analysis, that is, by estimating the amount of a standard acid solution which the alkaline mixture will saturate ; or by gravimetric analysis, that is, by decomposing the substance and finding the weight of the alkali contained in it. Sometimes spelled alkalimetry. The principle on which alkalimetry is based consists in determining the amount of acid which a known weight of alkali can saturate or neutralise. Ure, Diet., I. 74. alkalimide, ». See alktdamide. alkaline (al'ka-lin or -lin), a. [< alkali, + -ine 1 ; = F. alcalin.~\ Pertaining to alkali ; having the properties of an alkali — Alkaline development, in photog., the development of an exposed plate by a bath compounded with an alkali, such as ammonia, sodium or potassium carbonate, or the like. See development. — Al- kaline earths, lime, magnesia, baryta, anil strontia. See alkali, alkalinity (al-ka-lin'i-ti), n. [(.alkaline + -it;/.'] The state of being alkaline ; the quality which constitutes an alkali. alkalinize (al'ka-lin-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. al- kalinized, ppr. dtkalinizing. [< alkaline + -ize.~\ To render alkaline. N. E. D. alkalious (al-ka'li-us), a. [<. alkali + -oas.] Having the properties of an alkali. Formerly spelled alcalious. [Rare.] alkalisable, alkalisate, ete. See alkali-able, etc. alkali-stiff (al'ka-li-stif), n. A stiffening matter much used in the manufacture of infe- rior hats. It is made of 9 pounds of shellac, dissolved with 18 ounces of sal soda in 3 gallons of water. J. Thom- son, Hats and Felting. alkalizable (al'ka-11-za-bl), a. [< alkalize + -able.] Capable of being alkalized. Sometimes spelled alcalizable, alkalisable. alkalizate (al'ka-li-zat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. al- kali-uteri, ppr. alkalizating. [< alkalize + -ale-.] To make alkaline. See alkalize. Also spelled alcalizate, alkalisate. alkalization (al'ka-li-za'shon). >i. [< alkali- gate.] The act or process of rendering alkaline by impregnating with an alkali. Also spelled alcalization, alkalisaUon. alkalize (al'ka-liz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. alka- lized, ppr. alkalizing. [< alkali + -fee.] To change into an alkali; communicate the prop- erties of an alkali to; alkalify. Also spelled alkalise. alkaloid (al'ka-loid), ii. and a. [< alkali + -oid.] I. n. A body resembling an alkali in properties; one of a class of nitrogenous com- pounds which occur in plants in combination with organic acids, and are sometimes called the organic bases of plants, as morphine, nico- tine, quinine, etc. They are intensely bitter, turn reddened litmus blue, are slightly soluble in water but readily soluble in alcohol, and have active medicinal or poisonous properties. Compounds having the general re- actions and properties of alkaloids (ptomains) arc found in decaying animal matters, being products of the decom- position of the tissues. II. a. Relating to or containing alkali. 143 alkaloidal (al-ka-loi'dal), a. [< alkaloid + -a!.] Pertaining to the alkaloids; having the nature of an alkaloid. alkanet (al'ka-net), ». [< ME. alkanet, < Sp. al- eaneta (curly mod. E. also orcanet, orkanet, or- ehaiiel, < OF. ureaiietle, tinhaiiette, mod. F. or- canete, < Sp. orcaneta, var. of alcaneta), dim. of alcana, alcana, henna: see alcanna andhenna.] 1. The root of a boraginaceous herb, Alkanna ( Anchusa) tiiictoria, yielding a red dye, for which the plant is cultivated in central and southern Europe. It is used in dyeing, staining wood, coloring adulterated wines, and in pharmacy to give a red color to salves, etc. It produces brilliant violet and gray colors with alum and iron mordants on linen, cotton, and silk, but not on wool. 2. The plant which yields the dye, Alkanna tinctoria. Also called orcanet and Spanish bit- gloss. — 3. A name of similar plants of other genera. The common alkanet of England is Anchusa officinalis; the evergreen alkanet, A. eempervirene ; the bastard alkanet, Lithospermum arvense, antl in America L. canescens. Alkanna (al-kan'ii), ». [See alkanet] A bo- raginaceous genus of perennial herbs, of about 40 species, natives of the Mediterranean region. It is distinguished from Anchusa (in which genus it was formerly included) mainly by the absence of appendages from the throat of the corolla. The principal species is A. tinctoria. See alkanet. alkarsin, alkarsine (al-kiir'sin), n. [< alc(o- hol) + ars(enic) + -in- : so called because it was at first considered to be an alcohol in which oxy- gen was replaced by arsenic] A heavy, brown, fuming, and extremely poisonous liquid con- taining cacodyl and its oxidation products: formerly known as Cadet's fuming liquid. It is characterized by an insufferable smell and by spontaneous ignition on exposure to the air. It has been proposed to use it in warfare to charge shells, whose explosion would set a ship on fire and destroy the crew by the poisonous vapor. Also spelled alcarsin. alkekengi (al-ke-ken'ji), n. [Early mod. E. also alkagengi, etc., < ME. alkekengy; = F. al- kekengc = It. alcachengi = Sp. alquequenie = Pg. alquequenge, < ML. alkekengi, < Ar. al-kdkanj, al- kakenj, < al, the, + Pers. kdkanj, a kind of resin from a tree growing in the mountains of Herat in Afghanistan.] The winter-cherry, a solana- eeous plant, Physalis Alkekengi. The scarlet fruit, inclosed in a large red calyx, makes the plant very orna- mental at the beginning of winter; it is also edible, and has a slightly acid taste. alkenna (al-ken'a), n. [See alcanna and /((•»«((.] Same as henna. alkermes (al-ker'mez), n. [< F. alkermes, now alkermes, < Ar. al-qirmiz : see kermes.] 1. The name of a once celebrated compound cordial, to which a fine red color was given by kermes. Its ingredients are said to have been eider, rose-water, sugar, and various fragrant flavoring substances. 2. Same as kermes. alk-gTim(alk'gum), n. Same as a/i 2 . — Alk-gum tree the terebinth of southern Europe and Asia Minor, Pistaeia Terebinthw. alkoholt, alkoholict, etc. Obsolete forms of alcohol, etc. alkool, ». [Bepr. Ar. aUkoKl: see alcohol.] A preparation of antimony used by the women of Eastern nations to darken the eyelids and eyelashes. Brande. Alkoran (al'ko-ran or al-ko-ran'), «. Same as Koran. Alkoranic, Alkoranish, etc. See Alcoranic, ete. alkoxid, alkoxide (al-kok'sid, -sid or-sid), re. [< alc(ohol) + oxid.] A compound in which alcohol unites with a metallic base. Tie in-. replaces hydrogen in the alcohol hydroxyl: as CH 3 ONa, sodium alkoxid, formed by treating sodium with methyl alcohol. alkyl (al'kil), n. [< alk(ali) + -ijl.] A generic name applied to any alcohol radical, such as methyl (CH 3 ), ethyl (C 2 Hg), propyl (C 3 H 7 ), etc. alkylogen (al-kil'o-jen), n. A halogen salt of the alkyl radicals. all (al), a. and n. [< ME. all, al, pi. alle, < AS. all, al, with breaking call, eal, pi. ealle, = QNorth. al, cdlc,=QS.al, alle or alia, = OFries. al, alle, = D. al, alle, =OHG. Mill 1. al, alle, G. all, alle, = Icel. allr, allir, = Sw. all, alia, = Dan. all, alle, = Goth, alls, allai, all ; as a prefix, ME. all-, al-, AS. call-, eal-, al- = OS. al-, etc., usually with single I, merging with a simpler Teut. form al-, found only in comp. and deriv. (AS. al-, al- = OS. OHG. al-, ala-, alo- = Goth, ala-, as in AS. almihtiij, wlmihtig = OS. almahtig, alamahtig, alomahtig = OHG. almahtig, alamahtig, al- mighty; OHG. aliiniinri, all new; Goth, ata- mans, all men (see Alcmannic); OS. al ung = OFries. along = OHG. alanc, entire, complete, etc.), perhaps < \/ "al in AS. alan (pret. 61), all nourish, grow, produce, = Icel. ala (> E. dial. alie 1 , q. v.), nourish, = Goth, alan, grow, be nourished, = L. alerc, nourish (see aliment), of which all, Gotb. alls, stem 'din-, an assimila- tion of *alna-, would lie an ancient pp, adj. form in -ii (cf. a like assimilation infulfl I, t.. be pared withAS. aid, add, E. old, < >IIi r. «// = Goth. "tilths, altheis, old, = L. alius, deep, high, an an- cient pp. adj. form in -t (-d-, til-): see oM and all. C'f.Ir. ide, t»/e = Gael. »i/e = W. o//. w all, every. The several uses of all, as adj., pron., noun, and adv., overlap, and cannot be entirely separated. See alder 3 , orig. gen. pi. of all.] I. a. 1. The whole quantity of, with reference to substance, extent, duration, amount, or degree : with a noun in the singular, chiefly such nouns (proper names, names of substances, abstract nouns — any whole or any part regarded in itself as a whole) as from their meaning or particular use do not in such use admit of a plural: as, all Europe; all Homer; ((//flesh; all control; all history. Gratiano speaks an infinite deal of nothing, more than any man in all Venice. Shak., M. of v., i. l. All hell shall stir for this. Shak., Hen. V., v. 1. No one will contend that all legislative power belongs to Congress, all executive power to the President, or oil judicial power to the courts of the United states. D. Webster, Speech, Senate, May 17, 1S34. 2. The whole number of, with reference to individuals or particulars, taken collectively : with a noun in the plural : as, «// men ; «// na- tions ; all metals; all hopes; all sciences; till days. [All in logic is the sign of a distributed term in an affirmative proposition : as, ((// men are mortal. This use of all, in place of every, is a result of Boethiuss use of omnis as a translation of the na? of Aristotle.] All sins are in all men, but do not appear in each man. He that hath one sin, bath all. Bushnell, Nat. and the Supemat., p. 388. 3. Every: chiefly with kind, suit, manner, and formerly with thing. Blessed are ye, when men shall revile you and . . . shall say «M manner of evil against you, falsely. Hat. v. 11. 4. Any; any whatever : after a preposition or verb implying negation or exclusion : as, be- yond ((// controversy ; out of all question ; he was free from all thought of danger. Yes, without all doubt. Shak., Hen. VIII., iv. 1. 5f. Only; alone. [Rare.] He was my son ; But I do wash his name out of my blood, And thou art all my child. Shak., All's Well, iii. 2. When joined to nouns accompanied by a definitive (the definite article, a possessive or demonstrative pronoun, etc.), all precedes the latter whether with a singular or plural noun, or else follows the noun if it is plural ; as, all my labor ; all his goods ; all this time ; all these things ; all the men agreed to this, or, the men all agreed to this. In the phrases all day, all night, all summer, all winter, all the year, all the time, etc., the noun is an adverbial accusative. In the first four the article is usually omitted. All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players. Shak., As you lake it. ii. 7. Sir, I will drink success to my friend, with all my heart. Sheridan, Duenna, ii. 3. The clergyman walks from house to house all day all the year to give people the comfort of good talk. Emerson, Clubs. When joined to a personal or relative pronoun in the plural, all may precede, but now usually follows, the pro- noun. All we like sheep have gone astray. Isa. liii. G. And we all do fade as a leaf. Isa. lxiv. rt. Be ye all of one mind. 1 Pet. iii. 8. That they all may be one. John xvii. 21. The alternative construction is all of us, all of them, etc. (see II., 2); or the two constructions may stand together. We all of us complain of the shortness of time. Addison, Spectator, No. 03. The adjective all, with a singular or plural noun, is often separated from its subject, especially by the verb bt (en pressed, or in the present participle often omitted), and, being thus apparently a pari of the predicate, assumes t transitional position, and may equally well be regarded as an adverb, meaning altogether, wholly: as, the house was all dark ; he was all ears ; the poor horse was all skin and bones ; the papers were all in confusion ; it was all a mis- take ; it is all gone. He is all for fasting. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 245. She follow'd my poor father's body, Like Niobe, all tears. Shak., Hamlet, i. 2. He has also rebuilt >• parsonage house, all of stone, very neate and ample. Evelyn, Diary, Sept. 9, 1077. All Fools' day. See fooli.— All hands, the whole com- pany : naut., the whole crew.— All my eve. See ei/el.— All Saints' day. See taint.— AH Souls day. See soul. — For all the world. See world,. II. a. as pron. [Absolute use of the adj.] 1. The whole quantity or amount; the whole; the aggregate ; the total : in a singular sense. And Laban . . . said, . . . All that thou seest is mine. Gen. xxxi. 43. all Doth all that haunts the waste and wild Mourn, knowing it will go along with mo? Tennyson, Passing of Arthur. 2. The whole number; every individual or par- ticular, taken collectively; especially, all men or all people: in a plural sense. Chat whelpes are blinde nine dayes, and then begin to Bee, Is the common opini I a ind some "ill be apt ; i oathes upon it. Sir T. Browne, Vxilg, Err. \ih1, poured round all, obi 1 1 \ and melancholy h aste, Bryant, Thanatopsia. All, in cither of the pivi-rdin^ uses, is often followed by a limiting phrase with of. lis not the whole of life to live, Nor all of death to die. Montgonu ry, Hymn. For all <»/" wonderful and wild Bad rapture for the lonely child. Scott, L of the L. M., vi. 21. Then I and vou and all >'.} (at) In every way; altogether; wholly. 3h< i b bxeweatal. Chaucer, Prol. to Merchant's Tale. (b) In any degree; in an] di prei whatever; in the least : for any reason ; on any consideration: as, I was surprised al hii coming at all. Thirdly, the Btarres have not onely varied their longi< fcud whereby tl tcents are altered , but have also ed their declinations, whereby their rising at ail, that i ai in'-', hath vsa led. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Kit. (c) In any waj . ! i an] i stent; oi any kind or character; ■ or conditional elau ies(i ompare i ; not at all di turbed ; did you fteai any- >t ail ' If you hear anything at ail, let me know; no offensi a An if tin bi at all Shah., Ti mpest, v. L. Before all, before everything; before everything els< ; be ynd all.— Beyond all, i" I ling; beyond i above all. For all. (a) For all pur] ■ peciallj m the phra ■ all and I and all. [colloq, ] Learn now, ./■ ... I care not for you. Shah., Cj mbelin (h) Notw [thstanding ; In thing or facl men« ; roll ■'■'■ edbj tn objeel n pun oi pi onoun o] an ob |ect cl h Ii h that, which i- often omil ted b for all that tl you may do so for all i care, or for all m< 1 ■ cousin Shallow. Shak., M. W. ol w., i. I. .\- Noah'e pigeon which return'd no more 1 1 n ting found, for all the flood, i Davit , Emmortal ol Soul, \\\ii. A man's a man/or a' that. Burns, For A. 1 That. 144 In all. (a) In the whole number ; all included : as, there were in all at least a hundred persons present. In this tyme had Steuen regned auht 3ere in alle, Rob. of Brunne, Langtoft's Chron. (ed. Hearne), p. 122. (b) In whole : as, in nart or hi all. Over allt, everyfl here. Chaucer, [Now onli in Its literal meaning.] -Two (or twos) all, three all, etc, in certain games means that all (or merely both) the players or side have two, tliree, i tc points. When all comes to all, when everything is explained ; at bottom. With all'. Swwithal. III. ti. [Preceded by on article ora pronoun, rarely with an intervening adjective.] 1. A whole; an entirety; a totality of things or qual- ities. The -til is used for the universe. Ami will she yet abase her eyea on me, . . . On me, whose all not equals Edward 6 moiety? Shak., Rich. III., i. 2, 2. One's whole interest, concern, or property: usually with a possessive pronoun: as, she has given her all. [Formerly and still dialectic ally with pi. allsJ] Though a very industrious tradesman, I was twice burnt out, and Lost my little all both times Sheridan, The Critic, i. "2. Old Boreas — we are glad of that — was required to pack up "bis alls " and be off. De Quincey, Herodotus, ii. [For all in composition, see the adverb, ;it end.] all (al), adv. [< ME. al } rarely alle, < AS. eall s eal (=OS. al, etc.), prop. neut. ace. (cf. AS. eaUesssOB. aue9=Goth. allis, adv., prop. gen. neut.) of edll t eal, all: see ail, a. The adverbial uses of all overlap the adjectival uses: see es- pecially under all, «/., I., at end.] 1. Wholly; entirely; completely; altogether; quite. In this use common with adverbs of degree, espe- cially too: as, he arrived all too late. And tell us what occasion of import HathaW so long detain'd you from your wife, Shak., T. of the S., iii. 2. He held them sixpence all too dear. Shak., quoted in Othello, ii. 3. Alone, alone, all, all alone, Alone on a wide, wide sea. Coleridgt , Ancient Mariner. O, yet methought I saw the Holy Grail, All pall'd in crimson samite. Tennyson, Holy Grail. [From the frequent Middle English use of all in this sense before verbs w itb the prefix to- (see to--, to-break, to-cut, to-trar, etc. i, that prefix, when no Longer felt as such, came to be attached to the adverb, all to or alto being regarded as an adverbial phrase or word, and sometimes improperly used, in later English, with verbs having originally no claim to the prefix. The sowdan and the cristen euerichone, Ben al to-hewe and stiked at the herd. Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale, 1. 332. And a certain woman cast a piece of a millstone upon Abimelech's head, and all to-broke [printed all to brakt ] his scull. Judges ix. .'.;>. They . . . were alle to-outte with the stones. Caxtan, Golden Legend, p. 236. she plumes her feathers, and lets grow her wings, That in the various bustle of resort, Were all to-ruffled [sometimes printed altontj}h-d], and sometimes impair'd. Milton, Com US, 1. 380.] 2. Even; just: at first emphatic or intensive. (a) With prepositional phrases ox place or time, in later use, particularly in ballad poetry, little more than merely expletive or pleonastic; as, all in the month of May; all in the morning tide. When all aloud the wind doth blow. Shak., I.. L. L., A damsel lay deploring, All on a rock reclined. I (song). Gat/. One night my pathway swerving east, I Baw The pelican on the casque of our Sir Bors AU in the middle of the rising moon. /'. nnyson, Holy Grail. (b) With odnjunctions if and though, in conditional and ieB8ive clauses : If all, though all, or reversely, all <> . all though, even if, even though. These forms are obso- lete, excepl the last, which is now written as one word, although (which see). I am nought wode, alle U i Lewed be. ' 'haucer, Troilus, iii. 30S. gif alle it be bo that men seyn, that this crowne Is of i hoi qi MandiviUe (ed. Halliwell i, p. 13. Thofalle that he weired in WO & in strife. 'I he fours a tuentj houres he Bpended in hoh life Bob. of Brunnt . Langtofi e ( hron. (ed. Beanie), p. 28. Alle thought It be clepl a see, it is no see. Mandevilh (ed. Halliwell), p. 26(1. [When the verb in such clan be b 'ding to a common subjunctive construction, was placed before the subject, Gm conjunction if ox though mfghl be omitted, leaving all a an apparent [unction. In the sense of even if, al- though , especially In the formula al be, ae al be it, al be it that, ai bi that (now albe, albeit, widen see) .1/ he her herte w el nigh to broke No w old of pride ne grame she spoke. Lay le Frt <•>■ I, 847, in Weber's Metr. Etom., I. .1/ wi re it that my auncetres were rude \ 'it mi;i> thi highe God . . . Oraunb me grace fco lyve vertuously. Chaucer. Wife of liath's Tale, 1. B16 .1. allace His sacritlce he dede . . . with alle circumstances .1/ telle l nat as now his observances. Chaw, r, Knight - lab., 1. 1406. But living art may not least part expresse, . . . All were ii Zeuxisor Praxiteles, His da-dale liand would fails and greatly fa>nt. Spenser, F. *■}-, iii., I'rol.j (c) With conjunction r/.. All os. (1) Just when; when; as. All as his Btraying fiocke he fedde. Spenser, Shep. t al., Prol. He their courtesy to requite, Gave them a chain of twelve marks weight, All as he lighted down. Scott, Marmion, i. 11. (2) As if. The kenc cold Idowes through my beaten hv.te .1// as I were through the body gryde. Spenser, Shep. Cal . Fe 3f. Only; exclusively. I shall never marry like my sisters. To love mj father all. shak.. Lear, i. l. All along, (a) Throughout; continuously; uninterrupt- edly; from the beginning onward: as, I knew thai all along. Ishmael . . . went forth, . . . weeping all along as he went. Jer. xli. 0. (fc) From end to end; in bookbinding, (sewed) in such a manner thai the thread passes from end to end of each section, (c) At full length, I found a woman of a matchless form stretch VI all along upon the marble floor. Tuke, Five Hours, ii. And there in gloom cast himself all along. Tennyson, Balm and Balan. All along of. Seeaton^.— All in the wind (naut), too close to the wind: said of a vessel so brought up into the wind that the sails shake.— All of a sudden, suddenly; quite unexpectedly. Matters have taken soclever a turn all of a sudden, that I could find it in my heart to be bo good-humoured ' Sherman, The Rivals, iv. 2. All one, the same thing in effect; quite the same. Vet l have the w it to think my master is a kind of a knave : but that s all one, if he be but one knave. Shak., T. g. of v., iii. i. All out t [ME. al oute, alout], entirely ; completely; quite. Then come these wikkyde Jewes . . . and brake theyre thees, and slewe them alle owte, MS, Lincoln (A), i. 17, folio 1S4. (HalliuteU.) Whanne he hadde don his wille al oute. Rom, of the Rose, i. 2101. Used especially with drink {-<■■•■ carousi | I quaught, I drinke all "tit. Palsgrave. Allits[F.],allout; or a carouse fully drunk up. .Cotgrave. All over, (a) In every part; everywhere; over the whole body. Chaucer, {b) Thoroughly; entirely: as, "Dombey and Son "is Dickens allover. [Colloq.] (c) Indisposed ; gen- erally ill ; having an all-overish feeling. [Colloq.] (d) All past; entirely ceased : as, that is allowr.— All over with, done with ; finished : as, it is all over with their friendship; colloquially, the trouble is all over with. Ay, a final sentence, indeed! — 'tis all over with you, faith ! Sheridan, The Rivals, iv. 3. All right, an idiomatic colloquial phrase, either adjectival or adverbial, expressive of satisfaction with, approval of, or assent to anything, and equivalent to quite correct or correctly, satisfactory or satisfactorily, in a satisfactory condition or manner, etc.: as, your conduct or your dress is alt right ; he has done it all right; "Are you ready? Ml right ; go ahead." — All the [the, adv. : see the-], to all that extent ; so much : as, all the better ; all the fitter ; all the sooner. See ii'--- All there, up to the mark; wide awake; in Btrict fashion; first-rate. [Slang.] All up with, at an end ; all over with : as. when the pistol was raised he knew that it was all up with him. [Colloq l [All, in composition, sometimes forms a true compound, as in almighty, already, always, algates, but usually stands, with or sometimes without a hyphen, in loose combination, retaining a syntactic relation, either (l)as adjective, as in All-hallows, All-saints, allspice.; (2) as noun, either ("tin genitive plural, as in all-father, or (b) in accusative as direct objei I . as in all-giver, all-Si er, all-heal, particular!) with present participles having all as object (though originally in many eases .///was adverbial), as in all-healing, all- seeing, all-pervading, etc.; or (3) as adverb, either (a) with a noun (in the transitional construction mentioned under all, a., I., at end), as in all-bone, all-mouth, all-rail, all- >r. mi, or (6) with almost any adjective that admits of rhe- torical sweep, as in all perfect, all-powerful, all idee, all- ■ /«)//, change (see above), + arigiur, a thread, taken in sense of cri/fia, a stamen.] In hot., with stamens inserted alternately on the torus and on the petals. A. Gray. Allah (al'il), ii. [P. I). G. Dan'., etc., Allah, ICuss. AllakMi, etc., repr. Ar. (> Turk. Pers. Hind.) Allah, contr. of al-ildh. lit. the God, < nl, the, + Huh, God, = Aramaic eldh = Heb. < loan ; see Elohim.] The Arabic name of the Supreme Being, which, through the Koran, has found its way into the languages of all nations who have embraced the Mohammedan faith. Allamanda (al-a-man'da), n. [Named after Jean N. S. Allamand, a Swiss scientist.] A genus of woody climbers, natural order Apoey- nacecc, natives of tropical America. The flowers are large and handsome, ami several species are cultivated in greenhouses. all-amort (al-a-mdrf), a. See alamort. allamotti, allamoth (al-a-rnot'i, al'a-moth), n. [E. dial.; also alamonU, allaiuonti ; an Orkney name.] A provincial English name for the pe- trel, Procelldria pelagica. Montagu. allanH, «. Same as alan. allan 2 t, allent, ». [Var. of aulin, q. v.] A provincial name for a species of jaeger, Sterco- rarius parasiticus. Montagu. allanite (al'an-it), «. [Named after Thomas Allan, of Edinburgh, the discoverer.] A silicate of cerium and allied metals with aluminium, iron, and calcium. It is isomorphous with epi- dote. allantoic (al-an-to'ik), a. [< allantois + -ic] Of or pertaining to the allantois: as, allantoic fluid; allantoic acid : allantoic placentation. allantoid (a-lan'toid), a. and ». [= P. allan- toide, < NL. allantoicles, < Gr. dXAavroeidljc (so. iui/v or x'tuv: see hymen and chiton), the sau- sage-shaped (sc. membrane), < d/'Anc (d'AZavr-), a sausage, + eldoc, form.] I. a. Of or pertain- ing to the allantois : as, the allantoid membrane. II. n. Same as allantois. allantoidal (al-an-toi'dal), a. Same as allan- toid. Allantoidea (al-an-toi'de-it), n. pi. [NL., < al- lantoides: see allantoid.] ' Those vertebrates in which an allantois is developed. Considered as a group in zoology, the Allantoidea consist of mammals, birds, and reptiles, as distinguished from Auullaittoidea, or amphibians and fishes. The word is synonymous with Amnionata, as distinguished from Anamnumata. allantoidian (al-an-toi'di-an), a. ami n. [< al- lantoid + -tan : = P. allanibidien.] I. a. Hav- ing an allantois, as the embryo or fetus of one of the higher vertebrates. II. n. An animal the embryo or fetus of which has an allantois, as a mammal, bird, or reptile. allantoin(a-lan'to-in),H. [< allantois + 4n%.] a crystalline substance (C4H0N4O3) found in the allantoic fluid of the cow; the nitrogenous con- stituent of the allantoic fluid. It is also ob- tained from other sources. Also written allan- toin. AUantoin . . . is one of the products of the oxidation of uric acid, and by further oxidation gives rise to urea. Foster, Physiology, pp. 871), 880. allantois (a-lan'to-is), 11. [NL., shorter form (appar. as sing, of assumed pi.) of allantoides: see allantoid.'] A fetal appendage of most ver- tebrates, developing as a sac or diverticulum from the posterior portion of the intestinal cavity. It is one of the organs of the embryo of all am- niotic vertebrates, or those which develop an amnion, but is wanting or is at most rudimentary in amphibians and fishes. In birds and reptiles it is large and performs a re- spiratory function, and in mammals contributes to form the umbilical cord and placenta. Its exterior primitively consists of mesoblast, its cavity receiving the secretion of the primordial kidneys (Wolffian bodies). So much of the sac as remains pervious within the body of the embryo bee. lines tlir urinary Madder, or, in si inn- degree, a urinary passage. The umbilical arteries and veins course along the elongated stalk of the sac, which becomes the umbilical cord, and that part of these allantoic vessels within the body which does not remain pervious becomes the urachus and round ligament of the liver. The expanded extremity of the allantois, in most mammals, unites with the chorion to form the placenta. In those vertebrates, as mammals, in which the umbilical vesicle has but a brief period of activ- ity, the allantois chiefly sustains the functions whereby the fetus is nourished by the blood of the mother, and has its own blood arterialized. In parturition, so much of the allantois as is outside the body of the fetus is east oil', tin- separation taking place at the navel. See cut under amnion. 10 145 allantotoxicum(a-lan-t6-tok'si-kum), n. [t in the contrary. Stubbes, Anat. of Abuses (ed. 1880), p. 158. allaudt (a-lad'), v. t. [F. , < L. alligan , combine, join, < oi/, to, + ligare, bind: see o%l and alligate. Allay- was more or less confused with allay 1 , and with other similar forms: see allay 1 . At a later period the F. alayer and it-, \.rl.al sub- stantive aloi were erroneously explained as de- rived from »/(,/, to law, as if meaning 'brought to the legal standard': see alloy.] 1. To mix, as metals; especially, to mix a noblerwitb a baser metal; alloy. See alloy, v., I. — 2. Fig- uratively, to mix with something interior; con- taminate or detract from. His pupils cannot speak of him without something of terror allaying their gratitude. Lamb, Christ's Hospital. 3. To temper; abate or weaken by mixture; dilute, as wine with water; weaken: diminish. allay 2 ! (a-la'), ». [Early mod. K. also alay ; < ME. alaye, aley, < AF. aley, alay, ( (F.'alay, later aloy (F. aloi), < aleyer, alayer (F. aloyt e), allay, alloy, mix: see allay' 2 , v., and alloy.] 1. The act or process of alloying; an alloy. (uins an- hanineil by tb' allay. S. Butler, Hudibras, III. ii. 482. 2. Figuratively, admixture, especially of some- thing inferior. This comedy grew out of Congreve and Wycherley. but gathered some allays of the sentimental comedy which followed theirs. Lamb, Artificial Comedy. 3. Mixture; dilution. French wine with an allay of water. I;. Jonson, Magnetxck Lady, iii. 1. allay :! t, <'• t. [< late ME. alaye, aleye, alley<\< OF. ah it r, ulnii r, declare on oath. < L. idlegarc, men- tion, cite, adduce: see allege 1 and allegation.] To cite; quote; allege. allay 4 t, »• [Early mod. E. also alay : < late ME. allay, < AF. 'alais, OF. cslais, < cslaissier, let out, < es- (< L. ex), out, + laissier (F. laissi r), let, < L. laxare, relax: see lax, Indus, and cf. relay.] In hunting, the act of laying on the hounds; the addition of fresh hounds to the cry. allayer 1 (a-la'er), n. [< allay 1 + -cr 1 .] One who or that whieh allays or alleviates. Phlegm and pure blood are the repute, I allayers of acri- mony. Harvey, Consumption. allayer 2 t (a-la'er), n. [< allay 2 + -cr 1 .] One who or that which allays or alloys. allayment (a-lii'ment), n. [< allay 1 + -ment.] The act of quieting, or a state of tranquillity ; a state of rest after disturbance ; abatement ; ease. Thelike aUaymenl could I give my grief. Sliak., T. and C, iv. i. all-bet, eouj. Same as albeit. Av. but hjs fear Would ne'er be masked, atlbe his vices wen 1>. Jonson, Si. janus, iv, 5. allbone (al'bon), n. [< all + bone 1 ; a tor. of Gr. d'Aoarrov, < ii/loc, whole, + bariov, bone.] An English name for the stitehwort, Stellaria Ho- losli a, from its jointed, skeleton-like stalks. Alle (al'e), n. [NL. (Linnseus, 1758), < Sw. idle, the ( ireenland dove.] A genus of birds of the auk family, containing the sea-dove, dove- kie, or rotche, Alca alle (Linnseus), Arctica alle (Gray), Mergulus alle of authors in general, now Alle nigricans ( Link). See dovt In . allecret, ». See hallecret. allectt (a-lekt'), v. t. [) The plaintiff's first pleading in a testamentary cause, (c) [r eccles. suits, any pleading subse- quent to the first. -Defensive allegation, in Eng- land, the mode "t propounding circumstances of defense lefendantinthe spiritual courts, the defendant is en- titled to the plaintiff's answer upon oath tohiBalli ;ation, and may thence proceed to proofs as well as his antagonist, allege' (a lei' i, v. /.: pret. and pp. alleged, ppr. alleging." [Early mod. E. also alledge, alleage, aUeadge, < ME. aleggen, alegen, < AF. aleger, alegier, aligier (< Law L. adlegiart ), in form = OF esligier (< ML. 'cxHtigarc. clear at law, < L. ex, out,'+ litigare, sue at law: see litigate), bui in sense taken as = OF. alleguer, F. alliguer (a restored form for earlier OF. aZeiw, alan r, de- clare on oath, > ME. .//< v, ate.] 1. To declare before a court; plead at law; hence, in general, to produce as an argument, plea, or excuse; cite or quote in confirmation: as, to allege exculpatory facts; to allege the authority of a court. He [Thrasymachus], amongst other arts which ha alleges In evidence of his views, cites that of government. li. Quincey, Plato. 2. To pronounce with positiveness; declare; affirm: assert: as, to allege a fact. In many alleged eases, indeed, of haunted houses and the like, a detailed revelation "i names and places might expose the narrator to legal action. //. .V. (ixcntuim. Short Studies, p. 7;:. =Svn. 1. Adduce, Allege, Assign, etc. (see adduce), bring forward, aver, asseverate, maintain, say, insist, plead, pro- duce, cite. allege'-'t, V. t. [Early mod. E. also alledge, alt gt . < tj&.alegg< re, alegen,i OF. aUeger, aleger, alegier = Pr. aleujar = It. alleggiare, < LL. aUeviare, lighten, alleviate: see alleviate and aUeve. Cf. abridge, abbreviate. The sense and the ME. forms mixed with those of allai/ 1 .] To alle- viate: lighten; mitigate; allay. allegeable (a-lej'a-rjl), a. [< allege* + -able.} (.'apahle of le-ing alleged or affirmed. allegeanceH, n. [Early mod. E. also alledge- ante, allegeaunce, < ME. allegiaunce, < allegen, alegt n, cite, assert : see allegi ' and -mice] The act of alleging; allegation. allegeance-t, »■ [ME., also allegiance, alege- miiirr. < OF. alegeance, mod. alUgeance, allevia- tion, < alegt r, alleviate: Bee allege* and -ance.] Alleviation. allegeance :i t, «. An old spelling of allegiance allegementt I a-lej'ment ). re. [< allege* + Assertion; allegation. alleger (a-h-.i'er), >i. One who alleges, allenarly He allegorizeth upon the Bai riflces. Full.- Against Mien, p. 223. Also spelled allegorise. li being a certain position in law, that allegiance vni alleeorizer (al'e-go-rl'zer), n. One who allp protection are reciprocal, the one ceasing when the other „,„.£„. ,,„.... i ,,', r,;,,.,i, s ;„ ..ii, .„„ IT(I , 1 , x , llllm ,i B Is withdrawn. Jefferson, Autobiog., p. 12. gonzes,onewnospi ans in in gorj 01 i xpountis Hence — 2. Observance of obligation in gen- eral; fidelity to any person or thing ; devotion. That I [Bolingbroke] did pluck allegiance from men's hearts, Fond shouts anil salutations from their mouths, Keen ill tile picS'-lli'.- mI the crowned king. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iii. 2. Love, all the faith ami all the idlegianci Hen Pope, Essay on Man. iii. 235. = Syn. Allegiance, Loyalty, Fealty. Allegiance is the most formal and official of these words; it is a matter of prin- ciple, and applies especially to c iuct ; the <."'A of alle- giance covers conduct only. Loyaltyiatt matter o! both principle and sentiment, conduct and feeling; it implies enthusiasm and devotion, and hence is most frequently chosen for figurative uses: as. loyalty to a lover, husband, family, elan, friends, old traditions, religion. Neither alle- giance nor loyally is confined to its original meaning ol the obligation due from a subject to a prince. Fealty has i aped less completely from Ibis earliest sense, but has a pi i missible use in the sense of fidelity under obligation of various kinds. >ple quarrel with obedience Our pi Swe To I allegit er blood, 1 the love of soul, ■eign loyalty. Shak., K. John, v. 1. A man who could command the unswerving loyalty of honest and impulsive Dick Steele could not have been a coward or a backbiter. Lowell, study Windows, p. 429. Nor did he doubt her more, But rested in her fealty, till lie crown'd A happy life with a fair death. Tennyson, Gi rami allegiailt (a-le'jant), a. and n. [Assumed from allegiance, after analogy of adjectives in -ant having associated nouns in -ana': see -ant 1 and -ance.~\ I. a. Loyal. For your meat graces [leaped upon me, poor undeserver, 1 Can nothing render but allegiant thanks. Shak., Hen. VIII., iii. 2. II. re. One who owes or renders allegiance; a native. Strangers shall have the same personal rights as the al- legiants. N. A.. Rev., CXLII. 125. allegoric (al-e-gor'ik), a. Same as allegorical. allegorical (al-e-gor'i-kal), a. [< L. allegoricus allegretto (< Or. a?.Ariyopui6i;, < akXij) opia, allegory: sec al- ^ret'to), a. legory) + -al.'] Consisting of or pertaining to allegory; of the nature of allegory ; figurative; describing by resemblances. His strong allegorical bent . . . was heightened by analysis of the Arthurian legends. Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 176. Allegorical interpretation, the drawing of a spiritual or figurative meaning from what is apparently historical ' allegorically. Also spelled aUegoriser allegory (al'e-go-ri), ».; pi. allegories (-riz). [< P. allegoric = Sp. alcgoria = Pg. It. allegoria, E. [It., brisk, htly, cheerful aleger, q. v.), The mod! F'allegeance in this sense'is what he says, and nothing more. ' w l-sorrel, Oxalis Acetosella. tr,„„ the E. word. 1 1. The tieor obligation of ' blsraeh, Amen. ... i,t., ii. 144. alleluiatic (al-e-lo-yat'ik), a. a subject or citizen to bis sovereign or govern- allegorization (aFf-gor-i-za shon), ». [ in J lime, a rattier fast andante, and consists of two strains, each repeated, ami generally of equal length. 2. A German dance in J time, resembling the older style of waltz, and often so called. — 3. A German national dance in livelj , time. — 4. A figure in dancing. Allemannic, «. and n. See Alemannic. allemontite (al-e-mon'tit), re. |< Allemont or Alliiiioml. a village of [sere, France, + -ite 2 .] A mineral of a tin-while color and metallic luster, containing arsenic and antimony. Also ca lied arsenical antimony. stone. L°eh If we might nil. .m,; . it [the opera "Tannh&user"], we should an thai ii typifli .1 i h dial longing afti an underlie] other name ol Charts, which represents the r. lation in Which I bin should stand I., am il Lowell, Study Windows, p. 224. II. iiitraus. To use allegory: as, a man may allegori i to phase his fancy. allenarly only, < one, one : see anerly. Cf. ME. aU-oneli, alle-oucli, all-anly, only, lit. all only: soo all ami only.] Only; solely; merely: a technical word used in Scotch conveyancing. Thus, where lands are conveyed to a father, '*' for his life-rent use allenarly," the force of the expression is that the father's right is re- stricted to a mere life-rent, or at best to a fiduciary fee, even in circumstances where, but for the word allenarly, the father would have been unlimited ftar. aller 1 (al'er), n. [E. dial., < ME. alio; < AS. air: see alder*.] Same as alder*. [Prov. Eng.] aller' 2 t, a. See alilerS. aller-float (al'er-flot), n. [< aller* } dial, form of alder*, + float.] A local English name of a large trout of the common species, given from the fact that it hides under the roots of the alder, or is in season when the alder is budding. Also called aller-trout. allerion (a-le'ri-on), n. [More correctly alc- rion, < OF. alerion, alciron (F. alerion), < ML. alario(n-), in her. a little eagle without beak or claws, in form sug- gesting L. alarius, < ala, a wing (see aisle), but prob. of other ori- gin; perhaps nit. < MHG. adelar, G. adlcr, an eagle.] hi her.: (a) A bearing representing an eagle or Aiierion. eaglet displayed without feet or beak, (b) More rarely, an eagle heraldically represented, but complete. Boutcll. aller-trout (al'er-trout), n. Same as aller-float. allette, n. See alette. allevet, v. t. [Early mod. E. spelled aleive ; < OF. allever, alever, < L. allevare, adlevare, lift up, raise, lighten, alleviate, < ad, to, + levare, lift up, lighten: see alleviate, and cf. relieve.] To alleviate; relieve. Murrey. allevementt, n. [Early mod. E. aleavement; < alleve + -meat.] The act of alleviating or re- lieving; alleviation. alleviate (a-le'vi-at), v. t.; pret. and pp. allevi- ated, ppr. alleviating. [< LL. alleviatus, pp. of alleviare, adleviare, for L. allevare, adlevare, lighten, alleviate, < ad, to, + levare, lift up, lighten, < leris, light, not heavy: see levity. Cf. allege 2 and alleve.] 1. To make light, in a fig- urative sense ; remove in part ; lessen, miti- gate, or make easier to be endured: as, to al- leviate sorrow, pain, care, punishment, burdens, etc. : opposed to aggravate. Excellent medicines to alleviate those evils which we bring upon ourselves. Bentley. The darkest complexion is not a little alleviated by a black hood. Addison. The little apples which it [the nebbak-tree] bears are slightly acid and excellent for alleviating thirst. B. Taylor, Lands of tiie Saracen, p. 69. 2. To represent as less ; lessen the magnitude or heinousness of; extenuate: applied to moral conduct: as, to alleviate an offense. [Rare.] He alleviates his fault by an excuse. Johnson. = Syn. Alleviate, Believe, Mitigate, Assuage, Altai/, di- minish, soften, abate, qualify, reduce. See allayl. Where these words are applied to pain, etc., alternate is to lighten somewhat, and especially in a soothing way; relieve and altag go further than alleviate, removing in large measure or altogether. Mitigate is to make mild, less severe; per- haps it stands midway between alleviate and relieve. As- suage is to calm down, and that idea underlies all its uses ; allay conveys similarly the idea of putting to rest. To alleviate the congestion of the optic nerve and retina, the artificial leech should be applied several times at in- tervals of a few days, but should then be desisted from if no benefit results. J. S. Wells, Dis. of Eye, p. 383. It [electricity] has relieved the paroxysms of angina pectoris. Quain, Med. Diet., p. 430. In the advance of civilisation, there is a constant ten- dency to mitigate the severity of penal codes. Lecky, Rationalism, I. 337. Foment the bruises, and the pains assunge. Dryden, Pal. and Arc, 1. 2003. alleviation (a-le-vi-a'shon), n. [< ML. allevia- tin(n-), L. alleratio(n-), < allevare, lighten: see alleviate.] 1. The act of alleviating. («) The act of removing in part, lessening, mitigating, or making easier to be endured : as, the alleviation of taxes, (b) The act of making less by representation ; extenuation : as, •■alleviations ,,f faults," South. 2. That which lessens, mitigates, or makes more tolerable : as, the sympathy of a friend is an al- leviation of grief. I have not wanted such alleviations of life as friendship could supply. Johnson. His sister was waiting in a state of wondering alarm, which was not without its alleviations. George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, i. 8. =Syn. Mitigation, palliation, relief. alleviative (a-le'vi-a-tiv), a. and n. [< alleviate + -ire.] I. a. Tending to alleviate or mitigate. II. «. That which alleviates or mitigates: as, "some cheering alleviative," Corah's Boom (1672), p. 176. 147 alleviator (a-le'vi-a-tor), n. One who or that which alleviates, lightens, or mitigates. alleviatory (a-le'vi-a-to-ri), a. Fitted to alle- viate ; having the quality of alleviating. allex (al'eks), it. [L., also hallex, NL. hallux: see hallux.] Same as hallux. [Rare.] alley 1 (al'i), n. [< ME. alei, aley, < OP. alee (F. allee), a going, gallery, passage, < aler, aller (F. aller), go, var. of an earlier ancr = Pr. amir = Cat. anar= Sp. Pg. andar = It. anda/re, dial. anare, go; of uncertain origin: either (1) < L. annare, aanare, swim to, toward, or along; in Ciceroonceusedinsenseof 'come to, approach'; < ml, to, + /Hire, swim (see natation); or (2) ult. < ML. 'anditare for L. aditare (cf. ML. ««- ditus for L. aditvs, ami ML. renders for L. red- dere: see adit and render), go to or approach often, freq. of adire, pp. aditus, go to, < ad, to, + ire, go: see adit.] A passage; especially, a narrow passage, (a) A passage in a building, giving access from one pari, to another; also sometimes used for aisle, (b) A long, narrow inclosure with a smooth wooden floor for playing at bowls, skittles, etc. <,•) A walk, inclosed with hedges or shrubbery, in a garden ; as, "yonder alleys green," Milton, P. I,., iv. i So long about the aleys is he goen. Chaucer, Merchant's Tale, 1. 1080. (. All-hallows, All-hallow (al-hal' 6z, -6), n. [Prop. AU-mUoWS, pi., I>ut, in n|>. AU-hallOW (aa. day, eve, mass, summer, tiae)\ Lnearlj mod. E. and dial, also All-hallown, -hallon, -hallan, -liol- Inn, -liollnn, -holland, etc. ; < ME.alhalowes, ear- lier al halowen, < AS. mllr hdlgan, all hallows, i. e., all saints (see all and hallow*, n.), usually in gen. pi. ealra halgena, ME. aire (or all< ) lm- lowene, halewune, etc., (day, tide, feast, etc.) of all hallows. The term, -n, corruptly -nrf, thus represents the AS. pi. suffix -an, and in comp. the gen. pi. -ena, the latter, ME. -ene, being appar. merged in e'en in AllhaUotvc'en, q. v.] 1. All saints. It was formerly common to dedicate a church to All-hallows. — 2. All Saints' day, the 1st of November: a feast dedicated to all the saints in general. See All Saints' dug, under saint. Allhallow-tide (al-hal'6-tid), n. [Early mod. E. also Allhidlown-tiile, Alhallon-tyd, Allhollon- tide, etc. : see All-hallows, AU-hallown, ami tide.] The time near All Saints' day, November 1. Also called Hallow-tide. Apples, pears, hawthorn-quicks, oaks, set them at All- hoUon-tide, and command mem to prosper; set them at Candlemas, and intreat them to grow. Ray, Eng. Proverbs (1678), p. 350. allheal (al'hel), ». [< all + heal*. Cf. panacea and Panax.] The name of a plant, cat's vale- rian, Valeriana officinalis. The clown's allheal, or clown's woundwort, is Stachys palustris. alliable (a-li'a-bl), a. [< ally* + -able.] Calla- ble of forming or of entering into an alliance. alliaceous (al-i-a'shius), a. [< L. allium, gar- lic, 4- -aceous. See Allium.] 1. Pertaining to or having the properties of the genus Allium, which includes the onion and garlic. — 2. Hav- ing the peculiar smell or taste of the onion: applied specifically to minerals which contain arsenic and emit a garlic-like odor when heated on charcoal before the blowpipe. alliance (a-li'ans), n. [< ME. alianee, aliannce, < OF. alianee', '< ML. alligantia, < alligare (OF. alier), ally, bind to: see ally* and -mice.] 1. The state of being allied or connected; the re- lation between parties allied or connected. Spe- cifically — (a) Marriage, or the relation or union brought about between families through marriage. And great alliances but useless prove To one that comes herself from mighty Jove. Dryden, Helen to Paris, 1. 55. (/)) Connection by kindred. [Rare.] For my father's sake, . . . And for alliance' sake. Shak., 1 Hen. VI., ii. :',. ('•) Union between nations, contracted by compact, treaty, or league. Such alliance may be defensive, that is, an agreement to defend each other when attacked; or offen- sive, that is, an agreement to make a combined attack on another nation; or it may lie both offensive and defensive. An alliance was aeinrdinulv formed by Austria with England and Holland against France. Eneye. Brit., III. 126. (d) Any joining of efforts or interests bj persons, families, Btates, or organizations: as, an alliance between church and state. An intimate alliance was formed between the Arian kings and the Arian clergy. Buckle, Civilization, II. ii. Lydgate . . . had . . . the conviction that the medical profession . . . offered tin- most direct alliance between intellectual conquest and the social good. George Eliot, Middlemareh, I. 159. 2. The compact or treaty which is the instru- ment of allying or confederating: as, to dray.- up an alliance, — 3. The aggregate of persons or parties allied. Therefore, let oui alliance lie combin'd. Shak., J. C, iv. 1. 4. In hot., a grade intermediate between class and order: the equivalent in Lindley's classifi- cation of the more recent term cohort. — 5. In eobl. , a natural group of related families ; a su- perfamily or suborder Arms of alliance, in her., arms which are obtained through matrimonial alliances. — Evangelical Alliance. Bee evangelical.— Moly Alli- ance. See hohi.-^yn. Alliance. Leag leracy, Coalition, relationship, affinity, combination, federation, copartnership. The first four words have been used with- out distinction to express the union or t peration of two or more persons, organizations, or states. Mint the most general term. Often a confederacy ami some- times a league between states mean- a 1 1 r onion than an alliance. Allianc, is rarely used ,,f a combination for evil; but the other words are of ten soused, confedt racy having specifically such a meaning in law. Alliance alone is used of the union of families by mania-,'. Coalition is often used of the temporary cooperation of persons, par- ties, or states that are ordinarily opposed. 148 in the upper jaw, into which the long teeth of the under jaw lit, and tee) much less webbed. Their habits are less aquatic. They frequent swamps and marshes, and may be seen basking on the dry ground .luring the day in the heat of the sun, The\ are most aetive during the night. i !,. largest of them attain the length ol 17 or 18 feet Chej live on fish, and sometimes catch hogs on the shore, or dogs which axe swimming. In winter thej burrow in the mud of swamps and marshes, lying torpid till spring. The female lavs a great number of eggs, which are deposited In the and, and left fco be hatched by the heat of the sun. Ihe alligators are distributed over tropical America, but are not known to exist in any other part of the world. Among alliance Alliances, at ..nee offensive and defensive, have one of the usual and more important characteristics of confeder- ations. Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 103. We must resolve to Incorporate into our plan the, i in gradients which maybe considered as forming the i teristic difference between a ' agui and a government; we must extend (lie authority ol the union to the persons of the citizens the onlj proper objects ol government. .1. Hamilton, Federalist, .No. IB. I si 1 I' the level of a full charg'd con/ed* racy, and give thanks I,, you that chok'd it. Shak., Hen. VIII.. i. 2, The utility of a . i well to suppress faction, and to guard the internal tranquillity of states, as to in- crease their external force and security, is in reality not a new ,,!,,, .1. Hamilton, Federalist, ho. 9. The auditions of nearly all Europe, which resisted and finally humbled the Grand Monarch, are among the most righteous examplesof measures for preserving the balance of power which history records. II oolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § M. alliance (a-H'ans), v. t. [< alliance, «.]' To unite by 'confederacy; join in alliance; ally. [Hare.] It [sinj is allianced I but wretched, forlorn, and apostate spirits. Cudworth, Sermons, p, 62. alliantt (a-H'ant), ». and a. [< F. alliant, ( IF. aUant, ppr. of alier, ally: see ally!, ».] I. <<• An allv: as. "aUiants, electors, princes, and slates, 1 ' Wottm, Reliquiae, p. 532. II. a. Akin; united; confederated. Sir 1. More. allice, allis (al'is), n. [Var. of earlier aUowes for alose, < F. alose, "a shad (fish)" (Cotgrave): see Alosa.] An English name of a species of shall. Alosa vulgaris. See Alosa. allice-shad, allis-shad (al'is-shad*), n. as allice. alliciatet, allicitet (a-lish'i-at, a-Us it), v. t. [Irreg. < L. allicere, allure: see allect.} To at- tract ; allure; entice. alliciency (a-lish'en-si), n. [See allicient. ] Ihe power of attracting; attraction. [Rare.] The magnetics! allien ncy of the earth. Sir T. Browne. allicient (a-lish'ent), a. and n. [< L. alii- aliig'ator-forceps (al'i%a-tpr-f6r's'eps), n. A cien(t-)s, ppr. of attieere, allure : see allect.] I. surgical forceps with short jaws, having teeth a Enticing; attracting. [Rare.] throughout their length, and one of them work- II t re. That which attracts. ing by a double lever. It suggests an alligator. alligartat, «• An old form of alligator. B. Jon- alligatorid (al*i-ga-tor'id), n. One of the Al- son. ligatorida. alligatet (al'i-gat), .. t. [< L. aiiii/atits, pp. of Alligatoridae (al"i-ga-tor i-de), n. pi. alHgare, adligare, bind to,< adjto, + ligare, hind. alliteration sembling a pear in shape. Also called avocado- pear. Sec avocado. alligator-terrapin (al'i-ga-tor-ter'a-piu ), re. A name ol the common snapping-turtle ol Auier- e.rrapin {Chelydra serpentina). ica, Chelydra si rpentina. So called from the length of the neck and especially of the tail in comparison with the small, thin shell, into which the members cannot be completely retracted, the general appearance of a saurian being thus suggested. It is found from Canada to Fl la, andwestward to Louisiana and the Missouri. Also called alligator-turtle. See Chelydra and snapping-turtle. alligator-tortoise (al'i-ga-tor-tdr'tis), ». Same as alliiiator-lerrafiin. alligator-tree (al'i-ga-tpr-tre), n. Tin- sweet- gum tree, IAquidarnbar Styracifiua, of the south- ern United States. alligator-turtle (al'i-ga-tor-ter'tl), ». 1. Same as alligator-terrapin. The elongated tail of the animal is very characteristic, and has . . . given rise to the popular name, alliga tor-turtle. Stand. Sat. Hist., III. 452. 2. A similar fresh-water turtle, Macroch iys lacertma, of the family Chi lydridai, with very Alligator {Alligator mississippiensis). the fossils of the south of England, however, are remains ,.f a true alligator, A. hantoniensis, in the Eocene beds of the Hampshire basin. Leather made from the skin of the alligator is widely used. 3. A local name of the little brownf ence-lizard, Set toporus undulatus, common in many parts of the United States.— 4. A machine for bringing the balls of iron from a puddling-furnace into compact form so that they can be handled; a s— er.-5 A ,P^ a ^™,^™ ek ^rfrMt long tail and neck. It is found in the United states alligator-apple (al l-ga-tpr-ap^l), «. ihe iruit tro] 6 norfda h> .^^ anfl ap th(j Missiasipp i vaUe y to Missouri, in muddy ponds, bayous, and lakelets. It at- tains a weight of 50 or 60 pounds or more, is esteemed for the table, and is often seen ill the markets ol the eollli- presseXYapering bod£ about 12 polygonal tgjMigiMtat^ (ari _ gWK >r-wud), n. The wood of Anona palustris, a West Indian tree. Same alligator-fish (al'i-ga-tor-fish), n. 1. An ago- noid fish, Podothecus acipensennus, with a corn- dorsal fins, gill-membranes united to the isth- mus, and. the lower jaw shutting within the up- per. It is about a foot in length, and is common from Puget Sound northward.— 2. Any ago- nid; a fish of the family Agonidee (which see). Ct' ally 1 , .., and unite by some tie. allay-.] To bind; attach; Instincts Migated to then' nature Sir M. Hub . Orij of Mankind, p. ;{7. r .. God's wales are not as mans, neither is he bound to means, or Migated to number. /;. p, ,,../, [acob's \ owe (1827), App., p. 14. alligation (al-i-ga'shon), it. [< L. attigaMo(n-), a binding to, a band, ialUgare: see alligate.] 1. The act of binding; the state of being bound or united. [Rare-.]— 2. The name of several rules or processes in practical arithmetic (see below) for ascertaining the relations between the proportions and prices of the ingredients of a mixture and l he cost of the mixture itself per unit of weight or volume. Also called the rule of mixtures. -Alligation alternate, an arithmetical as used in ascertaining the proportions oi ingredients of given price which will produce a mixture ..i given cost. The proposition is indeterminate, and the rule of alliga- tion gives only particular solutions. — Alligation me- dial the operation by which the cos! ol a mixture is found when the prices and proportions of the ingredients are given, alligator (al'i-ga-tor), n. [A Latin-looking (NL.) adaptation of early mod. E. alligater, al- Ugarta, aligarto, alegarto, alagarto, also simply lagarto, < Sp. el lagarto, lit. tie lizard: el, the, < L. ill' . thai ; lagarto, < L. lacertus, lizard: see lizard. The prop. Bp. name is caiman or la- .. de Indias; IV. caimfio. The E. form 1ms given rise to NL., P., and Pg. alligator, and Sp. aligador.'] 1. Any American member of the ily Alligatoridce or the family Crocodilida : an American crocodile; a cayman; a jacare. \n alligator stuff 'd, and other skins Of lU-shap'd fishes. Shot., R. and J., v. 1. 2. [cap.'] [NL.] More specifically, a genus of large lizard-like .,r saurian reptiles, the type of the family AUigatoridce, order Crocodilia, for- rlyfamily f'n«'w/(7/V/./loc = L. alius, other, another: see alias, alien, and else.} An element in compound words of Greek origin, meauiug other, another. Allobrogical (al-o-broj'i-kal), a. An epithet applied in the seventeenth century to Presby- terians or Calvinists, in allusion to the fact that Geneva, the chief stronghold of the sect, was anciently a town of the Allobroges. N. E. 1>. allocate (al'o-kat ), v. t. ; pret. and pp. allocated, ppr. allocating. [< ML. allocatus, pp. of aUo- carc, allot, < L. ad, to, + locate, place, < locus, a place : see locus. Alloc-ate is a doublet of allow 1 , q. v.] 1. To assign or allot; set apart for a particular purpose; distribute: as, to allocate shares in a public company. The court is empowered to seize upon and allocate, for the immediate maintenance of such child or children, any sum not exceeding a third uf the whole fortune. Burke, Popery Laws. He [Wolseley] can inspire his subordinates, he can allo- cate them to duties in the fulfilment of which they earn credit and contribute to the success of him their master. Arch. Fuii>e*. Souvenirs of Some Continents, p. 112. 2. To fix the place of ; locate; localize. [Rare.] It is the duty of the heritors to allocate the churchyard. Eneyc. Brit., IV. 537. allocation (al-o-ka'shon), re. [< ML. alloca- tio(n-), < allocare: see allocate.} 1. The act of allocating, allotting, or assigning; allotment; assignment; apportionment: as, the allocation of shares in a public company. Under a juster allocation of his rank, as the general father of prose composition, Herodotus is nearly related to all literature whatsoever, modern not less than ancieut. Be Quincey, Herodotus. 2*. An allowance made upon accounts in the exchequer. — 3. The act of locating or fixing in place ; the state of being located or fixed ; dis- position; arrangement. From an imperial Roman bronze coin in the British Museum. 149 How easy it is to bear in mind 01 to map BUCh an allo- cation of lines, so that when produced from an unknown body the existence of either Isodiiini or magnesium] can be detected by such spectral examination. ./. N. Lockyer, Spect. Anal., p. 45. allocatur (al-o-ka'ter), n. [ML., it is allowed, 3d pers. sing. pres. ind. pass, of allocare : see allocate.} In law, the allowance of something by a judge or court: commonly used to signify the indorsement of a document, by which the judge ci'i'tilirs that it is approved by him. allochiria (al-o-ki'ri-ii), re. [NL., < Gr. a?2oc, other, + x z Hh liand.] " In pathol., the confusion of sensations in the two sides of the body, as when a patient with locomotor ataxia locates in the right leg a touch on the left leg. Also spelled alloclieiria. allochroic (al-o-kr5'ik), a. [cJuo(V-),'color.] Pertaining to change of color. allochroous (a-lok'ro-us), a. [ It. Pg. aUodio = Sp. alodio = Pr. alodi, also aloe, alo, = OP. oh ". oh nil, iilod, alode, alodie, aloud, alo a, alleu,altieu, olloi't, itllneuf (Roquefort), F. alien. The origin of ML. allodium is disputed; prob. ./4o«jmoV, fit for changing! < oXAolot6c, changed, changeable, verbal adj. of aAAoiovv: see allceosis.} In med., capable of causing allceosis or constitutional change. allogamy (a-log'a-mi), re. [< o i insciousne&s, no way requires that tin- AU-One Being should be himself un- conscious. Sully, Westminster Etev., new ser., XLIX. 161. allonget (a-lunj'), '■. i. [< F. allonger, earlier aim 'Xunqier, lengthen, = It. al- longare, aUungare, < Ml,, ''allongare, *aMon- giare,< L. ad, to, + Ml., longare, longiare '(> OF. longier, loigner), make long, < L. longus, > OF. long, lung, long: see long' 1 ami allonge, n.] To make a pass or thrust with a rapier; lunge. allonge (a-lunj'), >/. (< F. allonge, OF. alonge, lengthening, extension, (.alonger: see allonge, v., ami abbrev. lungt . ] It. A pass or thrust » ith a sword orrapier; a Lunge. — 2f. A long rein, when a horse is trotted in the band. Bailey. — 3. (Pron.as P., a-ldnzh'.) A slip of paper at- tached to a bill of exchange or other negotiable note, tip receive indorsements when the back of the bill will hold no more ; a rider, in Great Britain, where billsof exchange must he written on stamped paper, thi allonge is considered part of the document, and dut-s not require to It stamped. Allonge wig, :i name given to tli.' large ami flowing periwig of tin- tit E i lis XIV. allonym (al'o-nim), n. [= F. aUonyme, < Gr. fi/Uof, ether, + ovo/ia, JEolic tnwjia, name: see iniiim.] A name other than the true one; an alias: a pseudonym. [Bare.] allonymous (a-lon'i-mus), a. [As allonym + -ous. Cf. anonymous.] Hearing a feigned name: as, an iilloiiynions publication. [Rare.] alloot (a-16')- An old form of halloo. allopath (al'6-path), n. [=F. allopafhe; are- verse formation < allopathy, F. allopathic: see allopathy.] An allopathist ; one who favors or practises allopathy. allopathetic (al o-pa-thet'ik), a. l< allopathy, after pathetic, q. v.] Pertaining to allopathy. [Bare.] allopathetically (al o-pa-thet'i-kal-i), adv. Iu a manner conformable to allopathy. allopathic (al-o-path'ik), a. Pertaining to al- lopathy. A rare equivalent is In teropathic. There art- only three imaginable methods of employing medicines against disease, and these are denominated antipathic, homoeopathic, and allopathic. /'■ reira, Materia Medica. allopathist (a-lop'a-thist), n. [< allopathy + I One who practises medicine according to the principles and rules of allopathy; an al- lopath. allopathy (a-lop'a-thi), n. [=F. allopaffiu = (i. allojiatho i Hahnemann), with a forced mod. sense (in form like Gr. aMoKcSSeia, the state of an aXXoiratf/jc, < o/'/o-aiii/i, having influence on another: in grammar, transitive, non-reflexive), < Gr. ii//or, other, different, + KaOoc, suffering, feeling, condition: see pathos. Cf. homeopathy.] In mill., a therapeutic method characterized by the use of agents producing effects different from tin- symptoms of the disease treated. See home- opathy. The name i- Incorrectly applied, in distinction from homeopathy, to the traditional scl 1 (also called the "regular "or "old "school) of medicine, which opposes the I leopathic theory. Sometimes called heteropathy. allophanate (a-lof'a-nat), n. [< allophanic + -nil '. ] A salt of allophanic acid. allophane (al'o fan), n. (< ic, piv, nose.] A genus of lanielli- eorn beetles (Setiriihiriilir). belonging to the tribe Cetoniini, readily distinguished by the fact that the epimera of the mesothorax are visible from above as a triaugularpiece between the prothorax and the elytra, a character of rare occurrence in Coleoptera. The Bcutellum is covered by a prolongation of the base of the prothorax. The best known Bpecies is A. nitida (Linnaeus), very com- in the more southern united states. It is a green velvety insect, nearly an inch long, of nearly square form, somewhat pointed in front, with the sides of the thorax a, larva ; b, pupa ; c. male beeue ; d, e,f,g, mandible, antenna, leg, and maxillary palpus oi larva. and elytra usually brownish-yellow, it feeds m thi sap of wounded trees, but in dry summers it not rarely attacks cotton-bolls and ripe fruit of all sorts. thuB doing considerable damage, n larva Pee. U] grass-roots, and is characti rizi d bj tin numerous short and stilt hairs with which it e e.\. red. an. I by means of which it is able, Minn placed upon its back, to move rorward oi backward « ith con Ldi i abli vi loci^. allot (a-lof), », /. ; | hi I . and pp. allotted, ppr. allotting. \ Early mod. E. also alot, < t IF. aloter, aUoter (F. attom),<.a. to, + loter, intir, divide by lot, < /ol, lot, adopted from Tent.: see lot] 1. To divide or distribute ns by lot ; distribute or parcel out; apportion: as, to allot shares in allotropy a public company. — 2. To grant; assign; ap- propriate: as, to allot a sum of money for some Specific purpose. I here is an endless variety of personal force and char- acter secured through the proportion of powers which creative wisdom allots. Progressive Orthodoxy, p. is. one of the largest wigwams was allotted to the Jesuit missionaries. Bancroft, Hist. r. s., I. lsc. 3. To appoint ; destine ; set apart. Happier the man whom favourable stars Allutihi, for his lovely bedfellow] Shak., T. of the S., [v. 6. All iis allotted length of days The dower ripens in its place. Tennyson, Choric Song, =Svn. Dispense, Distribute, etc See dispense . allotheism (al'o-the-izm), n. [< Gr. a/.Aoc, other, + dear, god, + -ism.] The worship of other or strange gods. X. E. 1>. Allotheria (al-o-the'ri-ii). ii. pi. [NL., < Gr. «>/oc, other, + ti>/pim; a wild beast.] An order of American Jurassic mammals proposed by Marsh in 18S0 for the genera Plagiaulax, Ctena- codon, and possibly some others, having an inflected angle of the lower jaw, no mylohyoid groove, specialized premolars and molars, no canines, and teeth below the normal number: contrasted with Pantotheria. allotherian (al-o-the'ri-an), n. One of the Air Intlii ria. allotment (a-lot'ment), n. 1. The act of allot- ting; distribution as by lot. — 2. That which is allotted; a share, part, or portion granted or distributed; that which is assigned by lot or by the act of God. The allotments of God and nature. L' Eat range. 3. A place or piece of ground appropriated by lot or assignment. A vineyard and an allotment for olives. Brooms. Allotment certificate, or letter of allotment, a docu- ment issued to an applicant for shares in a company or public loan, announcing the number of shares allotted or assigned to such applicant, and the amounts and due- dates of the calls, or different payments to be made on the same, etc.— Allotment note, or allotment ticket, a document signed hy a seaman authorizing his employers to pay periodically a part of Ids wages while on a voyage to some other person, as to his wife or parents. Allot- ment of goods, in com., the division of a ship's cargo into several parts, which arc to be purchased by different persons, each person's share being assigned hy lot.— Allot- ment of land, the assignment of portions of ground to claimants on the division and inclosure of commons and waste lands.— Allotment system, a practice sometimes followed in England of dividine a field or lields into lots oi garden-plots, to he let out to agricultural laborers and other cottagers for cultivation on their own account. allotriophagy (a-lot-ri-of'a-ji), n. [=F. allo- triophagic, < Gr. aXK&rptoc;, belonging to ano- ther (see allotrious), + -eiayia, < Qayelv, eat.] In pathol., a depraved appetite for eating sub- stances of a non-alimentary or noxious charac- ter, as in many anemic and hysterical persons. allotrious (a-lot'ri-us), a. [ > o-, 10 Tor, iii another way, < uaAoc, other, + -ponoc, way, manner, allotropy guise: see trope] The property which certain chemical elements have of existing in two or more distinct forms, each having certain char- acteristics peculiar to itself. The element carbon, for instance, exists nearly pure in three totally distinct forms— the diamond, graphite, and charcoal. allottable (a-lot'a-bl), a. [< allot + -able.] Ca- pable of being allotted. allottee (al-o-te'), n. [< allot + -ee 1 .] One to whom something is allotted, as a plot of ground, shares of stock, or the like. The allotment of gardens, which yield a partial support to the allottee, is another means of cheap Labor. Mayhew. allotter (a-lot'er), n. One who allots or appor- tions, x. i:. a. allotteryt (a-lot'e-ri), n. [< allot + -cry, after lottery, q. v.] Allotment; what is allotted or assigned to use. Give me the poor aUottery my fattier left me hy testa- ment. Shak., As you Like it, i. 1. all-over (al-6'ver), n. [See all over, under all, adv.] The trade-name of a gilt button washed or plated on both the upper and under sides, as distinguished from a top, which is plated or washed on the upper side only. De Colange. all-overish (al-o'Ver-ish), a. [< all over + -ish 1 .] Affecting the whole system; extending all over one : as, an all-overish feeling of sickness. [Col- loq.] all-overishness (al-o'ver-ish-nes), n. A perva- sive feeling of uneasiness produced by appre- hension or indisposition; general discomfort; malaise. [Colloq.] Our sense of all-overishness when our friend approaches the edge of a precipice is clearly only a step or two re- moved from the apprehension or the actual representa- tion of a fall. Mind, IX. 421. allow 1 (a-lou'), v. [< ME. alowen, alouen,< OF. alouer, dloer, aluer, aloier, assign, allot, place (mod. F. allotter, assign, allow, grant), < ML. allocate, assign, etc.: see allocate. Already in OF. confused in sense and form with another verb, the source of allow 2 , approve, the two being regarded in E. as one word; the separa- tion is merely formal.] I. traits. 1. To grant, give, or yield; assign; afford: as, to allow a Eree passage. I am told the gardner is annually alowed 2000 seudi for the keeping of it. Evelyn, Diary, Nov. 29, 1644. Envy ought, in strict truth, to have uo place whatever allowed it in the heart of man. Cotton, Laeon. 2. To admit; concede; confess; own; acknow- ledge: as, to allow the right of private judg- ment ; he allowed that he was wrong; he allowed it might be so. The pow'r of music all our hearts allow. Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 3S2. The luin'il spendthrift, now no longer proud, Claimed kindred there, and had his claims allowed. Goldsmith, Des. Vil. They'll not allow our friend Miss Vermillion to be hand- some. Sheridan, School for Scandal, ii. 2. A bright morning so early in the year, she allowed, would generally turn to rain. Jane Austen, Northanger Abbey, p. 61. 3. To abate or deduct ; take into account ; set apart: as, to allow so much for loss; to allow a sum for tare or leakage. The schedule of tares annexed is the tare to be allowed in all cases where the invoice tare is not adopted. Circ. of Sec. of U. S. Treasury, July 14, 1862. 4. To grant permission to; permit: as, to allow a son to be absent. No person was allowed to open a trade or to commence a manufacture . . . unless he had first served his appren- ticeship. Froude, Sketches, p. 170. Farewell, for longer speech is not allow'd. M. Arnold, Balder Dead. 5f. To grant special license or indulgence to. There is no slander in an allowed fool. Shah:, T. N., i. 5. 6f. To invest; intrust. Thou shalt be met with thanks, Allow'd with absolute power. Shak., T. of A., v. 2. 7. To assert, declare, say; or, of mental asser- tion, to mean, purpose, intend, or, simply, think : the concessive sense presented assertively. [Colloq., United States.] He said he allowed to work it out. Howells, Suburban Sketches, p. 58. " I 'low'd maybe dat I might ax yo' fur ter butt 'gin de tree, and shake 'em down, Sis Cow," sez Brer Rabbit, Sezee. J. C. Harris, Uncle Remus, p. 4S. Brer Tarrypin he say wich he wern't gwine nowhar skasely. Den Brer Rabbit he low he wuz on his way to -Miss Meadows. J. C. Harris, Uncle Remus, p. 50. = Syn. Allow, Permit, Consent to, Sanction, Suffer, Tol- erate. Allow and perm it are often used synonymously; but permit strictly denotes a formal or implied assent; allmo, the absence of an intent, or even oidy of an attempt, to 151 hinder. Consent to is formally to permit that which one has tin* power ami generalh Borne disposition to preveni , it implies the assumption ox responsibility lor that which is tims allowed. Sanction has a secondary sense oi per mitting with expressed or implied approbation : as, I can nut sanction Buch a course. Suffer la still more passive <>f reluctant than allow, ami may imply that one does not prevent something, though it is contrary to one's Feelings, judgment, or sense of right. T.> tolerate is t<. hear with something unpleasant: as. I would not tolerate such im- pertinence. Many things are tolerated . .r snj/ered. ..reven allowed, that are nol permitted, and many are permitted that are nut really consented In, much less sanctioned. And when the Queen petition'd for his leave To see the hunt, allow'd it easily. Tennyson, Geraint. For crimes are Imt permitted, not decreed. Dryden, Cym. and Iph., 1. 47a. Scourge tlie had revolting stars, That have consented onto Henry's death ! Shak., 1 Hen. VI., i. 1. Constautine certainly sanctioned what are called pious uses. //. Binney, Vidal versus City of Phila. Jesus answering said unto him. Suffer it to be so now : for thus it becometh us to fullll all righteousness. Mat. iii. 15. They cannot understand the complex feeling that finds relief in sarcasm and allegory, that tolerates the frivolous and the vain as an ironic reading of the lesson of life. Shorthouse, Little Schoolmaster Mark, p. 49. II. intrans. 1. To make abatement, conces- sion, or provision : followed by for: as, to al- low for the tare. Allowing still/or the different B aj - of making it. Addison. 2. To permit; admit: with of: as, "of this allow," Shak., W. T., iv. (cho.). Thou shalt hold the opinion of Pythagoras, ere I will allow o/thy wits. Shak., T. N., iv. 2. The Court, which is the best and surest judge of writ- ing, has generally allowed of verse ; and in the town it has found favourers of wit and quality. Dryden, Ded. of Ess. on Dram. Poesy. allow 2 t (a-lou'), v. t. [< ME. alouen, alowen, < OF. alouer, praise, later allouer, < L. allaudare, adlaudare, praise, < ail, to, + laudare, praise: see laud, v. ; of. OF. loer, loner, approve, < L. laudare. Early contused in sense and form with allow 1 , q. v. Doublet, allaud.] To praise or commend ; approve, justify, or sanction. Ye allow the deeds of your fathers. Luke xi. 48. That same framing of his stile, to an old rustick lan- guage, I dare not alowe. Sir P. Sidney, Apol. for Poetrie. If your grace allow me tor a preacher, I would desire your grace to give me leave to discharge my conscience. Latimer, 3d Serin, bef. Edw. VI. allowable 1 (a-lou'a-bl), a. [< allow 1 + -able, after F. allouable, i ML. allocabilis,( allocate: see allocate.'] Proper to be or capable of being allowed or permitted; not forbidden; legiti- mate ; permissible : as, a certain degree of free- dom is allowable among friends. In actions of this sort, the light of nature alone may discover that which is in the sight <»f ' lod allowable. Honker. allowable^ (a-lou'a-bl), a. [< ME. allowable, alowable, < alowen, praise: see allow 2 and -able. Mixed with allowable 1 .'] Praiseworthy; lauda- ble; worthy of sanction or approval; satisfac- tory; acceptable. Custom had made it not only excusable hut allowable. Bp. Sanderson, Sermons, Ad. Mag., ii. 5 8. (X. E. D.) allowableness (a-lou'a-bl-nes), n. The quality of being allowable; exemption from prohibi- tion; freedom from impropriety; lawfulness. I cannot think myself engaged . . . to discourse of lots, as to their nature," use, and allowableness; and that nut oidy in matters of moment and business, but also of re- creation. South, Sermons, I. viii. allowably (a-lou'a-bli), adv. In an allowable manner ; with propriety. allowance 1 (a-lou'ans), n. [< ME. alouanee, alowans, < OF. alouanee, < alouer: see allow 1 and -(Mice.] 1. Sanction ; approval ; tolerance : as, the allowance of slavery. See what allowance vice finds in the respectable and well-conditioned class. Emerson, Conduct of Life. 2. Admission or acceptance; a conceding or granting: as, the allowance of a claim. Or what if I were to allow — would it not he a singular allowance} —that our furniture should he more c plex than the Arab's in proportion as we are morally and in- tellectually his superior? Thoreau, Walden, p. 40. 3. Allotment; apportionment; a definite sum or quantity set apart or granted, such as ali- mony: as, an allowance by a husband to a wife; an allowance of grog or tobacco to a seaman; an allowance of pocket-money. And his (Jehoiachin's) allowance was a continual allow. ance given him of the king, a daily rate for every day. all the days of his life. ^ Id. xxv. 80. 4. Specifically, in law, an extra sum awarded besides regular costs to the successful party alloy in a difficult ease.— 5. A deduction: as, the allowaiici.s made in ™ icrce I'm- tare, break- ages, etc — 6. An ;ii. ;it. in. ni or addition on account of some extenuating, qualifying, en- hancing, or other circumstance: as, to mako allowances lor a person's youth or inexperience; allowance iox difference of time; allowance tor shrinkage of values, etc. Bui even these monstrosities are interesting and In- structive; nay, many ..f them, if we can l.nt mak. ance for different nays of thought and language, contain gci ins of truth and rays of light. Mne Mnller. India, p. 106. The saints ami demigods whom history worships we are constrained to accept with a grain of allowance. Emerson, Bssays, 1st ser., p. 268. 7. In minting, a permissible deviation in the fineness and weight of coins, owing to tin- dif- ficulty of securing exact conformity to the standard prescribed by law. in the United states the allowance for the fineness of gold coins is .mil, and for weight a quarter of a grain to each one-dollar piece; in silver coins the allowance for fineness is .003, and for weight H grains to each coin. In the gold coinage of Franc, the allowat... for li.ith fineness andweightis .002, and ..1 Eng- land .002 for fineness and two grams in each sovereign for weight. Also called remedy and tolerance (which Bee).— Barrack allowance. See barrack.— Compassionate allowance. See compassionate. allowance 1 (a-lou'ans), v. t. ; pret. and pp. al- lowanced, ppr. allowancing. [< allowance 1 , ».] To put upon allowance ; limit to a certain fixed periodic amount of anything: as, to allowance a spendthrift; distress compelled the captain of the ship to allowance his crew. You have had as much as you can eat, you're asked if you want any more, and you answer "No." Then don't you ever go and say you were allowaneed, mind that. Dickens, old curiosity Shop, xxxvi. allowance 2 (a-lou'ans), n. [< ME. allowauncc, < OF. alouanee, < alouer: see allow 2 and -ance. Mixed with allowance 1 .] If. Praise; commen- dation. It is not the allowance or applause of men that I seek. Bji. Hull, Hard Texts, p. 259. 2. Sanction ; approbation ; authorization : as, a judge's allowance of a compromise or settle- ment of a case by the parties interested. You sent a large commission To Gregory de Cassalis to conclude, Without the king's will, or the state's allowance, A league between his highness and Ferrara. Shak., Hen. VIII., iii. 2. 3f. Reputation. His l.arlc is stoutly timher'd, and his pilot Of very expert and appnrt d allowance. Shak., Othello, ii. 1. allowedly (a-lou'ed-li), adv. Admittedly. Lurd Lyttleton is allowedly the author of these dialogues. Shenstone, Works, III. cii. allower (a-lou'er), n. One who allows, per- mits, grants, or authorizes. alloxan (a-lok'san), n. [<.all(antoin) + ox(alic) + -an : so named because it contains the ele- ments of allantoin and oxalic acid.] One of the products (C4H2N2O4) of the decomposi- tion of uric acid by nitric acid. When treated with alkalis it produces alloxanic acid. In contactwith am- monia it produces purpurate of ammonia, identical with murexid. which with various mordants produces reds and purples on silk and wool. This was much used in 1855 an. I 1856, but was soon superseded l.y aniline colors. alloxanate (a-lok'sa-nat), n. [< alloxanic + -ate 1 .] A salt formed by the union of alloxanic acid and a base. alloxanic (al-ok-san'ik), a. [< alloxan + 4c.] Pertaining to or produced from alloxan : as, alloxanic acid. — Alloxanic acid, a strong crystalline dibasic acid produced hy the action of alkali- on alloxan. 1 >n boiling, its -alts decompose into urea an. I mesoxalates. alloxantin (al-ok-san'tin), n. [< alloxan(t-) + -in-.] A white crystalline substance (t'gH^X ,< '7 + 3HoO) obtained when alloxan is brought into contactwith reducing agents. Oxidizing agents reconvert it into alloxan. Also called nroxin. alloy (a-loi'), v. [< F. aloyer, earlier allayer, < OF. dleier, alier, < L. alligare, combine: see al/tii/" (of which alloii is the recent form, based on mod. F.) and ally 1 . The sons.- lias been influenced by the erroneous etymology from F. a loi : see alloy, it.] I. trans. 1. To mix (two or more metals) so as to form a compound, with- out reference to the relative value of the metals mixed. When we wish to alloy three or more metals, we often experience difficulties, cither because one ,.1 the metals is more oxidisable, or. leaser, or more fusible than the others, .a- because there is no direct affinity between two of the metals. I're. Diet., I. 92. 2. To reduce to a desired standard or quality by mixing with a less valuable metal: as. to alloy gold or silver with copper. — 3. Figuratively, to ilebase or reduce in character or condition by alloy 152 admixture: impair by the intrusion of a base All-souls (al'solz), n. Same as All Souls? day or alien element; contaminate; modify: as. (which see, under soul). exti rnal prosperilry all"!/"! by domestic trials. But to alloy much of this [rejoicing], the French rides in our Channel! ours not daring t" interpose. Evelyn, Diary, June 24, 1690. II. intrans. To entei into combination, as one metal with another. One metal dors n^t aUoy indifferently with every other metal, but is governed in wis respect by pei uliar affinities. Ure, Diet., I. 91. Formerly written allay. alloy i a-loi'), "• [< F. aloi, earlier «/oy, < OF. ,,!,,. A?. o/,v. «?«(/, > E. allay*, n. The sense has been influenced by the erroneous etymology from V. a loi, to law, as if 'that which is Drought 1. An artificial com form bronze, or of lead and antimony, which form type-metal. The alloys are numerous, as the brasses, bronzes, solders, type-, gun-, and bell-metals, etc., and are it importance in the practical arts. There are many varieties ot these alloys, the character of each being de- termined by the proportions of its constituents. An arti- ficial metallic mixture containing quicksilver is termed an amalgam (which see). 2. An inferior metal mixed with one of greater value. The gold and silver coins of the United States are of the Btandard fineness oi 900 parts of fine metal and 100 parts of i opper alloy, of which in the case of gold not more than one tenth may he silver. In the case of silver coins tic alloy i- whollj of copper. Hence these coins are said to be 900 line. Sec alloyage. The British standard for gold coin is 22 parts pure gold allspice (al'spis), re. [< «" + spice: so called because supposed to combine the flavor of cin- namon, nutmeg, and cloves.] The fruit of Eugenia Pimento, a tree of the West Indies. Sec pimento. Carolina allspice is the sweet-shrub, Calycan- thus fioridiu. Japan allspice is a common name for the allied" shrub of Japan, Chimonanthus fragrant. Wild allspice is a name sometimes given to the aromatic Lindera /:, „'.-,„„ of the i nited states. allubescencet, allubescencyt (al-u-bes'ens, -en-si), h. [Also adlubescen.ee; < L. adluoes- cen(t-)s, aUuoescen(U)s, ppr. of adlubesci re, allu- bescere, be pleasing to, < ad, to, + lubere, libere, please. Cf. ad libitum.'] 1. Pleasantness. — 2. Willingness ; .compliance. pret. and pp. alluded, ppr. 'ay with, .ii llr „ r r„-lnr'6r1 jest, speak sportively, < ad, to, + ludere, play.] a ^™^ «* >' I.t trans. 1. To play with or make game of. — 2. To compare. To free myselfe from the imputation of partiality, De at last allude her to a waterman. John Taylor. II. in trans. 1. To make an allusion; refer to the legal standard."] pound of two or more metals combined while allude (a-liul ), ' ■ • 1 in a state of fusion, as of copper and tin, which alluding. [< L. alludere, adkidere, play with. alluvion He sailed for England, taking with him five of the na- tives whom he had decoyed. Bancroft, Hist. t'. s., I. 91. It is not the knaverj oi the leaders so much as the hon- iv ol the followers they may seduce, thai iiivcs them power lor evil. Lou/ell, study Windows, p. 109. allured (-i-hu''). »• [(allure 1 , v.] Allurement. allure-t, »• Same as aliirc. allurement (a-lnr'ment),«. [(allure 1 +-iihiit.\ 1. The act of alluring or attracting. Adam by his wife's allurement fell. Hilton, P. R., it 134. 2. That which allures; any real or apparent good held forth or operating as a motive to action; a temptation; an enticement: as, the allurements of pleasure or of honor. Let your Scholer be neuer afraide, to aske you any dout, but vse discretlie the best allurements ye can, to en < orage him to the same. J.-Wi«i)i,TheScholemaster,p. 28. 3. Attractiveness; fascination; charm. ", n. One who or that which allures. \loii,-\ . the sweet allwer of our hopes, Ebbs out i leans, and conies in by drops. Dryden, ProL to Prophetess, 1. li. alluringly (a-lur'ing-li), adv. In an alluring manner; enticingly. casually or indirectly: with to (formerly also alluringness (a-lur'ing-nes), m. The quality of unto such luilt- Hooker. unto). These speeches ... do seem to alludi isterial garments as were then in use. He alludes to enterpiizes which he cannot reveal but with the hazard of his life. Steele, Spectator, No. 610. 2f. To pun; have a punning reference. =Syn. 1. Advert, liefer, Allude, etc. See advert. m is alloy, and for silver, 222 parts pure silver to allumt, n. An old spelling of alum. 18 parts of alloy. '"". Diet., I. 96. a li ume tte (al-ti-met'), n. [F., a match, < «.- 3f. Standard; quality: fineness. lamer, light, kindle: see allumine.] A match My Lord "i Northumberland, . . . whose education of for lighting. bis ionic, I heare, has ben ol another streine and alloy alluminatet (a-lu'nii-nat), V. t. [< ML. 'tdlu- then that we have Nejtioned. ^ ^^ ^^ -^^ of * aUuminare . S ee allumine.] To 4. Figuratively, admixture, as of good with illuminate, ; as manuscripts., Bajley. evil; a deleterious mixture or element; taint: as, no earthly happiness is without alloy. The friendship of high and sanctified spirits loses no- thing by death but its alloy. It- nail. Formerly written allay. D'Arcetz's, 'Newton's, Rose's fusible alloy of bis- muth. s,e metal.— Wood's fusible aUoy, an alloy composed of 15 parts of bismuth, 8 of lead, 4 of tin, 3 of cadmium. It has a brilliant luster, which does not tar- nish readily, and melts between 150 and 100 'F. Work- shop li' alloyage (a-loi'aj), n. [( alloy + -age.] The practice or process of alloying metals; specifi- cally, in minting, the practice of adding to the precious metals a small proportion of a baser one, to harden them, with the object of produ- cing a clear impression when the coins are struck, and of preventing or lessening abrasion while they are in circulation. See alloy, n., 2. alloy-balance (a-loi'bal' / ans), ». A balance for weighing metals which are to be combined nl ol susperisi a movable, and Is adjusted to the allurancet (a-lur'ans) point at which the arms of the balance bear to one an- Aim Mi. proportion of the metals to be weighed, as for example li percent, of tin to 83 of copper. The beam of alluminet (a-lu'inin), ». (. [< OF. allnminer for alumer, later aUumer, lighten, kindle, ='Pr.alum- nar, alumenar = Sp. alumbrar = Pg. aluminr. allumiar = It. allumare, alluminare, < ML. "al- luminare, set light to, < L. ad, to, + luminare, light, < lumen (liimin-), light : see luminous, limn, and ef. illumine, illuminate.] To illuminate; enlighten. alluminort (a-lti'mi-nor), n. [ME. hjmnour, etc. (see limner), (XV. alluminour, OF. alummeor, later aUumineur, < ML. as if 'alluminator, equiv. to illuminator, < * alluminare, equiv. to illumi- nate: see allumine, illumine.] An illuminator of manuscripts. Before the invention of printing, certain persons called Alluminors made it a trade to paint the initial letters of manuscript* in all sorts of colours, and to gild them with silver and gold. Barclay, Diet. (1823). all-ups (al'ups), n. A mixture of all qualities of coal, excepting fine slack, raised from one seam. Grcsley. [Leicestershire, Eng.] n. [< allure 1 + -anee.] allurantt (a-lur'ant), a. [< allure 1 + -mil 1 .] Alluring; enticing. B. Jonson. the ball th. n brought to the position of equilibrium a ii ure i (Vlur'V v. t .; pret. and pp. allured, ppr bj means of a weight suspended from a continuation of auuii »i£ 'J,_. .15 t> -i..*-* -i } Kit? the Bhorl arm of the balance ; and when the balance is so adjusted an) quantity ol copper put in the short-arm scab' willi., .no, ed by the requisite proportion of tin in the other scale, that is, in thi apj I case, 17 percent, of th,- total weight of the two. allozooid (al-o-zo'oid), re. [t thing -'..'I vaunted his precise knowledge oul ill. i.. i rltoi i W. Shepherd, Prairie Experiences, p. 192. All-saints (al'sant me as .III Saints' day . under saint I. allseed (al'sed), re. A name given in Great Britain to several very different plants: (a) Polycarpon U trapkyllum, a small plant found in southwest of] d; (6) the knot-grass, Polygonum aviculare; (c) Chenopodium poty- spermum, found in waste places; (d) Badiola M all-sorts (aTsdrts), re. A term used in taverns or beer-shops todenoti a beverage composed of remnants of various liquors mixed together. alluring.' [Early mod. E. alure, aleirre, < ME. aluren,< AF. alurer, OF. alwrer, aleurrer, aler- rer, attract, allui'e, < a, to, + hirer, lure: see lure.] 1. To tempt by the offer of some good, real or apparent ; invite by something flatter- ing or acceptable ; draw or try to draw by some proposed pleasure or advantage: as, rewards allure men to brave danger. Allurd to brighter worlds, and I. d the way. goldsmith, Des, \ il., 1. 170. 2. To al tract; fascinate; charm. she show'd him favours to allure bis eye. Shak., Pass. I'ilg., iv. Sleeking her soft alluring locks. Milton, e I I = Syn. Allure, Lure, Entice, Decoy, Seduce, attract, in vile. ...ax. engage, prevail on. The llrst live words im- ply lie- exercise of strong but subtle influences over the mm. I or senses. Allure, lure, to attract by a lure or bait, to draw bj appealing to the hope of gain or the love of ,. . .i.n. i i. in little ; the former, however, seems t., iinph a more definite object than lure, which retains perhaps a little more of the original meaning, tl gh ii i [ess often used Entice expresses most of skill. subtlety, flattery, or fair speech. Decoy is to bad into . in in] r appearances; this word is the oni most , ..mil u H led in ii physical sense. Seduce, to lead astray, gi nerallj from rectitude, but sometimes from Interest or truth As danger could not daunt, so neither could ambition allure him. Latwner, Sermons, Int., p, xli So beauty lures the full crown child. Byron, (liaonr. He a..., ii. not only show the way, but giueth so bwi i te a prospect into the way, as will ml anj man to enter Into it. Sir P. Sidney, Apol. for Poetrle. being alluring or fascinating. allusion (a-lu'zhon), n. [< F. allusion, < L. allu- sio(n-), adlnsio(n-). playing or sporting with, < alludere, pp. aUusus: see allude.] If. A play upon words ; a pun. The allusion holds in the exchange. Shak., L. L. L., iv. 2. [Said by Holofernes with reference to the jest about the m, 's being no more than a month old when Adam was fivescore.] 2f. A symbolical reference or comparison; a metaphor. Virtue, to borrow the Christian allusion, is militant here, and various untoward accidents contribute to its being often overborne. Butler, Anal. Relig., i. 67. 3. A passing or casual reference ; a slight or incidental mention of something, either directly or by implication; a hint or reference used by way of illustration, suggestion, or insinu- ation: as, a classical allusion; an allusion to a person's misconduct. We have here an elaborate treatise on Government, from which, but for two or three passing allusions, it would not appear that the author was aware that any govern- ments actually existed among men. Maeaulay, Mill on Government The delicacy of touch, the circuitous .illusion, with which [Sydney] smith refers to things commonly received as vul- gar, is a study for all who wish to master the refinements of expression. Whipple, Kss. and Rev., I. 155. allusive (a-lu'siv), a. [< L. as if *allusivus, < allusus, pp. of alludere: zee allude.] If. Pun- ning. — 2+. Metaphorical. Poetry is triply divided into narrative, representative or dramatic, and allusivi or parabolical. Bacon, Advancement of Learning, II. 4. 3. Having reference to something not fully expressed; containing, full of, or characterized by allusions. Theallusive but not inappropriate pseudonym of Cas- sandra. W. li. Greg, Misc. Essays, 1st ser., p. 1, Allusive arms, in her. See arm*. allusively (a-lu'siv-li). adv. If. Symbolically; by way of comparison or figure. — 2. In an al- lusive manner; by way of allusion; by sugges- tion, implication, or insinuation. allusiveness (a-hi'siv-nes), n. The quality of being allusive. The multifarious aHumiisnessoi the prophetical Btyle, l/r. II. More, s.v.n Cliurchi s, i\ allusory (a-lu'so-ri), a. [< L. as if "allusorim, (.allusus, pp. of alludere: aeeattude.] Allusive. Expressions . . . figurative and allusory. Win/union, Sermons, II. 100. alluvia, ». Plural of alluvium. alluvial (a-lu'vi-al). a. [ to amuse company in the houses of the wealthy or to sing dirges at funerals; a sing- ing girl, of a. higher class than the ghawazee Or dancing-girls of Egypt, with whom the almas an- sometimes confounded. See iihairaai and ghaziyeh. Also spelled aline anil almell. almacantart, almacantaratht, «. Same almncantar. bnfe if the addition has been sudden and considerable, by . ,. , . ■,-/.-•, r y x* i /•„ / a- ti„ common law the alluv s the property of the sov- almadia (al-ma-de'a), n. [< I . almadte, < Ar. ereign or state. By the law of Scotland, however, it re- in tins Hi' i>i .ijH'ity of the person of whose lands it origi- nally for Ipart. If witnesses could see from time to time that progress hail been made, though they could not per- ceive tla progress while the process was going on, the change is deemed gradual within the rule. alluvious (a-lu'vi-us), a. [< L. alluvius, allu- vial: see atluvium.] Same as alluvial. [Rare.] alluvium (a-lu'vi-um), n.; pi. alluvia (-ii). [L., prop. neut. of alluvius, adluvius, alluvial, < al- ia* re, adluere, flow to, wash upon: see alluvion.'] A deposit, usually of mingled sand and mud, resulting from the a el ion of lluviatile currents: applied by geologists to the most recent sedi- mentary deposits, especially such as occur in the valleys of large rivers : opposed to diluvium (which see). Alluvion (which see) was formerly used fur both marine and fresh-water deposits, hut alluvium has taken its place, although generally used only for llu- viatile deposits. allwhere (ul'hwar), adr. [< ME. alwlwre; < all + where.] Everywhere. [Rare.] I fullow allwhere for thy sake. Lowell, To the Muse. allwhither (al'hwiTH Or), adv. [iall + wkitht r.] In every direction. ]>. Taylor, Deukalion, IV. iii. 153. (X. E. D.) ally 1 (a-H')i "■ > pret. and pp. allied, ppr. allying. [(ME.'iilj™, alien, < ( >F. alier,V. oilier, com i due, mix, alloy; in another form OF. aleier, allayer, mod. F. aloyer, mix, alloy (> E. allay- and alloy, ci. v.); < L. alligare, adligare, bind to, (.ad, to. + ligtirc, bind. Cf. alligate and alliance.'] I. trans. 1. To unite by marriage, treaty, league, or confederacy ; connect by formal agreement : gonerally used in the passive or with reflexive pronouns. Salamis . . . revolted, and allied itself to Megara. J. Adams, Works, IV. 476. 2. To bind together; connect, as by resem- blance or friendship. Ah, madam, true wit is more nearly allied to good-na- ture than your ladyship is aware of. Sheridan. School for Scandal, ii. 2. No fossil form allit d to Ainphioxus is known . Huxley, Anat. Vert., , p. 10S. II. intrans. To join or unite; enter into al- liance. ally 1 (a-li', often al'i), ». ; pi. allies (a-liz', often al'i/.)." [< ME. alic, ally, esp. kinsman, < OF. alie, (alter, F. oilier, ally: seeally 1 ,v.~\ 1. One united or associated with another by kinship, treaty, or league ; a confederate ; more particularly, a sovereign or state connected with another by league offensive and defensive, or a subject or citizen of such sovereign or state. England . . . and France entered the war as tiHas. J. McCarthy, Hist. Own limes, xxvii. 2. An auxiliary ; an associate or friend. What did not a little contribute to leave him thus with- out an alhj was, that if there were any one post more untenable than the rest, lie would be sure to throw himself Into it. Stern*', Tristram .Shandy. 3. In zool., an animal more or less closely re- lated to another in respect to morphological characters, and placed in the same alliance (which See).=Syn. Associate, Friend, Companion, etc. Bee associate. ally'-t, b. A former spelling of alley 1 . ally :! , ". See alley 2 . allyl (al'il), n. [< L. aU(ium), garlic, + -yl, < Gr. i'/'/, matter.] An organic radical, C3H5, which does not exist in the free state. At the moment of its liberation two molecules combine to form diallyl, CqHio, a pungent ethereal liquid. Also spelled ath/le.— Allyl sulphid, (C :i II r ,)S, the oil of garlic, which gives to onions and garlic their peculiar smell and taste. allylamine (a-lil'a-min), n. [< allyl + amine.] A mobile liquid, is T H 2 (C 3 H 5 ), having a sharp, burning taste, produced by the action of potash on allyl cyanate. It. may be regarded as am- al-madiyah, < til, the, + ma'diyah, ferry-boat, < ma'diy, a passage, < 'aday, pass or cross over.] 1. A river-boat used in India, shaped like a shuttle, about 80 feet long and or 7 broad. — 2. A small African canoo made of the bark of tries. Some of the larger sipiare-sterned boats id' the negroes are also thus designated. Also written almadie, almady. Almagest (al'ma-jest), n. [< ME. almagest, al- mageste, < OF. and ML. almageste, < Ar. al-ma- jisti, < al t the (see al--), + Gr. ueyiarn, fern, of uiytaroc, greatest, superl. of ftiyac, great: see mega-.] The greatest work on astronomy be- fore Copernicus, written in the second century A. D. by the Alexandrian astronomer Ptole- my. Its proper title is "Mathematical Composition": but it was called Almagest, or the greatest, to distinguish it from other books by the same author. Cross, and character, and talisman, And almagest, and altar. Scott, L. of L. M.,vi. 17. almagra (al-ma'gra), n. [< Sp. almagra, alma- gre= Pg. almagre, '{ Ar. al-maghrah, red ocher.] A fine deep-red ocher, with an admixture of purple, used in India, for staining the person. It is also sometimes used as a paiat, and for polishing sil- ver and glass, under the name of Indian red. Almaint (al'man), a. and n. [Early mod. E. also Almayn, Almaigne, Alman, and in sense II., '_'. alman, ii/»/iiihI,=zli. mensis, month: see month.] almoin A yearly calendar showing the correspondence between the days of the wi el and the days of the month, the rising and setting of the sun and moon, I he changes of t lie moon and of the tides, and other astronomical data, and usually also the ecclesiastical fasts andf easts, chronological informal ion, etc. Many annual publications almanacs are largely extended by the insertion ol nistori. cal, political, statistical, and other i urrent information, as supplemental to the calendar. Nauticalalmanac.au almanac for the use of navigators and astro) iers, in which are given the ephemeridi - ol all the bodies of the solar system, places 01 the fixed stars, predictions of as- trononiical phenomena, and the angular distances of the moon from the sun, planets, and fixed stars. Nautical al manacs are published by the governments of Great Britain, the United states, and most other maritime powers, almandert (al-man'der), ». [HE. almander, almaunder,(.OF. almandier, mod. amandier (cf. Sp. almendro, ML. amondalarius), an almond- tree, < ahnanilc, almond : see almond.] An almond-tree. Chancer; U'yclif. almandin, almandine (al'man-din), n. [< F. almaniliiic, < LL. alamantlina, a corruption of alalninilina : see alalia inline.] Precious or no- ble garnet, a beautiful mineral of a red color, of various shades, sometimes tinged with yel- low or blue. It is commonly translucent, sometimes transparent, and usually crystallizes in the rhombic dode- cahedron. Also called almajtdite. See garnet. Almaynet, a. and «. Same as Almain. alme, almeh (al'me), ». See alma. almena (al-me'na), n. [Sp. almena = Pg. anaia, a two-pound weight, prob. < Ar. al, the, + menu, a measure, a two-pound weight.] A weight of about, a kilogram, or 2'; pounds, used in the East Indies. almeriet, almeryt, «. Variant, forms of ambry. almesset, "• An old form of alms. almicantaratht, n. Same as almucantar. almightt, «• [< ME. almight, almyght, almygl, almilit, < AS. mlmiht, almighty, < «/-, al, all, + milit, might.] Almighty. Blessed be God, Father almight * Primei lien. VIII. (X. E. D.) almightily (al-mi'ti-li), adr. In an almighty manner; with almighty power: sometimes used vulgarly as an expletive: as, 1 was almightily angry. [Rare.] almightiness (al-mi'ti-nes), n. The quality of being almighty; omnipotence; infinite or bound- less power: as, "the force of his almigkUness," Jer. Taylor. God . . . made them promises binding the strength of his Almightiness with covenants sworn to everlastingly. L. Wallace, Ben-Hur, p. 106. almighty (al-mi'ti), a. [< ME. almighty, al- myijhty, almigti, almihli, < AS. ealmihUg, callmih- iii/, irlmililii/, (clmeolitti/ ( = I iS. almahVnj. alamah- Hg, alomahtig = OHG. almahtig, alamahfuj), < eal, eall, all, + mihtiy, mighty: see all, adr.. and mighty.] 1. Possessing all power; omnipotent; of unlimited might ; of boundless sufficiency. Him the Almighty Power Ilurl'd headlong naming from the ethereal sky. Milton, r. 1... i. 44. 2. Great; extreme; overpowering. [Colloq.] I' ■ Aroar can not live, and can not die,— so that he is in an almighty tlx. He Quincey. Almighty dollar, a phrase forcibly expressive of the power of money: tirst used by Washington Irving in " \ Creole Village," published in 1837. — The Almighty, the omnipotent Cod. By the Almighty, who shall bless thee. Gen. xlix. 25. almightyship (al-mi'ti-ship), n. [(.almighty + -ship.] The state or quality of being almighty ; omnipotence. Vanity. almiqui (iil-me'ke), n. The native name of Solenodon cubanus, an insectivorous mammal peculiar to Cuba, belonging to the family Sole- nailaiiliilie. The animal is about 11 inches long, with a tail 7J inches in length. It strikingly resembles an opossum" in general appearance, though belonging to an entirely different order of mammals. The almiqui is the largest of American Inseetivora, and one of the rarest of American mammals. It is nocturnal in habits and lives under ground in caves. There is a similar lla\ tiin animal, Solenodon paradoxus, csftieA agouta (which sec). Sec Solenodon. almirah (al-me'rii), ». [Anglo-Ind., < Hind. almdri, < Pg. almario, armario, < L. armarium, a closet, chest, > E. ambry, q. v.] A kind of cup- board used in India ; an arinoirc or wardrobe; a chest of drawers. Also written almyra. til antra. almner, n. See almoner 1 . almoint, almoignt (almoin'), n. [Early mod. E. also ttlmonc, allmane, ME. almayn. alms, alms-chest, < AF. *almain, 'almoign, OF. at- nana-, alniOSne, later annaine : see alms, and cf. almoner^.] 1. Alms.— 2. An alms-chest.— Frank almoin, literally, free alms; a perpetual tenure bj free gift of charity: usually written as one word, frankal- moin (which see). almond almond (a'mond or al'mond), ». [Early mod. E. also amdhd, < ME. almonde, almunde, al- ndt , almaundi , almande, etc., s < >F. almandi . earlier aleman Ire, alemandle, also antande, mod. E a»Mjnde=Pr. amandoln = Sp. almendra=Pg. ameudoa = It. mandorla, man- dola (tin- of- for orig. «-, in E., OE., and Sp.. be- ing due prob. to confusion with the Ar. art., or rith the word Almoin, German) = D. iimmiili I =OHG. mandala, MHG. G. mandel = Dan. Sw. mandt 1= Buss. mindoKma, dim., < ML. amnndnla. a corruption (through *amingdala) of L. amygdala, <. Gr. an al- mond «.] 1. The stone or kernel of the fruit of 1'runus (Ami/ijdiilus) communis, the almond-tree (which see). There are two kinds, the sweet and the bitter. Sweet almonds are :i favorite nut. They are the source of almond-oil, and an emulsion from them is used in medicine. The best, from Malaga, are known at Jordan almonds. Bitter aln Is are smaller, and yield, besides almond-oil and an azotized Bubstance called emulsin (found also in sweet ahnonds), a bitter crystalline principle called amygdalin, which when mixed with emulsin is decomposed, producing hydrocyanic ai 1 1 and bitter-almond oil. 2. Anything shaped like an almond; an orna- ment in the shape of an almond; specifically, a piece of rock-crystal used in adorning branched candlesticks — African almonds, the seeds of the pro- rub Brabi ium stellatifolium,ot southern Africa. —Almond of the throat, a tonsil or amygdala.— Coun- try almonds, a name sometimes given to the fruit of the East Indian tree Terminalia Cafoppo.— Java almonds, the fruit of Canarium commune. almond-cake fa'mond-kak), n. The cake left after expressing the oil from almonds. Its powder is used as soap in washing the hands. almond-eyed (a'mond-id), a. Having almond- shaped eyes, as the Chinese and others of the Mongolian race. almond-furnace (al'mpnd-fernas), x. [Prob. for Almoin, or Alman furnace; i Almoin, Ger- man (see Almoin), + furnace.'] A furnace in which the slags of litharge left in refining sil- ver are reduced to lead by being heated with charcoal. almond-oil (a'rnqnd-oil), n. A bland, fixed oil obtained from almonds by pressure, and used in medicine as a demulcent. -Bitter-almond oil, a volatile oil distilled from the residual cake of bitter al- monds after the almond-oil has been expressed, and due to decomposition "i the amygdalin and emulsin of the almond-paste (a'mond-past), ». A cosmetic composed of bitter almonds, white of egg, rose- water, and rectified spirit, used to soften the skin and prevent chapping, almond-tree (a'mond-tre), «. A species of Prunus, I', communis, producing the almond, f'he leaves and flowers resemble those of the peach, but the fruit is more > < impressed, with a thin, tough, and fi- brous deciduous husk when ripe, and the shell thinner and more fra- gile. The tree is culti- vated for its nuts in the region bordering tie Mediterranean, in t all fornia, and to a limited extent in the southern I nited Stat* ■ I where i! i- grown for ament, -hi account of its large early flow- Chi ing almond is a dwarf double-flowered speci from Russia, /' nana. The tropica] Terminalia I'liiiiji/m, f last [ndii b, U ale ii' a almond-tree, almoner 1 , almner (al'mon-er, am'ner), n. [Earl mod. E. almoner, almener, almner, ame- ner, amner,(. ME. amoner, amener, earlier au- moru /-, aunu in /-, 1 1 a- a, i in r. etc., < ' '!-'. aumont r, onier, almosnier, i I. F. a«w<5»ter=Pr. almosnier, almonier (Ml., reflex almonarius, Sp. Kmosnero, almoner, = Pg. almoner, csmoleiro, a begging friar, = It. Hmosiniero, -iere, -ario, < ML. eleemo- arius, a giver or distributer, sometimes also a receiver, of alms (ef. of. almosnere, al- inatore, < ME. eleemosyna- tor, i of a Ims I, < 1,1.. < leemosyna, aims: 7 ' of « bich almoner' is a dou- '. and alms.] A dispenser of or charil i Hy, a person cha i tin distribution a a offlcial dutj . The office ol almoner wi I ited b oastenea and other religious houses, which wi ed to dis- usually chaplains were ail lied to thi bousenola i feudal lords, i to public ie 1 1' ution "i \ sxious kinds. lull- th chap- lain. (Seeaunumt aim wae "Sr Almond f Primus communis). 154 regularly a cardinal or other high prelate ; Blnce the Revo- lution this post has been alternate!} restored and abolished. In England tl is a lord almom r, or (ord high almoner, an ecclesiastical officer, generally a bishop, who formerlj ha. aiiliuocs = OH(}.ahimuosan, alamosan, Milt;, aimiiosi a, a. almo8cn=Iael. almusa, Si miisii — Sw. almosa = Dan. almisse = OE. al- mosnr, aumosue, E. aumi'me (sec almoin, alinoigii) = Pr. almosna = Sp. limosna = Pg. esmola = It. limosina=OBnlg. afmuzMno=Honevn..almushna = Pol. jidiunrjlinti = Hung. iiliiini.:snii, < ME. " id- mosina, elimosina, El., eleemosyna, alms, < Gr. i/i liiinni c;/, pily, compassion, alms, < i'/ii,iiui-, pitiful, merciful, compassionate, < i'/mr, pity, mercy, compassion. See almoner^-, almoner^, and eleemosynary.] 1. The act of relieving tlie needy; charitable aid; ministration to the poor: as, to give money in alms. Winn ii Idest alma, let not thy left hand know what thy right hand doeth. Mat. w. 2. That which is given to the poor or needy: a. charitable dole; anything bestowed in charity. BnOCh set himself, Scorning an alms, to work whereby to live. Tennyson, Enoch Arden, To scatter from our abundance occasional aim i nol i ii' n ti ' 'hannin /, ^ orks, I V. 291. Reasonable alms, in Eny. law, a part ,.f the estate oi an intestate person allotted to the i Tenure by free alms, in England,an ecclesiastical tenuri ol find io Mined ti,. possessor was formerly hound to pray for the soul of the donor, whether dead or alive: trunkal- inein (which ■ - i alms-bag (ttmz'bag), ». A bag of some line material used for collecting alms during divine service. almucantar alms-basin (amz'ba'sn), ». Abasin or dish of metal used to receive the alms-bags to be laid Alms-basin de nel. 13th century. Upon the altar, .sometimes the alms was received di- rectly in the basin, without use of the bag, See alms-bag. Also called alms-dish, alms-box (timz'boks), 11. Same as alms-chest. alms-chest (amz'chest), n. A chest or box fast- ened to the wall, as of a church, to receive offer- ings for the poor or for any religious purpose. alms-deed (amz'ded), n. [< ME. almes-dede, almcsse-dcdc, etc.] An act of charity ; a char- itable deed. Acts ix. 36. alms-dish (iimz'dish), n. [< ME. almes-disshe.] Same as alms-basin. alms-drink (amz'dringk), ti. The leavings of drink, such its might be given away iu alms. i'i/ Serv. Lepidus is high-coloured. ls( Serv. They ltave made him drink alms-drink. Sliak., A. and C, ii. 7. alms-fee (iimz'fe), n. [< AS. oslmes-feoh, < ail- messe, alms, + fcoh, money: see fee.] An an- nual tax of one penny on every hearth, collected in England and Ireland and sent to Home, from the beginning of the tenth century until it was abolished by Henry VIII. Also called Borne- scot or Rome-fee, and Peter's pence. He [Edmund], toward the middle of the tenth century, strictly commands payment of tithe, . . . and alms-fee. K. mble, Saxons in Eng., ii. fo. alms-folk (amz'fok), «. pi. Persons supported by alms. alms-gate (amz'gat), ». That gateof religious or great houses til which alms were distributed to the poor. almsgiver (amz'giv"er),H. One who gives alms. almsgiving (amz'giv"ing), «. The act of giving alms. almshouse (iimz'hous), n. [< ME. almesshowse. \ A house appropriated for the use of the pool who are supported by the public or by a rev- enue derived from private endowment; a poor- house. In the 1 nited states almshouse and / rl arc synonymous, meaning only a house for tic common residence of the publicly supported paupers of a town or county. In Hi eat Britain almshouses are generally a number of small dwellings built together, supported by private endowment, for tic use of respectable persons reduced to poverty, buildings for public paupers being called workhouses or poorhouses. almsman (amz'man), n.; pi. almsmen (-men). [< ME. almesmiiii, ohm smon, etc.] 1. A person supported by charity or public provision. K\l 11 he, , the III lie tltnlSIII, II of s|7 itIC lieWefS. Keats, Isabella, st. 13. 2. A charitable person; a dispenser of alms. r,i 1 mi. [Bare.] The almsman of other incus sympathies. Longfellow, Hyperion, iv. 7. alms-pot (Smz'pot), it. A sort of box carried by beggars, and perhaps succeeding the clack- dish (which seel in point of time p was some- times a cylindrical wooden pot with a slit in the lid omi times a more carefully made vcssclof pewter. I'litil very recently beggars in London carried such pots fastened to their waist-belts almucantar, almucanter (al-mu-kan'tar, -ter), n. [Also writ I on alma-, idmicantar. -er, formerly also almicantarath, etc., ME. almykanU en it lhav eer), < E. almucantaraths, almucantarat, almican- tnrai = Sp. almicantarat, almicantaradas=Pe. (as ME.), < ML. almicantarath, almucantarath, < Ar. al-muqantarat, < al, the, + muqantardt, pL of muqantarah, a sun-dial, < qantarah, a bridge, an arch.] 1. In astron., a small circle of flic sphere parallel to the horizon ; a circle or paral- lel of altitude. When two stars ale ,,n lie same ahull- ealitar thev have the same altitude. 2. An astronomical instrument (invented by S. ('. Chandler) consisting of a telescope pro- vided vv ilh horizontal wires and 111011 11 ted upon a box floating upon mercury. The float is Bret turned round so as to pond the telescope cast of the me- almucantar ridian, and the time of rifling of a star over the wires is note. I ; the telescope ia then pointed to west of the merid- ian, ami the time of descending of a star Is noted. In this way, if the positions of the stars are known, the correction of a timepiece and the latitude may be determined; on the other hand, if these are known, either the right ascen- sions or the declinations of the stars may be determined. The instrument is of great value on arruunt of its hai tng fewer instrumental errors than a meridian circle. almucantar-staff (al-mu-kan't&r-staf), n. An instrument having an are of 15°, formerly used to take observations of the sun about the time of its rising or setting, to find its ampli- tude, and from this the variation of the com- pass. almucanter, n. See almucantar. almuce, n. Same as a in ice 2 . almud, almude (al-mod'), »• [Sp. almud, Pg. aliunde, < Ar. al-mudd, a dry measure, a 'bushel.' Cf. Heb. mad, a measure] A variable measure for liquids and grain in Spain and Portugal, rangiug for liquids from 3j to 5i English gal- lons, and for grain from 3A to 11 pints. almug (al'mug), ii. [Heb. pi. 'almiiff, a var. of «I. Pg. It. aloe = Russ. aloe= Pol. aloes, < L. aloe, 155 ML. also aloes, allies, alua (>AS. "aluire, 'nine, above), < Gr. a'A6>/, the aloe, i.e., prop., a plani id' the genus Aloe, and the drug prepared there- from, but used also, by confusion, in the Sep- tuagint and llu- New Testament (and hence in the LL. (Vulgate) and mod. languages) to trans- Aloe vulgaris, with flower entire and cut longitudinally. late the Heb. aklidlim, akhdldtlt, of which the proper representative is Gr. ayaTJuoxov, NL. agallochum, E. agalloch, q. v., the fragrant resin or wood which was called in later Gr. ^v'kaloji, whence in NL. (transposed) aloexylon, and (translated) lignum aloes, F. hois d'aloes, lit. wood of the aloe, in E. wood-aloes and aloes-wood. The form aloes, as sing., is due to tin' ML. sing, aloes, and in part, perhaps, to the L. gen. cdoes in lignum aloes, E. lign-aloes, q. v. In the earliest E. (AS.) use the reference is usually to the agallochum, but it is often diffi- cult to tell which meaning is intended, and even in modern writers the difference is often ignored.] The common name of the plants of the genus Aloe. They are natives of warm climates of the old world, and are especially abundant in the south- ern part of Africa. Among the Mohammedans the aloe is a symbolic plant, especially in Egypt, and every one w ho returns from a pilgrimage to Mecca hangs it over his street- door, as a token that he has performed the journey. In Africa the leaves of some species of aloe are made into ropes, fishing-lines, bow-strings, and hammocks. Several species yield aloes, the well-known bitter purgative medi- cine. The American aloe is the century-plant, Agave Americana, and the falsealoe is.l. Virainica. SeeAgave. Many species are cultivated fur ornament, growing readily on very dry soil. See aloes. Aloe (al'o-e), n. [NL. : see aloe.] A genus of liliaceous plants, including trees, shrubs, and a few perennial herbs, with thick fleshy leaves, usually spinosely toothed and rosulate at the summit of the caudex. See aloe. aloedarium (al"o-f-da'ri-um), ?i. [NL.: see below.] Same as aloedary. aloedary (al-o-e'da-ri), n. [< NL. aloedarium, < Gr. alor/Sapiov, < a'Aotj, aloe.] A compound pur- gative medicine of which aloes is a chief ingre- dient. aloes (al'oz), n. sing, or /)/. (pi. of aloe, used also as sing.). [See flfot;.] 1 . A drug, the inspissated juice of several species of aloe. It is obtained from the leaves, sometimes by cutting them across, when the resinous juice exudes and is evaporated into a firm consistence, sometimes by pressing the juice and mucilage out together, and in other cases by dissolving the juice out of the cut leaves by boiling and then evaporating to a proper consistency. Several kinds an- known in commerce. Socotrine aloes, also called East Indian or Zanzibar aloes, the prod tire mainly of varieties of A. Perrui. com.-s rhiel!} from Red Sea ports and Aden. Barbados and Curacoa aloes are produced in the West Indies from A. mil which has been introduced from the Mediterranean. Cape and Natal aloes are obtained probably from .1. ferox, and form by far tin greater part of the supply. The name hepatic aloes is applied to any opaque and liver-colored variety of the drug. The extract .if aloes when treated with nitric aeid uives rise to various yellow and brown pro- ducts, which by the aid of mordants can he fixed to silk ami wool ; I, in they are seldom used in dyeing. 2. The fragrant resin or wood of the agallochum ; lign-aloes; aloes-wood; wood-aloes: the usual meaning in the Bible. See agallochum — Fetid, caballine, or horse aloes, a coarse, impure preparation of alurs. r. S, Dispensatory. aloes-wood (al'oz-wud), n. Same as agallochum. aloetic (al-o-et'ik), a. and «. [< NL. aloeticus, < L. aloe : see aloe.] I. ,6yoe, speech, reason, reckon- ing, proportion, also Logos, the Word: see lo- gos. ] Unreasonableness ; absurdity. The error . . . and alogy in this opinion is worse than in the last. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., p. 108. aloill (al'o-in), n. [<«toe + -in-.] A crystalline bitter principle obtained from aloes in pale- yellow prismatic needles, grouped iu stars, it is found to differ in constitution a. voiding t.i the material from which it is obtained, Socotrine aloes yielding socahnn (C15H10O7), Cape aloes natalo in (CjeHigO?), and Barba d.is aloes barbaloin ((.'17H0QO7). It is an active cathartic. Also called aloetin. alomancy (al'o-man-si), ». B&menslialomancy. Alombrado, n. See Alumbrado. alondet, prep. phr. as adv. A Middle English form of aland 1 . alone (a-16n'), a. and adv. [< ME. alone, nl 011, usually separated, "/ one (= G. allein = D. alhiu — Dan. oh 10): al, E. all, adv.; one, orig. a dissyllable, < AS. ana, alone, weak inflection of an, one: see all and one. The pronuncia- tion given to one in al-one, at-one, on-ly, is strictly regular; the pronunciation "wuu" given to the simple word is a comparatively mod. corruption. In mod. dial, or colloq. use abbrev. lone, as an attributive. In most in- stances alone maybe construed equally well as adj. or adv. ; no separation is here made.] 1. Apart from another or others; single or singly ; solitary or solitarily; without the aid or e.rn pany of another: applied to a person or thing: as, to be or remain alone; to walk alone. It is not good that the man should be atont I U a. ii. 18. He rode all unarmed, and he rode all abate. .s'.-.i/r. Voung Lochinvar. Concert tires people to a certain fury of performance they can rarely reach .//«/;.■. Emerson, Society and Solitude. 2. Only ; to the exclusion of other persons or things; sole or solely: as, he alone remain.. I. In this sense alone is sometimes used attributively b a noun. Man shall not live by bread atone, Luke iv. 4. It is not to rulers and statesmen alone that the science of government is important and useful. It is equally in- dispensable for every American citizen. Story, Mise. Writings, p. 624. Even one alone verse sometimes makes a perfect poeme. B. Jonson, Timber. The universal soul is the alone creator of the useful and beautiful. Emerson, Art. alone 3t. Without e parallel; above or beyond others; unique. Io her whose worth makes other worthies nothin Shi is alone. Shak., I. Q, ol V., ii. 4. I am alone the villain of the earth. Shak., A. and ('., iv. 6. 4f. Devoid; destitute. Fur bothe a wydowe was she and alio lit unv (rend to whom she dorst hire mone. I 'haw > r, Troilus, i. 98. To let alone. Seefet.=Syn. Alone, Only. Theattribn- tireusi ..,,., is now very rare. In the Bible and earner Bngll [ten used for the adverb o»ict/, but it is now becoming restricted to its own sense of solitary, un- mpanied by other persons or tilings. Who can forgive sins but God a o Luke v. 21. v.t , , al Ephesus, but almost throughout all Asia. Arts \i\. 'JO. In eacli of these examples only would now be considered igh not alone for notonly is in common use. companied: as, he st lalone. Ontyap- i lii to that of which there is no other: as, an only son ; ■ bially, only this. And 1 only am escaped alone to tell thee. Job i. 15. alonelyt (a-16n'li), adv. and a. [< ME. alooniy, alonly, usually separated, al only, all only, al onli, alooniy, etc.: al, all, adv. ; only, adv. Cf. al, mi . nil, iiiirlii. In mod. use abbrev. hnn hi. osp. as attrib. adj.] I. od«. Only; merely; singly. This said spirit was not given alonely unto him, but unto all his heirs and posterity. Latimer. Farewell with him [the medical attendant] all that made sickness pompous— the spell that hushed the household. . . . the sole and single eye of distemper alonely fixed upon itself. Lamb, Elia, p. Sll. II. a. Exclusive; sole; only. The alonely rule of the land rested in the queen. Fabyan, Chron., an. 1328. aloneness (a-16n'nes), n. The state of being alone or without company. Watching over his al J. Legge, Life of Confucius, p. 44. along 1 (a-16ng') T prep, and adv. [< ME. along, ,,l, mil, earlier anloug, also (by confusion with the early forms of endlong, q. v.) andelong, en~ ,1,1, mil, encUang, etc., < AS. andlang, along (= OPries. ondling, ondlinga, ondlenge = G. enticing, along), < and-, over against, away toward, + html, long: see and-, n-5, and long 1 . Orig. (in AS.) an adj., 'stretching long or far away,' applied, as found, only to periods of time, 'the livelong' day or night, but prob. also to space; then used adverbially with dependent gen., afterward taken as direct obj. of along as a prep., the prep, implied in the orig. gen. being subsequently expressed by on, upon, by, with, thus giving 'along the construction of an adv. Quite different from along 2 , owing to, q. v.] I. prep. Through or by the length of; from one end to or toward the other of; lengthwise or in a longitudinal direction through, over, or by the of: implying motion or direction: as, to walk along a river or highway. And the mi Bsages that go along my nerves do not con- sist "i any continuous action. II". K. Clifford, Lectures I 58. II. adv. 1. By the length; lengthwise: paral- lel to or in a line with the length. Some laid along. And bound with burning wires, on spokes of wheels arc Dryden, 2. In ;i line, or with a progressive motion; onward: as, let us walk along. A he rand carried - m i li aveth a (rain. I;,,,;,,!, Nat. Hist. 3. In company; together. II. to i <•- land Bhall [go] along with you. Shak., Hamli t, HI 3. The queen took her leave of Say's Court, having 1 ghl confusion along with her, and leaving doubt and appre. [on behind. ScoM, Kenilworth, 1. xv. [Inthl I ibsolutely in com i speech in tic Tinted Slates: as, 1 was not along.] All along. alOM 2 (a-lflng'). prep. [Also abbrev. hn 156 all alongshore (a-Idng'shor), prep. phr. as adv. [< along 1 + Shore 1 .'] By the shore or coast; lengthwise of the shore and near it. California quartz-mountains dumped down 1 see alp II. «. One of the alopecoid or vulpine series of canine quadrupeds: as, "alopecoids, or vul- pine forms," II". //. Flower, Encye. Brit., XV. 438. in Vu \uik t'l,. lepi'lednrcliitecturallyi^oee^o, from AlopecUTUS (al"o-pe-ku'rus), II. [NL., <(ir Canada to Cuba, and thence westward to California again. Emerson, Civilization. alongshoreman (a-ldng'shor-man), n. ; pi. alongshoremen (-men). [< alongshore + man.] A laborer employed about docks or wharves and in the loading and unloading of vessels. Commonly shortened to 'longshori man Thresher-shark [Alopias vulpes). aAonriKovpoc, a kind of grass, < d/liinv/s 7 , fox. + oiipd, tail.] Foxtail-grass, a genus of grasses, natives of temperate and cold regions. \ tensis is a valuable fodder-grass; somi In othersp i are nol onlj worthless, but troublesome as weeds. See foxtail-grass. alopecy (al'6-pe-si), ri. Same as iihi/in-in. 'j„ i Alopias (a-lo'pi-as), n. [XL., shortened from alongside (a-Wng/sid) prep. phr. a ifcuj .,,,*,,,.„„, V-] A genus „,• 8e i a chians, con- prep. [< along 1 + side 1 .] I. adv. Along or by 1 ' ' J the side; at or to the side of anything, as a ship: as, to be alongside of the wall. Several large boats came alowtxid, 1 . /;. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. ]s. II. prep. Beside; bythesideof: as. the ves- sel lay alongside the wharf. \\ e first tested this case by laying it alongside the his- toric facts in the case. 5. Lanier, The English Novel, p. 46, alongstt (a-16ngsf), prep. [ME. alongest, in longesj < along 1 + -est. -st, after amongst from among,againsl from again, etc.] Along; through or by the length of. The Turks did keep straight watch and ward in all their parts nl,m,jxt the sea-coast. Knolles, Hist. Turks. aloof (a-16f), prep. phr. as adv. and prep. [Early mod. E. aloofe, aloufe, a loofe, a luf; < a 3 , on, + loof, < D. loef, loot, luff; cf. D. te loef, to loof, i. el, to windward; loefhouden, lit. hold loof, keep to the windward: cf. the E. phrase to hold aloof. See loof 2 , luf 2 -] I. adv. At a distance, but within view; intentionally re- maining apart, literally or figuratively ; with- drawn. for if she stand Sue It is necessary the Queen join there will lie still suspicions. Aloof he sits And sullen, and has pitched his tents apart. M. Arnold, Sohrab and Kustiun. Thy smile and frown are not aloof From one another ; Each to each is dearest brother. Tennyson, Madeline. II. prep. At or to a distance from; away or apart from. [Rare.] The great luminary, Aloof the vulgar constellations thick, that from his lordly eye keep distance due, Dispenses light from far. Milton, V. L., iii. 577. aloofness (a-liif'nes), tabling the shark known as the sea-ape, sea-fox, fox-shark, or thresher, Alopias vulpes, and giv- ing name to the family Alopiidce. Also called Alopecias. The thresher-shark, Alopias vulpes.ie readily recognized by its extraordinarily long tail, which forms over half the length of the whole animal. It is distributed in both it lantic and Pacific oceans. Stand. Nat. Hist., III. mi. Alopiidffi (al-5-pi'i-de), n. j»?. [XL., shortened h-om Jloji, eii'die ; also written Alopiada ; < Alo- pias + -hhe, -iithv.] A family of anarthrous selachians, represented by the genus Alopias. Alosa (a-16'sa), u. [L., a'lso ala-usa, > F. alose, > E. allicc, q. v.] A genus of fishes, of the fam- ily Clupeidie, including the shad (which see). Also written Ala-usa. alose 1 (a-16s'), ii- A member of the genus Alosa. "'""■' alose'-'t, «'. '• [< OF. aloser, < «- + los, praise : seo ■""' ■"• o-ll and lose 2 .] To praise. Chaucer. alouate, alouatte (al'6-at), n. [Prob. a F. form of a native name.] A name given bj French naturalists, as Buffon, to the red howl- ing monkey of Guiana, afterward known as My- cetes seniculus (Illiger); hence used as a general name, like hurhur, for the South American how lers. See cut. under howU r. alouatta (al-8-at'a), n. Same as alouate. alouchi, aluchi (a-18'chi), ». [Native name.] A resin obtained from Idea heterophylla, a tree of Madagascar. It is thought to have some me- dicinal properties. See acouchi-resm. aloof, or of keeping at a distance ; indifference. Unfaithfulness and aloofness ot such as have been great- est friends. D. Sogers, Naaman. p. 9S. By the wary independence and aloofness of his [the In- dian's! dim forest life he preserves his intercourse with his native gods. Thoreau, Concord and Merrimac Elvers, p. 59. alopecia (al-o-pe'si^a), n. [NL., < F. alopecie, < L. alopecia, < Gr. a'Au-n-eicia, a disease like the mange of foxes, in which the hair falls off, < aKvmtjl; (a/W£7c-),afox, possibly akin to L. wipes, a f ox : see J 'ulpes. ] Baldness ; loss of hair. Also written alopt ijl Alopecia areata (NX, areatus, hai iiiu r areas or spots), a disease of the hairy regions of tin- skin, characterized by the appearance of one or more bald spots, extending themselves with rounding outlines, and some times by coalescence producing; complete baldness. The bald spot has a center which is naked and smooth, sur- rounded by a peripheral zone, scaly and presenting mi- lt is hy BO considered , 111 The state of being aloud (a-loud'), prep. phr. &Badv.^ [ME._ ajoml. a loude; < a 3 "+ loud. Cf. alow 1 , uhigh.] With a loud voice or great noise; loudly. Cry aloud, spare not Is. lviii. 1. 2. Audibly; with the natural tone of the voice as distinguished from whispering : as, he has a severe cold and can hardly speak nhiiid. a l'outrance (ii 16-trohs'). See a outrance. alow 1 (a-16'), prep. phr. as adv. [ME. alow, uloire, tiitmtjh, nloi/h, alog ; < o 3 + low 2 . Cf. '"- low and ah'igh.] In or to a low place, or a lower part; below; down: opposed to aloft. Sometimes aloft he layd, sometimes alow, . . . So doubtfully, that hardly one could know Whether more wan were to give or ward the blow. Spenser, F. I).. VI. viii. 13, After doubling Point Pinos, we bore up, set studding- sails iil,>„- and aloft, and were walking ml at the rale of eight or nine knots. It. II. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p palls of the skin. characterized by a progl in the length, size, and number of the hail an abundant furfuraceous accumulation » the Bkln. Alopecia unguium (l.. mono oil of the nails, alopecian (al-6-pe'si-an), ii. A shark of the 7,:-?.:-VE.„i„;,„.;io,to, ' ol Ii i in Quei i \ini all along in Philip larj ■ !. id by of, and it us< .!. confined I lloqu 7re«0E((%, contr. ii'/t.iziht'.iAr/r, fox-like, < it'/.un-i/i, fox, + eWof, form.] I. a. Fox-like; vulpine: applied io a group or series of carnivorous mam- mals of which th immon fox is the type, as distinguished from the thoSid series, which in- clude the dogs and wolves. Alire; in a Uame. [Scotch.] —To gang alow, to , . or be Bl t on lire: Maze; I ,r l.linied. That discreet man Cardinal Beaton is e'en to gang alom this blessed day if we dinna stop it. Tennant. alp 1 (alp), n. [ ML. penhlium, F. penkle, G. peniil-iurli r, panis-~ia:ker, Dan. pandc-snkkcr (as if from pnnde, a pan).] In /we.,., white barley-sugar. It is used as a remedy for colds'. Alpheus (al-fe'us), u. [NL.. < L. Alpheus, < Or. 'AAeiei&r. the chief river in the Peloponnesus, now Rufia.] In zool., a genus of macrurous deca- podous crusta- ceans, the typo of the family Al- pin iiUv. A. ruber (the red shrimp) and .1. iiljinis are examples. Alphitobius (al- fi-to'bi-us), n. [NL., < Gr. a?.ipi- rov, barley-meal, meal, + /3/of, life.] of beetles, of the family Teucbrioniila: The larvrc of Tenebrioand Alphitobius have been reared in zoological gardens as f I for amphibians and insectiv- orous birds. Stand. Nat. Hist alphitomancyt (al'n-to-man*si), «. [< F. nl- phitomantie (Ootgrave), < Or. ii'/oir6uaiTir. one who divines from barley-meal, < afyiTov, barley- meal (prob. related to aty6c, a dull-white Lep rosy: see alphus), + fiavric, a, diviner, uavreta, divination : see Mantis.] Divination by means of barley-meal. alphitomorphous (aFfi-to-mdr'fus), a. [< Gr. a/.cjiTov, barley-meal, + uc(M, form.] Appear- ing like barley-meal: applied to some micro- scopic fungi parasitic on plants. Syd. Soc. Lex. alphonsin (al-fon'sin), n. A surgical instru- ment for extracting bullets from wounds: so named in liV">2 from its inventor, Alphonso Ferri of Naples. It consists of three arms, which close when a ring encircling the haft is pushed forward. Alphonsine (al-fon'sin), «. [< NL. Alphonsinus, Alfimsiuiis, < ML. (NL.) Alphonsus, Alfonsus (= Sp. Alfonso, formerly also Alphonso, = Pg. ././- finso = It. Alfonso = F. Alphonse), < G. Alfons, a common personal name.] Of or pertaining to any person of the name of Alphonso — Al- phonsine tables, astronomical tables compiled under the patronage of Alfonso X., king of Leon and Castile. completed in the year of his accession, 1262, and first printed in 1 1 33, alp-horn (alp'h&rn), n. Same as alpenhorn. alphost, n. Same as alphus. alphosis (al-fo'sis). u. [< alphas + -axis.] In palhnl.. whiteness, or the process of turning white, as of the skin in an albino. alphus (al'fus), n. [L., < Gr. a^f>oc, vitiligo, orig. white, = L. albus, white: see alb 1 .] In pathol., u inline formerly given to certain forms of psoriasis, leprosy (lepra arabum), and vitiligo. alpia (al'pi-a). ii. Same as alpist. alpieut, «• [< F- alpUm,i It. al piii, for the more, for most: al, contr. of « il, to the (a, < L. ml. to; il, < L. illi', that); piii, < L. plus, more.] In the game of bux.irt, a mark put on a card to indicate that the player doubles his stake after winning. X. E. I). alpigene (al'pi-jen), a. [< L. alpcs, alps (see nip-). + -genus, produced: see -genous.] Pro- duced or growing in alpine regions. [Pare.] Red Shrimp {Alpheus ruber ). A genus jeen reared id inseetiv- st., II. 352. alpine alpine (al'pin or -pin), a. and n. [= F. alpin, < L. alpinus, < alpes : see ertp 2 .] I. a. Ot, per- taining to, or connected with the Alps (then written with a capital), or any lofty mountain; very high; elevated. Specificall) applied to plants crowing and animals living on mountains above the forest Omits, thai tn Line where the climate becomes Id for trees to grow. Alpine summits of great pain l.ieth thine Italy. if. Terry Cooh Beyond. II. n. A French fabric having a silk warp and merino-wool filling. alpinery (al'pin-ri), «. [< alpine + -ry : see -iii/. -ry.'] A place in a garden or pleasure- ground specially adapted for the cultivation of alpine plants. alpinist (al'pin-ist), n. [= F. alpiniste; < al- j'lnc + -ist. ) An alpine climber; an alpestrian. The disagrei able effects resulting from tin' rarefaction of the atmosphere at great heights,and which overtake Switzerland. The American, VII. 75. alpist tal'pist), a. [ flOl la and i' Spenst r, Shep. CaX, July. AU longe as owre lyf la e ti ij Ideres. Plowman I B), iv. 195. Alsace gum. Same as dextrine. Alsatian (al-sii ind». [. < one. n, ,, . /■/,.„. (MHG. /•:/- i ' ■■ Qr.Elsa I, a province between France and i h rmanj , lit. fori ign ettli ment, < el- (= AS. el-, al . Foreign, related to else, q. v.; .ac- cording to another view, < Ell , a. [(.Altai, Buss. Altai, name of mountains in Asia, perhaps from Tatar a I tun, gold (Malm). Cf. uliiii.\ Pertaining to the Al- tai, a vast range of mountains extending in an easterly direction through a considerable por altar tion of Asia, and forming pari of the boundary between the Hussian and Chinese dominions. —Altaic fanuly of languages, a family of languages occupying portions of northern and eastern Europi nearly the whole of northern and central Asia, together with s other regions, ami divided into five branches, tin- i Lilian or PfnnO'Hungarian, Sa vol Tut ki ib, Mon- golian, and Tunguse. Also called Scythian, Ural • Tatarxc, and T< ranian, altaite (al-ta'it), n. [< Altai (see Altaic) + -ili-.] A mineral found originally in the Altai mountains, and now also in California, Colo- rado, and Chili; a telluride of lead. altambour (;il-tain-bor'), n. [A modified spell- ing of OSp. atambor, prob. for "aUtambor, < Ar. ((/, the, + tuiiiliur, tambour: see tamlmur and tabor.] A large Spanish or Moorish drum. altar (al'tiir), n. [The spelling has been changed to bring it nearer the L. ; < ME. alter, more commonly auter, < OP. alter, also auter (F. autet), < L. attare, an altar, lit. a high place, < alius, high: see alt.] 1. An elevated place or structure, a block of stone, or any ob- ject of appropriate form, on which sacrifices are offered or incense is burned to a deity. The earliest altars were turf mounds, large ffat-topped stones, or other rude elevations, natural or artificial ; but when temples came to be built altars were generalh made of hewn stone, marble, or metal, and became more and more ornate. Creek and Roman altars were round, trian- gular, or square in plan, often elaborately adorned with sculpture, and bearing inscriptions. Sometimes, as at Pergamon, the altar was a struc- ture of vast size and complex plan, and was in itself an art monument of the highest impor- tance. In the Jewish worship two altars were used: the altar of burnt-offering, which st I at the entrance to the tabernacle, and afterward occupied a corre- sponding position in the temple, and the altar of incense, which stood in the holy place. Both were made of shittim wood, the former being overlaid with brass, the latter with cold. 2. In most Chris- tian churches, the communion- table. In the primitive church it was of wood, sub- Q sequently of stone, marble, or bronze, sometimes with rich plorVti by the Archaeological "institute of architectural orna- America in 1884. ineiits, sculptures, and painting. In the Roman Catholic 1 Ihurch the altar is the tal de, since the early ages of the church either of stone or including a block of stone (the altar-stone), upon which the priest consecrates the eucharist The altar-stone is con- Creek Altar. From the Street of Tombs, Assos, ex- Ancient High Altar of Notre P.ime, Paris, 13th century. tViouet-lc-lluc's " Diet, dc rArchitccture.") seerated by the bishop or a specially licensed abbot, who anoints it with chrism, and often seals up certain relics in a small cavity made for the purpose : the consecration remains in virtue until either the stone or the seal is broken. 3. The steps at the sides of a graving-dock. — Family altar, the practice or tin place uf family worship or devotions. High altar, the chief or principal altar in a cathedral or other church having more than one altar. It stands beyond the choir ai the end of the sanctuary or chancel opposite the front or tin- main entrance, and usu- ally has behind it a Bcreen, reredos, or dossi 1 so h to make it, even when there is an ambulatory with chapels or any other feature behind it. tin- duet object on which the eye tests on entering the church. Lesser or side altars often stand En chapels or against the pillars of the nave. s.-e cut under .■uiiinhiii. Privileged. altar, in the Aw. Cuth. Ch., an altar to which arc attached certain lndul- Altar-bread Box. altar genees, as the liberty of celebrating votive masses even on feast-days, the benefit of souls in puruatiny, or various privileges personal to the individual visiting it altarage (al'tSr-aj), n. [< ME. awterage, < OF. auterage: see altar ami -age.'] 1. Offerings made upon an altar or to a church. — 2. The honorarium or stipend received by a priest from offerings and gifts on account of services at the nlt;ir. Sometimes called small tithes and altar- dues. All these [curates] lyve upon bare Altarages, as tiny tearme them, which God knoweth are very small, and were uniit to lyve upon tin- gayne of Masses, Dirges, Shryvings, ami senile lyke truropi i yi Sir II. Sidney, State Papers, in O'Curry's Anc. Irish, 1. 112. 3. In Scotland, formerly, an endowment grant et 1 for the saying of masses for deceased friends at a particular altar. altar-board (al'tar-bord), n. In the Coptic Cli., a movable wooden panel, carved with a cross in the center and with sacred letters and devices around it. It rests in a recess on the top of tlie stone altar, anil supports the chalice and paten during tin- mass: a reversal of the Western rule, for which see altar, 2, and altar-dab. A. J. Butler, Coptic Churches, II. i. 3-5. altar-bread (al'tar-bred), it. Bread prepared for the eucharist. Unleavened bread is required for tins purpose in the Roman Catholic Church, and is used in many Anglican churches, in which either leavened or unleavened bread is permitted. In both the latter is made into small thin disks or wafers, called severally altar-breads, usually stamped with some emblem, as the cross or crucifix, or I. H. S. In the former church, after consecration, the altar-bread is called host (see host), and the wafers are of two sizes, the larger for the priest, the smaller for the people. The Greek church uses leavened bread especially made for the purpose. See oblate, n., 1. altar-card (al'tar-kard), n. A printed copy of certain portions of the mass, which the priest cannot conveniently readfrom the missal. Altar- cards are placed at the center and at each end of the altar. They are of modern introduction, and are not essential to tin service. altar-carpet (artiir-kar"pet),?j. 1. The carpet covering the raised floor in front of the altar, and generally the altar-steps as well. — 2. Rarely, a covering for the altar. altar-cavity (al'tar-kavi-ti), n. A niche or chamber in the body of an altar, designed to contain relics. This was called sepulchrum in the Latin Church, thalassa or thaiassidion in the Greek Church, and seems to have existed universally as late as the fifteenth century. The Coptic churches of Egypt still have altar- cavities. .4. J. Butler, Coptic Churches, II. i. See con- / ssionary. altar-chime (al'tar-chim), n. A set of three small bells mounted in a stand, and used for ringing by hand in the Koman Catholic Church service. altar-cloth (al'tar-kloth), n. [< ME. alter-, aw- ter-cloth : see altar and cloth.'] A cover for an altar in a Christian church. It is a general term, and includes the close ease of linen which was used in the middle ages and removed only for washing the altar, the later cerecloth (which see), and the temporary cover- ings, whether of white linen, or of rich stuff, or of em- broidery. The different coverings for the altar have differ- ent names. See antependium, frontal, and superfrontal, altar-cross (al'tar-kros), n. A fixed or mova- ble cross, standing upon an altar. altar-curtain (al'tar-ker'tan), n. A hanging suspended from rods at the sides of ancient ciboria, or altar-canopies, or at the back and sides of an altar. See cut under altar, 2. altar-cushion (al'tar-kush'on), n. A small cushion laid upon an altar to support the ser- vi, r-book. altar-desk (al'tiir-desk), n. A small desk used like an altar-eushion. altar-dues (al'tar-duz), age, 2. altar-fire (al'tar-fir), n. an altar. altar-frontal (al'tiir-frun"tal), n. The orna- mental front, usually movable, of the altar in a Christian church. It is sometimes of wood, richly carved and gilded, or with painted panels, or incrusted « i tli enamels or glass. When it is of stuff it is called antependium, and its color is usually changed to corre- spond with the church festivals and seasons. altar-herse (al'tar-hers), n. A term sometimes used to describe the frame on which a tem- porary canopy was erected over an altar on special solemnities and festivals of the highest rank. Lee, Eccles. Terms. altarist (al'tar-ist ), «. [< altar + -1st.] In old law: (a) An appellation given to the priest to whom the altarage belonged, (b) A chaplain. Also called altar-thane. n. pi. Same as altar- A ceremonial fire on 150 altar-lantern (al'tar-lan tern), >i. A term oc- casionally found in old records describing tlio lanterns which were used in lieu of simple m s tapers for an altar, when erected temporarily and out of doors. <>„ the continent of Europe they air found in the sacristies of man) churches, and are frequently us< -l. carried on either side of tin- crucifix, at funerals and solemn processions of the blessed sacrament, in those divisions of the church which practise reservation of the holj eucharist Lee, Eccles. Terms. altar-ledge (al't&r-lej), n. A step or ledge be- hind the altar of a church and raised slightly above it, to receive ceremonial lights, flowers, or other ornaments or symbols. Sometimes then arc two or inure steps or ledges. In modern usage often called retable, though the retable is more properly higher, and in itself an important architectural or decorative tea tare, See retable. Also termed, but incorrectly, super altar. altar-light (al'tar-lit), ii. A light placed upon or near an altar, and having a symbolical mean- ing. In the Koman Catholic Church the lights are often set upon the altar itself; in the Church of England they always stand on an altar-ledge behind or beside the altar. altarpiece (al'tar-pes), re. A decorative screen, retable, or rereuos placed behind an altar, con- sidered especially as a work of art. In churches of the Renaissance period it is mure usually a painting of a sacred subject, but in those of the early middle 8 is frequently of embossed silver or of rich gold and en- ameled work set with jewels, as the famous Pala d'Oro of St. Marks ill Venice. As the altar stood free in the choir, and the altai was to be seen from behind as well as from before, both sides were to be covered with painting. C. E. Norton, Church-building in .Middle Ages, p. 142. altar-protector (al'tar-pro-tek^tor), re. The name given to a covering of green cloth, baize, or velvet, which, exactly fitting the top of the altar, is placed on it at all times when the altar is not being used, to protect the sacred linen from dust and defilement. Lee, Eccles. Terms. altar-rail (aTt&r-ral), re. A low rail or barrier running transversely to the main axis of the church and separating the sanctuary from those portions of the church that are in front of it. Also called comnvunion-rail, as communicants kneel at this rail to receive the eucharist. altar-screen (al'tar-skren), >t. In arch.: (a) A partition of stone, wood, or metal, in early medieval usage represented by curtains, behind and at the sides of the high altar, and separat- ing the choir from the east end of the build- ing. (6) A reredos or retable. altar-side (al'tar-sid), it. That part of an altar which faces the congregation. altar-slab (Al'tar-slab), it. The top, or a por- tion of the top, of a Christian altar; the altar proper, or mensa. It is the consecrated and there- fore the essential part, and is always in Western churches a single stone. In some Eastern churches the slab has a drain for water; a few such instances are found in west- ern Europe, and all are pn ibably traditional of an ancient custom of washing the altar on set occasions. altar-stairs ( al'tar-starz), n. pi. Steps or stairs leading up to an altar. The great world's altar-stairs, That slope thro' darkness tip to God. Tennyson, In Memoriam, lv. altar-stole (al'tiir-stol), n. A medieval orna- ment shaped like the ends of a stole, hanging down in front of the altar-cloth. Lee, Eccles. Terms. altar-stone (al'tar-ston), re. [< ME. awterstone : see altar and stone.] An altar-slab ; the con- secrated slab or block of stone constituting an altar. See altar, 2. altar-table (al'tiir-ta I >1 > . n. 1. In a Christian church, the top or the consecrated portion of an altar; the altar proper, or mensa. — 2. A name for one of the wooden tables which were substituted for the old altars in England in the seventeenth century, and used for the commu- nion where the old altars had been destroyed by the Roundheads. At first this table was placed bj the reformers against the eastern wall in the position "I the old stone altar. This position gave umbrage to the Puri- tans, who held that it was characteristic of the Church of Rome. Cromwell therefor,- caused the altar-table to be removed to the middle of the chancel, and to he surrounded with seats for the communicants. At the restoration it was almost universally replaced in its ancient position. When used it is covered with a white linen cloth. altar-thane (al'tar-than), re. Same as altarist. altar-tomb (al'tilr-tom), ». A raised tomb, or monument covering a tomb, of rectangular plan and covered by a flat slab or table, and presenting a general resemblance to an altar. It may be free and exposed "ii all four sides, or applied against or engaged in a wall; in the latter case taere is often an architectural canopy or niche raised above it. The top often supports one or more recumbent figures in sculpture. altarwise (al'tar-wiz), adv. [< altar + -wise.] In the usual position of a church-altar, that is, alterage with ends toward the north and south and front toward the west. u .1. our communion table plai ed altai 12, 1678. altazimuth (alt-az'i-muth), ». [Contr. of al- titude-azimuth.] An astronomical instru for determining tin- altitudes and the azii of heavenly bodies. The b is eapalde of being moved horizontally to am | it of the i ipass, as well as vertically, and then ..land vertical circles. A theodolite is a portable altazimuth. Pijon. alter (al'ter), v. [< ML. alterare, make other, < L. alter, other, < al- (seen in alius, other. alienus, of another, etc.: see alias, alien, etc.) + compar. suffix -ter= E. -tin r in other, whether, etc., and -ter in after, etc.] I. trans. 1. To make some change in; make different in some particular; cause to vary in soniedegree, with- out an entire change. My covenant will I not break, nor alter the thing that is gone out of my lips. Ps. lxxxix. 84. These things are to be regretted, but not to be altered until liberality of sentiment is more universal. Washington, in Bancroft's Hist. Const., I. 44:t. There are speeches, some speeches of Demosthenes par- ticularly, in which it would be impossible to alter a word without altering it for the worse. Macaulay, Elistorj 2. To change entirely or materially; convert into another form or state: as, to alter a cloak into a coat; to alter an opinion. she promised that no force, Persuasion, no, nor death could alter her. Tennyson, Aylmer's Field. 3. To castrate, emasculate, or spay, as an ani- mal. [United States.] — 4f. To exchange. She that would att, ,- ., rV ie. s w it li thee. Sliak., T. N., ii. 6. 5f. To agitate: as, ''(literal and moved in- wardly,'' Hilton, Areopagitica, p. l. = Syn. 1 and 2. Alter, Change, modify, transform, transmute. Ingen- eralaZteris to change partially, while change is more com- monly to substitute one thing for another, or to make a material difference in a thing. I WOO thee not with gifts. Sequel of guerdon could not alter me To fairer. /"> nnyson, (Enone. one who brings A mind not to be changt d by place or time. II. intrans. To become different in some respect ; vary ; change. The law of the Medes and Persians, which alteretli not. Dan. vi. s. Love alters not with his [Time's] brief hours and weeks. Shak., Sonnet-, cxi i To alter for the better is no shame. Di i/den, Art of Poetry, iv. 015. In a day's wandering, you would pass many a hill, w I and water-course, each perpetually altering in aspect as the sun shone out or was overcast Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, xxiii. alterability(al ter-a-biri-ti), h. [< alterable ; = F. alterabilite.] The quality of being alterable ; susceptibility to change. The degree of atterability of the nutritive liquid should always lie taken into account in experiments. , 111. 520. alterable (al'ter-a-bl). a. [< alter + -able ;=P. alterable.] Capable of being altered, varied, or made different. A diminished proporti f caustic soda and sulphides is found in the liquors, the total caustic lime being alter- able ut pleasure. Ure, Diet, IV. i alterableness (al'ter-a-bl-nes), «. The quality of being alterable or of admitting alteration; variableness. alterably (al'ter-a-bli), adv. In an alterable manner; so as to'be altered or varied. alteraget (al'ter-aj), n. [< L. altar, a foster- father (< alerc, nourish: see aliment, ».), + -age.] The nourishing or fostering of a child. Sir ./. Italics. alterant alterant (al'ter-ant >. a. and ». [< ML. alter- an(t-)s, ppr. otdlterare, alter: Bee alter."] I. a. Producing alteration; effecting change. Whether the bodj or altered. . Nat. Hist.. Int. to ix. II. n. 1. Aii alterative. — 2. Specifically, in dyeing, any Bubstance employed to modify or l'o a color. This last effect [of modification] may, however, be pro- duced bj a variety ol matters besides those which are of tin-' earthy or metallic kinds, aud indeed by everything capable, not of fixing, inn of merely varying, the shades oi adjective colouring matters. Thi 36, therefore, I think it n proper to designate, not as mordants or bases, but as alterants. E. Bancroft, Philos. of Perm. Colours (ed. 1813), In alteratet (al'ter-at), v. t. [< JIL. alteratus, pp. of alterare : see alter.'] To alter. alteratet (al'ter-at), a. [< ML. alteratus: see the verb.] Altered; changed, alteration (al-te-ra'shon), n. [< ML. altera- tio(n-), < alterare, pp. alhritins: see after.] 1. The act of altering; the making of anj T change; passage from one form or state to another. Appius Claudius admitted to the senate the sons of those who had beenalaves ; by which, and succeeding alterations, that council degenerate-! intoa must corrupt body. Swift. 2. A change effected ; achange of form or state, especially one which does not affect the identity of the subject. Love is not love Which alters when it "It. ration tinds. Shak., Sonnets, i x\ I. 3. In mineral., the change by which one mineral substance is converted into another, either (1) with or (2) without change of chemical compo- sition; as, for example, (1) the change of the oxidof copper, cuprite, to the carbonate, mala- chite; or (12) of brookite to rutile. both being forms of titanium dioxid. See paramorphism and pseudomorphism. alterative (al'ter-a-tiv), a. and re. [< ML. al- terations, < alteratus, pp. of alterare: see alt' r.] 1. a. Causing alteration ; having the power or tendency to alter ; especially, in vied., having the power to restore the healthy functions of the body. II. n. One of a group of medicines the physi- ological action of which is somewhat obscure, but which seem to modify the processes of growth and repair in the various tissues. The most important are the compounds of mercury, iodine, and arsenic. altercate (al'ter-kat), v. i. ; pret. and pp. alter- cated, ppr. altercating. [< L. altercatus, pp. of utti real i. dispute, < alter, another; from the notion of speaking alternately.] To contend in words; dispute with zeal, heat, or anger; wrangle. altercation (al-ter-ha'shon), n. [< ME. alter- cation, < OF. altercation, < L. altereatm(n-), a dispute, < dltercari, pp. altercatus, dispute: see altercate.] 1. The act of altercating; warm contention in words; dispute carried on with heat or anger; controversy; wrangle. The altercation was long, and was not brought to a con- clusion satisfactory to either party. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vi. This very uncertainty, producing continual alterc and wars, produced gn af si ite mi n and warriors. ./. A.lanri, Works, IV. fe2. 2. Iii Hum. hui-. the method of proceeding on the trial "f a cause in eourl by question and . r. Colquhoun. =SyxL Wrangle, Brawl,etc. See altered (al'terd), p. a. Changed; diffen at. ip< ciflcally- i"i In irphosed: applied to a rock of whii h the constituent minerals have been changed by chemical action subsequently to its formation or depo- sition. Eto i endered harder and mo] e n alteration. When softening of crystal rocks takes phi allj accompanied bj hydra tation,orthi taking up of water. (6) In mineral., applied to a mine] ha been changed elthi r ir moleciuariy, a a garnet altered to chlorite or aragoniti alter* d to calciti I M isti sted. alter ego Carter e'go). [L. : alter, other, second; -10./.- Bee uliir and ego.] Second self ; an- other sell : counterpart : double, s - i as a title to a person who has full powers to act for another, as in thecaseol i rcl In alter idem (al'ter i'dem). [L.: alter, other (sec nil' r); idem, the same.] Another and the same: another precisi lj similar, alterity (al-tcr'i-ti i. re. [< Ml,. alterita(t-)s, < L. alter, other: ieealtet I lie > at cor quality of being other m ' . | Bare. | ib "'ii i it.- feellni ol otherni (alt* Hty) rendered intuit! rity visually represented. Coleridge, Notes on Shakspere, II. 205. 160 altern (al'tern, formerly nl-tern'), a. [< L. al- ii runs, alternate, reciprocal. < alter, other: see alter.] If. Acting by turns; alternate. The greater [light] to have rule by day. The less bj night, altern. Milton, P. U, vii. 348. 2. In crystal., exhibiting on two parts, an up- per and a lower, faces which alternate among themselves, but which, when the two parts are compared, correspond with each other Altern base, in trigon., a term used in distinction from the true base. Thus, in oblique triangles, the true base is the sum of the sides, in which ease t lie difference of the sides is the altern base ; or Inversely, when the true base is the differ- ence of the sides, the sum of the sides is the altern base. alternacy (al-ter'na-si), n. [< alternate: see ■aeij.] Thestate or quality of being alternate; occurrence or performance by turns. [Rare.] The alternacy of rhymes in a stanza gives a variety that may support the poet, without the aid of music, to a greater length. M>it..nl. Numerous elisions, which prevent the softening alter- nacy of vowels and consonants. Walpole, Letters, IV. 649. alternalt (al-ter'nal), a. [< L. alternus: see altern.] Alternate. alternallyt (al-ter'nal-i), adv. Alternately. Their men obeyed AUernaUy both generals' commands. .1/"//, tr. of Luean's Pharsalia, iv. alternant (al-ter'nant), a. and n. [< L. alter- nan(t-)s, ppr. of alternare, alternate: see alter- nate, v.] I. a. Alternating; specifically, ingeol., composed of alternate layers, as some rocks. II. ii. In math., a determinant all the ele- ments of each row (or column) of which are functions of one variable different from that of any other row (or column), while the elements of any one column (or row) are like functions of the different variables. Such, for example, is sin x, cos x, 1 sin y, cos it, 1 sin z, cos z, 1. Double alternant, a determinant which is an alternant witli respect to two sets of variables, both running through the reus or through the columns. Alternanthera (al-ter-nan'the-rji), re. [NL., < I j. alternus, alternate (see altern), + ~NL. an tin ra , anther.] A genus of dwarf tufted plants, nat- ural order Amarantaceiv: so called from the stamens being alternately fertile and barren. They have opposite leaves and small tribracteate flowi rs arranged in heads. Several speciesare grown in gardens for the sake of their richly colored foliage. alternat (al-ter-na'), "• [F-, < L. alternare : see alternate, v.] Rotation ; specifically, in diplo- macy, a practice in accordance with which several states, in order to preserve the equality between them, take each in turn the first place, as, for example, in the signing of treaties. By the alternat is intended the practice, sometimes adopted in signing conventions, of alternating in the order of priority of signature, according to some fixed rule, so as to cut off questions of rank. Wuolxey, Introd. to Inter. Law, note to § 94. alternate (al'ter-nat, formerly al-ter'nat), v. ; pret. and pp. alternated, ppr. alternating. [: as, alternate leaves, which arc solitary at the nodes, in distinction from opposite or verticitlate. (b) Op- posite to the intervals between 01 as, petals which are "It. mate with sepals, or stamens w ith petals. 2. Belonging to a series be- tween the two members of every pair in which a men of another series intervenes; having one intervening be- tween the two of each pair; every second: as, to read only the alternate lines; the odd numbers form one series of alternate numerals, the ever, numbers anothor. — 3. Consisting of alternating parts or mem- bers; proceeding by alternation: as, an al- ternate series; alternate riming; alternate pro- portion.— Alligation alternate. See alligation. — Al- ternate angles, in geom., the internal angles made by two lines with a third, on opposite sides of it. If the two lines are parallel, the alternate angles arc equal. Thus, if the parallels AB, CD be cut by the fine EF, the anghs AGH, GHD are al- ternate angles, as are also the angles BGI1 and GHC. — Alternate crystalliza- tion. Sec crystallization.— Alternate generation. (") In zooL, a term first used by Steenstrup to signify the pro- duction of animals which are unlike their parents, but of which certain later generations alternately recurring ex- hibit a likeness to those parents ; or, a mode of reproduc- tion in which more than one generation, counted from a given progenitor, must pass before the appearance of dl seendants resein tiling that progenitor. It is defined by i Iwen as consisting in a series of individuals which seem to repre- sent two species alternately reproduced. Huxley defines it as an alternation of asexual with sexual generation, in which tie products of one process differ from those of the other. Aei aiding to All in an, the intercalation of a proper sexual reproduction is necessary to constitute true alternate generation, (b) In cryptogamic l.<.t , the passageof a plant through a succession of unlike generations before tin ini- tial form is reproduced. Isnally the succession i- one in which one sexually produced form alternates with an- other produced asexually. The alternation of those sex- ually produced may lie with those parthenogenetically 1 nod need (heterogenesis or / << t< rogamy, which see), or with those produced by budding (metagenesis). — Alternate numbers, units such that the product of any two ha- Its sign changed by reversal oi the order of the factoi mn= — inn. The square of any such number vanishes. — Alternate proportion, the equal proportion that sub- sists between the alternate members of the pairs of a scries of proportionals. Thus, if a : l> :: c : d, then by alti i natc proportion « : c :: b : it. — Alternate quarters, in her., quarters diagonally opposite to each other, as the Aral ami fourth quarters, and the second and third. They have usually the same charges. II. n. 1. That which happens by turns with something else ; vicissitude. [Rare.] Etai l in pleasure, or repos'd in ease, Grateful alternates vi sllletantial peace. Prior, Solomon, i. 2. In political conventions and some other rep- resentative bodies, one authorized lo take the place of another in his absence ; a substitute. [United Stat. 8.] alternately (al-ter'nat -li),(7rft'. In an alternate manner, (a) In reciprocal succession; by turns, so that each is succeeded by that which it succeeds, in tie way as night follows day and day follows night. There is a sort of delight, which is alternately mixed with terror and sorrow-, in the contemplation of death. Steele, Spectator, No. i:;:;. ('') With the omission or interventi f one hi two; as. read the lines alternately; in I'Ycnch prosodj male and female rimes occur iii couplets alternately, (e) In her., according In altern. id quarters (which sic niter mile). - Alternately pinnate, in lmt.,a term applied to a pinnate leaf when the leaflets on one side of the peti- ole arc not opposite to those upon the other side. altemateneSS (al-ter'nal-iies), n. The stateor i|iiality ol' being alternate, or of preceding and following by turns. alternation (al-ter-na'shon), n. [< L. alU tio(n-), < alternare, pp. alternatus : see alternate, v.] 1. The act of alternating, or the sta being alternate; the reciprocal su ss'nui of things in lime or place, or of states or acl ions; the act of following something and being in turn followed by it: as, the alternation of day and night, cold and heat, summer and winter. The alternation of uncultivated an-l cultivated plains, with scattered villages. O'Donovan, Merv, xL I he law ol nature is alternation for evermore. Emerson, Friendship. alternation 2. Passage back and forth; repeated transition ; the action of going from one stato, condition, orpoint to another, and baekagain, indefinitely: as, alternation between states of mind 01 be- tween places ; his alternations from one point to the other were very frequent. — 3. In math. : (a) The different changes or alterations of order in numbers. More commonly called permuta- tion. (6) Alternate proportion (which see, un- der alternate, a.). — 4. In church ritual, the say- ing or reading of parts of a service by minister and congregation alternately — Alternation of generation. -see alternate gene ration, under alternate, a. alternative (al-ter'na-tiv), a. and re. [= F. alternative, n., alternatif, -ire, a., < ML. alterna- ting. < L. altcrnarc, pp. alternatus: see alter- nate, v.] I, a. 1. Of two things, such that only one can be selected or only one is possible, etc. ; mutually exclusive. To arrive at the best compromise in any case implies correct conceptions of the alternative results of this or that course. H. Spencer, Data of Ethics, § 108. The conscience of mankind, and the voice alike of phi- losophy and of religion, reject with equal horror his [J. s. .Mills] alternative solution of the origin of evil, that the Creator of the world is either the author of evil or the slave of it. Edinburgh Jiev. 2. Affording a choice between two things, or a possibility of one thing out of two ; given or offered for selection, as against something else : as, an alternative proposition ; he presented an alternative statement. — 3f. Alternate; recipro- cal. Holland. — 4. In bot., having the parts of the inner whorl alternate with the outer: ap- plied to the estivation or arrangement of the parts of the perianth in the bud. — Alternative demand, a request for either, but not both, of two things. —Alternative judgment or inference, in logic, a judg- ment or inference which judges or infers that one or the other of two facts is true. Same as disjunctive judgment or inference. II. re. 1. A choice between two things; a possibility of one of two things. — 2. One of two things of which either is possible or may be chosen. In strictness the word cannot be applied to more than two things ; when one thing only is possible, there is said to be no alternative. Between these alternatives there is no middle ground. Cranch. The stages of mental assent and dissent are almost in- numerable; but the alternatives of action proposed by the Christian faith are two only. Gladstone, Might of Right, p. 142. 3. In the Rom. Cath. Ch., an arrangement by which the pope nominates to vacant benefices only in alternate months, at other times leav- ing the nomination to the bishop of the diocese or to the regular patron. The month counted is that in which the benefice becomes vacant. alternatively (al-ter'na-tiv-li), adv. In an al- ternative manner ; in a manner that admits the choice or possibility of one out of two things. alternativeness (al-ter'na-tiv-nes), n. The quality or state of being alternative. altemityt (al-ter'ni-ti), re. [< ML. altemitas, < L. alternus, altern: see alter n.~\ Succession by turns ; alternation. The alternity and vicissitude of rest. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iii. 1. alternize (al'ter-niz), v. t. [< altern + -ire.] To cause to follow alternately; alternate. [Rare.] A tete-a-tete, alternized with a trio by my son. Mine. D'Arblay, Diary, VII. 355. Althaea (al-the'S), re. [L., < Gr. aWaia, wild mallow, marsh-mallow ; perhaps related to ak- dahciv, heal, and to Skt. Nardil, thrive.] 1. A genus of plants, of the natural order Malva- ceae, including the hollyhock, A. rosea, and the marsh-mallow, A. officinalis. — 2. [I.e.] A com- mon name of the Hibiscus Syriacus, cultivated in gardens. Also called shrubby althaea and rose of Sharon. althein (al-the'in), re. [< Althaea + -i«2.] A white crystallizable substance, formula C 4 H 8 N 2 3 , contained in the root of the marsh-mal- low, Althaea officinalis, and of asparagus: iden- tical with asparagin (which see). althert, a. Same as alder 3 . Althing (al'ting), re. [Icel., formerly althingi, the general assembly, < allr, all, + thing, court: see all and tiling.'] The general assem- bly or parliament of Iceland. Althingman (al'ting-man), n. : pi. Altliingmen (-men). [< Althing + num.] A member of the Althing or parliament of Iceland. alt-horn (alt'horn), re. [< alt + horn: see alt.] A musical instrument of the sax-horn class, often used in place of or with the French horn in military bands. 11 161 although (al-THd'), conj. [ME. al though, al tliali, etc.; < all, adv., in the sense of 'even,' + though : see nil. adv., and though. Cf. albe- it.] Admitting that ; in spite of the fact that ; notwithstanding (that) : though. = syn. Although, Though, Notwithstanding. Between although and though the choice ia of ten determined by the rhythm. Notwith standing [aya more stress than the others upon the adver- sative idea implied in concessive clauses. Although I have cast them far off among the heathen, and although I have scattered them among the countries, yei will 1 lie to them as a little sanctuary in the countries where they shall come. Ezek. xi. 10. A si parable spite, Which though it alter not love's sole effect, Vet doth it steal sweet hours from love's delight. Shah., Sonnets, wwi. Come, come, Sir Peter, you love her, notwithstanding your tempers don't cxactl.t agree. Sheridan, School for Scandal, i. 2. (This use of notwithstanding is commonly regarded as too elliptical ; it is, therefore, not so common as formerly. See notwithstanding.] Altica (al'ti-ka), re. See Haltica. alticomous (al'-tik'o-mus), a. [< LL. alticomus, having leaves high'up, or on the top, < L. altus, high, 4- coma, head of hair, foliage : see coma 1 .] • In bot., having leaves on the higher parts only. Slid. Soc. Lex. altify(al'ti-fi), v. t. [ Sp. alucon i of LL. alliens, a diff. reading of uluous, said by Ser\ ins to lie :i popular nam piiv. to alula, an owl. Hence (< LL. alucus) appar. It. alocco, "I locco, dial, oloch, an owl, a dunce, dolt ; cf . It. Alula (the shaded part in the figure 162 dial, locco, loucch, a dunce, Sp. loco, a madman, loco, adj., = Pg. touco, Pr. locou, mad.] 1. The specific name of a kind of owl. Slri.r or Si/rniiim aluco, the European tawny owl. — 2. leap.] A name of a genus of owls, now usually applied to the genus of barn-owls taken as typical of tin family Aluconidce. The common barn-owl of the old world is Aluco Jlanniii us ; that of Amer- ica is -i. pratineola. See cut under bain-mcl. — 3. leap.] A genus of gastropods. Link, 1807. Aluconidae (al-u-kon'i-de), ii. pi. [NL., < Alu- en(u-) + -ida\] A family of owls, consisting of those known as barn-owls. See barn-owl. They differ from all others in having the sternum entire and simply emarginate behind, with the finculum aukylosed to its keel, the middle claw somewhat pectinate, and tbe facial disk complete and triangular. The family consists of the genera Aluco and Phoduus. See Strigidos. Aluconinae (al"u-ko-ni'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Aiu- co(n-) + -inic] The Alucomdce, as a subfamily of Strigidos. aluder(al'u-del), n. [< OF. aludel, alutel, < Sp. aludel, < Ar. al-utlial, < al, the, + uthal, prob. for itltdl, pi. of athla, utensil, apparatus.] In chem., a name given to one of a number of pear- shaped glasses or earthen pots, used in subli- mation, resembling somewhat the ancient alem- bic, and open at both ends so that they can be fit t ed together in a series. The name has also been given to any prolonged chimney or tube of glass or earth- enware consisting of mere than one piece. aludel-furnace (al'u-del-fer"nas), n. A fur- nace for the reduction of mercurial ores. It con- sists of a cylindrical shaft divided by an arch into two chambers, the lower serving as a furnace and the upper receiving the ore. The mercurial vapors from the latter pass through rows of aludels, in which it is condensed and w hence it is delivered into a reservoir, alula (al'u-la), n.; pi. alulec (-le). [NL., dim. of ala, wing: see aisle.'} 1 In ornith., the winglet, bastard wing, or ala spuria of a bird; the packet of small feathers which grows upon the so-called thumb of a bird's wing. The feathers are rather stiff, resembling primaries to some extent, but always smaller, and contribute to the smooth- ness and evenness of the border of the wing. 2. In entom. : (a) The small membranous ap- pendage or scale situated at the base of each wing of many dipterous insects, above the hal- teres or poisers. (b) A similar appendage be- neath each elytron of some water-beetles. Also called alulet and cueilleron. In certain water beetles (Dytiscidie) a pair of alulce, or winglets, are developed at the inner angle of the elytra. Encyc. Brit., VI. 127. alular (al'u-lar), a. Of or pertaining to an alula. alulet (al'u-let), ». [< alula + -et.] In extern., same as alula, 2. alum (al'um), n. [Early mod. E. often allum, nlriii, iili/in, Pol. alun (barred I), Sloven, alun =Kuss. galunit — Lith. alunas), < L. alumen, alum; of unknown origin.] The general name of a class of double sulphates formed by the union of aluminium, iron, chro- mium, or manganese sulphate with the sul- phate of some other metal, commonly an alka- line metal or ammonium. Co n or potash alum has the formula a.i.so,!: | K ..si i , | 24H 2 0. It is pro- duced by mixing concentrated solutions of potassium sulphate and crude aluminium sulphate The double salt at once crystallizes in oetabedrons. Alum is soluble in water, has a sweetish-sour taste, reddens litmus, and is a powerful astringent, in medicine it is used inter- nally as an astringent, externally as a styptie applied to severed blood-vessels. In tbe arts it is used as a mor- dant in dyeing, and extensively in other ways. When mixed in small am t with inferior grades of Hour, it is said to whiten them in tbe process of bread-making, but its effect on the system is injurious. Alum Shale, an- other name for iihim slate, including especially its more shaly varieties.— Alum slate, a variety Of clay slate con- taining mine or ieas carbonaceous material (remains of Beaweeds, etc), with which is associated an easily de- composed and frequently 'lining com] nd of sulphur and iron Onaii. i id i I he decomposition of this sub- stance gives rise to an efflorescence oi alum, usually potash alum, which is a compound of potassium sulphate and aluminium sulphate.— Burnt alum, alum fr which thewaterol crystallization has been driven ofl by heat, Also called dried alum alumen exsiccatum. — Concen- trated alum, normal aluminium sulphate, Al^so,).,, which is prepared on a large si de by treating roa i< d - in with ,-il of vitriol, and crystallizing out the sulphate form- ed. It is largely used in dyeing. Abe called filial alum. — Cubic alum, or basic alum, the mineral alum stone. — Earth of alum. Seeeartft, Roman alum, ■■< variety of potash alum prepared from the mineral alum-stone, of special value to dyers, since it contains no soluble Iron salts. Also called ruck-alum and rochc-alum. aluminium alum (al'um), r. t. [< alum, n.] To steep in or impregnate with a solution of alum. let silk dyeing anotta is largely used, yielding bright lustrous shades; by aluming the silk is considered to take the dye better. O'lveiU, Dyeing and Calico Printing, p. 67. alum-battery (al'uin-bat"e-ri), n. A galvanic battery employing a solution of alum as the exciting liquid. Alumbrado (a-lBm-hra'do), n. [Sp., formerly iiliiiiihriiiln. pp. of alumbrar, formerly alombrar. enlighten, illuminate. < ML. "alluminare: see (illumine, and cf. illuminate, Illuminati.] One of a sect of Illuminati, or Perfectionists, which existed in Spain in the sixteenth century, bu' was suppressed by the Inquisition. Also spella Alombrado. alum-earth (al'tvm-erth), n. A massive variet; of alum-stone (which see). alumin, illumine (al'u-min), re. Same as alu- mina. alumina (a-lu'ini-na), n. [NL., < L. alumen (alumin-): see alum?] The oxid of aluminium, AI9O3, the most abundant of the earths, it is widely diffused over the globe in the shape of clay, loam, and other similar substances; corundum, in its varieties adamantine spar, the ruby, and sapphire, is alumina nearly pure and crystallized. In these forms alumina is, next to the diamond, the hardest substance known. Its great value in the arts depends on its affinity for vegetable coloring matters and animal fiber. It forms the base el the lakes in dyeing, and acts also as a mordant. United with silica it is extensively used in tile manufacture of all kinds of pot- tery and porcelain-ware, crucibles, mortar, and cements. aluminate (a-lu'mi-nat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. illuminated, ppr. aluminating. [< L. alumiiintiis, pp. adj., < alumen (alumin-): see alum.'] To treat or impregnate with alum ; specifically, in printing engravings, to wash (the paper) with aliun-water to prevent the running of the lines. aluminate (a-lu'mi-nat ), ». [< alumina + -ate 1 .] A salt in which alumiua acts toward the stronger bases as an acid. Sodium aluminate is used as a mordant. The mineral spinel is a magnesium aluminate. aluminic (al-ii-min'ik), a. [< aluminium + -i'c] Relating to or containing aluminium. aluminiferous (a-lu-mi-nif 'e-rus), a. [< L. alu- men (alumin-), alum, + ferrc = E. bear 1 .] Con- taining or yielding alum, alumina, or alumin- ium. aluminiform (al-u-min'i-form), a. [< L. "lu- men, (edumin-), alum, + -formis, (.forma, form.] Having the form of alum, alumina, or alumin- ium. aluminite (a-lu'mi-nit), n. [< alumina + -its 2 .] Hydrous sulphate of aluminium, a mineral that occurs in small roundish or reniform masses. Its color is snow-white or yellowish-white. aluminium (al-u-miu'i-um), n. [NL. (> F. alu- miiie, > E. alumin), < L. alumen (-min-), alum (see alum), + -non, as in sodium, potassium, etc.; first proposed by Sir H. Davy, the discoverer of the metal, in the form alumium and then aluminum.] Chemical symbol Al; atomic weight 27.1. A metal of silver-white color and brilliant luster, about as hard as zinc, very malleable and duc- tile, highly sonorous, and a good conductor of heat and electricity. Its most remarkable character is its low specific gravity (2.56), which is about one third that of iron and icss than that of marble. It does not tarnish in tbe air, and even in a molten state does not oxidize; its melting-point is somewhat lower than that of silver. Aluminium in combination with oxygen (AI2O3) forms the common earth alumina, which exists in nature as the mineral corundum, of which the ruby, sapphire, and emery are varieties ; tbe hvdrateil sesipiioxid exists 119 the minerals diaspore, gibbsite, and bauxite. Alumina also enters into the compositi fa very large number of minerals, the most important of which arc the feldspars. From the decomposition of these, clay (kaolin, etc.) is produced, which is essentially a hydrated silicate of alu- minium. Among other important minerals containing aluminium are the silicates andalusite, cyanite, nhi topaz, and all of the zeolites; tbe fluoride of aluminium and sodium, cryolite, from which the metal is reduoed; tic oxid of aluminium and magnesium, spinel; the sul- phates aluminite, alum-stone, the alums, etc. ; the phos- phates turquoise, lazulite, etc. ; the carbonate dawsonite, and many others, ft is estimated that in its variouB com* pounds aluminium forms about one twelfth of the crust of the earth. In consei|Ueiiec of its very low specific gravity, freedom from tarnish, non-poisonous ((utilities, and ease ..f working, aluminium is a most valuable metal. and would be extensively used if it Were not for tin I 081 of separating it from the combinations in which it occur! in nature. It is used, however, to a limited extent by itself and in alloys for physical apparatus and other arti- cles in which lightness and great strength are ncci The cap of the VVashingt nument, which forms the tip of its lightning rod, is a pyramidal mass of aluminium weighing looouiiees. Also written aluminum. — Alumin- ium bronze, an alloy of i> parts of copper with 1 of aluminium. It resembles gold in luster and color, and is ns,d as a cheap Imitation "I tied metal. Unlike gold, however, it gradually tarnishes on exposure to the air. It is much used in cheap jewelry and ornamental work, and also for a great variety of industrial purposes, espe- cially for bearings in machinery. Aluminium silver, a ie it : aluminium compound formed by the addition of a small amount of silver to aluminium. It is said that :i per cent, of silver is sufficient to give to aluminium the color and brilliancy of pure silver, over which it has the great advantage of not being tarnished by sulphureted hydrogen. Alumin- ium solder, an alloy of gold, silver, copper, an. I, for soft solder, a little zinc : used in soldering aluminium bronze. aluminose (a-lu'mi-nos), a. Satno as alumi- nous. aluminous (a-lii'mi-nus), a. [< L. aluminosus, < alumen (-min-), alum: see alum.] Pertain- ing to, containing, or having the properties of alum or alumina: as, aluminous minerals or waters. aluminum (a-lu'mi-num), n. Same as alumin- ium. alumish (al'um-ish), a. [< alum + -ish 1 .] Hav- ing the nature of alum; somewhat resembling alum. alumna (a-lum'na), n. ; pi. alumruc (-ne). [L., a foster-daughter, fem. of alumnus: see alum- nus.'] A female pupil or graduate of any edu- cational institution. alumnal (a-lum'nal), a. Belonging or pertain- ing to alumni or aiumnfe. At the request of the Alumnal Association of Colleges, arrangements have been made whereby college graduates can avail themselves of advanced courses of study. Education, IV. 550. alumni, n. Plural of alumnus. alumniate (a-lum'ni-at), n. [Irreg. < alumnus + -ate 3 .] The period of pupilage. N. E. D. alumnus (a-lum'nus), n. ; pi. alumni (-ni). [L. alumnus, nem. alumna, a nursling, foster-child, pupil, disciple, orig. ppr. pass, (-uinnus = Gr. -6/urnr) of alere, nourish, nurse, foster: see aliment. Cf. alma mater.'] A pupil; one edu- cated at a school, seminary, college, or univer- sity ; specifically, a graduate of any such insti- tution. alum-rock (al'um-rok), n. Same as alum- stone. alum-root (arum-rot), n. A name given to the astringent root of several plants, as Heucliera Americana and Geranium maculalnm. alum-stone (al'urn-ston), n. The subsulphate of alumina and potash ; a mineral of a grayish- or yellowish-white color, often containing sil- ica as an impurity, first found at Tolfa in Italy. Also called alum-rock and alunite. alunite (al'u-nlt), n. [< P. alun, alum, + -ite%.] Same as alum-stone. alunogen (a-lu'no-jen), n. [< F. alun, alum, 4- ■gen, producing: see -gen.] Native aluminium sulphate, occurring in tine capillary fibers, and consisting of 36.05 parts of sulphuric acid, 15.40 of alumina, and 48.55 of water, it is found in vol- canic solfataras, in clays, in feldspathlc rocks containing pyrites, and as an efflorescence on the walls of mines and quarries. Also called hair-salt and feather-alum. aluret (al'ur), n. [< ME. alure, alour, alur, aler, < OF. edcor, aleoir, gallery, passage, alley (cf. OF. aleurc, alure, mod. F. allure, gait, pace), a certain vacant Bpace in the sarcode of a radiolarian, either within or without the capsule. Pascoe. (c) A cell or pit in certain h.ssils, as in in alveolite. (J) One of the ultimate follicles..! a rao mosegland. See acinus, 2 (by. (g) One of the five hollow cuneate calcareous dentigerous pieces which enter into the composition of the complex dentary apparatus or oral skeleton of a sea-urchin. See lantern of Aristotle (under tantern),and cuts under clypeastrid and' Echinoid. a Alveopora (al-ve-o-po'rS), n. [NL.,< L. alveus, belly, + porus, a pore : see alveus and pore.] The typical genus of Alveoporina. Alveoporinse (al-ve-6-po-ri'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Alveopora + -ina:] A subfamily of perforate madreporarian corals, of the family J'oritiila; typified by the genus Alveopora. See I 'or i lulu: alveus (al've-us), )t.; pi. alni (-i). [L., a hollow vessel, basket, trough, hold of a vessel, beehive, bath-tub, channel of a river, etc., < alms, the belly, the stomach, bowels, womb, etc.] In anat. : (a) A tube or canal through which some fluid flows; especially, the larger part of such a tube, as the duet conveying the chyle to the subclavian vein. Specifically — (1) The utricle of the membranous labyrinth of the ear. (2) The combined utricle and saccule of the ear as seen in birds, (b) The superficial ventricular layer of medullary substance in the brain cover- ing the hippocampus major. alvine (al'vin, -vin), a. [= F. alvin, < L. alms, the belly.] Belonging to the belly or intestines ; relating to or consisting of intestinal excre- ments — Alvine concretion, a calculus formed in the stomach or intestines.— Alvine dejections, alvine evac- uations, discharges from the bowels; fees. [The word is now scarcely used, except in these or similar phrases.] alway (til'wa), adv. [< ME. alivay, altraye, allc- waye, al ivey, alle wey, al ivei, earlier aluc wei, < AS. ealne tveg, sometimes contr. to ealneg, all the time, lit. all the way: ealne, ace. of eal. mil, all; weg, ace. of ivcg, way. Now superseded by always, q. v. Cf. algate, and It. tutta via = Sp. todas vias, always; from L. tota, fem. of totus, all, and via, way.] Same as always: now only used poetically. Mephibosheth . . . shall eat bread alway at mv table. 2 Sam. ix. 10. Hard by a poplar shook iilnny. All silver-green with gnarled hark. Tennyson, Mariana. always (al'wiiz), adv. [< ME. alwayes, aiwaies, allctreyis. nil' in is. idles in is. an adverbial gen., appar. orig. distrib., as distinguished from the comprehensive ace. form, but the distinction was soon lost: see alivay.] 1. All the time; throughout all time; uninterruptedly; continu- ally; perpetually; ever: as, God is always the same. F.v'n in heaven his [Mammon's] looks and thoughts Were always downward bent. Hilton, P. L. i. 6S1. Oncea poet, always a poet. 0. ir. Holmes, Emerson, xv. 2. Every time; at all recurring times; as often as occasion arises: as, he always comes home on Saturday. You always end ere you begin. Shak., T. G. of v., ii. 4. Alydina? (al-i-di'ne). n. pi. [NL., < Alydus + -ina.] A subfamily of Coreicke, typified by the genus Alydus, containing insects of moderately narrow form, with a somewhat conical head contracted behind the eyes, the last antennal joint enlarged, and the hind femora spinous and thickened toward the end. Species ef such genera as Alydus, Tollius, and Megalotomus are numer- ous in must parts of America. Also written Alydina. Coreidce. Alydus (al'i-dus), n. [NL.] A genus of het- eropterous insects, of the family fonnlir. typi- cal of the subfamily Alydina;. alyiiedt, p. a. [ME. (occurs once), < L. allinere, aillinerc, besmear. < ad, to, + linere, smear: see liniment.] Anointed. Alysia (a-lis'i-a), «. [NL., < Gr. alvaic, a chain, prob. for "aAvcig, < d/luroc, continuous, unbroken, Alysia < a- priv. + Avroc, verbal adj. of liciv, loose.] 1. Agenusof hyuienopterous insects, belonging to the series Pupivora or Sjaculifica. and to the family Braconidiv (the Ielua umotu sadsciti). The species, as A. manducator, are parasitic in the larva? of other insects. — 2. A genus of scopeline fishes. — 3. A genus of lepidopterous insects. alysm (al'izm). n. [< Gr. aAvapdc, anguish, disquiet, esp. of sick persons, < aMiecv or tMeiv, wander in mind, be ill at ease, distraught, weary, = L. alu-ciuaci. wander in mind: see hallucina- tion.} In patlml., restlessness or disquiet ex- hibited by a sick person. alysson (a-lis'on), ». [L. : see Alyssim.] A plant of the genus Alyssum. Also spelled alison, alisson. Alyssum (a-lis'um), n. [NL. alyssum, L. alys- son (Pliny), < Gr. a'/vaaov, a plant used to check hiccup: referred to Ai\eiv, to hiccup, or other- wise to neut. of a'Avaaoc, curing (canine) mad- ness, ) Oianno mundi, in the year of the world: used in some systems of chronology, (c) i n ,niii mi ruin 111. before i □ : as, the party will start at 10 A. M. (also written a. m. or a. m.). Frequently used a- synonymous ■with morning or forenoon: as, [ ai i this A. M. (pro- i , that is, this morning or forenoon. ama (a'ma), re. (I... more correctly hama, < i , p. "///,. a water Bucket ■ ■ pail, / aam, q. v. | In the early Christian church, a large vessel in which wine for the cucharisl was mixed before consecration and kept when consecrated until poured into the jsels for service at the altar or for removal. Sec ampulla, 2, and CTUi t. of precious metal in the weall hii c hi and oi basei material In others. No spi i i vn to exl t. Also written ha m amabilityt (am-a-bil'i-ti), re. [= P. amabiliU ' i| . an nihil i, i, < L. amabilita(t-)s, < amabilis, lovely, lovable, < amare, love: sec a mac. A diff. word, etymoloL'ically. from amiability, q. v.] Lovableness ; amiability. Ho rules can make amabiltiy. 164 amacratic (ara-a-krat'ik), a. [Prop, hama- cratic, < Gr. apaj' together (akin to E. same), + Kparoq, power, akin to E. hard.'] Same as atna- sthenic. Sic J. Herschel. amadavat (am'a-da-vaf), n. [An E. Ind. name, appearing in various other forms, ama- ilacail. amaihiciul (sometimes Latinized as ama- ilacailaa ), acadacat, and sometimes amaialahal. Orig. brought to Europe from Amadabad in Guzerat. Cf. Amadiua, amandava.] A small conirostral granivorous finch-like bird, of the order I'asseres, suborder Oseines, family Ploa i- dce, subfamily Spermcstinw ; the Estrilda aman- ilaca, a native of India, and one of the common- est exotic cage-birds, it is imported into Europe and the United States in large numbers, and is sometimes called strawberry-finch by the dealers. It forms the type of one of the numerous subgenera or sections of the large genus Estrilda, which contains species of small size and gener- ally brilliant or varied culms, belonging to the same family as the weavers and whidah-birds. It is about 5 inches long, with a coral-red beak, and red-and-black plumage spotted with pearly white. Other forms are avadavat and a unci tiritde. amadelphous(am-a-del'fus), a. [Prop. *hama- delphous, < Gr. apa, together, + adeAchdc, bro- ther: see -adelphia.] Living in society or in flocks ; gregarious. Syd. Soc. Lex. Amadina (am-a-di'nii), n. [NL., < amad(avat) + -ina.] A genus of small conirostral birds, of the family Ploeeidw, subfamily SpermesUnm. it includes many species of Asia, Africa, etc. The species are mostly of brighter variegated colors, having thick conical bills adapted to their granivorous habits. Some are com- mon cage-birds and tine songsters. amadou (ani'a-do), n. [F., < amadoucc, coax, cajole, a word of disputed origin; perhaps < Dan. made, feed (= Icel. and Sw. mata, feed), < mad, food, = Sw. mat = Icel. ?«a(r = E. mt at, food. Cf. L. esca, (1) food, (2) bait, in ML. also (3) tinder, > It. esca, in same senses, = Sp. yesca, tinder, fuel, incitement, = OF. echc, esehe, mod. F. eche, aielic, bait; It. adeseare, bait, allure, en- tice, inveigle. Cf. also the E. phrase to coax a fire (thatdoesnot burn readily).] Asoftspongy substance, consisting of the more solid portion of a fungus {Polyporus fomentarius and other species found growing on forest-trees), steeped in a solution of saltpeter. Amadou has been suc- cessfully employed in surgery as a styptic, and in the form of punk it is used as a port-tire (which see). Also called black-match. j>i/ri >li rli n iri it spiuiiri-, and German tinder. amaduvade (am'a-do-vad'), n. Same as ama- dacat. P. L. Sciatic. amafroset, «• [< OF. amafrose (Cotgrave) for amavrose for amaurose, < NL. amaurosis, q. v.] An old form of amaurosis. Sylvester ; Bailey. amah (am'ii), n. [Anglo-Ind., < Pg. ama, anurse. In the dialects of southern India, Telugu, etc., amma means 'mother,' and is affixed to the names of women in general, as a respectful term of address : see amma.] 1. A nurse ; espe- cially, a wet-nurse. — 2. A lady's-maid ; a maid- servant. [A word in general use among Euro- peans in India and the East.] If [a man setting up housekeeping is] married, an Amah or female servant is required ill addition (to the servants already enumerated], while an establishment including a number of children requires at least two more. W. F. Mayers, Treaty Ports of China and Japan, p. 24. amain 1 (a-man'), ]cccp. jilir. as adc. [< a$ + miiiiA. force: see main 1 .] With force, strength, or violence; violently; furiously; suddenly; at full speed; hastily. [lie] comes on amain, speed in his look. Milton, s. A., 1. 1304. The soul strives amain to live and work through all things. Emcrxun, Compensation. Smote aiiiilin the hollow oak-tree. Longfellow, Hiawatha, xvii. To let go or strike amain (naut.% to lot fall or lower quickly or suddenly : but see amain-. amain-'t (a-man'), v. [Early mod. E. also amayne, ameyne, < OF. amener, mod. P. amener, bring to, conduct, induce ; naut., haul : arm tu r hs voiles, strike sail, amener pavilion, or simply amener, strike flag, surrender; < a- (< L. ad, to; -I- mi inc. lead, conduct, < LL. minare, drive, L. do | ioi lent iii i unci, threaten, menace : see menace. Cf. amenable.] I. trans. 1. To lead; luct; manage. That his majesty may have VtitameyninQ of the mutters. Quoted in Strype, Ecel. Mem., 11. 418. (A. ;•:. D.) 2. To lower (a sail), especially the topsail. II, called to us to a/maine our B&iles, which we could nol well doe. /.'. Hawkins, Voyage to smith Sea. When you lei anything downe into the Howie, lowering ii bydegreeE thej ay, Amaine; and being downe, Strike, . . . When you would lower a yard so last as you can, they call -t main* Jer. Taylor. Smith, Si aman's Gram., vii. 33, ix. 40. (N. E. D.) amalgamate tin such use the imperative of the verb would easily be confused with the imperative phrase or adverb amain; hence, to let go or strike amain. See flmatul.] 3. To lower ; abate. II. intrans. To lower the topsail or one's flag, in token of yielding ; yield ; surrender. amaist (a-masf), adv. [= E. almost, dial. amost.] "Almost. [Scotch.] amaldar (am'al-dar), n. [< Hind. Pers. amalr i/ac. a manager, agent, governor of a district, collector of revenue, < Ar. 'amal, work, busi- ness, affairs, collection of revenue, etc., + Pers. ilac. (in comp.) one who holds, possesses, man- ages, etc.] In India, a governor of a province under the Mohammedan ride. Also written amildar. Tippu had been a merchant as well as a prince ; and during his reign be tilled his warehouses with a vast va- riety of goods, which the Amildars, or governors of prov- inces, were expected to sell to the richer inhabitants at prices tar in excess of their real value. J. T. Wheeler, Short Hist. India, p. 413. Amalfitan (a-mal'fi-tan), a. [< ML. Amatftta- iius, < Amalfi, in Italy.] Pertaining to Arualii, a seaport town of Italy. Also spelled Amalphi- tan — Amalfitan code (ML. tabula Amalfitana), the oldest e\istiiiL. r code of maritime law, compiled about the time of the first crusade by the authorities of Amalfi, which city then possessed considerable commerce and maritime power. amalgam (a-mal'gam), re. [< ME. amalgame, malijam (also as ML.), < OF. amalgame, mod. F. amalgame = Sp. Pg. It. amalgama = ML. amal- yama, sometimes altjamala, supposed to be a perversion (perhaps through Ar., with Ar. art. al) of L. malagma, < Gr. paAaypa, an emollient, poultice, any soft mass, < paAaocciv, soften, < paAanos, soft, akin to L. mollis, soft : see moll, mollify, emollient, etc.] 1. A compound of mercury or quicksilver with another metal; any metallic alloy of which mercury forms an essential constituent part. Amalgams are used for a great variety of purposes, as for cold-tinning, water- gilding, and water-silvering, for coating the zinc plates of a battery, and for the protection of metals from oxidation. A native amalgam of mercury and silver is found in iso- metric crystals in the mines of Obermoschel in Bavaria, and in Hungary, Norway, Sweden, Chili, etc. 2. Figuratively, a mixture or compound of dif- ferent things Amalgam gilding, a method of gild- ing in which the metal to be coated is first cleaned, then rubbed with a solution of nitrate of mercury, and covered with a film of an amalgam of 1 part of gold with S parts of mercury. Heat volatilizes the mercury and leaves the gold adhering to the surface. — Amalgam retort, an iron retort having a convex lid, luted at the edges, and held by a key or wedge pressed between its crown and the bail.— Amalgam silvering, a process similar to that of amalgam gilding (which see), in which is used an amal- gam of 1 part of silver with s parts of mercury.— Amal- gam varnish, an amalgam consisting of 1 part of mer- cury, 1 of bismuth, and 4 of tin, mixed with white of eggs or w ith varnish. amalgamt (a-mal'gani), v. [< ME. amalgamen; from the noun.] I. trans. To mix, as metals, by amalgamation ; amalgamate. Some three ounces . . . of Gold, t' amalgame with some six of Mercury. B. Jonson, Alchemist (1040), ii. 3. II. intrans. To become amalgamated. Quicksilver easily amalgams with metals. Boyle, Works, I. 689 amalgama (a-mal'ga-ma), h. [ML.: see amal- gam, n.] Same as amalgam. They have divided this their amalgama into a number of . . . republics. Uurkc, Rev. in France. amalgamable (a-mal'ga-ma-bl), , from, of, often used, as here, in designations of office; manu, abl. of ma mis, hand (see manual); servus, servant (see serf, 165 servant).] A person whoso employment is to write what another dictates, or to copy what has been written by another. I had not that happy leisure ; no amannensi., 1 . no assist- ants. Burton, Anat. of Mel. (To the Reader). Amara (am'a-rii), n. [NL., fern. (of. Amarus, m., a genus of hemipterous insects), said to be < Gr. a- priv. + -\/ *[iap, redupl. jiapuaipuv, shine.] Ground-beetle (Amara obesa"). a, larva : rf. under side of one of the middle joints ; e, the head be- neath ; /, lee ; £■, anal cerci and proleg from side ; *, pupa ; c, beetle ; A, h, natural sizes. A genus of Carabida; or ground-beetles, of the subfamily Harpalincc, more readily distin- guished by their general appearance than by conspicuous structural characters. A vast num- ber of species, mainly of the arctic and temperate zones, constitute this genus. They are all of medium size, more or less oblong-oval in form, and mostly hronze-colored, rarely brown or black with a greenish tinge. They are to be found under moss, stones, clods, etc. In the imago state they are partly herbivorous, while their larva} are strictly carnivorous, those of A. obesa feeding on locusts' eggs. amaracus (a-mar'a-kus), n. [L., also amara- cum (>ME. amarac), < Gr. apapanot;, also auapa- kov, a certain plant. The Greek species was prob. a bulbous plant ; the foreign, called Persian or Egyptian, answers to marjoram.] Marjoram. And at their feet the crocus brake like fire, Violet, amaracus, and asphodel, Lotos and lilies. Tennyson, (Enone. amarant (am'a-rant), n. See amaranth. Amarantaceae (am"a-ran-ta'se-e), n. pi. [NL., fern. pi. of amarantaceus: see amarantaceous.] A natural order of apetalous herbaceous weedy plants, with inconspicuous, mostly scarious- bracted, flowers. They arc of little or no value, though some species are cultivated on account of the bright-col- ored bracts of the densely clustered blooms, chiefly of the genera Amarantus, Cfomphrena, Iresine, and Alternan- them. Also written Amaranthacece. amarantaceous (am"a-ran-ta'shius), a. [< NL. amarantaceus, < L. amarantus: see amaranth and -aecotis.] In hot., of or pertaining to the Amarantacea: Also written amaranthaceous. In ISaG Duuker described . . . four species from Blank- enburg . . . which he believed To belong to . . . the Po]ygoii;icr:c. Zenker had divined that they might be amarantaceous. L. F. Ward, Amer. Jour. ScL, 3d ser., XXVII. 294. amaranth (am'a-ranth), n. [More correctly amarant, '>, den* and some other species are emetic. Species of agave are valuable as fiber-plants, amaryllidaceous (am-a-ril-i-da'slyius), a. [< Amaryllis (-id-) + -accous.] Of or pertaining to the Amaryllidacew. amaryllideous (am-a-ril'i-de-us), a. [< amaryl- lid + -cutis, < L. -cits.] Relating to or having the nature of an amaryllid, or a plant of the or- der AmaryUidaceos ; amaryllidaceous. Amaryllis (am-a-nl'is), n. [NL., < L. Amaryl- lis, name of a shepherdess in Virgil, < fir. 'Apapv"/.?,lc, the same in Theocritus, prob. (withfem. dim. term. ) < a/iapvaoetv, sparkle, twinkle, glance, as the eye > ajjapvyfi, a sparkling, twinkling, glancing.] 1. A ge- nus of bulbous i da nl s, natural order Aina- rylliilaceit; with huge, bright-colored, lily- shaped flowers upon a stout scape. The belladonna lily. .-1. Bella- donna, from southern Af- rica, now regarded as the only Species, is Well known and has long been in cultivation. Many s] placed in this genus are now referred to other genera, those of the old world to I'riin/ni, Lyeoris, Brunsvigia, Nei etc., the American to Ze&hyranthes and Sprekelia. 2. [I. c] A plant of this genus. — 3. In zobl., a genus of crustaceans. Belladonna Lily {Amaryllis Hclladonna). amass amass (a-mas'), v. t. [< F. amasser, < ML. amassare, < L. t • se. > E. mass 2 , q.. v.] To collect into a mass or heap; briug together a great amount, quan- tity, or number of: as, to amass a fortune. l"„ his youth Comtewas an insatiable reader, and be- fore he began the work of constructing thi Positive Phi- losophy he had amaesedvast stores ol learning in a ai every department of knowledge. ' * j. Fiske, Cos. Phil., L 136. amasst fa-mas'), ». [< OF. amasse, F. .«»"•*: fro,,, the verb.] An assemblage, a heap, or an accumulation. This pillar is nothing in effectbut a medley or an of all in-- precedent ornaments. ITotton, Beliquue, p. 26. amassable (a-mas'a-bl), «. [< amass + -able.] Capable of being amassed. amasser (a-mas'er), «. One who amasses or accumulates. . , amassette (am-a-sef), n. [F. (dim. form), < amasser, amass, collect: see awoss, v.] An in- strument, usually of horn, like a palette-knife or spatula, with which in the preparation of pigments the colors used in painting are col- lected and scraped together on the stone during the process of grinding them with the muller. Also written amazette. amassment (a-mas'ment), n. The act of amass- ing; a heap collected; a great quantity or num- ber brought together; an accumulation. An amassment of imaginary conceptions. ... Glanedle, Seep. feci., ml Amasta (a-mas'ta), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. of amastus, < Gr. auaarog, without breasts, < a- priv + uaardc, breast.] Nippleless mammals: a term applied to the monotremes or eloacal oviparous mammals, which, though provided with mammary glands, have no nipples. amastheniC (am-as-then'ik), a. [Prop. *''""'"- sthenic, < Gr. aua, together, + cdevoc, strength..] Uniting the chemical rays of light in a focus: said of a lens. Also amacraUe. amateH (a-maf), v. t. [< a- (expletive) + mate 1 , v.] "To accompany; entertain as a com- panion ; be a fellow or mate to. A lovely bevy of faire Ladies sate, i , lurted of many a jolly Paramoure, Tin- which them did in modest wise amah: Spenser, F. Q., II. ix. U. amate 2 t (a-maf), «• *■ [< ME. amaten < OF. (imatir, daunt, subdue, enfeeble, etc. (= It. am- mattire), < a- (L. ad, to) + math; mater (m same senses as amaUr), > E. mate, enfeeble : see » W te2.] To terrify; perplex; daunt; subdue. tiioii the wall the Pagans old and young Stood hush'd and still, amated and amazd. Fairfax, tr. of Tasso, xt. 12. My lord, hath love amaled him whose thoughts Have ever been heroical and brave? Greene, Orlando Furioso. amaterialistiC (a-ma-te''ri-a-lis'tik) a. [< Gr. d- priv. (((- 18 ) + materialistic.] Opposed to materialism, or to materialistic philosophy. It is intensely amaterialistic for us to speak of the ta- ble (that is, of any table) as if it had some objective exist- ence, independent of a .cognizing mind rYYV t qq J. Fiske, in N. A. Rev., CAAVl. .«. amateur (am'a-tur or am-a-tur', often as F., the word being of recent introduction — about 1 V.st — am-a-ter'), n. and a. [F., = Pr. amatour = Sp. Pg. amador = It. amatore, a lover, an amateur, < L. amatorem, ace. of amalor lover, < amare, pp. amatus, love ^ see amor. J I. « ie win 166 Thev said it [a book] was amateurish, that, it was in a falsetto key. The Century, \w I 286. amateurishness (am-a-tur'- or am-a-ter'ish- ues ' a. The qualitv of being amateurish. amateurism (am'a-tur-izm or am-a-ter'izm), n [< amateur + -ism.} The practice ot any art, occupation, game, etc., as a pastime or an accomplishment, and not as a profession; the quality of being an amateur. amateiirship (am'a-tur- or am-a-ter ship), ». [< ama teur + -ship.] The character or position of an amateur. Wearied with tlie frigid pleasures (so he called them) of mere smIi urship. l>e Qmmxy, Murder as a lone Art. amatito (am-a-te'to), n. [Prop. "amaUta, < It. amaUta, lead' or chalk for pencils, prop, hema- tite, < L. ha-matites, hematite: see hematite.} A pigment of a deep-red color prepared from hematite, and formerly much used in fresco- painting. Audsley. amative (am'a-tiv), a. [= It. amaUvo, < L,. as if "(inmliriis, < tun, ire, pp. amatns, love: see amor.'] Full of love; amorous; amatory; dis- posed or disposing to love. amativeness (amVtiv-nes), ». The propen- sity to love, or to the gratification of the sex- ual passions. The term is used byphrenologista to designate the supposed localizati. f this propensity in the hind part of the brain. See cut undei phr logy. amatorial (am-a-to'ri-al), a. [< L. amatonus (see amatory) + -al.] Of or pertaining to love or lovers; amatory: as, amatorial verses. Tales of love and chivalry, amatorial: sonnets. T. Warton, Hist. Eng. Poetry. A small quantity of passion, dexterously meted out, may be ample to inspire an amatorial- poet I. D' Israeli, Amen, of Lit., I. 35b. Amatorial muscles, the oblique muscles of the eye: so called from their fancied importance in ogling. amatorially (am-a-to'ri-al-i), adv. In an ama- torial manner; by way of love. _ amatorian (am-a-to'ri-an), a. Pertaining to love; amatorial. [Rare.] Horace's lusory or amatorian odes. Johnson, Lives of Poets (Edmund Smith). amatorio (a-ma-to'ri-6), n. ; pi. amatorii (-e). lit < L. amatonus: see amatory.] A deco- rated vase, dish, bowl, or plate, intended or suitable for a love-gift ; specifically, a piece of majolica painted with the portrait ol a lady and bearing a complimentary inscription. amatorioust (am-a-to'ri-us), a. [< L. amato- rius : see amatory.] Pertaining to love The vain, amatorioV poem of Sir Philip Sitoe/a " Ar- ,. .. Milton, Elkonoklasie;,. 1. One who admires; an admirer; a lover, gh, remained an Impassioned amateur of musical ge- nius in others. BowelU, A Modem Instance. 2. < >ne who has an especial love for any art, study, or pursuit, but does not practise it.— 3. Most commonly, one who cultivates any study or art from taste or attachment, withoul pur- suing it professionally or with a view to gain: often used of one who pursues as1u.lv or an art In a desultory, unskilful, or non-professional way —4. Specifically, in sporting and athletics, „,, athlete who has never competed in a. match open to all comers, or for a stake, or Eor public money, or for gate-money, or under a false i '. or with a professional for a prize, and has never taught or pursued athletic exercises :,. : , ,,,, :i,i, .,1 -u], port. II. a. Pertaining to or having the cnan of an amateur: as, am a teur work; an amateur amateurish (am-a-tur'ish or am-a-ter'ish), a. [< amateur + -isliX.] Pertaining to 01 | teristic of an amateur: having the faults or deficiencies of an amateur or a non-profes- sional. A condescending, amatcurixh way. A Uickciui, Our Mutual I riend amatory (am'a-td-ri), a. [i Ft 2. A mineralized pale-yellow, sometimes red- dish or brownish, resin of extinct pine-trees, occurring in beds of lignite and in alluvial s.iils, but found in greatest abundance on the shores of the Baltic, between Konigsberg and Memel, where it is thrown up by the sea. it is a hard, translucent, brittle Bubstance, having a specific gravity of 1.07. It is without taste or smell, except win n heated : it then emits a fragrant odor. Its most remarkable quality is its capability of becoming negativel] electric bj fric- tion; indeed, the word electricity is derived from the Greek for amber, ijAexTpoc It sometimes contains remains oi extinct species of insects. It yields by distillation all einpyreiitiiatic oil consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons and succinic acid. It is now used chiefly for the mouth- pi© B& of pipes and tor beads, and in the arts for amber varnish, fn mineralogy it is called succinite. Artificial amber is for the most part colophony. 3. In the English versions of the Old Testa- ment (Ezek. i. 4, 27 ; viii. 2) used to translate the Hebrew word chashmal, a shining metal, rendered in the Septuagint elcl'tron, and in the Vulgate elcctrum. See eleotrum.—4. Liquid- ambar — Acid of amber. Same as succinic add.— Black amber, jet.— Fat amber, a valuable opaqui ber, in color resembling a lemon. — Oil of amber, a vola- tile oil distill, d from amber. When purr it is i colorless limpid liquid having a strong acid odor and burning taste. It is somewhat used in medicine as a stimulant and antispasmodic — Sweet amber, a popular name of a European species of St. John's wort, Hypericum Androsov- iii a hi. -White amber, spermaceti. amber Ti, (t. 1. Consisting of or resembling amber; of tho color of amber. What time the amber morn 1'orth gushes from beneath a Low-hung cloud. I yson, Ode to Memory. 2f. Having the odor of ambergris. An amber scent ol od is perfume 1 1 . r harbinger. Jfiiton, 3. A., 1. 720. Amber bronze, a decorative finish for iron Burfaei Amber cement. Bee a ment. Amber varnish, amber heated with linseed, or nut-oil, and thinned, when cool, with turpentine, it is verj Insoluble, hard, tough, and of a permanent color, whii h la - n< rallj too yellofl for work in delicate tints. It dries very Slowly, and forms an ex- cellent addition to copal varnishes, making them much harder and more durable, amber- (am'ber), v. t. If. To seent or flavor with amber or ambergris. Be sure 111. ■ wines he lusty, high, and full of spirit, And amber'd all. titan. and /■'/., Custom of Country, iii. 2. 2. To make amhcr-colorcii. X.V.I). — 3. To inclose in amber. A'. E. I). amber-fish (am'ber-nsh),«. [(.amber* +flsh, ) A fish of the family Carangidie and genus Seri- ola. There are several species. They have a fusiform contour, but with the snout more or less decurved, The 168 around, = Gr. Auipi (see amphi-) = Skt. ablti (for *S. '»/»«/ = OPries. iimbe=:OD. D. om = oIKi. umpi, itntbi, MUG. iniihi , (,. urn = Icel. limb, urn, around, on both sides (see um-); akin ambilevous II. n. 1. That which encompasses on all sides, as a sphere or the atmosphere. [Rare.] Air being a perpetual ambient. Wotion, Elem. Arehit., p. 7. 2t. A canvasser, a suitor, or an aspirant. X. K. 1). to L. atubo = Gr. a/itf>u, both.] A prefix of ambientes, n. Plural of ambiens. Latin origin, meaning around, round about, mi both sides: equivalent to amphi-, of Greek origin. ambidentate (am-bi-den'tat), a. [< LL. ambi- dens {-dent-), having (as noun, a sheep having) tooth in 1 Kith jaws (< L. ambi-, on both sides, + ib us {ib nl-) = E. tooth : see dental), + -ate.'] Having teeth in both jaws: applied by Dew- hurst to certain Cetacca, as porpoises and dol- phins. [Rare.] ambidexter (am-bi-deks'ter), a. and n. [ML., < L. ambi-, around, on both sides, + dexter, the right hand: see dexter. Cf. equiv. Gr. aptitdel-ioc, of the same ultimate origin.] I. a. 1. Able to use both hands with equal ease ; ambidex- trous. — 2. Double-dealing; deceitful; tricky. Syn. 1. Ambidexter, Amphicmral. See amphickiral. ambifarious (am-bi-fa'ri-us), a. [< LL. ambi farius, having two sides or meanings, < L. ambi-, on both sides, + -fa-riKS, < fori, speak. Cf. bifiirimis, multifarious.] Double, or that may be taken both ways. Blount. [Rare.] ambigen, ambigene (am'bi-jen, -jen). a. [< XL. ambigenus, of two kinds, < L. ambi-, both, + -genus, -born : see -gen, -genous.] Same as ambigenal. ambigenal (am-bij'e-nal), a. [As ambigen + -at.] Of two kinds : used only in the Newtonian phrase ambigenal hyperbola, a hyperbola of the third order, having one of its infinite legs falling within an angle formed by the asymptotes, and the other without. II. n. 1. A person who uses both hands with ambigenous (am-bij'e-nus). Amber-fish {Seriola elorsalii). (From Report of U. S. Fish Commission, 1884.) color is generally blackish, with dark or blackish bands encroaching upon the dorsal and anal tins. The spinous dorsal tin is well developed. Some of the species are es- teemed as food. They vary from about a foot to 4 or 6 1, , 1 in length. Species an found in almost all tropical and warm waters, and at hast six occur along the coasts of the 1 tatted states. ambergris (arn'ber-gres), «. [Early mod. E. amber-greeee, -griese, -grise, -grease, etc., and transposed grisambcr, q. v. ; late ME. imber- gres; < F. ambre gris, that is, gray amber {am- ber-, \), thus distinguished from ambre jaune, yellow amber {amber 2 , 2) : ambre, like E. amber-, brig, used with the sense of 'ambergris'; gris, gray, < OHG. gris, G. greis, gray.] A morbid secretion of the liver or intestines of the sper- maceti whale, the Catodon ( Physeter) macroceph- alus; a solid, opaque, ash-colored, inflammable substance, lighter than water, of a consistence like that of wax, and having when heated a fragrant odor. It softens in the heat of the hand, melts below 212 F. into a kind of yellow resin, and is highly solu- ble in alcohol. It is usually found floating on the surface of the ocean, or cast upon the shore in regions frequented by whales, as on the coasts of the Bahama islands, some- i i of from 00 to 22r. pounds in weight. In this substance arc I id the beaks of the cuttlefish, on which tic- whale is known to feed. II is higlU] valued as a material for perfumery, and was formerly used ill medi- cine as an aphrodisiac and for spicing wines. .Sometimes written amb rgriseot ambergrease. in ornaments have a vast vartei funics, musk. mine, aloe-w I, and extract of cinnamon I:. /■'. Burton, El Medinah, p. 282. Ambergris is a sort of bezoar, found in the alimentary canal of tlii cachalot and seemingly derived from the fatty matter contained in the I < phalopoda upon which the Ce- i:i an Huxley, Anat. Vert., p. 841. amber-seed (am'bor-sod), «. The seed of Hi- biscus Ibcliii'iseliits, a plant cultivated in most warm countries. Th< e seeds have a musky odor, and iften used to perl umi pomatum. The Arabs mix them with their coffei . llsoi alii d mu I teed and ambrette, amber-tree (am'b6r-tre), ». The English name tor Aiillnis/ii riiiinu. a genus of African shrubs with evergreen leaves, which when bruised emit a fragrant odor. ambes-acet, ambs-acet (fimz'as), n. [< ME. ambesas, ambezas,( OP. ambesas, ambi as (P. ambesas), < ambes (< L ambo, both) + as, ace: see ambi- and ace. | Tin- double ace, the lowest at dice; hence, ill luck, misfortune. Also spelled arm -«ce. \ our baggt bes-as. Chaua i . Man ol Law s Tale, 1. 28. [had rathi c bi In Hus choice than throw ami my life. Shak., All's Well, U :. i. -.in-, it seem I willing, Just as shak i to risk the proaperitj of a versi upon a luckj throw ol word upth ■ hardy metaphoroi the ' eil Lowell \i a' mi Books, 1st ser., p. 192. ambi (am'bi), n. Same as ambe. ambi-. [< L. ambi-, appearing also as ambe-, amb-, am-, an-, in OL. also as a prep., am, an, ■"" ■ ' , _.„.,. ,. Same as ambidexterity, its . . . they the women ol 1.1 Medinah] w _ (..,„'),{.,.,,■, f „ iriety, . . . and thi | di li| hi in strung per- amDieilS (am men/.), a k, oivi t. ambi rgr\ . attarot rose, oil of jas- elites (am-bt-en tez). L equal facility." Sir T. Browne. — 2. A double- dealer ; one equally ready to act on either side in a dispute. Burton. — 3. In law, a juror "who takes money from both parties for giving his verdict. ambidexterity (am'bi-deks-ter'i-ti), n. [< am- bidexter + -ity, after dexterity.] 1. The faculty ambigut (am'bi-gu) of using both hands with equal facility. Ignorant I was of the human frame, and of its latent powers, as regarded speed, force, and ambidexterity. Dc Quinci y. 2. Double-dealing ; duplicity. That intricate net of general misery, spun out of his own crafty ambidexterity. i. D'ltrai li, Ameii. of Lit., I. 412. 3. In law, the taking of money by a juror from both parties for a verdict. ambidextral (am-bi-deks'tral), a. [< ambidex- ter + -al.] Placed on either sido of a given thing indifferently : as, "the ambidextral adjec- tive," Earle. [Rare.] ambidextrous (am-bi-deks'trus), a. [< ambi- dexter + -ous, after dexterous.] 1. Having the faculty of using both hands with equal ease and dexterity; hence, skilful; facile. Nature is prolific and ambidextrous. 0. W. Holmes, Old Vol. of Life, p. 420. 2. Practising or siding with both parties ; double-dealing; deceitful. Shuttling and ambidextrous dealings. Sir /.'. UEstrange. Edward Gosynhyll . . . mending his ambidextrowi pen for "The Praise of all Women." /. D' Israeli, Amen, of Lit., I. 30S. ambidextrously (am-bi-deks'trus-li), adv. 1. With both hands; with the dexterity of one who can use both hands equally well. — 2. In a double-dealing way ; cunningly. ambidextrousness (am-bi-deks'trus-nes), n. Same as ambidexterity, 1, '2. used as n.; pi. nmbi- [ I,., ppr. of ambire : sec ambient.] Iii uriiilli.. a muscle of the leg of cer- tain birds: so called from the way in which it winds about, the limb in passing from the hip to the foot. It is the muscle formerly known as the gracilis muscle of birds; but its identity with the mam- malian gracilis Is questionable. -Most birds, as the entire order /'iissors, have no ambiens. The presence or ab- sence oi the muscle has lab ly bee ide a basis of the divi I buds into i wo primary series inGarrod's clas siticatioii, birds having it being termed Homalogonatos, those lacking it Anomalogonatce, See these words. The ambiens arises from the pelvis about the acetabu- lum, and passes along the inner side of the thigh ; its ten don runs over the convexity of the knee to the outer side, and ends by connecting with the flexor digitorum perfora tus. . . . Wllenthisarraiigemciil obtains, the result is that when a bird goes to roost, and sipiats on its perch, the t tomatieallj i lasp the perch by the strain upon the ambiens that ensues as soon as the leg la ben! hi the thigh, and the tarsus upon the leg, the weight of the bud thus holding it fast upon its perch. <,,,,, , b, v to N. A. Birds, p. 198. ambient (am'bi-ent), o. and ». [< L. ambien{t-)s, ppt. of ambire, go around, < amb-, around ambi-), + ire, go, = Gr. that, go, = Skt. an /and •(/., go: seer/').] I. a. 1. Surrouiidiiu ■: enc passing on all sides: investing: applied I inform fluids or diffusible substances. Ambigenal Hyperbola. a, a, hyperbola ; b, b, asymptotes. u ho e pi mimes through the ambient air diffu ■ Such native aromatics. Carew, Xo G That candles and lights I'lirn dim and blue at the appa- rition "I spirits may be true, U the ambienl air be full of sulphurous spirits. Sir '/'. Browne, Vulg. Err. 2. Moving round; circling about. N.E.D. a. [< NL. ambit/i mis: see ambigen and -ous.] Of two kinds: in bot., applied to a calyx with several series of sepals, of which the inner are more or less petaloid. "I n. [F., < ambit/it, ambiguous, < L. ambigiius: see ambiguous.] An entertainment or feast consisting, not of regular courses, but of a medley of dishes set on the table together. ambiguity (am-bi-gu'i-ti), n. ; pi. ambiguities (-tiz). [< ME. ambiguite (rare), < L. ambigui- ta{t-)s, < ambigiius: see ambiguous.] 1. The state of being ambiguous; doubtfulness or un- certainty, particularly of signification. The words are of single meaning without any ambiguity. South. If we would keep our conclusions free from ambiguity t we must reserve the term we employ to signify absolute rectitude solely for this purpose. II. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 510. 2. An equivocal or ambiguous expression. Let our author, therefore, come out of his mists and ambiguities, or give us some better authority for his un- reasonable doubts. Vryden, To Duchess of York. ambiguous (am-big'u-us), a. [< L. ambiguus. going about, changeable, doubtful, uncertain, < ambigere, go about, wander, doubt, < ambi-, around, + agcrc, drive, move: see agent.] 1. Of doubtful or uncertain nature ; wanting clear- ness or definiteness; difficult to comprehend or distinguish; indistinct; obscure. Even the most dextrous distances of the old masters . . . are ambiguous. Ruskin, Mod. Painters, I. ii. 2. Stratified rocks of ambiguous character. i/urcAwon, Silur. Syst., p. 418. (-V. E. D.) 2. Of doubtful purport; open to various inter- pretations; having a double meaning; equivo- cal. What have been thy answers, what but dark, Ambiguous, and with double sense deluding? Milton, P. R., i. 485, He was recalled by the Duchess, whose letters had been uniformly so ambiguous that he confessed he was niiiie unable to divine their meaning. Hotley, Dutch Republic, II. 23. 3. Wavering! undecided; hesitating: as, "am- biguous in all their doings," Milton, Eikono- klastes (1649), p. 239. [Rare or obsolete.] Th' ambiguous god, who ruled her lab'ring breast, In these mysterious words his mind exprest. Vryden. 4. Using obscure or equivocal language. What iiiutleiest thou with thine ambiguous mouth? Swinburne, Atalanta, 1. 1500. = Syn. 2. Eguiifoeal, etc. (see 06 icwn v indeterminate, iu- dctmiic, indistinct, not clear, not plain, amphibolous, du- bious, vague, enigmatical, dark, blind, ambiguously (am-big'u-us-li), adv. In an am- biguous manner; with doubtful moaning. Why pia> . . . into the devil's hands l;> dealing so ambiguously? Browning, Ping and Book, I 821. ,'J ambiguousness(am-big'u-ns-nes), ». The qual- ity of being ambiguous; ambiguity; obscurity. ambilevoust (am-bi-le'vus), «. [c), left. Cf. ambidexter.] Unable to use either hand with facility: the opposite of ambidextrous. [Rare. | Siinieureasilalen hath expressed; that is, ambilevous, or left-handed On both sides; such as with agility and vigour hiv I riot the use of either. Sir T. tiriiune, Vulg. Err., p. 1S9. ambilogy ambilogyt (am-bil'o-ji), n. [< L. ambi-, on both sides, + Gr. -Aoyia, < Tiiyeiv, speak: see -ology. More correctly ampnilogy.] Words or speech of doubtful meaning. ambiloquoust (am-bil'o-kwus), a. [< ML. am- biloquus, < L. ambi-, around, on both sides, + loqui, speak.] Using ambiguous expressions. ambiloquyt (am-bil'o-kwi), n. [< ML. ambilo- quus: see above. Cf. soliloquy, colloquy, etc.] Ambiguous or doubtful language. ambiparous (am-bip'a-rus), a. [< NL. ambi- parus, < I j. itmlii-, on both sides, + parcrc, pro- duce.] In hot., producing two kinds, as when a bud contains the rudiments of both flowers und leaves. ambit (am'bit), n. [< L. ambitus, circuit, < am- bire, pp. ambitus, go about: see ambient.'] 1. Compass or circuit ; circumference: boundary: as, the ambit of a fortification or of a country. Prodigious Hailstones whose ambit reaches five, six, seven Inches. Goad, Celestial Bodies, i. :s. Within the ambit of the ancient kingdom of Burgundy. Sir F. Palgrave, Norm, and Eng., I. 240. 2. Extent; sphere; scope. The ambit of words which a language possesses. Saturday Her., Nov. 1:p, Is.".'.). [In all senses technical, rare, or obsolete.] ambition (am-bish'on), n. [< ME. ambition, -cioun, < OF. (and F.) ambition = Sp. ambicion = Pg. ambicdo = It. ambizione, < L. ambitio(n-), ambition, a striving for favor, lit. a going about, as of a candidate soliciting votes, < am- bin , pp. ambitus, go about, solicit votes: see ambient.'] It. The act of going about to soli- cit or obtain an office or other object of desire; a canvassing. . ., ., . . I on the other side Used no ambition to commend my deeds. Milton, S. A., 1. 247. 2. An eager or inordinate desire for some ob- ject that confers distinction, as preferment, political power, or literary fame ; desire to dis- tinguish one's self from other men : often used in a good sense: as, ambition to be good. Cromwell, I charge thee, fling away ambition ; By that sin fell the angels. Shak., Hen. VIII., iii. 2. This their inhuman act having successful and unsus- pected passage, it emboldeneth Sejanus to further and more insolent projects, even the ambition of the empire. B. Jonson, Sejanus, Arg. I hope America will come to have its pride in being a nation of servants, and not of the served. How can men have any other ambition where the reason has not Buffered a disastrous eclipse? Emerson, Misc., p. 422. Hence — 3. The object of ambitious desire. ambition (am-bish'on), v. t. [From the noun.] To seek after ambitiously or eagerly ; aspire to ; be ambitious of. [Rare or colloq.] Every noble youth who sighed for distinction, ambi- Honed the notice of the Lady Arabella. /. Disraeli, Curios, of Lit., III. 274. This nobleman [Lord Chesterfield], however, failed to attain that place among the most eminent statesmen of his country, which he ambitioned. Wingrove Cooke, Hist, of Party, II. 160. ambitionist (am-bish'on-ist), n. [(.ambition + -ist.] An ambitious person; one devoted to self-aggrandizement. [Rare.] Napoleon . . . became a selfish ambitionist and quack. Carlyle, Misc., IV. 146. ambitionless (am-bish'on-les), a. [< ambition + -less.] Devoid of ambition. ambitious (am-bish'us), a. [< ME. ambitious, -cious, < OF. "ambitios, later amhiticnx = Sp. Pg. ambicioso = It. ambizioso, < L. ambitiosus, < .uatc, abor- tion: see amblosis.] I. a. Having the power to cause abortion. II. n. In med., anything causing or designed to cause abortion; an abortifacient. amblyaphia (ani-bli-a'fi-ji), n. [NL., < Gr. .;«- pXvc, dull, + dp!/, touching, touch, < airretv, fasten, mid. aitTtadai, touch.] In pathol., dull- ness of the sense of touch; insensibility of the skin; physical apathy. Tiger-beetle [Amt'lychila cylindri- /ormis't, slightly magnified. Amblyopsidae Amblycephalus (am-bli-sef'a-lus), n. [NL., < I It. "" .'/", blunt, + htrju/ij. head. ] 1. In /,. rpt t., lb.- bin ii lb. a. Is, a genus of colubriformsei] founded l>\ K ulil in 1 827, considered by some an aberrant form of Dipsadi- d". ,|. /„,„ inhabits Java, Borneo, ami neighboring lelandi Also written Amblict phalus. 2. In entom., a ge- nus of homopter- ous hemipterous insects, family f'i r- copidcB: a name preoccupied in her- pctology. A.intcr- ruptus, a land of hop-frog or froth- ily, injures hops. Amblychila (am- bli-ki'lii), n. [NL., "ew Mexico, and Arizona. It is nocturnal, hiding during the day in deep holes, generally on sloping ground, and is known to feed on locusts. Also spelled Amblycheila. Sou. 1S34. Amblycorypha (am-bli-kor'i-fa), «. [NL., < Gr. aufiMic, blunt, + Kopvtyrj, head, top : see corypheus.] A genus of katydids, of tho family Locustida; having oblong elytra and a curved ovipositor. There are several United States species, as A. rotundifolia, A. oblongifolia, A. caudata, etc. amblygon (am'bli-gon), a. andH. [< Gr. a/t.i'/r- .'...avur, obtuse-angled, < a/ij3'/.ve, dull, obtuse, + yuvia, angle.] I. a. Obtuse-angled; amblyg- onal. Also spelled ambligon. The Buildings Ambligon May more receive than Mansions Oxygon, i Because th' acute and the rect-Anglcs too stride not so wide as obtuse Angles doe). Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas (1621), p. 290. II. n. In geom.. an obtuse-angled triangle; a triangle having one angle greater than ninety degrees. amblygonal (am-blig'o-nal), a. [< amblygon + -a!.] Obtuse-angled; having the form of an amblygon. amblygonite (am-blig'o-nit), «. [< Gr. hu.Ov- ■j avioc, obtuse-angled (see amblygon), + -He-.] A mineral, generally massive, rarely in triclinic crystals. It is a phosphate of aluminium and lithium . ..iii Ing fluorin, and in color is greenish -white, yellow- ish-white, ..r ..t other light shade. It is found in Europe at Chursdorf, near Penig, Saxony, in the I nit.. I states at Hebron, .Maine, and elsewhere. amblyocarpOUS (am"lili-6-k:ir'pus), )i. [< NL. amblyocarpus, < Gr. a/i/SMi;, blunt; dulled, faint, w-eak, + napTTOc, fruit : see carpel.] hibot., hav- ing the seeds entirely or mostly abortive: ap- plied to fruit. amblyopia (am-bli-o'pi-ii), it. [NL..< ( Ir. iu . .- unia, dim-sightedness, < a/i •'/..,,-... . dim-sighted, < .///.I'/i'r, dull, dim, + Crib (0177-). eye. Bight. I '(. Amblyopsis.] In pathol., dullness or obscurity of vision, without any apparent defect of tho organs of sight: the first stage of amaurosis. Also amblyopy — Amblyopia ex anopsia, amblyopia arising from not using theeyes. amblyopic (am-bli-op'ik). a. [< amblyopia + -tc] Relating or pertaining to amblyopia ; af- flicted with amblyopia. Amblyopid3e(am-bli-op'i-de), n.pl. [NL.,irivg. < Amblyopsis + -ida:] Same as dmolyopsidai. Amblybpina (am*bli-6-pi'nS), n. i>l. [NL., < Amblyopus+ -ina.] The second group of Gobi- idee in Giinther's system of classification: equiv- alent to the subfamily Amblyopince. Amblyopinae (am/bb.-6-pi'ne), n. pi. [NL.. < dmblyopus + -ina;.] A subfamily of fishes, typified by the genus Amblyopus. Tbeyhave the two dorsal tins united in one, and 11 abdominal and 17 caudal vertebrae. Amblyoplites (am-bli-op-11'tez), n. The more correct form of Ambloplites (which see). amblyopsid (am-bli-op'trid), ». A fish of the family Amblyopsidce. Amblyopsidae (am-bli-op'si-de), «. pi. [NL., < Amblyopsis + -ida:.] A family of haplomous Amblyopsidae fishes in which the margin of the upper jaw is entirely formed by the premaxillaries, which are scarcely protractile, ami in which the amis is jugular. Five species are known, generally arranged in three genera, from the fresh waters ofthe United States, the largest and best-knovi the blind-fish of the Mammoth and other caves. See Amblyopsis. Alsocalled Aintilu- Amblyopsis (am-bli-op'sis), n. [NL. (J. E. 1 >e Kay, 1842), < Gr. o/i i> i f, dull, faint, dim, + c, countenance, Bight, related to lnj>, eye: see optic Ci. amblyopia.] 1. A genus of fishes repre- 170 amblystomid (am-blis'to-mid), n. An arophi- liinii of tin' family Amblystomiace. Amblystomidae (am-blis-tom'i-de), n. ]>l. [NL., < Amblystoma + ■idee.'] A family of am- phibians of which Amblystoma is the typical genus. They arc salamanders with the palatines not prolonged overthe parasphenoid and bearing teeth behind, parasphenoid toothless, vertebr pisthocoslian. and a pe- culiar arrangement of the hyoid apparatus. Must of the species are north American. ambo (arn'bo), »/.; pi. anibos or ambones (am'- boz, am-bo'nez). [< ML. ambo, < Gr. a/i^ur, any slight elevation, a boss, stage, pulpit: see ambe.~\ 1. In early Christian churches and basilicas, a raised desk or pulpit from which cer- ad or chanted Blind-fish {Autbiyofsis spete sented by the blind-fish (A.spelceus) of the Mam- moth Cave of Kentucky, and typical of the fam- ily Amblyopsidae. — 2. A genus of crustaceans. amblyopsoid (am-bli-op'soid), a. and ». [< Am- blyopsis + -mil.'] I. a. Having the characters of the Amblyopsidce. II. ». An amblvopsid. Amblyopus (am-bli-6'pus), «. [NL. (Valen- ciennes, 1837), < Gr. un i/ ru-nr, dim-sighted: see amblyopia.'] 1. A genus of fishes, of the family (iobiida; typical of the subfamily Ambly- opia: — 2. A genus of orthopterous insects. Saussure, 1S78. amblyopy (am'bli-o-pi), re. Same as amblyopia. Amblypoda (ain-blip'o-da), n. pi. [NL., < Gr s au.i/.ic, blunt, dull, 4- tto'cc (Trod-) = E. foot.] A suborder of Eocene mammals belonging to the Subungulata, or many-toed hoofed quadrupeds, of elephantine proportions and structure of the limbs. The fore feet were 6-toed ami the hind feet 4- toeil. The skull had a remarkably small brain-case, enor- mous flaring processes in three pairs, no upper incisors, three pairs of lower incisors, and a pair of huge upper canines, projecting alongside a flange-like plate of the lowei jaw. The molars were 6 in number on each side, above and below. The genera composing this group are Ciii'iillii-riiiiii, lUiK'iii-as. Tinori'ras, Ltixaloplioilim, etc. The term Dinoeerata is nearly synonymous. These huge mammals were extinct before the Miocene era, and their fossil remains have been found mostly in the Eocene beds of North America. Amblypodia (am-bli-po'di-a), re. [NL., < Gr. iiu.i'/.vc, blunt, dull, + ttovc (nod-) z=E.foot, + -ia.] A genus of lycsenid butterflies. Amblypterus (ain-blip'te-rus), u. [NL., < Gr. apj'/cr, dull, blunt, + irrepdv, wing (> irrtpv!;, wing, fin), ^E. feather.] 1. A genus of ganoid fishes with heterocercal tail. The species are found only in a fossil state, and are character- istic of the coal formation. Agassi^ ! 1833. — 2. A genus of birds, founded by Gould in 1837, but preoccupied in ichthyology by the preceding genus, and therefore not in use. it was based upon a remarkable South American goatsucker, of the fam- ily Viii'i-iiititl'iiihr, now known as Eieothreptus anomnlus. Amblyrhynchus (am-bli-ring'kus), n. [NL., < Gr. afi3'/.vc, blunt, + p'vyxoe, snout.] 1. Agenus of iguanid lizards characteristic of the Galapa- gos islands : so called from the very blunt snout. There are two remarkable species, a marine one, A. crix- tiitii.i. with compressed tail and partially webbed toes, and A. dcmarli, a laud-lizard, with cylindric tail and unwebbed toes. 2. In omith. : (a) A genus of South American Icterida; or blackbirds. [Not in use.] (6) A genus of phalaropes. Thomas Nuttall, 1834. [Not in use.] Amblysomus (am-bli-so'mus), n. [NL., < Gr. a/ipXvc, blunt, dull, dim, + cu/ia, body.] A genus of gold-moles or ( 'apo moles of southern Africa, of the family I'lirysochloriilida; distin- guished from Chrysoehloris by having only 2 molars in each jaw instead of 3. Chalcochlnris of Mivart is a synonym moro frequently used. Amblystoma (am-hiis'to-mii), n. [NL., < Gr. k;, blunt, dull, + ani/ia, mouth.] An ex- tensive genus of urodolo or tailed batrachians, notable for the trail formations which they un- dergo; the type of the family Amblystomidos, In th-ir undeveloped state they represent the formerly i nos >" i don \ b are knew n as it.' | belong to the salamandrine Berles of the la, and are related to the newts, efta, salams etc. Vi iv of ten written, by mistake, Ambysloma, See cut under aaolotl. Iheazolotl is the larval state of Amblystoma; but it sometimes remains in that state throughout life, and is at the same i I prolific, while those win- ], must be supposed to have attained a nighei I irni are utterl] Btei lie, the sexual organ i" Lng apparently atropbii d, POSCOC, ZodL Class., p. 19a. amblystome (am'bli-stoin), n. Samo as am- blystomid. 1 .j. irf None. -r.-i H ...... f t >~T ':_ .A _ J^l*wn .yaivJiTio» hui, tr,-,it ixsmls,i sistingoi a circular canal around the mouth, whence canals usually arise and follow the middle line of each of the ambulacral metameres. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 54. Clrcumoral ambulacral vessel, that into which a ra- dial canal of the ambulacral system of vessels opens at in oral end.- Radial ambulacral vessels, those which radiate from th. central or circular vessel which surrounds ambulate (am'bii-lat), V the gullet almery, almary, almarie,aAsoarmorie, Hind, almarl, > Auglo-Ind. alminilt, q. v.) = It. armario, armadio=Gt. fl.»«r = Bohem. armara, aVmara = Pol. almaryja, olmaryja = Serv. ormar, orman = Sloven, almara, ormar, omara, < L. armarium (ML. also corruptly al- marium), a closet, chest, or safe for food, cloth- ing, money, implements, tools, etc., < arma, implements, tools, arms: see arm-, arms, and cf. armory 1 . Through the form almery the word was confused with almonry, a place for distrlb Echinoidea, sea-urchins, ambulant (am'bu-lant), a. [= F. ambulant, < L. amlml(iii(l-)s. 'ppr. of. ambulare, walk, go about: see ambulate.] 1. Walking; moving from place to place ; shifting. Bold it fur 400 francs to an ambulant picture d The .1 merican, vl. 250. Ambulant tobacconists crying their goods. It. F. Burton, El Mcdinah, p. 259. 2. In her., walking: said of a beast used as a bearing. — 3. In pathol., shifting about from place to place; ambulatory: :is, ambulant edema. piet. and pp. am- bulated, ppr. ambulating. [• See ambes-ace. ambulacra, n. Plural of ambulacrum. ambulacral (am-bu-la'kral), a. [< ambulacrum + -al.] Of or pertaining to an ambulacrum, or to the ambulacra, of an echinoderm Ambula- cral face, ambulacral aspect, that surface of an echinoderm which bears the ambulacra; corresponding in a starfish to the oral aspect, that upon which the creature creeps.— Ambulacral gTOOVe, a furrow which marks the course of an ambulacrum. [In a starfish] a deep furrow, the ambulacral groove, occupies the middle of the oral surface of each ray, and is nearly filled by contractile sucker-like pedicels, . . . ap- parently arranged in four longitudinal series. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 475. Ambulacral metameres, the divisions of the body of an echinoderm as marked or determined by the ambula- cra! system, as the five fingers or rays of a starfish. See extract under ambulacral vessels and cut under Astrophy- ton. — Ambulacral nerve, a nerve which is in relation with the ambulacra. When the suckers of an ambulacrum [of a starfish] are . . . cut away, a longitudinal ridge is seen to lie at the bottom of the groove between their bases. This ridge is the ambulacral nerve. Followed to the apex of the ray, it ends upon the eye anil its tentacle ; in the opposite direc- tion, it reaches the oral disk. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 47S. Ambulacral neural canal, a tube of which the ambu- lacral nerve forms the outer wall.— Ambulacral ossicle, one of a double row of small hard pieces which come to- gether in the ambulacral groove, extending from its sides to its middle line. Also called vertebral ossicle. See cut under Asteriidce.— Ambulacral plate, one of those coro- nal plates of a sea-urchin which are perforated to form partof an ambulacrum. See cut under ambulacrum. In the ordinary Echinus or sea-urchin ... of these plates there are twenty principal longitudinal series, con- stituting the great mass of the corona; and ten single plates, which form a ring around its aboral or apical mar- gin. The twenty series of longitudinal plates arc disposed in ten double series — five ambulacral and five interambu- lacral. . . . Each ambulacral plate is subdivided by a greater or less number of sutures . . . into a correspond- ing number of minor plates, . . . called pore plates. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 486. Ambulacral sac, in echinoderms, that portion of the ya- soperitoneal sac of the embryo which lays the foundation for the whole system of the ambulacral vessels. See vaso- peritonral and Holothuroidea.— Ambulacral system, 1 Asteroidea, or sea-cucumbers, ambulative (am'bu-la-tiv), a. [< ambulate + A, three ambulacral plates of Echinus sphara, showing sutures of the pore-plates of which each ambulacral plate is composed. B. a portion of the extent of the petaloid ambulacrum of a clypeastroid. alley, < ambulare: see ambulate.] In zool., a row, series, or other set of perforations in the shell of an echinoderm, as a sea-urchin or star- fish, through which are protruded and with- drawn the tube-feet or pedicels. Each such row or set of holes usually forms a narrow grooved line from base to apex of a sea-urchin, and from the center to the end of each ray of a starfish, along the oral aspect of the body. Each set or radiating series of perforations is an ambulacrum, the several rows together being the ambula- cra. The usual definition of ambulacra as the perforated spaces through which the tube-feet are protruded leaves a doubt whether an ambulacrum is not one such perforated space. Ambulacra is sometimes used for the tube-feet themselves, collectively ; in which case it properly signifies several sets or series of tube-feet, not several tube-feet of any single row or series. The ambulacra present important variations in the three divisions of the Echinidea. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 489. ambulance (am'bu-lans), n. [< F. ambulance (formerly hopital ambulant, walking hospital), (ambulant, walking, shifting: see ambulant.] 1 . A hospital establishment which accompanies an army in its movements in the field for the purpose of providing speedy assistance to sol- diers wounded in battle.— 2. A two- or four- the water-vascular system (which see, under water-vascu- United States Army Ambulance. wheeled wagon constructed for conveying siok ambulet (am'bul), or wounded persons. Ambulance-wagons are con- structed to run very easily, and are designed to earn one or two tiers of stretchers. Some forms are fitted with water-tank, iiicdiciii.-chcst. operating-table, and other conveniences. City hospital ambulances arc light four- wheeled wagons, furnished with one or two beds, surgical appliances, restoratives, etc.— Ambulance-cot, a folding cot designed to be rallied in an ambulance and to la- used as a bed in it hospital.— Ambulance-stretcher, a stretcher provided with casters and made to fit into an ambulance. ire.] Having a tendency to walk or advance; walking. [Rare.] ambulator (am'bu-la-tqr), ». [L., a walker, lounger, peddler, < ambulare, walk: see ambu- late.] 1. One who walks about .— 2. An odom- eter (which see). — 3. A name sometimes given to the original form of the velocipede. See velocipede. Ambulatores (am'hu-lft-to'rez), n. pi. [NL., pi. of L. ambulator: see ambulator.] 1. In Sundevall's classification of birds, a group of corvine birds. Also called Corviformes and Coli- ni,inri>lt. Pg. emboscada = OF. < mbm-ine. ■', MTi. "imboscata, an ambush, prop. pp. fern, of imlnisenre, set in ambush : see ambush. ».] 1. A lying in wait and concealment for the purpose of attacking 1 >y surprise; au ambush. To draw you into the palpable uni'm*,;!,!,' of his ready. mail. ;.!, quot by Whipple, Ess. and Rev., II. 317. Till the great plover's human whistle amazed it i heart, ana glancing round the waste she fear'd In every wavering brake an ambusca* Tennyson, Ccraint. 2. A secret station in which troops lie con- cealed with a view to attacking suddenly and by surprise ; an ambush. — 3. A body of troops lying in ambush. ambuscade (am-bus-kad'), v.; pret. and pp. ambuscaded, ppr. ambuscading, [(.ambuscade, «.] I. trims. To attack from a concealed posi- tion. II. intrans. To lie in ambush: as, "ambus- cading ways," Carlyle, Sart. Resart., ii. 4. ambuscado ( am-1 ms-ka'do), n. [See ambuscade, «.] An ambuscade. They were adroit in executing a thousand stratagi ms, ambuscadbes, and evolutions. Irving, Qranada, p. 146. ambuscadot (am-bus-ka'do), v. 1. [< ambusca- do, n.] To post in ambush. Sir T. Herbert. ambush (am/bush), v. [Early mod. E. also embush, < ME. embusshen, enbusshen, enbuschen, eribussen (also dbuschen, abussen, andbyapher- esis busse, early mod. E. bush), < OF. enbuscher, embuscher, embuissier, later embucher (moil. F. embusquer, after Sp. orIt.) = Sp. Pg. emboscar = It. imboscare, < ML. emboscarc, prop, imbos- care, set in ambush, < L. in, in, + ML. boscus, wood, bush: see bush*-, and cf. ambuscade.'] I. trans. 1. To post or place in concealment for the purpose of attacking by surprise. The subtil Turk, having ambushed a thousand horse, . . . charged the Persians. Sir T. Herbert, Trav., p. 281. It Beemed as if his placid old face were only a mask be- hind which a merry Cupid had ambushed himself, pi i ping out all tile while. Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 85. 2. To ambuscade; waylay; attack unexpected- ly and from a hidden position. Tin- IVkke warriors outside, however, got notice of the intended visit and ambushed their Km him invaders bo successfully that not a man escaped, sixty being killed and forty made prisoners. O'Donovan, Merv, \iv. II. intrans. To lie in wait for the purpose of attacking by surprise. [Rare.] The . . . snake that ambush'd for his prey. John Trumbull, tr. of Georgics, iv. ambush (am'bush), ». [< late ME. ambuslu . enbusshe, < OF. embusche, embosche, F. embUche; from the villi.] 1. The act or state of lying concealed for the purpose of attacking by sur- prise; a lying in wait; the act of attacking un- expectedly from a concealed position. Bi ivi n, whose high walls fear no assault, or siege, hi ambu ft from the deep. Milton, P. I.., ii. 344. \'i ambh ft Es neither an " attack " nor a "surprise," in mill' ' . it is something more sudden and un expected than < ither. Farrow, Mil. Encyc, j>. 42. 2. A secret or i-nnoruli-d station where troops lie in wait to attack un.-i •■ ;i n . The enemy, intending to draw the English further Into their ambush, tin ned away atani ps Sir J. Hayward, 3. Tin' troi din a concealed place for .-it t : i . - 1 . ing bj urprise. | Bare. | And the an quickly out of thi Ir plai e. rill. 19. ambushment (am'bush-menl ), ». | Early mod. Ii. also embushment and imbushment, < ME. i mini -I,, mi ni. enbussement, < OF. embuschement (]'. i mli, nli, mi nl), < ML. I nilioseii mi nl n m , < jm- D08care,yOF. embuscher, set in ambush: ee ad -mi ni. | An ambu h, in any of its senses; the act or method of forming an am- bush. Bui Je > I',,,, nt t al t be hind tin ni, 2 Chron. xlii, i For hi op] i to skulk, to lay ambu hmt nt to k - ■■ i ► :i narrow bridge ol lii em In where the cha should passe, thou a it 1 u b 1 Idle] nip is but weakni [isi In thi ■ i I ruth. Mitton, Are i] In ambu >>,„■ ni lie In til I come or send for you nvj Greene, Alphonsus, ii. 172 A wolf is a beast that is apt to hover about in Indian ambushment, craving the offals of the deer tin- savages kill. Cooper, Lastofthe Mohicans, v. ambustiont (am-bus'tion), n. [< L. ambus- tio(n-), a burn, < nm/nirere, pp. ambustus, burn, consume, lit. burn around, scorch, < amb-, am- bi-. around (see ambi-),+ were, burn: sit ml hit. Cf. combustion.] A bum or scald. Cockeram. ameba, amebean, etc Seeamceba, etc. ameer, amir (a-mer'), ». [Also written, as a historical Saracen title, i niir. q. v.; Pers. Hind. amir, < Ar. amir, a commander, ruler, chief, no- bleman, prince, < amura = Chal. amar = Heb. dinar, tell, order, command. The same word occurs in amiral, now admiral, q. v.] A prince, lord, or nobleman; a chief, governor, or one having command; specifically, the title of the dominant ruler of Afghanistan. ameership, amir/ship (a-mer'ship),»i. [(.ameer + ship.] The office or dignity of ameer. The faithful ally of England, owing his amirship to her armies. The Amirii-oii, IV. 277. Ameiva (a-mi'vH,), n. [NL., from a native name.] A genus of small, inoffensive lizards, the type of the family Ameividat, order Laccrti- lia. They are rather pretty animals, with a long whip-like tail, and peculiarly elongated toes on the hind feet. The tail is covered with a series of seales arranged in rings, the ventral shields are broad and smooth, the teeth are trilobate and compressed, and the feet are 5-toed. The general color is dark olive speckled with black on the nape of the neck; on the sides are rows or bands of white spots edged with black. There are many species, incurring from l'atagonia to California and Pennsylvania. The abundant A. dorsalis of Jamaica is a characteristic example. Ameividae (a-mi'vi-de), h. pi. [NL., < Ameiva + -iehc] A family of lizards, of the division Tissilinguia of the order Lacertilia, named from the genus Ameiva, peculiar to America. The old name T,id,e,,,v Ti'iiihr, is an inexact synonym. The prin- cipal genera are Teius, Ameiva, and Crocodilurus, The teguexin monitor, Teius teguexin, is a characteristic and well-known species. amelt (am'el), n. [Early mud. E. also ammel, ammell (rarely esmayle, after MF.),< ME. ami II. amelte, aniull, aumayl,<. AY, *amal, "amail, OF. csmal, esmail, later email, mod. F. email = Pr. esmaut, esma.lt = Sp. Pg. esmalte = It. smalto, < ML. smaltum, enamel, prob. < Teut. 'smalt, any- thing melted, OHG-. MHG. smalz, (1. scnmals = OD. smalt, melted grease or butter, < Tout. "smeltan, < >!!<;. smelzan, MHG. smelaen, G. schmelzen = AS. "smeltan = Sw. smalta = Dan. smelte, melt, dissolve: see smelt 1 . In mod. use only in comp. enamel, q. v.] Enamel (which see). Heav'ns richest diamonds, Bet on ammel white. P. Fletcher, Purple Island, x. Gardens of delight Whose ammell beds perfume the skie. If. Lisle, tr. of Du Bartas, i. 34. (.V. E. Z>.) amelt (am'el), r. t. [Early mod. E. also um- mele, ammell, < ME. amehii. amilni; from the noun.] To enamel. I ammell n< n goldesmythe dothe his worke. Palsgrave, p. 42:1. (.v. K. It.) amel-corn (am'el-korn), n. [Formerly also amell-eum, umil-cnrii ; < (1. ameVcorn (orl). amel- liireii), < MHG. aim I, aim r, 0T3.Gr. amar, amel- corn (later associated, as in (1. amelmehl, I). ami I, Ionic, standi, with L. amylum, starch: see amyP-), + lorn = D. koren = E. corni.] The seeds of a grass. Tritieiini dicoecum, resembling spelt, but bearing only two grains in the licnl. cultivated in Switzerland for the manufacture of starch. ameledt (IBn'eld), ]i. a. [Early mod. E. also ammeled, ammelkd, < ME. ameled, amiled: pp. Of inned, v.] Enameled. Achilles' arms, enlightened all with stats, t And richly amelVd. Chapman, Iliad, xvl. 128. amelett, ». [< < >F. ameletu . mod. omek tte : sec omelet.] A fiirtncr spelling of nimli I. ameli, n. Plural of arm lus. amelia (a-mel'i-&), it. [XL., < OF. ameillorer, l'. am&foorer = Pr. amilorar = It. ammigliorare), become better, improve, < L. ad, to, + 1,1,. mi - In, run . make better, meliorate : sec melmruli . \ I. trans. To make better, or more tolerable, satisfactory, prosperous, etc. ; improve; melio- rate. amen In every human being there is a wish to ameliorate his own condition. Macautay, Hist. laig.. iii. I.et it be sufficient that you have in smile Blight degree ameliorated mankind, and do nut think thai amelioration a matter of small importance, Lecky, Europ. Morals, 1. 266. = Syn, Amend, I m/, ,;,,-<■. Better, etc. Seeamend. II. intrans. To grow better; meliorate. I Man] may have tiren temporarily driven nut of the country [southern England] by the returning cold periods, but would find his way back as the climate ameliorated. Geikie, 6eol. sketches, p, 45. amelioration (a-me-lyo-ra'shon), n. [= F. amelioration; from the verb.] "l. The act of ameliorating, or the state of being ameliorated; a making or becoming better; improvement; melioration. Remark the unceasing effort throughout nature at somewhat better than the actual creatures : amelioration in nature, which alone permits and authorizes ameliora. turn in mankind. Emerson, Misc., p. 298. The October politician is so full of charity and g 1 nature, that lie supposes that these very robbers and mur- derers themselves are in course «>f amelioration. Biirk,', A Regicide Peace, 2. A thing wherein improvement is realized ; an improvement. X. E. D. The buildings, drains, enclosures, and other ameliora- tums Which they may either make or maintain. Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations (ed, 1869), p .'is. ameliorative (a-me'lyo-ra-tiv), a. [< amelio- rate + -ire.] Producing, or having a tendency to produce, amelioration or amendment: as, ameliorative medicines. ameliorator (a-me'lyo-ra-tor), n. [< amelio- rate + -or.] One who or that which amelio- rates. Our indefatigable naturalist [Darwin] says that this de- spised earth-worm is nothing less than an ameliorator on the surface of the globe. J',,ji. Sri. Mo., XX. 399. amelus (am'e-lus), n. ; pi. ameli (-li). [NL., < Gr. ii- priv. + /»><«, a limb. Cf. amelia.] In teratol., a monster in which the limbs are en- tirely wanting, or are replaced by wart-like stumps. amen (a'men', in ritual speech often and in singing always ii'men'), adv. or intirj. and n. [< ME. ami n, AS. amen = D. G. Sw. Dan. amen = F. Sp. Pg. amen = It. amen, ammenne, < LL. amen, I ir. am, r, < Heb. amen, firm, true, faithful ; as a, noun, certainty, truth; as an adv., cer- tainly, verily, surely, in affirmation or approval of what has been said by another; < dman, strengthen, support, confirm; cf. Ar. dmin, trusted, confided in.] I. aelv. or interj. 1. Verily; truly: retained in the Bible from the original. All tb. promises of God in him [Christ] are yea, and in him Amen. 2 Cor. i. 20. The reader may see great reason why we also say A men, A mm, and durst not translate it. Rheims X. T., John viii. 34, note. Amen, Amen, I say to thee. Except a man be born again, he cannot see the' kingdom of Cod. Rheims .V. T., John iii. 2. 2. It is so ; after a prayer or wish, be it so : a concluding formula used as a solemn expres- sion of concurrence in a formal statement or confession of faith, or in a prayer or wish. I believe in the Holy Ghost ; the holy Catholic church; thee munion of saints ; the forgiveness of sins; the res- urrection of the body; and the life everlasting. Amen. Apostles' Creed. "i lied "Ci id lil ess us !" anil "Annn." the i. tber. . . . But wherefore cmilil not I pronounce amen! I had most need of blessing, ami amen Stuck in my throat Shak., Macbeth, 11. 2. 3. A mere concluding formula. \ii.l were continually in the temple, praising and bless- ing Cm 1. Amen. Luke xxiv. 63 (end of the 1 M. II. ii. 1. He who is true ami faithful: re- l inni .1 in the Bible from the original, as a title of i 'lirist. Mn i thingl nth the An,, ■„. the faithful and true wit- ness. j;,. v . iii. 14. 2. An expression of concurrence or assent; an assertion of belief. False doctrine strangled by its own amei%. Mrs. Browning, Casa Quldl Windows, 1. 119. 3. The concluding word or act: end; conclu- sion. i ii.it Buch mi in t as ibis should be the amen of mj life Bp. II, ill, Contemplations, 1 1 96. amen (ii'men'), t\ t. [< amen, adv.] 1. To ratify solemnly; say amen to; approve. [s there a bishop on the bench that has not amen ,i the humbug in bis lawn sleeves, and called a blessing over the kneeling pair of perjurers? Thackeray, Newcomes, lvii. amen 2. To say the last word to ; end ; finish. This very evening have I amen'd the volume. Southey, Letters (1812), If. 281. [Rare in both uses.] amenability (a-me-na-bil'i-t-i), n. [< (inn lia- ble: see -bility.] Amenableness. There was about him a high spirit and amenability to the point of honor which years of a dog's life had no) broken. It. II. liana, Jr., Before the .Mast, p. 23". amenable (a-nie'na-bl), a. [Early mod. E. also ameanable, amainable, and corruptly ames- nable, < F. as if "amenable, < amener, bring or lead, fetch in or to: see amain'- 1 and -able.'] 1. Liable to make answer or defense ; answerable ; accountable; responsible: said of persons. The sovereign of this country is not amenable to any form of trial known to the laws. Junius. Pref. to Letters. We must hold a man amenable to reason for the choice of his daily craft or profession. Emerson, Spiritual Laws. 2. Under subjection or subordination; liable or exposed, as to authority, control, claim, or application: said of persons or things : as, per- sons or offenses amenable to the law ; amenable to criticism. The same witness . . . is amenable to the same imputa- tion of uncandid . . . quotation. F. Mettor, Priesthood, p. 312. (A". E. D.) 3. Disposed or ready to answer, yield, or sub- mit, as to influence or advice ; submissive. Sterling . . . always was amenable enough to counsel. Carlyle. amenableness (a-uie'na-bl-nes), n. The state of beiug amenable; liability to answer; dispo- sition to respond to; tractableness. amenably (a-me'na-bli), adv. In an amenable manner. amenaget, v. t. [< OP. amenager, earlier ames- nagier, govern, rule, order, < a (L. ad, to) + menage, mesnage, F. menage, household: see manage."] To bring into a state of subordina- tion; manage. With her, whoso will raging Furor tame, .Must first begin, and well her amenuye. Spenser, ¥. Q., II. iv. 11. amenancet, ». [< OF. amenanee, conducting, < amener, bring or lead to, conduct: see amenable and amain'-'.] Mien or carriage ; conduct; be- havior. With grave speech and comely amenanee. P. Fletcher, Purple Island, xi. 9. amend (a-rnend'), v. [< ME. amenden, < OF. amender,' correct, amend, better, recompense, make amends for, mod. F. amender = Pr. emen- dar = It. ammenaare, < L. emendure, free from fault, correct, < c for ex, out of, + menda or men- dum, a faidt, defect, blemish (in the body), a fault, mistake, error (in writing, etc.), = Skt. minda, a personal defect, prob. connected with L. minor, less: see minor, minish, etc. Abbr. mend; doublet, emend, directly from the L. : see mi inl, emend.] I. trans. 1. To free from faults; make better, or more correct or proper ; change for the better ; correct; improve; reform. A mend your ways and your doings, and I will cause you to dwell in this place. Jer. \ ii. ;:. Thou hearest thy faults told thee, amend them, amend them. Latimer, Sermon of the Plough. It does not require much prescience to see that, whether England does so or not, the Americans will ere long adopt an amended spelling. J. A. II. Hurray, 9th Ann. Addr. to Philol. Soc. 2. To make a change or changes in the form of, as a bill or motion, or a constitution ; properly, to improve in expression or detail, but by usage to alter either in construction, purport, or principle. — 3. To repair; mend. [Now rare.] — 4f. To heal or recover (the sick) ; cure (a disease). = Syn. Amend, Improve, Better, Emend, Mend, Correct, Rectify, Reform, Ameliorate. Amend is generally to bring into a more perfect state by the removal of defects: as, to amend' a record or one's manner of life. Improve ami better are the only words in the list that do not necessarily imply something previ- ously wrong; they may mean the heightening of excel- lence: as, to improve land or one's penmanship. Better is also used in the sense of surpass. Correet and rectify are, by derivation, to make right ; they are the most abso- lute, as denoting the bringing of a thing from an impi r- feet state into conformity with some standard or rule : as, to correct proof; to rectify an error in accounts. To mend is to repair or restore that which has become im- paired ; as, to mend & shoe, abridge, etc. Applied to things other than physical, it may be equivalent to amend: as, to mend one's manners. Emend lias especially the lim- ited meaning of restoring or attempting to restore the text of 1 ks. Reform is to form over again for the bet- ter, either by returning the thing to its previous state or by bringing it up to a new one; or it may be to remove by reform : as, to reform the laws ; to reform abuses. Ameliorate is not commonly applied to persons and thing-, but to condition and kindred abstractions; it expresses painstaking effort followed by some measure of success: as, to ameliorate the condition of the poor. 173 She begged him forthwith to amend his ways, for the .sake of his name and fame. Motley, Dutch Republic, III. 3SC. The weeds of a field, which if destroyed and consumed upon the place where they grow, enrich and impr I re than ii none had ever sprung there. Swift. Striving to better, oft we mar what's well. Slmk.. bear, i. f. !h-' villainy you t.-a.h me I will execute, and it shall go hard but I will better the instructions. Shale., M. of v., iii. 1. The text should be emended so as to read "tetragonns sine vituperio," a square without a fault, which I have no doubt may hi- found in some Latin Aristotle. .V. and (.'., 7th ser., I. ().".. lb- that lacks time to mourn lacks time to mend Eternity mourns that. Sir II. Taylor, Philip Van Artevelde, I., i. f. There an- certain defects of taste which correct them- selves by their own extravagance. Lowell, study Windows, p. 401. Reform'd my will, and rectify'd my thought. Sir J. Davies, Introd. to Immortal, of Soul. Some men, from a false persuasion that they cannot re- form, their lives and root out their old vicious habits, never so much as attempt, endeavour, or go about it. Soidh. It is a cheering thought throughout life, that something can be i hi in- tii a nteli, irate the condition of those who have been subject to the hard usages of the world. Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 470. II. intrans. 1. To grow or become better by reformation, or by rectifying something wrong in manners or morals. Anything that's mended is hut patched : virtue that transgresses is but patched with sin ; and sin that amends is but patched with virtue. Shak., T. N., i. 5. 2. To become better (in health) ; recover from illness. Then enquired he of them the hour when he began to amend. And they said unto him, Yesterday at the sev- enth hour the fever left him. John iv. 52. amend (a-mend'), n. [Sing, of amends, q. v.] Compensation : generally used in the plural. See amends. And so to Finland's sorrow The sweet amend is made, U'/iittier, Conquest of Finland, amendable (a-inen'da-bl), a. [< ME. amend- able, < OF. amendable j' <. L. emenddbilis, < emen- dare, correet: see amend, v., and cf. emendable.] Capable of being amended or corrected : as, an amendable writ or error, amendatory (a-men'dsi-to-ri), a. [< amend + -at-orij, like emendatori/, < LL. emendatorius, corrective.] Supplying or containing amend- ment; corrective. I presume this is an omission by mere oversight, and I recommend that it be supplied by an amendatory or sup- plemental act. Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 184. amende (a-mend'; F. pron. a-moiid'), w. [F., a fine, a penalty, amends: see amends.] 1. A pecuniary punishment or fine. — 2. A recanta- tion or reparation — Amende honorable, in am: French laic, a public confession and apology made, under certain humiliating conditions, by persons convicted of offenses against law, morality, or religion. It is thus de- fined by Cotgrave : "A most ignominious punishment in- flicted upon an extream offender, who must go through the streets barefoot and bareheaded (with a burning link in his hand) unto the seat of justice, or some such publick place, and there confess his offence, and ask forgiveness of the party he hath wronged." It was abolished in 1791, re- introduced in cases of sacrilege in ls2(i, and finally abro- gated in 1S30. The phrase now signifies any open apology and reparation to an injured person for improper language or treatment. She was condemned to make the amende honorable, that is, to confess her delinquency, at the end of a public re- ligious procession, with a lighted taper in her hand, and to be imprisoned during the pleasure of the Kingof France. Mies Strickland, Queens of Eng., Henrietta Maria. amender (a-men'der), n. One who amends. We find this digester of codes, amender of laws, . . . permitting . . . one of the most atrocious acts of oppres- sion. Brougham. amendfult (a-mend'ful), a. [< amend + -Jul.] Pull of amendment or improvement. Your most amendfvl ami unmatched fortunes. Fletcher (.and others), Bloody Brother, iii. 1. amendment (a-mend'menl. ), n. [< ME. am nde- naiit,<<.M'.iniii nil, in, n I. \ a hi i ii, It r: seen mend, v., and -mint.] 1. The act of freeing from faults; the net of making better, or of changing for the better; correction: improvement ; reformation: as, "ami nihil, ni ni' life," Booker. Her works are so perfect that there is no place for am ndments. f>'«.«. Creation. 2. The act of becoming better, or the state of having become better; specifically, recovery of health. Sour li-.n. .tit's players, hearing your amendment, Vr.- come t.. play a pleasant comedy. Shak., I. of tl,.- 5., Ind. 2. 3. la deliberative assemblies, an alteration pro- posed to be made in the draft of a bill, or in the ament terms of a motion underdiscussion. Any such al- teration Is termed an amendment, - iren vhen its effect is entirely to reverse the sense of the original hill or mo. tn. ii. 4. An alteration of a legislative or deliberative act or in a constitution; a change made in a law, either l>y way of correction or addition. Amendments to the Constitution of the United Stat I..- proposed by a majority of two thirds of I.. I Congress, orbya convention summoned 1.;. * ongn tin- application of the legislatures of two thirds 0] States, and enacted by their ratification by the i tures of three fourths of the states, or by convi ntioi three fourths of them, as Congress may determine. 5. In lair, the correction of an error in a writ, record, or other judicial document. — 6f. Com- pensation; reparation. ' 'haucer, Reeve's Tale. = Syn. 1. Emendation, betterment. — 2. Be/orm,etc See reformation. amendment-monger (a - mend ' meut -mung "- ger), n. One who makes a business of suggest- ing and urging constitutional amendments: a term especially applied in United States history to the Anti-Federalists. amends (a-mendz'), n. pi. [< ME. amendes, amendis, always in plural, < OF. amendes, pi. of amende, a penalty, a fine, mulct, mod. F. ami nde (ML. anienda), < amender: see amend, v.] 1. Compensation for a loss or injury ; recompense ; satisfaction ; equivalent. \"et thus far fortune maketh us amends. Shak., 3 Hen. VI., iv. 7. Finding amends for want and obscurity in books and thoughts. Emerson, Burns. 2f. Recovery of health; amendment. Now Lord be thanked for mv go. ..1 amend*' Shak.,T. of the S., Ind., 2. amendsfult (a-mendz'ful), a. [< amends + -fid.] Making amends ; giving satisfaction. Chap- man. amene (a-inen'), a. [< ME. amene, < OF. *amene (in adv. aminement), < L. amaniis, pleasant, connected with amine, love: see amiable. Ulnar, amour.] Pleasant; agreeable. [Rare.] The amene delta of the lovely Niger. Ii. F. Burton, Abbeokuta, I. i. amenity (a-men'i-ti), «.; pi. amenities (-tiz). [< F. amenite,i L. amcenita(t-)s,<. ameenits, pleas- ant: see amene.] 1. The quality of being pleasant or agreeable in situation, prospect, climate, temper, disposition, manners, etc. ; pleasantness; pleasingness ; an affable manner. After . . . discovering places which were so full of amenity that melancholy itself could not but change its humor as it gazed, the followers of Calvin planted them- selves on the banks of the river May. Bancroft, Hist. U. s., I, 55. Roman childishness seems to me so intuitively connected with Roman amenity, urbanity, and general gracefulness, that, for myself, I should be sorry to lay a tax on it, lest these other commodities should also cease to come to market. //. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 115. 2. That which is agreeable or pleasing. The suburbs are large, the prospects sweete, with other amenities, not omitting the flower gardens. Evelyn, Diary, Oct. 17, 1071. Amenity damages, in Great Britain, damages given for the defacement of grounds, especially around dwelling- h.ius.s, or for annoyance or loss of amenity, caused by the buililing of a railway, construction of public works, etc. amenorrhea, amenorrhoea (a-men-o-re'a), ». [NL. ameitorrhcea, < Gr. a- priv. + /np>, month (pi. fijvec;, menses), + poia, a flow, < peiv, flow.] A suppression of menses, especially from other causes than age or pregnancy. amenorrheal, amenorrhceal (a-men-o-re'al). a. Pertaining to or produced by amenorrhea : as, amenorrheal insanity. amenorrheic, amenorrhoeic (a-men-6-re'ik), a. [< amenorrhea.] Same as amenorrheal. a mensa et thoro (:i men'sfi, et tho'ro). [L. : a (or ab, from ; mensa, abl. of mensa, table : et, and ; thorn, aid. of thorns ("prop. tarns), bed: see torus.] From board and bed: in taw, a phrase descriptive i if a kind of divorce in which the husband continues to maintain the wife, and the marriage-bond is not dis- solved: now supers. 'I.il by a decree of judicial separation. ament (am'ent), n. [< L. arm ilium, a strap L. aptus, apt: see apt.] In bot., a kind of inflorescence consisting of unisexual apetalous flowers growing in the Aincnts. Willow (Salt'-v fragilis>. with separate flowers, male (upper figure) and female low. r figure). ament axils of scales or bracts ranged along a stalk or axis | a catkin. The true ament or catkin ia artic- ulated with the branch and Is deciduous; it is well Been in the Inflorescence ol the birch, willow, and poplar, and in the stamina, inflorescence ol the oak, walnut, ami hazeL Also « rltten anu ntum. amenta, ». Plural of amentum. Amentaceae (am-en-ta'se-e), n. pi. [XL., < L. ntum: see ament and -acea.~\ A general term for plants whose flowers are arranged in an ament or catkin, formerly considered, under various limitations, as forming a natural group, but separated by later botanists into several dif- ferent orders, as Cujiuli/cra; .Snlieaeeiv, J'lata- nacea, Myricac as, etc. amentaceous (am-en-ta'shius), a. [f heaven. Milton, P. L., i. (309. shall be by him amearst with penance dew. Spenser, Sonnets, l.\x. amerceable ( a-mer'sa-bl), a. [< amerce + -abli . | Liable to amercement. Also written amercia- l.le. amercement ( a-mers 'inent), n. [< ME. amerce- ment, amersen'ient, ame'reiment, < AF. amerci- ni' nt, nun reliiem, i,t (> ML. amereiiiini ntum, >E. inn, re,, mi, .ti i, < iiinercier, amerce : see amerce.] 1. The act of amercing, or the state of being amerced. — 2. In law, a pecuniary penalty in- flicted on an offender at the discretion of the court. It differs from n fine, in that the latter is, or was originally, a fixed ami certain sum prescribed by statute in offense, while an amercement i^ arbitrary. The fixing int of the amount of an amercement They likewise laid amercements of seventy, fifty, or thirty pou hi is nf tobacco, as tin- cause was, on every law case throughout the country. Ilererleii, Virginia, i V'.; I Be] mute in misery, eyed my masters here Motionless till the authoritative word Pronounced a m ■ i t. Browning, Ring and Hook, I. 235. Also written mm renin,, „t. Amercement royal, in i'nat hritiii i Imposed oflii c for a misdemeanor In hi oflici amercer fa-mer'ser), n. One who amerces, amerciable (a-mei \,a. Sami aaamerce- dble. amerciament (a-mer'si-a-mgnt), ». Same as ll,,i, re, ,n, ,,!. American (a-mer'i-kan), a. and k. [= !•'. [mericain = op. Pg. It. Americano =T). Amcri- Icaan, a., Amerikaansch,a.,=Cb. Amerikancr, a., [merikani eh, a., - Dan. Amt rikam r, a., .Inn ri- ', a,, =s S'.v. Ann filial, n., .Inn ril.nn I , < XL. At, o n.iiiii -I from Imericus Vesputius. Latinized form of tmei igo Vespucci.] I, a. 1. Pertaining to the wi hemisphere : I 'dunging to or situated in either North 01 Sniiili America: as, the Amazon and other Ann rirun rivers. — 2. In a more rest rie ted sense, pertaining to the United States; as, an 174 American citizen — American alcornoque, leather, organ.ete. s.itiu nouns.— American aloe, see Agave. —American bowls. Sami as ninepins. — American In- dians, See Indian. — American party, in U. S. hist., a political party whii b rain.- into prominence in 1858. its fundamental principle was that the government of the country sin ml. I be in the hands of native citizens. At first it was organized as n secret* oath-bound fraternity; and from their professions of ignorance in regard to ii, as members received the name of Know-nothings. Ignor- ing tiie slaver] question, it gained control of the govern- ments of several Northern and Southern states in is,,i and 1855, ami nominated a presidential tirket in 1S56; but it disappeared about 1859, its Northern adherents becoming Republicans, while most of its southern members joined the short livid Constitutional Union party. Anantima- sonic party of the sami' name appeared in ls7:'., but gained very few vuli's. See Satire American party, below. It appeared in this, as in most other Free States, that the decline or dissolution of the American, or Fillmore, i .niu inured mainly to the benefit of the triumphant Democracy. ' //. Greeley, Amer. Conflict, I. 300. American plan, the method of hotel management com- mon in the United States, which is based upon the pay- ment by guests of a fixed sum per diem covering all ordi- nary charges for room, food, and attendance. See Euro- pean plan, under European. — American system, a name originally used for the principle of protection by means of high tariff duties in the United States, as intended to countervail the unfavorable commercial regulations of European countries, or to promote American as agalnsl European interests.— Native American party, in ('. ,s\ Iff., an organization based on hostility to tin- participa- tion of foreign immigrants in American polities, ami to the Roman Catholic ( hurch, formed about 1S42. In 1844 it carried the city elections of New York and Philadel- phia, and elected a number of Congressmen. It gained no further successes, and disappeared within a few years, after occasioning destructive riots against Roman C'ath- olics in Philadelphia and other places. II. ». A native or an inhabitant of the western hemisphere, or, specifically, of North America: originally applied to the aboriginal races dis- covered by the Europeans, but now to the de- scendants of Europeans born in America, and, in the most restricted or popular sense, to the citizens of the United States. Americanism ( a-mer'i-kan -izm), n. [< Ameri- can + -ism.] 1. Devotion to or preference for the United States and their institutions ; prefer- ence for whatever is American in this sense; the exhibition of such preference. — 2. The con- dition of being a citizen of the United States. Great-grandfathers of those living Americans, whose Americanism did not begin within the last half century. The Century, XXVII. 07s. 3. A custom, trait, or thing peculiar to Amer- ica or Americans; in general, any distinctive characteristic of American life, thought, litera- ture, etc. I hate this shallow Americanism which hopes to get rich by credit, to get knowledge by raps on midnight tables, to learn the economy of tile mind by phrenology, or skill without study. Emerson, Succi SB. 4. A word, a phrase, or an idiom of the Eng- lish language which is now peculiar to or has originated in the United States. Many so-called Americanisms are good old English. Uarics, Sup. Eng. i iloss. Americanist (a-mer'i-kan-ist ), n. IK. American + -ist; = Y. Amrricanistc = Sp. Pg. Amerien- nista.] One devoted to the study of subjects specially relating to America . As distinguished from an American, an Americanist [a a person of any nation who prominently interests himself in the study of subjects relating to America The .1 meriean, vi I. 6. Americanization (a-mer 1-kan-i-za'shon), n. [< Americanize + -atimi.] Tlio act or process of Americanizing, or of being Americanized. It lias come In be the eiistotn to characterize as an Americanization the dreaded overgrowth and permeation by realism of European civilization, and the rapidlj gnu* ing preponderance of manufacturing industry. Pop. Sci. M.k. XIII. 895. Americanize (a-mer'i-knn-iz), v. t.; pret. and pp. Am, neiini nl, ppr. J mi nemi i : i nil . [(Ameri- can + -fee.] 1. To render American in char- acter; assimilate <<> the customs and institu- tions of the United States. It is notorious that, in the United States, (be di so n dants of the immigrant Irish lose t heir ' leltic aap< ct, ami become Americanized, It. Spencer, Prin, of Biol, The line of argument lias b.en adopted by the right honourable gentleman opposite with regard to whal hi terms ameru anizing the institutions of the country. QlodstOne. 5. To naturalize in the United States. [Bare.] Americomania (a -mer'i-ko-ma ' ni -ii ), ». | < ] >,,, run + nimiitt.} A era/." for whatever American, | Rare.] Their Americomania he seem to consider a criminal Monthly Ret , S \\ 11.627. (A. /■.'. '■ I ameristic (am-e-ris'tik), a. [, divide, < /«/««;, a part.] In zool., not di- ametrometer vidid into parts; unsegmeiited: distinguished botli from eiimeristie and &y ameristic : as, "am- eristic dukes," E. 11. Lanlcester, Encyc. Brit., XII. 555. amest, ». Same as amice. ames-acet, »• See ambes-ace. ameSSt, «■ Same as mtiiet . Ametabola (am-e-tab'o-lii), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. u/j-riiei/ or, unchangeable: seeametabolous.] In ^ni'l., insects which do not undergo metamor- phosis. In Marleay s system of classification, a term iv ei| tii •! 1 1 w . E. Leach to designate a budi lass of In- seeta by which the myriapodous, thysanurous, ami anopln- rous "insects'' should be collectively contrasted with Un- true insects, which undergo metamorphosis, slyriapods being excluded from the class l-nsecta, and lice being lo- cated with insects that are not thoroughly ametabolous, Ametabola is by some authors restricted to tin- collem- bolous and thysanurous insects. The term is correlated with Bemimetabola and with M, tabula. M'Leay has formed them [Myriapoda] into tw dels, Chilopoda and Chilognatha, raising them, together with the two other orders, Thysanura and Anoplura (or Para- sita, Latr.i. and certain aniiiilatcil vermes, into a distinct class, to which lie applied the name of Ametabola, which Leach had proposed only for the spring-tailed insects and lice. J. 0. Westwood, in Cuvier s hemic Annual (trans.), [1849, p. 483. ametabolian (a-met-a-bo'li-an), a. and n. I. a. In zoiil., relating or pertaining to the Ame- tabola. II, n. One of the Ametabola. ametabolic (a-met-a-bol'ik), a. [< Gr. auera- jio'Aor, unchangeable (see ametabolous) ; or < «-!8 + metabolic.] Not subject to metamorphosis. Applied to those insects, such as lice, which do not pos- sess wings u le ii |ieifect, and which do not, therefore, pass through any well-marked metamorphosis. ametabolous (am-e-tab'o-lus), a. [< Gr. a/ic- TQ,io/loc, unchangeable, < a- priv. + /lera/SoAoc, changeable: see Metabola.] Ametabolic ; not subject to metamorphosis. In the series of amet<-it„,1,nts insects there are some with masticatory, others with suctorial, mouths. Huxley, Anat Invert., p. ".65. ametallous (a-mef al-us), a. [< Gr. a, uterus : see matrix.] In tera tol., without a uterus. Syd. Soc. Lex. amevet, *'. Same as amove 1 . amgarn (azn'gaxn), n. [W. amgarn, a ferrule.] In archceol., a kind of celt supposed to have served as the ferrule of a spear-shaft, such .-. it- commonly have a loop on one Bide, and in some instances a ring has been found passing through the loop. Amharic (am-har'ik), n. [< Amhara, the cen- tral division of Abyssinia.] The modern culti- vated language of Abyssinia. Amharic . . . has been since A. 1). 1300 the language of the Court and Nobles [of Abyssinia]. Ii. N. Oust, Mod. Langs, of Africa, p. SS. Amherstia (am-hers'ti-a), n. [NL., named in honor of Countess Amherst, a zealous promoter of botany.] A leguminous arboreous genus of Burmese plants, of a single species, A. nobilis, with very large flowers, bright vermilion spot- ted with yellow, in long pendulous racemes. The flowers are considered sacred, and are laid as an ottering before the shrines of Buddha Amia (ain'i-a), n. [NL., < Gr. afiia, a kind of tunny (see dot'.); applied by Linmeus to an American genus.] 1. A genus of ganoid fishes, typical of the family Amiidce, Amia calva being the only extant species. It inhabits the fresh waters of North America, and is known as the bowfln, dogfish, mudfish, lawyer, brindle, grindle, and John A. Grindle. The fish known as amia to the ancients was a very' differ- ent one. Also called Amiatus. See cut under Amiidce. 2. A genus of acanthopterygian fishes : synony- mous with Apogon. Gronovius. amiability (a mi-a-bil'i-ti), «. [< amiable: see -bility. Of. OF. a'mittblcte.] 1. The quality of being amiable ; excellence of disposition; amia- bleness. Suetonius mentions, as an instance of the amiability of Titus, that he was accustomed to jest with the people during the combats of the gladiators. Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 304. 2. Lovableness; amability. N. E. D. amiable (a'nii-a-bl), a. [< ME. amiable, ami/able, (mutable, < OF. aimiable, amiable, amianh, ami- able, lovely, friendly, < LL. amieabilis (> E. amicable), friendly, < L. amieare, make friendly, < amicus, a friend, prop, an adj., friendly, loving, < amare, love: see amor, amour, etc. The sense 'lovable, lovely' is due to a confusion with F. aimable, OF. amable, < L. amabilis, lovable, love- ly, < amare, as above.] 1. Friendly; kindly; amicable. Lay an amiable siege to the honesty of this Ford's wife. Shak., M. W. of W., ii. 2. That foreign eccentricity to which their nation is so amiable. Howells, A Foregone Conclusion, p. 72. 2. Exciting or tending to excite love or delight; lovable; lovely; beautiful; delightful; pleas- ing. How amiable are thy tabernacles, O Lord. Ps. lxxxiv. 1. No company can be more amiable than that of men of sense who are soldiers. Steele, Spectator, No. ir.2. I found my wife and daughter well, the latter grown quite a woman, with many amiable accomplishments ac- quired in my absence. Franklin, Autobiog., p. 314. 3. Specifically, possessing or exhibiting agree- able moral qualities, as sweetness of temper, kind-heartedness, and the like; having an ex- cellent disposition: as, an awiatVe girl; an ami- able disposition. This [word] and "lovely"havebeen sofarditterentiatcd that amiable never expresses now any other than moral loveliness: which in "lovely" is seldom or never implied. Abp. Trench. He is so amiable that you will love him, if ever you be- come acquainted with him. Jefferson, in Bancroft's Hist. Const., II. 353. His [Fox's] private friends . . . maintained that ... if he was misled, he was misled by amiable feelings, by a desire to serve his friends and by anxious tenderness for his children. Macavlay, Lord Holland. = Syn. Engaging, benignant, sweet-tempered, kind-heart- ed, lovely in character. amiableness (a'mi-a-bl-nes), n. The quality of being amiable; loveliness; amiability. amiably (a'nii-a-bli), adv. 1. In an amiable manner; in a manner to excite or attract love. — 2f. Pleasingly; delightfully. [Rare.] The palaces rise so amiably. Sir T. Herbert, Travels, p. 12t). 175 They [the parables] are amiably perspicuous, vidimus, and bright Blackmail, Sacred Classics, i Amiadae (a-mi'a-dc), u. /■!. Siliiic :is .Imiii/ir. amiant, amianth (am'i-ant, -anth), ». [Prop. amiant, < ME. ami/aunt, ( OV. 'amiante, mod. F. amiante, < L. amiantus, < Gr. a/niavroe: see amiantus.] Saint- as amiantUS. amiantiform, amianthiform (am-i-an'ti-, -thi- tnriii), a. [< Nli, amiantus, -tints. + L. forma, form.] Having the form or likeness of ami- antus. amiantine, amianthine (am-i-an'tin, -thin), a. [< amiant, -anth, + -tnel.] Relating to or of the nature of amiantus. amiantoid, amianthoid (am-i-an'toid, -thoid), a. [< amiant, -anth, + -oid.] Resembling ami- antus in form. amiantoidal, amianthoidal (am"i-an-toi'-, -thoi'dal), a. [(.amiantoid + -al.~\ Same as amiantoid. amiantus, amianthus (am-i-an'tus, -thus), n. [The form amianthus is recent and erroneous, simulating Gr. avOoc, a flower (cf. amaranth); L. amiantus, E. ami- able, q. v.] Characterized by or exhibiting friendliness, peaeeableness, or harmony ; friend- ly ; peaceable ; harmonious in social or other relations. Plato and Tully, it should seem, thought truth could never be examined with more advantage than amidst the inn icable opposition of well-regulated converse. Sir T. Fitz-Osborne, Letters. By amicable collisions they have worn down their as- perities and sharp angles. Sterne, Sentimental Journey, p. 54. Amicable action, in law, an action commenced and prosecuted according to a mutual understanding, for the purpose of obtaining a decision of the courts on some matter of law.— Amicable compounder. See com- /...loii/cr.— Amicable numbers, in arith., any pair of numbers each of which is equal to the sum of the ali- quot parts of the other, that is, is equal to the sum of all the numbers which will divide the other without remain- der : as, 2S4 (1+2+4 + 5 +10+11 + 20 + 22+44 + 55 + 110 [the aliquot parts of 220] =284) and 220(1 + 2 + 4+71 + 142 [the aliquot parts of 284]= 220). The next higher pair of amicable numbers is 17,296 and 18,416. =Syn. Amicable, Friendly, kind, neighborly, cordial, -i micable is ofti n bo weak as to be almost negative; friendly is positive. Ami- cable simply notes freedom from hard brim-, disagree- ment, or quarrel; hence we speak of an amicable action at law, amicable relations between families and between states. Friendly implies a degree "i active interest. All nations should be on amicable terms: few are enough alike to be realty friendly. .1 micable also implies close relation or contact ; friendly feelings may exist toward those of whom we have only heard. Enter each mild, each amicable guest Pope, Eloisa to abelard, 1. 301. It is in the time of trouble . . . that the warmth of the friendly heart and the support of the friendly hand ac- quire increased value and demand additional gratitude. /,',-. Mant. amieableness (am'i-ka-bl-nes), ». [< amicabh + -ness.] The quality of being amicable, peaceable, friendly, or disposed to peace: a disposition to preserve peace and friendship; friendliness. Give not over your amieableness for that; their policie is no warrant against your dutie. J. Saitmarsh, Smoke in the Temple (1646), p. 54. amicably (am'i-ka-bli), atlr. In an amicable or friendly manner; with harmony; without controversy. , Amice around the neck. , Auuc- worn as a hood. amid I could wish to Bee the disturbances of Europe once mith, i litizen of the World, lxxxv. amicalt(am'i-kal), a. [=F. amieal,< L.amicalis i post-classical >. friendly, < amii amiable.] Friendly; amicable. An amical call to repi It'. Watson, in Athen. Oxon., iii. amice 1 (am'is), it. [Early mod. E. amice, amyce, (Inns, dims, ilinisse, tliill/s, tllltl/sst , (lint ssi , < ME, (iniysc, an altered form (perhap l>. confusion witli amisse, E. amice^) of earlier amyt, E. tiling, < OF. amit, mod. F. amict= Sp. amito = Pg. amicto = It. amitto, ammitto, amice, < L. amictus, amautle, cloak, ML. an amice, lit. that which is thrown or wrapped around one, < ami- arc, pp. aniiftiis, throw around, wrap around, (.am-, ambi-, around, +jacere, throw: see jet 1 .] If. A loose wrap or cloak. A palmer's a/mice wrapped him round. With a wrought Spanish baldrick bound. Scott, I., of tic L. M.. ii. 19. 2. In the Rom. Cath. (It. and in many Angli- can churches, an oblong piece of linen, large enough to cover the shoulders, worn with the upper edge fastened round the neck, under the alb, whenever the latter vestment is used. Formerly it was drawn over the head until the more solemn parts of the mass were reached. when it was turned down ; this custom is still partially obst rved by friars not wearing the clerical cap "i bl« retta. It is usually embroidered with a large cross, and formerly had an ap- parel of orphrey-work, which on being turned down served as an ornamental collar. It symbolizes the helmet of sal- vation. See amictus. Also written amict. amice- (am'is), n. [Earlymod. E. amice, atnise, dints, tiincss, unit's, tinti/s, aiims, n in mtjs, ammas, etc., and (after ML., Sp., etc.) almuce, < ME. amisse, < OF. aumusse, mod. F. atnnuce, aumusse = Pr. tilmussa = Sp. almucio=T?g. viursa = It. (obs.) moeza, in ML. a/mussa, almitssia, almucia, almicia, al- mussum, almutia, almutium, ar- um tin, a cape, hood, amice; cf. dim. Pr. almueela = OPg. aU mucella, almocella — Sp. almo- cela, OSp. iilnniftUii, iilnitieula, with diif. term. OF. aitmiteette = Sp. muceta = It. mozzetta; also (< ML. almutia, armutia) in Teut. : OHG. almus, iirmuz, MHG. mutze, miitzc, G. miitze, OD. almutsc, amutse, mutse, D. muts, Sc. mutch, a cap, hood: see mutch. The idt. origin is doubtful; al- maybe the Ar. ar- ticle. For the different senses, cf. cap 1 , cape 1 , cope 1 , ult. of the same origin.] A furred hood having long ends hanging down the front of the dress, something like the stole, worn by the clergy from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century for warmth when officiating in the church during inclement weather, it is still carried, thrown over the left arm, as a part of the ceremonial costume by the canons of certain cathedral churches in the north of France. The hood has become a pocket for the breviary. Also written almuce, aumuce. amict (am'ikt). ». Same as amice 1 . amictus (a-mik'tus), h.; pi. amictus. [L. : see amice 1 .] 1. In Rom. antiq., anynppergarment, such as a mantle or cloak: a general term, in- cluding the toga and all garments other than those worn next to the body. — 2. Eccles., the name given on the continent of Europe and sometimes in England to the amice. See am- ice 1 , '2. — 3. [cap.] In zobl., a genus of dipter- ous insects. amicus curiae (a-mi'kus kfi'ri-e). [L., a friend ul the court: amicus, a Mend; ciirue, gen. oi curia, court: see amy ami curia.] In imr, a friend of the court ; a person in court who, as a friend and not in virtue of any interest or employment in the cause, informs the judge of an error he has noticed, or makes a sugges- tion in aid of the duty of the court. amid (a-mid'), prep. phr. as ado. aniprep. [< ME. aiintitir, amy dae, amidden, earlier on «.) II. prep. In the midst or middle of; sur- rounded or encompassed by; mingled with; among. See amidst. Then answering from the Bandy shore. Half-drowned amid the breakers roar, \ci -I tin ■ i horus rose. Scott, Marnnon, ii. 11. =Syn. Amid, Among, etc. See an amid-, amido-. Combining forms of amide (which see). Amidae (am'i-de), n. pi. Same as Amiida 1 . ('. I.. Bonaparte. amidan (am'i-dan), n. [< AmidcB (f or AmUdrn) + -mi.] A fish a compound of the radi- cal acetyl and amidogen, and potassamine of potassium and amidogen. amidships (a-mid'ships), prep, phr. as adv. [< amid + ship", with adv. gen. suffix -s.] 1. In or toward the middle of a ship, or that part which is midway between the stem and the stern. In the whaler, the boat-steerers . . . keep by themselves in the waist, sleep amidships, and eat by themselves. Ii. It. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 37. 2. In the middle line of a ship; over and in line with the keel: as, to put the helm amid- ships. amidst (a-midsf), prep. [Early mod. E. also amid'st, amidest, amiddest, an extended form (with excrescent -( as in amongst, against, etc. i of ME. amiddes, amyddes, unmix (also imyddes, emiddes, i myddes, f a court I never, in all probability, have had such a poem as the Quair. /, ■ ing, Sketch Book, p. 109. amidulin (a-mid'u-lin), n. [< !'. amidon, Btarch, + dim. -«■/< + -in-.] Starch rendered soluble by boil amidwardt (a-mid'wSrd), adv. .-11111 prep. [< /+ -irnrii. 1 Toward the center or middle line hip. amiid (am'i-id), «. A fish of the famil idn Ami id :e 1 A family of eycloganoid fishes, typified by the ■tn [fc ,.„ ' Bowfi 1 ' Imia ca Iva ) . (From Report i u «4.) L'f-rnis Ami". The technical characters are an oblong Body, sh< »i rioui . iiiini- phi- (10 176 ostegal rays, the development of a sublingual bone be- tween the "rami of the lower jaw, the possession of cycloid a lull:.' suit dorsal llu. the subequal extent of the abdominal and caudal parts of the vertebra] column, and the absence of pseudobranchise. It is an archaic type rep- n s. ntiil now by a single living species, Amia catva. the bowfln or mudfish, Inhabiting the fresh waters of North America. Also written Amiadae, Amides, Amioides. amil-cornt, «. See ameUcorn. amildar (am'il-dar), ». See amaldar. amimia (a-mim'i-ii), w. [NL., < Gr. n-priv. + pi/toc, a mimic: see mime, mimic.] Loss of the power of pantomimic expression, due to a cere- bral lesion. amine (am'iu), n. [< am(monia) + -ine".] A chemical compound produced by the substitu- tion of a basic atom or radical for one or more of the hydrogen atoms of ammonia, as potas- samine (XHoK), ethylamine (C2H5NH2). The amines are all strongly basic in their character. See amide. aminisht, ». [Early mod. E. amynysshc, < ME. amynusshen, amenyshe, earlier amenusen, ame- nui/sen, < AP. amenvser, OF. amenuisn 1; ame- nuiser, lessen, < a- (< L. ad, to) + menuisier, lessen: see minish, diminish.] I. trans. To make less; lessen. II. intrans. To grow less; decrease. amioid (am'i-okl), a. and n. [< Amia + -old.] I. a. Having the characters of the Amiida:. II. re. An amiid. Amioidffi (am-i-oi'de), n. pi. Same as Amiidat. amir, «. See ameer. amiralt (arn'i-ral), re. An old spelling of ad- miral. amirship, n. See ameership. amist, "■ A former spelling of amice. amiss (a-niis'), prep. phr. as adv. and a. [< ME. amisse, amysse, a mysse, a mys, mys, also on mys, of mys, earliest form a mis (= Icel. d mis, d miss): a, o, on, E. f being, or liable i<> i»', lust. | Rare.] amissing (a-rms'ing), ". [Prop, a pin-.. ■/ miss- ing (n' A ami missing, verbal a. of miss) I ; as if a ppr. of *amis8, v.] Missing: wanting. amissiont (a-mish'pn), ». [< L. armssio(n i, amissus, pp. of amiitere, lose: Beeamifi.i Loss. i mis Urn "i th< Ir churi a membership. Dr. it . .1/"" , Seven Churi hi b, 111. amit't, "■ An "Id form of amia 1 . amit' J t (a-mif), v. t. or i. [< h.amittere. lose, let go, send away, < a for ab, from (see ab-), + Ammobium miltere, send. Cf. admit, commit, permit, remit, etc.] To lose : rarely with of. We desire no records of such enormities; sins should be accounted new, that .so they may be esteemed monstrous. They ami( of monstrosity, as they fall from their rarity. Sir T. Brm amity (am'i-ti), h. [Early mod. E. amitie, < ( >!•'. iimilii , amistic, amistiil, iimistrt = Sp. amis- tad='Bg. amizade = It. amista. < ML. "nmu-i- ta(t-)s, friendship, < L. a miens, friendly, a friend: mo amiable.] Friendship, in a general sense; harmony; good understanding, especially be- tween nations; political friendship: as, a treaty of amity and commerce. Great Britain was in league and amity with all the world. Sir J. Davies, Ireland. These appearances and sounds which Imply amity or enmity in those around, become symbolic of happiness and misery. //. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 5-JO. I much prefer the company of ploughboys and tin-ped- dlers to the silken and perfumed «»it7;; which celebrates its days of encounter by a frivolous display. Emerson, Friendship. = Syn. Friendliness, kindness, good will, affection, har- mony. Amiurus (am-i-u'rus), «. [XL., not curtailed, i. e., with the tail not notched, having the tail even or square ; < Gr. a- priv. + /iciovpoc, cur- tailed, eurtal, < peiuv, less (compar. of fuiipoc, little), + nhpa, tail.] Alarge genus of Silurida; containing many of the commonest American species of eatfishes, horned pouts or bullheads, such as A. nebulusus. There arc some 15 species, among them A. nigricans, the great-lake cat, and A. pun- derosus, the Mississippi cat, sometimes weighing upward of 100 pounds. Also written ^meiurus, as originally by Raflnesque, 1S20. See cut under catfish. Amizilis (am-i-zil'is), n. An erroneous form of Amazilia. JR. P. Lesson. amlett, "• An old form of omelet. amma' (am'ii), n. [ML., a spiritual mother, abbess, < Gr. "a/i/ia, also apuas, a mother, esp. in a convent, prob. < Syriacama, a mother; in the general sense of 'mother' or 'nurse' are found ML. iiiiimn. Sp. Pg. ama (> Anglo-Ind. amah, q. v.), OHG. amma, aunt, MHG. G. amme, Dan. amine, Sw. amma, nurse, Icel. amma, grand- mother; supposed to be of infantile origin, like mamma, q. v.] In the Gr. and Syriac churches, an abbess or spiritual mother. amma- (am'ii), n. [NL., prop, "hamma, < Gr. a,u/ia, a tie, knot, < nrrrm>, tie, fasten, bind.] A girdle or truss used in ruptures. amman (am'an), «. [< G. ammann, amtmann, < MHG. amnion, ambtman, anibetman, < OHG. iiniliiilitiiinii (= , E, F, G, A, because in the Gregorian melodyforthe hymn they fall upon these notes respectively. The.\ are still used, especially in France, as tin common names ol these -i\ Dotes. Since the intervals between these notes are the same as those between the first six tones of the modern major scale, the syllables have also been used extensively as names for those tones and as eui.les in studying their relations. This application is call When thus used, ut is generally changed t >" and the syllable ei (tonic sol-fa, tS) is added for the seventh tone. Aretinist (ar'e-tin-ist), 7i. [< Aretino + -ist.] A profligate of the stamp of Pietro Aretino, an Italian poet (1492-1557), noted for his impu- dence and profligacy, and for the virulence of his satire. aretology (ar-e-tol'o-ji), re. [< Gr. as if *ape- ToTuiyia (ef. apcra2.oyia, discussion or praise of virtue, otherwise jesting, < aperaUyog, a jester, lit. one who talks about virtue), < aperi/, virtue, + ->o; m. < > f ; en; speak: see -ology.] That part of moral philosophy which treats of virtue, its nature, and the means of attaining it. Also called aretaics. [Rare.] arettet, <'• t. See aret. arewt, prep. phr. as adv. An old form of arow. arfvedsonite (ar'ved-son-it ), a. [Named from J. E. Arfvedson, a Swedish chemist.] A min- eral related to hornblende, composed of silicates of iron and soda with a little alumina and lime, arg. In her., an abbreviation of argent. argal 1 (ar'gal), re. See argoU. argal'-'t (ar'gal), adv. A ludicrous corruption of Latin ergo, therefore. He drowns not himself : argal, he . . . shortens not his nun life. Shdk., Hamlet, v. 1. argala (ar'ga-la), n. [Auglo-Ind., also argee- lah, formerly also argali, argill, hargill, repr. Hind. Inn-gild.] In ornith.: (a) The adjutant- bird, .If/' a argala (Latham), now LeptopUlus argala, of India, (») A similar bird of Africa, Leptoptilus eruminiferus. Temminek. Properly called marabou, (c) [cap.'] [NL.] A generic name of both these birds. Hodgson, 1838. See adjutant-bird, marabou. argali (iir'ga-li), n. [F., Russ., NL., etc., after the Mongolian and Tungusian name.] 1. The large wild sheep of Asia, Oris ammon (Linna?us), now Caprovis argali, supposed to be the origi- nal stock of the domestic sheep. It stands about 4 teil in- 1 1 at the wit hers, and is of a very stout build, with enormously thick and long spiral- horns, win. b aie about in cir- cumference at the upward of ;. feel w [i ngth measured along tie convexity of the curve. Tin. horns rise boldly from tie 1- i and curve back* ward and outward, then down v^\, and for- ward, coining to a ■ d point ; and they taper gently from to ti).. 'the animal is gregarious, living in small flocks, elm fly in mountau i on high plateaus. lb nee — 2. Some other similar wild sheep, as the following— American argali, the Rocky Moun- tain sheep or bighorn, Ovis montana. See bighorn. Bearded argali, 1 1 Barbara wild bee] ioudad,.4m- motra Jet aoudad. Argand gas-burner, lamp. See gas-burner, lamp. Argantidae (ar-gan'ti-de), n. />/. Same as Ar- gasidce. argan-tree (ar'gan-tre), «. [Ar. (Morocco) ar- gdn, prop. arjdn.] A sapotaceous tree of Mo- root irgania Sideroxylon, the only specie! of the genus Argnuin. the nut- furnish an oil, stmi- l 304 lax to olive-oil, which is an Important article of food for the inhabitants. Its wood is remarkable for hardness and durability. Argas (iir'gas), n. [NL., prob. < Gr. apyde, eontr. not working, idle ; cf. o,>; i,m , Doric apyifc, bright, shining.] A genus of mites, of the family Ixodidu; having no eyes. The best- known speeu i a parasite eif birds, especially doves, and known as the dOW-tick. Other species are A. persicus and A. nigra. Argasidae (ar-gas'i-de), re. pi, [NL., < Argas + -voce.] A family of ticks, named from the ge- nus Argas. Also Argnutidce. Argean (iir-je'an), a. [< L. Argeus, pertaining totheArgo: see Argo.] 1. Pertaining to the ship Argo, or to the constellation of that name. — 2. Pertaining to Argeia (Argolis or the dis- trict of Argos) in Greece, or to the Argives, the ancient inhabitants of Argos. argel, arghel (iir'gel), h. [Syrian.] The leaves of the asclepiadaeeous plant Solennstemma Ar- gel, used in Egypt for the adulteration of senna. Also written arguel. argema (ar'je-ma), n. ; pi. argemata (iir-jem'a- ta). [NL.,< Gr. apye/ta, apyepov, a small white speck or nicer, < apyog, white. Cf. agrimony.] 1. A small white ulcer on the cornea. — 2. [cap. ] In zobl., a genus of lepidopterous insects. Argemone (iir-je-mo'ne), re. [L., < Gr. apyepuvn, a kind of poppy, named from its supposed medicinal qualities ; < apyepov or apyepa, a small white speck in the eye: see argema.] A small genus of plants, natural order Papareraeeee. The species are all ornamental, and natives of America, but are widely naturalized. From the seeds of A. Mrxi- ratia tin Mexicans obtain an oil very useful to painters. Both yellow and white varieties of this species are often cultivated under the name of the horned or prickly poppy. argent (ar'jent), re. and a. [< F. argent, < L. ar- gentum, silver, money, = Oscan aragetom = Skt. rajata, white, silver; cf. Ir. Gael, airgiod, sil- ver, money, connected with Ir. Gael, arg, white, Gr. ap) or, white, bright, shining; cf. Gr. apyvpog, silver (with different suffix); Skt. arjuna, sil- ver-white, < •/ rij, shine, rafij, color, be red. ] I. n. 1. Silver, or something resembling it; for- merly, in a more general sense, money. She shall haue the first day a whole pecke of argent. Udall, Roister Doister, i. 4. With that she tore her robe apart, and half The polish'd argent of her breast to sight Laid bare. Tennyson, Fair Women. 2. In her., the metal silver: represented con- ventionally in uncolored drawing or engraving by a plain white surface. Often abbreviated to a., ar., or arg. Argent comptantt, ready money. II. a. Made of silver; resembling silver; bright like silver; silvery- white. Pardon me, airy planet, that I prize One thought beyond thine argent luxuries ! Keats, Endymion, iii. argental (ar-jen'tal), a. [=F. argental, < L. argentum, silver.] Of, pertaining to, or resem- bling silver — Argental mercury, a native amalgam of silver. argentan (iir'jen-tan), n. [< L. argentum, sil- ver, + -an.] 1. An alloy of varying proportions of nickel, copper, and zinc; one of the names given as a trade-mark to German silver (which see, under silver). — 2. A species of French point-lace. argentate (ar'jen-tat), a. and re. [< L. argen- tatus, silvered,°oc, Argos.] I. a. Re- lating to Argos, the historic capital of Argo- lis or Argeia in Greece, or to its inhabitants, or to Argolis, the territory of Argos. The Argive race is represented in Homer as the most powerful in Greece, and hence Argive is often used as equivalent to Grecian »v QreeJc. II. ». A native or an inhabitant of Argos or of Argolis; a Greek. argle-bargle (iir'gl-bar'gl), V. i. [Also argie- bargie, argle-bargin, etc.; a varied reduplica- tion of argue.] To argue obstinately; bandy words; haggle. [Scotch.] ArgO (iir'go), h. [L., < Gr. 'Apya, name of Ja- son's ship, lit. the swift : also n constellation named after this ship ; < apyor, swift, glancing, bright, white: see argent.] 1. In Gr.mytli., the name of the ship in which Jason and his fifty-four companions sailed to Colchis in quest of the golden fleece. — 2. An ancient southern constellation, the largest in the heavens. It can easily lie maintained at a given point. Silver Simbeam, p. 196. argentous (8r-jen'tus), a. [< L. argentosus, < argentum, silver.] Pertaining to or containing silver: appliod to a compound which contains a larger proportion of silver than the corre- sponding argentic compound: as, argentous oxid, Ag 4 0; argentic oxid, Ag 2 0. argentry (ar'jon-tri), n. [< F. argenterie, plate, silver plate, Cargent, silver: see argent] It. Articles formed of silver ; silver plate, fawning his argosy lloncc —2. pi. Those who emigrated to Cali- fornia about the time of the discovery of gold there: as, the Argonauts of '49. Numbers of small parties from Oregon arrived before Julj (1848), but the vast body of gold eekers known alter- wards as the Argonauts did not reach the Pacific Coast until early in 1849. C. 11. Shinn, Mining Camps, p. 109. argentry and jewels. HoweU. Letters, i. 2. 2. Silvery appearance. [Rare.] And there the guttering argentry Ripples and glances on the confluent streams. Southey. argentum (iir-jen'tum), n. [L. : see argent] Silver. In chem., abbreviated Ag — Argentum mosaicum, an amalgam of tin, bismuth, and mercury, used for coloring images of plaster of Paris. E. 11. Knight. Arges (ar'jez), n. [NL., < Gr. dpyr/c, bright, glancing, apy6r, bright, white.] 1. A genus of South American fishes, typical of the fam- ily Argidee. — 2. A genus of trilobites. arghel, n. See argel. arghool (ar-gbT), n. An Egyptian musical in- strument, consisting of two tubes, with a mouth- piece furnished with reeds. Sometimes both tubes are pierced with holes, sometimes oidy one, the other be- ing used as a drone. argid (iir'jid), n. A fish of the family Argidee. Argidae (ar'ji-de), n. pt. [NL., < Arges + -ides. ] A family of nematognathous fishes, typified by the genus Arges, related to the Loricariida; but having a naked body and only maxillary bar- bels. There are about 10 known species, of small size, inhabiting the upper Andean streams and derivatives therefrom. argil (ar'jil), n. [< F. argile, < L. argilla, white clay, < Gr. ipyMa or apyda, usually apyMor or apyi'Aoc, white clay, < apy6(, white: see argent.] Potters' clay. This word has been used in different senses, and was proposed as a name for alumina when its nature was tirst discovered. It is now used by technical writers as a distinctive term for clay which is fit for pot- ters' use. argillaceous (iir-ji-la'shius), «. [< L. argilla- ceus, < argilla, white clay: see argil.] 1. Of the nature of or resembling clay. — 2. Contain- ing a considerable amount of clayey matter : as, argillaceous earth.— Argillaceous rocks, rocks of sedimentary origin, soft in texture, deposited for the most part in thin' layers. Clay forms the basis, but with it other substances may be associated, as vegetable matter (car- bonaceous shale), iron (clayband ironstone), lime (marl), etc. When the shale is tolerably pure it is readily distin- guished by the peculiar odor, termed argillaceous, which it emits when breathed on. — ArglUaceous slate or schist, clay slate, a metamorphic rock which in Scotland is characteristic of the Silurian formation. argilliferous (iir-ji-lif'e-rus), a. [< L. argilla, white clay (see argil)', + ferre = E. bear 1 .] Producing or containing clay or argil. argillite (ar'ji-lit), n. [< L. argilla, white clay Canopus, Argfm. iu[ . t > ■ >::..'> " .■ ' . r ■ ■ r n . 1 1 .- 3. [I.e.] A cephalopod mollusk, known also as the paver-na/uMlus and 'paper-sailor. The com- mon Mediterranean species, Argonauta argo, was fabled to carry its velamentous arms erect as sails, and tlen-hy to be wafted by the winds. The arms are in fact com- monly carried appressed to the shell, and progression is effected chiefly backward, as with other cuttlefishes, by the ejection of water through the siphon. Argonauta (ar-go-na'ta), n. [L., an Argonaut : see Argonaut.] A genus of cephalopods, typi- cal of the family Argouautida. Argonautic (iir-go-na'tik), a. [< L. Argonau- ticus, < Argonauta, Argonaut.] Of or pertain- ing to the Argonauts, or relating to their voy- age to Colchis: as, the Argonautic story. See Argonaut, 1. argonautid (iir-go-na'tid), n. A cephalopod of the family Argonautidce. Argonautidae (ar-go-na'ti-de), n. pi. [NL., < Argonauta + -idee.] A family of octopod cepha- The Constellation Argo. contains Canopus, after sirius the brightest of the fixed stars. By modern astronomers it is commonly divided into four parts by adding the distinctive words uavix, carina, puppis, and velum, or hull, keel, stern, and sail. 3. [I. c.j In :obl., the technical specific name of the paper-nautilus, Argonauta argo. — 4. In conch., a genus of nudibranchiate gastropods: synonymous with Doris. Bohadsch. argol 1 (iir'gol), «. [< ME. argoil, argoyle K AF. argoil; origin unknown; appar. ult. < Gr. dp) or, white.] Unrefined or crude tartar; a hard crust, consist ing of potassium bi tartrate, formed on the sides of vessels in which wine has been fermented. It is purple or white according to the color of the wine. Argol is used by dyers to dispose the stuffs to take their colors ; and the purified bitartrate, called cream of tartar, is used in medicine, cooking, ami lie processes of tinning and silvering. It is also a constitu- ent of most baking-powders. Also written argal, argoil, argall, orgal. (see argii),+~-ite2'.] Ai'gillaceousschistorslate; argol 2 (iir'gol), n. [Mongol.] A cake of dried clay slate (which see, under clay). camel's dung, used by the Mongols as fuel. argillitic (iir-ji-lit'ik), a. [< argillite + -ic] argolett, argoulett, »• [OF. argoulet obscure.] A member of a French corps of light cavalry instituted by Louis XII., similar to the estradiots, and probably armed and drilled in partial imitation of that corps. Take a cornet of our horse, As many argolets, and armed pikes, And with our carriage march away before. Peele, Battle of Alcazar. Pertaining to argillite. argillo (iLr-jil'o), n. [< L. argilla, < Gr. apyMor, white clay: see argil.] A name given to a vitreous compound of which tiles, table-tops, door-knobs, etc., are made, argilloarenaceous (iir-jil"6-ar-e-na'shius), a. [< argillous + arenaceous.] Consisting of clay and sand, argillocalcareous (iir-.iil"6-kal-ka're-us), a. argoletiert, "• [OF.] Same as argolet. [< argillous + calcareous.] Consisting' of clay Argolic (ar-gol'ik), a. [< L. Argolicus, < Gr. and calcareous earth. 'ApyohKor, pertaining to 'Ap)o?.ic, Argolis. See argillocalcite (iir-jil-6-kal'sit), n. [< argillous Argive.] Belonging to Argolis, the territory + calcite.] A species of calcareous earth with of Argos, a district of < Jreeee, in Peloponnesus, a large proportion of clay; marl. between Arcadia and the ^Egean sea : as, the argilloferruginous (iir-jil *6-fe-r6'ji-nus), a. Argolic Gulf. [\ aritillous + Argonauta argo (male), with hectocotylized arm attached. (Sev- eral times smaller than the female, though shown larger.) lopods, represented by the genus Argonauta, with an ovoid finless body and the two upper- most arms (in the female) expanded terminally [< ■ferruginous.] Containing clay argon (iir'gon), n. [< Gr. apydc, lazy, inert.) A name given by Lord Rayleigh and Professor William Ramsay to a new constituent of the atmosphere discovered by them in 1894. It is an inodorous gas, singularly inert chemically. Argonaut (iir'go-nat), n. [< L. Argonauta, < Gr. 'Apyovavn/r, 'one who sailed in the Argo, < 'Apyto, Argo, + vavrijc. (= L. nauta), a sailor, < vavc, a ship: see nave 2 , nautical.] 1. One of the heroes who, according to the ancient Hel- lenic myth, sailed with Jason in the ship Argo to Colchis on the Euxine sea in quest of the golden fleece. This they secured, and Jason also bore back with him and his comrades to Iolcus, amid won- derful adventures, the Colehian king's daughter Medea, the enchantress. and iron, as a mineral. argilloid (iir-jil'oid), a. [< L. argilla (see argil) + -oid.] Having an argillaceous or clayey ap- pearance ; like argil or clay. Argillomis (iir-ji-lor'nis), n. [NL., < L. ar- gilla, white clay (see argil), + Gr. bpvir, bird.] A genus of fossil birds from the London clay of Sheppey. A . longipennis (Owen), of uncertain affinities, is the typical species. The fossil remains indicate a long- winged bird larger than an albatross. R. Owen, 1878. argillous (ar-jil'us), a. [ n. One who argues or argufies. [Colloq.] I have noticed that your people who are pretty well agreed are always the fiercest argufiers. II'. C. Russell, Sailor's Sweetheart, i. argufy (ar'gu-fi), v.; pret. and pp. argufied, ppr. argufying. [Improp. < argue + -/;/.] I. intrans. 1. To argue, commonly in a pertina- cious manner, or for the sake of controversy ; wrangle. It ain't no use to argerfg ner try to cut up frisky. Luwell, Biglow Papers, 2d ser., p. 15. 2. To have weight as an argument; import; signify. II. trans. 1. To contend about; worry with argument.— 2. To signify; mean. But what argufies all this festivity? 'Tis all vanity and vexation of spirit. Mme. D'Arblay, Diary, vi. 41. [In all uses colloquial or dialectal.] arguitive (iir-gu'i-tiv), a. [< L. *arguitus, pp. of arguere, argue (see argue), + -we. J Having the character or form of an argument. [Bare.] — Arguitive descent. See descent, 13. argulid (ar'gu-lid), n. A fish-louse of the fami- ly Argulidw. 2. To contend in argument; dispute: as, you Argulldse (ar-gu'li-de), n. pi. [NL., < Argulus may arquc with your friend a week without +.,,;„..] A family of siphonostomous entomos- tracan crustaceans, typified by the genus Argu- lus. These fish-lice have a flat shield-like body, the ce- phalnthorav coalesced with the abdomen, ami the post- abdomen rudimentary and bearing two tail-fins. They are parasitic on various fishes, especially fresh-yvater species, ami sometimes attack young fishes in such numbers as to cause their death. The family with some authors consti- tutes a suborder Branchiura. argosy laden ships passing within or by any of the sea-limits of Her M. - royalty. „ ,, , Dr John Dee, Petty Navy Royal, in Arbcrs English [Garner, II. 07. There, where your argosies with portly sail, Like signiors and rich burghers on the Hood, . . . Do overpeer the petty traffickers. Shak., M. of V., i. 1. By the Venetian law, no slave might cuter a Venetian ship, and to tread the deck oi an argosy oi \ enlce became the privilege and the evidence of freedom. Bancroft, Hist. I . S., 1. 129. argot (ar'go or ar'got), ». [F.; origin obscure.] The conventional slang of a class, originally that of thieves and vagabonds, devised for purposes of disguise and concealment; cant; slang. Argot is formed . . . by the adoption of foreign words, by the absolute suppression of grammar, bj grotesque tropes, wild cataehresis, and allegorical metonymy. Farrar. Words or expressions in an ancient language, if they happen to coincide with some modern argot or vulgarism, take on a grotesque association which is not due at all to the phrase itself, but which makes the phrase seem much bolder than it really is. Quarterly Rev., CLXII. 17.. argoulett, »• See argoUt. Argozoum (ar-go-zd'um), n. [NL-. appar.< Ur. ii, r tje, Doric dp) ac, a kind of serpent (cf. apyr/c, bright, etc., < apyde, white), + C animal.] A genus of gigantic animals, formerly supposed to be birds, now believed to be dinosaurian rep- tiles, known by their footprints in the Triassie formation of the Connecticut valley. Hitchcock, 1848. arguable (ar'gu-a-bl), a Capable of being argued ; admitting argument. When men say "mere philosophy," theymean something arguable, something deniable. J. It. Seeley, Natural Religion, p. 1S4. argue (iir'gu), v. ; pret. and pp. argued, ppr. arguing. [< ME. arguen, arguwen, < OF. (and mod. F.) arguer, < L. arguere, declare, show, prove, make clear, reprove, accuse ; prob. con- nected with Gr. apyoq , white, bright, etc. : see argent, and ef. declare, lit. make clear.] I. in- trans. 1. To bring forward reasons to support or to overthrow a proposition, an opinion, or a measure; use arguments; reason: as, A argues in favor of a measure, B argues against it. With what cunning This woman argues for her own damnation! Beau, and FL, Knight of Malta, iii. 3. Yet I argue not Against Heaven's hand or will, nor bate a jot Of heart or hope. Milton, Sonnets, xvii. Paul argues that human reason so seeking for God can discover his power and his divinity, and holds that the true God is not far from every one of us. Dawson, Nature and the Bible, p. 206. convincing him. For e'en though vanquished, lie could argue still. Goldsmith, Des. Vil., 1. 212. How finely we argue upon mistaken facts ! Sterne, Tristram Shandy, iv. 27. II. trans. 1. To debate or diseuss ; treat by reasoning; state the reasons for or against: as, argumentable 2. The middle term of a syllogism. [See pre- ceding note.] Argument is the bare proof or mean term which is in- vented by him that disputeth, to prove the truth of the question ; but argumentation is the whole reasoning itself, of what form soever it be, comprehending both the ques- tion and also the proof thereof. Blundeville, 1619. Argument again, argumentum, — what is assumed in order to argue something,— is properly the middle notion in a reasoning — that through which the conclusion is es- tablished. Sir "'• Barmlton. 3. A reasoning ; the process by which the eon- nection between that which is or is supposed to be admitted and that which is doubted or supposed to need confirmation is traced or tested. In matters of wrong arguments do confound sense, when in explanation of right they do sensibly approve it. Ford, Honour Triumphant, ii. The probability which she easily perceives in things thus in their native state would be quite lost if this argu- ment were managed learnedly and proposed in mood and figure. Locke - We do not know God by argument, by reading books of evidences or books of theology : we know liiul just as we know the external world,— by experience. J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, p. 162. 4. An address or composition made for the pur- pose of producing belief or conviction by rea- soning or persuasion. — 5. A series of argumen- tations for and against a proposition ; a debate. — 6. The subject-matter or groundwork of a discourse or writing; specifically, an abstract or summary of the chief points in a book or section of a book: as, the arguments prefixed to the several books of "Paradise Lost" were an afterthought. That the yvhole argument fall within compass of a day's business. ... TT B. Jonsou, Ind. to Every Man out of his Humour. The abstract or argument of the piece is shortly as fol- lows. Jeffrey. 7t. Matter of contention, controversy, or con- versation. Ami sheath'd their swords for lack of argument. Slink., Hen. V., iii. 1. the counsel argued the cause before the Supreme ArgUliua (ar-gu-li'na), „.. p i [NX,., < Argulus /"I t . 4-1-,^ n.n non TITO Cf ll'dll /I fft 11 oA . ** . -. mi I V? Jt i _ J rt rn.^fnini lir Court ; the cause was well argued. I must submit To the divine decree, not argue it ; And cheerfully I welcome it. Fletchi e (and MastingerT), Lover's Progress, iv. 2. 2. To evince; render inferable or dedueible ; show : imply : as. the order visible in the uni- verse argues a divine cause. Not to know me argues yourselves unknown. Milton, 1'. L., iv. 830. These were Wolds, As meted by his measure of himself, boundli forbearance. Tennyson, Aylmer's Field. 3. To affect in any way by argument; induce a change in the mind uf, in- in regard to, by persuasion or reasoning: us. In argue one out uf his purpose; to argue away a false impres- sion. It is a sort of poetical logic which I would make use of : I ou ml,, , |,, otectlon of this play. I i rreue, Ded. of Old Batchelor. 4t. To accuse or charge; iinpeach or convict: used Willi (if. lie doth implore, \ ,,u «,,iiM ii, ,t argue hi » arrogance. /; Jonson, Ind. to Poetaster. I have pleaded guilty to all . . . expressions of mini which i"l Ii "I'. «/•. The only argument available with an east wind is to put on your overcoat Lowell, Dei r* I Mo the familiar meaning of the word, probabll ori mited in Roman law-courts, The usual definition given by Cicero ami almost all authorities is ratio rei dvMosfacwns ed,-,u ;i reason causing belief of a doubtful matter. Boe iiu i ■ place defines it as a medium proving a con- clusion. The word medium here means a premise, or according to all the commentators. iPctrut II, , Ii i . .id iilit.) But since medium usually n i thl middle term ,,i a Byllogism, a logli ems have been led i., give argument this signification.! It would lie argument for a week, laughter for a month, and a good jest forever. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 2. The remembrance of this small vexation Will be an argument of mirth for ever. Fletcher, Rule a Wife, iii. 2. 8. In math.: (a) Of an imaginary quantity, the coefficient of the imaginary unit in its log- arithm, (b) The angle or quantity on which a series of numbers in a numerical table de- pends and with which the table is entered. If for example, a table of the sun's declination were formed corresponding to every degree, etc., of longitude, so that, the longitude being known, the declination might be found opposite to it, then the longitude would be called the arqument of the table. Tables of double entry have two arguments. In the Ptolemaic astronomy, the argument. without qualification, is the angular distance on the epi- cycle of a planet from the true apogee ol the epicycle ; and the equation of the aniument is the angular distance, as seen from the earth, of a planet from the center of the epi- cycle, the correction to the second inequality. See evira- tion.— Argument from enumeration, a rude kind of induction in which the inference is made that something is true of a whole class, because it is tine of certain mem- bers of that class.— Argument from example. See ex. um pie.- Argument from exclusion, an argument in which, after showing that all causes but one are insuffi- cient to account for a phenomenon, it is urged that the one remaining cause must be the true one.— Argument of the latitude, the arc of the orbit reckoned from the ascending node.— Artificial argument, contentious argument, cumulative argument. See the adjec tives.-DUemmatlc argument, one winch purports to show that a whole class has a certain character by dli iding it. into parts, and showing that every part has that char aeter. Disjunctive argument, a reasoning of the form: Sis either Port); it is not P; hence it must bet).— Dissen- taneous argument, extrinsic argument, etc. See the adjectives.— Hypothetical argument, an argument ,„ i whose premises is a hypothetical or conditional proposition. It is not identical with hypothetw mfi rence. see hypothetic.— Inductive argument, an argument founded on an induction.- Negative argument, an ar- gument which eon, ludes the m-n existi ni e of a phenome- non from its not having been observed, (t'orotberpbriises, see argumentum, place, proo/.) = Syn. 3. Plea, Argument. " /■/.■,! should be used of the pleadings or of the arraign- ment before the trial, not Of the uruument at. the trial. \ plea is always addressed to the court ; an argument may Ii, addressed cither to the court or to the jury.' A. S. Hill, Rhetoric, p. 53. argumentt (ar'gu-ment), v. [< ME. argumen- ts, < L. argumentan, adduce proof, < argumen- tum: see argument, tl.] I. intrans. To argue; debate; bring forward reasons. Chaucer. II. trans. To make the subject of an argu- ment or debate .V. K. It. argumenta. «. Plural of argumentum. argumentablet (iir-gu-men'ta-bl), a. L< LI- arguiuentabilis, that may be proved, < L. argu- mentari. adduce us proof : sen argument, /.. and -able.] Admitting of argument ; capable of be- ing argued. argumental argumental (iir-gu-men'tal), a. [< L. anjii- mentalis, < argumentum : see argument.] Be- longing to or consisting in argument. Thus they dispute, guilding their tongues' report With instances and argumentall sawes. G. Markham, Sir it. Grinuile (Arb. reprint), p. 49. I am at length recovered from my (tegumental delirium. Johnson, Rambler, No. ;»f». argumentation (ar'gu-men-ta'shon), «. [= P. argumentation, < L. argumentation-), < unjn- mentari, pp. argumentatus, adduce as proof : seo argument, ».] 1 . The setting forth of reasons together with the conclusion drawn from them ; also, the premises and conclusion so set forth. Those scholastic forms of discourse are not less liable to fallacies than the plainer ways of argumentation. Locke. Argumentation or reasoning is that operation of the mind whereby we infer one thing, that is, one proposition, from two or more propositions premised. Watts, Logic, Int. 2. A course of reasoning; discussion; debate. The relation of his meaning to science is essential, but, in orderly argumentation, subsequent. Pop. Set Mo., XXVIII. 619. -Syn. See reasoning. argumentative (ftr-gu-men'ta-tiv), a, [< F. argumentatif, < L. as if * argumentalivus, < argu- mentatus: see argumentation.'] 1. Consisting in argument; containing a process of reason- ing; controversial: as, an argumentative dis- course. We are not to dwell upon the mental processes which composed the proof, upon the argumentative part of re- ligion ; but upon the tilings proved. Gladstone, Might of Right, p. 237. 2. Showing reasons for. [Rare.] Another thing argumentative of Providence is, etc. Ray, Works of Creation. 3. Addicted to argument ; disputatious : as, an argumentative writer; he is very argumentative. argumentatively (ur-gu-men'ta-tiv-li), adv. In an argumentative manner ; with respect to rea- soning or arguments. Bowles, in losing his temper, lost also what little logic he had, and though in a vague way jesthetically right, contrived always to be argumentativelg wrong. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 430. argumentativeness (iir-gu-men'ta-tiv-nes), n. The quality of being argumentative. Thus was the young, vacant mind furnished with much talk about Progress of the Species, Dark Ages, Prejudice, and the like, so that all were quickly enough blown out into a state of windy argumentativeness. Carlisle, Sartor Resartus, p. 78. argumentator (ar'gu-men-ta''tor), n. [LL., < L. argumentatus : see argumentation.'] One who conducts an argument ; a reasoner. N. E. D. argumentizet (Sr'gu-men-tiz), v. i. [< argu- ment + -ize.] To argue; debate; reason: as, " argumentiemg philosophy," Mannyngham, Discourses, p. 34. argumentum (ar-gu-nien'tuin), n. ; pi. argu- ment)! (-ta,). [L. : see argument.] An argument. —Argumentum ad crumenam, an argument appealing tothe purse, or to one's desire to save money. — Argumen- tum ad hominem. See ad kominem.— Argumentum ad ignorantiam, an argument based upon an adversary's ignorance of the matter in dispute.— Argumentum ad invidiam, an argument appealing to one's hatreds or prejudices. — Argumentum ad judicium, an argument addressed to the judgment ; a proof drawn from any of the foundations of knowledge or probability. — Argumen- tum ad verecundiam (literally, an appeal to one's mod- esty), an argument from the opinions of men whose views are commonly accepted as authoritative. Also called ar- gument from authority.— Argumentum baculinum, an appeal to force; club- or lyneh-law.— Argumentum ex concesso, an argument based on some previous admis- sion. ArgUS (ar'gus), n. [L., < Gr. "Apyog, < apySg, bright.] 1. In Grecian legend, a giant of vast strength, held in early times to have four eyes, and later to have eyes without number. Hera set him to guard the heifer Io, and after he was slain by Hermes transferred his eyes to the tail of the peacock. Hence — 2. Any observant or sharp-sighted person: as, he is a very Argus in watchfulness. — 3. In ornith. : (a) A genus of gallinaceous birds, of the order Gallium and family Phasianidm, characterized by the enor- mous development of the secondary feathers of the wings and middle feathers of the tail, the former being adorned with numerous ocelli, lik- ened to the many eyes of Argus. The type is the argus-pheasant (Phasiunus argus, or Argus giganteus or pavoninus) of the Malay archipelago. Other species or varieties are the Argus grayi of Elliot, from Borneo, the Argus ocellatus of Verreaux, and the Argus bipunctatus. Other forms of the word, as a genus name, are Argusanus and Argusianm. (h) [/. c .] Any species "of the genus Argus; an argus-pheasant. The common species has a body only about as large as that of a barn- yard hen, but sometimes measures 5 or C feet in total length, owing to the extraordinary development of the tail-feathers. The inner feathers of the wing are 2 or 3 feet long, and beautifully ocellated with metallic iridescent 307 spots. The general plumage is brown, variegated with lighter and darker tracery. The female is a plain bird, lacking the extraordinary de- velopment of the wing- and tail-feathers. 4. A genus of gastro- pods. Boliadsch, 1761. — 5. A genus of lepi- dopterous insects. Sco- poli, 1777. — 6. A genus of araehnidans. Walker, 1837.— 7. |7.c] A name of certain euryalean ophiurians, or sand-stars with branching arms — Shetland ar- gus, the Astrophyton (or Euryale) seutatum, or gorgon's-head, a kind of basket-fish, basket-urchin, or sea- basket, sometimes measuring a foot across. The ultimate ramifications of its rays are estimated to be some 80,000 in number. See Astrophyton and basket-fish. Argus-eyed (ar'gus -id), a. Vigilant; watchful; extreme- ly observant. See Argus, 1. argus-pheasant (ar'gus-fez"- ant), n. See Argus, 3. argus-shell (iir'gus-shel), u. [< argus (with allusion to the pea- cock's tail) + shell.] A gastro- pod of the family Cypratidce, or porcelain-shells, Cyprma argus, beautifully variegated with ocel- lated spots. It is an inhabitant of the Pacific ocean. argutationt (ar-gu-ta'shou), n. [< argute, q. v. Cf. L. argutatio(n-), a creaking, < argutari, pp. argutatus, creak, make a noise, < argutus, clear, sharp, shrill: see argute.] Cavil ; over-refine- ment in arguing ; quibble; subtlety: as, "friv- olous argutations," Bp. Hall, Myst. of Godli- ness, 8. argute (iir-gut'), a. [< L. arautus, clear, bright, sharp, sagacious, formally pp. of arguere, make clear: see argue.] 1. Sharp, as a taste ; shrill, as a sound. — 2. Subtle; ingenious; sagacious; shrewd; keen. I will have him, continued my father, . . . vigilant, acute, argute, inventive. Sterne, Tristram Shandy. The active preacher, the restless missionary, the argute schoolman. Milman, Latin Christianity, x. argutely (iir-gut'li), adv. 1. Shrilly. — 2. In a sharp orsubtle manner; sagaciously; shrewdly. Sterne. arguteness(ar-gut'nes), n. 1. Shrillness. — 2. Acuteness; wittiness; sagacity; shrewdness. This [Seneca] tickles you by starts with his arguteness, that [Plutarch] pleases you for continuance with his pro- priety. Dryilen, Plutarch, p. lis. Argynnis (ar-jin'is), n. [NL., appar. orig. a misprint for *arayrius or *argyreus, < Gr. dpyii- proc, silvery, (. apyvpog, silver.] A genus of but- terflies, of the family NymphaMdes, commonly called fritillaries, the several species of which have the under side of the wings marked with silvery spots. A. paphia, the silver-washed fritillary, is a typical example. argyranthemous (ar-ji-ran the-mus),ffl. [< Gr. Spj vpog, silver, + avdeuov, a flower.] In hot., having silvery-white flowers. Craig, 1847. aria argyranthous (ar-ji-ran'thue), a. [< Gr. ap- yvpog, silver, + itriin, , g flower.] Iii luii., samo as argyranthemous. argyraspid (ar-ji-ras'pid), n. [>u,rr. hatchet.] The typical genus of fishes of the subfamily Argy- ropelecdnw: so called from the silvery color and somewhat hatchet-like shape. argyrose (iir'ji-ros), ». [F., < Gr. apyvpog: see argent.] In mineral., same .-in argenUte. arh-, in words of Greek origin. See arrlt-. Arhan (ar'han), u. Same as Arhat. arhapedan (ar-hap'e-dan), ;/. A Syrian mea- sure of land, a square of 100 feet on the side. Arhat (ar'hat), ». [< Skt. arhant, deserving, worthy, fit, ppr. of -\/ arh, deserve, be worthy.] The highest rank of Buddhist saintship; spe- cifically, one of the original five hundred disci- ples of Gautama Buddha. Also Arahat, Eahat, and Arhan, Italian. arhatship (ar'hat-ship), «. [< Arhat + -ship.] The state of an Arhat. Also arahatship. The central point of primitive Buddhism was the doc- trine of Arahatship, a M'stcm of ethical and mental self- culture, in which deliverance was found from all the mys- teries and sorrows of life in a change of heart to he reached hereon earth. Eneyc. Brit., XIV. —ti. arhizal, arhizous, «. More common but less correct forms of arrhieal, arrhizous. aria (a'ri-ii or a'ri-a), ». [It., < L. tier, air: see oir 3 , also "air 1 .] in music: (a) A rhythmical and metrical melody or tune for a single voice (rarely for a monophonous instrument), having a vocal or instrumental accompaniment: dis- Water-spider {Argyronet.t utjtiatica). fin, aria tinguished from a song by being less simple and less purely lyrical. The aria grande is the next most elaborate species of solo vocal music to the scena (which see). (6) A distinct form of solo vocal music, distinguished by a clear division into three parts, namely, a principal section, a subordinate section, and a repeti- tion, with or without alterations, of the first section : otherwise known as the da capo form, (e) A solo movement, whether in strict aria form or not, in an extended vocal work, like an opera or an oratorio: as, the soprano aria "I know that my Redeemer liveth.'' See air$, 1. Arian 1 (a'ri-an), a. and ». [Formerly also Ar- ritin (AS. Ar'rianisc); = F. Arien, < LL. Arianus (< LGr. 'Apetavoc;), < Arius, Arias (improp. Ar- rius), < Or. "Apcioc, a man's name, prop, adj., martial, warlike, of Ares or Mars, < "Apnc, Ares, Mars: see -ires. ] I, a. 1. Pertaining to or of the nature of the doctrines of Arius. See II. — 2. Adhering to Arius or his doctrines. II. it. In theol., one who adheres to the doc- trines of Arius and his school. Alius was a pres- byter ol the church of Alexandria in the fourth century. Beheld that the Son was begotten of the Father, and there- fore notcoeternal nor consubstantial with the Father, but created by and subordinate to the Father, though pos- sessing a similar nature. The name Arian is given in the- ology not only to all those who adopt this particular view of the nature of Christ, but also to all those who, holding to the divine nature of Christ, yet maintain his dependence upon and subordination to the Father in the Godhead. As a class the Arians accept the Scriptures as a divinely inspired and authoritative book, and declare their doctrines to be sustained by its teachings. The doc- trine of Arius was authoritatively condemned by the Council of Nice A. D. .'i'Ja, which decreed that Jesus Christ was "very God of very God; begotten, not made ; of one substance with the Father." Arian' 2 , a. and n. See Aryan. -arian. [< L. -dri-us (E. -ary\ -or 2 ) + -dn-us, E. -an.'] A compound suffix of Latin origin, forming adjectives, and thence nouns, from or instead of adjectives or nouns in -ary 1 . Words so formed refer sometimes to things, as agrarian, but chiefly to persons, either in regard to pursuit or occupa- tion, as antiquarian, or tu age, as sexagenarian, octoge- narian, centenarian, etc., or to religious or social belief and practice, as Aquarian, MUlenarian, necessarian, Su- pralapsarian, Unitarian, humanitarian, utilitarian, etc. In the last use the termination is extended to words of non-Latin origin, as anythingarian, nothingarian. Arianism (a'ri-an-izm), n. [=F. Arianisme, < Gr. 'Aptiavia/i6r, < Apeiavi&iv, Arianize.] The doctrines of the Arians. See Arian 1 , n. Arianize (ii'ri-an-iz), v. ; pret. and pp. Arianized, ppr. Arianizing. [< LGr. 'Apciavi(av, bean Arian, < 'Apctavoc, Arian: see^nawl.] 1. trans. To ren- der conformable to Arianism; convert to Ari- anism. II. intrans. To favor or admit the tenets of the Arians; tend toward Arianism: as, an Arianizing sect of Christians. Arianizer (a'ri-an-1-zer), n. One who favors, tends toward, or converts others to Arianism. Arica hark. Sec bark". aricari (ar-i-ka'ri), n. See aracari. Aricia (a-rish i-S), n. [NL., prob. < L. Aricia, a town in Latitim, now (It.) La Riccia.] The typical genus of the family Ariciidit: Ariciidae (ar-i-si'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Aricia + -ilia.] A family of free marine annelids, of the order Chartopoda. aricin (ar'i-sin), n. [< . I rica, the name of a place (formerly in Peru, now in Chili) whence the bark is exported, + -;'h 2 .] An alkaloid found in the bark of some species of Cinchona. See Imrl,-. arid (ar'id), a. [< L. aridus, dry, < arerc, be dry.] Dry; without moisture: parched with heat; hence, figuratively, uninteresting, life- less, dull, pithless, etc. The arid abstractions of the schoolmen were succeeded by the fauciful visions ol the occult philosophers. /. VIsraeli, Amen, of Lit., II. 285. As ariil as a tuft thing whose life is in the shade, thi rain, or the mountain dew) crumbling in the sunshine, after Long expectance of a shower. Hawthorne, Blithedale Romance, id I be capital defect of cold, arid natures is the want of animal spirits. Emerson, Society ami Solitude. aridas (ar'i-das), ». [Native name.] A kind of taffeta, or plain smooth silk stuff without pattern, from the Kasl Indies. aridge (a-rij'). /"'. phr. us adv. [< a? + ridge. ] In a ridge; in <>r into n ridge-like position. ITou're oilers nulclf to set your back at id < Thought Baits a tom-cat more'n a sober bridge. Lowell, Monument to the Bridge. aridity (a-rid'i-ti ), ». : pi. aridities (-tiz). [=F. ariiliii, < I., ahditas, dryness, < aridus, dry: see ariil.) 1. The State of being arid; dryness; want of moisture. — 2. Figuratively, want of interest; dryness; lifelessness. 308 The harsh ascetic mode of treating philosophy by the schoolmen generated a corresponding barrenness, aridity and repulsiveness, in the rigid forms of their technical language. /'• Quincey, Style, iv. I have often been reproached with the aridity of my genius. Poe, Tales, 1. 146. 3. Dullness of mind or situation ; depression; tedium. Strike my soul with lively apprehensions of thy excel- lences, to hear up my spirit under the greatest aridities and dejections. Norris. aridness (ar'id-nes), n. Same as aridity. Around ami between the ruined cities, and reaching far and wide to the north and east, were blank aridness and desolation. O'Donovan, Merv, \\. -arieae. [NL., fern. pi. of -arieus, < L. -dri-us + -c-us: see -ary 1 and -eons.] In hot., an ordinal termination, used by some authors in a very few cases instead of the more common -acete. Ariel 1 (a'ri-el), n. [In def. 1, < LL. arid, < Gr. apir/A, < Heb. ariel, in the passage cited of un- certain meaning, perhaps 'fire-altar of God' (Gesenius) ; elsewhere in the Old Testament as a man's name and as an appellation of Jerusa- lem, where it is taken as ' lion of God.' Hence, in T. Heywood and Milton, the name of an angel, and in Shakspere of an ' airy spirit ' (N. E. I).). There is an allusion in the poets' use to aerial, airy 1 ; hence the application to a heavenly body and to birds.] If. [I. c] An altar. See etymology and quotation. Forsothe the ylk arid or auter [thilke arid, that is the higere part of the auter, Purv.] of foure cubitis, and fro ariel [the auter, Purv.] vn to above, foure corners. Wyclif, Ezek., xliii. 15, 16(0xf. ed.). 2. The innermost of the satellites of Uranus, discovered by Lassell in 1851. It revolves about its primary in 2| days. — 3. [/. c] In ornitli., applied to sundry birds of buoyant airy flight: as, the ariel swallow, C'helidon ariel; the ariel petrel, Procellaria ariel; the ariel toucan, Bhamphastos ariel. ariel 2 (a'ri-el), n. [< Ar. aryil, var. of ai/yil, a stag, applied in Syria to the gazel (Dozy) ; cf. Ar. also iydl, a stag.] In zooh, an Arabian gazel, Gasella dama. They are dainty little antelopes, these gazelles and oriels of the Soudan. Contemporary Rev., XLIX. 854. arierbant, "■ See arriere-ban. Aries (a'ri-ez), n. [< L. aries (ariet-), OL. ares = Ir. and Gael, rcith, a ram.] 1. One of the zodiacal constellations. — 2. The first sign of the zodiac (marked f), which the sun enters Arimaspian She hastened to beseech their attention unto a military arietta. Scott. aright (a-rif), prep. phr. as adv. [< ME. aright, arigt, ariht, etc., < AS. driht, earlier on riht, aright: on, E. a 3 ; riht, E. right: see right, n. The second sense is modern.] 1. Rightly; in a right way or form ; without error or fault. Nor can a man of passions judge aright, Except his lniml lie from ail passions fire. Sir J. Davies, Immortal, of Soul, iv. These mingled seeds thy hand shall set aright, All laid in heaps, each after its own kind. William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 264. 2. To or toward the right hand. [Rare.] The affrighted foemen scatter from his spear, aright, alcft. Southey, Joan of Are, vi. 308. Ariina (ar-i-i'na), n. pi. [NL., < Arius + -ina.] In Gtinther's classification of fishes, a group of Sihiriilie proteroptera; with the anterior and posterior nostrils close together and without nasal barbels: synonymous with Ariina'. Ariinae (ar-i-i'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Arius + -ina:] In ichth., a subfamily of siluroid fishes, typified by the genus Arius. They have a form resembling that of the North American catfishes, but the anterior nostrils are close to the posterior, and the latter have no barbels. Most species have a bony occipital shield, be- tween which and the dorsal fin is a smaller antedorsal shield ; the dentition is variable, but palatine teeth are The Constellation Aries. at the vernal equinox, March 21st, and leaves April 20th. Owing to the precession of the equinoxes, the constellation Aries has moved completely out of the sign of the same name, which is now occupied by the constellation Pisees. 3. [NL.] In cool., a genus of mammals. Storr, 1870. arietatet, ». «• [< L. arietatus, pp. of arietare, butt, as a ram, < aries {ariet-), a ram : see Aries.] To push or butt like a ram. Bailey. arietationt (ar'i-e-ta-shon), n. [< L. arii ta- im(ii-),i arii lure, butt: see arictate.] 1. The act of butting like a ram. — 2. The act of battering with a battering-ram. Ordnance do exceed all arietations and ancient inven- tions. Bacon, Essays, No. 58. 3. The act of collidingor conflicting. Glanrillr. arietiform (ar-i-et'i-fdrm), a. [< L. Aries (Arii/-). a sign of the zodiac (see Aries), + forma, form.] Having the shape of the symbol of the zodiacal sign Aries (T)- arietine (ar'i-e-tin), a. [< L. arietinus, < aries (unit-), aram: see Aries.] Butting; pertaining to or having the nature of a ram. The gap in the fence discovered by their arietine leader. Literary World, June, 1871. arietta (a-ri-et'ta), ». [It., dim. of aria, q. v.] \ hoii song: an air, or a little air. ariette (a-ri-ef), ». [F., < It. arietta, q. v.] Same as arietta. Salt-water Catfish (Arius /elis}. (From Report of U. S. Fish Commission, 1884.) usually present. About 100 species are known, most of which are inhabitants of the tropical or warm seas. The males of many species carry the eggs, which are of large size, in their mouth, and there hatch them. A few reach a length of nearly 5 feet. aril (ar'il). 11. [= F. arillc = Sp. arilla = Pg. It. arillo, < NL. arillus, < ML. ariUi (pi.), dried grapes, < L. aridus, dry : see arid.] In bot., a term variously applied to the accessory cover- ings or appendages of seeds. It is sometimes used in a general sense, without regard to form or place of ori- gin, and includes the strophiole, caruncle, and arillode (see these words) ; but it is usually limited to a more or less nearly complete seed-covering which originates from the funiculus near the hilutn, or from the placenta when there is no funiculus. Also arillus. ariled (ar'ild), a. Same as arillate. arillate (ar'i-lat), a. [< NL. arillatus, < arillus: see aril.] Furnished with an aril, as the fruit of the spindle-tree. arillated (ar'i-la-ted), a. Same as arillate. arilli, «■ Plural of arillus. arilliform (a-ril'i-form), a. [< NL. arillus, aril, + L. forma, form.] Having the form of an aril. arillode (ar'i-lod), n. [< NL. "arillodittm, < aril- lus, aril, + Gr. eldog, form.] Ln bot., a false aril: sometimes applied to a form of aril which originates from the mieropyle or raphe instead of at or be- low the hilum, as in the nutmeg. Also spelled arilode. arillus (a-ril'us), n. ; pi. arilli (-i). [NL.] Same as aril. Arilus (ar'i-lus), n. [NL.] Agenusof het- eropterous hemip- terous insects, of the (:(\m\y Itedii r iitla;for- merly including the species of Prionidus, as the wheel-bug. Arimasp ( ar ' i-masp) , >i. [< L. Arimaspi, < Gr. 'Apipaoiroi, pi., a ' Scythian' word, said to mean 'one-eyed'; according to Herodotus, 'Scythian,' < «/"'"". ""*'< + n '<" ■ <'>'"• according to Eustathius, < apt, one, + iiacz*,,, eye.] Ono of the Arimaspi, a- mythical tribe of Scythians, believed in antiquity to have carried off aboard of gold which was under the guardianship of griftins. Figures of Arimasps occur a itimes in Greek art. represented in Oriental dress ami lighting griffins. Arimaspian (ar-i-mas'])i-an), n. Same as Ari- masp. Arilloctcs. a, b, seed of Ricinus communis; c, seed of Chrlidoniutn may us; d.e, seed "f Myristica frazrans, nut- meg and mace; /, arillode. (a. b, .ui.l . iii.i^nitie.l. Arimaspian As when :i gryphon through the wilderness . . . Pursues the Arvmaqpian, who by stealth Had from his wakeful custody purloind The guarded gold. MUton, P. L., ii. 945. Goat or griffin, Christian or Cockney, Miser or Arimas- pian. Blackwood n Mag., XXI. 780. Arin8e(a-ri'iie), n.pl. [< Ara? + Ana.] A sub- family of birds, of the family I'sittacida; includ- ing the wedge-tailed maeaws and parrakeeta of America. See Ara? and Conurus. Also written Araiiue. ariolation (ar i-o-la'shon), re. See luiriolation. Arion (a-ri'pn), «. [NL., < L. Arion, < Gr. 'ApU uv, a celebrated cithara-player, said to have been rescued from drowning by a dolphin.] A genus of pulmonale gastropods, by some refer- red to the family lAmacidos and subfamily Ario- nimv, but now generally considered as the type of a family Arionidm, including several species of slugs, of which A. ater, the black slug, is a characteristic example. In the principal genus, Arion, there is a triangular pore at the upper posterior part of the body, which readilysep- arates it from Limax. Stand. Nat. Hist, I. 319. arionid (a-ri'pn-id), re. A gastropod of the fam- ily Aritiniilir. Arionidse (ar-i-on'i-de), ii. pi. [NL., < Arion + -ida?.] A family of geophilous pulmonate gas- tropods, resembling the Limacida; and repre- sented by such genera as Arion and Ariolimax. Its technical characters are a shell reduced to a small Hat plate or granules, a small and shield-like anterior mantle, the jaw entire and transversely ribbed, and teeth of three kinds, the laterals especially differing from those of the Limacida; by their low, wide, and quadrate form. They are confounded with the limacids under the general name of slugs. Arioninse (ar'i-o-ni'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Arion + -incc.] The siugs of the genus Arion and re- lated genera, such as Ariolimax, regarded as a subfamily of the Limacidee. The Limacid;e are divisible into three subfamilies. In the Arionince the shell may be present, though concealed by the mantle, or it may be represented by a number of calcareous grains scattered through the corresponding portion of the mantle. Stand. Nat. IIi.it., I. 318. ariose (ar-i-6s'). a. [< It. arioso, q. v.] Charac- terized by melody, as distinguished from har- mony. [Rare.] Mendelssohn wants the ario.se beauty of Handel; vocal melody is not his forte ; the interest of his airs is harmonic. Foreign Quarterly Rev. arioso (a-re-6'so), a. [It., < aria, air: see aria and «/;' 3 .] In music, like an air, as contradis- tinguished from recitative. The word is used espe- cially with reference to recitative passages which are treated more in the smooth and melodious style of airs than in the ordinary style of recitatives. In instrumental music it indicates a flowing vocal style. Prefixed to an air, it denotes a sustained elaborate style, appropriate to the great airs of an opera. -arioUS. [Aceom. of L. -ariits: see -on/ 1 and -ous.] A suffix of Latin origin, another form of -ary 1 , but used only in adjectives, as in ad- versarious, arenarious, calcarious (now errone- ously calcareous), gregarious, vicarious, etc. arisadt, arisardt, »■ [Origin obscure.] Along robe or tunic girded at the waist, worn by women in Scotland as late as 1740. PlancM. Also airisad, airisard. arise (a-riz'), v. i. ; pret. arose, pp. arisen, ppr. arising. [< ME. arisen. < AS. drisan (= ONorth. nrrisa = OS. arisan = OHG. ar-, ir-, ur-risan = Goth, urreisan, arise), < a- + risan, rise : see a- 1 and rise*-.] 1. To get np from sitting, lying, or kneeling, or from a posture or state of re- pose, as from sleep or the grave : as, the audi- ence arose and remained standing. I will arise, and go to my father. Luke xv. 18. The king arose very early in the morning. Dan. vi. 19. Arise from the dead, and Christ shall give thee light. Eph. v. 14. Many bodies of the saints which slept arose. Mat. xxvii. 52. Arise, he said, to conquering Athens go, There fate appoints an end of all thy woe. Dryden, Pal. and Arc, 1. 633. I dub thee knight. Arise, Sir Ralph, De Wilton's heir. Scott, Marmion, vi. 12. 2. To get up from a sitting or session, as of a court ; suspend sittings for a time ; adjourn : as, the court arose at 4 o'clock. [Archaic: see rise.] — 3. To spring up from, or as from, the ground ; ascend ; mount or move from a lower to a higher place : as, vapors arise from humid ground. The forests were filled with birds : and, at the discharge of an arquebuse, whole flocks would arise. Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 70. From right to left about the Hashing mass Arose a spiral stair, the tower ringing. C. De Kail, Vision of Nimrod, v. 309 4. To come into view, as from a hiding-place ; specifically, to appear, as the sun or ;i star, above the horizon : hence, to begin, or be ush- ered in, as the day. Arise, lair sun, and kill the envious m ShaJc., It. and .1., ii. 2. While day arises, that sweet hour of prime. Milton, P. L., v. 170. 5. To come into being or action; come into existence or play; start into prominence or activity; appear: come upon the scene : as, a false prophel has arisen; a great wind arose; a cry arose. N ow there arose up a new king over Egypt, which knew not Joseph. Ex. i. 8. Whence heavy persecution shall arise On all, who in the worship persevere Of spirit and truth. Milton, P. L., xii, 531. For the mighty wind arises, roaring seaward, and I go. Tennyson, Locksley Hall. The idea of a universal and beneficent Creator of the universe does not seem to arise in the mind of man until he has been elevated by long-continued culture. Darwin, Descent of Man, II. 377. 6. To have a beginning or origin ; originate, (rt) To have or take its rise, as a river ; rise, as from a source. {!>) To result or proceed, as from a cause ; as, most of these appalling accidents arise from carelessness. All the powers and capacities of man, being the work of God, must have their proper place in his designs ; and the evil in the world arises not from their use, but from their misuse. Gladstone, Might of Eight, p. 110. 7. To come or spring up incidentally, as any- thing requiring attention : as, other cases can be attended to as they arise. Fortunately, the contingency to which I allude [the ne- cessity of a coup d'etat] never arose. E. Dicey, Victor Emmanuel, p. 124. 8. To rise in hostility; rebel: with against; as, the men arose against their officers. When he arose against me, I caught him by his beard. 1 Sam. xvii. 35. [In senses 1-4, 6 (a), and 8, rise is now more common. ] = Syn. Arise, Rise. The choice between these words was primarily, and still often is, a matter of rhythm. The literal meanings, however, or those which seem literal, have become more associated with rise, and the consciously figurative with a rise: as, he rose from his chair ; the sun rose; the provinces ruse in revolt ; t von Mi- an.s ; " Music arose with its voluptuous swell," Byron, Childe Harold, iii. 21. ariset (a-riz'), n. [< arise, v. i.] Rising. Upon the arise or descent of the stars. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., vi. 3. arish (ar'ish), n. [Pers.] A Persian linear measure, equal to 38.364 English inches. aristt, «• [ME., < AS. cerist, erist, erest(=Goth. urrists), arising, < drisan, arise, + -t, a common noun formative.] A rising, as from a seat, a bed, or the ground, or from below the horizon : as, "at the sonne ariste," Chaucer, Astrolabe. aristt. A shortened form of ariseth. Chaucer. arista (a-ris'tii), n. ; pi. arista: (-te). [L., the awn or beard of grain. Cf. arrest 2 .] 1. In hot., an awn (which see). — 2. In zool., an awn or tactile filament at the end of the antenna of an insect, as in some Diptera. Tire antenme . . . may ... be very short and com- posed of three joints, frequently bearing a tactile hair at the extremity 'arista). Claus, Zobl. (trans.), I. 573. aristarch (ar'is-tiirk), n. [< L. Aristarchus, < Gr. 'Apiorapxoe, a critic of Alexandria, noted for his severity, especially in regard to the Homeric poems.] A severe critic: as, "the aristarch Johnson," Scott, Abbot, Int. Aristarchian (ar-is-tar'ki-an), a. [< Gr. 'Api- arapxeioe, < Wpiarapxoc; or < Aristarchus + -ian.] Like the ancient critic Aristarchus ; severely critical. aristarchy 1 (ar'is-tar-ki), n. ; pi. aristarchies (-kiz). [< LGr. apiarapxia, < Gr. apiarapxoc, best- ruling, < apiaror, best, + apxeev, rule. Cf. aris- tocracy.] Government by the best men ; a body of worthy men constituting a government. aristarchy 2 t (ar'is-tar-ki), n. [< Aristarchus.'] Severe criticism like that of the ancient critic Aristarchus. [Rare.] Howbeit, the ground on which I would build his chief praise (to some of the Aristarchy and sour censures of these days) requires, first, an apology. Sir J. Harington, Brief View of Ch. of Eng., p. 153. aristate (a-ris'tat), a. [< LL. aristatus, < L. arista, awn or beard of grain.] Awned; hav- ing a pointed, beard-like process, like that of barley. See cut under barley. aristocracy (ar-is-tok'ra-si), re. ; pi. aristocra- cies (-siz). [< OF. aristocrade, F. aristocratie, < ML. "aristocratia, < Gr. apiaroKparai, the rule of the best (cf. aptcrroKpaTeiadai, be governed by the best-born), < apiaroc, best, + -Kparia, rule, < apaTciv, be strong, rule.] If. Government by the best men in the state ; a governing body composed of the best men in the state. Aristolochia ne [Periander] reckoned that popular estate , . best which came nearest unto an aristocracy or regiment of wise ami noble senate. Holland, ti of Plutarch, p. 27(5. 2. A form of government in which the supreme power is exercised by those members of the state who are distinguished li\ their rank and opulence. When the ruling power is exercised by a \i i\ few of this class to tin excluBi i all others, the government becomes an oligarchy. The aristocracy of Venice hath admitted ■ 13 abuses . . . that the period of its duration seems to approach. Su ift. Take away the standing armies, and leave tin nobles to themselves, and in a tew years they would overturn every monarchy in Europe, and erect aristoei a ie J. Adams, Works, IV. 288. 3. A body of persons holding exceptional pre- scriptive rank or privileges ; specifically, a class of hereditary nobility; the nobles of a country and those nearly related to them. Between the aristocracy and the working people bad sprung up a middle class, agricultural ami commercial. Macavlay. 4. Persons noted for superiority in any charac- ter or quality, taken collectively: as, the aris- tocracy of wealth or of culture. aristocrat (ar'is-to-krat or a-ris'to-krat), re. [< P. aristocrate, a reverse formation from the adj. aristocrutique : see aristocratic] 1. A member of the aristocracy or men of rank in a community ; hence, a person having the traits supposed to be characteristic of an aristocracy : as, "a born aristocrat," Mrs. Browning. — 2. One who favors an aristocracy ; one who is an advocate of an aristocratie form of govern- ment. aristocratic (ar is-to-krat'ik), a. [< F. aristo- cratique, < Gr. apiOTOKpaTinor, pertaining to aris- tocracy, < apioToxparia : see aristocracy.] 1. Per- taining to aristocracy or a ruling oligarchy; consisting in or pertaining to the rule of a privileged class; oligarchic: as, an aristocratie constitution ; an aristocratic government. The Areopagus was a body of aristocratic tendencies, consisting of those who had served the office of archon ; its function was to maintain the laws in their integrity. Von Ranke, Univ. Hist, (trans.), p. 144. 2. Pertaining to, resembling, or befitting the nobility or men of rank; resembling in man- ners or character the aristocracy or higher classes in a community: as, aristocratic pride; aristocratic in sentiment. — 3. Belonging to an aristocracy. aristocratical (ar is-to-krat'i-kal), «. Same as aristocratic aristocratically (ar'is-to-krat'i-kal-i), adv. In an aristocratic manner. aristocraticalness (ar"is-to-krat'i-kal-nes), «. The quality of being aristocratic. aristocratism (ar'is-to-krat-izni or ar-is-tok'ra- tizm), re. [< aristocrat + -ism.] Aristocratic rant, privilege, or character; the state or condition of being aristocratie in rank or feeling; mem- bership of or adherence to a privileged class. Aristocratism rolls in its carriage, while patriotism can- not trail its cannon. Carlyle, French Rev., III. i. 2. aristocratize (ar-is-tok'ra-tlz), ». ; pret. and pp. aristocratized, ppr. aristoeratizing. [< F. aristocratiser, < aristocrate; see aristocrat and -i:e.] I. trans. To render aristocratic. II. intrans. To favor or support aristocraev. [Rare.] aristocratyt (ar-is-tok'ra-ti), n. Same as aris- tocracy. Burton. aristodemocracy(aris-t6-de-mok'ra-si), H. [< aristo(cracy) + democracy.] Government by no- bles and the commonalty; a government com- posed of aristocratic and democratic elements combined. Imp. Diet. Aristolochia (ar is-to-lo'ki-a), ». [L., < Gr. upicTo'fj)X' a > also apiaro/ox? ia, an herb promoting child-birth, < apasTor, best, + 'Aox?ia, child-birth : see lochia.] A large genus of apetalous exogenous plants, the type and prin- cipal genus of the natu- ral order dristolochiaceos, chiefly woody climbers, and very widely distrib- uted. There are about 180 species, of which 7 are found in the United States. They are remarkable for their curious flowers, which vary greatly in form and size, but are all so constructed as to imprison in some way the insects which visit them. The relative position of the anthers and stigmas prevents fertilization without the agency of insects, and self-fertilization even by their aid is, at least in some cases, made Impossible by proterogyny. The flowers are usually of a dingy hue. Dutchman's-Pipe 1 Aristolochia Sifho . Aristolochia .-J. Qoktieana, of Calabar, baa the largest that are yet know ii, the blade of h bich is nearly i feet in breadth. In A. Ctematttis Insects bringing pollen to the early ma- tured stigma are imprisoned by impeding hairs which wither after the fresh pollen is shed. This and some other European species had formerly a reputation as em- menagogues and as facilitating parturition. Various species have had a popular reputation as remedies for snake-bites, as anthelmintics, etc and the Virginia snake- root, or serpentary-root, A. Serpt ntaria, is employed as a stimulating tonic and diaphoretic. The pipe-vine, or Dutchman's-pipe, A, Sipho, a native of the AJleghaniea, with very large cordati Leaves, is cultivated as an orna- mental climber. Aristolochiaceae (ar is-to-16-ki-a'se-e), n. pi. [XL., < Aristolochia 4- -acece.'] A natural order of apetalous dicotyledonous plants, character- ized by an inferior capsular many-seeded fruit , epigynous stamens, and a colored, usually irreg- ular, calyx. The principal genera are Aristolochia and .! sarum, with about 200 species, herbs or w ly climbers, widely distributed through temperate and tropical regions, and possessing hitter and acrid properties, See Aristolo- chia, and cut under Asarwm, aristolochiaceous (ar is-to-16-ki-a'shius), (/. Belonging or pertaining to the Aristolochiacece. aristological (ar is-to-loj'i-kal), a. Of or per- taining to aristology. N. B. D. aristologist (ar-is-tol'o-jist), n. [< aristology + 4sf] One skilled in aristology. N. E. D. aristology (ar-is-tol'6-ji), n. [< Gr. aptarov, breakfast, + -/.o;/<7, < /ij-f/r, speak: see-ology.'] The science of dining. T. Walker. [Rare.] Aristonetta (ar*is-t6-net'a) ? it. [NL.,< Gr. api- orog, best,+ vfrtra y a cluck, == h.anas: see Anas. J A genus of sea-ducks, subfamily FuUgulinee, family Anatidce: named from the excellence of the flesh. The type and only species is the can- vasback, A. vallisneria. S. F. Bawd, 1858. See cut under canvashack. Aristophanic (ar is-to-fan'ik), a. and n. [< L. Aristophanicus, < Aristophanes, < Gr. 'Apioro(pdv7jc t Aristophanes.] I. a. Pertaining to the "writ- ings or style of Aristophanes, the great comic poet of Athens; shrewd; witty. II. )t. [?. c] Inane. pros., BSjne&s first Phere- cratic. Wee Pherecratic. Aristotelean (ar-is-tot-o-le'an), a. Same as Aristotelian. Aristotelian (ar^is-to-te'li-an), a. and n. [< L. Aristotelms, -leys, < Gr. 7 Aptdrori2£iog, pertaining to 'ApioToriAqg, L. Aristoteles, Aristotle.] I. a. Pertaining to Aristotle (born at Stagira in Macedonia, 384 B. c, died 322 b. a), the father of logic and the most influential of all philoso- Ehers, or to his works, school, or philosophy. ee peripatetic — Aristotelian logic. (.") The logic of Aristotle, especially in the modified form taught in the middle ages, (b) Formal logic, based on the four propo- Bitiona] forms : All S is P ; No S is P ; Some S is P ; Some S is not P.— Aristotelian sorites, a progressive chain of reasoning like the following: He who is prudent is temper- ate ; he who is temperate is constant ; he who is constant is unperturbed ; he who is unperturbed is without sorrow; he who is without Borrow is happy ; therefore, the prudent man is happy. The progressive sorites has been called the common or Ariiitotsliiin. This latt.r denomination is an error, for Aristotle, though certainly not ignorant of the process of reasoning now called sorites, does not enter upon its con- sideration. Sir W. Hamilton. II, n. A follower of Aristotle. See peripatetic. Aristotelianism (ar^is-to-te'li-an-izm), n. [< Aristotelian + 4sm.'] The philosophy of Aris- totle, or any later modification of it. Aristo- telianism is a kind of metaphysical evolutionism. Its central idea is the distinction "i act and power (actuality and potentiality). The nature of the world as a whole, as well as even part of it, j be illustrated by the analogy of the growth of a tree from a seed. The tree has a sort oi being in the seed a potential being: it exists in it in power only. That which is actualized in the perfected de- velopment from the seed —the tree — exists in act or ac- tuality. This perfected development— the entelechy — is the characteristic nature of the thing which places it in some natural species, and "Inch is its form, or that ele* meni ol thi thing which makes it to be the kind of thing that it is. The other element, which merely makes the thing to be, is ii matter, which, as unformed, is identified by Aristotle with the power or potentiality of a germ. Every event to an acl oi development. Most, events take place under the influence of an external efficient cause, and their character is determined by an end. Matter, form, efficient cause, and end are the four Aristotelian can esoi principles, But not all events are brought about b] i eternal i fflcienl cau i om< happen i>.\ fortuitous bpoutaiH it\ and are nol detei min d ty ai ■ cau es what- Other events comi to j aturally, thai is. i»> & self-drt' rmined growth. Besides that which is moved but does nol « ause motion, and that which is both moved and • au es motion, there must needs be a tertium quid, w bii b U not moved, ye\ causes motion; and this is uocLor pure act (actuality) without undeveloped potentiality. The soul is the entelechy, or perfa t Rower, of the body, it has three parte, the vegetatii merely vital), the sensible, and the rational. The n ason is not a mere belonging «>f the Individual ; it exists before the body, and, as the ac- tive u-a -. lN i i . .in in. -ii to ail persons u] the tablets of whos ■ ison it writes its dicta. Space and time are mere logical elements ol motion. Iristotle is justly called the father of logic, although there were some vague 310 logical doctrines before him, and although his system is now largely superseded. He holds the only excellent rea- soning to lie syllogism, and all other kinds of reasoning to be imperfect approximations to syllogism. Particular facts are first and best known to us, hut general truths are first and best known in themselves. Science must set out with certain fixed first principles, which are defini- tions. Knowledge is a development from impressions of sense, to the formation of which reason and experience both contribute. Things are of ten classes, substances, relations, quantities, qualities, etc. See cati-mrti. Differ- ent genera are subdivided upon different principles, so that there are no cross-divisions in the real classification of natures. It is possible to so collate passages from Aris- totle as to make him appear as an inductive logician; but the whole cast of his mind was such as to lead him to underrate the importance of induction. He lays much stress on the principle of excluded middle, which he treats as a corollary of the principle of contradiction; and he lias a general leaning to hard and rather wooden distinc- tions. The most important of his ethical doctrines are that happiness lies in the working out of one's inward- ness, and that every virtue is a golden mean between two vices. Aristotelic (ar*is-to-tel'ik), a. [< LL. Aristo- telicus, < Gr. ApioTOTet.uiur^ < 'ApioroTiWric, Aris- totle.] Pertaining to Aristotle or to his phi- losophy. Aristotle's lantern. See lantern. aristulate (a-ris'tu-lat), a. [4), Pref. arithmocratic (a-ritk-mo-krat'ik), a. [< Gr. apiBfidc, number, + -upariKOc, < Kpdroc, rule.] Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of an arithmoc- racy or rule of numbers. [Rare.] American democracy, being merely arithmocratic, pro- vides no representation whatsoever for the more educated and more experienced minority. Kingsley, Alton Locke (ed. 1862), Tref. arithmograph (a-rith'mo-graf), re. [< Gr. aptB- poc, number, + ypafyuv, write.] A kind of com- puting-machine. arithmomancy (a-rith'mo-man-si), n. [Also eontr. arithmancy, q. v., < NL. ariihmomanUa, < Gr. apiBpoc, a number, + fiavreia, divination.] Divination by numbers. Also arithmancy. arithmometer (ar-ith-mom'e-ter), n. [= F. aritlinioiitetrc, < Gr. apidpdc, number, + jiirpov, a measure.] An instrument for performing multiplication and division. The multiplicand is made to appear in one place by setting certain stops or wheels. A handle is then turned, and other motions are made, so as to cause the multiplier to appear in another place. Then the product will be found in a third place. Division and subtraction can be performed in a some- what similar way. The best-known of these machines is by Thomas of C'olmar ; the best is by Grant. arithmo-planimeter(a-rith"mo-pla-nim'e-ter), n. [< Gr. apitiiidg, number, + planimeter.'] A foi-m of planimeter invented by M. Lalanne. a ritorte (ii re-tor'te). [Itx a (< L. ad), to, with; ritorte, pi. of ritorta, band, tie, sprig; cf. retort.'] With bands: said of glassware decorated by means of rods of white or colored glass, generally spiral, sunk in a body of trans- parent glass, so as to form one mass with it. -arium. [L. -tiriuni. neut. of -tirius (see -aryl, -ery), denoting a thing connected with, chiefly a piace for, something, as in L. aquarium, a place for watering cattle, vivarium, a place for live fish, etc., LL. herbarium, a collection of dried plants, etc., such words being transferred to E. unchanged, or with adapted suffix -ary, ;ts aviary, estuary, salary, etc.] A suffix, the original Latin neuter form of -ary 1 , usually in words denoting a place set apart for something, as aquarium, vivarium, herbarium, also (as Latin words) Jrigidarium, caldarium; but sometimes used differently, as in honorarium. Arius (a'ri-us), n. [NL., appar. < Gr. apuoc, martial, warlike, < "Apt/r, Mars: see JWov/ 1 .] A genus of marine cat fishes, giving name to the subfamily Ariinai: synonymous with Gale- ichtliys (which see). See cut under Ariinai. -arius. [L. : see -arium, -ary 1 .] A Latin ter- mination frequent in zoological and botanical terms: sometimes used unchanged in English. arkH, »• An old spelling of are 1 , a bow, arch. ark' J (ark), u. [< ME. ark, arke, < AS. earc, ere, H(i. arka, archa, JUKI. G. arelie = Icel. ork = Dan. Sw. ark = Goth, arka = Sp. Pg. It. area = I V. urcha = OP. arelie (> ME. arelie : see arch-), mod. P. arelie = Gael. Ir. aire = W. arch ; < L. area, a chest, box, coffer (in Vulgate of Noah's ark and the ark of the covenant ), < arccre, keep, = Gr. apKuv, keep off, suffice.] 1. A chest, box, coffer, or other close receptacle; a bin or hutch: as, a meal-«rt\ [Obsolete, poetical, or dialectal.] Then first of all forth came sir Satyranc, Bearing that precious relicke in an arke. Spenser, !■'. k\ >". t. [i arm is attached to the revolving wheel. Jour. Franklin Inst., CXXI. 313. With open arms, cordially ; with eager welcome. Even mitred Rochester would nod the head, And St. John's self (great Dry den's friends before) With open arms received one poet more. Pope, Prol. to Satires, 1. 142. arm 1 ! (arm), v. t. [< arm 1 , n.] To take by the arm; also, to seize or hold in the arms. Arm your prize ; I know you will not lose her. Fletcher (and another), Two Noble Kinsmen, v. 3. And make him with our pikes and partisans A grave. Come, arm him. Shak., Cymbeline, iv. 2. arm 2 (arm), n. [< pi. arms, < ME. amies, < OP. amies, pi. (sing, armc), = Pr. armas = Sp. Pg. armas (sing, arma) = It. armi (sing, arme, some- times arma), < L. arma (neut. pi., in ML. some- times used as fern, sing.), arms, weapons, prop, fittings, equipments; from same source as annus, shoulder, etc. : see arm 1 . Hence alarm, q. v.] 1. Milit.: (a) A weapon, in this sense most commonly used in the plural, and when used in the singular for the most part referring rather to a particular kind of weapon than to an individual piece. If the citadel of poverty and ignorance and vice is to be taken at all, it must be besieged from every point of the compass, . . . and no kind of arm must be neglected which will tend to secure the ultimate victory of morality and culture. Jevon.s, Social Reform, p. 2. (b) pi. Armor; coverings for the body intended as defenses against weapons of war. Look, a prize ! Three horses and three goodly suits of arms, And all in charge of whom? a girl : set on. Tennyson, Geraint. (c) A branch of the military service, as cavalry or artillery: as, the enemy was strong in artil- lery, but we were weak in that arm. The inland Britons being accustomed to rely upon their infantrj', and the Continental Gauls being fonder of the cavalry arm. C. Elton, Orig. of Eng. Hist., p. 118. Hence — 2. pi. The use of weapons; military occupations ; war. By sea. by land, thy matchless worth was known, Arms thy delight, and war was all thy own. Dryden, Aba. and Achit., 1. S41. 3. pi. Deeds or exploits of war. Arms and the man I sing. Dryden, MneMX, i. 1. The women crowded to the doors to gaze upon him as he passed, so much does prowess in arms delight the gen- tle sex. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 418. 4. In law, anything which a man takes in his hand in anger to strike or assault another. — 5. ]>!. Tn hot,, anything thai serves as a defense to a plant, as prickles, thorns, or spines. — 6. pi. In falconry, the legs of a hawk from the thigh to ill-' loot. — 7. ]>l. The heraldic bearings of an in- dividual or a community, consisting of some de- vice in heraldic tinctures (see tincture) borne on a shield, generally with the addition of a crest and sometimes with supporters. A description in heraldic terms of shield, crest, etc., i* called blazoning (which sec). The righi to bear the arms of the father is inherited by the sons, but in strictness each of the younger sons should add to the paternal shield a label as 8 mark of cadency ; the Bame right descends to a daughter only if Bhe j- her father's heiress. A person tain riting an 1 state other than the paternal one often assumes the aims of the former possessor, but should in strictness apply to the proper authorities, See Hng-at-arms, herald, and he\ college. Arms not paternal may be classed as follows: (a) Arms of dominion, or the national arms borne by the sovereign, in which generally the bearings inherited by the prince as an individual have come to have a certain national character. (6) Arms of community, as of a cor- poration, an episcopal see. or the like. Anns assumed l<\ a republic, as by the United states or by one of the states, partake of the nature of botli the preceding, (c) Arms of pretension, as, specifically, those assumed by a sovereign in assertion of Ida claim to a realm not actually under his authority, like the fleurs-dedys of Fiance, which were borne by English sovereigns until 180L (d) Arms oj suc- cession, denoting inheritance of an estate, as mentioned above, (e) Arms of assumption, or assumptive arms, bear- ings assumed or granted in consequence of an exploit, as the three feathers with the motto leh (lien taken from the slain King John of Bohemia by Edward the Black Prince at the battle of Crecy (1340), and now borne by the Prince of Wales. (/) Arms of alliance, as where one spouse impales the arms of the other on his or her shield. (g) Arms of office, arms which are the perquisite or ap- pendage of some public position. In all the above cases except (a) and (b), a private individual having a right to such arms charges them with the paternal arras, whether by quartering or otherwise. For the origin and history of arms, see heraldry. — Abated arms. See abate. —Adoptive arms. See adoptive— Allusive arms, in her., a bearing or bearings having immediate reference to the wearer's name- : thus, the arms of a person named Lamb or Herring would be termed allusive, if they included as a bearing a figure of the animal so named. In this way the name De Loupe may have been given to the first earls of Chester because of their bearing a wolf's head, or the name Arundel may be derived from swallows (French kirondelles) borne on the shield. The arms of Bolton are a crossbow bolt driven through a tun. Castile and Leon had for their chief bearings a castle and a lion respectively. There are many such cases. Also called allusive heraldry, canting heraldry, rebus, and armes j'-nlantes.— Arms- carrying Act. See Bill of Rights, under bill.— Arms of precision, firearms rifled, furnished with graded sights, accurately prepared bullets, and appliances calculated to enable them to act with precision and rapidity, and at much greater distances than ordinary weapons. The Armstrong gun and the Springfield and Martini-Henry rifles are examples.— Assize of arms. See assize.— As- sumptive arms. See above, 7 (•), and ussa-mpti'ir.- Coat of arms. See coat.— Places of arms, in fort., parts of the covered way opposite the salient and reentering an- gles of the counterscarp. — Repeating arms, arms that can be discharged a number of times without being re- loaded.— Rifled small arms, rifles, muskets, carbines, pistols, or revolvers, the bores of which are cut with spi- ral grooves or " ri ties. "—Small arms, all weapons not requiring carriages, as opposed to artillery, and includ- ing rifles, muskets, bayonets, pistols, revolvers, sabers, and swords ; also, sporting weapons.— Stand of arms, a com- plete set of arras for one soldier, consisting of a musket, bayonet, cartridge-box, and belt, with or without a sword. — To arms! a warning equivalent to "arm ! take to your arms; make ready for battle." (Compare alarm.) — To bear arms, to do military service ; serve as a soldier. You have been a soldier, De Vitry, and borne arms. Beau, and Ft., Thierry and Theodoret, iii. 2. To be in arms, to be in a state of hostility, or of readi- ness for war. Sir Edward Courtenay and the haughty prelate, . . . With many more confederates, are in arms. Shak., Rich. III., iv. 4. To be under arms, to be armed and in a state of readi- ness for fighting.— To carry, order, present, etc., arms. See the verbs.— To take (or take up) arms, to arm for attack or defense, literally or figuratively. Ye will find it a far easier field to wage war against all the armies that ever were or will be on earth, and all the angels of heaven, than to take up arms against any truth of God. Xathaniel Ward, Simple Cooler. = Syn. 1. (a) Ann, Weapon. Arm is especially applied to those things winch are designed for fighting and recognized as such; it includes means of defense as well as of offense. Weapon applies to any means of offense made for the pur- pose or (as a scythe, chisel, or hammer) used for the nonce. arm 2 (iirm), w. [< ME. armen, < OF. armcr(F. armer) = Pr. Sp. Pg. armor = It. armare, < L. armarCj arm, furnish with "weapons, < arma, arms: see an»2, «.] I. trans. 1. To furnish or equip with weapons for offense or defense: as, to arm the militia. On our return to Souhag we met a party of men on foot, who were annul with spears, shields, and daggers, and one or two with guns. jR. Curzon, Monast, in the Levant, p. 119. 2. To cover or provide with whatever will add strength, force, or security: as, to arm the hilt of a sword; to arm a man-of-war with armor- plates. — 3. To furnish with means of defense; prepare for resistance ; fortify. Arm yourselves likewise with the same mind. 1 Pet. iv. 1. 312 Armenian There is no terror, Ca&sius, in your threats; Fur I ;uu amid so Btrong in honesty, That they pass bj me as the idle wind. Shak., I.C., iv. 3. I am arming myself against her favours with all my philosophy. Sfc i U . Tatter, No. 124. 4. To provide with the requisite appliances or authority for any work or undertaking: as, arm- ed with axes and alpenstocks, we started out; armed, with a warrant. — 5. To fit or prepare (a thing) for any specific purpose or effective use: as. to arm a hook in angling ; to arm a dressing in surger}'.— To arm a lead, to apply soap or grease to the socket *iu the lower end of a sounding-lead, so that a specimen of the bottom may he brought up. — To arm a magnet, to lit it with an armature. See armature, t>.— To arm a shot, to roll rope-yarns about a cross-bar shot in order to facilitate ramming it home, and also to pre- vent the ends from catching any accidental inequalities in the bore. Wilhelm, Mil. Diet. [For other phrases, see armed.] II. intra ns. To provide one's self with arms, weapons, or means of attack or resistance ; take arms : as. the nations arm for war. Now is it time to arm. Armadillo, or Peludo {Dasyfiis villosus). Shak., Hen. V., iii. 7. The Belgic tribes, alarmed at the approaching danger, arm against the universal tyrant. Motley, Dutch Republic, I. 11. armada (ar-uia'dii), n. [Early mod. E. also erroneously armado (also sometimes as It., ar- mat/i) ; < Sp. armada = Pr. Pg. armada = It. ar- mata = F. armee (> E. army-, q. v.), lit. an armed force, army, navy. < ML. armata, an armed force, an army, prop. fern, of L. ar- matus, pp. of armare, arm: see arm?, v., and also army, which is a doublet.] 1. A fleet of war-ships ; a squadron. The Spanish or Invincible Armenia, which consisted oi 130 large ships, was sent by Philip II. against England in 1588, during the reign of Elizabeth, but was repulsed, and afterward almost en- tirely destroyed by storms off the Orkney islands and on the western coast of Ireland. A whole armado of convicted sail. Shak., K.John, iii. 4. 2f. A single war-ship. — 3. Any armed force ; an army. Nor was the naval unworthy of the land armada. Dulu-er, Athens, II. 121. (.V. E. D.) armadillo (ar-ma-dil'6), n. [Formerly also ar- madillio, armadillo, armadile; < Sp. armadillo (= Pg. arrna- dilho), dim. of armado, arm- ed, with ref- erence to its bony shell. Cf. ML. arma- dillus, a kind of sea-fish.] 1. An Ameri- can edentate quadruped, of the order Bruta (or Edentata) and suborder Loricata, and of the extant families Tatusiidw, Dasypodidce, and Chlamydophoridat, or of the extinct family (Hyjitodouiiihe. having a hard shell or carapace like a coat of mail, resulting from a peculiar ossification of the integument and the confluence of numerous small scutes. In the glyptodons the carapace was en- tire and fixed, and even in some eases covered the belly as well as the hack ; but in all the living armadillos the shell is divided into an anterior, a posterior, and an en- tire or variously divided middle part. When the division of the middle part is complete, the animal can roll itself into a ball. The teeth are numerous, hut vary in number ami other characteristics with the several genera; in the genus Prionodontes they are a hundred in number. The peba is an armadillo of the family Tatusiidce, the Tatusia novtmcincta, tic- only one of the group found as far north a- tic- I nited Mat.s' There are other species. The en- coubi rti are the typical armadillos of the family Dasypo- didce, the peludo is DaSypUS rillosus. 'tile kahassoiis constitute the genus .Vownn. The kabalassou is l'riu- dontt gigas. The aparsare the three-banded armadillos, of the genus Tolypeutes. The pichlciagos constitute the family! pkoridoe; they are the smallest and most peculiar ronrj being less than a foot long, while the ka- balassou is three feet long without the tail. All these animal- are mild, timid, and inoffensive, subsisting on root-, leaves, aiel fruit-, sometimes on insects or flesh. They are able to dig into the ground with great rapidity, and escape from their i in mies in this waj aa well as by rolling Up in a hall. The llesh i-eon-idered - I 1 or I Mod 2. Iii Crustacea: la) [rap.] A genus of iso- pods, id' the family Onisdda}, including the pill- bugs, which can roll themselves into a ball like iii.- mammals called armadillos, (b) A species of this gen us ; a pill-bug or sow-bug ; a kind of wood-louse. — 3. A name given to an electric battery composed of copper ami zinc elements riveted together, ami ilesigned to be worn ns a remedy in certain diseases. armadot, «. An erroneous form of armada. armament (ar'ma-ment), «. [< L. armamentum, usually in pi. armamenta, implements, esp, tackle of a ship. < armare, arm, equip: see am*, p.] 1. A body of forces equipped for war: arm-band (arm'band), n. A piece of crooked used of a land or naval force. iron attached to a rail or to a stone block fixed The wliole united armament of Greece. <;'"'.,. against the walls in barrack-rooms, to retain It was necessary for him . . . to proceed with his twenty the soldiers' muskets when not in use. men-of-war to the Mediterranean, while his superiors, with arm-board (arm'bord), n. A graining-board tin- rest of the armament, returned to the channel. use( j m leather-working, made of the outer bark Macaula,,, Hist. Eng. xx. Qf th(? eork . oak , witho ut grooves. 2. Munitions ot war; especial y, the number arm _h, ori e (arm'bon), n. A bone of the arm or and weight of all the guns which a ship ot fore limb . especially, the bone of the upper war carries. Within a comparatively short period re- arm . t jj e humerus. markable changes have occurred in the size and weight of nhoir fnrm'ph'nri ■« A diiir with arms to the armament of war-vessels. In the United States, be- arm-cnaTT (aim cliai), n. A cnan witu amis to fore the civil war, the usual armament for both forts and Support the elbows. vessels consisted of 32-pounders. The war led to the eon- arm-chest (arm'ehest), )!. 1. Naval, a box placed struction and use of 15-inch smooth-bore guns, weighing on tue upper deck, or in the tops, to contain a 50,000pounds,andatterwardof'20-inehguns, weighing 100,- , B rrVvV,lv of rnfles nistols or cutlasses — 000 pounds. Rifled cannon, which had been introduced in ready supply 01 lines, pistols, ot cut lasses.— 1859, were also increased in size up to the 10-inch-bore Par- 2. A similar box or chest used m the military rott gun throwing a 300-pound projectile. Of other coun- service for the transportation of small arms, tries, the armament of the British navy may be taken as arme fl (jirmd), p. a. [< arm? + -«,2.] 1. Bear- ,lth ing arms ; furnished with means of offense and defense: as, an a rmed force or ship; "the armed rhinoceros," Shak., Macbeth, iii. 4. — 2. Sup- ported by arms ; carried on or maintained by force or readiness for military action: as, an armed inroad; armed peace or neutrality. I shall not attempt to collect the duties and imposts by any armed invasion of any part of the country. Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 132. 3. In her., having the beaks, talons, horns, or teeth, or, of an arrow or lance, having the head, of the color specified : as, a lion gules armed or. The word is not used for the horns of a hart or buck. See attired. — 4. In phys., furnished with an armature or a piece of iron so as to connect the poles, as a horseshoe magnet. — 5. In hot,, having prickles or thorns — Armed at all points, (rt) Completely equipped with offensive and defensive arms, according to the fashion of the time : equivalent to the French arm> ite pied en cap. See cuts under armor. (o) In her., dressed in complete plate-armor, but having the vizor open: said of a warrior used as a hearing or supporter.— Armed in flute. See flute*.— Armed neu- trality, the maintenance by a nation of an armed force held ready to repel any aggression on the part of belli- gerent nations between which it is neutral. —Armed peace, the condition of a country which in time of peace maintains its military establishments on a war footing, so as to be ready for war at any moment. — Armed ship, a merchant ship taken into the service of a government for a particular occasion, and armed like a ship of war. — Armed to the teeth, very fully or completely armed. On the ramparts of the fort stood Nicholas Koorn, armed to the teeth, flourishing a brass hilted sword. Irriria, Knickerbocker, p. 261. Armenian (ar-nie'ni-an), a. and n. [< L. Ar- menvas, < Gr. 'kpiihioc, < 'Ap/ievta, Armenia.] I. a. Pertaining to Armenia, a former kingdom of Asia lying between the Black and Caspian seas, northeast of Asia Minor, now included in Turkey, Persia, and Asiatic Russia, or to its inhabitants. — Armenian architecture, a term some- times applied to the form of Byzantine church arehitec- , [He 43-ton guns ; but since then the weight of metal lee been successively increased up to the 80-ton guns of the "In- flexible" and the 110-ton guns of the barbette ship " I'am- perdown." In Europe preference is given to the piercing power of elongated projectiles moving at a great velocity and fired from rilled guns. In the United states reliance has until recently been placed upon the smashing effect of heavy spherical projectiles tired at a low velocity from smooth-bore guns. .See gun. armamentarium (ar' / ma-men-ta'ri-um), it.; pi. armamentaria (-8,). [L.] An armamentary. The physiological investigation of new remedies for the purpose of enriching the armamentarium of the physician. Therapeutic Gazette, IX. 24. armamentary (ar-nia-men'ta-ri), n.; pi. arma- mentaries (-nz). [< L. armamentarium, an ar- senal, armory, < armamenta, equipments: see armament.] An armory; a magazine or an ar- senal. Bailey. armarian (ar-ina'ri-an), n. [< ML. armarins, < armarium, a bookcase, library: see armory.'] A librarian. See extract. [Rare.] Armarian, an officer in the monastic libraries who had charge of the books to prevent them from being injured by insects, and especially to look after bindings. He had also to keep a correct catalogue. Chambers's Journal, No. 276, p. 239. (iV. E. D.) armaryt, »• [< ME. armaric (Wyclif), < L. ar- marium, a chest, safe, or closet, a repository, in ML. esp. a bookcase, library, lit. a place for arms or tools. Cf. armorifi, and armory 1 , a dif- ferent word, of the same ult. origin, with which armary was confused.] 1. A library: used by Wyclif in the plural for books, writings. Thou shalt find write in armories [Vulgate, in com/men- tariis], Wyclif, Ezra iv. 15. 2. An armory. Leland, Itin., IV. 54. (iV. E. D.) armata 1 ! (ar-ma'tii), n. Obsolete form of ar- mada. Armata 2 (iir-tna'ta), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. of L. armatus, armed: see armada.'] A group of gephyreans having sette and a double blood- vascular system: synonymous with Cltirlijcra. It consists' of the families Echiuridw and Ster- naspielce. armature (Sr'ma-tur), n. [= F. armature = Pr. Sp. Pg. armadura~= It. armadura, armatura, < L. armatura, armor, equipment, armed troops, < armatus, pp. of armare, arm: see arm 2 , v. Doublet, armor, q. v.] If. Military equipment; especially, defensive armor. — 2. In eool. and a mi f. : (a) Any part or organ of an animal serv- ing as a means of defense or offense. Others armed with hard shells; others with prickles; others having no such armature. Ray, On Creation. It is remarkable that man, who is endowed with rea- son, is born without armature Derham, Physico-Theology. iv. 14. (/i) Any apparatus or set of organs without reference In defense; an equipment; an appa- nage: as, the genital or the anal armature. All the crayfishes have a complete gastric armature. Huxley, Crayfish, p. 255. 3. In bot., the hairs, prickles, etc., covering an organ. — 4f. A body of armed troops. i. round fit for the archers and light armature. Raleigh, Hist, of World, v. (I. 5. In arch., any system of bracing in timber or metal, as the iron rods used to sustain slender columns, to hold up canopies, etc. The term is applied especially to the iron framework by which lead- lights are secured in medieval windows. 6. A piece of soft iron applied simply by con- tact to the two poles of a magnet or electro- magnet as a means of maintaining the mag- iii I ie power undiminished. In dynamo-electric ma- chines (which sec, under eleet rie) the armature is a bar Hi- ring ol soft Iron, around which coils of insulated copper wire have been wound. This armature is rotated rapid I \ in the Held ot the adjacent electromagnet- in the Holtz electric machine the armature is a strip of varnished paper attached to the edge of the openings or windows of the fixed plate. Also called armor. armazine, «• See armozeen. Armenian Architecture. Typical Church Flail, St. H'ropsioiah, near Etchmiadzin. AD, hema, or sanctuary; 11, B , purabemata; B, prothesis eil occupying the place of //, nave; /, /, antipar.il'C- dialconikon ; C, altar; D, apse. /-/-, the iconostasis : G, dome and cheir ; niata; K, chief entrance ; L, north door; /., south door. ture usual in Armenia. The typical plan of such churches maintains a strict symmetry between the apsidal and western cuds, having antiparabemata to correspond with the parabemata, and omitting tin- narthex. The centra] dome is often represented by a lofty tower Armenian blue. Sec Wwc- Armenian bole. See Mr-'. Arme- nian cement, a cementmade by soaking isinglass in water until it becomes soft, and then mixing it with spirit in which a little gum mastic anil alilllioniaiuni have been dis- solved. It is used to unite pieces of broken glass, to re- pair precious stones, and to cement them to watch eases and other ornaments.- -Armenian Church, the an. i. nt national church of Armenia. It maintains that it was founded as early as A. P. :« ; but while traces of Christian- ity arc found previously to the fourth century, the eon- version of the country as a whole was the work of St. Gregory the Illuminator, who began his evangelistic la- bors about the year 801 ; and from his name it is sometimes known also as the Gregorian Church. The Armenian Church has for the most part remained estranged from the orthodox Greek Church since the latter part of the tilth century, when it rejected the decrees of the Council of Chalcedon (A. P. 461). It has therefore been credited Armenian with holding Monophysite or Eutychian doctrine, but many authorities hold that the differences arose from misunderstandings occasioned by the Incapacity of the Armenian language to express the finer distinctions «>f Greek terminology. The Armenian Church accepts all the first seven ecumenical councils, » Ith the exception of that ot Chalcedon, the doctrines of which they seem, how- ever, to hold under a different phraseology. Their doc- trines and usages closely resemble those of the Greek Church, with the exception of their use of unleavened bread and of an unmixed chalice in the eucharist. The priesthood is hereditary. The bishops are governed by four patriarchs, the primate being the catholicos, who resides in the monastery of Etcnmiadzin, a short distance north of Mount Ararat. Since the fifteenth century a large number of the Armenians have joined the Roman Catholic Church and are known as United Armenians, A separate Armenian Protestant Church has also recently been formed. -Armenian era, liturgy, etc. See the nouns. -Armenian stone, a soft blue carbonate of cop- per; also, a commercial name for lapis lazuli. II. n. 1. A native of Armenia. — 2. Eccles., an adherent of the Armenian Church. — 3. The Armenian language. Armeno-Turkish (ar-me^no-tei-'kish), n. The Turkish language as written by Armenians in Turkey, with letters of the Armenian alphabet. armentalt (ar-men'tal), a. [< L. armentalis, < armentum, old form armenta, cattle for plow- ing, collectively a herd, drove; prob. contr. from *arimentum i < arare t plow: see arable.'] Of or belonging to a drove or herd. Bailey. armentinet, ". I ( Ij. armentum, a herd (see ar- mental), + -ine%.] Same as armenta}. Bailey* armentoset (ar-men'tos), a. [< L. armentosus, abounding in herds, < armentum, herd: see ar- mental.] Full of great cattle; abounding with herds or beasts. Bailey. armer (ar'mer), n. [< arm" + -cr 1 .] One who arms or supplies with arms; one who equips. Builders and armer* of vessels [of war], Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 160. armet (ar'inet), n. [F., OF. also armette, ar- meret, dim. of armes, armor.] The most com- plete and perfect defensive head-cov- ering of the mid- dle ages, introduced about 1450, and re- maining in use until the abandonment of the closed headpiece, more than a century later. It was lighter than the heaume and even the basinet, and was a better protection than the sallet. (See these words.) It fitted the head well, allowed of some move- ment, and had openings for sight and breathing. It was forged in many parts, which fitted togeth- er accurately and were se- cured by hinges, hooks, and the like, and when closed was very rigid and firm. armful (arm'ful), n. [< arm* + full] As much as the arms can hold; what one holds in one's arms or embrace, "lis not the wealth of l'lutus, nor the gold Lock'd in the heart of earth, can buy away This armful from me. Beau, and FL, Philaster, iv. 1. I stood where Love in brimming armfuls bore Slight wanton flowers and foolish toys of fruit. D. G. Rossetti, Sonnets, xiv. arm-gauntt, a. [An isolated form, appar. < armX (or arm 1 *, arms) + gaunt, as if 'with gaunt limbs,' or ' worn with military service ' ; in either case a violent formation. Perhaps merely a scribe's or printer's sophistication of some word which must be left to conjecture.] An epithet of disputed meaning, applied by Shakspere to a horse, and in some editions changed to arrogant. So he nodded, And soberly did mount an arm-gaunt steed, Who neigh'd so high, that what I would have spoke Was heastly dumb d by him. Shah:, A. and C, i. 5. arm-greatt, a. [ME. arm-gret; < arm 1 + great] As thick as a man's arm. A wrethe of gold, arm-aret, of huge wighte, Upon his heed. Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1287. arm-guards (ann'gardz), n. pi. A general name of plate-armor for the defense of the arms. It corresponds to brassart (which see) and to the French garde-bras. See also bracelet, vambrace, and rercbrace. armhole (arm'hol), u. [< ME. armhole, corrupt- ly harmole; < arm 1 + hole.] 1. The cavity under the shoulder; the armpit. [Now rare.] Tickling is most in the soles of the feet, and under the armholes, and on the sides. The cause is the thinness of the skin in these parts, joined with the rareness of being touched there. Bacon, Nat. Hist, 2. A hole in a garment for the arm. Steel Armet, about A. . I45°- A, calotte or cap; a, neck-guard riveted to A, and having a prolon- gation upward to the crown ; B, up- per vizor, or umbril, with sight- or eye-hole; C, vizor with opening for breathing ; D, aventailc, opening sidewise on hinges ; E, rim of the gorgerin I it has a groove between two ridges, which groove receives the lower edge of the armet proper) ; F, one of two upright pins upon which the pauldrons are adjusted. The gorgerin is of three pieces, movable upon one another, and all riveted to a leather band beneath. 313 armiak (iir'myak), n. [< Unas, arnn/tilii, of Tatar origin.] 1. A stuff woven of camel's hair by the Tatars. — 2. In Russia, a plain caf- tan* or outer garment, made of armiak or a similar material, worn by the peasantry. armiferous (iir-mif'e-rus), a. [< L. armifer, < arma, arms, + ferrc = ¥•. bear 1 .'] Bearing arius. Blount armiger (iir'mi-jer), re. [L., armor-bearer, < anna, arms, + gerere, bear, carry.] 1. An ar- mor-bearer to a knight; a squire; the second in rank of the aspirants to chivalry or knight- hood. — 2. One who has a right to armorial bear- ings: formerly used after the proper name by a person possessing such right, but no higher title: thus, "John Bolton, armiger," is nearly equivalent to ''John Bolton, gentleman." In Shakspere, armigero. A gentleman born, master parson ; who writes himself armigero; in any bill, warrant, quittance, or obligation, armigero. Slink., M. W. of W., i. 1. This young armiger most be the too attractive cyno- sure to our poor little maiden. li. D. Blaekmore, Lorna Doone, li. armigeral (ar-mij'e-ral), a. [< armiger + -al.] Of the class of squires; genteel. I am exempted at present from residence, as preacher to the Foundling Hospital ; had it been otherwise, I could, 1 think, have lived very happily in the country, in armi- hi ml, priestly, and swine-feeding society. Sydney Smith, to Francis Jeffrey. armigero (ar-mij'e-ro), re. [= Sp. armigt ro, a squire, = Pg. armigero, a page, < L. armiger: see armiger?] Same as armiger, 2. armigerous (ar-mij'e-rus), a. [< L. armiger (later, but rarely, drmigerus), bearing arms: see armiger.'] Entitled to bear heraldic arms. They belonged to the armwerous part of the popula- tion. /'< Quincey, Works, VII. 45. armil (ar'inil), re. [< late ME. armille, < OF. ar- mille, < L. arntilla, a bracelet, armlet, hoop, ring, dim. prob. of annus, shoulder, upper arm: see fi rail.] i. An ancient astronomical instru- ment consisting of a ring fixed in the plane of the equator, sometimes crossed at right angles by another riug fixed in the plane of the me- ridian. In the first case it was an equinoctial armil, in the second a solstitial armil. Also called armilla. See armillary. With the advance of geometrical conceptions there came the hemisphere of Berosus, the equinoctial armil, the sol- stitial armil, and the quadrant of Ptolemy — all of them employing shadows as indices of the sun's position, but in combination with angular divisions. H. Spencer, Universal Progress, p. 172. 2. Same as armilla, 1. The armil, or bracelet, was looked upon by the Anglo- Saxons as one among the badges of royalty. Rock, Church of our Fathers, i. 436, note. armilausa (ar-mi-la'sii), n. ; pi. armilausw (-se). [LL. ; origin uncertain ; said by Isidore to be a contr. of *armiclausa, < annus, shoulder, + clau- sus, pp. of claudere, shut in : see armi, clause, and dose] 1. Aland of Roman military tunic. — 2. A garment worn in England and on the Continent during the middle ages, probably differing in shape at different times. Meyrick describes it as "a body garment the prototype of the sur- coat"; but it seems always to have been an outer garment, and even worn over the armor. armilla (iir-niil'a), «.; pi. armillte (-e). [L. : see armil.'] 1. In aii-lia oh, a bracelet or armlet: as, a Roman or Prankish armilla. Also called ar- mil. — 2. In mack., an iron ring, hoop, or brace, in which the gudgeons of a wheel move. — 3. In anat., the annular ligament of the wrist which binds together the tendons of the hand. — 4. Same as armil, 1. — 5. In ornith., a colored ring encircling the tibia of a bird just above the heel-joint. [Little used.] armillary (ar'mi-la-ri), a. [< L. armilla, an armlet, ring, etc. : see armil.] Resembling a bracelet or armil- la; consisting of rings or circles. — Armillary sphere, a'» arrangement of rums, all circles of a single sphere, in- truded to show the relative positions of the principal celes- tial circles. The whole revolves upon its axis within a hori- zon divided into de- grees and movable in every direction upon a brass supporter. There are two kinds of armillary sphere. llary Sphere. one with the earth and one with the sun in the center, called Arminian respectively the sphere ol Ptolemy and the sphere of Co- pernicus. Since the main ubi ol rivanceiBto give an accurate repri Bentation "i the apparent motions ol the solar system, the former Is the one st used, Hie utt ter having little practical value. armillate (ar'mi-la1 ), a. [< h.armillatus, < ar- milla, bracelet: see armil. ] Wearing a d let. Ash. armillated (ar'mi-la-ted), a. Wearing brace- lets. I ih-I.i rum. armillett (ar'mi-let), n. [< < >!•'. armillrt, dim. of armille: see armil, armilla.'] A small armilla or armlet. Sit armilla. armint, »'• [Cf. armil, armilla.] A kind of ornament for the pike, it appears t" have been a piece of stud sewed around the statt, perhaps to afford a firm bold for the hand. armine't, »• [Perhaps for "arming (of which, however, no record is found for 400 years pre- ceding), < early ME. erming, < AS. earming, a wretched person, < earm, wretched, miserable, poor, =08. arm = OFries. erm, arm = 1). arm, OHGr. aram, MHG. G. arm = Icel. armr= Sw. Dan. arm = Goth, arms, wretched, miserable. See yearn?.] A beggar; a mendicant. Luce. So young an armine! Flow. Armine, sweetheart, I know not what You mean by that, but I am almost a beggar. London Prodigal (1605). armine'-t, arminedt. Obsolete forms of ermine, ennnit il. arming (iir'ming), n. [< ME. arm y ii (i ; verbal n. of arm?, v.] 1. The act of taking amis or fur- nishing with arms: as, an extensive arming of the people. — 2f. In her., a coat of arms. When the Lord Beaumont, who their armings knew, Their present peril to brave Suffolk shews. Drayton, 3. Naut.: (a) A piece of tallow placed in a cavity at the lower end of a sounding-lead to bring up a sample of the sand, mud, etc., of the sea-bottom. On the arming from an eight-fathom cast there was a perfect impression of an Astra?a, apparently alive. Darwin, Coral Reefs, p. 11. (b) pi. A kind of boarding-nettings, (e) pi. Red dress-cloths formerly hung fore and aft outside the upper works on holidays : still used by some nations. Smyth. arming-bucklet (ar'ming-buk 1), re. 1. Abuckle used in defensive armor. — 2. In her., such a buckle, generally having the shape of a lozenge, used as a bearing. arming-doublett i iir'ming-dub"- let), n. A doublet used in mili- tary dress, forming an essential part of the harness of a light- armed foot-soldier in the middle ages and later. It is probable that it was a very elose-fittiiiu garment worn under the corse- let. The general use of it seems to have suggested a style or cut in elegant costume, as we read of arming-doublets of costly material. That every man have an arming-doublet of fustian or canvas. Duke of Norfolk's Orders, Hen. VIII., an. 3(i. An arming-doublet of crimson and yellow satin . . . with threads of Venice gold. Inventory Henri, V III., 1542, quoted by Planehe. arming-pointt (ar'ming- point), «. A point used in fastening together parts of a suit of armor. arming-press ( ar'mrng-pres), ». A small hand- power stamping-press used by bookbinders. Its earliest employment was in stamping heraldic arms on the sides of books, whence its name. In the United states this form of press is known as a stamping-press or embossing-press, arming-speart (Sr'niing-sper), ». A spear used in war. arming-swordt (ar'ming-sord), n. A sword made especially for use in battle, as distin- guished from one worn as a part of military dress or uniform in time of peace, and from that used in tourneys or the like. A helmett of proofe shee strait did pr«.\ ide, A strong arming-sword shee girt by her side. Percy's Beliquet. Arminian (iir-min'i-an), re. and a. [< NL. Ar- niiiiianits, < Arminius, ^Latinized from the name of Harniense u.] I. re. 1. Oneof a Christian sect named from James Arminius (Jacobus Harmen- sen), a Protestant divine of Leyden, Nether- lands (15G0-1G09). Its members were alsn calli d Re- iiiinistruiits, from a statement of their views in the form of a remonstrance presented to the States-General in 1610. They separated from the Calvinista, objecting to their doctrine of predestination. The sect as a distinct organ- ization is ehieily confined to the Netherlands, where it numbers only about twenty congregations and a few thou- sand adherents. 2. A believer in the Arminian doctrines. These doctrines are: (1) Conditional election and reprobation, in opposition to absolute predestination as taught by Four Varieties of Heraldic Arming- Buckles. Arminian Calvin. (-2) T'tiiversal lvdi'inptinn, or that the atonement was made by Christ for all mankind, though none but be- lievera can be partakers "t it- benefits. (3) That man, in order t" exercise true faith, must be regi aerated and re- newed by the operation of the Holy spirit, which is the gift of God. (4) That this grace i* not irresistible. (5) That believers are able by the aid of the Holy spirit to resist sin, but that there is always in this lite the possibility of a fall from ^nor. in opposition to the Calvinistic doctrine of the perseverance of the saints. Protestants in general shared in the controversy excited by the promulgation of these doctrines, and :ill opponents of Calvinism are ^t ill often characterized as Arnunians. In the Church of Eng- land Arminianism was especially favored by the High Church party. The Methodist denomination was divided on the subject, the followers of Wesley being Arminians, and those of Whitefield t'alvinists. II. a. Pertaining to Arminius or to his doc- trines. Arminianism (ai-min'i-an-izm), n. [(.Armini- an + -ism ; = F. arminianisme.] The peculiar doctrines or tenets of the Arminians. Arminianize (ar-min'i-an-iz), v. ; pret. and pp. Arminianized, ppr. Armihianizing. [< Arminian + -i~c] I. trans. To make Arminian; tinge or permeate with Arminian doctrines. II. iiitrnns. To teach Arminianism. armipotence (ar-mip'o-tens), n. [< LL. armipo- tentia,(, L. armipoten(i-)s : eeearmipotent.] Puis- sance at arms. Bailey. armipotent (ar-niip'o-tent), a. [< ME. armypo- tent, < L. armipoten(t-)s, powerful in arms, < anna, arms, + poten(t-)s, powerful: see po- tent.] Powerful in arms; mighty in battle. [Rare.] The temple of Marz armypotente. Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1124. The manifold linguist and the armipotent soldier. Shak., Alls Well, iv. 3. Who dost pluek With hand armipotent from forth blue elouds The mason'd turrets. Fletcher {and another'), Two Noble Kinsmen, v. 1. armisonantt (ar-mis'6-nant), a. [< L. anna, arms, + sonan{t-)s, ppr. of sonarc, sound (see sonant); suggested. by armisonous, q. v.] Same as armisonous. Ash. armisonoust (;ir-mis'o-nus), a. [< L. anniso- nus, < arma, arms, + sonare, sound: see sound 5 , and of. armisonant.] Sounding or rustling with arms or armor. Bailey. armistice (iir'mis-tis), n. [< F. armistice = Sp. Pg. armisticio= It. armistizio, < XL. armistitium, a cessation of hostilities, < arma, arms, + -sti- tnini, < status, a standing, pp. of sistere, cause to stand, fix, reduplicated from stare, stand : see state, stand. Cf. solstice, interstice.'} A temporary suspension of hostilities hy conven- tion or agreement of the parties; a truce. But, while an armistice is an interval in war and supposes a return to it, a peace is a return to a state of amity and intercourse, implying no intention to recommence hostili- ties. An armistice again leaves the questions of the war unsettled, but a peace implies in its terms that redress of wrongs has been obtained, or that the intention is re- nounced of seeking to obtain it. Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 150. armless 1 (arm'les), a. [ME. armies; < arm 1 + -less.] Without arms. In tool., specifically applied to the I/ipobrachia, or those echinoderms, as sea-urchins and sea-cucumbers, which have no distinct rays or arms. armless 2 (iirm'les), a. [< arm? + -less.] Des- titute of weapons ; defenseless. Spain lying armless and open. Howell, Letters, i. 3. armlet (arm'let), n. [< arm 1 + -let, dim. suf- by armillet, q. v. Cf. bracelet.] 1. A little arm: as, an armlet of the sea. — 2. An ornament for the arm ; specifically, a metal band or ring worn up- on the upper arm. — 3. That part of a dress where the sleeve joins the shoulder. armoire (iir-mwor'), n. [F. : see ambry.] An ambry. :i largo wardrobe or movable cupboard, with doors and shelves; especially, one which is inclosed or shut in with doors from base to cornice, and is simple and roomy in design. armoiriet (ar'mor-i), «. [P.] in old form of iinmirxfi. Their great aim was to i levat tlii ir Bubject by tracing back tin use of armoirie* i" the patriarchs and heroes of Jewish ami pagan antiquity. Encyc. Brit., XI. 712. armoniact, ". An old conniption of ammoniac. i hour' r. armor, armour (ar'mor), n. [Second form now usual m England; (.WE. armour, armowre, earlier and more commonly armure, armor(often in pi. fix; suggested prob. Egyptian. armures, armnrs, anncrta, armatura } armor, f the genus Arnica. — 2. [cap.] A genus of perennial herbs, natural order Com- posites, natives of the northern temperate and Mmintain-tf.b.ic:-.-, Africa rwita.ia . arctic zones, with showy yellow flowers and opposite leaves. The most important species, A. mon- tana, the mountain-tobacco of central Europe, lias long been a popular remedy in Germany. A. alpina is found in high northern regions in all parts of the world; one Bpeciea is peculiar to the Atlantic States, and a dozen Othi i> are natives of western North America. 3. A tincture of the roots or flowers of A. Mon- tana, much used as an external application in wounds and bruises, and internally as a stimu- lant in debilitated states. arnicin, arnicine (iir'ni-sin), n. [< arnica + -in-.] An acrid bitter principle in the flowers and roots of Arnica man tana. Arnoldist (ar'nold-ist), n. [< Arnold + -ist.~\ A disciple of Arnold of Breseia, who in Italy in the twelfth century preached against the am- bition and luxury of ecclesiastics, not sparing the pope himself. He maintained the subordination of the ecclesiastical to the temporal power, and proclaimed the necessity of both a civil and an ecclesiastical revolu- tion In 1146 lie put himself at the head of a temporarily successful insurrection against the temporal power of the pope. ll<- was put to death in 1155. Arnold's ganglion, nerve. See the nouns. arnot, arnott, ><■ See arnut. arnotto (ar-not'o), ». [In various other forms, arniitto. anatto, anotto, anotta, annatto, annotto, annotta ; prob. a native Amer. name.] 1. liixa Arnotto ( Bixa OretlaHa ). Orellana, a small tree, natural order Bixacew, a native of tropical America. It i- . xtremelj common in Jamaica and other parte "! the West Indies, and has been introduced into tropica] regions of the old world. 2. T1m- dye or coloring matter obtained from the seeds of this plant. The seed an covered with areddi I 'eddish-yellon waxy pulp, which is dissolved in water, thi n dried to the i onsistency •! putty, and made up in rolls or folded in ieaveB, "i dried still mon and 316 made into cakes. It is employed as a dye for silken, woolen, or cotton stuibs, as an auxiliary in giving a deeper shade to .sin 1 1 ilc yellows, and also as a colurinmnm.-diciit for but- ter, cheese, and chocolate, and for varnishes and lacquers. arnut, arnot (ar'nut, -not), n. [E. dial., = earthnut, q. v. Cf. arling for earthling.] The earthnut (which see). Also spelled arnott. aroeira (ar-o-a'ra), n. [Braz.] The native name of a small anacardiaceous tree of Brazil, Schinus terebinthifolius, the resin obtained from which, and also the bark and leaves, are used as a remedy for rheumatism and other complaints. aroid (ar'oid), «. [< Arum + -oid.~] One of the Aroideoe or Aracew. Aroideae (a-roi'de-e), n. pi. [NL., < Arum + -null »'.] Same as Aract ee. aroint, aroynt (a-roinf), ». [Found onlyin the expression "Aroint thee, witch!" in two pas- sages of Shakspere, and in modern imitations, beingprob. Shakspere's own adaptation (aroynt, after around (see below), or with an unoriginal introductory syllable due perhaps to forcible utterance, or perhaps merely metrical, for "rotjiit, rynl, the diphthong oij, oi being then and still dial, often equiv. to y, i) of an E. dial. (Cheshire) proverb, '"Bynt you, witch,' quoth Bessie Locket to her mother," so recorded by Ray in 1693, but prob. in use in Shakspere's time. (If original with him, it could not have passed into popular speech so early as 1G93.) The proverb, which bears the marks of local origin, from some incident long forgotten, eon- tains a particular use of the same verb that occurs in E. dial, ryntye (given by Ray in con- nection with the proverb), rtjndta (Thoresby, 1703), ryiit tine, an expression ' : used by milk- maids in Cheshire to a cow when she has been milked, to bid her get out of the way" (Clark and Wright, ed. Shak.,1. e.,note), that is, round ye, round thee, move round, turn about; rynd, rynt, being a dial, form of round: see round-.] I. intrans. An interjectional imperative, equiv- alent, in the passages quoted, to avaunt! be- gone ! See etymology. "Aroint thee, witch!" the rump-fed ronyon cries. Shak., Macbeth, i. 3. He met the night-mare and her nine-fold ; Bid her alight, And her troth plight, And aroint thee, witch, aroint thee ! Shak., Lear, iii. 4. II. trans. To say "aroint" to; bid begone. Whiskered cats, arointed, flee. Mrs. Brouming, To Flush, xviii. That Humbug, whom thy soul aroints. Broirniioi, Tun I'octs. arolium (a-ro'li-um), «.; pi. arotia (-a). [NL.] An appendage of the tarsus of some insects, as the Trichoptera, or caddis-flies. A short cushion [plantula] and two membranous arolia. Pascoe, Zool. Class., p. 120. arolia (a-rol'8), w. The Swiss stone-pine, Pinus t\ inlira. aroma (a-ro'ina), it.; pi. aromas (-maz), some- times arouiata (-uia-ta). [Early mod. E. ani- mate, < ME. aromat, < OF. aromat, mod. F. aro- nmtv; mod. E. directly < L. aroma, < Gt. apujut (apupar-), any spice orsweet herb; perhaps orig. the smell of a plowed field, and so identical with apupa, aplowed field, arable land, < apoetv, plow . = L. arare, plow: see arable.] If. Spice: usually in the plural, spices. N. E.D. — 2. An odor arising from spices, plants, or other sub- stances, more especially an agreeable odor; fragrance ; spicy perfume. The air had the true northern aroma. B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 27<>. 3. Figuratively, a characteristic but subtle quality; a pervasive charm or flavor. The subtle aroma of genius. Saturday Rev. A happy surprise awaits those who come to the study i if tin early literature of New England with the expectation ui finding it altogether arid in sentiment, or void of the spirit and aroma of poetry. M. C. Tyler, Hist. Amer. Lit., 1. 264. = Syn. 2. Perfume, Fraijranee. etc. Sec swell, n. aromatic (ar-o-mat'ik), a. and ». [Early mod. E. aromatic/:, -yqitc, < ME. aromatyl:, < OF. aro- miititjuc, < LL. tiioiiKilicus, < Gr. apapanxSc, < apu/ia, spiee, sweet herb: see aroma.] I. a. 1. Giving out an aroma; fragrant; sweet- seonti'il : odoriferous ; of spicy lla\ or. Gtreat blueberry i>ushes hanging thick with misty blue spheres, aromatic and sweet with a sweetness no tropic suns can give, R. T Cooke, Somebody's Neighbors, p. 291, 2. Caused by an aroma or fragrant odor. Die of a rose in atromalic pain, Pope, Essay "n Man, 1. 200. 3. In client., an epithet formerly applied to a small group of organic bodies, of vegetable around origin, which had an aromatic- smell and taste; now applied to all those compounds which are derived from the hydrocarbon benzene, CgHg. They are distinguished from those of the fatty series by not 'being derived from methane, I'll ,, and by tile fact that hydrogen in the aromatic hydrocarbons is easily directly replaced by another univalent element or radical, while in compounds of the fatty series it is not. They generally contain more carbon, also, than the compounds of the fatty scries. — Aromatic vinegar, a volatile anil power- ful perfume made by adding the essential oils of lavender, cloves, etc., and often camphor, to strong acetic acid. It is an excitant in fainting, languor, and headache. II. n. A plant, drug, or medicine which yields a fragrant smell, as sage, certain spices and oils, etc. aromatical (ar-o-mat'i-kal), a. Same as aro- ma lie. aromatically (ar-o-mat'i-kal-i), adv. With an aromatic or agreeable odor or taste; fragrantly. aromatite (a-ro'rua-tit), n. [< L. aromatttes, a precious stone of the smell and color of myrrh, aromatic wine, < Gr. aputiaThnc, aromatic, < apufia, spice: see aroma.] 1. A bituminous stone, in smell and color resembling ruyrrh. — 2. A factitious wine, containing various aromatics. aromatization (a-ro "ma-ti-za'shon), n. [< aro- matize + -ation.] The act of rendering aro- matic; aromatic flavoriug. aromatize (a-ro'ma-tiz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. aromatized, ppr. aromatizing. [Oate ME. aro- matysen, < OF. aromatiser, < LL. aromatisare, < Gr. apojpari^etv, spice, < apofia, spice, sweet herb: see aroma.] To render aromatic or fra- grant; give a spicy flavor to; perfume. aromatizer (a-ro'ma-ti-zor), n. One who or that which aromatizes ; that which communi- cates an aromatic quality. Arotnatizers to enrich our sallets. Eeebjn, Acetaria, vi. aromatous (a-ro'ma-tus), a. [< aroma(t-) + -ous.] Containing an aromatic principle ; aro- matic. Aromochelyina (ar-o-mok"e-li-i'na), it. pi. [NL., < Aromoeltelys + -ina.]" A subfamily of turtles (the stinkpots), typified by the genus Aromoeltelys, referred by Gray to his family ' 'he- lydradw. They have a cruciform plastron of 11 shields, of which the gular pair is united and linear. A. odorata is the common stinkpot of the United States. Aromochelys (ar-6-mok'e-lis), n. [NL., < Gr. apupa, in mod. sense ' sweet smell,' + x^- vc , a tortoise.] A genus of terrapins, including the stinkpot of North America, A. odorata, typical of the subfamily Aromochelyina. arondie, arondy, a. Variants of arrondi. Aronhold's theorems. See theorem. aroomt, prep. phr. as adv. or a. [< ME. aroum, a rouiiie, on rum: a, on, E. a 3 , to or at; roiim, rum, space, E. room: see a 3 and room.] To or at a distance; abroad; apart. I arouinc was in the felde. Chaucer, House of Fame, 1. 540. aroph (ar'of), h. [Said to be < ML. aro(ma) }>li(ilosopliorum), aroma of the philosophers.] 1. A name formerly given to saffron. — 2. A chemical preparation concocted by Paracelsus, used as a remedy for urinary calculus. arose (a-roz'). Preterit oi arise. a rotelle (a ro-tel'le). [It.: a (< L. ad), to, with; rotelle, pi. of rotclht, a small wheel, disk, dim. of rota, a wheel: see rota.] With disks, roundels, or rosettes: used in works on de< .na- tive art in describing objects so ornamented: as, "an amphora with handles" rotelle" (Ilirclt), that is, having handles which, rising above the lip of the vase, form a circular ornament, often filled with a mask. around (a-round'), prep. phr. as adv. and prep. [ME. around, aronde, a round; < c 3 + round-, n. Hence by aphcresis >'«»«i/'-', adv. and prep.] 1. adv. 1. In a circle or sphere : roundabout; on every side: as, a dense mist lay around. The gods of greater nations dwell around, Anil nn the rielit and left the palace bound. Dryden, tr. of Ovid's Hetamorph., i. 223. And naught above, below, around, Of life or death, of Bighi or sound. Wliittirr, New-England Legend. 2. From place to place ; here and there ; about : as, to travel around from city to city. [U. S.] — 3. About; near: as, he waited around till the fight was over. [U. S.] II. prep. 1. About; onallsides; encircling; encompassing. A lambent flame arose, which gently spread drounti his brows. Oryden, .Kneid. Around us i ver lies the enchanted land, In marvels rich to thine own sons displayed. Jones Very, Poems, p. 52. around 2. From placoto place: a1 random: as, to roam around the country. [U. S.] aroura, n. See antra. arousal (a-rou'zal), n. [< arouse + -al.] The act of arousing or awakening; the state of being aroused or awakened. The arousal and activity of mir better nature. Hare. Cognition of these relations [between the organism and some noxious agent] will determine the arousal of some antagonistic feeling. Mind, IX. 342. arouse (a-rouz'), v. t; pret. and pp. aroused, ppr. arousing. [<«-! + rouse 1 , after arise, rise, etc.] To excite iuto action; stir or put in mo- tion or exertion; awaken: as, to arouse atten- tion; to arouse one from sleep; to arouse dor- mant faculties. Crying with full voice, "Traitor, come out, ye are trapt at last." amused Lancelot. Tennyson, Guinevere. They [the women of Goethe] satisfy for the present, yet arouse an infinite expectation. Marg. Fuller, Woman in 19th Cent., p. 129. = Syn. To rouse, wake up, awaken, animate, incite, stimu- late, kindle, warm. arouse (a-rouz'), n. [< arouse, v.] The act of arousing; an alarm. [Rare.] N. E. D. arouser (a-rou'zer), n. One who or that which arouses. arow (a-ro'), prep, phr. as adv. [ME. arowe, a-roiee, o rowe, arawe (early mod. E. also an w, < ME. i(rc«i , ((i7 (((i7 ); < ((3 -f row 2 .'] In a row; one after the other. Her teeth areiv. And all her hones might through her cheekes be red. Spenser, F. lj., V. xii. 29. And twenty, rank in rank, they rode arowe. Dryden, Flower and Leaf, 1. 249. arpeggiation (ar-pej-i-a'shon), n. Playing in arpeggios. arpeggio (ar-pej'o), n. [It., lit. harping, < ar- peggiare, play on the harp, < arpa, harp, < ML. arpa, also harpa, harp: see harp.] 1. The sounding of the notes of an instrumental chord in rapid succession, either upward or (rarely) downward, as in harp-playing, instead of si- multaneously. — 2. A chord thus sounded; a broken chord. Played. Arpeggio. Sometimes written harpeggio. arpent (ar'pen), ». Same as arpent. arpennust (Si-pen'us), n. ; pi. arpermi (-1). [ML., also arpennum, -a, -is, etc.: see arpent.] Same as arpent. Bouvier. arpent (ar'pent; F. pron. iir-poh'), n. [Early mod. E. also arpen, orpine ; < F. arpent = Pr. arpen, aripin = Sp. arapende, < ML. arpennus, arpenna, arpendus, arpendium, etc., < LL. ara- pennis, L. arepennis, a word of Celtic origin. Columella (5, 1, 6) says: "tialli . . . semi- jugerum quoque arepennem vocant." The setni- jugeruiu was equal to 14,-iOO square feet.] An old French measure for land. By a royal edict of KiOt), it must contain 100 perches of 22 feet each (linearly), or 48,400 square feet. This was called the arpent royal, arpent d'ordonnance, or arpent des emu- et fonts. The common arpent had 40,000 square feet, the arpent of Paris 32,400, these being based on perches of 20 and 18 feet. The following are the areas in ares: arpent of Paris, 34.1887; common arpent, 42.2083 ; royal arpent, 51.0720 ; English acre, 40.4678. The arpent is still used in Louisiana and in the pruvince of Quebec. Formerly also arpen, arpine. If he be master Of poor ten arpines of land forty hours longer, Let the world repute me an honest woman. Webster, Devil's Law-Case, iii. ::. arpentatort (Sr'pen-ta-tor), n. [NL., < ML. ar- pentum, one of the numerous variants of L. are- pennis: see arpent.] A measurer or surveyor of land. Bouvier. arpinet (iir'piu), n. Same as arpent. arquata (ar-kwa'tS), n. [NL., prop, arcuata, fern, of L. arcuatus : see arcuate.] An old name of the curlew, Numenius arquatus, from its long arcuate bill. Also written arcuata. arquated (itr'kwa-ted), ((. [For arcuated : see arcuate.] Shaped like a bow; arcuate. [Rare.] arquebus, arquebuse, arquebusier. See har- quebus, harquebusier. 317 arquerite (ttr'ke-rit), n. [< Arqueros, near Coquimbo, a seaport town of Chili, + -(7c-.] A mineral silver amalgam, occurring in small octahedrons and in arborescent forms, it con- tains 86 per cent, of silver, and is the chief ore of the rich silver-mines of Arqueros. arquifoux (ar'ki-fo), n. Same its alqwifou. arr 1 (iir), ». [E. dial., < ME. aire, erre, < Ieel. on; <»=Sw. «;•)•= Dan. ar, a scar.] A sear. Also spelled ar. [Prov. Eug.] arr' 2 t, v. t. [< ME. arren = LG. arrcn, vex, < arre = AS. ierrc, yrrc, corre, anger, as adj. an- gry; ef. Dan. arrig, angry, which, however, is commonly associated with Dan. Norw. Sw. arg, wicked, bad, = G. arg = AS. earg, timid, cowardly.] To anger; vex; worry. He arred both the clergy and the laity. N. Bacon, Hist. Discourse, \iv. 216. IN. E. D.) arr 3 t, v. i. [< late ME, arrt ; of. E. dial, narr, nurr, imitative; cf. "It is the dog's letter, and hurroth in the sound" (B. Jonson): see liurr.] To snarl as a dog. A dog is . . . fell and quarrelsome, given to arre and war upon a very small occasion. Holland, tr. of Plutarch's Morals, p. 726. arrat, n. See arrha. arracacha (ar-a-kach'ii), n. [< Sp. aracacha (> NL. Arracaeia), of S. Amer. origin.] A name given by the natives of western South America to several kinds of plants with tuberous roots, and especially to a species of the umbelliferous genus Arracaeia, A. esculenta, which is exten- sively cultivated in the Andes, and has become naturalized in Jamaica. The roots are divided into several lobes of the size of a carrot, which when boiled have a Savor between that of the parsnip and that of the chestnut. It is said to be more proline and nutritious than the potato. The name is also given to a tuber-bearing species of the Oxalis, O. erenata. arraceH, v. t. See arace 1 , arose 1 . arrace'-t, »• See arras 1 . arracht, »■ See orach. arrachet, v. t. See arace 1 . arrache (ar-a-sha'), a. [F., pp. of arracher, uproot: see arace 1 .] In her., torn up by the roots : applied to plants used as bearings, and to whatever has the appearance of having been severed by violence. Erased is now in more general use. arrack (ar'ak), it. [Better spelled arack, for- merly oral; arac; now commonly shortened to rack ; = F. arack = Sp. «rac = Pg. araca, araque, < Hind, oral; Tamil araku, arttki, < Ar. 'araq, sweat, spirit, juice, essence, distilled spirits, 'arqitj, arrack, brandy ; < 'araqa, sweat, perspire. The forms arak, arki (Tatar), and araki (Egyp- tian) are from the same source,. the name being applicable to any spirituous liquor.] Originally the name of a strong liquor made in southern Asia from the fermented juice of the date, but used in many parts of Asia and eastern Africa for strong liquors of different kinds, it is made in Uoa from the sap of the cocoa-palm, and in Batavia from rice ; and the arrack of eastern and northern India is a sort of rum distilled from molasses. See raid. A servant brought in a silver tray, upon which were large glasses of the abominable spirit called arrack, each of which was supposed to be emptied at a draught. O'Donovan, Merv, \i. Arragonese, «. and a. See Aragonese. arrah (ar'ii), interj. A common Anglo-L-ish ex- pletive, expressing excitement, surprise, etc. arraign 1 (a-ran ), v. t. [< ME. araynen, arenen, < AF. araincr, areitur, arener, < OF. aranier, earlier araisnier, areisnier (later araisoner, nni- soncr, aresoner, etc., > ME. aresonen : see area- son), < ML. arrationare, call to account, arraign, < L. ad, to, + ML. rattonare, reason: see reason and ratio. Cf. deraign 1 .] 1. In law, to call to or set at the bar of a court, in order to plead guilty or not guilty to the matter charged in an indict - ment or information. This term is unknown in the law of Scotland, except in trials for high treason, in which the forms of procedure in England and Scotland are the same. Hence — 2. To call in question for faults, before any tribunal ; call before the bar of reason or of taste ; accuse or charge in general. They arraign'd shall sink Beneath thy sentence. Milton, P. L.. iii. 331. Is there not something in the pleading eye Of the poor brute that sutlers, which arraigns The law that bids it suffer? O. W. Holmes, Rights. = Syn. Accuse, Charge, Tndict. See acewse. arraign 1 (a-ran'), n. [< arraign 1 , o.] Arraign- ment : as, the elerk of the arraigns. Blackstone. arraign 2 t (a-ran'), v. t. [Early mod. E. also arraine, araine, < AF.arraigner, araincr. the lat- ter tin error for aramcr (> ML. arramare), OF. aramier, aramir = Pr. ttramir = OCat. aremir, < ML. adramirt , adhramire, adchramire, agramire, arramire, etc., < L. ad, to, + "It ram in , pmb. orig. arrangement with a sense subsequently lust in the technical use, < Goth, hramjan, us-hramjan, crucify, lit. hang (cf. OlKi. nana, Mllti. rami; ram, 7. 4. Preparatory measure or negotiation; pre- vious disposition or plan; preparation: com- monly in the plural: as, we have made arrange- mi ut.i for a journey. Previous to liis departure he made all due arrangements with the holy fraternity of the convent for the funeral solemnities of his friend. Irving, Sketch-Book, p. IDS. An elaborate arrangement was entered into at the same time by the Allied Powers, to provide for a succession to Parma in the event of the sovereign dying childless. /'.'. Dicey, victor Emmanuel, p. 74. 5. Pinal settlement: adjustment by agreement: as, the arrangement of a dispute. — 6. In music: (a) The adaptation of a composition to voices or instruments, or to a purpose, for which it was not originally designed, (b) A piece so adapted; a transcription : as, an orchestral ar- rangement of a soug, an opera, or the like. =Syn. 1. classification, distribution. — 2. Structure, form. arranger (a-ran'jer), ». One who arranges or puts in order. arrant (ar'ant), a. [Early mod. E. also ami mi t, arrand, a variant spelling of errant, erraunt, errand, roving, wandering, which, from its com- mon use in the term arrant or errant thief, that is, a roving robber, one outlawed, pro- claimed and notorious as such, came to be used apart from its lit. sense as an opprobrious intensive with terms of abuse, as rogue, knave, traitor, fool, etc., but often also without oppro- brious force. See errant.'] If. Wandering; itinerant ; vagrant ; errant : as, a knight arrant; an arrant preacher: especially in thief arrant or arrant thief, a roving, outlawed robber; a highwayman. Now written errant. — 2. Noto- rious ; manifest ; unmitigated ; downright : in a bad sense (derived from the noun qualified): as, an arrant rogue; an arrant coward; arrant nonsense. I discover an arrant laziness in my soul. Fuller. As arrant a "Screw" In money transactions as ever you knew. Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 46. It was easy to see through all his piety that he was an arrant author at the bottom. SmoUett, Gil Bias, VIII. iii. (JV. E. D.) 3. Thorough; downright; genuine: in a good sense. An arrant honest woman. Burton, Anat. Mel., p. 617. ~Syn. 2. Utter, rank, consummate, perfect. arrantly (ar'ant-li), adv. In an arrant man- ner ; notoriously ; impudently : in a bad sense. Funeral tears are as arrantly hired out as mourning clokes. Sir R. L'Estrange. arras 1 (ar'as), n. [Early mod. E. also arrace, arrasse, < ME. arras, orig. cloth (or cloths) of Arras (F. drops cPArras) (=It. araezo='Pi.raz), < F. Arras, the capital of the department of Pas- de-Calais, in the north of France, where this article was manufactured. The name Arras is corrupted from the name of the Atrebates (L.), a people of Belgic Gaul.] Tapestry; specifically, that used for hangings covering the walls of a room. The original expression cloth of Arras was prob- ably used with more accuracy to distinguish arras tapes try from other sorts. Sometimes used as an adjective. I'll not spe;tU another word for a King's ransom unless the ground be perfumed, and covered with cloth of arras. Marlowe, Faust us, ii. 2. I have of yore made many a scrambling meal, In corners, behind arrases, on stairs. /;. ail, and i'l.. Woman Hater, iii. 4. Arras wis used precisely as a curtain ; it hung (on tenters or lines) from the rafters, or from some temporary stay, and was opened, held up, or drawn aside, as occasion re- quired. Dyce, Note to Ford's hovers Melancholy, ii. 2. In Arthur's arras hall at Camelot. Tennyson, Berlin and Vivien. arras 2 t, «• [Prob. a form of orris, q. v.] A kind of powder, probably made of the root of the orris. Iliilhinll. arrased (ar'ast), a. [< arras 1 + -erf 2 .] Hung wiih arras, i Chapman. arrasene (ar'a-sen), n. [< arras 1 + -ene.] A sort of cord made with a central thread and a thick velvet-like pile of wool or silk. It is used in raised embroidery. Also spelled arascne. arrastra (a-ras'trii), u. Same as arrant re. arrastre (a-ras'tre), ft. [Sp., lit. the act of dragging, < arrastrar, drag along the ground, creep, crawl, < a- (L. ad, to) + rastrar (obs.), drag, < rastro, a rah. rack. = Fg. rastO, rastro,i L. rostrum, a rake, mattock, < radere, pp. ra.sus, scrape, scratch.] A rude apparatus used in Mexico, and to. some extent in the United Slates, for grinding and at the same time amal- gamating ores containing free gold or Silver. It has a vertical axis with horizontal arms attached to it. 318 To these arms masses of rock are fastened by chains and dragged over the ore, which is placed on a bed of tlat stones laid within a circular inclosure, usually about 12 feet in diameter. Also written arrastra, arastra. (From Pepper's " Play-Book of Metals.") arraswise (ar'as-wiz), adv. Erroneous form of arriswise. arratel (ar-ra'tel), n. [Pg. : see arret.'] The Portuguese pound. It exceeds the pound avoirdu- pois by about one per cent. The following arc the values in grams : Pound avoirdupois, 45:1.593 ; arratel, in Lisbon, 459 ; in Funchal, 458.547 ; in Rio de Janeiro, 458.75. arraughtt. For araugli t, preterit of areach. array (a-ra'), v. t. [Early mod. E. also aray, ar- raie, < SlE. arayen, araien, areyen, < AF. arayer, araier, OF. areyer, areier, areer, later aroyer, ar- roi/er = Pr. aredar = Sp. arrear (obs.) = Pg. ar- reiar = It. arredare, < ML. arredare, put in order, order, array, < L. ad, to, + ML. "reduiu (> OF. rei, rai, roi), preparation, order, of Teut. origin; cf. AS. geriede, gerede, preparation, equipment (Icel. reidlii, rigging, harness, reidha, imple- ments, outfit ; Sw. reda = Dan. rede, order), < gereede = OFries. rede, red = Goth, garaids, ready, prepared : see ready. Cf. curry 1 .] 1. To place or dispose in order, as troops for battle ; marshal ; draw up in hostile order : often used figuratively. They were more ignorant in ranging and arraying their battles. Bacon, Vicissitude of Things. The stronger our conviction that reason and Scripture were decidedly on the side of Protestantism, the greater is the reluctant admiration with which we regard that system of tactics against which reason and Scripture were arrayed in vain. WaeavXay, Ranke's Hist, of Popes. 2. To deck or chess ; adorn with dress, especially with dress of an ornamental kind. Array thyself with glory and beauty. Job xl. 10. Morn by morn, arraying her sweet self In that wherein she dcein'd she look'd her best. Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine. And there the fallen chief is laid, In tasselled garbs of skins arrayed, And girded with his wampum-braid. Whittier, Funeral Tree of Sokokis, 3. In law, to set (a jury) in order for the trial of a cause; to call (the jury) man by man. — 4. To envelop ; wrap. [Rare.] In gelid caves with horrid glooms arrayed. Judge Trumbull. = Syn. 1. To arrange, range, marshal, draw up, — 2. Adorn, Ornament, Decorate, etc. (see adorn) : clothe, invest. array (a-ra'), n. [Early mod. E. also aray, arraie, K ME. aray, aria, untie, < AF. arai, arrai, OF. arret, later aroi, F. arroi = Pr. arrei = Sp. arreo = Pg. arreio = It. a rredo ; cf . ML. arret! i inn, equipment, furniture; from the verb: see ar- ray, v.] 1. Regular order or arrangement; disposition in regular lines; specifically, dispo- sition of a body of men for attack or defense : as, troops in battle array. — 2. An orderly col- lection or assemblage ; especially, a body of men in order of battle or prepared for battle ; hence, military force ; soldiery ; troops. A gallant array of nobles and cavaliers. 1'n srerr. What was that mighty array which Elizabeth reviewed at Tilbury? Macaulay, Hist. Eng. 3. A display ; an imposing series of things ex- hibited. Nothing could well be lovelier than this array of Doric temples and ruins of temples. CD. Warner, Roundabout Journey, p. 95. 4. Press; garments disposed in order upon tho person; raiment or apparel. Emily ere day Arose and dress'd herself in rich array. 1>> ydt n, 5f. Preparation; special arrangemont of things. He had maad al this array. Chaucer, Miller's Talc, 1, 444. 6f. Situation; circumstances; position; plight. Thou stondest yet (quod sche) in Bwiche array, That of thy lyf hastow no sewerte. Chaucer, Wife of Bath's Tale, 1, 46. 7. Inlaw: (a) The body of persons summoned to serve upon a jury, (ti) The act of impaneling a jury; that is, lire act of the proper officer set- arrect ting a jury in order for the trial of a cause, or calling it man by man. (c) The jury impaneled. Challenges are of two kinds ; first, to the array, when exception is taken to the whole number impaneled ; and secondly, to the polls, when individual jurymen are ob- jected to. -1. Fonblanque, Jr., iiow we are Governed, xviL 8. Formerly, in England, the muster of a coun- ty for military purposes; the men so mustered: as, a commission of array. See commission. Y" Parliament had extreamely worried him for attempt- ing to put in execution y" commission of aray, and for which the rest of his collcgues were hanged by y rebells. Evelyn, Diary, March 23, 1646. Previous to the reign of, Henry VIII., in order to protect the kingdom from domestic insurrections or the prospects of foreign invasions, it was usual from time to time for our princes to issue commissions of array. Wharton. 9. In math., a collection of quantities arranged in a rectangular block; a matrix Challenge to the array. See chctUi nge. arrayal (a-ra'al), n. [< array + -al.] The process of arraying; muster of a force; array. N. E. D. arrayer (a-ra'er), n. [< ME. araier, arraiour, < OF. araieor, areeor, < areer, araier, array: see array, v.] 1. One who arrays. — 2. In Eng. hist., an officer who had a commission of array to put the soldiers of a county in a condition for military service. arrayment (a-ra'ment), n. [Early mod. E. also arraiment, drayment, < ME. aravment, < AF. araiement, OF. arcement, < araier, etc., array: see array and -inent, and the abbr. form rai- ment.] 1. The act of arraying. — 2f. That in which one is arrayed; raiment. Sheep clothed in soft arrayment. Quarles. arre 1 , ». See ar\ arre'4, v. »'. See air 3 . arreacht, v. See areach. arrears, v. See arear 1 . arrear 2 t (a-rer'), adr. [Earlymod. E. also arear, arrere, < ME. arere, a rere, < OF. arere, ariere, mod. F. arrierc = Pr. areire, arreire, < ML. ad retro: L. arf, to; retro (> OF. Here), backward: see retro- and rear 3 .] Backward; into or to- ward the rear; back; behind. Forst him back recoyle and reele area re. Spenser, F. Q., VI. iv. 5. arrear 2 (a-rer'), »• [ME. only in phr. in ariere, in time past; < arrear 2 , adv. The older noun is arrearage, q. v.] 1. The state of being be- hind or behindhand: as, his work is in arrear. Spain, though at least a generation inarrcaroi England, was after our own the first modern European country to attain to ... a national dramatic literature. A, II'. Ward, Eng. Dram. Lit., Int., xxvii. 2f. The rear. The arrear consisting of between three and four thou- sand foot. Ilcijlin, Hist. Reformation, p. 92. 3. That which is behind in payment ; a debt which remains unpaid, though due : generally used in the plural and implying that a part of the money is already paid: as, arrears of rent, wages, or taxes. For much I dread due payment by the Greeks Of yesterday's arrear. Cowper, Iliad, iii. My approval is given in order that every possible facility may be afforded for the prompt discharge of all arrears of pay due to our soldiers and sailors. Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 332. arrearage (a-rer'aj), ». [< ME. arerage, arrc- rage, < OF. an wage, arrerage, arrierage, mod. F. arrerages, pi., < <>F. arere, ariere, back: see arrear 2 , adv., and -age, and cf. advantage.] 1. The state or condition of being behindhand or in arrears. I have employment for thee, such a one As shall not only pay my services, But leave me in arrearage. Shirley, Grateful Servant, i. 2. 2. Arrears; amount or amounts outstanding or overdue ; any sum of money remaining unpaid after previous payment of a part. The old arrearages . . . being defrayed. lloicell, Vocal Forest, out pleasure is, that all arrearages Be paid unto the captains. Massimger, The Picture, ii. 2. arrearancet (a-rer'ans), n. [< arrear 2 + -ance.] Same as arrearage. arrectt (a-rekt'), v. t. [< L. arrectus, pp. of arri- gere, setup, raise, ei t, < ml, to, + regere, keep straight, direct.] 1. To raise or lift up; make erect. Having large cars perpetually exposed and arrected. Swift, Tale of a Tub, xl. 2. To direct. A erecting my sight towards the zodiake. Skelton, Poems, p. 9. 3. To impute. Therefore lie arreeteth no blame ... to them. Sir T. More. Works, fol. 271. arrect arrect, arrected ta-rokt', a-rek'ted), a. [< L. arrectus: see the verb.] If. Erect; erected. — 2f. Attentive, as a person listening. Eager fur the event, Around the beldame all urreet they hang. Akenside, Pleasures of Imagination, i. 269. 3. In hot., pointing upward; brought into an upright position. A. Unit/. arrectaryt (a-rek'ta-ri), n. [< L. arrectarius, perpendicular, neut. pi. arrecturiii, the upright posts of a wall, < arrectus, erect : see arrect."] A beam or post standing upright, as opposed to one which is horizontal. The arrectary or beam of his cross. Bp. Hall, Works, II. 278. arrector (a-rek'tor), n. [NL., < L. arrigere, pp. arrectus, setup erect: see arrect, v.] Thatwhieh arreets; an erector. — Arrector pili, in mint., the erector of the hair, a small strip of uustriated muscle run- ning from the lower part of the liair-folliele toward the surface of the skin, and by contraction, under the influence of fright or cold, causing the hair to stand straight up or "on end." at the same time so raising the surface just around the orifice as to occasion goose-flesh or horripila- tion. arreedt, ''■ t. See arcad. arrel (ar'el), n. [Sp., also amide (> Basque arralaea, a. weight of 10 pounds); Sp. arrate, Pg. arratel, a weight of 10 ounces (see arratel) ; < Ar. al, the, + rati, a weight of 12 ounces.] A weight of 4 pounds, used in Spain. Arremon, ». See Arrhemon. arrendation (ar-en-da'shon), n. Same as ar- nutation. arrendator (ar'en-da-tor), n. [Also arendator, < Russ. arendatoru, < ML. arrendator, arendator, a farmer of the revenue, < arrendare, arendare, arrentare, let for a rent, farm the revenue: see arrent.] One who farms the revenues in certain Russian governments. arrenotokous, a. See arrhenotokous. arrent (a-renf), v. t. [< OF. arrenter, arentir (ML. arrentare, arrendare, arendare), < a (L. ad, to) 4- rente, rent: see arrendator and rent.] To let for a rent; especially, in old I'mj. law, to let out for inelosure, as land in a forest. See arrentation. arrentation (ar-en-ta'shon), n. [Also arren- dation, < ML. arrenlalio(n-), arrendalio. < arren- tare, arrendare : see arrent.'] In old Eny. laic, the action or privilege of arrenting ; the giving of permission by the lord of the msjuor to the tenant of land in a forest to inclose it with a small ditch and low hedge, in consideration of a yearly rent. Also written arrendation. arreptibnt (a-rep'shpn), n. [< L. arrcptus, pp. of arripere, snatch, seize to one's self, < ad, to, + rapere, snatch, seizo: see rapacious, rapture.] The act of taking away. 'ibis arrepHon was sudden, yet Elisha sees both the chariot and the horses, and the ascent. Bp. Hall, Rapture of Elijah. arreptitiousH (ar-ep-tish'iis), a. [< LL. arrepti- cius, arreptitius, seized in mind, inspired, deliri- ous, < L. arrcptus, pp. of arripere, snatch, seize: see arreption.] Snatched away; hence, seized or possessed ; frantic ; crack-brained ; mad. Odd, arreptitious, frantick extravagances. Howell, Letters (1650), I. 475. arreptitious 2 t (ar-ep-tish'us), a. [As if < L. arrcptus, pp. of arrepere, creep toward, steal softly to (< ad, to, + repere, creep: see reptile), + -itiotis; but appar. a mistaken def. of pre- ceding.] Creeping or having crept in privily. Blount; Bailey. arrest 1 (a-resf), v. t. [< ME. aresten, arresten (also by apheresis resten, > mod. dial, rest), < OF. arcster, F. arreter = Pr. Sp. Pg. arrestor = It. arrestare, < ML. arrestare, stop, restrain, < L. ad, to, + restore, stay back : see res/ 2 .] 1. To stop forcibly ; cheek or hinder the motion or ac- tion of : as, to arrest the current of a river ; to arrest the course of justice. Ascribing the causes of things to secret proprieties hath arrested and laid asleep all true inquiry. Bacon. With the progress of adaptation each [human being] be- comes so constituted that he cannot be helped without in some way arresting a pleasurable activity. //. Spencer, Data of Ethics, § 96. 2. To take, seize, or apprehend by virtue of a legal warrant or official authority; take into custody: as, to arrest one for a crime or misde- meanor. [Shakspere most commonly construes this verb with of, like accuse: as, "of capital treason we arrest you here," Rich. LI., iv. 1.] According to law no Englishman could be arrested and detained in confinement merely by the mandate of the sovereign. Macaulay. 3. To seize and fix ; engage ; secure ; catch ; take : as, to arrest the eyes or the attention. 319 King. H you prove it, I'll repay it back, < »r yield up Aquitain. piin. We arrest your word. Shah., 1.. I.. L., ii. 1. The appearance of such a person in the world, and at -in b a period, ought to arrest the consideration of every thinking mind. Buckmimter. 4t. To rest or fix. We may arrest our thoughts upon the divine mercies. Jer. Taylor. 5. In Scots and admiralty law, to seize (prop- erty) for debt or the satisfaction of a claim ; attach or levy upon. = Syn. 1. To stay, interrupt, delay, detain. — 2. To capture, lay bold of, take up, take prisoner. arrest 1 (a-resf), «. [< ME. arest, < OF. arest, stoppage delay, restraint; from the verb : see arrest 1 , i\] 1 . The act of stopping, or the state of being stopped ; suspension of movement or action: as, an arrest of the vital functions; •'the stop and arrest of the air," Bacon. — 2t. Self-restraint ; self-command. In noble corage oughte ben areste, And weyen everything by equytee. Chaiieer, ImhkI Women, 1. ::'»;. 3. Any seizure or taking by force, physical or moral ; hindrance ; interruption ; stoppage ; restraint. To the rich man who had promised himself ease for many years, it was a sad arrest that his soul was surprised the first night. Jer. Taylor. I could . . . mingle my teares with you, . . . but when I consider the necessity of submitting to the divine arests, I am ready to dry them againe, and be silent. Evelyn, To his Brother, G. Evelyn. 4. In mach., any contrivance which stops or re- tards motion. The arrest consists of a fly vane, or escapement with wings, mounted on one of the arbors of the clock-work acting on the wheel. Sci. Amer. Supp., XXII. 8974. 5. In law, the taking of a person into custody of the law, usually by virtue of a warrant from authority. An arrest is made by seizing or touching the body or otherwise taking possession of it. By the law of some jurisdictions, arrest is allowed in civil cases for the purpose of enforcing the payment of debts or preventing a defendant from eluding an obligation. In criminal or penal cases arrest is made for the purpose of compelling the person charged with a crime or an offense to appear and submit to justice. In civil cases it cannot be legally effected except by virtue of a precept or writ issued out of some court, but this is often dispensed with in criminal cases. Arrest in civil cases is of two kinds, viz., that which takes place before trial, and is called arrest >>n mesne pro- cess, and thatwhieh takes place after trial and judgment, and is called arrest on final process, or arrest in execution. 6. In admiralty lain, the taking of a ship into custody by virtue of a warrant from a court. — 7. In Scots law, attachment; seizure of prop- erty, funds, etc., by legal process, as for debt or the satisfaction of a claim Arrest of judgment, in law, the staying or stopping of a judgment after verdict, for causes assigned. Courts have at common law power to arrest judgment for intrinsic causes appearing upon the face of the record, as when the declaration varies from the original writ, when the verdict differs materially from the pleadings, or when the case laid in the declaration is not sufficient in point of law to found an action upon. The motion for this purpose is called amotion in arrest of judg- ment. Modern practice largely supersedes these motions by requiring such defects to be objected to before judg- ment. — Breach of arrest. See breach. arrest 2 (a-resf), n. [< OF. arreste, areste, mod. F. nrefc," awn, beard, fishbone, arrest, < L. ari- sta : see arista and arris.] A mangy tumor on the back part of the hind leg of a horse. Also called rat-tail. arrestable (a-res'ta-bl), a. [< arrest 1 + -able.] 1. Liable to be arrested or apprehended. — 2. In Scots law, attachable; subject to seizure at the suit of a creditor of the owner, by a process in the nature of attachment or garnishment: applied to property, funds, etc. Burgh customs still stand in the peculiar position of tniug neither adjudgeable nor arrestable; they are there- fore bad security. Encyc. Brit., IV. 63. arrestation (ar-es-ta'shon), n. [= F. arresta- tion, < ML. arrestatio(n-), < arrestare, arrest: see arrest 1 , v.] The act of arresting ; an arrest or seizure. [Rare.] The arrestation of the English residing in France was decreed by the National Convention. //. M. Williams, Letters on France, I. i. arrestee (a-rest-e'), «. [< arrest + -ee\] In Scots law, the person in whose hands an arrest- ment is laid. arrester, arrestor (a-res'ter, -tor), «. [ME. ouster ; < arrest 1 + -er 1 , -or. Cf. ML. arrestator.] 1. One who or that which arrests. — 2. In Scots law, the person at whose instance an arrest is made. See arrest, »., 7. [Arrestor is the form usual in legal documents.] arrestive (a-res'tiv), a. [=OF. arresHf; < ar- rest 1 + -ire.] 1. Serving or tending to arrest. — 2. Ingram,, marking an arrest, restriction, arrhizous or qualification of thought : applied to conjunc- tions like ion, yet, however, etc. Bam, Eng. Grammar. arrestment (a-resfment), [< OF. areste- ttietii, < ar ester, arrest : sec arrest 1 , v., and -iiteut.] 1. The act of arresting or stopping; obstruction; stoppage. The first effect is arrestment of the functions of the spinal cord. .sir J;. CkrisHson, Poisons, I. i. $2. The fall of man wotdd produce an arrestment in the progress of the earth in that last great revolution winch would have converted it into an Eden, Dan on, I Irigin of World, p. 239. 2. In Scots lair: (a) A process by which a creditor may attach money or movable proper- ty which a third person holds for behoof of his debtor. It bears a general resemblance to foreign attachment by the custom of London. See attachment, (b) The arrest or detention of acriminal till he finds caution or surety to stand trial, or the securing of a debtor until he pays the debt or gives security for its payment. — Breach of arrestment. See breach. arrestor, n. See arrester. arretH, ». '• See aret. arret 2 t (a-ra' or a-ret'), n. [< F. arret, < OF. arest, arrest : see arrest 1 , n.] The decision of a court, tribunal, or council ; a decree published ; the edict of a sovereign prince : applied to the judgments and decisions of courts and tribu- nals in France. arrha (ar'a), n.; pi. arrhw (-§). [L., also ar- rhabo, and later arra, arrabo, < Gr. appafiuv, earnest-money. Cf. arlcs.] Earnest-money paid to bind a bargain or contract; a pledge. Formerly also spelled arra. arrhal (ar'al), a. [< arrha + -al.] Of the na- ture of earnest-money; given as a pledge. arrhaphostic (ar-a-fos'tik), a. [Badly formed < Gr. appaipoc, seamless, < a- priv. + patpi/, a seam, < paixruv, sew.] Seamless. Clarke. Also written araphostic, araphorostic. [Rare.] Arrhemon (a-re'inon), it. [NL., < Gr. appfiymi, without speech, silent, < a- priv. + pf/ya, a word, < peiv, speak.] A genus of Central and South American oscine passerine birds, of the family Tanatp-ithi; including a group of several species of tanagers with stout bills, like A. silens, the type. Also Arremon, Buarremon. Arrhemoninae (a-re-mo-ni'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Arrhemon + -inir.] A group of tanagrine birds, named by Lafresnaye from the genus Arrhe- mon. arrhenotokous (ar-e-not'6-kus), a. [Better *arrhenotocous, < Gr. appevorSKor, bearing male children, < appi/v (appevo-), male, + t'ikteiv, re- Keiv, bear.] Producing males only: applied by Leuckart and Von Siebold to those parthe- nogenetic female insects which produce male progeny: opposed to thelytohous. Also spelled arrenotokous. The terms arrenotokous and thelytokous have been pro- posed by Leuckart and Von Siebold to denote those par- thenogenetic females which produce male and female young respectively. Huadey, Anat. Invert., p. 384. arrhenotoky (ar-e-not'o-ki), «. [As arrhenoto- kous + -y.] The producing of males only: a form of parthenogenesis. See arrhenotokous. arrhephore (ar'e-for), ii. [< Gr. 'App7i6pog, com- monly in pi., 'AppT/ipopoi (see def.); of uncertain origin.] One of four young girls of noble birth who were chosen annually in ancient Athens to dwell on the Acropolis and attend the priestess of Athena Polias. They played a ceremonial part in the festival of the Arrhephoria, on the night before which they bore baskets or vases of unknown contents from the Acropolis to an underground sanctuary near the peribolos of Aphrodite in the Gardens. Arrhephoria (ar-e-f 6 'ri-a), n./il. [Gr.'Appritpdpia: see arrhephore.] An ancient Athenian festival celebrated in the month of Skirophorion (June). It was connected with the Panathenaic festival, and was the occasion of the ceremonial induction into their annual office, with a splendid procession to the Acropolis, of the four young priestesses of Athena called arrephores. arrhinencephalia(ar-in-en-se-fa'li-a), n. [NL., < Gr. appic (iippiv-), without power of scenting (< a- priv. + pic, piv, nose), + eyKlipaZoc, the brain: see encejihalon.] In teratol., congenital absence of one or (usually) both sides of the olfactory lobe (rhinencephalon), accompanied with more or less dwarfing or absence of adja- cent structures. Also spelled arhinencephalia. arrhizal (a-ri'zal), a. [As arrhizous + -al.] Same as arrhizous. arrhizous (a-ri'zus), a. [< NL. arrliisus, < Gr. apptCor, without roots, < a- priv. + pi^a, a root.] Having no root : applied to parasitical plants which have no root, but adhere to other plants arrhizous by any part of their surface, and derive their nourishment from them; also to mosses and Hejiutieu which arc destitute of rhizoids. Also arhi:al, arhi-uus. Arrhynchia (a-ring'ki-8.), n. pi. [XL., neut.pl. of arrhynchitts, < dr. a- priv, + ,'" ; toe, snout.] A group of the lowest prootuchous Turbellaria, having no frontal proboscis, but provided with an anus, and presenting distinct sexes. Also spelled Arhynchia. arrhythmia (a-rith'mi-a), n. [XL., < Gr. b> pvdfua, want of rhythm, < appvdpoc, without rhythm: see arrhythmous.] In pathol., irregu- larity. Also spelled urh yth mil (.-Arrhythmia cordis, irregularity of pulse. arrhythmic (a-rith'mik), a. [As arrhythmous + -ic : see «- 18 and rhythmic.'] Not rhythmic; wanting rhythm or regularity: used specifical- ly, in pathol., of the pulse. Also spelled arhyth- mie. -V. E. J>. arrhythmical (a-rith'mi-kal), a. Same as ar- rhythmic. Also spelled arhythmical. arrhythmically (a-rith'mi-kal-i), adv. In a style without rhythm. Also spelled arhythmi- cally. arrhythmous (a-rith'mus), a. [< Gr. appvBpoc, without rhythm, out of time, < have possessed nearly two thousand pounds in yearly money-rent, . . . capons and poultry, butter, salt, carriage and arriage, peats and kain, wool and ale. s, ML. arere, mod. L. urreur-. Ar- riire is thus the mod. F. form of arrear^, re- stored in E. from the earlier form, or adopted afresh, in special phrases: see arrear? and reorS.j Arrear or rear. [Now rarely used except in composition, as in arrier, fief, -pensie, etc. (See tin-,- words, below.) In arriere-ban, as shown, it is his- torically a different word.] An int. i id arriere of such storms, such wrecks. II'. Whitman, m Academy, Nov. is, iss2, ( .v. ]■:. n.) Volant en arriere, in her., said ol a bird represented as flj Ing npu ard ami awaj fn mi the pi ctator. arriere-ban (a-rer'ban; F. pron. ar-iar-boh'), n. [Early mod. E. also arrier-, arrear-, arere- lani (also arrear-, rere-band, arrier-van, simu- lating band? and run-), < F. arriere-ban, OF. ariere-ban, a corruption (due to a supposed connection with ariere, mod. arriere. rear, be- hind) ot iii-'. ariban, heriban, < ML. hari-, In , I-. uri-. iin-, urn-. In rt laianaia. etc., < OHG. hariban, in , iban < M 1 Ii i. herban, ('•. he, rbann), the summoning of an army, < hari. Inn (Mini. her, ii. hecr = As. here), army, + /»<», a public call, order, decree: see hue-, 'hurra, and ban 1 .] 1. uitheearij feudal state, the summons of the sovereign to all freemen, calling them to the field with their \assals. equipment, ami three months' provisions. Neglect to obey the sum- mons brought line- or ev< d loss of the fief. Bence— 2. The military force thus liable to be called out. Formerly written arierban. [The [i in. nt i ■ 1 1\ tnology) led to thi n. of ban et ar ban English ban (or van) and ..... ban .. van) ■ ith in arl tflclal distinction i In ban lupp . ed to n ti r to tin immediate feudatories of ti oven Egn, and tin ■ <.t the latter, or the fioldei arriere-bras (ar-iar'brii' ). «. Same as rerehruei -. arriere-fee (a-rer'fe), «. A fee or fief de- pendent on a superior fee, or a fee held of a feudatory. Arri^re-Voussure. 320 arriere-fief (a-rSr'fef), >i. Same as arriere-fee. arriere-pensee ( ar-iar 'poh-sa'), "• IF., < ar- i u re, rear, behind, + pensie, t nought : see pen- sin .] A thought kept back or dissembled; a mental reservation. arriere-vassal (a-rer' vas'al), n. An under-vas- sal; the vassal of a vassal. arriere-voussure (ar-iar 1 vo-sur'), n. A rear vault ; an arch or a vault placed within the opening of a wiu- dow or door, and differing from it in form, to in- crease the size of the aperture internally, to re- ceive a charge from above, or to form an ar- chitectural junc- tion between in- terior and exte- rior forms. arriero (ar-e-a'- ro), >i. [Sp. (= Pg. arrieiro), a muleteer, < arre (> Pr. urri = It. am), OSp. farre, a cry used to mules and horses; prob. of Ar. origin.] A muleteer. arris (ar'is), n. [Also written oris, formerly arriss, E. dial. (North.) arriage, the edge of anything that is liable to hurt (Halliwell); < OF. areste (F. arete),<. L. arista, an ear or beard of grain, in ML. also a bone of a fish, exterior angle of a house: see arista and arrest?.] 1. A sharp edge, as of a squared stone or piece of wood. Specifically — 2. In arch., the line, edge, or hip in which the two straight or curved sur- faces of a body, forming an exterior angle, meet; especially, the sharp ridge between two adjoining channels of a Doric column. arris-fillet (ar'is-fil"et), n. A triangular piece of wood used to raise the slates of a roof against the shaft of a chimney or a wall, to tlirow off the rain more effectually. Also called tilting- fillet. arris-gutter (ar'is-gut"er), n. A wooden gut- ter of the form of the letter V, fixed to the eaves of a building. Gwilt. arrish, arisn (ar'ish), n. [E. dial., = ersh, dial, form of eddish, q. v.] A corn- or wheat-field which has been harvested ; stubble ; eddish. [Devonshire, Eng.] arrisiont (a-rizh'on), n. [< L. arrisio(n-), < ar- risus, pp. of arridere, smile upon: see arride.] The act of smiling upon or at. Blount. arris-piece (ar'is-pes), n. In ship-carp., one of the portions of a built mast beneath the hoops. arris-rail (ar'is-ral), n. In car])., a rail of tri- angular section, generally formed by slitting diagonally a strip of square section. The broadest surface forms the base. arriswise (ar'is-wiz), adv. [< arris + -wise.] 1. Diagonally: said of an ar- rangement, of tiles or slates so that, one angle points downward. — 2. In her., with one angle pro- jecting toward the spectator: said of any bearing of a rectan- gular form so placed that one corner is in front, and the top and two of the sides are shown. Erroneously written arrasviise. arrivaget (a-ri'vaj), n. [ME. arryvage, anjrnge, < OF. uriru,/, , mod. F. urrirage = Sp. urribuj, . < ML. arribatieum, arripaUcum,<. 'arripare (>OF. urirer), come to shore, arrive : see arrive and ■age.] 1. Landing: arrival. Chaucer. — 2. That which happens or befalls one; lot. or fat.. arrival (a-ri'val), ». [< ME. aryvaile, arrivaile, < AF. arrivaitte = Pr. arritialh, amhuilh, arri- val: see arrive and -al.] 1. The act of arriving, as in coming to land or to the end of a journey ; a reaching or coming to a destination, or some definite place. I'ri i thenne he goth toward Itaile By Bhip, and there Ins arrivaile Math take, and shope him for to ride. Qower, Conf. Amant., ii. 4. 2. The person or thing which arrives : as, a long list, of arrivals. I., .i.o Hie l.ady Psyche will harangue The fresh arrivals. Tennyson, Princess, ii. 3. The reaching or attainment of any object or state by effort, or in natural course: as, arrival at a just conclusion. ' An Alt.ir Arris- wise. arrogance arrivancet (a-ri'vans), ». [< arrive + -ance.] 1 . The act or fact of arriving ; arrival. Its [an animal's] sudden arrivance Into growth and maturitic. sir /'. Browne, \ nig. Err., iii. ti. 2. Persons who arrive ; arrivals collectively. For every minute is expectancy of more arrivance [arrivancie in early eds.]. Shak. (ed. Leopold), Othello, ii. 1. arrive (a-riv'), v.; pret. and pp. arrived, ppr. arriving'.' [< ML. arwen, aryven, < OF. driver, arrirer, F. urrin r = Pr. unliur, linear = Sp. Pg. arribar= It. arrivare, arrive, arripare, come to shore, < ML. "arribare, *arripare, reach, come to shore, earlier adripare. bring to shore, < L. ad. to, + ripa, shore, bank.] f.t trans. 1. To bring (a ship or its passengers) to shore; land. Some points of wind . . . may as soon Overturn as Ar- rive the ship. II . Brough, Sacr. Trine. (1659), p. 480. (A'. E. D.) When Fortune . . . had arrived me in the most joyful port. a Cavendish. 2. To reach. Ere he arrive the happy isle. Mile, a, P. L., ii. 409. 3. To come to ; happen to. Lest a worse woe arrive him. Milton, Civil Power. II. in trans. 1. To come to or reach a cer- tain point in the course of travel: with at: as, we arrived at Havre-de-Grace. When at Collatium this false lord arrived, Well was he welcomed by the Roman dame. shak., Lucrece, 1. 50. 2. To reach a point or stage by progressive advance ; attain to a certain result or state : with a t, formerly sometimes with to : as, to ar- rive at an unusual degree of excellence; to ar- rive at a conclusion. The Greek language was arrived t>> its full per-fection. Dryden, Pref. to Troilus and Cressida. They arrive at a theory from looking at some of the phenomena ; and the remaining phenomena they strain or curtail to suit the theory. Macaulay, On History. 3. To happen or occur : with to. Happy ! to whom this glorious death arrives. tfaf^r. The lot of humanity is on these children. Danger, sor- row, and pain arrive to them, as to all. Emerson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 168. arrivet (a-riv'), n. [< arrive, v.] Arrival. How should I joy of thy arrive to hear ! Drayton, Brandon to Mary. Wonder at the safe a rrive Of this small vessel, which all weathers drive. MiddUton, Triumphs of Truth. arroba (a-ro'bil), «. [Formerly also aroba, arobe, arob, < Sp. Pg. arroba, < Ar. ar-rob', < al, the, 4- rob', fourth part (of a hundred-weight), a quarter, < arba'a, four.] 1. A Spanish and Portuguese unit of weight. The following table shows tlie number of avoirdupois and local pounds it eon- tains and its equivalent in kilograms : ""«■ PoSS's. P„l V ds. Kilos. Sarasossa 36 27.:i90 12.424 Lisbon, Rio de Janeiro 32 32.381 14.688 Barcelona 26 22.DS5 10.426 Valencia 36 28.272 12.824 Paraguay 25 27.410 12.433 Castile, Buenos AyreB, > .,. „, „,- n ,„. Chili, Mexico, etc. f 5 - 5 ' 317 n ' 4S4 Alicante 24 and 36 2S.254 12,816 There was also formerly in use in Valencia a small arroba nt 10.68? kilograms. 2. A measure for wine, spirits, and oil in Span- ish countries, arising from the Moorish prac- tice of weighing those liquids; the cantata. There are two measures of this name. The commoner, the arroba mayor, contains in liters : in Castile, I'adiz, 16.137; in Bolivia, 16.073 ; in Malaga, 15.85; in Havana, If.. 44 ; in Alicante, 11.550; in Valencia, 11. 482, The arroba menor, in Madrid, is equivalent to 27. '-'a pounds of water or 12,564 liters; it was divided into 25 lil'ias. Wine was sold liy a weight of 32 pounds to tlie arroha. arrodet (a-rod'), r. t. [< L. arrodere, gnaw at, < ad, to, at, + rodere, gnaw: see rodent, and cf. corrode, nude.] To gnaw or nibble at. Bailey. arrogance (ar'o-gans), n. [< ME. arrogance, arrogaunce, < OF. arrogance, < L. arrogantia, < arrogan{t-)s, ppr. of arrogare: see arrogate.] The'condition or quality of being arrogant; a manifest feeling of personal superiority in rank, power, dignity, or estimation ; the exalt- ing of one's own worth or importance to an undue degree; pride with contempt of others; presumption. Pride hath no other glass To show itself. Imt pride ; for supple knees Feed arrogance, and are the proud man's fees. Shak., T. and ('., iii. 3. = Syn. Pri,lc, Arrogance, Presumption, Assumption, Haughtiness, Disdain, Loftiness, Superciliousness, /"■«'- lence, lordliness, Bell-Importance, Imperlousness, Bwagger. (See pride.) Pride and disdain ar.. the only words in the list that may have a food meaning when applied to per- arrogance eons : aa, pride in one's country ; disdain of a base sugges- tion. Pride primarily respects the temper <»f the mind, not liciu^ necessarily manifested or directed toward others ; it is the general term for an unreasonable estimate "i a own superiority in any respect. As it conies into relation and action, it may receive other titles. Thus, arrogance is, at its simplest, pride with contempt of others, and i> cv sentially the same as disdain. In action, arrogance is the assertion of exorbitant claims to rank, dignity, estimation, homage, power, etc. Presumption is often used for arrO' ganoe, but more properly expresses a self-conceited and self-important forwardness to run risks, take liberties, and crowd in where one does not deserve to be. Pre- sumptwn helps itself to what it wants, while arrogance claims from others, and feds its pride by seeing them yield. Presumption is less selfish than arrogance, but more conceited and headstrong. Assumption has added to its other meanings a bad sense, kindred topresumption , it means a disposition to do what does not belong to one to do, and .sometimes to claim to be more than one is. Haughtiness, like disdain and loftiness, dwells upon the inferiority of others quite as much as upon its own eleva- tion ; it is equally applicable to spirit and to manner. Disdain is a mingling of lofty contempt with aversion, abhorrence, or indignation. S'upe>r>l>"u< Arrows. i-5. from New Ireland and the Solomon group of islands. The lon^ust is 4 feet ii inches, the shortest 4 feet 1 inch. There are no feathers. In 3 the barbs are of thin shaved blades of bone ; in 4. of ratan ; in 1 and 2 the barbs are made *of thorns ; in 5 the head is a small piece of bamlwo. 6-10 are Japanese arrows of a late epoch. be shot from a bow. Arrows have nearly universally been made with a light, straight shaft of wood, fitted arrow-shaped with feathers at the nock end to steady the (light, and wiiii a pointed head of various forms, often barbed so as to remain Axed in the objei I pli reed Those used in the middle ages rarelj had barbed heads ; sometimes the head was flat, sometimes conical, and fit- ted i" th<- shaft like the ferrule ol a walking stick. The arrow-heads of the North American Indians wen- of flint, obsidian, or other hard stone, or of bone, as well as of metal, ami were often bai bi d. They n ere secured to the shaft by lashings of hide or sinew. Arrow-heads intended to be pole d, as among South American Indians, are said to lie fastened lightly, so as to Leave the shaft and remain in the wound. The feathers at the butt of the shaft seem to have been generally used in all ages, and are so set, or are of such a form, as to give to the arrow a rotary movement, like that of a rifle-ball. The arrow of the crossbow is called a bolt or quarrel (which see). 2. Anything resembling an ar- row, (it) In sitrv., a small pointed iron rod, or a stick shod with iron, stuck into the ground to mark a chains length, (b) In fort., a work placed at the salient angles of a glacis, communi- cating with the covert way. (c) A fig- ure used in maps, architectural draw- ings, etc., to indicate direction, as of winds, currents, rivers. In maps, an arrow or half-arrow, pointing north, serves to fix the points of the compass, (rf) An arrow-shaped ornament, as foV the hair.— Broad arrow. See broad. arrow (ar'6), v. i. [< arrow, ».] 1. To grow up into a long pointed stalk like an arrow. The West Indian planter must prevent his sugar-canes from arrowing. Simmonds , Colonial Mag. 2. To move swiftly, as an arrow. [Rare.] About an hour ago did we . . . see that identical sal- mon . . . arrowing up the Tay. Blackwood's Mag., XXII. 446. arrow-grass (ar'6-gras), n. A common name of plants of the genus Triglochin, especially of the common T. palustre. it is also sometimes applied generally to the memhers of the tribe Juncagi- nece, to which Triglochin helongs, now usually included in the natural order Naiadaceee. arrow-head (ar'6-hed), n. and a. I. ». 1. The head of an arrow. — 2. An aquatic plant of the genus Sagittaria: so called from the shape of the leaves. See Sagittaria. — 3. A belemnite. II, a. Written with arrow-headed characters: as, an arrow-head inscription. arrow-headed (ar'o-hed'ed), a. Shaped like _^ the head of an arrow. — Arrow-headed characters, al- phabetical, syl- labic, and ideo- graphic combi- nations of a tri- angular, arrow- head - like, or wedge - like fig- ure; hence, also called cuneiform (wedge-shaped) and nail-headed characters. See cunei- form. arrowleaf (ar'6-lef), n. A South American aquatic plant, the Sagittaria ulfontevidensia, with large, arrow-shaped leaves. arrowlet (ar'6-let), n. [< arrow + -let.] A little arrow. Tennyson. [Poetic] arrowroot (ar'6-rot), n. [< arrow + root*; from the use of the fresh roots or tubers to absorb poison from wounds inflicted by poisoned arrows.] A starch obtained from the horizontal rhi- zomes of several spe- cies of Marania. it is much used as food and for other purposes, and is ob- tained from the West In- dies. The species from which arrowroot is most commonly made is M. arundinacea, hence called ttie arrowroot-plant. Other starches than that of Ma- ranta are occasionally sold under the name of arrow- root. Brazilian arrowroot, or tapioca-meal, more usu- ally known as cassava, is obtained from the lleshy root of Manihot utUissima, after the poisonous juice has heen removed; East Indian ar- rotoroot, from the large root-stocks of Curcuma angusti' folia; Chinese arrvwr-uit, from the creeping rhizomes of Welumbium specioswm ; English arrowroot, from the po- tato; Pm-thind tirrmcrnof, from the conns of Arum macu- latum; and Oswego arrowroot, from Indian corn, arrow-shaped (ar'6-shapt), a. Shaped like an arrow; sagittate: applied in botany to au- riculate lanceolate leaves which have the basal lobes elongated, acute, and turned downward. m- th£ *. i ■VA. A. ^^4 B? Assyrian Arrow-headed Characters. Arrowroot-Plant [Maranta arutufmacea ■ a, a, rhizomes. arrow-stone arrow-Stone (ar'6-ston), n. A belemnite. arrow-tie (ar'6-ti), «• [< arrow (in allusion to the shape of the fastening) + tie.'] A tie of hoop-iron used in baling cotton. arrow-wood (ar'6-wiid), n. A name given in the United States to several species of shrubs or small trees used by the Indians for making their arrows, as Viburnum dentatum and V. acerifolium, Euonymus atropurpureus, Cornus florida, and in the western territories Tessaria borealis. See cut under Cornus. arrow-worm (ar'd-werm), ». An animal of the genus Sagitta (which see). arrowy (ar'6-i), a. [ < arrow + -y 1 .] Resem- bling an arrow or arrows, as in shape or in ra- pidity and directness of motion. Iron sleet of arrowy shower Hurtles in the darkened air. tiruu. latal sisters. The lambent homage of his arrowy tongue. Cowper, Task, vi. 782. The carrier-bird released Points to one cherished spot his arrowy Sight. J. Baillic. arroyo (a-roi'6), «. [Sp., OSp. arrogio, = Pg. arrow, < ML. arrogium : cf. ML. rogiuni, ro- qia, a stream for irrigation (Diez) ; origin un- known.] A watercourse ; a rivulet. [South- western United States.] Also arrollo. Down the arroyo, out across the mead, By heath and hollow, sped the flying maid. Bret Barte. Arsacid, Arsacidan (ar-sas'id, -i-dan), a. Of or pertaining to the Arsacidse, rulers of Parthia from about 250 B. c, and afterward of the Par- thian empire (see Parthian), till a. d. 226. The Arsacid dynast; was founded by a chief named Arsaces, win. revolted from Autiochus II. of Syria ; and all his suc- cessors, about thirty, added his name to their own. A branch of the Arsacida- reigned in Armenia from about 1 19 B. C. to A. D. 128. arschin, "■ See arshin. arse (Sore), ». [< ME. ars, ers, < AS. ears, ars = OFries. ers = D. aars, naars = OHG. MHG. ars, G. arsch = Icel. ars, also rass = Sw. ars = Dan. ars, arts = Gr. oppoc for *6paoc, the rump.] The buttocks or hind part of an animal. [Now only in vulgar use.] arse-foott (ars'fut), n. [< arse + foot, from the position of the feet in birds of the grebe family, which seem to be inserted opposite the anus. Once used by writers of repute, as by Willughby and Ray, 1678.] An early British name of the great crested grebe, Podieeps or Podicipes crista tits, and of other birds of the same genus. Also spelled arsfoot. arsenal (ar'se-nal), n. [Early mod. E. also ar- cenal, arsinal, afeinal, arsenate, archinale, etc., from It. and F. ; cf. F. arsenal, formerly arcc- nal = It. arsenate, arm note, arzanaU = Sp. Pg. arsenal (MGr. apar/va/.r/c), with suffix -at, -ale, a simpler form appearing in ML. arsena, It. ar- zena, arzana, F. (16th cent.) arsena, arsenac, arsenal, dockyard; cf. It. darsena, dial. tirzana = Sp. darsena = Pg. taracena, tarazena, lercena = F. darse, darsine, a dock; also Sp. atarazana, also atarazanal, an arsenal, rope-walk, dock- yard ; < Ar. ddr-ac-cind'ah, lit. house of construc- tion/ ddr, house, + at, the,+ cind'ah, art, trade, industry, < cana'a, make, fabricate.] 1. A re- pository or magazine of arms and military stores of all kinds, whether for land or naval establishment where 322 arson nick arsnick, < ME. arsenik, arsnek,< OF. arse- arseniferous (ar-scntfe-rus), a. [< arsenic) „/,.,, l.Y.arsenic-Sp. arsenicozzzPg.lt. arse- + -i-ferous.] Bearing or containing arsenic: mat , appip>, male, also'strong. = Zend ar- cial name of a granular form of atacamite from s/kwi, a man, male, The name is said to refer Chili. _ ,. •,■ ■ n to the powerful qualities of arsenic] I. n. If. arsenious (iir-se m-us), a. [< «rse»(tc) + -i-ous.\ A vellow mineral, called specifically yellow ar- Pertaining to or containing arsenic. -Arsenious sJic; the tnsuiphid of the element to which -^xia. arseni^ it has given its name} orpiment. [The ongi- [^ygenandarsenic having a smaller proport ofoxygen nal use.]— 2. Chemical symbol, As; atom- than arsenic oxid. Also called white arsenic, and often ie weight, 75. A chemical element having a improperly arsenious acid. See arsenic. grayish-white color, a metallic luster, and a arsenite (iir'se-nit), n. ly t he union of arsenious oxid with does not melt, but at 356' F. it passes from the solid state a base. into vapor of a lemon-yeUow color. It tarnishes rapidly arseniuret, arsenuret (ai'-se'niu-ret, sir-sen - in moist air at ordinary temperature, and heated in air is .-,.,<-* „ T< arsendc) + -tact.] Same as or- oxidized to arsenic trioxid, As..o :t . Arsenic occurs in nature •.¥>"' Lx """"•V'W J uncombined, but much more i unonly in combination, senate. The chief ores are the two sulphids, realgar (AsgSo) and arSeniUTeted, arsemuretteo. (ai -se'niu-ret - orpinient (AsoS :! ), arsenical pyrites or mispickel (FeSAs), and arsenides of iron, nickel, and cobalt. Most of the arsenic of commerce is prepared in Bohemia and Saxony or in England. Arsenic itself is little used in the arts. Its salts, however, have great commercial importance. With oxygen arsenic forms two compounds, the more important of which is arsenic trioxid (As 2 (i :1 ), a violent poison, the ratsbane, white arsenic, or simple arsenic of the shops. It is prepared by a process of sublimation from arsenical ores, and is sold as a white crystalline powder or in glassy translucent masses, which are odorless, nearly tasteless, ed), a. [< arseniuret + -ed' 2 .] Combined with arsenic so as to form an arseniuret — Arseniu- reted hydrogen (AsHg), also called arsine, a gas gener- ated by fusing arsenic with its own weight of granulated zinc and decomposing the alloy with strong hydrochloric acid It is colorless, has a fetid odor like that of garlic, and is exceedingly poisonous when breathed. The hydro- gen of this compound may he replaced wholly or ill part by organic radicals forming bodies analogous to amines and phosphines. as trimethyl arsine, (CH 3 ) : i, ; .As. ly soluble in water. The most reliable antidote arsenoblast (Sir-sen 6-blast), «. [< Gr. apaijv, is freshly prepared hydrated sesquioxid of iron, which m ale, + paarac, germ.] In biol., a male ge- should be given in considerable quantity after the stomach vl t #,„,», p ro c. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., has been freed from the poison as. ompletely as possible by " ' '',.-•' an emetic given with bland liquids, such as milk, Hour and 1HU4, p. i4/. ._,.,. r , ,.,. . ,.. -, water, or white of egg and water, which serve to envelop arsenollte (ar-sen'o-llt), )!. [< arseil{IC) + -lite.} the poison and effect its complete ejection from the stem- Native arsenic trioxid, crystallizing in isomet- ach." In the absence of hydrated sesquioxid of iron, large quantities of a paste made of chalk or magnesia and cas- tor-oil may be used. Arsenic trioxid is used in medicine, especially in the treatment of certain nervous and skin diseases, and in the arts as the basis for preparing arseni- cal salts and certain pigments, and largely in the manu- facture of glass. Arsenic has two oxygen acids, whose salts are the arseniates and arsenites. Free arsenious acid is not known. Arsenic acid occurs in commerce as a thick acid liquid, and is largely used in the manufacture of ani- line red, and sodium arseniate is much used in calico- printing. Arsenic disulphid (As 2 So) occurs native as re- algar (see realgar), and is made artificially under the name of rubii sulphur. Both the native and the artificially pre- pared sulphids are used as pigments, as is also arsenic tri- sulphid (AS2S3), or orpinient, also called king's yellow. 3. The popular name of arsenic trioxid (As 2 Og), the preparation of arsenic usually retailed in trade. See above. II. a. Containing arsenic ; specifically, con- taining arsenic in smaller proportion than arsenious compounds. See arsenious — Arsenic acid (H-iAsd.|), an acid formed from arsenic oxid.— Ar- senic oxid, arsenic pentoxid (As 2 o 5 ), a compo 1 of oxygen and arsenic having a larger proportion of oxygen than of arsenious oxid. Often improperly called or* «" arsenical (iir-sen'i-kal), a. [= F. arsenical; < arsenic + -al] Of or pertaining to arsenic; containing arsenic — Arsenical antimony. See al- lemontite.— Arsenical minerals, a family or class of min- erals in which arsenic acts the part of the elect 1 mircatn e element.— Arsenical pyrites. See arsenopyrite and lol- h, 1. lit,-. — Arsenical silver, an ore of silver containing arsenic. arsenicalize (ar-sen'i-kal-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. arsenicalized, ppr. arscnicalizing. [< arsenical + -ize.~] To give an arsenical character to; treat with arsenic ; arsenieate. The preceding Ijiitch] arsenicalized. y Sci. Amer. Supp., XXH. 8803. pret. and pp. arsenicated, ppr. arsenieating. [< arsenic + -ate' 2 .] To combine with arsenic ; treat with arsenic. Also arsenicize, arsenicise. arsenic-black (ar'se-nik-blak), n. The name given in commerce to a mixture of powdered arsenic, charcoal, iron-filings, and lime. arsenic-furnace (ar'se-nik-fer'nas), ». A fur- nace for decomposing arsenical pyrites by heat and condensing the fumes : used in the manu- facture of white arsenic. arsenic-glass (ar'se-nik-glas), n. Glass color service. — 2. A public naval and military engines or warlike equip- arsen i ca t e (iir-sen'i-kat), v. t. ments are manufactured. Hence— 3. lucra- tively, a repository of any kind of equipment. We can find no weapon In the whole rich arsenal of Comparative Anat y which defends the truth of the Theorj ol Descent more powerfully than the comparison of the internal skeletons ol the various Vertebrates. Haeekel, EvoL ol Man (trans.), II. 276. arsenate, ». See arseniate. Arsenian (iir-se'ni-an), ». One of a party in the Greek Church, in the thirteenth century, named from its lender Arsenius, patriarch of 1 onstantinople, who excommunicated the nn- pemr Mieliii. -1 I'aheologus for putting out the eyes of John Lascaris, a minor and heir to the throne. The banisl ml ol Arsenius, the appointment nt a new patriarch, and the conforming ol the emperor to thi Latin Church at the second council of Lyons gave rise to a schism between the patriarchates of Constantinople and Alexandria which continued more than half a century. arseniasis (ar-se-ni'a Bis), ». [NL., < arsenijr cum) + -iasis.] In pdthol., the morbid state pro- duced by the use of arsenic. Also called arseni- rism. arseniate, arsenate (ar-se'ni-at, ar'se-nat), n. [< arsen(ic) + -i-atc.] A salt formed by the combination of arsenic acid with any base. arsenic (as a noun, ar'se-nik; as an adjective, iir-sen'ik), n, and a, [Early mod. E. also arse- ne octahedrons, arsenopyrite (iir se-no-pi'rit), ». [< arsen{ic) + pijriti-.] A mineral containing arsenic, sulphur, and iron. Its color is tin-white, ami it commonly occurs in a massive, though sometimes ill a crystallized, form. The ordinary white arsenic is mostly obtained by masting this ore. It is common in Cornwall, Saxony, and Silesia, and is also found in Canada, Also called arsenical pyrites and mispickel. arsenuret, n. See arsenide. arse-smart (ars'smart), ». [< arse + smart, ». See smartweed.] A plant, Polygonum Hydro- piper, also called smartweed (which see), arsfoott, "• See arse-foot. arsheen, n. See arshin. arshin, arshine (ar-shen'), »• [Also spelled arsheen. Buss, arshinii, Bulg. Serv. arshin, repr. Turk. Pers. arshin ; of Tatar origin.] A mea- sure of length in Turkey and Persia, and for- merly in Russia. The Turkish arshin was equal to 70.865 centimeters, but thename is now given in Constanti- nople to the meter(100 centimeters = 39.37 inches), through the influence of the Persian arshin of 104 centimeters. The Russian arshin was equal to 71.119 centimeters, or about 28 inches, arsine ( iir'sin ), ». [< ars(enic) + -inc-.] Arse- niureted hydrogen (which see, under arseniu- reted). arsis (Sr'sis), «. [L., < Gr. apaic, a raising, ele- vation, < alpmv, raise, lift up.] 1. In pros. : (fl) Originally, the metrically uuaccented part of a foot, as opposed to the thesis or part which re- ceives the ictusof metrical stress. (6) biprev alent modern usage, that part of a foot which bears the ictus or metrical accent, as opposed to the metrically unaccented part, called the thesis. According to the original Greek usage, arsis de- noted the raising of the foot, in dancing, or of the hand In beating time, and therefore the unaccented part ol the metrical foot, and thesis the fall of the foot or ol the band in dancing or beating time, and therefore the ac- cented part of the prosodial foot. Latin writers show great confusion in the application ol these terms, some- times employing them in conformity with Greek usage, s itimes interchanging their meaning, Bometimes assign- ing still other meanings to them. Some 1 lern writers have employed them with their original Greek significa- tions, as given above under (a); but the meanings given under ,1,,. and believed to lie supported by the Latin writ- ers, are those generally adopted at the present time. 2. In jilu/sii)/. acoustics, a periodical increase in the intensity of a sound, producing a rhythmical effect. + ed with arsenic. It is usually semi-opaque, and arsmetrikt, >'■ A Middle English form of arith- metic. Chaucer. arson 1 (ar'son), «.* l< OP. arson, arsoun, arsun (usii'< L. *"arsU>, "arsionA, a burning, < arder, ardovr (pp. ars), burn, < L. ardere (pp. arsus), bum: see ardent.] In tow, the malicious burn- ing nf ;i dwelling lomsc or outhouse of another. By the common law it is a felony, and if any person be In the building at the moment ol tiring it is a capital offense. By statui. the de tion lias been extended bo as to 111 elude the burning ol other property beBides that above specified, or le's own property. In Scotland called wilful ,,<-' raising, arson-t (iir'son). n. [< ME. arsoun, arsun, < OX. arcun, ai-zonl'archoii, mod. F. argon = Sp. ar on = Pg. aiylo = It. arcione, < ML. areio(n-), also of an opaline-white color. arsenicise, ». t. Same as arsenicate. arsenicism (ar-sen'i-sizm), n. [< arsenic -ism.] Same as arseniasis. arsenicize (iir-sen'i-siz), r. '• ; pret. and pp. arsenicized, ppr. arsenicmng. [iarst nic +-ise.] Same as arsenicate : as, " arsenidsing agents," I ,, . Diet., I. 2(15. Also spelled arsenicise. arsenicophagy (ar-sen-i-kof'a-ii), «. [< Gr. apai vik&v, for mod. arsenic, +-^ayta, < Qayav, eat.] The practi if eating arsenic. arsenide (ar'se-nid or -uid), ». [< arsen(ic) + -nil-.] A compound of arsenic and « metallic base. Also called ar-cniun 1, arsenuret, arson arco(n-), and corruptly arctio(n-), a saddlo-bow, < L. arcus, a bow: see arc 1 , arch 1 .'] A saddle- bow ; sometimes, a saddle. arstt, adv. A Middle English form of erst. Chaucer. arsy-versyt (ar'se-ver-si), arir. [Also arsc- vcrsy, arsie-rcrsie, arsy-rarsy, a humorous rim- ing compound of E. arse + L. versus, turned. Cf. topsy-turvy, etc.] In a reverse manner or way; backward; in a preposterous position; upside down; topsy-turvy: as, "the world goes arsie-versie," Bcnvenuto, Passengers' Dialogues. I took the pen first of the lawyer, and turning it arsy- oersy, like no instrument for a ploughman, our youngster and tlie rest of the faction burst into laughter at the sim- plicity of my lingering. Hfiddleton, Father Hubbard's Tales. art 1 (art), o. [< ME. art, ert, !' an articulate animal, as the shell of a crab or the integument of an insect. A. 8. Packard. arthrodia (iir-thro'di-a), n. ; pi. arthrodite (-§). [NL., < Gr. aptipudia, a particular kind of artic- ulation, < dptipudyr, articulated, < apBpov, a joint, + etdoc, form.] A gliding joint; a movable ar- tii'iilalinii formed I ■ v plane or nearly piano sur- faces which slide upon each other to some ex- tent, as in the articulations of the carpus: a form of diarthrosis. Also called a/lartieidation. — Double arthrodia. Sa as ituiphhliiirthroxi.-!. arthrodial (ar-thro'di-al), a. [< arthrodia + -a I.] 1. Pertaining to" or characterized by an arthrodia. — 2. Of or pertaining to arthrosis; concerned in the jointing or articulation of pails, especially of limbs — Arthrodial apophy- sis, in Crustacea, that process of an endosternite or endo- pleurite which enters into the formation of an articular cavity of a limb. The endopleurite . . . divides into three apophyses, one descending or arthrodial, and two which pass nearly horizontally inward. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 209. arthrodic (iir-throd'ik), a. Same as arthrodial. arthrodynia (ar-thro-din'i-a), ». [NL., < Gr. dptipov, a joint, + bdivi/, pain.] Pain in a joint; arthralgia. arthrodynic (ar-thro-din'ik), a. [< arthrodynia + -ic] Relating to arthrodynia, or pain in a joint; arthralgia. Arthrogastra (ar-thro-gas'tra), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. aptipov, a joint, + yaorhp, belly.] A division of the class Arachnida, including the scorpions and their allies, as distinguished from spiders and mites. See cut under Scorpionidce. The Arthrogastra, or scorpions and pseudo-scorpions, exhibit, in many respects, extraordinanh dnse resem- blances to the Merostomata among the Crustacea. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 320. Arthrogastres (ar-thro-gas'trez), n.pl. [NL., as Arthrogastra.'] Same as Arthrogastra. arthrography (ar-throg'ra-fi), n. ['< Gr. aptipov, a joint, + -} patpia, < ypdtpeiv, write, describe.] In anat., a description of the joints. arthrology (ai-throl'6-ji), n. [< Gr. aptipov, a joint, + -fo)ia, < ?.i)etv, speak: see -ology.] 1. The knowledge of the joints ; that part of anat- omy which relates to the joints. — 2f. Finger- speech for the deaf and dumb; dactylology. arthromere (ar'thro-mer), n. [< Gr. aptipov, a member, joint, + pepor, a part.] In ~ool., the ideal single ring of a series of which any artic- ulate animal is composed; a zoonule, zoonite, or somite of an articulated invertebrate animal. The typical arthromere consists of a tergite, a pair of pleurites, and a sternite, or an upper piece, two lateral pieces, and an under piece. arthron (ar'thron), n. ; pi. arthra (-thra). [NL., < Gr. aptipov, a joint (of the body) ; in grammar, the article; akin to equiv. L. artus: see artiis and article.] In anat., a joint or an articula- tion of any kind. arthroneuralgia (ar'thro-mi-ral'ji-ii), n. [NL., < Gr. aptipov, a joint, + NL. neuralgia.] Neu- ralgia of a joint. arthropathy (iir-throp'a-thi), n. [< Gr. aptipov, a joint, + -dtior, suffering.] Disease of a joint. arthrophragm (ar'thro-frain), n. [m the sternum and the epimera respectively. Huxley, Crayfish, p. 158. arthropleura (iir-thro-plo'rii), n. ; pi. artiiro- plewne (-re). [NL.] Same as arthropleure. arthropleure (ar'thro-plor), n. [< NL. arthro- pleura, < Gr. aptipov, a joint, + xfcvpa, side.] The pleural, lateral, or limb-bearing portion of the arthroderm of articulated animals; the portion of any arthromere between the tergite and the sternite. arthropod (iir'thro-pod), n. and«. [< NL. arthro- 2>tis (-pod-), pi. arthropoda, q. v., < Gr. aptipov, a joint, + Kobe (-od-) = E. foot.] I. n. A jointed invertebrate animal with jointed legs; one of the A rth ropoda. II. a. Arthropodous ; pertaining to or hav- ing the characters of the Arthropoda. Among the Crustacea the simplest stage of the Arthro- pod body is seen in the Xauplius-fonn. Gegenbaur, Comp, Anat. (trans.), p. 234. 325 Arthropoda (ar-throp'o-dS), n.pl. [NL., pi. of arthropus (-pod-): sec arthropod.'] 1. One of two prune divisions ( Anarthropoda being the oilier) into which a subkingdom Annulosa has been divided. It contains bilateral segmented ani- mals with articulated legs, and approximately corresp Is to the "articulated animals with articulated legs" of Cu- rier, as contrasted with his other division (Annelides) of Articulata, or with the Condylopoda of Latreille, or with the fluatlu>i>i»la or .1 rtl:<«i of some other naturalists. 2. In more modern and exact usage, one of the phyla, subkingdoms, or main types of the Metazoa, containing the articulated, inverte- brate, non-ciliated animals with articulated limbs, a ganglionic nervous system, oviparous reproduction, and generally separate sexes. The phylum is divided by nearly common consent into the four great classes Insecta, Myriapoda, Arachnida, and Crustacea, and contains the vast majority (about four fifths) of the animal kingdom, in numbers both of species and of individuals. The Arthropoda, with more than 200.000 species, vary to such an extent that little can be said applicable to the whole group. Of all Invertebrata they are the most ad- vanced in the development of the organs peculiar to ani- mal life, manifested in the powers of locomotion, and in the instincts which are so varied and so wonderful in the insect class. Pascoe, Zool. Class., p. 70. arthropodan (ar-throp'o-dan), a. [< arthro- pod + -an.] Same as arthropodous. arthropodous (ar-throp'6-dus), a. [(.arthropod + -ous.] Of or pertaining to the Arthropoda ; having jointed legs (among invertebrates); con- dylopodous; arthrozoic. Also gnathopodous. Arthropomata(iir-thro-p6'ma-ta), u. /d. [NL., < Gr. aptipov, a joint, + ivupa, pi. irupa-a, a lid.] One of two orders into which the class Brachio- poda is generally divided, the other being Lyo- pomata: synonymous with Apygia and Articu- lata (h). arthropomatous (iir-thro-po'ma-tus), a. [< Arthropomata + -ous.] Pertaining to or hav- ing the characters of the Arthropomata. Arthropteridae (ur-throp-ter'i-de), n.pl. [NL., < Arthropterus + -idee.] A family of heterop- terous insects, chiefly of the Orient, Africa, and the Pacific islands, including a large num- ber of flat wide forms, mostly of a polished black color variously marked with yellow. arthropterous (iir-throp'te-rus), a. [ fit, join: see arm 1 , arm", art 2 , etc.] If. A joint connecting two parts of the body. — 2. One of the parts thus con- nected; a jointed segment or part. The first pair of legs [of the whip-scorpion] is the long- est, and the tarsal joint is broken up into a long series of articles. Stand. Nat. Hist., II. 122. 3. In bot., the name formerly given to that part of a stalk or stem which is between two joints. Hence — 4. A separate member or por- tion of anything. In particular — (a) A clause, item, point, or particular in a contract, treaty, or other formal agreement ; a condition or stip- ulation in a contract or bargain: as, articles of association; articles of apprenticeship. 'Tis direct Against our articles. B. Jonson, Alchemist, v. 2. (6) A distinct proposition in a connected series ; one of the particulars constituting a system: as, the Thirty-nine Articles; the articles of re- ligion. A Minister should preach according to the Articles of Religion Established in the Church where he is. Selden, Table-Talk, p. 72. Cried amen to my creed's one article. Browning, Ring and Book, II. 256. (c) A separate clause or provision of a statute : as, the act of the six articles (see below). ((?) A distinct charge or count: as, articles of im- peachment, (e) A distinct item in an accouut or a list. (/) One of a series of regulations : as, the articles of war. — 5. A literary composition on a specific topic, forming an independent por- tion of a book or literary publication, especially of a newspaper, magazine, review, or other periodical: as, an article on war, or on earth- quakes and their causes. — 6. A material thing as part of a class, or, absolutely, a particular substance or commodity : as, an article of merchandise; an article of clothing; salt is a necessary article. — 7. A particular immaterial thing ; a matter. Where nature has bestowed a show of nice attention in the features of a man, he should laugh at it as misplaced. I have seen men, who in this vain article, perhaps might rank above you. Sheridan, The Rivals, iii. 2. 8f. A concern; a piece of business; a subject. — 9. A point or nick of time joining two suc- cessive periods ; a juncture ; a moment ; the moment or very moment. [Now rare or obso- lete except in the phrase in the article of death (which see, below).] Could my breath Now execute 'em, they should not enjoy An article of time. Jl. Joruon, Catiline, v. 6. This fatal uewes coming to Hick's Hall upon the article of my Lord Russets trial was said to have had no little in- fluence on the jury and all the bench to his prejudice. Evelyn. An infirm building just in the article of falling. Wollaston, Relig. of Nat., v. 99. 10f. The number 10, or any number ending in a cipher. — 11. In gram., a word used attribu- tively to limit the application of a noun to one individual or set of individuals, and also to indicate whether the noun used signifies indefinitely one or any one of the class which it names, or definitely a specific object of thought. 'Flu; two articles are regarded as a distinct part of Bpeech. They are in English an (before conso- nant-sound- a) and //"•. .1 n was originally the same word as one, and In meaning is an unemphatic any; it Bingles out an individual as an example of a class, any -ith. i member of the class being capable of serving as example equally well. A or an is accordingly called the indefinite article. Tin- was originally a demonstrative pronoun, and in meaning is an unemphatic this or that; it points out a particular individual or set of individuals, and is consequently known as the definitt article. Articles may therefore be regarded as a specialized and segregated class of pron-. mis. Some languages, as Latin, have no articles; others, as Hebrew and Greek, nave the definite article only. The indefinite article is always of later for- mation than the definite. (The name article is a trans- lation of tin- word ap0pov, Joint, which was applied by tlie lireek grammarians to the one artich "i ibid Ian guagc (the definite), on account of its frequent use after the manner of a relative to join an adjective to a noun: 326 as, avyp 6 ayaf?6-r, literally, man the pood, for (the) man who (is) pood, that is, the pood num.] Articles of as- sociation, or articles of incorporation, the certifi- cate filed, in conformity with a general law, by persona who desire to become a corporation, and setting forth the rules and conditions upon which the association or cor- poration is founded. — Articles of Confederation, see confederation.— AxtidBB of faith, the main or essential points of religions belief : specifically, an authoritative and binding statement of such points as held by a particular church or denomination; a doctrinal creed.— Articles Of impeachment, the accusations in writing which form the basis of an impeachment trial. They take the place of the indictment in ordinary criminal, and of the declara- tion or complaint in civil, actions. — Articles of Perth, five articles agreed upon at a General Assembly of the Church of Scotland convened by James VI. in 1618, en- joining certain episcopal observances, such as the observ- ance of feast-days, kneeling at the Lord's supper, etc. They were ratified by the Scotch Parliament in 1621, and became a subject of bitter controversy between the king and the people.— Articles of the peace, an obligation to keep the peace for a certain time, under a penalty, and with or without sureties, imposed upon an individual against whom some one has exhibited a complaint that there is just cause to fear that the party complained of will burn the complainant's house or do him some bodily harm, or procure a third person to do it.— Articles of Schmalkald, articles of Protestant faith drawn up by Luther, and submitted to a meeting of electors, princes, and states at Schmalkald (or Schmalkalden), Germany, in 1537, designed to show how far the Protestants were willing to go in order to avoid a rupture with Rome. — Articles Of war, a code of regulations for the govern- ment and discipline of the army and navy. In Great Britain they are embodied in the Mutiny Act, which is passed every year. The articles of war of the United States are 128 in number ; anything relating to the army not comprehended therein is published in general orders or in established regulations, issued from time to time by the War Department, copies of which are furnished and read to the troops.— City article. See city. — In the article Of, in the matter of; as regards. As he [T. L. K. Oliphant] views matters, we have been steadily going down hill, in the article of our mother- tongue. /<'. Hall, N. A. Rev., CXIX. 321. In the article of death (Latin, in articulo mortis), at the moment of death ; in the last struggle or agony. In the article of death, I give you my thanks, and pray for you. Steele, Tatler, No. 82. Lords of the Articles. See lord.— Marriage articles. See marriage. — Memorandum articles. See memo- randum.— The Five Articles and the Five Points, statements of the distinctive doctrines of the Arminians and Calvinists respectively, the former promulgated in 1610 in opposition to the restrictive principles of the latter, which were sustained by the Synod of Dort in 1619, and are the following : particular predestination, limited atonement, natural inability, irresistible grace, and the perseverance of saints. The discussion of these differences at that time is sometimes called the guin- quarticular controversy. — The Lambeth Articles, nine articles drawn up in 1595 at Lambeth, England, intended to embody the Calvinistic doctrine respecting predes- tination, justification, etc. They were never approved by the church in any regular synod, and therefore pos- sess no ecclesiastical authority.— The Six Articles, sometimes called the "whip with six strings," articles imposed by a statute (often called the Bloody Statute) passed in 1539, in the reign of Henry VIII. They de- creed the acknowledgment of transubstantiation, the sufficiency of communion in one kind, the obligation of vows of chastity, the propriety of private masses, celi- bacy of the clergy, and auricular confession. Acceptance of these six doctrines was made obligatory on all persons under the severest penalties. The act, however, was relaxed in 1544, and repealed by the Parliament of 1549. — The Thirty-nine Articles, a statement of the par- ticular points of doctrine, thirty-nine in number, main- tained by the Church of England, first framed by an ec- clesiastical commission in forty-two articles (1552), and revised and promulgated in thirty-nine articles by a con- vocation held in London in 1562-63. With some altera- tions they were adopted by the Church of Ireland in 1635, and by the Scottish Episcopal Church in 1804, and. with certain modifications, by the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States in 1801.— The Twenty-five Articles, the doctrinal basis of the Methodist Episcopal Church, substantially the Thirty-nine Articles of the Church of England, with the omission of the 3d, 8th, 13th, 15th, 17th, 18th, 20th, 21st, 23d, 26th, 29th, 33.1, 34th, and 87th. They were originally framed by John Wesley, and, with some modification, were adopted, substantially as now held, in 1784. article (iir'ti-kl), v. ; pret. and pp. articled, ppr. articling. [< article, ».] I. trans, 1. To state in detail ; particularize; specify. [Rare.] If all his errors and follies were articled against him. Jer. Taylor, Holy Living (ed. 1727), p. 92. 2. To accuse or charge by an exhibition of articles or accusations. [Rare.] What I have articled against this fellow I justify for truth. Mxddleton, Spanish Gipsy, V. 1. 3. To bind by articles of covenant or stipula- tion : as, to article an apprentice. II. t intrans. To agree by articles; stipulate. Came Sir John Kiviet to article with me about his brick- work. Evelyn, Diary, Sept. 7, 1607. They have so articled with us. Massingcr, The City Madam, ii. .'{. Then he articled with her that he should go away when he pleased. Selden, Table-Talk, articular (ar-tik'u-lftr), a. and n. [< L. articu- laris, pertaining to the joints, < articulus, a joint: see article.'] I. (/. 1. Belonging to or affecting an articulation or joint; entering into articulate the composition of an articulation : as, the ar- ticular surface of a bone ; an articular cartilage ; an articular disease. — 2. In zoo!., articulate; specifically, of or pertaining to the Articulata. [Rare.]— Articular bone. Same as articulare.— Ax- ticular eminence of the temporal bone, the cylindri- cal elevation forming the anterior root of the zygoma in front of the glenoid fossa; the preglenoid process. — Ar- ticular process of the lower jaw, the process which is capped by the condyle. Also called condyloid process. II. n. Same as articulare. articulare (ar-tik-u-la're), n.; pi. arUcularia (-ri-ii). [NL., neut. of L. articularis : see articu- lar.'] A bone of the lower jaw of vertebrates below mammals, by means of which the jaw or mandible articulates with its suspensorium. See cuts under acrodont, Cyclodus, and Gal- linw. articularly (ar-tik'u-lar-li), adv. 1, In an ar- ticular manner. — 2, Articulately; article by article; in detail. Huloet. articulary (ar-tik'u-la-ri), a. Articular. Articulated by a double articulary head with the mas toid and posterior frontal. Eneyc. Brit., XII. 64J. Articulata (ar-tik-u-la'ta), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. of L. articulatus, jointed : see articulate.] In zool., a name variously applied, (a) in Cuviers system of classification, the third prime division of the animal kingdom, including all segmented invertebrates in which the body is made up of a series of rings (meta- meres), is endowed with a ganglionated nervous system, and possesses distinct respiratory organs. It is divided into five classes, Crustacea, Arachnida, Insecta, Myria- poda, and Annelides. This division corresponds to the Annulosa of some zoologists, but neither of these terms is now recognized by leading naturalists. Cuvier's first four classes of Articulata are now made the phylum Ar- thropoda, while his Annelides are referred to another phy- lum, Vermes. (6) One of two orders of Brachiopoda, some- times styled the Arthropomata (which see), the other order being called Inarticulata. It corresponds to the arthro- pomatous Brachiopoda, containing those brachiopods in which the shell is hinged, the mantle-lobes are not entirely free, and the intestine is ceecal. (c) One of two divisions of cyclostomatous polyzoans, containing the families Soli- cornariida: and Cellidariidce : opposed to Inarticulata. (d) One of two divisions of cyclostomatous polyzoans, repre- sented by the family Crisiidce. Also called Radicata. (e) One of two divisions of crinoids, the other being Tesucl- lata. articulate (ar-tik'u-lat), r. ; pret. and pp. ar- ticulated, ppr. articulating. [< L. articulatus, pp. of articulare, divide into joints or members, utter distinctly, articulate, < articulus, a joint, article, etc. : see article.'] I, trans. 1. To joint; unite by means of a joint : as, two pieces loose- ly articulated together. See articulation, 2. Plants . . . have many ways of articulating their pat ts with one another. II. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 215. The delieate skeleton of admirably articulated and re- lated parts which underlies and sustains every true work of art, and keeps it from sinking on itself a shapeless heap, he [Carlyle] would crush remorselessly to come at the mar- row of meaning. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 123. 2. To utter articulately; produce after the manner of human speech. The dogmatist knows not by what art he directs his tongue in articidating sounds into voices. Glanville, Seep. Bci. 3, To utter in distinct syllables or words. — 4f. To formulate or set forth in articles; draw up or state under separate heads. These things, indeed, you have articulated, Proclaim'd at market-crosses, read in churches. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., v. 1. = Syn. 2 and 3. Pronounce, Enunciate, etc. (see utter); speak. II. intrans. 1. To form an articulation (with); connect (with): as, the ulna articu- lates with the humerus. — 2. To utter articulate sounds ; utter distinct syllables or words : as, to articulate distinctly. It was the eager, inarticulate, uninstructed mind of the whole Norse people, longing only to become articulate, to go on articulating ever farther. Carlyle. 3f. To enter into negotiations; treat; come to or make terms. Send us to Rome The best, with whom we may articulate. For their own good, and ours. Shak., Cor., i. 9. articulate (ar-tik'u-lat), a. and n. [< L. ar- tn-ttlutus, jointed, distinct (applied particularly to utterance), pp. of articulare : see articulate, v.] I. a. 1. Jointed; segmented; articulated: as, an articulate limb; an articulate animal. — 2. Specifically, having the character of the Ar- ticulata. — 3. Jointed by syllabic division; di- vided into distinct successive parts, like joints, by the alternation of opener and closer sounds, or the intervention of consonantal utterances (sometimes also of pause or hiatus) between vowel sounds: said of human speech-utteranrr. us distinguished from other sounds made by articulate human organs, and from the sounds mad'- by the lower animals. The terms articulate, articula (ton, etc., as applied i" human utterance, are not seldom misunderstood and wrongly used as if 1 1 1 < ■ "jointing" in- tended were that "f the physical organs of utterance, a narrowing or closing of the organs at some point or points. Such action, however, belongs to all utterance, articulate or inarticulate, whether of man or of the other animals. Sec eiiiistniitnt, si/l/ilhle. roirel. Hence — 4. Clear; distinct. La Fosseuse's voice was naturally soft ami low, yet 'twas an articulate voice. Stem,; Tristram Shandy, v. 1. The sentiment of Right, once very low ami indistini I hut ever more articulate, because it is the voice of the universe, pronounces Freedom. Emerson, West Indian Emancipation, p. 17.",. 5. Formulated or expressed in articles, or in separate particulars. [Rare.] Total changes of party and articulate opinion. Carlyle. 6t. Consisting of tens: as, articulate numbers. —Articulate adjudication. See adjudication. II. h. One of the ArUculata. articulately (ar-tik'u-lat-li), « OF. arteil, artoil), a joint, dim. of L. artus, a joint, which is closely related.] A maker of implements of war, especially, a bowyer. artillerist (ar-til'e-rist), ». [< artillery + -is*.] 1. A person skilled in designing and construct- ing artillery. Our artillerists have paid more attention ... to the de- Btructive properties ... of cannon than to . . . range. R. A. Proctor, Light Science, p. 256. 2. One skilled in the use of artillery; a gun- ner ; an artilleryman. artillery (ar-til'e-ri), n. [< ME. artylerye, ar- tylrie, arUlrie, artelrie, etc., < OF. artillerie, arteillerie = Pr. artilheria = Sp. artilh rin = Pg. artiUtaria = It. artiglieria (ML. reflex artilla- ria, nrtilleria), < ML. as if "articularia, fem. ab- stract to *nitieu/ariits : see artiller and -cry.] If. Implements of war : in this sense formerly with a plural. With toures suche as have castiles and other maner edi- fices, and armure, and artilries. Chaucer, Tale of Melibeus. In particular — 2f. Engines fordischarging mis- siles, as catapults, bows, crossbows, slings, etc. And Jonathan gave his artillery unto his lad, and said unto hiiu, Go, carry them to the city. 1 Sam. xx. 40. The Parthians, having all their hope in artillery, over- came the Romans oftener than the Romans them. A seha in. 3. In modern use, properly, all firearms dis- charged from carriages, in contradistinction to small arms, which are discharged from the hand; cannon; ordnance. Guns, howitzers, and mortars are the three kinds of artillery employed in the land service of the United States. They are classified as light and heavy artillery, according t<> their character, and as field. si. ye, and tea-coast artillery, according to their principal use. See phrases below. Hence — 4. The particular troops employed in the service of such firearms. — 5. The science which treats of the use and management of ord- nance — Artillery fire. See fire— Field-artillery. Same as Tight artillery, but often used specifically tor/oot- artillery, the heaviest class of field-artillery. — Flying ar- tillery, artillery designed for very rapid evolutions, the gunners being either all mounted or accustomed to ride up- on the ammunition-chests when the pieces are to be dragged from one part of the field to another. — Foot-artillery, field-artillery which is served by artillerymen on foot, as distinguished from horse-artillery. It is used in connec- tion wit], infantry. -Heavy artillery, all artillery not formed into batteries or equipped lor field evolutions; it is divided Into siege and tea-coast artillery. — Horse-ar- tillery, light field- or machine-guns, of which the can- noneers in maneuvering or marching an- mounted on horseback. It generally accompanies cavalry, Light artillery, artillery tor service in the field. It 1b organized into batteries, and is armed with guns of different cali- b re according to its special function, ami with machine- guns, ami includes Hying artilli rj toot- oi fit id artillery, hoi .-artillery, and mountain artillery. Also railed field- artillery.- Mountain-artillery, light artillery of small caliber, used in mountain warfare, and moulded either on light carriages or on park animals lor transportation.— Park of artillery. See park. Royal regiment of ar- tillery, a collective name lor the whole ol the artillery belonging to the Itritish arm) I In force i- divided into a number ol brigades, which in respect ol size would - oi res], oml with the ivL'i tits into which the other I arc divided. -Sea-coast artillery, artilh irj tlngot gun "' th, heaviest caliber, used forthearmai t of pel inaiient works, chiefly on the sea-coast. Their carriagi do notsubservi th< purposi oftran portatlon t 'distinct systems of mounting are used with such artillery, name- ly, the su-ye-, the casemat , the barbette-, and tic:' mortar- 328 Carriage.— Siege-artillery, artillery used in attacking fortified places, and. when it accompanies armies in their operations in war. mounted on carriages for transporta- tion ; when employed in the defense of field-works it is sometimes called garrison-artillery. — Train of artillery, a number of pieces of ordnance, mounted on carriages, with all their furniture, and ready for marching. artillery-carriage (;ir-til'e-ri-kar"aj), n. See gun-carriage. artillery-level (ar-til'e-ri-lev'el), n. An in- strument for indicating the angle of elevation which it is desired to give to a piece of artillery m arming. It is made to stand on the piece, and marks, by means of a pendulous pointer, the angle made by the axis of the piece with the horizon. artilleryman (iir-til'e-ri-man), n.; pi. artillery- mi n (-men). [< artillery '+ man.] One who serves a piece of artillery or cannon ; a soldier in the artillery corps. artillery-plant (ar-tdl'e-ri-plant), n. A name given to some cultivated species of Pilea, as P. serpyllifolia and P. museosa, natives of tropi- cal America. The name has allusion to the forcible discharge of the pollen from the anthers by the sudden straightening of the elastic filaments. artimorantico (ar-ti-ro6r-an-te'ko),?i. An alloy imitating old gold, composed of tin, bismuth, sulphur, and copper. artiodactyl, artiodactyle (iir'ti-o-dak'til), a. and n. [< NL. artiodactylus, < Gr. aprioc, even in number, complete, perfect ; exact (< apri, just, exactly, just now, < \f *ap, join, fit, reclupl. pres. apaptanetv: see or/3, arm 2 , etc.), + 6aKTv7j>c, a finger, toe : see dactyl.] I. a. Of or pertain- ing to the Artiodactyla ; cloven-footed; even- toed. Also artiodactylous. II. n. One of the Artiodactyla. Artiodactyla (iir"ti-o-dak'ti-la), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. of artiodactylus : Bee artiodactyl.] An order or a suborder of ungulate or hoofed mam- mals which are cloven-footed or even-toed and have hoofs in pairs (either two or four), as all ruminants (Bovidm, Cervidce, etc.) and hog-like ungulates (Hippopotamidce, Suidce, etc.): op- posed to odd-toed ungulates or Perissodactyla, as the horse, rhinoceros, tapir, etc. The charac- ter indicated in the name is only one expression of a wide difference which exists between all the living ungulates of the two series named, though various extinct forms go far toward bridging over the gap between them. The func- tional digits of the Artiodactyla are the third ami fourth of the typical pentadactyl foot, forming the pair of large true hoofs, in addition to which there may be present a pair (second and fifth) of smaller hoofed digits, the false hoofs. The metacarpals and metatarsals are correspond- ingly modified, in typical cases by the reduction of the lat- eral ones (second and fifth) and the ankylosis of the en- larged third and fourth into a stout single canon-bone. ABC Artiodactyl Feet. A, Yak (Bos gruiiniens). B, Moose {Aires malchis). C, Peccary (DicotyUs torquatus). Left fore foot of each, s, scaphoid; /, lu- nar ; c. cuneiform ; /, trapezoid ; m, inagnum : It, unciform ; p, pisiform; //, ///, /K, /', second, third, fourth, and fifth digits; I, proximal phalanx : 2, median phalanx ; t, ultimate phalanx. The fifth digit of moose is moved outward to show its length. In Bos and Alcts metacarpals /// and /Kare fused in a single canon-bone. There are also modifications of the carpal and tarsal bones. The femur has a third trochanter. The dorsolumbar ver- tebra- are, in general, lit: dorsal 12-15, lumbar 7-4. The premaxillary bones are more or less flattened toward their ends, and ill the ruminants bear no teeth. The stomach is more or less subdivided and complex. This group in- cludes all the ungulate (not the solidungulate. however) animals domesticated from time immemorial . as the rumi- nants and the pigs, all the wild ruminants, as the deer and antelopes, and the peccaries and hippopotamuses. artiodactyle, ». and n. See artiodactyl. artiodactylous Oii'"ti-o-dak'ti-lus), a. [Asar- tiodactyl + -««.«.] Same as artiodactyl. artisan (iir'ti-zan, in England often iir-li-zan'), ii. [Also artiz'an ; < F. artisan, earlier arUsien, artist, = Sp. urtesano = Pg. artisan = It. arti- iiiiino (ML. reflex artesanus), < ML. *artitianus, < L iirlilns. skilled, pp. of arlire, instruct in arts, < ar(t-)s, art, skill: see art-.] 1. One artless skilled in any art, mystery, or trade ; a handi- craftsman; a mechanic. The painter who is content with the praise of the world in respect to what does not satisfy himself, is not an artist, but an artisan. .1 llston. The soldier was on a sudden converted into an artisan, and, instead of war, the camp echoed with the sounds of peaceful labor. Prescott, Ferd. and lsa., 1. 15. 2t. One skilled in a fine art ; an artist. Best and happiest artisan, Best of painters. Guardian. artist (ar'tist), n. [< F. artiste = Sp. Pg. It. ar- tista, < ML. artista, < L. ar(t-)s, art: see art 2 and -ist.] If. A person of especial skill or ability in any field ; one who is highly accomplished ; especially, one versed in the liberal arts. The wise and fool, the artist and unread. Shak., T. and C, i.3. Some will make me the pattern of ignorance for mak- ing this Scaliger [Julius Caesar] the pattern of the general artist, whose own son Joseph might have been his father in many arts. Fuller. 2. One skilled in a trade ; one who is master of a manual art ; a good workman in any trade : as, a tonsorial artist. [Obsolete, colloquial, or vulgar. ] When I made this an artist undertook to imitate it, but using another way, fell much short. .\eirton. "You shall have no cause to rue the delay," said the smith, " for your horse shall be better fed in the mean- time than he hath been this morning, and made titter for travel." With that the artist left the vault, and returned after a few minutes interval. Scott, Kenilworth, I. ix. 3. One who practises any one, or any branch, of the fine arts ; specifically, a painter or a sculptor. Miss Sharp's father was an artist, and in that quality had given lessons of drawing in Miss P.'s school. Thackeray, Vanity Fair, I. ii. Love, unperceived, A more ideal artist he than all, Came, drew your pencil from you. Tennyson, Gardener's Daughter. 4. A member of one of the histrionic profes- sions, as an actor, a tenor, or a dancer. — 5. In universities, a student in the faculty of arts. — 6f. One who practises artifice; a trickster, artiste (tir-test'), v. [F., an artist: see artist.] One who is peculiarly dexterous or skilful in the practice of some art not one of the fine arts; one who makes an art of his employ- ment, as a dancer, a hair-dresser, or a cook : same as artist, 2 and 4. artistic (ar-tis'tik), a. [< F. artistiquc, < artiste : see artist and -ic] Pertaining to art in any sense, or to artists ; characterized by or in con- formity with art or with an art ; displaying per- fection of design or conception and execution ; specifically, pertaining to or characterized by art in the esthetic sense ; pertaining to one of the fine arts. To be artistic, that is, to excite the feeling of beauty effectually, the notes [of a song] must not be all forte or all piano ; and the execution is the finer the more numer- ous the gTadations — supposing these are such as to satisfy other requirements. H. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 537. Artistic printing, in etching, same as artificial print- ing (which see, under artificial.), artistical (Sr-tis'ti-kal), a. 1. Same as artistic. — 2f. Produced by art ; artificial. artistically (Sr-tis'ti-kal-i), ado. In an artistic manner. artist-like (iir'tist-lik), a. 1. Befitting an ar- tist. — 2. Executed in the manner of an artist ; conformahle to the rules of art. To this day, though we have more finished drawings, we have no designs that are more artist-like. Whewell, Hist. Induct. Sciences, xvii. 2. artistry (iir'tis-tri), n. [< artist+ -ry : see -cry.] 1. Artistic pursuits collectively. Browning. — 2. Artistic workmanship or effect; artistic quality. 'the scene overbowered by these heavenly frescoes, moldering there in their airy artistry ' II. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 203. Artium Baccalaureus (iir'ti-um bak-a-la're- us). [ML., NL.] Bachelor of Arts. SeeSacftetof. Artium Magister (ar'ti-um ma-jis'ter). [ML., NL.] Master of Arts. See master. artizet (iir'tiz), v. [< art" + -fee.] I. trans. To form by art. II. in trans. To live by or exercise an art. riorin. artless (ftrt'les), ". [< art- + -less.] 1. Un- skilful; wanting art, knowledge, or skill. The high-shocd plowman, should he quit the land, . . . Artless of stars, and of the moving sand. Dryden, tr. of Ivrsius, Satires, v. 149. In early times very little that resembles modern joinery was known ; every part was rude, and joined in the most artiest manner. Encyc. Brit., IV. 485. artless 2. Without knowledge of art; ignorant of the fine arts. [Rare.] And as for Mr. Elusion's world of art being :i place where he mas t : i k < ■ life easily, woe t.i the luckless mortal who enters it with any such disposition. . . . The poor wanderer soon begins to look ba< k with infinite longing to tile lost paradise uf the artless. 11. Ja/me8, Jr., Portraits of Places, p. 68. 3. Showing no artistic skill ; inartistic ; rude. [Rare.] Had it been .1 practice <>f the Saxons to set up these assemblages of artless and massy pillars, more specimens would have remained. T. Warttm, Hist, of Kiadington. 4. Free from guile, craft, or stratagem ; simple ; sincere; unaffected; undesigning; unsophisti- cated : as, an artless mind. The little artless Rosey warbled on her pretty ditties. Thackeray, The Newcomes, II. 58. = Syn, 4. Guileless, open, candid, frank, natural, unaf- fected, ingenuous, simple-minded, naive, honest. artlessly (Srt'les-U), adv. In an artless man- ner, (o) Without art or skill. [Rare.] (ft) With- out guile ; naturally ; sincerely ; unaffectedly. Some buds she arranged with a vast deal of care, To look as if artlessly twined in her hair. Lowell, Fable for Critics. artlessness (iirt'les-nes), n. The quality of being artless ; simplicity ; sincerity ; unaffect- cdness. artlyt (art'li), a. [< ar& + 4yl.] Artistic; skilful; artful. [Rare.] Their artly and pleasing relation. Chapman, Odyssey, ix. 212. artocarpad (ar-to-kiir'pad), n. A member of the tribe Artocarpea: IAndley. Artocarpeae (ar-to-kar'pe-e), «. pi. [NL., < Ar- tocarpus, q. v.] ' A tribe of trees or shrubs under the natural order Urticacece, but by some botanists retained as a distinct order, charac- terized generally by a milky juice, small uni- sexual flowers numerous upon a fleshy recep- tacle, erect anthers, and pendulous ovules. There are about 25 genera, including the fig (Ficus), the cow- tree (Brosivwm), the upas (Antiaris), the india-rubber tree of Central America 'Castilloa), and the breadfruit (Artocarpus). The tribe is mostly tropical, and is repre- sented in the United States only by a few species of Ficus in southern Florida. artocarpous, artocarpeous (ar-to-kiir'pus, -pe-us), a. [< NL. Artocarpus + -ons, -cons, q. v.] Relating to the Artocarpea;, or to the breadfruit- tree. Artocarpus (ar-to-kiir'pus), n. [NL., < Gr. apror, bread (of unknown origin), + napnor, fruit.] A genus of tropical trees, natural order Urticacece, tribe Artocarpea. Many species are known, some of which in the forests of Bengal and Mala- bar yield valuable timber, called angU&wood. The most important species is A. incisa, the breadfruit-tree of the South Sea islands. See breadfruit-tree. The jaca-tree or jack-tree, ,1. inteyrifolia, is the breadfruit of tropical Asia, where it is extensively used for food. See jaelcfruit. artolatert, «■• [< Gr. apTor, bread, + -"Aarpnc, worship. Bee artolatry.] A worshiper of bread. artolatryt (ar-tol'a-tri), it. [< Gr. aoroc, bread, + htrpela, worship.] The worship of bread, especially in the mass or eueharist. artole (ar'to-le), n. An East Indian weight, equal to 90 grains troy. artophorion (ar-td-fo'ri-on), n. ; pi. artophoria (-a). [Gr. aprcnpSpiov, a pyx, a bread-basket (cf. aproipdpnr, holding bread), < apror, bread, + -(popor, < (pipew = E. far 1 .] In the Or. Clt., a pyx. J. M. Neale, Eastern Church, i. artotype (ar'to-tlp), n. [Irreg. < art' 2 + type.] A form of photolithograph printed in ink from a photographic plate in bichromated gelatin. artotypy (ar'to-tl-pi), n. The art or process of making artotypes. Artotyrite (ar-to-fi'iit), n. [< LL. Artotyritw, pi., < Gr. apro-i'poc, bread and cheese, < apror, bread, + rvpor, cheese. Cf. butter.'] One of a sect in the primitive church who used bread and cheese in the eueharist, alleging that the first oblations of man were the fruits of the earth and the produce of their flocks. They admitted women to the priesthood and to the episcopate. artsman (iirts'man), n. ; pi. artsmen (-men). [< art's, poss. of art 2 , + man. Cf. craftsman.] A man skilled in an art or in the arts ; espe- cially, a learned man; a scholar. [Archaic] The pith of all sciences which maketh the artsman differ from the inexpert is in the middle proposition. Bacon, Advancement of Learning, II. xiii. § 2. The triumphs of an artsman O'er all infirmities. Massinger, Emperor of the East, iv. 4. No artsman is literally without conscious and systema- tized, selected knowledge, w hjch is science ; and no scien- tific man can remain absolutely inoperative. Dr. J. Brown, Spare Hours, ad ser., p. 195. I Hi 11 Wake-robin {Arum maeulatum). f!29 art-union (art'u-nypn), n. An association or society the object of which is to cultivate nil, to aid is extending the knowledge of and love ft >r t lie arts of design, or to give encouragement and aid to artists. The method employed by associa- tions called art unions has been usually the distribution of works of art by lot among subscribers to their funds, this distribution being the chief inducement for subscrip- tion. Such art-unions were at one time numerous in the I'nited States, but they were generally declared by the courts to be of the nature of lotteries, and therefore illegal. artus (ar'tus), v.; pi. artus. [L., a joint, a limb: see article.] Inanat., a limb; a member; an extremity — Artus abdominalis, artus pelvt- CUS, artus posticus, the abdominal, pelvic, or hind limb. —Artus anticus, axtus pectoralis, the fore limb, or pectoral limb. art-wormt, »• [As art(er) + worm.] Same as arter. Arum (ii'runi), n. [L., also (iron, < Gr. apov, the wake-robin.] 1. A genus of plants, natural order Aracece, na- tives of Europe and of regions bordering on the Mediterranean. The only British spe- i ies i> A. maeulatum (wake-robin, cuckoo- pint, or lords-and- ladii s), the root of which yields a starch known as Portland sago or arrowroot. See also cut under A racecR. 2. [/. c] A name given in the United States to plants belonging to the order Aracece, but not to the genus Arum (although some of them were formerly so classed), as the arrow-arum (Peltandra Virgini- ca), the dragon-arum (Arisa-ma Dracontium), and the water-arum (Calla pahistris). Arundelian (ar-un-de'lyan), a. Pertaining to an Earl of Arundel, particularly to Thomas How- ard, Earl of Arundel and of Norfolk (1592-1646). — Arundelian or Arundel marbles. See marble. arundiferous (ar-un-dif'e-rus), a. [< L. aritu- difer, barundifer, cane-bearing, < Itarttndo, reed, cane, +ferre = 'E. bear 1 .] Producing reeds or canes. arundinaceous (a-run-di-na'shius), a. [< L. arundinaeeus, harundinaeeus, like a reed, < ba- rundo (-din-), a reed, cane.] Pertaining to a reed; resembling a reed or cane. Arundinaria (a-run-ili-na/ri-a), m. [NL., < Arttudo (Aritndin-) + -aria.] A genus of tall woody grasses, allied to the bamboo, includ- ing about 25 species of America and Asia. A. macrosperma, the cane of the southern I'nited states, and A. tecta, the small or switch cane, are the only bain- busaeeous species that are found in North America north of Mexico. The cane ranges from Texas to Kentucky and Virginia, occupying rich river-bottoms and forming dense cane-brakes. It grows to a height of from 10 to 40 feet, rarely producing seed. It is used for fishing-rods and va- rious other purposes, and cattle and hogs are fond of the young plants and the seeds. arundineoUS (ar-un-din'e-us), a. [< L. arundi- neus, barundineus, reedy, like a reed, < bar-undo (-din-), a reed.] Resembling a reed; reedy. Arundinicola (a-run-di-nik'o-lii), n. [NL., < L. arundo, barttndo (-din-), reed, + colerc, in- habit.] A genus of South American clama- torial passerine birds, of the family TyrannUke. A. leucocepbala and A. dontinicana are two Bra- zilian species. Lafresnaye, 1839. arundinose (a-run'di-nos), a. [< L. arundino- stts. better Karundinosus, abounding in reeds, < barundo (-din-), a reed.] Abounding iu reeds. Arundo (a-run'dd), n. [L. arundo, better ba- nt udo, a reed.] A genus of tall reedy grasses, with large, dense flowering panicles. There are 6 or 7 species, widely distributed over the globe, of which A. Donax is the most common, a native of the south of Kurope. Egypt, and tin' I'.ast, anil also found in the warmer parts of America. It is sometimes cultivated, and attains a height of 9 or 10 feet, or even more, with broad anil long h aves. Its canes or stems are imported from Spain and Portugal for the use of weavers and for fishing-rods. arura (a-ro'rii), n. [< Gr. apovpa, tilled or arable land, ground, a measure of land in Egypt, < apdeiv, plow, = L. ararc, plow: see arable.] An ancient Egyptian measure of surface, accord- ing to Herodotus the square of 100 cubits, which would be 27.35 ares, or 0.676 of an Eng- lish acre. Under Roman rule in Egypt another arura was established, equal to 2 jugera, which was *$■ of the old arura. Also spelled aroura. aruspex, aruspice (a-rus'peks, -pis), it. ; pi. aruspices (-pi-sez). See barus)>< x. aruspicy (a-rus'pi-si), n. See haruspicy. ary arval 1 , arvel (ar'val, -vol), ». and a. [Now only dial., also arvil&ndi averill, formerly arvaU, limit, < ME. am it fef. equiv. W. arwyt, appar. adapted from the E. ), appar. . 400. arvel, n. and a. See anal 1 . Arvicola (ar-vik'o-la), n. [NL., < L. arrttm, a field, arable land (see arvafi), + colerc, inhabit.] The central and typical genus of the subfam- ily Arvicolince, containing the great bulk of the species which have perennial prismatic molars, Meadow-mouse [Ai-vicola riparius). ungrooved incisors, and no special peculiarity of the tail or claws. The best-known species are the water-vole and field-vole of Europe, A. wmphiMus and A. ayrestis, and several meadow-mice of .North America, as A. riparius, A. austents, and A. pitietorum. arvicolid (iir-vik'o-lid), n. Same as arvicoline. Arvicolidae (ar-vi-kol'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Ar- vicola + -idiv.] The Arvicolince, rated as a fam- ily. Waterhouse, 1840. Arvicolinas (ar-vik-o-li'ne), n. pi. [NL.. < Arvicola + -intr.] One of several subfamilies into which the family MuridcB is divided, it contains those murine rodents which (except Ecotomys) have the following characters : perennially growing, prismatic, rootless molars, with flat crowns and serrate periphery; incisors usually broader transversely than in the opposite direction ; the root of the under incisor some- times causing a protuberance on the inner side of the mandibular ramus between the condyloid process and the strong liamulate angle of the mandible, which latter attains the level of the molar crowns: the zygomata high and wide, not dipping to the level of the arched palate, and the nasal bones not produced beyond the premaxil- laries ; and the dental formula of 16 teeth, there being 1 incisor and 3 molars on each side of each jaw, without any canines or premolars. The Arvicolinee are specially characteristic of the northern hemisphere, and are very abundant in high latitudes. They include all kinds of voles or field-mice properly so called, the water-rat of Europe, the meadow-mice of America, the lemmings, the muskrat, etc. The leading genera are : BootamyB (Coues), Arvicola (Lacepede) with its several subdivisions, Synap- tomys (Baird), Myotics (Pallas), Cunicuhis (Wagler), and Fiber (t'uvier). The species are very numerous. arvicoline (ar-vik'o-lin), a. and «. [< NL. ar- vicolinus: see Arvicolina:] I. a. 1. Inhabiting fields. — 2. In zodl., having the characters of the Arricoliiiw. II. n. A rodent of the subfamily Ariieolina: Also called arvicolid. arvicolous (ar-vik'6-lus), a. Same as arvico- line, 1. arwet, »• A Middle English form of arrow. Chaucer. ary (ar'i or er'i), a. [Formerly also eri/, a modi- fication of e'er a for erer a (with erer in a gen- eralizing sense) toward any, of which ary is now regarded as a dial. form. Cf. the negative nary.] Any: as. I haven't seen ary one of them. [Prov. Eng. and U. S.] -ary -ary 1 . [L. -drius (fern, -aria, neut. -driiini), > It. -ano, -ajo, Sp. Pg. -ario, OF. rcg. -air, usually ■ier, -cr (> ME. -cr, E. -cr, q. v.; in some cases -«r 2 , q. v.), later partly restored -arte, mod. F. -aire. Cf. -ary 2 .] A suffix of Latin origin, oc- curring (1) in adjectives, as in arbitrary, con- trary, 'primary, secondary, sumptuary, etc., and (2) in nouns denoting either (a) persons, as antiquary, apothecary, notary, secretary, etc., or (b) things, as hooks, writings, etc., as in dic- tionary, glossary, breviary, diary, vocabulary, formulary, etc., or (<•) places, repositories, etc., as in apiary, granary, piscary, library, reli- quary, sanctuary, etc. -ary 2 . [L. -oris (neut. -are), > It. -arc, Sp. Pg. -ar.OF.reg. -er,-ter(> ME, -er, mod. E. restored -ar 3 , q. v.), later -aire, mixed with -aire, E. -an/ 1 .] A suffix of Latin origin, another form of -ar 3 , occurring in adjectives, as auxiliary, capillary, exemplary, military, salutary, etc., some of which are also used as nouns, as auxili- ary, capillary, military, etc. Arya (ar'y&), n. [Skt. Arya: see Aryan.'] Same as Aryan. But besides these An/as there were also the Dasyus, of whom we learn little 'but that they were dark in com- plexion and constantly at war with the Aryas. J. Robson, Hinduism, p. 13. Aryan (ar'yan or ar'ian), a. and n. [Also writ- ten Aria n, after L. Aria mis, belonging to Ariana or Aria, Gr. 'Apeia, 'Apia, <>r "Apia, the eastern part of ancient Persia, < Skt. Arya, the name by which the Sanskrit-speaking immigrants into India called themselves, in distinction from the abo- rigines of the country, whom they called Dasyu, iSiidra, etc. The ancient Persians gave them- selves the same title (OPers. Ariya, Zend Ai- rya) ; and it appears in the name of their coun- try, Airyana or Iran : see Iranic. There are no traces of the word to be found outside of these two races. Its origin is obscure and disputed ; there is no probability that it has anything to do with a root *ar, plow.] I. a. Of or pertain- ing to the Aryans or to their speech. See II. Our faith, our customs, our language, were all but frag- ments of the primitive Aryan stock common to Rome and Germany, E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 118. II. n. 1. A member of the eastern or Asiatic division of the Indo-European family, occupy- ing the territories between Mesopotamia and the Bay of Bengal, in the two subdivisions of Persia, cr Iran, and India. [This is the older,more scientific, and still widely current use of the word. More recent, but increasingly popular, is the second use.] 2. An Indo-European or Indo-German or Ja- phetite ; a member of that section of the hu- man race which includes the Hindus and L'ani- ans (Persians) as its eastern or Asiatic division, and the Greeks, Italians, Celts, Slavonians, and Germans or Teutons as its western or Euro- pean division. The languages of all these branches or groups of peoples are akin ; that is to say, they are de- scendants of "He original tongue, .v spoken in a limited locality by a single community, but where or when it is impossible to say. Many words still live in India and England that have witnessed the first separation of the northern and south- ern Aryans, and these are witnesses not to be shaken by :>!i', cross examination. The terms for God, for house, for father, mother, sen, daughter, for dog and cow, for heart and tears, for axe and tree, identical in all the Indo-Euro- pean idioms, are like the watchwords of soldiers. We challenge the seeming stranger; and whether he answer with tlie li| i- of a Greek, ;i German, or an Indian, we rec- o-ni/i him as one ol ourselves. There was a time when the ancestors of the Celts, the Germans, the Slavonians, the Greeks and Italians, tlie Persians and Hindus, were living together beneath tlie same roof, separate from the ancestors of the Semitic and Turanian races. Max MilUer. Aryandic (ar-yan'dik), a. Originating with Aryandes, Persian satrap of Egypt, condemned to den Hi by Darius for coining silver finer than that of the great king himself. Aryandic coin, a coin b1 i'ii k io \i > andi -. Aryanize (ar'yan-iz or ar'ian-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. Aryanized, ppr. Arydnizing. [< Aryan + -ize.] To render Aryan in character or appearance; impart Aryan peculiarities to. [Bare.] Euro] i livi 'I among the African race sometimes try their hands at a pretty ingress, but they (,'. mi. n Physiol. Esthi tics, p. 241. aryballus (ar-i-bal'us), n.\ pi. aryballi i-i). [< Gr. api : i. Trite as the counsel was, ... in this emergency it was to me as if an angel had spoken. Lamb, Amicus Redivivus. Neither the arguments nor entreaties of his friends, backed as they were by the avowed wishes of his sover- eign, could overcome his scruples. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 5. In parenthetical clauses involving a contrast or negation as to fact with the principal clause, as approaches tin ad- versative sense, being nearly equivalent to but. Had I but time, (as this fell sergeant, Death, Is strict in his arrest,) O, I could tell you,— But let it be. Shale., Hamlet, v. ■„'. I must confess I lov'd her ; a* who would not? Fletcher, Loyal Subject, v. 7. In subordinate clauses involving a supposition, as is con- ditional, being equivalent to as it, us though, which are the ordinary forms. This use is now rare or only poetical except in the independent phrase as It were. (See phrases below.) It lifted up its bead, and did address Itself to motion, like as it would speak. Shai., Hamlet, i. 2. And all at once their breath drew in, As they were drinking all. Coleridge, Ancient Mariner, 1. 165. The young Iambs bound As to the tabor s sound. Wordsworth, Intimations of Immortality. The clause Introduced by as may be reduced by ellipsis of its verb and other elements to one or two Important words, Leaving as as a quasi connective : (a) Between an adverb or adverbial phrase in the principal clause and an adverb or adverbial phrase constituting the subordinate clans,.. It suffices me to say . . . that men here, as elsewhere, arc indisposed to innovation. Emerson, bit. Ethics. (M Between the principal verb or Itesubject and the sub- ordinate subject or object, which becomes equivalent to a predicate appositive or factitive object after the principal as verb, of meaning 'after themannerof,' ' the same a ■ li] i 'in the character or capacity of,' etc.: as, the audience rose as one man ; all these things were as nothing to him ; he has been nominated as a candidate. Hence in con- Btructions where the appositive clause depends directly upon the noun : as, his career as a Boldier was brilliant ; his reputation as a scholar stands high : and so in naming phases <>t a general subject: as, Washington as b eral; man as a thinker. The eonstrueti«>n as a <|iiasi predicate appositive or factitive object after a principal verb is usual after verbs of seeming or regarding. Evil was embrac'd for good, wickedness hondur'd and esteem'd as virtue. Milton, Hist. Eng., iii. That law which concerneth men as men. Hooker, Eeeles. Pol. This gentleman was known to his contemporaries as a man of fortune, and as the author of two successful plays. Macauiay. Our age is bewailed as the a^«' of Introversion, Emerson, Amer. Scholar. The subordinate clause introduced by as is often not 'I-' pendent grammatically upon the principal verb, but sei vi b tu restrict or determine the scope of the statement as a whole. Such clauses are parenthetical, and usually ellipti- cal, some of them, as as usual and as a rule, having almost the idiomatical unity of an adverbial phrase. The streets were narrow, as is usual in Moorish and Arab cities. Irving, Granada, p. 2. In certain emphatic formulas, as ('even as') introduces a solemn attestation (' as truly or surely as') or adjuration ('in a manner befitting tin- fact that), approaching a cau- sal sense, 'since, because.' (See 2, below.) But truly as the Lord liveth. ami cm thy soul liveth, there is but a step between me and death. 1 .Sum. .v\. .;. Now, as you are a Roman, tell me true. Shak., J. C, iv. 3. As ever thou lov'st valour, or wear'st arms To punish baseness, shew it ' Beau, and FL, Knight >>i Malta, iv. 4. 2. Of reason: Since; because; inasmuch as. He who would persuade us of his sorrow for the sins of other men, as they are sins, not as they are sin'd against himself, must give us first some testimony of a sorrow for his own sins. Milton, Eikonoklastes, \ iii. As the wind was favorable, I had an opportunity of sur- veying this amazing scene. Bp. Berkeley. 3. Of time : When ; while ; during the time that. And whistled as he went for want of thought. Dryden, Cymon and Iphigenia, 1. 85. As day broke, the scene of slaughter unfolded its hor- rors. Irving, Granada, p. 97. 4. Of purpose or result : The consequent in the correlations so . . . as, sitrh . . . as: To such a degree that ; in such a manner that : followed by an infinitive or, formerly, by a finite verb (but in the latter construction that has taken the place of as). So many examples as tilled xv. 1 mokes. Aschani, The Scholemaster, p. 157. The relations are so uncertain as they require a great deal of examination. Bacon. Indeed the prospect of affairs here is so strange and melancholy, as would make any one desirous of withdraw- ing from the country at any rate. Hume. With a depth so great as to make it a day's journey from the rear to the van, and a front so narrow as to consist of one gun and one horseman. Einglake, Crimea, III. ix. 5. Of mere continuation, introducing a clause in explanation or amplification of a word or statement in the principal clause, especially in giving examples: For example; for instance; to wit ; thus. Winter birds, an woodcocks and fieldfares. Bacon. A simple idea is one idea ; as sweet, bitter. Locke. 6. In dependent clauses: That. Formerly an was often attached, like that, to the adverbs there, then, where, when, etc, to make them distinctly relative. These forms are now obsolete, except whereas, which remains in a deflected sense. See whereas. From this interchange with that followed the use of as for that, in introducing an object clause after say, know, think, etc., varying with as that and as lour only in dialectal use : as, I don't know as I do , and I don't know a*-' I do, the sense varying with the accent. [Colloq., New Eng.] " Dunnow'zl know :" the nearest your true Yankee ever conies to acknowledging ignorance. Lowell, Introd. to Eiglow Papers, 2d ser. 7. After comparatives: Than. [Now only prov, Eng.; cf. G. als, the regular construction after comparatives.] How may the herte be more contryte and meke as whan of very contrycion . . . we aske mercy and forgyneness of altnyghty god y ' Bp. Fisher, I. 210. Darkness itself is no more opposite to light as their actions were diametrical] to their words. Howell, Parly of Beasts, p. 48. I rather like him as otherwise. Scott, St. Ronan'a Well. 8. Before certain adverbs and adverbial phrases, including prepositional phrases: Even: just: restricting the application to a pa rtieular point: as, as now, as then, as yet, as here, as there, etc. [Now only dialectal, except as yet. See phrases below.] There is no Christian duty that is not to be seasoned and set oft with eheerishness — which in a thousand outward 331 :mil Intermitting rrns^s maj yet be done well, as in tin vale of triirs. Milton. Before punishment he was to be heard as to-morrow. Warburton. Before prepositional phrases as becomes attached in thought to the preposition, making practically a new prepositional anil. See as aru "t , as cone* rni <<", as for, etc, below. As anent, as concerning, as touching, more commonly as for, as to, so tar as it concerns ; as regards ; as respects; in regard in: in respect to: introducing a particular point or subject of thought. Ami in regard "i causes now in hand, Which I have open'd to his grace at large, As touching France. Shak., Hen. v., i. l. Sir .1. .Turk ! Jack ! what think yon of blooming, love- breathing seventeen? Abs. As to thai, sir, I am quite indifferent. If I can please you in the matter, 'tis all I desire. Sheridan, The Rivals, iii. 1. As if, as though, as it would he if, or supposing that. It seemed to the affrighted inhabitants as If the fiends of the air had come upon the wings of the wind, and pos- sessed themselves of tower and turret. In-inn>n; especially, a. unit divided into twelve parts. Thus, tl ilc nun was called an OS. Henci — 2. Asa unit of weight, 12 ounces (L. unciir, twelfths); the libra or pound, equal to 325.8 ~>,023 grains. — 3. A copper coin, the unit of the early monetary system of Home, n ined in the fourth (according to Mommsen, tie- fifth) century B.C., and was at first nominally of the weight of a libra or pound, that is, 12 ounces. It was gradually reduced In weight, about 2<'.:> B. c. weighing 4 ounces, and about 250 B.C. 2 ounces. In SO B.C., after having fallen to halt an ounce, it ceased to be issued. The small, r copper coins forming the divisions of the as were named semu (half of the as), triens (third), ouadrans (fourth), sextans (sixth), and uncia (twelfth). The constant obverse type "I lie as has the double head of Janus; the reverse, a prow. Its subdivisions bore various devices. Coins struck on the same system (called the libral system) were issued in other parts of Italy from the fourth century B.C. See as under tee. as 5 , «. [ME. as, etc. (see ace); in def. 2 = D. aas = Sw. ass (ess, ace) = G. ass, in technical sense < L. as: see as*.] It. Obsolete form of ace. Chaucer. — 2. An old Swedish and Dutch unit of weight, equal to 4.8042 centigrams, or about three quarters of a troy grain. See as- ducat and ass*. As. Chemical symbol of arst nic. A. S. An abbreviation of Anglo-Saxon. as- 1 . [L. as-, assimilated form of ad- before S. The reg. OF. and ME. form was a-, later re- stored to as-, as in assent, assign, etc.] An assimilated form of ad- before s, as in assimi- late, assert, assume, etc. as- 2 . [L. ab-, reduced in OF. and ME. before a consonant to a-, erroneously restored to as- before s.~\ An erroneously restored form of a-, originally Latin ab-, in assoil, assoilzie, from the Latin alisoln n . absolve. as- 3 . [ME. and OF. as-, var. of es-, < L. <:>;-: see es-, cf-.] A variant of es-, Latin ex-, in assart, assail, astonish, obsolete ascape, aschew, assaum- ple, etc.; now represented also, or only, byes-, as in escape, eschew, or s-, as in scape, sample. See es. 1 asa (as'ji), it. [XL., < Pers. aza, mastic: see asafetida.il A name for certain drugs, origi- nally used separately with the Latin adjectives dulcis and fetida (Jatida), now joined to them as a prefix. See below. Also spelled asset. asadulcis (as-a-dul'sis), it. [NL., lit. sweet gum, < asa, gum, + L. dulcis, sweet.] The laser or laser Cyrenaieum of the ancients, a very highly esteemed drug, usually supposed to have been a gummy accretion from Thapsia Gar- ganica, an umbelliferous plant of northern Africa and southern Europe, it was believed by some to be the same as benzoin, to which the name {asa dulcis or odorat a) is still sometimes applied. The drug now obtained from this plant is used as au active irritant. asafetida, asafcetida (as-a-fet'i-dji), «. [NL., formerly also azafedida, < asa + L. fetida, fcetida, fern, of feUdus, Jatidtts, stinking: see asa and fetid.} A fetid inspissated sap from Persia and Afghanistan, the concrete juice from the roots of several large umbelliferous plants of the genus Ferula, especially F. Xar- tln.r (Narihex Asafcetida) and F. Scorodosma (Scorodosmafcetida). The drug has a powerful and persistent alliaceous odor and bitter acrid taste, and con- sists of resin, gum. and an essential oil which contains sulphur. It is used as an antispasmodic, and in India and Persia also as a condimi nt. Uso spelled assafa tida. Asaphes (as'a-fez), n. [NL., < Gr. aaatpi/c, ob- scure, not clear, < a- priv. + oatpiic, clear.] 1. A genus of very minute parasitic ichneumon- flies, which prey on, and keep in check, the aphids, so destructive to crops and fruits. The female punctures the wingless female aphids with her .oi- duct, and lays an ege. in each puncture. The egg hatches, becomes a maggot, and eats out the inside of the aphid. 2. A genus of coleopterous insects. Eirby, 1837. asar (a'sar), ». [Pers.] A Persian gold coin, equal in value to about §1.60. asarabacca (as"a-ra-bak'ji), n. [Formerly also asaraback, and erroneously asarabecea, < L. asa- niui (see Asarum) + bacca, baca, berry.] A common name of a European plant, a species of Asarum, A. Europantm. cVe Asarum. Also spelled asarabaca. asarin, asarine (as'a-rin), ». [< Asarum + -in-.] 1. A volatile crvstallizable solid (Co H 2 oO s ) obtained from the plant Asarum Euro- pecum, having an aromatic taste and smell like camphor. — 2. A bitter principle obtained from the plant Asarum Europantm. asarone (as'a-ron), h. [< Asarum + -one.] Same as asarin, 1. Asarum Europau Asarum Asarum (as'a-mm), ». [L., < 6r. aaapnv, asa- rabacea.] A genus of apetalous exogenous plants, natural order Ari- stolochiacece, low, stem- less herbs, with dull- brownish flowers and aromatic root-stock. The few species are natives of the northern temperate zone. The asarabacca, A. Europceum, was formerly used as a purga- tiveanil an emetic. Th< i m mon A n.au species, A. Canadense, is known as wild ginger or snakeroot. Five other specie- are found in the Alleghanics ami sierra Ne- vada, and four or five in Asia. asbestic (as-bes'tik), a. [< asbestos + -ic.~\ Re- lating to or containing asbestos. Also asbestous. asbestiform (as-bes'ti-forrn), a. [< L. asbestos + forma, shape.] Having the form or appear- ance of asbestos. asbestine (as-bes'tin), a. [< Gr. aoftiaTivoc, < (in fro-joc, asbestos.] Pertaining to asbestos, or partaking of its nature and qualities; in- combustible. asbestinite (as-bes'tin-it), ». [< asbestine + -He".] Aotinolite or strahlstein — Calclferous asbestinite, a variety of steatite. asbestoid (as-bes'toid), a. [< asbestos + -oid.] Resembling asbestos. asbestos, asbestus (as-bes'tos, -tus), «. [Also asbi st ( < F. asbeste), abbest, abest (< OF. abeste), also, and in ME., asbeston, dbeston, abiston, al- bt ston, etc., and in other corrupt forms (in earlier use only in sense 1), < L. asbestos, used by Pliny in ref. to the mineral asbestos, which he believed to be vegetable (see def. 2), < Gr. aapeoroCf applied by Dioscorides to unslaked lime, lit. inextinguishable, unquenchable, < d- priv. + CefeoToc, verbal adj. of ir,)tm'rai, extin- guish, quench.] If. A fabulous stone, which, once set on fire, could not be quenched: anotion due to observation of the effect of cold water in heating quicklime. My mind is like to the Asbeston stone, Which, if it once he heat in flames of fixe, Denieth to becommen cold again. Greene, Alphonsus, ii. 2. A supposed kind of flax, alleged to be in- combustible. [An erroneous notion of the mineral. See 3.] — 3. A fibrous variety of am- phibole or hornblende, composed of separable filaments, with a silky luster; also, in popu- lar use, a similar variety of serpentine called ChrySotile. Its fibers are sometimes delicate, flexible, and elastic, sometimes stilf ami brittle, and when reduced to a powder are soft to the touch. Its colors are various shades 'if white, er.iy. or green, passing into brown, red, or black. It i- in abustible, and is therefore used for making lamp-wicks, paper, firemen's clothing, building materials, twine, and rope for packing steam-joints anil pistons; it is also prepared as a cement for protecting heated surfaces, roofs, and floors, and for various fire- proofing purposes. It is mined in Canada, Vermont, Vir- South Carolina, and in Staten Island, New York. Seme varieties an- (null tact, and take a fine polish ; others are Loose, like flax or silky wool. L'njniform asbestos, or mountain-wood, is a variety presenting an irregular fila- mentous structure, like wood. Other varieties of horn- blende asbestos are rock-cork, inoiintaiii-leattier. fox*il papi r, and fossil flax. A tine variety is called wmiantas (which Bee). Blue asbestos, the mineral crocldolite (which -e| asbestos-stove (as-bes'tos-stov), n. A gas- Btove with asbestos spread over the burners, bo as to form an incandescent radiator. asbestous (as-bes'tos), a. [< asbestos + -ous.] Same as asbestic. asbestus, re. See asbestos. asbolan, asbolane (as'bo-lan, -Ian), n. [< Gr. liciv-;, also do ''"///, soot (cf. ip6?ior, soot, smoki). + -mi.) Earthy cobalt; wad contain- ing oxid of cobalt. It is used in the manufac- ture of small. Also called asbolite. asbolin, asboline (as'bo-lin), n. [As asboUan + -ut ■•'. ] An oil-like, nitrogenous matter, ac- rid and bitter, obtained from the soot of » I. asbolite (as'bo lit I, re. [As asbol-an + -ite 2 .] Same as asbolan. Ascalabota (as ka-la-bo'tS.), re. pi. [NL.: see i oalabotes.1 One of the major groups of 1 1n- Laeertilia, consisting of the geckos alone. See Qeeeo and Gecconidas. Also called Nyctisawria. Ascalabotes (as ka la bo'irzi. ». [NL., < (Jr. ,e, the split till lizard, prob. Lacerta gecko. I \ genus of nyctisaurian lizards, of the 'family '.< CCOtida or GeCCOnicUe. ,i fa cieularit is sometimes known b3 the name tarent originally, a used bj l uviei coextensivi with the family, or with the modi rn superfamily Ascalabota. 332 Ascalaphidae (as-ka-laf'i-de), re. pi [NL., < . Iscalaphus + -ida:] A family of planipennine in iiropterous insects, related to the ant-lions (Miinueleontida-), and characterized by long clavate antennae and a comparatively short body. It corresponds to the genus Ascalaphus of Fabricius. Ascalaphus (as-kal'a-fus), n. [NL., < Gr. doicd- /.inpor, an unknown bird, supposed to be a kind of owl.] 1. The typical genus of the family Ascalaphidce. — 2. '[/. <•.] The specific name of a horned owl. Bubo ascalaphus, of Europe and Africa. Ascalopax (as-kal'o-paks), n. [NL. Cf. Gr. aana/.utTac (sic), a bird, supposed to be the same as o-KoAoVaf : see Seolopax.] In ornith.: (a) An old form of Seolopax. (b) A synonym of (lal- linago. ascah (as'kan), a. [< ascus + -on.] Of or per- taining to an ascus. N. E. D. ascanceH, adv. See askance' 1 -. ascance-t, ascancest, conj. See askance 2 . ascantt, "dr. See askant. ascarid (as'ka-rid), «. One of the Ascaridce. Ascaridae (as-kar'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Ascaris + -ida;.] A family of worms, of the order Ne- matoda and class Nemathelmintha, containing several genera of round-worms, or thread- worms, which are intestinal parasites of man and other animals. They have a cylindrical elastic body, tapering toward each end, and a trivalved bead. The leading genera are Ascaris and Oxyuris. See cut under Oxyuris. Ascaris (as'ka-ris), w. [NL., < Gr. aanapic, a worm in the intestines.] 1. A genus of round- worms, typical of the family Ascarida, infesting the small intestines. The best-known species, A. lumbricoieles, is so called from its resemblance to an earth- worm in size, shape, and general appearance. It has a cylindrical body, with ends of equal size, a somewhat conoidal head, with trilabiate terminal mouth, and a fili- form penis ; the genital pore of the female is in tile an- terior part of the body. The female attains a length of from 12 to 14 inches ; the male is less than half as long. 2. [/. c. ; pi. «scari(tes (as-kar'i-dez).] A thread- worm or pinworm of the rectum, formerly placed in this genus, now referred to a differ- ent genus, Oxyuris (which see). P.scaunce't, adv. See askance 1 . ascaunce'-t, ascauncest, conj. See askance 2 . ascend (a-send'), v. [< ME. ascenden, assenden, < L. aseendere, adscendere, go up, climb up to, < ad, to, + scandere, climb: see scan, and cf. descend, transcend.'] I. intrans. 1. To move up- ward; mount; go up; rise, whether in air or water, or upon a material object- In our proper motion we ascend Up to our native seat: descent and fall To us is adverse. Milton, P. L., ii. 75. 2. To rise, in a figurative sense ; proceed from an inferior to a superior degree, from mean to noble objects, from particulars to generals, etc. By these steps we shall ascend to more just ideas of the glory of Jesus Christ. Watts, Improvement of Mind. 'Tis sometimes questioned wdiether morals have not de- clined as the arts have ascended. Emerson, Works and Days. 3. To slope upward. — 4. To go backward in the order of time; proceed from modern to ancient times: as, our inquiries ascend to the remotest antiquity.— 5. To rise, as a star; ap- pear above the horizon. Higher yet that star ascends. Sir J. Bowring, Watchman, Tell us of the Night. 6. In music, to rise in pitch; pass from any tone to one more acute. =Syn. To mount, soar, climb. II. trans. 1. To go or move upward upon; climb: as, to ascend a hill or ladder; to asm ml a tree. \\ e returned t" the great tower, and ascended the steep flight of steps which led to its door of entrance. R. GUrzon, Monast. in the Levant, p. 77. 2. To move upward along; go toward the source of: as, to ascend a river. = syn. To mount, climb, scale. ascendable (a-sen'da-bl), a. l< ascend + -able] Capable of being ascended. Also written as- cend ibb. ascendance, ascendence (a-sen'dans, -dens), ii. Same as ascendancy. [Rare.] Fear had t"<> much ascendance on the mind. Fielding, Joseph Andrews, ix. ascendancy, ascendency (a-sen'dan-si, -den- si),». [< ascendant, -ent, +-aney,-ency.'] The slate of being in the ascendant; governing or controlling influence; domination. The great Latin war, the war in which the Bret Declue him ii ii for Rome, marks the last struggle of Rome's immediate kinsfolk against her ascendt ncy. M. A. Freeman, Axner. Lects., p, 817. ascending -Syn. Influence, Authority, Ascendancy, etc(seeautAor- itit). mastery, dominion, superiority, advantage, upper hand. ascendant, ascendent (a-sen'dant, -dent), a. and k. [< ME. ascendent, assendent, n. (the form asm ndant being later, after P. ascendant), < L. ascenden(t-)s, ppr. of ascendere, go up, rise, ascend: see ascend.'} I. a. 1. Proceeding up- ward; rising; mounting. — 2. Superior; pre- dominant; surpassing: as, " an ascendant spirit over him," South. — 3. In astral., rising over the horizon, or nearly so. The constellation of Pegasus ... is about that time as- cendant. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err. 4. In bot., same as ascending. — 5. In her., rising or issuing upward (the reverse of issu- ant): as, rays of the sun ascendant from the bottom of the shield, from a fesse, etc. II. n. 1. In astrol., the point of the ecliptic or the sign of the zodiac that is situated on the eastern horizon at any particular moment, as at the moment of birth or of the propounding of any question ; the horoscope. The house of the ascendant includes that part of the zodiac which extends from 5" above the horizon to 25° below it. The lord of the axennlaitt is the planet that rules the ascendant. This planet is generally the significator of the querent, and the decision of the question depends upon its aspects. Hence, to be in the ascendant signifies to have commanding power or influence, to occupy a ruling position; and lord of the ascendant, one who has possession of such power or in- llucnce : as, to rule, for a while, lord of tin' ascendant. The assendent sothly, as wel in alle natiuitez as in ques- tiouns and elecciounsof tymes, is a thing which that thise Astrologiens gretly obseruen ; wher-fore me semeth con- uenient sin that I speke of the assendent, to make of it special declaratioun. The assendent sothly, to take it at the largest, is thilke degree that assendeth at any of thise forseide tymes upon the est Orisonte ; and there-fore, gif that any planet assende at that same tvme in thilke for- seide degre of his longitude, Men seyn thilke planete is in horoscope. Chaucer. Sciences that were then in their highest ascendant. sir II'. Temple. Marlborough had not, when Popery was in the ascen- dant, crossed himself, shrived himself, done ponance, taken the communion in one kind, and, as soon as a turn of fortune came, apostatized back again. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xx. 2. Superiority or commanding influence ; pre- dominance : especially in the phrase to gain the ascendant over one. What star I know not, but some star, I find, Has given thee an ascendant o'er my mind. Dryden, tr. of Persius, Satires, v. 66. She had art enough to gain an entire ascendant over the king. Goldsmith, Voltaire. The secular authority, long unduly depressed, regained the ascendant with startling rapidity. Macaulay, Von Ranke. 3. An ancestor, or one who precedes in geneal- ogy or degrees of kindred : opposed to descen- dant. The succession of ascendants of the deceased, of his male paternal ancestors, if any survived him. Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 111. 4. Iu arch., one of the two sides or vertical mem- bers of the chambranle of a door or window. ascendence, ascendency, ascendent. See as- cendance, etc. ascender (a-sen'der), ». 1. One who ascends. — 2. An ascending letter. See ascentlintj. ascendible (a-sen'di-bl), a. [< L. ascendiliilis (also, from pp. ascensits, LL. ascensibilis), < ascend' re, ascend: see ascend and -Me, and cf. ascenilablc.] Same as ascendable. ascending (a-sen'ding), p. a. I. Proceeding from a lowefposition to a higher; rising; mov- ing upward; figuratively, proceeding from the loss to the greater ; proceeding from a later to an earlier time ; rising from grave to acute. — 2. In bot., growing upward, as the stem of a plant, which is called the ascending axis. Com- monly restricted to the sense of growing up obliquely or in a curve from the base, in distinction from erect, ami from decumbent or horizomtal.- Acute ascending paralysis. see paralysis. -Ascending latitude, the latitude of a planet when moving toward the north pole Ascending letter, in type-founding, a letter which reaches to the extreme upper part of the body of the type. I" Roman typesol the minuscule or "lower-case' form the ascend- ing letters arc b, .1, f. h. i, j, k, 1, t. All capitals are ascending letters. — Ascending node, that point of a planet's Orbit at which it passes the ecliptic to proceed thward. II is also called the northern node.- Ascend- ing OVUle, in ''"/,, an ovule that is attached above the base of the ovary and directed upward. - Ascending rhythm, in pros., a rhythm or movement < posed of feet in which tic metrically accented part (commonly called the arsis) follows the metrically unaccented pari (com- i Ly called the thesis), as an iambic or anapestfc rhythm ; opposed to descending rhythm, such as the trochaic or dactylic. Ascending signs, the sic nsCapricornus. Aqua- rius, Pisces. Aries, Taurus, and Gemini : so called because the sun. while in them, is approaching the north celestial pole, which is to our view elevated. Ascending ves- sels, in anat., those vessels which carry the blood upward or toward the superior parts of the body. ascension ascension (a-sen'shgn), n. [< ME. ascensiOTtn, assensioun, i L. ascensio{n-), a rising, ascen- sion, < aseendere, pp. asci nsits, rise, ascend: see ascend,] 1. The act of ascending; a rising; specifically, the bodily passing from earth to heaven of Christ, in the presence of his disci- ples (Mark xvi. 19; Luke xxiv. 50, 51; Acts i. 1-11). — 2. [cap.'] The day on which the ascen- sion of Christ is commemorated in the church ; Ascension day. — 3t. That which rises or as- cends ; a fume. Men err in the theory of inebriation, conceiving the brain doth only Buffer from vapourous ascensions from the stomach. " Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err. 4. In astron., the rising of a star or point above the horizon on the celestial sphere. — 5. A go- ing back in time, or in the order of genealogi- cal succession ; ascent — Apparent right ascen- sion. Sec apparent.— Ascension day, thefortieth day after Easter, on which the ascension of finis! is com- memorated ; sometimes called Holy Thursday.— Oblique ascensiont, of a star, in astron., an arc of the equator in- tercepted between the vernal equinox or first point of Aries and that point of the equator which comes to the horizon at the same time with the star.— Right ascen- sion. («) In old astron. , vertical rising. The signes of riht assenevmn ben fro the heued of can- cer to ye ende of sagittare, and thlse signes arisen more upriht. Chancer, (b) In mod. astron., the right ascension of a star or point of the sphere is the arc of the equator intercepted between its circle of declination and the vernal equinox or first point of Aries, reckoned toward the east. This meaning is derived from the conception oi an observer at a point on the earth's equator where all the stars rise vertically. ascensional (a-sen'shpn-al), a, [< ascension + -ah] Relating to ascension or ascent ; ascend- ing or rising up. That idea [of the gun-cotton rocket) was to place a disk or short cylinder of the gun-cotton in the head of a rocket, the ascensional force of which should be employed to carry tie disk to an elevation of 1,000 feet or thereabouts. Tyndall, Pop. Sei. Mo., XIII. 281. Ascensional differencet, in astron., the difference be- tween the right and the oblique ascension of the same point on the surface of the sphere: used chiefly as ex- pressing the difference between the time of the rising or setting of a body and six o'clock, or six hours from its me- ridian passage. ascensive (a-sen'srv), a. [< L. aseensus (pp. of aseendere : see ascend) + -we.] 1. Character- ized by an ascending movement ; tending to ascend ; rising ; tending to rise, or causing to rise. Sir T. Browne. — 2. In gram., increas- ing force ; intensive ; augmentative. [Rare.] ascent (a-senf), re. [< ascend; formed like de- scent, F. . descente,i descend. F. descendre.] 1. The act of rising or ascending ; upward move- ment : as, the ascent of vapors, or of a balloon. v To him with swift ascent he up returo'd. MUton, P. L., x. 224. Hence — 2. A rising from a lower to a higher state, degree, or grade ; advancement. As to the genesis of man and the universe, the less cul- tured tribes claimed to be an ascent from birds, fishes, snakes. Faiths of the World, p. 252. 3. The act of climbing or traveling up; the act of advancing from a lower to a higher position ; a going up, as up a mountain, river, stairway, etc. — 4. An eminence ; a hill or high place. Depressed valleys and swelling ascents. Bentley. 5. The way by which one ascends ; the means of ascending ; acclivity ; upward slope. It was a rock . . . Conspicuous far ; winding with one ascent. Milton, P. L., iv. 545. Next the proud palace of Salerno stood A mount of rough ascent, and thick with wood. Dryden, Sig. and Guis., 1. 102. Clambering up the very steep ascent, I took my place upon the ramparts to watch the sunrise over the plain. O Donovan, Merv, xxiv. 6. The angle made by an ascending line or sur- face with the horizontal line or plane : as, the road has an ascent of five degrees. — 7. A pro- ceeding upward or backward in time or in logi- cal order of succession. The ascents from particular to general are all successive, and each step of this ascent requires time and labour. J. S. Mill, System of Logic. Line of ascent, in genealogy, ancestry. They [ancient Hindu law-teachers] say hardly anything of Inheritance as now understood, save in the direct line of descent or ascent. Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 112. ascertain (as-er-tiin'), v. t. [Early mod. E. and late ME. ascertains, assertaine, assartainc, -tayne, etc., with asser-, ascer-, in erroneous simulation of words like assent, ascend, etc., earlier ME. acertainen, acerteinen, < OF. acertainer, acer- teincr, make certain, < a, to, + certain, certain: see fl- 11 and certain. The word is thus etymo- logieally o- 11 + certain, and was so pronounced in early mod. E.] 1. To make certain; deter- 333 mine ; define or reduce to precision by remov- ing doubt, obscurity, or ambiguity ; establish; prove. [Archaic] The two first lines of the following book seem to ascer- tain the true meaning of the conclusion of this. Cowper. In 1695 he [Moyle] was chosen to represent the borough of Saltash in parliament ; a circumstance which ascer. tains the piece before us to have been written subsequi mi to that period. Malone, note in Dryden'a Life of Lueian. We must look somewhat deeper, would we learn win ;i book which now tries our patience was not undeserving of those multiplied editions which have ascertained its popularity. /. D'Israeli, Amen, of Lit., I. 327. 2. To find out by trial, examination, or experi- ment, so as to know as certain; acquire an ac- curate knowledge of : as, to ascertain the weight of a commodity or the purity of a metal. To pass to ascertained facts, there actually are words which were ventured many generations ago, but, for some reason or other, were not taken up, . . . and yet are now familiar to everybody. /'. Halt. Mod. Eng., p. 131, note. 3. To make sure of; insure. [Archaic] The ministry, in order to ascertain a majority in the House of Lords, persuaded the queen to create twelve new peers. Smollett. 4f. To make certain or sure ; certify ; assure ; inform. [Rare.] I am desirous of arranging with you such just and prac- ticable conditions as will ascertain to you the terms at which you will receive my part of your debts. Jefferson, in Morse, p. 334. Muncer assured them that the design was approved of by Heaven, and that the Almighty had in a dream aseer- tainsd him of its effects. Robertson. 5. To establish with certainty; render invari- able, or not subject to caprice ; fix. [Rare.] The mildness and precision of their laws ascertained the rule and measure of taxation. Gibbon. ascertainable (as-er-ta'na-bl), a. [< ascertain + -able.] If. Capable of being determined or made certain. — 2. Capable of being ascertained or found out by trial, experiment, investigation, inquiry, etc. ascertainer (as-er-ta'ner), re. One who ascer- tains. ascertainment (as-er-tan'ment), »i. [< ascer- tain + -merit.] 1. The act of fixing or deter- mining; a reducing to certainty. [Archaic] — 2. The act of attaining certainty ; the acquire- ment of certain knowledge concerning some- thing ; a finding out. Our ancestors guided their course by the stars, without knowing much about the stars ; the ascertainment of a few relative positions sufficed. G. II. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, I. i. § 2. We can proceed in the ascertainment of internal truths as we proceed in the ascertainment of external ones. H. Spencer. ascetery (a-set'e-ri), re. ; pi. asceteries (-riz). [< LGr. iiaKi]Tiipiov"<. ao-Kr/Tt'/r, a monk: see ascetic.] Originally, a dwelling-place of ascetics; a mon- astery; now, in certain religious houses, a com- mon meeting-place for spiritual exercises and reading. ascetic (a-set'ik), a. and n. [< Gr. amnrmdr; as- cetic, laborious ; as noun, a hermit, an ascetic ; < aatii]T>]Q, one who exercises, an athlete, eccles. a monk or hermit, < aatiriv, work, exercise, eccles. mortify the body.] I. a. 1. Practising special acts of self-denial as a religious exercise ; seek- ing holiness through self -mortification ; hence, rigidly abstinent and self-restrained as to ap- petites and passions. He was for his life so exact and temperate that I haue heard he had never been surprised byexcesse, being asci tic and sparing. Evelyn, Diary. Genius is always ascetic; and piety and love. Appetite shows to the finer souls as a disease. Emerson, Essays, lstser., p. 210. Hence — 2. Unduly strict or rigid in religious exercises or mortifications; severe; austere. A constant ascetic course of the severest abstinence and devotion. South, Sermons (ed. 1737), 11. 31. A dominant religion is never use. tie. Maeaulay, Dryden. 3. Pertaining to or resembling the ascetics. II. re. 1. In the early Christian church, one who practised unusual self-denial and devotion ; in modern usage, also one who retires from the customary business of life and engages in pious exercises; a hermit; a recluse. He that preaches to man should understand what is in man ; and that skill can scarce be attained by an ascetic in his solitudes. Atterbury. 2. pi. [cap.] The title of certain books on de- vout exercises : as, the Ascetics of St. Basil, ascetical (a-set'i-kal), a. [< ascetic + -ah] Pertaining to the practice of rigid self-denial and the mortification of the body as a means of attaining virtue and holiness; ascetic — Asceti- cal theology, a name given to the science which treats Ascidia of virtue and perfection and the means by which they are In he attained, loll, Did. ascetically (a-sef i-kal-i), adv. In an ascetical manner; by the practii f asceticism; as an ascetic ; to or toward asceticism : as, persons ascetically inclined, asceticism (a set'i-sizm), n. [< use* tie + 4sm. ] 1. The life or practice of an ascetic; the prin- ciples and historic COUTSe of the a seel ies. In an cient Greece asceticism (aaxTjais) meant tin* discipline un- dergone bj athletes while tin i niii- in the • I Is "i the Stoics the same word was applied to the controlling o appetites and passions and the practice of virtue. Among Christians, through contact with the Alexandrian school of philosophy, the word early came into use h ith a simi- lar meaning, namely, the habitual use of self-discipline, such as had been practised by individuals and even in communities among the .lews. The object of tin pline was to control and subdue the bodily nature with its passions and desires as the Btronghold "i evil in- herent in man since the fall of Adam, the means used being fasting, celibacy, poverty, penance, and solitude, a mode of life which developed in the course oi a ft w centuries into n asth ism. similar and even greater austerities have been practised from very early times by many among various pagan nations and in connection with various religious systems, such as Hinduism, Buddh- ism, etc., under the influence of the idea that mattei is essentially evil, and that an approtu h to ideal g 1 or an escape from the evils of existence can be effected only by subduing or torturing the body. Asceticism again — including under this term ... all efforts to withdraw from the world in order to cultivate a higher degree of sanctity — belongs naturallv to a soi it fcy which is somewhat rude, and in which isolation is frequent and easy. Lecky, Europ. Morals, i. 136. 2. In theol., the theory or systematic exposition of the means, whether negative, as self-denial and abstinence, or positive, as the exercise of natural and Christian virtues, by which a com- plete conformity with the divine will may be at- tained. See ascetical theology, under ascetical. = Syn. Self-sacrifice, Austerity, etc. See self-denial. ascham (as'kam), n. [After Roger Aschant, who in 1545 published '"Toxophilus," a celebrated treatise on archery.] A cupboard or ease to contain bows and sometimes arrows and other implements of archery. Encyc. Brit. Aschiza (as-K'za), «." pi. [NL., < Gr. h- priv. + oxis a , a cleft : see schism.] In Brauer's sys- tem of classification, a division of oyclorha- phous dipterous insects or flies, of the suborder Ctjclorhaphii, containing the families Syiph/tltr, Platypezidce, Phorida; and PipuncuMda;, thus collectively contrasted with Schieophora (which see). Aschizopoda (as-M-zop'o-dS), ». pi. [NL., < Gr. a- priv. + oxHa, a cleft, + wove (iroS-) = E. foot.] A division of macrurous decapodous crustaceans, embracing most of the group, as distinguished from the Schizopoda or opossum- shrimps. asci, n. Plural of asctis. ascian (ag'ian), n. [< L. ascitis, < Gr. ao-woc, without shadow, < d- priv. + atari, shadow.] A person who casts no shadow at noon, the inhabitants of the torrid zone alone fulfil this condition, having the sun twice a year in their zenith at noon. Ascidia (a-sid'i-ii), re. pi. [NL., pi. of Ascidium, q. v.] 1. A class of animals connecting the molluseoid invertebrates with the Vertebrata; the tunicates, tunicaries, or sea-squirts, other- wise called Tunicata, Ascozoa, Urochorda, or Protovertebrata (in part); the ascidians. They arc asymmetrical marine animals, simple or compound, fixed or free, with a monoganglionic nervous system, tubular heart, ami no foot. The integument is a leathery sac, with two orifices, oral and anal. The young are free-swimming ami tadpole like, and in this larval con- dition show traces of vertebrate affinities in the possession of a uro- chord, or notochord of the tail, a condition retained permanent!] in one family, the Appendiculari- idee. They axe found at low-water mark on the sea-beach, ami, at- tached to stones, shells, and lived objects, are dredged from deep water. An ascidian presents ex- ternally the appearance of a w ine- jar or double-necked buttle, the one aperture of the bottle cor- responding to the mouth and the other to the vent or ex< retorj aperture. A feature in the or- ganization of these animals is that a large proportion of the tough outer case or test is com- posed of cellulose, a starchy sub- stance highly characteristic of plants. The mouth-opening leads into a large branchial sacor breath- ing-sac , and from tile bottom of this sac the digestive system, con- sisting of stomach and intestine, is continued tie in- testine opening into a second sac. the atrial chamber. This latter cavitv opens externally by the second aper- ture of the body, and also emits the effete water which Ascidia mentula. a. termination of intes- tine; *. branchial sac; ex, excurrent or anal ori- fice; g. ganglion ; :. lie testine : m, mouth ; o, tentacular fringe ; r, re- productive organ ; s, stomach; /', test, orouter tunic ; t, inner tunic ; V, ventral sinus; v', dorsal sinus. Ascidia has lieen used in breathing. A single nervous mass or ganglion represents the nervous system, this mass be in- placi '1 between the two apertures of the body. Male ami female reproductive organs exist in each ascidian. These animals may be singer simple, social, or com ! In social ascidians the peduncles of a number of indi- viduals are united int.- a common tubular stem, with a partial common circulation of blood. The species art- more or Less gelatinous, aud some are used as food in China and on the shores of the Mediterranean. The Ascidia arc divisible into two orders not well defined, called Biphora and Ascidioida, and by other names, one containing the Salpidce and DoHolidat, the other the rest of the class. Also written Asddias. See cuts under Ap- pendicularia, Doliolidoe, Salpa, and Tunicata. 2. [Used as a singular.] Less proper form of Ascidium. — 3. [I. c] Plural of ascidium. 2. Ascidiacea (a-sid-i-a'se-a), n. pi. [NL., < Ascid- ium + -a^:a.] Same as Ascidioida, 2. Ascidiae (a-sid'i-e), «. pi. [XL., pi. of Ascidia, 2.] 1. In Gegenbaur's system of classification, a division of Acopa, embracing the true ascid- ians as distinguished from the Pijrosomatida;, Doliolidce, and Salpidte. It contains three groups, Simplia ■ Sociales, and Composites, or the simple, social, and compound ascidians. 2. Same as Ascidia, 1. ascidian (a-sid'i-an), a. and n. [< Ascidium + -an.] I. (/. Of or belonging to the Ascidia or Tunicata. II. n. One of the Ascidia or Tunicata; a sea-squirt. ascidiarium (a-sid-i-a'ri-um), ),.; pi. ascidiaria (-a). [NL., < Ascidium +,-arium.] A compound ascidian, consisting of two or more individual ascidiozobids. See cut under oyafhozooid. It [a fixed ascidian I may remain simple, or it may de- velop buds and give rise to a compound organism or Ascid- iarium, consisting of many Ascidiozodids united together. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. M4. ascidiate (a-sid'i-at), a. [< Ascidium + -ate 1 .] Shaped like a small bottle, or like an ascidian. Ascidicola (as-i-dik'o-la), n. [NL., (.Ascidium + L. colore, inhabit.] The typical genus of the family Ascidicolidw. Ascidicolidae (a-sid-i-kol'i-de), n.pl. [NL.,< As- cidicola + -idee. ] A family of copepod ent oinos- tracous crustaceans, parasitic upon ascidians. ascidiform (a-sid'i-f6rm), a. [< Ascidium + L. forma, shape.] 1. Shaped like an ascidian; bottle-shaped. — 2. Having the structure of an ascidian; related to the Ascidia. Also asddiiform. ascidiid (a-sid'i-id), n. One of the Ascidiidce. AscidiicLe (as-i-di'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Ascidia, 2, + -idie.) A family of solitary ascidians, typically with the branchial aperture 8-lobed, the atrial 6-lobed, the branchial sac not folded, the tentacles simple, and the genitalia in close connection with the mantle. It is the typical family of the ascidians proper, including the simple forms, as Mol- fiula. Cynthia, Ascidia or Pkallusia, etc.. as distinguished from the social and compound forms, and contains many species. Sec cut under Ascidia. ascidiiform ( a-sid'i-i-fdrm), a. Same as asei/li- fnrm. ascidioid (a-sid'i-oid), a. [< Ascidium + -aid.] Of or resembling an ascidian : as, an ascidioid form. Huxley. Ascidioida (a-sid-i-oi'dii), n. pi. [NL., < Ascidia, Ascidium, + -oida.] 1. Same as Ascidia, Asco- zoa, or Tunicata, as a class or phylum of ani- mals. — 2. An order of Ascidia, conterminous with Acopa (which see). Also called Ascidiacea, ascidiology (a-sid-i-ol'o-ji), n. [< Ascidium + -"'";/.'/•] That department of zoology which tr.ats nl l In- ascidians or tunicates. ascidiozodid (a-sid"i-o-zo'oid), n. [< Ascidium + zoiiid.] One of tin- zooids or individual organisms which collectively constitute a com- pound ascidian or ascidiarium (which see). See cuts under cyathozooid and Voliolidce. In the compound or social Tunicata, many ascidiozodids, which are united bj a comi i test into an ascidiarium, are produced by gemmation from a solitary metamor- phosed larva. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 522. Ascidium (a-sid'i-urri >, n. [NL., < Or. aoniitov, dim. of aaKtic, a Leathern bag, a wine-skin: see ascus.] 1. [Also less prop. Ascidia."] A genus ..I tunicates, typical of tin- principal family of tin- class Ascidia, some of whose spi-i-ii's are known as sea-squirts: synonymous with I'lmi- lusia. — 2. [I. c. ; pi. ascidia (-jj).| In hoi.: i"> Any tubular, horn-shaped, or pitcher-like for- mation, arising usually from tin- union of the margins of a leaf or other organ, or from the di proporl ionate groti Hi of seme pari . i he as ■ id rdinarib known as a pitcher, a- in the pitcher planl land sidi addle flowera (Sarracenia), is , i ovi red bj a lid, ami contain a seen ted fluid in which Insects arc drowned and macerated. Thi aquatic sacs of species oi Utricularia are also ascidia. Seecut boo] > // 1 Same as ascus, 1. Ascidium of a Plant. Leaf of pitcher-pl ant A'/, '/.-.-, , with a winged petiole and terminating in an operculate pitcher. ( From Le Maout and Decaisne's " Traite gene- ral de Botanique.") dropsy of 334 asciferous (a-sif'e- l-nsi, a. [< NL. as cms, q. v.. + L. ferre = E. ftearL] Hav- ing asei. There is a parallelism between the fructifica- tion of lichens and the asciferous section of fungi. Encyc. Brit., xiv. 557. ascigerous (a-sij'e- rtis). a. [< NL. as- cus. q. v.. + L. ge- ii re, bear.] In hoi.. bearing asei, as li- chens and ascomy- cetous fungi. See ascus, and compare acrosporous. ascites (a-si'tez), n. [L., < Gr. aasirnc (sc. vdaoc, disease), a kind of dropsy, < L. Aesculapius, -Ksculapius, the tutelary god of medicine.] A large genus of North American herbs, natural order AscU pi- adacea; popularly known as milkweed or silk- weed. The plants are perennial herbs with milky juice, mostly upright with opposite or verticillate leaves, the flowers in umbels, and the seeds tufted with long silky hairs. Of the more than 70 species, nearly aO are found within the United States. The butterfly-weed or pleurisy- root. A. tuberosa, has diaphoretic and mild purgative prop- erties. The bastard ipecacuanha of the West Indies, A. rurusxairica, is a powerful emetic. .Some of the species afford an excellent fiber. ascocarp (as'ko-karp), n. [< Gr. ii^kiir, a bag (see ascus), + fcapiroj, fruit.] The developed fructification in Ascomycetcs, consisting of asei and ascophores. ascogenous (as-koj'e-nus), a. [< Gr. acme, a bag (see ascus), + -ytvfje, producing: see -ge- nous.] In hot., producing asei: applied to the hyphte upon which asei are developed in the ascomycetous fungi. ascogone (as'ko-gon), n. Same as ascogonium. ascogonium (as-ko-go'ni-um), u. ; pi. ascogonia (-a). [NL., < Gr. aasoc, a bag (see ascus), + -yuvoq, producing: see -gony.] The female or- gan in certain of the lower cryptogams, which after fertilization develops asei. Also called carpogowium and arChicarp. Ascomycetes (as"ko-mi-se'tez), ». pi. [NL., < Gr. aoKog, a bag (see ascus), + pviais, pi. uinafreg, a mushroom, akin to L. mucus: see mucus.] A family of fungi characterized by the formation of free spores within elongated cells (asei), often associated with alternation of generation. It includes a great variety of forms, such as the micro- scopic yeast-fungi or ferments, various mildews, ergot, the subterranean truffles, the morels, helvellas, etc., which represent the several orders Saccharomycetes, Perispori. acece, Pyrenomycetes, Tuberacece, and LHscomycetes. Most of the lichens are now also generally considered as he- longing to this family. See cut under ascus. ascomycetous (as"ko-mi-se'tus), a. [< Ascomy- cetes + -ous.] Of or pertaining to the Ascomy- cetes. Ascomyzon (as-ko-mi'zon), n. [NL., < Gr. . Plural of Asellus, 1. asellia (a-sel'id), n. An isopod of the family Asellidm. Asellidae (a-sol'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Asellus + -idai.] A family of isopodous crustaceans, of which the genus Asellus is the type. It also con- tains the genus Limiwria, of whicli the species L. tere- brans, the gribble, is destructive to submerged wood. Other genera are Io?ra and Manna. Its various forms inhabit both fresh and salt water. Asellota (as-e-16'tii), re. j)l. [NL., < Asellus + -ota.] A synonym of Asellidce. Asellus (a-sel'us), re. [L., dim. of asimis, an ass: see ass 1 .] 1. [PI. Aselli (-i).] A name given to each of the two stars y and & Cancri, lying east of the quadrangle of that constel- lation. — 2. [NL.] The typical genus of the family Asellidce. A. aquaticus, the water hog- louse, is a common form in fresh water. asemia (a-se'ini-ij), re. [NL., < Gr. hamiot;, hav- ing or giving no sign, < a- priv. + oij/ia, a sign.] In pat hoi., the loss of the power of forming or understanding any sign or symbol of thought, whether spoken, written, or acted. Also called asymbolia. asepsis (a-sep'sis), re. [NL., < Gr. ri- priv. + ai'i^iig, putrefaction.] Absence of living germs of disease, putrefaction, or fermentation. asepta (a-sep'ta), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. of aseptus, < Gr. do-c/irrof, not liable to decay: see aseptic] Things not liable to putrefy. aseptic (a-sep'tik), a. [< Gr. hnn-rtroc, not liable to decay, < a- priv. + oT,7rror, septic : see septic. ] Free from the living germs of disease, fermen- tation, or putrefaction. asepticity (as-ep-tis'i-ti), re. [< aseptic + -ity.] The character or quality of being aseptic. These are absence of damp soil, asepticity of tin- air, and dryness of the atmosphere. Med. News, XLVII. asepticize (a-sep'ti-siz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. asepticized, ppr. asepticizing. [< aseptic + -i:e.] To render free from living germs of disease, fermentation, or putrefaction. asexual (Si-sek'su-al), a. [< Gr. d- priv. (o- 18 ) + sexual.] 1. Not sexual; not sexed; having no sex, as a species or other group of animals which have no sexual system or organs. — 2. Neuter; being of neither sex, as some indi- viduals of species in which other individuals are male or female, or as some stages in the growth of individuals which later develop into male or female. — 3. Effected or produced by other than sexual processes; agamic; agamo- genetic : as, asexual reproduction. ash Little colonies of these parusiles, the Cuninnc, ultimately develop into medusa;. Here is an asexual multiplication, but no true alternation of generation. Science, \ II 264a. Asexual reproduction, any process of propagation that is unt effected by means of sexual organs, .i- in '"<'.. in many of the cryptogams, by cell-division, etc . and in pha- nerogams when propagation is carried on b Bho< i s, bulbs, etc. asexually (a-sek'su-al-i), adv. In an asexual manner; agamically; agamogenetically. For what are the phenomena "i igai genesis, stated generally? An impregnated eggdevelops into an asexual form, A; this gives rise asexually to a second form or forms, it. more or less differenl from A. B may multiply asexually again; in the simpler eases, however, ii not, but! acquiring sexual characters, produces impreg- nated eggs from whence A once more arises. Huxley, Lay Sermons, p. 311. Asgard (as'gard), n. [< Ieel. dsgardhr, < ass. a god, + ijardhr, an inclosure,= E. yard 2 : sec I . garth 1 , and yard".] In Aor.se myth., the abode of the twelve gods and twenty-six goddesses, and of heroes slain in battle, formed of the eye- brows of the giant Ymer. In the midst of Asgard were the plain of Ida (Tdavollr), where the gmls assem- bled in council, and Odin's throne (Hlidskjalf). The several gods and goddesses had their own dwellings, and Valhalla (Odin's hall). Gladsheim (the special ball of the gods), and Vingolf (that of the goddesses) were common meeting-places for them all. Asgard was connected with Midgard (the earth) by the bridge Bifrost. ash 1 (ash), n. and a. [< ME. asch, assh, esche, etc, < AS. a;sc = J). esc/( = OHG. asc, MUG. asch, m., G. esche, f., = Icel. askr = Dan. Sw. ask = OBulg. yasika = Lith. usis, the ash.] I. n. 1. In bot. : (a) The popular name of trees be- longing to the genus Fraxiuus (which see). The common ash of Europe, /•'. era Isior, is native through the greater part of Europe, northern Africa, and some parts of Asia. It is a handsome ornamental tree, and is exceed- ingly valuable for its timber, which is close-grained and remarkably tough and elastic. It was therefore in early times the chief material in the construction of bows and spears, and is now largely used wherever these qualities are needed. In its younger state the tree is called ground- ash, and a variety is well known in cultivation as weep- in- ash. The flowering ash, F. Ornus, is a small tree of southern Europe, sometimes cultivated for ornament. It yields a saccharine exudation, which forms the best known and most, important of the various kinds of manna. In the United States several species of the genus are com- monly known under the name, as the black ash, ground- ash, or hoop-ash, /''. sambucjfclia ; the blue ash. /■'. quad- ranyulata ; the green ash, F. viridis; the red ash, F. /m- bescens ; the water-ash, F. platycarpa ; and the white ash, F. Americana. The last is the most valuable, its wood closely resembles that of the European ash, and is used for similar purposes, (y) The name (with some adjunct) of various trees or shrubs of other gen- era, generally from some resemblance in foliage or qualities of the wood to the common ash. (See below.) (c) Also, in parts of England, the name of some herbaceous plants, chiefly umbelliferous, as the ground-ash, or ashweed, JEgopodium Podagraria and Angelica sylrestris, and the sweet ash, Anthriscus sylrestris. — 2. The wood of the ash-tree ; hence, something made of ash, as the shaft of a lance or spear. My grained ash a hundred times hath broke. Shak., Cor., iv. 5. Ash of Jerusalem, an old English name for woad or dyer's weed, Istitis tvnetoria and Reseda luteola. — Bitter ash, a West Indian name of the quassia-tree, Picrama cAcctsa. — Cape ash, the Wsebergia capensis, a large melia- icoiistreeof southern Africa, furnishing valuable timber. — Poison ash, the poison sumac, Rhus venenata— Prickly ash a name given to species of Xanthoxylum (A\ Amen- canum, A'. Clava-Herculili, the latter also called tea-ash).— Quaking ash, in Scotland, the aspen. — Red ash, of Aus- tralia, theAlphitonia excelsa, a tall ilia iceous tree with very hard wood. — Wild ash, an old English name for the mountain-ash.— YellOW ash, a leguminous tree of the United States, Cladrastis tinctoria. See yellow-wood. (See also hoop-ash, mountain-ash, wafer-ash) II. a. Pertaining to or like the ash ; made of ash. ash- (ash), re. [E. dial. pi. axen, Sc. as, ass, pi. asses; < ME. ash, ashe, asche, aische, esche, asse, aske, axe, pi. ashes, ascites, askes, axes, and with older term, ashen, aschen, asken, axen, < AS. asci .use, . axe, pi. asran, ascan, axon, f or pertaining to Ashantee. ash-barberry (ash 'bin- ber-i), «. A name given to pinnate-leafe.l species of barberry (Herberts) belonging to the section Mahonia. ash-bead (ash'bed l, ». In the manufacture of varnish, a, layer of ashes placed near the lire Over which the gum is melted. The pot. containing thi jum i- placed upon thi ashi - when the beat bei les ,,„, ... is ready for mixing. ash-bin (ash/bin), re. A receptacle for ashes anil other refuse, ash-cake (ash'kak), re. A cake baked on or in ash-candles (ash'kanMlzi. ». pi Ash-keys: an English name of the fruit of the l.uropean ash-tree, Fraxinm excelsior. ash-color (ash 'kul or), n. The color of ashes; a clear, neutral gray, ash-colored (ash'kuFord), o. Of the color of ashes; cinerous. ashen 1 (ash'en or ash'n), a. [< ME. *aschm, < AS. cescen (Bosworth). < K,< 'A-aia, Asia, the province so called, + apx'iv, rule, govern.] In the Roman prov- i, I Asia, one of the presidents of the pro- vineial games. The Asiarchs were chosen annually, and celebrated the games wholly or in part at their own expense. It was probably the policy of the Romans to encourage centralisation in the religious organisation of their prov- inces and the titles " Vr, ■hicreus of Asia and Asiarch were probably introduced by them into Asia Minor. C T. Newton, Art and ArchteoL, p. 165. Asiatic Asiatic (a-shi- ov a-zhi-at'ik), a. and n. [< L. Asiaticus, K 0-r. JioYaruoif, < 'Am«, L. Asia, Asia: sec Asian.] I. a. 1. Belonging to or character- istic of Asia or its inhabitants.— 2. Character- ized by Asianism.- Asiatic cholera. See cholera. — Asiatic pills, in med., pills of arseuious oxid and black pepper. II. n. A native or Asia. Asiaticism (a-shi- or a-zhi-at'i-sizm), n. [< Asi- atic + -ism.] Soniel bing characteristic of Asi- atics; specifically, Asiatic, as distinguished from European, modes of thought and life. [Bare.] The great straggle between Protestantism and Asiati- cism. New Eng. Jour, of Education, XX. 75. Asiaticization (;i-shi- or a-zh.i-at''i-si-za'shon), ii. [< AsiaMcize + -aUon.'] The act of render- ing Asiatic, or of permeating with Asiaticism. [Bare.] The Asiaticization of European life. J. P'iske, Amer. Pol. Ideas, p. 117. Asiaticize (a-shi- or a-zhi-at'i-siz), v. t.\ pret. ami pp. Asiaticized, ppr. Asiatieizing. [< Asi- atic 4- -ize.] To render Asiatic ; tinge or imbue with Asiatic ideas, customs, etc. [Rare.] The close of the seventeenth century, which marks the culmination of the Asiatieizing tendency in Europe, saw despotism, both political and religious, (irmly established in France, and Spain, ami Italy, and in half of Germany. J. Fiske, Amer. Pol. Ideas, p. 119. Asida (as'i-da), ». [NL.] The typical genus of beetles of the subfamily Asidince, containing numerous wingless species with ovate bodies, inhabiting desert regions of Europe and North America. aside (a-sid'), prep. phr. as adv. and prep. [< ME. aside, a side, on side, on syd (also with ad- verbial gen. suffix, asides, asidis, asydis): see on, a 3 , and side 1 .] I. adv. 1. On or to one side ; to or at a short distance ; apart ; away from some normal direction or position : as, to turn or stand aside ; to draw a curtain aside. Thou shalt set aside that which is full. 2 Ki. iv. 4. He took him aside from the multitude. Mark vii. 33. The flames were \Aowii aside. Dryden, Pal. and Arc, 1. 1639. 2. Apart or separately (from); in a state of withdrawal or exclusion (f rom) . [A use of aside for apart nearly or quite peculiar to the United States.] I give thee love as God gives light, Aside from merit or from prayer. R. T. Cooke, Poems, p. 76. That we agree with him [Emerson], or that he always agrees with himself, is aside from the question. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 197. 3. Out of one's thoughts, consideration, or re- gard ; away ; off : as, to lay aside one's animos- ity; to put one's cares aside. Without laying oxide that dauntless valour which had been the terror of every land from the Elbe to the Pyre- nees. Xacaulay, Hist. Eng., i. Books can only reveal us to ourselves, and as often as they do us this service, we lay them aside. Thoreau, Letters, p. 153. No man can put abstract notions more entirely aside than he. -V. .1. Rev., CXLII. 596. 4. So as not to be heard by some one present : chiefly a dramatic use. Thus, on the stage, to utter a speech aside, is to utter it in such a manner that it is as- sumed not to be heard by the other characters, or to be heard only by those for whom it is intended. O dear, madam, you are nut to say that to her face! — aside, ma'am, aside. — The whole scene is to be aside. Sheridan, The Critic, iii. 1. II. prep. By the side of ; beside. [Rare, ex- cept in old English and Scotch.] Here slake your thirst aside their liveliest rill. Landor. aside (a-sid'), n. [< aside, adr.] Something spoken and not heard, or supposed not to be heard, by some one or more present ; especially, a remark uttered by an actor on the stage, and assumed not to be heard by the other charac- ters on the stage, or to be heard only by those for whom it is intended. asiderite (a-sid' e-rit), n. [) A genus of such warblers. Bechstein, 1802. Asimina (a-sim'i-nS), n. [NL. (of. Canadian F. aeimine, the fruit; aeiminiir, the tree), < asimina, the northern Algonkin corruption of southern Illinois rassimina (pi.), the name of the fruit, prob., as Dr. Trumbull suggests, < rassa, a sleeve, + min, pi. mina, fruit; from its shape.] An anonaeeous genus of shrubs of the Atlantic and" Gulf States, including half a dozen species. Of these the most widely distributed is the common papaw, A. triloba, which becomes a small tree and bears a large edible fruit. The others are low shrubs, confined to the Gulf States. Some doubtful spe- cies are also credited to Mexico and the West Indies. asinaryt (as'i-na-ri), a. [< L. asinarius, < asi- nus, an ass: see'«s«L] Asinine. Bailey. asinegot (as-i-ne'go), n. [Also asinieo, Sp. as- nico, a little ass, dim. of Sp. Pg. asno, < L. asi- nus: see ass 1 .] 1. A little ass. — 2. A foolish fellow. Thou sodden-witted lord ! thou hast no more brain than I have in mine elbows ; an assinego may tutor thee. Shak., T. and C, ii. 1. Also spelled assinego. asinine (as'i-nin or -nin), a. [< L. asininns, < asinus, an ass: see ass 1 .] 1. Belonging to or characteristic of the ass. — 2. Having the quali- ties attributed to the ass ; stupid ; obstinate ; obtrusively silly; offensively awkward. This one act . . . proclaims his asinine nature. B. Jonson, The Devil is an Ass, i. 6. The gravest historians of the Netherlands often relieved their elephantine labors by the most asinine gambols. Motley, Dutch Republic, I. SS. asininity (as-i-nin'i-ti), n. [< asinine + -ity. Cf. ML. asinitas, stupidity.] The quality of being asinine ; obstinate stupidity. The elephant's discourse Will neutralize the stupid usiniititii. The Century, XXVII. 960. asinus (as'i-nus), n. [L., an ass : see ass 1 ."} In zodl. : («) Specifically, the ass. Eguus asinus. (b) [cap.] Generieally, a subgenus of Equus, including the asses, as the hemione, onager, quagga, zebra, etc. asio (a'si-6), n. [NL., < L. asio (in Pliny, with var. reading axio), a horned owl.] An old name of a horned owl. It was made a genus by Brisson, 1760, having as type the common long-eared owl of Europe, A. otus, and the name has been given with little discrimi- nation to sundry horned or eared owls. Now usually : (a) [cap.] A genus comprehending only -1. otus and its im- mediate relatives, as A. wilsonianus of North America, A. accipitrinus, the short-eared owl, etc. See cut under owl, (d) The specific name of the small red or gray owl of North America, Strix asio (Linnaeus), now Scops asio, Asiphonata (a-si-fo-na'ta), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. of asipltnnatiis: see asiphonate."] An order of acephalous lamellibranchiate mollusks, con- taining headless bivalves without respiratory tubes or siphons like those which in the Siphonata convey water from the gills, and having the lobes of the mantle free, .\b.st of the Asiphonata are fixed, the foot beipg small or want- in-, and many secrete a byssus. The order includes in general those bivalves best known and most useful and valuable to man. as oysters, pearl-oysters, scallops, mus- sels, unios, etc., and is now divided into about 12families. Synonymous with Atrachia. Also Asiphonux, Asiphoniata, Asiphonida. asiphonate (a-si'fo-nat), a. [< NL. asiphonatits, < Gr. a- priv. + aiuv, siphon : see a-l 8 and siphonate.] Not possessing a respiratory tube or siphon: opposed to siphonate; specifically, of or pertaining to the Asiphonata. H. A. Nicholson. Also asiphoniate and esiplionatc. ask Asiphonia (as-i-fo'ni-ii), n. pi. [NL.] Same as Asiphonata. Asiphoniata (as-i-fo-ni-a'ta), n. pi. [XL. | Same as Asiphonata. asiphoniate (as-i-fo'ni-at), a. Same as asipho- nate. Asiphonida (as-i-fon'i-dii), n. pi. [NL.] Same as Asiphonata, -asis. See 4asis. asitia (a-sish'i&), n. [NL.. < Gr. aairia, want of food or of appetite, < aaiToc, without food, < a- priv. + triroc, food.] Loss of appetite ; loath- ing of food. ask 1 (ask), c. [E. dial, also ax and ass (pret. ast) ; < ME. ashen, eshen, assibilated ashen, as- sen, eshen, essen, transposed axen. acsen, acsien, oxien, < AS. dsrian, often transposed liesian, dx- ian, dhsian, = OS. escort = OFries. dskia = D. risi-lii n = OHG. lisri'm, .Mill !. eischen. G. < isch ». heischen = Sw. asha = Dan. ceske, ask (ef. Icel. tsskja, wish: see wish), = OBulg. iskati = Bohem. jishati = Russ. iskati = Lith. jeshkoti = Lett, eshdt, seek; cf. Skt. i/ ish, seek, de- sire.] I. trans. 1. To request ; seek by words to obtain ; petition for : commonly with of, in the sense of from, before the person to whom the request is made. Ask counsel . . . o/God. Judges xviii. 5. 2. To demand, expect, or claim : with for: as, what price do you ask, or ask for it ? Ask me never so much dowry. Gen. xxxiv. 12. 3. To solicit from ; request of : with a personal object, and with or without for before the thing desired : as, I ask you a great favor ; to ask one for a drink of water. I came near, . . . and asked him the truth of all this. Dan. vii. 16. 4. To require as necessary or useful ; demand ; exact. The exigence of a state asks a much longer time to con- duct the design to maturity. Addison. To find the medium askx some share of wit. And therefore 'tis a mark fools never hit. Cowper, Conversation. 5. To interrogate or inquire of ; put a ques- tion to. He is of age, ask him. John ix. 21. 6. To inquire concerning ; seek to be informed about : as, to ash the way ; to ask a question. Here kennell'd in a brake she finds a hound, And asks the weary caitiff for his master. Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 914. 7. To invite : as, to ask guests to a wedding or entertainment To ask in church, to publish banns of marriage. [The verb ask is used in this phrase because the publication is really an inquiry whether any one can state any valid objection to the marriage. ] = Syn. 1 to 4. Ask, Request, Beg, Demand, Claim, Require, Solicit, Beseech, Entreat, Crave, Supplicate, Implore, Importune. Ask is the generic word in this list ; it implies neither that what is asked must be rendered, nor, on the other hand, that it would be a favor. Demand, claim, and require ask imperatively or authoritatively ; the others call for a favor with different degrees of urgency or humility. Beseech, solicit, entreat, importune, and sometimes beg, imply great urgency; crave, supplicate, and implore imply great urgen- cy and great dependence or humility. Request is a little more formal or carefully civil than ask: as, your atten- dance is requested. Beg is primarily to ask as a beggar; sometimes, by the hyperbole of social usage, to ask as a favor, real or professed : as, I beg jour pardon. Demand and claim more often refer to things ; require applies more often to action : as, he demanded his snare ; lie claimed the whole ; he required me to come ; he required some proof to bark my demand ami substantiate my claim. Solicit is urgent, but less so than tin words that follow it : as, he solicited my vote. Beseech is most applicable to the art of askingon theground of pure favor. Entreat implies continued appeal or representations of a moving kind. Crure is almost or quite abject ; like beg, it has been taken into polite forms of speech, and iii that use robbed of most of its force. Supplicate ami implore are, figuratively, modes of prayer, as to a superior being; they imply urgent or desperate appeal, perhaps in many words. To impor- tune is generally to beg in a persistent, wearying way, with urgency, but perhaps without especial dependence or humility. To ask and have, command and be obeyed. Marlowe, Tamburlaine, I. iv. 3. To-night we hold a solemn supper, sir. And 111 request your presence. Shak., Macbeth, iii. 1. These matters could not be thus carri'd withouta begg'd and borrow'd force from worldly authority. Milton, Church-Government, ii. 3. It is only when the reasonable ami the practicable are denied that men demand the unreasonable ami impracti cable. Lowell, Democracy. Since the knight Came not to us, of us to claim the prize, Ourselves will send it after. Tennyson, Lancelotand Elaine. The guards opened the doors, we were told that we could proceed no further, and were required to alight. Froude, Sketches, p. 41. The port . . . was crowded with those who hastened to solicit permission to share in the enterprise. Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 40. ask His eyes, his silence, did beseech For more and more and more of love. William Morris. Earthly Paradise, II. 114. Lest I should fear and fall, and miss Thee so, Who art not missed by any that entreat. Mrs. Browning, Comfort. Time, the avenger 1 unto thee I lift MY hands, and eves, and heart, and crave of thee a gtft. ' ' Byron. Childe Harold, iv. 130. We in vi- petitioned, we have remonstrated, wehavesup- pHcated ".- have prostrated ourselves hi lore tin- throne, and have implored its interposition to arrest the tyran nical hands ol the ministry and Parliament. Patrick Henry. Did they hear me, would they listen, did they pity me tup- BhaU I'h.'eil them in their anguish? shall I brook to be *„P,dicated> ' Implore your help in these pathetic strains r Pope, Imit. of Horace, IL i. 232. Importune him for my moneys ; he not ceas'd . With Blight denial. Shak.,1.ot A., n, 1. 6 and 6 4«fc, I mini re, Question, Interrogate. Ash is here also the generic word ; it is simple and informal. Inquire mav he used in the endeavor to be civil, or it may express a more minute examination into facts : as, to inquire (into, as to) the causes of discontent. To question in this sense implies the asking of a series of questions, it being sup- posed that the truth is hard to get at, through ignorance, reluctance, etc., in the person questioned. Interrogate is essentially the same as question, but more formal : as, to Question a child or servant about his conduct ; to interro- gate a witness, an applicant for office, etc. Questioning 'or interrogation might be resented where asking, asking a question, or inquiring would meet with a friendly re- sponse. If we encountered a man of rare intellect, we should ask him what books he read. . . Emerson, letters and Social Amis. I promis'd to inquire carefully About a schoolmaster for the fair Bianca. Shuk., T. of the S. l. 2. But since I heard him make reply Is many a weary hour ; 'T were well to question him, and try If yet he keeps the power. Tennyson, The Talking Oak. To question and [to] interrogate [are] to ask repeatedly, and in the latter case more authoritatively than in the f orm er. I - English Synonymes, p. 102. II. intrans. 1. To request or petition: with for before the thing requested : as, ask for bread. Your committee ask for candor and justice ; they do not ask for adhesion to any system. . Sumner, Prison Discipline. Explore the thought, explain the asking eye. Pope, Prol. to Satires, 1. 412. 2 To inquire or make inquiry ; put a question : often followed by after or about, formerly also t>7 of. Wherefore is it that thou dost ask after my name ? Gen. xxxn. 29. ask 2 (ask), n. [E. dial, also asker, ascar, askerd, askard, < ME. aske, spelled once arske, < AS. dtltrsc (found but once, in a gloss), appar. eontr. from •agithexe = OS. egithassa = OD. eggedtsse, egdis, later heghdisse, haeghdisse, now hagedis, haagdis (simulating D. haag = E. hay 2 , hedge) = OHG. cgidehsa, MHG. egedehse, G. eidechse, a newt ; appar. a compound, but of uncertain for- mation ; perhaps < AS. *agi, ege = OS. egi = OHG. cqi = Goth, agis, fear (see awe), + -thexe, Ollii.-dchstt, repr. n Tout.-/ ' Hulls, make, fash- ion (seen also in OHG. MHG. dahs, G. dachs, a badger, OHG. dehsala, MHG. dehsel, a hatchet, ax, in Gr. tUtuv, a carpenter, artisan, rdfov, a bow, etc.: see tectonic, architect, toxic), = Skt. V taksh, make, fashion ; the sense ' awe- or four-maker' suiting the popular dread of lizards mi. 1 ether reptiles.] A newt. [Prov. Eng. and Scotch.] aaka(as'ka), n. [Buss, asika.] A warm cap with a round top and without ear-pieces, worn by the Russian peasantry. askance 1 (a-skans'), adv. [First in early mod. E., also written asciinee, askn mice, ascaunce, askilllils, ilskininse, iisennee, il sein/ei . u scmee, in the earliest recorded form (Palsgrave, 1530) a scanche; with a later variant askant, q.v. Ori- gin uncertain. Cf. asquint, asklent, aslant, and ask* w, askile.] Sidewise; obliquely; out of I he corner of the eye; askant, Hut Kustnm ey'd askance the kneeling youth. .1/. Arnold, Sohrab and Eustum. So she, and turn'd askance i -- intrj eye. Tennyson, The Prim-ess 338 tain origin ; perhaps < OF. "as cances : as, < L. adillns, ti.tlu-: cances, pi. of cancc, unassibilated , 1 Icard) form of cluancc, > ME. clianci , channcc, E. chance. CI. perchance.'] I. adv. Perhaps. Ascaunce that craft is so lyght to lere? Chaucer, Yeoman's Tale, 1. S3S. II. conj. As if; as if (saying). And WTOOt the names ... .Uraii;,.-, [var. «s/fca«n ult. E. ode, q. v.), + ypatpeiv, write.] The art of composing songs. asmear (a-smer'), prep. phr. as adv. or o. [< re 4 + smear'.] Smeared over ; bedaubed. I came into Sinithtleld, and the shameful place, being all asmear with tilth, and fat, andblood.and foam seemed t" sti ,. u i,, rlu . Dickens, Great Expectations, xx. Asmonean, Asmonaean (as-mo-ne'an), a. and ■ii. [< LL. Asiimnieiis or Asmoneus, representing Hob. Khasmon.] I. «. Pertaining to Asmoneus or Asmonauis, a reputed ancestor of Matta- thias, the first of the Maeoahees and the father of Judas Maccabrous, who lived about 165 B. c. ; hence, pertaining to the Maccabees. See Mileenheilll. II. ». One of the family of Asmoneus; a Maccaboan. r . .. asoak (a-sok'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [< a- 5 + soal\] In or into a soaked or soaking con- dition ; thoroughly wet. asocial (a-so'shal), a. [< Gr. o- pnv. («-i») + sneial.] Unsocial ; antagonistic to society. As new morbid elements are formed in the disintegrat- ing processes of disease, the ravages of which thej there- upon accelerate : so new products of an asocial or antiso- cial kind are formed in the retrograde metamorphosis "f the human kind. Maudsleg, Body and V ill, p. 241. asomatous asomatoUS (a-so'ma-tus), a. [< Gr. anuuaToc, without a body, < a- priv. + auua(T-), body.] Without a material body: incorporeal. [Rare.] Asopia (a-so'pi-a), u. [NL. ; of. Asopus.] A genus of pyralid moths. A. farinaUs is the meal-moth. Asopinae ( as-o-pi'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Asopus + -hue.] A subfamily of heteropterous insects, typified by the genus Asopus. Also Asopina. Asopus (a-so'pus), k. [NL., appar. < L. Aso- pus, Gr. 'Aaairdg, name of several rivers and of it river-god.] A geuus of heteropterous in- sects, of the family Pentatomicke. asor (as'or), n. [Heb.] A ten-stringed musi- cal instrument of the Hebrews, played with a plectrum, and supposed to have borne some re- semblance to the nebel. s. K. Handbook Mus. Inst, p. 19. asp 1 (asp), [< ME. asp, aspe, cspe, < AS. Asp ( tfaja liaje). *c:sp, aspe, as/ie, cspe, transposed irps, = D.esp = OHG. as2>a, MHG. asju; G. espe = Icel. osp, asp, espi, aspen wood, = Dan. Sw. asp, asp ; origin unknown. The E. form aspen is prop, an adj. : see aspen.~] A European tree of the poplar fam- ily, Populus trenuda. In America a similar species, P. tremuloides, is known as the quaking asp, or aspen. The white poplar, P. alba, is also sometimes called the white a.sp. The form aspen is also common. asp- (asp), n. [In ME. as L., aspis; OF. aspe = Pr. aspic (> F. aspic, > E. aspic 1 , q. v.) = Sp. aspid, aspide = Pg. It. aspide, < L. aspis (as- }>id-), < Gr. ao-jn'c (do-7!Y(5-),an asp, Egyptian vi- per.] 1. Avery venomous ser- pent of Egypt, celebrated in connection with the story of Cleopatra's sui- cide. It is identi- fied with greatest probability with the horned viper, of the genus Cerastes, a snake about 15 inches long. The name has also been commonly applied to the Naja haje, a species attaining a length of 3 or 4 feet, related to and resembling the Indian cobra, Naja tripu- ilians. It is of a mottled green and brown color, with the skin of the neck dilatable, though less so than that of the true cobra. This serpent is of frequent oc- currence along the Nile, and is the sacred serpent of ancient Egypt, represented commonly in art as a part of the head- dress of kings and divinities, and often connected with their emblems, as a symbol of royal power. In archaeology it is usually known as the urceus. 2. The common viper or adder of Europe, a feebly poisonous serpent, for- merly named i'ipera com- munis, now Pelias berus, of the family Viperidm. See cut under adder. — 3. A name of sundry other poi- sonous serpents. Aspic and aspick are obsolete or poetic forms. Aspalacidae (as-pa-las'i-de), n. pi. Same as Spalacidw. Aspalacinae (as-pal-a-si'ne), n. id. Same as iSpalaciiue. aspalathus (as-pal'a-thus), n. [L., < Gr. aoxa- lador, a prickly shrub yielding a fragrant oil.] 1. An unknown aromatic thorny shrub men- tioned in the Apocrypha and by some of the old herbalists. I gave a sweet smell like cinnamon and aspalathus. Ecclus. xxiv. 15. 2. \cap.'\ The South African broom, a large genus of African plants, natural order Leguiui- nosce, with small heath-like leaves, and gener- ally with yellow flowers. Aspalax (as'pa-laks), n. Same as Spalax. asparagi (as-p'ar'a-ji). n. pi. [NL.. pi. of as- paragus.] In boi., scaly shoots from under ground, as in asparagus. Also called Unions. asparagic (as-pa-raj ik), a. [< asparagus + -»c] Same as aspartic. asparagin, asparagine (as-par'a-jin), n. [< as- paragus + -in 2 , -iKe 2 .] A crystallized sub- stance (C4H8N0O3) found in the juice of as- paragus, beets, and other vegetables, in the sprouts of cereals, and in leguminous seeds during germination. It is an amide of aspartic acid, Asp, as an Egyptian royal symbol.— Seti I., father of Kameses II. 339 and forms compounds with bath acids and bases. Some- times called althein or asparwmid, asparaginous (as-pa-raj 'i-nus), a. [< aspara- gus + -111- + -ous.] Belonging to asparagus; resembling asparagus; specilically, having ten- der edible shoots like those of asparagus: as, asparaginous plants. asparagus (as-par'a-gus), n. [< L. asparagus, < Gr. iin-dpayor, Attic aa It. sjiaragio,(ti\ rsperagr, > early mod. E. sperage, spa/rage, sperach. The ML. form sparagus was in E. altered by popular etymology into sparagrass and sparrow-grass (sometimes simply grass), which were until re- cently in good literary use.] 1. A plant of the genus Asparagus, especially A. officinalis, — 2. [cap.] A large genus of plants of the old world, natural order Liliacea: That which is cultivated in gardens, the common asparagus, or Asparagus ofte/nnN.,-, has a much-branched stem rising from thick and matted perennial root-stocks, and small greenish-yellow flowers. The narrow thread-like so-called leaves are in reality lnanelilcts grow lug in clusters in the axils of the true but scale-like leaves. The roots have a bitterish mucilaginous taste, and the stalk is in some degree aperient and deob- stiueiit, but not very efficacious. The part eaten is the turion, or young shoot covered with scales in place of leaves. The sprouts contain the crystalline substance called asparagm — French or Prussian asparagus, a name in some parts of England for the fleshy spike of Omithogdlum Pyr&M&cvm. asparagus-bean (as-par'a-gus-ben), n. See bean\ 1. asparagus-beetle (as-par'a-gus-be"tl), n. A name given to two species of leaf -beetles ( Crio- ciriila) of the genus Crioceris, C. asparagi (Linnreus) and C. duodedmpunctata (Linna;- us), which prey upon the asparagus-plant. Both species were f ^Y~? imported into the United States from Europe. Both the beetles and their laivie feed upon the asparagus - plant, but the damage is principally done by the lar- vae. C. asparagi is blackish beneath, the thorax being reddish above, and the elytra ornamented with yellowish spots of varying extent. C. rfitntirrintpiuictatn is nearly uniform]} reddish, the elytra having twelve small black spots. The larva? of the two species resemble each other closely ; they are nearly cylin- drical, tapering somewhat toward the head, shining, and of a dirty olive-green color. asparagus-stone (as - par ' a - gits - ston), n. A yellowish-green variety of the mineral apatite, occurring in Spain in small transparent crys- tals. asparamide (as-par'a-mid), n. [< aspar(agin) 4- amide*'] Same as asparagin. asparginic (as-par-jin'ik), a. [< aspar{a)gin + -/c] Same as aspartic. asparmate (as-par'mat), n. [< aspar(a)?n(ide) + -ah 1 .] Same as aspartate. aspartate (as-par'tat), n. [< aspart(ic) + -ate 1 .] Any salt of aspartic acid, aspartic (as-p&r'tik), a. [ld Benchers. 4. One of the ways in which a thing may be viewed or contemplated: as, to present an ob- ject or a subject in its true • imd.'i' w lihi, hj. pre sents itself here in the New World ; and, indeed, wher- ever a language is alive, it grows. Lowill, liitnnl, to Biglow Papers, 1st ser. 5. Practical bearing or reference. [Rare.] The aspect of atonement is obviously toward creatures, working effects on them, not on God. J. Gilbert, Christ. Atonement, p. 167. (X E. D.) 6. View commanded ; prospect ; outlook. This town has a good aspect toward the hill from whence we descended. Evelyn. [Now used in this sense mainly with reference to the points of the compass : as, a house has a southern aspect or ex- posure.] 7. In astro}., the relative positions of the plan- ets as they appear at any given time to an ob- server upon the earth; the combined look of the heavenly bodies from the earth. The aspects are nine in number : (1) semisextile, a difference of longi- tude of 30° ; (2) semisquare, of 45' ; (3) sextile, of 60° ; (4) quintile, of 72° ; (5) square or quartile, of 90' ; (6) trine, of 120"; (7) sesquiquadrate, of 135°; (8) biquintile, of 14 1 ; (9) opposition, of 180°. To these may be added conjunc- tion, which occurs when the planets have the same longi- tude. Good aspects are the semisextile, sextile, quintile, trine, and biquintile. Bad aspects are the semisquare, square, sesquiquadrate, and opposition. Mundane as- pects are such as are formed by the houses in horary as- trology and by the semiarcs of the planets in nativities. The glorious planet, Sol, . . . whose med'cinable eye Corrects the ill aspects of plaint- • \ il. Shak., T. and C, i. 3. We, that behold the sad er, rough (see asper 1 ), + -ous.] Rough to the touch ; un- even ; harsh ; severe. asperse (as-pers'), r. t.\ pret. and pp. aspersed, ppr. aspersing. [i i ■ L6 to 18 of oil ol turpentine.— Mexican as- phalt. Same as chapapote. asphalt (as-falf), v. t. [< asphalt, «.] To cover or treat with asphalt. asphalter (as-faVter), n. One who covers (as a path or a roof) with asphalt. asphaltic (as-fal'tik), a. [< asphalt + -ic.] Of the nature of or containing asphalt ; bitumi- nous. — Asphaltic cement or asphaltic mastic, same as asphalt, -J. asphalting (as-fal'ting), re. The process of covering or paving with asphalt. In Paris . . . asphalting is still extensively practiced in the more spacious thoroughfares. Farrow, Mil. Encyc, p. 112. asphaltite (as-fal'tit), a. [< L. Asphaltitcs, a term applied especially to the Deail Sea; < 341 The banks of asphodel that bonier the river of life. 0. H'. Holmes, Autocrat, iv. BOg-asphodel, the name of species of Xarthecium, ST. osnfrar/iim and ,V. Amerieanum.— False asphodel, the American name of plants of the genus Tojleldw. Scotch asphodel, Tofteldxa palustris. asphyctic (as-fik'tik), a. [< Gr. naebvuTor, with- out pulsation (see asphyxia), + -ir.] 1. Per- taining to asphyxia. — 2. Pulseless. asphyxia (as-tik'si-ii), n. [NL., < Gr. aa$v$ia, a stopping of the pulse, < aafvaroc, without pul- sation, < a- priv. + o-0ufe

/x"v, swim.] A genus of leather-back or soft-shelled turtles. .4. »■/<(- ni/er is a com- mon carnivorous voracious species of North Anier- Subangular Ground- beetle [Aspidoglossa aspic 2 (as'pik), n. [Early mod. E. aspicke, < Aspidophora F. aspic, in hulled 'aspic for huiledespic (so first (as-pi-dof'o in E., "oil of aspicke"); spic, lavender spike, orig. spikenard: see spike.] The great laven- der, Lavandula spica. See lavender. er "special purposes. The localities of Seyssel in aspic 3 (as'pik), re. [F. ; perhaps < aspic, an ■ '»"' v ?l de Travers in Switzerland are the most * , asp ; c l) w i t h allusion to its coolness, ant of this kind. At each ot these the asphalte con- i|'l-y «-r l ' «/i_ij there being a French proverbial saying, "Cold as an aspic" (Littre) ; or perhaps from the (sup- posed) custom of flavoring or seasoning this dish with spikes of lavender: see aspic 2 .] In cookery, a side dish consisting of a clear, savory meat-jelly containing fowl, game, fish, etc. Leather-back Turtle [Aspidonectes spini/er). crumbles to powder, in which condition it is compressed ag rjick' u. See aspiw-. in molds into blocks, or simply spread over the surface 1 .' -, /- ,- in molds into blocks, or simply spread over the surface „„„,-„„< -4.- /„„ _:i;>,-, 15t1 n Same as nsmfre- required to be covered, and packed or pressed by pestle or aspiCUlate (as-pik u-lat), a. Same as OSptCU- roller, when, after cooling, it assumes a condition closely resembling that of the original rock. See maltha, naph- tha, and petroleum. Also asphalt. aspheterism (as-fet'e-rizm), re. [< Gr. a- priv. + cnfieTepor, one's own, + -ism. Cf. Gr. ci\- Willie, marked with three distinct pale lines, relieved by coincident deeper shades. 2. A genus of coleopterous in- ■ ' , , . Aspila virescens. (Natural size.) aspinet (as pm or -pin), a. [Irreg. < asp 2 + -tree 1 .] Of or per- taining to an asp; snaky: as, "aspires venom," Quarles. aspirant (a-splr'ant or as'pi-rant), w. and a. [< F. aspirant, a candidate (prop, ppr.), F. aspirer), as- pire: sec aspire.] I. «. One who aspires: one who seeks advancement, elevation, or prefer- ence. Our young aspirant to the name and honours of an Eng- lish senator. Bp. Hurd. " Beauty and extraordinary goodness" were her dowry: and she was claimed by four separate aspirants. Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 196. II. a. 1. Aspiring; ambitious: as, "ouros- pirant souls," Airs. liraicning. — 2. Ascending; mounting up: as, aspirant ilarnes. [Rare in both uses.] aspirate tas'pi-rat), v.; pret. and pp. asjii- rated, ppr. aspirating.' [. a. Same as aspirate. aspiration (as-pi-ra'shon), ». [< L. aspira- tion a-), a breathing upon, aspiration of a sound, the aspirate letter h, < aspirare: see aspirate, v.] 1. The act of aspirating or breathing; a breath. Fanned with continued breezes, and ecntlc iispirntiiois of wind. Steele, Englishman, No. 26. 2. An aspirated sound; a phonetic breathing. The A, the pure aspiration, is an expulsion of flatus through the position "f the adjacent letter, whether vowel - Kowel, "i nasal. Whitney, Life and Growth of Lang., p. 67. 'lie- Latin grammarian Priscian, aboul 500 a. i> fcells us that ii i then expressed by/ was originally sig- nified t>3 p with at i aspiration (that is, by ph\ ./. Hadley, Essays, p. 172. 3. The act of aspiring nr a nbait l\ desiring; an ardent wish or desire, chiefly after what is ele- vated or spiritual. she . . . fei Inclination t" plea ore nor aspi- ration after virtue. .i"liu«. Rambler, No. 112. All Emerson's aspiration, were toward greatness of character, greatness ol wisdom, nobility of soul, /'(„ r. ntury, KX\ II B28. 4f. Aid; inspiration; countenance. To God's honour, . . . without the aspiration and help of whose « pecial grace no labours of man can profit. Sit '/' More, Works, p. ::.'>7 5. The act of removing a fluid, as pus or serum, from some cavity of the body, by means of a 342 hollow needle or trocar connected with a suc- tion-syringe. — 6. Suction; the act or process of drawing air through (by some method of ex- haustion), as opposed to the act or process of forcing it through — that is, to a blast. For cleaning grain there are other kindsof apparatus in which the principle of aspiration, or drawing currents of air through the grain, is now extensively employed. Encyc. Brit., IX. 344. = Syn. 3. Longing, yearning. aspirator (as'pi-ra-tor), n. [NL., < L. aspirare, breathe or blow upon : see aspirate and aspire. ] 1. An apparatus for creating a vacuum by the action of a moving fluid. A common form is thai ..f a simple vessel tilled with water and connected with the rrrrptaele In be drained of air, tin permitting the water to escape below, a partial vacuum is formed above it. 2. A surgical instrument, consisting of a hol- low needle, or trocar, connected with a suction- syringe, used in removing fluids from the cav- ities of the body. — 3. A form of winnowing- machino employing aspiration instead of a blast. See aspiration, 6. aspiratory fa-splr'a-to-ri), a. [< L. as if *as- piratorius, \ aspirare, breathe upon: see aspi- rate and -ory.] Pertaining to breathing ; suit- ed to the inhaling of air. aspire (a-spir'), v.; pret. and pp. aspired, ppr. aspiring'. [< late ME. aspire, < F. aspirer = Pr. Sp. Pg. aspirar = It. aspirare, < L. aspirare, ad- spirare, breathe or blow upon, desire to reach, < ad, to, + spirarc, breathe, blow : see spirit. Cf . conspire, expire, inspire, perspire, respire, suspire, transpire.] I.t trans. 1. To breathe to or into. To spreade his beames vpon vs, and aspire hys breth into vs. Sir T. More, Apol., xlix. (N. E. D.) 2. To breathe forth or exhale. Shenstone. Whose notes the air aspire Of th' old Egyptian or the Thracian lyre. B. Jonson, Golden Age Restored. 3. To breathe after ; seek with eagerness to at- tain to ; long or try to reach ; attempt. Who dare aspire this journey ? Donne, Poems, p. 184. 4. [See II., 2.] To mount or soar to; attain. That gallant spirit hath aspir'd the clouds. Shak., R. and J., iii. 1. Come, there was never any great thing yet Aspired, but by violence or fraud. B. Jonson, Catiline, iii. 3. II. intrans. 1. To be eagerly desirous; aim ambitiously, especially at something great or noble ; be ambitious : followed by an object with to or after, or by an infinitive : as, to aspire to a crown or after immortality. Aspiring to be gods, if angels fell, Aspiring to be angels, men rebel. Pope, Essay on Man, i. 127. He aspired to see His native Pisa queen and arbitress Of cities. Bryant, Knight's Epitaph. 2. [Partly influenced by association with spire.] To rise up as an exhalation, or as smoke or fire; hence, to mount or ascend; tower up or rise high. Whose flames aspire, As thoughts do blow them, higher and higher. Shak., M. W. of W., v. 6, song. aspiret (a-spir'), n. [< aspire, v.] Aspiration; ardent wish or desire. And mock the fondling for his mad aspire. Chapman. aspirementt ( a-spir 'ment), n. [< aspire + ■merit.] The act of aspiring; aspiration. By which aspirement she her wings displays. Ant. Brewer (7), Lingua, iii. S. aspirer (a-spir'er), n. One who aspires; an aspirant, aspiring (a-spir'ing), p. a. 1. Animated with an ardent' desire, as of power, importance, or excellence; ambitious; soaring: as, "aspiring nobles," Macaulay, Hist. Eng., i. Aspiring beggary is wretchedness itself. Sold tmith, V Lear, iii. Ere he filled with loves, hopes, longings, this aspirins heart of man. Lowell, Anti-Apis. 2. Rising; towering or soaring. To sore destruction dooms the aspiring wall. Pope, [Had, Mi 868 aspiringly (a-spir'ing-li), adv. In an aspiring manner; soaringly; ambitiously, aspiringness (a-spir'ing-nes), n. The stato of being aspiring; ambit iousness. [Rare.] aspis (tis 'pis), ii. [NL., < Gr. aanic, an asp, the Egyptian cobra: see asp".] 1. Same as asp" Oi aspic 1 . Also used as a generic term. — 2. [(<(/(.] A genus of coleopterous insects. Qer- mar.—3. [cap.] A genus of lepidopterous in- sects. Treitschhe, 1829. aspish (as'pish), a. [< asp 2 + -ish.] Of or pertaining to asps; snaky. N. E. D. asprino Aspisoma (as-pi-so'ma), ». [NL., irreg. < Gr. aowic, a shield, + cu/ia, body.] A genus of South American fireflies, of the family Tclcpho- ridce, belonging to the malaeodermatous divi- sion of pentamerous Coleoptera. A. liiuatum is the common firefly of the Amazon region. Asplanchna (as-plangk'n5), ». [NL., < Gr. aoxXayxvos, without bowels, < a- priv. + mrlayxva, bowels.] A genus of free KOtifera, having a rounded sac-like body, devoid of ap- pendages, and possessing neither anus nor intestine, whence the name. The genus is typi- cal of the family Asplanchnidos. asplanchnic (as-plangk'nik), a. [< Gr. ao-rr'Aayxvoi;, without bowels (see Asplanchna), + -ic.] Havingno intestine or alimentary canal ; anenterous. asplanchnid (as-plangk'nid), re. A rotifer of the family Asplanehnidcs. Asplanchnidae (as-plangk'ni-de), n. pi. [NL., < Asplanchna + -idee.] A family of rotifers hav- ing the trochal disk rounded, the wreath single and marginal, the trophi incudate, and no in- testine, anus, or foot. Asplanchna is the lead- ing genus. Asplenium (as-ple'ni-um), re. [NL., < Gr. aairH]- i(oi', also air'/t/i'iov, usually amr'Anvov (> L. asple- n ii in), spleenwort, supposed to be a cure for the spleen, < a- euphonic + cmM/v, spleen: see spleen.] A genus of ferns characterized by linear or oblong sori lying on the veins (which are free in most species) and obliquely to the costa, the involucre being conformable to the sorus and opening toward the costa when single. It is the largest genus of the order (Filices) excepting Polypodivm, and its species are found in all parts of the worla, wherever ferns grow. It includes very varied forms. Many of the species are evergreen, and some are cultivated for their beauty. Among the more common species, generally known as spleenwort, are the lady-fern (.4. Filix-fceiiiina), black maidenhair (.4. Trichoma n-s), distributed around the globe, wall -rue (.1. Ruta-muraria), and ebony spleenwort (^4. ebeneum). aspodilt, «• An obsolete and corrupt form of asphodel (Asphodelus ramosus). Also aspod- flou-er. Holme, 1688. asporous (a-spo'rus), a. [< Gr. a- priv. + 0--0- poc, seed: see spore.] Without spores ; not de- veloping spores. In the case of the simplest and most minute Schizomy- cetes (Micrococcus, etc.) no definite spores have been dis- covered : any one of the vegetative micrococci may com- mence a new series of cells by growth anil division. We may call these forms asporous, at any rate provisionally. Encyc. Brit.. XXI. 404. asport (as-porf), t\ C. [< L. asportare, carry away, < abs, away (see ab-), + portare, carry.] To carry away ; especially, to remove feloni- ously. A r . Ii. D. [Rare.] asportation (as-por-ta'shon), n. [< L. asporta- timit-), a carrying away, < asportare, pp. aspor- tatus: see asport.] 1. A carrying away or off. [Rare.] Aubrey, whose " Miscellanies " were published in 1G96, had no doubts whatever as to the physical asportation of the witch. Lowell, Among my Hooks, 1st ser., p. 115. 2. In criminal law, the felonious removal of goods from the place where they were depos- ited. It may be theft, though the goods be not carried from the house or apartment. aspret, "■ A Middle English form of asper 1 . Aspredinse (as-pre-di'ne), n. pi. [NL, < As- jnedo + -ina\] Same as Aspredinina or As- prcdinida: Swainson, 1839. aspredinid (as-pred'i-nid), H. A fish of the family Aspredinidat. Aspre'dinidae (as-pre-din'i-de), re. pi. [NL., < Aspredo (-din-) + -idee.] A family of nematog- nathous fishes, exemplified by the genus As- predo, containing a few fresh-water catfishes of South America. They have no operculum, no adi- pose tin, no Bpine in the dorsal fin, reduced gill-openings, small eyes and mouth, and 6 to s barbels. The skin is either smooth or tuberculous. Aspredinina (as'pre-di-ni'nii), h. pi. [NL., < Aspredo (-din-) + -ina.] In Gfiintner's classifi- cation of fishes, a group of Siluridee prote- ropodes, with the anterior and posterior nostrils remote from each other, the lower lip not re- verted, and (lie huiiierocubital process much .Ii velopeil and prolong) '1 : sj uonj mous « Lth the family Aspredinidee. Aspredo -(as-pre'do), n. [NL., < L. aspredo, roughness. < asper, rough: see aspir 1 .] A genus of nematognathous fishes, typical of the family Aspreilinida: aspreiyt, adv. Seo asperly. asprenesst, "• See asperness. asprino tas-pre'no), ». [It., prop. dim. of as- pro, sour, sharp, < L. asper: see asper 1 .] A asprino white wine made in the neighborhood of Rome. The best-known quality is sparkling, aspyt, ''■ and ». A Middle English form of espy. asquat (a-skwof), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [< (|3 + squat.] In or into a squatting posture. Sitting asquat between my mother ami sister. Richardson. asquint (a-skwinf), prep. j>hr. as adv. or a. [< ME. asquint, a squyntc, appar. < . schuinte, slope, slant) ; but squint is not found in ME., the mod. form squint, adv. and a., hav- ing come by apheresis from asquin t : see squint.'] 1. To or out at the corner or angle of the eye ; obliquely; toward one side ; not in the straight line of vision ; askance ; f urtively. Who look asquint or shut their eyes. Swift. Edifices, . . . with all their costliness, looking some- what asquint on the visitor, as if questioning his right to enter them. Atcott, Tablets, p. 70. 2. In the condition of squinting; oblique. The eye is muddy and sometimes asquint. Emerson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 126. (X. E. D.) asquirm (a-skwerm'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [< a 3 + squirm.'] On the squirm; squirming. Howells. ass 1 (as), ». [< ME. as, ass, asse, < AS. assa, m. (fern, assen, not *asse), an isolated form, perhaps adapted from ONorth. assald, asald, asat (whieh is from the Celtic), the earlier form, of the com- mou Teut. type, being esol, esul = OS. esil = D. ezel (> E. easel, q. v.) = OHG. esil, MHG. G. esel (> Dan. esel, cesel) = Goth, asilus (ef. Ir. and Gael, asal = Manx assyl, and OBulg. osilii = Bohem. osel = Pol. osiel, osiol (barred () = Russ. oselu = Lith. asihis = OPruss. asilis), prob. the same, with variant termination, as Icel. asni, in., asna, fern., = Sw. dsna = Dan. asen (cf. W. asyn = Corn, asen = Bret, asen); all appar. (the Slav, and Lith. forms through Teut.) < L. asi- nus (> It. asino = Sp. Pg. asno = Pr. asne = OF. asne, F. dne) = Gr. dvoc (orig. *6nvoc1), an ass; perhaps ult. of Semitic origin; cf. Heb. dthon, a she-ass. Cf. G. asset, esp. in comp. keller-assel (also keller-esel), a wood-louse, so named from its color, < L. aselliis, a little ass, dim. of asinus; cf. Gr. 6i»or, a wood-louse.] 1. A solidungulate quadruped of the family Equidce, the Equus asi- nus. This animal has long ears, a short mane, and a tail covered with long hairs at the end. It is usually ash-col- ored, with a black cross over the shoulders, formed by a longitudinal and a transverse dark streak. The tame or domestic ass is patient, and carries a heavy burden. It is slow, but very sure-footed, and for this reason very useful on rough, steep, and hilly ground. The ass is supposed to be a native of central Asia (by Darwin and others, of Abyssinia), where vast troops roam over the great deserts in a wild state. The wild ass is a fine fleet animal, and is accounted the noblest game in Persia, where its flesh is prized as venison is with us. The domesticated ass has become the type of obstinacy and stupidity. See jackass. 2. Any wild species of the subgenus Asinus, as the dziggetai or hemione, onager, etc. — 3. A dull, heavy, stupid fellow; a dolt; a fool; a blockhead. If this he not a fit of some violent affection. I am an ass in understanding. Ford, Love's Sacrifice, ii. 2. 4. A post in the bridge of a pulp-vat on whieh the mold is placed to drain — Asses' bridge (pons asinorum), a name humorously given to the fifth propo- sition of the first book of Euclid's Elements of Geome- try. See pons asinorum. — Feast of asses. See feast. — The Two Asses, the stars v and 6 of the constellation Cancer, on either side of the nebula Prajsepe. See Asellus. N. E. D. ass'- (iis), n. [Scotch form of ash 2 .] Ashes. ass a (as), n. A unit of weight in use in differ- ent parts of Germany until the adoption of the metric system. It was equal to 5 centigrams, or three quarters of a grain troy. assacu (as'a-ko), n. [Braz.] A euphorbiaeeous tree of South America. Hura crepitans, the bark and sap of which contain a very acrid poisonous principle. Applied to the skin the milky sap produces a pustular eruption ; the natives prepare from it a poison- ous drink, also used as an anthelmintic. The seeds are most violently purgative. A decoction of the bark is used as a remedy for elephantiasis, and the pounded leaves are used for rheumatism. assafetida, n. See asafetida. assagai (as'a-gi), n. [Also written assegai, as- sagay, assegay, and formerly assagaie, azagaia (also zagaye, zagaie, < F. zagaie), and early mod. E. archegaye (< F. arcliegaie. archiijaie, arcigaye r, < F. azegaye, azagaye, < Pg. azagaia, Sp. aza- gaya (Sp. formerly also without the art., zaijaya, > It. zagaglia, V. zagaie, above), < Ar. az-zaghd- yali,i al, the, + zaghdyali, a spear: a native Berber word. Cf. lancegay.] A slender spear or lance of hard wood, usually having an iron head : now most commonly applied to the throw- ing-spear or javeliu used in battle by the na- 343 tives of South Africa, especially the Zulus and Kafirs. Also spelled assegai. assagai (as'a-gi), v. t. [< assagai, n.] To strike or kill with an assagai. Also spelled assegai. I pon a signal the Zulus rushed upon their unarmed guests, and asaagaUd them to the last man. Westminster Rev., CXXVX 173. assagai-wood (as'a-gi-wud), n. The wood of a cornaceous tree of southern Africa, Curtisia faginea, of which the Zulus make their spears. assai 1 (as-sii'i), adv. [It., very, much, enough, < ML. ad satis: L. ad, to; satis, enough. See asseth, assets.] In music, very: as, allegro assai, very quick; adagio assai, very slow. assai 2 (a-si), n. [Braz.] A native name in Brazil of several species of palms of the genus Euterpe (which see). The astai-rani (that is, false euterpe) is the Oeonoma Camana. Assai-i is a drink pre- pared from the tints of E. oleracea. assail (a-sal'), i>. t. [< ME. assailen, asailen (later often by apheresis suite), < OF. asaiUir, asalir, later assailUr='Pi: ami in-, assalhir =lt. as- sulire, < ML. assalire, adsalirr, assail, for L. as- silire, adsilire, leap upon, < ad, to,+ satire, leap, jump, rush forth: see salient. Cf. assault.] 1. To fall upon with violence ; assault; attack. With greedy force he gan the fort f assail. Spenser. The covert of some enclosed ground in the rear enabled a party to steal round and assait them unexpectedly in Hank. R. II'. Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., III. 74. 2. To attack with reasoning, arguments, cen- sure, abuse, criticism, appeals, entreaties, or anything that bears upon the mind or feelings: as, to assail an obnoxious person with jeers. The prince next assailed the baron upon the subject of settling. his estate on his daughter. Scott. The really efficient weapons with which the philosophers assailed the evangelical faith were borrowed from the evangelical morality. ifacaulay, Von Eanke. The metaphysical doctrine assailed by Hume tended, when carried to its logical extreme, to identify reality with reason. Leslie Stephen, Eng. Thought, i. § 64. 3. To fall upon ; bring something to bear upon or against ; come in contact with : as, the ship was assailed by a severe storm. Sit down awhile, And let us once again assail your ears. Shak., Hamlet, i. 1. When trouble did thee sore assail, On me then didst thou call. Milton, Ps. lxxxi. = Syn. 1. Attack, Set upon, Fall upon, Assail, Assault. Attack, literally to fasten to, is the most general of these words. Set upon and fall upon have the vigor of short and familiar words, and they express a sudden, energetic attack. Assail ami assault, literally to leap or spring at, are to attack vehemently and perhaps suddenly. Assault is the stronger of the two, and is especially used of at- tacks with personal violence, as with fists, stones, etc. All five of these words may be extended to warfare, and to contests and struggles of any kind. This king's [Menephtah's] first experience in war was against an army of wider nationality than had ever before attacked Egypt. H. S. Osborn, Ancient Egypt, p. 74. He look'd, and more amazed Than if seven men had set upon him, saw The maiden standing in the dewy light. Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine. My lord is weary with the fight before, And they will fall upon him unawares. Tennyson, Geraint. The indignation which arms itself with secret forces does not awaken until we are pricked and stung and sorely assailed. Emerson, Compensation. Then they assaidted one of the gates, which they burned: but only to find that the defenders had raised a more formidable barrier behind it. R. W. Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., III. 64. assailable (a-sa'bx-bl), a. [< assail + -able.] Capable of being assailed, attacked, or invaded. He lived among a generation of sinners, whose con. sciences were not assailable by .smooth circumlocutions, and whose vices required the scourge and the hot iron. Whipple, Ess. and Rev., II. S6. assailant (a-sa'lant), a. and n. [< F. assaillant, ppr. of assdiUir: see assail 'aud -ant 1 .] 1, a. 1. Assaulting; attacking; invading with violence. Milton. — 2. In her., same as salient. II. n. One who assails, attacks, or assaults. The wise man throws himself on the side of his assail- ants. It is more his interest than it is theirs to find his weak point. Emerson, Compensation. assailer (a-sa'ler), n. [< ME. assailour, assail- your, < OF. assailleor, < assaiUir: see assail.] One who assails. assailment (a-sal'ment), «. [< assail 4- -ment.] An assault; an attack. [Rare.] His most frequent assailment was the headache. Johnson, Pope. assai-palm (a-si'pam). n. Same as assai 2 . assamar (as'a-inar), «. [< L. assus, roasted, + amarus, bitter.] A bitter substanee produced by roasting in the air such substances as sugar, assassinate meat, bread, grain, etc., until they turn brown. Huron ran 1,'t niii nlairh. Assamese (as-a-meV or -mez'), ". and n. [< Assam + -ese.] I. a. Pertaining to Assam or its inhabitants. II. n. sing, and pi. A native or the natives 1. 1' Assam, an eastern province of British India adjoining Burma and Tibet, assapant, assapanict (as-a-pan', -ik), n. [N. Amer. Ind.] The native name of the American flying-squirrel, Sciuropterus volucella. Also as- soj'iiuiel;, assaphan. assart (a-sart ), v. t. [< AF. assarter, OF. es- sarter, < ML. exartare, exsartare (freq. of *ex- sarire), grub up, < ex, out, + sartare for 'sari- tare, freq. of L. sarin, sarrire, pp. sarritus, hoe, weed, grub.] In Eng. Ian-, to grub up (trees and bushes) ; clear (wood-land). assart (a-sart/), n. [Now also essart; < AF. assart, OF. essart (> law L. assarta, assart us, essartum), < ML. exartum, prop. neut. of *exar- tus, pp. of 'exaiire. "exsarin : see assart, v.] In Eiuj. law : (a) The act of grubbing up trees and bushes in a forest. This act, as destroying thii kets and coverts, was in some circumstances forbidden by law. (6) A tree grubbed up by the roots, (c) A piece of land cleared, as by grabbing. In those districts, and in many others in the neighbour- hood, the copyhold lands which have been reclaimed from the forest-waste are known as "asffart-lands." C. Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. l'.i-'. assaryt, »• [< Gr. aaodpiov.] The Roman cop- per coin called as. assassin (a-sas'in), h. [< F. assassin = Pr. as- sassin = Up. asesino = Pg. It. assassino, < ML. assassinus, prop, one of the Jssassini, Assasini, Assessini, Ascisini (also Asasi, Maussasi : cf. OF. Assacis, Hassasis, MGr. Xacicaoi, pi., from the Ar. sing.), < Ar. Hashshdshin and Hashishiyyin, the order or sect of the Assassins, lit. hashish- eaters (so called because the agents selected to do murder were first intoxicated with hash- ish), pi. of hashshdsh and hashisliiyy, hashish- eater^ liashish, hashish: see hashish.] 1. ['«/».] One of the Assassins, a military and religious order in Syria, founded in Persia by Hassan ben Sabbah about the year 1090. a colony migrated from Persia to Syria, settled in various places, with their chief seat on the in.iun tains nf Lebanon, and became remarkable for their secret murders in blind obedience to the will of their chief. Their religion was a compound of Magianism, Judaism, Christianity, and Mohammedanism. One article of their creed was that the Holy Spirit resided in their chief and that his orders proceeded from God himself. The chief of the sect is best known by the denomination old man of the mountain (Arabic sheikh al-jebal, chief of the mountains). These barbarous chieftains and their fol- lowers spread terror among nations far and near for al- most two centuries. In the time of the crusades they mustered to the number of 50,000, and presented a formi- dable obstacle to the arms of the Christians. They were eventually subdued by the sultan Bibars about \-7-\ 2. One who undertakes, for a reward previous- ly agreed on, to put another person to death by surprise or secret assault ; hence, one who kills, or attempts to kill, by treacherous vio- lence ; a murderer. — 3f. [With allusion to its 'killing' effect.] A breast-knot, or similar deco- ration worn in front. Ladies' Diet., London, 1694. assassint (a-sas'in), v. t. [. Jonson, Epicoane, ii. 1 2. An assassin. him for I the assassin i Dryden assassination (a-sas-i-na'shgn), «. [< assassi- nate + -Kin.] The art of assassinating; the act, especially of a hired emissary, of kil li n g or murdering by surprise or secret assault; mur- der by treaeherons violence. assassinative (a-sas'i-na-tiv), a. [< assassinate + -/('<.] Inclined to assassinate. CartyU. assassinator (a-sas'i-na-tor). ii. 1. An assas- sin. — 2. In caiimi lau:. one who hires another to kill a third person by surprise or secret as- sault. He loses the right of sanctuary and all othei ■ clesiastical immunity, and is subjected t<> excommunica- tion, and, by the letter of the law, to confiscation oi g Is or even to deprivation of personal rights, including that of security of life : these penalties could be imposed even uli, ii the attempted assassination fell short of its effect. The law was first made against those employing infidels to murder Christians, but almost immediately and a fortiori extended to Christians as against any person, whether Christian or not, who was allowed to live in the state. The peculiar malice of the crime was placed in its being secret murder for hire. Technically it was unknown to the civil law. assassinoust (a-sas'i-nus), a. [< assassin + -ous.] Murderous; treacherous. To smother them in the basest and most assassinous manner. MUton, On Ormond's Letter, 561 (Ord Ms,). assationt (a-sa'shon), n. [< F. assation, < ML. 'assatio(n-), < LL. assare, roast, < L. assus, roast- ed, perhaps for arsm, pp. of ardere, burn, be on fire.] A roasting. Assation is a concoction of the inward moisture by heat. Burton, Anat. of Mel. assault (a-salf), n. [The I has been restored, as in fault, vault, etc.; < ME. assaut, asaut, asautc (also by apheresis saut, later sault), OF. assaut, assalt, usalt, F. assaut = Pr. assaut = Sp. asalto = Pg. It. assalto, < ML. assaltus, as- sault, attack, < assalire, assail: see assail."] 1. An attack or violent onset with physical means ; an onslaught; especially, a sudden and vigor- ous attack on a fortified post. Able to resist s;it;in - ussuults, ami quench his fiery darts, ilillun. P. L., xii. 492. In military art . . . more is oftentimes effected by regu- lar approaches than by an open assault. Washington, in Bancroft's Hist. Const., I. 454. Specifically — 2. In lain, an unlawful attack upon the person of another ; an attempt or offer to do violence to another, coupled with present ability to effect it, but irrespective of whether the person is touched or not, as by lifting the fist or a cane in a threatening manner. If the person is struck, the art is called assault and battery. In Scotland this distinction is not regarded. Assaults are vari msly punished. 3. An attack with other than physical force, as by means of legislative measures, by argu- ments, invective, appeals, etc. : as, an assault upon the constitution of government; an as- sault upon one's reputation. I would have thought her spirit had been invincible against all assaults of affection. Shak., Much Ado, ii. 3. Assault of "■• at arms, the attack made upon each other by the opposite parties in fencing or in military exercises. = Syn. Cluirye, Onslauyht, etc. See onset. assault (a-salf), v. t. [< late ME. assautc, asauti (arid by a phoresis saute, later sault),< OF. asaulrr. later assaulter = Sp. asaltar = Pg. as- saltar = It. assaltare, < ML. assaltare, < L. ail, to, upon, + saltare, leap: see the noun.] 1. To attack by physical means; fall upon with vio- lence or with a hostile intention: as, to assault a man, a house, a town. I k in upon mi- then, and speak with me, i ii , naked as I am, t *\ ill " ault thei slaik., Othello, v. 2. 344 assemblation Specifically — 3. An officer of the mint, whose duty is to test bullion and coin. assay -furnace (a-sa'fer*nas), «. A simple form of furnace and muffle for heating metals in eupels. assaying (a-sa'ing), n. The act or art of test- ing tals, ores, or alloys in order to ascertain the quantity of gold or silver or any other metal present in them. There are two modes of as- saying, one of which is sometime [iloyed to corroborate the other. The one is called the humid or wet proi ess, in which the solution of the metals is effected by means of acids, after which those sought for are precipitated by proper reagents. The other is called th, dry process, and is performed by the agency of lire. The first i- generaUJ employed for the purpose of estimating the quantity of gold or silver in an alloy, and the second is chiefly applied to ores. Tests are also made by comparison of specific grav- ities, and by the color of the streak or trace made bj ml bing the ore upon a rough surface. In Great l'-ntai article of silver or gold plate is assayed at Cold previously to being sold, in order to detern richness of the metal of which it is made. assaultant (a-sal'tant), a. [< OF. assaultant ppr. of assaulter : see assault, and of. assailant] Same ,-is assailant, 1. assaulter (a-sal'ter), n. One who assaults or violently attacks; an assailant. assautt, »■ Older spelling of assault. assay (a-sa'), n. [< ME. assay, assai, asaye, asaie (and by apheresis say), < < \F.assai, assay = Pr. assai, assag=Ca.t. assatg=Sip. asayo=It. as- saggio, saggio ; also, with variation of the same prefix, t >i\ essai (> E. essay, q. v. | = Pr. " "„ metals or metallic substances, as ores and al- £.„ Symphytum officinale. loys; any operation or experiment for ascer- ass ectationt (as-ek-ta'shon), n taining the quantity of a precious metal in an ore or a mineral, or in coin or bullion. See as- saying. — 5. The substance to be assayed. Ure. — 6. In law, an examination of weights and mea- sures by the standard. Cowell.—7. Formerly, the act or custom of tasting the food or drink in- tended for another, as a king, before presenting it. — 8f. Value; ascertained purity : as, "stones of rich assay," Spenser, F. Q., IV. x. 15 — Annual assay, an annual official trial of gold and silver coin to ascertain whether the standard of fineness and weight of coinage is maintained.— At all assayst. («) At every trial or in every juncture ; always, (b) At all hazards ; ready for every event.— Cup Of assay, the small cup with which the assay of wine, etc., was made. (See 7.)— Put it in assayt, make the trial or experiment. = Syn. 4. Assay, Analysis. Assay is the analysis of metals, and is thus a word of narrower signification than analysis (which see). assay (a-sa'), v. [< ME. assayen, asayen, asaien (later also by apheresis sayc, say), < OF. assayer, asaier = Pr. assaiar, assatjar = Sp. asayar = It. assaggiare; also, with variation of the same prefix, OF. essayer (> E. essay, q. v.) = Pr. essaiar, ensaiar = Cat. ensajar = Sp. ensayar = Pg. ensaiar; from the noun.] I. trans. 1. To examine by trial ; put to test or trial ; try the effect or merit of : as, to assay armor. [Obso- lete or poetical.] Soft words to his fierce passion she assay'd. Milton, P. L., x. 865. Specifically — 2. In law, to attempt or offer to do violence to another, with present ability t" accomplish it. See assault, n.,2. — 3. Toattack with other than physical force; assail with argu- ments, complaints, hostile words, etc. Ih, cries of babes new-born . . . Assault his ears. Di yd «. =Syn. Attack, Set upon, etc til) bostorm. See attack, assaultable (a-sal'ta-bl), a. [Early mod. E. a£ j sa y e 5 assautable; < "assault ■ + -able.'] Capable of be- ing assaulted. The 28th day of October the walls n low, and (be town assaultable. Ball, Benry VIII., an. 15. Is the breach made assaultabU Hassinger, Maid of Honour, ii. 3. Here, too, our shepherd-pipes we first assay'd. M. Arnold, Thyrsis. Specifically —2. To make trial of or analyze, as an ore or metallic compound, with the view of determining the proportion of a particular metal present in it. — 3. To attempt; endeavor; essay : often with an infinitive as object. The first part I have told you in the three sermons past, in which I have assayed to set forth my plough, to prove what I could do. Latimer, Sermon of the Plough. She hath assay'd as much as may be proved, Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. COS. [Hen. VIII.] effected no more than what his own prede- cessors desired and assayed ill ages past. SirT. Browne, Religio Medici, i. 5. [In this sense essay is now commonly used.] 4f. To endeavor to influence. Implore her in my voice, that she make friends To the strict deputy ; bid herself assay him, Shak., M. for St., i. 3. To affect ; move. When the hart is ill assayde. Spenser, Shep. Cal., August. II. intrans. To make an attempt or endeavor; try. [Now more commonly essay.] assayable (a-sa'a-bl), a. [< assay + -able.] Capable of b'eing'assayed or tested. assay-balance (a-sa'baFans), n. A very ac- curate balance used by assayers. (a-sa'er), n. [< ME. OSSayer, assaiar, assaiour, ( AF. assaior, assaiour: see assay and -< /■'. ] If. One who tries, tests, or attempts. — 2. One who assays metals; one who examines metallic ores or alloys for the purpose of de- termining the quantity of any particular metal, particularly of gold or silver, present in them. 5t. ■ach nths Hall the exact Sec hull. mark. assay-master (a-sa' mas "ter), ii. 1. An as- sayer ; a chief officer appointed to try the weight and fineness of the precious metals. — 2. An officer appointed, in the provincial period in Massachusetts, to test the quality of potash and pearlash intended for export, or the composition of the worms and still-heads used in distilling. asseH, "• Obsolete spelling of ass 1 . asse- (as), n. A name of the caama, a small African fox, Vulpes caama. assealt, v. t. [< ME. asselen, aselen, var. of cn- teli a : see enseal.'] Same as enseal. An old name for the com- [< L. assecta- lia(n-), attendance, < assectari, pp. assectatus, attend upon, < ad, to, + secturi, follow, attend, freq. of sequi, follow: see sequent.] Attendance or waiting upon; a following. Blount; Bailey. assecurancet (as-e-kur'ans), n. [< ML. asse- ciiraiitia, assurance, < assecurare, assure: see assecure.] Assurance. Those assecurances which they give in the Popish Church. Sheldon, Miracles, p. 320. assecurationt (as*e-ku-ra'shpn), n. [< ML. assecuratiu(n-), < assecurare, pp. assecuratus, as- sure : see assecure.] Assurance ; a making se- cure or sure. How far then reaches this assecuratiun / so far as to ex- clude all fears, all doubting? Bp. Hall, Sermons, xliii. assecuret (as-e-kur'), v. t. [< ML. assecurare, assure, < L. ad, to, + secitrits, secure, sure. 1 lonlilel , assure, q. v.] To make secure ; make sure or certain. Sin is not helped but by being assecured of pardon. Hooker, Eccles. Pol., vi. 6. assecutiont (as-e-ku'shon), n. [< L. as if "asse- eutio{ii-), < assecutus, pp. of assequi, follow up, reach, obtain, < ad, to, + sequi, follow: see se- quent.] An obtaining or acquiring. His first [benefice] . . . is immediately void by his asse- eutiou of a second. Ayliffe, Parergon, p. 115. assegai, «. and v. See assagai. asseget, r- and n. See assiege. asseizet, ''• '• To seize. Marlowe. [Rare.] asself (a-self'), v. t. [< as- 1 + self.] 1. To take to one's self; appropriate; adopt. — 2. To as- similate: as, to asself aliment. [Rare in both uses.] assemblage (a-sem'blaj), n. [< F. assemblage, < assembler, assemble: see assemble 1 and -age.] 1. The act of assembling or the state of being assembled; association. In sweet assemblage every blooming grace. Fenton. 2. A collection of individuals or of particular things : as, an asst mblage of noted men : an as- semblage of various materials. — 3. The act of fitting together, as parts of a machine; in carp. and joinery, a union of parts or pieces by fram- ing, dovetailing, etc. See assembling. 1 1 \tcrior plank [i. e., planking] of our large wooden war ships was divided into a number of distinct assem- blages, each having a special designation. ThearU, Naval Arch., § 212. assemblance^ (a-sem'blans), ». [ E. sent, now spelled improp. scent: see scent and sense, and cf. consent, dissent, and resent.] I. in- trans. To admit a proposition as true ; express an agreement of the mind to what is alleged or proposed ; concur ; acquiesce : with to before an object. The Jews also assented, saying that these things were so. Acts xxiv. 9. We cannot assent In a proposition without some intelli- gent apprehension of it ; whereas we need not understand it at all in order to infer it. J. H. Newman, Gram, of Assent, p. 6. = Syn. To agree, subscribe. Il.t trans. To agree to; approve; determine. Here wyfes wohle it wel assente. Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 374. assent (a-senf), to. [< ME. assent, asent, < as- senten, asenten, the verb : see assent, v.] 1. The act of the mind in admitting or agreeing to the truth of a proposition proposed for acceptance. Faith is the assent to any proposition on the credit of the proposer. Locke. 2. Consent ; concurrence; acquiescence; agree- ment to a proposal : as, the bill before the house has the assent of a great majority of the mem- bers. Without the king's assent or knowledge, You wrought to be a legate. Shale., Hen. VIII., iii. 2. No parish-business in the place could stir, Without direction or assent from her. Crabbe, The Parish Register. 3. Accord ; agreement ; approval. Virtue engages his assent, But Pleasure wins his heart. Calliper, Human Frailty. Too many people read this ribaldry with assent and ad- miration. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., x.\. 4t. Opinion. Thou art oon of his assent. Chaucer, Pardoner's Tale, 1. 296. Royal assent, in England, the approbation given by the sovereign in Parliament to a bill which has passed both houses, after which it becomes law. This assent may be given in two ways: (a) In person, when the sovereign comes to the House of Peers, the Commons are sent for, and the titles of all the bills which have passed are read. The royal assent is declared in Norman-French by the clerk of the Parliament, (b) By letters patent under the great seal, signed by the sovereign, and notified in his or her absence. A money-bill, or bill of supply, passed by the House of Commons, is presented by the Speaker for the royal assent. = Syn. Assent, Consent, Concurrence. Acquiescence, accept- ance, adherence. Assent is primarily an act of the under- standing ; consent is distinctly the act of the will: as, I assent to that proposition; I consent to his going. Bax- ter speaks of justifying faith as the assenting trust of the understanding and the consenting trust of the will. As- sent is not yet altogether excluded from the field of the will, but teiids to express a feebler action of the will than it formerly did. or than consent does. < !i impare Luke xxiii. 24 (margin), " Pilate assented that it should be as they re- quired," with the formal consent in the royal assent to a assert bill. Concurrence is a running of minds in the same chan- ni i, an agreement in o] n or decision. Acquiescence is a statr or ai t ot qniit submission to a decision, an act, or tin- prevalence of an opinion, because it Is near enough to one's wishes, or not. worth resisting, or impossible to re- sist, but not because it is entirely acceptable. .lx.sc/// I have describi d to i»<- a mental assertion ; in its very nature then it is of the mind, and not of tie lip ./. //. Newman, Gram, of Assent, p. 11. It any faction of men w ill require tic assent and eo ot othi r men to a vast number of disputable and nni tuted things, and, it may I"-, a mathematical ral among the First of them, and utterly renoum e all < hristlan communion with all that shall not give that assent and consent, we look upon those to be separatists; we dare not to be so narrow-spirited. C. Mather, Wag. Chris., ltd. to iii. The necessity, under which the jury is placed, t.. unanimously, in order to And a verdict, acts as the pre- disposing cause of concurrence in some common opinion. Calhoun, Works, [.66. The showman rubs his brow impulsively. . . . but final- ly, with the inevitable acquiescence of all public servants, resumes his composure and goes on. Hawthorne, Main Street. assentantt (a-sen'tant), a. and to. [< ME. as- sentaunt, < OF. assailant, assentant, ppr. of asscnter : see assent, v., and -ant 1 . Doublet, assentir nt.] I. a. Assenting; agreeing. II. «. One who assents or agrees. assentation (as-en-ta'shon), n. [< L. assenta- tio(n-), lattery, servile' assent, < assentari, pp. assentatus, flatter, assent in everything, irreg. freq. of assentiri, assent, agree: see as- sent, v.] The act of assenting; especially, ob- sequious assent to the opinion of another; flat- tery; adulation. It is a fearful presage of ruin when the prophets con- spire in assentation. Bp. Halt, Death of Ahab. Words smooth and sweeter-sounded are to be i\-<<\. rather than rough or harsh, as adore for worship, assen- tation for flattery. Instructions for Oratory (1682), p. 25, assentatort (as'en-ta-tqr), to. [< L. assentator, < assentari, flatter : see assentation.] One who assents or consents; especially, one who as- sents obsequiously; a flatterer. Sir T. Elyot. assentatorilyt (a-sen'ta-to-ri-li), otic. In the manner of an assentator ; with adulation or ob- sequiousness. Bacon. assentatoryt (a-sen'ta-to-ri), a. [< L. "assi ii- tatorius (implied in adv. assentatorie), < assen- tator, a flatterer : see assentator.] Pertaining to or characterized by assentation ; flattering ; adulatory. assenter(a-sen'ter), n. One who assents. See assentor. assentient (a-sen'shient), a. and n. [< L. as- sentien(t-)s, ppr. of assentiri, assent: see asst nt. v.] I. a. Assenting; yielding assent. Quar- terly Rev. II. to. One who assents; an assenter. North British Bcv. assentingly (a-sen'ting-li), adv. In a manner expressing assent; by agreement. assentive (a-sen'tiv), a. [< assent + -ire.] Giving assent; complying. Savage. [Rare.] assentmentt (a-sent'ment), «. [< OF. assente- nieiit, < ML. assenti mention, assent, < L. assen- tiri, assent : see assent, v., and -ment.] Assent ; agreement. Sir T. Browne. assentor (a-sen'tor), to. [< assent + -or; the usual legal form;'cf. assenter.] One who as- sents; specifically, one of the eight voters who indorse the nomination, by a proposer and sec- onder, of a candidate for election to the Parlia- ment of Great Britain and Ireland, as required by law. assert (a-serf), v. t. [< L. assertus, pp. (ML. as- srrtitre, freq.) of assererc, ailserere, join In. ad- serere aliquem manu (or simply adserere) in liber- tatriii or in serritutem, declare one free or a slave by laying hands upon him. hence free from, protect, defend, lay claim to, assert, de- clare, < ad, to, + serere, join, range in a row, = Gr. tlpnv, bind, fasten: see series and serried.] If. To bring (into freedom); set (free). [The original Latin use, asserere in libertatem.] The people of Israel, being lately oppressed in Egypt, were asserted by God into a state of liberty. lif. Patrick, on Num. xxiii. 2. 2. To vindicate, maintain, or defend by words or measures; support the cause or claims of; vindicate a claim or title to: now used only of immaterial objects or reflexively : as. to assert our rights and liberties; he asserted himself boldly. I could and would myself assert the British from his scandalous pen. Fuller. Often, in the parting hour, Victorious love asserts bis power O'er coldness and disdain. Scott, Marmiou, v. 7. assert 3. To state as true ; affirm : asseverate ; aver ; declare. There is no proof of what is so commonly (Ugerted, that the heel is longer in proportion to the foot in Negroes. Huxley, Anat. Vert., p. 419. To assert One's self, to assume anil defend one's rights. claims, or authority ; exert one's influence; sometimes, to thrust one's self forward unduly or obtrusively. The natural strength and tirmncss of his nature began to assert itself. George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, iii. 2. While the struggle between the Emperor and the Pope absorbed the strength of both, it became possible for the people to assi it themselves. H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 49S. = Syn. 2. Assert, Defend, Maintain, Vindicate. Assert supports a cause or claim aggressively : its meaning is well brought out in the expression, assert yourself; that is, make your influence felt. To defend is primarily to drive back assaults. To maintain is to hold up to the full amount, defending from diminution: as. to maintain the ancient customs, liberties, rights. To vindicate is to res- cue, as from diminution, dishonor, or censure: as, to "w'rt- dicate the ways of God to man," Pope, Essay on Man, i. 16. And as my vassals, to their utmost might, Assist my person, and assert my right. Dryden, Pal. and Arc, 1. 1,000. It is time now to draw homeward ; and to think rather of defending myself, than assaulting others. Dryden, Pref. to Mock Astrologer. I will maintain My truth and honour firmly. Shak., Lear, v. 3. If it should at any time so happen that these rights should be invaded, there is no remedy but a reliance on the courts to protect and vindicate them. D. Webster, Convention to Revise the Const., 1821. 3. Assert, Affirm. Declare, Acer, Asseverate (see declare), allege, protest, avow, lay down. (See protest.) Assert seems to expect doubt or contradiction of what one says. Affirm strengthens a statement by resting it upon one's reputation for knowledge or veracity: as, " she [Rho- da] constantly affirmed that it was even so," Acts xii. 15. Deiia re makes public, clear, or emphatic, especially against contradiction. Aver is positive and peremptory. Assev- erate is positive and solemn. We can assert without assenting. J. H. Newman, Gram, of Assent, p. 11. It is a pure impertinence to affirm with oracular assur- ance what might perhaps be admissible as a suggestion offered with the due diffidence of modest and genuine scholarship. Swinburne, Shakespeare, p. 23. Our Hebrew songs and harps, in Babylon That pleased so well our victors' ear, declare That rather Greece from us these arts derived. Milton, P. R.,iv. 337. Then all averred I had killed the bird That brought the fog and mist. Coleridge, Ancient Mariner, ii. It is impossible to calculate the good that such a work would have done if half which is asseverated had only been proved. J. J. Blunt. assertable (a-ser'ta-bl), a. [(assert + -able.'] Capable of being asserted or maintained. Also assertible. assertationt (as-er-ta'shon), n. [. 3. I i: capacity -if jelly [protoplasm toguidi I ■ which Professor Huxley says is a fact of tie- profound) si rignifl i - j ii- e I', in in. e 1 1' it a fact at all, but merely an asset tion, /,'< ale, i'i otoplasm, p. 85. =Syn. 2. Vindication, defense, maintenance.- 3 and 4. Statemi nl assevet ation, protestation, assertional (a-siVshon-iil), n. [< assertion + -nl. ] Pertaining to or of the nature of an as- sertion: containing an assertion. [Bare.] assertive (a-ser'tiv i, a. [< ML. "assertmts (im- plied in adv. assertive), < L. assertus, pp. of asserere: see assert and -ive.] Positive; dog- matic; affirming confidently; peremptory; af- firmative. Proposing them not in a confident and assertive form, but as probabilities and hypotheses. Glanville. 346 assertively (a-Ber'tiv-li), adv. In an assertive manner; affirmatively. assertiveness (a-ser'tiv-nes), n. The quality of being assertive, or self-assertive. As for this assertiveness, one should admire it; it tends to the virtue of contentment If. Shepherd, Prairie Experiences, p. 114. assertor (a-ser'tor), n. [< L. assertor, declarer, advocate, defender, < asserere: see assert] See asserter. assertorial (as-er-to'ri-al), a. [< LL. asserto- i-ins (see assertory) + -nl.] Asserting a fact as true, but not holding it to be necessary. See assertory, the common form. assertorially (as-er-to'ri-al-i), adv. In an as- sertorial manner; as an assertion. assertoric, assertorical (as-er-tor'ik, -i-kal), a. [< assertor + -ic, -ie-al.] Asserting; assertory; assertive : as, an assertoric judgment. See as- sertory. assertory (a-ser'to-ri), a. [< LL. assertorius, < L. assertor: see assertor.] Affirming; main- taining ; declaratory ; affirmative ; assertive. We have not here to do with a promissory oath : ... it is the assertory oath that is now under our hand. Bp. Hall, Cases of Conscience, ii. 5. An Assertory Oath is made to a Man before God, and I must swear so, as man may know what I mean. Seidell, Table-Talk, p. 77. Assertory proposition, in logic, a proposition stating something to be true, but not stating it as necessary. assertress (a-ser'tres), n. [< asserter + -ess.] A female who asserts. asservet (a-serv'), v. t. [< L. asservire, serve, aid, < ad, to, + servire, serve: see serve.] To help; serve; second. Bailey. asservilet (a-ser'vil), v. t. [< as- 1 + servile.] To render servile or obsequious. [I] am weary of asserviling myself to every man's charity. Bacon, v. 240 (Ord MS.). asses, n. Plural of as* and of ass 1 . assess (a-ses'), v. t. [< late ME. assesse, also ac- cesse (whence by apheresis sess, cess), < OP. as- sessor, < ML. assessare, fix a rate, impose a tax, freq. of L. assidere, pp. assessus, sit beside, be assessor to a judge, in ML. fix a rate, impose a tax, assess (cf. assessor),<. L. ad, to, + sedere, sit, = E. sit. Cf. assise.] 1. To set, fix, or charge a certain sum upon, by way of tax : as, to assess each individual in due proportion. His method of raising supplies was to order some rich courtier to pay a sum, and then sell this order to some speculator witli the power of torturing the person assessed. Brougham. 2. To estimate the value or amount of (prop- erty or income) as a basis for taxation. — 3. To set, fix, or determine : as, it is the province of a jury to assess damages. assesst (a-ses'), «. [K assess, v.] Assessment. assessable (a-ses'a-bl), a. [< assess + -able.] Capable of being assessed; liable to assess- ment. assessably (a-ses'a-bli), adv. By assessment. assession (a-sesh'on), n. [< L. assessio(n-), a sitting by or near, < assidere, sit by or near: see assess, v.] A sitting beside or together ; a session. [Rare.] assessionary (a-sesh'on-a-ri), a. [< assession + -ary.] Of or pertaining to an assession or to assessors: as, "at the assessionary court," R. Carew, Survey of Cornwall. [Bare.] assessment (a-ses'ment), ii. [< ML. tissessn- mentum, < assessare, assess : see assess and -im nl. Also by apheresis scssment.] 1. The act of as- sessing, determining, or adjusting the amount of taxation, charge, damages, etc., to be paid by an individual, a company, or a community. — 2. The amount so determined; the tax or specific sum charged upon a person or prop- erty: as, an assessment upon stockholders to pay corporate debts. — 3. An official valuation of property, profits, or income, for purposes of taxation. — 4. The value thus ascertained or assigned.- Commissioners of estimate and assess- ment. See commissioner.— Political assessments, in the raited states, contributions of money levied by po- litical committees upon the otuce-linldcrs and enuiliilatis I.. Longing in their respective parties, in order to defray tin expensesof a political canvass. —Union Assessment Acts, English statutes of 1862 (26 and 28 Vict c. 108), 1864 [27 ami is Viet. c. 39), and 1SS0 (43 and 44 Vict. c. 7), which relate in the poor-rates and secure a uniform valua- ti i parishes 111 Ijlgland. = SVn. lin/mst. Hates, etc. Bee /" i assessor (a-ses'or), n. [Early mod. E. also as- sessour, < ME. dssessour, < OP. assessour, mod. V. nssesseur = Pr. assessor = Sp. asesor = Pg. as- sessor = It. assessors, < L. assessor, an assis- tant judge, in ML. also an assessor of taxes, lit. one who sits by another, < assidere, sit by : see assident, assess.] 1. Ono who sits by another; asseveration hence, one who shares another's position, rank, or dignity; an associate in office. Don Quixote, ... or bis assessors, the curate and the barber. T. Warton, Hist, of Eng. Poetry, I. 336. 2. An inferior officer of justice, who sits to as- sist a judge as a law authority ; in Scotland, the legal adviser of a magistrate, with judicial powers. Minus tile strict inquisitor appears, And lives and crimes with his assessors hears. Dryden, .¥.nvii\, vi. 3. In England, a person chosen to assist the mayor and aldermen of a borough in matters concerning elections. — -4. In some universi- ties, as the Scotch, the title of the elected mem- bers of the university court or supreme govern- ing body of the university. — 5. One appointed to make assessments, especially for purposes of taxation.— Assessor of the vice-chancellor, in r.nulish universities, a deputy of the vice-chancellor ap- pointed by him to hear causes and to lie his vicegerent in court.— Nautical assessors. See nautical. assessorial (as-e-so'ri-al), a. [< assessor + -ial.] Pertaining to an assessor, or to a court of as- sessors. assessorship (a-ses'or-ship), n. [< assessor + -ship.] The office of assessor. Be this as it may, his progress from the passive Auscul- tatorship towards any active Assessorship is evidently of the slowest. Carlyle, Sartor Resartus, p. 86. asset (as'et), n. See assets. assetht, «• [ME., also aseth, aseeth, asethe, as- sethc, assets, etc. (= Sc. assyth), < OF. asset, aset, ases, asses, in the phrase fere aset, aset fere (< L. (ad) satis facerc), make amends, lit. do enough: see asset, assets, the same word, of later and dif- ferent use in E.] Satisfaction; amends. We may noghte be assoylede of the trespase hot if make assethe in that that we may. Religious Pieces (ed. Percy), p. 6. Yit never shal make his richesse Asseth unto his greedynesse. Rom. of the Rose, 1. 6600. assets (as'ets), n. pi., orig. sing. [< AP. assets, asetz (OF. asses, ases, asset, aset, mod. F. asses = Pr. assats = OSp. asas = Pg. assas, assas = It. assai), enough, in the law phrase aver assets, have enough, taken into E. as 'have assets'; < ML. ad satis, lit. up to enough, equiv. to L. satis, enough : see satisfy.] 1. In law : (a) Suffi- cient estate ; property sufficient in the hands of an executor or heir to pay the debts or legacies of the testator or ancestor to satisfy claims against it. (b) Any goods or property or right of action properly available for the payment of a bankrupt's or a deceased person's obligations or debts: generally used to signify resources for the payment of debts, ete. Assets are real or personal. Real assets are lands such as descend to the heir, subject to the fulfilment of the obligations of the ancestor; personal assets are the money or goods of the deceased or insolvent, or debts due to him, which come into the hands of the executor or administrator, or which he is to collect or convert into money. 2. Property in general ; all that one owns, con- sidered as applicable to the payment of his debts : as, his assets are much greater than his liabilities. — 3. [As a singular, asset.] Any portion of one's property or effects so con- sidered: as, these shares are a valuable asset — Equitable assets. See equitable. — Marshaling as- sets. See marshal, v. assevert (a-sev'er), v. t. [< L. asseverare, as- sert strongly, speak in earnest, < ad, to, + severus, earnest, serious, severe: see severe.] To asseverate. Anselmus . . . not only assevereth it, but also endea- voureth ... to set out the true . . . proportion of it. Fotherby, Atheomastix, p. 317. asseverate (a-sev'er-at), v. t. ; pret. and pp. as- sert rated, ppr. asseverating. [< L. asseveratus, pp. of asseverare: see assevcr.] To affirm or aver positively, or with solemnity. Charity nigh chokes Ere swallow what they both asseverate; Though down the gullet faith may feel it go. Urine/ling, King and Book, I. 85. = Syn. Assert, Al/iem, Declare, etc. (see assert); in say, allege, protest, insist, maintain. asseveration (a-sev-e-ra'shon), ». [< L. asse- rcratio()t-), an earnest declaration, < asseverare, pp. asseveratus, assever: see assevcr.] 1. The act of asseverating ; positivo affirmation or as- sertion; solemn declaration. " My tied ! " cried the monk, with a warmth of assevera- tion which seemed not to belong to him. Sterne, Sentimental Journey, p. 21. 2. That which is asseverated; an emphatic assertion. lie [Leeds] denied with the most solemn asseverations that he had taken any money for himself. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., x.\i. asseverative asseverative (a-sev'^r-a-tiv), a. [< asseverate + -»«e.] Pertaining to or characterized by asseveration. Jean Thompson looked at bis wife, whose applause lu- prized, and she answered by an asseverative loss of the head. G. W. Cable, Old Creole Hays, p. 71. asseveratory (a-sev'er-a-to-ri), a. [< assever- ate + -oryJ] Of the nature of an asseveration ; solemnly or positively affirming or averring. After divers warm and asseveratory answers made by Mr. Atkins, tin- captain stopped short in his walk. Soger North, Examen, p. 247. ass-head (as'hed), n. One who is dull, like the ass ; one slow of apprehension ; a blockhead. Will yon help an ass-licad, ami a coxcomb, and a knave? a thin-faced knave, a gull? Shak., T. N., v. 1. assibilate (a-sib'i-lat), v. t.\ pret. and pp. assib- Hated, ppr. assibitating. [< L. "assibihtus, pp. of assibilarc, whisper at or to, < ad, to,+ sib*- lore, whisper: see sibilant. The E. sense of assibilate depends on that of sibilant.'] To ren- der sibilant, as a sound; change into a sibilant or hissing sound; alter, as a sound, by the phonetic process called assibilation. The term may he applied to the whole word so affected: as, church is an assilnlated form of kirk. assibilation (a-sib-i-la'shpn), ». [< assibilate.] The act of making sibilant; specifically, in jiliilol, the change of a dental or guttural (or a labial) mute into a sibilant (s, z, sh, sh, cli = tsh, j = d~h), or into a sound approaching that of a sibilant, as for instance a palatal. This change usually results from a tendency to accommodate the mute to an immediately succeeding e, i, or y sound. Thus, t in the Latin natio becomes z( = ts) in the Italian nazione, and is pronounced s in the French nation and sh in the English nation. Similarly, the English t approaches or assumes the sound of ch before the y-sound contained in long u in nature, virtue, etc. Assidean (as-i-de'an), n. [Also Assidcean, Asi- dcean ; < ML. Assidei (confused with L. assidui, as if 'assiduous, zealous'), prop. Asidai, < Gr. 'AaiSaioi, repr. Heb. hasiilim, lit. pious ones (usu- ally translated "saints" in the English Bible), < tidsad ( initial iietlt ). lie pious. The form Chasi- dean is approximated to the Heb.] 1. One of a sect of orthodox Jews, opposed to Greek innova- tions. They were among the first to join Mattathias, the father of the Maccabees, in defending the purity of their religion and the liberties of their country. 2. One of a mystical sect of Polish Jews which originated in the eighteenth century. Also called Chasidean. assident (as'i-dent), a. [< L. assiden(t-)s, ppr. of assidere, sit by or near, < ad, to, + sedere = E. sit. See assess and assiduous.] Accompany- ing; concomitant — Assident or accessory signs or symptoms, in pathol., signs or symptoms such as usu- ally, though not invariably, attend a disease: distinguished from pathognomonic sign's, which always attend it. assiduatet (a-sid'u-at), a. [< LL. "assiduatus, pp. of assiduare, "apply constantly, < L. assiduus, assiduous: see assiduous.] Constant; contin- ual; assiduous. By love's assiduate care and industry. Xiddteton, Micro-Cynicon, i. 3. assiduity (as-i-du'j-ti), n.\ pi. assiduities (-tiz). [= p. assiduite, < L. assiduita(t-)s, < assiduus : see assiduous.] 1. Constant or close applica- tion to any business or occupation ; diligence. 1 have, witli much pains and assiduity, qualified myself for a nomenclator. Adilisun. By marvellous assiduity, he [Pickering] was aide to had two lives, one producing the fruits of earth, the other those of immortality. Sumner, Orations, I. 140. 2. Solicitous care of a person or persons ; con- stant personal attention : usually in the plural. Ear from their native home, no tender assiduities of friendship . . . relieve their thirst, or close their eyes in death. It. Hall, Modern Infidelity. Hence — 3f. Sycophantic attention ; servility. The obsequiousness and assiduitu of tin. court. Sir R. Xaunton, Fragment* Reg. (1S0S), p. 2-29. =Syn. i. industry. Assiduity. Application, Diligence, Constancy, Perseverance, Persistence, care, attention, watchfulness, sedulousness, patience. Diligence in labor often conveys the idea of quickness. Industry keeps at work, Leaving no time idle. Assiduity (literally, a sitting down to work) sticks quietly to a particular task, with the determination to succeed in spite of its difficulty, or to get it done in spite of its length. Application, literally, bends itself to its work, and is, more specifically than assiduity, a steady concentration of one's powers of body and mind : as, he was a man of extraordinary powers of application . Newton attributed all his own success to application. Dili- gence is, literally, fondness for one's work, and so, by a natural transfer, industry that is alert. Constancy is tin- power to continue unchanged, as in affection, or to hold on in any particular course or work ; it goes more deeply into character than the others. Perseverance suggests ob- stacles from without or within which are steadily met. and is morally neutral. Persistence may be good, but it is more often an evil perseverance, as obstinacy or a de- termination to carry one's point against unwillingness or refusal on the part of others. We speak of plodding '"■ 347 dusiry, patient assiduity, steady application, great dili- gence, unshaken const, nicy, undaunted ycrsererauce, per sistence that will not take No for an answer. He [Richardson] advanced rapidly by industry and g I conduct, was taken into partnership, and ultimately be- came the head of an extensive busiln-ss. Welsh, Eng. Lit.. II. 146. Ee was distinguished among his fellow students ... by tin- assiduity with which he often prolonged his studies far into the night Macaulay, Addison. A man of judgment and application will succeed inc parably better in composing the Tables to his own writ- ings than a stranger can. Boyle, Diligence and accuracy are the only merits which an historical writer may ascribe to himself. Gibbon. The careful search . . . Is made with all due diligence. Shak., Pericles, iii. (cho.). True constancy no time, no power can move. Gray. All the performances of human art, at which we look with praise or wonder, are instances of the resistless force of perseverance. Johnson, Rambler, No. 43. Full-arm'd upon his charger all day long Sal 1>\ tin- walls, and no one open'd to him. And this persistence turn'd her scorn to wrath. Tennyson, Pelleas and Ettarre. assiduous (a-sid'u-us), a. [< L. assiduus, sit- ting down to, "constantly occupied, unremit- ting, < assidere, sit at or near : see assident.] 1. Constant in application ; attentive ; devoted : as, a person assiduous in his occupation ; an assiduous physician or nurse. The most assiduous tale-bearers . . . are often half- witted. Government of the Tongue. 2. Constant; unremitting: applied to actions. In some places the deep sand could with difficulty be forced by assiduous tillage to yield thin crops of rye and oats. Macaulay, Frederic the Great. To weary him with my assiduous cries. Milton, P. L., xi. 310. His character, ... as displayed in his works, repays the most assiduous study. Whipple, Ess. and Rev., II. 74. = Syn. 1. Sedulous, diligent, active, busy, constant, pa- tient, persevering, laborious, unceasing, indefatigable, un- tiring. See assiduity. assiduously (a-sid'u-us-li), adv. In an assidu- ous manner; diligently ; attentively: with ear- nestness and care. Many persons have attained a marvellous proficiency in falsehood, and tell lies as assiduously as a friar does his beads. Whipple, Ess. and Rev., I. 121. assiduousness (a-sid'u-us-nes), it. The qual- ity of being assiduous; constant or diligent ap- plication. = Syn. See comparison under assiduity: assieget, v. '• [< ME. asegen t < OF. aseger. as- seger, asegier, F. assieger = Pr. asetjar = Sp. asediar = Pg. assediar = It. assediare,< ML. «s- sediare, besiege, beset, < assedium, a siege, < L. ad, to, by, + -sedinm, as in L. obsitliiini, a siege (oft, before, in front of), < sedere = E. sit. Cf . besiege and siege.] To besiege. The Grekes . . . the cite long assegeden. Chaucer, Troilus, i. 60. On th' other syde, th' assieged Castles ward Their stedfast stonds did mightily maintaine. Spenser, F. Q., II. xi. 15. assieget, »• [< assiege, v.] A siege. Al the assege of Thebes. Chaucer, Troilus, ii. 107. assiegementt, »• l< assiege + -ment.] A siege or state of siege ; a beleaguering. assientist (as-e-en'tist), n. [< Sp. asetitista,< asicnto: see assiento.] One connected with the furnishing of slaves by assiento. Bancroft. assiento (as-e-en'to), n. [< Sp. asiento, for- merly assiento, a seat, seat in a court, a eon- tract, treaty, < asentar, formerly assentar (= Pg. assentar = It. assentare), place in a seat, ad- just, make an agreement, < ML. as if "asseden- tare, cause to sit, < L. ad, to, + sedeu(t-)s, ppr. of sedere = E. sit.] Formerly, an exclusive contract made by Spain with foreign powers or merchants for the supply of African slaves to its American possessions. The last assiento, held by British merchants under the treaty of Utrecht, 1713, was abrogated or relinquished in 1760. assign (a-sin'), v. t. [< ME. assigncn, asignen, < OF. assigner, //signer, < L. assignare, mark out, appoint, assign, distribute, allot, < ad, to, + sit/uarc, mark, < signum, mark, sign: see sign.] 1. To set apart; make over by distribu- tion or appropriation; apportion; allot. The priests had a portion assigned them. Gen. xlvii. 22. Mr. Buckle's fundamental error lay in the. attempt to assign distinct parts to elements of human nature that in reality cannot be separated. J. Fiske, Evolutionist, p. 217. To each [province] was assigned a governor experienced in the law who dealt with taxation ami finance. C. Elton, Orig. of Eng. Hist., p. 330. 2. To point out ; show ; designate ; specify. All as the Dwarfe the way to her assynd. Spenser, F. Q., I. vii. 2S. assignation It is not easy to assign a period more eventful. Ue Quincey. With the help of the scale of numbers, tin n, any as- signed continuous quantity will serve as a Btandard hy win- h the whole scale of quantities may be represented. W. K. Clifford, I.' 1 1 1, I 3. To give, furnish, or specify: as, to assign a reason lor anything. — 4. To appoint : select for a duty or office : as, the officer assigned to the charge of a military department. Knights assigned to enforce tin- oath of peace and the hue ami cry appear as early as the year 1 L95. Their des- ignation as assigned Beems to prove that tiny were royal nominees and tiot elected otlieers ; but their early history is obscure. Slut, l,s, Const. Hist,, U. 283. 5. To ascribe ; attribute ; refer. There are many causes to which one may assign this light Infidelity. " Steele, Spectator, No. 4JS. 6. Inlaw: (a) To transfer or make over to an- other the right one has in any object, as in an estate, chose in action, or reversion, especial- ly in trust for the security of creditors: rare- ly applied to testamentary transfers, (b) To show or set forth with particularity : as, to as- sign error in a writ; to assign false judgment, (c) To point out or substantiate as a charge: as, perjury cannot be assigned on an oath taken without the jurisdiction of the officer adminis- tering it. — To assign dower, to allot or portion out to a widow the part of land forming her dower therein ; to tix the boundaries of the widow's share in an estate.— To assign in bankruptcy, to transfer property to and vest it in assignees for the benefit of the creditors. = Syn. 1. Dispense, Distribute, etc. (see dispense).— 3. Adduce, Allege, etc. (see adduce); to determine, give, name, present. assignt (a-sin'), h. 1 [< assigti, v.] 1. Assign- ment; appointment. — 2. Design; purpose; ob- ject. He aim'd at high designs, and so attain d The hiyh ussiyns to which his spirit aim'd. Furd, Fame's Memorial. assign (a-sin'), nfi [The same, with loss of the final syllable, as assignee, < ME. assigns (three syllables), < OF. assigne, prop. pp. of assigner, assign: see assign, v.] 1. A person to whom the property or interest of another is or may be transferred : as, a deed to a man and his heirs and assigns. Scrooge was his sole executor, his sole administrator, his sole assign. Dickens, Christmas Carol, i. The exclusive right of frequenting all the countries that might be found was reserved to them [John Cabot and his sons] and to their assigns. Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 8. [Assign is a broaderword than assignee. The assignees of a person are usually understood to mean those who take immediately from him, by his assignment : the assigns of a person include all who acquire title under his transfer, immediately or remotely.] 2f. A thing pertaining to something else ; an appurtenance ; an appendage. [Affected.] Six French rapiers and poniards, with their assigns, as girdle, hangers, or so. Shak., Hamlet, v. 2. assignability (a-si-na-bil'i-ti), ». [< assigna- ble: see -bi/ity.'] Capability of being assigned. assignable (a-si'na-bl), a. [= F. assignable; < assign + -able.] 1. Capable of being allotted, appointed, or assigned: as. an assignable note or bill. — 2. Capable of being specified, shown, designated, or expressed with precision : as, an assignable reason ; an assignable magnitude. His [a soldier's] fighting condition was needed not on one or two days consecutively, but on many days, and not aeaiust a day punctually assignable, but against a season or period perhaps of months. De Quincey, Plato. While on the one hand industry is limited by capital, so on the other every increase of capital gives, or is capable of giving, additional employment to industry ; and this without assigiuible limits. J. S. Mill, Pol. Econ., I. 82. 3. Capable of being attributed ; attributable. — 4. In laid, predicable ; capable of being pointed out or substantiated : as, perjury is not assigna- ble of testimony on an immaterial point. assignably (a-si'na-bli), adv. In an assignable manner. assignat (as'ig-nat ; F. pron. a-se-nyii'), n. [F., < L. assignatus, pp. of assignare, assign, allot: see assign, v.] 1. One of the notes forming tin- paper currency issued in France during tin- revolution from 1789 to 1796. The assignats were based on the security of the confiscated church lands, and afterward of all the national domains and other property. Tiny were issued to the amount of over forty-five billion francs, and before they wen- withdrawn deteriorated to less than one three-hundredth of their face value. 2. In French law, the assignment of an annuity on an estate, by which the annuity is based on the security of 'the latter: now little used. assignation (as-ig-na'shon), n. [= F. assigna- tion, < L. assignatio(n-), assignment, allotment, < assignare, pp. assignatus : see assign, v.] 1. The act of assigning or allotting; the act of fix- ing or specifying. The assignation of particular names to denote particular objects. Adam Smith, Origin of Languages. assignation 2. An appointment of time and place for meet- ing: used chiefly of love-meetings, and now generally in a bad sense.— 3. The legal trans- fer of a right or title, or the deed by which this is made; an assignment,— 4f. Paper currency; a bill ; an assignat. assignee (as-i-ne'), n. [< F. assignS, pp. of 08- signer, assign: see assign, v.] A person to whom a transfer of some right or interest is made, either for his own enjoyment or in trust. An assignee may take title by act of the previous owner or by I ration of law, as in the case of an administrator. See note under assign*, l.— Assignee in bankruptcy, or assignee in insolvency, a person to whom is transferred the title to the estate of a bankrupt or insolvent, for the purpose of its preservation anil proper distribution among creditors. assigner (a-si'ner), n. One who assigns, ap- points, or allots. See assignor. [Kare.] assignment (a-sin'inent), «. [< ME. ctssitiiii - ment, < OF. assignement, < ML. assignamentum, < L. assignare: see assign, v., and -ment.] 1. The act of apportioning or allotting; allot- ment.— 2. The act of setting apart, appoint- ing, designating, or specifying. The only thing that niaketh any place public is the public assignment thereof unto such duties. Hooker. 3. That which has been assigned, as a particu- lar task or duty.— 4. Specifically, in law: (a) The transference of a right or an interest. See assign, v., 6 (a), (b) A pointing out or setting forth: as, the assignment of error. — 5. The writing by which an interest is transferred.- assistance gastropods, typified by the genus Assiminia. The eyes are at"the tips of special peduncles which are connate with the tentacles. The shell is conical, with an oral aperture. Progression is effected by a looping move- ment, the rostrum and small foot being alternately applied to the ground. The species are of small size, and terres- trial or amphibious. By religion the truths thus obtained [from theology] are assimulatet (a-sim'u-lat), V. t. ; pret. and pp. as- 348 sorb and incorporate into the system; incorpo- rate with organic tissues: as, toaxsiinilalt food. Hence, in general, to appropriate and incorporate, as the body does food : as, such ideas cannot be assimilated by the mind. 5. To bring into conformity; adapt. a. izisttsszizjsg: tsmtsbskk* s allotting of convicts as unpaid servants nists, in order to relieve the authorities of the expense of the convict establishments. The expense of the Australian convict establishments was enormous, and some change in system was inevitable. These were the conditions that brought about the plan of assignments, in other words, of freely lending the convicts to any one who would relieve the authorities of the bur- densome charge. Eneyc. Brit., XIX. 750. Assignment of dower. See assign, v.— Assignment of errors. See <;■ no.— General assignment (more fullv. assignment for benefit of creditors), an a ss i g nm ent of all the assignor's property not exempt from execution, in trust to pay his creditors. — New assignment, a method of pleading at common law to which the plaintiff was obliged to resort in his replication, for the purpose of setting the defendant right where the latter, through misapprehension of the real cause of complaint as stated in the declaration, had been led to apply his plea to a dif- ferent matter from that which the plaintiff had in view. Stephen. Also called novel assignm- nt assignor (as-i-nor'), n. In law, one who makes an assignment, or assigns an interest. assilag (as'i-lag), n. [E. dial.] A local Brit- ish name of the petrel, Frocellaria pelagica. Montagu. assimiiability (a-sirn"i-la-bil'i-ti), n. [< assimi- lable: see -bility'.'i The quality of being assimi- lable. Coleridgt , assimilable (a-sim'i-la-bl), a. and «. [< ML. assimilabilis, that can be made like, < L. assimi- lare: see assimilate.] I. a. Capable of being assimilated, in any sense of that word. II. «. That which can be assimilated. [Rare.] Wei ting no assimilables when in to re-act their natures. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., vii. 19. assimilate (a-sim'i-lat), v. ; pret, and pp. assimi- lated, ppr. assimilating. [< L. assimilatus, pp. of assimilare, adsimilare, mixed with assi/mulare, adsimulare, make alike, compare, more fre- quently imitate, feign, simulate; < ml, to, + turned over in the mind and assimilated by the imaglna Hon and the feelings. J. R. Sceleg, Nat. Religion, p. 50. 6. To conform to ; make one's own ; adopt. The ease with which she assimilates the city life when in it, making it a part of her imaginative tapestry, is a sign of the power to which she has grown. Marg. Fuller, Woman in 19th Cent,, p. 274. II. intrant,: 1. To become similar; became like something or somebody else ; harmonize. Do but put them in relationship, and no division into castes, no differences of wealth, can prevent men from assimilating. H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 254. A people whose differences of religion, language, and general habits made them not only incapable "I assimilat- ing with their christian neighbors, but almost their natu- ral enemies. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., i. 15. 2. To be taken into and incorporated with an- other body ; be converted into the substance of another body, as food by digestion. For whatsoever assimilateth not to flesh turneth either to sweat or fat. .Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 899. 3. To perform the act of converting anything, as food, into the substance of that which eon- verts it: as, "birds assimilate . . . less than beasts," Bacon, Nat. Hist., $ 680. No organs which are destitute of ehli irophyll can assimi- late. Sachs, Botany (trans.), p. 620. [<*».V.S7«/- ness.] Like- ness. Bailey. assimilation (a-siin-i-la'shon), ». [=F. assimi- lation, < L. dssimilaUo(n-), axximnlatio(n-), a being similar, < assimilare, assimulare : see as- similate.'] The act or process of assimilating or of being assimilated. Specifically— (a) The act or process of making or becoming like or identical ; the act or process of bringing into harmony : followed by to or with. It is as well the instinct as duty of our nature to aspire to an assimilation with God. Decay of Christ. Piety. In this long stillness the fusion of conquerors and con- quered, the chnsteiiii/ation and civilization of the Nor- man, his assimilation in political and social temper to the France beside him, went steadily on. J. R. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 374. (b) In physiol., the act or process by which organisms con- vert and absorb nutriment, so that it becomes part of the fluid or solid substances composing them. To these preparatory changes, which tit the crude food materials for protoplasmic food, the general name of as- similation has been given. Bessey, Botany, p. 178. Hants and animals increase by assimilation and trans- formation, minerals by attraction and aggregation. Page. (r) In pathol., the supposed conversion, according to an obsolete theory, of the fluids of the body to the nature of any morbific matter, (d) In philul., the act or process by which one alphabetic sound is rendered like, or less un- like, another neighboring sound ; a lightening of the effort of utterance by lessening or removing the discor- dance of formation between different sounds in a word, or in contiguous words. The kinds and degrees of assimila- tion are very various, and include a large part of the his- torical changes in the phonetic form of words. Examples are assimilate from L. ad-similare, correction from I., con- net a,, impend from L. in-pendere, L, rectus from reg-tus, L. rex(reks) from reg-s, E. legs (pronounced leg:), reaped (pro- nounced reapt), and so on.— Little assimilations, in Oxford, a meeting of the masters and two proctors, called by the vice-chancellor, in the congregation house, on the ringing of the little bell. This meeting is authorized to read, approve, and seal any letters concerning the public laws .if the university, written conformably to the decree of Ci invocation, and also to set seal to decrees of Convuca- tion and to despatch minor matters. Similis, like (related to simul, together)^ see assimilative (a-sim'i-la-tiv), a. [=F. assimila simulated, ppr. assimulating. [< L. assimulatus, pp. of assimulare, adsimulare, also assimilare, adsimilare, make alike, feign, counterfeit, etc. : see assimilate. Of. assemble 2 , also ult. < L. assi- mulare.] To feign; simulate. Coles, 1717. assimulationt (a-sim-u-la'shon), n. [< L. asst- mitlatio{>i-), a. [< F. assister (= Sp. asistir = Pg. assistir = It. assistere), help, attend, etc., < L. assistere, stand at or by, < ad, at, to, + sistere, place, stand, a redupl. form of stare, stand : see stand. Cf. consist, desist, insist, per- sist, resist.] I. trans. If. To attend; be present at or with ; take part with. The .... ' l. i king and prince at prayers ! lets assist them. Shah., Tempest, i. Simulate, iimilar. To an erroneous supposition that the ancients used assimilare for the sense 'make like,' and assimulare for the sense 'coun- I, licit,' is due the existence of the correspond- ing E. forms assimilate and assimulate, with the game distinction of sense : sec axximulatc. Cf. uxximlile'i, also ult. < L. assimilare.] I. trans. 1. To make alike; cause to resemble. las! falls a Hi •< ej shower ; the downy hakes . . . Assimilate all object Cowper, I ask, iv. 328. A mouse's Bqueak assimilates itself in thought with sounds .,f high pitch, and not with sounds like the bellow- , bull. //. Sp >■•■ < Pi in "i Psychol., § 114. 2. In philtil., to render accordant, or loss dis- cordant, in sound; bring to or toward agr men! in mode of utterance: said of alphabetic sound as affoeteil by other neighboring Sounds, fcncrally (but not always) ill the same word. ee assimilation, (d). — 3. To compare; liken; class. He a imilat, i the relation between ti a< hi r and pupil to that between two lovers or two Intimate friends. I, rale, Hisl. Nl'nn, II. 07. 4. To convert into a substance suitable for ab- sorption by an animal or vegetable system; ab- tif; < assimilate + -ire.] Characterized by as- similation; capable of assimilating or of caus- ing assimilation : as, assimilative substances or organs. The desert birds are still more remarkably protected by their assimilative hues. A. II. Wallace, Nat, Selec., p. 50. A I kishness as assimilatiee as that of Hunt or Lamb. Stedman, Poets of America, p. 1st. assimilatory (a-sim'i-la-to-ri), a. [< assimilate + -ory.] Tending to assimilate; producing assimilation; assimilative; as, assimilatory or- gans. The assimUat ory cells, though the most important mem- bers of the society hi .ells, are not the only ones, by any means, essential to the welfare of the body corporate. S. IS. Ilerriek. Plant Life, p. 24. Assiminia (as-i-min'i-a). ». [NL.] A genus of gaslropoilous molliisks. giving name to the fam- ily Axximiniulic, by some referred to the family I'.itUiriniilir, or periwinkles. Also spelled Axxi- inim n. assiminiid fas-i-min'i-id), n. A gastropod of the family Asxiiniiiiiiln: Assiminiida? (as i-mi-ni'i-de), ». pi. [NL., < Assiminia + -idw.] A family of trenioglossato 2. To help ; aid ; succor ; give support to in some undertaking or effort, or in time of distress. Assist her in whatsoever business she hath need of you. Bom. xvi. 2. Soon after Christianity had achieved its triumph, the principle which had assisted it began to corrupt it. Macaulay, Milton. 3. To be associated with as an assistant. = Syn. 2. To second, back, support, further, sustain, serve; be- friend, relieve. II. iittrans. 1. To lend aid or help. In every turn of state, without meddling on either side, he [Lord Leicester] has always been favourable and assist- ing to oppressed merit. Vryden, Ded. of Don Sebastian. God . . . constituted several ranks and qualities ol men, that they might mutually assist to the support of each other. R. Nelson, Fasts and Festivals. 2. To be present, as at a public meeting; take part, as in a ceremony or discussion. [A Galli- cism.] It would require the pen of Tacitus (if Tacitus had as- sisted at this assembly) to describe the various emotions of the senate. Gibbon, In our age all the nation may lie said to assist at every deliberation of the Lords and Commons. Macaulay, Hist, Eng., vi. 3. In euchre, to order the adoption of the suit to which the card turned up as trump belongs, when this order is given by the partner of the dealer. assistance (a-sis'tans), n. [Early mod. E. and ME. axxisteiice. later, after F., assistance, < ML. assistintia, < L. assistere: see assist and assis- tant.] 1. (") A Vicing present; presence; at- tendance, (b) The persons present ; specta- tors ; audience. [In these uses obsolete, or in conscious imitation of the French.] — 2. Help; aid; furtherance; succor; a contribution in aid, by bodily strength or other means. Where we do reign, we will alone uphold. Without the assistance of a mortal hand. Shak., K. John, iii. 1. 3t. An assistant or helper ; assistants collec- tively. Wat Tyler [was] killed by valiant Walworth his assistance . . . John Cavendish. Hence, specifically— 4. In Eng. common hue and Amir, colonial laic, a general name for a some- what undefined body of subordinate parish or town officers or auxiliaries, apparently includ- ing, as sometimes used, the ex-officers, in their customary function of advisors — Court of as- sistance See court. Divine assistance, in Cartesian philosophy, the act of Cod in moving the body when the soul bums a volition. See occasionalism.— writ of assistance. (") A writ commanding the sherifl to put into possession tin' successful party in a decree of Chan- el n awarding p. -.session of land : so called because it was in assistance of the , -edition of the decree. (M Iii .liner. hist a writ issued by a superior colonial court, on alleged precedents of the English Court of Exchequer, authorizing any officers of the crown, in the process of executing the acts of trade, to summon assistance and enter and search any premises. The attempt to use such writs in Massa- chusetts defeated ill 1701. was., lie of the abuses which led to tile revolution. = Syn. 2. Aid, support, backing, relief. . . and Fuller. assistant assistant (a-sis'tant), a. ami ». [Early mod E. and ME.' assistant, later, after F., assistant = Sp. asistente = Pg. It. assistentc, < L. assis tcn(t-)s, ppr. of assistere: see assist and -are* 1 , -ent.] I panying. W It. Standing by J present; aceom- Christ hath promised in both sacraments to be assistent with us. Craniner, Sacrament, p. 4f>. (.V. E. D.) Ko prophane tiling ought to have accesse, nothing to be assistant hut sage ami L'liristianly Admonition, brotherly Love, naming Charity, and Zeale. Milton, Ref. in Eng., ii. 2. Present to help ; helpful ; aiding or fitted to aid and support ; auxiliary: with to. Mutually and greatly assistant to each other. Bcattie, .Moral Science, i. 1. Assistant engine, a steam or hydraulic motor used to control the reversing-gear of a marine engine, or to turn the shaft when the main engine is at rest. See engine. — Assistant form. See form. II. >i. If. One who stands by: a bystander; one who takes part in anything: usually in the plural. The growing circumference was observed with astonish- ment by the assistants. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, II. 11. 2. One who stands by to help ; one who helps ; a helper ; au auxiliary ; specifically, one who is associated with another as an auxiliary in car- rying on some systematic, work or undertaking, or in discharging the duties of an office: as, the harbor-master and his assistants ; a book- keeper's assistant. — 3. An official auxiliary to the father-general of the Jesuits. Erroneous- ly called adjutant-general. — 4t. [Sp. asistente.'] The chief officer of justice at Seville. The assistant sits to-morrow. Fletcher (and another), Spanish Curate, iii. 1. 5. In the Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth col- onies, one of the elected councilors who consti- tuted the governor's council and the upper house of the legislature. The number of assistants in the former was eighteen ; in the latter, origi- nally five, later seven. — 6. In dyeing, a sub- stance, such as tartaric acid, acetate of lime, or sulphate of soda, added to the dye-bath, to effect a brightening of the color Court of As- sistants. See court. assistantlyt (a-sis'tant-li), adv. In a manner to give aid. Sternhold. assistantship (a-sis'tant-ship), n. The office or position of assistant. assistencyt (a-sis'ten-si), ». Helpfulness; as- sistance. assister (a-sis'ter), m. 1. One who stands by; one who takes part in anything, as a public ceremony or assembly. [Archaic] — 2. An as- sistant. Also spelled assistor. assistless (a-sist'les), a. [< assist + -less. Cf . resistless.] "Without aid or help; helpless. [Rare.] Stupid he stares, and all assistless stands. Pope, Iliad, xvi. 070. assistor (a-sis'tor), n. [< assist + -or.] Same as assister : used in legal documents. assize (a-siz'), «. [< ME. assize, assise, asise, assys, also corruptly acise, accise (> mod. excise, q. v.), and by apheresis sise, syse (>mod. E. size, q. v.) ; < OF. assise, asise, a sitting, session, esp. of a court, judgment, appointment, settlement, assessment, impost, tax, etc., prop. fem. of asis, assis, pp. of aseir, later and mod. F. as- seoir, < L. assiderc, sit by as assistant or assess- or, hence in ML. and OF., etc., appoint, settle, assess, etc.: see assident, assess.] It. Origi- nally, a sitting or session of a legislative body or court. Frequent assizes were held, and as of old, when the sword of justice was sharpened, the receipts of the Treasury in- creased. Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 6S2. Hence — 2t. An edict, ordinance, or enactment made at such a session or sitting, or issunl by such a body. Specifically, in Eng. hist. : (a) An ordi- nance fixing the weight, measure, and price of articles of general consumption sold in market : as, the assize of measures in the reign of Henry II., and the assize of bread and ale (51 Hen. III.). Hence — (b) The standard weights and measures appointed to be kept in any dis- trict : as, the custody of the assize, (c) In a more general sense, measurement ; dimensions ; a measure of rating. I saw a stately frame, An hundred cubits high by just assize. Spenser, Visions of Bellay, st. 2. 3. A jury, or trial by jury: now used only in Scotland with reference to criminal causes. See grand assize, below. — 4t. A name given to certain writs commanding juries to be sum- moned for the trial of causes: as, assize of novel disseizin, the ancient common-law remedy for the recovery of the possession of lands. — 5t. The verdict of a jury in such a case. — 6. The 349 periodical session held by royal commission by at least one of the judges of the superior courts directed to take the assizes or verdicts of a par- 1 icular jury (anciently called the assize), in each of the counties of England and Wales (with the exception of London and the parts adjoin- ing), for the purpose of trying issues nisi prius and jail-delivery for criminal cases: popularly called the aSSizeS. [This is the only sense in which the word is now used in law.) The commission by which as- si/i s are held is cither general or special. Ageneral com- mission is issued twice a year to the fudges of the Sigh Court of Justice, two judges being usually assigned to each circuit. A special commission is granted to certain judges to try certain causes and crimes. 7. In a more general sense, any court or session of a court of justice — 8t. Situation; place. — 9. Judgment : as, the last or great assize (that is, the last judgment or last day). Sometimes spelled assise. Assize of arms, the name under which reference is often made to several statutes or ordinances in early English history, requiring all freemen to provide, accord- ing to their estate and degree, anus to enable them to keep the peace and to serve in the held, and also providing for assizes or assessments by juries of the equipment re- quired of each person. Specifically, au ordinance or stat- ute of 1181 (27 Hen. II.) for this purpose. In 1181, he [Henry II.) issued the Assize of Arms, by which he directed the whole of the freemen of the coun- try to provide themselves with armour according to their means, and tile inquiry by oath of legal juries to deter- mine the liability of each. Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 146. Assize of Clarendon, an English ordinance issued in 1166 (12 Hen. II.), which introduced changes into the ad- ministration of justice. — Assize of Northampton, an English ordinance, a reissue and expansion of the Assize of Clarendon, issued at Northampton in 1176(22 Hen. II.), drawn up in the form of instructions to the judges. The new articles relate to tenure, reliefs, dower, etc.— Assize of novel disseizin. See disseizin.— Assizes Act, an English statute of lsi0(ll Geo. IV. and 1 Wm. IV. c. 70), affecting the constitution of the common-law courts in England and Wales and the practice in them. — Assizes Of Jerusalem, two codes of laws, drawn up under the authority of Godfrey de Bouillon, the first crusading king of Jerusalem, and in force under the Christian sov- ereignty in Jerusalem and in Cyprus. One code had jurisdiction over the nobility, the second over the com- mon people. Both were conceived with a wisdom and enlightenment beyond their age, and were based on contemporary French law and customs. — Grand assize, formerly, in England, a form of trial in certain cases by a jury of sixteen persons, which took the place of trial by judicial combat. It was abolished in 1889.- Maiden as- size. See maiden. — Maritime Assizes of Jerusalem, a body of maritime laws constituting a part of the Assizes of Jerusalem.— Rents of assize, tin- established rents of the freeholders and ancient copyholders of a manor ; rents which cannot be changed, assizet (a-siz'), v. t.; pret. and pp. assized, ppr. assizing. [< ME. assise?i, < AF. assiser, from the noun : see assize, re.] It. In a general sense, to fix ; appoint. Thou shalt have day and time assised. Glower, Conf. Amant. 2t. To fix the rate of; assess, as taxes. — 3. To fix the weight, measure, or price of, by an ordinance or authoritative regulation. The liberty of assizintj bread has been used at clydcr- hou and Rochdale as annexed and belonging to the mar- ket and fair. Quoted in Baines's Hist. Lancashire, II. 14. assizement (a-siz'ment), n. [< assize, v., + -merit.] An inspection of weights and mea- sures, and of the quality of commodities, legal- ized by statute. assizer (a-si'zer), n. [< ME. assisour (and by apheresis sisour, > mod. E. sizar, q. v.), < AF. assisour, < assiser: see assize, v., and -er 1 , -or.] 1. In Eng. hist., a member of a grand assize (which see, under assize). — 2. In Scotland, a juror. — 3t. One who had custody of the assize or standards of weight and measure ; one who fixed the assize of bread and ale, or other arti- cles of general consumption. Also spelled assizor, assiser, assisor. assize-sermon (a-siz'ser"mon), re. In England, a sermon preached to the judges, barristers, and others attending the assizes. assizor, ". See assizer. assobert, »■ '• [< ME. assobren, < L. as- for ad- + LL. sobriare, sober: see sober, v.] To keep or make sober. And thus I rede, thou assobre Thyne herte, in hope of such a grace. Govter, Conf. Amant., vi. associability (a-so-shia-bil'i-ti), n. [< associa- ble: see -biUty'.] 1. The quality of being asso- ciable. The associability of feelings with those of their own kind, group within group, corresponds to the general ar- rangement of nervous structures into great divisions ami sub-divisions. II. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 11G. 2. In pathol., the property of suffering changes by sympathy, or of being affected by the condi- tion of other parts of the body. associate associable (a-so'shia-bl), i. Associa- bility. associate (a-so'shi-at), r. ; pret. and pp. associ- ated, ppr. associating. [< L. associates, pp. of associare, join to, unite with, < ad, to, + soeiare, join, < socius, joined with, allied, following (as a noun, a companion): see social.] I. trans. 1. To join in company, as a friend, companion, partner, confederate, orthelike; joinorconnect intimately ; unite ; combine ; link : followed by with (formerly sometimes by to): as, to asso- ciate others with us in business or in an enter- prise ; particles of earthy matter associated with other substances. He succeeded in associating his name inseparably with some names which will last as long as our language. Macaulay. Just as the older female deities were associated in their worship with heaven and the heavenly bodies, with seasons of the year and with sacred places, so is the more modern goddess [the Virgin Mary]. Dawson, Nature and the Bible, p. 215. 2t. To keep company with ; attend. Friends should associate friends in grief and woe. Shak., Tit. And., v. 3. To-morrow I will associate you to court myself. B. Jonson, Every Man out of his Humour, ii. 1. 3. To make an associate of; admit to associa- tion or membership : with to : as, "he was asso- ciated to the Royal Academy," Southey. [Rare.] — Associated functions. See/unction. II. intrans. 1. To have intercourse ; bean as- sociate or associates : implying intimacy: as, congenial minds are disposed to associate. It was once degradation intensified for a Norman to asso- date with a Saxon. -V. .1. Rev., i'XXXIX. 85. 2. To join in or form a confederacy or associa- tion. The clergy of a district in the diocese of Lincoln asso- ciated lately for the purpose of forming an estimate of the state of religion within their own limits. Sydney Smith, in Lady Holland, iii. 3. In general, to unite, as in action, with a person or thing, or to coexist in organic de- pendence, as the parts of the body. associate (a-so'shi-at), a. and n. [< L. associa- tus, pp.: see the verb.] I. a. 1. Joined in in- terest, object or purpose, office or employment ; combined together; joined with another or others : as, an associa te judge or professor ; " my associate powers," Milton, P. L., x. 395. — 2. In pathol., connected by habit or sympathy: as, associate movements, that is, movements which occur sympathetically, in consequence of pre- ceding motions: thus, convergence of the eyes is associated with contraction of the pupils. II. n. 1. A companion; one who is on terms of intimacy with another ; a mate ; a fellow. Sole Eve, associate sole, to me beyond Compare above all living creatures dear ! Milton, P. L., ix. 227. 2. A partner in interest, as in business ; a con- federate; an accomplice; an ally: as. "their defender and his associates," Hooker. — 3. One who shares an office or a position of authority or responsibility; a colleague or coadjutor. — 4. One who is admitted to a subordinate degree of membership in an association or institution: as. an Associate of the Royal Academy, or of the National Academy of Design. — 5. Anything usually accompanying or associated with an- other. The one [idea] no sooner . . . comes into the under- standing than its associate appears with it. Locke, Human Understanding, ii. 33. =Syn. land 2. Associate, Friend, Companion, Comrade, Fellow, Partner, Ally, Colleague, Coadjutor, Con) Associate i* tin- most general word for persona who are con- nected in life, work, etc.; it is special only in suggesting an alliance of some permanence. Friend is themost general word f,ir persons who, through communits of lifeor other- wise, have kindly feelings toward each other. Compa n, literally a messmate, applies where the persons are much thrown' together, but are not united by any stronj hence it is not a good synonym for husband or wife. '• Many men may be admitted as companions who would not be altogether fit as associates," Crabb, Eng. Synouynies, associate p. 197. Comrade denotes a close companion; it implies freedom of intercourse and a good degree of friendship: as, comrades ill arms. Fellow has nearly lost its early signification of agreeable companionship, the Later mean- ings, having overshadowed it : as. "a bettre/eZrcwa schulde men noght fynde," Chaucer. Compare fellow-feeling, fel- low-helper, fellowship. Fellow in this connection may mean one who naturally would he or is a companion: as, why do you not yo with your fellowe? A partner is one who takes part with others, especially i" business or in any kind of joint ownership. Formerly ally was nearly equivalent in meaning to associate, hut it is now applied chiefly to states or rulers in their public capacity : as. the allies in the Crimean war. A colleague is an associate for some specific purpose or in some ortice; it is, like coadju- tor, properly applicable only to one engaged in labor or business regarded as especially digllitied: a-. Senators A and B were colleagues ; Luther and his coadjutors-. A con- ite is one somewhat formally associated with others, now usually, when applied to private relations, for a bad object. See accomplice. A nice and subtle happiness, I see, Thou to thyself proposest, in the choice Of thy associates, Adam ! Milton, P. L., viii. 401. Thou shalt never find a friend in thy young years whose conditions and qualities will please thee after thou comest to more discretion and judgment. Raleigh, To his Son. One that has well digested his knowledge, both of books and men, has little enjoyment hut in the company of a few select companions. Hume, Essays. Thus he moved the Prince To laughter and his comrades to applause. Tennyson, Oeraint. I and my fellows Are ministers of fate. Shah., Tempest, iii. 3. Myself and other noble friends Are partners in the business. Skak., Cymb., i. 7. The allies, after conquering together, return thanks to God separately each after his own form of worship. Macaulay, Gladstone's Church and State, The patricians prevailed upon some of the tribunes to dissent from their colleagues. J. Adams, Works, IV. 534. Whose political sagacity, like that of his illustrious co- adjutor, read the fate and interests of nations. Story, Speech, Cambridge, Aug. 31, 1S26. I had forgot that foul conspiracy Of the beast Caliban, and his confederates, Against my life. Shak., Tempest, iv. 1. associateship (a-so'shi-ij.t-ship), n. [< associ- ate + -ship.} The position or office of an asso- ciate. [Rare.] association (a-so-si-a'shon), n. [= F. associ- atinn, < ML. associatio(n-), a society, < L. asso- ciare, associate: see associate, v.} 1. The act of associating or the state of being associated. (a) Connection of persons or things ; union. Self-denial is a kind of holy association with God. Boyle, Seraphic Love, iii. There are many objects, of great value to man, which cannot be attained by unconnected individuals, but must be attained, if attained at all, by association. D. Webster, Speech, Pittsburgh, July, 1S33. The very common association between seeing clearly and seeing narrowly is a law or a frailty of our nature not sufficiently understood. Gladstone, Might of Right, p. 135. (6) A union or connection of ideas. See as- sociation of ideas, below. The words which we use are so enwrapped in an atmo- sphere of subtle associations that they are liable to sway the direction of our thoughts in ways of which we are often unconscious. J. Fiske, Idea of God, p. 151. 2. An organized union of persons for a com- mon purpose ; a body of persons acting to- gether for the promotion of some object of mutual interest or advantage ; a partnership, corporation, or society: as, the Association for the Advancement of Science ; a political or charitable association. The old company . . . was able, with the help of its Tory friends, to prevent the rival association from obtain- ing similar privileges. Macaulay. Hist. Eng., xx. Articles of association or incorporation. See article. — Association of ideas (an expression invented by Locke), or mental association, in psychol., the tendency of a si usation, perception, feeling, volition, or thought to recall to consciousness others which have previously co- i less with it or with states similar to it. Thus, the name of a friend is associated « ith his per- sonal appearance, age, place of residence, and so on ; and tie' sound oi the name brings into consciousness involun- tarily one or more of these associated ideas. The special lav '■' a ociation, though variously stated by psycholo- gists, are usually admitted to be those Of contiguity and similarity; that is, ideas recall ideas which have occur- red along with them, and also those which are similar to them. These are called flu 1 principles of objective and silbj. Cl te.n. "the doctrine of association has played an important part in the history oi modern English psychology and philosophy. The phrase, intrinsic and extrinsic association, might be Introduced very appropriately to distinguish associations founded on intrinsic resemblance oi mental states from tii .\hii-h merely imply the extrinsic accident of simul- taneous occurrence in consciousness. T. Clarke Murray. Association philosophy, the doctrine put forward by 11 j, Hume, Hartley, .lame, Mill, and others that the operations of the mind are to he explained chiefly by the associati ,f ideas. -Evangelical Association. * See evangelical. - Free Religious Association. See .free.— Indissoluble or Inseparable association, an tioii ol ideas so strong that we cannot think one without also thinking the other.— Voluntary association, in 350 law, a society which is unincorporated, but is not a part- nership, in that the members are not agents for one an- other, = Syn. 2. Combination, company, cluh, lodge, fra- teruity. associational (a-so-si-a'shpn-al), a. [< asso- ciation + -«/.] i. Pertaining to an association. — 2. Pertaining to the psychological doctrine of association or associationism. associationalism (a-so-si-a'shon-al-izrn), n. Same as associationism. associationalist (a-so-si-a'shpn-al-ist), n. and a. Same as assodationist, associationism (a-so-si-a'shon-izin), n. [< as- sociation + -ism.} 1. The psychological theory which regards the laws of association as the fundamental laws of mental action and de- velopment. See association of ideas, under as- sociation. — 2. Same as Fouricrism. Also associationalism. associationist (a-so-si-a'shon-ist), n. and a. [< association + -is't.} 1. n. 1. One who advocates the psychological doctrine of associationism. — 2. One who supports the doctrine of associa- tion advocated by Fourier and known as Fou- rit lism (which see). II. a. Pertaining to associationism, in either sense of that word. Also associationalist. associative (a-so'shi-a-tiv), a. [< associate + -ive.~\ 1. Pertaining to or resulting from as- sociation; capable of associating; tending to associate or unite; characterized by associa- tion : as, " the associative faculty," Hugh Miller. Onomatopoeia, in addition to its awkwardness, has neither associative nor etymological application to words imitating sounds. J. A. II. Murray, 9th Ann. Add. to Philol. Soc. 2. In math., applied to an operation which gives the same result whether it first unites two quantities A and B, and then unites the result to a third quantity C, or whether it first unites B and C, and then unites the result to A, the order of the quantities being preserved. Thus, addition and multiplication are said to be associa- tive, on account of the general formulas, (a + b) + c ='a + (t, + ,) (a x b) x c = a x (b x c). In the same sense, mathematicians often use the expres- sions associative formula, associative principle. — Associa- tive algebra, a system of algebra in which multiplication is associative. associativeness (a-so'shi-a-tiv-nes), h. The property of being associative, especially in the mathematical sense. associator (a-so'shi-a-tor), n. 1. One who or that which associates or connects together. — 2f. An associate or partner in any scheme ; a confederate. Our late assoeiators and conspirators have made a third copy of the League. Dryden, Post, to Hist, of League. assoguet, "• [< F. assogue, < Sp. azogue (in same sense), lit. quicksilver: see azogue.} A Spanish galleon transporting quicksilver to America for use in the mines. assoil 1 (a-soil'), v. t. [< ME. assoilen, asoilen, assoilien, asoilien, assoylcn, etc., = Sc. assoilzie, formerly assoilyic, assoilge (where Iz, ij, ly rep- resent the F. II mouillees), < OF. assoiler, assau- lter, asolier, also asoldre, assoldre, assoudre, etc., < L. absolvere, absolve, loosen: see absolve, of which assoil is thus a doublet.] If. To solve; clear up. To assoil this seeming difficulty. Waterland, Scripture Vindicated, iii. 63. 2. To release; set free; acquit; pardon; ab- solve. [Archaic.] At my own tribunal stand assouVd, Tukc To sonic bishop we will wend, Of all the sins that we have done, To be assailed at his hand. Percy's Reliques. 3f. To remove ; dispel. Seeking him that should her paine assoyle. Spenser, v. Q., IV. v. 30. assoil 2 t (a-soil'), ' '• t. [< as- 1 + soil 1 .} To soil ; stain. What e'er he be Can with unthankfulness assoil me, let him Dig out mine eyes, and sing my name iii verse. Fletcher {ana another), Queen of Corinth, iii. 1. assoilmentt (a-soil'ment), n. [< assoil 1 + -mini.] The act of assorting; absolution. More. assoilyie, assoilzie (a-soil'ye), v. t. Scotch forms '■!' ossoill. God assoilzie him for the sin of bloodshed. Scott, lvanhoe, II. vi, assonance (as'o-nans), «. [< F. assonance (= Sp. asonancia = Pg. assouanciit), < assonant: see assonant, a.] 1. Resemblance of sounds. The disagreeable assonance of '■sheath"and "sheathed.*' Stccvcns. ass s-ear The combination of eadenced sentences with antitheti- cal alliteration, intersprinkled witli assonances of every kind and their inevitable offspring, the uncalled-for pun, was by him [Lyly] first introduced into English prose. A. W. Ward, Eng. Dram. Lit., I. 157. Homer, like Dante and Shakespeare, like all who really command language, seems fond of playing with assonances. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 327. Specifically — 2. In pros., a species of imper- fect rime, or rather a substitute for rime, espe- cially common in Spanish poetry, consisting in using the same vowel-sound with different consonants, and requiring the use of the same vowels in the assonant words from the last accented vowel to the end of the word: thus, man and hat, penitent and reticence, are exam- ples of assonance in English. There are some traces of the employment of rhyme and assonance in mere popular literature at a very remote period. G. P. Marsh, Lects. on Eng. Lang., p. 505. 3. Agreement or harmony of things. [Rare.] = Syn. Paronomasia, etc SeejTun, assonanced (as'o-nanst), a. [< assonance + -ed 2 .} Characterized by assonance ; assonant. The lines are, in the earlier examples, assonanced, — that is to say, the vowel sound of the last syllables is identical, hut the consonants need not agree. Eneyc. Brit., IX. 638. assonant (as'o-nant), a. and n. [< F. assonant (= Sp. asonanie = Pg. assonante), < L. asso- nan(t-)s, ppr. of assonarc, sound to, respond to: see assonate and sonant.} I. a. 1. Having a resemblance of articulate sounds. Landor's blank verse . . . is . . . terse, yet fluent, as- sonant, harmonious. Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 46. 2. In pros., pertaining to or characterized by assonance. II. n. 1. A word resembling another in sound. Specifically — 2. In pros., a word form- ing an assonance with another word. See as- sonance, 2. assonantal (as-o-nan'tal), a. Of or pertaining to assonance; of the nature of an assonant. assonantic (as-o-nan'tik), a. Same as asso- nantal. assonate (as'o-nat), v. i. : pret. and pp. asso- nated, ppr. assonating. [< L. assonare, sound to, respond to, < ad, to, + sonare, sound: seo sonant.} To correspond in sound ; rime in asso- nance ; be assonant. assort (a-sorf), v. [< late ME. assorte, < OF. assorter = Olt. assortare, < ML. assortarc (mod. F. assorlir = Sp. asortir = It. assortire, < ML. as if "assortire, after L. sortiri, cast lots, allot, distribute, select: see sort, v.); < L. ad, to, + sor(t-)s, lot, condition, sort: see sort.] I. trans. 1. To separate and distribute into classes, sorts, or kinds ; part into lots ; arrange ; clas- sify: as, to assort goods. — 2. To furnish with a suitable assortment or variety of goods ; make up of articles likely to suit a demand : as, to assort a cargo; " well-assorted warehouses," Burke. — 3. To make of the same sort; adapt or suit. No way assorted to those with whom they must asso- ciate. Burke, Rev. in France. II. intrans. 1. To agree in sort or kind; be accordant or matched : as, the two kinds assort well or ill. — 2. To associate; consort. Assort no mole with the menials of the goddess. lUilirer. assorted (a-s6r'ted), p. a. 1. Consisting of selected kinds; arranged in sorts or varieties. Our cargo was an assorted one ; that is, it consisted of everything under the sun. It. II. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 85. 2. Matched; fitted; suited: as, a -well-assorted pair, assortment (a-s6rt'nient), n. [< assort + -mint. Cf. F. assortment, < assorUr.} 1. The act of assorting or distributing into sorts, kinds, or classes, or of selecting and suiting. — 2. A col- lection of things assorted: as, an assortment of goods; "an assortment of paintings," (V>.rc. — 3. A class or group into which objects are as- sorteil. 'those classes and assortments . . . called genera and species. Adam Smith, M<>r. Sent,, II. 407(1797). (.v. B.D.) assott (a-sof), v. [< ME. assotcn, < OF. assotcr, asoter, < a (L. ad, to) + sot, foolish: see sot.} I. intrans. To be or become infatuated or like a fool. II. trans. To infatuate ; deceive ; befool. Tiiat monstrous error which doth some assott. Sycnser, F. Q., II. x. 8. aSSOylet, v. t. See assoil 1 . ass's-ear (as'ez-er), n. A fine iridescent shell, Haltotts asinmus, used in the manufacture of ass s-ear buttons, for inlaying woodwork, and for other purposes. ass's-foot (as'ez-fut), n. Same as coltsfoot. assuade (a-swad'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. assuaded, ppr. assuitding. [< L. as- for ad- + suadcrc, advise: see suasion, and cf. persuade.'] To pre- sent as advice ; urge persuasively. N. E. D. assuage (a-swaj'), v. ; pret. and pp. assuaged, ppr. assuaging. [Early mod. E. also asswage, aswage, and by aphevesis swage ; < ME. asvagi n, aswagen, < OF. asouager, asuager, asoager= Pr. assuaviar, asuaviar, < ML. as if *assuaviare, < L. ad, to, + stiavis, sweet: see suave and sweet. Cf. abridge, < L. aobreviare; allege", < LL. alle- viare, etc.] I. trans. To soften, in a figurative sense; allay; mitigate, ease, or lessen, as pain or grief ; moderate ; appease or pacify, as pas- sion or tutnult. Yet lie with strong perswasions her asswaged, And wonne her will to sutler him depart. Spenser, F. Q., IV. vi. 43. Refreshing winds the summer's heats assuage. Addison. For the first time in history, she [the church] inspired thousands to devote their entire lives, through saerifice and danger, to the single object of assuaging the suffer- ings of humanity. Welsh, Eng. Lit., I. 81. = Syn. Alleviate, Relieve, Mitigate, etc. (see alleviate) ; to appease, mollify, temper (see lists under alleviate and allay i). Il.t intrans. To abate or subside ; grow less: as, " let thin hert assuage," Grower; "the waters asswaged," Gen. viii. 1. assuagement ( a-swaj 'ment), n. [< OF. asuage- iiunt, < asuager: see assuage and -ment.~\ 1. The act of assuaging ; mitigation ; abatement. Spenser. — 2. An alleviative ; a sedative. assuager (a-swa/jer), n. One who assuages or allays ; that which mitigates or abates. assuasive (a-swa'siv), a. and n. [< as- 1 + suasive, as in persuasive, with reference to as- suage.] I. OF. set/iir, stiir), secure, sure: see secure, sure.'] I. trans. 1. To make soil- .0- certain; convince or make confident, asbj a promise, declaration, or other evidence: a-, to tissun a person of one's favor or love. It i i idle to propose re [ii / of tdi disease. il [Relic "" I i a i i i privili - a Christian to 1 wed that the Lord 'iii do this or that Individual thing for him. C. Mather, .Mag. Chris., iv. l. \nil for I am a man. I dare nol do i.i nl - work until assured I Bee with God. Broumi/ng, Ring ami Book, I. 94. 2. To declare solemnly- to; assert earnestly to; endeavor to convince by assertion : as, 1 assure you I am speaking the truth. 1 dan i' "" tin ' thai on enemy shall evi i' take alive tin- noble i Shak., .1. i'., v. 4. They are recommended by people of consequence, I as. sure you. Sheridan, The Critic, i. 1 352 3. To secure or confirm ; make sure to be or to continue; give certainty or stability to: as, to assure a person's position or possessions. This shall assure my constant Loyalty. Shah., :t lien. VI., iii. 3. My penance bath not slacken'd, though my pardon v. way assured. Muton, S. A., 1. 7S9. Sn irresistible an authority cat t be reflected on with- out tin n ii ist awful reverence, even by those whose piety assures its favour to them. //. Rogers. 4. To free from obscurity, ambiguity, or un- certainty. So reas, mi's glimmering ray Was lent, not to assure our doubtful way, but guide us upward to a better day. Dryden, Religio Laid. 5. To embolden; make confident. Ami hereby we . . . shall assure our hearts before him. 1 John iii. 19. 6t. To affiance ; betroth. This drudge, or diviner, laid claim to me; called me Dromio; Bwore 1 was assured to her. Shak., C. of E., iii. 'J. 7. To insure, as against loss. = Syn. Insure. Assure (see insure); to asseverate to, encourage, vouch to, warrant. II. t inlriiiis. 1. To confide; trust. Therfore as frend fullych in me assure. Chaucer, Troilus, i. 6S0. 2. To promise ; pledge one's self. Chaucer. assured (a-shord'),j>. a. 1. Certain; sure; in- dubitable; undoubted: as, "an assured experi- ence," Bacon, Nat. Hist. We dare not leave his fortunes, Though most assured death hung round about us. Fletcher, Humorous Lieutenant, i. 1. In history, as in tragedy, the master's hand has not yet come to its full stretch and skill ; its touch is not yet wholly assured, its work not yet wholly blameless. Swinburne, Shakespeare, p. 50. 2. Bold ; confident ; self-possessed. He looked frank, unconstrained, something assured, but not bordering upon assurance. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, ii. 15. He . . . came forth with an assured air and bade defi- ance to the messenger. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xx. 3t. Affianced. Shak. — 4. Insured; having one's life or goods insured. assuredly (a-shor'ed-li), adv. 1. Certainly; in- dubitably. Assuredly Solomon thy son shall reign. 1 Ki. i. 13. 2. With assurance ; confidently ; impudently. The more Actions of depth and danger are considered, The less assuredly they are performed. B. Jonson, Catiline, iii. 3. assuredness (a-shor'ed-nes), »i. The state of being assured; certainty; full confidence. assurer (a-shor'er), n. 1. One who or that which assures, or gives assurance ; specifically, an insurer or underwriter. — 2. One who takes out a policy of insurance ; one who is assured. assurgency (a-ser'jen-si), n. [< assurgent.] The tendency or disposition to rise. [Rare.] The continual assurqencv of the spirit through the body. Coleridge, Lit. Kern. (1839), IV. 167. assurgent (a-ser'jent), a. [< L. assurgen(t-)s, ppr. of assurgere, rise up, ascend, < ad, to, + surgere, rise: see surge.'] Kising; ascending. Specifically — (it) In her., applied to a bearing when de- picted as rising out of the sea, as the sun. (b) In hot., rising in a curve to an erect position ; ascending. Also adsurgent. — Assurgent leaves, haves hist bent down, but rising erect toward the apex. assuringly ( a-shor'ing-li), adp. In an assuring mat r; in a way to give confidence. asswaget, v. An old spelling of assuage. Assyrian (a-sir'i-an), a. and n. [< E. Assyrius, < llv. 'Arm-,/'.'.' ., pertaining to 'Aoctvpia, Assyria.] 1. n. Pertaining or relating to Assyria or to ils inhabitants Assyrian architecture, tin most Ini portaiit branch of the architecture ol Mesopotamia, de- veloped in Assyria during the period ol Its supremacy. Its chief monuments were the royal palaces which were ol US extent, and constructed of massive walls of snn- dried brick on greal ndsofclaj of which they have now i Irtuallj become a part, owing t" the disintegrating Influ- ence of time ami the elements upon their friable mate- rials. They were never more than one Or two stories high. owing to the limited enduram ( the unbaked bricks and ted chiefly of corridors and lone, narrow haUs, either an hid over with brick or closed in with ceilings of w I and Surrounding Open courts. The entrances were ol lm I losing height and width, ornamented with colossal stone figures of winged human-headed hulls or lions, or other mythological conceptions. The interior walls were com- monly b 1 with a revetment of sofl alaba i< r slabs, on wini h wctc carved in low relief the remarkable scries of sculptures which have preserved the record of Assyrian triumphs, character, and eusti.tus. Color in Bomewhat sni n I in 1 1 tints was generally employed upon the sculptures and the wall- spaces. The temple, in Assyria, was sub- ordinate to the palace, the opposite being the case in Baby- lonia. Assyrian art, one of the later branches "f tfeso- potamian art, parallel to the later Babylonian, Its most characteristic manifestation is presented in its lavish sculptured architectural decoration iti low relief. In its Astacidae flrst period, culminating in the ninth century B. C, if dis- played ureal vigor and truth in its interpretation of nature. particularly in its portrayal of animal forms. Later it Buf- fered a decline until the close of Assyrian Bupremacj in ward the end of the seventh Century B. ('. Its human flgurea never have the life and force of its animals, hut are Assyrian Sculpture. Relief from Koyunjik, in the lintish Museum. King Assur-bani-pal pouring a libation- About 625 B. C. heavy and conventional. It is marked by great minuteness of detail, ornaments, texture of fabrics, etc., being care- fully rendered. In metal-work of all kinds the Assyrian craftsmen took a high place, anil they excelled also in gem-engraving. II. )i. 1. A native or an inhabitant of Assy- ria, an ancient country of Asia, east of the river Tigris, long at the head of the powerful As- syrian empire, including Babylonia and other neighboring countries. — 2. The language of the Assyrians, which has been preserved by and largely recovered from their cuneiform inscriptions. See cuneiform. Assyriological (a-sir''i-o-loj'i-kal), a. Pertain- ing to Assyriology. The latest results of Assyriological research. Amer. Jour. Philol., IV. 343. Assyriologist (a-sir-i-ol'o-jist), ». [< Assyri- ology + -ist.] A student of Assyriology; one versed in Assyriology. Assyriologue'(a-sir'i'-o-log), n. _[=F. Assyrio- Inguc, < Gr. 'Aaavpia + -A6yoc, < Aiyuv. see As- syriology.] An Assyriologist. Assyriology (a-sir-i-ol'o-ji), ». [< Gr. 'Aaavpia + -Tuoyia, < Aeyeiv, speak : see-OeO<7y.] Thescienc6 of Assyrian antiquities ; that branch of know- ledge which includes the history, language, etc., of ancient Assyria. assytht, n. -A Scotch form of asseth. assythment ■ a-slTH'ment), ». [So., also by apheresis sithement, < assyth, sithe, + -nient.] In -Scot's law, an in- demnification due from a person guilty of murder to the heirs of the person murdered. Where the criminal has suffered flic penalty of the law, no claim for assythment lies. -ast. [< Gr. -aoTr/r, < -iK'ir, after -i-, equiv. to -lorr/r, < -ijir: see -ist, -,„-(•.] A suffix of Greek origin, occurring in- stead of -ist after -/-, as in rliiliust, i utlill- smsf. etc. astacian (as-ta'- shian), n. [< Asta- eus + -inn.] Aft ani- mal of the genus Astacus or family Astaeidce, as a craw- fish or Lobster. astacid(as'ta-sid).m. i bio nf the Aslacitla: Astacidae (as-tas'i- de), n. pi. |NU, < Astacus + -«/'(.] A family of macrurous decapod crustaceans pterocardiac do. represented by the ? crawfish and lobster. Among fluviatile forms, the best known arc As- turns and Ctiwba rits, the former containing the river-crawfish, A. jluria- litis, and the latter nu- merous species of North Structure of the Crawfish I Astacus). /, //. ///.'lei Hit It, SI ODd, eel third somites . < . heart ; o. membra- i 5 part of stomach; lf\ l.ihriim ; /, tiima ; c, cardiac ossicle; fit, .uroc.irili.ii 1 ".: o.; /, cardlo-f loril valve; fit. inferior pyloric va|. vul.ir apparatus; tH, .interior g.istnc tnuscle ; »»/*. Insertion of p istenoi I -> : /. . procephalii process ; *, opening of hepatic duet; :. pyloric caecum; , i-, Intestine; C". testis, en . ten", vasdeferens; a o, ophtlialniu artery; a a, antennary do.; ah, hepatic do./, as, sternal •!"-; "A superior abdomi- nal do.; b, cerebral ganglia ; Ji'.azy- gous visceral nerve. Astacidae America, among them the blind crawfish of the Mammoth Cave, C.pi'Huridiis. The lohster is Ilomarns inariiiiis, or //. amerieanus. Nephrops is anothergenus of tliis family. See cut under Astacus. Astacina (as-ta-si'na), n. pi. [NL., < Astacus + -ina.] A group oi' macrurous decapod crus- taceans corresponding more or less nearly with Astacini or Astacidte. astacine (as'ta-sin), a. and n. [< Astacus + -mi 1. 1 I. it. Having the characters of a craw- fish; pertaining to the Astacidce. II. n. One of the Astacidw, as a crawfish. The problem whether the crustacean in question was a marine Astacine or a true Homarine might In- ray hard 1. 1 solve. Huxley, Crayfish, vi. Also astacoid. Astacini (as-ta-si'ni), n. pi. [NL., < Astacus + -ini.] In Latreille's system of classification, the third section of macrurous decapod crus- taceans, containing a number of forms now distributed in several families and at least two suborders. His subsection of the same name corre- sponds more nearly to the modern family Astacidce (which sec). astacite (as'ta-sit), n. [< Gr. aoraicdc, a lob- ster, a crawfish, + -ite 2 .] A petrified or fossil crawfish, or other similar erustaceous animal. Also ustacolite. astacoid (as'ta-koid), «. and n. [< Astacus + -aid.] Same as astacine. Huxley. Astacoidea (as-ta-koi'de-a), n. pi. [NL., < As- tacus + -oidea.] A superfamily group or series of macrurous decapod crustaceans. astacolite (as-tak'o-lit). n. [< Gr. aoTandc, a lobster, a crawfish, '+ X&oq, a stone.] Same as astacite. Astacus (as'ta-kus), n. [NL., < Gr. dora/coY, a lobster, a craw-fish.] The typical genus of the Astarte sulcata. P /./'. ■ and posterior pedal muscle. River-Crawfish {Astacusjlicviatiiis). (From Huxley's " Crayfish.") family Astacidw, and one of the two leading genera of fluviatile crawfishes, the other being Cambarus. astarboard (a-star'bord), prep. phr. as adv. [< a'i + starboard.'] At or to the starboard or right-hand side of a ship when looking forward. astare (a-star'), ]irep. phr. as adv. or a. [< o 3 + stared.'] Staring. astartt (a-starf), v. [< ME. asterten, asteorten, asturten, startle, start up, escape, < a- (< AS. a-) + sterten, etc., start: see a- 1 and start 1 .'] I. traits. 1. To escape; escape from. Every tere which that Creseyde asterte. Chaucer, Troilus, iii. 1070. 2. To cause to start ; startle. No daunger there the shepheard can astert. Spenser, Shep. Cat, Nov. II. intraus. 1. To start up. Out of her bed she did astart, As one with vew of ghastly feends affright. .Spenser, F. Q., III. ii. 29. 2. To be escaped from. She hadde the herte, And who hath that may not asterte. Chaucer, Death of Blanche, 1. 1153. Astarte (as-tar'te), n. [L., < Gr. 'AarapTr/, representing Phen. Ashtareth: see Ashtoreth.] 1. The principal female divinity of the Pheni- cians, properly a chaste deity, goddess of the moon or of the heavens, but frequently con- founded with the unchaste Ashera. She was the same as the Assyrian Istar. Also called Ashtorctli (Ash- tareth, Astoreth), and, incorrectly, Ashtoruth (Ashtaroth), a plural form of Ashtareth. Mooned Ashtaroth, Heaven's queen and mother both. Milton, Nativity, 1. 200. With these in troop Came Astoreth, whom the Phoenicians call'd Astarte, queen of heaven, with crescent horns. Milton, P. L., i. 439. 2. The moon. Astarte's bediamonded crescent, Distinct with its duplicate horn. Poe, Ulalunie. 23 353 3. [NL.] A genus of bivalve shells, formerly of great extent anil referred to a family < 'yprimda, now restricted and made the type of a family Astar- liiln . Astartidae (as-Uir'ti-de), n. pi. [NL., < Astarte, 3, + -iilir.] In some systems of zoological classification, a family of dimyarian bi- valves, with solid equal valves, an external liga- ment, cardinal teeth, and also lateral teeth on each valve, tin' pallial line en- tire, the muscular scars ovate, and a distinct pedal scar above the anterior muscular one. rhc typical species are chiefly inhabitants of the northern seas, but mem- bers of the same family are found in most other seas. Astasia (as-ta'si-a), n. [NL.,— ' g be rendered astatic _, in various ways, but A - ' —r-^ iJ |s ^^=-"- mos t simply by the proximity of another needle of thesanie in- tensity fixed parallel to it, and with the poles reversed, the north pole of the one being adjacent to the south pole of the other. In this posi- tion the needles neu- tralize each other, and are therefore un- r affected by the mag- netism of the earth, though they are still subject to the influ- ence of an electric current properly situated. Such nee- dles were formerly employed in the electric telegraph, and they form an essential part of the astatic galvanometer. astatically (as-tat i-kal-i), adv. In an astatic manner. astaticism(as-tat'i-sizm), n. [< astatic + -ism.] The state or quality of being astatic. The nominal sensitiveness of a galvanometer can he in- creased to any extent by increasing the astaticism of the needle. Amer. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXXII. 00. astatize (as'ta-tiz), v. t; pret. and pp. astatizt it. ppr. astatieirig, [< astat-ic + -fee.] To rendei astatic. The deflexion of a properly astatized needle suspended inside the globe. Encyc. Brit., XV. 267. astatizer (as'ta-ti-zer), ii. A device for ren- dering the needle of a galvanometer astatic. astay (a-sta'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [< a 8 + stayl.] Naut., said of the anchor when, in heaving in, the cable forms such an angle with the surface of the water as to appear to be in a line with the stays of the ship. asteatodes (as-te-a-to'dez), n. [NL., < Gr. d- priv. + trrearud^r, like tallow or fat, < areap (arear-), tallow or fat, + eldor, form.] Same as asteatosis. asteatosis (as-te-a-to'sis), n. [NL., < Gr. d- priv. + ariap (ortar-), tallow or fat, + -osis.] Astatic Needles. asteriated In pafhol., defective secretion of sebaceous matter by the glands of the skin. asteer (a-ster'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [Sc., = astir, q. v.] In or into a state of stir; star- ring. [Scotch.] asteism (as'te-izm), u. [< Gr. aareiaii6c, clever talk, < aorei&odai, talk cleverly, < doTeeof.clever, witty, lit. of the town, < ann; (own. Cf. Civil. < L. cwis, :i citizen ; urbane, < L. urbs, a eity.J In rlu I., polite irony; a polite and ingenious manner <<( deriding another. astel (as'tel ), ». [< ML. osteite, < < >F. osteite = Pr. astela, < L. "asteUa, fur astula, a form of assula, a thin board, a shingle, dim. of assis, a board: see ashler.] A ceiling of boards over- head in a mining-drift, designed to protect the men wlttu at work from falling rocks. [Eng.] aster 1 (as'ter), ii. [L., < Gr. 'mr/,,', a star (also a plant, prob. Aster Atticus : cf. acsrpov (> L. as- I in in), a star, a constellation, usually in pi. doT/)o, tlie stars), = E. star, q. v.] If. A star. [Kare.] — 2. A plant of the genus Aster. — 3. [cop.] [NL.] A large genus of plants, natural order Composites, natives of Europe, Asia, and America, but chiefly of North America, about 1120 species occurring in the United States. They are mostly perennial, flowering in late summer and autumn, on which account they are often called in Eng- land Michaelmas or Christmas daisies. The ray-flowers vary from white to lilac-blue or purple, tin- center being yellow, changing sometimes to purple. Many of the spe- cies resemble one another closely, and in no genus is the satisfactory determination of the species more difficult. 4. A name of plants of some allied genera, as I lie Cape aster ( lijutlian amelloides), I lie China aster (Callisteptius Chinensis), the false aster (Boltonia), the golden aster (Chrysopsis), and the white-topped aster 'Sericocarpus). — 5. In biol., a karyokinetic figure intervening in time between the rosette and the diaster during the changes in the nucleus of a cell. See diaster ami hirijnl:inesis. Aster 2 (as'ter), n. In ornith., same as Astur. -aster. [L. -aster, dim. suffix, as in parasitaster, a bit of a parasite, Antouiastcr, a little Antony, oleaster, wild olive, pinaster, wild pine, sun/aster, deafish, etc.] A suffix of Latin origin, forming contemptuous diminutives, as in criticaster, poetaster. It occurs without recognized dimin- utive force in pinaster, oleaster (which see). Asteracanthiidae (as"te-ra-kan-thi'i-de), n.pl. [NL., < Asteracanthion + -ida.] A family of ordinary starfishes, of the order Asteroidea. Asteracanthion (as"te-ra-kan'thi-on), n. [NL., < Gr. aarr/p, a star, + anavffa, a spine.] A genus of starfishes, typical of the family Asteracan- tliiiila: A. rubens is a common British species, the "five-finger" of the oystermen. Asteracanthus (as"te-ra-kan'thus), n. [NL., < Gr. aari]p, a star, + anavBa, a spine.] A genus of placoid fossil fishes, occurring in the Oolite and Lias formations. Asteraceae (as-te-ra'se-e), n.pl. [NL., < Aster\ 3, + -acea:] Same as Compositai. asteria(as-te'ri-a),«. [L.,f asterism: as. asteriated sapphire. See SOT. 4. asterid (as'te-rid), n. \<. Asterida.] A starfish; a member of the genus Asterias, or family As- teriidec, or some other division of the order As- teroidea. Also called asteridan and asteridian. Asterida (as-ter'i-da), n.pl. [NL.,< Asterias, 1, + -ida.] In Gegenbaurs system of classifica- tion, an order of the class Asteroida, including the typical starfishes. Astefidae(as-ter'i-de), n.pl. [NL.,< Asterias, 1, + -ida".] 1. Same as Aster iida: — 2. Some su- perfaniily group of starfishes, more or less ex- actly equivalent to Asteroidea (which see). asteridan (as-ter'i-dan), ». Same as asterid. Asteridea (as-te-rid'e-a), n.pl. [NL.,< Asterias, 1, + -idea.'] A superfamily group of starfishes. (a) More or less nearly the same as an order Asteroidea, distinguishing the starfishes collectively from other echi- noderins. (M More or less nearly the same as a class Asteroidea or Stellerida, distinguishing the starfishes and sand-stars (ophiurians) together trom other echinoderms. asteridian (as-te-rid'i-an), «. and a. [< asterid + -<««.] I. n. Same as asterid. II. a. Of or pertaining to the Asteriidce. The asteridian affinities of the class [Brachiopoda] have heen hinted at by King. Eneyc Brit., IV. iss. asteriid (as-te'ri-id), ». A starfish of the fam- ily Asteriidce. Asteriidae (as-te-ri'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Aste- rias, 1, + Ada;.] A family of echinoderms, of the order Asteroidea, 354 asterism (as'te-rizm), ». [< Gr. aartpca/iSc, a marking willi stars, a constellation, < acrrepi^eai, mark with stars, < aari/p, a star, = E. star.] 1. A group of stars : formerly equivalent to con- stellation, but now appropriated to any small cluster of stars, whether a part of a constella- tion or not. All set in number and in perfect form, liven like the As/crism.* fix d in heaven. Chapman, Blind Beggar. Anyone who studies the heavens will recognize the fact that the larger constellations have heen robbed of their just proportions to form the smaller asterisms. R. A. Proctor, Light Science, p. 335. 2. An asterisk, or mark of reference. [Rare.] — 3. Three asterisks placed thus, *»*, or thus, „*„ , before a passage, to direct attention to it. — 4. An optical property exhibited by some crystallized minerals which show a star-shaped asthma tcrimdfr, QoniasteridcB, TAnckiidcB, and Astteriida, or the starfishes proper as distinguished from the wand-stars and other eehinoderins of the class Stellerida (which see). They have a coriaceous skin, in which are implanted spines or tubercles. The body is expanded into anus, the under surface of winch is marked with grooves, radiating t tli' center, and pierced with rows of holes, whence issue tentacular feet, by means of which the animals move. Most have 5 arms or rays, but some have more, varying from S to 30. They have the power of reproducing these arms if they are broken off ; and if an entire arm, witli a small portion of the body attached to it, is torn off, it forms a new and perfect animal. The mouth is in the inferior center of the rays, is not provided with teeth, and leads by a short gullet into a large stomach, from which a pair of lateral tubes are prolonged into each ray. A distinct intestine and anus may or may not be present. The ani- mals feed chiefly on mollusks. 2. A class of echinoderms, containing the sand-stars or ophiurians together with the starfishes, and rhore or less exactly equivalent to Stellerida (which see). — 3. Same as Alcy- onaria. ■rol'e-pis), ». [NL., < Gr. rLlWTOLr^, Cross-section of ray of Asterias aitrantiacus. a, a, ambulacral or vertebral os- sicles; b, adambulacral; c, c, margi- nal ossicles; d. paxilUe upon aiitam- bulacral surface. the starfishes, class Asteroidea or Stelle- rida, represented by such genera as As- terias or Astropectt n and Luidia, having four rows of pedi- cellate feet iu each ray. Also Asterida;, and, less correctly, Asteriadw. Asterina (as-te-ri'- nii), n. [NL., '< Gr. hcrri/p, a star, + -ina.] The typical genus of starfishes of the family Asterinidw. A. gibbosa is the gibbous starlet. Asterina is a large genus, almost world-wide in its dis- tribution. The skeleton is formed of imbricated or over- lapping and notched ossicula. Stand. Nat. Hist., I. 159. asterinid (as-ter'i-nid), n. ily Asterinidw. Asterinidse (as-te-rin'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < As- terina + -idee.] A family of starfishes, contain- ing the starlets of the genera Asterina, Asteris- cus, Goniaster, etc. asterion (as-te'ri-on), n. [NL.,< Gr. aarepwc, neut. aaripiov, starry, starlike, < doTV/p, a star.] In anat., the point where the lambdoid, parie- tomastoid, and occipitomastoid sutures of the skull meet. Asteriscus (as-te-ris'kus), n. [NL., < Gr. atrre- l> <"m«;, a little star: see asterisk.] 1. A genus of starfishes, of the family Asterinidw : synony- mous with Palmipes. The species are known as sea-stars. — 2. [I, c] An otolith lodged, in most fishes, in a diverticulum of the vestibule, beneath the ampulla of the posterior canal. asterisk (as'te-risk), n. [< LL. asteriscus, < Gr. aarepiaKoc, a little star, an asterisk, used in manuscripts to mark passages, dim. of iimnp, a star: see aster*-.'] 1. The figure of a star (*), used in printing and writing — (a) as areference to a ps - i g e or note in the margin; (6) to dis- tinguish words or phrases as conjectural, theo- retical, unverified, obscure, or as having some other specified character; (c) to mark the omis- sion of words or letters; and (d) arbitrarily, as a mark of classification. — 2. Something in the shape of or resembling an asterisk. 'lie lanthorn Is in the centre of an asterisk of glades. cut through the wood of all the country round, four or five in a quarter. Roger North, Lord Guilford, I. 258. 3. In the Cr. Ch., a frame consisting of two arches of metal, crossing each other at right angles, placed on the paten and over I lie prepared bread of i lie eueharisl to prevent contact with the covering veil. i hi ' • risk . . . folds and un- i tin- purpose ot being more conveniently put away. Its use is Asterisk. to prevent tile Veilol the disk from disarranging the order of tin- por- ta mystical meaning . . . is the star which led the W i • Mi ii to the Infant Saviour. J. M. Neale, Eastern Church, i. 350, note. in the latter to the inclusion of symmetrically arranged aeicular crystals. astern (a-stern'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [< <(3 + stem".] 1. At or toward the hinder part of a ship: as, to go astern. — 2. Behind, at any indefinite distance: as, the ship was far astern of us. Captain Terry . . . put off in his boat at sunset for his ship, which was now six or eight miles astern. -ft. //. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 36. 3. In the direction of the stern; backward; back; to the rear: said of a ship: as, the cur- rent drove us far astern — To back astern, to move stern foremost; go astern : said of a ship. — To be astern Of the reckoning, to be behind the position given for a vessel by the reckoning.— To fall astern. See fall. asternal (a-ster'nal), a. [< Gr. d- priv. + aripvov, sternum.] 1. Having no sternum or breast-bone, as a serpent. [Rare.] — 2. Not reaching to or connected with the sternum : as, asternal ribs, that is, floating ribs, ribs which do not articulate with the breast-bone. Asterodactylidae (as // te-ro-dak-til'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Asterodactylus + -idee] A family of salient amphibians: synonymous with Pipidw (which see). Also Asterodactyloidec and Astro- dactulidce. Asterodactylus (as'te-ro-dak'ti-lus), n. [NL., < Gr. denv/p, a star, + Saicrv/\os, finger.] A genus A genus of gi- gantic primi- tive fishes, now found only in a fossil state in the Old Bed Sandstone. From their re- mains it would seem that these fishes must some- times have at- tained the length of 18 or 20 feet. 4 plate of AstcroUpis, 1.9th natural size ; 2, internal ridge of hyoid plate, r-4th natural size. asterophrydid (as"te-rof'ri-did), n. One of the Asterophrydidw. Asterophrydida? (as"te-ro-frid'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Asterophrys + -tela'.] A family of ar- ciferous salient amphibians with maxillary teeth, dilated sacral diapophyses (the coccyx being connected witli one or two condyles or sacral vertebra?), and opisthoccelian vertebrae. It is a small group of toad-like animals. Asterophrys (as-te-rof'ris), n. [NL., < Gr. aariip, a star, + ofpbe, eyebrow: see brow.'] A genus of arciferous amphibians of New Guinea, typical of the family Astcrophrydida-. asterophyllite (as "te-ro-fil'it), n. [< NL. Asterophyllites/} rophyllites. A member of tho genus Aste- A starlet of the fam- of salient amphibians : synonymous with Pipa Asterophyllites (as"te-r6-fi-li'tez), n. [NL., (which see). asteroid (as'te-roid),a. andn. [< Gr. arrrepoc i6r/c, star-like, < aari/p, a star, + ildoc, form.] I. a. 1. Star-like. — 2. Having a flower like that of an aster. II. «. 1. One of tho small planets, 280 or more < Gr. aori/p, a star, +" ipi'lAov, a leaf, + 'Xtdoc', a stone.] A genus of fossil plants; star-leaf: so called from the stellated disposition of the leaves around the branches. They abound in the coal-measures, and are believed to be the branches of the Catamites or Catamodendron. astertt, v. See astart. in number, between the orbits of Mars and Ju- a ?P?™'„ ''/ piter: more accurately called planetoids. See astnem a (as-the-m a), n. S T L., < Gr. acdeve ,a, planetoid. — 2. One of the Asteroidea; a star- fish, in a wide sense. Asteroida (as-te-roi'da), n.pl. [NL., < Gr. dorc- poeidr/r, star-like: see asteroid.] 1. In Gegen- baur's system of classification, a class of echi- noderms, the sea-stars or starfishes, consisting of the orders Asterida, Brisingida, Ophiurida, and Euryalida. — 2. Same as Alcyonaria. asteroidal (as-te-roi'dal), a. ['< asteroid (or Asteroida) + -at.] 1.' Resembling a star. — 2. Pertaining to the asteroids. — 3. Pertain- ing to the starfishes. — 4. Same as alcyonarian weakness, < aadevijc, without strength, < a- priv. + cdtvoc, strength.] 1. In j>athol., debility; want of strength. Also astheny. — 2. [cap.] In zool., a genus of insects. asthenic (as-then'ik), a. [< Gr. aodevmoc, weak, < aotitvijc: see asthenia.] Of the nature of as- thenia ; characterized by or suffering from as- thenia or debility ; weak. asthenologyt (as-the-nol'o-ji), ti. [< Gr. dtrflo i7/c, weak (see asthenia), + -V\oyia,<. Aiyav, speak: see -ology.] The doctrine of diseases connected with debility. Asteroidea (as-te-roi'deCa), n.pl, [NL., < Gr! asthenopia (as-the-no'pi-a), n [NL, < Gr aotfc iiijTepoctdr/c, star-like: see asteroid.] 1. An order of echinoderms, the starfishes: so call- ed from their star-like form. They have a more or /.-, Development of Asterid Larvae. A. echinopxdiuin of the form called blplnniirta, ventral view lateral view; c, the blplanarla showing rudiment of the starfish mouth; *. esophagus; c, stomach ; c. intestine ; c, anus; x y. ven tral and dors-i] si.brs of anterior end of txidy ; rf, .1 . < iliated bnndi A, Cfecal diverticulum, forinmi; rudiment of the ambulacral system opening externally at A -. less lobed or pentagonal disk ; lobes continuous with the disk, receiving prolongations of the viscera, and bearing tube-feet with suckers, as loroinotory organs ; and an liberal Hindu pone body. The group includes several families, as Brisiiujidce, Pteravteridtz, Autrvpcctinidix, As- ij/c, weak (see asthenia), + ic s\ inptoms i eappcar, Eneyc. Brit., XVII. 785. Asthenurus (as-the-nfi'rus), n. [NL., < Gr. until vi/c, weak (see as/lienia), + ovpd, tail.] 1. In ornith., a genus of woodpeckers: synony- mous with I'icumnus. Swainson, 1827. — 2. in ich tli . , a genus of fishes. astheny (as'the-ni), n. Same as asthenia, 1. asthma (ast'mti or as'mii), n, [Early mod. E. also astma, asnia, < ME. asma, asmy, < ML. astna, asthma, NHG. staunen (in comp. ersUmnen = AS. "dstu- nianl), astonish; or (2) < OF. estoner, estuner, estontwr, mod. F. etonner, stun, astonish, < L. as if "extonare, equiv. to attonare, chiefly in pp. attonitus, strike with a thunderbolt, stun, as- tonish, < ex, out (ad, to), + tonare, thunder: see as- 3 , ex-, and thunder. The indications point to an orig. AS. word, merged in ME. with the etymologically different but formally and no- tionally equiv. OF. word. The forms aston, astonr, astun, astony, astonish, and astound are thus variations of the same word. The normal mod. form is astun (a-stun'), or with further de- velopment astound, the only form, besides as- tonish, in actual use.] To confound; astonish; amaze; bewilder; dismay. Chaucer. On the solid ground He fell rebounding breathless, and astunn'd His trunk extended lay. Somerville, Hobbinol, ii. 384. astoniednesst, n. [< astonied + -ness.] The state of being astonished. astonish (a-ston'ish), r. t. [First in early mod. E. ; either < aston, astone, or astony, + -isli-, used (as in distinguish and extinguish) in imita- tion of words like abolish, banish, cherish, etc., where -ish represents -iss- in certain parts of F. verbs ; or perhaps from an actual OF. *eston- nir(*estoniss-),indieatedhiestonissement, aston- ishment (Palsgrave).] If. To stun, as with a blow; benumb; give a stupefying shock to. Or as a thunder-clap, or cannons' noyse, The power of hearing doth astonish quite. Sir J . Davies, Immortal, of Soul. The knaves treat lay in wait behind rose up and rolled down two huge stones, whereof the one smote the king upon the head, the other astonished his shoulder. Holland, tr. of Livy, xlii. 15. 2f. To stun or strike dumb with sudden fear; confound. It is the part of men to fear and tremble, When the most mighty gods, by tokens, send Such dreadful heralds to astonish us. Shak., J. C, i. 3. 3. To strike or impress with wonder, surprise, or admiration ; surprise ; amaze. Thou hast astonish'd me with thy high terms. Shak., 1 Hen. VI., i. 2. The student of Nature wonders the more and is aston- ished the less, the more conversant he becomes with her operations. Huxley, Lay .Sermons, p. 260. What shall we say of the ocean telegraph, that exten- sion of the eye and ear, whose sudden performance aston- ished mankind? Emerson, Works and Days. -Syn. 3. Surprise, Amaze, etc. (see surprize); startle, shock. astonishablet (a-ston'ish-a-bl), a. [< astonish + -able.] Astonishing. astonishedly (a-ston'isht-li), adv. In an aston- ished manner. [Rare.] astonisher (a-ston'ish-er), n. One who or that which astonishes. astonishing (a-ston'ish-ing), p. a. Causing or fitted to cause astonishment ; amazing; wonder- ful. = Syn. Amazing, surprising, wonderful, marvelous. astonishingly (a-ston'ish-ing-li), adv. In an astonishing manner; to an astonishing degree. astonishingness (a-ston'ish-ing-nes), «. The quality of exciting astonishment. [Rare.] astonishment (a-ston'ish-ment), n. [< aston- ish + -mint. Cf. OF.eston/ssewcn^Palsgrave).] 1. The state of being astonished, (at) The state of being stunned or benumbed. Astraeacea A coldness and astnnisluinnt in his loins, as folk ' Holland. f'7. Those imaged, to the pride of kings and priests, A dark yet mighty faith, a power as wide As is the world it wasted, and are now But an astonishment. Shelley, Prometheus Unbound, iii. 4. = Syn. 1. Amazement, admiration, awe. astony (as-ton'i), !'. t. ; pret. and pp. astonied, ppr. astony ing. [< ME. astonien, rarely astu- nien: see aston.] If. To stun, as with a blow. The captain of the Helots . . . strake Falladlas upon the side of his head that he reeled astonied. Sir P. Sidney, Arcadia, f. •!?.. 2. To astonish ; terrify ; confound. [Obsolete or archaic] And when I heard this thing, I rent my garment and my mantle, . . . and sat down astonied. Ezraix. 3. Astonying with their suddenness both their friends and their enemies. Knolles. And I astonied fell and could not pray. Mrs. Broit-n ing. astoret, ». <• [< ME. astoren (and by apheresis storen, > mod. E. store), < OF. estorer, estaurer, < L. instaurare, repair, renew: see instaura- tion and store.] To store; furnish with stores. Ful riche he was astored prively. Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 609. Astoreth (as'to-reth), n. [See Ashtoreth.] Same as Astarte. astoundt (a-stound'), p. a. [Early mod. E. also asiown'd, < ME. astouned, astoned, astuned, pp. of astounen, astonen, astuncn, astonish : see aston, astony, and cf. astound, v.] Astonished ; confounded. See aston. The elf therewith astound Upstarted lightly. Spenser. astound (a-stound'), v. [As an inf. this form is late, being due in part to the pp. astound, astouned, and in part perhaps to the frequent dissimilated gemination of final -n into -nd, as in sound for soun, etc. ; so dial, drownd for drown, pp. drownded for drowned.] I. trans. To astonish greatly ; strike dumb with amaze- ment ; amaze ; alarm. These thoughts may startle well, but not astound The virtuous mind. Milton, Comns, 1. 210. In the architecture and embellishments of the chamber, the evident design had been to dazzle and astound. Poe, Tales, I. 375. -Syn. Surprise, Astonish, Amaze, etc. (see surprise); con- found, stagger, dumfounder, stupefy, shock. II. intrans. To cause astonishment ; amaze; stun. The lightnings flash a larger curve, and more The noise astomids. Thomson, Summer, 1. 1138. astounding (a-stoun'ding), p. a. Causing or fitted to cause surprise or wonder; causing amazement; highly astonishing. The third is your soldier's face, a menacing and astound- ing face. B. Jonson, Cynthia's Kevels. His [Comte's] astounding self-conceit was more akin to that which may be seen in lunatic asylums than to anj thing which is known to have been manifested by persona in a state of health. J. Fiske, Cosmic Philos., I. 142. astoundingly (a-stoun'ding-li), tub. In an astounding or amazing manner; amazingly. astoundment (a-stound'ment), n. [< astound + -ment.] Amazement. [Rare.] To the astoundment of the young urchins, my contem- poraries. Lamb, Old Benchers. astraddle (a-strad'l), prep. phr. as adr. or a. [< (/ 3 + straddle: see straddle.] In a straddling position ; with one leg on each side of some- thing; astride: as, to sit astraddle. Astraea (as-tre'ii), n. [< L. Astro?a, < Gr. 'Ao- rpaia, the goddess of justice, lit. starry, fem. of aoTpaior, starry, < aarpov, a star: see astral.] 1. A name sometimes given to the sign Virgo. — 2. The 5th planetoid, discovered at Driesen by Henke in 1845. — 3. [NL.] In zobl., a genus of fixed coralligenous zoophytes, or stone-corals, typical of the family Astrwidw, or star-corals. See star-coral. Also spelled Astrea. Astraeacea (as-tre-a'se-a), n. pi. [NL., < As- trwa + -acea.] Iii Verrill's system of classiti- Astraeacea cation, the third suborder of the order Madrc- poraria. The technical characters are: polyps mostly compound, either by ftssiparity or various modes of bud- i or pertaining to tho as- tragalus. astragalomaiicy (as-trag'u-lo-inHii-si), n. K Gr. aarpayaXos, a die, + uavreia, divination; cf. o dMpavris, a diviner from dice (parra, a diviner, a prophet): see astragalus.'] Divina- tion bv mean* <• ieular. Uuxley, Anat. Vert., p. 221. astragaloscaphoid (as-trag'a-lo-skaf'oid), a. I< astragalus + scaphoid.] Pertaining to both the astragalus and the scaphoid or navicular l„,ne; connecting these two bones: as, the as- tragaloscaphoid ligament. astr'agalotibial (as-trag"a-16-tib i-al), a. L< astragalus + tibial.] Pertaining to both the astragalus and the tibia: as, astragalutibtul articulation. . '. astragal-plane (as'tra-gal-plan), n. Injoiumi, a bench-plane of the shape necessary to form astragal-tool (as ' tra-gal-tol), ». A turning- chisel with a concave face for cutting astragals. astragalus (as-trag'a-lus), •.;pL«M ( II) [L < Gr. aarpayaM, one of the ver- tebra?, the ball of the ankle-joint, a die, an architectural molding, a leguminous plant; prob. from same root as bartov, a bone. CI. osteo-.] 1. In anat., the tibiale, or innermost one of the proximal row of tarsal bones. In mammals it articulates with the tibia and enters into the tibiotarsal or ankle-joint; in birds it is ankylosed with the tibia forming more or less of the tibial condyles, and entering into the mediotarsal or so-called tibiometatarsal joint or heel-joint. In man and some other mammals it is known as the talus, huckle-bone, ankle-bone, or drag- bone being the uppermost hone of the tarsus, and chiefly or entirely receiving the weight of the body, in so far as this is borne upon the foot or hind foot. See cuts under Dromons, foot, and Aocfci. 2 leap.) [NL.] A very large genus of plants, natural order Leguminosa), mostly low herbs, found in all parts of the world except Austra- lia and South Africa. Over 1,000 species are known in the old world, and about 200 in North America chiefly west of the Mississippi. Very few are of any value A. nummifer and a group of allied species, low spiny shrubs i if asia Minor Syria, and Fersia, are the source of the gum tra-acalith of commerce. Some of the same species also yield a sort of manna. A. Baticus is cultivated in some parts of Europe for its seeds, which are used as a substitute for coffee. In the United States several species are known as locoweed, and are poisonous to animals eating them. astrain (a-stran' ), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [< a* + strain"] On the strain; straining, astrakhan (as'tra-kan), n. [< Astrakhan (Russ. Astraklianit), a city and government (province) of Russia.] 1. A name given to skins with a curled wool (the pelts of young lambs) obtained from Astrakhan in European Russia.— 2. A rough fabric with a long and closely curled pile in imitation of the fur. astrakhanite (as'tra-kan-it), n. [< Astrakhan + -ite-.] A variety of blodite from the salt lakes of Astrakhan. astral (as'tral), a. and n. [< LL. astrahs < L. astrum, a star, < Gr. aarpov, a star, a constella- tion, < aoriip, a star, = E. star : see asteri and star.] I. a. 1. Belonging to the stars; starry. JefraZ shnw-.-rs covered the heavens Palsgrave, Norm, and Eng., III. 831. (X. h. D.) 2. Specifically, in theosophij, an epithet descrip- tive of a supersensible substance supposed to pervade all space and enter into all bodies; odic; biogenic — Astral body, in theosophy, a living form composed of astral fluid ; a ghost, wraith, or double ; an astral.- Astral fluid, od ; biogen. See these words. — Astral lamp, a lamp with an annular reservoir for oil, which is connected with the wick-tube by two small tubes. These tubes offer the only obstruction to the passage ot all rays which fall between the reservoir and the stem ot the lamp-stand, the shadow cast by lamps of the ordinary construction being thus in great measure avoided.- As- tral spirits, spirits believed, in the middle ages, to peo- ple the stars. They were variously conceived as fallen an- gels, souls of departed men, or spirits originating in lire, and hovering between heaven and earth, and between earth and hell. , II. n. In theosophy, an astral form or body. Two or more astrals will make this journey together. A. J'. Snmett. astrictiveness ated tail, like a magpie's, paired lateral crests on the head, and the whole plumage brilliantly iridescent . .1. nigra, or A. gularit, is the paradise-pie, also known as the in i. parable. astraughtt (as-traf), p. a. [Substituted for distraught, q. v.] Distracted; distraught; aghast. Holding. astraunget (as-tranj'). »• '• Au " w fo ™ of astrayt (a-stra'), v. i. [< ME. astraien, only in pp. astraied (after OF. estrai4, estraye, whence also appar. the ME. adj. : see astray, a. ), or by apheresis straicn (> E. stray), < OP. estrater, stray, prob. = Pr. estraguar, < late ME. extrava- gare. < L.extra, without, out, + vagare, wander: see extravagant. See estray and stray, which are doublets of astray.] To go out of the right wav; go astray; stray. astray (a-stra'), adv. and a. [< ME. astray, astraie, astraye (also, and earlier in recorded date, by expansion and adaptation, o sfrai, on stray, on the straye; mod. E. as if a* + Stray), also astrai/i)/, < OF. estrair, estraye, strayed (cf. ME. astraied), pp. ot estrater, es- trayer, go astray: see astray, r. The word is thus orig. a p. a., later assimilated to the tonn of a prep. phr. like asleep, etc. < 'f. alight* and aslope.] Out of the right way or proper place, either literally or figuratively ; wandering. Thou shalt not see thy brother's ox or his sheep go astray, and hide thyself from them. astrand (a-strand'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. {< a 3 + strand.] Stranded. The tall ship, whose lofty prore Shall never stem the billows more, Deserted byhergallant band, Amid the breakers lies astrand. Scott, L. of the I.., vi. is. astranget, ». '• An old spellingof estrange. _ Astrapams (as-tra-pe'us), n. [NL, < *.r «o- rimiraioe, of lightning, < axsrpairf), lightning. J A genus of braohelytrous beetles, of the family StaphyUnida, astraphobia (as-tra-fo'bi-a), n. [M-, < Gr aOTpa-i/, var. of acrrepo-i'/, anprnn/, thunder and lightning, + -<;><> (''«, < ','»' ""■ l'''i>r.] In path,, I., morbid dl-ead of thunder and lightning. Astrapia (us-trap'i-a), n. [NL., < Gr. aar^of, var. 01 aarpairdioc , of lightning, < anrpimi/, light- ning.] A genus of sturnoid passerine birds of New Guinea, sometimes located ill the family Sturntdanextto Man uemlni, sometimes referred to the 1'aradiseidcE, having a very long gradu- The guides would purposely lead the Castilians astray, and involve them in morasses. Bancroft, Hist. U. S., 1.42. With eyes astray, she told mechanic beads. JjinivU, Cathedral. astret, n. [E. dial, auster, in avsterland, q. v., early mod. E. asUre, *astere, < ME. *astre, < Or . astr'e. aistre (ML. astrum), mod. F. aire, a hearth; origin unknown.] A hearth; ahome. Astrea, n. See Astra-a. . „ astrean (as-tre'an), a. [< L. "astrtms, < Gr aorpaioc, pertaining to a star, < aarpov, a star. J Of or belonging to the stars. Also spelled as- trcean. [Rare.] Everv Star in Heaven is coloniz'd and replenished with Astrean Inhabitants. H ell, betters, in. 9. astreated (as'tre-a-ted), p. a. [< LL. as if "astreatus, pp. of 'astreare, only m ppr. astreans gleam like a star, < astrum, a star: see astral.} Furnished with star-like ornaments. Imp. Diet. Astreidse, ». pi. See Astrceida: astrelabiet, «,. One of various Middle Eng- lish spellings of astrolabe. Astrelata (as-trel'a-fa), n. See (Estrelata. astrict (as-trikt'), v. t. [< L. astrictus, pp. of astri in/ere, draw close: see astritige.] It- 1» bind hist; confine. Ball— 2. In Scots law, to limit. See astriction, 3.-3. To constrict; contract. [Rare.] The solid parts were to be relaxed or astricted. Arbuthnot, Aliments. 4. To constrain; restrict. [Rare.] The mind is . . . astrict,;! to certain . . . forms of thought Sir W. Hamilton, Metaph., xl. Formerly also adstrict. astrictt (as-trikt'), a. [< L. astrictus, pp. : see the verb.] Brought into small compass ; com- pendious ; concise. astricted (as-trik'ted), p. a. Restricted. See astrietiun, 3. Formerly also adstneted. astriction (as-trik'shon), ». [< L. astrictio(n-), a power of contracting. < astnugi re. pp. astric- tus, contract: see astri age.] It. Restnction ; obligation. Of marriage he is the author and the witness; yet hence "ill not follow any divine astnetion more than what is subordinate to the glory of God, and the main good of cither party. Milton, Divorce, niii. (Ord Ms.). 2 lamed.: (a) The act of binding close or com- pressing with ligatures. (6) A contraction ot parts by applications; the stopping of hemor- rhages, (c) Constipation.— 3. In Scots law, the obligation imposed by the servitude ot thirl , by which certain hinds are restricted to the use "of a particular mill for the grinding of grain. See thirlag,. Formerly also adstriction. astrictive (as-trik'tiv), a. [< L astra-tus, pp. (see astrict), + -ire: = 1' • astnetij.] 1. Binding; obligatory. — 2. Tending to contract or lira w together; astringent; styptic. being sodden, itia astrictive, and I will strengthen a weak stomach, Holland, lr. of llinj, xx. s. Formerly also adstrictive. astrictiveness (as-trik'tiv-nes), ,,. [< 'frictire + -ness.] The quality of being astrictive. Formerly also adstrictiveness. astrictory astrictoryt (as-trik'to-ri), a. [< L. astrictorius, binding. < astrietus, pp. of astringere : see astringe.] Astringent; binding; apt to bind. astride (a-strid'), prep. phr. as adr. or a. [< n 3 + stride.'] With one leg on each side of some object ; with the legs wide apart. Placed astride upon the bars of the palisade. Scott. astriferoust (as-trif'e-rus), a. [< L. astrifer, star-bearing, < astrum, a star, + feme = E. Sear 1 .] 1 '.raring or containing stars. Blount. astrigeroust (as-trij'e-rus), (i. [< L. o.vii '/;/' r, star-bearing. < antrum, a star, + gerere, bear.] Bearing stars. Bailey. astrild (as'trild), a. [< Astrihla, Estrelda: see Estrelda.] A bird of the genus Estrelda (which see): as, the gray astrild, Estrelda cinerea. astringe (as-trinj'), v.; pret. and pp. astringed, ppr. astringing. [Early mod. E. also adstringe, < L. astringere, adstringere, draw close, con- tract, < . ; pret. and pp. astrologized, ppr. astrologi:ing. [< astrology + -ize.] I. intrans. To practise astrology. astronomer II. trans. Toaseertainbymeansofastrology. Also spelled astrologise. astrologuet (as'tro-log), n. [Early mod. E. and ME. astrolog, (. F. astrologue, < L. astrolo- gus, < Or. aoTpoMryoc : see astrology.] An as- trologer. D'l'rfey. astrology (as-trol'o-ji), n. [< ME. astmloijii, astrologic, < I IF. astrologie = Sp. astrologia = Pg. It. astrologia, < L. astrologia, < Gr. aarpoKo- yia, astronomy, later astrology, < aorpoASyoc, an astronomer, lit. speaking about stars, < aarpov, a star, + '/.iyi w, speak: see-ology.] 1. Theseiem e or doctrine of the stars; practical astronomy; astronomy in its earliest form. The term Is now restricted iii meaning to the pseudo-science or art prop- erly called mundane astrology, which assumes that the heavenly bodies exert, according to their relative posi- tions at certain times, a direct influence upon human life and destiny, and which proposes to determine in any given case what this influence is, and thus to for. tell the future. Thus, one's temperament was ascribed to the planet under which lie was born, as saturnine from Sol. urn, jovial from Jupiter, mercurial from Mercury, etc.: and the virtues of herbs, gems, and medicines were sup- posed to be due to their ruling planets. 2f. An old name for the plant bistort, Poly- gonum Bistorta.— Horary astrology, that branch of the art which shows how to answer questions by the figure of the heavens at the moment when the question arises.— Judicial astrology, that branch of astrology which pro. fesses to foretell human affairs. The practice of judicial astrology was forbidden under the severest penalties by the Jewish, Roman, and canon laws, as implying idolatry or heresy (equivalent to high treason), and falling under the greater excommunication. — Natural astrology. («) Astrology applied to determining the destiny of a person from the configuration of the planets at bis birth, (b) That branch of astrology which professes to predict nat- ural effects, as changes of the weather, winds, storms, etc. Astrolophida (as-tro-lof'i-dii), n. [NL., < Gr. aarpov, a star, 4- '/oooc, a crest, + -iila.] A genus of radiolarians, representing a special family, the Astrolopliididcs. Astro'lophididse (as"tro-lo-fid'i-de), ». i>l. [NL., C Astrolophida + -/, ■**, + fr& pW Thetypica astronomize (as-tron'o-miz), v. i.; pret. and pp. astronomized, ppr.' astronomizing. [< Gr. aarpovoul^uv, study astronomy, be an astrono- mer, < aarpovopoc, astronomer: see astronomy.] To study astronomy: apply the principles of Astrorh Zld* (a -jro-r.z _i- astronomy. Also spelled astrononnse. % >j£f Pg^fJ S*£ I hi \ astronomized in caves. Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., ii. 7. astronomy (as-tron'o-mi), n. [< ME. astrono- nnr, astronemie (alsocontr, astrony), < OF. astro- nomie, < L. astronomia, < Gr. aorpovoftia, astron- omy^ acTpoi'dpog, an astronomer, lit. 'starnuv r:i ttging ' (with ref. to classifying or mapping Oral Skeleton otsls/ro- phytott, an ophiurian, seen from within. d, d, vertebral or axial ossicles of ray ; e, inter- ambulacral pieces ; /, torus annularis; H, posi- tion of nervous collar ; m, Keristomial plates; o, pa- 1 an; ngularis. pods with the test invariably composite, usually of large size and monothalamous, often branched or radiate, sometimes segmented by constriction of the walls, but seldom or never truly septate The polythalamous forms are never symmetri- ■pov& star; * Astrorhizin.se ( as "trd-ri-zi'ne), n, pi. [NL. ,,,„„, distribute, arrange: see j>rrt,-,K l.t'idla, and CI' "< astrophelt, n. See astrofel. Astrophiura (as'tro-fi-ii'ra), n. [NL., < Gr. iarpov, a star, + NL. Ophiwra, q. v.] A genus of sand-stars representing a generalized form, typical of the family Astrophiuridce. A'strophiuridse (as tro-fi-u'ri-de), n. ;-/. [NL., < Astrophiura + -idee.] A family of sand-stars, order Ophiuroidea, typified by Astrophiura. They have arms, wild an opmuroid disk, included in a pen- tagonal body, a very broad interbrachial cavity, anibula- i pai ito i by Bepfai perpendicular to the rays, and tin oral armature without teeth. + oKomiv, view: see astroscopy.] An astro- nomical instrument composed of two cones on the surfaces of which the constellations with their stars are delineated. It was formerly used as a substitute for the celestial globe. astroscopyt (as-tros'ko-pi), n. [< MGr. ao-rpo- CThOTia, observation of the stars. < Gr. aarpov, a star, + -aKOTria, < ckotccIv, view.] Observation of the stars. astrotheology (as'tro-the-ol'o-ji), n. [< Or. aarpov, a star, + BeoTioyia,' theology: see theol- ogy.] Natural theology founded on the obser- vation of the celestial bodies. Ihrham. astructivet (as-truk'tiv), a. [< L. astructits, pp. of astruere, build in addition, add (< ad, to, + struere, heap up, pile), + -ire. Cf. destruc- tive.] Building up; erecting; constructive: opposed to destructive. The true method of Christian practice is first destructive, then obstructive. . . . "Cease to do evil, learn to do well." Bp. Hall, Sermons, Rom. xii. 2. astrut (a-strut'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [ME. (islrut, iistroiit. astrotr, o strut, on strut ; < s + Strut.] Strutting; pompous. [Ran.] Inflated and astrut with self-conceit. Cowper, Task, v. 268. astucious (as-tu'shus), a. [< F. astucieux, as- tute, < astuce, astuteness, < L. astulia, astute- ness, < astutus, astute: see astute] Aslutc; suliilc; designing. Also spelled asliilious. Louis, . . . like all astucious persons, was as desirous of looking into the hearts of others as of concealing his Scott, Quentin Bnrward, i\. astrophotography (as*tr6-f5-tog'ra-fi), n. [< astuciously (as-tii'shus-li), adr. Astutely Gr. Strrpov, a star, + photoi/rn/iby.] The appli- as t u city (as-tu'si-ti), n. [< astud-0%8 + -ty.] cation of photography to the- delineation or Tlie quality of bl'-iug astute; astuteness, rc-ord of solar spots, the .noon's disk, the with « s /,o'i7i/, with swiftness, with audacity. planets, and the constellations, and to other Carlyle, French Eev., I. i. 8. astr inienl ends. astunt, »'. t. See aston. astrophotometer (as'tro-fo-tom'e-ter), n. [< Astur (as'ter), re. [LL. astur, ML. also astor, Or. aarpov, a star, + £ir (((put-), lit/lit, + uirpov, austur, etc., a goshawk: see auslringcr.] A ameasure: see photometer.] A device fitted to a telescope for comparing the brightness of a star with a standard tight, astrophotometrical (as'tro-fo-to-met'ri-kal), <;. Pertaining to the astrophotometer or its genus of hawks, formerly called star-hawks or goose-hawks, now goshawks, of large size, with short rounded wings, long tail, moderately long legs, and the beak festooned but not tool lied. The European goshawk is A. palumbarius ; the American American Goshawk {Astur atricaptlhis). genus are indefinite. The word has been used with much latitude for various hawks and hawk-like birds. Also spelled Aster. Asturian (as-tti'ri-an), a. and re. [< Sp. Astu- riano, < Asturias, Asturia, < L. Asturia, the country of the Astures, in Hispania Tarraco- nensis, < Astur, an Asturian. Cf. Astura, a riv- er in Asturia, now the Esla.] I. a. Pertain- ing to ancient Asturia or modern Asturias, a northwestern province of Spain, on the bay of Biscay. II. h. A native or an inhabitant of Asturia. Asturina (as-tu-ri'na), n. [NL.,< Astur + -ina.] A genus of comparatively small Amer- ican hawks, of the buteonine division, the adults of which have somewhat the pattern of plumage of the goshawks, to which, however, they are not specially related : synonymous with Astu- risca (Sundevall, 1872). One species, A. plagiata, occurs in the United States, and there are several others in the warmer parts of America. Asturinae (as-tu-ri'ne), re. pi. [XL., < Astur + -ina:] A subfamily or other group of hawks having the genus Astur as its central figure: synonymous with Accipitrina: The name is used with great latitude, and is incapable of exact definition. In Sundevall's classification, for example, it is a family of his Hcmeroharpages, more than coextensive with Falco- uliltf. asturine (as'ter-in), a. and re. [< NL. asluii- nus: see Astur and -ine 1 .] I. a. Like or lik- ened to a hawk, especially of the genus Astur; accipitrine. II. re. An American hawk of the genus As- turina. Asturisca (as-tu-ris'ka), «. [XL., < Astur + dim. -isca.] Same as Asturina. astute (as-tiit'), a. [< L. astutus, cunning, crafty, < aslus, cunning, craft.] Of keen pene- tration or discernment ; eimning; sagacious. That astute little lady of Curzon Street. Thackeray. Mighty clever you gentlemen think you are! . . . Acute and astute, why are you not also omniscient? Charlotte Bronte, -Shirley, xx. = Syn. Sagacious, Sage, Knowing, Astute, Subtle. Saga- riiois unit suae are used only in good senses, and when ap- plied to persons generally suggest the wisdom of age or experience. The knowing man has wide knowledge and often penetration. The word knowing has also a humor- ous cast: as, he gave me a knowing wink ; it may be used ironically: as, he is a little too knowing, that is, he thinks he knows more than he does: it may be used of knowing more than one has a right to know ; it sometimes suggests a disposition to make ill use of knowledge: as, a I nowing leer. Astute is often the same as sagacious, bui is sus- ceptible of an unfavorable sense in the direct! f a nar- row shrewdness, slyness, or cunning; it often means i sagacity that knows how to be silent; it is frequent!] ap- plied to looks. Subtle, in its good sense, implies great acuteness, delicacy, or refinement in mental action : as, a subtle rcasoner. i'or its bad sense, see cunning. Another effect of public instability is the unreasonable advantage it gives to the sagacious, the enterprising, and tlici lied few, over the industrious and uninformed mass of the people. A. Hamilton, Federalist, No. 62. Let time, that makes vou homely, make \,,n ,>.:, PanuZI, To an Old Beauty, 1. 85. Not every one, knowing as he may be, knows when his question is answered. Alcott, Table-Talk, p. St. No ambassadors to Western Com ts wire so instructed, so decorous, so proud, so astute as the Venetian ambas- sadors. D. G. Mitchell, Bound Together, ii. A subtle disputant on creeds. Byron, Napoleon Bonaparte. astutely (as-tut'li), adv. In an astute manner ; shrewdly; sharply; cunningly. astuteness (as-tut'nes), re. The quality of be- ing astute ; cunning; shrewdness. All so smooth and fair. Even Paul's astuteness sniffed no harm i' the world. Ill-owning, Itillg and book. 1 1 10. astylar (a-sti'liir), a. [< Gr. harvkac, without pillars or columns (< ii- priv. + arv?.or, a col- umn : see styUfl), + -ar.] In arch., having no columns. astyllen 359 astyllent (as-til'en), n. [E. dial. J etym. ob- aswought, adv. or fl., orig. p. a. [ME., also seure.] A small temporary dam or partition, nswogh, aswowe, isicowc, isieogi , < AS. gesirtigcii, made either of branches or twigs interlaced, or senseless, swooned (cf. geswogung, swooning), perhaps sometimes of a simple piece of board, pp. of swogan, overgrow, choke: see swough.] and used either to check the flow of water In a swoon ; aswoon. underground or to separate ore from refuse or aswoundt, prep, phr. as adv. or a. [< » :l + attle on the surface. [Eng.] smound for swoon ; see swound, and cf. aswoon, asunder (a-sun'der), prep, jihr. as tide. [< ME. aswooned.] In a swoon ; aswoon. a sundir, "o sunder, on sunder, etc., < AS. on sun- asylet (a-sil'), n. [< ME. asile, < P. asile, < L. asystaton applied to those unios or river-mussels which have I lie hinge free ami the valves consequently movable, as is usual in the genus Unio. Dr. Isaac /.((/. asymptote (as'im-tot), a. and n. [< (Jr. imru- ■KTUTOQ, not close, not falling together. < <)- priv. + aim, together, + ttw > astonyed and asweved, Was every vertu in my heved. Chaucer, House of Fame, 1. 549. aswim (a-swim'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [< a 3 + swim.] Swimming; overflowing; afloat. aswing (a-swing'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [< a 3 + swing.] In a swinging state ; asway. aswoon (a-sw6V), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [< ME. aswouii, aswown, aswoune, aswowne, also a sinuate, on swottne, in swoiine, taken, as in mod. E., as prep, with noun (a 3 + swoon), but origi- nating in aswowen for iswowen, the fuller form oi aswowe, iswowe, orig. pp.: see aswough. Cf. aslope, alight 1 .] In a swoon. And with this word she fell to ground Aswoon. Gower, Conf. Amant., iv. Because I fell aswoon, I think you'll do the like. l:„l,in riood and the Beggar, in Child's Ballads, V. 203. aswooned (a-swond'), adv. or a. [< ME. a- swoned, iswduned, occasional var. of aswoune, etc. : see aswoon and aswound.] Aswoon. asylum : see asylum.] An old form of asylum. asylum (a-si'lum), n. [< L. asylum, a sanctu- ary, asylum, < Gr. aavXov, an asylum, neut. of aavlor, safe from violence, < d- priv. + avkrj, also cl'Aov, a right of seizure, perhaps related to tsiaihyv = Li. spolium, spoil: see spoil.] 1. A sanctuary or place of refuge where criminals and debtors formerly sought shelter from jus- tioe, and from which they could not be taken without sacrilege. So sacred was the church to some that it had the right of an asylum or sanctuary. -I'll'/?, Parergon. Hence — 2. Inviolable shelter ; protection from pursuit or arrest ; security of the person : as, the right of asylum, that is, of furnishing such protection. Most Grecian temples had anciently this right, and the custom, following Jewish analogies, passed into the Christian church. From the fourth century the churches had widely extended rights of asylum, but modern legislation has nearly everywhere ended the cus- tom. (See sanctuary.) In internatitmal law, t lie right of asylum was formerly claimed for the houses of ambas- sadors. The term now specifically signifies the right of one state to receive and shelter persons accused of crimes, or especially of political offenses, committed in another. See extradition. 3. Any place of retreat and security. Earth has no other asylum for them than its own cold bosom. Southey. Specifically — 4. An institution for receiving, maintaining, and, so far as possible, ameliorat- ing the condition of persons suffering from bodily defects, mental maladies, or other mis- fortunes : as, an asylum for the blind, for the deaf and dumb, for the insane, etc.; a mag- dalen asylum. asymbolia (as-im-bo'li-ji), n. [NL., < Gr. d- priv. + avpjio'lov, symbol.] Same as asemia. asymmetralt (a-sim'e-tral), a. Same as asym- metrous. asymmetric (as-i-met'rik), a. [< Gr. a- priv. (o-lSj + symmetric. Cf. asymmetrous.] Desti- tute of symmetry; not symmetrical — Asym- in crystal., same as triclinic system : metric system, ~ ailed from the fact that the crystals belonging to it are asynartete (a-sm iir-tet), fl. without a plane of symmetry. See crystallography. Many substances contain an asymmetric carbon atom, but are optically inactive. Eneyc. Brit., XIX. 314. asymmetrical (as-i-met'ri-kal), a. [< Gr. d- priv. {a- 18 ) + symmetrical. Ct. asymmetric] 1. Not symmetrical ; unsymmetrical. In some Cetacea. the hones about the region of the nose are unequally developed, and the skull becomes asymmet- rical. Huxley, Anat. Vert., p. 30. 2f. In math., not having commensurability ; incommensurable. — 3. Inharmonious; not re- concilable. Boyle. [Rare.] asymmetrically (as-i-met'ri-kal-i), adv. In an asymmetric manner ; without symmetry. asymmetroust (a-sim'e-trus), a. [< Gr. aavft- /rcrpof, incommensurable, disproportionate, < a- priv. + av/ifieTpoc, commensurate : see symmet- ric.] 1. Incommensu- rate ; incommensurable. — 2. Asymmetrical. Also asymmctral. asymmetry (a-sim'e-tri), u.; pi. asymmetries (-triz). [< Gr. aav/i/jerpia, incom- mensurability, dispropor- tion^ aavujurpoc'. Beeasym- metrous. Cf. symmetry.] 1. Want of symmetry or pro- portion. In the Flat-fishes tpieuronec- tides), tile skull becomes so com- pletely distorted that the two eyes lie on one side of the body. ... In certain of these fishes, the rest of the skull and facial bones, the spine, and even the limbs, partake in tins asymme- try. Huxley, Anat. Vert., p. 30. 2t. The want of a com- mon measure between two quantities ; incommensu- rability. Barrow. asymphynote ( a - sim ' fl - not), a. [< Gr. d- priv. ( a .18) + sy in phy note.] Not soldered together at the back, that is, at the hinge : the opposite of symphynotc (which see) : at, ab t Asymptotes. Tzinrciv. fall; cf. avpniirTiiv, fall together, meet.] I, a. Ln math., approaching indefinitely close, as a line to a curve, but never meeting. See II. II. ». A straight line whose distance from a curve is less than any assignable quantity, but which does not meet the curve at any finite dis- tance from the origin. The asymptote i^ often de- fined as the tangent to the curve at an infinite distance, and this definition answers for Euclidean space ; but, in view of non-Euclidean hypotheses, it is preferable to de- fine it as a common chord of the curve and the absolute (which see), and thus as not necessarily a tangent. asymptotic (as-im-tot'ik), 0. Same as asymp- totical. asymptotical (as-im-tot'i-kal), a. [< asymp- totic + -al.] Belonging to or having the char- acter of an asymptote; approaching indefinite- ly near, but never meeting. In these perpetual lines and curves ran the asymptotical negotiation from beginning to end— and so it might have run for two centuries without hope of coincidence. Motley, Dutch Republic, III. 4S5. Asymptotical lines or curves, lines or curves which approach indefinitely close, but never meet. asymptotically (as-im-tot'i-kal-i), adv. In an asymptotical manner; in a manner so as gin du- ally to approach indefinitely near, though never to meet. The theory is not a thing complete from the first, hut a thing which grows, as it were, asymptotically towards certainty. TyndaU. The curve approaches . . . asymptotically. i;. M. Minchin, Statics, I. ISO. [< Gr. aavvapTnroc, Asymmetry of Skull of Plaice {Platessa vulga- ris), from above. (Thedot- ted line ab is the true mor- phological median line.) Or, Or, position of the two eyes in their orbits; Eth, ethmoid; Pr/, prelrontal ; Fr, left, and Frl, right frontal ; Pa, parietal ; 50, supra-occipital ; BpO, epi- otic. not united, disconnected, of differing meters. < a- priv. 4- "am'dpTT/Toc (cf. awapnjaii, a junc- tion), verbal adj. of cvvaprav, hang up with, con- nect, < cvv, together, + aprav, join, fasten, re- lated to apBpov, joint, L. artus, joint, etc. : see arthritic, article, arm 1 , etc.] 1. Disconnected; not fitted or adjusted. — 2. In anc, pens.: (a) With interior eatalexis at the end of a colon ; procatalectic or dicatalectic : as, an asynartetic verse, meter, or period. (6) Composed of cola of different kinds of feet; episynthetic. [Used in this latter sense (6) by moat modern writers since Bent ley, the former sense (a), however, being restored by some writers in accordance with ancient authority.] Also asyn- artetic. asynchronism (a-sin'kro-nizm), n. [< Gr. a- priv. («- 18 ) + synchronism.] Want of synchro- nism or correspondence in time. asynchronous (a-sin'kro-nns), a. [< Gr. d- priv. (fl- 18 ) + synchronous.] Not coinciding in time. asyndetic (as-in-det'ik), a. [< asyndeton + 4c.] Pertaining to or characterized by asyndeton. asyndeton (a-sin'de-ton), n. [L., < Gr. aobv- Sexov, asyndeton, neut. of aevvosroc, uncon- nected, without conjunction, < d- priv. + aimSe- toc, bound together, < awSclv, bind together, < civ, together, + deiv, bind.] In rhet., a figure of speech consisting in the omission of connec- tives, as in the following passage: Heal the sick, cleanse the lepers, raise the dead, cast out devils. Mat. x. S. It is the opposite of polysyndeton, which is a multiplica- tion of connectives. asyntactic(as-in-tak'tik), fl. [< Gr. dowaacrof, not ranged together, ungrammatical (< d- priv. -t- truvTaKrog, verbal adj. of awraooeiv, put in order together: see syntax), + -ic] Loosely- put together; irregular; ungrammatical. A. E. D. asystatont (a-sis'ta-ton), n. [< Gr. aaiVraroc, incoherent, incongruous, < d- priv. + cbaTaroc, verbal adj. of owtcTavat, hold together, < tri'V, with, + ioTdvai, cause to stand, mid. "irtraadat, stand.] The sophism of the liar (which see, un- der liar). Formerly erroneously assistation. asystaton Auistation [asystaUm] is a kind of caviling not consist- ing "f any .suit' ground, as if a man should say that lie doth hold his peace or lyetn or knoweth nothing, another by ami by might cavil thereof in this Bort, Brgo, He thai holdeth his peace apeaketh, he that Lyeth saith truth, he that knoweth nothing knoweth --< u u. t In n_'- Blundevule. asystole (a-sis'to-le), »■ [NL., < Gr. d- priv. + cva-o?.n, systole!] hi pathol., that condition in which a dilated and enfeebled heart remains continuously tilled with blood on account of the inability of the left ventricle to discharge more than a small part of its eontents. Also called asystolism, asystolic (as-is-tol'ik), a. [< asystole + -ie.] Pertaining to asystole ; characterized by or af- fected with asystole. asystolism (a-sis'to-lizm), n. [< asystole + -ism.] Saint' as asystole. asyzygetic (a-siz-i-jet'ik), a. [< Gr. o- priv. (n-ib) + sy-ygctic] Not connected by a syzy- getic relation. at (at), prep. [< ME. at, sometimes art, atte, et, < AS. cat = OS. a* = OFries. et (in combination also fit, it) = OHG. az = Icel. at, mod. ath = Sw. &t= Dan. ad = Goth, at = L. art (>It. a = Sp. a = Pg. a = F. a), to, at, = Skt. adhi, unto, on. This prep, is most nearly equiv. to to, without the orig. implication of motion. In many con- structions the two prepositions interchange. In many E. dialects at has partly, and in Scand. has wholly, displaced to, while on the other hand in G. to (jh) has wholly displaced at. In L. and Rom. the form cognate with at covers all the uses of to as well as of at, and extends partly over the field of with.~\ A preposition of extremely various use, primarily meaning to, without implication, in itself, of motion. It expresses position attained by motion to, and hence contact, contiguity, or coincidence, actual or approxi- mate, in space or time. IVitiu' less restricted as to rela- tive position than other prepositions, it may in different constructions assume their office, and so become equiva- lent, according to the context, to in, on, near,by, about, under, over, through, from, to, toward, etc. 1. Of simple local position : (a) With verbs of rest (be, live, etc.): In, on, near, by, etc., ac- cording to the context: denoting usually a place conceived of as a mere point: as, at the center, at the top, at the corner, at the end, at the next station, at the bend of the river, at the north pole, at No. 48 Main street, etc. So with names of towns, etc.: as. at Stratford, at Lexington, etc. ; hut if tlie city is of great size in is commonly used: as, in London, in Paris, in New ¥ork ; unless, again, the city is conceived of as a mere geographical point : as, our finan- cial interests center at New Sort The place implied by at may be left indeterminate, with a reference rather to con- dition than to mere location : as, at .school, at college, at court, at sea, etc. At may also express personal proxim- ity: as, at one's side, at one's heels, at one's elbow, etc. At hand, near by, has lost its personal reference. I don't believe there's a circulating library in Bath I ha'n't been at. Sheridan, The Rivals, i. 2. Muley Abul Hassan. <:t the head of a powerful force, had hurried from Granada. Irving, Granada, p. 20. He [Don Juan dc Vera] was armed at all points, gal- lantly mounted, and followed by a moderate hut well ap pointed retinue. Irving, Granada, p. 10. (b) With verbs of motion: (1) Through, by (im- plying a starting-point or a point where a thing enters or departs) : as, to enter at the window, to go out at the back door. (2) From (imply- ing a source from which a thing comes or where it is sought): as, to receive ill treatment at their hands. ('■•) To, toward (implying a stop- ping-point, a position attained or aimed at ) : as, ft. come «', tit get »', to aim nl, fire 7. 2. In pathol., the recurrence of any peculiarity or disease of an ancestor in remote generations. atavistic (at-a-vis'tik), a. [As atav-ism + -ist- ic] Pertaining to or characterized by atavism ; atavic. '11 retically we may decompose that force which de- termines human actions ami. through them, social phe- nomena, into its twocomponent forces, the social and the atavistic influence. A. A. Jtev., e.\.\. 2T. r i. atavistically (at-a-vis'ti-kal-i), adv. In an atavistic manner; in atavistic examples. But, after the lapse of thousands of years, the fusions are hit plete, and tile ancient types crop nut iitiiristi- colly everywhere. N. A. Rev., OX XX IX. 26S. ataxaphasia (a-tak-sa-fa'ziil), n. [NL., irreg. < Gr. iira^ia, disorder (see ataxia), + inpnnia, speechlessness: see iijiliasia.] Same as ataxic aphasia. See aphasia. ataxia (a-tak'si-a), «. [NL., < Gr. ara^ia, dis- order, < aratcToc, disorderly, < d- priv. + tuktoc, verbal adj. of riwcuv, order, arrange: see tac- tic] In pathol., irregularity in the functions of tin- lto.lv or in the course of a disease; Specifically, inability to coordinate voluntary movements. Also uinxy — Friedreich's ataxia, t form of ataxia 11 tlalh affecting several members of a fam- ily ami developing at an early age. Usually it begins in the legs and extends to the arms, is accompanied with jerky movements of the head, disturbance of articulat loss of knee jerk, ami is characterized anatomically by sclerosis oi the posterior and lateral columns of the cord. Also called hereditary ataxia. Locomotor ataxia.a .lisea.se characterized clinically by want of power i" coor- dinate voluntary movements, by violent shooting pains, especially in the legs, absence of knee-jerk, atrophy of the optic nerve, parresthesia and anaesthesia in certain parts, dysuria, and functional sexual disorders; anatomi- cally, by a sclerosis of the posterior columns of the^spinal inl. dorsalis. Also called progressive locomotor ataxia and tabes ataxic ataxic (a-tak'sik) t a. [< otoi'o + -t'c] In pathol., of or pertaining to ataxia; character- ized by irregularity in function or course; irregular. Soon ataxic nervous BymptomB declared themselves. 0. W. Holmes, A Mortal Antipathy, xiv. Ataxic aphasia. Sue aphasia— Ataxic fever, a term applied by l'inel to fevers attended with great weakness. ataxy (a-tak'si or at'ak-si), n. [Formerly also, as F., ataxic, < NL. ataxia, q. v.] If. Want of order; disturbance. Three ways of church government I have heard of, ami no more; the Episcopal, the Presbyterial, an. I that new- born bastard Independency: . . . the last of these is no- thing lint a confounding ataxy. Sir E. Dering, speeches, p. 141. 2. In. pathol., same us ataxia. atazirt, »• [ME., < Sp. atazir, atacir, < Ar. *at- tathir, < al, the, + taihir (> Pers. tasir), im- pression, effect, influence, < athara, leave a mark, athar, ctlir, a mark, trace, footstep.] In as- trol., according to modern authorities, the (evil) influence of a star upon other stars or men. But the Arabian astrologer Haly distinctly states (Comment, on Ptolemy's Opus Quadripartitum, iii. 10) that it means the direction of hyleg. This, according to the method of Messahallah, determines the duration of life. Infortunat ascendent tortuous, Of which the lord is helpless falle. alias! Out of his angle into the derkest hous. () Mars, o Atazir, as in this cas! Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale, 1. 172. (Skeat.) atche (at'ehe), «. [Turk, aqcha : see under osper 2 .] A small Turkish coin, somewhat less than a cent in value. atchison (aeh'i-spn), n. [Sc. ; also spelled atcheson; < Atchison, a Sc. form of Atkinson, name of an Englishman who was master of the Scottish mint in tin- reign of .lames VI. (James I. of England).] A billon coin, or rather a cop- per coin washed with silver, struck in Scotland in the reign of James VI., of the value of eight pennies Scots, or two thirds of an English pen- ny. Jamieson. atchorn, n. An obsolete or dialectal form of acorn. ate 1 (at). Preterit of eat. Ate' 2 (a'te), n. [< Gr. "Xrn, a personification of a-tj, infatuation, reckless impulse, sin, ruin, dial, n'rara, orig. *«Fdr?/, < daeiv, orig. *aFatir, hurt, damage.] In Gr. myth., an ever-present evil genius leading men on to crime ; the god- dess of blundering mischief; a personification of the reckless blindness and moral distortion inflicted by the gods in retribution for pre- sumption and wickedness, typifying the self- perpetuating nature of evil. -ate 1 . [ME. reg. -at, < OF. -at, a later "learned" form of vernacular -e (-<>'), fern, -ee (-ee), = Sp. Pg. -ado, fern, -aria, = It. -ato, fern. -«<.(,< L. -atus, fern, -ata, neut. -dtum (stem -ato-), pp. and adj. suffix, being -tu-s (= Gr. -ro-r = E. -d 2 , -ed 2 ), added to stem of verbs in -d-re (It. -are, Sp. Pg. -or, F. -cr). This suffix also appears as -ade\ -ado. -ato, -ee, -y, etc. Latin adjectives and par- ticiples in -atus were usable as nouns, in masc. of persons, as legatus, one deputed, a legate, ML. pneldtus, one preferred, a prelate, etc., in neut. of things, as maneldtum, a thing command- ed, a mandate, etc. Seo -ate 2 and -ate 3 .] A suffix of Latin origin : (a) In adjectives, where -ate is equivalent to and cognate with English -ed 2 , -d 2 . -t 2 , in perfect participles and partici- pial adjectives, the native English suffix being often added to -ate when a verb in -ate 2 exists, as in desolate or desolat-ed, accumulate or ac- cumulated, situate or situat-ed, etc. In many in- stances the adjective is not accompanied by a verb in -ate, as innate, ornate, temperate, etc.; this is especially true of botanical descriptives, as acuminate, eremite, cuspidate, hastate, lanceolate, serrate, etc. (fr) in nouns, of per- sons, as legate, delegate, reprobate, etc., or of things, as mandate, precipitate, etc. ; especially, in chem., in nouns denoting a salt formed by the action of an acid on a base, as in acetate, nitrate, sulphate, etc., the suffix being added to the stem (often shortened) of the name of the acid. [The corresponding New Latin forms are acctatum. nitra. turn, sulphatum, etc., but often erroneously aoetas, nitras, sulphas, genitive acetatis, etc., by confusion with -afet.i -ate 2 . [L. -atus, -ata, -dtum, pp. suffix of verbs in -d-re (see -ate 1 ), with supine in -dtum (stem -dtu-), to which, instead of the pp. stem, such verbs are often referred. In this dictionary E. verbs in -ate (and so verbs in -ete, -ite) are reg. referred to the L. pp. -atus {-etus, -itus), intimating that such verbs are taken from or formed according to the L. pp. stem, though with the force of the inf. From L. participles in -tus (-d-tus, of the 1st conjugation, -e-tus, 361 4-tus, of the 2d, -tus, -SMS, of the 3d, -i-tus, of the Kit), and from thence-formed frequenta- lives, which became very numerous in LL. and ML., arose many verbs in OF. and MB., based, or appar. based, on L. participles, coinciding thus with adjectives and nouns from such parti- ciples. These, with verbs of other origin agree- in- in form with adjectives, have made it a rule in E. that any adj. maybe made a verb; hence adjectives in' -ate 1 are usually accompanied by a, verb in -ate 2 , and new verbs from L. verbs of the 1st conjugation are reg. formed in -ate, whether a corresponding adj. exists or not ; and -ate 2 , as a recognized verb-formative, may be suffixed to othei r stems of any origin, as in felicitate, capacitate, substantiate, assassinate, camphorate, etc., based on felicity, capacity, sub- stance, etc., of Latin origin, assassin, camphor, etc., of other origin. Owing to the preponder- ance of verbs in -ate over adjectives in -ate, such verbs are in this dictionary placed before the adjectives, even when the adjectives are of earlier date.] A suffix of Latin origin, a com- mon formative in verbs taken from the Latin, as in accumulate, imitate, militate, etc., or formed in English, either on Latin stems, as in felici- tate, capacitate, etc., or on stems of other ori- gin. See etvmology. -ate s . [< ME. -at, < ( )F. -at, a later "learned" form of vernacular -e (-e ) (as in dnche, E. iluch-ij, q. v.), = Sp. Pg. -ado = It. -ato, < L. -atus (stem -alii-), forming nouns of the 4th declension from nouns, but formed as if from verbs in -d-re, with suffix -ta-, parallel with -to-, suffix of pp. (hence the similarity to pp. -atus, E. -ate 1 , q. v.), as in consuldtus, magistrate, pontificatus, sendtus, LL. episcopatus, etc., with senses as in corresponding E. words.] A suffix of Latin origin, denoting office, an office, a body of of- ficers, as in consulate, pontificate, decemvirate, senate (Latin sendtus, from senex, an old man), episcopate, etc., and sometimes a single officer, as magistrate (Latin magistrates, properly ma- gistracy, also a magistrate), the suffix in the last use being equivalent to -ate 1 in legate, etc., and to -ate^ inprimate, etc. -ate 4 . [< L. -as (-at-), as in maguas (gen. magna- tis) (parallel to magnatus), prima* (prop, adj.), etc.] A suffix of Latin origin, practically equiv- alent to -ate 1 in nouns, and -ateS (in magistrate), as in magnate, primate, and (in Latin plural) pennies, optimates. -ate 3 . [< L. -ata, < Gr. -ari/c, a noun suffix, ult. = L. -atus, which differs in the inflexive sylla- ble.] A suffix of Greek origin, occurring un- felt in pirate (which see). atechnic (a-tek'nik), a. and n. [< Gr. dre^foc, without art, < ?/c, imperfect, + x c 'Pi hand.] Same as Ateles. Also spelled Atclocheiriis. atelo-encephalia (at'e-lo-en-se-fa'li-a), n. [XL., < Gr. ari'/.i/i; imperfect, + kyiuihdfoi;, the brain: see encephalon.] In teratol. , imperfect development of the encephalon. ateloglossia (at e-lo-glos'i-a), «. [NL., < Gr. urt///f, imperfect, + -piaaaa, "tongue.] In tera- tol., imperfect development of the tongue. atelognathia (at'e-log-na'thi-ii), n. [NL., < Gr. ar.'/.i/c, imperfect, + 5 raft*,-, the jaw.] In teratol., imperfect development of the jaw. atelomyelia (at"e-16-ml-e'li-ii), n. [XL., < Gr. art'/.i/c, imperfect, + pve?.6r, marrow.] In tera- tol., imperfect development of the spinal cord. ateloprosopia (at'e-lo-pro-so'pi-a), n. [NL.,< Gr. are'/.i/r, imperfect, + npdau^ovj the face : see Prosopis.] In teratol., imperfect development of the face. atelqrachidia (at''e-lo-ra-kid'i-a), «. [NL., < Gr. drc/j/c, imperfect, + 'paxK, back-bone.] In teratol., imperfect development of the spinal column. Atelornis (at-e-lor'nis), n. [NL., < Gr. arehfc, imperfect, + bpvic, bird.] A genus of Madagas- can ground-rollers, family Coraciidce and sub- family Brachijpteraciince. A. pittoides is a typi- cal species, of gorgeous colors and terrestrial nocturnal habits. atelostomia (at"e-lo-sto'mi-a), «. [NL., < Gr. art'/ i/;, imperfect, + aTopa, mouth: see stoma.] In tern to?., imperfect development of the mouth. a tempo, a tempo primo (a tem'po, pre'mo). [It., lit. to time, to the first time: a, injio, < L. tempus, time (see tempo) ; primo, < L. primus, first: see prime.'] In music, a di- rection, after any change of movement, as by acceleration or retardation, that the original time be restored. See a battuta. a tempo giusto (a tem'po jos'to). [It., lit. to just time: ei tempo (see a tempo); giusto, < L. Justus, just: see just 1 .] In music, a direction to sing or play in an equal, just, or strict time. It is seldom used except when the time has been inter- rupted, as during a recitative, to suit the action and pas- simi of the piece. Ateuchus (a-tu'kus), n. [NL., lit. without ar- mor, in allusion to the absence of a scutellum, < Gr. arevxt/c, unarmed, unequipped, < d- priv. + reiixoc, pi. Ttvxea, arms, armor, prop, imple- ments, < Tcvxctv, make, produce.] A genus of lamellicorn beetles, of the family Scarahwida: A. sacer seems to have been the sacred beetle, or Bcarabseus, figured on Egyptian monuments, ornaments, amulets, etc., and of which a figure, either in porcelain or carved out of stone, rarely a gem, was placed in the bosom of every mummy, as a symbol of and prayer for resurrection. atf (iitf), n. Same as atef. atgart, n. [Also inrprop. ategar, repr. AS. eet- gdr. also cetgeeru (only in glosses), (= OFries. 1 tgt r, ' tker = OHG. azger, aziger = Icel. at- gnrr), a spear, < ict-, appar. the prep, at, at, + gar, a spear: see gar*-, garfish, gore'".] A kind of spear or lance formerly in use. Athabaskan (ath-a-bas'kan), a. and re. I. a. Belonging to a certain great family of North American Indian languages and tribes, occu- pying a vast extent of country south from the Eskimo region, between Hudson's Bay and the Rocky Mountains, with outlying members also west of the mountains, as far south as Mexico, including the Apaches and Navajos. II. ». A member or the language of this family. Also spelled Athabascan, Athapaslcan. athalamous (a-thal'a-mus), a. [< Gr. a- priv. jf- tin'/tiiinr, bed: Bee thalamus.] In bot., with- out apotheeia: applied to lichens, or lichenoid growths, the fructification of which is unknown. Athalia (a-tha'li-il), n. [NL., named with al- Iiimoii In II10 . 1 1 ■ v : 1 - 1 ; 1 1 1.111 1 <>-. .< In I by ils larvm, < Gr. adaXi/r or aBaXAijc, not verdant, withered, < d- priv. + OaXXeiv, be fresh or luxuriant.] A genus of saw-flies, or Terebrantia, of the order Ill/mi nojitcra and family Tenthredinidce. a. 1,11m >r .1. centifolia is the turnip Ban -fly of Europe, whose larvae occasionally devastate turnip-fields. The parent Insect appears about the end of May, and deposits its egg in the substance of tin- leaf, and in about six days the larva? are hatched. Wiiliin a few days the vegetation on which liny appear is [aid waste by their eating the soft tissue of the leaf, leaving only skeletons and stalk>. 362 athalline (a-thal'in), a. [< Gr. d- priv. + fti/zm. a frond : see thallus.] In bot., without a thallus ; characterized by the absence of a thallus. athamantin (ath-a-man'tin), n. [< Atliamanta (see def.) + -in-.] In chem., a substance (C24 H3QO7) produced from the root and seeds of the Atliamanta Oreoselinum and other species of the same genus of European and Asiatic um- belliferous herbs. It has a rancid soapy odor, and a slightly bitter acrid taste. H. Watts. athamauntt, «. An old form of adamant. athanasia (ath-a-na'si-a), n. [< Gr. iiBavaaia, immortality (> ML. athanasia, tansy), < dfld- vaToc, immortal, < d- priv. + Ouvaror, death.] 1. Deathlessness ; immortality. Also athanasy. — 2f. The herb tansy. See tansy. Athanasian (ath-a-na'sian), a. and n. [< LL. Athanasius, < Gr. 'Adavicnoc, a proper name, < dftjuaroc, immortal.] I. a. Pertaining to Athanasius (about 296 to 373), bishop of Alex- andria — Athanasian creed, a creed formerly ascribed to Athanasius, but wiiose real authorship is unknown. It is an explicit assertion of the doctrines of the Trinity (as opposed to Arianism) and of the incarnation, and contains what are known as the "damnatory clauses" in the con- cluding formulas of the two parts, viz. : " Whosoever will be saved, before all things it is necessary that he should hold tlic catholic faith ; which faith, except every one do keep whole and undeflled, without doubt lie shall perish everlastingly"; and "This is the catholic faith ; which ex- cept a man believe faithfully he cannot lie saved." This creed is retained in the service of the Church of England, lint not in that of the American Episcopal Church. II. n. A follower of Athanasius or a believer in his creed. Athanasianism (ath-a-na'sian-izm), n. [< Athanasian + -ism.] The principles or doc- trines of the Athanasian creed. Athanasianist (ath-a-na'gian-ist), n. [< Atha- nasian + -ist.] An Athanasian. athanasy (a-than'a-si), re. Same as athanasia, 1. Time brings to obscure authors an odd kind of repara- tion, an immortality not of love and interest and admira- tion, but of curiosity merely. ... Is not then a scholas- tic athanasy better than none? Lowell, Study Windows, p. 346. athanor (ath'a-nor), n. [Late ME. also athenor (cf. F. athanor), < Sp. atanor, a siphon or pipe for conveying water, < Ar. at-tannier, < al, the, + tannur, < fieb. or Aramaic tnunur, an oven or furnace, < nur, tire.] A self-feeding digesting furnace formerly used by alchemists. It was so made as to maintain a uniform and durable heat. Athecata (ath-e-ka'tii), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. of athecatus, not sheathed: see athecate.] A name of the gymnoblastic hydroid hydrozoans, which are not sheathed, that is, have no go- nangia and no hydrothecffi : a synonym of tii/iuiioblastea (which see). athecate (ath'e-kat), a. [< NL. athecatus, < Gr. d- priv. + 8iJK7i, a sheath: see theca.] Not sheathed ; specifically, of or pertaining to the Athecata. atheism (a'the-izm), n. [= F. atheisme — Pg. athcismo = Sp. It. ateismo, < NL. *atlicismus, < Gr. oft oc, without a god, denying the gods, < d- priv. + ft<5f, a god. The Gr. term for atheism was dft?dr?/c.] 1. The doctrine that there is no God; denial of the existence of God. Atheism is a disbelief in the existence of God — that is, disbelief in any regularity in the universe to which man must conform himself under penalties. J. R. Seek'il, Nat. Religion, p. 26. 2. The denial of theism, that is, of the doctrine that the great first cause is a supreme, intel- ligent, righteous person. — 3. A practical indif- ference to and disregard of God ; godlessness. [In tin- first sense above given, atheism is to lie discrimi- nated from pantheism, which denies the personality of God, .01' I from agnosticism, which denies the possibility of pos- itive knowledge concerning him. In the second sense, athe- ism includes both pantheism and agnosticism. 1 atheist (a'the-ist), n. and a. [= F. atheiste = Pg. atheista = Sp. It. ateista, < NL. *atheista, < Gr. dftjoc: see atheism.] I. •«. 1. One who de- nies the existence of God, or of a supreme in- telligent being. Well, monarchies may own religion's name, But states are atheists in their very frame. Dryden, Prol. to Amboyna, 1. 22. By night an atkeixt half believes a God. Young, Night Thoughts, v. 177. 2. A godless man ; one who disregards his duty to God. =Syn. Skeptic, Deist, etc. See infidel. II. a. Godless; atheistic: as, "the atheist crew," Milton, P. L., vi. 370. atheistic (a-the-is'tik), a. [< atheist + -ic] 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of atheists; in- volving, coiiluiiiiiig. or tending t < > atheism: as, atheistic doctrines or beliefs; an atheistic ten- Athenseum dency. — 2. Denying the existence of God ; god- less; impious: applied to persons: as, "athe- istic gainsayers," May, Works of Creation. ~Syn. Godless, Urwodly,ete. See irreligious. atheistical (a-the-is'ti-kal), a. Marked by or manifesting atheism ; atheistic. I was present, very seldom going to the publiq theaters for many reasons, now as they were abused to an atheis- tical liberty Evelyn, Diary, Oct. IS, 1G66. atheistically (a-the-is'ti-kal-i), adv. In an atheistic manner; impiously. I entreat such as are atheistically inclined to consider these things. TiUotson. atheisticalness (a-the-is'ti-kal-nes), n. The quality of being atheistic; irreligiousness. Purge out of all hearts profaneness and atheisticalness. Hammond, Works, I. 500. atheize (a'the-Iz), v. ; pret. and pp. atheized, ppr. atheizing. [< Gr. adcoc (see atheism) + -ize.] I.t intra ns. To discourse as an atheist. We shall now make diligent search and inquiry, to see if we can find any other philosophers who atheized before Democritus and Leucippus. Cudworth, Intellectual System, p. 111. II. trans. To render atheistic. [Rare.] They endeavoured to atheize one another. Bp. Berkeley, Minute Philosopher, ii. atheizer (a'the-I-zer), n. One who atheizes, or renders atheistic. Cudworth. [Rare.] athelH, «• [Early ME., < AS. cethelu, cethclo, pi., = OS. adhal = OFries. ethel-, edel- (in comp. and. deri v. ) = D. adel = OHG. adal, MHG. adel, race, family, ancestry, esp. noble ancestry, nobility, G. add, nobility, = Icel. adhal, nature, dis- position, family, origin, in comp. chief-, head- (mod. also nobility, = Sw. Dan. adel, nobility, a sense due to the G. ), =Goth. *atlial (as in the proper name "Athalarciks (> ML. Athalaricus) = AS. Mthelric) ; not found outside of Teut. Hence, athel 2 and atheling, q. v., and ethel, pat- rimony (see ethel). In mod. E. only in proper names, historical or in actual use, of AS. or OHG. origin, as Ethel, Ethelbert, Athelbert = Albert, Ethelrcd, Audrey {St. Audrey, > t-awdry, q. v.), etc.] Race; family; ancestry; noble ancestry; nobility; honor. Her wes Arthur the king athelen bidaded [deprived], Layamun, III. 453. athel-t, a. and n. [ME., also ethel, (ethel, and prop, athcle, cthele, cethele (in northern writers often hathel, etc.), < AS. cethele, ethelc = OS. alili = OFries. ethel, edel = D. edel = OHG. edili, MHG. edele, G. edel = Icel. edhal-, edhla- (in comp.) = Sw. ddel= Dan. a-del (the Seand. after G.), noble, of noble family; from the noun: see atheP-."] I. a. Noble; illustrious; excellent. Lutele children in the cradele, Both chorles an ek athele. Owl and Nightingale, 1. 631. II. n. A noble ; a chief ; often simply a man. His hathel on hors watz thenne That here his spere it launce. Sir Gawayne and the Grene Knight (ed. Morris), 1. 2065. atheling (ath'el-ing), h. [In mod. use, as a his- torical term, also written etheling and atheling, repr. ME. atheling, < AS. evtheling (= ( is. , ,lfu- liug = OFries. etheling, edling = OHG. adaling, ML. adalingus, adelingus), < cethelu, noble family (see athel 1 ), + -in;/, a patronymic suffix. The word survives in the place-name Athelncy, AS. JEOiclinga ig, lit. princes' island.] In Anglo- Saxon hist: (a) A crown prince or heir appar- ent: one of the royal family. (6) A nobleman. Originally none but Anglo-Saxon princes were called athelings, and the atheling was the eldest son of (lie king in' nearest heir to the throne, to which, however, he did n.ii necessarily succeed ; but the term was afterward ex- tended to all wiio held noble rank. Also written etheling, oetheling. An English community [a. p. 500-flOO] knew but two or- ders of men, the ceorl or the freeman, and the eorl or the noble. The freeman was the base of the \ illage society. He was the "free-necked man," whose long hail floated over- a neck which had never bowed to a lord. . . . But the social centre of the village was (he eorl, or, as he was sometimes called, the wtheling, whose homestead rose high above the lowlier dwellings ol the ceorls. ./. R. Green, Making of England, p. 173. One or two rebellions are mentioned, headed by .l.the- li/ngs or men of the royal house. E. A. Freeman, Old Eng. Hist , p. 71. Athena (a-the'nii), «. Same as Athene, 1. Athenaeum, Atheneum (ath-e-ne'um), n. [L. Athenaeum, < Gr. 'Aftr/vaiov, a temple of Athene, < 'Atii/vr/, Athene: see Athene.] 1. A temple or a place dedicated to Athene, or Minerva; spe- cifically, an institution founded at Rome by 1 1 a 1 Irian for the promotion of literary and scien- tific studies, and imitated in the provinces. — 2. [/. c. ; pi. athenwa, athenca (-a).] In mod- Athenaeum ern times, an institution for the encouragement of literature and art, often possessing a library for the use of those entitled to its privileges. Athene (a-the'ne), «. [L., also Athena, < Gr. 'Atii/vt/, Doric 'ABava, also (prop, an adj. form) Wh/i-ait/, ..Eolic AOavaia, 'Atiavaa, Attic ABtjvaia, contr. 'A.0/n>a, a name of uncertain origin, as- sociated with that of 'AS'/vat, Athens.] 1. In Gr. myth., the goddess of knowledge, arts, sci- Athene. — 1 he Minerva I-arnese. Museo Nazionale, Naples. enees, and righteous war ; particularly, the tute- lary deity of Athens : identified by the Romans with Minerva. She personified the clear upper air as well as mental clearness and acuteness, embodying the spirit of truth and divine wisdom, and was clothed with the regis symbolizing the dark storm-cloud, and armed with the resistless spear — the shaft of lightning. Also Athena. 2. [NL.] In oniitli., an extensive genus of owls, related to A. noctua of Europe, including small earless species. The name is used by different authors with great latitude, and is not susceptible of exact defini- tion. It was first used for a genus of birds by Boie, 1822. Atheneum, re. See Athenmum. Athenian (a-the'ni-an), a. and re. [< L. as if "Athenian us, equivalent to Atheniensis, < Athe- nee, < Gr. 'Aftf/vat, Athens, traditionally named after 'Adi/iy, Athene.] I. a. Pertaining to Athens, anciently the metropolis of Attica in Greece, and now the capital of the kingdom of Greece. II. » . A native or citizen of Athens. atheologiant (a"the-o-16'ji-an), re. [< Gr. d- priv. (o- 18 ) + theologian.] One who is not a theologian; one who has no knowledge of the- ology ; an ignorant theologian. They . . . [the Jesuits] are the only atheolofiians whose heads entertain no other object but the tumult of realms. Sir J. Hayward, Answer to Doleman, ix. atheological (a'the-6-loj'i-kal), a. [< Gr. d- priv. (fl-18) + theological?] Untheological; con- trary to theology. In the curt oth, oloffical phrase of the Persian Lucretius, "one thing is certain, and the rest is lies." Swinburne, Shakespeare, p. 233. atheologyt (a-the-ol'o-ji), re. [< Gr. d- priv. (a- 18 ) + theology. Cf. atheous.] 1. Lack or absence of theological knowledge; opposition to theology. — 2. Atheism. Several of our learned members have written many pro- found treatises on anarchy, but a brief, complete body of atheology seemed yet wanting. Swift, On Collins's Discourse. atheous (a'the-us), a. [= Pg. atheo = Sp. It. ateo, an atheist, < L. atheus, atheos, < Gr. adi- oe, without a god, godless: see atheism.] If. Atheistic ; ungodly. The hypocrite or atheous priest. Milton, P. R., i. 487. 2. Having no reference to God ; irrespective of divine existence or power. "All physical science, properly so called, is compelled by its very nature to take no account of the being of God : as soon as it does this, it trenches upon theology, and ceases to be physical science." And so, coining a dis- criminating word to express this, he [the Bishop of Car- lisle! would say that science was atheous, and therefore could not be atheistic. Science, III. 132. Athericera (ath-e-ris'e-rS,), re. pi. [NL., < Gr. i'tiijp, awn or beard of an ear of corn, -I- Kepac, a horn.] In Latreille's system of classification, the fifth family of dipterous insects, nearly equivalent to the dichcetous division of brachy- cerous Diptera, but including the Syrphida: The division corresponded to the Linneau genera Conops and tKstrus, with most of the species of Musca, including the bot-flies and drone-flies with the flies proper. [Not in use.] 363 athericerous (ath-e-ris'e-rus), a. [< Athericera + -ous.] Pertaining to or resembling the Athc- rieera. Atherina (ath-e-ri'na), n. [NL., < Gr. afiepivv, a kind of smelt.] A genus of abdominal acan- thopterygian fishes, typical of the family Athe- rinidm, containing the sand-smelts. A. presbyter, the common British atherine or sand-smelt, is a fish about 6 inches long, used as food. atherine (ath'e-rin), it. [< Atherina.] A fish of the genus Atherina ; a sand-smelt. atherinid (ath-e-rin'id), re. A fish of the fam- ily Atherinidm. " Atherinidae (ath-e-rin'i-de), re. pi. [NL., < Atherina + -idol.] The atherines or sand- smelts ; a family of abdominal acant hopterygian fishes, typified by the genus Atherina, to which varying limits have been ascribed by different writers. In Gunther's system the Ath*t,i',-i under the name of smelts. atherinidan (ath-e-rin'i-dan), re. A fish of the family Atherinidm; an atlierinid. Sir J. Rich- ardson. Atherinina (ath"e-ri-ni'na), n. pi. [NL., < Atherina + -ina.] In Gunther's classification of fishes, the first subfamily of Atherinidm, char- acterized by feeble dentition, cycloidal scales, the separation of the first dorsal fin from the second, the presence of an air-bladder, and the absence of pyloric appendages: same as Athe- rinidm of recent systems. atherinoid (ath'e-ri-noid), a. and n. [< Athe- rina + -oid.] I. a. Having the characters of the Atherinidm. II. re. A fish of the family Atherinidm ; an atherinid. athermancy (a-ther'rnan-si), re. [< Gr. atiipuav- ror, not heated : see atXermanous and -cy.] The power or property of stopping radiant heat ; impermeableness to radiant heat. It corre- sponds to opacity in the ease of light. athermanous (a-ther'ma-nus), a. [< Gr. d- priv. + dcpfiaivciv (fieppav-), heat, impart heat (cf. aOeppavror, not heated), < Bepp6r, hot (Beppy, heat): see thernio-.] Impermeable to radiant heat; having the power of stopping radiant heat ; opaque to heat. athermous (a-ther'nius), a. [< Gr. hBrppoc, without warmth, < d- priv. + fieppdr, hot, Beppt/, heat.] Same as athermanous. atheroma (ath-e-ro'mii), re. ; pi. atheromata (-ma-tii). [NL., < Gr. aar/pojpa(T-), a tumor full of gruel-like matter, < aBr/pt/, a form of adapt/, groats or meal, a porridge made therefrom.] 1. A name given to various kinds of encysted tu- mors, the contents of which have the appear- ance of bread-sauce. — 2. The formation of thickened patches of the inner coat of an ar- tery (much more rarely of a vein), constitut- ing flattened cavities which contain a pasty mass exhibiting fat-globules, fatty acid crys- tals, cholesterin, more or less calcareous mat- ter, etc. The endothelial film separating this from the blood may give way, and an atheromatous ulcer be formed. Also atherome. atheromatous (ath-e-ro'rua-tus), a. [< athe- roma^) + -ous.] Pertaining to or resembling atheroma ; having the qualities of atheroma. atherome (ath'e-roni), ». Same as atheroma. Atherura (ath-e-ro'rjl), re. [NL., < Gr. d(%>, the beard of an ear of corn, + oupd, tail.] A genus of hystricomorph rodents, of the family Hystri- cidm; the brush-tailed porcupines: so called because the tail ends in a pencil of flattened scaly bristles. The best-known species are A. fasci- mlata, the Malacca porcupine of India, and the African A. a/ricana. There are several others. Also Atlim/rus. atherure (ath'e-ror), n. [< Atherura.] A brush-tailed porcupine; a species of the genus Atherura. Atherurus (ath-e-ro'rus), n. Same as Athe- rura. atheticize (a-thet'i-siz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. athcticized, ppr. aiheMcizing. [Irreg. < Gr. dferor, set aside, invalid, + -ic + -fee. Cf. athetise.] Same as athetize. Beverley. athetize (ath'e-tiz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. athe- ti-ed, ppr. athetigvng. [< Gr. aBerciv, set aside, reject as spurious (< d&roc, set aside, invalid, without place or position, < d- priv. + Bc-6r, verbal adj. of Ti-6e-vai, put, place : see thesis, etc.), + -fee.] To set aside; reject as spurious. athwart He [Walter Leaf, in his edition of the Iliad] athetizes but 03 lines in A-.YI. Amer. Jour, of Pkilol., VII. 378. athetoid (ath'e-toid), a. Of or resembling athetosis: as, athetoid movements. athetosis (ath-e-to'sis), n. [NL., < Gr. iBeroc, without place (see athetize), + -osis.] In pat hat., a condition in which the hands and feet can- not be maintained in any position in which they are placed, but continually perform in- voluntary, slow, irregular movements. athinkt, ». impers. [ME. athinke, reduced form of ofthinke, < AS. ofthyncan, impers., < of- + thyncan, seem: see a- 4 and think.] To repent; grieve — Me athinketht, it repents me. Me athinkcth that I schal reherce it here. Chancer, Prol. to Miller's Tale, 1. <*2. athirst (a-therst'), a. [< ME. athurst, also athreste and afurst, contr. from ofthurst, of- thyrst, < AS. ofthyrsted, very thirsty, pp. of qf- thyrstan, thirst, < of- (intensive) + thyrstan, pp. thyrsted, thirst: see a- 4 and thirst, v.] 1. Thirsty; wanting drink. When thou art athirst, go unto the vessels, and drink. Ruth ii. 9. 2. Figuratively, having a keen appetite or de- sire. Their bounding hearts alike Athirst for battle. Cowper, Iliad. athlete (ath'let), re. [< L. athleta, < Gr. aOfo/- Ttjc, a combatant, contestant in the games, < affAtiv, contend, < d(ttoc, a contest, esp. for a- prize (neut. aB'Aov, the prize of contest), contr. of *aFe6Xoc, prob. < a- + ■/ "Fed (= E. iced, pledge: see wed) + formative -Xo-r.] 1. In Gr. antiq., one who contended for a prize in the public games. Hence — 2. Any one trained to exercises of agility and strength ; one accom- plished in athletics ; a man full of strength and activity. Here rose an athlete, strong to break or bind All force in bonds that might endure. Tennyson, Palace of Art. athletic (ath-let'ik), a. and n. [< L. athleticus, < Gr. ad'AnriKdc, < adAnryc, athlete: see athlete.] I. a. 1. Pertaining to athletes or to the exer- cises practised by them: as, athletic sports. Hence — 2. Strong; robust; vigorous; physi- cally powerful and active. That athletic soundness and vigour of constitution which is seen in cottages, where Nature is cook and Ne- cessity caterer. South. II. «. An athlete. [Rare.] athletically (ath-let'i-kal-i), adv. In a strong, robust, or athletic manner. athleticism (ath-let'i-sizm), n. [< athletic + -ism.] The act or practice of engaging in ath- letic exercises ; devotion to athletics. athletics (ath-let'iks), re. [Plural of athletic] The art or practice of athletic games or exer- cises; the system of rules or principles em- ployed for physical training, as in running, rowing, boxing, gymnastics, etc. athletism (ath'le-tizm), n. [< athlete + -ism.] The character or profession of an athlete. Athole brose. See brose. Athorybia (ath-o-rib'i-S), «. [NL., < Gr. d- priv. + 06pvfos, noise, murmur, confusion.] A genus of oceanic hydrozoans, type of the family Athorybi- idm. A. rosacea inhabits the Mediterranean. Athorybiadae (atb/o-ri-bi'a- de), re. pi. Same as Athory- biidm. Athoryhiidae (atb/o-ri-bi'i- de),n.pl. [NL., < Athorybia + -ida:] A family of phy- sophorous oceanic Hydrozoa, of the order Siphonophora, having a bundle of hydro- phyllia instead of a swim- ming-column, and resembling a larval stage of some other Physophora. athreet, prep. phr. as adv. [ME., also a ihrjs; < « 3 + three.] In three parts. Chaucer. athrepsia (a-threp'si-a), «. [NL., < Gr. d- priv. + Spii/itr-, nourishment, < rpifyeiv, nourish.] In pathol., a profound disturbance of nutrition in children, due to neglect of hygiene and in- sufficient or improper food, athrob (a-throb'), prep. phr. as adr. or a. [< a s + throb?] In or into a throbbing or palpitat- ing state or manner ; throbbing. [Language] is a mere dead body without a soul till some man of genius set its arrested pulses once more athrob. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 258. athwart (a-thwart),prfp. phr. as adr. and prep. [Early mod. E. also athirt, Sc. athourt, athort. Athorybia rosacea, seen from above. a, polypitcs ; b, tenta- cles, with cc, their sac- culi ; d, hydrophyllia ;S, pneumatophore. athwart < ME. athwart : < i' drawn out and pav'.l tour main roads t,, in, utmost length and breadth "f the island ; and two others athwart. Milton, lli-t. Eng., i. 2. In opposition to the proper or expected course; in a manner to cross and perplex; crossly; wrongly; wrongfully. [Rare.] The baby beats the nurse, and quite athwart - all decorum. Shak., M. for M.. i. 4. II. prep. 1. Across; from side to side of. A | due. I;-, It rooted, stretched athwart the va. Its swinging boughs. Shelley, Alastor. The Fosse Waywasone of the two great lines of commu- nication which ran athwart Britain from the northeast to : .il, west. J- R. Green, Conq. of Eng., p. 193. 2. Xiuit.. across the line of a ship's course. — 3. In opposition to ; against ; contrary to. I have seen this present work, and find nothing athwart the Catholick faith and good manners. Milton, Areopagitica, p. 11. Athwart hawse, said of a ship when she lies or sails atiptoe (a-tip'to), prep - stem of .mother, whether near or at some dis- 364 son, venison, which have differentiated doub- lets in oration, venation (obs.).] A suffix of Latin origin, occurring in nouns of action, etc. These nouns an- properly abstract nouns equivalent to English nouns in -ing, and are ("I taken directly from the Latin, as citation, commendation, creation, education, i,., and formed in Latin (commendatio, etc.) from the verbs represented in English either by forms without suffix (from the Latin infinitive), as cite, - n I. ,t, or by forms in -ate (from the Latin perfect partici- ple) as create, educate, liberate ; or i/,> formed in dem speech, whether from verbs without suffix, as in fixation, ..■.,.„. , ie . from fix, quote, etc., or from verbs in »'< ncentratim, desiccation, from concentrate, desiccate, ,i, ,,r from verbs of -Latin origin, as starvation, thesi being the earliest formations (in the mid- ,n, ,,i the eighteenth century) in -atton from verbs ,,t native origin (starve, flirt). Some words in -ation have no Atlantidae (at-lan ti-de), accompanying verb in English, as constellation, lunation, negation, etc. •atious. [< -ati(on) + -ous, like -itious,< -iti(on) + -ous.] A compound adjective suffix, con- sisting of -ous added to a reduced form of -ation, and serving to form adjectives from nouns in -ation, as disputatious from disputa- tion. phr. as adv. or a. [< across tlr tanee. \\ , v i sav, two sails to windward, going directly athwart our hawse. /,'. //. Dana, Jr., Before the Hast, p. 10. Athwart the forefoot, said of the flight of a cannon- hall tired across a ship's course before her bows, as a com- mand to her to bring to. athwartships (a-thwart'ships), prep, phi: as adv. [< athwart + ship + adv. gen. suffix -s.] Athwart the ship; crosswise of the ship. The foretopsail. which had been double reefed, split in two athwartships, just below the reef-band, from earing to earing. /.'. ". Dana, Jr., Before the Mast. p. J.4. athymiat (a-thim'i-a), n. [< Gr. adv/iia, want of courage or spirit, Cadvpoc, wanting courage or spirit, < a- priv. + Qviiog, courage, spirit, breath, < n, uv, rush, rage, be eager.] Lowness of spir- its: despondency; melancholy. -atic 1 . [< F.-atique (vernacularly -age, ~>E.-age, a*+ tiptoe] 1. On tiptoe.— 2. Figuratively, in a state of high expectation or eagerness. ative. [= P. -atif, fem. -ative, < L. -at-ivus, being -ii'iis, E. -foe, suffixed to the pp. stem in -at-, E. -ate 1 , -ate 2 .] A compound adjective suffix of Latin origin, consisting of -ive added to the stem represented by -ate-, and accompany- ing verbs with suffix -ate"*, as in demonstrativt . relative, etc, from demonstrate, relate, etc., or corre- horta- verbs without a suffix, as m from laud, etc., or standing without sponding verbs in English, as in amative, tin . lucrative, eta. : especially frequent in gram- matical terms, as in vocative, loeatiir. ablative, etc., all used also as nouns. It is also found in a few other nouns, as in prerogative, donative. It is added rarely to verbs of non-Latin origin, as in talkative, babbla- tive, and used iii colloquial or slang expressions like go- ahead-ative. English formations in -alire. from verbs in -ateS, retain the accent of the vni,. a, decorative. atlas pertaining to Atlas, < "Ar?.ar (Arlavr-), Atlas, (1) the Titan (see atlas*), or (2) the mountain-range in northwestern Africa named from the Titan, being regarded as the pillar of heaven ; to At- AavTUtbv TreAayog, the Atlantic ocean, named from Mount Atlas.] I. a. 1. Pertaining to or de- scended from Atlas: as, "the seven Atlantic Sisters" (the Pleiades), Milton, P. L., x. 674.— 2. Appellative of or pertaining to that division of the ocean which lies between Europe and Africa on the easl and America on the west. II. a. The Atlantic ocean. atlantid (at-lan'tid), «. A heteropod mollusk of the family AtlanluUr. n. pi. [NL., < Gr. "At'/uc (Ar'Aavr-), Mount Atlas, taken for Africa (see Atlantic), + -tiat, -idte. In sense 2, < Atlanta (q. v.) + -idee.) 1. One of the three great divisions into which some ethnologists divide the human race, including the tribes of Africa and the Semitic peoples of Asia. — 2. A family of heteropodous mollusks, typified by the genus Atlanta. They are free-swimming pelagic forms, of warm seas, with a small, thin, keeled, spiral shell and calcareous operculum. Besides the type, At- lanta, the family contains the genus Oxygyrus. Atlantides (at-Ian'ti-dez), n. pi. [L., < Gr. 'AxlavriSec, pi. of 'ATAavrle, fem. patron., daugh- ter of "Ar'Aac (Ar'Aavr-), Atlas : see atlas 1 .] 1. A name given to the Pleiades, which were fabled to be the seven daughters of Atlas who were translated to heaven.— 2. The inhabitants of the legendary island of Atlantis. laudative, etc., Atlantis (at-lan'tis), n. [L., < Gr. 'AtIovtIc: v.) = Sp. Pg. It. -atieo, < L. -dtieus, a com- Atlanta (at-lan'ta), n. [NL.. < L. AtlantiCUS, Atlantic: sec Atlantic, a.] A genus of mol- pound ad£ suffix, being -ic-us, E. -ie, suffixed to a pp. stem in -at-: see -ate 1 , -ic, and -age.'] A compound suffix of some adjectives of Latin origin, as aquatic, t rratie, lymphatic, etc., some of which are also used as nouns, as fanatic, lunatic, etc. [See remark under -atic".] -atic-. [< F- -atiqne = Sp. Pg. It. -atieo, < L. -aliens, < Gr. -a--iK-6c, being -m-or, E. -ie, suffixed to a noun stem in -ar-, nom. -a, or -ap, or -ar-t/c: see -ate 5 and -ie.] A compound termination of adjectives taken from or formed after < freek, aagrammatic, hepatic, pneumatic, some accom- panying English nouns in -ma or -m, as dra- matic, problematic, etc., or in -ate 5 , as piratic, . ie Atlantic.] A mythical island of vast extent, mentioned by Plato and other ancient writers, and placed by them in the far West. atlanto-epistropheal (at - Ian " to - ep " i -stro - fe'al), a. [< atlas (atlant-) + epistropheus + -ah] In anat., pertaining to the atlas and epi- stropheus or axis. atlanto-OCCipital (at-lan"t6-ok-sip'i-tal), a. [< atlas (atlant-) + occiput 'oecipit-) + -al.] In anat., pertaining to the atlas and the occipital bone. lusks, typical of the family Jtlantida; having atlanto-odontoid (at-lan'to-o-don'toid), a. [< tin! twisted visceral sac inclosed in a dextral atlas (atlant-) + odontoid.] In anat., pertaining spiral shell, and the foot provided with an oper- + the atlas and the odontoid process of the axis, culum. A. peroni is a Mediterranean species, atlantosaurid (at-lan-to-sa'rid), n. A dino- atlantad (at-lan'tad), adv. [< atlas (atlant-) salir ian reptile of the family Atlantosauridte. + -ad' A .] In anat., toward the atlas, or the Atlantosauridae (at-lan-to-sa 'ri-de), n. pi. [NL., < Atlantosaurus + -i'die.] A family of sauropodous dinosaurian reptiles with a pitui upper part of the body, atlantal (at-lan'tal), a. [< NL. atlantalis, < ottos 1 , 3, q. v.] In "anat., of or pertaining to the atlas Atlantal foramen (foramen atlantale), a h.de through the fore-border of the atlas of many animals for the transmission of the suboccipital nerve and vertebral artery. In man it, is present only exceptionally, and is generally represented by a groove. etc. [Most adjectives of this termination, and also some »i, f „ , • i nT ,_ r p' an i a T< L Itlanteus, < endingin -atich may take (often preferably, the , ition- Atlantean (at-lan te g,n) a lwj. -"<« " «£ al syllable -al, with very slight if any change of meaning. Gr. At/ armor, pertaining to Ar/.at, Atlas. \. s,, ,,/;„, d -i '/urri.; Atlantis, is properly tern. adj. < '\r/n., : -atile. [= F. -atile, < L. -dtilis, a compound adj. suffix, being -Ms, E. -He or -le, suffixed to a pp. stem in -al-: see -ate 1 and -He.] A suffix of some adjectives of Latin origin, as aquatile, tlliriatlli . etc. atilt in-tilt'). prep. phr. as adr. or o. [< « 3 + tilt 1 , h.] 1. Tilted up; set on tilt, literally or figuratively. Speak : if not, this stand 01 royal Mood shall be abroach, alill, and run llo the lees of llollolir. Beau, ami Ft.. Philaster, v. 1. CA7/ni'7-): see atlas 1 .] 1. Pertaining to Atlas; resembling Atlas. Sage he stood, With Atlantean shoulders, fit to bear The weight of mightiest monarchies. Milton, P. I... ii. 306. 2. Pertaining to the island Atlantis of Plato and Strabo, fabled to exist in the ocean of the far West, or to lh, bit], bud sits at his door in the sun, Atilt id,,- a blossom among tie leaves. Lowell, sir Launfal, i. 2. In the manner of a filter; in the position or willi tli. action of a man making a thrust: us. to tide or run atilt. atimy i at'i-mi), «. [< MK. -aisnn, -ei.snn, -esun, etc., which exists, uurocognized, in ori- Bacon's ideal commonwealtli of that name. Sometimes writ- ten Atlnntian. atlantes (at-lan'- le/.i, n.pl. [, capitulal process, oi parapophysis— these two making the so-called transverse pro- cess, and inclosing the vertebrartcnal foramen; hy, hypapophysis, in place of a centrum ; a, articular surface for occipital condyle. atlas 365 rid proa •nts of the d with the or wanting. The general form of the hone is annular ; it atmosphere (at 'mps-fer), n. [= F. atmosphere = Pg. atmosphera = Sp. atmdsfera = It. atmo- sfera = Sw. almosfer = Dan. atmosfcere = G. at- mosphare, < NL. atmospheera, < (Jr. ar/coc, vapor, + aqxuoa, sphere : see sphere.] 1. The aeriform fluid which surrounds the earth, and extends to an undetermined height above its surface; the air. It is a mechanical mixture of 79 parts by volume of nitrogen and -l of oxygen, with a trace of carbon dioxid and a variable quantity of aqueous vapor, amn ia, oz i, and organic matter. The compositk t the mini ml atmo Bphere varies but slightly in different localities, although near towns it usually contains impurities, such as sulphu- ric acid, hydrochloric acid, etc. The movements of the atmosphere constitute the winds, and in it are formed or produced clouds, rain, and snow. Its density is greati it at the earth's surface, and decreases as the height above the earth increases. The atmosphere, like other bodies, gravitates toward the earth, and therefore has weight and exerts pressure. Its average weight at the level of the sea is about 1.") pounds (14.7) to the square inch. 2. A conventional unit of atmospheric pressure. An atmosphere is in English use the pressure of a vertii a] column of 30 inches of mercury at the freezing-point at London; in French use it is the pressure of 760 milli- meters of mercury at the freezing-point at Paris. For the absolute atmosphere in the C. G. S. (centimeter-gram- si 1) system, see absolute. The weight of the atmo- sphere to the square inch is commonly employed us a con- venient unit for pressures arising from other causes, such as the weight of liquids, the force of steam, etc.: thus, a pressure in a steam-boiler of 3 atmospheres means a pres- sure equal to 45 pounds per square inch. The apparatus . . . was of great simplicity, all of glass, capable of resisting the pressure of many atmospheres. Science, VIII. 50. 3. The gaseous envelop surrounding any of the heavenly bodies. No sound, either loud or soft, could he heard by any inhabitant of the moon, because the moon practically has no atmosphere. J. -V. Lockyer, Spect. Anal., p. 22. 4. Any gaseous medium: as, " an atmosphere of cold oxygen," Miller. For an atmosphere of any gas at uniform temperature, the height at which the density would be halved is the height of the homogeneous atmosphere for that gas, mul- tiplied by .69315; the gas is assumed to obey Boyle's law. J. D. Everett, Units and Phys. Const., p. 41. 5f. An assumed outer envelop of force, efflu- via, etc., surrounding a body: as, an electrical atmosphere. — 6. Figuratively, intellectual or moral environment ; pervading influence. By the hearth the children sit Cold in that atmosphere of Death. Tennyson, In Memoriam, xx. Absolute atmosphere. Sec absolute.— Electric at- mosphere. See electric aura, under aural revolves about a pivot, furnished by the oil of the axis, and follows the rotatory movci head upon the neck. It is commonly ankylo axis in Cetacea. See ankylosis. 4. A bound collection of maps. The word was first used in this sense by Mercator in the sixteenth century, in allusion to the Atlas of mythology, whose figure, repre- sented as bearing a globe on his shoulders, was given on the title-page of such works. Hence — 5. A volume of plates or tables illus- trative or explanatory of some subject. — 6. A size of writing- or drawing-paper, 26 by 33 or 34 inches. — 7. [NL.] Inew«o»i.,alargelamelli- corn beetle of the family Scarabandce ; the atlas beetle, Ghalcosoma atlas, about 3 inches long, and of a brilliant metallic-green color. atlas 2 (at'las), n. [= Sp. atlas = G. atlass = Sw. atlas = Dan. atlas, alius/:, satin, < Hind. atlas, < Ar. atlas, satin, < atlas, smooth, bare, blank, < talasa, make smooth, delete.] A kind of satin : a word formerly used in the Levant and in India. atlas-folio (at "his-fo'lio), n. [< atlas 1 , 6, + folio.] A large square folio size of books. atlo-axoid (at'16-ak'soid), «. In anat, of or pertaining to the atlas and axis, the first and second cervical vertebra? — Atlo-axoid ligament, one of three ligaments, anterior, lateral, and posterior, connected with both the axis and the atlas. atloid (at'loid), a. [< atlas 1 , 3, + -oid.~\ In anat., of or pertaining to the atlas; atlantal: usually as the second element of a compound: as, occipito-atloid ligaments. atmidometer (at-mi-dom'e-ter), n. [< Gr. aruir 'druid-), vapor (< arfioc, steam, vapor), + ficrpov, a measure.] An instrument invented by Bab- ington for measuring the evaporation from wa- ter, ice, or snow. E. H. Knight. See atmom- eter. atmo-. [< Gr. aru6c, vapor, steam (= Skt. dtmaii, breath, = AS. oJthm = OS. dthom = OFries. eth- ma= D. a(fei»=OH(i. ddiini, dtiini, MHG. atem, aten, G. atem, atliem, odem, also (prop, dial.) oden, breath), perhaps from the root repr. by Skt. V en, Gr. af/vai (i/ * /r a), blow, and so related to aijp, air, aad/ta, asthma, etc., and to E. wind? : see air 1 , asthma, and wind' 2 .] The first element, meaning vapor, in some compound words of Greek origin. atmological (at-nio-loj'i-kal), a. [< atmology + -ie-al.] Pertaining to atmology. lt"tst^n?h?ir«tt^ndi- atmospheric (at-mos-fer^) a. . [< aft. Wluncett, Hist. Induct Sciences, x. 2. + -w. Ct spherical.] 1. Pertaining to, existing A classification and intelligible when tions. atmologist (at-mol'o-jist), n. [< atmology + -ist.] One skilled in atmology; a student of atmology. The almolonists of the last century. Whewell, Nov. Org. Renovatum, III. ix. § 8. atmology (at-mol'o-ji), n. [< Gr. ar/zoc, steam, vapor, + -r\ojia, <.' ?Jyeiv, speak: see -ologij.] That branch of science which treats of the laws and phenomena of aqueous vapor. The relations of heat and moisture give rise to another extensive collection of laws and principles, which I shall treat of in connection with themistics, and shall term at- mology. Whewell, Hist. Induct. Sciences, x., Int. atmolysation, etc. See atmolyzatkm, etc. atmolysis (at-mol'i-sis), n. [< Gr. ar/idr, vapor, + 'liaiQ, a loosing, < 'Aietv, loose.] A method of separating mixed gases or vapors of unequal cliffusibility by confining the mixture in a ves- sel of porous material, such as graphite, placed in a vacuum. See atmolyper. This method was first made known in 1863 by its discoverer, Professor T. Gra- ham, master of the English mint. atmolyzation (afmo-li-za'shon), «. The sepa- ration of mixed gases by atmolysis. Also at- molysation. atmolyze (at'mo-liz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. at- molyzed, ppr. atmotyzmg. [< atmolysis. Cf. an- alyze, < analysis.] To separate, as gases or va- pors, by atmolysis. Also atmolyse. atmolyzer (at'mo-li-zer), n. An instrument for separating gases. It consists of a porous pipe sur- rounded by an air-tight cylinder connected with an aspi- rator, the lighter gases passing through the pores of the pipe, the heavier remaining in it. Also atmolyser. atmometer (at-mom'e-ter), n. [< Gr. ar/idc, vapor, + utrpov, a measure.] An instrument, invented by Sir John Leslie, for measuring the amount of evaporation from a humid surface in a given time ; an evaporometer. It consists of a thin hollow ballot porous earthenware, to which is joined a graduated glass tube. The ball and the tube are filled with water, the top of the tube is closed, and the instru- ment is exposed to the free action of the air. As the water transudes through the porous substance, and is removed in the form of vapor by the air, the extent of evaporation is shown by the sinking of the water in the graduated tube. in, or consisting of the atmosphere : as, atmo- spheric air or vapors. Quarantine cannot keep out an atmospheric disease. Culcridye, Table-Talk. 2. Dependent on the atmosphere. I am an atmospheric creature. Pope. 3. Caused, produced, or operated on by the atmosphere : as, rust is an atmospheric effect. — Atmospheric Churn, a churn of various forms, in which atmospheric air is driven into the milk in order to agitate it, and also in order to obtain the specific effect of the air upon the milk in aggregating the oleaginous globules.— Atmospheric currents, see current.— Atmospheric engine, a variety of steam-engine in which the steam is admitted only to the under side of the piston and for the Newcomen's Atmospheric Steam-engine. A, A, working-beam ; />, boiler from which steam is admitted through the steain-cock, c, to the cylinder C ; F, rod, serving to lift a smalt pump ; i, iniection-cock ; P, piston ; 5, blow-valve, or snifting- valve ; T, tank ; li , weights. up-stroke. the down-stroke being effected by the pres- sure of the atmosphere caused by the formation of a vacuum under the piston through the condensation of the steam. This engine, invented by Papin in 1695, was first made a practical success by Newcomen, and was subsequently greatly improved by Watt, through the ad- dition of a separate condenser and air-pump. — Atmo- spheric governor, an apparatus for controlling the move- ments "f machinery by the use of air under pressure. — Atmospheric hammer, (a) A hammer driven by means of compressed air, as the steam-hammer is operated by steam. See steam-hammer, (b) A hammer in which an at- mospheric spring is employed. The hammer-head is con- atom nected by a rod with a piston working in a cylinder to which air 1b admitted at the center "f its length. A recip- rocating motion is given to tie cylinder, and bj means of the air confined between its other end and the piston ;i corresponding motion is given to tie- piston head con- nected with it. — Atmospheric line, on In a diagram "f Bteam-pressure, ■■> h brawn by the pencil when the steam is shut oil from the piston of the indicator, and thus under the pressure of the atmosphere alone. The height "I the steam-line above this shows the pressure of i le steam, and the depth of the vacuum-line below the degree .if condensation which is then taking place in the engine, lb) /'I. Dark lines in the solar spectrum produced by the absorption of partol the sola] radiation by the terrestrial atmosphere. Sec spectrum. In addition to the lines of Fraunhofer, indubitably be- longing to the sun. there are many Other dark lines in the solar spectrum which originate from tin- ahsorptive ac- tion of the terrestrial atmosphere, and are therefore called atmospheric lines. Lommel, light (trans.), p Atmospheric pressure. See atmosphere, 2.— Atmo- spheric pump, a pump in which the water is forced into the suction-pipe by atmospheric pressure.— Atmospheric railway, a railway so constructed that the motive power is derived from the pressure of the atmosphere acting on a piston working in a continuous iron tube of uniform bore laid from one place to another, the pressure being created by exhausting the air from that end of the tube toward which it is desired that the piston should advance, nr by forcing in air behind it, or by both methods at The system lias not been found suitable for the ordinary purposes of a railway, though it is successfully worked for the conveyance of letters, telegrams, ami light pack- ages. See pneumatic despatch, under pneumatic.— At- mospheric spring, a spun,' formed by the elasticity "i a confined body of air.- Atmospheric stamp, a Btamp operated in the same manner as an atmospheric hammer (which see, above).— Atmospheric tides, diurnal oscilla- tions of the atmosphere, produced by the attractions of the sun and moon, like the tides of the mean, and indi- cated by minute variations of pressure on the barometer. atmospherical (at-mos-fer'i-kal), a. Same as atmospheric. atmospherically (at-mos-fer'i-kal-i), adv. As, or as regards, the atmosphere; by atmospheric force or influence. atmostea, ». Plural of at m osteon. atmosteal (at-mos'te-al), a. [< atmosteon + -al.] Pertaining to an atmosteon; pneumatic, as a bone. atmosteon (at-mos'te-on), n. ; pi. atmostea (-a). [NL., < Gr. iirudc, air, + oa-iov, bone.] In ornith., an air-bone ; a scleroskeletal ossifica- tion of a membranous tube or canal conveying air into the interior of a bone of a bird. The siphon-like tube which conveys air from the outer ear-passage to the hollow of the mandible may ossify, . . . resulting in a neat tubular " air-bone " or at mosteon. Coues, Key to N. A. Birds, p. 168. atocha-grass (a-to'chii-gras), n. [Sp. atocha, esparto-grass.] A name sometimes given to the esparto-grass, Stipa tenacissima. atok(a-tok'), «• [Peruv.] The native name of a kind of skunk, of the genus Conepatns, found in Peru, originally described by Humboldt as ihilo quitensis. Also called zorra. atoll (a-tol' or at'ol), n. [Formerly atollon ; the name of such islands in the Maldive group ; prob. < JIalayalam adal, closing, uniting (Yule).] A coral island, consisting of a strip or ring of coral surrounding a central lagoon. Such islands are very common in the Pacific ocean. They often present an exceedingly picturesque appearance, a comparatively narrow strip of coral rock thinly coated with soil, and covered with a vigorous growth of cocoa- nut-, pandanus-, and breadfruit-trees, inclosing a large still sheet of water, usually of considerable depth, and often well supplied with fish. The circle of coral is sometimes complete, showing no apparent communication between the inclosed lagoon and the surrounding sea ; but generally it is interrupted, and presents one or more openings suita- ble for the passage of boats. atollont, a- See atoll. atom (at.'om), ». [Early mod. E. also atome, attorn (and as L. atoinits, atomos, 'with pi. atomi, sometimes atomic, > E. sing, atomn . atomy 1 , q. v.), < ME. attome, atome, < F. atome =z Sp. dtomo = Pg. It. ofomo = G. Dan. Sw. atom, < L. atom us, < Gr. arouoc, an atom, prop, adj., indivisible, that cannot be cut, < a- priv. + roudc, verbal adj. of Tcuvew, rayeiv, cut : see tome.] 1. An ex- tremely minute particle of matter : a term used generally with certain philosophic or scientific limitations. fa) A hypothetical particle of matter so minute as to admit of no division ; an ultimate indivisible particle of matter. See atomic philosophy, under atomic No atoms casually together burl d Could e'er produce so beautiful a world. Dryden, Epistles, i. 31. (b) A particle of matter assumed not to be divided under the circumstances considered ; a molecule. An atom means something which is not divided in cer- tain eases that we are considering. W. E. Clifford, Lectures, I. 186. (c) In ehem. and physics, the unit of matter; the smallest mass of an element that exists in any molecule. The number of kinds of atoms is the same as the number of the elements. All atoms of the same element have the same constant weight. They are for the most part com- bined with other atoms, either of the same or of a different kind, forming molecules, and are indivisible by chemical atom force. The atom is sometimes called the rhemical unit, in distinction from the molecule or physical unit, the latter being the smallest particle of any kind of matter which can exhibit all the properties of that matter; but h ;iUo sometimes used as synonymous with molecule in this sense. Hence — 2. Anything extremely small; a mi- nute quantity: as, he has not an atom of sense. — 3f. The smallest division of time, equal to about £ of a second. — 4. Anything indivisible : an individual. = Syn. Molecule, etc. .See particle, atomt (at'oin), v. t. [< atom, ».] To reduce to atoms; atomize. Ami atom d mists turn instantly to hail. Drayton, Elegies, i. atomatic cit-o-mat'ik), a. [< atom + -atic] Sumo as atomic, atomic (a-tom'ik), a. [< atom + 4c; = F. ato- mique.'] 1. Pertaining to atoms; consisting of atoms. The atomic constitution of bodies. Wkewell, Hist. Scientific Ideas. The gods, the gods ! If all be atoms, how then should the gods, Being atomic, not be dissoluble, Not follow the great law? Tennyson, Lucretius. 2. Extremely minute. — Atomic or molecular heats of bodies, the product of the specific heats of bodies into their atomic weights. These pruducts are nearly the same for all elementary bodies, and in compounds of like atomic composition, though the products of the specific heats into the atomic weights may differ in different classes of compounds.— Atomic or atomistic philosophy, a sys- tem of philosophy, founded by Leucippus and Democritus, which taught that the ultimate constituents of all things are indivisible particles or atoms, which differ from one another in form and position; whether also in quality of material was disputed among the atomists. From the diverse combination and motions of these atoms all things, including the soul, were supposed to arise. The atomistic philosophy was perfected in its details by the Epicureans, particularly by Lucretius, and was the first complete sys- tem of materialism. It is the basis of the modern phys- ical atomic theory, but, apart from the numerous special modifications which the progress of modern science has rendered necessary, it differs from it essentially in this, that the ancient atomism was a philosophy of the uni- verse, while modern atomism is, primarily at least, merely a physical theory of the inner structure of matter, con- structed for the convenience of physical research.— Atomic theory, «»r doctrine of definite proportions, to chem., the hypothesis that all chemical combinations take place between the ultimate particles or atoms of bodies, and that these unite either atom with atom or in proportions expressed by some simple multiple of the number of atoms. — Atomic volume, in chem,, the space occupied by a quantity of an element in the solid state proportional to its atomic weight, and expressed by the quotient of the specific gravity divided by the atomic weight. — Atomic weight, in chem., the number expressing the relative weight of one atom of an element compared with the weight of some unit, usually that of the hydrogen atom, which is the lightest at present known. The atomic weights of the other elements, therefore, express how many times the atoms of these elements are heavier than the atom of hydrogen. See element. atomical (a-tom'i-kal), a. Same as atomic. atomically (a-tom'i-kal-i), adv. In an atomic maimer; from an atomic point of view; re- garded as an atom, or as made up of atoms. atomician (at-o-mish'an), n. [< atomic + 4anJ] An adherent of the atomic philosophy or the- ory. See atomic, atomicismtta-tom'i-sizm), n. [K atomic -T- -ism.'] Atomism. atomicity (at-o-mis'i-ti), n. [< atomic + -it;/.'] In chem., same as equivalency and quantivalency. The number of bonds possessed by an element, or its atomicity, is apparently, at least, not a fixed and inva- riable quantity. E. Frankla/ul, Exper. in Chem., p. 9. atomisation, etc. See atomisation, etc. atomism I at om-izm), n. [< atom + -ism ; = F. atomisnu — Sp. Pg. It. atomismo.] 1. The metaphysical or the physical theory of atoms; atomic philosophy or atomic theory. See a torn ic, Atomiemal ol in onceivable; for this supposes atoms, minima, extended but indivisible. Sir W, Hamilton, Metaphys., II. 52s, s\pp. The result of atomism in any form, dealing with any subject, is that the prim [pie ol uniformity is hunted down into the eh menta of things: it is resolved into the uni- formity "i these elements or atoms, and of the relations -.1 those which are next to each other. W, K. Clifford, Lectures, II. 189, 2. The state of exist iriff as an atom or a unit, or of being composed of atoms or units; individ- ualism. atomist (at'om-iet), n. and ". [< atom +-/*/,- = P. atomists = Sp. Pg. It. atomista."] I. n. One who holds to or expounds the atomic phi- losophy or the atomic theory. IT. «• Same as atomistic. The more closely we follow the atomist doctrine to 1U starting-point, said spread before us the necessary outfit for its journey of deduction, the larger do Its demands appear. J. Martineau, Materialism, atomistic (at-o-mis'tik), a. [< atomist 4* -ic] 1, Pertaining to atomism or the atomists. 366 It is the object of the mechanical atomistic philosophy to confound synthesis with Bynartesis. Coleridge, Friend, I. L2L 2. Consisting of atoms. — Atomistic philosophy. See atomic philosophy, under atomic. atomistical (at-o-mis'ti-kal), a. Same as ato- mistic. atomistically (at-o-mis'ti-kal-i), ado. In an at- om 1st ic manner; as composed of distinct atoms. atomization (at*om-i-za'shon), n, [{atomize + -at ion,] The process of atomizing or the state of being atomized; specifically, in med., the reduction of liquids to the form of spray for inhalation or for application to the throat or nasal passages, and for other purposes. Also spelled atomisation, atomize (at'om-iz), v. ; pret. and pp. atomised, ppp. atomising, [< atom + -ize.] I.t intrans. To speculate respecting atoms. Gudworth. II. trans. To reduce to atoms; reduce to very small particles, as a liquid; spray. Also spelled atomise. atomizer (at'om-I-zer), n. One who or that which atomizes or reduces to atoms or very small particles; specifically, an apparatus de- signed to reduce a liquid to spray for disinfect- ing, cooling, perfuming, medicinal, and other purposes. Also spelled atomiser. atomology (at-o-mol'o-ji), n. [< Gv. aro^oc, atom, + -"koyia, ("teyeiv, speak: see-ology.] The metaphysical doctrine of atoms. See atomic. atomy 1 (at'om-i), n. ; pi. atomies (-iz). [Early mod. E. also atomie, attomye, < atomic, prop. atomi, pi. of atomus, prop, the L. form then in current use along with atom, the form atomy being regarded appar. as a dim. Cf. atomy".'] 1. An atom; a mote. Should he or hell Affront me in the passage of my fate, I'd crush them into atomies. Ford, Love's Sacrifice, iii. 3. From the outer day, Betwixt the close-set ivies came a broad And solid beam of isolated light, Crowded with driving atomies. Tennyson, Lover's Tale, ii. 2. A tiny being; a pygmy. Drawn with a team of little atomies. Shah., R. and J., i. 4. Epicurus makes them (souls] swarms of atomies, Which do by chance into our bodies flee. Sir J. Dairies, Immortal, of Soul. atomy 2 (at'om-i), n. ; pi. atomies (-iz). [For- merly also atomy and natomy, for anatomy, mistakenly divided an atomy.] 1. An anat- omy; a skeleton. — 2. A very lean person; a walking skeleton. Thou atomy, thou. Shak. (ed. Leopold), 2 Hen. IV., v. 1. atonable (a-td'na-bl), a. [< atone + -able.] Capable of being atoned for; reconcilable. atonet, prep, phr. as adv. [ME., also attone, earlier atoon, aton, at one, at on, lit. at one, agreed. In mod. use written as two words, at one : see at and one. In at-one, as in al-onc and on-ly, one preserves its proper pronuncia- tion (on), the usual pronunciation (wun) being a modern (16th century) corruption, which has not affected the compounds.] 1. At one; rec- onciled. Make the wel at on with him . . . and dred the of the dome. Early Eng. Psalter, p. 162. Aton he was with the king. King Horn. If gentil men, or othere of his contree, Were wrothe, she wolde bringen lu-m at>><>n. Chaucer, Clerk's Tale, 1. 381. 2. Together; at once. All hissences seemd berefte attone. Spenser, F. Q., II. i. 42. atone (a-ton'), v.\ pret. and pp. atoned, ppr. atoning, [< atone, adv., q. v.] I. intrans. If. To be at one; agree; be in accordance; accord. ii. and Aufldiua can no more atone, Than viulentest contrariety. Shak,, Cor., iv. 6. 2. To make reparation, amends, or satisfac- tion, as for an offense or a crime, or for an offender: with for. The murderer fell, and blood atoned for blood. Pope. The ministry not atoning for their former ((induct by any wise or popular measure. Junius. So it sometimes happens that a single bright and gen- erous act serves to atone for the abuse of years. J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, p. 81. 3. To make up, as for errors or deficiencies; be a set-off or palliative. Or where the pictures for the page atone, And (juarles is sav'd by beauties not his own. Pope, Dunciad, i. 139. II. t trans, 1. To bring into concord; recon- cile, as parties at variance. atonement 1 would do much To atone them, for the love I bear to Cassio. Shak., Othello, iv. L I am just at that hour Upon some late conceived discontents To atone me to my father. Webster, Cure for a Cuckold, i. 2. Tigers and lions, boars and raging bulls, Hath he aton'd with leopards arid wolves. Ford, Fame's Memorial. 2. To put in accordance; harmonize. To atone your fears With my more noble meaning. Shak., T. of A., v. 5. 3. To unite in forming. The Four Elements, who joined With the Four known Complexions, have aton'd A noble league, and severally put on Material bodies. Dekker ami Ford, The Sun's Darling, v. 1. 4. To conciliate; appease. So heaven, atoned, shall dying Greece restore. Pope, Iliad, i. 89. 5. To expiate; answer or make satisfaction for. Soon should yon boasters cease their haughty strife, Or each atone his guilty love with life. Pope. [Although atone as a transitive verb is essentially obsolete, it is used occasionally by modern writers in several of the senses above given.] atone-makert, w. [< atone, adv., + maker.] One who makes reconciliation or atonement ; a reconciler; a mediator. One God, one media tour, that is to say, aduocate, inter- cessor, or an atonemaker, between God and num. Tyndale, Works, p. 158. atonement (a-ton'ment), n. [< atone, v., + -ment ; but the noun is found earlier than the verb, arising perhaps from the phrase at one- ment: see onement.] If. Reconciliation after enmity or controversy; settlement, as of a dif- ference; concord. Hauying more regarde to their old variaunce than their newe attornment. Sir T. More, Deserip. of Rich. III. If we do now make our atonement well, Our peace will, like a broken limb united, Grow stronger for the breaking. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 1. 2. Satisfaction or reparation made for wrong or injury, either by giving some equivalent or by doing or suffering something which is re- ceived in lieu of an equivalent. O when did a morning shine So rich in atonement as tbis For my dark-dawning youth? Teniu/son, Maud, xix. 2. 3. In thcoL, the reconciliation of God and man by means of the life, sufferings, and death of Christ. For God was in Christ, and made agrement bitwene the worlde and hym sylfe, and imputed not their synnes vnto them ; and hath committed to vs the preachynge of the atonement. Tyndale, 2 Cor. v. 19. When we were enemies we were reconciled to God by the death of his Son ; . . . we also joy in God through our Lord Jesus Christ, by whom we have now received the atonement. Rom. v. 10, 11. This doctrine assumes that sin has made a spiritual sepa- ration between God and the human soul. Different sys- tems of theology explain differently the method of recon- ciliation, and therefore use the word atonement with dif- ferent meanings. The early fathers generally stated the doctrine in the terms of Scripture, and it was not until the time of the Reformation that the differences in philosoph- ical statement were clearly marked. The modern state- ments may be grouped under four general beads, as fol- lows : (a) A reparation or satisfaction for sin made by the sufferings of Christ as a substitute for the sinner, and in lieu of the punishment to which the sinner was justly amenable. Such satisfaction is regarded as necessary either (1) to satisfy the justice of God, and so make for- giveness possible, or (2) to satisfy the law of God, pro- duce the public impression which punishment would have produced, and so make forgiveness safe. The former is known as the satisfaction, the latter as the governmental them y. The word atonement, in its original sense, always de- notes some amends, or satisfaction, for (be neglect of some duty, or the commission of some fault; a satisfac- tion with which, when supposed to be complete, the per- son injured ought reasonably to he contented, and to demand of the offender nothing more on account of his transgression. Dvright, Theology, lv. Taking the term atonement in its technical signification to denote the satisfaction of divine justice for the Bin of man, by the substituted penal Bufferings of the Son of f..n\, we shall And a slower scientific unfolding of this great cardinal doctrine than of any other of the principal truths of Christianity. Shedd, Hist. Christian Doctrine, v. 1. (l>) The entrance of God into humanity, that he may thereby drive out sin and make the human race at one With himself. Supposing the Father's will to be a will to all good; the Son of God, being one with him, and Lord of man, to obey and fulfil in our Mesh that will by entering into the lowest condition into which man had fallen through their sin; this Man to be, for this reason, an object of continual complacency to his Father, and that compla- cency to be fully drawn out by the death of the cross; — his death to be a sacrifice, the only complete saeriflce ever offered, the entire surrender of the whole spirit and atonement body to God ; is not this in tin- highest sense atonement ' Is not tin' tnii' root of humanity revealed? is not God in him reconciled to man? Maurice, Theol. Essays. It [the new theology] holds to the atonement as a divine act and process of ethical and practical import- not a- a mystery Ol the distant heavens and isolated from the stroggli "i the world, but a comprehensible force in the actual redemption of the world from its evil. T. T. Hunger, The Freedom ox Faith. The majority of orthodox divines, whether in the Roman Catholic or the Protestant churches, ordinarily hold one of the above views or a combination formed from them. In general, the former opinion (a) is held in the Cal- vinistic school of theology, the latter opinion lb) in the more modern Broad Church school, (c) In I'nitariau the- oloou, the moral result produced by the influence exerted on mankind by the life and death of Christ, leading men to repentance and to God. This is sometimes known as the moral i, ii! ii,' iics theory of the atonement. Even though we should reject all the Orthodox theories about atonement, we may accept the fact. We can be- lieve that God in Christ does reconcile the world to him- self,— does create a sense of pardoned sin,— does remove the weight of transgression, — does take away the ohstacle in our conscience, — does help us into a living faith, hope, peace, joy. J. F. Clarke, Orthodoxy, p. 250. (d) In New Church (Swedenborgian) theology, the union and accord of flesh and spirit in man, and so the union and accord of man with God by a spiritual change wrought in the individual. This is what is understood in the New Church by the atonement, or at-one-ment, ... a bringing at one of the human and the divine, or, as the apostle says, "making in himself of twain one new man." And the purpose of this atonement was, that the Lord might ever after he able to bring our external or natural at one with our internal or spiritual man — goodness at one with truth in our minds, — and so bring us into complete spiritual union or at-one- ment with himself. B. F. Barrett, Doctrine of the New Church. Doctrine of blood atonement, the doctrine, attributed to the Mormon Church, that the killing of an apostate or of one in danger of apostasy is a deed of love, since it makes atonement for the sin of apostasy, and so makes possible God's forgiveness of it. atoner (a-to'ner), n. One who makes atone- ment. atonest, adv. [Early mod. E. and ME., prop, separate, atones: now written at once: see at and once.] 1. At once ; immediately. Love me al atones. Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 1. 94. 2. At one and the same time. Curious enditing and hard sentence is ful hevy atones for swich a child to lerne. Chaucer, Prol. to Astrolabe. atonic (a-ton'ik), a. and «. [< Gr. arovoc, (a) not stretched, relaxed, languid, < d- priv. + Teivciv, stretch ; (6) without accent, < d- priv. + -(ii'of, accent, < reivew, stretch : see a- 18 and tonic] I. «. 1. In pathol, characterized by atony, or want of tone or power : as, an atonic disease. — 2. In plulol. : (a) Unaccented, (b) Produced by the breath alone; surd — Atonic dyspepsia, defective iligestion, independent of inflamma- tion or other recognizable lesions of the digestive organs. II. n. 1. In wet?., a drug capable of allaying organic excitement or irritation. [Rare.] — 2. In philol. : (a) A word or syllable that has no accent. A single unaccented syllable is called an atonic. F. A. March, Anglo-Saxon Grammar, p. 222. {6) An elementary sound produced by the breath ; a surd consonant ; a breathing. atony (at'o-ni), n. [= P. atonic, < NL. atonia, < Gr. axo'via, languor, < drorac, languid: see atonic] In pathol., a want of tone; defect of muscular power ; weakness of any organ, par- ticularly of one that is contractile ; debility. —Atony of the bladder, in pathol., loss by the muscu- lar fibers in the walls of the bladder of the power to con- tract and expel the urine. atop (a-top'), prep. par. as adv. or a. [< a 3 + top.] On or at the top. 'Tis but to shew that you can place sometimes Your modesty a-top of all your virtues. Beau, and Ft., Wit at Several Weapons, iv. 1. Despots atop, a wild clan below, Such is the Gaul from long ago. Lowell, Villa Franca. atopite (at'o-pit), n. [< Gr. dron-or, unusual, out of place (< d- priv. + tokoc, place : see topic), + -ite 2 .] A calcium antimonate said to occur in Sweden in yellow or brown isometric octa- hedrons. -ator. [L. -ator, term, of nouns of agent, being the agent-suffix -tor (Gr. -ri/p, -Tup, Skt. -tar, -tar) (E. -or) added to the stem in -a of verbs in -d-rc. This termination was reg. reduced in OF. to -cor, -cour, whence in ME. -eour (as in savcour, mod. E. saviour), commonly -or, -our, mod. E. -or, -er, as in appellor, arbitror or arbitrcr, accuser, etc., from L. nouns in -ator, the term, being merged with -er of AS. origin.] A termination of nouns of agent taken directly from the Latin, as creator, edu- cator, liberator, or formed in English or New Latin, as detonator, corruyator, etc., from verbs 367 atrioventricular of the Latin first conjugation, which have in atractenchyma (at-rak-teng'ki-ma), ». [NL., Knglish tho suflix -ate-. It also occurs in some nouns < < I r. arpanToc, a Bpindle, + . , i",,;, an infusion.] derived from nouns without an intermediate verb, as glad- In hot., a tissue composed of spindle-shaped iator, senator. rolls -atory. [< L. -«tori».s', being -/«« addeil to nouns atrament (at/ra-ment), n. [< L. atramentum, in -atorT] A termination oi adjectives, ol black ink, < oter, black.] Blacking: ink; any Latin origin, m form from nouns in -ator, but blil ,. k )llli(1] , ls t| „, iuk ,,,- tl|1 . ou ttlelflh. in sens,' often t.» 1"' referred to the original a tramentaceou9t (at'ra-men-ta'shius), a. [< verb, as mania/on/, accusatory, declamatory, ex- nlr „ mt:l ,t + -aceous.] "Of the nature of ink ; elamatory, nugatory, etc. When from English nouns i,i.„. k U s ink Derham in „u„ the termination is .„,,„■ + -iai >. <.;i,a,.ri„t etc a t ram ental ' (at-ra-men'tal), a. L< atrament atouri(a-tor').y.'-<7';iind«*. [be, also written ^^j ]|lky . bl '. ( , ( .k liki'ink. Sir 'T. Browne. attour, ~atoiccr,~< ME. (Scotch) atom; atoure, at-oure, < at + our, ower, over : see at and over; for the combination, ef. at-after.] I. prep. 1. Of place, over.— 2. Of number or quantity, over; beyond; more than. II. adv. Over and above; besidos — By and atour (prep, and adv.), also by a tour (adv.), over and above. [Scotch in all uses.] atour'-'t, "• See attour^. atrabilarian (afra-bi-la/ri-an), a. and n. [< ML. atrabilarius, K L. atra bilis, black bile: see atrabile and bile".] I. a. Affected with melancholy, which the ancients attributed to black bile ; atrabilious. The atrabilarian constitution, or a black, viscous, [Rare.] Also atramentous. atramentarious (at"ra-inen-ta'ri-us), a. [< LL. *atrameutarius, used only as neut. noun atra- mentarium, an inkstand, < L. atramentum, ink : see atrament.] Like ink; suitable for making ink. Thus, the sulphate of Iron, or copperas, is called atramenturious from its use in the manufacture of ink. atramentous (at-ra-men'tus), a. [< atrament + -ou8.] Same as atramental. Whenever provoked by anger or labour, an atramentous quality of most malignant nature was seen to distil from his lips. Swift, Battle of the Books atredt, a. [< L. ater, black, + -ecP. Cf. L. atra- tits, clothed in black.] Tinged with a black color. pitchy consistence of the fluids. Arbuthnot, Aliments. IL».Apersonofanatrabiliartemperament; Yellow choler or atrei. ^ ^ ^ _ g a hypochondriac . Disraeli. ' atrabilarious (at*ra-bi-la'ri-us), a. [< ML. atredet, ». t. [ME., < at-, from, + ream, ad- atrabilarius: see atrabilarian.] Same as a!ra- vise: see read, rede.] To surpass in counsel. bilarian. Men may the olde atrenne, but nat atrede. Christopher Glowry, Esquire, . . . was naturally of an Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1591. atrabilarious temperament, and much troubled with those a + ren i r f r< ME. alniimn, < at-, from, + .\tr.r,.B ,^f tttriirroetinn which fO'P I'OimilOTll V Called lllUC «*«*l'**l» ' L > rennen, run. J To outrun. Chaucer. phantoms of indigestion which are commonly called blue devils. Peacock, Nightmare Abbey, i. atrabilariousnesst (afra-bi-la'ri-us-nes), n. The state or quality of being atrabilious or melancholy. atrabilet, "• [< P. atrabile, formerly atrebile, = Sp. atrabilis = Pg. atrabilis = It. atrabile, i. L. (formerly also in E.) atra bilis (tr. Gr. ut- 7^ayxor\ia atresia (a-tre'si-a), w. [NL., < Gr. arpjiroc, not perforated, < d-p'riv. + Tpi/roc, perf orated (> rpij- atc, opening, orifice), verbal adj. of Terpaivetv {■\Z*rpa), bore, pierce.] The state or condition of being closed or imperforate ; specifically, ab- sence of a natural opening or passage : chiefly used in medicine and surgery. >Xo7ua: see melancholy), lit. black bile: atra, „ + _.„ ial / r™'*; „n a "Characterized bv fern, of ater, black ; Kito, bile : see MA] Black atrestel ££°J£» "' ^ aracterized «V bile; melancholy: from the supposition that Sta'*' "Xrai of atrium melancholy is due to a preponderance of the ^ ( 5 'tri-al), a. [< atrium + -al] Of or so-called "black bi e " an imagined secretion ^ ertain \ u ^ a trium._ A trial aperture, open- of the renal or atrabiliary glands. atrabiliar, atrabiliary (at-ra-bil'i-ar, -a-ri), a. [< NL. *atrnbiliarius, < L. atra bilis, black bile: see atrabile] Melancholic or hypochondriacal ; atrabilious. See atrabile. i !i miplexion of a multiplex atrabiliar character, the final shade of which may be the pale sea-green. Carlyle, French Rev., I. iv. 4. Atrabiliary capsules, glands. See capsule, gland. atrabilious (at-ra-bil'ius), a. [i. pi. [NL.. < Atri- chia, 1, + -ida:] A remarkable family of anoma- lous oscine passerine birds, forming with Mi uu- rida; one of the major groups of birds, Passt n s abnormales. It contains the Australian scrub-birds of the genus Atrichia, which have the syrinx differently constructed from that of normal oseines. Also called Atrichornithidce. Atrichornis (at-ri-kdr'nis), «. [NL.. < Gr. or/i/ vor, without hair (see Atricha), + opvic, a bird.] Same as Atrichia, 1. Atrichornithidae (at"ri-k6r-nith'i-de), u. pi. [NL., < Atrichornis (-ornith-) + -idee] Same as Atricliiiiln . atrichosis (at-ri-ko'sis), n. [< Gr. arpixog, with- out hair (see Atricha), + -osis.] In pathol, failure to develop hair, atrioventricular (a " tri - 6 - ven - trik ' u - lar), a. [< atrium, 3, + ventricular.] Pertaining to the atrioventricular atrial, or auricular, and ventricular cavities of the heart: as, the atrioventricular valve. atrip (a-trip'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [< « 3 + trip'-, «.] Naut. : (a) Just raised from the ground in weighing: said of an anehor. (l>) Hoisted from the cap, sheeted home, and ready for trimming: said of sails, (c) Swayed up, ready to have the stops cut for crossing: said of yards, (rf) Having the fid loosed: said of an upper mast. Atriplex (at 'ri-pleks), n. [L., also atriplexum, a perversion of Gr. arpdciaSjvr, also written arpa- take any part in matters of blond, the archbishop signed the warrant tor the atrocious sentence. Maeaulay, Hallam's Const. Hist. 2f. Very grievous; violent: as, atrocious dis- tempers'. — 3. Very bad; execrable: as, an atro- CiOUS pun. [Colloq.] = Syn. 1. Wicked, Scandalous, Shocking, Flagrant, Heinous, Infamous, Outrageous, Atrocious, Monstrous, horrible, villainous, flagitious, dia- bolical, agree in expressing great and intentional badness, calling fi.r strung abhorrence. because they arc used with feeling, the recognition of their differences i- nut al- ways practicable. Flagrant and ln-iunus are hardly appli- cable to persons ; the others apply to persons or things. Wicked is the generic word, and is the lightest where all are strong: it is the one that is most common in a playful use, yet it is at times an intense word, as forcible as any of the others, though less definite. Scandalous means offensive to decency, and so disgraceful. That which is shocking, literally, gives a sudden and heavy blow, and hence produces a corresponding feeling of horror or dis- gust, or both. That which is flagrant, literally, flames into notice, and hence is glaring, striking, and so notori- ous, enormous in badness. Heinous means hateful, and hence aggravated. That which is infamous is worthy of a total loss of reputation, and hence has a reputation or character of the worst kind, especially for baseness. Out- rageous means attended with outrage, doing outrage, especially outraging decency, going beyond all bounds, like the acts of a madman. Atrocious is primarily fierce or cruel, savage, bloody, and wicked, enormously wicked, hence violating the first principles of humanity or of human nature. That which is monstrous is so bad as to be out of the course of nature ; a prodigy or miracle of badness. See abandoned, criminal, irreligious, and nefa- rious. As even here they talked at Almesbury About the good King and his wicked Queen. Tennyson, Guinevere. So the king arose and went To smoke the scandalous hive of those wild bees That made such honey in his realm. Tennyson, Holy Grail. In this dreadful manner was one who had been till then of an excellent character hurried on, from a single, and seemingly slight, indulgence, into the depth of the gross- est and most shocking villanies. Seeker, Sermons, I. xxv. The offenses which prompt strong invective have been far more numerous and flagrant in his [Sydney Smith's] own country than in ours. Whipple, Ess. and Rev., 1. 139. The object of this society [Abolition] is now, as it has always been, to convince our countrymen, by arguments addressed to their hearts and consciences, that slave- holding is a heinous crime. W. Phillips, Speeches, p. 98. There is no crime more infamous than the violation of truth. Johnson. This ill day A most outrageous fit of madness took him. Shak., C. of E., v. 1. It is a war base in its object, atrocious in its beginning, immoral in all its influences. Sumner, Speech against Mexican War, Nov. 4, 1S4C. Pliny assures us that the most monstrous of all criminals was tin- man who first devised the luxurious custom of wearing golden rings. Lecky, Europ. Morals, II. 157. atrociously (a-tro'shus-li), adv. In an atro- cious manner; with great cruelty or wicked- ness. atrociousness (a-tro'shus-nes), v. The state or quality of being atrocious ; atrocity. The atrociousness of the crime made all men look with an evil eye u| the claim of any privilege which might prevenl the Beverest justice. lUn-kc, Abridg. of I'.ng. Hist, iii. 0. atrocity (a-tros'i-ti), ».; pi. atrocities (-tiz). [Early mod. E.'atrocyte, < F. atrociti, < L. atrocitat I- is, cruelty, hatefulness, < atrox, cruel, it.-.: see atrocious.] 1. The state or quality of being atrocious; enormous wickedness ; ex- treme criminality or cruelty. They desired justice might be done upon offenders, as the atrocity of their crimes deserved. Clarendon. Burke was the only man in England in whom the prose- cution of Indian delinquency and atrocity was a lived pas- sion as will as a lived principle, Whipple, Ess. and Rev., II. 318. 2. A specific act of extreme heinousness or cruelty; an atrocious deed. Hie atrocities which attend victory. Maeaulay. Frnit of Dock ( A";,; Section shows erect (atropal) SL-e.l. In in 1 .'-- Mi. ml and Llecaisne's "Traite general de Botanique.") atropous Atropa (at'ro-pS.), n. [NL., < Gr. "Arporroc, one of the Fates," who cut the thread of life, lit. the inflexible, < ii-poTroc, unchangeable, < a- priv. + -piiruv, turn: see trope.] A genus of plants, natural order Solanacece, of a single species, A. lit lliidimna, the deadly nightshade, a native of Europe and western Asia. See belladonna. atropal (at'ro-pal), o. [< Gr. drptmoc, inflexible, not to be turned: see Atropa.] In hot., erect; orthotropous : said of an ovule. Also atropous. atrophiated (a-tro'fi-a- teili, a. [< atrophy + -all- + -ed-.] Atrophied. [Rare.] atrophic (a-trof'ik), a. [< atrophy + -ic] Pertaining to atrophy ; char- acterized by atrophy ; exhibiting or undergo- ingatrophy: as, an atrophic process : an atroph- ic organ. atrophied (afro-fid), p. a. [< atrophy + -ed 2 .] Exhibiting or affected with atrophy ; wasted. In many instances special muscles, or sets of muscles, aiv atrophied from want of use. B. W, Richardson, Prevent, Med., p. 232. The distrust of one's own atrophied faculties of loving. E. S. Phelps, Beyond the Hates, p. 105. atrophy (at'ro-fi), n. [=P. atrophic, eiv, nourish, feed.] 1. A wasting of the body, or of a part of it, owing to defective nutrition. There is no demand for the labour of the poor; the fable of Menenius ceases to be applicable ; the belly com- municates no nutriment to the members ; there is an atrophy in the body politic. Maeaulay, Mitford's Hist. Greece. 2. In bat. and zool., arrested development of an organ due to stoppage of growth at any stage by the operation of causes either external to or inherent in the organism Brown atrophy, a very common degeneration of muscle in a heart hypertro- phied as a result of valvular disease or of old age. The heart, frequently of increased consistence, is dark red- brown, ami its libers contain pigment, accumulated espe- cially about the nuclei.— Cruveilhier's atrophy, pro- gressive muscular atrophy. atrophy (at'ro-fi), v. i. ; pret. and pp. atrophied, ppr. atrophying. [< atrophy, n.] To waste away. As the fruit ripens one of them almost always atrophies. G. Allen, Colin Clout's Calendar, p. 121. The tail gradually shrinks and atrophies. Claus, Zoology (trans.), p. 120. atropia (a-tro'pi-a), n. [NL., < Atropa.] Same as alriijitn. atropic (a-trop'ik), a. [< atropia + -ic] Of or pertaining to atropin. atropin, atropine (at'ro-pin), n. [< NL. atro- pina, < Atropa + -ina : see -in".] A crystal- line alkaloid (CjjHo^NTC^) obtained from the deadly nightshade, Atropa Belladonna. It is very poisonous, and produces temporary dila- tation of the pupil. Also atrophia and atropia. atropina (at-ro-pi'na), n. [NL.] Same as at- ropin. atropine, ». See atropin. atropinise, v. t. See atropinize. atropinism (at'ro-pin-izni), ii. [< atropin + -I.™/.] Same as atropism. atropinize (at'ro-pin-iz), v. t.; pret. and pp. atropinized, pp.' atropinizing. [< atropin + -izeT] To poison or affect with atropin. Also sometimes spelled atropinise. atropism (at'ro-pizm), n. [< atropia + -ism.] The morbid state produced by atropin. charac- terized by dilated pupil, frequent pulse, dry- ness of mouth and skin, hallucinations, and delirium. Also atropinism. atropization (at"r6-pi-za'shon), n. [< atro- jii-e + -ation.] Tliat state of the body, or of any of its organs, produced by the introduction ■ il a tropin. atropize (at'ro-plz), v. t. ; pret. ami pp. atro- pized, ii]u'. atropizing. [< atropia + -e:e.] To add atropin to; affect with atropin. Atropos (at'ro-pos), v. [NL., < L. Atropos, < Gr. "Arpo-oc, 'one of the fates: see Atropa.] 1. A genus of neuropterous insects, of the family Psocida: synonymous with Troctes. a. pulsatorius shares with certain beetles the popular name ot death-watch, and is a great pest in entomological collec- tions. 2. A genus of venomous serpents. Waaler, 1830. [Not in use.]— 3. A genus of lepidop- terous insects. Oken, 1815. atropous (at'ro-pus), «. [< Gr. arpoiroc, not to lie turned: see Atropa.] Same as atropal. atrous atrous (a'trus), a. [< L. ater, black, + -mis.] Intensely black. [Bare.] atry (a-tri'), prep, phr. as adv. or a. [Appar, < <; ;i + try : see trysail.'] Naut., with the sails so arranged that the bow is kept to the sea : said iif a ship in a gale. Atrypa (a-tri'pa). n. [NL., < Gr. a- priv. + Tpima, a hole.] A genus of brachiopods, typi- cal of the family Atrypidce. Dolman, 1S28. atrypid (a-tri'pid), n. A braehiopod of the family Atrypidas. Atrypids (a-trip'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Atrypa + -idic] A family of fossil arthropomatous Atrypa reticularis. I. Dorsal valve : /, hinge-plate. 2. Ventral valve : a, impressions of abductor muscles ; c, cardinal muscle ; /, pedicle muscle ; 0, ovarian sinus ; i/, deltidium. braehiopods with the brachial appendages rigid and spirally coiled toward the center of the shell, and completely supported by spiral la- mellae, the valves generally subovate or tri- lobed, the foramen beneath a produced beak completed by a deltidium, and the shell-sub- stance fibrous and impunctate. Atta (at'a), n. [NL., < L. Attn, a surname for persons who walk on the tips of their shoes ; cf. atta = Gr. av-a, a childish word for father, used familiarly in addressing an old man. Cf. Goth, atta, father.] A genus of hymenopterous Texas Red Ant tAttafemens). a. queen ; b, worker. insects, of the suborder Heterogyna and family For midlife, or ants. They have very short palps, and the heads of the workers are thick. A. cephalotes is a West Indian species called the visiting ant, and A.fervens is the red ant of Texas. attaball, n. See atabal. attac, «. See adag. attacca (at-tak'ka). [It., impv. of attaccare, join, fasten, tie, =F. attache/- : see attach and attack.] Iu music, begin! a direction to pro- ceed with a succeeding movement immediately, without pause. attach (a-tach'), v. [< ME. attachen, atachen (only in the legal sense, the lit. sense being of mod. adoption ),< OF. ataeJwr, atachier, later and mod. F. attachcr (also without assibilation OF. ataqucr, mod. F. attaquer, > E. attack, q. v.) (= Pr. attacar = Sp. Pg. atacar — It. attaccare : see attacca), fasten, join, lit. tack to, < a- (< L. ad, to) + *fac(not found in OF.), Genevese tache — Sp. Pg. tacha = It. tacca, < Bret, tach, a nail, = Lr. taca, a nail, peg, = Gael, tacaid, a nail, tack, etc.: see tacW-, and cf. detach.] I. trans. 1. In laic, to take by legal authority, (a) To take bodily; arrest in person : now applied only to arrest of a person by civil process to answer for a contempt of court or dis- regard of its mandate, but formerly to arrests of all kinds : with/or, also formerly with of. There were two or three attached for the same robbery. Latimer, 4th Sermon bef. Edw. VI., 1549. Of capital treason I attack you both. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 2. (b) To take (real or personal property) by legal warrant, to be held for the satisfaction of the judgment that may be rendered in a suit. See attachment. 2f. To lay hold of ; seize. Then, homeward, every man attach the hand Of his fair mistress. Shak., L. L. L., iv. 3. 3. To take, seize, or lay hold on, by moral force, as by affection or interest; fasten or bind by moral influence; win: as, his kindness attached us all to him. Songs, garlands, flowers, And charming symphonies attach' d the heart Of Adam. Milton, P. L., xi. r.os. 4. To tack or fix to ; fasten in any manner, as one thing to another, by either natural or arti- ficial means; bind; tie; cause to adhere. 24 369 The next group consists of those Elotifera which seldom or never attach themselves by the foot, but swim freely through the water. If'. /;. Carpenter, Blicros., g 458. Such temperaments . . . attach themselves, like bar- nacles, to what seems permanent. Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 67. 5. Figuratively, to connect; associate: as, to attach a particular significance to a word. He attaches very little importance to the Invention of gunpowder. Macaulay, Blachiavelli 6. To join to or with in action or function; connect as an associate or adjunct ; adjoin for duty or companionship: as, an officer is at- tached to such a ship, regiment, battalion, etc.; our regiment is attached to the 1st brigade; this man is attached to my service ; he attach* a himself to me for the entire journey Attached Column, in arch., same as engaged column (which sec, under column).— Syn. 1. To seize, distrain, distress. — 3. To win, gain over, engage, charm, endear one's self t<», captivate. — 4. Add, AJjix, Annex, etc. See add. — 5. To attribute. II. intrans. 1. To adhere; pertain, as a qual- ity or circumstance ; belong or be incident : with to. The fame of each discovery rightly attaches to the mind that made the formula which contains all the details, and not to the manufacturers who now make their gain by it. Emerwn, Success. To the healthful performance of each function of mind or body attaches a pleasurable feeling. H. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 92. 2. To be fixed or fastened ; rest as an appur- tenance : with on or upon. Blame attached upon Lord Aberdeen's Cabinet for yield- ing. Kinglake, Crimea, I. 491. (N.E.D.) 3. To come into operation; take or have effect. After the risk [in marine insurance] has once com- menced, the whole premium is earned, even though the voyage should not be prosecuted. . . . But if the risk should not commence at all, or in technical phrase, if the " policy should not attach," the premium must be returned to the assured. Encyc. licit. , XIII. lsr>. attacht (a-tach.'), «. [< attach, v.] 1. An at- tachment. I am made the unwilling instrument Of your attach and apprehension. Heyu no enj imi nt could bind. Maea vlay, 1 1 i I bug., i. lie in reditary attachments of those km^ [English] lay in An Jon and Aquitaine far *e than in England i ten III Normandy. /-'. A, Freeman, Alnei. I 5. That which attaches one tiling t<> another, or a person to an object : as, the attachments of a muscle; the attachments of home. — 6. That which is attached to a principal object ; an ad- junct: as, the Eeolian attachment t<> the piano; an attachment to a sewing-machine. iEolian attachment. See ASolianl.— Court of Attachments. See cottrt.=Syn. 4. Predilection, Affection. See tow.— 6. Appendage, appurtenance, addition. attachment-screw (a-tach'ment-skr8), «. A binding-screw. attack (a-tak'), r. [Formerly also attacque, at- toque; < F. attaquer, OF. ataquer, unassibilat- ed form (perhaps K Pr. attacar or It. attaccart ) of attacker, join, fasten: see attach.] I. trans. 1. To assault ; fall upon with force ; assail, as with force and arms ; begin hostilities against . The strong tribe, in which war has become an ovt.nt. tack and conquer their neighbors, and teach them their arts and virtues. Emerson, War. 2. To endeavor to injure, overthrow, or bring into discredit by any act or proposal, or by un- friendly words or writing, whether by satin 1 , calumny, criticism, or argument: as, to attach a religious belief or a legislative measure; to attack a man or his opinions in a newspaper. The people's interest is the only object that we have any right whatever to consider in deciding the question, whether or not the present state of things shall 1 b- mitted to or attacked. Brougham. 3. To make an onset or attempt upon, iu a gen- eral sense ; begin action upon or in regard to ; set about or upon : as, to attack a piece of work or a problem, or (humorously) the dinner. — 4. To begin to affect ; come or fall upon ; seize : said of diseases and other destructive agencies: as, yesterday he was attacked by fever; caries attacked the bones; locusts attacked the crops. Specifically — 5. In chem., to cause to decom- pose or dissolve. The bodies are of a siliceous character, for they are not destroyed by ignition, nor attacked by hydrochloric acid. Scii nee, VII. 218. = Syn. 1. Set upon, Fall upon, etc. (see assail), assault, beset, besiege, beleaguer, charge upon, engage, chal] combat. — 2. To impugn, criticize, censure. II. in trims. To make an attack or onset: as, the enemy attacked with great boldness. Those that attack generally get the victory. i '.me. Campaigns. attack (a-tak'). n. [= F. attaque ; from the verb.] I. A falling on with force or violence, or with calumny, satire, or criticism; an onset; an assault. I wish that he [Mr. Sumner] may know the shudder of terror which ran through all this community on the first tidings of this brutal attack. Emerson, Assault upon Mr. Sumner. 2. Battle generally ; fight. [Rare.] Long time in even scale The battel hung : till Satan, . . . . . . ranging through the dire attack, . . . Saw where the sword of Michael smote, and fell'd Squadrons at once. Milton, P. L., vi. 248. 3. An onset of any kind ; the initial movement in any active proceeding or contest, as a game of chess, cricket, etc.; in music, specifically, the act (with reference to the manner) of be- ginning a piece, passage, or phrase, especially by an orchestra. — 4. The aggressive part of the art of fencing : opposed to defense. Attacks are made in three ways :— first, by a quick thrust proceeding merely from the wrist, the arm at the same time being elevated and advanced, with tin- point directed towards the adversary's breast; secondly, by what is technically called an extension; and lastly, by Longeing and recovering. Encyc. Brit., IV TO. 5. A seizure by a disease ; the onset of a dis- ease. — Attack of a siege, an assault niton an enemy's tield or permanent fortifications, by means of parallels, galleries, saps, trenches, mines, enfilading-, counter-, or breaebing-batteries, or by storming parties.— To deliver an attack. See deliveri. - Syn. 1. Charge, Onslaught, i tc. Sec onset. attackable (a-tak'a-bl), a. [< attack + -able; = F. attaqudble.] "Capable of being attacked; assailable. attacker (a-tak't-r), ». One who attacks or assaults ; an assailant. attagas (at'a-gas), 11. [NL., < Gr. arrayhc, a bird described as of a reddish color and spot I til on the back: prob. a kind of partridge. See attagen.] Same as attagen. attagen (at'a-jen), n. [L., also attagena, < Gr. a-Tayt/v, also aTTayijc, a bird (appar. different from the drray'tc), prob. a kind of grouse, the francolin, classed with the partridge, pheasant, attagen etc.] 1. Properly, the common partridge of Enrope, now known as Perdix einerea. — 2. A name given to various other European birds, (a) l s i ■ ■ 1 indiscriminatel} i'\ early writers tor sundry gal- linaceous birds of Europe, as grouse, ptarmigan, par bridges, traucolins, Pterocles alchata, etc. (6) Used by MoebriJig, 1752, for the frigate-bird or man-of-war bird, Taehi i and adopted byG. EL Gray, 1871,inthe spelling Atagen, as the generic name <>f these birds: whence Atagi ray) is a subfamily name, (c) [cap. \ [NI..] Made bj Brisson in 1 7«a i an indeterminable genus of grouse, including, besides European species, two north Ameri ailed Attain n americana and kfto^en I'l'ii'i i i E) Ipplied by Cuvier (1817) to the Band- grouse "t the genus Syrrhaptes (IHiger, ism, the onlj species of which known to I iivii i \\ : ,-- Pallas's sand-grouse, -. a bird of Hi.- suborder Pterocletes. (e) Ap- plied by Gloger in L842 to the francolins, of which Perdix francolinus (Linmeus), now Francolinus vulgaris, of Eu rope, etc., is tin- type. Also atagen, attagas, atagas. Attagemnseut a-je-ni'ne),n.jpZ. [NL.,y motion, bodily or mental exertion, or efforts of any kind: followed by /« or unto. h knowledgi is too wonderful forme; it is high; I can not attain 'intuit. Pa. exxxix. 6. 2t. To pertain; have relation. Chaucer. attaint (a-tan'), n. [< attain, v.] Something attained. Glanvitte. attainability (a-ta-na-bil'i-ti), ». [(.attaina- ble: see -iiiiiti/. | Attainableness. Coleridge. attainable (a-ta'na-bl), a. [< attain + -able.'] i :i |i;i M'' of being attained. lie [Plato] quit-, tin i,..i n ml for tli' attainable. lir Quincey, Plato. All that is sai.l of th- wise m u oriental or i i 1 1 ' ■ ich reader his own idea, elf. Emerson, History. [Attainabl was formei lainabie mi r i — '■'■ .'. iuld n w bi preferred - In I hi follow big p. i tin- kind and quality of food and liquor, tie p. i n ,,i habitation, furniture, an. I clothing, to which tie , omraon people of each i ntry an' habituated, mil i bi attainable with ease and o rtainty. Pali n. General Howe would not permit them [clothi blankets] to in- purchased in Philadelphia, ami tin not attainable mil ntry. Marshall, Life of Washington.] =Syn. Practicable, feasible, possible, within reach. 370 attainableness (a-ta'na-bl-nes), n. The qual- ity of being attainable. attainder (a-tan'der), ». [< late ME. attayn- iliii. < OF. ataindre, ateindre, attain, touch upon, affect, accuse, attack, attaint, convict; the inf. used as a noun. The idea of taint, stain, or corruption has been erroneously con- nected with this word: sac attaint.] 1. The act of attainting, or the state of being attainted; the legal consequence of judgment of death or outlawry pronounced in respect of treason or felony: as, a bill of attainder; to remove an attainder. The consequence by the common law in- eluded forfeiture of lauds, tenements, and heredita- ments, incapability of suing in a court of justice, or of performing any of the duties or enjoying any of the pro- of a free citizen, and "corruption of blood," render- ing the person affected incapable of inheriting property or transmitting it to heirs. An act of attainder was carried against him, as one who had been indicted for piracy and murder, ami had fled from justice. Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. lss. 2. A bringing under some disgrace, stain, or imputation ; the state of being in dishonor. So to the laws at large I write my name : Ami he thai breaks them in tin- least degree stands in attainder of eternal shame. Shale., L. L. L., i. 1. attaindryt, «- An obsolete form of attainder. attainduret, ». [A mixture of attainder find aiiatnture.] An obsolete form of attaiinh r. attainment (a-tan'ment), n. [(attain + -mint.] 1. The act of attaining; the act of arriving at or reaching; the act of obtaining by exertion or effort. Tlie attainment of every desired object. Sir IV. Joins, Hitdpadesa. 2. That which is attained, or obtained by ex- ertion; acquisition; acquirement. Formerly the natural impulse of every man was, spon- taneously to use the language of life ; the language of hooks was a secondary attainment not made without effort. De Quincey, Style, i. Smatterers, whose attainments just suffice to elevate them from the insignificance of dunces to the dignity of bores. Macaulay, Mill on Government. = Syn. 2. Acquirements, Acquisitions, etc. See acquire- ment. attainort, «• [< attain + -or, after AF. attei- i/iiinir.] One of the jurors in the process called attaint (which see). attaint (a-tanf), v. t. [< ME. ataynten, ateyn- ti n, ailnnten, etc., an inf. due to ataynt, atteint, pp. of ataynt re, etc., after OF. ateint, pp. of atein- dre: see attain and attainder. Later errone- ously associated with taint, stain, corruption, to which some of the senses are due.] If. To touch; hit in tilting. — 2f. To attain; ascertain. — 3f. To convict (a jury) of having given a false verdict. — 4. To affect with attainder: pass judgment on, as on one found guilty of a crime, as felony or treason, involving for- feiture of civil privileges. I dare undertake, that at this day there are more at- tainted landes, concealed from her Majestie, then she hath now possessions in all Ireland. Spenser, Present State of Ireland. I must offend before I be attaint. n. Slink., i Hen. VI., ii. 4. No attainder of treason shall work corruption of til 1 or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted. Constitution of U. S., iii. 3. 5f. To accuse: with of: as, to attaints, person of sorcery. He was attainted . . . of high treason. Goldsmith, Bollngbroke. 6f. To affect with any passion or emotion. This noble woman . . . attainted with extreme sorrow. Historia A nglica i trans. I. 7. To taint; disgrace; cloud with infamy; stain ; corrupt. Lest she with blame her honour should attaint Spenser, V. Q., IV. i. 5. That tin pleasure is of an inferior order, can no more attaint tin- idea or model of the composition, than it can impeach the excellence of an epigram that it is nut ;i tragedy. /'■ Quincey, Rhetoric. attaintt (a-tanf), /». a. [Tho older pp. of at- taint, r.] 1. Attainted; convicted. — 2. Taint- ed; corrupted; infected; attacked. \l\ tender youth was never yel attaint With any passion. Shak., ] Urn, \ I,, v. 5. Auterfoits attaint. See auterfoits. attaint (a-tanf), re. f< attaint, ».] It. The :n t ..I touching or hitting; specifically, in tilt- inil, :i hit. I Archaic ] " tun. reverend sir," said the knight, "have in tin en- counter of our wits made a fair attaint. Scott, Monastery, I. xvi. 2. A blow or won nil on I he leg of a horse caused by overreaching. — 3. An ancient legal process attask instituted for reversing .a false verdict given by a jury; conviction of a jury for giving such a verdict. — 4. In old law: (a) A conviction, (h) Impeachment. — 5f. Infection; injurious or del- eterious action. Tie- marrow eating sickness, whose attaint Disorder breeds. Shak., V. ami A., 1. 741. 6. Attainder. It was a point of honour with his | r.isinan k s| Govern* Incut that the captive royalists should at every cost al- most he set frii', without attaint of life or fortune. Lowe, Bismarck, I. 220. 7t. A stain, spot, or taint : hence, a disgrace; an imputation involving dishonor. What simple thief brags of his own attaint Shak., C. of E., iii. 2. attaintmentt (a-tanf ment), ». [< attaint + -nit ■nt.] The act or state of being attainted or affected with attainder; conviction; arrest; impeachment. When this man was attainted time, ami they had lib- erty to say nay to his attaint nunt if they would, sure I am the most allowed if, ami else it would not have gone for- ward. Latimer, quoted in Dixon's Hist. Church of Eng., xv. attainturet (a-tan'tur), re. [< attaint + -we.] 1. Same as attain Inn nt. Her attainture will he Humphrey's fall. Slink., 'J Hen. VI., i. 2. 2. Imputation; stain. Without the least attainture of your valour. Chapman, Byron's Tragedy, iii. 1. attaket, <'• t- See atalce. attal (at' al), n. Same as attle 1 . Attalea (a-ta'le-a), n. [NL., named with allu- sion to the beauty of the trees, < L. Attains. < Or. 'ArraXoc, Attalus, the name of three kings of Pergamum; Attalus I. and II. were noted for their wealth and liberality.] A genus of palms, allied to the cocoanut, natives of tropical America, and distinguished by the fact that the nut contains three cells, each inclosing a single seed. There are about Ju species. The nuts. which hang in great clusters, are egg-shaped, with a very hard and thick pericarp inclosiue tin eilihle oily kernels. The pinnate leaves are very large, ami are often used for thatching and other purposes. The fibers of the leaf- stalks of .4. funifera are made into ropes and brooms. The seeds are nuts called coquilla-nuts; they arc :; or 4 inches long, brown in color, hard, and of sufficient thick* tiess to he turned info door-handles, small cups, etc. The cohune palm, .4. Cohune, is the largest palm that is found in Guatemala and Honduras. attalica (a-tal'i-kU), ». j'l. [L., neut. pi. of AttaliCUS,< Attains, < Gr. "Arra'Aor.] Cloth of gold : a name derived from its supposed intro- duction under King Attalus of Pergamum. attaman (at'a-man), n. Same as hitman. attame't (a-tam'), v. t. [< at- + tame, v.] To tame ; overcome. Sylvester. attame-t, ». <• [< MK. attainen, atamen, open, broach, begin, injure, < EL. attaininare, touch, attack, dishonor, inmr.na. The yield is very small. 150 pounds "i lose leaves yielding less than an ounce of attar. The principal Bource of the attaint. merceis in thevlcinltj of Eazanlik, on the southern side of the Balkan mountains, in Eastern Kninclia. The pure oil solidities at a temperature between 60 and 65 F. it is a well-known perfume, bui the odor is agreeabl i> h inn diffused, i" in- i"" powerful when it la c filtrated. It is largely used iii flu' scenting of snail'. Also written ot- tar, otto, attaskt (a-t&sk'), v. t. [< at- + task.] Totask; tax; reprove; blame. You are lllllel nv nttn.l. ,i foi want of wisdom, Than prais'd for harmful mildness. Shak., Lear, i. 1. attaste attastet, v. [ME. atasti , < OK. a taster, taste, < «-(L. ml) + taster, taste: sec taste.'] I. trans. To fasti'. ( 'linnet r. II. intrans. To tasto (of). Ye sbullen Blasts both thowe and sine Of thilke wall i Lydgate. attet. Middle English assimilation of at the. Chaucer. Attelabidae (at-e-lab'i-de), re. pi. [NL., < At- telahiis + -idte.] A family of rhynchophorous lieefles. See Atleltdtina: Attelabinae (at'e-lst-bi'ne), ii. pi. [XL., < Atte- labus + -inn:] A subfamily of Cu/rculionicUe, typified by the genus Attelabus, containing weevils with the abdomen alike in both sexes, the mandibles pineer-like, the elytra without a fold on the inner surface, ami no labium. The group is sometimes raised to the rank of a family under the name Attelabidce. Attelabus (a-tel'a-bus), re. [L.,< Gr. arrf/a/foc, Ionic aTTi'Atiioc, a kind of locust without wings.] Agenusof weevils, typical of the family Atti la- bn/ir. A. rhois is a reddish pubescent species with a stn.it proboscis, infesting the hazel in the northeastern parts of the United States. attemper (a-tem'per), v. t. [< ME. attempt! >i, atem jiren, < OF. atemprer, < L attemperare,Ht, adjust, accommodate, < ad, to, + temperare, control, moderate, temper: see temper, v.] 1. To reduce, modify, or moderate by mixture : as, to attemper spirits by diluting them with water. Nobility attempers sovereignty. Bacon. 2. To soften, mollify, or moderate: as, to at- temper justice with clemency. Those smiling eyes attemp'ring every ray. Pope, Eloisa to Abelard, 1. 63. Those [influences] which, in older and more normally constituted communities, modify and attemper Mammon- worship. The American, IV. Gf>. 3. To mix in just proportion ; regulate. God hath so attempered the blood and bodies of fishes. Bay, Works of Creation. Pure of blame, In praise and in dispraise the same, A man of well-attempefd frame. Tennyson, Duke of Wellington. 4. To accommodate ; fit or make suitable. The joyous birdes, shrouded in chearefull shade, Their notes unto the voice attempred sweet. Spenser, F. Q., II. xii. 71. Arts attempered to the lyre. Pope. [In all its uses nearly obsolete, temper being generally used.] attemperament (a-tem'per-a-ment), re. A tem- pering or mixing in due proportions. Also at- temperment. attemperancet (a-tein'per-ans), n. [< ME. at- ti niperaunee, < OF. atenipriiiiee, < atemprer, at- temper. Cf. temperance?] Temperance. attemperate (a-tem'per-at), v. t. ; pret. and pp. attempierated, ppr. attemperating. [< L. attempcratus, pp. of attemperare, attemper: see attemper.] If. To attemper; regulate. If any one do . . . attemperate his actions accordingly. Barrow, Math. Lectures, iv. 2. In brewing and distilling, to regulate the temperature of, as the wort. attemperatet (a-tem'per-at), p. a. [< L. at- temperatus, pp. : see the verb.] 1. Tempered; proportioned; suited. Hope must be proportioned and attemperate to the promise. Ilanuunnd, Tract, Catechism. 2. Moderate; equable; mild: applied to cli- mate. attemperation (a-tem-pe-ra'shon), n. [< at- temperate, v.] It. The act of attempering, regulating, adjusting, or accommodating. Ba- con. — 2. The act of regulating the tempera- ture of the wort in brewing and distilling. attemperator (a-tem'per-a-tpr), n. [< attempe- rate, r., + -or.] In brewing and distilling, ;i contrivance for regulating the temperature of the wort during the progress of fermentation. attemperlyt, adv. See attemprely. attemperment (a-tem'per-ment), n. [< attem- per + -meat.] Same as attemperament. attempret, a. [ME., also atempre, < OF. atem- pre, pp. of atemprer, attemper: see attempt r.] Temperate. Attempre diete was all hire physike. Chaucer. attemprelyt, adv. [ME., also attemperly, < at- tempre + -ly, -ly 2 .] In a temperate manner. Chaucer. attempt (a-tempf), »'■ t- [< OF. atempter, at- tenter, mod. F. attenter = Pr. attentat- = Sp. atentar = Pg. attentat- = It. attentare, < L. at- temptare, more correctly attentare, try, solicit, < ad, to, + temptare, more correctly tentare, try: 371 sit tempt.] 1. To make an effort to effect or do; endeavor to perform; undertake; essay: as, to attempt a bold flight. The wise and prudent conquer difficulties by daring to attempt them. Rom Something attempted, something done, Has earned a night's repose. Longfellow, Village Blacksmith, 2. To venture upon: as, to attempt the sea. — 3f. To make trial of; prove; test: as, "well- attempted plate," Fairfax. — 4t. To try with af- flictions. Air. Taylor. — 5f. To endeavor to ob- tain or attract, 'this man of thine attempts her love. Shak., T. .if A.., i. I. 6. To try to win or seduce ; tempt ; entice. Ik- will never . . . attempt us again. Shak., M. W. of W., iv. 2, it made the laughter "f an afternoon, That Vivien should attempt the blameless king. Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien. 7. To attack ; make an effort against ; assail : as, to attempt the enemy's camp; to attempt a person's life. Muster i 'in soldiers up ; we'll stand upon our guard : For we shall !"■ attempted. Beau, and Fl., Thierry and Theodoret, i. 2. Calumny never dared to suspect her morals, or attempt her character. Goldsmith, The Bee, No. 3. = Syn. 1. Attempt, Essay, Undertake, Ewleaeae, stare, Strtiittite, seek. aim. The italicized words agree in express- ing tin beginning of a task, physical or intellectual, which is difficult and often impossible. They are arranged in the order of strength. Attempt is to try with some effort, Essay is sometimes to try in order to see if a tiling ran be done or attained, and sometimes simply to attempt: as, "which the Egyptians assaying to do were drowned, Heb. xi. 'J'.t. Undertake is, literally, to take a task upon one's self, perhaps formally, and hence to go about a task with care and effort. Endeavor is to try with more ear- nestness, lalnir. nr exertion. Stele,- is to work hard and earnestly, doing one's best. Struggle is to tax ones powers to the extent of fatigue, pain, or exhaustion. The first three words are more appropriate fur a single effort, the other three for continuous or continual efforts. None are very violent against it [writing plays in verse] but those who either have not attempted it, or who have succeeded ill in their attempt. Dryden, Ded. of Ess. on Dram. Poesy. Instinct led him [Tennyson] to construct his machinery before essaying to build. Stedman, Vict. Poets, p. 155. I will . . . undertake one of Hercules' labours. Shak., Much Ado, ii. 1. In what I did endeavour, it is no vanity to say, I have succeeded. Dryden, Annus Mirabilis. A certain truth possesses us, which we in all ways strive to Utter. Emeext,,,. Clubs. O limed soul, that, steuttgli/ni to be free. Art more engag'd! Shak., Hamlet, iii. 3. attempt (a-tempf), re. [< attempt, v.] 1. A putting forth of effort in the performance or accomplishment of that which is difficult, or un- certain; essay, trial, or endeavor; effort. The attempt, and not the deed, Confounds us. Shak., Macbeth, ii. 2. P.y his blindness maim'd for high attempt*. Milton, s. A., 1. 1221. 2. An effort to accomplish something by force or violence; an attack or assault : as,a,nattempt upon one's life. Foreign attempt.', against a state and kingdom Are seldom witiiout some great friends at home. Ford, Perkin Warbeck, i. 1. 3f. Temptation. To avoid The attempt itself intended by our foe. For he who tempts, though in vain, at least asperses The tempted with dishonour foul. Milton, P. I.., be. 295. 4. In law, an act done in part execution of a design to commit a crime. Judge May. Mere solicitation or preparation, without, a step taken tow ant the actual commission, is not a criminal attempt. = Syn. Undertaking, effort, endeavor, enterprise, experiment. attemptability (a-temp-ta-bil'i-ti), n. [< at- temptable: see -bility.] 1. The quality of be- ing attemptable. — 2. A thing that may be at- tempted. [Rare.] Short way ahead of us it is all dim ; an unwound skein of possibilities, of apprehensions, attemptabilities, vague- looming hopes. Carlyle, Heroes (1858), p. :;."'. attemptable (a-temp'ta-bl), a. [< attempt + -able.] Capable of being attempted, tried, or attacked; likely to yield to an attempt or at- tack. Less attemptible than any the rarest of our ladies in France. Shak., Cymbeline, i. 5, attemptatet (a-temp'tat), n. [< OF. attemp- tat, mod. F. attentat: see attentate.] An at- tempt or endeavor; especially, a violent or criminal attempt or attack; assuult ; outrage. He called . . . for redress of the attemptates committed by the Creams. Strypc, Eccles. Mem., IV. 304. IN.E.D.) attendance For the better defen i of his highnesB's Loving subjects In thesami ihires in case of anj Inva ion or other attemp- late by for, ign , nem i' Somerset, quoted m Dixon's Hist. Church of Eng.,xv., note, attempter (a-temp'ter), n. 1. One who at- tempts, tries, or endeavors. — 2. One who at- tacks or assails; an assailant. Against tiir attempter ot thv Father's throne. \tittt - P. It., iv. 803. 3f. A tempter, Hilton. attemptive (a-temp'tiv), ». [< attt mpt + -in . | Beady to attempt; enterprising; venturous. I In ttii I. attend (a-tend'), v. [< < >F. atendre, F. ntu mire. wait, reflex, ex] t, = Sp. atender = Pg. atti ti- ller =\\. tttlentlert, < L. attendere, stretch to- ward, give heed to, < ad, to, + tendere, stretch : see tend, and cf. attetitjtt.] I. trans. 1. To fix the mind upon ; listen to; have regard or pay heed to ; consider. [Archaic. See II., 1.] The diligent pilot . . . doth not attend the unskilful words of a passenger. Sir P. Sidney. The crow doth sine as Bweetl) as the lark When neither is attended. Shak., M. of V., v. 1. Their hunger thus appeased, their care attend* The doubtful fortune of their absent friends. Dryden. 2. To accompany or be present with, as a com- panion, minister, or servant, or for the fulfil- ment of any duty ; wait upon. The lift had charge sick persons to attend. Spenser, F. Q., I. x. 41. Let one attend him with a silver bason. Shak., T. of the S., Ind., i. You shall have men and horses to attend you, And money in your put ■ Fl, tcher. Rule a Wife, ii. 3. 3. To be present at or in for purposes of duty, business, curiosity, pleasure, etc. : as, to atti ml a meeting. — 4. To accompany or follow in im- mediate sequence, especially with a causal con- nection: said of things: as, a cold attended with fever; a measure attended with bad results. A correspondent revolution in things will attend the influx of the spirit. Emerson, Nature. 5f. To wait or stay for ; expect, as a person or an event. Thy iutercepter, . . . bloody as the hunter, attends thee at the orchard end. shak., T. N., iii. 4. The trumpets, next the gate, in order plac'd, Attend the sign to sound the martial blast. Dryden, Pal. and Arc.. 1. 1741. 6f. To be in store for; await. The state that attend* all men after this. Lacke. One fate attends us, and one common grave. Dryden, tr. of Lucretius, iii. 304. II. intrans. 1. To give attention; pay re- gard or heed : followed by to : as, my son, attend to my words. Attend to the voice of my supplications. Ps. lxxxvi. 6. It will be sufficient for me if I discover many Beauties or Imperfections which others have not attended to. Addison, Spectator, No. 262. 2. To be present, in pursuance of duty, busi- ness, or pleasure ; especially, act as an atten- dant: absolutely, or with on or upon, or at: as, who attends heref to attend upon a committee; to attend at such a church. Hence — 3. To fix the mind in worship: with on or upon. That ye may attend npan the Lord without distraction. 1 Cor. vii. as. 4. To be consequent; wait: with on or upon. It is good that a certain portion of disgrace should con- stantly attend on certain bad actions. Hacavilay, Moore's Byron. 5f. To stay; wait; delay. For this perfection she must yet attend, Till to her Maker she espoused be. Sir ./. Davies, Immortal, of Soul. attendt (a-tend'), n. [(.attend, v.] Attendance. Stars have made your fortunes climb so high, To give attend on Rasni's excellence. Greene and Lodge, Looking Class for Lond. and F.ng. attendance (a-ten'dans), n. [< ME. atten- daunce, < OF. atendanee = Pr. atendensa, < ML. atteintentiit, < L. attenden(t-)s, ppr. of nt- tenderr : see attend and -anee.] 1. The act of attending or attending on. (a) The act of waiting on or serving; the state of being present for purposes of duty, business, pleasure, etc. ; service ; ministry. No man gave attendance, at the altar. Heb. vii. 13. Lindamira, a lady whose . . . constant attendance at church three tines a day bad utterly defeated many ma- licious attacks upon her reputation. Fielding, Joseph Andrews. The other, after many years' attendance upon the duke, was now one of the bed chamber to the prince. Clarendon. ('it) Attention ; regard; careful application of mind. Give attendance to trading. 1 Tim. iv. 13. (ct) A waiting on, as in expectation. attendance That which raus. tli bitterness in death is th«- languish- ing attendance and expectation thereol ere it come. Hooker. 2. The body of persons nlti'mline; for tiny pur- pose: as, ;t large attendance is requested. The - oi the Tories was scanty, as no impor- tant discussion was expected. Macaulay, Hist. Bng., xv. 3f. Attendants collectively; persons waitingon one to render him service ; a train; a retinue. To dance attendance. See dance. attendancyt i -i-ten'. Inn-si ), ;i. 1. Attendance; a train or retinue. /'«//< r. of honour another part Is attendancy; and therefore, in the visions ol the glory of God, angels arc spoken of as his attendants. . . . It sheweth whath ur is fit for pre- lates, anil what at Hooker, Eccles. Pol., vii. § 20(Ord MS.). 2. Relation; relative position. Do name Iand9 bj the attendancy they have to other lands more notorious. Bacon, Maxims of the Law, xxiv. attendant (a-ten'dant), a. and «. [< F. atten- dant i= It. attendehtt >, ppr. of attendee, wait: see attend and -ant 1 .] I. a. 1. Accompanying; being present or in attendance. Other suns perhaps, With their attendant moons, thou wilt descry. Milton, 1'. L., viii. 149. 2. Accompanying, connected, or immediately following as consequential : as, intemperance, with nil its attendant evils. Those bodily pains ami sufferings which . . . are hut too frequently attendant upon any disorder of the fancy. Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, 1. 183. 3f. In laic, depending on or connected with something or some person ; owing duty or ser- vice. Attendant keys, in music, same as relative keys. Sei relative. II. n. 1. One who attends or accompanies another, in any character; especially, one who belongs to a train or retinue ; a follower. Brave attendant* near him. Shah., T. of the S., Ind., i. The furies, they said, art- attendants on justice, ami if the sun in heaven should transgress his path, they would punish him. Emerson, Compensation. 2. One who attends on or waits the pleasure of another, as a suitor or the like. To give an attendant quick despatch is a civility. T. Burnet, Theory of the Earth. Specifically — 3. In law, one who owes a duty or service.to, or depends on, another. — 4. One who is present, as at a public meeting, for any purpose. He was a constant attendant at all meetings relating to charity. Swift. 5. That which accompanies or is consequent on anything. H, that early arriveth unto the parts ami prudence of age is happily old without the uncomfortable attendants of it. Sir T. Browne, Letter to a Finud. An extreme jealousy of power is the attendant on all popular revolutions, and has seldom been without its evils. A. Hamilton, C'ontinentalist, No. 1. Master attendant, an officer of an English dockyard, generally a Btafl commander, whose duty it is to inspect mooi oil's, move and secure vessels, care for ships in ordi- nary, and generally to assist the superintendent. = Syn. 1. Associate, escort, retainer. — 5. Accompaniment, concomi- tant. attender (a-ten'der), n. 1. One who attends or gives heed. Attending to conduct, to judgment, makes the attender feel that it [S Joy to do it. M. Arnold, Literature and Dogma, i. 2. An attendant; a companion. attendingly (a-ten'ding-U), adv. With atten- tion; attentively. attendmentt (a-tend'ment), ». [< attend + -na ni. J a n accompanying circumstance : us, "uncomfortable attendments of hell," Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., vii. 16. attendresst (a-ten'dres), n. [< attender + -ess.'] A female attendant. Puller. attentt (a-tenf), »• '• [A Inter form of at- trni/i/. after the orifr. L. attnitarc: see attempt.] To attempt. Quarles. attentt fa-tent'), a. and «. [< h. attentus, pp. of attendere, attend : see attend.] I. a. Atten- tive; intent: as, " an attent ear," Shah., Sam- let, i. 2. Let thine ears be attent. in. vi. 40. \\ hylesi thus he talkt, tin- knight with greedy eare Song still upon his melting h h on, i,i Spenser, F. ()., VI, ix. -M. II. n. [X -Ml':, attente, atente, < ol-'. atente, mod. I', attente = I'r. atenta, prop. pp.,< L. altiiiln. (cm. of alliiiiu . pp. iif attender: : see attend.] Attention. mil' clad unto the field hi m a\ With thi in'' Pastorella ever) day. And kept Iter sheepc witti dilligent attent Spenser, B. 4., vi. ix. 37. 372 attentatet, attentatt (a-ten'tat, -tat), ». [< F. attentat, crime, < Ml., attentatum, crime, at- tempt, ni'itt. of I., attentatus, pp. of attenta- 11, attempt: see attempt.'] 1. A criminal at- tempt. Affrighted at so damnable an attentate. Time's Storehouse, p. 164 (Ord MS.). 2. In law: (a) A proceeding in a court of ju- dicature after tin inhibition is decreed. (t>) A thing done after an extra-judicial appeal, (c) A matter improperly innovated or attempted by an inferior judge. attention (a-ten'shon), n. [< ME. attencioun (V. attention), <. L. attrntin(n-), < attendere, pp. attentus, attend, give heed to : see attend.'] 1. Active direction of the mind upon an object of sense or of thought, giving it relative or abso- lute prominence : it may bo either voluntary or involuntary. When the ideas that offer themselves are taken notice of, and, as it were, registered in the memory, it is atten- tion. Locke, Human Understanding, ii. 19. In the relation of events, and the delineation of char- acters, they have paid little attention to facts, to the cos- tume of the times of which they pretend to treat, or to the general principles of human nature. Macaulay, On History. A trained pianist will play a new piece of music at sight, and perhaps have so much attention to spare that he can talk with you at the same time. J. Fiske, Evolutionist, p. 308. 2. Tito power or faculty of meutal concentra- tion. In the childhood of our race and of each one of us, the attention was called forth by the actions upon us of exter- nal nature. Mivart, Nature and Thought, p. 18. 3. Consideration ; observant care ; notice : as, your letter has just arrived, and will receive early attt ntion. — 4. Civility or courtesy, or an act of civility or courtesy: as, attention to a stranger; in the plural, acts of courtesy indi- cating regard: as, his attentions to the lady were most marked. — 5. In milit. tactics, a cau- tionary word used as a preparative to a com- mand to execute some manosuver: as, atten- tion, company ! right face ! = Syn. 1. Notice, heed, mindfulness, observance; study. — 4. Politeness, defer- ence. attentive (a-ten'tiv), a. [< F. attentif, < L. as if "attcntivus, < attendere, pp. attentus, attend: see attend, attent, and -ire.] 1. Characterized by or of the nature of attention ; heedful ; in- tent ; observant ; regarding with care ; mindful : as, an attentive ear or eye ; an attentive listener ; an attentive act. Like Cato, give his little senate laws, And sit attentive to his own applause. Pope, Prol. to Satires, 1. 210. They know the King to have been always their most at- tentive scholar and imitator. Milton, Eikonoklastes, xxiv. 2. Characterized by consideration or obser- vant care ; assiduous in ministering to the com- fort or pleasure of others ; polito ; courteous : as, attentive to the ladies. Herbert proved one of the most attentive guards on the line. 0. A. Sala. - Syn. Regardful, watchful, circumspect, wary, careful, thoughtful, alert. attentively (a-ten'tiv-li), adv. [< attentive + -lyl; ME. attehtiflu (Wyclif).] In an attentive manner; needfully; carefully; with fixed at- tention. attentiveness (a-ten'tiv-nes), n. The state of being attentive; heedf ulness ; attention. attentlyt (a-tent'li), a(it'. Attentively. Barrow. attentort (a-ten'tpr), n. [< L. as if *atte>itor (cf. ML. aliensor, an observer), < attendere, pp. attentus, attend.] A listener. Let ballad rhymers tire their galled wits, Scorns to their patrons, making juiceless mirth To gross attentora by their hired writs. Ford, Fame's Memorial. attenuant (a-ton'u-ant), a. and n. [= F. at- iiiiiiant, < L" atti nuan(t-)s, ppr. of attenuate. make thin: soe attenuate.] I. a. Attenuating; making thin, as fluids; diluting; rendering less dense .'mil viscid. Things that be attenuant. Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 642. II. ». A medicine which increases the fluid- ity of the humors; a diluent, attenuate (a-ten'u-at), v.; pret. and pp. atten- uated, ppr. attenuating. |< L. attenuatus, pp. of attenuarc (> It. attenuarc = Pg. altrnuar = Sp. I'r. ateituar = F. altenner), make thin, weaken, lessen, < ad, to, + tenuare, make thin, ■ tenuis, thin, = K. thin, q. v.] I. trans. 1. To make thin or slender; reduce in thickness: wear or draw down: as, an attenuated thread or wire. atter He pities his \<>u^. clammy, attenuated fingers. I. a mil, The Convalescent. 2. To reduce by comminution or attrition: make small or tine: as, extremely attenuated particles of dust or Hour. This uninterrupted tion must attenuate and wear away the hardest rocks. ' 'haptal (trans.), 17:il. 3. To make thin or rare; reduce in density; increase the fluidity or rarity of. The earliest conception of a soul is that of an attenuated duplicate of the body, capable of detachment from the body, yet generally resident In it. Trans, inter, rttilol. Ass., XV. 37. The finer part belonging to the juice of grapes, being attenuated ami subtilized, was changed into an ardent spirit. Boyle, 4. To lessen in complexity or intensity; re- duce in strength or energy ;* simplify ; weaken: as, the attenuated remedies of the homeopa- thists. To undersell our rivals . . . lias led the manufacturer to attenuate his processes, in the allotment of tasks, to an extreme point. Is. Taylor. If correctly reported, Pasteur is convinced that he has discovered means by which the virus of hydrophobia can be attenuated, and that, by tile inoculation of the attenu- ated virus, individuals may lie rendered, for the time be. ing, insusceptible to the disease. Science, VI. S'yj. 5. Figuratively, to weaken or reduce in force, effect, or value ; render meager or jejune ; lino down. We may reject and reject till we attenuate history into sapless liieagieiiiss. Sir F. Palgrave, Eng. and Normandy, I. 533. Men of taste are so often attenuated by their refine- ments, and dwarfed by the overgrown accuracy and pol- ish of their attainments. Bushnell, Sermons for New Life, p. 181. Mentschikof tried to attenuate the extent and effect of his demands. Kiiniliike. 6f. To lessen ; diminish : said of number. Hotvell. II. intrans. 1. To become thin, slender, or fine ; diminish ; lessen. - The attention attenuates as its sphere contracts. Coleridge. 2. In brewing and distilling, to undergo the pro- cess of attenuation. See attenuation, 4. attenuate (a-ten'u-at), a. [< L. attenuatus, pp.: see the verb.] 1. Slender; thin. — 2. In hot., tapering gradually to a narrow extremity. — 3. Of thin consistency ; dilute; rarefied. Spirits attenuate, which the cold doth congeal and co- agulate. Bacon. A series of captivating bubbles, each more airy and evanescent, each more attenuate and fantastic, than its glittering brother. II. James, Subs, and Shad., p. 34. r >. attenuation (a-ten-u-a'shpn), n. [< L. attenu- (itin(n-),<, attenitare : see attenuate, v.] 1. The act or process of making slender, thin, or lean ; the state of being thin ; emaciation ; reduced thickness or proportions. Age had worn to the extreme of attenuation a face that must always have been hard-featured. R. T. Cooke, Somebody's Neighbors, p. 26. 2. The act of making fine by comminution or attrition. The action of the air facilitates the attenuation of these rocks. Chaptal (trans.), 1791. 3. The act or process of lessening in complex- ity or intensity; reduction of force, strength, or energy; specifically, in homeopathy, the reduction of the active principle of medicines to minute or infinitesimal doses. — 4. The act of making thin or thinner, as a fluid, or the state of being thin or thinned ; diminution of density or viscidity: as, tho attenuation of the humors; specifically, in brewing and distilling, the thinning or clarifying of saccharine worts by the conversion of the sugar into aleohol and carbonic acid. The decrease in density [of the beer-worts] is called at- tenuation. Thausiiia, r.ccr (trans.), p. 707. atter't (at'er), n. [< ME. atter, < AS. littm-, wttor, more correctly dtor, (iter, poison, = 1 )S. etar, ettar = D. etter = OHO. eitar, eiiter, MUG. G. citer, poison, pus, = Icel. eitr= Sw. etter = Dan. aider, adder, poison, connected with ( )HG. MUG. ei-, a boil, sore; cf. Gr. oldor, oldfia, a tu- mor, swelling: see wdcnia.] Poison; venom; pus. Holland. atter'-'t (a-ter'), ''• '- [< F. atterrer, < ML. atter- rare, prostrate, cast down, carry earth from one place to another, ' Ij. ad, to, + It 1 en. earth. Cf. inter.] To place upon or in the earth; cast down to the earth; humble; subdue. Also written atter r. Atterrs the stubborn and attracts the prone. Sylvcuter, tr. of L*u llaruis. atterate atteratet, atterationt. See atterrate, atterra- tion. attercop (at'er-kop), ». [= So. ettereap : < M E. attercop, attercoppe, ( AS. attereoppe (= Dan. edderlcop), a spider, < ator, poison (see alter*-), + *coppe, < cop, head, round lump, or eopp, a cup: see cob*, cobweb, cop*, and cup.'] 1. A spider. [Old and prov. Eng.] — 2. Figura- tively, a peevish, testy, ill-natured person. [North. Eng.] atterlyt (at'er-li), a. [< ME. atterlich, < AS. dtor- lic (= OHG. eitarlih), poisonous, < ator, poison, + -lic: see after*- and -ly*.] Poisonous; attery. atterminal, a. See adterminal. atterrt, ». t. See ,,,/rA atterratet, atteratet (at'e-rat), «>. «. [< ML. atterratus, pp. of utter-rare, carry earth from one place to another: see titter".] To till up with earth, especially with alluvium. Atterated by taint brought down by Hoods. Rail, Diss, of World, v. atterrationt, atterationt (at-e-ra'shon), n. [< atterrate, atterate.] The process of tilling up with earth ; especially, the formation of land by alluvial deposits. atteryt, attryt, a. [< ME. attri, < AS. eettrig, dtrig, poisonous (=OHG. eitarig), < asttor, ator, poison: see after*.] Poisonous; pernicious. Than cometh also of ire attry anger. Chaucer, Parson's Tale. attest (a-tesf), v. [= P. attester, OF. atestcr = Sp. aiestar = Pg. attentat- = It. attestare, < L. attestari, hear witness to, < act, to, + testari, hear witness, < testis, a witness: see testify.] 1. trans. 1. To hear witness to; certify; affirm to he true or genuine ; declare the truth of in words or writing ; especially, affirm in an official capacity: as, to attest the truth of a writing; to attest a copy of a document. The most monstrous fables . . . attested with the ut- most solemnity. Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, xvi. This sale of a tract, twelve miles square, was formally attested at Manhattan. Bancroft, Hist. V. S., II. 44. 2. To make evident ; vouch for ; give proof or evidence of; manifest. The birds their notes renew, and bleating herds Attest their joy, that hill and valley rings. Milton, P. L., ii. 495. The rancor of the disease attests the strength of the con- stitution. Emerson, Conduct of Life. 3. To call to witness ; invoke as knowing or conscious. [Obsolete or archaic] The sacred streams which heaven's imperial state A ttests in oaths, and fears to violate. Dryden. 4. To put upon oath; swear in. If a proposed recruit, when taken before a justice of the peace, . . . should change his mind, he is dismissed upon paying a fine of twenty shillings, popularly called smart money ; but if he does not, he is attested, and after that, should he abscond, he is considered and punished as a de- serter. A. Fonblanque, Jr. Attesting witness, a person who signs his name to an instrument to prove it, and for the purpose of identifying the maker or makers. = Syn. 1. To confirm, corroborate, support, authenticate, prove. II. intrans. To bear witness ; make an at- testation : with to : as, to attest to a statement or a document. attest (a-tesf), «. [i attest, v.] Witness; tes- timony; attestation. [Now chiefly used at the end of a document, as introductory to the name of one au- thenticating it by his signature. ] There is a credence in my heart, An esperance so obstinately strong, That doth invert the attest of eyes and ears. Shale, T. and C, v. 2. attestation (at-es-ta'shon), n. [< F. attesta- tion, < LL. fittestutio(n-), < L. attestari, pp. at- testattts: see attest, v.] 1. The act of attest- ing; a declaration, verbal or written, in sup- port of a fact ; evidence ; testimony. The applause of the crowd makes the head giddy, but the attestation of a reasonable man makes the heart glad. Steele, Spectator, No. 188. I would not willingly spare the attestation which they took pleasure in rendering to each other's characters. Everett, Orations, I. 146. 2. The administration of an oath, as to a mili- tary recruit. See attest, 4 — Attestation clause, a clause usually appended to wills, after the signature of the testator and before that of the witnesses, reciting the due performance of the formalities required by the law. attestative (a-tes'ta-tiv), a. [< L. attestatns, pp. of attestari (see attest, v.), + 4ve.] Of the nature of attestation; corroborative: as, attes- tative evidence. attestator (at'es-ta-tpr), n. [= It. attestatorc, < L. as if *attestutar, { attestare, pp. attestatns: see attest, v.] An attester. attester, attestor (a-tes'ter, -tor), n. One who attests or vouches for. [Attestor is the com- mon form in legal phraseology.] 373 attestive (a-tes'tdv), a. [< attest + -i/l>C.] Hiv- ing attestation; attesting. [Pare.] attestor, «. See attester. Atthis (at'this),«. [NL.,< (ir. 'Art/,,. Attic At- tica.] A genus of diminutive humming-birds, Attic Humming-bird [AtthU he, having the metallic scales of the throat pro- longed into a ruff, as in A. keloisce, the Attic humming-bird of the southwestern United States. Attic 1 (at'ik), a. and n. [= F. Attique = Sp. Ati- co = Pg. It. Attico, < L. Atticus, (. Gr. 'Attik6$, Attic, Athenian, < Attiki/, Attica, a province of Greece ; supposed by some to stand for *iiktik>'/, fern. adj. equiv. to auraia, on the coast, < aarii, coast, prop, headland, promontory ; Akti'/ is the ancient name of the headland of the Pirseus. According to others, Attihi; stands for "'AartKi/, < doTu, city: see asteisnt.] I. a. Pertaining to Attica, or to the city or state of Athens; Athe- nian; marked by such qualities as were char- acteristic of the Athenians Attic base, in arch., a base used properly with the Ionic older, consisting of an tipper torus, a seotia, and a lower torus, separated by fillets. See cut under base. — Attic dialect, the dialect of Greek used by the ancient Athenians, and regarded as the standard of the language. It was a subdivision of the Ionic, but is often spoken of as a coordinate dialect ; it is distinguished from the Ionic by a more frequent retention of an original a (a) sound, and by its avoid- ance of hiatus, especially through contraction. Its chief literature belongs to the fifth and fourth centuries B. C As written during the greater part of the former cen- tury, it is known as old Attic; in its transition to the next century, as middle A ttic ; and during the greater part of the fourth century, as new Attic. It passed after this into the Koine or common dialect, the general Greek of the Alexandrine and Roman periods, departing more or less from its former classic standard. — Attic faith, invio- lable faith. — Attic hummer, a humming-bird of the ge- nus Atthis. — Attic salt, wit of a dry, delicate, and refined quality.— Attic School, in art. See Hellenic art, under Hellenic — Attic style, a pure, chaste, and elegant style. II. «. 1. A native or an inhabitant of Attica, the territory of the ancient Athenian state, now an eparchy of the kingdom of Greece ; an Athenian. — 2. The Attic dialect ; Attic Greek. attic 2 (at'ik), n. [= F. attique = Sp. dtico = Pg. It. attico, an attic, < L. Atticus, Attie: see Attic of St. Peter's. Rome. A. attic of the main edifice ; B, attic of the dome. Attic*, and extract below.] 1. In arch., a low story surmounting an entablature or the main cornice of a building. Also called attic story. The term [attic] appears to have been introduced by the architects of the seventeenth century, with the intention of conveying [falsely] the idea that the feature to which it alluded was constructed or designed in the Athenian manner. Audsley, Diet, of Architecture. 2. A room in the uppermost part of a house, immediately beneath the roof or leads ; a garret. They stare not on the stars from out their allies. Byron, Beppo, st. 78. Attic order, a name sometimes given to small pillars or pilasters decorating the exterior of an attie. Atticalt (at'i-kal), a. [< Attic* + -ah] Per- taining to Attica or Athens ; Attic ; pure ; clas- sical. Hammond. attire atticet, '■• '• [Earlj mod. E. also attise, < ME. niis, n, nii/stn, < OF. atisier, aticier, atiser, mod. I'. attiser = l'r. Sp. atizar = Pg. atiear = It. attizzare, < I., as if 'attitiare, stir the tiro, (.ml, to, + titio(n-), a firebrand; ef. ML. tilionari = F. Usonner, stir the fire. Cf. entice.] To insti- gate ; allure : entice. atticementt, "• Instigation; enticement. Cax- ton. Atticise, v. See Atticize. Atticism (at'i-sizm), n. [< Gr. 'Anuacr/idc, a sill- ing with Athens. Attic style, < Attuu&iv, Ai ticize : see Atticize.] 1. A peculiarity of style or idiom belonging to the Greek language as used by the Athenians; Attic elegance of dic- tion; concise and elegant expression. They thought themselves gallant men, and I thought them fools, they made sport, and I Iaught, they mispro- nounc't and 1 niislik't, and to make up the atticisme, they were out, and I lust. Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus. An elegant atticism which occurs Luke xiii. 9: "Ifit beat- fruit, well." Abp. Newcome, Eng. Biblical Trans., p . ' 2. A siding with, or favoring the cause of, the Athenians. Put to death by I'a-daritus for atticism. Hoboes, tr. of Thucydides, viii. 38. Atticist (at'i-sist), n. One who affects Attic style. Atticize (at'i-siz), v.: prct. and pp. Attit-i.nl, ppr. Atticizing. [= L. Atticissare, < Gr. 'Arn- HtCeiv, side with the Athenians, speak Attic, < AttikAc, Attic, Athenian: see Attic*-.] I. in- trans. 1. To use Atticisms or idioms peculiar to Attic Greek. — 2. To favor or side with the Athenians. Dean Smith. II. trans. To make conformable to the lan- guage or idiom of Attica. Also spelled Atticise. attid (at/id), it. A jimiping-spider; a member of the family Attidce. Attidse (at'i-de), n. pi. [XL., < Attus + -»/«.] A family of saltigrade dipneumonous arancids with a short body, flattened cephalothorax, and eyes usually in three transverse rows; the jumping-spiders. Their chief characteristic is that the median foremost pair of eyes are much larger and the hindmost pair smaller than the others. They spin no webs, but capture their prey by leaping upon it. The species are very numerous. Attidian (a-tid'i-an), a. Of or pertaining to the ancient town of Attidium in Umbria At- tidian Brethren, a corporation of twelve priests in ancient Umbria, who had authority over a considerable region, and who are known only from the Eugubine tables, the Umbrian inscriptions on which are records of their acts. See Eugubine. attigUOUSt (a-tig'u-us), a. [< L. attiguus, touching, contiguous, < attigerc, older form of attingere, touch: see attingc, andef. contiguous.] Near; adjoining; contiguous. attiguousnesst (a-tig'u-us-nes), v. The quali- ty or state of being attiguous. Bailey. attihawmeg (at-i-ha'meg), n. [Amer. Ind.] A kind of whitefish, of the genus Corcgonus and family Salnitinnla; abundant in the great lakes of North America, and a delicious food- fish. Attila (at'i-lii), n. [NL., named from Attila, king of the Huns.] In ornith., a genus of South American tyrant flycatchers, family Tt/rannidie, sometimes giving name to a sub- family Attilinte. A. cinerea is the type, and about 12 other species are included in the genus. attinget (a-tinj'), v. t. [< L. attingere, older form attigerc, touch, border upon, be near, < ad, to, + Itingere, touch: see tangent.] To touch; come in contact with; hence, affect; influence. attire (a-tir'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. attired, ppr. attiring. [Also by apheresis tire (see tire*); ( ME. atiren, ati/rtn, < OF. atiri r, earlier atirier (= Pr. aticirar), put in order, arrange, dress; < a tire (= Pr. a tieira), in order, in a row : ,< (< L. ad), to ; tire, litre (= Pr. tieira, tiera = It. ticra), order, row, file, dress: see tier".] To dress ; clothe ; array ; adorn. With the linen mitre shall he [Aaron] be attired. Lev. xvi. 4. His shoulders large a mantle did attire. With rubies thick, and sparkling as the the. Dryden, Pal. and Arc, 1. 1346. The woman who attired her head. Tennyson, Geraint. attire (a-tir'), n. [Also by apheresis tire (see tire*, »('.'); < ME. atire, atir, atyr, dress, equip- ment; from the verb.] 1. Dress; clothes; garb; apparel. Earth in her rich attire Consummate lovely smiled. Milton, P. L., vii. 501. attire 2f. A. dress or costume ; an article of apparel, n in- , my women, Like a quei n : go fetch My best atb Shah., A. and C, v. '-'. 3. pi. In her., the horns of a liart, when as a bearing. — 4f. In l>"t.. the stains i tdvely. Grew speaks of theofitre, or the stamens, as being the male | Encyc. Brit. l\ - = Syn. 1. Raiment, array, costume, suit, toilet, wardrobi attired (a-tird'), p. a. tn her., having horns: thus, "a liart gules oWtrc(Jor"nieansa red stag having horns of gold: used only of the hart and buck. See armt d, 3. attirement (a-tar'menl ), n. [< attin + -merit."] Dress; apparel; attire. [Obsolete or rare.] attirer . a-tir'er), ii. One who dresses or adorns with attire. attirewoman (a-tir'wum'an), ».; pi. attirewo- Same as fen teaman, attiring (a-tir'ing), ». 1. The art of dressing or decking. — 2f. Attire; dress; array. Each tree in his best attii Sir I'. Sidney, Istrophel and Stella. Specifically — 3t. A head-dress. Huloct. — 4. The attires of a stag. attitlet, r. t. [< ME. attitlen,< of. atiteler, later atitrer, moil. P. attitrer, < LL. atUtulare, Dame, entitle, < L. («/, to, + LL. titulare, give a title, < L. tituho. title: see <(7/c. Cf. entitle.'] To name ; name alter. GoWl I . attitude (at'i-tud), /'. [< F. attitude, < It. a#iiw- cftne, attitude, aptness, < JIL. aptitudo [apti- tudin-), aptitude: see aptitude.] 1. Posture or position of the body, or the maimer iu which its parts are disposed; especially, a posture or position as indicating emotion, purpose, etc., or as appropriate to the performance of some act. 'tin demon sits mi his furious horse as heedlessly as if he weri reposing on a chair. . . . The attitude of Faust, on tin. contrary, is the perfection of horsemanship. Macaulay, Dryden. There sat my lords, Here sit they now, so may they ever sit In easier attitude than suits my haunch ! Browning, Ring and Book, I. 237. Hence — 2. Any condition of things or rela- tion of persons viewed as the expression of, or as affecting, feeling, opinion, intentions, etc. England, though she occasionally took a menacing atti- tude, remained inactive. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., ii. If we were to estimate the attitude of ecclesiastics to sovereigns by tin- language of Eusebius, we should sup- that the} ascribed to them a direct Divine inspiration, and exalted the Imperial dignity tn an extent that was before unknown. Lecky, Europ, Morals, II. 277. To strike an attitude, to assume an emotional posture or pose in a theatrical manner, ami not as the instinctive or natural expression of feeling. =Syn, Position, Pose, etc. See posture. attitudinal (at-i-tu'di-nal), a. [< attitucU (It. attitudine) + -al.] Pertaining or relating to attitude. attitudinarian (at*i-tu-di-na'ri-an), n. [< atti- tucU (It. attitudine) + -arum.] One who studies or practises attitudes. Attitudina face-makers; these accompany every word with a peculiar grimace and gesture. Cowper. attitudinarianism (at i-tu-di-na'ri-an-ism), «. The use of affected attitudes; insincerity of i gpression. attitudinise, attitudiniser. See attitudinize, attitudini u r. attitudinize (at-i-tu'di-niz), v. i. ; pret. and pp. attitudini ed, ppr. attitudinizing. [< attitude i It. attitudine) + -iee.] 1. To pose; strike or prac- tise attitui Maria, who i themosl picturesque figure, was put to attitudinia at the harp. Mrs. it. More, Caelebs, i\. 2. To be affected tn deportment or speech, led attitudinise. attitudinizer (at-i-tu'di-ni-zer), n. One who poses, or strikes attitudes. Also spelled atti- tudini attle 1 (at'l), n. [Also written attal, addle, addtt; in uncertain : perhaps the same as addh '. tilth, mud. min : see addh '.1 Dirt ; tilth ; rubbish; specifically, tin refrj e or worthless rock which n n ore has been se- leeted from the material obtained by mining: a term originally Cornish, but extensivelj ed in other mining regions in both England and America, attle'-'t (at 'I i. r. An obsoleti !fei. attole (a-to'la). ii. [Mox.] The Mexican name Of a favorite dish prepared from wheat, maize, and various other nutritious seeds, which are parched and finely powdered, and then made into a gruel with boiling .. 374 attollens (a-tol'enz), ppr. used as «.: pi. attoU li ntes (at-o-len'tez). [NL., < L. attollens, ppr. : see attollent.] In ttuat., an attollent muscle ; a Levator. Attollens aurem, a muscle which raises the i tends to do so. Attollens oculi, an old nana .a superior rectus muscle of the eyeball. attollentta tol'ent), o. andn. [ ML. attornan ), transfer into the power of another, ia (< L. ad), to. + tourner, turner, turn: see turn. Cf. attorney.] I. trans. 1. To turn over to another; transfer; assign. — 2. In old Eng. laic, tn turn or transfer, as homage or service, to a new possessor, and accept tenancy under him. II. intrans. 1. hi feudal law, toturnortrans- 1 1 t homage and service from one lord to another. This was tin- ai t nt feudatories, vassals, or tenants upon the alienation of the estate. 2. In modern law, to acknowledge being the tenant of one who was not the landlord origi- nally, but claims to have become such. attorney 1 (a-ter'ni), n. [Early mod. E. also attorney, dtturny; < ME. atturny, attourney, aturneye, aturne, < OP. atonic, attorne (ML. at- tornatus), pp. of atorner, aturner, transfer into the power of another: see atturn.] 1. One who is appointed by another to act in his place or stead ; a proxy. I will attend my husband, be bis nurse, Diet his sickness, for it is my office, And will have no attorney but myself. Shak., C. of E., v. 1. Specifically — 2. In law, one who is appointed or admitted in the place of another to transact any business for him. An attorney in fact, sometimes called aprivate attorney, is an attorne)' authorized to make contracts ami do other acts for his principal, out of court. For this purpose a written authority is usual, but verbal authority is in general sufficient, for the performance if some acts, however, as conveyance of land, transfer of stork, etc., a formal power of attorney is necessary. An attorney ut law, sometimes called a public attorney, is a person qualified to appear for another before a court of law tn prosecute or defend an action on behalf of such other. The term was formerly applied especially tn those practis- ing before the supreme courts of common law, those prac- tising in chancery being called solicitors. Under the pres- ent English system, all persons practising before the su- preme courts at Westminster are called solicitors. In England attorneys or solicitors do not argue in court in behalf of their clients, this being the part of the barristers or counsel; their special functions may he defined to lie: to institute actions on behalf of their clients and take necessary steps for defending them ; to furnish counsel with the necessary materials to enable them to get up their pleadings; to practise conveyancing ; to prepare legal dents ami instruments "f all kinds; and generally to ad- \ I-. w itli and art for their clients in all matters connected with law. An attorney, whether private or public, may have general powers tn act for another, or his power may I,. r . dot, ana limited t" a particular act or acts. In the I iiitiii states the term barrister is not used, the designs tion of a fully qualified lawyer being attorney and coun- selor ul law. ' When employed simply to present a cause iu court, an attorney is termed counsel. In Scotland there is no class of practitioners of the law who take the name of attorneys. See advocate, l. 3. The general supervisor or manager of a plantation. [British West Indies.] -District at- torney. Sec district.— Scotch attorneys, a name given in Jamaica tn species oi Clusia, woody vines which twine about thi trunks of trees and strangle them. attorney^ (a-ter'ni), v. t. [< attorney*, n.] 1. To perform by proxy. Their encounters, though not personal, have been royally attomeyed. Shak., W. T., i. 1. 2. To employ as a proxy. I am still Attomeyed at your service. Shak., M. for M., v. 1. attorney 2 (a-ter'ni), ». [Early mod. E. also atturney, < ME. atorne, < OF. attornee, atournee, prop. rem. pp. (ML. "attornata) of atourner, atturn: see attorn, and cf. attorney*-.] The appointment of another to act in one's stead; the ad of naming an attorney: now used only in the following phrase. Letter, warrant, or power of attorney, an instrument by which one per son authorizes another tn do Bomi act or arts [or him, as to execute a deed, tn collect rents or debts, tn sell i tab ' ' attorney-general (a-ter'ni-jen'e-ral), «.; pi. attorneys-general. L< attorney* + general, a.\ 1. The first ministerial law-officer of a state. ii, has general powers to act in ah legal proceedin In which the state IB a party, and is regarded as the official legal adviser of the executive. In England the attorney- attraction general is specially appointed by letters patent. In the i nit ed state- he is a mi mi" i ni the - abinet appointed by the President, has the general inana'.'i mi nt of i!n depart mints nt justice tin "Helmut the country, advises the Pres- ident and departments on questiona of law, ami appears for tin- government in the Supreme Court ami Court of Claims. The individual States "t the I oion also have thi ii attorneys-general. See department. 2. In England, the title of the king's i or queen's) attorney in the duchies of Lancaster and t 'urn- wall and the county palatine of Durham. .V. E. I). — 3. Formerly, an attorney having gen- eral authority from his principal. attorney-generalship (a-ter'ni-jen"e-ral-ship), n. [< attorney-general + -ship.] The office of or term nt service as attorney-general. attorneyism (a-ter'ni-izm), «. [< attorney 1 + -ism.] The practices of attorneys; the unscru- pulous practices frequently attributed to attor- neys or lawyers. Carlyle. attorneyship (a-ter'ni-ship), ». [< attorney* + -ship.] The office of an attornej . or the period during which the office is held; agency for another. Marriage is a matter of more worth Than to be dealt in by attorneyship. Shak.,1 Hen. VI., v. s. attornment (a-tern'ment), n. [< OF. attorne- ment (ML. atiornamenium), < attomer: see at- torn and -mint.] In old Eng. lair, the act of a feudatory, vassal, or tenant, by which he con- sented, upon the alienation of an estate, to re- ceive a new lord or superior, ami transferred to him his homage and service : the agreement of a tenant to acknowledge as his landlord one who was not originally such, but claimed to have become such. The necessity for attornment was done away with by 4 Anne, e. lti. ' Digby, Real Prop., v. s 3, 2-J7. (A. E. I>.) attour 1 , prep, and adv. See atour*. attour-t, atour-t, »• [ME., also aturn, < OF. atiiur, older form atourn, aturn, dress, attire, < atourner, atorner, turn, prepare, same as aiwnej - , attorn: see attorn.] Attire; dress; specifi- cally, head-dress: as, "her rich attour," Hum. of the Rose, 1.3718. attract (a-trakf), v. [< L. attractus, pp. of attraltere,' drsiv? to, attract. < ad, to, + train re, draw: see tract 1 .] I. trans. It. To draw in, to, or toward by direct mechanical agency in- action of any kind. — 2. To draw to or toward (itself) by inherent physical force; cause to gravitate toward or cohere w itli. It is a universal physical law that every particle of the universe attracts every other particle with a certain force, II*. L. Carpenter, Energy in Nature, p. 21. 3. To draw by other than physical influence; invite or allure; win: as, to attract attention; to attract admirers. Adorn'd she was indeed, ami lovely, tn attract Thy love. V.7/m». I". I... x. 162. At sea, everything that breaks the monotony of the sur- rounding expanse attracts attention. Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 19. -Syn. 3. To entice, fascinate, charm. II. intrans. 1. To possess or exert the power of attraction: as, it is a property of matter to attract. — 2. Figuratively, to be attractive or winning: as, his manners are calculated to at- tract. attractt (a-trakf), it. [< attract, v.] Attrac- tion; in plural, attractive qualities; charms, what magical attracts anil maris ' S. Butler, Hudibras, III. i. 1037. attractability (a-trak-ta-iiiri-ti), n. [< attract- able: see -iniiii/.} Tlie quality of being at- tractable, or of being subject to the law ul' at- traction. Thou wilt not liml a corpuscle destitute of thai natural attractability. Sir W. Jones, Asiatic Researches, IV. 178. attractable (a-trak'ta-bl), a. [< attract + -able] Capable of being attracted; subject In attraction. attracter (a-trak'ter), «. One who or that which attracts. Also spelled altraclor. attractict, attracticalt (a-trak'tik, -ti-kal), a. [< attract + -ii-, -ical.] Having power tn at- tract ; attractive. Some stums arc endued with an electrical ni- attractical virtue. Ray, WorksofCreal (1714), p. '.».:. attractile (a-trak'til), '/. f< a/tract + -ilc] Having Hie power to attract ; attractive. attractingly (a-trak'ting-li), adv. By way of a i tract inn ; BO as to all ract. attraction (a-trak ' shon), n. [= F. attrac- tion, < Li. a'tlrartiti(U'\, < altralurr. attract: see attract.] 1. The tut, power, or property of attracting. Specifically (a) In phys., tin- force through which particles of matter are attracted or drawn toward one another; a component acceleration of particles attraction toward one another, according bo their distance, such at- ti;i< tion la a mutual action which in some form all bodies, whether at rest or inn mi inn, exerl upou om i ther, The attractive force with which the atoms of different bodies in certain cases tend to unite, so as to form a new body or bodies, is called chemical affinity; that which binds to- gether the molecules of tht same body is called coh\ — . those ol different bodies, adhesion. Connected with the last named forces is capillary attraction, by which liquids tend to rise in Mm- tubes or small interstices of porous bodies. In all the cases mentioned the forces act only through very Binall distances. When bodies tend to come together from sensible distances, the acceleration being inversely as the Bquare of the distance, and the force pro- portional to the mass, the attraction ta called gravitation, as when tin- earth attracts and is attracted liy a falling body, or attracts and is attracted by the moon, etc; or magnetism, W when everted between tlie unlike poles of a magnet , or electricity, as when dissimilarly electrified bodies attract one another. See capillary, chemical, cohesion, i lectricity, gravitation, magnetism. {>>) The power or act of alluring, winning, or engaging; allure- ment ; enticement : as, the attraction of beauty or elo- quence. Setting the attraction of my g l parts aside, I have no other charms. Shak., M. \\ . of W ., ii. 2. 2. That which attracts feeling or desire; a charm ; an allurement. She, questionless, with her sweet harmonj , And other chosen attractions, would allure. Shah., Pericles, v. 1. It is probable that pollen was aboriginally the sole at- traction tO insects. Darwin, Cross and Self Fertilisation, p. 402. Center of attraction. See rente,-.- Heterogeneous attraction, see heterogeneous.— Molecular attrac- tion. See molecular. = Syn. 2. Attractiveness, fascina- tion, enticement. attractionally (a-trak'shpn-al-i), adr. By means of attraction. The advance and retreat of the water react aft met tonally upon the plummet in a very marked degree. TheAmerican, VI, 172. attractive (a-trak'tiv), a. and n. [= F. attrac- tij\ -ive, = It. attrattwOj < L. as if *attractivus : see attract ami -tee.] I. a. If. Having the power or faculty of drawing in, to, or toward by mechanical agency or action. — 2. Having the quality of attracting by inherent force; causing to gravitate to or toward: as, the at- tractive force of bodies. A repulsive force is positive; an attractive, which di- minishes the distance between two masses, is negative. A. Daniell, Prin. of PhyBtcs, p. 168. 3. Having the power of charming or alluring by agreeable qualities; inviting; engaging; en- ticing. For contemplation he and valour form'd, For softness she and sweet attractive grace. Milt>n,, P. L., iv. 298. For hers was one of those attractive faces, That when you gaze upon them, never fail To bid you look again. Halleck, Fanny. II. t »• That which draws or incites; allure- ment ; charm. The dressing Is a must main attractive. B. Jonson, Every Man in his Humour, iii. 2. The gospel speaks nothing but attractive^ and invita- tion. South, Sermons. attractively (a-trak'tiv-li), adv. In an attrac- tive manner; with the power of attracting or drawing to; as, to smile attractivt ly. attractiveness (a-trak'tiv-nes), n. The quality of being attractive or engaging. The same attractiveness in riches. South, Sermons, VII. xiv. attractivity (a-trak-tiv'i-ti), n. [< attractive + -/, Laws of Thought, p. 120. The term attribute simply directs the attention to the fact that we attribute to, or affirm uf, a being something that we distinguish from itself. .V. Porter, Human Intellect, § 642. 2. A character inseparable from its subject. By this word attribute is meant something which is im- movable and inseparable from the essence of its subject. as that which constitutes it, and which is thus opposed to mode. Descartes. Some necessary marks belong to things as reasons of other marks of the same things, others as consequences of other marks. . . . The latter are called attributes. Kant. 3. A characteristic or distinguishing mark; es- pecially, an excellent or lofty quality or trait: as, wisdom and goodness are his attributes. Serv. . . . with him the mortal Venus, the heart-blood of beauty, love's invisible soul. Pan. Who, my cousin Cressida? Serv. No, sir, Helen : could you not find out that by her attributes? Shak., T. and <_'., iii. 1. The term attribute is a word properly convertible with quality, for every quality is an attribute, and every attri- bute is a quality; hut custom has introduced a certain distinction in their application. Attribute is considered as a word of loftier significance, and is, therefore, con- ventionally limited to qualities of a higher application. Thus, for example, it would be felt as indecorous to speak of the qualities of God, and as ridiculous to talk of the attributes of matter. Sir W. Hamilton, Metaph., I. 151. attrition 4. In thefine <>r/s, a Bymbol of office, character, or personality : tnus, the eagle is fche attributt of Jupiter. The ladder is a striking attribute for the patrian hJa and the harp tor Kin- David. Fairholt, Persephone is recognised by the lofty modius, or corn measure, on her head, the attribute of the < lit I lan deities. C. T. Newton, Art and Archffiol., p. -7 5f. Reputation ; honor. Much attribute he hath; and much the reason Why We ascribe it to him. Shak., I . and < '., ii. z. 6. In grant., :in attributive word; a word de- noting an attribute. Symbolical attributes. symbolical. =Syn. 1-3. Property, Characteristic, etc. Si e quality. attribution (at-ri-bu'shpn), n. [=P. attribu- tion, < L. attribi(ti<>(ti-), < attribuere, attribute: see attributt , r.] 1. Tin- net of utt rilmt iiitf, in any sense; ascription. His [God's] relative personally ia shadowed forth by the attribution, to him of love, anger, and other human feel- ings and sentiments. Dawson, i trig, of World, p. 12. 2. That which is ascribed; attribute. 1 1 peaking truth, In tliis fine age, were not thought flattery, Such attribution should the Douglas have, As not a soldier of this season's stamp Should go so general current through the world. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iv. 1. 3. Authority or function granted, as to a ruler, minister, or court. It is not desirable that to the ever-growing attributions of the government so delicate a function should be super- added. ./. S. Mill. attributive (a-trib'u-tiv), «. and n. [= F. attributif. < L. as if *attributivus i < attribuere: see attribute,] I. a. 1. Pertaining to or hav- ing the character of attribution: as, the attrib- utive use or relation of certain words; attrib- tttire qualities or insignia; an attributive judg- ment (in logic). — 2. In gram., pertaining to or expressing an attribute; used (as a word) in direct description without predication: as, a bad pen, a burning house, a ruined man. An at- tributive word is to be distinguished from a predicative . as, the pen is bad; the manis ruined; and from an apposi- tire: as, the pen, bad as it is, might he worse; this man, ruined by another's misconduct, is in misery. All adjective words, as proper adjectives, adjective pronouns, and participles, may be used attributively; also nouns: us. a pine table; & gold ring; my hunter friend; the young rot- rfi'er-boy. The relation of an adverb to the adjective qual- ified by it is also by some called attributive. II. n. In gram., a word expressing an at- tribute; an adjective, or a phrase or clause performing the function of an adjective, which describes a noun without being part of the as- sertion or predication made about it. attributively (a-trib'u-tiv-li), adv. In an at- tributive manner; specifically, in gram., as attribute or attributive; in direct ascription of quality or circumstance without predication. attristt (a-trist'), r. t. [< F. attrister, sadden, < a (< L. ad. to) + triste, < L. tristiSj sad.] To grieve ; sadden. How then could I write when it was impossible but to attrist you I when I could speak of nothing but unparal- leled horrors. Walpole, Letters, IV. 525. attrite (a-trit'), a. [< L. attritus, pp. of at- terere, rub away, wear, < ad, to, + tercre, rub: see trite.] It. Worn by rubbing or friction. Milton. — 2. In theol., imperfectly contrite or repentant. See attrition. 3. He that was attrite being, by virtue of this [the priest's] absolution, made contrite ami justified. Abp. ttssher, Ana. to a Jesuit, v. attritenesst (a-trit'nes), n. The state of being attrite ; the state of being much worn. attrition fa-trish'on), n. [=F. attrition, < LL. attritio(ri-), a rubbing, < L. attritus, pp. of atte- erfr, nili: see attrite.] 1. The rubbing of one thing against another; mutual friction : as. the abrasion of coins by attrition. — 2, The act of wearing away by rubbing ; the state of being worn down or smoothed by friction ; abrasion. The change of the aliment is effected bj the attrition of the inward Btomach and dissolvent liquor assisted with heat. Arbuthnot, Aliments. These were people trained by attrition with many influ- ences. E. S. Phelps, Beyond the i;ates, p. 119. 3. In theol.j imperfect contrition or repentance, with real detestation of sin, and a true purpose of amendment, arising from those supernatural motives of faith which are lower than charity, or the true love of God for his own infinite per- fections. Such motives are a love of justice for its own sake, the intrinsic shaincfulm-ss of sin, the fear of divine punishment, etc Attrition remits sin only when comple- mented by the mace conferred through sacramental abso- lution. See contrition. attrition Attrition by virtue of the to \ a is made contrition. t.tii, it. ii in ; ! Ins. to a J* -nit . v. attrition-mill (a-trish'pn-mil), ». A mill. usually centrifugal, in winch grain is pulver- ized by the mutual attrition of iis particles, iiinl by Motional contacl with the sides. attritUS (a-tri'tus), u. [L., a rubbing on, an inflammation caused by rubbing, < attritus, pp. of atteren Bee attrite. For the sense here given, cf. d< tritus. ] Matter reduced to powder by attrition. Carlyle. attryt, "• See attery. attune (a-tun'), v. t.; pret. and pp. attuned, ppr, attuning". [< at- 2 + tune, q. v.] 1. To 'tune or put in tunc; adjust toharmony of sound; make accordant: as. to attune the voice to a harp. And tongues, att„n,;i to curses, roar'd applause. Che Borough. 2. Figuratively, to arrange fitly; make accor- dant; bring into harmony: as. to attune our aims to the divine will. The landscape around . . . was cue to attune their souls to holy musings. Hyperion, iv. 5. Though in \ ear was attunt d, the songster was tardy. The Century, XX\ II. 77G. 3. To make musical. [Bare.] \ erna] airs. Breathing the smell of field and grove, attune The t. mbling leaves. Milton, P. I.., iv. 265. attune (a-tun'), n. [< attune, v.] Harmony of sounds ; accord. Mrs. Browning. attunement(a-tun'ment), n. [< attune + -merit.] The act of attuning. " [Bare.] atturnt, ». Ail obsolete spelling of attorn. atturneyt, ». An obsolete spelling of attorney. Attus (at'us), «. [XL. ; cf. Atta.] 1. A gemis of spiders, typical of the family Attidm. — 2. A genus of hemipterous insects. attypic, attypical (a-tip'ik, -i-kal), a. [< at-- + typic, -al.] in zobl., of the particular char- r acquired, or in process of acquisition, by specialization, from a more generalized type, as from a prototype or archetype : opposed to etypical. Attypical characters are those to the acquisition of win, h, as a matter of fact, we find that forms, in their journey to a specialized condition, tend. Gill, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., XX. 293. attypically (a-tip'i-kal-i), adv. In an attypic manner. atumble (a-tum'bl), prep. phr. as adv. [<« 3 + tumble.'] In a tumbling condition. -atus 1 . [L. -atus, fern, -ata, neut. -dtuni : see -at' 1 .] A Latin termination, the original of -ati i. -at, -', -ode 1 , -ee 1 , etc., the suffix of perfect participles of the Latin first conjugation, and of adjectives similarly formed. It occurs fre- quently in New Latin specific names in botany, zoology, etc. -atus-. [L. -atus (-alu-), in nouns of the 4th de- clension, < -at-, pp. stein (>co -atus 1 ), + stem vowel -u-. The Eng. form of this suffix is -ate: see -ate 3 .] A termination of Latin nouns, many of winch have I u adopted unaltered in Eng- lish, as apparatus, afflatus, flatus, etc. such nouns, if thej have a plural, retain the Latin form (L. tpparatue, or, rarely, take an English plural, as atwaint (a-twan'), adv. [< ME. atwayne, a tie, ,i,ii ; '< ,,'■'■ + twain. Cf. atwin and atlOO.] In twain; asunder. \ tickle maid full pale, breaking rings ./ twain, st. .rutin- her world with sorrow s wind and ram, Shak., Lover's C plaint, 1. 6. atweel (at-wel'). [Sc, appar. contr. from I weeU I know well: wat = E. wot; «■<■<■/ = E. | 1 wot well. [Scotch.] Atweel I would lain tell him. Scott, Antiquary, xxxix. atween (a-twen'), prep, and adv. [< ME. ' ain; , iii . a r -tween, equiv. to between, q. v.] Between; in or into an intervening space, [mm English and Scotch. ] But I . II aware, his rage r> ward Did i d atwei w ■ r, 1'. Q., VI. xii. 30. atwint, '"''•• [ME., also atwinne; < a^ + twin. ( 'f. ain am. I Apart ; asunder. Thy wif and thou ni > i hang* n tt r a tu Chaua r, Miller's Tale, 1. 403. atwirl (a-twerl' I, prep. phr. as mlr. or a. [< a 3 + twirl. | In a t uiri : t n irling. i . . .■!;. i lole loor with her w in el Whiitu i 1 1" W reck ol Etivermouth. atwist ■■< twist'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [< a'-' + tuist. a. \ Awry; distorted ; tangled. [Rare.] atwitet, '■. '. [ Daily mod. E. also attwite, < ME. at, ni, n, / AS. a twitan, < ><7, at, + intan, blame : Atyfus sutecri. (Vertical line shows natural size. J 376 see Kile. I lei by apheresis mod. E. twit.] To blame ; reproach : i wit . atwitter (a-twit'er), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [< a3 + twitter.'] In a twitter, atwixt, atwixent, atwixtt, prep. [ME. afcefa, atiri.ii a, atwixe, atwixt, etc.; < o- + -tiri.eeu, twixt ; equiv. to &< twixen, betwixt, q. v.] Betwixt; be- t Ween. Atwixcn senile and see. Chauc, ,, Iroilus, v. 886. atwot, '"'''. LME., < AS. ore twil, on ir< : see a 3 and too.] In two. An axe te smite the cord atwo. Chaucer, Miller's Talc, 1. 383. Atwood's machine. See machine. atypic (a-tip'ik), a. [< Or. arwof, conforming to no distinct type (of illness) (< a- priv. + rinrof, type), 4- -ie: see 0-18 and typic.] 1. Having no distinct typical character; not typi- cal; not conformable to the type. — 2. Produ- cing a loss of typical characters. Dana. atypical (a-tdp'i-kal), a. [< ati/jiic + -al.] Same as atypic. atypically (a-tip'i-kal-i), mlr. In an atypic man- ner. Atypinse (at-i-pi'ne), re. pi. [NL., < Atypus, 1, + -/«<('.] A subfamily of Theraphosida or Myya- lii/a- distinguished by the development of six spin- ners, typified by the ge- nus Atypus. Atypus (at'i-pus), re. [NL., < Gr. rmmoc, con- forming to no distinct type, < d- priv. + Ti'7roc, type: see tyjic.] 1. A genus of spiders, of the family Theraphosidec or ilyijeilkla; having six arachnidial mammillae or spinnerets. A. piceus is a European species which digs a hole in the ground and lines it with silk. The genus with some authors gives name to a subfamily Atypince. 2. A genus of fishes, now called Atypichthys. Giinther, 1860. au 1 . [< ME. an, aw. or a before a guttural, nasal, or I (ag, all, al (aul), etc.), of AS. or OF. or L. origin.] A common English digraph repre- senting generally the sound of "broad a" (a), but often also a. It occurs only exceptionally, and by conformation with Romanic analogies, in words of Anglo- Saxon origin, as in aught, taught, daughter, haulm -luitm, ba«Zi=6a(4 (and formerly as a variant, medially, with aw, as in haul, lunik, etc., for bawl, hawk, etc.). In words of I Hd French (and ultimately Latin) origin it represents an original al, now sometimes aid as in fault, asswuU, etc., or a before a nasal, as in aunt, luntiich, launch, etc. (but in most such words now usually simplified to a, as in grand, grant, In nee, etc.). It is frequently ol Latin origin. as in a a it it, cause, tun, I, etc., or of Greek origin, as iii caus- tic. In words from recent French it may have the present F. sound (6) as in hauteur, au/ait, etc. In words of Ger- man and usually of other foreign origin, it has its analyti- cal value (a -)- u), corresponding to English em in eour, as in sauerkraut, ablaut, umlaut. Formerly an and air were used al st indifferently; but now au is never final in English words, while me is rarely medial, except in a few familiar words, as in hawk, bawl, but regularly final, as in line, sine, elme, etc. See aw. au' 2 (d). [P., < OF. au, o, ou, earlier al, contr. of a l<: = Sp. Pg. al = It. all, alio, < L. o<( ilium (m.) or ad Mud (neut.): ad, to, with ace. of die, that, in Rom. the def. art. 'the.' The cor- resp. fern, is it In. q. v.] To the; at the; with the: the dative of the French definite article. occurring in some phrases frequently used in English, as aufait, aufond, au revoir, etc. Au. The chemical symbol of gold (L., auriim). aubade (6-bad'), ». [F., < aube, dawn (< L. alha, fern, of aiiiiis, white; cf. aube = atifl ), after Sp. alini, la, aubade, (.alba, dawn: see alb 1 .] 1. In troubadour and similar music, a song or piece to be performed in the open ail in the early morning, usually addressed to some special person; a musical announcement, of dawn. See serenade. There he lingered till the crowing COCk, in. m. i r iv i the farmyard and the Bock, sang his aubade w itb lusty voice and clear. hongfeUOW, Wayside Inn. laiiina and [i-inli.ird. 2. In modern music, a rarely used title fur a short Lnstrumental composition in lyric style. aubain (d ban'; P. pron. 6-ban'), ». [F., < ML. alha nits, an alien, -. auberge (a'berj; P. pron. 6-barzh'), n. [F., < OF. alhenje (= I'r. allure = Sp. alturijui = It. all,, ran, an inn), earlier helberge, orig. In i tu nje, a military station, < 11HU. Iierlurac, Ollli. heri- Inrijn, a camp, lodging, G. In rbt rije. au inn: see harbinger and harbor 1 .] An inn. Beau, and Fl. aubergine (a'ber-jm; F. pron. 6-bar-zhen'), ». [l'\, dim. of auberge, alhenje, a kind of peach, < Sp. alhi reliiijn, alherelinja ( = Pg. alperche), a peach, < Ar. nl, the, + Sp. /« rsii/0, prisco = Vg. pecego = F. peche l > E. junehi), < L. \„ rsicum : see peach 1 . The Sp. forms touch those of apri- cot : see apricot.] The fruit of the egg-plant, Salaniim Melongena; the brinjal. aubergist, aubergiste (a'ber-jistj F. pron. 6- bar-zhest'), n. [< F. aubergiste, inn-keeper, < auberge: see auberge.] The keeper of an au- berge; an inn-keeper; a tavern-keeper ; a, land- lord or landlady: as, "the aubergiste at Terni," Smollett. aubin (o-baii'), re. [F., < OF. haubin, hobin, an ambling nag: see hobby.] In the manege, a kind of broken gait, between an amble and a gallop, commonly called a "Canterbury gal- lop," and accounted a defect. auburn (a'bern), a. and n. [Early mod. E. oti- born, abourne (also abrown, abroun, abrune, simulating brown), < ME. aubitrnc, awburne (de- fined " citrinus," i. e., citron-colored, in Prompt. I'arv.), < OF. auborne, alborne = It. alburno, auburn, < ML. alburnus, whitish, < L. alhus, white. Cf. alburn, alburnum.] I. a. Original- ly, whitish or flaxen-colored; now, reddish- brown : generally applied to hair. That whitish colour of a woman's hair called an aburn colour. Florio. II. n. An auburn color. He's white-haired, Net wanton white, inn such a manly colour, Next to an auburn. Fletcher {an, I another), Two Noble Kinsmen, iv. 2. A. U. C. Abbreviation of Latin ab urbe condita or anno urhis caiidittc (which see). Auchenia (a-ke'ni-a), n. [NL. (IHiger, 1811), < Gr. avx>/v, neck: in allusion to the long neck of the llama.] A genus of ruminants, of the family Cainclida: representing in the new world the camels of the old, but having no hump. The genus includes four important and well-known quad- rupeds indigenous to South America, namely, the llama (.1. llii ma), the guanacol A. huanaco), thealpacaCA. pecs), ami the vicugna (.1. vicugna). The second of these is by some supposed to he the wild stuck of the llama, which is now known only in domestication. See cuts under alpaca, gwanaco, llama, ami vicu ma. auchenium (a-ke'ni-um), m. ; pi. auchenia (-ii). [ NL., < Gr. avxyv, neck.] In nrnith., the lower back part of the neck; the scruff of the neck, just below the nape. Illiger; SundevaU. [Lit- tle used.] Auchenorhynchi (a-ke-no-ring'ki), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. ai>x'/v, neck. + />r; \oe, snout.] A group of hemipterous insects: synonymous with Homop- tera. auchlet (ach'let), u. [Sc, < aucht. = E. eight, + hit, part. Cf. firlot.] In Scotland, a mea- sure equal I o the eight h part of a boll. aucht 1 (aclit ). r. Same as might-. [Scotch.] aucht' 2 (iieht), «. and n. Same as aughti. [Scotch.] au courant (6 ko-roit'). [F. : an, with the (see au-); courant, current (sec enuraiit. current).] Literally, in the current, that is. of events; well informed in regard to any event or subject. auctificialt, "• Same as auctive. Coles. auction (ak'shon), n. [< L. auctio(n-), an in- creasing, a sale' by auction. < aiiat n. pp. audits, in. -reuse, =E. eke, r.. q. v.] If. The act of in- creasing; increase; growth. Bailey. — 2. A public sale in which each bidder offers an in- crease on the previous bid, the highest bidder becoming the purchaser. Called in Scotland a roup. G is may be said to he Bold i ale i at or by auction, the formeruse prevailing in the United states and the latter in Great Britain. The old hooks would have he. n worth nothing at an auction. Hawthorne, old .Manse, I. 3f. Tho property or goods put up for salo at auction. Ask \nil wh> I'hrvne tin- whole unction huys? I'lirvne tin .sees a general i Kcise ];,/,,■, Mural Essays, iii. 1 I' 1 . Auction by inch of candle, an old method of selling l.\ auction, still siinni :s practised, in which a small piece andle is llghti d al (hi begin g of a sale, and the highest bid made before (he wick falls is successful.— Dutch auction. See Dutch. auction auction (ftk'shgn), v. t. [< auction, n. ] To sell by auction : commonly used with off. A catalogue deals with articles to be auctioned. The American, VII. 134. auctionary (ak'shgn-a-ri), a. [< L. auctiona- rius, < niiciio(n-), an auction. Of. auctioneer.'] Pertaining or relating to an auction or public sale. With auctionary hammer in thy hand. Dryden, tr. of Juvenal's Satires, vii. auctioneer (ak-shon-er'), ». [i auction + -eer. Cf. L. auctionarius, under auctionary.'] One whose business is to offer goods or property for sale by auction ; the crier who calls for bids and strikes the bargain at an auction ; a person licensed to dispose of goods or property by public sale to the highest bidder. auctioneer (iik-shon-er' ),)>. t. [(.auctioneer, n.] To sell by auction. Estates are landscapes, gaz'd upon awhile, Then advertis'd, and auctioneer d away. Coioper, 'task, iii. 756. auction-pitch (ak'shon-pitch), n. See pitch^. auction-pool (ak'shqn-pol), n. In betting, a pool in which the highest bidder has the first choice, the second, third, etc., choices being then sold, and the remainder, comprising those most unlikely to win, being "bunched" and sold as "the field," the winner taking the en- tire pool thus formed. auctivet (ak'tiv), a. [< L. audits, pp. of au- gere, increase (see auction), + -ire.] Increas- ing; serving to increase. Coles, 1717. auctort, "• An obsolete form of author. auctorial (ak-to'ri-al), a. [< L. auctor (see author) + -ial. Cf. authorial.] Of or pertaining to an author. There is more than people think in the gratifieati f the auctorial eye. and the reflection that good writing will be handsomely plaeed before the public. The Century. auctourt, "• An obsolete form of author. Chaucer. aucuba (a'ku-bii), n. [NL., prob. < Jap. aoki, green, + ba = ha, a leaf.] 1. A shrub of the genus Aucuba. — 2. [cap.] A genus of plants, natural order Cornacece, consisting of six spe- cies from eastern Asia. They are branching shrubs, with smooth opposite leaves and small unisexual flowers. A. Japonica has long been in cultivation, and is prized for its mass of glossy leathery gTeen leaves, mottled with yel- low, and its coral-red berries. aucupate (a'ku-pat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. aucu- patcd, ppr. aueupating. [< L. aucupatus, pp. of aucupari, go bird-catching, < auceps (aucup-), a bird-catcher, contr. of *aviccps, < avis, a bird (see Aves), + capcre, take : see capable] Liter- ally, to go bird-catching; hence, to lie in wait for; hunt after; gain by craft. To aucupate benefices by cajoling the Patrons. Gentleman's Mag., CIV. 66. (JV. E. D.) aucupationt (a-ku-pa'shon), n. [< L. aucupa- tio(n-),<. aucupari: see aucupate.] 1. The art or practice of taking birds; fowling; bird-catch- ing. Blount. — 2. Hunting in general. Bullokar. aud (ad), a. [Cf. aukl.] A dialectal form of old. [North. Eng. and Scotch.] audacious (a-da'shus), a. [= F. audadeux, < audace, boldness, < L. audacia, boldness, < au- dax (audac-), bold, < audire, be bold, dare.] 1. Bold or daring ; spirited ; adventurous ; intrepid. She that shall tie my wife, must be accomplished with courtly and audacious ornaments. B. Jonson, Epicoene, ii. 3. Her sparkling eyes with manly vigour shone, Big was her voice, audacious was her tone. Dryden, tr. of Ovid's Iphis and Ianthe. Since the day when Martin Luther posted his audacious heresies on the church-door at Wittemberg, a great change has come over men's minds. J. Fiske, Evolutionist, p. 268. 2. Unrestrained by law, religion, or propriety ; characterized by contempt or defiance of the principles of law or morality; presumptuously wicked; shameless; insolent; impudent: as, an audacious traitor; an audacious calumny; " audacious cruelty," Shah., 1 Hen. IV., iv. 3. -Syn. 1. Intrepid, foolhardy, rash. — 2. Shameless, un- abashed, presumptuous. audaciously (a-da'shus-li), adv. In an auda- cious manner; with excess of boldness or in- solence. The strongest, the best, the most audaciously indepen- dent of us, will be conscious, as age assaults us, of our weakness and helplessness. R. T. Cooke, Somebody's Neighbors, p. '260. audaciousness (a-da'shus-nes), n. The quality of being audacious; boldness; reckless daring ; impudence ; audacity. audacity (a-das'i-ti), n. ; pi. audacities (-tiz). [< ME. audacite, <. L. as if *audaeita(t-)s, bold- 377 ness, < audax (audac-), bold: see audacious.] 1. Boldness; daring; confidence; intrepidity. The freedom and audacity necessary in tin- eoi rce of men. Tatter, No Homer sang these Norse sea-kings; lint Agamem- non's Was a small audacity, and of small fruit in the world to some of them- t" Rolf's of Normandy for in- stance. Carlyle. 2. Reckless daring; venturesomeness. A touch of audacity, altogether short of effrontery, and far less approaching to vulgarity, gave as it were a wild- ness to all that she did. Scott, the Abbot, iv. 3. Audaciousness; presumptuous impudence; effrontery: in a bad sense, and often implying a contempt of law or moral restraint : as, "ar- rogant audacity," Joye, Expos, of Daniel, vii. — 4. An audacious person or act. [Rare.] = Syn. 2. Hardihood. — 3. Presumption, coolness. Audian (a'di-an), n. A follower of Audius or Audauis, a Syrian layman in Mesopotamia, who in the fourth century founded a sect holding anthropomorphitie views, and was irregularly ordained a bishop. Audianism (a'di-an-izm), n. The peculiar doctrinal system of Audius and the Audians. In addition to strict asceticism, it isisted mainly in a literal interpretation of Gen. i. -i>, 27, reasoning from the constitution of man to the nature of God. audibility (a-di-bil'i-ti), n. [< audible: see -biltli/.] The quality of being audible. Tlie note itself is possibly too feeble for audibility. J. E. II. Gordon, Elect, and Hag., II. 92. audible (a'di-bl), a. and n. [< ML. audibilis, that may be heard, < L. audire, hear: see uu- dient.] 1. a. Capable of being heard; perceiv- able by the ear; loud enough to be heard: as, an audible voice or whisper. To man's eares not audible. Sir T. More. Even that stubborn church which has held its own against so many governments, scarce dared to utter an audible murmur. MacavXay, Hist. Eng., i. Il.t ». That which may be heard. Visibles are swiftlier carried to the sense than audible*. Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 273. audibleness (a'di-bl-nes), n. Audibility. audibly (a'di-bli), adv. In an audible manner ; so as to be heard. audience (a'di-ens), «. [/. and ». [< L. audien{t-)s, ppr. of audire (> It. udirt =Sp. oir = Pg. ouvir = Pr. ausir = < IP. odir, oir (AP. oyer, > E. oyer, q. v.), mod. P. ouir), near; cf. (St. aietv, bear: see hear and cur 1 .] I. a. Hearing; listening. Mrs. Browning. II. n. 1. A hearer. 'flu- audients of her sad story fell gnat motions both of pity and ad in i rati- in for her misfurl line. Shelton, tr. of lion Quixote, iv. 2. 2. In the early church: (a) One not yet bap- tized, but receiving instruction preparatory to baptism; a catechumen of the first stage. Such persons wen- permitted to hear the psalms, lesi s, .nut sermon, but were not present at tin more sacred Bi i which followed. (i>) in the Eastern Church, ac- cording to the systematic classification of peni- tents in force at the close of the third cen- tury, but becoming obsolete early in the fifth, one of the second class of public penitents, occupying a station higher than that of the weepers and lower than thai of the prostrates. The audients were not allowed to enter the body of the church, but heard the opening prayers and sermon stand- ing in the narthex, which was also the place of the cate- chumens, and, like them, had to depart before the offer- tory and anaphora. See penitent. Also called auditor. audile (a'dil), n. [Irreg. < L. audire, hear (see audient), + -He.] One in whose mind auditory images are predominant, or especially distinct. Strieker, a motile, declares that it is impossible to rep- resent to ourselves other vowels while pronouncing any particular one, say a: he can only represent them as motor images which clash with the motor presentation. M. Paulhan. an audile, declares he can easily do what Strieker declares impossible, for he can represent the auditory images of i and u while the motor presentation of a is being presented. Mind, XL 415. audiometer (a-di-om'e-ter), n. [Irreg. < L. au- dire, hear, + metritm, < Gr. fierpov, a measure.] An instrument designed to gage the power of hearing and record it upon an arbitrary scale. audiometric (;i"di-o-met'rik), a. Of or per- taining to audiometry. audiometry (a-di-om'e-tri), n. [As audiometer + -y.] The testing of the sense of hearing, especially by means of the audiometer. audiphoiie (a'di-fon), n. [Irreg. < L. audire, hear, + Gr. ws bursed. Arbuthnot, John Bull, p. 89. audit-ale (a'dit-al), n. A specially excellent kind of all' brewed at certain colleges in the English universities, originally for use on audit - day. It was formerly a custom in nil the colleges i ake a great feast on the day on which the college accounts were audited, and the very best ale was brought out tor the occasion. Tin- audit -alt- was first broached on that day even \ ear. Observing from the goose on the table and the audit- ale whirli was circling in the loving-cup that it was a least. Farrar. audita querela (a-di'tii kwe-re'la). [L. (NL.), the complaint having been heard: audita, fern, of auditus, pp. of audire, hear; querela, com- plaint: sec audient and quarrel 1 .'] In law, a form of action in which the judgment debtor strives to recall or prevent execution on a judg- ment to which ho claims a valid defense ; the writ by which such action is begun. [Now generally superseded.] audit-house (a'dit-hous), n. A building or room appended to an English cathedral, in which the business belonging to the cathedral is transacted. audition (a-dish'pn), ». [< L. audiUo{n-), a hearing, listening'^ < audire, pp. auditus, hear: see audient.] 1. The act of hearing; a hearing or listening; the sensation from an impression on the auditory nerve by the vibrations of the air produced by a sonorous body. It is generally admitted that the audition of Bpeech in the telephone is the result of repetitions, by the dia- phragm in the receiving instrument, ... of the vibra- tions produced in the transmitter. Quoted in G. B. Prescott's Elect. Invent., p. 288. 2. The sense of hearing; hearing, as a physio- logical function or faculty; one of the five' spe- cial senses. — 3. Something heard. [Rare.] I went to hear it [the Cock-lane Ghost], for it is not an apparition, but an audition. Walpole, Letters, II. 333. Ossicles of audition. See ossicle. auditive (a'di-tiv), a. [< P. auditif, < L. as if 'auditivus, < auditus, pp. of audire, hear: see audit itt.] Of or pertaining to the sense of hear- ing; concerned with the power of hearing; auditory. Hi- heart is fixed and busily taken up in some object, . . . and the ears, like faithful servants attending their master, the heart, lose the art of that auditive organ by some suspension, till the heart hath done with them. Reo. T. Adams, Works, I 265 audit-office (a'dit-oFis), n. An office where ac- counts are audited: as, a railway audit-office ; specifically, in England, the office where the commissioners for auditing the public accounts of the United Kingdom transact their business. The imperial audit-office is under the immedi- ate control of the lords of the treasury. auditor (ft'di-tor), n. [< ME. auditour (AF. au- ditour, OF. auaiteur — Roquefort), < L. auditor, a hearer, in ML., specifically, a judge, commis- sioner, notary, examiner of accounts, etc., < audire, hear: see audient and audit.} 1. A hearer; one who listens to what is said; a member ot an auditory. w hat, a play toward : I 11 he an auditor ; actor too, perhaps. SAafl . M. V D., iii. 1. 1 was inliiiir. ly di lighted with the station of a humble ' r in slob com ersations. Swift, Gulliver's Travels, iv. 10. 2. Same as audient, «., 2. — 3. A person ap- pointed and authorized to examine an account or a mi-, compare the charges with the voucl nine parties and witnesses, allow or reject charges, and state tin- result, n is usual win nt to i' t'l a< c its involved in litigation to a" died reft n , ,,[■ ,■,.„,- N-tni.iit, ami their report, if n is tin ; iuh-s an auditor is a Ing officer of political i porate bo ties. State oi municipal auditors are persons appointed or elected to examine the publl oi at in h ■i' ' ;nated. In the t nlted I ■ oi eminent tin i. are six auditors ol 'In- treasury, i audii"i tut charge of thi ot the civil si i > ici , customs, mil in i public debt, eb ii .ml. tln.se of Indian affairs and some of those ol thi armj the third, tin.-, ot tie quarti ral, wai claim . etc. ; tie fourth, those ot thi navy ; I in- Mi ti, the le ol thi intt rnal revi nui offl sus, patent Miin :n.. i I :,t. department; and tin Bixtfa 4. One of certain officers of high ranis at the papal court: so called from their coin tion with business treated of in audiences with the 378 pope: as, auditor of the apostolic chamber; auditor of the pope; auditors of the Roman rota (which see). Auditor of the Court of Ses- sion, in Scotland, a mown officer to whom suits in which expenses are found due maybe remitted in order that tin rusts may be taxed.— Auditors of the Exchequer. See commissioners of audit, under audit. auditoria, u. Plural of auditorium. auditorial (4-di-to'ri-al), a. [Cf. LI., auditori- alis, pertaining to a school [auditorium), Ml,. auditorialis scholasticus, an advocate: < 1.1.. auditorius, auditory, < L. auditor, a. hearer: see auditory."] 1. Auditory. Sir .'. Stoddart. [Rare.] — 2. Of or pertaining to an auditor of a mnts, or to audits. auditorium (a>di-to'ri-um), n. ; pi. auditoriums, auditoria (-urnz, -ii). [L., a court of justice, a hall of audience, a school, assembled hear- ers, in ML. also a reception-room in a monas- tery ; neiit. of IjL. auditorius, of or for hear- ing: see auditory, a.] 1. In a church, theater, public hall, or the like, the space allotted to the hearers or audience. — 2. Li monasteries, an apartment for receiving visitors; a parlor or reception-room. auditorship (a'di-tpr-ship), n. The office of auditor. auditory (a'di-to-ri), a. [< LL. auditorius, of or for hearing, < L. auditor, a hearer, < audire, pp. auditus, hear: see audient.] 1. Pertaining to hearing or to the sense or organs of hear- ing: as, the auditory nerve. — 2. Pertaining to an auditorium ; designed for an audience : as, the auditory part of a theater. [Rare.] —Audi- tory artery! " branch of the basilar artery which ac- companies the auditory nerve and supplies the labyrinth of the ear.— Auditory canal, the meatus auditorius ex- teriors and internus. See meatus, and cut under ear. — Auditory crest, auditory hairs, auditory plate, in cephalopods. See extracts. The terminations of the auditory nerves either form the auditory plate, which is a thickened portion of the epi- thelium, from which the cells send hair-like processes (auditory hairs') (Sepia); or an auditory crest, which gen- erally takes a curved direction, and which is likewise covered by modified epithelium. Gegenbaur, Comp. Anat. (trans.), p. 357. Cells bearing or developed into long auditory hairs, which are to be regarded as the peripheral end organs of the vestibular branches of the auditory nerve. Encyc. Brit., VII. 592. Auditory duct (ductus cochlearis or ductus auditorius), ii term applied to the interval between the tneinbrana tec- toria and the membrana basilaris of the human cochlea. — Auditory nerve, the special nerve of hearing, which enters tile ear parts by the meatus auditorius internus, and is distributed to the membranous labyrinth. In Willis's enumeration it was known as the portio mollis of the seventh cranial nerve; now it is generally mnkoncd as the eighth cranial nerve. Also called the acoustic nerve. Sec cut under brain. — Auditory ossicles. See ossicle. —Auditory process, or external auditory process, the projecting border of the external auditory meatus to which the cartilage of the ear is attached.— Auditory vesicle, the vesicle formed in the embryo by the invo- lution of the epiblast on either side of the bead; the rudi- ment of the membranous labyrinth of the car.— Internal auditory foramen. See foramen. auditory (a'di-to-ri), ». ; pi. auditories (-riz). [< L. auditorium : see auditorium.] 1. An audience ; an assembly of hearers, as in a church, lecture-room, theater, etc. He had not the popular way of preaching, nor is in any measure lit for our plaine and vulgar auditorie, as Ins predecessor was. Evelyn, Diary. .Mar. ... 1673. Having entered his court, he [Bacon] addressed the splendid auditory in a grave and dignified Bpeech. Macaulay, Lord Bacon. 2. A place for hearing or for the accommoda- tion of hearers; an auditorium; specifically, in a church, the nave, in which the hearers or congregation are assembled. When Agrippa and Bernice entered into the auditory. Wyclif, Ants sxv. 3f. A bench on which a judge sits to hear causes. — 4f. A lecture-room; a philosophical school. N. E. J). auditress (ft'di-tres), «. [< auditor + -ess.] A female hearer. Wain relating, she sole auditress. Milton, r. f.., viii. 51. auditual (a-dit'ii-al), a. [< L. auditus (audi- ta-), hearing (sec audit, ».), + -at.] Relating to hearing; auditory. Coleridge. [Bare.] auft (at), a- The older form of oaf. a nui i- changeling, a very monster, an auf imperfect. But ton, \iini. "i Mel., p. 607. au fait (6 fa). [F. ; lit., to the point or fact: on. to the (see au-) ; fait, < Ij. factum, fact : see feat and fact] Up to the murk ; fully skilled or ii|i]islicd ; expert ; possessing or show- ing tic roil, ii loss in' skill of :m adept : followed by oi oi- in : as, he is quite on fait at t lie game, 'fbe natives |of Maitna] seemed quite au fait in the matter of monetary transactions ami i ... h in . Lady Brassey, Voyage of Sunbeam, 1. xiii. auger au fond (6 E6n). [F.: au. at the (see au 2 ) ; fond, bottom: seefund.] At bottom; essentially. I'. March was timid. Laura was a woman of sense, and yet, like all w ii, aufond, a coquette. ft /». Warner, Roundabout Joumey,p. it. auget, augest, auxt, ». [It. Sp. Pg. auge, nemo, summit. ML. auges, aux, < Ar. Pers. auj, top, summit, altitude, zenith, ascendant of a plan- et.] In old astron. : (a) Properly, the apogee of a planet, or the longitude of the apogee. (b) Either apsis of the orbit, (c) The culmi- nation or point of culmination. Augean (a-je'an), a. [< L. .[mints, Augias, < Or. Avyiac, Avyeiac, king of Elis (see def.), ac- cording to one tradition a son of the Sun and Naupidamcj prob. < avyi), splendor, sunlight.] Of or pertaining to Augeas or Augeias, one of the Argonauts, and afterward king of Elis, or resembling his stables; hence, very filthy. — Augean stable, in Gr. math., a stable in which this king kept M.i xnn, and which had lint been cleaned tin" thirty years, so that the task of cleaning it bad come to be deemed impracticable. Hercules accomplished the task in a single day, by turning the river Alpheus through the stable. Hence", cleansing tie Augean stable ha come a synonym for the removal of longstanding nui- sances, abuses, and the like. auger (S/ger), n. [Initial n has boon lost, as in adder, umpire, etc. ; early mod. E. also augre, augor, etc., and. with orig. n, nauger, < ME. nauger, naugor, earlier navegor, < AS. nafogdr, tiafetjdr (= I), avegaar, eveger, egger = L'ti. «. milier, neber = Icel, nafarr (for *naf- gemrt), Sw.nafvare (for "nafgare); cf. Finn. napdkaira, < Tout.), < na/u, nave, + gar, a borer, spear: see nave 1 -, gar\ and gore 2 .] 1. An instrument for boring holes larger than Cook's Auger. Expanding Auger. those bored by a bit or gimlet, it consists of an iron shank ending in a steel bit, and a handle placed at right angles with the shank. The augers formerly made with a straight channel or groove am called pod-augers; augers "f the i lern form, with spiral channels, are called screw-augers. The ordinary screw-auger is forged as a paralleled blade of steel, which is twisted while red-hot The end terminates in a worm, by which the auger is gradually drawn into thi' work, like the gimlet. Am .tint form is that of a cylindri- cal shaft, around which is brazed a single fin oi' rib, tlic end being made inln a worm, and mini' oiately behind the worm a small diamet- rical mortise is formed for the reception of a detached cutter, which exactly resembles the chisel-edge of the center-bit. Expanding au- gers have cutters susceptible of radial adjust- ment for boring holes "f different sizes. In the slotting-auger, used for channels, mortises, etc., the cutting lips are upon the side of the auger as wall as at the end, and the piece to be groov- ed is fed against them laterally. .Mortises are i id by causing the auger i" penetrate t" the sinning- proper depth, ami then feeding the work later- Auger, ally to the required length, 'tin two rounded ends of tin' mortise are then squared with a chisel. The square-hole auger is an auger revolving within a rectangular tube or boring, whose lower edge is sharpened to cut away tin- remaining substance of the square circumscribing the round hole which the auger bores a little in nil vance. 2. An instrument for boring the soil, such an in- strument used in setting postl nailed a i and oni n .1 ascertaining the nature oi the S lib soil, the pn or absence in mi ter, etc., is called specifically an earth-boring augi r Augers for the tat ter use am Of VS rious kinds, but they all run i I ol three parts, name- ly: a handle bj w Inch two or more inin can work the instrument; the bitj i ith, or cutting piece : ami rods for connecting the handle with the bit or cutting piece.— Annular auger. Seeonnuiar. Post-hole Augc auger-bit auger-bit (ft'ger-bi( |, n. A small auger used wiili a brace or bit-stock, auger-faucet (a'ger-ffl/set), n. A faucet with an auger attached. i: v mans nf tin- augei a hole is bored Dearly through the wood oi the cask, or the like, in which the faucet is to be inserted, and the faucet is then fixed i',\ a Bingle blow. The auger is withdrawn through the faucet by :i rack and pinion. auger-gage (a'ger-gaj), u. A collar, sleeve, or clamp attached to the shank of an auger, to prevent it from penetrating beyond tho de- sired point. auger-hole (a'ger-hol), n. A hole made by an auger. Hid in an auger-hole. Shah., Macbeth, ii. 3. auger-shell (a'ger-shel), n. A shell of tho ge- nus linlira and family Terebridw. Seo cut under Tin bra. auger-stem (a'ger-stem), n. The iron rod or bar to which the bit is attached in rope-drilling. auger-twister (a'ger-tvvis tor). «. A machine for twisting the blanks for screw-augers. augest, "■ Wee iiin/i . auget (a'jet; F. pron. 6-zha'), n. [F., dim. of auge, a trough, < L. al/veus, a trough, channel, hollow: see alreus.'] Milit., a small trough ex- tending from the chamber of a mine to the ex- tremity of a gallery, to protect from dampness a saueisson or tube filled with powder. augh (a; Sc. pron. ach), interj. [Cf. aw, ah, oh.~\ An exclamation of disgust. [U. S. and Scotch.] aught 1 (at), ». or pron. [In two forms: (1) aught, < ME. iiiiijlit, an flit, aiilit, iii/lit, agt, alit, < AS. airilit. nwiiht, with vowel shortened from oi-ig. long, thrilit : (2) ought, < ME. ought, ouht, oght, agt, alit, < AH. air ilit, dirulit. contr. illit. with labialized vowel, owilit, Oirnht (= OS. eowiht = OFries. awet, del = 1>. lets = OHG. eowiht, iowiht, iewiht, MUG. ieht, Hit, ieioet, iet), < a, ever, in comp. a generalizing prefix, + wiht, wight, whit, thing: lit. 'ever a whit': see ay 1 and whit, wight, and cf. the negative naught, nought, 'never a whit.' There is no essential difference between the two spellings aught and ought; the former is now preferred.] Any- thing whatever ; any part : used in interroga- tive, negative, and conditional sentences. Is there cro^Atelse, my friends, I can doforyoul Addison, t'ato, iv. 4. Unfaith in aught is want of faith in all. Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien. aught 1 ! (at), adr. [< ME. aught, etc.; prop, ace. of the noun.] In any respect ; in any way ; at all; by any chance. Can he aught telle a mery tale or tweye? Chaucer, Pro], to Canon's Yeoman's Tale, I. 44. Th. icon mused he If that the ehildes moder were aught she That was his wyf. Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale, 1. 936. aught 2 t, v. An obsolete form of ought". aught 3 t (at), n. [Now only in Sc, written audit (acht), < ME. aught, aughte, auchte, oght, auhte, ahte, etc., < AS. icht, pi. mhta (= OHG. Shi = Goth, aihts, property, = Icel. astt, family), with formative -t, < dgan (pret. ahte), have, hold, own : see ought 2 and owe.'] Possession ; prop- erty. The surest gear in their a ught. Scott, Quentln Durward, I. vii. aught 4 (at, acht), a. and n. An obsolete or dialectal form of eight*. aughtwheret (at'hwar), adv. [< aught*, adr., + where. 1 Anywhere. Chaucer. augite (a'jit), n. [= F. augite, < L. augites, a precious stone, < Gr. *avy'm}c, < av}>), bright- ness, sunlight.] The dark-green to black va- riety of pyroxene characteristic of basic erup- tive rocks like basalt. It differs from other varieties of pyroxene in containing a considerable proportion of alumina. The name is sometimes used to include the whole species. See pyroxene. augitic (a-jit'ik), a. [< augite + -ic] Pertain- ing to augite ; resembling augite, or partaking of its nature and characters; composed of or containing augite. — Augitic porphyry, a rock with a dark-gray or greenish base, containing conspicuous crys- tals of augite and Labrador feldspar. auglettet, ». An obsolete form of aglet. augment (ag'inent), n. [< ME. augment, < OF. augment = Pg. augmento = Sp. It. aumento, < L. augmentum, increase, growth, < augere, in- crease: see auction.'} If. Increase; enlarge- ment by addition ; augmentation. This augment of the tree. /. Waltun, Complete Angler. 2. In gram., an addition at the beginning of certain past indicative tenses of the verb in a part of the Indo-European languages. In San- 379 skrit it is always t' n fever between its commencement and ils height. [Rare.] augment (ag-menf), v. [< ME. augmenten, < ill'', allium uii r, earner aumenter = sp. aumen- tar = Pg. inii/mi iitnr = It. aumentare, < EL. itui/nii iitnrr, increase, < P. augmentum, an in- crease: seo augment, w.] I. trans. 1. To in- crease; enlarge in size or extent; swell: as, to augtnentan army by reinforcement; impatience augments an evil. lie it your care To augment jour heap of wealth. I'l, tcher (and another), Elder Brother, i. 2. Though fortune change, his constant spouse remains: Augments bis joys or mitigates his pains. Pope, January and May, 1. 42. The general distress did but augment the pietyand eon- firm the fortitude of the colonists. Bai roft, Hist U. S., 1.284. 2. In gram., to add an augment to. Most [Greek] verbs beginning with a consonant augment the imperfect and aorist by prefixing > . Goodwin, Greek Gram., s 101. 3. In her., to make an honorable addition to, as a coat of arms. Henry VIII. granted to the earl of Surrey to augment his arms with a demi-lion, gules, pierced through the mouth with an arrow. Encyc. Brit., XI. 690. Augmented interval. See interval— Augmented sur- face, a term first used by Rankine to denote an immersed or wetted surface sufficiently greater than the actual sur- face of a vessel to give, when substituted for the actual quantity in estimations of the speed of a vessel, results which conform to the actual performance. II. intrant;. To become greater in size, amount, degree, etc. ; increase ; grow larger. The winds redouble and the streams augment. Dryden, tr. of Virgil's Georgics, i. 4<-i ;. Her fears augmented as her comforts fled. Crabbe, Tales of the Hall. augmentable (ag-men'ta-bl), a. [< augment + -able.] Capable of being augmented or in- creased. augmentation (ag-men-ta/shon), n. [< ML. augmentatio(n-), < LL. augmentare, pp. auijinen- taius; augment: see augment, ».] 1. Tho act of increasing or making larger by addition, ex- pansion, or dilatation ; the act of adding to or enlarging ; the state or condition of being made larger. Bacon, holding that this method was insufficient and futile for the augmentation of real and useful knowledge, published his Novum Organon. Whewell, Nov. Org. Renovatum, Pref. 2. That by which anything is augmented ; an addition: as, the augmentation amounted to $500 a year. He does smile his face into more lines than are in the new map with the augmentation of the Indies. Shak., T. X., iii. 2. Specifically — 3. In music, where much repe- tition and imitation of themes is required, the modification of a theme or subject by systemati- cally increasiugthe origi- nal time-value of all its notes. — 4. In her., an ad- ditional charge to a coat- armor, granted as a mark of honor to an armiger. It is borne on an ordinary or subordinacy in such a way as to be evidently an addition to the paternal coat, and in an- cient times was more rarely used as an addition to the bear- ings on the field. Also called addition. 5. In pathol., same as augment, 3 — Augmenta- tion Court, in England, a court established by Henry VILLI, to augment the revenues of the crown by the sup- pression of monasteries, ft was dissolved on the access! m of Queen Mary.— By augmentation, in England, a phrase formerly used in tile army-promotion lists to signify that an officer's appointment had been conferred by the crea- tion of a new patent, not by the purchase of an old one. — Process of augmentation, in Scotland, a process in the teind court, raised by the minister of a parish against the titular and heritors, for the purpose of obtaining an aug- mentation of bis stipend. augmentationer (ag-men-ta'shon-er), n. An officer belonging to the Augmentation Court (which see, under augmentation). Here now I speak to you my masters, minters, augmen- tatumers. Latimer, 2d Seruiou bef. Edw. VI., 1550. augur augmentative iug' men'ta-tiv), a. andn. [=F. aiii/mi iilutil. < I.!., as il nini, iii iitatinis. ( • mentare, pp. augmentatus: see augment, ».] I. a. 1. Having the quality or power of aug- menting. — 2. In gram., expressing augmi tion or increase in the force of the idea con- veyed : applied both to words and « hieh effect this. II. «. A wonl formed to express increased intensity of the idea conveyed by it, or an affix which serves this purpose. Also auaminliri i, augmentatively (ag-men'ta-tiv-U), adv. So as to augment or increase ; in the manner of a Q augment. augmenter (ag-men'ter), n. One who or that which augments. augmentive (ag-men'tiv), a. and ii. [< aug- ment + -we.] Same as augmentative. augmentless (ag'ment-les), «. [< augment + -less.] Without an augment. \il.litiunal forms — agasis.un, a'jasis. a'_';isit. and the augmentless gasisus are found throughout the Brah- mauas and Upauisbads. .leer. Jour. Philol., VI. 276. augoert, augret, »• obsolete spellings of auger. augrimt, ». A Middle English form of ah/arism. augrim-stonest, »■ pi- Stones used as counters in arithmetical calculations, some standing for units, others for tens, etc. His augrimstoones, ieyen faire apart. Chaucer, Miller's Tale. Augsburg Confession. See confession. augur (a'ger), n. [< ME. augur, < L. augur, ear- lier auger, of uncertain origin, perhaps < avis, a bird (cf. au-spex and au-cupation), + -gur, con- nected with garrire, talk, chatter.] 1. Among the ancient K'omans, a functionary whose duty it was to observe and to interpret, according to traditional rules, the auspices, or reputed natural signs concern- ing future events. These auspices were stud- ied, witha fixed ceremonial, in the following classes of phenomena: (1) signs from the heavens, including thunder and lightning, and other meteorological mani- festations; (2) Bigns from the direction of flight or the various cries of birds ; (3) signs from the manner of eating of domestic hi ns kept for this purpose ; (I) signs from the movements and attitudes of animals ; (5)evil omens from various fortuitous incidents, such as the fall of any object, the gnawing of a mouse, the ' ri aking of a chair, etc., occurring during the augural ceremonies, or when these were about to begin Augur. (From a Roman bas-relief.) Arms of first Duke of Wel- lington with the augmenta- tion granted to him, viz., An Inescutcheon 0/ England. (From Boutell'a "Herald- ry.") The official or public, augurs, who constituted a college, probably founded by Xuma, were originally three in number. By the time of Tarquin they had been increased to six. After ::ito B. c. the number became nine, of whom five must be plebeians. Sulla made the number fifteen; Julius Csesar, sixteen, not including his own official membership in his character of perpetual chief priest and dictator; and toward the close of the empire the number was still further increased. The augurs wore the sacerdotal prsetexta, or toga with a broad purple border, and their distinctive emblem was the curved rod called the lituus, with which they marked out the limits of the temptum or boundary within which the omens with which they had to do were to beobserved. Before any public business or ceremony was undertaken the augurs decided whether the auspices were propitious, or whether unfavorable omens demanded interruption or delay; they conducted the inauguration or examination of priests, temples, and places, stub as new settlements, ami fixed tire times of movable festivals. In tlie engrav* ing, the figure holds the lituus in his right hand, while en, of the sacred fowls appears at his feet. Hence — 2. One who pretends to foretell future events by omens; a soothsayer: a prophet; one who bodes, forebodes, or portends. rur of ill, whose tongue was never found Without a priestly curse or boding sound. Dryden, Iliad, i. 155. augur (a'ger), r. [= F. augurer = Sp. Pg. au- i/urar = It. augurare, < L. augurari; from the noun.] I. trans. 1. To prognosticate from signs, omens, or indications; predict; antici- pate : with a personal subject. I did augur all this to him beforehand. /;, Jonson, Poetaster, i. 1. I augur everything from the approbation the proposal has met with. Sir J. Hersehel. 2. To betoken; forebode: with a non-personal or impersonal subject. Sooth was my prophecy of fear; Believe it when it augurs cheer. Scott, I.. of the L., iv. 11. = Syn. 2. To portend, presage, foreshadow, be ominous of. of the legion. — 2. augur II. intrans. 1. To conjecture from signs or omens. M\ power's a crescent, and my atiguring hope Says it will come to the full. Sluuc, A. and C, ii. 1. 2. To be a sign; bode: with well or ill. Itaugurs iU for an undertaking . . . to find Buch dis sensions in headquarters. II'. Belsham, Hist. Eng. augural (a'gu-ral), a. [< L. auguralis, pertain- ing to an augur, < augur, augur.] Pertaining to an augur, or to the duties or profession of an augur; of or pertaining to divination; ominous: as, "portents augural," Cowper. augurateH (a'gu-rat), ». i. or i.\ pret. and pp. auguraied, ppr. augurating. [< L. auguratus, pp". of augurari, augur: see augur, v., and -att -.1 To conjecture or foretell by augury; predict; act as an augur. 1 augurated truly the improve nt they would receive tins way. Warburton, To Hurd, Letters, eii. augurate- (a'gu-rat), «. [< L. auguratus, the office of augur, < augur: see augur, «., and augusta (a-gus'tii), « -ate'-*.] The office of augur; augurship. augurationt (a-gu-ra'shon), n. [< L. augura- Uo{n-), < augurari, pp. auguratus, augur: see augur, v.] The practice of augury, or the fore- telling of events by signs or omens: as, "tri- pndiary augurations," Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., i. 11. augure 1 t, »■ [For 'auger, for *algcrc, appar. < D. aalgeer, aalger, elger, < mil (= E. eel) + -ger (= AS. gar), a spear: see gar 1 , gore-.} An eel-spear. augure' 2 t, "■ [Also augur, < OF. augure, < L. augurium : see augury.] Augury. augurert (a'ger-er), n. An augur. Shak. augurial (a-gu'ri-al), a. [< L. augurialis, col- lateral f orm of auguralis : see augural.} Of or pertaining to augurs or augury; augural. As for tin- divination or decision from the start', it is an augurial relic. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err. augurismt (a'ger-izm), n. [< augur + -ism.} Augury. auguristt (a'ger-ist), n. [< augur + -ist. Cf. augurize.} An augur. augurizet (a'ger-Iz), r. t. or i. [< augur + -i.e.] To augur ; act as an augur. augurdust (a'ger-us), a. [< augur + -ous.} Predicting; foretelling; foreboding. Presaging in their augurous hearts. Chapman, Iliad, xviii. 191. augurship (a'ger-ship), ft. [< augur + -ship.] The office or period of office of an augur. augury (a'gu-ri), ». ; pi. auguries (-riz). [< ME. augury, < I >L\ augurie (ME. also augure, < OP. augurt ) = Sp. Pg. It. augurio, < L. augurium, divination, prognostication, omen, < augur, au- gur: see augur, «.] 1. The art or practice of foretelling events by signs or omens. She knew by augury divine. Swift, i ladenus and Vanessa. The throne ami sceptre of Ithaca were to be disposed l>y augury, by the will of Jove, signified by some omen. ./. Adams, Works, IV. 571. 2. That which forebodes ; that from which a prediction is drawn; an omen or significant token. Sad auguries of winter thence she drew. Dryden, Hind and Panther, iii. 441. I nail this interchange of sentiment . . . as an augury that . . . the peace and friendship which now exist be- tween tlie two nations will he . . . perpetual Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 462. 3. Figuratively, indication ; presage ; promise. Bis diligence at school . . . gme augury oi his future aplishments, Sumner, John Pickering. =Syn. Portent, Sign, etc. See omen. august 1 (a-gusr), «• [= >". auguste = Sp. Pg. It. augusto, < I/, augustus, venerable, worthy of horn an. aUc; > NL. Al- ca, q. v.] A diving bird belonging to the fam- ily Alcidce and the order Pygopodes, character- ized by having 3 toes, webbed feet, and short wings and tail. Originally the name was specifically applied to the great auk, or garefowl, Alca impennis, which became extinct about 1M4, notable as the largest bird of the family and the only one deprived of the power of flight by reason of the smallness of its wings, though these were as perfectly formed as in other birds. It was about 30 inches long, the length of the wing being only about 6 inches. Its color was dark-brown above and white below, with a large white spot before the eye. It abounded on both coasts of the North Atlantic, nearly or quite to the arctic circle, and south on the American side to Massa- chusetts. The name came to be also specifically applied to the razor-billed auk, Alca or Utamania tarda, a simi- lar but much smaller species, about 15 inches long, with a white line instead of a spot before the eye; and finally, as a book-name, it was made synonymous with Alcidce. Several North Pacific species stilt bear the name, as the rhinoceros auk (Ccratorhina mvnocerata), the crested auk (Simorhynchus cristatellus), etc. ; but other special names are usually found for most of the birds of this family, as puflin, murre, guillemot, dovekie, auklet, etc. There are about 24 species belonging to the family. See Alca, Al- cidce. auk'-'t, a. Same as awk 1 . inctive ornaments, had places of honor in the theaters, auklet (ak'let), Ii. [< auk + dim. -let.] A lit- tle auk. Specifically applied to several small species of 380 Augustus (so. mensis, month), August: so named by the emperor Augustus Caesar (see august 3 1 in his own honor, following the example of Julius Cesar, who gave his name to the preceding month, July. The earlier name of August was Sextilis (< sextos = E. sixth, it being the sixth month in the old calendar).] The eighth month of tic year, containing thirty-one days, reckon- ed the first month of autumn in Great Britain, but the last of summer in the United States. See month. august- (a'gust), v. t. [= F. aodter, ripen, = Sp. agostar, be parched, dial, plow land in August, pasture cattle on stubble in sum- mer (see agostadero); from August-, n.] It. To make brown or sunburnt. Evelyn. — 2. To ripen; bring to fruition. [Poetical.] He for . . . dear nations toiled, And augusted man's heavenly hopes. Bailey, Mystic, 1. 55. (.V. E. D.) [See august 1 .] A name given in Central America to a valuable timber- tree, the botanical relations of which are un- known. augustal (a-gus'tal), n. [< L. Augustalis, relat- ing to Augustus, the title assumed by the em- perors, < augustus, venerable : see august 1 .] 1. Under the ancient Roman empire : (a) A priest of the lares at the cross-roads, an office first established by Augustus, (b) A priest of a college or brotherhood (sodales Augustales) of members of the imperial house and some other persons of high rank, whose duty it was to maintain the religious rites of the Julian fam- ily : instituted by Tiberius, (c) A member of a private college or corporation, of which there were many in Rome and throughout the prov- inces, formed to do reverence, by religious ceremonies and otherwise, to the memory of Augustus, and, at a later date, to pay divine honors to the reigning emperor also. The office of augustal became hereditary, and carried with it the assessment of certain public dues, and the giving to the public of stated feasts and shows. The augustals wore dis and enjoyed other privileges, (rf) Under the early empire, a general name for subaltern officers Obverse. Reverse. Augustal, in the British Museum. ( Size ef the original.) The name of an Italian gold coin, weigh- ing from 30 to 40 gin ins, issued in the thirteenth century by the emperor Frederick II. as king of Si- cily. It bears a resemblance to gold coins of the ancient Ro- man empire. augustalis (a-gus-ta'lis), «.; pi. augustales (-lez). Same as augustal, 2. Augustan (a-gus'tan), a. [< L. Augustanus, pertaining to Augustus, or to cities named Augusta: see, August 2 .] 1. Pertaining to the Emperor Augustus (31 B. c. to A. D. 14) : as, the Augustan age. The Augustan age was the most brilliant period in Roman literature; hence the phrase lias been applied by analogy to similar periods in the lit- erary history of other countries. Thus the reien ,,i Louis XIV. has been called the Augustan age of French litera- ture, while that of Queen Anne has received this distinc- tion in English. 2. Pertaining to the town Augusta Vindelico- riim, now Augsburg, in Bavaria: as, the Au- gustan Confession, commonly called the Augs- burg Confession. See confession. Augustin, Augustine (a-gus'tin or a'gus-tin), n. [< L. Augustinus, a proper name, < Augus- tus, name of' Roman emperors: see August 2 . The name Austin is a contraction of Augustin.] A name formerly given to a member of one of the monastic fraternities following the rule of St. Augustine. See Augnslininn.- Augustine disputation, a disputation formerly held at Oxford on the iea-i of st. Augustine. Augustinian (a-gus-tin'i-an), a. and n. [< L. Augustinus, Augustine.] I. ii. Eelating or pertaining to SI. Augustine or his doctrines, ol- io I ho order of monks following his rule. II. a. 1. A member of one of several reli- gious orders deriving their name and rule from St. August ini'. The regular ci -,asi. lugustine, i.i Austin Cai alter 1 loo, and etc. The hermits of St. Augustine, or Austin friars, now known as Augustinians, form one of the four mendicant orders,. i lb, lo. man Catholic Church; they were gathered into one body loan several congri [ations in the middle of the thirteenth century. A reformed branch ol this order is known as the barefooted AugusHnians. There have also Crested Auklet [Simorhynchus cristatellus). Alcidce, of the genera Simorhynchus, Ombria, and Ply- chorhamphus, as the crested auklet Simorhynchus ens- tateUus; the parrakeet auklet, Ombria psittacula; the Aleutian auklet, Ptychorhamphus aleuticus. aul (al), >i. [B. dial., a reduction of alder 1 .] The alder. When the bud ..f the aul is as big as the trout's eye, Then that fish is in season in the river Wye. Local Eng. proverb. aula (a'la), ".; pi- aulce (-16). [L., a hall, a court, < fir. avAij, a hall, a court, orig. an open court, prob. as being open to the air, < afpiax, blow: see air 1 , aura, and asthma : cf. aiiA^f, a pipo, flute.] 1. A court or hall.— 2. [NL.] In anat., the anterior portion of the third ven- tricle of the brain, corresponding to the cavity of the primitive prosencephalon; a niesal por- tion of the common ventricular cavity of the brain; in the amphibian brain, the ventricle of the unpaired cerebral rudiment. — 3. [NL.] In zobl., the cavity of a colony of infusorians, as members of VolvOX or Kiiilnrina. A. Hyatt. — Aula Regia or Regis (Hoyal or Kings Court), a i t established by William the Conqueror in his own hall, whence the name, it was composed of the great officers of slate resident in the palace, of the king's justiciars, and the greater barons. It formed an advisory body consulted bj the king in matters of great Importance. Also called Curia Regis. See curia, 2. ns, were introduced into Great Britain soon A. 1 i„„ aT1 4.v a f-'i-l-i-k-m'tlei) » 1NL < Gr. had houses at Pontefract, Scone, Holyr 1. AUiacantna (a i.i K.in i a i, n. L" 1 - 1 -. ^ «»• lir/or, pipe, lube, + iltitirllu, II s|Ulie.] A genus of r.i.lioinriaiis, representing a peculiar family, the Aiiliieiiulliiila: llaeelel, 1800. aulacanthid (&-la-kan'thid), n. A radiolarian of the family Aulneaiilliiihe. .->--^i: Grntind-pig {Altlacodits STvinderiantis). Aulacanthidae Aulacanthidae (8>la-kan'thi-de), n. pi. [NL., < Aulacanllia + -itla:] A family of tripyleans or acantharian radiolarians, with a skeleton consisting of a superficial pallium of live tan- gential tubes and a number of strong radial spiculos, simple or branched, which pierce the mantle. The; are deep-sea organisms, and are divided into a number of genera, as Aulneunthu, Autuspathis, Sulocapkis, Aulodendrum, etc Kaechel. aulacode (a'la-kod),«. [< Aulacodus.] Aspiny ground-rat of the genus Aulacodus. Aulacodus ( a-la-ko'dus), n. [NL., < Gr. av'Aa^, a furrow, + booi cj° tooth.] 1. A genus of rodents, of the family Octodontidce and subfami- ly Echitnyi- nce, including one African species, A. swinderianus, S winder's au- lacode, the ground-pig. It is a lame bur- rowing animal, about 2 feet long, with a stout body, short limbs, ears, and tail, flattened and channeled bristly hairs like spines, and triply grooved teeth. 2. A genus of coleopterous insects. Esch- scholt-, 1832. aula?, ». Plural of aula. aularian (a-la'ri-an), a. and re. [< ML. aularis, < L. aula, hall.] I. a. Relating to a hall. II. re. At English universities, especially Ox- ford, a member of a hall, as distinguished from a collegian. aulary (a'la-ri), a. [< ML. aularis: see aula- rian.'] Same as tiiiliiritin. aulatela (a-la-te'la), ».; pi. aulatcltc (-le). [NL., irreg. < aula (see aula i + L. tela, a web.] In anat., the atrophied or membranous roof of the aula. See aula, 2. aulbet, »• An obsolete form of alb 1 . auld (aid), a. [So., = E. old, q. v.] Old. Take thine auld cloak about thee. Quoted in Shak., Othello, ii. 3. Auld brrMe. See birkie.— Auld lang syne. [Auld = E. old; lain/ = E. long; syne = E. since: see sync] A 3cotch phrase denoting days or times long since past, especially happy times. — Auld Wives' tongues, an old name of the asp, Populus tremula, "This tree is the matter whereof women's toougs were made, as the poets and some others report, which seldom cease wagging." Gerard. Auldana (al-da'nii), n. An Australian redwine. auld-farand, auld-farrant (ald-fa'rand, -rant), a. [So., < auld + farand.] Having the ways or thoughts of an old person; resembling an old or at least a grown-up person ; hence, saga- cious ; wily ; knowing more than was expected : most frequently applied to children. [Scotch.] aulen (a'len), a. [E. dial., a reduction of at- . CI. aid.] Aldern ; of alder. [Prov. Eng.] auletes (a-le'tez), n. ; pi. auletai (-ti). [Gr. avkijTJic, < av?.eiv, play on the flute, < avAAc, a flute, a pipe, tube, < af/vat, blow. Cf. aula.~\ In ancient Greece, a flute-player. Before him on the right stands an auletes. Cat. ,,/' Vases in Brit. Museum, II. 86. auletic (a-let'ik), a. [< L. auleticus, < Gr. avfa/- tik6c, of or for the flute (cf. avAnrijc, a flute- player), < ni-hiv, play on the flute: see auletes.] Pertaining to instruments of the flute kind. It is true that the ancients also had an instrumental music separate from poetry ; lint while this in modern times has been coming more and more to be the crown of musical art, it was confined in antiquity to the kitharistic and auletic nomes. J. llatiley, Essays, p. 90. auletris (a-le'tris), n. ; pi. aulctrides (-tri-dez). [Gr. av'/i)-pi<;, fem. of av/j/ri/r: see auletes.'] In ancient Greece, a fe- male flute-player. In the centre an auletris, looking to the right, playing on the double liute. Cat. of Vases in Brit. {Museum, II. 15. aulic (a'lik), a. and n. [< L. aulicus. < Gr. ai-'/i- aoc, of the court, < av/ij, court: see aula.] I. a. 1 . Pertaining to a royal court. In the old German empire, the Aulic Council was the personal council of the emperor, and one of the two supreme courts of the em- pire which decided without appeal. It was instituted about 1502, and organized „*$*£■* £duE£. *&*£ lUlder a definite constitution a Greek red-figured vase; 5th in 1559, modified in 1654. It century b. c.) 381 finally consisted of a president, a vice-president, and eighteen councilors, six ol whom were Protestante; the unani is vote of the latter could noi be set aside bj the others. The Aulic Council ceased to exist on the ex- tinction ol the German empire lnl806. The title is nofl given to the Council of state of the Emperor of Austria. Also utiltcul. 2. [(. aula,2.] In anat., of or pertaining to the aula. Wilder. II. n. Formerly, in the University of Paris, the ceremony of conferring the degree of doc- tor in theology, including a harangue by the chancellor and a disputation upon a thesis written and defended by the candidate : so called because it was held in the great hall of the archbishopric. aulical (a'li-kal), '/. Same as milii; 1. aulicism (a'li-sizui), re. [< aulic + -ism.] A courtly phrase or expression. aulin (a'lin), n. [Also written allin, alien, nl- htn ; according to Edmonston (Shetland tiloss.) < Icel. "aliiiu. a parasite" (cf. the specific name parasiticus), prop, one fed, being pp. of alii, bear, nourish, feed: see alie 1 and all.] The arctic gull, Stercorarius parasiticus, also call- ed dirty-alien, scouty-aulin or aulin-scouty, and sl:a it-bird. See scmttij-aidin and skait-iiird. aulin-SCOUty (a'lin-skou'ti), n. Same as aulin. auliplexus (a-li-plek'sus), ».; pi. auliplexus or auliplexuses i-cz). [NL., < aula, 2, + plexus.] In anat., the aulic portion of the diaplexus; that part of the choroid plexus which is in the aula. See aula, 2. Wilder and Gage, Anat. Tech., p. 473. aulmonieret, ». See aumdniere. aulnt, «. See aune. aulnaget, ». See (linage. aulnagert, »■ See alnager. aulophyte (a'lo-fit), ». [< Gr. ahloe, a pipe, tube, + tpvrov, a plant.] A plant living within another, but chiefly for shelter, not parasiti- cally, as some minute alga?. Aulopora (a-lop'o-ra), n. [NL., < Gr. ab?,6c, a pipe, + nopor, a pore'.] A genus of fossil sclero- dermatous corals, of the group Tubulosa, giving name to a family Aitlnporiiln: aulorhynchid (a-lo-ring'kid), n. A fish of the Ian iilv Auhirlii/nchiihr. Aulor'hynchidae (a-lo-ring'ki-de), n. pi. [NL., < Aulorhynchus + -ida\] A family of hemi- branchiate fishes, with an elongated subcylin- drical body, elongated tubiform snout, sides with rows of bony shields, and subthoracic ventral fins having a spine and four rays each. Aulorhynchus (a-lo-ring'kus), n. [NL., < Gr. abide, a flute, pipe, + pi'YX or t snout.] A genus of fishes, typical of the family AulorTiynchidai. A. Jlaridus, the only known species, occurs on the Pacific coast of the United States. Aulosphaera (a-lo-sfe'rit), n. [NL., < Gr. avA.6e, a pipe, + eupaipa, sphere.] A genus of radio- larians, typical of the family Aulospha ridai. Aulosphaeridae (a-lo-sfe'ri-de), n. pi. [NL., < Aulospluera + -ida-.] A family of tripylean or acantharian radiolarians, with a fenestrated shell composed in a peculiar fashion of hollow tubes. It is a group of several deep-sea gen- era, as Aulospharti, Aulophlegma, etc. Haeckel. Aulostoma (a-los'to-ma), n. [NL. (prop. fem. of Aulnstomus ; cf. Aulostomus), < Gr. abA,6e, a pipe, + GToua, mouth: see auletes and stoma.] A genus of fishes, typical of the family Aulo- stomidm. Also Aulostomus. Aulostomatidae (a"lo-sto-mat'i-de), re. ]>l. Same as Aiiltisttiuutltt: aulostomid (a-los'to-mid), n. A fish of the family Aulostomidiv. Aulostomidae (a-16-sto'mi-de), n.pl. [NL., < Aulostoma + -ida:] A family of hemibranehi- ate fishes, typified by the genus Aulostoma, Aulostoma chinense. with a long compressed body, elongated tubi- form snout, imbricated ctenoid scales, numer- ous dorsal spines, and abdominal spineless ventral fins. Several species are known as inhabitants of tropical and warm seas. Also Aulostomatidiv. aulostomidan (a-lo-sto'mi-dan), a. and ». I. a. Pertaining to or having the characters of the Aulostomidce. II. n. A fish of tho family AulnsloniiiUv ; an aulostomid. Sir J. Bichardson. Aulostomus (a-los'to-inus), «. [NL., masc. : see Aulostoma.] Same as Aulostoma. aura aum 1 (am), ii. A dialectal form of elm. [North. Eng.] aum- (am), ii. See aam. aum :! (ani i, //, A dialectal form of alum, [North. Eng.] aum 1 , "• See iiiii. aumailt, «• and V. An obsolete form of nun I. aumbryt, "• An obsolete form of ambry. aumelett, "• An obsolete form of nun It I. aumener'r, ». An obsolete form of almoner 1 . aumener-t, "• An obsolete form of almoner'*. aumeryt, »• An obsolete form of ambry. aumone (ft'mon), n. [< !•'. aumdne, < OF. al- iimsiir, < LL. eleemosyna, alms: see alms and almoin.] In law, alms Tenure in aumone, a ten- ure by which lands are given in alms to some church or religious house. aumoniere, aulmonieret i o-mo-ni-ar'), n. [F. : see almoin r-.] A pouch or purse, often richly embroidered, carried at the girdle by persons of rank during the middle ages. The name is also given to a bag or pouch similarly worn by women at the present day. aumuce, »■ See amiceP. auncelt, "• [Early mod. E. also ancel, < ME. auncel, auneellc, turnstile, also auncere, aunsere, < AF. muni He, ntiiist Ih , appar. (by mistaking the initial / for the article V, la) for 'launa He, < It. lancella, a little balance, dim. of lance, a balance, < L. lau.r, ace. lanceni, a plate, a scale of a balance: see lauee-, Iniinei'-, and balance.] A kind of balance for weighing anciently used in England, apparently that variety of the steelyard commonly known as the Danish steel- yard, which has a movable fulcrum and a fixed weight, the forefinger often serving as the ful- crum. It was very inaccurate, ami was therefore prohib- ited by statute. In manyparts of England the term awn- eel-weight is still used tosignify weight, as of neat, which has been estimated by the hand without scales. aundert, »• A dialectal form of undent. aundiront, »• An obsolete form of andiron. aune (on), n. [F., < OF. dine, ell: see alnage and ell.] A French cloth-measure, now super- seded as a standard measure by the meter. The use of the aune nuitrigue, nouvclle, or usuelle, equal to \\ meters or 47i English inches, established in 1812, was forbidden after 1S39. The old measure of this name varied at different places : at Rouen it was the same as the Eng- lish ell, 45 inches ; at Paris, 46| inches ; at Lyons, 47J iuches ; at Calais, 68^ inches. Formerly written auln. aunget, aungelt, «. [ME., < OF. angc, angel : see angel.] Obsolete forms of angel. aunt (ant), n. [< ME. aunlt , aunt, < OF. ante, niiiite (F. tnult) = Pr. amda = It. dial, amulet, ameta, < L. ennita, aunt; cf. Icel. annua, grand- mother: see animal. Yor the change of mi tout, cf. ant 1 .] 1. The sister of one's father or mother ; also, in address or familiar use, the wife of one's uncle. — 2f. Formerly used by alumni of Oxford and Cambridge as a title for the " sister university." X. E. D. — 3f. An old woman ; an old gossip. The wisest mint telling the saddest tale. Shak., M. N. D., ii. 1. 4f. A procuress ; a loose woman. Summer songs for me and my aunts, While we lie tumbling in the bay. Shak., W. T., iv. 2. Aunt Sally, (a) In England, a favorite game at race- courses ami fairs. A wooden head is set on a pole, and a clay pipe is placed in the mouth or nose. The game con- sists in endeavoring to smash the pipe by throwing sticks or other missiles at it. (/>) The lead so used. auntert, "• The common Middle English form of adventure, n. auntert, auntret, «■ <• and t. The common Middle English forms of adventure, v. I wol arise and auntre it by my fay. Chaucer, Reeve's Tale, 1. 290. auntie, ". See aunty. auntroust, «■ The common Middle English form oi adventurous. Chaucer, aunty, auntie (Sn'ti), «. Familiar diminutive forms of aunt. aura 1 (a'rii), re. [L., a breeze, a breath of air, the air, ( Gr. avpa, air in motion, a breeze, < affrat, breathe, blow. Cf. aula, and see air 1 .] 1. A supposed influence, force, or imponder- able matter proceeding from a body and sur- rounding it as an atmosphere ; specifically, an imponderable substance supposed to emanate from all living things, to consist of the subtle essence of the individual, and to be a means of manifesting what is called animal mag- netism, and also a medium for the operation of alleged mesmeric, clairvoyant, and somnam- bulic powers. Also called nerve-aura, or ner- raura. Henei — S. Figuratively, atmosphere; ah- ; character, etc. aura He (Rossetti] appreciated to a generous extent the poetrj ol [mi - nt younger writers, but failed to see in nine-tenths of it an\ of that originalitj and individual aura that characterize work that "ill stand the time. M . Sharp, D. G. Kossetti, p. 35. The personal aura which surrounded him [s. Bowles in social intercourse was nowhere more potent than with his young men in the office. Charles G. Whiting, in Merriam's Life of Bowles, II 69 3. A peculiar sensation resembling that pro- duced by ;i current of air. See epileptic aura, below — Electric aura, a supposed electric fluid ema- nating from ati electrified body, and forming a Bori of at- mosphere around it Also called electric atmospl Epileptic aura (aura epileptica), primarily, a sensation, asof a current of air rising fr Bome part of flu- body to tlie head, preceding an attack <>f epilepsy : in a more gen- eral sense, any disturbance ol i onsciousness or local mo- tor symptoms [mmediately preceding an epileptic spasm. — Hysteric aura, a similar sensation preceding an at- tack of hysteria, aura- (&'rS ). n. [NL., appar. adapted (with ref. to aural) from a S. Amor, native name. The form ouroua is given by Barrere as the native name in Guiana.] An old native name of any South American vulture excepting the condor ; an urubu, tzopilotl, gallinazo, turkey-buzzard, or earrion-erow. It was early Latinized in the form ■<: aurarum, was adopted by Linmeus as the specific name of his Vultur aura, and is now used as the specific name of the turkey-buzzard, Cathartes aura. See cut under ' atharti s. aural 1 (a'ral), a. [< L. aura (s-ee aural) + -al.] Pertaining to the air or to an aura. aural' 2 (a'ral), a. [< L. nun's, = E. ear 1 , + -a!.] 1. Relating to the ear: as, the aural orifice; aural surgery. — 2. Perceived by the ear; learned by hearing ; auricular. That aural acquaintance with Latin phrases which the unlearned might pick up from pulpit quotations con- stantly interpreted by the preacher, could help them little when they saw written Latin. George Eliot, Romola, lxiii. auramine (a'ra-niin), n. [< aurum + amine."] A coal-tar color used in dyeing, it is the hydro- chlorid of tetra-methyl-diainido-benzo-phenon-imide. It yields a pure and brilliant yellow on cotton, wool, and silk. aurantia (a-ran'shi-a), n. [NL., < auranUum, an orange: see orange.] A coal-tar color used in dyeing. It is the ammonium salt of hexa-nicro-diphenyl- amine. It produces shades of orange, but is only applied to wool and silk. It has been said that this dye has poison- ous properties, occasioning skin-eruptions. Aurantiacese (a-ran-ti-a'se-e), n. pi. [NL., < aurantium, an orange (see orange), + -accw.] See Aurmiliew. aurantiaceous (a-ran-ti-a'shius), a. [< NL. aurantiaeeus : see above.] Of or belonging to the Aurantiacece. Aurantiese (a-ran-ti'e-e), u. pi. [NL., < auran- tiiun (see orange) + -ece.] A tribe in the natu- ral order Butacece, trees or shrubs, distinguished from the rest of the order by their perfect flowers and by their fruit, a large berry with exalbuminous seeds. It has often been classed as a distinct order, the Aurantiacece. There are about a dozen genera, indigenous to tropical Asia, of which the most familiar are Citrus, yielding the orange, etc.; Limonia (which see); anil Jigle, tic bhel-tree. aurate 1 (a/rat), a. and n. [< L. auratus, over- laid with gold, of gold, pp. of aurare, overlay with gold, < aurum, gold: see aurum and -ate 1 .] I. a. Resembling gold; gold-colored; gilded. [Rare.] II. ». 1. A kind of pear. — 2. A combination of auric acid with a base; as, potassium aurate. aurate" (a'rat), a. [< L. auris, = E. ear 1 , + -ate 1 . Equiv. to auritril, q. v.] Eared; having ears, as the .scallop-shell. aurated 1 , aurated 2 (a'ra-ted), a. Same as auraU ', am at* '-'. aure (o-ra'), a. [Heraldic F., = aurate 1 .] In her., sprinkled with drops or spots of gold. iiili' rwise ti railed gutti ofor. See gutti. aureate (a're-ai I, a, [Early mod. E. aureat, < I.I. aureatu , adorned with gold, < L. aureus, golden, < (iiiriiin, gold: see aurum.] Golden; gilded; golden-yellow, as a flower. aurei, n. Plurai of aureus. aureity (a-re'i-ti), n. [< aure-ous + -»f or pertaining to the auricula?: as. an internal auricular process. — 9. Pertaining to the auricle of tho heart. — Anterior auricular ar- teries, two or more branches of the temporal artery sup- plying the external car. - Anterior auricular veins, small veins from the external ear emptying into the tem- poral vein. -Auricular feathers, in ornith., the special set of feathers, usually of peculiar structure, which overlie and defend the outer opening of the ear.— Auricular fin ger, the little anger: se easily introduced int mouth of tin- external auditory meatus of the ear. — Auric- ular nerves, various small nerves derived from the great auricular, the auriculotemporal, the facial, the second cer- vical, the small or sometimes the large occipital, and the vagus nerves, which supply the integument and other parts of the external ear ami its vicinity. —Auricular point, in anat., the center of the auricular foramen. — Auricular radii, in craniom,, radii drawn from the pro- jection of the auricular point on the median plane to the projections of other points of the skull. Sec craniometry, — Auricular tube, a speaking-tube, either portable for the use of deaf persons, or extending between different part sofa buildinofor the conveyance of messages. — Auric- ular Witness, a witness who relates what he has heard. — Deep auricular artery, a small branch from the inter- nal maxillary artery, supplying the external meatus of the ear.— Great auricular nerve, the auricularis magnus, a nerve arising from the second and third cervical nerves, anil distributed to the external ear ami adjacent parte. —Posterior auricular artery.'a branch of theexternal carotid artery, supplying parts in the regi f tie Posterior auricular vein, a vein which, il< -■ ■ mini- be- hind the pinna of the ear from the side of the head, joins the_external jugular vein. n. 1. pi. In orrdth., the auricular featli- 383 aurochs auriculoparotidean(a-rik"u-lo-pa-ro-ti(l'e-an), aurin, aurine (a'rin), re. [< L. a\ a. [< auricula + parotid +' -eon. 1 ] Pertaining -in 2 .] The commercial name fori to the auricle of the car ami the parotid gland i specificalh applied to a nerve which supplies those parts, auriculotemporal (a,-rik // u-lf>-tom'po-rai), «. [< auricula + Inn pi) nil.] Pert a initio; to tl al- and the temporal region : specifically applied to a branch of the inferior maxillary nerve which Supplies the external ear and adjacent regions. auriculoventricular (a - rik "u - 16 - ven - tri k'u- lar), n. [< auricula + ventricular.] Pertain- ing both to the auricles and to the ventricles of the heart : as, the auriculoventricular ori- lice. See cut under lirnrt. — Auriculoventricular valves. See 1 from the fact that it is most auriferOUS (a-rif'e-rus). a. [< L. aurifer, gold- .-Auricular foramen, the bearing, < aurum", gold, + ferre = E. bear 1 .] Yielding or producing gold ; containing gold: as, auriferous quartz; auriferous strata. .Mountains big with mines, Whence man} a bursting stream auriferous plays. Thomson, Summer, 1. 64S. aurific (a-rif'ik), a. [< L. aurum, gold, + faeere, make.] Capable of transmuting sub- sl uncos into gold; gold-making. Some experiments made with an aurific powder. Suuthey, The Doctor, elxxxvi. auriflamma, auriflamme (a -ri- flam' a, a'ri- llam), n. [< ML. auriflamma, lit. golden flame, < L. aurum, gold, + flamma, flame.] The an- cient royal banner of Prance. See orifiamme. auriform (a'ri-fdrm), a. [< L. auris, the ear, [< L. durum, gold, + impure rosolic acid i \x hich >ee, under rosolic), one of the coal- tar colors, in its pure state it forms rabj with a blue fluorescence. Owing to its fugitiveness, it is seldom used in dyeing, but It is still used in printing cali- coes ami woolens and for pigments. If produces orange- red colors. .1 urine dyes shades more inclining to orange than coral line. Workshop l:< ceipts, 2d Ber., p. 228. auriphrygia I a-ri-frij'i-ii), n. [< ML. 'auriphry- gia, aurifrigia, also spelled mrifrisia, auri- fresia, also au- rifrygvum, also simply pliry- gium, frigvum, gold embroid- ery, < L. aurum Phrygium, lit. Phrygian gold ; the Phrygians were noted for their skill in embroidering with gold : see aurum and Phrygian. From the same source, through the French, come orfrays, or- fray, orphrey, q. v.] Properly, gold embroid- ery; cedes., an ornamental band on various vestments ; an orphrey : used especially of the orphrey of a miter, which is a richly adorned band around its lower edge. Also aurifrisia. Miter with Auriphryeia, or Auriphrygiate Miter, i2tn century. From " L'Art pour Tous.") + forma, form.] Ear-shaped; having the form auriphrygiate (a-ri-frij'i-at), a. [< ML. ' of the external human ear: as, an auriform shell. aurifrisia (a-ri-friz'i-a), n. Same as auriphry- gia. ers— 2. Tlio auricular or little finger. See a 'u r 'i'f r i s i a te (a-ri-friz'i-at), a. Same as auri auricular finger, above. auriculares, n. 1'lural of auricularis. auricularia ( a-rik-u-la'ri-g ), re. [NL., < auricu- la, 4, + -aria.] 1. [PI. "auriculariir (-e).] A term applied to an early stage of the develop bridle (cf. orecc, the bit of a bridle, < os (or-), the mouth: see os 1 ), + agere, drive; otherwise < ■ minis (not found, supposed to mean 'a horse,' = Gr. avpoc, swift) + agere, drive: see phrygiat aurify (a'ri-fi), v. t. and ».; pret. and pp. auri- ficd, ppr. aurifying. [< L. aurum, gold, + fa- cere, make : see -fij.] To turn into or become ment of 'the embryo of certain echinoderms, as £Zri s „ (a-ri'gii), n. [L., a charioteer ; as con- those of the genera Holothuria, Synapta .etc., stell f ltion tlK ; Vagone when it is ciliated. See Mowthunaea. [ft is a - generic name given by Midler through a mis- take as to the nature of these larva?.] — 2. [cap.] In cducIi., a generic name variously used: as, (a) by De Blainville for a genus of acephalous mo'llusks ; (b) by Fabricius for a genus of gastropods. auricularian (I-rik-u-la'ri-an), a. [< auricu- laria + -an.] Of or pertaining to an auricula- ria; eehinopfedic. auricularis (a-rik-u-la/ris), n. ; pi. auriculares (-rez). [NL. : see auricular.] The little finger. See auricular finger, under auricular. auricular ly (a-rik'u-lar-li), adv. 1. In an au- ricular manner; specifically, in a secret man- ner; by whispers. These will soon confess, and that not auriadarly, but in a loud and audible voice. Decay of Christ. Piety, vii. § 4. 2. By means of auricles. auriciilate, auriculated (a-rik'u-lat, -la-ted), a. [< NL. auriculatus, < L. auricula: see au- ricle.] 1. Ear-shaped; like or likened to an auricle; auriform. — 2. Having ears; provided with ears, auricles, or ear-like parts: in bot., said of a leaf with a pair of small blunt projec- tions or ears at the base — Auriculate antennae, in entom., antenmo in which one of the basal joints is ex- panded laterally in a concave plate, as in certain aquatic beetles.— Auriculate elytra, in entom., elytra produced laterally at the humeral angles into a free lobe. auriculid (a-rik'u-lid), n. A gastropod of the family Auriculidce. Auriculidae (a-ri-ku'li-de), n. pi. [NL., < Au- ricula, ;i, + -iilic] A family of pulmonate gas- tropods with contractile tentacles, eyes ses- sile at the inner or hinder bases of the tenta- cles, rugose teguments, and a spiral shell whose partitions are generally absorbed, and whose columella is plicated. The family is divided into sub- families and many genera. Sum, of the species frequent hanks, generally within tide-limits, others marshes and wet woods, ami a few (of the genus Carychium) are almost exclusively terrestrial. See cut under Pythia. auriculobregmatic (a-rik"vi-16-breg-mat'ik), a. [< auricula + bngma(t-) + -ic] In anat., pcr- phrygiatus, auriphrigiatus, aurifrisiatus, auri- friceatus, etc.,< i auriphrygia: seB auriphrygia.] Embroidered with gold ; provided with an auri- phrygia. Also aurifrisiate. Nor wore he mitre here, precious or auriphrygiate. Southey, Roderick, xviii. auripigment, auripigmentum (a-ri-pig'ment, ari-pig-men'tum), n. [L. auripigmentum, < au- rum, gold, + jiigincntum, pigment: see aurum and jtigment. From the L., through F., comes orpiment] Same as orpiment. perhaps < aurea, aur j s ( a 'ris), n.; pi. awes (a'rez). [L., = E. ear 1 , q. v.] 1. In zoot. and anal., an ear; tho outer ear or auricle. — 2. [cap.] [NL.] In conch., a genus of ear-shells: synonymous with Haliotis. act, i-.] 1. A northern constellation contain- au riscalp (a'ri-skalp), n. [< auriscalpium.] An instrument for cleaning the ears ; an ear- pick ; also, a similar instrument used in surgi- cal operations on the ear. auriscalpium (a-ri-skal'pi-utn), n. ; pi. auri- scalpia (-a). [NL., < L. auris, = E. ear 1 , + scalr pere, scrape, scratch: see scalpel.] 1. Same as auriscalp. — 2. [cap.] In conch., a genus of bivalve mollusks. auriscope (a'ri-skop), n. [< L. auris, = E. ear 1 , + Gr. o-KOTieiv, view, look at.] An instrument for examining and exploring the ear. auriscopy (a-ris'ko-pi), n. [< L. auris, = E. earl, + Gr. -oxoiria, < aKone'w, view, look at.] The use of the auriscope. aurist (a'rist), «. [< L. auris, = E. ear 1 , + -ist.] One who treats disorders of the ear ; an otolo- gist. In England the medical profession is divided into phy- sicians, surgeons, apothecaries, accoucheurs, oculists, ait- i < '.-■, dentists. Str G. C. Lewis, Authority in Matters of Opinion, v. I'* - + The Constellation Auriga. ing the splendid star Capella ; the Charioteer or Wagoner. It is supposed to represent a charioteer ...-,,-. \ 'o nnrilcil kneeling in his vehicle. He is often represented with a kid aurite (a lit), a. bame as awili'l. on his left shoulder, this being doubtless an ancient con- aurited (a ri-ted), O. [< L. auntns, = h. eared, steUation-flgure coincident in position with the t'hariotecr. < auris = E. ear 1 . Cf. auratcil' 2 .] In bot. and 2. [I. c] [NL.] A name of the fourth lobe of ~o skull to the bregma. Seecrani try. characters, < L. aiinou, gold, + U auriculo-orbicularis (a -rik ii-lo-or-bik-u-la' ris), ». [NL., < auricula + orbicularis.] A tice of driving a chariot or coach. [Rare.] If a man indulges in the vicious habit of sleeping, all the skillin aurigation of Apollo himself, with the horses of Aurora to execute his notions, avail him nothing. DeQuincey, Eng. Mail-Coach. aurigerous (a-rrj'e-rus), a. [< L. aurum, gold, + genre, bear.] Gold-bearing. ML. aurigra- in golden r. yp&fietv, write.] The art or practice of writing in golden characters. Blount. muscle of the hedgehog connecting the pinna aurilave (a'ri-lav), n. [< L. nuns, the ear, + of the ear with the orbicularis panniculi, which lavare, wash: see auricle and lave*.] An ear- it antagonizes. brush. E. 11. Knight. urochse, < OHG. urohso, < iir, a wild ox (= AS. ur = Icel. urr ; cf. L. urus = Gr. ovpoc, from Teut.), + ohso, G. ochsc, ochs = E. ox: see urox and urus.] A species of wild ox or buffalo, the bonasos of Aristotle, bison of Pliny, the Eu- ropean bison, Bos or Bison bonasus of modern naturalists. This animal was once abundant in many parts of tlic continent of Europe, especially in the m borhooil of lame forests. The spread of population lias nearly exterminated it, and were it not for the protection afforded by the emperor of Russia to a few herds which inhabit the forests of Lithuania ami of Kuban in the Cau- casus, it would a i become extinct. Also called urochs, urox, anil, wrongly, auroch ami aurock. *<■<• urus. The relationships of the uiiroehs to the American bison, while very close, do not warrant that specific identity aurochs which some authors have assumed to exist. . . . The aurochs is rather larger, with a smaller thorax, larger and Btronger pelvis, longer and thicker tail, and less shaggy fore parts. I Encyc. Amer., I. 302. Aurocores (a-rok'o-rez), n. pi. [NL.,It. Sp. oro = Pg. owro = F. or: see or 3 ), gold ; related to aurora, aure- lia, ouster, etc. : see aurora.'] Gold. Its chemi- cal symbol is Au — Aurum fulminans, gold dissolved in aqua regia or nitromuriatic acid, and precipitated hy ammonia ; fulminating gold. This precipitate is of a brown-yellow or orange color, and when exposed to a moderate heat, or struck, detonates with considerable noise. It is probably an ammonium aurate, AufNH^Og. NH 3 .— Aurum graphicum, the mineral sylvanite.— Au- rum mosaicum or musivum, mosaic gold, a yellow gold-like alloy, containing about equal quantities of cop- per and zinc, used both in the mass and as a bronzing powder. — Aurum potabile, literally, " drinkable gold " ; a cordial or medicine formerly much esteemed. It was said to consist of "Gold itself, totally reduced, without Corrosive, into a blood-red, gummie or Honey-like sub- stance." Phillips (107s). "(told made liquid, or tit to lie drunk ; or some rich Cordial Liquor, with pieces of Leaf- gold in it." Kersey (170s). Mons r . Roupel sent me a small phial of his aurum pota- bile, with a letter shewing the way of administering it, and y e stupendous cures it had don at Paris. Evelyn, Diary, June 27, 1653. auscult (as-kulf), v. t. [< L. auscultare, lis- ten: see auscultate.] Same as auscultate. [Rare.] auscultate (as'kul-tat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. auscultated, ppr. auscultating. [< L. ausculta- tus, pp. of auscultare, listen.] To listen to; give ear to ; specifically, in pathol., to examine by auscultation. auscultation (as-kul-ta'shon), «. [< L. auscul- tatio(n-), a listening, < auscultare, listen: see auscultate.] 1. The act of listening or heark- ening. [Rare.] You shall hear what deserves attentive auscultation. F. Hicks, tr. of i.ucian. 2. In pathol., a method of distinguishing the state of the internal parts of the body, particu- larly of the thorax and abdomen, by observing the sounds arising in the part, either through the direct application of the ear to the ad- jacent external surface (immediate ausculta- tion) or by applying the stethoscope over the part and listening through it (mediate ausculta- tion). See stethoscope. Auscultation may be used witli more or less advantage in all cases where morbid sounds are produced, but its general applications are: auscultation of respiration; auscultation of the voice; auscultation of the cough ; auscultation of sound- foreign to all tins.', but sometimes accompanying them; auscul- tation oi i ho action of the heart ; ol .stride auscultation. auscultative (as-kul'ta-tiv), a. [< auscultate + -ivc] Pertaining to or of the naturo of aus- cultation. auscultator (as'kul-ta-tor), n. [L., a listener, < auscultare : see auscultate.] 1. A listener; specifically, one who practises auscultation. — 2. An instrument used i it listening to the sounds Within the thorax ; :i stethoscope. — 3. InGor- tnany, a member of a college of officials who attends its sessions as a studenl bill is not en- titled to a vote ; specifically, in Prussia, before istiil, one who had passed the lirst examination and begun Ids judicial career at a college of judges. See rcj'crt ■■Hilar. Mis first Law-Examination he has come through tri- umphantly; and can even boast I hat the Bxamen bigoio- siiiii need not have frightened him : but though he is hereby "an Auscultator ol respectability," what avails it'/ CarhjU, Sartor Kesartua, p. S5. auspicious auscultatorship (as'kul-ta-tor-suip), ». [< aus- cultator, 3, + -shw.] The office of or period of sen ice as auscultator. Carlyle, Sartor Resar- tus, p. 86. auscultatory (as-kul'ta-to-ri), a. [< L. as if "ajfScultatorius, < auscultator.] Pertaining to auscultation ; ausoultati\ e. auset, adv. < Ibsolete dialectal form of also. ausier, n. A dialectal form of osier. auslaut (ous'lout ), n. [G., < aus, denoting completion or termination (= E. out), + laut, a sound (= E. loud). Cf. iiilaut, ablaut, umlaut.] In philol., the final sound of a word. Ausonian (;i-s6'ni-an), a. [< L. Ausonia, poet. name of Italy, prop, applied to middle and lower Italy, < Ausones (Gr. Ai>ooi>fc), a name given to the primitive inhabitants of middle and lower Italy.] Of or pertaining to Italy or the Italians. Longfellow. [Poetical.] auspex (as'peks), «. ; pi. auspices (as'pi-sez). [L. auspex (auspic-), a diviner, contr. < "aii- spex, < avis, a bird, + speccre (spicere), view: see species.] One who divines by observing the motions, cries, etc., of birds; a diviner in general ; an augur. auspicalt (as'pi-kal), a. [< L. auspicalis, < auspex, a diviner: see auspex.] Auspicatory; pertaining to omens or auspices, lilount. auspicate (as'pi-kat), v. t . ; pret. and pp. aus- picated, ppr. auspicating. [< L. auspicatus, pp. of auspicari, make a beginning for the sake of a good omen, begin, prop, take the auspices, act as auspex, < auspex, a diviner: see auspex. Cf. augurate.] 1. To be an augury of; fore- show. Long mayst thou live, and see me thus appear, As ominous a comet, from my sphere, Unto thy reign, as that did auspicate So lasting glory to Augustus' state. B. Jouson, King James's Coronation Entertainment. There are yet other special auguries of this great change, auspicating, in the natural Progress of Man, the abandon- ment of all international Preparations for War. Sumner, Orations, I. 111. 2. To initiate or inaugurate with ceremonies calculated to insure good luck. This meaning of the word was borrowed from the Roman practice of tak- ing the auspices before undertaking any important busi- ness. If we are conscious of our situation, and glow with zeal to fill our place as becomes our station and ourselves, we ought to auspicate all our public proceedings on America with the old warning of the Church, Sursuuicorda! Burke, Conciliation with America, To auspicate . . . the . . . concern and set it agoing with a lustre. Lamb, Ellistoniana. 3. To begin or introduce in a favorable or aus- picious manner. [Rare.] The London company merits the praise of having aus- picuted liberty in America. Bancroft, Hist. U. s., I. 125. auspicator (as'pi-ka-tor), ». [< L. as if *auspi- eittnr, < aiispieari : see auspicate.] An augur. auspicatory (as'pi-ka-to-ri), a. [< auspicate.] Of or belonging to auspices or omens. auspice (as'pis), ». [< F. auspice, pi. auspices, < L. auspicium, divination from the flight of birds, a sign, omen, < auspex, a diviner: see auspex.] 1. An augury from birds; an omen or a sign in general: as, to take the auspices; an auspice of good fortune. The tribunes were at first elected in the curia;, where the vote of the i rest citizen was equal to that of the most wealthy. But, even here, the patricians, besides their great influence, had a negative on all proceedings, by holding the auspices. J. Attains, Works, IV. 624. We then strive, as far as our poor philosophy can do it, to read the country's reverend auspices. Err,, tt. Illations, p. 12. 2. Protection or lead; favoring or propitious influence; patronage: especially in the phrase under the auspices (of). Great father Mars, and greater .love, By whose high auspice Koine hath stood So long. /;. Jonson, Catiline, ii. 1. 3. A circumstance or conjunction of circum- stances betokening success: as, his career was begun underthe fairest auspices. [In all senses nearly always used in the plural.] auspices, »• Plum] of auspex and of auspice. auspicial (as-pish'nl), a. [< L. auspicium, aus- pice, + -it'.] 1. Relating to auspices or omens: as, auspicial riles. [Rare.] — 2. For- tunate; auspicious. [Hare.] auspicious cis-pish'iis), a. [< Ij. auspicium, auspice, + -ous.] 1. Of good omen; betoken- ing success, or a favorable issue; prognosticat- ing g I ; favorable. Auspicious omens from the past and the present cheer us for the future, Sumner, True Grandeur ol Nations. 2. Prosperous; fortunate: applied to persons. auspicious Auspicious chief ! thy race in times to come Shall spread the conquests of imperial Koine. Dry den. 3. Favorable; kind; propitious: applied to persons or things. Fortune play upon thy prosperous helm, As thy auspicious mistress! Shak., All's Well, iii. X No day could he more auspicious to the undertaking. I>. Webster, Speech, Banker Hill Monument. 4f. Showing joy; happy. [Rare.] With one auspicious and one dropping eye. Shuk., Hamlet, i. 2. -Syn. Bright, trolden, lucky, promising. See propitious, auspiciously (as-pish'us-li), adv. In an auspi- cious manner: with favorable omens; happily; prosperously; favorably; propitiously. I looked for ruin ; and encrease oi honour Meets me auspiciously. Middleton, Witch, iv. 1. auspiciousness (as-pish'us-nes), n. The quali- ty of being auspicious ; a state of fair promise ; prosperity. auster (as'ter), ti. [L., the south wind; akin to aurora j the dawn, and urere, burn : see aurora and aur-um*] 1. The south wind (com- monly with a capital, as a proper name) : as, " drizzly Auster," Thomson, Castle of Indolence, Ixxvi. Hence — 2f. The south. austere (as-teV), a. [< ME. attstere t < OF. austere, < L. austerus, harsh, sour, tart, severe, < Gr. ava-/}p6c. dry, harsh, bitter, < avoc, Attic aivCj dry, witnered, sear; related to E. scar, sere, dry: see sear*-, sere*.] 1. Sour; harsh; rough to the taste: applied to things: as, a«s- tere fruit or wine; "sloes austere," Cou-pcr, Task, i. 122. An austere grape That hast no juice but what is verjuice in him ! B. Jonson, Staple of News, v. 1. 2. Severe ; harsh ; rigid ; rigorous ; stern : ap- plied to persons and things : as, an austere mas- ter; an austere look. A stern lady, and austere, not only in her manners, which made most people dislike her, but also in the char- acter of her understanding and morals. De Quincey, Secret Societies, i. But what chiefly distinguished the army of Cromwell from other armies was the austere morality and the fear of God which pervaded all ranks. Macaulay. 3. Grave; sober; serious: as, austere deport- ment. There lived a Lady, wise, austere, and nice, Who show'd her virtue by her scorn of vice. Crabbe, Parish Register. Priest and sage, with solemn brows austere. Whitticr, Last Walk in Autumn. 4. Severely simple; unadorned. ^syn. 2. Aus- tere, Severe, Stern, Hard, Harsh, Strict, Rigorous, Rigid, stiff, uncompromising, relentless, may characterize a per- son's dealings with himself or with others. Austere is the most individual word in the list ; it still suggests the ety- mological sense of dryness and hardness of nature. As applied to manner of life, it implies self-mortification, re- fusal of pleasure, or the self-infliction of pain, for the purpose of self-discipline. The austere man may treat others as he treats himself ; an austere manner is of a cor- responding sort. There is no suggestion of hypocrisy or self-righteousness in the word, nor does it go so far as asceticism (see self-denial). Severe starts from the no- tion of seriousness or freedom from levity, but extends through a wide range, covering most of the meanings of the other words. Stem, while primarily meaning fixed in facial expression, applies to almost anything to which severe can apply. Sard is of the same character, but starts from the notion of physical hardness, proceeding thence to mean difficult to endure, unfeeling, etc. Harsh pri- marily expresses physical roughness, as a harsh touch, and retains some figurative suggestion akin to that idea. Strict is drawn close, tense, not relaxed, observing exact rules for one's self or requiring such observance from others. Rigorous means, literally, stiff, and hence allowing no abatement or mitigation; inflexible ; unsparing. Rigid is the same as rigorous, but with somewhat more of the ori- ginal ftgurativeness than in rigorous : both are opposed to lax or indulgent. Rigid is more often used of unneces- sary, overwrought, or narrow-minded strictness than rigorous. We speak of austere morality ; a severe aspect, treatment, tune; a stem rebuke; a hard master, voice, judgment ; harsh enforcement of laws ; strict rules, disci- pline, repression of mischief; rigorous justice; rigid ad- herence to petty restrictions. See acrimony. He [Plutarch] was not so austere as to despise riches, but being in possession of a large fortune, he lived, though not splendidly, yet plentifully. Dryden, Plutarch. For in their looks divine The image of their glorious Maker shone, Truth, wisdom, sanctitude severe and pure. Severe, but in true filial freedom placed. MUton, P. L., iv. 293. Wrapped in his sad-colored cloak, the Day like a Puritan standeth Stern in the joyless field, rebuking the lingering color. B. Taylor, Home Pastorals. The common executioner. Whose heart the accustom'd sight of death makes hard. Shak., As you Like it, iii. 6. Be sometimes lovely like a bride, And put thy harsher moods aside, If thou wilt have me wise and good. Tennyson, In Memoriam, lix. 25 385 Strict statutes and most biting laws. Shak., M. for M., i. 4. I have heard Your grace hath ta'en great pains to qualify His rigorous course. Shak., M. of V., iv. 1. Sternly he pronounced The rigid interdiction. Milton, P. L., viii. 331. austerely (as-ter'li), adv. In an austere man- ner; severely; rigidly; harshly. Whatever hypocrites austerely talk i if purity. Milton, 1'. f,., iv. 744. In tin u ler whether a door so grimly bolted and austerely haired could possibly open into a hotel, with cheerful overcharges for candles and service. HoweUe, Venetian Life, ii. austereness (as-ter'nes), «. [ME. austernesse (Wyclif); < austere + -ness.] The slate or quality of being austere; harshness in taste; severity in manners ; austerity. For a subject Towards his prince, in things indifferent To use th' austereness of a censuring Cato Is arrogance, not freedom. Fletcher (awl otht I ••>. Bloody Brother, v. 1. austerity (as-ter'i-ti), n.; pi. austerities (-tiz). [< ME. austerite, (. OF. austerite, F. ausUrite, < ML. austerita(t-)s, < L. austerus, austere: sec austere.} It. Harshness or astringency of taste. The sweetness of the ripened fruit is not the less de- licious fur the austerity of its crude state. Horsley, Sermons, II. xxviii. 2. Severity of manner, life, etc. ; rigor ; strict- ness ; harshness of treatment or demeanor. But the austerity of Dante will not condescend to the conventional elegance which makes the charm of French. Lowell, Among my Books, 2d ser.. p. 23. There is no show of mercy in him. He carried his aus- terity beyond the bounds of humanity. Whipple, Ess. and Rev., I. 20. 3. Severe or rigorous simplicity; absence of adornment or luxury. The Baptist we know was a strict man, remarkable for austerity and set order of life. MUton, Apology for Smectyiunuus. 4. Severe or ascetic practices : chiefly in the plural: as, the austerities of the Flagellants. The austerities and the blameless purity of Xiiiniu s s life had given him a reputation for sanctity throughout Spain. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 6. - Syn. Self-sacrijice, Asceticism, etc. (see self-denial) ; sternness, harshness. See comparison under austere. austerland (as'ter-land), re. [E. dial., < *auster = astre, hearth (see astre), + land.'] Land which had a house upon it in ancient times. Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 191. [Local Eng.] Austin (as'tin), a. [< ME. Austyn, contr. of Augustin, q. v.] Same as Augustinian: as, Austin friars. See Augustin. austral (as'tral), a. [< ME. austral = F. Sp. Pg. austral = It. australc, < L. australis, south- ern, < auster, the south wind: see ouster.'] Southern ; lying in or pertaining to the south : as, austral lands; the austral signs of the zo- diac—Austral pole, the name given by French authors to that pole of a magnet which points to the north, and is called the north pole by English and American writers. So, also, what is termed the south pole by the latter is termed the boreal pole by the former. — Austral signs, the last six signs of the zodiac, or those south of the equator. Australasia (as-tra-la'shii or -zhii), re. [NL., < austral, southern (cf. Australian), + Asia.] 1. In geog., a general name for Australia, I'apua, Tasmania, and the neighboring islands. — 2. In soogeog., a division comprising the islands and insular groups south of Asia : synonymous with Austrogcea. Australasian (as-tra-la'shan or -zhan), a. and n. [< Australasia + -an.] I. a. 1. Relating to Australasia. — 2. In soogeog., of or pertaining to that primary faunal area of the earth's land-surface which extends from Wallace's line (which separates Celebes from Borneo and Lombok from Bali) to Tasmania. II. n. A native or an inhabitant of Australasia. australene (as'tra-len), re. [< L. australis, in J'inus australis, the American southern pine, the chief source of the turpentine] A liquid hydrocarbon (CjgHrg), the chief constituent of English and American oil of turpentine, ob- tained by neutralizing turpentine-oil with an alkaline carbonate, and by subsequent distil- lation. It is dextrogyrate. Australian (as-tra'lian), a. and n. [< Austra- lia, the NL. term for the earlier Australis terra, lit. southern land: see austral.] I. a. Per- taining to Australia, a large island, often class- ed as a continent, south of Asia Australian beech, see beechX. II. ». A native or an inhabitant of Australia; specifically, a member of the aboriginal race of Australia. Austromalayan Australioid (as-trS'li-oid), a. and ». [< Aus- tralia + -aid.] I. ". In riiiuiil., or the typi ol the aborigines of Australia and of soi t the native rails of the Decean. The Australioid ti.rni a group ol i In / siotrichi (which ee), havini eyes and skin, wavy black hair, and long prognathous skulls with well.developed superciliary ridgi II. n. A member of the Australioid group of men. Also Australoid. australizet (as'tra-liz), v. i. [< austral + -ize.] To point southward, or to tin- south ma; - pole, as a magnet. They [steel and iron] do Beptentrl ite al one extreme, and australize at the other. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Kit., ii. 2. Australoid (as'tra-loid I, a. and ». Australioid. Austrasian (fts-tra'sian or -zian), «. ami «. I. a. Of or belonging to Austrasia, the eastei □ or Teutonic portion of the Frankish empire under the Merovingians. II. u. A native or an inhabitant of Austrasia. Austrian 1 (as'tri-an), a. and n. [< Austria, a ML.formofOHGr.5stamftfti,( t.Oestt m ich, Aus- tria, lit. eastern kingdom (so called relatively to the western dominions of Charlemagne), < OHG. ostar, eastern, + rihlii = AS. rice, king- dom, E. -ric in bishopric, etc. : see east and -We.] I. a. Of or pertaining to the archduchy of Aus- tria, or to the Cisleithan division of the dual Austro-Hungarian monarchy, or to the collec- tive dominions of the house of Hapsburg. II. n. 1. A native or an inhabitant of the archduchy of Austria, the nucleus of the Haps- burg dominions, comprising the crown lands of Upper and Lower Austria. — 2. A native or an inhabitant of the Cisleithan division of Austria-Hungary, which comprises all the crown lands of the dual empire except Hun- gary, Croatia with Slavonia, and Fiume. — 3. A native or an inhabitant of any part of the dominions of the house of Hapsburg, known since 1867 as Austria-Hungary, austrian'-t (as'tri-an), a. [< L. auster, the south wind, south (see auster), + -ian.] (South- ern; austral. austrinet (as'trin), a. [< L. austrinus, south- ern, < auster, the south wind: see auster.] South; southerly; southern. Bailey. austringer (as'trin-jer), re. [Also written os- tringer and astringer, early mod. E. ostreger, < ME. ostreger, < OF. ostruchier, austruchier (autrueivr, autoursier — Roquefort) (ML. reflex astorerius), < ML. "austrucarius, one whose business it was to breed and fly goshawks, < "aitslrueus, austurcus,astruco, asturco, austurgo, asturgo, asturgius,ostorius,eta., variations i per- haps due in part to confusion with certain forms of ostrich, q. v.) of austur, astur, as tor, LL. astur (> It. astore = Pg. agar = OSp. aztor, Sp. asor = Pr. austor — OF. austour, ostor, hostur, mod. F. aittour), a goshawk: see Astur. The n is inserted, as in porringer, passenger, messenger, etc.] A keeper and trainer of goshawks. Austrocolumbia (as"tro-ko-lum'bi-a), n. [NL., < L. auster, the south wind, south, + XL. Columbia, applied to America.] In soogeog., a primary division of the earth's land-surface with reference to its fauna, which consists of all the American continent south of Mexico. Austrocolumbian (as"tr6-ko-lum'bi-an). a. [< Austrocolumbia.] Of or pertaining to Austro- columbia: as, the Austniciiliinihhii! fauna. Austrogaea (as-tro-je'ii), h. [NL.,< L. auster, the south wind, south, + Gr. yala, the earth.] In soogeog., that prime zoological division or realm of the earth's land-surface which com- prises Australia and its immediately outlying islands, and the Austromalayan archipelago. It is bounded on the west by w aUace's line, ami mi I'apua or New Guinea and the Solomon islands mi thi ami Tasmania on the south. Austrogaean (as-tro-je'an), a. [< Austnrogaza + -an.] Of or pertaining to Austrogma : as, the Austriu/atin fauna. Austro-Hungarian (as tro-hung-ga'ri-an), a. Of or pertaining to Austria-Hungary. Austromalaya (as"tr6-nia-la'ya), h. [NL., < L. auster, the south wind, + NL. Malaya.] In soogeog., the first subregion of the great Australasian region, including Papua and the islands zoologically pertaining thereto, on tin- west the boundary passes between Borneo and Celebes, and thence along Wallace's line between I bokand Bali ; eastward it extends to include San I'hristuval. It lies en- tirely north of Australia. Austromalayan (as'tro-ma-la'yan), «. [< Austromalaya + -an.] Of or pertaining to Austromalaya. austromancy austromancy (fts'tro-man-si), ». [< L. mixta-, the south wind, + Qi. uavreia, divination, < pav- , divine, t/idvric, a diviner: see Mantis.] Divination from observation of the winds. aut-. See unto-. autacanthid (a-ta-kan'thid), a. [< Gr. avro^, self, 4- &Kavda, spin.', + -id.] In sobl., having the greater number of the intermediate spines on special plates or loeal modifications of the integument : applied to a starfish : opposed to typacanthid. autaesthesy, autesthesy (a-tes'the-si), n. [< Or. avr6c, self, + aiadqois, perception: see oss- thesia, esthetic.'] Self-consciousness. N.E.J). autamoeba (a-ta-me'ba), n. [NL., < Gr. av- r6c, self, + NL! amceba.] A term applied by Haeckel. without exaet zoological significa- tion, to any simple amceba form regarded as the nearest living representative of a hypo- thetical primitive amceba or archamceba. autantitypy (a-tan-tit'i-pi), n. [< Gr. avr6c, self, + miTiTOKia, resistance: see anUtypy.] Ab- solute incompressibility: attributed by many metaphysicians to matter. Autarachnze (a-ta-rak'ne), n. pi. [NL.,F. (mod. P. autrefois), at another time, < auter, autre, altre (see auter droit), + foits, fois = Pr.fes = It. wee, time, turn, < L. vice, in place of, in turn: see vice 2 , vicar.] In tow, formerly: a term introduced into the plea of former trial as a bar to a second prosecution for the same offense. — Auterfoits acquit (formerly acquitted), the plea of for- mer acquittal -Auterfoits attaint (formerbj attainted), the pleaof former attaint. Auterfoits convict (former- ly convicted), the pica of former conviction. auter Vie (6'ter ve). [OF.: auter (see auter droit); vie, < L. vita, life: see vital.) In law, another (another's) life. — Tenant pour auter vie, oni who holds an estate by the life of another. authentic (a-then'tik), a. and n. [Early mod. E. also authentick, autentic, etc, < ME. auten- Hke, auctentylce, < OP. autentique (mod. F. au- tlientitjui, being changed, like the E. word, to suit the L. spelling) = Pg. authentieo = Sp. autenUco = It. autenUco, < EL. authenticus, < Gr. ■ warranted, authentic, original, < aiidevria, original authority, < uithrri,*, confer. < avTotrri/r (rare), one who does anything 'with hi- own hand, the real author of any act, < a&rof, self, + "tin,' (found also in cwtvrijc, equiv. to owtpy&c, a fellow-workman), of uncertain origin, perhaps <*o-eiT-,< "ao-ovr-, orig. form of Ionic ear, Attic in> (= L. ens, 'sins), ppr. of eiuai, be: see ens, be 1 . Cf . effendi, also ult. < Or. inihrrt/r.] I. a. If. Having authority; pos- sessing inherent authority; duly authorized; authorital ive. M- 1 ghf to fly all pedantisms, and not rashrj to a ■ all words that are met ^^ it U in every English writer, whether authentic or noi E. Phillips. 2. Real; of genuine origin ; being what it pur- ports to be: opposed to pretended or imaginary, fictitious, counterfeit, apocryphal, oi unauthor- as, authentic documents. 386 As there is but one God, hut one hope, but one anchor. age for man -so also there can be but one authentic faith, but one derivation of truth, but one perfect revela- tion. De Quincey, Essenes, ill. 3. In laic, executed with all due formalities ; executed by the proper person and legally attested before the proper authorities: as, an authentic deed. — 4. Entitled to acceptance or belief; reliable; trustworthy; of established credit, credibility, or authority : as, an authentic tab', book, writer. Origen, a most authentic author in this point. Brevint, Saul and Samuel, p. 77. (if the manner in which the ruin of Nineveh was brought about we have nowhere any authentic record. Von Ranke, Univ. Hist, (trans.), p. 82. That this mere dream is grown a stable truth To-night's feast makes authentic. Browning, In a Balcony. 5f. Original; first-hand, as opposed to copied or transcribed. — 6. Own; proper; properly be- longing to one's self. [Archaic] It were extreme partiality and injustice, the flat denial and overthrow of herself [Justice], to put her own authen- tic sword into the hand of an unjust and wicked man. Milton, Eikonoklastes, xxviii. Men are ephemeral or evanescent, but whatever page the authentic soul of man has touched with her immortal- izing finger, no matter how long ago, is still young and fair as it was to the world's gray fathers. Lowell, Oration, Harvard, Nov. 8, 1886. 7. In m usic, having an immediate relation to the key-note or tonic: in distinction from plagal, which has a corresponding relation to the fifth or dominant in the octave below the key-note. — Authentic act, in civil law, an act or deed performed before and attested by a notary or other proper magis- trate—Authentic cadence, same as perfect cadence (which see, under cadence). — Authentic melodies. See ■melody.— Authentic modes or tones. See mode.=Syn. 2 and 4. Authentic, Genuine, correct, trustworthy, relia- ble, credible. When applied to a written document or a I k. authentic indicates that it is reliable as narrating real facts ; genuine, that we have it as it left its author's hands : as, an authentic history ; a genuine text. Au- thentic is thus equivalent to trustworthy, reliable ; gen- uine, to unadulterated. The "Memoirs of a Cavalier" is a genuine work of Defoe's, for it was written by him, but it is not an authentic work, although so plausibly as- suming the tone of real biography that it "deceived even the great Chatham into citing the volume as an authentic narrative " (Backus, Revision of Shaw's Eng. Lit., p. 250). A genuine book is that which was written by the person whose name it bears ; ... an authentic book is that which relates matters of fact as they really happened. A book may be authentic without being genuine, and genuine without being authentic. Bp. Watson. Il.t »• [< LL. authenticum, ML. also authen- tica, the original (of a document), neut. or fern. of authenticus .' seel.] 1. An authoritative or genuine document or book. — 2. An original, as opposed to a copy or transcript. A uthenties and transcripts. Fuller, Church Hist., I. 42. The Authentics, in civil law, a Latin translation from the Greek of the novels or new constitutions of Justinian, made by an anonymous author. So called as an un- abridged translation of the novels, to distinguish it from the epitome made by Julian. authentical (a-then'ti-kal), a. Same as authen- tic. The hopes thou dost conceive of thy quick death, and of thy future life, Are not authentical. B. Jonson, Poetaster, iv. 6. His testimony will be authentical. Beau, and Ft. This, the squire confessed, with some little hesitation, was a pheasant pie, though a peacock pie was certainly the most authentical, Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 277. authentically (a-then'ti-kal-i), adv. In an au- thentic manner, (a) With the requisite or gen- uine authority, (b) With certainty. lie [Coleridge] was the man of all his generation to whom we should most unhesitatingly aUow the distinc- tion of genius, that is, of one authentically possessed from time to time by some influence that made him better and greater than himself. Lowell, Coleridge, (c) Actually; really. Not yet authentically decided. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err. authenticalness (a-then'ti-kal-nes), «. 1. The quality of being authentic or trustworthy ; the quality of being of good authority ; authenticity. They did not at all rely on the au'hcnlicalness thereof Barrow, Works, I. 357. 2. The quality of being genuine or what it pur- ports to bo; genuineness; authenticity. Nothing can be more pleasant than to see virtuosos about a cabinet of medals, descanting upon the value, rarity, and authenticalness of the several pieces. Addison, Ancient Medals. [In both uses obsolete or obsolescent.] authenticate (a-thon'ti-kat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. authenticated, ppr. authenticating. f< ML. cm- lln nliftilu.:, pp. of autheiilicare, confirm, < LI,. authenticus, authentic: see authentic] 1. To lender authentic; give authority to by the proof, attestation, or formalities required by law or sufficient to entitle to credit. author The king serves only as a notary to in/'/icn'mttr the choice of judges. Burke. Precisely as our researches are fortunate, they authen- ticate themselves as privileged ; and in such a chase all success justifies itself. De (Juincey, Essenes, i. He [God] authenticates this instinctive yearning in the creature after selfhood, in order that the latter . . . may effectually aspire to the knowledge and obedience of those laws of Divine order which alone give him rest. //. James, Sul is. and Shad., p. 61. 2. To prove authentic ; establish as correct or genuine. I have authenticated two portraits of that prince. Walpole, Anecdotes of Painting, I. ii. There is little more left for Biblical research. The few places which can lie authenticate,/ are now generally ac- cepted. B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 72. On June 18, 1838, about 3,000 volumes, and in 1858, 2(15 other volumes of non-parochial registers, weir aul/oiiti- cuted. N. and Q,, 7th ser., III. 305. 3. To establish as true or worthy of belief: as, to authenticate a statement. One of the best authenticated ghost stories in existence. Mem. of R. II. Durham, in Ingoldsby Legends. authenticate! (a-thon'ti-kat), a. [< ML. au- thenMcatus, pp. : see the verb.] Authenticated. authentication (a-then-ti-ka'shon), n. [< au- thenticate + -ion.] The act of authenticating, verifying, or establishing the authoritative- ness, genuineness, validity, credibility, or truth of anything ; specifically, in law, the official attestation of a written instrument. The authentication of every little detail in the text. The American, VIII. 315. authenticity (a-then-tis'i-ti), n. [< authentic + -ity ; = F. authenticity.] The quality of be- ing authentic, or entitled to acceptance as au- thoritative, genuine, true, or correct: as, the authenticity of the Scriptures or of a document; the authenticity oi a portrait; the authenticity of a statement. We compare the narrative with the account of the times when it was composed, and are left satisfied with the au- thenticity of its leading anecdotes. Miliiian, Latin Christianity, i. 3. authenticlyt (a-then'tik-li), adv. Authenti- cally. He could learn no way so authenticly as from this testi- mony. Whiston, tr. of Josephus, Antiq., i. authenticness (a-then'tik-nes), ». Authen- ticity. [Rare.] The authenticness of that decree. Hammond, Works, II. 106. author (a'thqr), «. [Early mod. E.alsort«f/iot«r, itiietiiur, aucior, and prop, autor, < ME. autour, autor (later auctour or auctor, after the L.), < AF. autour, OF. autor, later and mod. F. auteur = Pr. auctor, actor = Sp. Pg. autor = It. autore, < L. auctor (in ML., and hence in E., corruptly author, prob. through the influence of LL. authenticus and its derivatives; cf. ML. authorisare, authorize, confirm, var. autliori- care, synonymous with authenUcare, coufirm; authorabilis, synonymous with authenticus, etc.), an originator, < augers, cause to grow, increase: see auction.] 1. The beginner, former, or first mover of anything; he to whom something owes its origin; originator; creator; efficient cause: as, God is the author of the universe. The law, the author . . . whereof is . . . God. Hooker. The serpent autor was, Eve did proceed; Adam not autor, auctor was indeed. Vicars. He was become the Authour of a Sect ever after to be called Lutherans. Selden, fable. Talk, p. 33. Thus King Latinus in the third degree Had Saturn author of his family. Dryden. 2. Cause : applied to things. [Rare.] That which is the strength of their amity shall prove the immediate author of their variant e. Shak., A. and C, ii. 6. 3. The original composer of a book or writing of any kind, as distinguished from a compiler, translator, editor, or copyist. An author has the choice of his own thoughts, which a translator has not. Dryden, [Often used elliptically for the literary produc- tion itself: as, (lie statement occurs in Pliny and other ancient authors.] — 4f. An editor: as, the author of the Gentleman's Magazine. [Rare.] — 5f. A person who authorizes a state- ment; an authority ; an informant. Look upon him ; Such holy men are authors of no fables. Fletcher (and MassingerY), Lovers' Progress, V. 2. 6. In Scots law, one from whom a tide to prop- erty is derived either by inheritance or other- wise; especially, ono from whom title is de- author rived by purchase or otherwise than by way of descent. authort (a'thor), v. t. [< author, ».] 1. To occasion; effect; do. Execrable slaughter! what hand hath authored it? Fletcher (and others). Blood; Brother, iii. 4. Do yon two think much That he thus wisely and with need consents To what I author for your country's good, You being my tutor, you my chancellor) Fletcher (and others) t Bl )y Brother, iii. l. 2. To be authority for; vouch for. Mori' uf him I dare not author. Massingt r and Field, Fatal Dowry, iv. 2. authoress (a/thpr-es), n. [Early mod. E. also authoun ss, authressc, a act re w t auctrice, < late ME. auetorice: see author and -ess.] A female author, in any sense of that word. [Author is commonly used for both sexes, except in case of special discrimination.] authorhood (a ' thor-hud), n. [< author + -hood.'] The state of being an author (of books); the province of an author; author- ship. authorial (a-tho'ri-al), a. [< author + -ial. Cf. auctorial.] Pertaining to an author (of books). Also (tutorial. Must we then bow to authorial dignity, and kiss hands because they are inked? /. D' Israeli, Lit. Char. Men of Genius, p. 145. Testing the autorial power. Poe, Marginalia, cvi. authorisable, authorisation, etc. See author- izable, etc. authorism (a-'thor-izm), n. [< author 4- -is/it.] Authorship ; the position or character of an au- thor. [Bare.] He [BurkeJ is a sensible man, but has not worn off his authorism y et, and thinks there is nothing so charming as writers, and to be one. Walpole, Letters, 11. 90. authoritarian (a-thor-i-ta'ri-an), a. and n. [< authority 4- -urian.] I. o. Favoring the prin- ciple of authority, as opposed to that of indi- vidual freedom. The loyalists, whi i sympathized most strongly with . . . his authoritarian views. Athenceum, No. 3068, p. 202. II. n. One who supports the principle of authority, as opposed to that of individual freedom. By looking only at the beginning and end of his career, ... an imaginary Napoleon has been obtained who is . . . a lover of liberty, not an authoritarian. Encyc. Brit., XVII. 226. authoritative (a-thor'i-ta-tiv), a. [< authority + -ative. Cf. ML. aactoritativus.] 1. Having due authority; having the sanction or weight of authority ; entitled to credence or obedience : as, "authoritative teaching," Barrow. The Law of Duty remains indeed authoritative, but its authority seems scarcely so awful and unique as formerly. J. Ii. Seeley, Nat. Religion, p. 112. Anselm was compelled to publish an authoritative edi- tion of his Monologium, because so many copies of it were already in circulation from notes of lectures. C. H. Pearson, Early and Mid. Ages of Eng., xxxv. 2. Having an air of authority; positive; per- emptory; dictatorial. The mock authoritative manner of the one and the in- sipid mirth of the other. Swift, Examiner. Dogmatic and authoritative by nature and education, he hardly comprehended the meaning of toleration in mat- ters of religion. Whipple, Ess. and Rev., II. 90. = Syn. 2. Authoritative, Magisterial, etc. (see magisterial), commanding. authoritatively (a-thor'i-ta-tiv-li), adv. In an authoritative manner, (a) With due authority. I think it [the law of repetition] is even more authorita- tively present in the minds of most great composers than the law of principality. Buskin, Elem. of Drawing. (b) With a show of authority. authoritativeness (a-thor'i-ta-tiv-nes), v. The quality of being authoritative; an acting by authority ; authoritative appearance. authority (a-thor'i-ti), n. ; pi. authorities (-tiz). [Early mod. E. also autoritie, auctoritie, etc., < ME. autorite, auctorite, < OF. autoritct, F. au- torite = Pr. auctoritat = Sp. autoridad = Pg. autoridade = It. autorita, < L. auctorita{t-)s i counsel, will, decree, liberty, power, weight, authority, < auetor, author, originator: Bee au- thor,'] 1. Power or admitted right to com- mand or to act, whether original or delegated: as, the authority of a prince over subjects and of parents over children; the authority of an agent to act for his principal, in lau\ an authority is general when it extends to all acts, or all connected with a partieular employment, and special when confined to a single act. By what authority doest thou these things, and who gave thee this authority!' Mark xi. 28. If law, authority, and power deny not, It will go hard with poor Antonio. Shak., M. of V., iii. 2. 387 If his conscience were so narrow and peculiar to it selfe, it was not tltt his Autority should be ho ample and I m versall over others. Mi/tun, Kikoimklustcs, ii. 2. The power derived from opinion, respect, or long-established reputation; influence con- ferred by character, office, station, mental su- juriority, or the like ; credit: as, the authority of age or example ; the authority of Aristotle. Bui the mortallest enemy unto knowledge, and that whirh hath done the greatest execution upon truth, hath beene a peremptory adhesion unto Authority, and espe- cially the establishing of our beliefe upon the dictates of Antiquities. For (as every capacity may observe), most men of Ages present, so superstitiously do look upon Ages past, that the Authorities of the one exceed the rea- sons of the other. SirT. Browne, Vulg. Err. (1646), i. 20. Truth, wisdom, B&nctitude sever.' and pun-, . . . Whence true authority in men. Milton, 1*. L., iv. '295. 3f. Power in a general sense. The . . . corrigible authority of this lies in our wills. Shak., Othello, i. :i 4. A person or persons, or a body, exercising power or command: generally in the plural: as, the civil and military authorities. — 5. The outward marks of authority; especially, the expression of authority in the countenance. Kent. You have that in your countenance which I would fain call master. Lear. What's that? Kent. Authority. Shak., Lear, i. 4. 6. That to which or one to whom an appeal or reference may be made in support of any opin- ion, action, or course of conduct, (a) Testimony; witness ; that which or one who testifies. Something I have heard of this, which I would be glad to find by so sweet an authority confirmed. Sir /'. Sidney. Had seen . . . Jesus, Messiah, Son of God declared, And on that high authority bad believed. Milton, P. R.,ii. 5. (b) Weight of testimony; credibility: as, a historian of no authority; "authority of the Scriptures," Hooker. The registers of the English Peerage are of far higher authority than any other statistical documents. Macaulay, Sadler's Law of Population. (c) One who possesses adequate knowledge of a subject, and whose opinions or statements may be relied on ; an ex- pert ; a standard author or his writings: as, an authority in matters pertaining to geology. This practice we may learn, from a better and more ancient authority then any heathen writer bath to give us. Milton, Church-Government, Pref. (d) In law, a precedent; a judicial decision; an official declaration or opinion, such as ought to be followed in similar cases, (e) Justification ; countenance ; warrant. Thieves for their robbery have authority, When judges steal themselves. Shak., M. forM., ii. 2. Argument from authority. Same as argumentum ad oerecundiam (which see, under aryumentum).— Consti- tuted authorities, the magistrates or governors of a nation, people, municipality, etc.— General authority, the authority of a general agent, intended to apply to all matters which arise in the course of business, as distin- guished from special instances, though it may be limited to a particular business and to a particular plate. — Syn. 1. Rule, dominion, government; warrant, permission, au- thorization. — 2. Influence, Authority, Ascendancy, Con- trol, Sway, Domination, may all apply to persons or things, but seem primarily to belong tu persons. Influ- ence and authority imply moral power; the others may do so, and are considered to do so here. The words are arranged in the order of their strength. Influence may be small ; it is wholly apart from the power of office ; the word expresses the extent to which one affects the con- duct or character of others simply by their deference to him on account of his station, wealth, ability, character, etc. Authority \*. in tins connection, influence amount- ing to a recognized right to command : as, the authority of age, wisdom, experience. It is presumably rightful, while the other words often express undue or unwhole- some weight or power. Ascendancy is overmastering in- fluence, supremacy by influence ; the word is often used in a bad sense: as, the asrcinhtncy of cunning over sim- plicity. Control is complete or successful and continued authority: as, his control over the convicts was main- tained without resort to force. Sway is, by its deriva- tion, control over that which may be viewed as a weighty or massive object; hence, a solid or powerful or control- ling influence. Domination, as it may tie an absolute and tyrannical rule, may also be an absolute and tyrannical in- fluence or ascendancy: as, he was really under the domi- nation of those whom he thought his servants or tools. Mourn for the man of amplest influence, Yet clearest of ambitious crime. Tennyson, Duke of Wellington, iv. In the absolute authority accorded [by the Romans] to the father over the children we may trace the same habits of discipline that proved so formidable in the field. Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 18L The application of gunpowder to the art of war has for ever settled the long conflict for asm/da ncy between civ- ilization and Imrbarism, in favor of the former. Calhoun, Works, I. 88. Government . . . has a general superintending control over all the actions and over all the publicly propagated doctrines of men. Burke, Unitarians, May 11, 1792. Horrible forms of worship that of old Ueld, o'er the shuddering realms, unquestioned sway. Bryant, The Ages, xxv. They rose and took arms to resist Ordogno, son of Al- fonsus III., whose domination was too severe for them. J. Adams, Works, IV. 310. autobiographer authorizable OVthor-i-za-bl), a. [Early mod. K. auctorizable ; < Ml-, authorisabilis, auctori- zabilis, etc., < auctori art ; see authorize and -able.] Thai maj be authorized: as, "a en- sure authorizable" Hammond, Works, I. 242. Also spclh 1 . i authorisable, authorization (;'i t&pr-i-za'shon), n. [=F.ou- torisatioTij ( Mh. auctori atio(n i, < auctorizare f pp. auctori a/us.- see authorise.] The acl of authorizing; the :h-i of giving authority or legal power; establishment by authority: as, "the authorization of laws," Motley. Also spelled authorisation, authorize (ft'thpr-iz), v. t.\ pret. and pp. au- thorised, ppr. authorising, [Early mod. E. also auctorize, < ME. auctorisen, autorisen, < OF. auc- toriser, later authorise); mod. F. autoriset — Pr. authorisar = Sp. autorisar = Vg. autorisar = It. autorizzare, < ME. auctorisare, auctori an i . authorisare, etc., < L. auctor, author: see author and -fee] 1. To give authority, warrant, or legal power to; empower (a person): as, to a^Mor^e commissioners to settle the boundary of a state. — 2. To give authority for; approve of and permit; formally sanction (an act or a proceeding). The report of the commission was taken into immediate consideration by the estates. They resolved, without one dissentient voire, that the order signed by William did not authorize the slaughter of <;iencoe. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xxi. The money, then, is borrowed on the credit of the United States — an act which Congress alone is competent to au- thorize. D. Webster, Speech, Senate, May 7, 1834. 3f. To make authoritative or valid; legalize; validate. She shall authorize Our undertakings to the ignorant people, As if what we do were by her command. Fletcher (and another), False One, v. 2. 4. To establish by authority or usage: as, an authorised idiom. — 5. To warrant; vouch for. [Rare.] A woman's story, at a winter's fire, Authoris'd by her grandam. Shak., Macbeth, iii. 4. 6f. To support (one's self) upon the authority (of). The Historian . . . authorizing himself, for the most part, upon other histories. Sir I'. Sidney, Def. of Poesie (Arber), p. 31. Also spelled authorise. authorizer (4'thor-i-zer), ». One who author- izes. Also spelleil authoriser. authorlet(:'i'thor-let),H. [< author + dim. -let.] A petty author. BUicliroiiil's May. [Rare.] authorling (a'thor-ling), ». [< author + dun. -ling.] A petty author. [Rare.] Oh thou pour authorling ! Reach a little deeperinto the human heart ! Longfellow, Hyperion, iv. 1. authorly (a'thor-li), ii. [< author + -ly 1 .] Be- longing to an author ; authorial. [Rare.] He keeps his own authorly secrets. Cowper, Letter to t'nw in. authorship (&'thor-ship), n. [< author + ship.] 1. The source or cause of anything that may be said to have an author ; origination ; causa- tion : as, the authorship of an invention or of a political movement; a book whose author- ship is unknown. — 2. The state of being an author ; the occupation of writing books. If the formalists of this suit were erected into patentees with a sole commission of authorship, we should undoubt- edly see such writing in our days as would either wholly wean us from all books in general, or at least from all such as were the product of our own nation. Shaft'thoru, Characters (ed. 18G9), I. 347. auto (ou'to), v. [Sp. Pg., < L. actus, an act: see act, ».] 1. In Spanish literature, a play. The miracle-plays of the people attained a hiirh decree of excellence in the autos or sacred Christmas plays of Gil Vicente (1470-1536). Encyc. Brit., XIX. 556. 2. In. Spanish law: ("I An order; a decree ; a sentence; a decision. (b)pl. The pleadings and proceedings in a lawsuit. — 3. An auto de fe. auto-. [( Gt, hitii- (l>ef ore a vowel air-, which before a rough breathing becomes aid-), stem of avTdc, self (myself, thyself, himself, etc).] An element in compound words of Greek origin, meaning self, of itself (natural), of one's silt' (independently), of nothing but . . . , etc.: very common in English and other modern lan- guages, especially in scientific terms. autobiographer (a to-ln-og'ra-fer), «. [< Gr. avrdr, self, + biographer.] One who writes an account of his own life. " And yet. o man born of Woman,*' cries the .! 'itobiog- raphcr, with one of his sudden whirls, wherein is my case peculiar V " Carlylc, Sartor Resartus, p. 58. autobiographic autobiographic (a-to-bl-o-graf ik), a. Of the nature of autobiography. The writings of Dante . . . arc all . . . autobiogt ", Among my Books !d » r., p. 26. autobiographical (a-to-bi-o-graf'i-kal), a. 1. Of or pertaining to autobiography; character- ized by an autobiographic tendency. It ever remains doubtful whether he ta laughing in his sleeve at these Autobiographical times of ours. CarlyU, Sartor Eesartus, p 65. 2. Same as autobiographic. autobiographically (a-to-bi-5-graf'i-kal-i), adv. In an autobiographic manner, autobiographist (a'to-bi-og'ra-fist), ». [< au- tobiograplni + -ist.] Same as autobiogriiplier. [Rare.] autobiography (a to-bi-og'ra-fi), «. ; pi. auto- biographies (-nz). [< Gr. auric, self, + biograr phy.] A biography or memoir of a person writ- ten by himself. autocarpian, autocarpic (a-to-kar'pi-an, -pik), a. Same as autocarpous. autocarpous (a-to-kar'pus), a. [< ry«««, strengthened great- ly the doctrine of autochthony, and nowhere so much as in Attica. Encyc. Brit., III. 141. autoclave (a'to-klav), n. [F., self-regulating, a digester, < Gr. abrdc, self, + L. clavis, a key (or claims, a nail ?).] A kind of stewpan, the lid of which is kept close and steam-tight by the steam proceeding from the contents of the pan. It is an application to culinary purposes of Pa- pin's digester. See digester. autocracy ( a-tok'ra-si), n. ; pi. autocracies (-siz). [< F. aittocrtttii '.,' < Gr. avTOKpareta, absolute power, < avTOKpari/c, absolute, ruling by one's self: see autocrat.] If. The power of deter- mining one's own actions; independent or self- derived power ; self-government; self-rule. Man's will, that great seat of freedom, that, with a kind autogenic auto tlc/e. [This Portuguese form, commonly written aut.i daft or aulo-da-ft, was the first introduced, and has been most used in English literature. | auto de fe (ou'to da fa) ; pi. autos defe (mt'tos). [Sp., lit. act (judicial process, judgment) of faith: auto, < L actum, an act; de, < L. de, from, of ; fe = Pg. fe, < L. fidem, ace. of fides, faith: see act, it., de-, fay 3 , and faith. Ci.auto ( metal are united by fusing the parts to br joined. Sec autoge- nous. Platinum workers . . . have long learned to unite two platinum seams by the autogenic process the local fusing of tli.> two contiguous parts in the oxyhy.lrogen Qams Encyc. Brit., XIX. 190. of tin- existence of aittoqcnetic line Mel. .h.ur., No. 1319. autogenous autogenous (A-toj'e-nus), a. [< Gr. avroyevfc, self-produced, < tiirur, self, + yn'or, kind, nice, offspring: see genus, -genous.] 1. Self-pro- duced; self-generated; coming forth indepen- dently. Specifically, in anat,, endogenous: applied to those processes or parts of a bone which arise from an independent or separate center ol ossification, as distin- guished from mere exogenous outgrowths. Tims, the epiphyses of a bone are autogenous ; apophyses may be either autogenous or exogenous. The centrum and several "t the apophyses of a vertebra are autogenous, while other apophyses are exogenous. Owen. 2. .Same as autogenic. Also autogeneous. Autogenous soldering, the process of uniting pieces of metal by the fusion of part of their own substance, with- out the use of a special solder. It is performed by means of the airohydrogen or oxyhj drogen blowpipe and by elec- tricity . autogenously (a-toj'e-nus-li), adv. 1. In an autogenous manner. The anterior, or more properly inferior, bar of the trans- verse process of the seventh, and occasionally of soi 1 the other cervical vertebra in Man. is autogenously devel- oped. II'. //. Flower, Osteology, p. 20. 2. By the autogenous process of soldering. This batter> is constructed of a case of insulite, having a lid of the same material autogenously soldered in. J. II'. (jueeu, Elect. Catalogue, lss;;, p. 16. autogeny (a-toj'e-ni), n. [< Gr. avToyevi/g (see autogenous): see -geny.] Autogenesis; autog- ony; spontaneous generation. autogony (a-tog'o-ni), n. [< Gr. avroydvor, self- produced, self-producing, < avroc, self, + -yovor, produced : see -gony.] The generation of simple organisms from a lifeless fluid; abiogenesis. autograph (a'to-graf), a. and n. [< P. auto- graph?, < L. autographus, < Gr. avro) patpoc, writ- ten with one's own hand, < avrdc, self, + ypatpetv, write.] I. a. Written by one's self; in one's own handwriting: as, an autograph letter. II. n. [< P. aittographe, < LL. autographum.] 1. A person's own handwriting; something written by a person's ow r n hand ; an original manuscript or signature. Autographs of famous names were to be seen in faded Ink on some of their fly leaves. Hawthorne, Old Manse, I. 2. An autographic press (which see, under 2>ress). autograph (a'to-graf), v. t. [< autograph, n.] 1. To write with one's own hand. — 2. To write one's autograph on or in. — 3. To copy or pro- duce in autograph, or by an autographic pro- cess. See autographic. Announcements and notices of various kinds, whether printed, engraved, lithographed, or autographed. U. S. Postal Guide, July, 1879. It contains 80 autographed pages out of the 1,100 of which the whole work will consist. Trubner's American and Oriental Lit. Record, X. 4. autographalt (a-tog'ra-fal), a. [< autograph + -al.~\ Autographic. Sennet. autographic (a-to-graf 'ik), a. [< autograph + -ic ; = P. autograpltiquc] 1. Pertaining to or of the nature of an autograph; contained in or furnished by one's own handwriting: as, autographic authority; autographic evidence. — 2. Relating to or used in the process of au- tography: as, autographic ink; autographic paper. — 3. Self-recording: applied to a form of telegraph. See below. -Autographic press. See press.— Autographic process. («) In the fine arts, any process by means of which an artist's work is exactly pre- served in mechanical reproductions, as in an autotype or a photo-engraving, (b) A general term applied to those chemical and mechanical processes iti which a writing or drawingis mad-- with a peculiar ink, and then transferred to the stone, plate, or other matrix from which it is to be printed.— Autographic telegraph, an instrument for transmitting a telegraphic despatch written in insulating ink upon a metallic paper, and reproducing it with abso- lute exactness on another prepared paper. The instru- ment may be used for transmitting portraits or other fig- ures, diagrams, etc. autographical (a-to-graf 'i-kal), a. Same as au- tographic. autographically (a-to-graf'i-kal-i), adv. In an autographic manner; by means of autographic writings; in autograph. And had "shaken hands autographicaUy" with him across the Atlantic. D. Hill, Life of Irving, p. 150. autography (a-tog'ra-fi), ». [< autograph + -y ; = F. autographic] 1. The act of writing with one's own hand; autographic writing. — 2. That department of diplomatics, or the study and decipherment of old writings, which is concerned with autographs. — 3. A process in lithography by which copies of a writing, draw- ing, etc., are produced in facsimile. autoicous (a-toi'kus), a. Same as autmcious. auto-inoculability (a"t6-in-ok"u-la-biri-ti), n. [< auto-inocutalilc : see -litltti/.] Capacity for auto-inoculation. 389 auto-inoculable (a'to-in-ok'u-la-bl), a. [< Gr. atrrof, self, + iuocutablc] Possessing the power of auto-inoculation; capable of being propa- gated by auto-inoculation: as, ■Ananto-inoculalilc disease. auto-inoculation (a'to-in-ok-u-la'shon), u. [< Gr. arrue, self, + macula lion.] The inoculation of a healthy part of the body with the virus from a diseased part of the same person, as from a chancroid. auto-insufflator (a-to-in'suf-la-tor), n. [< Gr. avrdc, self, + insufflator.] An instrument used for administering to one's self a medicinal powder. autokinesyt, n. [< LGr. ahroiuvTioia, Gr. avroiei- vnatc, self-movement. < avroKtvTfTog, self-moved : sec autokinetical.] Self -movement ; spontane- ous motion. Cudworth. autokineticalt (a/'to-ki-net'i-kal), a. [< Gr. avToinci/TiHnr, < avTOKtvijTor, self-moved. < ai'TOc, self , + Ktveiv, move : see kinetic.'] Self-moving. Dr. II. Man. autolaryngoscope (a"to-la-ring'go-skop), ». [< Gr. ourof, self, -f laryngoscope.] An instru- ment, consisting of a combination of mirrors, bv which one may inspect his own larynx. E. II. Knight. autolaryngoscopy (a"t6-lar-ing-gos'ko-pi), n. [< Gr. avroc, self, + laryngoscopy.] The in- spection of one's own larynx by means of an autolaryngoscope. autolatry (a-tol'a-tri), ». [< Gr. avr6c, self, + /.ar/ieia, worship.] Self-worship. autology (a-tol'o-ji), n. [< Gr. avr6c, self, + -/o;/n, < leyeiv, speak: see -ologij.] The sci- entific study of one's self. AutolytUS (a-tol'i-tus), n. [NL., < Gr. avrdc, self, + Xvt6c, verbal adj. of kvew, loose.] A ge- nus of ehaetopodous annelids, of the family 8yl- lidcc: a synonym of Si/His. A. prolifer is an asexual form, the opposite sexual forms of which have been called Polybostricnus and Sacconereis. automat, "■ An erroneously assumed singular of automata. See automaton. It is an automa, runs under water, With a snug nose, and has a nimble tail Made like an augur. B. Jonson, Staple of News, iii. 1. automalite, n. See automolite. automata, n. Plural of automaton. automatalt (a-tom'a-tal), a. [< automaton + -at.] Same as automatic. [Rare.] automath (a'to-math), n. [< Gr. aiiTopadi/c, self-taught, < ahroc, self, + pavBavtiv, padeiv, learn : see mathematics.] One who is self- taught. [Rare.] automatic (a-to-mat'ik), a. [< Gr. avToparoc, self-moving (see automaton), + -ic] 1. Acting as an automaton, (a) Having the power of self- motion ; self-acting : as, automatic machinery. (6) Done unconsciously or from force of habit ; mechanical, as op- posed to voluntary. 2. Conducted or carried on by self-acting ma- chinery. It is in our modern cotton and flax mills that automatic operations are displayed to most advantage. ure, Diet., I. 274. 3. In physiol.: (a) Not voluntary; not under the control of, or not effected by, volition: said of certain muscular actions. Let me briefly notice some of our other nutomutie ac- tions. In the aetof swallowing, which properly begins at the back of the throat, the "swallow" lays hold of the food or the drink brought to it by the muscles of the mouth and carries this down into the stomach. We arc unite unconscious of its passage thither unless w< luor taken a larger morsel or something hotter or colder than ordinary. This is an instance of purely automatic action. W. /.'. Carpenter, In animals, too, to a far greater extent than in plants, is the automatic activity which always resides in protoplasm itself transmitted by the mechanism of the organization to different parts of the organism or to the whole of it. L. F. Ward, Dynam. Sociol., I. 85S. (6) Not reflex: said, for example, of certain activities of ganglion-cells. -Automatic brake. See brake.— Automatic coupling. See coupling. Au- tomatic mallet. Same as dental hammer (which see, under hammer). — Automatic theory. Same asautoma* Usui, l J. automatical (a-to-mat'i-kal), a. 1. Same as automatic. — 2. Having reference to or con- nected with automatic things. automatically (a-to-mafi-kal-i), adv. 1. In an automatic manner; mechanically; uncon- sciously. automatous He went on rowing idly, half automata <;.t>i paTEvecv, seek, strive to do), verbal adj. of ■i/*/"" (perf. ptpaa), strive after, move.] 1. That which is self-moving, or has the power of spon- taneous movement, but is not conscious. So great and admirable an automaton as the world. Boyle, Works, V. 251. Specifically — 2. A self-acting machine, or one which is actuated in such a manner as to carry on for some time certain movements without the aid of external impulse, in this respect clocks and watches, with a vast number of other machines, may be denominated automata ; but the term more specifically denotes an apparatus in which the purposely concealed power is made to imitate the voluntary or mechanical mo- tions of living beings, such as men. horses, birds, fishes, eta A self-adjusting machine, containing the Immediate conditions of its action within itself, is what is properly understood by an automaton. Huxley, Crayfish, p. 1-7. 3. A living being acting mechanically or as a mere machine, especially without conscious- ness; a person or an animal whose actions are purely involuntary or mechanical. See bestial automaton, below. < ibnlience, Bane of all genius, virtue, freedom, truth, Makes shoes of men, and of the human frame A mechanized automaton. Shelley, Queen Mab, iii. 4. A person who acts in a monotonous routine manner, without active intelligence, especially without being fully aware of what he is doing. — Automaton balance, a machine for weighing plan- ehets and coin, and sorting the pieces automatically, ac- cording to their weight, as full, light, or heavy.- Bestial automaton, in the Cartesian philosophy, a brute, as sup- posed to be devoid of consciousness and sensibility. — Spir- itual automaton, a mind not possessing free will, but subject t., necessity automatOUSt (a-tom'a-tus), a. [< Gr. avrdparoc, automatic (see automaton), + -ous.] Auto- matic. Clocks 01 automatous organs, whereby we now distin- guish of tune, have found no mention in any ancient writers. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., v. 18. autometric autometric (a-to-met'rik), a. Of or pertaining to autometry. autometry (a-tom'e-tri), ». [< Gr. abrdc, self, + -ucrpia, < pirpov, measure.] Self-measure- ment; self -estimation. N. E. D. automobile (a-to-mo'bil), a. [< Gr. amor, self, + L. mobilis, mobile.] Self-moving. An auto-ttwbtlf car, with isolated rails. Grew, Diet, of Elect., p. 48. Our authorities are still in the dark as to what can ac- tually be done with automobile torpedoes. Sci. Amur. Sit pp., XXII. 9128. atltomolite (a-tom'o-lit), n. [< Gr. avrdpolnc, a deserter, prop, adj., going of one's self (roc, self, + fiMeiv, go, or come), + -ite 2 .] A name sometimes given to gahnite, from the fact that it contains a large proportion of zinc oxid, though it has no resemblance to an ore. See gahnite. Also spelled automalite. automorphic (a-to-rnor'fik), a. [< Gr. avrdpop- vdpoc, law: see name.] 1. Of or pertaining to autonomy or an auton- omy. — 2. Independent in government; having the right of self-government. The few brave men who seven years back first un- sheathed their yataghans amid the hills of Herzegovina did not carry with them a scheme for . . . an autonomous province of Eastern Roumelia. E. A. Freeman, Amer. Lects., p. 445. 3. Subject to its own laws ; specifically, in biol., independent of tiny other organism ; not a form or stage of development of some other organ- ism. autonomously (a-ton'o-mus-li), adv. In an au- tonomous manner ; from one's own choice. We must know and autonomously will to follow non- egoistic absolute ends as essentially on I' ends. ';. S. Hull, German Culture, p. 183. autonomy (a-ton'o-mi), «.; pi. autonomies (-miz). [< (Jr. abrovopia, independence, < avrdvo- poc, independent: see autonomous.] 1. The power or right of self-government, whether in a community which elects its own magistrates and makes its own laws, or in an individual who acts according to his own will. There was nothing in the treaty of Adrianople that really interfered with the autonomy of tin- Circassians. Latham, Nationalities ol Europe, I. xxxii. That which i- autonomy objectively will be self-deter* minatlou subjectively, ttaudsley, Body and will, p. 189. 2. A self-governing community. — 3. An au- tonomous condition; the condition of being subject only to its own laws ; especially, in biol., organic independence. The government of the Iral - bi called almost an autonomy. R. F. Burton, i.i Uedinah, p. 841. Given the basis ol g 1 mental nutrition and respiration in a suitable social atmosphen and there take place from time to time spontaneous variations testifying to the n»- tonomy ol the organism. MaudsUy, Body and Will, p. 147. 4. In the philos. of h'onl, t he doctrine that the moral law is one which reason imposes upon itself a priori, that is, independently of sense and sense-experience, and is therefore absolute .590 and immutable: opposed to hcteronomy (which see). autonym (a'to-nim), n. [< Gr. avrdc, self, + bvopa, dial, ovvpa, name.] 1. One's own name ; a real name: opposed to pseudonym and anonym. — 2. That which bears one's own name, as a book published under the author's real name. — 3. The self -same name; one and the same name for two or more things ; a homonym. [Rare.] autopathic (a-to-path'ik), a. [< antopathy + -ic] In pathol., dependent on the original structure and developmental tendencies of the individual; endopathic, as opposed to exopath- ic: applied to certain forms of disease. It is impossible, says Simon, absolutely to exclude au- topathic diseased states ; there may be some such, mostly developmental, which "are actual caprices and spontanei- ties of life, without any exterior causation whatsoever." Encyc. Brit., XVIII. 362. autopathy (a-top'a-thi), n. [< Gr. abroTtadtta, one's own feeling or experience, < avToiraBrjc, speaking from one's own feeling or experience, < avroc, self, + wd8uc, feeling, suffering.] Ego- istic sentiment or feeling; exclusive self -con- sideration. Dr. H. More. See extract. We have in the word sympathy a term representing the altruistic sentiments as subjective feelings. No corre- sponding term exists for the egoistic sentiments. The word autopathy, could it be adopted in this sense, would doubtless be found useful. L. F. Ward, Dynam. Sociol., II. 371. Autophagi (a-tof a-ji), n. pi. [NL., pi. of au- tophagic, self-feeding: see autophagous.] In ornith., a name of the precocial birds which are able to run about and feed themselves as soon as they are hatched: synonymous with PtUopcedes or Dasypcedes. autophagOUS (a-tof 'a-gus), a. [.aaroc, self-formed, < avrdc, self, + ■n'kaardc, verbal adj. of ir'Adaceiv, form.] In etnbryol., an autogenous cell, that is, a cell which appears to take form spontaneously in the yolk of an ovum, not by fission or the regular process of cleavage of the vitellus. See extract. In addition to the layer of cleavage cells which consists of more than one stratum of cells in the future embryonic area as opposed to the yelk-sac area, additional cells are formed In the mass of residual yelk apparently by an in- d< pendent process of segregation, each cell having a sepa- rate origin, whence thev are termed auttipltists. /•:. R. Lankester, Encyc. Ifrit., XVI. 0S2. autoplastic (a-to-plas'tik), a. Pertaining to autoplasty. autoplasty (a'to-plas-ti), n. [As autoplast + -y.] In swg., an operation by which lesions ac- autostylic companied with loss of substance are repaired by means of healthy portions of tissue taken from another part of the patient, and made to supply the deficiency. See rhinoplasty. autopolygraph (a-to-pori-grai), n. [< Gr. abrdc, self, + polygraph.] An autographic printing process. E. H. Knight. autopsiat (a-top'si-a), n. [NL., < Gr. abroipia, a seeing with one's own eyes, < airoTrrof, seen by one's self, < avroc, self, + birrdc, seen (cf. orpic, sight): see optic] Same as autopsy, 1. It is no small undertaking for a man . . . to begin a natural history from his own autopsia. Gilbert White. autopsic (a-top'sik), a. [< autopsia + -ic] 1. Same as autoptic — 2. In nied., pertaining to or obtained by means of an autopsy. Undoubtedly the late King of Bavaria was insane, and the autopsic and the combined ante-mortem testimony to bis insanity was not more confirmatory of mental de- rangement than that given in the history of Guiteau. Alien, and Neurol., VII. 533. Autopsic notes of cases of cellulitis. Thomas, .Med. Diet., p. 491. autopsical (a-top'si-kal), a. Same as autopsic Basing his opinion on the autopsical examination of fever patients, y.innssen, Cyc. of Med. (trans.), Supp., p. 661. autopsically (a-top'si-kal-i), adv. Same as autoptically. autopsy (a'top-si), n. [< autopsia, a. v.] 1. A seeing for one's self; personal ocular obser- vation, inspection, or examination. Specifi- cally — 2. In pathol. and anat., dissection and inspection of a dead body to discover the cause of death, or the site and character of the dis- ease of which the person died; post-mortem examination ; a post-mortem. autoptic (a-top'tik), a. [< Gr. avTowTutdc, < ai- totvtoc, seen by one's self : see autopsia.] Seen with one's own eyes; relating to or based on autopsy or personal observation: as, autoptic evidence. Also written autopsic. autoptical (8,-top'ti-kal), a. Same as autoptic Oral tradition or autoptical memoirs. Schaff, Hist. Christ. Cb., I. § 82. autoptically (a-top'ti-kal-i), adv. In an au- toptic manner; by ocular view or one's own observation. Also written autopsically. That the galaxy is a meteor, was the account of Aris- totle ; but the telescope hath autoptically confuted it. GlanviUe, Seep. ScL, p. 174. autort, «. An obsolete form of author. autorialt, a. An obsolete form of authorial. autorityt, ». An obsolete form of authority. autoschediasm (a-to-ske'di-azm), «. [< Gr. avroaxediaapa, work done offhand (cf. avroaxe- fiianpdc, extemporaneous speaking), < abrooxe- didCeiv. see autoschedia~e.] An offhand act or performance ; something hastily improvised. autoschediastic (a"to-ske-di-as'tik), a. [< Gr. abroaxedcaarindc, offhand, extemporaneous, < avTonxcSiaarijc, one who acts or speaks offhand, < avrocrxedid^eiv, do, act, or speak offhand: see autoschediaze.] Slight; hasty; not fully con- sidered; done hastily or on the spur of the moment. autoschediastical (a'to-ske-di-as'ti-kal), a. Same as autoschediastic. In on Martin. autoschediaze (a-to-ske'di-az), v. i.; pret. and pp. autoschediazed, ppr. autoschediaumg. [< Gr. avroaxedidC,Fiv, do, act, or speak offhand, < ahrooxiSioc, offhand, < avrdc, self, + axidioc, near, sudden, offhand: see schediastic] To improvise or extemporize. autOSCOpe (a'to-skop), n. [< Gr. avrdc, self, + OKOirelv, view.] An instrument invented by Coceius for the self-examination of the eye. Syil. Soc Lex. autoscopy (a-tos'ko-pi), n. [< Gr. abrdc, self, + -aKoiria, < OKcmeiv, view.] In med., the ex- amination of one's self, as by the autoscope or the autolaryngoscope. autositarius(a"to-si-ta'ri-us), n. -, pi. autositarii (-i). [NL., as autositc, q. v., + -arius.] In teratol., either part of a double monster which is formed by the junction of two equally de- veloped individuals, as by means of the umbili- cus. autosite (ft'to-sit), n. [< Gr. abrdcaroc, bringing one's own provisions, < abrdc;, self , + airoc, food.] In teratol., that twin in an unequal double monster which furnishes nutriment to the other, the hitler being called the parasite or parasitic twin. autostylic (a-to-sti'lik), a. [< Gr. abrdnrv^oc, resting <>n natural columns, < ubrdc, self, + cTv/.oc, column: see style 2 .] In anat., having autostylic no separate suspensoriiim or distinct suspen- sory apparatus of the lower jaw. An autostylic skull, that Is, a skull without separate suspensoriuin. Encyc. Brit., XII. 646. Tin- oldest representatives of the selachian order had skulls which were neither hyostylic nor autostylic. A. S. Woodward, Proc. Zi.nl, Sot-., Issti, p. -J13. autotemna, «. Plural of autotemnon. autotemnic (a-to-tetn'nik), a. [< autotemnon + -ie.] Same ns autotemnous. Hyatt. autotemnon (a-to-tem'non), ».; pi. autotemna (-nil). [NL., irreg. (better "autotomon) < Gr. eirne, self, + rkuvetv, rapeiv, cut.] In o7o?., a cell considered as an organism capable of self- division. [Rare.] \\ e cannof use the words einhryo and larva, which he- long to the ovum after impregnation, and we, therefore, propose to designate the cell as an autotemnon, in contrast with the embryo, which is more specialized. IlNtitt.l'roc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1SS4, p. 143. autotemnous (a-to-tem'nus), a. [Irreg. < Gr. avrdr t self , + re five iv, ra/ieiv, cut, + -OUS. ] Self- dividing; capable of spontaneous fission: ap- plied to a cell or autotemnon which propagates itself by fission and not by impregnation. Com- mon tissue-cells of all kinds are autotemnous, as are spermatocysts and spermatozoa, and also ova that divide before the union of male and female nuclei. Division subsequent to such union constitutes an embryo. The protozoans are autotemnous while growing by fission, but are embryos or form-spores thereafter. Also autotemnic. autotheism (a'to-the-izin), n. [< Gr. abrdBeoc, very God, < avroc, self, + Qe6c, God.] 1. The doctrine of the self-existence of God; specifi- cally, the ascription of self-existence to the second person of the Trinity. [Rare.] — 2. Assumption of divine powers ; self-deification ; excessive self-esteem. Xinctcciith Century. autotheist (a'to-the-ist), n. [< autothe-ism + -ist.] 1. One who believes in autotheism. — 2. One who ascribes to himself the possession of divine powers. He begins to mistake more and more the voice of that very flesh of his, which he fancies he has conquered, for the voice of God, and to become without knowing it an autotheist. Kingsley, Alton Locke, Pref. autotomic (a-to-tom'ik), a. [< Gr. aiVdr, self, + Totidc, cutting, < rkyvziv, raye'tv, cut.] Self- intersecting, as a line or trace. N. E. D. autotype (a'to-tip), n. [< Gr. avrdc, self, + tvttoc, a stamp, type.] 1. The trade-name of a certain photographic process for producing per- manent prints in a carbon pigment. It is much used for reproducing works of art. — 2. A pic- ture made by this process. — 3. A copy; are- production in facsimile. Kingsley. autotype (a'to-tip), v. t. ; pret. and pp. auto- typed, ppr. autotyping. [< autotype, «.] To reproduce by means of the autotype process, or in facsimile. autotypic (a-to-tip'ik), a. Pertaining to an autotype, or produced by the autotype process. autotypography (a'to-ti-pog'ra-fi), n. [< Gr. avrdc, self, + typography.'] Any process by means of which drawings, manuscripts, etc., can be transferred directly to a plate or material from which impressions can be taken; espe- cially, a process by which autographs executed in a special ink are transferred to a plate of zinc, which is then etched and prepared for printing on an ordinary press. See zincography. autrefois, adv. See auterfoits. autumn (a'tum), it. [Early mod. E. also an- ionic, < ME. autumpnc, < OF. autompne, mod. F. a/utomne = Up. otoSto = Pg. outono = It. autunno, < L. autuniuus, less correctly auctumnus, au- tumn, perhaps related to arere, be well, Skt. ■\/ av, satisfy one's self. The old derivation from augere, increase, is not now accepted.] 1. The third season of the year, or the season between summer and winter: often called fall, as being the time of the falling of the leaves. Astronomically it begins at the autumnal equinox, about the 22d of September, when the sun enters Libra, and cuds at the winter solstice, about the 21st of December, when the sun enters Capricorn. In popular language autumn is regarded in North America as comprising September, Oc- tober, and November, but in Great Britain, August, Sep- tember, and October. Figuratively — 2. A period of maturity, or of incipient decay, abatement, or decline : as, the autumn of life. Dr. Preston was now entering into the autumn of the duke's favour. Fuller. autumnal (a-tum'nal), a. and n. [< L. autum- nalis, aiictuniiialis, iautumnus: see autumn and -al.] I. a. 1. Belonging to autumn ; produced or gathered in autumn: as, autumnal fruits. The little stunted bushes, on the snow-streaked slopes, were all dyed with autumnal purples and crimsons. H. James, Jr., Trans. Sketches, p. 249. :s<»l Figuratively — 2. Belonging to a period eorre sponding to autumn in the year; hence, past tho middle stage of life: as, "an aittum nal ma- tron," Hawthorne. Autumnal equinox, the time when the sun crosses the equator as he proceeds south ward. This happens about the 22d of September. See c./imio.r. - Autumnal plumage, in ornith., the plumage acquired by a bird alter the first molt, when that in which the bird leaves the nest is exchanged for another; the plumage of an aunotine ; also, that subsequently acquired each autumn by such birds as molt at that season as well as in spring, or have what is termed the double molt. Autumnal Signs, the signs Libia. Scorpio, anil Sacjt- tarius, through which the sun passes during the autumn, astronomically considered. II. n. A plant that flowers in autumn. autumn-bells (a'tum-belz), n. A name given to a European gentian, dentin ua I'neuniouaittlie, from its bell-shaped flowers and their season of opening. autumnian (a-tum'ni-an), a. [< autumn + -ian.~\ Autumnal. [Rare.] Methinks already I grasp best part of the autumnian blessing. Middleton, Michaelmas Term, Ind. autumnity (a-tum'ni-ti), n. [< L. autwmnitas, the season of autumn, harvest, < autumnus, au- tumn.] The season of autumn ; quality or con- dition characteristic of autumn. [Rare.] Draughts of sweet autumnity. Up. Hail, Satires, iii. 1. autunite (a'tun-it), n. [< Autun, a city in Bur- gundy, France, + -ite-.] A native hydrous phosphate of uranium and calcium, occurring in tabular crystals, nearly square in form, and of a citron or sulphur-yellow color, it is usuallj found with other uranium minerals, often as a result of the decomposition of uraninite or pitch-blende. It is closely related to the phosphate of uranium and copper, torhernite or copper uranite, in distinction from which it is called lime uranite, and also simply uranite. auturgy (a'ter-ji), n. [< Gr. avrovpyia, < avrdc, self, + epyov, work. Cf. ehirurgeon.] Work with one's own hands ; self-action. [Rare.] Auvergnat (F. pron. 6-var-nya'), n. [F., < Auvergne.] 1. A native or an inhabitant of Auvergne, a former province in the central part of France, nearly correspomling to the modern departments of Cantal and Puy-de- Donie. — 2. A French wine of a deep-red color, made near Orleans: so called from the name of the variety of grape. auxt, a. See ange. auxanometer (ak-sa-nom'e-ter), ii. [Lrreg. < Gr. ab^dveiv, grow, 4- perpov, measure.] An in- strument for measuring, or for measuring and recording, the growth of plants. In the arc auxa- nometer this is done with the aid of an index moving over a vertical arc of a circle. Auxerre (6-zar'), n. [F.] A general name often given to the Burgundy wines produced near the city of Auxerre, in the department of Yonne. auxesis (ak-se'sis), n. [NL., < Gr. av^i/atr, in- crease, amplification, < avtjeiv, ab^aveiv (cf. L. augere), increase, = E. wax: see auction and inn' 1 .] 1. In rhet., amplification; exaggera- tion; hyperbole; the use of a more unusual and high-sounding word for the ordinary and proper word. — 2. In math., the ratio in which the element of a figure has to be magnified to make it conform to the corresponding element of a conformable figure. auxetic (ak-set'ik), a. [< Gr. ai^vTindc, < ai^?/- ror, verbal adj. of avSjavnv, increase : see auxe- sis.'] Pertaining to auxesis ; amplifying ; in- creasing. This auxetic power of the preposition. Dr. Hutchinson, Sermon on Cerem. Law, p. S, note. auxetically (ak-set'i-kal-i), adv. By auxesis or amplification. auxiliantt (ag-zil'iant), a. [< L. auxilian(t-)s, ppr. of auxiliari, help: see auxiliatc] Auxil- iary ; affording help or assistance. auxiliar (ag-zil'iar), a. and n. [< L. auxiliaris, helping, aiding, < auxilium, help, aid, < augi re, increase.] I. a. Helping; auxiliary. Ostorius, though yet not strengthen^ with his Legions causes the auxiliar Bands, his Troops also allighting, to assault the rampart. Milton, Hist. Eng., n There Athens sat, as in the foretime, on her citadel rock, in sight of her auxiliar sea, crowned, garlanded, wanton. R. Choate, Addresses, p. ISO. II. n. An auxiliary: usually in the plural, auxiliary troops. My auxiliary and allies. Sir H. Taylor, Ph. van Art., II., v. 1. Mighty were the auxiliary which then stood Upon our side, we who were strong in love ! Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive, But to be young was very heaven ! Wordsworth, French Revolution. [Archaic in both uses.] avail auxiliarly (ug-zil'iiLr-li), atle. By means of aid or help. ( 'oleridge. auxiliary (ug-zil'isi-ri), «. and ii. [< L. auxi Harms, equiv. to auxiliaris, helping: see auxil- iar.] I. a. Helping; aiding; assisting; giv- ing support or succor; lion.-,., subsidiary; addi- tional: as, auxiliary troops; auxiliary engines, Auxiliary bishop, auxiliary buffer-spring, auxil- iary chaplain, etc. See the nouns, - Auxiliary circle, in conic sections, a circle having its center at the center of a conic, which it touches at the extremities oi the transverse diameter. - Auxiliary quantity, in math., a quantity introduced to simplify or facilitate an operation, as maybe done inequations or trigonometry. Auxiliary scales, in music, the six keys or scales, consisting of any key major, with its relative minor, and tie- attendant Keys of each.— Auxiliary screw. Sec scene. Auxiliary verb, a verb that assists in the conjugation of other verbs. See II., 3. II. n. ; pi. auxiliaries (-viz). [< L. auxilia- rius, n.] 1. A helper; an assistant; a confed- erate in some action, enterprise, or undertak- ing; an aid of any kind. Aquatint is seldom practiced by itself ; it is rather an auxiliary to line-etching. P. G. Ilamerton. Specifically — 2. pi. Foreign troops in the ser- vice of a nation at war. The Eleians often engaged as auxiliaries in the wars of other states, on pretence of asserting the cause of religion. ./. Adams, Works. IV. 512. 3. In gram., a verb used in forming, with the infinitive and participles of other verbs, phrases having the value of, or a value analogous to that of, modes and tenses: thus, I do love, I hare loved, I slieill love, I am loved. — 4. In math., an auxiliary quantity (which see, under I.). auxiliatet (ag-zil'iat), v. t. [< L. auxiliatus, pp. of auxiliari, help, < auxilium, help: see auxiliar.] To aid or assist. He [Day] then fell into a disputation with Cranmer and Goodrich, in which he repeated his former Scripture, and auxiliated it with another. Ii. W. Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., xvii. auxiliatoryt (ag-zil'ia-to-ri), a. and n. [< L. as if "auxiliatorius, < auxiliator, a helper, < auxiliari, pp. auxiliatus, help, < auxilium, help.] I. a. Helping; aiding; auxiliary. Masses both auxiliatory and expiatory. Sir I-.'. Sandys, State of Religion. II. n. A help ; an aid; in the plural, auxilia- ries. There were no such auxiliatories within the walls. R. Watson, Hist. Philip II. auxometer (ak-som'e-ter), n. [Irreg. < Gr. ailjeiv, increase, +- yhpov, measure. Cf. auxa- nometer.] An instrument for measuring the magnifying powers of an optical instrument. aUXOSpore (ak'so-spor), n. [Irreg. < Gr. av^eiv, grow, + oxdpoc, seed, offspring.] In the Diato- maeeie, an enlarged individual, formed either asexually, by the growth of the protoplasm at- tended by renewal of the silicious envelop, or sexually, by the union of the contents of two separate cells. auxotonic(ak-so-ton'ik),n. [Irreg. < Gr. ail-civ, grow, + Tovoe, tension, tone.] Determined by growth : in hot., applied to those movements of plants which are the result of growth, in dis- tinction from those of matured organs influ- enced by stimulation. See allassotonie. ava 1 (ii'vii), n. [Also called kara, kawa; a native name.] A fermented drink used in the South Sea islands, made from the roots of tho Piper mcthysticum. See Icava. ava- (a'vii ), u. A name of the topaz humming- bird, Topaza pella. ava' (a-va'). ado. Scotch for of a', that is, of all, frequently used in the sense of at all. avadavat (av"a-da-vaf), ». Same as amada- vat. avahi(av'a-hi), ii. [Native name.] The woolly lemur, or long-tailed indri, of Madagascar, Ara- his kaiir/cr : the ampougue. Avahis (av'a-his), h. [NL., < avahi.] A genus of lemurs, containing the ampongue, avahi, or woolly lemur of Madagascar, A. laniger : a syn- onym of Mierorhynchiis (which see). avail 1 (a-val'), v. [< ME. availcn, < OF. a- (for L. ad-) '+ raler, raloir, be of value or use, < L. ralere, to be strong, to be worth : see value.] 1. intrans. 1. To have value or use; be of service or advantage ; give profit : as, wealth avails little to a castaway. The effectual fervent prayer of a righteous man a eaileth much. .las. v. Hi. 2. To have force or efficacy; serve for a pur- pose; give aid toward an end: us. his cries a railed to bring relief. The thing to be taught has availed to obscure or even to annihilate for their eyes every anxiety as to the mode of teaching. De Quincey, Style, i. avail 3f. To take or draw advantage ; make use or profit. But how out of tills can she avail? Shak., M. forM., iii. 1. II. trans. 1. To be for the advantage of; assist or profit : as, what will skill avail us against numbers! Yet ;ill this avaib. th me nothing. Esther v. 13. All the Bongs and newspapers and money-subscriptions and vituperations "i such as do not think with us, will avail nothing against a fact. Emerson, West Indian Emancipation. "God save us !" cried the captain, ■■ For naught can man avail. ' WhUtier, The Mantle of St. John De Hatha. 2t. To promote; prosper; assist: said of things. Meantime he voyaged to explore the will 01 Jov« high Doih-na s holy hill, What means might best his safe return avail. Pope. 3. To advantage; profit; give the benefit to: used reflexivelv. with of: as, ho availed himself Of the opportunity. [Often used colloquially in the United States without the pronoun.] Then shall thi J seek t' avail themselves oj names, Places and titles. Milton, P. L., xii. 515. The theatre avails itself of the best talent of poet, of painter, and oi amateur of taste, to make the ensemble of dramatic effi ct, Emerson, Misc., p. 396. To avail one's self byt, to avail one's self of. Anil my peculiar profit persuaded me, sometimes, to avail myself by their folly. Sanford. avail 1 (a-val'), n. [< ME. avails, < availen : see avail, v.] 1. Advantage, profit, or benefit, in a general sense : also, value or estimation. [Obsolete or archaic.] The avail of a death-bed repentance. Jer. Taylor. Thy pardon; I but speak for thine avail. Ti-iuiysvii, Garctll and Lynette. 2. Efficacy for a purpose ; advantage to an object or end : now used chiefly in negative phrases, or sentences of negative import: as, of little or no avail ; I doubt whether it will be of much avail. lint Cranstoun's lance, of more avail, Pierced through, like silk, the Borderer's mail; Through shield, and jack, and acton passed. Scott, L. of L. M., iii. 6. 3. pi. Profits or proceeds: as, the avails of a sale by auction. -Avail of marriage, in Scots law, a sum payable to the superior by the heir of a deceased ward-vassal on his becoming marriageable. =Syn. 1 and 2. Use, utility, service.— 3. Returns. avail-t, ''• See iii-ali-. availability (a-va-la-bil'i-ti), ». [< available: see -bililij.] The state of being available; suitableness for the accomplishment of a given purpose; capability of advantageous use or employment: as. the availability of a candidate for office, or of a proposed method. available (a-va'la-bl), a. [< ME. avaylaUe; < avail 1 + -able.'] 1. Profitable; advantageous; having efficacy. 'those who will consult him [Fourier] for no other rea- son, might do so to see how the energies of Woman may be made available in the pecuniary way. Mar?/. Fuller, Woman in 19th Cent., p. 124. 2. Having sufficient power, force, or efficacy for the object ; valid. human are available by consent. Booker. sh- knows no commendation is more available with thee than that of proper virtue. I; Jonson, Cynthia's ltevels, v. 3. 3. Capable of being used or employed with advantage; attainable; accessible; at one's disposal: as, his resources were not available at the time. i i whole army is called 700,000 men, hut of these only 80,000 can he reckoned available, Brougham, We do Qol - i i mo own candidate, no, nor any other mans Aral choice Out only the aritilitlile candidate. whom, perhaps, tan loves. Emerson, Misc., p. 401. Idvailabh is a rare and obsolete form. availableness(a-va'la-bl-nes), >,. I. Thestate of being available; capability of being used; power or efficacj in promoting an end in view. [Bare.] The iiitahlellcSS of the i nd pr< St) If. Hon 2. Competent power: legal force; validity: as, the availablehess oi a title. availably (a-va'la-bli), adv. In an available manner; so as to i>o used with efficacy; profit- ably: advantageously; validly; efficaciously. availingly (a-va'ling-li), adv. In an availing maimer j successfully. It fthe I w i.l i i'... i lopped with a positive Idolatry, in < vt.ioiatii.ii nf whose gross fanaticism its Entrinsii hi autj pleads availingly with the man of letters and the scholar. Faber, in Dublin llev., June, 1853 392 availment (a-vSl'ment), ». [< avail 1 , v., + an at.} Profit; efficacy; successful issue. Bn Hi- j). [Rare.] aval 1 (a'val), a. [< L. avus, grandfather, + -nl.] Relating to grandparents. I in rare opportunities of authentic verification of spe- cial parental "i aval recollections. Science, 111. 345. aval 2 (a-val'), n. [F., an indorsement, guar- anty, < a vol, at the bottom: see ovale."} In Canada, an act of suretyship or guaranty on a promissory note. avalanche (av'a-lanch), n. [< P. avalanche (also avalange), dial, form (Swiss evalanche) of "avalancc ( ML. arulanlia), lit. descent, < avnli r, let fall down: see avalv and -once.] 1. The fall or sliding down of a mass of snow or ice from a mountain-slope. The sliding down of ordinary snow is, in high snow-covered mountains, an event of frequent occurrence, and is generally not danger- ous or destructive, since it mostly takes place high above habitations and forests. Partly consolidated snow, or neve, however, is sometimes set in motion in Large quan- tities, and such an occurrence may be productive of very serious injury, especially to the forests below. Small gla- ciers sometimes detach themselves from their rocky beds and fall into the valley below ; such events are rare, but have sometimes been attended by very disastrous results. The more terrible catastrophes which have occurred, and by which, especially in the Alps, whole villages have been buried, have been due to the sliding down of a portion of the rock itself of which the mountain was formed. These 1 ' rock-avalanches," as they are sometimes called, are more properly denominated laud-slips or land-slides. Seeland- slip, land-slide. Around his [Mont Blanc's] waist are forests braced, The avalanche in his hand; But ere it fall, that thundering ball -Must pause at my command. Byron, Manfred, i. 1. Hence — 2. Anything resembling an avalanche in suddeuness and destructiveness : as, an ava- lanche of misfortunes. avalet (a-val'), v. [< ME. avalen, aiwalen, < OP. avaler, avaller (— Pr. avatar = Olt. avallare), come down, let down, < a vat, downward, < L. ad valient, lit. to the valley: ad, to; valient, aoc. of voiles, valley, vale: see vale. Cf. amount, < L. '/'/ niimtein, to the hill; down, oilmen, <. AS. of dime, from the hill.] I. intrans. 1. To come down; fall. A rayn from hevene gau avalc. Chaucer, Troilus, iii. 02(3. 2. To descend; dismount. They . . . from their sweaty Coursers did ovale. Spenser, F. Q., II. ix. 10. II. trans. 1. To lower; uncover; take off, as a vizor or hood. Chaucer. Undid men were eleped thaiine the Lolardis, that wold never avale here hood in presens of the Sacrament. Capyrave's Chron., p. 245, an. 1387. Quoted in G. P. [Marsh's Hist. Eng. Lang., p. 7. 2. To let down; lower, as a sail; cause to de- scend: as, "hath his saile avaled," Gowcr, Conf. Amant., viii. By that, the welked Phcebus gan availe liis weary waine. Spenser, Shep. Cal., Jan. Thou seest my lowly saile, That froward fortune doth ever availe. Spenser, Shep. Cal., Sept. 3. To make low or abject; depress; degrade. avalite (av'a-lit), ». [< Avala (seedef.) + -t'te 2 .] A silicate containing chromium, occurring in emerald-green scales at the mercury-mines of Mount Avala. near Belgrade. Avallon (a-va-16h'), n. [F.] A French wine of good quality, named from the town of Aval- lon in the department of Yonne. There an- sev- eral varieties, named locally from the various vineyards. These wines are free from sweetness, and are often sold under the name of Chablis, avance't, v. A Middle English form of advance. avance-t, "■ Obsolete form oiavens. avaneh (a-va'ne), n. A light scarf or sash, generally of silk, worn in Asia Minor and S\ via as a girdle, or twisted around the tail sli to loi in the turban. avania (a-va'ni-ft), n. [Formerly also avarria, iii-nriii, also ovciiij, < F. avonic = It. Pg. omnia, < NGr. I'l.im-ia, Turk. Ar. iniain. also oirdri, also 'ainin, 'aicdnia; origin uncertain.] An imposi- tion by the (Turkish) government ; compulsory tax; government exaction; "aid," "benevo- lence" (Marsh); specifically (as applied by Christians), an extortionate exaction or tax l.vie.l by the Turks. ,\. E. D. avanious (a-va'ni-us), a. [< amnio + -0US.~\ Extortionate. avantt (a-viint.'), n. [Abbr. of avant-garde, q. v. | The front of an army; the van. avant-. [< P. avant = Pr. avant = It. avante, avantt, before, < Ely. dbante, i.e., abante, from before: see ab- aud ante-, and cf. aiiaitnt 1 , ud- avast rniiri , advantage, etc.] A prefix of French ori- gin, meaning before, fore. Also shortened to mill-, mil-. avantaget, »• A Middle English form of ad- vantage. avant-bras (a-von'brS), n. A piece of plate- armor, generally called in English vambrace t which see). See brassart. avant-courier (a-vant'k6"ri-er; often, as P., a-von'ko-ria'), n. [Formerly avant-cotivricr, -currier, -coureur, < F. avant-coureur, avant-cour- rier, m. (cf . avant-courriere, f.), < omul, before, + coureur, courrier, courier: see cmu-icr.] 1. One despatched in advance to give notice of the approach of another or others. — 2f. pi. The scouts, skirmishers, or advance-guard of an army. N. E. 1). avariterst, «. pi. [ME., also avancers, < OP. arant, before: see avant-.] Portions of the numbles of a deer which lie near the neck. Uyuc3 hit vp radly, rigt to the liygt, Voydeg out the a-vanters, a verayly ther-after Alle the ryine3 by the rybbeg radly they lance. Sir Gawayne ami tin- Green Knight (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1342. Then dresse tlie nombles, fyrste thai ye iccke, Downe the auancers kerue, that clength to the neck. Boke of St. Albans, sig. d, iv. avant-fosse (a-voh'fos-a'), n. [F., Movant, be- fore, + fosse, a ditch: see fosse.]] In fort., the ditch of the counterscarp next to the country, dug at. the foot of the glacis. Wilhelm, Mil. Diet. avant-gardet (a-vant'gard ; F. pron. a-von'- gard),». [< F. avant-garde, < avant, before, + gar die, guard: see vanguard.'] Advance-guard. avantplat (a-von'pla), n. Same as vamplate. avanturin, avanturine (a-van'fu-rin), «. and a. See oventurin. avarice (av'a-ris), n. [< ME. avarice, < OF. avarice (F. avarice), < L. avaritia, < avanis, greedy (cf. avidus, avid: see avid), < avere, wish, desire.] An inordinate desire of gaining and possessing wealth; eovetousness ; cupidity; greediness, or insatiable desire of gain. So for a good old-gentlemanly vice I think I must take up with avarice. Byron, Don Juan, i. 216. = Syn. Avarice, Covetoumcss, Cupidity, penuriousness, closeness, miserliness, all denote bad qualities, corruptions of tin- natural instinct of possession. Avarice, literally greediness, a strong desire to get objects of value, has be- eiiine limited, except in figurative uses, so as to express only a sordid and mastering desire to get wealth. Covet. iiiisiir.ss and cupidity are not limited to wealth, lint may have for their object anything that can be desired, cupidity being directed especially toward material things. Covet- ousness longs to possess that which belongs to another ; hence the prohibition in the tenth commandment (Ex. xx. 17). Cupidity is more active than the others, less grovel- ing, and more ready to snatch from others that which eovetousness may wish for without trying to get. See pc~ nurioun. 'there grows, In my most ill-conipos'd affection, such A stanchlcss iiiio-iii , that, were 1 king, I should cut off the nobles for their lands. Shak., -Macbeth, iv. 3. I would not have you to think that my desire of having is the sin of an-i-tvusni-ss. Shak., T. N., v. 1. When this continent was fust discovered, it became an object of rapidity to the ambition of many of the nations of Europe. Story, Speech, Salem, Sept. 18, 1828. avaricious (av-a-rish'us), a. [< ME. avaricious, < F. ami icii ii x, < avarice. Cf. avaroiis.] Char- acterized by avarice ; greedy of gain ; immoder- ately desirous of accumulating property; eager to acquire or possess. Luxurious, avaricious, false, deceitful. Shak., Macbeth, iv. 3. Liberal of everything else, he [Walpole] was avaricious of power. Macauluy, Horace Walpole. avariciously (av-a-rish'us-li), '"'''. In an ava- ricious manner; with inordinate desire of gain- ing wealth ; covetously. Each is contented with his own possessions, nor avari- ciously endeavours to neap up more than is necessary for his own subsistence. Qoldsmith, Essays, wi. avariciousness (av-a-rish'us-nes), n. The quality of being avaricious; insatiable or inor- dinate passion for property. avaroust, a. [ME. avarous, averous, < OF. ave- ros, ai-iriis (extended form as if < aver, posses- sion : see artr-); cf. aver, oror, mod. F. ararc, < Li. ai-arus, greedy: see avarice] Covetous; avaricious: as, "the trie amvoiix," Piers Plow- man. avast (a-viisf), intcrj. [Prob. < D. hoxC vast, hmiil vast = E. hold fast, i. e., hold on, wait a while. Cf. D. houvast = E. holdfast, a cramp- iron.] .Sunt., stop! hold! cease! stay! [Some- times used colloquially.] .least hailing ! Don't you know me, mother Partlett? Cumberland. avast Avast heaving (naut.), the cry to arrest the capstan when nippers are jammed, or any other impediment oc curs i 1 1 heaving the cable. avatar (av-a-tiir' or av'a-tiir), n. [< Skt.avatdra, descent, < dva, down, +' V tar, cross over, pass through.] 1. In Hindu myth., the descent of a deity to the earth in an incarnate form or some manifest shape ; the incarnation of a god. Three of the Amtdras or incarnations of Vishnu are con. nected with a deluge, . . . Vishnu in each case rescuing mankind from destruction by water. Max Mull,;; India, p. 144. Hence — 2. A remarkable appearance, mani- festation, or embodiment of any kind ; a de- scent into a lower sphere ; an adorable or won- derful exhibition of an abstract idea, principle, etc., in concrete form: as, "The Irish Avatar" (a poem by Byron on a visit of George IV. to Ireland); "the avatar of mathematics," Mas- son, Milton, I. 226. [Carlyie is] the most shining avatar of whim the world has ever seen. Lowell, study Windows, p. 148. avatara (av-a-ta'ra), n. Same as avatar. avauncet, "• An obsolete form of advance. avaunt 1 (a-vanf or -vant'), adv. and inter j. [ME., < OF. avant, forward, < LL. abante, lit. from before: see avant-.'] I.t adv. Forward. And with that word came Drede avaunt. Bom. of the Rose, 1. 3958. II. interj. Away! begone! depart! an ex- clamation of contempt or abhorrence. Avaunt, thou hateful villain, get thee gone ! Shak., K. John, iv. 3. avaunt 1 t, "• [< avaunt 1 , inter}.] Dismissal. After this process To give her the avaunt ! It is a pity Would move a monster. Shak., Hen. VIII., ii. 3. avaunt 2 t, v. i. [A modification of avance 1 = advance, due to influence of avaunt 1 , a dr.] To advance. Avauuting in great bravery. Spenser, F. Q., II. iii. 6. avaunt^t, »■ [ME. avaunten, avanten, < OF. avanter, avaunter, < a- + ranter, vaunter, vaunt: see vaunt, v.] I. trans. To praise highly; vaunt ; make renowned. Do you favour you to avomnte. Chaucer, House of Fame, I. 1788. II. intrans. or reflexive. To boast; brag; speak or express vauntingly. " Thanne," quod she, " I dar me wel avaunte, Thy lif is sauf." Chaucer, Wife of Bath's Tale, 1. 158. Let now the papists avaunt themselves ! Cranmer, Ans. to Gardiner, p. 333. avaunt 3 t, »• [ME. avaunt; < avaunt 3 , v.] A boast; a vaunt To make avaunt, to assert confi- dently ; declare positively. Chaucer, Trollus, iii. 289. avauntancet, ». [ME., < avaunten : see avaunt 3 , v., and -ance. Cf. OF. vantance, < vanter, vaunt.] Boasting. avauntert, avauntourt, ». [< ME. avauntour, avaunter, < OF. avantour, -eor, < avanter: see avaunt 3 , v.] A boaster. He is not nyce Ne avauntour. Chaucer, Troilus, iii. 724. avauntryt, ». [ME., also avauntarie, < OF. 'avanterie, found only as vanterie : see avaunt 3 , v.] Same as avauntanee. avdp. An abbreviation of avoirdupois. ave (a've or a've), interj. [L., hail! orig. impv. of avere, be well, be of good cheer ; esp. in LL. phrase Ave Maria, hail Mary! in allusion to Luke i. 28: "Ave [Maria], gratia plena."] Hail ! Also, farewell ! And ".4tv, Ave, Ave" said, "Adieu, adieu" for evermore. Tennyson, In Memoriam, lvii. Ave Maria, the Hail Mary, a devotion or prayer used in the Western Church. In the older form it consists of the salutation of the angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary when he announced to her the incarnation (Luke i. 28), together with the words of Elizabeth to Mary (Luke i. 42). This form of the Hail Mary was used as an anthem in both the Eastern and Western churches as early as the seventh century. It came into wide use as a devotion in the eleventh century. The concluding words, "Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us," etc., were first introduced in the fifteenth century, and first authorized for daily use in the breviary in 1568. Also called the angelic salutation. See angelus. ave (a've or a've), n. [< ave, interj.] 1. An Ave Maria (which see, under ave, interj.). Nine hundred Pater nosters every day, And thrise nine hundred Aves she was wont to say. Spenser, F. Q., I. iii. 13. 2. A salutation. Their loud applause and arcs vehement. Shak., M. for M., i. 1. avel (av'el), n. [E. dial., appar. due to a con- fusion of ME. avene (Prompt. Parv.), for awenc, awn (of. Dan. a/me, awn), with E. dial, ail'*, ME. ailc, vile, < AS. eijl, awn, beard of grain. Ail? 393 and awn are from the same root, differing only in the suffix. ] The awn or beard of barley, aveler (av'el-er), ii. A machine for removing the avela or awns of barley from the grain; a hummeler. K. H. Knight. avelingest, adv. [Early mod. E.,< avelong + adv. gen. suffix -es, the term, being assimilated to -lings, q. v.] In an oblong or oval shape, avell (a-vel'), v. t. [< L. aveUere, pull away, < ab, away, + vellere, pluck, tear.] To pull away. Sir T. Browne. avellan, a. See avellane. avellanarious (av'el-a-na'ri-us), a. [< L. Avel- lanus : see avellane.] Relating to the filbert, avellane, avellan (a-vel'an, -an, or av'el-an, -an), a. [< OF. avclane, < L. Avellana (SC. nux, nut), earlier Abellana, the fil- bert, lit. the nut of Avella, < Abella, a town in Campania abounding in fruit-trees and nuts, now Avella. Cf. apple.] In her., resembling a filbert: specifically said of a cross each of whose arms resembles the filbert in its outer sheath, sometimes blazoned as tour of Heraldry." > filberts conjoined in cross. avelongt, a. [E. dial, avelang, oval, < ME. ave- longe, awelonge, < Icel. aflangr = Sw. afldng = Dan. aflang (the prefix being assimilated to af = E. off), < L. oblongus, oblong: see oblong.] Oblong or oval ; drawn out of a square or circle. Ave-Maryt (a've-ma"ri), n. Same as Ave Maria (which see, under ave, interj.). He told of Saintes and Popes, and evermore He strowd an Ave-Mary after and before. Spenser, F. Q., I. i. 35. I could never hear the Ave-Mary bell without an eleva- tion, or think it a sufficient warrant because they erred in one circumstance for me to err in all — that is, in si- lence and dumb contempt. Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, i. § 3. Avena (a-ve'nii), n. [L., oats.] A genus of plants, natural order Graminew, characterized by having large membranous outer glumes, which inclose two or three perfect flowers, each with a long, bent, and twisted awn on the back of the lower palet. The species are natives of temperate and cold regions. Some are useful pasture- grasses, but by far the most important species is A. saliva, the cultivated oat. See oat. avenaceous (av-e-na'shius), a. [< L. avena- ccus, < avena, oats.] Belonging to or resem- bling oats. avenage (av'e-naj), n. [< OF. avenage, < avene, oats, < L. avena', oats.] In old law, a certain quantity of oats paid by a tenant to a landlord in lieu of rent or other duty. avenaryt (av'e-na-ri), n. [< L. avenarius, < avena, oats.] Same as avener. avenauntt, a. [ME., also avenant, avenand, etc., < OF. (and mod. F.) avenant, comely, con- venient, ppr. of avenir, come, suit, become, < L. advenire, come: see advene, and cf. conve- nient, comely, and becoming.] 1. Becoming; well-looking. Clere browne she was, and thereto bright Of face, body avenaunt. Rom. of the Rose, I, 1203. 2. Convenient; suitable. Dyghttes his dowblettez for dukes and cries, Aketouns avenaunt for Arthure hyni selfue. Morte Arthure (ed. Perry, E. E. T. S.), 1. 2627. avener (av'e-ner), n. [ME. avener, avenere, < OF. avenier,\ L. avenarius: see avenary.] In feudal law, a chief officer of the stable, whose duty it was to provide oats. Also spelled ave- nor. avenge (a-venj'), v. ; pret. and pp. avenged, ppr. avenging. [r fancied wrong. Poetic use sometimes returns to the earlier freedom in the meaning of avenge. See revenge, n. 1 will avenge this insult, noble Queen. Tennyson, Geraint. If you poison us, do we not die? and if you wrong us, shall we not revenge) Shak., M. of v., iii. l. II. intrans. To execute vengeance; indict retaliatory pain or injury on a wrong-doer. Thou shalt net avenge nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people. Lev. xix. 18. The avenging horror of a conscious mind, Whose deadly fear anticipates the Mow, And sees no end of punishment and woe. Drijdcn, tr. of Lucretius, iii. 231. avenget (a-venj'), n. [< avenge, v.] 1. Re- venge; retaliation. That avenge by you decreed. Spenser, F. Q., IV. vi. 8. 2. Punishment ; vengeance taken. Why doth mine hand from thine avenge abstaine? Spenser, F. Q..IV. i. 52. avengeancet (a-ven'jans), «. [< avenge + -ance, after vengeance.] The act of avenging; ven- geance: as, "fear signal avengeance," J. Phil- ips, Cyder, ii. 49. avengeful (a-venj'ful), a. [< avenge, »., + -ful, after revengeful.] Avenging; executing ven- geance. [Rare.] avengement (a-venj'ment), n. [< avenge + -mint.] The act of avenging; vengeance; pun- ishment; satisfaction taken. [Rare.] Nought may thee save from heavens avengement. Spenser, Muiopotmos. God's avengement of his repulse at Hull. Milton, Eikonoklastes. avenger (a-ven'jer), n. One who avenges or takes vengeance. The Lord is the avenger of all such. 1 Thes. iv. 6. Brutus, thou saint of the avenger's order. Beddoes, Death's Jest-Book, i. 1. avengeress (a-ven'jer-es), ». [< avenger + -ess.] A female avenger. [Rare.] That cruell Queene avengeresse. Spenser, V. <>., III. viii. 20. aveniform (a-ve'ni-forrn), a. [< L. avena, oats, + forma, form.] Resembling a grain of oats. Thomas, Med. Diet. avenin (a-ve'nin), h. [< L. an int. outs, 4- -in?.] A nitrogenous proteid substance found in oats, similar to legumin, and probably a mixture of legumin and gluten. avenious (a-ve'ni-us), a. Same as avenous. avenort, "• See avener. avenous (a-ve'nus), a. [< Gr. 6- priv. + L. vena, vein.] In but., wanting veins or nerves, as the leaves of certain plants. Also aveninus. avens (av'enz), n* [< ME. avans, avance, avaunee, avence, ML. avancia, avencia, avantia, avens, harefoot; origin obscure.] The popu- lar English name of species of plants of the genus Geum. The common or yellow avens, or herb, bennet, is G. urbanum; the purple or water avens, G. rivale.— Mountain avens, Dnias octopetala. aventaile, aventail (av'en-tal), n. [< ME. aventayle, < OF. esventail, air-hole, < esventer (mod. F. eventer), < L. ex, out, + ventus, wind.] In medieval armor: («) The flap or adjustable part of the hood of mail, which when unfastened allowed the hood to drop upon the shoulders, (b) The mov- able front of the helmet. Aventine (av' en-tin), a. and n. [< L. Avenvinus.] I. a. Appellative of one of the seven hills on which Rome was built. According to a legend, it was called Mons Aventinus, or the Aventine hill, from an aboriginal king Aventinus who was buried there. Il.t «• A post of defense or safety; security; del'ense. Into the castle's tower, That only Aventine that now is left us. Beau, and Ft. My strong Aventine is That great Doinitian . . . will once return. Who can repair, with ease, the consul's ruins. Massinger, Roman Actor, i. 1. A, Aventaile idef.«). (From Viollet-ie- Due's "Diet, du Mobilier fran- cais."J aventre aventret, ''• t. [< ft. avventare, throw, shoot, dart, < a (< L. ad, to) + vento, wind; ef. Pr. in a tn r = OF. venter, east to the wind: see tr« i.J To throw, us a spear or dart. Her mortal] speare She mightily aventred towards one, And downe him smot. Spenser, F. Q., III. i. 28. aventuret, «■ [The older form of adventure, q. v.] Adventure; chance; accident; specifi- cally, in old law, a mischance causing a per- son's death without felony, as drowning or fall- ing from a house. aventurin, aventurine (a-ven'tu-rin), n. and o. [< P. aventurine, < It. awenturino, < awen- tiiru, chance: see adventure, n.] I. n. l^A sort of opaque golden-brown glass filled with specks or drops of a bright gold-color and of different sizes, used, under the name of gold- stone, for various ornaments. Its preparation was discovered at Murano. near Venice, by the accident of dropping a quantity of brass filings into a pot of melted glass : hence the name. 2. A variety of feldspar, usually oligoclase, spangled with scales of hematite, gothite, or mica. It is often called sunstone. The most highly prized variety is obtained in Russia. — 3. A similar variety of quartz containing span- gles of mica or other mineral. — 4. A kind of sealing-wax, of a translucent brown color and 394 leetive sing, arose its use in the plural, in the special sense of stock, cattle, whence a new sing. (ML. averia, annus, as well as an rum, annum), a beast of burden.] If. Substance; property; estate. Marchaunt he was of gret avoir. Seuyn Sages, 1. 2205, in Weber's Metr. Rom., III. 2i.pt. Live stock; cattle; domestic animals. — 3. A beast of burden; a draft-ox or draft- horse ; an old horse. [North. Eng. and Scotch.] An inch of a nag is worth a span of an a ver. In Ray, Proverbs (167S), p. 36. average 1 (av'e-raj), n. [= Sc. avarage, contr. arrage, arage'i'now arriage, esp. in the combi- nation carriage and carriage; < late ME. ace- rage, earlier only in ML. averagium or OF. ace- rage, appar. the same, with suffix -age, as ML. avera, a kind of service mentioned in Domes- day Book : usually referred to aver, a beast of burden, and defined accordingly; but this is doubtful, avera being more prob. a reflex, simu- lating aver, of OF. ovre, were, mod. F. ceuvre, < L. opera, work: see opera, err-, manceuvcr.] In old law, a kind of service owed by tenants to their superior. The nature of the service is not clear. It is usually explained as service done with beasts of bur- den, but tins appears to rest on a doubtful etymology (see above). abounding in gold specks or particles—Chrome average- (av'e-raj), n. and a. [Earlymod.E.also averige, averiage, avark>ge,< late ME. average, the same, with suffix -age (found only in E. and Anglo-L. averagium), as late ME. averays (for aceri/sh, < F. avaris, "decay of wares or mer- chandise, leaking of wines, also the charges of the carriage or measuring thereon, also the fees or veils of a cook, etc." (Cotgrave), sing. prop. uniric = Sp. aceria = Pg. It. avaria, in ML. ava- ria, averia ; cf . MD. avarij, D. haverij = G. hafc- rei, Itaverie = Dan. havari = Sw. /mnri, from Rom. Origin disputed ; the orig. sense, ' a duty on goods,' suggests a connection with ML. ave- ria, goods, property: see aver 2 . Perhaps ava- aventurin, a glass made by freely adding chromate of pot ash to the other materials used, thus separating spangles of oxid of chromium. II. a. Having the appearance of aventurin : as, aventurin lacquer, etc. — Aventurin glaze, a glaze for porcelain. It is brownish, with crystalline lami- na; of a golden luster. Also written avanturin, avantarme. aventuroust (a-ven'tu-rus), a. Obsolete form .if mln utiirous. avenue (av'e-nu), n. [Formerly also advenue, an iii ir. < F"arenne, orig. pp. fern, of avenir, < L. aavenire, come to, < ad, to, + venire, come. Cf. advene.'} 1. A passage ; a way or an open- ing for entrance into a place; any opening or passage by which a thing is or may be intro- duced or approached. Good guards were set up at all the avenues of the city, to keep all people from going out. Clarendon. 2. A roadway of approach to a country-house, particularly when straight, of considerable length, and shaded by a row of trees on each side; a drive in a private country-place; a walk in a garden or demain of some preten- sions as to style or size. A long avenue wound and circled from the outermost gate through an untrimmed woodland. II. James, Jr., Pass. Pilgrim, p. 45. 3. A street; properly, a wide street planted with trees and often with turfed spaces on either side, or a garden or shaded promenade in the middle : used in New York, Washington, etc., in the names of the longest and general- ly the widest streets, as Fifth or Pennsylvania Avenue, but in some American cities without special reference to the character of the street. — 4. Figuratively, means of access or attain- ment. There are no avenues to the public service opened for talent. Brougham. aver 1 (a-ver'), «'• t- ; pret. and pp. averred, ppr. averring. [Early mod. E. also averr, < ME. averren, < OF. averrer, averer, mod. F. ave'rerz= Pr. averar = It. avverare, < ML. adrrrare, make tun . prove true, be' true, < L. ail, to, + crew,?, true: see vt rify, " Hty, etc.] It. To assert the truth of. — 2t. To confirm; verify; prove to be true. — 3. To affirm with confidence; declare in a positive or peremptory manner. And I nnr that, to this day, 1 have done no official act in mere deference to my abBtraci Judgment and feeling lavery. Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 481. 4. In law, to avouch or verify; offer to verify; allege as a fact . See averment. — 5. To assort the existence of ; off er in evidence. [Archaic] 1 Ui nihil notes Of chamber-hangings, pictures, tins her bracelet. Shak., Cymbeline, v. 5. = Syn. 3. Affirm, Declare, etc. (si a ert) Bay, allege, pro- test, insist, maintain, aver- (a'ver), u. [Sc anr. aim- (def. 3); < ME. nnr. an re, an gr I Inter also avoir, havOW, havor, havour, after Inter OF.), < OF. aver, ante, Inter avoir, mod. P. avoir = Sp. a luteins, pi., now lial'ir. = Pg. hunns. pl.,= It. linn (ML. itrirum. annum, nun. nnr). SUb- stanee, property, stock, lit. • having,' being the nouu use of the inf., OF. aver, aveir, etc., < L. habere, have: sec have. From its use as a col- Avernian I departed, . . . convinced that, . . . whatever the ratio of population, the average amount of human nature tx> the square mile is the same tlie world over. Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 93. Hence — 2. Of medium character, quality, etc. ; midway between extremes ; ordinary. They all [the Patoocosmic skefetons] represent a race of grand physical development, and of cranial capacity equal to that of the average modern European. Dawson, Nature and the Bible, p. 174. The average intellect of five hundred persons, taken as they come, is not very high. 0. W. Holmes, Autocrat, vi. We mortals cross the ocean of this world Each in his average cabin of a life — The best's not big, the worst yields elbow-room. Browning, Bishop Blougram's Apology. 3. Estimated in accordance with the rules of average: as, the loss was made good by an average contribution Average curvature. See currat'ure. -Average standard, in copper-mining, the market value of a ton of tough-cake copper. It formerly served as a basis for estimating tlie amount to Ik- paid by the smelters to the miners for ores of copper purchased. [Cornwall. 1-Syn. Sec mean, u. average 2 (av'e-raj), v. t. ; pret. and pp. averaged, ppr. averaging. ' [< average^, it.] 1. To find the arithmetical mean of, as unequal sums or quantities; reduce to a mean. — 2. To result in, as an arithmetical mean term ; amount to, as a mean sura or quantity : as, wheat averages 56 pounds to the bushel. These spars average 10 feet in length. Belknap. 3. To divide among a number proportionally; divide the total amount of by the number of equal shares : as, to average a loss. The permanent averaged price on all kinds of commodi- ties. English Bev., VI. 261. averaged (av'e-raj), n. [Also averaige, averish, prob. an expansion (in reverse imitation of Sc arriage, arrage, for average 1 ) of arrish, ersh : see arrish, ersh. eddish.'] The stubble and grass left in corn-fields after harvest. In these monthes after the cornne bee innede it is meete to putt drauglite horses and oxen into the atari l< Quoted in Archoeologia, xiii. 379. uia, through its appar. more orig. form avaria, is av erage-adjuster (av'e-raj-a-jus"ter), n. An to be referred to the same source: see avama.] expert accountant who'fs employed ii I. n. 1. («t) A duty or tax upon goods. (6) A small charge payable by the shippers of goods to the master of the ship, over and above the freight, for his care of the goods. Hence the clause, in bills of lading, "paying so much expert accountant who is employed in cases of general average to ascertain and state the sum which each of the parties interested has to pay in order to make up the loss sustained by some for the general good. Also called average- stater, average-taker. freight, with primage and average accustomed." avera g e iy (av'e-raj-li), adv. In an average or (c) A small charge paid by the master on account of the ship and cargo, such as pilotage, towage, etc.: called more specifically petty average. (d) A loss, or the sum paid on account of a loss (such as that of an anchor), when the general safety is not in question, and which falls on average-stater, average-taker (av'e-raj-sta* medial manner; in the mean between two ex- tremes. Which tends to render living more difficult for every averaurli/ situated individual in the community. J. S. Mill, Polit. Econ., I. xiii. § 4. the owner of the particular property lost called more specifically particular average. (e) A contribution made by the owners of a ship's freight and cargo, in proportion to their several interests, to make good a loss that has been sustained or an expense incurred for the general safety of the ship and cargo. Tims, when for the safety of a ship in distress any destruction of property is incurred, either by cutting away the masts, throwing g Is overboard, or in other ways, all prisons who have goods on board or property in the ship (or the insurers) contribute to the loss according to their aver- age, that is, according to tlie proportionate value of the e Is of curl bnald. Average in this sense is also called general average. 2. A sum or quantity intermediate to a num ter, -ta"ker), «. Same as average-adjuster. averano (av-e-rit'no), n. [Appar. S. Amer.] A name of the birds of the genus Chasmorhyn- ehus of Temminck, including several South American fruit-crows of the family CotingidcB and subfamily (li/mnoderina; as C. raricgatus, the averano of Buffon, and the arapunga. See cut under arapunga. avercake, n. See haveredke. avercornt, »• [Appar. < aver (repr. ML. avera (see average 1 ), a kind of service) + corn.'] In old laic, corn paid by a tenant to his superior as rent or in lieu of service. This word, like aver- html and iirrr/iemiii. is not known in vernacular use, and See average^. its technical sense is uncertain. berof different sums or quantities, obtained by aver dant (a-ver'dsmt), a. [See verdant.'] In adding them together and dividing the result her ,, oveml with" green herbage: chiefly ap- by the number of quantities added; an arith- pvj e ,i ),, ;] i,,,,unt in base, metical mean proportion. Thus, if four persons -.yen^ (av'e-rish), n. Same as average*. lose respectively $10, $20, $30, and $40, the aver- aver i an d (a'ver-iand), n. [See avercorn.] In age loss by the four is $25. Hence — 3. Any medial amount, estimate, or general statement based on a comparison of a number of diverse specific cases; a medium. A like number of men, through various kinds and de- grees of ill-success, reveal a mental capacity that is more or less below the average. J. Fiske, Evolutionist, p. 177. Yet I have no doubt that that people's rulers are as wise as the ttenthit' of civilized rulers. Thoreau, Walden, p. 39. Average bond. See bond^.— Upon or on an average, taking the arithmetical mean of several unequal nuintieis oi' quantities; taking ttie arithmetical mean deduced from a great number of examples. 'hi an average tin- male and female births arc tolerably equal, BvchU . I livllization, I. iv. = Syn. 2 and 3. Medium, etc See mean, u. II. a. 1. Ecpial in amount In tlie sum of all the particular quantities of the same sort di- vided by flic number of them: us. the average yield of wheat to the acre; the average price of anything for a year. aid laic, land subject to the service called aver- age. See mi mill '. averment (a-v6r'ment), n. [< aver* + -mint.] 1. The act of averring; affirmation; positive assertion. Publishing averments and innuendoes. Burke, Towers of Juries. 2f. Verification; establishment by evidence. Huron.— 3. In ZtiK', an allegation or statement as :i t'aet : commonly u-ni ef statements in a pleading which the party thereby professes to be ready to prove. Avemian (a-ver'ni-an), a. [. 126. avian (a'vi-an), i/. and n. [< L. avis, a bird, + -an.] I. a. Of or pertaining to Aves, or birds; ornithic. The furculum is distinctly avian. 0. C Harsh, Pop. Sci. Mo., XX. 318. Avian anatomy. See anatomy. II. a. A member of the class.4»es; a bird: as. "this ancient avianS' Coues. aviary (a'vi-a-ri), ».; pi. aviaries (-riz). [< L. aviarium, an aviary, neut. of nrinritts, of birds, < ..] Resembling the Aviculidce: as, "an aviculoid shell," A,„,r. Jour. Sci., 3d ser.,XXXI. 140. Aviculopecten (a-vik*u-16-pek'ten), n. [NL., < Avicula + I'nli a.] A genus of fossil bivalve mollusks: so called because it combines char- acters of tin' ",'nri'a I ririila and I'n-lin. Spe- iieeur in tin- Silurian and Carboniferous rocks. aviculture (a'vi-kul-tur), n. [< L, avis, a bird, + cultura, culture.] The care of birds; the rearing or keepin - of birds in domestication or captivity. avid (av'id), a. [_< L. ii • F. avilement (mod. F. avilis- sement): see avile and -ment.] The act of ren- dering vile, or of treating as vile. avine (a'vin), a. [< L. avis, a bird, + -me 1 .] Same as arum. avireptilian (a"vi-rep-til'i-an), a. [< L. avis, bird, + repUliS, reptile, + -an.] Combining avian and reptilian characters ; sauropsidan, as a bird. [Bare.] The head is in a stage of avi-reptilian transition. R. II'. Slui.feldt, in The Century, XXXI. 355. avist, ». An obsolete form of adrin-. avisandt, a. Advising; giving advice. avisandum, «. See avizandum. aviset, "• and v. An obsolete form of advice, advise. avised (a-visf), a. [Sc, prop, "vised, < P. vis, face, + -ed 2 , with unorig. a- developed in comp.j Faced: only in composition: as, X>\&ck-avised, dark-complexioned; \ang-aviscd, long-faced. [Scotch.] avisefult (a-vTz'ful), a. [Also avizefull; < avise, = advise, + -ful.] Circumspect. Spenser, aviselyt, adv. Advisedly. Chaucer. avisementt (a-viz'ment), n. Obsolete form of advisement. I think there never Marriage was managed with a mure avijtement. B. Jonson, Tale of a Tub, ii. 1. avisiont, «. [ME., also avisiun, -oun,(. OF. a/vi- sion, avisiun ( = Pr. avision ), for vision ; confused with avis, advice, counsel.] Vision. Chaucer. avisot, «• [< Sp. aviso, advice, etc.: seeadvice.] 1. Advice ; intelligence. I had yours, . . . and besides your avisos, I must thank you forthe rich nourishes wherewith your letter was em broidered. Howell, hitters, ii. 68. I am no Footpost, N,, pedlar of avisos. Ford, Lady's Trial, i. 1. 2. An advice- or despatch-boat. avttal (av'i-tal), a. [< L. avitus, pertaining to a grandfather (< avus, a grandfather), + -aZ.] < )f or pertaining to a grandfather; ancestral. I sneered just now at avital simplicity. C. Reade, Love me Little, etc, xi. avivage (a-vi-vazh'), n. In di/iiua, the process of clearing a fabric of superfluous coloring matter after it has lefl the rats, and of reviv- ing and brightening tho colors. When the dyeing process is continued for more than si\ hours the colours produced stand clearing (avivage) less well than when the time has been shorter, Crookes, Dyeing and Calico-printing, i». SOI. avizandum (av-i-zan'dum), u. [Law L., also avisandum, gerund of nrisuve, < F. avisev, con- sider, advise: see advise.] In Scots law, private I'oiisideral ion. To make avizandum with a cause is to remove it from the public court to the private considera- tion "t the ju.hj.-. Also spelled avisandv/m. avize 1 !, v. Au obsolete form of adi is< . Avocado, ur Alligator-piiax {Ptrse.t uracissima). avoid Avize 2 (a-vez'), n. A sparkling wine named from the village of Avize, in the department of .Mann-, Prance. See champagne. avocado tav-o-ka'do), n. [Corrupted from Mex- ican name.]' The alligator-pear, the fruit of Pt rsea gratissima, nat- ural order Lauraceas, a tree common in trop- ical America and the West Indies. It is from 1 to 2 pounds in weight, is pear-shaped, of abrouni^h green or purple color, and is highlj esteemed, though rather asa vegetable than as a fruit. The pulp is Hrm and marrow-like, whence the fruit is sometimes known as vegetable marrow or mid- shipmen's biitt.-r. The oil is said to be equal to palm oil for soap. The tree is an evergreen, growing to the height of 30 feet Alsoawo- cato, in-iijato. avocat (av-o-kii'), ». [F., < L. advocatus: see advocate, ii.] An advocate; a lawyer. avocate (av'o-kat), v. t.: pret. and pp. avo- cated, ppr. avocating. [< \i. avocatus, pp. of avocare, call away, < a for ab, away, + vocare, call: see voice and vocal.] If. To call off or away. One . . . who avocateth his mind from other occupa- tions. Barrow, Works, III. xxii. 2. To remove authoritatively from an inferior to a superior court. [Archaic] Seeing . . . the cause arncah-il to Lome. Lord Herbert, Hen. VIII., p. 259. avocation (av-o-ka'shon), «. [< B. avocatio(n-), a calling off, interruption, < avocare, call off: see avocate.] If. The act of calling aside or diverting from some object or employment. God does frequently inject into the soul blessed im- pulses to duty, and powerful avocations from sin. South. 2. The authoritative removal of a case or pro- cess from an inferior to a superior court. The pope's avocation of the process to Rome, by which his duplicity and alienation from the king's side were made evident, and the disgrace of Wolsey, took place in the summer of 1529. Hallam. 3f. The state of being called, or of wandering aside or away; a diversion of the thoughts. If not from virtue, from its gravest ways, The soul with pleasing avocation strays. Parnell, To an Old Beauty. Hence — 4. That which calls one away from one's proper business; a subordinate or occa- sional occupation; a diversion or distraction. Heaven is his vocation, and therefore he counts earthly employments avocations. Fuller, Holy State, iv. 9. Visits, business, cards, and I know not how many other avocations . . . tlo succeed one another so thick, that in the day there is no time hit for the distracted person to converse with his own thoughts. Boyle, Occasional Reflections, ii. 6. 5. A person's regular business or occupation; vocation; calling. [An improper though com- mon use of the word.] Does it not require time for an individual, thrust out of one avocation, to gain admittance to another? Godwin, The Enquirer, p. liXi. The ancient avocation of flicking poi kets. Sydney Smith. In afew hours, above thirty thousand men left his stan- dard, and returned to their ordinary avocaftons. Miietin/iiy. Warren Hastings. The wandering avocation of a shepherd. Buckle, Civilization, II. i. avocativet (a-vok'a-tiv), a. and n. [< avocate + -in-. Cf. vocative.] I. a. Calling off. Smollett. II. n. That which calls aside; a dissuasive. Incentives to virtue, and avocatives from vice. Bat eon; The Creed, avocato (av-o-kii'to), «. Same as avocado. avocatory (a-vok'a-to-ri), a. [< avocate + -or;/.] Calling off; recalling — Letters avocatory, letters by which the subjects of a sovereign are recalled from a foreign stair with which In- is at war, or which hid them abstain or desist from illegal acts. avocet, «. See avosct. Avocetta (av-6-set'8), ». [NL. : see avosct.] 1. A genus of birds, tho avosots: a synonym of Recurvirostra (which see). Brisson, 1760. See cut under avoset. — 2. A genus of hum- ming-birds. Agassi:. Also Arncettula. AvOgadro'S law. See lair. avoid (a void'), v. [< ME. aroiden, avoyden, < A I', avoider, OF. esvuidit r, esvt udii r, empty out, < 6»-(< L. ex, out ) + vuidier, veudier, < L. viduare, empty, < viduus, empty: see void, a., which 1ms influenced avoid in some of its senses.] I. Irniis. 1. To make void; annul; make of no effect: chietly used in legal phraseology: as, avoid this grant cannot bo avoided without injustice to the grantee. — 2f. To empty. Avoyd tin in tlii trenohere. Babees Book, p. 23. 3f. To eject ; throw out ; drive out. Anil vf he avoyde hem [swine going :it large] not, orput hem m warde, aft' warning made, . . . he that is so in de- fault to pave the peyne reherced, English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 398. A toad contains not those urinary parts . . . to avoid that serous excretion. Sir T. Browni , Vulg. Err. 4f. To quit; evacuate; depart from. And then the both mains to chaunge their places, then to amid the halle. English CfUds(E. E. T. s.), p. 418. Avoid the gallery. Slink., Hen. VIII., v. 1. That prince should command him to avoid the country. Bacon. 5. To shun; keep away from; eschew: as, to avoid expense, danger, or bad company. The best way to avoid controversies about words is to use words in their proper senses. Maean/ao, Sadler's l;< f Refuted. 6t. To get rid of; get out or clear of. I will no longer endure it, though yet I know no wise remedy how to avoid it. Shak., As you Like it, i. 1. = Syn. 5. To escape, elililr evade, keep clear of. Il.t intrans. 1. To become void, vacant, or empty. Bishopricks are not included under benefices : so that if a person takes a bishoprick, it does not avoid by force of that law of pluralities, but by the ancient common law. Ayliffe, Parergon. 2. To retire ; withdraw. David avoided out of his presence. 1 Sam. xviii. 11. Avoid, my soul's vexation ! Satan, hence! B. Jonson, Case is Altered, iv. 4. Let him avoid, then, And leave our walk. Fletcher and Rowley, Maid in the Mill, i. 1. avoidable (a-voi'da-bl), a. [< avoid + -able.] 1. Liable to be annulled or to become void; voidable. [Rare. ] — 2. Capable of being avoid- ed, shunned, escaped, or prevented. avoidably (a-voi'da-bli), adv. In an avoidable manner. avoidance (a-voi'dans), n. [< ME. avoidaunce, avoidans; < avoid + -ance.] 1. The act of an- nulling or making void ; annulment. The obsequious clergy of France . . . pronounced at once the avoidance of the marriage. Milman, Latin Christianity, ix. 4. 2. The act of becoming, or the state of being, vacant; especially, the state of a benefice when it becomes void by death, deprivation, resigna- tion, or preferment of the incumbent ; vacancy. Wolsey, ... on every avoidance of St. Peter's chair, was sitting down thereon, when suddenly some one or other clapped in before him. Fuller. 3. The act of avoiding or shunning anything disagreeable or unwelcome. — 4f. A retiring from or leaving a place. — 5f. An emptying out ; that by which a fluid is carried off ; an outlet. Avoidances and drainings of water. Bacon. Confession and avoidance. See confession.— Plea in avoidance, in law, a plea which, without denying the plaintiff's allegation, sets up some new fact evading its effect, as where the plaintiff alleges a debt and the de- fendant pleads a release in avoidance. avoider (a-voi'der), n. 1. One who avoids, shuns, or escapes. Good sir, steal away : you were wont to be a curious avoider of women's company. Beau, and Ft., Honest Man's Fortune, iv. 1, 2f. That which empties. avoidless (a-void'les), a. [< avoid + -less.] That cannot be avoided ; inevitable : as, " avoid- less ruin," Dennis, Letters. [Rare.] avoir. An abbreviation of avoirdupois. avoirdupois (av'or-du-poiz'), n. [Prop, aver- depois, early mod. E. averdepois, averdupois, harerdupois, -poise, < ME. aver de poiz, avoir de pois, aver de peis (later also -paise, -pase), < OF. aver de pes, aveir de peis (equiv. to ML. cweria ponderis), lit. goods of weight: aver, goods (see aver 2 ) ; de. < L. de, of ; pes, jieis, later pois (mod. F. poids, by mistaken reference to L. pondus, weight) = Pr. pes, pens = It. peso, < L. pen- sum, weight, < pendere, weigh: see poise, pen- dant.] 1. A system of weight in which one pound contains 16 ounces. It was introduced into England from Bayonne about A. D. 1300, and is substantial- ly the Spanish system. In avoirdupois weight 7,000 troy grains (formerly, and now in tin- United states, approxi- mately, but in Great Britain exactly) make a pound, while in troy weight the pound contains 5,7tiO grains, the grain being the same in both cases ; hence, 175 pounds troy are equal to 144 pounds avoirdupois. The pound avoirdupois is the standard weight of Great Britain, and is equal to 453.6 grams in the French metric system. Avoirdupois weight is used m determining the weights of all commodi- 397 ties except gems and the precious metals. It is reckoned as follows : Cwt. Qrs. Pounds. Ounces. Drams, 1 tun = 20 = 80 = 2240 = 35840 = 678440 i hundredweight = 4 = 112 = 1792 = 28072 1 quarter = 28 = 448 = 7168 1 pound = 1G = 268 1 ounce = 16 In tin- United States the hundredweight is now commonly inn pounds, ami the ton 2,000 pounds, called the short ton in distinction from the long ton of 2,240 pounds. 2. The weight of anything a< riling to the avoirdupois system : us, his avoirdupois was 150 pounds. [Colloq.] Also written averdupois, and often abbrevi- ated to avoir, and avdp. avoket (a-vok'), v. t. [< L. avocarc, call away: see arocate. Vi. convoke, evoke, invoke, provoke, r< ro/.r.] To call away or back. lip. Burnet avolatet (av'o-lat), v. i. [< L. avolatus, pp. of avolare, fly away, < « for 06, away, + volare, fly: see volant.] Toflyoff; escape; exhale. Boyle. avolationt (av-o-la'shon), n. [< L. as if *avola- tto(n-), < avolare: see avolate.] The act of fly- ingaway; flight; escape; exhalation; evapora- tion. The avolation of the favillous particles. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., v. 22. avoli (ii-vo'le). n. [It.] In ijlass-lilnirinii, ('spe- cially in Venetian work, the small circular piece which covers the junction of the bowl and the stem in a drinking-glass. avoncet, ''• Variant of avance 1 , obsolete form of advance. avoset, avocet (av'o-set), n. [Also as ML. avocetta, avosetta; < P. avocette = It. avocctta = Sp. avoceta; origin uncertain.] 1. A bird of the genus Hi curvirostra, family Recurvirostridce, and order Limieola; characterized by extreme European Avoset [Recurvirostra avocctta). slenderness and upward curvature of the bill, and by very long legs and webbed toes. In the latter characteristic it differs from most wading birds. Its length is from 15 to IS inches from the tip of the bill to the end of the tail, and its coloration is chiefly black and white, the legs being blue. Several species are described. The avoset of Europe is R. avocetta; that of the United States is R. aniencana, distinguished by the chestnut- brown coloration of the head. The former is sometimes called the scon/",- .11 icoopino avoset. 2. A humming-bird of the genus Avocetta. avouch (a-vouch'), v. [< ME. avouchen (rare). < AF. advoucher, OF. avochier, avocher, a part- ly restored form, after the L., of aimer, arouer, affirm, declare, avow, orig. call upon to defend, < L. advocare: see advocate, avow 1 , and vouch.] 1. trans. 1. To affirm or acknowledge openly; declare or assert with positiveness; proclaim. Thou hast avouched the Lord this day to tie thy God : . . , And the Lord hath avouched thee this day to tie his peculiar people. Deut. x.wi. 17, 18. Neither indeed would I have thought that any such an- tiquities could have been avouched fur the Irish. Spenser, state of Ireland. If this which he avouches does appear. Shak., Macbeth, V. .'.. I speak what history avouches, that the mechanics, as a class, were prime agents in all the measures of the revolu- tion. Everett, Illations, 1.303. 2. To admit, confess, or avow. The first time that I have heard one with a beard on his lip avouch himself a coward. Scott, Betrothed, iii. Milton in his prose works frequently avouches the pecu- liar affection to the Italian literature ami language which he bore. Trench, Eng. Past and Present, iii. 119. (A\ E. D.) 3. To maintain, vindicate, or justify; make good; answer for; establish; guarantee; sub- stantiate. avowal What 1 have saiil I will avouch, In presenci of the king. Shak., Rich. III., i. 3. We might be 'ii posed to qui tlon 11- authenticity if it were noi avouch d bj the mil evidi m e in it favour. Milman, Latin Christianity, iv. 7. 4t. To appeal to, or cite as proof or warrant : as. to avouch lite authorities on any subject. II. intrans. To give assurance or guaranty : vouch: as, "lean avouch for her reputation," Hi fin , Mrs. Veal. avoucht (a-vouch'), n. [<.avoueh,v.] Evidence; testimony; assurance. Without the sensible and true avouch Of mine own eyes. Shak., Hamlet 1 avouchable (a-vou'cha-bl), a. [< avouch + -able.] Capable of being avouched. avoucher (a-vou'eher), n. One who avouches. avouchmerit (a-vouch'inent) ; n. [< avouch + -nicnt.] The act of avouching; declaration ; avowal; acknowledgment. By laying the foundation of his defence mi the avouch in. ,'il of that which i- su ml' -tl\ untrue, lie hath given a worse foil to his own cause than when his whole forces were at any time overthrown. Milton, Eikonoklastes, i. avoue (a-vo-a,'), n. [F., < OF. avoue (pp. of avouer, avocr), < L. advocatus, advocate, patron: seeavowec, atlvoin < . and advocate.] In France, originally, a protector of a church or religious community; now, a ministerial officer whose duty it is to represent parties before the tribu- nals and to draw up acts of procedure. avouret, n. See avowir 2 . avoutert, avouterert, etc. See advouter, etc. avow 1 (a-vou'), v. [Early mod. E. also advow, after the L. ; < ME. avowen, avouen, < OF. avouer, avocr = Pr. aroar, < L. advocare, call to, call upon, hence to call as a witness, defender, patron, or advocate, own as such: see avouch (from later OF.) and advoke and advocate (di- rectly from L.), doublets of avow 1 . This verb, in E. and F., was partly confused with the now obsolete avow 2 ; cf. the similar confusion of al- low 1 and allow 2 .] I. trans. It. To own or ac- knowledge obligation or relation to, as a per- son: as, he avowed him for his son. — 2f. To sanction; approve. — 3. To declare openly, of- ten with a view to justify, maintain, or defend: as, to avow one's principles. If there be one amongst the fair'st of Greece . . . That loves his mistress more than in confession, . . . And dare avow her beauty and her worth In other arms than hers — to him this challenge. Shak., T. and C., i. 3. "Water, verdure, and a beautiful face," says an old Arab proverb, "are three things which ilclieht the heart." and the Syrians avow that all three are to be found in Damascus. II Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 120. 4. Specifically, in law, to acknowledge and justify, as when the distrainer of goods de- fends in an action of replevin, and avows the taking, but insists that such taking was legal. See avowry, 1. — 5. To admit or confess open- ly or frankly; acknowledge; own: as, to avow one's self a convert. Left to myself, I must avow, I strove From public shame to screen my secret love. Dryden. = Syn. 3. T'i attirin. assert, profess.- 5. Admit, Confess, etc. See acknowledge. II. intrans. In law, to justify or maintain an act clone, specifically a distress for rent taken in one's own right. 27. E. IK avowH (a-vou'), ii. [_<. ariiu 1 , v.] An avowal; a bold declaration. Dn/di n. avow' 2 t (a-vou'), v. [Early mod. E., also advow (after the L.); < ME. avowen, avouen, < OF. avouer, arm r, later advouer, < ML. as if *adro- tare, < L. ad, to, + ML. votare, vow, > Pr. vodar = OF. voer, vouer, > E. row, q. v. This verb was partly confused with avow 1 , q. v.] I. trans. 1. To bind with a vow. — 2. To devote or dedicate by a vow; vow. — 3. To vow to do or keep; promise ; undertake. II. intrans. To bind one's self by a vow; make a vow; vow. avow 2 t (a-vou'), n. [ME. avowe, avou; from the verb.] Avow; a promise. I make avowe to my God here. chancer, Death of Blanche, 1. 93. I will make mine avow to do her as ill a turn. Marriage of Sir Gawayne. avowable (a-vou'a-bl), a. [< avow 1 + -able.] Capable of being avowed or openly acknow- ledged with confidence. avowably (a-vou'a-hli), adv. In an avowable manner. Imp. Vict. avowal (a-vou'al), «. f< avow 1 + -ah] An open declaration ; ;i frank acknowledgment. His . . . avowal of such . . . principles. Hume, Hist. Eng., an. 1628. avowance avowance (a-vou'ans), «. [< avow 1 + -aneeJ] 1. The act of avowing; avowal. — 2f. Justifi- cation; defense; vindication. ran my woo panes ol kinj murdering be collected from anything tine written by me? Fuller. avowant (a-vou'ant ), «. [< avow 1 + -ant 3 -.'] In law, the defendant in replevin, who avows the distress of the goods, ami justifies the taking. avowed (a-voud"), />. ". Declared; open. I was thine open, thine avowed enemy. Wassingt r. avowedly (a-vou'ed-li), adv. In an avowed or open manner: with frank acknowledgment. avoweet, »• [Also advowee, q. v. ; < ME. avowe, < OF. atoue (see atom'), earlier ante, < L. advo- catus: see advowee, advocate.} An advocate or patron: in law, same as advowee. avower 1 (a-vou'er), re. [< avow 1 + -er 1 .] One who avows, owns, or asserts. avower'-'t, »• [Also advower, avowre : < OF. avower, inf. used as a noun: seeovow 1 .] Avowal. It.- bad him stand t' abide the bitter stoure of his sore vengeaunce, or t" make uvoure. Spt user, V. I).. VI. iii. 48. avowry (a-vou'ri), re. [< ME. avowerie, avow- ' i " . acknowledgment, authority, < OF. avouerie, avoerie, < avower, avoer, avow: see avow 1 and -ry.] 1. In old law, the act of the distrainer of goods, who, in an action of replevin, avowed and justified the taking by maintaining that he took them in his own right : thus distinguished from cognizance, which was the defense of one who maintained that he took them in the right of another as his bailiff or servant. — 2f. A patron saint chosen for one's advocacy in heaven: often applied to a picture or representation of the patron saint, and hence the cognizance by which a knight was known, because the repre- sentation of his patron saint borne on his pen- non became such a cognizance. Therefore away with these avowries; let God alone be our avowry. Latimer, Sermons before Edw. VI. (Arber), p. 19a. Within this circle and close to the corpse were carried the four banners — two before, two behind — of the dead person's avowries, which were small square vanes beaten out of gilt metal , painted with the figures of his patron saints and fastened flag-wise upon staves. Rock, Church of our Fathers, ii. 488. avowtryt, etc. Sec adroutrij, etc. avoyt, inter}. [< OF. avoi, avoy, interj.] An exclamation of surprise or remonstrance. Avoy, quod site, fv on yow herteless. Chaucer, .Nun's Priest's Tale, 1. 88. avoyer (a-voi'er), n. [Also advoyer ; < F. avoyer, prob. < TAL.*advocarius, equiv. toadvocatus, pro- tector, patron; cf. ML. advocaria, tribute paid for protection, the protection itself: see advo- catt .] In French Switzerland, the early title of the chief magistrates of the cantons. In Bern the title was used until 1794. avnlset (a-vuls'), v. t. [< h. avtdsus, 'pp. otavel- li ii . pluck off: see a/sell. ] To pluck or pull off. Shenstone. avulsion (a-vul'shon), ». [< L. arnlsio(n-), < avulsus, pp. of avellere, pluck off: see ore//.] If. A pulling or tearing asunder or off ; a rend- ing or violent separation. The thronging clusters thin By kind avulsion. J. Philips, Cyder, i. 24. On condition of everlasting avulsion fi Great Britain. Jefferson, Correspondence, I. 151. 2f. A fragment torn off. — 3. In law, the sud- den removal of soil from the land of one man and itsdeposil upon the land of another by the action of Water. avuncular (a-vung'ku-liir), a. [< L. avunculus, uncle, dim. of mns. grandfather: see uncle.] Of or pertaining to an uncle. In tic era: the law of pedigree, whether di- rect o! giveaway, Is. Taylor. Clive had passed the mmwniuv banking-house in the city, witl t caring to face hia relations then Thackeray, Newcomes, II. ii. aw't, ". and v. See awt ] . aw-, interj. [Cf. augh, aft, oft.] An exclama- tion of surprise, disgust, or remonstranci [Colloq.] aW. [(1) < ME. a iv. mi. mi. ii ;■■ (awe, etc.), < AS. nil iiii/ii. miii. etc.) thai is, a followed by the guttural .'/; (2) < ME. aw, au (awe, etc.), < AS. aw (aivn. etc. ) ' or asw, < dw I, t rial is, a (or ce,ed) followed by the labial ir : ('.',) < ME. an . an. m, < AS. (etc.) a/ (at;); (4) of other origin.] A i moo English digraph (pron. a), formerly in terchangeable in mosl instances with ait (which see), but now the regular form when final, and when medial before /.', /, and a. Bi I ally it t . ] .i . . iii m older went- 1 1 , ,i on with an absorbed gut- tural, as in /muil, law\ , uiavA, sai0l, saw'-, awn, noun, 398 etc.; (2), (3). a (a) with an absorbed labial («• or v), as in awl.claw, raw, awki, kawkl, crawl, etc.; (4)a, av,oro in other positions and of various origin, as in iiuieii, yawl, itnvn. : bawl, etc In iater words often a mere 01 Sp< llm" awa (a-wa' ), adv. A Scotch form of away. awabi (a-wa'be), ». [dap.] The Japanese abalone. or sea-ear, Ilulmtis gigantea, a shell- fish found in great quantity on the southern shores of Japan and much used as food. The shell is extensively used for inlaying in lacquer-work, and in ether ornamentation. See abalone await 1 (a-wat'), v. [< ME. awaiten, awayten, < OF. awaiticr, awaiter, later agnaitier, (igniter, watch for, lie in wait, < a, to, + waitier, later guaiUer, gaitier, gaiter (mod. F. guctter), watch, wait : see a- 11 , wait, and watch.] I. trans. If. To watch for ; lie in wait for. Your ill-meaning politician lords, Under pretence of bridal friends and guests, Appointed to await me thirty spies. Milton, S. A., 1. 1196. 2. To wait for ; look for or expect. Betwixt these rocky pillars Gabriel sat, Chief of the angelic guards, awaiting night. Milton, P. I... iv. 550. All through life I have awaited the fulfilment of a prophecy. Hawthorne. 3. To be in store for; attend; be ready for: as, a glorious reward awaits the good. Let all good things await Him who cares not to be great. Tennyson, Duke of Wellington, viii. II. t itttrans. To watch; give heed. Awaitynge on the reyn if he it heere. Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 1. 456. Ther is fill many an eye and many an ere Awaityng on a lord, and he noot where. Chaucer, Summoner's Tale, 1. 352. awaitH (a-wat'), re. [< ME. await, awayt, < OF. await, later aguait, agait, etc., mod. F. aguets, watch, ambush ; from the verb.] A state of wait- ing; watch; ambush. The lyoun sit in his await alway To slen the innocent, if that he may. Chaucer, Friar's Tale, 1. 359. Themselves they set There in await with thicke woods overgrowne. Spenser. V. Q., III. v. 17. To have in awaitt, to keep a watch on. Fortune was first trend and sithen foo, No man ne truste vp-on hir fauour longe, Hut tiaue hir in awayt for euer-moo. Chaucer, Monk's Talc, 1. 732. await 2 t (a-wat'), prep. phr. as adv. [< a 3 + wait, u.] In wait. Tyndale. awaiter (a-wa'ter), re. [< ME. awaytcr, awai- tour (cf. OF. aguaitcor, agiietteiir): see await and -eel.] 1. One who awaits. — 2f. One who lies in wait. Yef he be a prive nwaitour yhid, and reioyseth hym to rauysshe by wyles, thou Shalt seyne him lyke to the fox whelpes. Chaucer, Boethius. awake (a-wak'), v.; pret. awoke, awaked, pp. awoke, awaked, ppr. awaking. [In this verb are merged two orig. different but closely related forms: (1) ME. aMviiv/H (strong verb; pret. awoke, awak, pp. awaken, awake), < AS. "dwacan, only in pret. tiiri'tc, pp. dtraeeu, the pres. being sup- plied by aivaeiiaii with formative -n (whence prop. mod. E. awaken, q. v.), earlier *onwainii (pret. onwoc, pres. onwaicnan, etc.), < a-, orig. on-, + "in/can, Iranian, wake; (2) ME. awaken, an alien (weak verb; pret. awaked, pp. awaked), < AS. dwacian (pret. dwacode, pp. dwaead) ( = OHO. arwachen, MHG. G. erwaehen), < a- + ivmiiiii, wake, watch. The above were prop, intrans. , the trans, form being ME. awccchcn, < AS. dwecean (= OS. tun l.l.in ii = (lllti. arwec- chan, irirecelien, MHG. G. erweeken), < d- + wet-ran, trans., wake, arouse. The forms vary as those of the simple verb: see «-'-', a- 1 , and wake.] I. intrans. 1. To cease to sleep ; come out of a state of natural sleep. Jacob awaked out of his sleep. Gen. xxviii. 16. 2. To come into being or action as if from sleep. Now with bis wakening senses, hunger too Must Deeds awake. William Worms, Earthly Paradise, II. 178. 3. To bestir or rouse one's self from a state resembling sleep ; emerge from a state of inac- tion; be invigorated with new life; become alive: as, to awake from sloth; to awake to the consciousness of a great loss. Awake, Bword, against my shepherd. Zech.xiii. 7. A wake to i ighti ou ne l Cor, xv. 34. Ami at bis word the choral hvnins aivate Scott, Hon Roderick, st. 32. 4. To be or remain awake ; watch. [Obsolete or poetical.] awald Such as you Nourish the cause of his mink-inn. Sim!;., W. T., ii. a The purple flowers droop : the golden bee Is lily-cradled : I alone awake. Tennyson, (Enone. II. trans. 1. To arouse from sleep. I go that I may awake him out of sleep. John xi. 11. 2. To arouse from a state resembling sleep, as from death, stupor, or inaction ; put into action or new life: as, to awake the dead; to awake the dormant faculties. \lv master is awak'd i>\ great iasion To call upon his ow n. Slink., T. of A., ii. 2. Thou dost awake something that troubles me, And says, I lov'd thee one. Beau, ami Ft.. Maid's Tragedy, v. 4. = Syn. 2. To wake, excite, stir up, call forth, stimulate, spur (up). awake (a-wak'), a. [Formerly also awaken, < ME. awake, awaken, < AS. dwacen, pp.: see the verb.] Roused from sleep; not sleeping; in a state of vigilance or action. It is my love that keeps mine eye awake. Slink.. Sonnets, Ixi. awakement (a-wak'ment), ». [< awake, v., + -incut.] The act of awakening, or the state of being awake ; revival, especially revival of re- ligion. [Rare.] Imp. Diet. awaken (a-wii'kn), v. [< ME. awdkenen, awak- nen, < AS\ dwwenan, pres. used with strong pret. dwoc (see awake, v.), also dwmenian (pret. dwmenede, pp. dwacned), awake ; orig. intrans., but in mod. use more commonly trans.: see awake, v.] I. intrans. 1. To become awake; cease to sleep ; be roused from sleep or a state resembling sleep: as, to awaken early. A music of preparation, of awakening suspense — a mu- sic like the opening of the coronation anthem. De Quincey. 2. To come into being or action as if from sleep: as, hope awakened in his breast. II. trans. 1. To rouse from sleep or a state resembling sleep ; cause to revive from a state of inaction. Satan . . . his next subordinate Awakening, thus to him in secret spake. Milton, V. L., v. 672. I offer'd to awaken his regard For his private friends. Shak., Cor., v. 1. 2. To call into being or action. Such a reverse in a man's life awakens a better principle than curiosity. Sterne, Sentimental Journey, p. 77. [Awaken is chiefly used in figurative or transferred ap- plications, awake being preferred in the sense of arousing from actual sleep.) awakenable (a-wa'kn-a-bl), a. [< awaken + -able.] Capable of being awakened. Carlyle. awakener (a-wak'ner), ». One who or that which awakens or arouses from sleep or inac- tion. Though not the safest of guides in politics or practical philosophy, his [Carlyle s] value as an inspirer ami awa- kener cannot be overestimated. l..ni;ll. Study Windows, p. 149. awakening (a-wak'ning), re. 1. The act of awaking from sleep. Some minute ere the time Of her awakening. Shak. (some editions), R. and J., v. 3. 2. An arousing from what is like sleep ; a re- vival of interest in, or attention to, what has been neglected. It was a sign of a great awakening of the human mind when theologians thought it both their duty and their privilege to philosophize. Slitle. stud. Mel. IJist., p. 384. Especially — 3. A revival of religion, either in an individual or in a community: a use of the word derived from the Scripture symbol of sin as death or sleep, and conversion as resurrection or awakening. The great awaken- ing, the great revival of religion in New I'.ngland brought about through the preaching ol WhiniuM in 1740. awakening (a-wak'ning), p. a. Rousing; alarming: as. an awakening sermon. awakeningly (a-wak'ning-li), adv. In a man- ner to awaken. awakenment (a-wa'kn-ment), n. [< awaken + -tncnt.] The act of awakening, or the state of being awakened; specifically, a religious re- vival. [Hare.] awald, await (a'wald, ii'walO, a. and n. [Sc, also written auelli'ii, airavl laud by simulation awkward); origin uncertain. Cf. AS. intiltan, waitan, roll, "awaltan, pret. dinette, roll: see waiter, walty, wilier.] I. a. Eying helplessly on the back : said of a sheep when unable, through sickness or fatness, to get up. II. re. A sheep so lying. awane (a-wan'), prep. phr. as adv. [< a s + warn.] On the wane ; waning, awanting (a-wan'ting), a. [Prop, a phrase, a wanting; of. amissing.] Wanting; deficient ; absent; missing: not nsed attributively. In either case criticism was required, and criticism was awanting. Sir W. Hamilton. awapet, v. t. See awhape. award 1 (a-ward'), v. 1. [< ME. awarden, < AF. awarder, OF. esirurdei; tsirnrdrir, later esgard- er, esguarder, esgardeir = Sp. esguardar (obs.) = It. sguaraare, look at, consider, decide, ad- judge, < ML. 'exwardare, < L. ex, out, + ML. wardare, guardare, observe, regard, guard: see ward, guard, and regard.] 1. To adjudge to be due ; assign or bestow as of right ; give by judicial determination or deliberate judgment, especially upou arbitration or umpirage : as, to award the prizes at a school examination; the arbitrators awarded him heavy damages. A pound of that same merchant's flesh is thine : The court awards it, and the law doth give it. Shale, M. of V.. iv. 1. To the woman who could conquer, a triumph was awarded. Mary. Fuller, Woman in 19th Cent., p. 47. 2f. To sentence ; adjudge or determine the doom of. lest . . . the supreme King of kings . . . award Either of you to be the other's end. Shak., Kick III., ii. 1. The extremity of law Awards you to be branded in the front. B. Jonson, Poetaster, v. 1. 3. In a general sense, to permit the possession of ; allow ; allot ; yield. The child had many more luxuries and indulgences than had been awarded to his father. Thackeray. award 1 (a-ward'), ». [< ME.fl«'«)-(f,< AF. award, OF. eswart, esguart; from the verb.] 1. A deci- sion after examination and deliberation ; a ju- dicial sentence ; especially, the decision of ar- bitrators on points submitted to them, or the document containing such a decision. We cannot expect an equitable award where the judge is made a party. Glanville. 2. That which is awarded or assigned by such a decision, as a medal for merit, or a sum of money as damages, etc — Geneva award. See Ala- bama claims, under claim. award'-'t, «'• t- [< a- 11 + ward.] 1. To guard. — 2. To ward off. Evelyn. awarder (a-war'der), n. One who awards or as- signs as of right; a judge, arbitrator, or umpire. aware (a-war'), a. [< ME. aware, iwar, iware, ywar, < AS. geieter (= OHG. giirar, MHG. gewar, G. gewahr), < ye- + wcer, wary, cautious: see n-6, ge-, and ware 1 .'] If. Watchful; vigilant; on one's guard. I have laid a snare for thee, and thou art also taken, O Babylon, and thou wast not aware. Jer. 1. 24. Are you all aware of . . . tale-bearing and evil-speak- ing? Wesley, Works (1S72), XIII. 19. (N. E. D.) 2. Apprised; cognizant; in possession of in- formation: as, he was aware of the enemy's designs. I was so distinctly made aware of the presence of some- thing kindred to me . . . that I thought no place could ever be strange to me again. Thoreau, Walden, p. 143. Specifically — 3. Informed by sight or other sense. Then Enid was aware of three tall knights On horseback, wholly arni'd, behind a rock, In shadow, waiting. Tennyson, Geraint. = Syn. 2. Aware, Conscious (see conscious), mindful, ac- quainted (with), sensible, observant. awareness (a-war'nes), n. The state of being aware. Recognition of reality in our view is not awareness. Mind, X. 525. This consciousness I speak of is not a direct perception of the Absolute, but a general awareness that it exists. New Princeton Rev., II. 178. awamt (. Jon -"a , Pai i nolomew Fair, i. 1. Far away, far and away. («) At a great distance. (b) By far. [Colloq.] Of all the men whom she had ever seen, he wa far the nicest and best. Trollope. Right away, straightway ; at once ; immediately ; forth- with.— Say away, say on; proceed with your remarks. [U. s. and prov. Eng.] — To bear away, explain away, fire away, make away, etc. See the verbs.- - To make away with. See make. away-going (a-wa'go"ing), a. and n. I. a. Go- ing away; departing; leaving: as, an away- going tenant — Away-going crops, crops sown during the last year of a tenancy, but not ripe until after the ex- piration of it. II. n. A going away; departure. awaywardt (a-wa'ward), adv. [ME., also awei- ward, etc. ; < away + -ward.] Turned aside. (inirer. awbert, »■ [< F. aiibour, OF. aubour, also au- bourt (Cotgrave), laburnum, appar. < L. albur- num: see alburnum and laburnum.] The la- burnum-tree, Cytisus Laburnum. Increase Ma- ther, Kemark. Provid., p. 232. (X K. Ii.) awe 1 (a), n. [Also, more prop., aw (like law, lime, etc.), < ME. aw, awe, agh, aghe, age, < Icel. agi = Dan. ave = AS. as if *aga, the same with diff. formative as AS. erje, ME. ege, eghe, eye, aye, ay, = OHG. agi, egi, MHG. egc = Goth, agis, fear, < "agan, fear (in ppr. *agands, with nega- tive unagands, unfearing) ; perhaps akin to Gr. axon, anguish. Cf. ask 2 .] 1. Dread; fear, as of something evil. I had as lief not be as live to be In awe of such a thing as I myself. Shak., J. C, i. 2. In every form of government, the rulers stand in some awe of the people. Macaulay, Mill on Government. 2. Fear mingled with admiration or reverence; reverential fear; feeling inspired by something sublime, not necessarily partaking of the nature of fear or dread. Stand in awe, and sin not. Ps. iv. 4. The [Egyptian] deities representing the great forces of nature, and shrouded by mysterious symbols, excited a degree of awe which no other ancient religh m approached. Lecky, Europ. Morals, f. 345. To feel once more, in placid awe. The strong imagination roll A sphere of stars about my soul, In all her motion one with law. Tennyson, In Memoriam, exxii. 3. Overawing influence. By my sceptre's a we I make a vow. Shak., Rich. II., i. 1. -Syn. Ilcccr.ncc. I'cii'catinii. etc. See rccerence, n. awe 1 (a), v. t. ; pret. and pp. awed, ppr. awing. [< awe 1 , n.] 1. To inspire with fear or dread; terrify ; control or restrain by the influence of fear. Nor think thou with wind Of aery threats to awe whom yet with deeds Thou canst not. Milton, P. P., vi. 283. Never be it said That fate itself could awe the soul of Richard. Cibber, Rich. III., v. 3. 2. To strike with awe, reverence, or respect ; influence by exciting profound respect or rev- erential fear. awe 2 (a),t'.f. [Sc.,=E.oa;e.] Toowe. [Scotch.] awe 3 (a), n. [Sc. also ave, early mod. E. also aw, inn, ave, dive ; origin obscure.] 1. One of the float-boards of an undershot water-wheel, on which the water acts. — 2. One of the sails of a windmill. aweary (a-wer'i), a. [< a- expletive + weary.] Weary; tired. [Archaic or poetical.] She said, "I am aweary, aweary, I would that I were dead ! " Tennyson, Mariana. And all his people told him that their horses were aweary, and that they were aweary themselves. Ticknor, Span. Pit., I. 66. aweather (a-weTH'er), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [< (i 3 + weather.) On the weather side, or to- ward the wind: as, the helm is aweather: op- posed to alee. aweel (a-wel'), adv. [Sc, < a for ah, oh, + weel=zE.we!l.] Oh well; very well ; well then. .1 weel, it your honour thinks I'm safe — the story is just this. Scott, Guy Manuering, II. 63. aween aweent, t>. '• [< ME. awenen, < a- + wenen, < AS. wcnan, think, ween: see «-i and toeen.] To won : suppose. The .lew is out of Jurselem aw ndi n he were wode[mad]. JSei. .III/., 1. 144. aweigh (a-wa')j prep. />'<'•. as m/r. or a. [< a? + weigh.'] .Y»h/., atrip. The anchor is aweigh when it is just drawn from it- hold in the ground and hangs perpendicularly. aweless (:i'lcs), ■ Quincey, Secret Societies, i. 5f. Impressed with or exhibiting respect or inii'Miir, as for authority; law-abiding; re- spectful in the extreme. Thrust from the rompunv <>f awful men. Shak.,T. ii. of V., iv. 1. How dare thy joints forget To j'. ■ ' dutj to "in presence? Shak., Rich. II., iii. :i. 6. Having some character in an extreme or noticeable degree; excessive; very great : ex- traordinary; preposterous: as, he is an awful dandy; that is an awful bonnet. [Colloq. and vulgar.] Pol I'H i- the favorite dish, and w lsinen, sharp-set, are awful eaters. e, I. 182. (.Hnrtl.lt I = Syn. land 2. -i Frightful, sol- rum. imposing, . dful, terrible. '1 hi int four of thi are often loosely oi col loquially used to exprest dl liki detestation, or horror, but should in the mam retain the same distinctions of meaning as thi d they are derived I Ihi . awful U hill of awe, full oi that w hii ii In ph exciting a feeling of deep solemnity and n \ i e ofti n witli a eertain admixture ol fear, acting eapeciall) upon the imagination (a n i . i hi uggestio shift in all degrei from iw< to horrot teamboai explosion. D i applied to what In- i thai i ppri . ri 1 1 ol coming evil, and 1 ly to wh full of f< ar, impressing fear: dn eo,ini looking for of judgment," Hcb. x. 27. Frightful not full ol fright, but 400 inspiring fright or sudden and almost paralyzing fear. An awful sight ; a dreadful disaster , a fearful leap ; a fright. fu'l chasm, \iu m'd the Devil stood, And felt how an till gOOdm Milton, V. L., iv. 846. The smoothness of flattery ran not save us in this rugged and awful crisis Chatham, Speech on American War. o Lord! methought what pain it was to drown ! What dreadful noise of waters in mine ears! What sights of ugly death within mine eyes! Methought I saw a thousand fearful wracks. Shak., Rich. III., i. 4. There was a fearful, sullen sound of rushing waves and broken surges. Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 21. Their music, frightful as the serpents' hiss. Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 2. awfully ( a'ful-i), adv. In an awful manner. (a) Dreadfully ; terribly. (6) With solemn impressiveness ; sublimely; majestically, (c) With a feeling of awe or reverential fear; reverently. 01) Excessively; extreme- lv ; very: as, an awfully jolly man ; an awfully pretty girl. ISlang.J You'll lie awfully glad to get rid of me. it*. Black, Green Pastures, ii. awfulness (a'ful-nes), n. 1. The quality of beiug awful, or of striking or inspiring with awe, fear, or horror; impressive solemnity or sublimity ; dreadf ulness ; terribleness : as, the awfulness of the sacred place, or of a casualty. Contrasts which move, now our laughter at their incon- gruity, and now our terror at their awfulness, J. Caird. 2f. The state of being full of or inspired with awe; reverence; awe. A help to prayer producing in us reverence and awful- ness. Jcr. Taylor, Holy Living. awgrimt, n. A Middle English form of algo- rism. awhapet, ''. t. [Revived by Spenser from a ME. verb found only in pp. awhaped, awaped, terrified, confounded; a word of uncertain origin. Cf. Goth, afhwapjan, choke, suffocate.] To confound ; terrify. Also awape. Not fulliche alle awhaped, Out of the temple alle esiliche he wente. Chaucer, Troilus, i. 316. A wilde and salvage man, . . . • All overgrowne with hair, that could awhape An hardy hart. Spenser, F. Q., IV. vii. 5. awheels (a-hwelz'), prep. phr. as adv. [< << 3 + wheels.] On wheels. II. Jonson. awhile (a-hwil')> adv., prop. adv. phr. [< ME. awhile, one while; the adv. ace. of a" + while.] For a space of time ; for some time ; for a short time. Counsel may stop awhile what will not stay. Shak., Lover's Complaint, 1. 159. The company were all sorry to separate so soon, . . . and stood a-whUe looking bark on tiie water, upon which the moonbeams played. Dryden, Essay on Dram. Poesy. [ .1 nli He is properly two words, as it lias to be written when an adjective is used, as a little while, and as it is commonly and should be always written when preceded by for.] awidet, j>re}i. phr. as adv. [< a 3 + wide, after afar, etc.] Wide; widely. They opened their mouth nwidr {wide in authorized ver- sion] upon me. l's. xxxiv. 21 (Douay version). awing (a-wing'), prep, jilir. as a. or adv. [< a 3 -r wing.] On the wing. 'Tis time his fortune be u-u-iini ; high time, sir. Fletcher, Humorous Lieutenant, i. 1. Moving specks, which he thought might be ships inflight or pursuit, or they might be white birds awing. L. Wallace, Ben-Hur, p. 101. awk 1 (ak), a. [< ME. awke, auke, < ONorth. *itftili (in iij'nlif, perverse) (= Icel. b'fugr, ofigr (for "afugr) = Sw. afvig = ( >S. abhuh, abhoh = OHGr. ninth, ninth, tiltilt, MHO. cbiclt, cbech, Ii. dial, ithtrlii, abeeh, aback, abich, abig = MD. an si-It, aefsch, awkward, contrary, perverse, I), aafsch, crafty, artful), lit. 'offward,'< af, AS. if, 10. nil', away, with a suffix of variable form and obscure origin. Cf. Ooth. ihuk.t, back, backward, in which //)-, like the prefix in ib- tlnlja, descent, declivity, is perhaps a var. of "nli, af, thus making ihuks = OS. abhuh, etc., = R. awkX. | If. Turned in the opposite direction; directed the wrong way; backhanded: as, "an awk stroke," Palsgrave. — 2f. Left; left-handed. i in tin- awk or lift hand. Holland, tr. of Plutarch, p. 717. 3f. Wrong; erroneous; perverse: as, the awk end of a rod. Confuting. . . the awk opinions of the Stoics. Hot it i ne tr. of I*' 1 MoiN.iv s Trueness of ' Inist. Religion. 4. Awkward to use; clumsy: as. an awl; tool. [I'rov. Kng. ] — 5f. Strange; singular; distin- guished. Off elder of aldi tyme and of theire awke dedys, How iin\ were lele in theire iawe, and lovede God Al- myghtv. MorU Arthure (cii Perry, E. E. T. S.), 1 13. awkwardly awkH Oik), adv. [< awl;l, o.] Awkwardly; wrongly. Professors ringing as aire as the lulls. Sir li. L'Bstrange, Fables, ccci. awk'-', ». See nul;t . awkerd, awkert (a'kerd, -kert), a. A dialec- tal form of awkward. [Prov. Eng.] awklyt (ak'li), adv. [ME. awkely; < awk 1 + -Ii/-.] In the wrong direction; left- or baek- handedly. Hence — (« i Awkwardly; clumsily. (6) Perversely, (c) Untowardly; unluckily. awklyt (ak'li), a. [< awl, 1 + -lyi. Cf. AS. (ONorth.) afulic, perverse: sec awk 1 .] Per- verse; untoward. awknesst (ak'nes), n. [< awk 1 + -hc.s.s.] The state of beifig awk or awkward. awkward (ak'ward), adv. (Early mod. E. or dial, also aukwdrd, awkwart, awkard, awkerd, awkert, etc., ME. awlwnrtle, awkward, etc., transversely, sidewise, perversely; < awk 1 + -irnrtl.] If. In the wrong direction; in the wrong way; backward. The emperour thane egerly at Arthure he strykez, Awhwarde on the umbrere [vizor] and egerly hym hittez. Morte Arthure(E. E. T. S.), 1. 2247. 2f. Asquint. — 3. Awkwardly; clumsily. [Now only prov. Eng.] awkward (ak'wftrd),a. [Early mod. E. or dial, also aukward, awkwart, awkard, awkerd, etc.; <. awkward, adv.] If. Turned the wrong way; backhanded. — 2f. Perverted; perverse. They with awkward judgment put the chief point of godliness in outward things. I'dall, .Mat. v. 'Tis no sinister nor no awkward claim. Shak., Hen. v., ii. 4. 3f. Untoward; adverse. Twice by awkward wind from England's bank Drove back again unto my native clime. Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 2. 4. Ill adapted for use or handling; unhandy in operation; clumsy: as, awkward instruments or contrivances. — 5. Wanting dexterity or skiil in action or movement ; clumsy in doing any- thing, as in using tools or implements; bun- gling. So true that he was awkward at a trick. Dryden. 6. Ungraceful in action or person ; ungainly ; uncouth: as, awkward gestures; the awkward gambols of the elephant. Drop'd an awkward court'sy to the Knight. Dryden, Wife of Bath's Tale. 7. Embarrassed; not at ease: used in relation to persons: as, an awkward feeling. — 8. Not easily dealt with; troublesome; vexatious; re- quiring caution: as, an awkward predicament. [Colloq.] Between the weir and tile trees it is an awkward spot, but difficulty is the charm of fly-fishing. Fronde, Sketches, p. 241. 9f. Unlucky. The beast long struggled as being like to prove An awkward sacrifice. Marlowe. -Syn. 5 and 6. Awkward, Clumsy, Ungainly, Uncouth, Bungling, unhandy, inexpert, unskilful, inapt, lubberly; uncourtly, inelegant, constrained, clownish. Awkward is generally applied to want of t-ase and grace or skill ill 1 ii oil ly movement, especially of the arms orlegs: as, anuwkward gait; awkward in the use of a tool. Clumsy starts from the notion of heaviness, and consequent unwieldinesB or awkwardness in use ; it is applicable to the whole bodj or to any part of it, even when still: as, a clumsy figure; clumsy hands. This difference is also found in the figura- tive use of the words : a clumsy excuse is one that is put together badly; an awkward excuse is our that may be good, but is not gracefully presented. Ungainly, literally unhandsome, not pleasing to tin- eye, is applied generally to awkwardness of appearance. Uncouth, literally un- known, uncommon, and so, by a bit oi human conceit, uninstructed, untrained, unrefined, sometimes even rude, barbarous: as. uncouth phrases, manners. Bungling, awkward ill doing, handling awkwardly, spoiling by awk- wardness, in either literal or figurative use: a-, he made toi noli no U ol K of it. With ridiculous and awkward action . . . lie pageants us, Shak., I. and C, i. 3. Besides Hepzibah's disadvantages of person, then was an uncouthness pervading all her deeds ; a clumsy some- thing, that could but ill adapt itself for use. and not at all for ornament Hawthorne, Seven Gables, ix. Who would have predicted that the princeol Grecian eloquence should have been found in astammering orphan, ol feeble lungs and ungainly carriage, deprived of educa- tion by avaricious guardians? Krerelt, Orations, II. 213. Many uncouth phrases and forgotten words seemed to her no less available than common tonus. Stedman, \ ict. Poete, p. 126. He must be a loinnliii'i gamester who cannot win Macaulay. awkwardly (ak'wftrd-li), » ML. alesna, > It. lesina = Sp. lesna, alesna = Pr. alena = OF. ales in , V. iiIi'iic) — OX), aelsene, clsene (mod. D. els), > Se. i hin, elson, Shetland alison, an awl. Cf. Skt. drd, an awl.] 1. A pointed instrument for piercing small holes in leather, wood, etc., as the bent-pointed awl of the shoemaker and saddler and _ . , .» . , . . . -. , , a. Brad-awl; t, Sewing- the straight-pomted brad- awl. awl of the joiner. — 2. The popinjay or green woodpecker, Picus or Gvciiius riridis. [Local, British.] awl-bird (al'berd), >(. Same as awl, 2. Montagu. awl-clip (al'klip), n. A device for holding blanks, memoranda, etc., consisting of an awl or pin fixed to a stand. The papers to be kept on file are thrust upon the pin. awless, ". See aweless. awl-shaped (al'shapt), a. 1. Having the shape of an awl. — 2. In hot., slender and tapering toward the extremity from a broadish base, as a leaf; subulate. awl-tree (al'tre), n. [< awl, repr. Hind, al (see ul 1 , al-root), + tree.] Same as afl-. awlwort (al'wert), n. The popular name of the Siihularia aquatiea : so called from its awl- shaped leaves (Latin subula, an awl). It is a very small stemless aquatic plant, natural order Cruci/erce, found in Europe, Siberia, and North America. awm (am), n. Same as num. awmbryt (am'bri), re. Same as ambry. awmous (a'mus), it. A Scotch form of alms. awn 1 (an), re. [E. dial, also any; < ME. awne, aune, awene, earlier aijun, < AS. *agun (not re- corded; the ME. may be from the Scand.) = OHG. agana, MHG. agene, ague, ane, G. aline (also agen), awn, = Icel. b'gn, pi. agnar, = Sw. agn, only in pi. agnar, = Dan. avue = Goth. alinmi, chaff, = Gr. axvn, Doric a,vi>a, chaff; cf. (with diff. formative) Gr. axi'pov, chaff, L. acus (acer-), chaff, and AS. egl, E. ail 2 , awn, and AS. ear (contr. of *ahur = ONorth. eher, whiter), E. ear" (of corn) (see ail 2 , avel, acerose, and ear 2 )', ult. < *ak, be sharp. But it is possible that two orig. different words, meaning 'awn' and 'chaff' respectively, have here run together.] In hot., a bristle-shaped terminal or dorsal ap- pendage, such as the beard of wheat, barley, and many grasses. awn 2 , a. and v. An obsolete or dialectal form of own. awned (and), «. [< awn 1 + -ed 2 .] Havingawns: applied to leaves, leaf-stalks, etc., bearing a long rigid spine, as in barley, etc. awner (a'ner), n. A machine for removing the avels or awns from grain; an aveler; a hum- meler. See liummcliiig-iinicliine. awning (a'ning), re. [First recorded in the 17th century, in naut. use ; of undetermined origin, but appar. (with suffix -ing 2 ) < *awn, prob. a naut. reduction of F. aurent, "a penthouse of cloth before a shop-window" (Cotgrave), OF. auvant, ML. aitraniia (also spelled aimentas, appar. in simulation of L. renins, wind), of unknown origin.] A movable roof-like cover- ing of canvas or other cloth spread over any- place, or in front of a window, door, etc., as a protection from the sun's rays. A court Compact with lucid marbles, boss'd with lengths Of classic frieze, with ample awnings gay. Tniin/son, Princess, ii. It was very hot, and sitting under the awning turned out to be the pleasantest occupation. Lady Brassey, Voyage of Sunbeam, i. 1. Backbone of an awning. See backbone.— To house awnings. See house, v. awnless (an'les), a. [< awn 1 + -less.] With- out awns or beard. awny (a'ni), a. [< awn 1 + -y 1 .] Havingawns; bearded; bristly. 20 401 awoke (a-wok'). Preterit and past participle of awake. aworkt (a-werk'), prep. jihr. as adv. [< ME. awerke; K a 3 + work.] At work; in a state of labor or action. 'Twere a good mirth now to set him a-work Xo make her wedding-ring. Middleton, Chaste Maid, i. 1. The bad will have but small matter whereon to set their mischicfc a work. MilUm, Apology for Smectyuinuus. aworking (arwer'Mng), prep. phr. as adv. [< a 3 + working.] At work ; in or into a state of working or action. Never met Adventure which might them a working set. Spenser, Mother Hub. Tale, 1. 224. awreakt, v. t. [< ME. amreken, < AS. du-recan, < a- + wrecan, wreak: see a- 1 and wreak.] To wreak ; take vengeance on ; avenge. We Merc lever than al this toun Of this dispit awroken for to be. Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 1. 566. awrongt (a-rdng'), prep. phr. as adv. [< a 3 + wrong. Cf. aright, a much older word.] In a wrong mauner ; wrongly. If I aim'd Awrong, 'twas in an envy of thy goodness. Ford, Lady's Trial, iii. 3. awry (a-ri'), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [< ME. awry, awrye, mi wry; < a 3 + wry.] 1. Turned or twisted toward one side ; not in a straight or true direction or position; asquint: as, to glance or look awry; the lady's cap is awry. If she steps, looks, or moves awry. Spectator, No. 66. 2. Figuratively, away from the line of truth or right reason ; perverse or perversely. Much of the soul they talk, but all awry. Milton, P. R., iv. 313. The prince's counsels all awry do go. Sir ./. Dairies, Immortal, of Soul, xxxii. To go (run, step, tread, walk) awry, (a) Of persons : To fall into error; do wrong. (6) Of things: To turn out badly or untuwardly; go wrong. awsk (ask), n. A dialectal form of ask 2 . awsome, a. See awesome. ax 1 , axe 1 (aks), n. [The reg. mod. spelling is ax, < ME. ax, also axe, ex, ax, < AS. cex, also eax, = ONorth. acasa, acase = OS. accus = OD. akes, D. aks, aakse, aaks, = OHG. acchus, achus, MHG. ackes, axt, G. ax, axt = Icel. ox, oxi = Sw. yxa = Dan. axe = L. aseia, ax, mattock, akin to Gr. at-ivn, ax.] An instrument used for hewing timber and chopping wood, and also .•/, Broad.ax, for hewing; B, Ax for chopping. as a weapon of offense. The modern ax consists of a head of iron, with an arching edge of steel, and a helve or handle. The edge is in the plane of the sweep of the tool, thus differing from the adz, in which theedgeisatright angles to the plane of the sweep. As a weapon, the ax was in very common use from the earliest times until the general adoption of firearms. It was used by the Egyptians. By the Greeks it was looked upon as a weapon of their own ancestors and of the Asiatic nations, and so figured in works of Creek art. The northern na- tions who overthrew the Roman empire used many varieties of this weapon, and its use pre- vailed throughout the middle ages in Europe. A light ax was common among the Arabs and Moors. Axes of various kinds of stone, or entirely of copper or bronze, are found among prehistoric and ancient remains, and in use by barbarous races. See celt-.— An ax to grind (in allusion to a story told by Franklin), some private purpose to subserve, or selfish end to attain.— Bullhead ax, a pole-ax with a small hammer-head at the back, used in slaughter-houses. - Sacred ax, a name given by col- li ictors of Chinese porcelain to an em- blem or mark supposed to resemble an ax. anil found cither alone or as forming part of the decoration of cer- tain pieces said to be assigned to war- riors. To put the ax in the helve, to solve a doubt; find out a puzzle. ax 1 , axe 1 (aks), v. t.; pret. and pp. axed, ppr. axing. [= Icel. axil iixa, ax; from the noun.] To shape or trim witli an ax. ax-t, axe'-t (aks), ». [< ME. ax, axe (in comp.), ex, exe, also as, < AS. eax, mx= OD. asse, D. as = OHG. alisa, MHG. ahse, G. achse = Dan. axe = L. axis = Gr. afuv = OBulg. osi, Bulg. Sen . os = Pol. os = Buss, osi = Lith. aszis = Skt. aksha, axis, axle. Hence axle, q. v.] An axle ; an axis. ax 3 , axe 3 (aks), v. t. Obsolete or dialectal forms of ask 1 . For I wol axe if it hir wille be To be my wyf. Chaucer. axal (ak'sal), a. Same as axial. axe 1 , ». and v. See ax 1 . axe-t, n. See ax 2 . axe 3 , v. See ax 3 . axe 4 (aks), it. An English name of a native species of Lobelia, L. wens. axed (akst), a. [< ax 1 + -id'-.] In masonry, dressed with a stone hammer to a smooth sur- face. Good effect is obtained by the contrast of axed and pol- ished surfaces. Encyc. Brit., IV. 474. axes, »■ Plural of ax and of axis. axfitcht, »• [Also written axritch, axfetcli ; < ax 1 + fitch. This and the other names axseed, iixirnrt, hatchet-fitch, and NL. Securigera, refer to the ax-shaped seed.] A leguminous plant, Securigera coronilln. t'otgrare. ax-forin (aks'form), a. Same as ax-shaped. ax-head (aks'hed), re. The head or iron of an ax. Ancient ax-heads, formed of stone and sometimes of bronze, are called celts. axial (ak'si-al), a. [< axis + -al.] 1. Pertain- ing to or of the nature of an axis. From central development we pass insensibly to that higher kind of development for which axial seems the most appropriate name. //. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 50. 2. Situated in an axis or in the axis. — 3. In amit., pertaining to the somatic as distinguished from the membral portions of the body; not appendicular. Axial parts or organs are, in general, divided into epaxiat, hypaxial, and paraxial, according as they are situated over, under, or alongside the spinal column. 4. In geol., forming the axis, central domi- nating portion, or crest of a mountain-range. Ax of jadeite from New Ireland. 5TB 51E Sacred Ax. — Em- blem on Chinese por- celain. Section of mountain showing anticlinal structure with axial mass of eruptive or metamorphic rock. The central or axial portions of many mountain-ranges consist of crystalline, azoic f or archiean rocks ; this is espe- cially true of the numerous ranges of the North American Cordilleras. Sometimes axal. Axial canal, in crinoids, the central canal within the hard perisoma of the stem, extending the length of the latter and tilled with a soft solid substance. — Axial cav- ity, in Actinozoa, the cavity common to the gastric sac and intermesenteric chambers. See Actinozoa.— Axial circle, a circle having its center on the axis of a curve. — Axial line, the name given by Faraday to the line in which the magnetic force passes from one pole of a horse- shoe magnet to the other. — Axial plane, in crystal., a plane containing (1) two of the crystallographic axes, or {■!) the optic axes in the case of a biaxial crystal.— Axial rotation, rotation upon an axis.— Axial skeleton, the skeleton of the trunk and head and tail, as distinct from the skeleton of the limbs. axially (ak'si-al-i), adv. In a line with or in the direction of the axis ; with reference to the axis. There are many Transparent Objects, however, whose peculiar features can only be made out when they are viewed by light transmitted through them obliquely in- stead of axially. W.B. Carpenter, Micros., g 14... axiferous (ak-sife-rus), a. [< L. axis, axis, + ferre = E. bear 1 . 1 ] In bot., consisting of an axis only, without leaves or other appendages : applied by Turpin to fungi and algte, consid- ered as consisting essentially of an axis merely. axiform (ak'si-form), a. [< L. axis, axis, + forma, shape.] In the form of an axis. axifugal (ak-sif'u-sal), //. [< L. axis, axis, + fugere, flee, + -al.'] Centrifugal. [Rare.] axil (ak'sil), v. [< L. axilla, dim. (cf. ala for 't'xhi, dim.) of axis, axis, armpit: see ala, aisle, '/.m^andfu-fV.] 1. The arm- pit, or axilla (which see). [Rare.] — 2. In hot., the an- gle formed between the up- per side of a leaf and fcne stem or branch to which ii is attached ; in cryptogams, the angle formed by tin- branching of a frond. axile axile (ak'sil), a. [< L. as if "axilis, < axis: see ) The odontoidproeess of the axis. (c) The entire vertebral column, (ff) The central or axial nervous system of a vertebrate: as, the cerebrospinal axis, (c) The columella or modiolus of the cochlea. (/) A short thick artery which immediately divides into several branches: as, the celiac axis; the thyroid axis. (g) The axis-cylinder of a nerve, (h) Same as axon. — 4. The central line of a solid of revo- lution; the central line of any symmetrical, or nearly symmetrical, body: as, the axis of a cyl- inder, of the eye, etc. — 5. Any line with refer- ence to which the physical properties of a body, especially its elasticity, are symmetrical. — 6. In Trilobita, specifically, the terguin; the me- dian convex portion of a thoracic somite, inter- vening between the pleura or flattened lateral portions of the thorax. See cut under Trilobita. — 7. In conch., the imaginary line or space around which the whorls of a spiral shell turn. — 8. In hot., the stem; the central part or longitudinal support on which organs or parts are arranged. The root has sometimes been called the tlrsrcwling axis. A. Cray. In many cases the Bora] axis is prolonged beyond oneor more circles of floral organs, and the stem again assumes the ordinary leaf-bearing form. Science, III. 302. axis 9. In geog, and geol.j the central or dominat- ing region of a mountain-chain, or the line which follows the crest of a range and thus in- dicates the position of the most conspicuous portion of the uplift. In a folded region, or one in Section of mounla folded strata. which the strata have been bent into anticlinals and syn- clinals, the axis of each fold is the plane indicating the direction parallel to which the folding has taken place, or toward which the strata incline. 10. In analytical geom,, any fixed line of refer- ence used to determine the position of a point or series of points (line, surface) in space.— Anti- clinal axis, in geol. See anticlinal.— Axes of an ellip- soid, its maximum and minimum diameters and the diam- eter perpendicular to these.— Axes of coordinates, or coordinate axes, in analytical geom., fixed lines on which or parallel to which an element (abscissa or ordi- nate) of the position of a point is measured. — Axes of light- elasticity, the three directions at right angles to one another in a biaxial crystal in which the elasticity of the light-ether has its maximum, minimum, and mean value. In a trimetric (orthorhombic) crystal they coin- cide with the crystallographie axes; in a monoclinic crys- tal one coincides with the orthodiagonal axis, the others lie in the plane of symmetry. In a triclinic crystal there is no necessary relation between the two sets of axes. — Axis Of a beam Of light, the middle ray of the beam. — Axis Of a COne, a straight line drawn from the vertex to the center of the base.— Axis Of a conic, a diameter perpendicular to the chords it bisects.— Axis Of a crys- tal, in crystal., one of three or four imaginary lines as- sumed for convenience to define the position of the planes of the crystal, and to exhibit its symmetry. See crystallography. — Axis Of a curve, a right line dividing it into two symmetrical parts, so as to bisect every chord perpendicular to it, as in a parabola, ellipse, or hyperbola. — Axis Of a cylinder, a straight line drawn from the center of the one end to that of the other. — Axis of affinity, the axis of homology of figures homological by affinity. — Axis Of a gun or piece, the middle line of the bore of the gun. — Axis of a lens, a straight line drawn through the optical center of the lens, and perpendicular to both its surfaces. — Axis of a magnet, the imaginary line which connects the north and south poles of the magnet.— Axis of a sphere, any straight line drawn through the center and terminated both ways by the sur- face of the sphere.— Axis of a spherical, concave, or convex mirror, a straight line which passes through the geometrical and optical centers of the mirror. — Axis Of a telescope, a straight line passing through the centers of all the glasses in the tube. — Axis of collineation, in math., a line which corresponds to itself in a projective transformation. — Axis Of direct elasticity, a direction in a solid body such that a longitudinal strain in that di- rection produces a stress precisely opposed to the strain. — Axis of elasticity, a direction in a solid body with respect to which some kind of symmetry exists in the relation of strains and stresses. — Axis of homology, the line upon which corresponding lines of two figures in homology intersect each other. — Axis of oscillation of a pendulum, a right line passing through the center about which it vibrates, and perpendicular to the plane of vibration.— Axis Of perspective, the line in which the plane of a perspective representation cuts any plane represented.— Axis Of reflection, in the method of in- version in geometry, any line considered as perpendicular to and bisecting the distance between two inverse points. — Axis Of refraction, a straight line drawn perpendicular to the surface of the refracting medium, through the point of incidence of the refracted ray. Some crystals have two axes of refraction. — Axis Of rotation, the imaginary line about which all the parts of a rotating body turn.— Axis of similitude of three circles, a line passing through two intersections of corresponding pairs of common tangents of two pairs out of the three circles. The axis of similitude also necessarily passes through a third such point, but this fact is not essential to its definition.— Axis of symmetry, a line on both or all sides of « hich the parts of a body or magnitude are symmetrically dis- posed.— Axis Of the earth, the straight line connecting it,^ two poles, and about which it performs its diurnal ro- tation.— Axis of the eye, a straight line passing through the centers of the pupil and crystalline lens ; the optic axis.— Axis Of the Ionic capital, a line passing perpen- dicularly through the middle of the eye of the volute. — Axis Of the world, the imaginary axis passing through the celestial poles.— Axis Of Vision. See visual axis, be- low.— Basicranial axis, a straight line drawn from a point midway between the occipital condyles, through the median plane of the skull, to the junction of the ethmoid and presphenoid, in the floor of the cerebral cavity. Huxley. See cut under cram io/aeini. — Basifacial axis, or facial axis, a straight line drawn from the anterior extremity of the premaxilla to the anterior extremity of the basicranial axis (which see, above): not to be con- founded with facial line. See craniometry, and cut under craniofacial.— Celiac axis, (a) A short, thick branch of the abdominal aorta, given off just below the diaphragm, and immediately dividing into the gastric, hepatic, and splenic arteries. (6) The sympathetic plexus which sur- rounds this artery.— Cerebrospinal axis. See cerebro- spinal.— Conjugate or minor axis, in geom., an axis, especially of a hyperbola, perpendicular to the transverse axis. The term was originally used in the plural for a pair of conjugate diameters at right angles to each other. As now used, it is an abbreviated expression for axis conju- gate to the transverse axis. — Facial axis. See basifacial 403 axis, above.— Harmonic axis. See harmonic— Instan- taneous axis, the axis about which a body is rotating at any instant: an expression applicable when motion is considered in only two dimensions or when a point of the body is fixed; mother cases it would be an inaccurate abbreviation of the following: Instantaneous sliding axis, that line about winch a body is rotating and along which it is simultaneously sliding at any instant. Every rigid body at every instant of its motion has such an in- stantaneous sliding axis.— Macrodiagonal axis, mag- netic axis. See the adjectives.— Neural axis, in anal., the cerebrospinal axis ; the axis or central trunk of the cerebrospinal system.— Neutral axis, in meek,: (a) Of a beam, the plane in which the tensile and compressing forces terminate, and in which the stress is therefore no- thing. (/>) Of a deflected bar, 'the line along which then- is neither extension nor compression. — Optic axis, the axis of the eye (u hich see, above).— Orthogonal <>r principal metatatic axes, three axes in a body such that, ii a cube be cut out having its faces normal to these axes, and if there be a linear elongation along one of them and an equal linear compression along a second, no tangential stress will result round the third axis on planes normal to tiie first two.— Radical axis of two circles, the line joining their points of intersection. Tins line is real even when the circles do not really intersect, the difference of its distance from the two centers being proportional to the difference of the areas of the two circles.— Spiral axis, in arch., the axis of a twisted column spirally drawn in order to trace the circumvolutions without. — Synclinal axis, in geol. See synclinal. — Tectonic axes, in crys- tal., the lines along which the minute crystals are ar- ranged in the formation of a complex crystalline growth. Thus, dendritic crystallizations of gold and copper often branch at angles of 60°, their directions being parallel to the sides of an octahedral face.— The principal axes Of inertia of a body, those lines passing through its cen- ter of mass about which its moments of inertia arc a maxi- mum and a minimum, together with the third line per- pendicular to these at their intersection.— The princi- pal axes Of Stress in a body, the directions of the three conjugate normal stresses.— Thyroid axis, a short, thick branch from the subclavian artery, dividing almost im- mediately into the inferior thyroid, suprascapular, and transversalis colli. — Transverse or major axis, in conic sections, the diameter which passes through the foci. In the ellipse it is the longest diameter; in the hyperbola it is the shortest; and in the parabola it is, like all the other diameters, infinite in length. — Visual axis, in }>hysiol., the straight line passing through the center of the pupil and the middle of the macula lutea. It does not coincide with the optic axis. Also called visual line, or axis of vision.— Zone axis. See zone. axis'" (ak'sis), n. [L. axis (Pliny); perhaps of E. Ind. origin.] 1. A kind of East Indian deer, Cervus axis, of which there are several varieties, perhaps species. The body is spotted with white. Also called axis-deer, spotted deer, and hog-deer. — 2. [cap.'} [NL.] A genus of such deer. Ham. Smith, 1827. axis-cylinder (ak'sis-siFin-der), n. In anat., the central part of a nerve-fiber; the core of white nerve-tissue in a nerve-fiber, it is the es- sential part of the nerve, and is the only part found at its origin and termination. In cross-section, a bundle of nerve-fibers appears like a bunch of lead pencils, the axis- cylinder corresponding to the lead. Also called band-axis and axis-band. axis-deer (ak'sis-der), n. Same as axis 2 , 1. axisymmetric (ak^si-si-mefrik), a. Symmetri- cal with reference to an axis. axle (ak'sl), n. [Early mod. E. also axel, axell, axile, < ME. axel, axil (chiefly in comp. axel- tree, q. v. ; not in AS., where only the primitive a?x, eax occurs: see ax 2 ) = Icel. oxull, m., = Sw. Dan. axel, axle; not found in this sense in the other languages, where its place is supplied by the primitive ax 2 , but ult. = ME. a'xl, exl, < AS. eaxl, exel = OHG. ahsala, MHG. ahsel, G. achsel = Icel. oxl, f., = Sw. Dan. axel = Norw. oksl, aksl, axel, the shoulder, = L. dla (foT*ax- la), shoulder-joint, wing (see ala, aisle, and cf. axilla); with formative -I, < ax 2 (L. axis, etc.), axle (the shoulder-joint being the axle or axis on which the arm turns): see «x 2 .] 1. The pin or spindle on which a wheel revolves, or which forms the axis of the wheel and revolves with it. Properly, the axle of a carriage-, cart-, or wagon-wheel is the round arm of the axletree or axle-bar which is inserted in the hub or nave, but the name is sometimes extended to the whole axletree. 2f. An axis, as of the earth. Whether . . . He (the sun] from the east his flaming road begin, Or she [the earth] from west her silent course advance, With inoffensive pace that spinning sleeps On her soft axle. Milton, P. L., viii. 165. Axle stop-key, a plate upon the end of the axle of a rail- road-car, intended to prevent excessive lateral motion and to take the wear. — Blind axle, an axle that does not com- municate power ; a dead axle. — Collinge axle, i" coach- buiiiiiug, an axle the box of which is secured upon the arm by two nuts screwed right and left. — Compound axle, an axle having two parts connected by a sleeve or some other locking arrangement.— Dead axle, one which does not impart motion ; a blind axle : opposed ton lice axle or driving-axle.- Dipping the axle, in coach-building, bending the end of the axle so that the wheel shall strike squarely upon the ground.— Driving-axle, in locomotive engines, the axle which receives the power from the steam-piston transmitted through the piston-rod and con- necting-rod. The rear end of the latter is connected either with cranks formed in this axle, or more generally with crank-pins upon the driving-wheels at its ends.— Railroad-car Axle-box. a, axle ; *, journal : c, sad- die, by means of which the weight of the car rests on the journal ; d, chamber for a lu- bricating substance, having its lid at e. axle-tooth Leading axle, in F.ritish locomotives, an axle of a wheel in front of the driving-wheels.— Mail axle, in cuach-build- ing,an axle which is secured by a plate at its back instead of a nut on the end, The commonest kind of nil axle is called the mail, be- cause the peculiar mode of fastening was first used in the mail coaches. J. W. Burgess, Coach-Building, p. 72. Telescopic axle, an extension-axle which permits the running-wheels of a railroad-car to be slipped in or out, thus milking them adaptable to tracks t.f iliil.-ivnt — Trailing axle, the rear axle of a Locomotive. In Eng- lish engines it is usually placed under the font plate. axle-adjuster (ak'sl-a-jus'ter), n. A machine for straightening axles; a machine used in giv- ing to the spindle its proper line of direction relatively to the axletree. axle-arm (ak'sl-ann), n. The spindle on the end of an axle on which the box of the wheel slips, or one of the two pivots on which the axle itself turns. See second cut under axle- box. axle-bar (ak'sl-bitr), n. The bar of an axle- tree. axle-block (ak'sl-blok), n. The block placed upon the axle of a vehicle to form a seat for the spring when it is depressed. axle-box (ak'sl-boks), n. The box which con- tains the bearings for the spindle of an axle, or the journal of an axle, as of a carriage-wheel, a railroad-car wheel, etc. ; the bushing or metal lining of the hub which forms the rotatory bear- ing of the axle of a ve- hicle—Axle-box guides, the guides for the brasses of an axle-box. — Radial axle- box, in a railroad-car, a slid- ing axle-box, so arranged that, with its fellow, it maintains the axle in a position radial to the curve of the track, how- ever its direction may change. axle-clip (ak'sl- klip), n. A clevis or bow which unites some other part of a vehicle to the axle. -Axle- clip tie, the cross- bar which joins and secures the ends of the bow- clip (which see). axle-collar (ak'sl-kol'&r), «. The collar on an axle which receives the lateral pressure from the wheel or bearing. axled (ak'sld), a. Furnished with an axle or with axles. axle-gage (ak'sl-gaj), n. A wheelwright's in- strument for giving to the spindle of an axle its proper swing and gather. axle-guard (ak'sl-gard), n. Those parts of a railroad-car in which the axle-box plays verti- cally under the yield and reaction of the car- springs — Axle-guard stays, the iron rods or straps which are bolted to the frame and to all the ends of the axle-guards, to strengthen them. axle-hook (ak'sl-huk), n. A hook in front of the axle of a carriage, to which is attached the stay-chain connecting the axle and the double- tree. axle-nut (ak'sl-nut), n. A screw-nut fitted to the end of the arm of an axle to keep the wheel in place. axle-packing (ak'sl-pak'ing), n. The guard or material placed about an axle to exclude dust. axle-pin (ak'sl-pin), n. Same as linch-pin. axle-saddle (ak'sl-sad^l), n. A saddle-shaped clip, used in securing a spring to an axle. axle-seat (ak'sl-set), ». The hole in a rail- road-car wheel which receives the arm of the axle. axle-skein (ak'sl-skan), n. A band, strip, or thimble of metal placed on a wooden axle-arm to prevent the wood from wearing rapidly. axle-sleeve (ak'sl-slev), n. A sleeve placed round a railroad-car axle in order to hold up the ends should the axle be broken. axle-tooth (ak'sl-toth), n. [E. dial., also assle-j azdc-, assal-tooth, early mod. E. axel-, axill- tooth, < late ME. axyltothe (= Dan. axel-tand)} < *axel (Shetland yackle) (< Icel. jaxl = Norw. jakslc, jakle = Sw. dial, jafckel, jaksl = Dan. axel), a jaw-tooth, grinder, + tooth.'] A grind- er; a molar. [Prov. Eng.] Miller's Rubber-cushioned Axle-box. A, hub: B, axle-box; C, axle-arm ; D, rubber cushions ; E, compression-nut ; F, cavities in compression-nutadmitting points of the wrench when compressing cushions ; G, slotted retaining-sleeve ; //.spuron axle- box ; J, space between axle-box and hub. axletree axletree (ak'sl-tre), n. [< ME. axel-tree, axil- tre, etc. (=Ioel. iixul-tre), < axel + tree. Cf. ax- tree.] 1. A bar or beam fixed crosswise under the body of a carriage, having rounded axles a1 the ends tor a pair of wheels to revolve on. Be hem tucnethe alle the firmament, right as dothe a wheel, that turncth be his axille tree. Maundevillt (ed. Halliwell), p. 182. 2t. An axis, axle-yoke (ak'sl-ydk), n. A plate beneath an axle through which the ends of the Baddle-clip pass. It serves as a washer-plate for the nuts upon the ends of the saddle-clip, axman, axeman (aks'rnan), «.; pi. axmen, axe- nu n (-men). 1. One who wields an ax; one em- ployed in chopping; a woodman. i i men were put to work getting out timber for bridges, and cutting rue] for the locomotives when the road u.i- i ipleted. r. S. Grant, in The Century, XXXI. 13G. 2. Formerly, a soldier whose weapon was an ax. \\ e near nothing of any prisoners being taken, nothing of any of the axemt n taking to flight. E. A. Freeman, Old Eng. Hist., p. 336. ax-master (aks'mas'ter), n. A name given in Honduras to a tree with very hard wood. Its genus is not known. Axminster carpet. See carpet. axoid (ak'soid), a. [< axis 1 + -oid.] Of or j lertainingto the axis : used in anatomical terms, chiefly in composition: as, the occipito-axoid ligament. See axis 1 , 3. Axolotes (ak-so-16'tez), n. A Latinized form of axolotl, used as a generic name. See Sire- don. axolotl (ak'so-lotl), ii. [Mex.] A urodele or tailed amphibian found in Mexico, which is supposed not to undergo metamorphosis, but Axolotl (Amblystoma\. to retain its gills throughout life, breeding in the larval state. From this circumstance the ani- mal was made the type of a distinct genus, Siredon, and was placed with Proteus, Siren, etc., in the family Proteidce, under the name of Siredon pUciforme. An- other species has been named Siirilon lic/ifnnidts. Later observations, however, have shown that the axolotl, or siredon, is simply a prolonged, sometimes permanent, stage like that which all the species of salamandrincs of the family Ambtystomidce pass through, and that the animal is referable to the genus Ambliisloina. Axolotls are common in lakes and lagoons in Mexico, like the vari- ous species of Amblystoma known in the United States as mud-puppiee, water-doge, etc. They have the appear- ance of gigantic tadpoles about to turn into frogs, being from 6 to !i inches long, with a large compressed tail, 4 I . L'ill-tnfts nn each side of the neck, and obtuse flat- tened head. They are marketable in Mexico, where they are said to be deemed a luxury as an article of food. axometer (ak-som'e-ter), n. [< L. axis (Gr. dfwi ), axis, + metrum (Gr. perpov), measure.] An instrument used in adjusting the height of the bridge of a pair of spectacles, to bring the centers of the lenses in line horizontally with the centers of the pupils of the eyes. axon (ak'son), ». ; pi. axoncs (-ez). [< Gr. dfuv, axis: Bee axis 1 , ax*.] In anat., the body-axis; the mesal, longitudinal, skeletal axis of the body, represented in Branehiostoma and em- bryos by a membranogelatinous notochord, and in most adult vertebrates by the cartilaginous or osseous centra of the vertebra? and the base Of the skull. Wilder, X. V. Meil. Jour., Aug. ■J. 1884, p. L13. Also called axis. Axonia (ak-so'ni-H.), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. a$uv, axis.] Organic forms, animal or vegetable, having definite axes: the opposite of I mi. i mi iii. I be I into Homaaonia, having all axes il and polyhedral forms, and Prota tonia, havm iout which other axes are arranged. Thelattei an » ain subdivided into Monotonia and Stau- ,,'". Sec ' lie -■ v, ords. axonometry (ak-so-nom'e-tri), n. [Irreg. < Gr. . axis. 4- ittrpov, measure.] The art of making a perspective representation of figures when tl idrdinates of points in them are given. \ r - ii aximiim try. axospermous (ak-so-sper'mus), a. [< L. axis, s sis, + Gr. oiri ■ | In hot., an epil bel descriptive of co fruits which have an axih- placental ion. the attachment of the seeds being toward the axis. axotomous (ak-sot'o-mus), a. [< L. axi (Gr. I, axis, + Gr. ro/idc, < -in' - cut.] In mini nil., oleavablo in a direction perpendic- ular to the axis. axseedt, n. [< ax 1 + seed.] Same as axfitch. 404 ax-shaped (aks'shapt), a. In hot., shaped like an ax or a hatchet ; dolabriform. ax-stone (aks'ston), ii. A mineral found chiefly in New Zealand and the South Sea islands, and used by the natives for axes and other cutting instruments, whence the name. Also called nijiliriii and jade. axtree (aks'tre), ». [Sc, also aixtree, extree, < .ME. n.rtrr, extra, axtreo, < AS. *caxtrc, dec, ate, at, aev, air/, ai, ak, a'uv, aiv, i/t, orig. a'iFei, ever, always, prop. ace. (in Gr. locative) of a noun, AS. ai, lew (orig. *clw), existence, law, marriage, = OS. eo, law, = OFries. a, e, ewe, cwa, law, = OHG. ewa, MHG. iiwe, e, eternity, law, marriage, = G. ehe, mar- riage, = Goth, aiws, an age, a long period, eter- nity, = L. CEVum, OL. aevom (whence ult. E. age, eternal, q. v.) ; cf . Gr. aiuv, *alpuv (with unorig. formative v), an age, an eon (see eon); orig. appar. a going, a course, with formative -ra, < v *i, Skt. i, Gr. \-ivai = L. i-re, go: see iter and go. This adv. was much used as a general- izing prefix (somewhat like the related suffix etterin whoever, whatever, etc.), and, fused with ge-, exists unrecognized in each, either. With the negative it exists in nay and no 1 , which are related to each other as the simple ay and (obs.) o. The spelling ay, like nay, is histor- ically and analogically the proper one.] 1. Ever; always; for ever; continually; for an indefinite time. [Now only poetical and North. E. dial.] Care for the Conscience, & kepe it at clene. The ABC of Aristotle (E. E. T. S., extra ser., VIII. i. 65). Let this pernicious hour Stand aye accursed in the calendar ! Shak., Macbeth, iv. 1. 2f. Ever: indefinitely, after?/. Behold the man ! and tell me, Britomart, If ay more goodly creature thou didst see? Spenser, F. Q., III. iii. 32. For ay, for ever : sometimes strengthened by combination — for ever and ay. The soul, though made in time, survives for ail ; And though it hath beginning, sees no end. Sir. J. IMu'i.'s, Immortal, of Soul, xxix. ay 2 (a), interj. [Also aye, eigh (and, in this use, eh), < ME. ey, ei; a mere interj., of no definite history, but it may be regarded, formally, as a variant of ME. a, E. ah, oh. In the poetical ay me, prob. in imitation of OF. aymi, Sp. ay iii mi. It. ahum : cf. F. alii, ai, Sp. ay. It. alii, ah: see ah, O, oh, and cf. eh.] Ah! 01 oh! an exclamation expressing surprise, interest, regret, etc., according to the maimer of utter- ance. [North. Eng. ami Scotch.] —Ay me I ah mel an expression of regret or sorrow. [Poetical.] Ay me ! that thankes so much should fade of meed Spenser, Virgil's Gnat, 1. 353. ay 3 , adv. or interj. See ayc'3. ay :! , n. See ayi-b. ay 4 t, n. Seer//l. Ay"' (a), n. A sparkling wine taking its name from the town of Ay in the department of Marne. Prance. See champagne. ay' ; . I .i 1 ) < M E. ay, ai. ey, ei, eg, etc., < AS. teg, eg, (iij. eg, etc.; (-) of other origin: see under ai.] A common English digraph (pron. a), formerly interchaiigealile in most instances with ai, bu1 now the regular form when final, occurring medially only in certain positions. Historically ii represents, (1) in words of Anglo-Saxon ori- - ori withaaal "bed guttural, as In clay, day 1 , <",i i.n/i etc; (21 in words of Scandinavian, R anlc, Latin, or other origin, various diphthongs, ai, etc., as in oi/l, nay, rayl, ray-, stay-, etc. In recent ayen words it is the ordinary representative of the sound a when final. See further under at. ayah (ay'ii), «. [Anglo-Ind., < Hind., etc., dya, dyd, < l'g.' aia (= Sp. aya = It. aja), nurse, gbv- erness, fern, of aia (= Sp. aim = It. OJO), tutor; of uncertain origin.] In the East Indies, a native waiting-woman or lady's-maid; a nurse. ayapana (ii-ya-pa'na), ». [Braz.] The native name of Enpntorium triplinrrre, a Brazilian plant, natural order t 'onijiosita; at one time be- lieved to be a panacea. It is still considered to have some valuable medicinal properties. ayaya, ». See aiaia. aye* (a), adv. See ay 1 . aye 2 (a), interj. See ay-. aye 3 , ay 3 (iii ori), adv. or interj. [Formerly also ai, ey, but at its first appearance, in the Eliza- bethan period, invariably printed / (often asso- ciated in puns with the pronoun I). Earlier history unknown; possibly orig. a dial, form of ay, ever, always, worn down to a mere parti- cle of assent. Hardly, as commonly supposed, a corruption of yea. The spelling aye is pre- ferred, as making a distinction like that in eye from words in -ay, -ey with the reg. pron. a, as in hay, bey, gray, grey, etc.] 1. Yes; yea: a word expressing assent, or an affirmative answer to a question: opposed to no. It is common in dia- lectal and nautical language, and is the regular word used in voting "yes" in Congress, the House ot Commons, and other legislative bodies. In Congress the official terms, as in the Constitution, are yea and nay; but the more sonorous aye and no are preferred in making response. 2. Yes ; yea ; even so ; truly : indicating as- sent to what has been said, and introducing a further or stronger statement. What ! am I not your king? If ay, then am I not to be obey'd ? Beau, and Ft., Philaster, iv. 2. The champions, ay, and exemplars too, of classical learning. Story, Speech, Cambridge, Aug. 31, 1826. 3. Indeed: suggesting slight surprise, interro- gation, anger, or reproach, or simple atten- tion, according to the mode of pronunciation. — Aye, aye, naut. : (a) The phrase by which comprehen- sion of an order is expressed on board ship, (fc) An answer to a sentry's hail or to a call. aye 3 , ay 3 (ai ori), h. [< aye, adv. or interj.] An affirmative answer or vote in deliberative bod- ies.— The ayes and noes, the yeas and nays, (a) The affirmative and negative votes, (b) Those who so vote. Hence — The ayes have it, in deliberative bodies, the phrase employed by the presiding officer in declaring that the affirmative votes are in a majority. Another was the late Speaker Trevor, who had, from the chair, put the <| nest inn, w hetlirr he was or was not a rogue, and had been forced to pronounce that the Ayes had it. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xxiii. aye 4 t, «• Seecy 1 . aye-aye (i'i). n. [< F. aye-aye, < Malagasy aiay, also dial, ajiay, Iiailiay, prob. of imitative origin (cf. ai and ai-ai). Reduplication is characteris- tic of imitative names, particularly in native languages.] A name of a remarkable lemurino Aye-aye {Daubettteixia madapasctirieHSis). quadruped of Madagascar, of the suborder Pro- suuiir, family Daubentoniidw (or Chiromyidts), the Daiiluntniiia (or Cliinuuys) niatlaiiaseari- ensiS, which combines a rodent-like dentition with the genera] characters of the lemurs. It »as originally referred to the Rodentia, and n;i- do- Bcribed as a Bpecies of Sciurus, or squirrel. It is a small Bquirrel-like animal (so far as its long bushy tail, general configuration, ami arboreal habits may warrant the com- parison), with large thin earsopening forward, gnat eyes looking forward, a ihi peculiar physiognomy, and an attenuated middle finger, which seems as if withered. I Ii' thumb is not apposable, in which respect it is unlike i in- i iincr digit of the foot. The animal is nocturnal, arbo- real, ami peculiar to Madagascar. Its economy is still imperfectrj known. Tic meaningless name aye-aye was in 1802 or L808 made a l.arliai s generic name bj Laos- l ii tl,-. 'fin- genus is usually called by the name Chiromye, iven by Cuvier in.1800, Inn this is antedated bj Vavr bentonia, applied by Etienne Geoffroy St. llilairc in l"i»8. Sir Davbentonia. ayeint, «'• [ME., < ayen, again, back, + yrfte, gift : see again and gift.'] A recompense. Ayenbite of Inwyt. ay-green, 'aye-green (a'gren), to. [< ay* + an in. Of. evergreen and sempcrvivent.] The houseleek, Sempervivum tectorum. aygulett, »■ An obsolete form of aglet. aylet, ayelt, n. [< ME. axel, ayel, < AF. ayle, UP. nil I, ninl, F. aieitl = Pr. aviol = Sp. ulnii- to = It. avolo, < LL. *aviolus, dim. of arius, for L. amis, grandfather.] A grandfather. See besayle. I am thin ayel, ready at thy wille. Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1619. aylet (a'let), 11. [Cf. ailette.] In her., a bird represented as sable, beaked and legged gules. Also known as the sea-swallow and as the Cornish chough. aymantt, aymontt, »• [< OF. aymant, aimant = Pr. ayman, aziman, adiman, < ML. "adimas (mlimant-), var. of L. adamas (adamant-), ada- mant, diamond: see adamant, diamond.] Ada- mant ; a diamond. aymet, inter). See ay me! under ay 2 . A ymees and hearty heigh-hoes Are sallads fit for soldiers. Fletcher, Bonduca, i. 2. aymerst, n. pi. Obsolete form of embers. aymontt, »• See aymant. ayni-wood (i'ni-wud), n. The timber of the Terminalia tomentosa, a combretaceous tree of southern India. ayont (a-yonf), prep. [Se., = E. beyond, with prefix a- instead of be- : see beyond.] Beyond. Some wee short hour ayont the twal. Hums, Death and Doctor Hornbook. ayr (ar), n. [Sc., also air, < Ieel. eyrr, mod. eyri, the gravelly bank of a river, a small tongue of land running into the sea (= Sw. or — Dan. ore, seen in place-names, as in Elsinore, Dan. Helsingor, Ieel. as if * Helsingja-eyrr), < aurr, clay, mud, = Norw. aur = AS. ear, earth, ground, used also as the name of the runic character for ed.] An open sea-beach; a sand-bank. Also spelled air. [Scotch.] ayrant (ar'ant), a. [Also eyrant, a ppr. form, < ME. *aire, eyre, etc., aery: see aery 2 and -ant 1 .] In her., seated on its nest or aery: said of a bird of prey when thus represented as a bearing. Ayr stone. See stone. ayuntamiento (a-yon"ta-mi-en't6), n. [Sp., < OSp. ayuntar, < ML. *adjuuctare, < ad, to, + "junctare (> Sp. juntar, join), < L. jungere, pp. junctus, join : see jo in. Cf. junta.] In Spain and Spanish America, a corporation or body of magistrates in a city or town ; a town council, usually composed of alcaldes, regidors, and other municipal officers. ay-wordt (a'werd). n. [A form, appar. an error, appearing in some editions of Shakspere, spe- cifically in "Twelfth Night," ii. 3, where others give nayword, q. v.] A byword. az. In her., an abbreviation of azure. azale (a-zal'), «. [Appar. < azalea. Cf. azalein.] A coloring matter obtained by extracting "madder-flowers " with wood-naphtha at a boil- ing temperature. It is no longer used. Azalea (a-za'le-ii), n. [NL., < Gr. a(,aUor, dry (in allusion to'the dry habitat of the plant), < Kciv, dry up, parch.] 1. A genus of erica- ceous plants, now referred to Rhododendron. — 2. [I. c] A plant or flower belonging to this genus. See Rhododendron. — 3. [I.e.] A name of a species of plants of the genus Loiseleuria, the Alpine azalea, X. procumbens. azalein (a-za'le-in), m. [< azalea + -in 2 .] Same as rosanilim . azan(a-zan'), n. [Ar.] In Mohammedan coun- tries, the call to public prayers, proclaimed by the crier from the minaret of the mosque. When their crier, a small wizen-faced man, began the Aznn, we received it with a shout of derision, and some, hastily snatching up their weapons, offered him an oppor- tunity of martyrdom. R. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 133. azarin (az'a-rin), n. A coal-tar color of the azo-group used in dyeing. It is applied only to cot- ton, and is fairly fast to light. It is a compound uf naph- 405 thol-azo-dichlor-phenol and ammonium bisulphite. It dyes a brilliant red Inclining to crlmBon, azarole (az'a-rol), «. [Also azerole; < P. a a mil , azerole = It. azzeruolo = Bp. acerolo, azarolo = Pg. azarola (NL. azarolus), < Ar. az-zu'ritr, < u!, the, + zu'rur, azarole.] The Neapolitan medlar, a species of thorn. Crataegus Azarolus, which bears a rather largo, pleasant fruit. azedarach (a-zed'a-rak), n. [< F. aeeatzrac = Sp, oca darague, prob. through Ar., < Pers. dead dirakht, lit. free (noble) tree: dead, free; <'<- rnklit. tree] 1. An ornamental East Indian tree, Melia Azedarach, cultivated in southern Europe and America, and also known as bead- tree, pride of India, etc. See Melia. — 2. A drug, consisting of the bark of the root of the azedarach. It is an emetic and a cathartic, and is used as a vermifuge. aziam (az'iam), n. [Russ. azyamii.] A full long outside garment, without plaits, made of a coarse gray cloth ; at Astrakhan, a sheep- skin coat covered with cloth. [Russian.] azimuth (az'i-muth), n. [_laue of the horizon. The shadow marks the sun's azimuth.— Azimuth or vertical circleB, great circles intersecting one another In the zenith and nadir, and cutting the horizon at right angles.— Magnetic azi- muth, an arc of the horizon intercepted between the azimuth or vertical circle passing through the center of any heavenly body and the magnetic meridian. This is found by observing the object with an azimuth compass. azimuthal (az'i-muth-al), a. [< azimuth + -al.] Pertaining to the azimuth; used in taking azi- muths. azimuthally (az'i-muth-al-i), adv. In the man- ner of an azimuth; in the direction of the azi- muth. Turning azimuthally in either direction. Nature, XXX. 525. azo-. A curt form of azote in compounds. — Azo-compound, a compound intermediate between a nitro- and an amido-compound, made from the former by partial reduction, or from the latter by partial oxida- tion : as, azobenzene, Ce,H 5 — N = N — C 6 H 5 . — Azo-dyes, a well-defined group of the coal-tar colors, all containing the diatomic group — N = N— , bound on either side to a benzene radical. They may be prepared by reduction of the nitro-compounds in alkaline solutions or by acting on diazo-compounds with phenols or amines of the aromatic series, simple azo-compounds are for the most part brightly colored bodies; but they are not coloring mat- ters, since they do not possess the property of combining with either acids or bases. The azo-dyes are the amido- or hydroxyl-derivatives of simple azo-compounds, and are distinguished as amidoazo- and oxyazo-dyes. In dyeing, the amidoazo-dyes can either be used as such or in the form of their sulphonic acids, while the oxyazo-dyes nearly always contain sulpho-groups. azobenzene (az-o-ben'zen), n. [< azo(te) + benzene.] A crystalline substance, (CgHsJoNo, obtained by the action of reducing agents upon nitrobenzene. Also called azobenzol ami azo- /" a ide. azobenzol (az-o-ben'zol), n. \_ slaty and other rock-, which constitute the Laurentian and Cambrian formations, may be to a great extent the metamorphosed productsol I > miniferal lib-. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. - ' azolitmin (az-o-lit'min), n. [< azo{te) + litmus + -in'-.] A deep blood-red coloring matter ob- tained from litmus. azonic (a-zon'ik), a. [< Gr. afuvoc, confined to no zone or region, < a- priv. + fur?), a zone.] Not confined to any particular zone or region ; not local. Emerson. azoospermatism (a-zo-o-sper'ma-tizm), «. [< (if. a^uoc, lifeless (see azoic), + enripuair-), seed, + -ism.] Same as azoospermia. azoospermia (a-zo-o-sper'mi-S,), n. [NL. : see azoospermatism.] In pathol., loss or diminution of vitality of the spermatozoa, or their absence from the semen. azor (a'zor), n. A kind of beaver cloth, made in Styria, Austria. Azorian (a-zo'ri-an), a. and n. [< Sp. Azores, Pg. Acores, so named from the abundance of hawks or buzzards there, < Sp. azor, Pg. aair, a hawk: see Astur and austringer.] I. a. Be- longing or relating to the Azores, or to their inhabitants. II. to. A native or an inhabitant of the Azores, a group of islands situated in the Atlantic ocean about 800 miles west of Portugal, to which country they belong. azorite" (az'o-rit), «. A mineral crystallizing in tetragonal crystals, found in a granitic rock in the Azores. Its chemical nature is doubtful ; it may be identical with zircon. azotatet (az'o-tat), n. [< azot-ic + -ate*-.] A compound formed by the union of nitric or azotic aeid with a base ; nitrate. azote (az'ot), it. [= F. azote, < NL. azotum, < Gr. a- priv. + *{u-6c, assumed verbal adj. of C.aetv, var. of ^aziv, C'/'\ live.] A name formerly given to nitrogen, because it is unfit for respi- ration. Lavoisier suggested the propriety of giving to this foul kind of air [air robbed of its oxygen] the name of Azote, ... a name which it still retains in France, but which has beeu superseded elsewhere by the term Nitrogen. Huxley, Physiog.. p. 79. azoted (az'o-ted), a. [< azote + -ed 2 .] Nitro- genized. As animals are fed on animal diet or on azoted sub- stances. Aitkin, Med. Diet, (6th ed.), II. 1061. azotht (az'oth), ii. [Also azot and azook ; a cor- ruption of the Ar. original of azogue. q. v.] 1. In alchemy, mercury, as the assumed first prin- ciple of all metals. — 2. The universal specific: or panacea of Paracelsus. azotic (a-zot'ik), «. [< azote + -ic.] Pertain- ing to azote; fatal to animal life Azotic acid. Same as nitric arid. See nitric. — Azotic gas, nitrogen, or nitrogen gas. azotide (az'o-tid or -tid), n. [< azote + -ide 2 .] An azotized body. See azotized. azotin (az'o-tin), n. [< azote + -in 2 .] An ex- plosive compound consisting of 15.23 parts of carbon, 11.43 of sulphur, 69.05 of saltpeter, and 4.29 of petroleum. azotise, azotised. See azotizc, azotized. azotite (az'o-tit), ». [< azote + -iti' 1 .] A salt formed by a combination of nitrous aeid with a base: synonymous with nitrite. azotize (az'o-tiz), v. t.; pret. and pp. azotized, ppr. azotiziiig. [< azote + -ize.] To nitro- genize. Also spelled azotise. azotized (az'o-tazd), p. n. Imbued with azote or nitrogen. Also spelled azotised. It has been maintained, on the basis of carefully-con ducted experiments, . . . that the amount of work done by an animal may lie greater than can lie accounted for by the ultimate metamorphosis of the azotized constituents of its food. W. B. Carpenter, in Corr. and Conserv. of Forces, p. 431. Organic compounds which i tain nitrogen are fre- quently termed azotised substances. W. .1. Miller, Elem. of Chem., §339. azotometer azotometer (az-6-tom'e-ter), n. [< azote + Gr. ftirpov, measure.] Same as nitrometer. An as mtaixdng a concentrated solution of po- tassium hydroxide where the nitrogen was measured. Aimer. Jour. Sci., 3dser., XXX. r.7. azotous(a-zo'tus),fl. [< azote + -ok*.] Nitrous: us. azotous (= nitrous) arid. azoturia (az-o-tu'ri-ii), ». [NL., < azote + L. ur-ina, urine:' see urea.'] Inpathol., a condition in which there is an excess of urea excreted. Azrael, Azrail (az'ra-el, -il), n. [Heb. Azrael, lit. help of God.] In Mohammedanism, the an- gel of death, whose function it is to separate men's souls from their bodies. The second trumpet blast «ill !"■ that of "Extermina- tion/' at the sound of which the lives of ;ill creatures . . . will in an instant lie extinguished, the last to die being Azrael, the angel of death. Religions of the World, p. 364. Aztec (az'tek), n. and a. [< Azteca, the native name. Cf. Aztlan. the legendary but unknown region from which the Aztecs came ; said to be < aztatl, heron, + tlan or Utlan, place.] I. n. A member of one of the leading aboriginal tribes of Mexico, which was dominant on the central table-land at the time of the Spanish invasion under Cortes in 1519. II. a. Of or pertaining to the Aztecs. Aztecan (az'tek-an), a. Of or pertaining to the Aztecs; Aztec. Specimens of Aztecan aboriginal workmanship. Science, VIII. 403. azulejo (Sp. pron. a-tho-la'ho), n. [Sp., < aeul, blue : see azure."] An earthenware tile of Span- ish manufacture, painted and enameled in rich colors, especially one having a metallic luster. [This use of the word, which is general among English col- li rt »rs and writers mi decoration, is apparently founded on the assumption that the word in the original Spanish means a tile of any kind.] azulene (az'u-len), n. [< Sp. Pg. aeul, blue, azure, + -ene.] A vegetable principle which imparts a blue color to many of the volatile oils. It is a volatile liquid, with an intensely blue vapor. The formula C16H26O has been given to it. Also called cent- 1, in. azulin (az'u-lin), n. [< Sp. Pg. azul, blue, azure, 4- -in-.] A coal-tar color formerly used in dyeing. It was prepared by beating coralline and aniline together, and produced blue colors. azulmin (az-ul'min), ii. [< az{urc) + ulm(ic) + -in-.] A name given to the brown ulniic ni- trogenous substance which is formed by the spontaneous decomposition of hydrocyanic acid. azumbre (Sp. pron. a-thbni'bra), n. [Sp.] A Spanish liquid measure, equal to about half a gallon. azure (azh'ur or a'zhur), n. and a. [< ME. azure, asure, asur, < OF. azur, asm; F. azur = i'r. azur = OSp. azur, Sp. Pg. azul = It. aszurro, azzuolo, < ML. azura, azurum, etc., also lazur, iaznriiis; lazuhis, an azure-colored stone, lapis lazuli, also azure, MGr. "Aa(,ohptov, < Ar. Idzward, < Pers. lazhward, lapis lazuli, azure: said to be named from the mines of Lajwurd. The initial / 1- supposed to have been lost in the Romanic forms through confusion with the definite arti- cle, F. le, V, etc.] I. n. If. Lapis lazuli. But natheles this niarkis hath doon make Of gemmes set in gold and in asure, Broches and ringes, for Grisildis sake. Chaucer, Clerk's Tale, 1. 254, 2. The fine blue color of the sky: as, "her eyes a bashful azure," Tennyson, The Brook. If . . . the air were absolutely pure and devoid of mat- t, 1 foreign to it. the " !iw< of the sky would no longer be and the heaven would appear black. Spottmtiooae, Polarisation, p. 82. A little speck of azure lias widened in the western heav- ens. Hawthorne, Twice-Told Talcs, I. Azure (heraldic tincture). 406 3. A name formerly applied to several sky- colored or blue pigments, but now used for cobalt blue (which see, under blue). It has been applied to — (a) that made from lapis lazuli, called genu- ine ultramarine ; (6) that made by fusing glass with oxid of cobalt, and reducing this to a powder: in grains the size of sand, this is called smalt; (c) an artificially pre- pared carbonate of copper. 4. The sky, or blue vault of heaven. Not like those steps On heaven's azure. Milton, P. L., i. 297. 5. In her., the tincture blue, which in uncol- ored drawings or engravings is represented by shading in hori- zontal lines. Often abbreviated to az. II. a. Resembling the clear blue color of the sky ; sky-blue. — Azure blue. See blue— Azure copper ore. See azurite, 1. azure (azh'ur or a'zhur), v. t.; pret. and pp. aeured, ppr. azur- ing. [< azure, a.] To color blue. Who azur'd the firmament? Gentleman Instructed, p. 394. 'Twlxt the green sea and the azur'd vault. Shak., Tempest, v. 1. azure-stone (azh'ur-ston), %. Same as azu- rite, 1. azurine (azh.'u-rin), a. and n. [< ML. azuri- nus, < azura, azure : see azure.] I.t a. Azure. Hakluyt. II. n. 1. An English book-name of a fish which is a variety of the rudd ; the blue roach. — 2. A bird of the genus Malurus (which see). — 3. A bluish-black shade produced in print- ing with aniline black, formed by treating the fabric with ammonia after the black is com- pletely developed. azurite (azh'u-rlt), n. [< azure + -ite".] 1. A blue mineral, a hydrous carbonate of copper. It has been used as a pigment, under the name of moun- tain-blue. Azurite occurs finely crystallized at Chessv, near Lyons, France, whence it has been called ehessylite and Chessy copper; it is also obtained in fine crystals at several mines in Arizona and Utah. Also called azure cop- per ore, azure-stone, blue copper ore, and blue malachite. 2. Same as lazulite. azurnt (azh'urn or a'zhurn), a. [< azure + -e« 2 . Cf. golden.] " Of a blue color. The azum sheen of turkis blue. Milliin, Comus, 1. 893. azury (azh'u-ri or a'zhu-ri), a. [< azure + -y 1 .] ( )t tin azure or bluish color; blue. Azygobranchia (az"i-go-braiig'ki-ii), «. /•/. [NL., < Gr. aCvyoc, not joined (see azygous), + ppayxia, gills.] A division of streptoneurous gastropods, by which the Scutibranchia, the Cte- nobranchia, and the Heteropoda are collectively contrasted with the Zygobranchia. See extract. All the remaining Gasteropoda contrast with the Zygo- branchia in the fact that the torsion of the body lias caused the obsolescence or abortion of one of the true gills, and for this reason Dr. Lankester has arranged them under one ordinal head, Azygobranchia. Stand. Nat. Hist., I. 322. azygobranchiate (az"i-go-brang'ki-at), a. [< Azygobranchia + -ale 1 .] Pertaining to or hav- ing the characters of the Azygobranchia. azygomatous (az-i-gom'a-tus), a. [< Gr. a- priv. (a- 18 ) + zygomatic.] Having no zygo- mata; destitute of zygomatic arches, as the skull of a shrew. Coues. azygOS (az'i-gos), n. [< Gr. aC.vyor, unpaired: see azygous.] An azygous part, as a muscle, vein, etc.— Azygos pharyngis, a small muscle arising from the pharyngeal spine of the basilar process of the occipital bone, and lying along the middle line of the back of the pharynx and inserted into the raphe. — Azy- gOS uvulse, the fleshy substance of the uvula, supposed to be a single symmetrical muscle, but really composed of paired halves. azygospore (a-zi'go-spor), n. [< Gr. a- priv. («-") + zygospore.] A spore exactly resein- azzy bling a zygospore, but produced parthenoge- netically by an isolated reproductive organ in some members of the order Zygomycetes of the lower fungi. azygOUS (az'i-gus), a. [< Gr. aCvyor, unpaired, < a- priv. + Jwydv = E. yoke.] Having no fel- low; not being one of a pair; single : in anat. applied to several parts, as muscles, veins, bones, etc., that are apparently single, or have no symmetrical fellow Azygous artery, an artery of the knee-joint, usually coming from the popliteal, but sometimes from one of the superior articu- lar arteries.— Azygous veins, tliree veins of the trunk, one on the right side and two on the left. The rviht or large azygous vein arises in small branches from the up- per lumbar vertebrae, passes up into the thorax to the right of the aorta, and, receiving the eight inferior right intercostal veins, the lesser azygous veins, the left supe- rior intercostal vein, the right bronchial vein, and some esophageal and mediastinal branches, empties into the superior vena cava just above the pericardium. The left lower or small azygous vein begins in the upper lumbar veins, enters the thorax, receives the four or five lower hit intercostal Veins and some esophaLoal and medias- tinal branches, and empties usually into the right azygous vein, but sometimes into the left innominate vein. The left upper azygous vein is derived from the left intercostal veins, which iie between those that empty into the left superior intercostal trunk and those that empty into the left lower azygos. They are usually two or three in num- ber. It communicates above with the left superior inter- costal vein and below with the right azygous vein. azym, azyme (az'im), n. [< LL. azymus, also azymon, unleavened bread, < Gr. a^vfioc, neut. a^vuov, unleavened, < a- priv. + £vpy, leaven, < C,uv, boil, bubble, ferment.] Unleavened bread, or a loaf of unleavened bread ; espe- cially, the bread eaten among the Jews at the time of the Passover, or that used in part of the Christian church for consecration in the eucharist : generally in the plural. In the West- ern Church azyms seem to have been used as far back as positive testimony goes, but the evidence either for or against their use in the earlier centuries is very scanty. In the Eastern Church consecration of leavened bread seems to have been the universal rule since the earliest times, but some early Oriental sects used azyms. The Latin Church does not hold that the use of leavened bread invalidates consecration. The controversy between the Eastern and Western churches as to azyms turns mainly on the question whether the Last .Supper was with- in the period of unleavened bread, and whether therefore the holy communion was instituted with azyrus or not. We have shunned the obscurity of the papists in their azymes, tunick, tfce. The Translators of the Bible to the Reader. Rome prescribes nothing to other nations on the point, merely laying down that the blessed Sacrament may more conveniently lie consecrated in Azumei. J. .If. Neale, Eastern Church, i. 1055. azymic (a-zim'ik), a. [< azym + -ic.] Of or pertaining to unleavened bread ; unleavened ; azymous. Azymite (az'i-mit), n. [< ML. azymita, < MGr. a^vulTt/c, < a//oc, unleavened : see azym and -ite^.] A member of a church which uses un- leavened bread for consecration in the eucha- rist ; especially, a designation applied by con- troversialists of the Greek Church to a member of the Latin or Western Church, or to an ad- herent of the Armenian or of the Maronite Church, which also use azyms. See azym. The terms Fermentarians and Prozymites have Bometimea been applied in return to members of the Greek Church by Latin controversialists. azymous (az'i-mus), a. [< Gr. afrfioc, unleav- ened: see azym.] Unleavened; unfermented : as, sea-biscuit is azymous. [Hare.] azzimina (iit-si-me'nii), n. [It.] Decoration by damaskeening of the finer sort, especially in gold or silver and in elaborate designs. Also called agemina. azzle-tooth (az'1-toth), n. [See axle-tooth.] Same as axle-tooth. Halliuell ; Dunglison. [Prov. Eng.] azzy, n. [E. dial.] A wayward child. Ealli- well. [Prov. Eng. (Yorkshire).] WW % I I lllllO I I -I I I I LIH..M I I I I.I. Ill.-V! y 1. The second letter in order in the English al- phabet, as it was in the Phenician, and has been in most other alphabets derived from the Pheni- cian. (See A.) The name of the Phenician character was beth, meaning house ; from this comes the Greek name, beta. The Phenician beth, with some early Greek and Latin forms of b, and with the ancient Egyptian characters, hieratic and hieroglyphic, from which the others are by many authorities supposed to be ulti- mately derived, are given below : 4 a b Egyptian. Pheni- Hieroglypnic. Hieratic. cian. Early Greek and Latin The value of the character is the same in all these alpha- bets. It is a labial sonant (or voiced) mute (or stop, or check) ; that is, it is made with the lips alone, by a com- plete closure cutting off all exit of breath from the mouth, but with accompanying sonant vibrations of the vocal chords, the current of air necessary to produce this being driven from the lungs into the closed cavity of the mouth. The corresponding surd (or voiceless) mute is p. (See P.) B has nothing of that variety of pronunciation shown by most English letters; but it is sometimes silent, as when final after m, in lamb, limb, tomb, thumb, and in a few other cases, as debt, doubt. In most of these cases b is a mi idem graphic insertion, and was never pronounced (in the English forms); e. g., limb, thumb, debt, doubt. In the fundamental or Germanic part of our language a b comes from a more original aspirate found in Sanskrit as bk, in Greek as # (ph), in Latin usually as /. Examples are : E. brother = Skt. bhrdtar = Gr. ^pdTijp = L. f rater ; E. bearl (v.) = Skt. >/ bhar = Gr. tfrepeiv = L. ferre. With the English 6 corresponds that of most of the other Germanic dialects. In the original Indo-European or Aryan lan- guage b was nearly or altogether wanting. 2. As a numeral, B was used by the Hebrews and Greeks, as now by the Arabians, for 2. — 3. As a symbol : («) In music, the seventh tone, or "leading tone," of the model diatonic scale, or scale of C. B was the last tone to be adopted into the modern major scale. It was the first note to be modi- fied by lowering its pitch a semitone ; its two forms, the b rotundum or B flat (b) and the b quadratum or B natu- ral 13) (see below), afterward became conventional signs which were applied as accidentals to all the notes of the scale. See accidental, n., 1. In Italian and French the same note is called si. In German use B denotes B flat, while B natural is represented by H, and is called ha. (b) In chem., the symbol of boron, (c) In ornith., the accessory femorocaudal muscle, one of the chief classificatory muscles of the leg. A. H. Garrod. (rf) In math., see A, 2 (c). (e) In ab- stract reasoning, suppositions, etc., the second or other person or thing mentioned : as, if A strike B. (/) In general, the second in any se- ries : as, Company B (of a regiment), schedule B, etc. ; in the form b, or b, the second column of a page, in a book printed in columns. — 4. As an abbreviation, B. stands for — (a) Bachelor (or Middle Latin Baccalaureus), in B. A. or A. B., B. C. E., B. D., B. L., B. M., etc. See these abbreviations. (6) In dates, before, as in B. C. or B. c, and born, as in 6. 1813. (e) In a ship's log-book, in the form 6., blue sky. (d) In hy- drometric measurements, Baume: as, 8° B. See Bourne's hydrometer, widerhydrometer. Also .Be. — B, or B flat, an English humorous euphemism for bug (Cimei-leetularius). — Bcancellatum, in music, the sharp: so called because it was originally indicated by crossing or canceling the symbol of B quadratum. — B quadratum, in music, literally square B, a modified form (Q) of the black-letter 6 used before the invention of accidentals to denote B natural in distinction from B fiat : now used as the natural. See accidental, n., 1. — B rotundum, in music, literally round B, a modified form Mot the Roman letter b first used to denote B flat, as distinguished from B quadratum : it is now the conventional sign of the flat. See accidental, n., 1. — Not to know B from a bull's foot, or a broomstick, or a battledore, to be very il- literate or very ignorant: popular alliterative compari- sons, the first dating from the Middle English period. ba!f, », t- [Perhaps a humorous imitation of a smack ; but of. OF. baer, beer, open the mouth, gape (see bay* 1 ), and buss 5 , kiss.] To kiss. Let me ba thy cheke. Chancer, ProL to Wife of Bath's Tale, 1. 433. ba 2 (ba), ». t. [Imitative of the sound. ] To lull asleep by a continuous, inarticulate, musical hum. [Seoteh.] I'll ba the bairns wi' an unkenned tune. W. Nicholson. Ba. The chemical symbol of barium. ba' (ba), re. [So., = E. bain. Cf. a$.] A ball. [Scotch.] B. A. An abbreviation of — (a) Bachelor of Arts. See A. B. and bachelor, (b) Bachelor of Agri- culture: same as B. Agr. (c) British Associa- tion (for the Advancement of Science) : used in such phrases as B. A. unit. See unit. baa (ba), v. i. [Imitative of the sound. Cf. L. bee, the sound made by a sheep (Varro), L. balarc, bleat, Gr. fityxfi, Doric ji'Aaxa, a bleat- ing ; G. ba, bleating, Cat. be, a sheep, with simi- lar forms in many languages.] To cry or bleat as a sheep. Like a lamb whose dam away is set He treble baas for help. Sir P. Sidney. baa (ba), h. [< baa, i>.] The cry or bleating of a sheep or lamb. baag-nouk, n. A weapon for secret attack used among the Mahrattas in India, consisting of short, sharp, curving steel blades, secured to a strap or plate passing across the palm of the hand, and so arranged as not to wound the user. An apparently friendly movement of the hand inflicts a terrible wound. Baal (ba'al), re. [LL. Baal, Gr. Biial, Bad?., < Heb. Ba'al, orig. 'lord,' or 'owner,' applied to any deity, then to a particular deity; pi. ba'alim.] The name of a Semitic solar deity worshiped, especially by the Phenicians and their descendants the Carthaginians, with much license and sensuality. Baal was derived from the Babylonian Bel, a deity of a much higher type, and was merged in the Tyrian Melkarth. In its original generic sense of 'lord,' the name was applied to many different divinities, or, with qualifying epithets, to the same divin- ity regarded in different aspects and as exercising differ- ent functions. Thus in Hos. ii. 1G it is applied to Jehovah himself, while Baal-bcrith (the covenant-lord) was the god of the shechemites, and Baal-zebub (the fly -god) the id" I of the Philistines at Ekron. Baal-peor (lord of the opening) was a god of Moab and Midian, probably the same as Che- mosh. The word enters into the composition of many He- brew, Phenician, and Carthaginian names of persons and places, as Jerubbaal, Hasdrubal (help of Baal), Hannibal (grace of Baal), Baal-Hammon, Baal-Thamar, etc. Baalism (ba'al-izm), re. [< Baal + -ism.] The worship of Baal ; gross idolatry of any kind. His seven thousand whose knees were not suppled with the Baalism of that age. Fuller. Baalist (ba/al-ist), re. [< Baal + -ist.~\ A wor- shiper of Baal; a Baalite. Baalite (ba'al-It), re. [< Baal + -ite 2 .] A wor- ■ shiper of Baal ; hence, a worshiper of heathen gods in general; an idolater, or idolatrous worshiper. These Baalites of pelf. Keats, Isabel. Baanite (ba'an-it), «. [< Baanes + -tte 3 .] A follower of Baanes, a Paulician of the eighth century. baar, n. See bahar. bab 1 (bab), re. [Sc. and E. dial., = E. bob 1 , q. v.] 1. A bunch; tassel; cockade. [Scotch.] A cockit hat with a bab of blue ribbands at it. Scott. 2. A bob, as used in fishing. Besides these eel-sets, however, the Norfolk Broadmen also fish for eels with babs, which can hardly be called sport in any sense of the term. Pop. Sei . Mo., XXIX. 268, bab 1 (bab), v. i. [E. dial., = bob 1 , ».] To fish with a bob. See bob 1 . bab 2 (bab), ii. [E. dial., = babe, q. v.] A babe. [Prov. Eng.] Bab :i (bab), ii. [Ar. Pers. bob, a gate or door ; forming part of many eastern place-names, as Bab-el-mandeb.] 1. The title assumed by the founder of Babism. — 2. ABabist; an adherent of or a believer in Babism. baba 1 (ba'bii'), re. A child's variant of papa. baba 2 (ba-bii'), n. [F.] A light kind of fruit- cake, of Polish origin. 407 Baba 3 (ba'ba), re. [Turk, and Ar. baba, father. Cf . babu.] An Oriental title of respect applied (a) by tributary Arabs to the Turks, (//) to the ushers of the seraglio, and (c) to the Patriarch of Alexandria. babacoote, «. Same as babakoto. babakoto (bii-bii-ko'to), re. [Native name.] A name of the indri or short-tailed woolly lemur of Madagascar, Indris or lAchanotus brevicau- datus. babber (bab'er), re. [E. dial., = bobber*. ] One who fishes with a bob ; a bobber. Norfolk babbers frequently catch four stone weight "1 eels to a boat per night, especially in the spawning grounds. /'"/'. Set. .'/"., XXIX. 269. babbint. ». An obsolete form of barin ] . babbitting (bab'it-ing), n. [Verbal n. of "bab- bitt, v., < Babbitt (metal).'] 1. The operation of lining shells or bushings for a bearing with Babbitt metal ; hence, commonly, the similar use of any antifriction alloy. — 2. Babbitt metal. — Babbitting jig, a tool used to hold bearing-boxes in position about the journals of shafts, etc., while any box- lining metal, as the Babbitt, is being poured in. — Bab- bitting ladle, an iron ladle used to pour the Babbitt metal or any antifriction alloy upon the bearings of ma- chinery. Babbitt metal. See metal. babblative (bab'la-tiv), a. [Formerly also bab- latire ;< babble + -atire. Cf. talkative.] Given to babbling. Argumentative, babblative, and unpleasant to me. Carlyle, in Froude, I. 119. babble (bab'l), v. ; pret. and pp. babbled, ppr. babbling. [< ME. babelen, bablen = D. babbe- len — 'LG. babbelen = Icel. babbla = Dan. bable = G. bappeln, bappern, babble (cf. F. babiller, chatter) ; all perhaps imitative, with freq. suf- fix -I, from the redupl. syllable ba : see ba".] I. intntiis. 1. To utter words imperfectly or in- distinctly, as children do ; prattle ; jabber. I babbled for you, as babies for the moon, Vague brightness. Tennyson, Princess, iv. 2. To talk idly, irrationally, or thoughtlessly ; chatter or prate heedlessly or mischievously. A babbled of green fields. Shak., Hen. V., ii. 3. The people, when they met, . . . Began to scoff and jeer and babble of him. Tennyson, Geraint. 3. To make a continuous murmuring sound, as a stream ; repeat a sound frequently and in- distinctly. The babbling echo mocks the hounds. Shak., T. of A., ii. 3. The babbling runnel crispeth. Tennyson, Claribel. II. trans. 1. To utter incoherently or with meaningless iteration ; repeat ; prate. These [words] he used to babble indifferently in all com- panies. Arbuthnot. 2. To utter foolishly or thoughtlessly; let out by babbling or prating: as, to babble a plot or a secret. babble (bab'l), re. [< babble, v.] Inarticulate speech, such as that of an infant; idle talk; senseless prattle ; murmur, as of a stream. Making merry in odd tones, and a babble of outlandish words. Hawthorne, Old Manse. II. An extraordinary incessant babble of rapid prayer from the priests in the stalls. Lathrop, Spanish Vistas, p. 54. — Syn. See prattle, n. babblement (bab'1-ment), re. [< babble + ■merit."] Idle talk; senseless prate; unmean- ing words. Deluded all this while with ragged notions and babble- ments. Milton, Education. babbler (bab'ler), re. 1. One who babbles; an idle talker; an irrational prater; one who says things heedlessly or mischievously. Cunn. No blabbing, as you love me. Sir Greg. None of our blood Were ever babblers. Beau, and FL, Wit at Several Weapons, iv. 1. Great babblers, or talkers, are not fit for trust. Sir li. L'Bstrange. 2. In ornith.: (a) A name of various old-world dentirostral oscine passerine birds more or less nearly related to thrushes, (b) pi. The family babbler TimaUidm or subfamily Timaliina of Turdida, an uncertain group of generally Bhort-wingea and short-tailed birds, definable byii in ii characters, it contains a great number of birds not satisfactorily located i Isewhen . and has been called "the . k, i 3. In hunting, a 'log that yelps or gives tongue too much when in the field. mi, | ;, fox has been found, the babbler announces the fact tor the next ten minutes, and repeats his refrain whenever the least opportunity presents itself. Encyc. Brit., XII. 315. babblerytt, n. [< babble + -ry. Cf. P. 6«WJ- lerie fCotgrave), babble.] Babbling; chatter- ing: idle talk. Stubfo s. babblery 2 t, «. [Early mod. E. babblene, bab- lerie, appar. for babm/ or baublery.] Some- thing worthless; worthless things collectively. Wares. Other toyes, fantasies, and toW. •<■-. whereof the world is ful. are suffered to be printed. Suites, Anat. ot Abuses, babbling (bab'ling), n. [Verbal n. of &a&oZe, v.] Foolish talk. Ivoldine profane and vain babblings. 1 Tim. vi. 20. babblingly (bab'ling-li), ad». In a babbling manner; with babblement; pratmgly. babblishlyt (bab'lish-li), ad». Babblingly babbly (bab'li), o. [< 6«&We + -«/.] Full of babble; chattering. babby (bab'i), ». [E. dial., = baby, q.. v.] A baby. [Prov. Eng.] babe (bab), ». [< ME. babe, prob. abbr. of earlier baban : origin obscure, perhaps ult. imi- tative; cf. '<"-• The Celtic words (W. dael. Ir Corn, baban = Manx baban, bab, a babe, child; regarded bv Skeat after Williams (Lex. Cornu-Brit.) as a mutation of "maban, dim. of W mab, a son, = Gael. Ir. Manx war, a son, = Goth. )h«(/hs, a boy, = AS. magu, a son, related to may\ may\ might) are late, and ma v be from E.] 1. An infant ; a young child of either sex.— 2t. A child's doll. \11 as a i re pedler he did wend, • Bearing a trusse of tayftes at hys backe, As bells, and babes, and glasses, in hys packe. Spenser, Shep. Cal., Hay. 3 One who is like a babe in any respect ; a person of infantine or childish character or ability: as, he is a mere babe in that mans hands Babe in arms. See nr«ii.— Babe in Christ, a recent convert to Christianity (1 ('or. m. D- babehood(bab'hud),H. [< babe + -hood.] Same as babyhood. Udall. Babel (ba'bel), ii. [LL. Babel, < Heb. Babel, re- ferred in Genesis to the notion of 'contusion ; but perhaps < Assyrian bdb-ilu, lit. gate of God, or buli-iU, gate of the gods, < bab, gate, + tin = Heb. el, God: see Elohim and Allah.] 1. The Semitic name of the city (Babylon) where, according toGen.xi., the construction of a tower that would reach to heaven was attempted, and where the confusion of tongues took place, bee Babylonian. Hence— 2. A lofty structure — 3 A visionary scheme.— 4. A scene ot noise and confusion, as a great city or a riotous as- semblage. 1 1- pleasant, through the loopholes of retreat, Xo peep at such a world to see the stir Of the great Babel, and not feel the crowd. Cowper, The Task, iv. 90. 5. [cap. or I.e.] A confused mixture of sounds; confusion ; disorder. ■II,,,, I ali. ii languagi s. Hammond., Sermons, p. 508. Babel quartz. See quartz. .. baberyt (ba'ber-i), it. L< ME- babery, earlier babeurie, bdbeuwrie, etc., appar. corrupt Conns of babwunrie, baboonery (see baboonery); but in later use < babe + -ery.] 1. Grotesque or- uamentation in arl or architecture, as carved human figures or other decorations. 408 triclinic crystals in beds of magnetic iron ore and in veins of quartz and feldspar. It is a silicate of iron, manganese, and calcium. Babington's-curse (bab'ing-tonz-kers), n. The water-weed, Elodea Canadensis: so called in England from the false supposition that it was introduced there by the botanist Charles Bab- ington (bom about 1808). babiont, <<• See babian. babir (ba'ber), v. A Syrian name for the papy- rus. , babirussa, babiroussa (bab-i-rtS sa),n. [Also formerly babirusa, barbirousa, etc. (NL. baotrus- .w). < Malav babi, hog, + rasa, deer.] 1. Ihe East Indian wild hog or horned hog. The upper East Indian Wild Hog ( Babirussa al/urus). Many Bubtile compassinges, if i tal acles, I , , i, ( / ,,„.■, r, Bouse "t Fame, 1. 1189. 2 Finery to please a child: any trilling toy tor children: as, "painted babery,'' Sir I: Sidney, ixcadia, i. 181. babiant, babiont, n. [Also baboyne, etc., an ant forms of baboon, •{. v.] A baboon. /.. ./,,„ on; \Ias8inger. _,-..„ babillard i bab'i-lard I, n. [F., < baotUer, chat- ter; see babble.] The chatter, r: » name bor- rowedfi i the French by Kennie for the lesser wn ite-throat, Syh ia anion of Europe, lafau- ,, Ii, hnbillardr of BulTou. | Uare.J babingtonite (bab'ing <,,,,-, t ,, ,,. J Ait. mineralogist William Babington (1756-1833).] A vitreous dark-green or black mineral of the pvroxene group, occurring in small brilliant canines of the boar are sometimes 12 inches in length, and nearly reach the forehead ; the lower pair partake of the same unusual development and direction, hut not to the same extent, nor do they pierce the lips. The tusks of the sow are much smaller. The general appearance of the ani- mal is that of a hog, but the legs are longer and the pelage is less bristly. The babirussa is gregarious and herbivo- rous, like the rest of the pig tribe, and its flesh is used for food ; it is sometimes domesticated. 2. [cap.] A genus of setiferous pachyderma- tous ungulate quadrupeds, of the order A rtiodac- li/la, or even-toed ungulates, and family Suida:, containing only the babirussa. Also spelled babyrussa, babyroussa. babisht (ba'bish), a. [< babe + -ish\] Like a babe; babyish. If he be bashful ami will soon blush, they call him a babUh and ill brought up thing. Ascham, The Scholeinaster, l. babishlyt (ba'bish-li), adv. In the manner of a babe; babyishly. ,,..,. babishnesst (ba'bish-nes). n. Babyishness; childishness. „_, . . ,. Babism (bab'ism), n. [< Pers. Babi, Babism (< bob, a gate, the name assumed by the founder of the sect, who claimed that no one could come to know God except through him: see Bab*), + -ism.] A religious, political, and social sys- tem founded in Persia about 1843 by Sey.l Mo- hammed Ali, a native of Shiraz, who pretended to be descended from Mohammed. It is a pan- theistic offshoot of Mohammedanism, tinctured with Gnos- tic Buddhistic, and Jewish ideas. It inculcates a high mo- rality discountenances polygamy; forbids concubinage, asceticism, and mendicancy ; recognizes the equality ot the sexes ; and encourages the practice of charity, hospi- tality and abstinence from intoxicants of all kinds. Babist (bab'ist). n. [< Pers. Babi (see Babism) + -ist.] A believer in Babism. bablah (bab'la), n. [See babul.] The pod of several species of Acacia, especially of .!. &ra- bica, which comes from the East and from Sene- gal under the name of ncb-ncb. It contains gallic acid and tannin, and has been used in dyeing cotton for producing various shades of drab. The seeds are said to contain a red coloring matter, and to be used in India and pi for dyeing morocco. Also called tooooj, babul, and babulah. See cut under acacia. bablativet, a. Bee babblative. bable't, babied, n. See bauble\ bmibir- Bable :! (ba'blii), n. A dialect, ot Spanish, spo- ken in Ast arias. Encijc. Brit., II. 824. baboo, n. S.e babu. babool, ii. Same as bablah baboon (ba-bon'), n. [Early mod. E. also ba- boone, baboune, babound (also bab,,,,,, babian (< Baboon {Cynoctphalus maimon). baby F. babion). and haimn, after D. baviacm, LG. bavian, > Dan. bona,,. Q. pavian), < MK _6o6e- wyne, babin/n. babucn, baboyne, etc., < U± !. ba- bnin, baboin, babouin, babion, mod. F. baboutn = Sp. Pg. babuino = It. babbuino : ML. babc- im/nus, babenrynus, babuynus, babouinws. The OF. forms appear to be the oldest. The origin of the name is unknown. The Ar. inainnin is prob. from the Kuropcnn word.] A quadruma- nous animal of the old world, of the subfamily CynopithecincB, and especially of either of the genera Cynocephalus (or Fapio) and MananUa (or Mormon). The baboon has a large prominent muz- zle and a h.w facial anu'le. constituting a physiognomy to which the term ••.!. .-faced' has been »PPl>«a- " has check-p..uchcs, large canine teeth, tail usuaUyshort (whence the term " pig-tailed " applied to some,, and arge DaII ischial callosities, often gayly colored. Itsforeand hind limbs are portionate, so that the animal can go U1...11 dl-fours nice ordinary quadrupeds, or sit upright like most other monkeys. Baboons are generally large, heavy animals, Borne equaling a mastiff in Bize and weight, ana are among the most sullen, intractable, ferocious, and fllthy brutes of the order to which they belong. Most ol them are Urican, and they are usually gregarious, g sin large t, ps and feeding on fruits, roots, birds eggs, insects, etc. imong those which have special names are theanu- bis chacma, mandrill, drill, etc. Some of the n««.(m- mana which belong technically to the same group as the baboons do not usually take the name as the black ape of Celebes, Cynoptthecus niger, and the Barbary ape, Inu- usecaudatus; while some monkeys of other groups are occasionally called hal.oons. baboonery (ba-bon 'e-ri), «.; pi. babooneries (-riz). [< baboon + -ery.] It- Same as babery, 1.— 2. A collection of baboons.— 3. Baboomsh conduct or condition. . baboonish (ba-b8n'ish), a. [< baboon + -w* 1 .] Like a baboon ; characteristic of baboons. A series of babuonish chuckles and grins- ....... ,„ Pop. Sci. M"., XXIX . 660. baboosh (ba-bosh'), n. [Also babouche, after F. babouche (usually pi., bdbouches) = Sp. babucha (pi. babuchas), < Ar. bdbush,< Pers. paposh, a slipper, < pa, = E. foot, + posh, covering; cf. poshidan, cover.] A kind of slipper without quarters or heel, worn in Turkey and the East. Babouvism (ba-bo'vizni), n. [< F. babouvtsme, < Babeuf(Babamf) + -isme.] The communistic system promulgated by the French socialist Francois Noel Babeuf during the revolution. Its fundamental principles were summed up m the sen- tence: "The aim of society is the happiness oi all, ana- happiness insists in equality." By 'equality was meant absolute uniformity in dress, food, elementary education, etc The property of corporations was to be seized atone* and that of individuals at their death. < Hikers chosen by the people were to have unlimited powers to divide the product of the industry of all. according to the needs and requirements of each. A great conspiracy was organized l„ r.al.cuf and his followers for the establishment of anew government based on these principles, hut it was betrayed to the Directory in May, 1796, and Babeuf was executed in -May, 1797. Also Bawuism. Babouvist (ba-bB'vist), n. [< F. babounstc : see Babouvism. ] A follower of the 1- rench social- ist Babeuf, or an adherent of Babouvism. babu (ba-bo'), »'• [Also (as E. I baboo; < Hind. bdbn, a title of respect; in Canarese it means father. Cf. baba.] A Hindu title of address, equivalent to sir or Mr., given to gentlemen, clerks, etc.: formerly applied in some parts of Hindustan to certain persons of distinction. "In Bengal and elsewhere, among Anglo-Indians, it is of- ten used with a slight savor. .f disparag. in. n as charac- terizing a superficially cultivated but too often effemi- nate Bengali; and from the extensive employment .0 the class to which the term was applied as a title in tin .- pacity ..f clerks in English offices, the word has.comeoften to signify 'a native clerk who writes English. 1 ideand Bwrnell, Anglo-Ind. Gloss. e i ,i „; babuina (bab-u-i'nB), ». [NL.. fern, ot babtur nils: see baboon.] -V female baboon. The depravity of an old babuina, or female Bhunder baboon ''"''■ • babul (ba-bol'), »■ [ Also written babool, babu- lah. repr. Hind, babul, a species ot Acacia.] Same as bablah. ,.,,,, , baby (ba'bi), ». and a. [Also dial, babby : early mod. E. also bainc. < ME. 6o6ee, babi, dim of babi | I >'.: pi. babies (-biz). 1. An infant or young child of either sex; a babe. ' i knew them all as babies, and now thej re elderly men. i knew xnciu. jV( ^ [he Grandmotiier. 2f. A doll. The archduke saw that Tcrkin would prove a runagate ; and it was the part of children ... fall out about totes*. ^ These [l.ov.sl aiv to have Folding Doors, which being „„. , v u ■„, to behold a Baby dress'd out In some .'; "ionwhichhasfl iah^d, I standing" aPedes- tal, where the Til MtsReigni 'rkddown. ^ ^ 3* [Cf. E. pupil, < lo papilla, » (,'"''. the pupil of the eve.] The minute reflection which a person sees of himself in the pupil of another s eye. There arc many allusions to this in our older poets; baby hence such phrases as to look babies in one's eyes, used with regard to a lover. No more fool, To look gay babies in your eyes, young floland, And hang about your putty ncek. /■'/, later, Woman's Prize, v. 1, But wee cannot so passe the centre of the Eye, which tree call 1'upilla, quasi Puppa, the babie in the eye, the Sight PurehtU, Microcos. (1619), p. 90. 4. One who is like a baby ; a childish person. Though he he grave with years, he's a great baby. Fletcl, t (and another), Elder Brother, iii. 5. Baby act, a colloquial name for the legal defense of in- fancy. Hence — To plead the baby act. (a) To plead that a contract is void because made during one's minor- ity. (0) To attempt to excuse excessive or feigned igno- rance or stupidity on the ground of professed inexperience. [Colloquial in both uses. 1 — Bartholomew baby, a kind of doll sold originally at Bartholomew fair in London, and celebrated as the best then known. It also tells farmers what manner of wife they shall choose; not one trickt up with ribbens ami knots like a Bartholomew baby. Poor llobin's Almanac, 1695. II. tt. 1. Babyish; infantine; pertaining to an infant. \ e conscience-stricken cravens, rock to rest Your baby hearts. Shelley, The Cenci, iv. 2. .Moulded thy baby thought. / nnyson, Eleanore. 2. Small, or comparatively small: as, a baby engine. [Colloq.] baby (ba'bi), r. t.\ pret. and pp. babied, ppr. babying. [< babi/, «.] To treat like a yotuig child. ' At best it babies us with endless toys, And keeps us children till we drop to dust. Young, Night Thoughts, vi. 621. baby-farm (ba'bi-fami), n. A place where chil- dren are received and cared for. baby-farmer (ba'bi-f itr mer), h. One who re- ceives and contracts to care for the infants of those who, for any reason, may be unable or unwilling to bring up their own children. baby farming (ba'bi-far''ining), n. The busi- ness carried on by a baby-farmer, babyhood (ba'bi-hud), n. [< baby + -hood.'] The state of being a baby ; infancy. baby-house (ba'bi-hous), n. A toy house for children's dolls, babyish (ba'bi-ish), a. [< baby + -ish 1 .] Like a baby ; childish. babyishness (ba'bi-ish-nes), ?(. The quality of being like a baby ; extreme childishness. babyism (ba'bi-izm), n. [< baby + -ism.'] 1. The state of being a baby ; babyhood. Jeffrey. — 2. A childish mode of speech ; childishness. Babyisms and dear diminutives. Tennyson, Aylmer's Field. The egotism, the babyism, and the inconsistency of this transaction have no parallel. The Century, XXIV. us. baby-jumper (ba'bi-jum"per), n. [< baby + jumper.] A basket or sling in which a small child may be fastened, having an adjustable elastic cord which permits a dancing motion when the child's feet touch the floor. Babylonian (bab-i-16'ni-an), a. and n. [< L. Babylon, < Gr. Ba^vXuv (the city), or L. Baby- lonia, < Gr. Bajiv'iuvia (the province), the Gr. form of the Semitic name Babel or Babilu (Heb. Babel). See Babel. The original Acca- dian name of the city was Ca-dimirra.] I. a. 1. Pertaining to Babylon, the capital of the ancient kingdom of Babylonia, or to the king- dom itself. Ruins of the city, in the form of three large mounds, exist near Hillah tin the Euphrates, about 64 miles south of Bagdad on the Tigris. 2. Like the confusion of tongues at Babel (= Babylon); mixed; confused. This formal error [of applying the word "force" to all kinds of power, living or dead] has become a Pandora's box, whence has sprung a Babylonian confusion of ton- no. Quoted in W. R. Grove's Corr. of Forces, p. 333. 3f. [From a former common identification by Protestants of the "scarlet woman," "Baby- lon the great, the mother of harlots and abomi- nations " (Rev. xvii. 5), with the Papacy.] (a) Popish. (b) Scarlet Babylonian art, a subdivi- sion of Mesopotamian art ; the later development of Chal- dean art as practised at Babylon, both prior to the Assyrian domination, which began in the eleventh century B. C and culminated in the ninth century, and after the restoration of the Babylonian kingdom, under jN'abopolassar, about 600 B. c. The architecture of Babylon, like that of As- syria, of which it was the model, employed as its chief material of construction the sun-dried brick, and held in general to the thick walls and massive forms which were imposed by this friable material. Stone was much more scarce in Babylonia than in Assyria ; hence Babylonian decoration adhered in the main to painting on a surface of plaster for interiors, and to brilliantly enameled tiles, often forming pictorial subjects of great size and variety, for exteriors. In Babylonia, contrary to Assyrian prac- tice, the temple, rising pyramidally in stages, each as- cended by broad flights of steps, and each of a distinct color, was the most important development of architec- ture, the royal palace being subordinated to it. The scar- city of stone rendered sculpture scanty ; but the gem-cut- 409 ter's art produced cylinders or seals in great plenty and of much merit, and pottery, metal-work, and textile fabrics attained gnat perfection. See Mesopot amian art, and com- pare Chaldean art and Assyrian art, under the adjectives. — Babylonian quartz. Sai is Babel quartz (which see, under quartz). -Babylonian scale, tin- sexagesimal scale of numeration, which originated in Babylonia. 1 v IT." ^C.£.> ; r W Y % Babyli in Art.— Design in enameled brickwork, from a pala 1 From Clark-Reber's "History of Ancient Art.") II. >i. 1. An inhabitant of Babylonia; a Chaldean. — 2. An astrologer: so used from the fact that the Chaldeans were remarkable for the study of astrology. — 3t. A Papist. See I., 3. Babylonic (bab-i-lon'ik), a. [< L. Babylonicus, (.Babylon: see Babylonian.] 1. Pertaining to Babylon, or made there : as, Babylonic gar- ments, carpets, or hangings. — 2. Tumultuous; disorderly. Sir J. Harington. Babylonicalt (bab-i-lon'i-kal), a. Same as Babylonic. Babylonish (bab-i-16'nish), a. [< Babylon + -ish.] 1. Belonging to or made at Babylon. — 2. Babel-like; confused. Words which were a perfect Babylonish jargon to the bewildered Van Winkle. Irrino, Sketch-Book, p. f>9. 3+. Popish. See Babylonian, a., 3. Babylonite (bab'i-lon-it), n. [< Babylon + -ite-.] The arrow-shaped Babylonish charac- ter. See arrow-headed and cuneiform. baby-pin (ba'bi-pin), «. A safety-pin. babyrussa, babyroussa, n. See babirussa. babyship (ba'bi-snip), n. [< baby + -ship.] The state of being a baby ; babyhood. baby-walker (ba'bi-wa*ker), n. A frame, mov- ing on casters, in which a child may be sup- ported while learning to walk. bac't, a- An obsolete spelling of back 1 . bac'-, "• See back 3 . bacaba-palm (ba-ka'ba-psim), n. [< S. Amer. bacaba + E. palm.] A palm of northern Bra- zil, (Enocarpus distichus, with a tall trunk and widely spreading pinnate leaves. The drupace >us fruits are used by the natives for making a pleasant drink, and the kernels furnish an oil resembling that of the olive. bacbakiri (bak-ba-ke'ri), n. [Native name.] A name of an African shrike, Telephonus guttu- ral is. baccalaurean (bak-a-la're-an), a. [< ML. bac- calaurcus : see baccalaureate.] Of, pertaining to, or befitting a bachelor. That quiet, comfortable, baecalaurian habitation, over against the entrance into Bishopsgate Street. Dr. J. Brown, Spare Hours, 3d ser., p. ">2. baccalaureate (bak-a-la're-at), n. and a. [< ML. Nli. Inieealaureaius, < bacealaureus, a cor- ruption (simulating L. bacca, berry, and laurus, laurel) of ML. baccalarius, a bachelor, one who has attained the lowest degree in a uni- versity: see bachelor.] I. n. 1. The university degree of bachelor. — 2. A baccalaureate ser- mon (which see, below). II. a. Pertaining to the university degree of bachelor Baccalaureate sermon, a farewell sermon delivered in some American colleges to a graduating class. Baccanarist (bak-a-nar'ist), n. In the Rom. Cath. Ch., a member of a society founded in Italy by one Baccanari after the suppression of the Jesuits in 1773, with the object of restor- ing that order under a new name and form. The society was merged in the reestablished order of Jesuits in 1814. baccara, baccarat (bak-a-ra'), «• [F-; origin unknown.] A French game of cards played by any number of betters and a banker, and with one or more packs of cards, according to the number of players. Each better deposits a ^takr. and all stakes are' duplicated by the banker, after which the latter deals two cards to each player, including him- self. The aim is to decide each individual bet by com parison of the total count held by each better with that held by tic banker. The court-cards each count 10, and the others according to the spots. The counts range in value by series of 9, 19, 29, 8, 18, 2S, etc., 9 beating any other count. A player may call for more cards, but at the risk of exceeding 29 in count, which excess forfeits his bet. If a player's cards count 9 he declares it, when all who hold hands superior to that of the banker may bacchante claim the amount of tin m bets, and lie banker takes the -iik, of the others, in America the game is slightly different, court-cards and tens not counting, baccaret, iulerj. See baekarc. baccarinine (ba-kar'i-nin), «. f< Baccharis + -mi-.] An alkaloid obtained from Baccharis cordifolia. baccate (bak'at), a. [< L. baccatus, bacatus, set with pearls, lit. berried, < bacca, bdea, o berry, a pearl: see bay 1 .] In but.: (a) Pulpy and berry-like: applied to fruits. See berry'-. (6) Bearing berries ; berried. baccatedt (bak'a-ted), a. [< baccate + -co? 2 .] 1. Set or adorned with pearls. Bailey. — 2. Having many berries. Bailey. Baccha (bak ; ii). ». [NL.; of . Gr. fSaKxn, a kind of pear.] A "genus of tetracheetous brachyce- rous dipterous insects, of the family Syrphida. bacchanal fbak'a-nal), a. and n. [< L. baccha- nalis, pertaining to Bacchus: see Bacchus.] 1. a. 1. Characterized by intemperate drink- ing; riotous; noisy: as," "bacchanal feasts," Crowley, Deliberate Answer, fol. 26 (1587). — 2. Relating to or resembling a bacchanal or the bacchanalia. II. ii. 1. One who celebrated the bacchanalia; a votary of Bacchus. Hence — 2. One who in- dulges in drunken revels ; one who is noisy and riotous; a drunkard: as, "each bold baccha- nal," Byron, Don Juan, iii. 86. Each with the merry wink of a practiced bacchanal. T. Winthrop, Cecil Dreeme, x. 3. pi. Same as bacchanalia. In this masquerade of mirth and love, Mistook the bliss of heaven for bacchanals above. Dryden, Hind and Panther, 1. 387. Also bacchanalian. bacchanalia (bak-a-na'lia), «. j'l. [L. (OL. bacanalia), neut. pi', of bacckanalis, pertaining to Bacchus: see bacchanal.] 1. [cap.] JnSom. antiq., a festival in honor of Bacchus. These festivals became the occasion of great excesses, and were forbidden by the senate in 186 B. c. — 2. Any festivities characterized by jollity and good-fellowship, particularly if somewhat boisterous, and accompanied by much wine- drinking. The morning after the bacchanalia in the saloon of the palace. L. Wallace, Ben-Hur, p. 283. 3. Drunken orgies; riotous disorders; ruthless and shameless excesses; unbounded license. Plunging without restraint or shame into the Baccha- nalia of despotism, the king [John] continued to [ullage, to banish, and to slay. Sir E. Creasy, Eng. Const., p. 110. bacchanalian (bak-a-na'lian), a. and n. [< bacchanalia + -an.] Same as bacchanal. [The more common form of the adjective.] Ev'n bacchanalian madness has its charms. rer. Progress of Error, 1. 56. Sculptures of the bacchanalians. St"k< ley. bacchanalianism (i>ak-a-na'lian-izm), n. [< bacchanalian + -ism.] The practice of baccha- nalian rites; drunken revelry; riotous festivity. bacchanalianly (bak-a-mi'iian-li), adv. In a bacchanalian manner. bacchant (bak'ant), a. and «. [< L. bacchan(t-)s, ppr. of bacchari, celebrate the feast of Bacchus, < Bacchus, Bacchus. Cf. bacchante.] I. a. Worshiping Bacchus ; reveling. Over his shoulder with a bacchant air Presented the o'erflowing cup. Byron, Don Juan, iii. 43. II. n. 1. A priest, priestess, or votary of Bacchus; a bacchanal. They appear in a state of intoxication, and arc the bac- chants in a delirium. Rees, Cyc, under Alms. 2. One addicted to intemperance or riotous revelry. — 3. A name given in Germany, in the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries, to wandering scholars who traveled from one institution of learning to another. These bac- chants frequently had younger students under their pro- tection and instruction, who waited upon them, begged for them, etc bacchante (bak'ant, ba-kant', orba-kan'te), ».; pi. bacchantes (bak'antz; usually, as if L.. ba- kan'tez). [< F. bacchante = Sp. bacante = Pg. bacchante = It. baccante, < L. bacchan{P)s (ace. bacchantem), pi. bacchantes, used, as a noun, only in fern, (equiv. to Bacchev), prop. ppr. of bacchari, celebrate the feast of Bacchus. In mod. use also mase.: seebacchant. The E. form, prop, bacchant, usually follows the F. spelling, and often the F. accent (ba-kanf). The pi. is usually in the L. form, whence the irreg. sing, in 3 syllables (ba-kan'te).] 1. In antiq., a priestess of Bacchus, or a woman who joined in the celebration of the festivals of Bacchus; bacchante a woman inspired with the baeehie frenzy. See mauml. Guide the revel of frenzied Bacchantes. Longfellow, Evangeline, ii. 2. Bacchantes.— Mythologi. sarcophagi! 2. A woman addicted to intemperance or riot- ous revelry; a female bacchanal, bacchantic (ba-kan'tik), a. [< bacchant + -ic] Of or resembling a bacchant or bacchanal ; bac- chanalian ; riotous ; jovial. It is the feeblest hand [of music] ; and yet it is subject to spurts of bacchantic fervor. C. Ik Warner, Winter on the Kile, p. 103. I hardly know what of baeehayitic joyousness I had not attributed t<> them [the Italians] on their holidays. Ho/ee/ls, Venetian Life, xviii. baccharict, ». A corrupt form of Bacharach. Baccharis ( bak'a-ris), n. [NL., < L. bacehar, bet- ter spelled baccaris, baccar, < Gr. ftaKKapic (some- times spelled {3aKx a P'C, as if related to Bci/croc, Bacchus), an unknown plant with an aromatic root yielding an oil : said to be a Lydi- an word.] A very large ge- nus of plants of the natural order Com- positcc, some- what nearly allied to Eri- geron, but with dioe- cious whitish or yellowish flowers, and the leaves often coated with a resin- ous secretion. They are most- ly shrubs, some- times small trees, chiefly tropical and South Ameri- can. About '20 species occur in the United States. In the Andes extensive plateaus are covered with them. Sudor- ific and tonic properties are ascribed to several of the more resinous species. A decoction from the groundsel-tree of the West Indies and Atlantic coast of North America, B. halimi folia, is occasionally used as a remedy in diseases of the hums and as a demulcent. baccharoid (bak'a-roid), a. [< Baccharis + -aiil.] Resembling in sunn' respect the group of composite plants of which the genus Bac- charis is the type. bacchiac (ba-ki'ak), a. [< Gr. (ioKxuutdc, also , < iip t ,< (— w w _) (see choriamb). Beginning with that period, the Bajcxeioc was — — ^, and inrofiaKjetto^ (airt- 0aKX el °s» iraAt/a^aK^eioc) w . Hephaestion, Quintiliau, and other writers invert this, and make the Ba*t^eiocw , and 7raAi/x/3a«x e 03C (etc.) w.] Bacchus (bak'us), n. [L., < Gr. Bdx^oc, an- other name of Dionysus, the god of wine ; also one of his followers or priests. Also called "lo/i (or, prob. related to iaxetv, shout, with allu- sion to the noisy manner in which the festival of Dionysus was celebrated.] In classical myth., a name of Diony- sus, the son of ■HHHO Zeus (Jupiter) and j Semele, and the god of wine, per- sonifying both its good and its bad qualities. It was the current name of this god among the Ro- mans. The orgiastic worship of Bacchus was especially charac- teristic of Bceotia, where his festivals were celebrated on the slopesof Mount I itlce- ron, and extended to those of the neighbor- ing Parnassus. In At- tica the rural and somewhat savage cult of Bacchus underwent a metamorphosis, and reached its highest ex- pression in the cho- ragic literary contests in which originated both tragedy and com- edy, and ft ir which were written most of the masterpieces of Greek literature. Bacchus was held to have taught the cultivation of the grape and the preparation of wine. In early art, and less commonly after the age of Phidias, Bacchus is represented as a bearded man of full age, usu- ally completely draped. After the time of Praxiteles he appears almost universally, except in archaistic examples, in the type of a beardless youth, of graceful and rounded form, often entirely undraped or very lightly draped. Among his usual attributes are the vine, the ivy, the thyr- sus, the wine-cup, and the panther. See Dionysia, mcenad, and tl/iasus. bacciferous (bak-sif'e-rus), a. [< L. baccifer, badfer, < bacca, baca, berry (cf. baccate), + ft rre = E. bear 1 .'] Bearing or producing ber- ries. bacciform (bak'si-form), a. [< L. bacca, baca, a berry, + forma, shape.] Shaped like a berry. baccivorous (bak-siv'o-rus), a. [< L. bacca, baca, berry, + vorarc, eat, devour.] Eating or subsisting on berries : as, baccivorous birds. bacet, «. An obsolete form of base, in various senses. Bacharach (bak'a-rak), n. A brand of Rhine wine made at Bacharach, a small town in Rhe- nish Prussia, on the left bank of the Rhine, 23 miles south of Coblentz. Formerly also bacha- rach, backrack, backrag, baccharic, etc. [In the old forms generally without a capital.] I'm for no tongues but dry'd ones, such as will Give a fine relish to my backrag. Jasper Mayne, City Match. Good baehrack ... to drink down in healths to this day. Fletcher, Beggar's Bush, v. 2. bachel (bak'el), n. [See bacile.] A grain-mea- sure used in parts of Greece, varying in capacity from | of a bushel to 1| bushels, according to I lie locality. Also hurih . bachelert, n. An obsolete form of bachelor. bacheleriat, «• [ML., also baceUeria, etc.: see bachelery.] In old records, the commonalty or yeomanry, in contradistinction to tho baron- age. bacheleryt, v. [ME., also bachclerie, bachelry, -ric, etc., < OF. biii-li< line | M L. hiieliilcria, etc.), < bacheler: see bachelor and -;/.] 1. The body of young aspirants for knighthood. And of his retcnue He baohelrye. Chaucer, Clerk's Tale, 1. 214. 2. The whole body of knights. This I'hchll.s that was flour of baehilrie. Chaucer, Manciple's Tale, 1. 21. bachelor (bach'e-lor), n. [Early mod. E. also bacheler. batcheler, batchelor, -ar,-our,batchler t etc.; < ME. bacheler, bachiler, bachler, etc., < (a) OF. bacheler = It. baccalare = Pr. bacalar, bachelorism < ML. baccalaris ; (b) later OF. bachelier, ba- chilier, etc., F. bachelier — Pr. bachaliier = Sp. bachiller = It. bmriillivri , < ML. baccalarius, bacchalarius, etc. (later baccalaureus : see bac- calaureate), a bachelor. Origin uncertain; supposed I iv some to be orig. connected with ML. baccalarius, tho holder, as vassal of a superior vassal, of a farm called baccalaria, perhaps < bacca, for L. vacca, a cow. By others the OF. bacheler, in the assumed orig. sense of ' a young man,' is connected with OF. bacele, hun He, bachclc, bachelle (with dim. bacelette, bachelotc), a young woman, a female servant, bachelerie, youth, bacelage, appren- ticeship, courtship, etc., words erroneously re- ferred to a Celtic origin (W. bach, little, bechan, a little girl, bachgen, a boy, a child). The his- tory of the forms mentioned above is not clear. Perhaps several independent words have be- come confused in form.] 1. Formerly, a per- son in the first or probationary stage of knight- hood; a knight not powerful enough to display his banner in the field, and who therefore fol- lowed the banner of another; a knight of low rank. See knight bachelor, under knight. I seke after a segge [man] that I seigh ons, A ful bolde bacheler I knew him by his lilasen. Fieri Plowman (B), xvi. 179. With him ther was his sone, a yong Squyer, A lovyere, and a lusty bacheler. Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 70. "Community of the bachelors of England," that is, no doubt, the body of knights — the tenants in chivalry, the landowners below the rank of the baronage. Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 170. 2. In universities and colleges : (a) Before the fifteenth century, a young man in apprentice- ship for the degree of master in one of the higher faculties, that is, of theology, law, or medicine. (6) In modern use, a person who has taken the first degree (baccalaureate) in the liberal arts and sciences, or in divinity, law, medicine, etc., at a college or university : as, a bachelor of arts ; a bachelor of science. See baccalaureate. Originally, a bachelor had not neces- sarily taken any degree whatever ; but after the fourteenth century the word, without ceasing to carry this significa- tion, was also applied to a determinant, or young man who had taken the lowest degree in the faculty of arts. This degree seems to have been conferred not by the chancel- lor nor by the faculty, but only by the "nation." It was not accompanied by any regular diploma, but testimonial letters were furnished if desired. In order to be admitted to the degree, it was requisite for the candidate to he four- teen years of age, to have followed athree years' course in logic in the university, and also to sustain a disputation, called the dcterminance. There were in the middle ages three orders of bachelors of theology. The lower order consisted of the ordinary biblics and cursors, the duty of the former being to read and expound the Bible from be- ginning to end, and that of the latter to give one course of lectures upon a book of the Old and another upon a book of the New Testament, which books they chose at pleasure. Bachelors of the second order of theology were called sententiant bachelors, because they publicly lead and expounded the Book of the Sentences of Peter the Lombard. It was not, however, till late in the thirteenth century that any bachelor was permitted to lecture on the Sentences. According to the law, the lectures of the sen- tential? bachelors had to include the reading of the text of the author, and the explanation of it phrase by phrase ; and they were forbidden to trench upon questions of logic ami metaphysics. They also made certain acts called principia. See prineipium. As soon as the sententiary had completely finished the exposition of tine Sentences. he became a formed bachelor ^baccalarius fannatus), and had still to continue his theological studies for three years longer before he could be licensed to preach and to teach as a master. 3. A man of any ago who has not been married. It was my turquoise : I had it of Leah when I was a bachelor: I would not have given it for a wilderness of monkeys. Shak., M. of V., iii. 1. 4f. A woman who has not been married. He would keep you A bachelor still, by keeping of your portion ; And keep you not alone without a husband. But in a sickness. B. Jonstm, Magnctick lady. ii. 1. 5. In London livery companies, a person not yet admitted to the livery. — 6. A local name in the United States of a fish, Pomoxis annu- laris, of the Mississippi valley ; a crappie. Sometimes incorrectly spelled batchelor. Budge bachelors. See budge?.— Knight bachelor. See knight bachelorhood (bacli'c-lor-hud), n. [< bachelor + -hood.] The state or condition of being a bachelor or unmarried man. I can fancy nothing more cruel after a long easy life of bachelorhood than to have to sit day after .lay with a dull handsome woman opposite. Thackeray, Ncweomes, II. ii. Keeping in bachelor/tooil those hast likely to be long- lived. 11. Spencer, Study of Sociol., p. 05. bachelorism (bach'e-lor-izm), ». [< bachelor + -ism.] 1. The state of being a bachelor; bachelorhood. — 2. A trait or habit peculiar to a bachelor. bachelor's-buttons bachelor's-buttons (baoh'e-lgrz-but'nz), n. pi. [Said to be so named because country youths used to carry the flower in their pockets to divine their success with their sweethearts.] 1. The popular name of several plants, as the double-flowered variety of Lychnis diurna (the red campion), Centaurea nigra (knapweed), but chiefly the double-flowered varieties of Ranunculus aeon it if alius (white bachelor's-but- tons) and Ranunculus acris (yellow bachelor's- buttons). The name is also given to the ragged-robin (Lychni* Flos-cuculi), to the globe-amaranth (Qamphrena gteboea), to tin; Scabiosa succtea, and in some parts of the United States to Polygala lutca and to other plants. 2. A name for the seeds of Strychnos Xux- vomica, formerly used for poisoning rats. Dun- glim >)i. bachelorship (baeh'e-lpr-ship), n. [< bachelor + -ship.] The state or condition of being a bachelor in any sense ; the rank or degree of a bachelor ; the unmarried state of a man. bachle 1 , n. See bauchle 1 . bachle-t, ''. t. An obsolete Scotch form of baffle. bacile (ba-che'le), n. ; pi. bacili (-le). [It., < ML. bacile, baccile, bachile, a basin, a dry mea- sure; cf. bacinus, baccinus, bacchinus, bachinus, a basin, a dry measure: see basin.'] 1. In ceram., a basin or deep dish: in use in English for an ornamental vessel of Italian make and of that shape, especially for a vessel of enam- eled and lustered pottery. — 2. In metrology, same as bachcl. bacillar (bas'i-lar), a. [< L. bacillum or NL. ba- cillus, q. v., + -or.] 1. Belonging or pertaining to the genus Bacillus. — 2. Resembling in form a short rod or bacillus ; bacilliform. As applied to tile valves of diatoms, it indicates that their greatest dimension is in a direction parallel to the line of juncture of tile two valves ; that is, they are longer than broad, and therefore rod-like. See cut under bacillus. Bacillaria (bas-i-la'ri-a), n. [NL., < bacillus + -aria.] A genus of microscopic alga?, belong- ing to the class Diatomacew. They consist of slen- der rectangular segments, arranged in tabular or oblique series. The compound segments of frustules are inces- santly slipping backward and forward over each other. They" are frequent on the coasts of Great Britain. Bacillariaceae (bas-i-la-ri-a'se-e), n. pi. [NL., < Bacillaria + -acece.] Same' as Diatomacea:. bacillary (bas'i-la-ri), a. [< bacillus + -an/.] 1. Pertaining to or consisting of bacilli ; char- acterized by the presence or agency of bacilli. — 2. Having the form of small rods — Bacillary layer, the layerof rodsand cones of the retina. Seerefma. bacilli, n. Plural of bacillus. bacillian (ba-sil'i-an), a. [< bacillus + -ian.] Pertaining to or of the nature of a bacillus: as, "baeiltian parasites," B. W. Richardson. bacillicide (ba-sil'i-sid), «. [< NL. bacillus + L. -ciila, < cccdere, kill.] A substance em- ployed to kill bacilli or infectious germs; a germicide. A combination of lime with chlorine, perhaps the best of all the bacillicides, is very generally employed. Disinfectants, p. 19. bacillicidic (ba-sil-i-sid'ik), a. [< bacillicide + -ic] Destructive to bacilli. bacilliculture (ba-sil'i-kul-tur), n. [< NL. ba- cillus + L. cultura, culture.] The cultivation of bacteria in vegetable or animal infusions or otherwise, for purposes of investigation. bacilliform (ba-sil'i-form), a. [< NL. bacillus + L. forma, form.] Of the form of a small rod; rod-shaped; bacillar in form. bacillus (ba-sil'us), n. ; pi. bacilli (-1). [NL., a particular use of LL. bacillus, L. bacillum, a little rod or staff, dim. of L. baculus, baculum, a stick, staff; ef. Gr. akin to jjaivctv, go, = L. venire = E. come.] 1. In anat., a little rod or rod-like body, as one of the rods of the retina. — 2. An individual of the genus Bacillus. — 3. [cap.] A so-called genus of the micro- scopical vegetable organisms known as bacteria, having the form of very slender straight filaments, short or of moderate length, and consist- ing of one or more elongated cylindri- cal joints. Several forms, or species, are rec- ognized. Of these, B. sub- (iaKTpov, a staff, perhaps Bacillus, highly magnified.— Up- per figure. B. anlhracis ; lower fig- ure, comma bacillus. 411 litis is found in rennet, and is the agent in butyric fer- mentation ; B. anthracU causes tin- disease known as an- thrax or chart ion; and B. amylobacter is one of the species which product' putrefaction, other species are believed tii cause tuberculosis, leprosy, and cholera. The comma bacillus, which is asserted to be always present in tin- course of the last-named disease, is peculiar in having a more or less curved form. See Bacterium and Schizo- mycetee. 4. [cap.] In entom., a genus of orthopterous gressorial insects, of the family Phasmula- ; t he walking-sticks. — 5f. Medicine made up into a long round figure like a stick. Kersey (1708). bacint, »• An obsolete form of basin, bacinett, »'. An obsolete form of basinet. bacino (ba-che'no), n. ; pi. bacini (-ne). [It., a basin : see basin.] In ceram., one of the dishes of richly colored pottery which are found built into the wails of certain medieval buildings in Italy, especially at Pesaro, Pisa, Borne, and Bologna. back 1 (bak), n. [< ME. bah, < AS. base = OS. bak = OFries. bek = MD. bak (D. bah- in comp.) = LG. bak (also in comp., bak-, > G. back- in comp., also separately, back, fore- castle) = Icel. Sw. bak = Dan. bag, back. Cf. AS. hrycg, back, E. ridge.] 1. The whole hinder part of the human body, opposite the front and between the sides, or the upper part of the body of most animals; technically, the spinal, dorsal, or tergal portion, surface, or aspect of the trunk, extending from the scruff of the neck between the shoulders to the buttocks, hams, or bifurcation of the body at the legs; the tergum; the dorsum; the notse- um. — 2. The corresponding or related portion of any part or organ of the body ; the posterior aspect of a thing ; the part opposite to or fur- thest from the front, or in any way con-elated with the baek of the trunk: as, the back of the head, neck, arm, leg; the back of the hand; the back of the mouth. — 3. Anything resem- bling the back in position, (a) As being behind or furthest from the face or front, like the back in man : as, tlie back of a house. Trees set upon the backs of chimneys do ripen fruits sooner. Bacon, Nat. Hist. (b) As being behind, or in the furthest distance, with ref- erence to the spectator, speaker, scene of action, etc. : as, the back of an island ; the back of a wood ; the back of a village, (c) As being the part which comes behind in the ordinary movements of a thing, or when it is used : as, the back of a knife, saw, etc. (d) As forming the upper, and especially the outer and upper, portion of a tiling, like the back of one of the lower animals : as, the back of a hand-rail ; the back of a rafter, (e) The ridge of a hill. The mountains huge appear Emergent, and their broad bare backs upheave. Hilton, P. L., vii. 286. O'er the long backs of the bushless downs. Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine. (/) As being that which supports the ribs : as, the back of a ship (namely, the keel and keelson). See broken-backed. (>i) The upright bind part of a chair, serving as a support for the back. (A) In bot., the outer side of an organ, or the side turned away from the axis : as, the back of a leaf or of a carpel. 4. By synecdoche, the whole body, with refer- ence to clothing, because the back is usually most fully covered: as, he has not clothes to his back. I bought you a dozen of shirts to your back. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iii. 3. 5f. Clothing ; a garment to cover the back. And owre bakkes that moth-eaten be. Piers Plowman (B), x. 362. 6. pi. In the leather trade, the thickest and best-tanned hides. — 7f. The address of a let- ter, formerly written on the back of the letter itself. Scott. — 8f. A reserve or secondary re- source. This project Should have a back, or second, that might hold, If this should blast in proof. Shak., Hamlet, iv. 7. 9. In ship-building, a timber bolted on the after end of the rudder, to complete its form. — 10. In metal-mining, the portion of the lode which lies between any level or stope and the one next above it, or the surface. Generally, the backs are the unstoped portions of the lode, as far as laid open, and ready to be mined or stoped. — 11. In coal-mining : (a) Same as face, (b) The inner end of a heading where work is going on. — 12. In foot-ball, a position behind the line of rushers, or a player in this position : called quarter-back, half-back, three-quarters- back, or full-back, according to the distance from the rushers Back and belly. («) Before and behind ; all over : as, to beat a person back ami belly, 886, 6. To get upon the 1 k of; mount: as, to back a horse. We both will /""•/- tie- winds, And hunt the phoenix through tin Arabian deserts. I I \ nit. iv. &. Ami he iae reached the northern plain, And Ire-fly Bteed again. ./. It. Drake. Culprit Fay, p i9 7. To write something on the back of ; address, as a letter; indorse. — 8. To lie at the back of; adjoin in the rear; form a back or back- ground to. That length of cloistral roof, Peering in air and backed by azure sky. Wordsworth, Near Aquapendente. 412 That snug and comfortable retreat which generally backs the warerooms of an English tradesman. Bulwer. 9. To carry on the back. [Colloq.] If the men are expected tooacft the traps for any consid- erable distance, the only admissible articles are, etc. It. IS. Itaosccelt, Game-Fish, p. 306. 10. To cause to move backward ; propel back- ward : as, to back a horse ; to back a boat. — 11. To reverse the action of: as, to back a stationary engine. — 12. In coal- mining, to throw back into the gob or waste, as the small slack made in holing or undercutting the coal. Qresley. [Leicestershire, Eng.]— To back a chain or rope, to attach a preventer to it so as to reduce the strain upon it.— To back an anchor. See anchor*, a. To back a sail, to brace the yards so that the wind will press on the forward surface of the sail. — To back a warrant, to sign or indorse a warrant issued in another countyto apprehend an offender.— To back (a Bpindle) off, in cotton-spinning, to reverse the motion of mule-spindles at the end of a stretch, in un- winding the last few roils of the thread about the cop, in order to prepare for its proper distribution upon the cop when the mule-carriage returns. — To back the oars, to row backward so as to check the boat's headway or to gain sternway.— To back the worming, in rope-making, to till the interstices between the strands of a rope, thus mak- ing the surface even. — To back up. («) To lend support, aid, < ir assistance to : stand by ; give countenance to : as, to back up one's frit nils. (6) To move or force backward : as, to back up a carriage, (c) To reverse, as an Engine or a press. (d) In electrotyping, to strengthen, as the thin shell or electroplate obtained from a wax mold of a form of type, an engraved plate, etc., by depositing upon its hack type-metal to a certain thickness, (c) In base-ball and similar games, to stand behind, as another player, in order to stop and return any balls that may pass him: as, the center-field backs up the second-base. — To back water, to propel a boat in the opposite direction to that in which the prow is pointed, by reversing the action of the rowing in the case of a rowboat, or of the machinery in the case of a steamboat. II, in Irons. [< back 1 , adv.] 1. To move or go backward: as, the horse backed; the train backed. — 2. To move in the reverse direction : said specifically of the wind, in contradistinc- tion to haul (which see), when it changes in a manner contrary to the usual circuit, in the northern hemisphere, on the polar side of the trade-winds, the usual circuit of changes in the wind is from east by the south to west, and so on to the north. In the same latitudes in the southern hemisphere the reverse usually takes place. The hacking of the wind is regarded as an indication of bad weather. — To back and fill. (") To get a square-rigged vessel to windward in a narrow channel, when the wind is against the tide and there is no room for tacking, by alternately filling and backing the sails so as to make the ship shoot from one side of the channel to the other while being carried on by the tide. Hence — (b) To be vacillating or irresolute ; shilly-shally. — To back astern. See astern*— To back down, to recede from a 1 io.it ion ; at tan i loii an argument or opinion ; give in. — To back out, to retreat from a difficulty or withdraw from an engagement. back'-t, n. The earlier form of bat~. back 3 (bak), n. [< D. bak, a bowl, tray, = Dan. bakke, a tray, < F. bar. a trough, basin, a brewer's or distiller's back, also a ferry- boat; cf. Bret, bok, bag, a boat, ML. bacus, baccus, a ferry-boat, bacca, a bowl ('vas aqua- rium'); origin uncertain. Cf. basin, from the s source.] 1. A large Hat-bottomed fer- ry-boat, especially one adapted for carrying vehicles, and worked by a chain or rope fas- tened on each side of the stream. — 2. A large cistern or vat used by brewers, distillers, dyers, etc., for holding liquids; a large tub or trough. — 3. A kind of wooden trough for holding or carrying fuel, ashes, etc. ; a coal-scuttle : com- monly in the diminutive form bakcy. [Scotch.] Narrowly escaping breaking my shins on a turf back. Scott, Rob Roy, III. IS. backache (bak'ak), n. Any dull or continuous paiti in the back. backache-brake (bak'ak-brak), n. A name of the lady-fern, Asplenium Fili.r-tainina. backache-root (bak'ak-rot), n. The button snakeroot, IAatris spicata. back-action 0>ak'ak"shon ), a. In marine cngiii., having the connections between the piston-roil and crank reversed: as, a back-acmon steam- engine. See action. backarack, «• See Bacharach. backaret, inter}. [Perhaps for back then-. The spelling baccate, orig. bacare, in the passage of Shakspere has led to the fancy thai the word is dog-Latin, based on 10. Intel:.] Stand back! go back! Ah, baclcarr. i|iiod Mortimer to Ins BOWe Udall, hoist' r Dolster. Baekare, quoth Mortimer to his sow, see Mortimer's sow speaketh as good Latyn as hee. Ilcawood. [\ proverbial saying, derived apparently from some local ant cdote, j Baccare .' you tire marvellous forward Shak., 1. of the S., il. 1. backbone back-balance (bak'bal"ans), n. A weight used as a counterbalance for an eccentric, or an ec- centric pulley or gear. back-band (bak'band), n. A broad strap or chain passing over the saddle of a cart- or car- riage-horse, and used to support the shafts. Called in Scotland a rigwiddie. back-bar (bak'bar), «. The horizontal bar in the old English, open fireplace, on which the heavy kettle was hung over the fire. backbeart (bak'bar), n. In old Eng. forest Ion-, the act of carrying on the back venison killed illegally. See backcarry. backbite (bak'bit), o. ; pret. backbit, pp. back- bitten, backbit, ppr. backbiting. [< ME. Intk- biten, earlier bacbiten (= Icel. bakbila (Haldor- sen), appar. from E.), < line, bak, n.,the back, or, more prob., < bak, adv. (though this, the apheretie form of dbak, aback, is not found in ME. except in comp. ami dcriv.), 4- hiten, bite: see back 1 and bite.'] I. trans. To injure moral- ly in a manner comparable to biting from be- hind ; attack the character or reputation of se- cret ly; censure, slander, or speak evil of in absence: rarely with a thing as object. And eke the verse of famous Poets Witt He does backebite. Spenser, F. Q., I. iv. 32. Most untruelye and maliciously doe these evill tonges backbite and slaunder the sacred ashes of that personage. Spenser, State of Ireland. II. intrans. To slander or speak evil of the absent. To be prynces in pryde and pouerte to dispise, To bakbite, and to hosten and here fals witnesse. Piers Plowman (B), ii. 80. He that backbiteth not with his tongue. Ps. xv. 3. They are arrant knaves, and will backbite. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., v. i. backbiter (bak'bl*ter), n. One who slanders, calumniates, or speaks ill of the absent. Satirists describe the age, and backbiters assign their de- scriptions to private men. Steele, Tatler, No. 242. Nine tithes of times Face-flatterers and backbiters are the same. Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien. backbiting (bak'bi'ting), n. [ME. bacbiting, bacbitung; verbal n. of backbite."] The act of slandering the absent; secret calumny. Envyings, wraths, strifes, backbitings, whisperings. 2 Cor. xii. 20. backbitingly (bak'bi / 'ting-li), adv. With back- biting. back-block (bak'blok), ii. In piano-making, see wrest-block. backboard (bak'bord), n. [(back 1 , »., + board. The AS. btecbord(= D. LG. bakboord (> G. back- bonl, Y. babord) = Dan. bagbord = Icel. bak- bordh, also bakbordhi) means 'larboard.'] A board for the back ; a board placed at the back or serving as the back of something. Specifically (a) A board placed across the stern-sheets of a boat to sup- port the hacks of the occupants, (b) A small strip of wood used to support the hack and give ereetuess to ttie figure. A careful and undeviating use of the backboard ... is recommended as necessary to the acquirement of that dignified deportment and carriage so requisite for every young lady of fashion. Thackeray, (c) A board used in a lathe to sustain the pillars support- ing the puppet liar, (d) In English [Yorkshire] coal-min- ing, a thirl or cross-hole communicating with the return air-course. Qresley. back-bond (bak'bond), n. In Scots lair, a deed attaching a qualification or condition to the terms of a conveyance or other ci^=>~. instrument. 7S§> backbone (bak'bon'), ». [ME. Bsjj baklioiii , liaklion, buebon : < back 1 p5sj + bone 1 .] 1. The bone of the middle line of the back; the spine; the vertebral column: the vertebras collectively. — 2. Something resembling a back- bone in appearance, position, or office : as, the Apennines are the backbone of Italy. The plutocrats, shippers, merchants and others who are the backboneol the i ', ai-i native party. R. J. Ilintan, Eng. Had. Leaders, [p. 20-J. 3. Figuratively, firmness: stu- biliiy of purpose; decision of character; resolution; moral principle. The civilization is cheap and weak which has not the backbone of con- science in it. J. F. Clarke. Self -Culture, p. 202. Backbone of an awning, a rope sewed to the middle of a ships awning, and extending tore and alt. to strengl h en it and afford it support. To the Human Backbone. (T.i. first cervical vertebra; 0.x, first dorsal vertebra . L.x, first lumbar vertebra ; Vi, first sacral ver- tebra . Ce.i, first coo cygeal vertebra. backbone backbone, to the utmost extent of one's power or nature; out and out; thoroughly; entirely. Jolly old Burbo, staunch to the backbone. Itulwer, Last pays of Pompeii, ii. 1. A true-blue Tory (0 the backbone. T. Hughes. i lane- to the backbone. Trollope. backboned (baktond'), a. Vertebrated; fur- nished with a backbone. backcap (bak'kap), v. t. To depreciate or dis- parage. [TJ. S. slang.] backcarryt (bak'kar'i), «. In old Eng. forest law, the crimp of having game on the back, as deer unlaw fully killed. See backbcar. back-casing (lKik'ka/'sing), «. In mining, a wall or lining of dry bricks, used in sinking through sand or gravel. Within it the permanent wall of the shaft is built up, after the bed-rock or stone- heail has been reached. back-cast (Dak'kast), n. [< bad-' 1 , adv., + east, ».] 1. A cast or throw back. — 2. A backward stroke, or a stroke driving one back ; hence, figuratively, any discouragement or cause of relapse or failure. [Scotch.] back-cast (bak'kast), a. [< back 1 , adv., + east, pp.'] Cast or thrown back: as, ''back- east thoughts," Joanna BaiUie. back-center (bak'sen"ter), n. In a lathe, the point of the back or dead spindle of the tail- stock. It supports that end of the piece which is to be turned. The front center is that part of the live spindle which is in the headstock.— Back-center screw, in a lathe, the screw which gives longitudinal motion to the back-center. back-chain (bak'chan), n. A chain that passes over the saddle of a horse's harness to support the shafts of a cart or wagon. back-cloth (bak'kloth), «. 1. In calico-print- ing, a reinforcing cloth used to support a fab- 413 one for carrying ashes or cinders; a hod or coal-scuttle. [Scotch.] backfall (bak'fal), ». 1. In wrestling, a fall or trip-up in which a wrestler is thrown upon his back. — 2. In music, an obsolete melodic deco- ration, neatly like the modern long appoggia- tura: called a double backfall when prolonged. i r =t w t Itten, mm Played. » # 3= ric which is being printed. — 2. Naut., a tri- angular piece of canvas fastened in the middle of a topsail-yard to facilitate the stowing of the bunt of the topsail. back-down (bak'doun), n. The act of backing down. See back 1 , v. backed (bakt), p. a. [< back 1 , n. or v., + -ed?.] In composition, having a back (with the qual- ity or characteristic noted in the first part of the word): as, a high-backed chair; hump- backed ; hro&d-backed. Old rickety tables and chairs bToken-back'd. Thackeray. backen (bak'n), ». t. [< back 1 , adv., + -en 1 .] To holdback; retard. HalliiceU. [Local in Eng. and U. S.] back-end (bak'end), ». The latter end or part; especially (Scotch), the latter part of autumn. The hedges will do, I clipped them wi' my ain hands last back. end. J. Wilson. backer 1 (bak'er), n. [< back 1 , v., + -er 1 .] 1. One who backs or gets on the back: as, a backer of untamed horses. — 2. One who backs or sup- ports, or who aids and abets, another in an undertaking, especially in any trial of skill, agility, or strength; also, one who bets or "lays" his money in favor of a particular per- son, horse, etc., in a contest : one who indorses the notes or sustains the credit of another. — 3. In arch., a narrow slate laid on the back of a broad square-headed one, where the slates begin to diminish in width. — 4. Xtint., a strap of rope or sennit fastened to a yard-arm to se- cure the head-earings of a sail. backer-t, adv. [< back 1 , adv., + -er 2 .] Same as backermore. backermoret, adv. [ME., a double eompar., < backer- + -more. Cf. furthermore, hinder mast, etc.] More or further back. With that anon I went me baekirmore. La Belle Dame sans Mercie, 1. 85. (Halliwell.) backermosut, a. superl. [< backer? 4- -most.] Backmost. backet (bak'et), n. [< F. baquet, trough, dim. of bac : see back 3 .] A trough or box, especially Double Backfall. 3. In organ-building, a lever whose front end is raised by the motion of a digital or pedal transmitted through a sticker (which see), its back end being correspondingly depressed : a device for transforming upward motion into downward. backfallert (bak'fa"Ier), n. [< back 1 , adv., + /alia: Cf. backslider.] A backslider; a rene- gade. Onias, with many lyke back-fuller* from God, fled into Kgvptc. Joye, Expos, of Daniel, xi. back-fillet (bak'fiT'et), «. The return of the margin of a groin, or of a door- or window-jamb, when it projects beyond the face of the wall. Such margins are said to be back-filleted. back-flap (bak'flap), n. That part of a window- shutter which folds into a recess made for it in the window-casing. back-frame (bak'fram), n. An internally gear- ed wheel supporting the twisting pinions or whirlers of a rope-making machine. back-friend (bak'frend), n. [< back 1 , a., + friend.] If. A false or pretended friend; a secret enemy. Let him take heed I prove not his back-friend. Massinger, Virgin-Martyr, ii. 1. Far is our church from incroaching upon the civil pow- ers, as some who are backfriends to both would mali- ciously insinuate. Soutb. 2. A friend at one's back; a backer. [Rare.] back-game (bak'gam), n. [< back 1 , a., + game.] 1. A game at backgammon or chess. — 2. A return-game. backgammon (bak-gani'on), n. [Also formerly baggammon; < back 1 , a., + gammon 1 , game (see gammon 1 ami. game 1 ); appar. so called be- cause in certain circumstances the pieces are obliged to go back and reenter. The reason of the name is not certain, but the formation is clear. Cf. back-game.] 1. A game played by two persons upon a table or board made for the purpose, with pieces or men, dice-boxes, and dice. The board is in two parts, usually hinged to- gether, on which twenty-four spaces, called points, are marked. Each player has fifteen men, with which move- ments are made in accordance with the numbers turned up by the dice, the object of each player being to advance his men to the last six points, and then " throw them olf," or remove them entirely from the board. 2. A single bout at backgammon won by a player before his opponent has advanced all of his men from the first six points. backgammon (bak-gam'on), v. t. To beat by winning a backgammon. See backgammon, n., 2. backgammon-board (bak-gam'on-bord), n. The board or table on which the game of back- gammon is played. back-gear (bak'ger), n. The variable speed- gear in the headstock of a power-lathe. background (bak'ground), n. 1. The ground at the back or behind, as opposed to the front ; situation in the rear of those objects, considera- tions, etc., which engage the attention ; subordi- nate or secondary position in contradistinction to principal or important position ; place out of sight: used both literally (of physical objects) and figuratively: as, there were mountains in the background ; the true reasons for this action were kept in the background. A husband somewhere in the background. Thackeray. Forbearance and mercy to enemies are not unknown to the iibi Testament : but thej air in the background. G. /'. Fisher, Begin, of Christianity, p. 22. Specifically — 2. The part of a picture repre- sented asfurthest from the spectator's eye: opposed to foreground. In pictures of which the foreground possesses the chief interest, the background is so designed as to enhance the effect of objects in the fore- ground, to which it is kept subordinate in color, etc., often serving ii" other purpose than that of a mere screen or settiug behind the objects in which the interest isconcen- backing-boards trated: as, a portrait with a landscape background; a group of figures with buildings in it" ! ' In fandscapes, fl hi n do such evident opposition is intended, ..I- when the chiel interest lies in the background, the term ■he,, !,■ isproperrj used to denote the mon distantplanes in i|m picture, a- distinguished from fa* foreground and the noddle distance. M re we see the rude and simple expedient by which, i.. atone for tin- want ol ai i lal pel pectit painters indicated the background ol their compositi figures more distant from the eye are always n in -' Hi' I Beated or standing m, a higher level than figures in the fori ground. C. T. \e,cti,u. Art and Al.haiol., p. 388. Tin- leafless trees become spires of flame in the sunset. with the blue cast for their bin kground. Emerson, Misc., p. 23. 3. In pho tog., the plain or decorated screen-. properties, etc., placed behind the subject in taking portraits, especially in regular gallery- work, in order to form an appropriate setting in the finished picture, backhand (bak'haml), h. and n. I. n. 1. Writ- ing which slopes backward or to the left: as, he writes backhand. — 2t. In tennis, the posi- tion behind the principal player. No, faith, that's odds at tennis, my lord; not but if your ladyship [.leases, I'll endeavour to keep your back- lian.l a little, tho' upon my soul you may safely set me up at the line. Cibber, Careless Husband, iv. II. a. Backhanded; unfavorable; unfair: as, a backhand influence. backhanded (bak'han"ded), a. 1. With the back of the hand: as, a backhanded blow. — 2. Done or effected with the hand turned back- ward, crosswise, or in any oblique direction; marked by a backward slope, direction, or ef- fect: as, 'backhanded writing; a backhand/ d stroke in sword-play or lawn-tennis. In the lat- ter game a backhanded stroke is one thai causes the ball to rotate so as to have a tendency on striking the ground to hound backward in the direction of the striker. Hence — 3. Figuratively, oblique in meaning; indirect; equivocal; ambiguous; sarcastic: as, a backhanded compliment. — 4. Twisted in the opposite way from the usual method: said of a rope. i Ine part plain-laid and the other backhanded rope. Luce, Seamanship, p. 252. backhandedly (bak'han"ded-li), adv. With the hand directed backward: as, to strike back- handedly. backhandedness (bak'han"ded-nes), n. The state of being backhanded ; unfairness. backhander (bak'han"der), n. A blow with the back of the hand: as, to strike one a back- hander. backhead (bak'hed), n. 1. The back part of the head: opposed to forehead. — 2+. False hair worn on the back of the head. backhouse 1 (bak'hous), n. [< back 1 , a.. + lam.se] A building behind or back from the main or front building; hence, in country places, especially in New England, a privy. backhouse'-'t, n. Same as bakehouse. backing (baking), n. [Verbal n. of back 1 , v.] 1. Support, physical or moral; supporters or backers collectively. — 2f. The address of a let- ter. — 3. Something placed at or attached to the back of something else to support, strength- en, or finish it; the act of providing anything with such a support. Especially — (ft) A layer or lay- ers of timber, generally teak, on which the iron plates of armor-clad ships are bolted. (b) A heavy plating of w 1, or wood and iron, supporting the armor-plates of fortifica- tions or of targets from behind ; a thick bed of rammed sand or concrete placed behind armored works or targets. The concrete might be faced with a comparatively thin steel plate which would explode the shell, and so save the backing. London Engineer. (e) In bookbinding, the curving of the back of sewed sheets intended for a book, with intent (1) to spread the thread so that the lnu.k will not be thicker at the back than at the fore edge ; (2) to make a secure rest in the arched groove at either side for the cover; (3) to make the hack flexible, so that the leaves of the book shall be flat when open. Backing is done by beating with a hammer or rolling with a machine, (d) In weaving, the web of coarser or stronger material at the back of such piled fabrics as velvet, plush, satin, Brussels carpet, etc. (c) In photog., a coating of a dull, dark pigment, placed on the back of the sensitized plate in some classes of work to absorb light that might otherwise pass through the film, he reflected again upon it from the hack of the glass, and cause an effect of blur- ring. Such a backing is useful in taking pictures in the direction of the chief light, or those in which seme por- tions of the field are very highly illuminated while others adjoining them are dark. (J) In printing, the printing of the second side of a sheet. i. backplate (bak'plal '• "• Same as backpiece. back-pressure fbak presh"ur), n. Pressure backward or in the reverse of the normal direc- tion ; specifically, the resistance of the atmosphere or of waste strain to the action of the piston of a steam- engine. - Back-pres- sure valve, in much., a valve placed within a supply-pipe or over an ml. t orifice, to prevent /ttK Back -pressure Valve. 414 the backward flow of a fluid or gas when the pressure in the normal direction falls below that in the reservoir or chamber to which the fluid is supplied. backrackt, backragt, ». See Bacharach. back-rackett (bak'rak'et), n. The return of a ball in tennis; hence, figuratively, a counter- charge. Hoa. Why, are not debts better than words, sir? Wit. Are not words promises, and arc not promises debts, sir? Boa. He plays at back-racket with me. Middleton, Trick to Catch the Old One, iv. 4. back-raking (bak'ra'king), n. la farriery, an operation by which hardened faeces are with- drawn from the rectum. back-rent (bak'rent), n. 1. Arrears of rent. — 2. In Scots law, a rent paid subsequently to reaping. Thus, when a tenant entering with a lease is allowed to reap and sell his first crop before paying his rent, the rent in this case is termed a back-rent, in con- tradistinction to fore-rent, a rent payable before the first crop is reaped. back-rest (bak'rest), n. A guide attached to the slide-rest of a lathe and placed in contact with the work to steady it in turning. back-returnt (bak're-tern*), n. A going or coming back; return. Harry's back-return again to France. Shak., Hen. V., v. (cho). The back-return of Charon's boat. Marlowe. backrope (bak'rop), n. Naut. : (a) The rope or chain-stay extending from the lower end of the dolphin-striker to each side of the bows of a ship, (b) A small rope attached to the hook of the cat-block or fish-hook, to facilitate hook- ing it on the anchor.— Martingale backropes. See martingale. back-saw (bak'sft), n. A saw the web of which is stiffened by a metallic back of greater sub- stance. Such saws have specific names ac- cording to their use, as tenon-saw, dovetail- saw, carcass-saw, etc. back-scraper (bak'skra"per), n. Same as back- scratcher. back-scratcher (bak'skrach"er), n. 1. An im- plement for scratching the back, generally made of bone or ivory, in the form of a small hand fixed to a long slender handle. A back-scratcher of which the hand was ivory and the handle black. Southey, The Doctor, iv. 2. A toy of wood or bone having a thin tongue which presses upon a toothed wheel, on the principle of a watchman's rattle : when it is rubbed on the back of a person, it produces a sound like the tearing of cloth. backset (bak'set), v. [< back 1 , adv., + set 1 , v.] I.t trans. To set upon in the rear. The Israelites . . . [were] backset with Pharaoh's whole power. Anderson, Expos, of Benedictus, fol. 71 b (1573). II. intrans. To plow again, in the autumn, prairie-land which has been plowed for the first time in the preceding spring. [Western U.S.] backset (bak'set), n. [< back 1 , a. or adv., + set 1 , v. or n.] 1. A setting back or backward, as the result of some untoward circumstance or op- posing agency; a check to progress; retarda- tion, or the losing of ground; a relapse: as, he suffered more than one serious backset; a back- set which appeared to be fatal. — 2. An eddy or counter-current in flowing water. Of course much of this was slack water, or the backset caused by the overflow. Harper's Mai/., LXV. 012. back-settler (bak'sefler), n. One inhabiting the back settlements of a country. backsheesh, tl. See bakshish. back-shift (bak'shift), n. [< back 1 , a., + shift.] In coal-mining, a second shift or relay of hewers who begin cutting the coal after another set have begun to draw it, at the same place. backside (bak'sid'), n. [< ME. bakside; < back 1 , a., + side.] 1. The back part or aspect of any- thing; the part opposite to the front, or behind that which is presented to a spectator. [Prop- erly two words in this use. See back, a., 1.] Specifically — 2. Tin' hind part of an animal; the rump: often (vulgarly) in the plural. — 3. The back premises, back yard, or out-buildings attached to a dwelling; also, the privy. [Obso- lete or dialectal.] ^V. E. 1). back-sight (bak'sit), n. 1. In surveying, the reading of a leveling-rod, taken when looking back to a station which has been passed. All other readings are called foresights.— 2. The rear sight of a gun. back-skin (bak'skin), ». A leather dress used by miners when at work in wet places. backstay back-slang (bak'slang), n. [< back 1 , a. or adv., + slang. Cf . palindrome.] A species of slang in which the words are pronounced or written backward, or as nearly so as the skill of the speaker or writer, or the possibility of pro- nouncing the word, will permit: thus, penny becomes yennep : woman, namow, and so on. backslide (bak-shd' ), v. i. : pret. backslid (some- times backslided), pp. backslid, backslidden (sometimes backslided). ppr. backsliding. [< back 1 , adv., + slide.] To slide back, in a figu- rative sense; apostatize; turn from the faith; depart from or abandon religious principles or practices. I have fallen back to my carnal temper, from the holy ways of God, and have again backslided. Bp. Hopkins, Works, p. 535. When persons have been professors of religion, and have for various reasons backslidden and declined into a carnal and secular life. //. It'. Beecher. backslider (bak-sli'der), n. One who back- slides, (a) An apostate; one who falls from the faith and practice of religion. Prov. xiv. 14. (b) One who neglects his religious vows and falls into habits of sin. backsliding (bak-sli'ding), n. A falling back in principle or practice ; a lapse in or abandon- ment of religious obligation ; apostasy. Our backslidings are many : we have sinned against thee. Jer. xiv. 7. backslidingness (bak-sli'ding-nes), n. The state of backsliding. back-spear, v. t. See back-speer. back-speed (bak'sped), n. In mech., a second speed-gear of a lathe, which can be brought into action on the fore-speed, so that second series of speeds of the spindle are thereby obtained. back-speer (bak'sper), v. t. [Sc, also written back-spear, -spew, < back 1 , adv., + speer, ask, question.] To reexamine or cross-examine. [Scotch.] back-splinting (bak 'splin" ting), n. In coal- mining, a system of working coal over the goaf and across the packs of a lower one got in ad- vance upon the long-wall method. Gresley. back-spring (bak'spring), n. 1. A spring formed in the bolt of a lock by cutting a longi- tudinal slit near its upper edge, thus leaving a strip of unsupported metal which by elastic pressure springs the bolt into its place when it is left by the key. — 2. The spring at the rear of the body of a vehicle; specifically, aC-spring which rides up at the back of the carriage, the body of the latter being suspended from the forward end. — 3. A spring backward. back-staff (bak'staf), n. An instrument for- merly used for measuring the sun's altitude at sea : so called because in using it the observer turned his back to the sun. backstair, backstairs (bak'star, -starz), «. and a. I. n. A stair or stairs in the back part of a house ; private stairs. [Properly two words. See back 1 , a., 1.] II. a. 1 . Of or pertaining to stairs in the back part of a bouse: as, a backstair entrance. — 2. Indirect; underhand; unfair; intriguing: as, backstair influence. He's like a backstair minister at court, who, whilst the reputed favourites are sauntering in the bed-chamber, is ruling the roast in the closet. Vanbrugh, Relapse, ii. 1. Is he not a back-stairs favourite — one that can do what he pleases with those that do what they please? Goldsmith, Good-Matured Man, ii. back-stall (bak'stal), «. The thief who walks behind the chief operator in a garrote-robbery to conceal him when at work and make off with the booty. [Thieves' slang.] See garrote. backstandt (bak'stand), n. Support; some- thing to fall back upon. A sure stave and a stedfast t>aekstaudc at home. Hall, Hen. VII. backstay (bak'sta), n. 1. Iii printing, a strap of leather used to cheek the carriage of a printing-press. — 2. In coal-mining, a forked bar of wrought-iron attached to the back of the mine-ear when ascending an inclined plane, for the purpose of stopping the car in case of accident. | Vorkshire, Eng. | - '.i. A rod extend- ing from the perch to the outer end of the rear axle of a carriage. — 4. One of the flaps of a carriage-top. — 5. In purchase-shears, a power- ful spring placod at the back of the moving blade to keep the two cutting edges in contact. — 6. In metal-liirning. an adjustable support for any very long or slender article. — 7. pi. Naut., long ropes extonding backward from the heads of all masts above the lower mast and fastened backstay on each side of the ship to the chain-platos, serving to support the masts — Backstay-stools, planking or pieces of iron projecting from the side of a ship, to which the backstays arc made fast. They serve the same purpose for the backstays that the channels .In for the shmuiis. — Traveling backstays, backstays fitted with a traveler which slides up and down with Hie topsail-yard. The principal support for the mast is thus kept at that part which is just above the yard. [Not now in use] back-Step < bak'step), ". A rearward movement of a squad or body of troops, without change of front. backster't, »• See baxter. backster- (bak'ster), n. [Etym. uncertain.] A flat piece of wood or cork fastened on the feet for walking over loose beach. N. E. D. backstitch (bak'stich), n. A method of sewing in which each stitch overlaps or doubles back on the preceding one, the needle entering be- hind the thread at the end of the stitch already made and coming out in front of it. backstitch (bak'stich), v. t. and i. To sew with stitches which overlap each other. See backstitch, n. backstone (bak'ston), n. [E. dial., = bakestone, < bake + stone.'] The heated stone on which oat-cake is baked. [Prov. Eng. and Scotch.] back-stop (bak'stop), n. In base-ball, a fence placed a short distance behind the catcher to stop the ball if he fails to catch it. back-Strap (bak'strap), n. A broad strap pass- ing along the middle of a horse's back from the upper hame-strap to the crupper or a point of junction with the hip-straps in a wagon-har- ness, and in a carriage-harness from the gig- saddle to the crupper. E. H. Knight. back-strapped (bak'strapt), p. a. Carried by head-winds to the back of a cape or promontory : said of a ship. back-stream (bak'strem), n. A current run- ning against the regular course of the stream ; an up-stream. back-String (bak'string), n. A leatling-string by which a child is supported or guided from behind. The back-string and the bib. Cowper, Task, iv. 228. back-stroke (bak'strok), n. 1. A blow or stroke in return. — 2. A backhanded stroke; a back-hander. My uncle Toby never took this backstroke of my father's at his hobby-horse kindly. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, vi. 31. back-swimmer (bak ' swim " er), n. Same as boat-fly. back-sword (bak'sord), n. 1. A sword with one sharp edge, used for cutting rather than thrusting, sometimes curved, and frequently straight. It usually had a basket-hilt, and was the common weapon of citizens and country people when the rapier and afterward the small-sword were worn by gentlemen. 2. A cudgel fitted with a basket-hilt, used for a particular kind of single-stick play. — 3. A cudgel-play in which the back-sword (in sense 2) is used, "peculiar to certain counties of Eng- land, and still kept up at festivals and the like in the attempt to preserve old customs. The guard is with the left arm, and the object of each player is to break the skin of his adversary's forehead so as to draw blood. back-tack (bak'tak), n. In Scots law, a tack or lease connected with wadsets or mortgages. by which the possession of the land is returned to the proprietor on payment of a rent corre- sponding to the interest of the money advanced. See wadset. back-tool (bak'tol), n. Any tool, either fillet or roll, used by bookbinders in decorating the curved surface of the back of a book. back-trickt (bak'trik), n. A caper backward in dancing. I have the back-trick simply as strong as any man in Illyria. Shak., T. N., i. 3. backward, backwards (bak'wiird, -wardz), adv. [< ME. bdkward, bacward, adv., by apher- esis for abackward, < abak, adv., back, + -ward, -wards.] 1. In the direction of the back: as, to throw the arms backward. — 2. With the back first in the direction of motion: as, to walk backward; to fall backward. He [Eli] fell from off the seat backward, . . . and his neck brake. 1 Sam. iv. 18. Thou wilt fall backward. Shak., K. and J., i. 3. 3. In the direction from which one has come ; toward that which is or has been left behind : as. he glanced backward. — 4. Toward bygone times or events ; toward that which is past in time: as, to look backward to the last century. The lights of memory backward stream. Whittier, Memories. 415 5. In or by reflection ; reflexively. The mind can backward Upon herself her understanding ligh Sir J. Daeies, Introd. to ltmnorta. 6. In time past; ago. Some reigns backward. 7. In an opposite or contrary direction. For every two steps they made forwards and upwards they slipped one backwards. ,. Lady Brassey, Voyage of Sunbeam, I. 11. Locke Baconian wardness of the spring. ('<) rmvillingness; reluctance; dilatoriness or dullness in action. i lux backwardness to good works. Bp. Atterbury. i,i I:, i hiniii.-s ; shyness. backwards, adv. See backward. back-washed (bak'wosht), a. Cleansed from oil. as wool alter combing. back-water (bak'wa"ter),~ ». It. Water flow- ing in from behind. — 2. Water thrown back by the turning of a water-wheel or the paddles of Water held or forced steamboats, etc. — 3. 8. In an opposite or reverse order; from the back, as in a mill-race or in a tributary stream, end toward the beginning; in an order contrary m consequence of some obstruction, as a dam to the natural order: as, to read or spell back- orflood. — 4. An artificial accumulation of wa- ward; hence, perversely; in a wrong or per- verse manner. I never yet saw man, How wise, how noble, young, how 'rarely featur d, But she would spell him backward. Shak., Much Ado, iii. 1. The gospel of Christ is read backwards, when that world which he came to save is regarded as a world which it is a merit to abandon. C. E. Norton, Travel and Study in Italy, p. 47. 9. From a better to a worse state ; retrogres- sively. The work went backicard ; and the more he strove T' advance the suit, the farther from her love. Dnjden. Backward and forward, to and fro.— To ring bells backward, to give an alarm hy ringing the bells of a chime in the wrong order, beginning with the bass bell. The bells they ring backward, the drums they are beat. Scott, Bonnie Dundee. backward (back' ward), a. [< backicard, adv.] 1. Directed to the'back or rear: as, "a back- ward look," Shak., Sonnets, lix.— 2. Reversed; returning; directed to or toward the original starting-point : as, a backward movement or journey. And now they do re-stem Their backward course. Shak., Othello, i. 3. 3. Done in reverse order; done in an order contrary to the natural order, as in repeating a sentence from the end to the beginning. Without his rod reversed, And backward mutters of dissevering power, We cannot free the lady. Milton, Comus, 1. 817. 4. Being in, or placed at, the back. Four legs and two voices. . . . His forward voice now ter obtained at high tide and reserved in reser- voirs, to be discharged at low tide for clearing off deposits in channel-beds and tideways. — 5. A creek or arm of the sea which runs parallel to the coast, having only a narrow slip of land between it and the sea, and communicating with the latter by barred entrances. Entering the mouth of the Moredab, an extensive back- water into which fall the Piri-Uazaar and other streams, we come alongside a fairly constructed quay. O'Donovan, Merv, viii. backwood (bak'wud), n. That portion of a carpenter's plane which is immediately behind the plane-iron To drive the backwood up, to drive the wedge of a plane too tightly. When this is done the pressure of the plane-iron raises a bur or slight ridge at the angle of the mouth and sole. backwoods (bak'wiidz'), it. pi. Wooded or par- tially uncleared and unsettled districts in the remote parts of a new coimtry; hence, in the United States and Canada, any rough or thin- ly settled region far from the centers of popu- lation. The very ease with which books containing the world's best literature were obtainable in the backwoods made our early writers copyists. Stedma/n, Poets of America, p. 14. He [Count Tolstoi] put into my hands a letter from some man living in a village in the backwoods of Pennsylvania. The Century, XXXIV. 261. backwoodsman (bak'wudz'man), n. ; pi. back- woodsmen (-men). An inhabitant of the back- woods. The General Boone, backwoodsman of Kentucky, Was happiest among mortals anywhere. Byron, Don Juan. viii. 61. is lo'speak we'll of his friend; his backicard voice is to backworm (bak'werm), n. A small worm gen utter foul speeches, and to detract. Shak., Tempest, ii. 2. 5. Slow ; sluggish ; unprogressive ; unadvanced ; behind in progress : as, a backward learner. Brigandage survives only in out-of-the-way corners of the most backward countries of Christendom, such as Spain and Sicily. J. Fiske, Evolutionist, p. 229. 6. Late ; behind in time ; coming after some- thing else, or after the usual time : as, backward fruits ; the season is backward. A dry, cold, backward spring, easterly winds. Evelyn, Diary. April 15, 1688. 7. Holding back ; averse ; reluctant ; hesitat- ing. The mind is backward to undergo the fatigue of weigh- ing every argument. Watts. For wiser brutes were backicard to be slaves. Pope, Windsor Forest, 1. 50. 8. Timid; bashful; retiring in disposition; modest. — 9. Beaching back into the past; already past. Flies unconscious o'er each backicard year. Byron, Childe Harold, ii. 24. backwardt (bak'wiird), n. [< backward, a.] The things or state behind or past. What see'st thou else erally found in the thin skin about the reins of hawks. See filander 1 . backwort (bak'wert), n. The comfrey, Si/m- phi/tum officinale. back-wounding (bak'wbn"ding), a. Wounding at the back or behind one's back; backbiting; injuring surreptitiously: as, "baekwounding calumny," Shak., M. for M., iii. 2. bacon (ba'kon or -kn), n. [Early mod. E. also bakon, baken, < ME. bacon, bacoun, bakoun, < OP. bacon = Pr. bacon, < ML. baco(n-). bacon, side of bacon, shoulder, ham, also a swine, < OHGr. bahho, bacho, MHG. bache, side of bacon, ham, G. bache, a wild sow (obs. or dial., a ham), = MD. bake, bacon, ham, a swine, < OHG. "bah, etc., = AS. ba:c, E. back 1 : see back 1 .'] 1. Hog's flesh, especially the back and sides, salted or pickled and dried, usually in smoke. — 2f. Pork. — 3f. A hog; hence, a grossly fat person. — 4t. A rustic ; a clown : in allusion to the fact that swine's flesh was the meat chiefly eaten by the rural population. N. E. D. On, bacons, on ! Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 2. To save one's bacon, to preserve one's self from harm. But here I say the Turks were much mistaken, Who, hating hogs, yet wished to save their bacon. In the dark backward and abysm of time? ' & s,j Buron Don Juan vii 42 Shak., Tempest, i. 2. ., __., , -, /i ,. ' , » .„,,..,, r , , . -, , -, bacon-beetle (ba kon-be"tl), n. A species ot backwardt (bak'ward), v. t. \_< backward, adv.] {he gemlg De ;. mest ^ D . larkarws, family Der- mestida; order Cole- To obstruct; keep back; retard; delay. Doth clog and backward us. Hammond, Sermons, xv. backwardation (bak-wiir-da'shon), n. [< back- ward. »., 4- -ation.] On the London Stock Ex- change, the premium paid by a seller of stock for the privilege of postponing its delivery to the buyer until the next fortnightly settling- day. See contango. backwardly (bak'ward-li), adv. 1. In a back- ward direction. The mandible is extremely massive and has a backwardly produced angle. Huxley, Anat. Vert., p. 320. 2. Unwillingly; reluctantly; aversely; per- versely; ill. I was the first man That e'er receiv'd gift from him ; And does he think so backwardly of me now. That I'll requite it last? Shak., T. of A., iii. 3. backwardness (bak'ward-nes), n. The state or quality of being backward, (a) Backward state as regards progress ; slowness ; tardiness : as, the back- optera, whose larvae ^Os^§S8§K8, are very destructive " to stuffed animals in museums. The larva? are hairy, and whitish-brown in color. Baconian (ba-ko'ni- an), a. and n. [< Francis Bacon, born 1561, died 16'26.] I. a. Pertaining to Fran- cis Bacon, Baron Verulam, commonly called Lord Bacon: as, the Baconian phi- losophy. — Baconian method, a term often, though incorrectly, ap- plied to the method of Bacon-Beetle {Dermestcs lardarius). a. larva ; t>, one of its barbed hairs ; c, beetle, i Hair-lines show natural sizes.) Baconian Induction (which see) as developed by modern science, on the supposition that Bacon was mainly instrumental in bringing this method into general use. II. re. 1. An adherent of the Baconian philosophy. — 2. One who holds the theory that Bacon wrote the plays usually attributed to Shakspere. Baconism (ba'kon-izm), n. [< Bacon 4- -ism.] The philosophy of Francis Bacon, or the gen- eral spirit of his writings. These societies are schools of Baconism, designed to embody all that was of value In the thought and spirit of Bacon — namely, a protest against traditional authority in science, with, of course, a recommendation of induction and of the inductive sciences for their value in the aits of life. Wriglti. baconize (ba'kon-iz), !'. t. ; pret. and pp. bacon- teed,jspr.bacoriizing. [< bacon + -ice.'] To make into or like bacon ; smoke, as bacon. baconweed (ba'kon-wed), re. The pigweed, Chenopodium album. bacony (ba'kon-i), a. [< bacon 4- -ylj Like bacon ; lardaceous. bacteria ( bak-te'ri-a), re. [NL. : see bacterium.'] 1. Plural of bacterium, 1.— 2. leap.] A genus of gressorial orthopterous insects, of the family Phasmidte; the stick-insects or walking-sticks. B. sarmentosa is about 10 inches long. See Phasmidu . Bacteriaceae (bak-te-ri-a'se-e), n. pi. [NL., < Bacterium 4- -aceec] A group of the simplest microscopic fungi, more usually called Schizo- niyei tes, the achlorophyllous division of the Schizosporea; of Conn, or of the Schizophyta of more recent authorities. They exhibit a great va- riety of forms, and are subdivided accordingly into — (1) Sphcerobacteria, which are spherical, as in Micrococcus; (•J) Mierobactena, which are elliptical or shortly cylindri- cal, as in Bacterium, the only genus; (3) Desmobaeteria, which consist of straight filaments, as in Bacillus; (4) Spirobacteria, in which the filaments are more or less ceiled, as in Spirillum. bacterial (bak-te'ri-al), a. [< bacterium + -al.] Pertaining to or resembling bacteria; of the nature of or caused by bacteria : as, a bacterial parasite in the blood; bacterial organisms ; bac- terial infusions. The issue of a bacterial affection is either the death of the patient, or the death and elimination of the bacteria. Ziegler, Pathol. Anat. (trans.), I. '287. bacterian (bak-te'ri-an), a. Same as bacterial. bactericidal (bak-te'ri-si-dal), a. [< bacteri- cide 4- -al.] Destructive to bacteria. bactericide (bak-te'ri-sid), n. [< NL. bacterium + L. -cida, < ccedere, kill.] A substance that has the property of destroying bacteria. A bactericide of great activity. Therapeutic Gaz., VIII. 561. Bacterides (bak-ter'i-dez), n.pl. [NL., prop. "Bacterids, < Bacterium 4- -ides, -ida.] A name sometimes given indefinitely to a group of mi- crobes referable to the genera Bacillus and Bac- t, Hum (winch see). bacteriform (bak-te'ri-form), a. [< NL. bac- terium + L. forma, form.] Of the form of bacteria ; resembling bacteria. bacterioid (bak-te'ri-oid), a. [< bacterium 4- -niil] Resembling or closely allied to bac- teria. bacteriological (bak-te"ri-o-loj'i-kal), a. Of or pertaining to bacteriology. bacteriologist (bak-te-ri-ol'o-jist), n. [< bac- teriology 4- -ist.] One skilled in bacteriology. bacteriology (bak-te-ri-ol'o-ji), re. [< NL. bacte- rium 4- Gr. -'">; m. < Ti&yuv, speak: see -ology. ] That department of biology which investigates bacteria and other microbes, especially their life-history and agency in disease; the scien- tific study of bacteria. Bacteriology Is now ;, natural science of sufficient im- portant and completeness to take its proper place in hygiene, etiology, and pathological anatomy. Science. VI. 77. bacterioscopic (bak-te"ri-o-skop'ik), a. [< iiae- terioscopy + ->■■. | Relating or pertaining to the discovery or observation <>!' bacteria. bacterioscopy (bak-te-ri-os'ko-pi), ». [< NL. bacterium 4- Gt. •OKOnia, < nnoTTEiv, view.] Mi- croscopic investigation of bacteria, bacteriotherapeutic (bak-te^ri-o-ther-a-pu'- tik), a. [< bacterium 4- tin rn/it titie.] Pertain- ing to bacteriotherapy. hr. Ballagi has carefully followed the bacteriotherapeutic details advised by Cantai tphtbJ ■ii modi rate fever. Medical Ni tot, M.IX. 41. bacteriotherapy (bak-te'ri-o-ther'a-pi), re. [< NL. bacterium + Or. Bepaneia, medical treat- ment.] In iti'tl., the introduction of bacteria into the system for the cure of disea e. phthisis inhalations containing Bacterium termo have been employed, with the idea that the bacterium de 416 stroyed the Bacillus tuberculosis which is characteristic of the disease, bacteritic (bak-te-rit'ik), a. [< bacterium + -it- ic: see -itis.] Characterized or caused by the presence of bacteria, bacterium (bak-te'ri-um), re. ; pi. bacteria (-ii). [NL., < Gr. fiaKTijpiov, a little stick, dim. of ftan- T?n>ia, a staff, stick, < fiaKrpov, a staff, stick, akin to L. Iiaeulum, a staff: see baculus.] 1. One of the micro-organisms which are concerned in the putrefactive processes, and are known as Schizomycetes, or fission fungi, in distinction from Saccharomycetes, or budding fungi, which produce alcoholic fermentation. Their true charac- ter was long in doubt, but they are now generally regarded as the lowest forms of vegetable life, and are known to mul- tiply, in some species at least, by the formation of spores and even of true sporangia. They consist of exceed- ingly minute spherical, oblong, or cylindrical cells, with- out chlorophyl, multiply by transverse division, and may be found anywhere. Their origin and the part they take in putrefaction, fermentation, and disease have been the subject in recent years of much study and discussion. Very much remains in doubt, but there is no question of the importance of these investigations from a sanitary point of view. It also appears to have been demonstrated that the bacteria which exist in the soil are active in changing otherwise inert substances into matter suitable for the food of plants, converting the nitrogenous matter of organic origin into soluble nitrates. The genera and species have been variously defined, and are necessarily based on slight characters. The groups and principal genera usually recognized are Micrococcus, with spherical cells, concerned in certain fermentations and found in connection with special contagious diseases; the rod-bac- teria, Bacterium; the straight filiform bacteria, Bacillus, etc. ; and the spiral filiform bacteria, Vibrio, Spirillum, etc. Of the genus Micrococcus, M. diphthcriticus is con- sidered to be the special cause of diphtheria, and If. vac- cinal of smallpox. See Bactcrim-iiv, and cut under bacillus. 2. [ctip.] A genus of microscopic fungi, con- sisting of a single short cylindrical or ellipti- cal cell, or of two such cells united end to end, and capable of spontaneous movement. The best-known species, B. termo, is the prime cause of putre- faction, occurring early in all infusions of animal and vege- table substances and multiplying with great rapidity. The individuals of this species are about one ten-thou- sandth of an Inch in length. Bactrian (bak'tri-an), a. and n. [< L. Bactri- anus (Gt. BanTpiavoc), < Bactria, < Gr. Banrpia (also BaKTpa, < Pers. Bdkhtar), a province so called.] I. a. Of or pertaining to Bactria or Bactriana, an ancient country of central Asia, with its capital, Bactra, on the site of the mod- ern Balkh. It became a province of the Persian empire under Cyrus, ami from about 255 to about 120 B. o. was a separate kingdom under a Greek dynasty. — Bactrian camel. See camel. II. n. A native or an inhabitant of Bactria. Bactris (bak'tris), n. [NL., < Gr. (lanTpov, a staff : see bacterium.] A genus of slender palms, consisting of about 40 species, found about rivers and in marshy places in America within the tropics. The stems are generally covered Portion of Baculites fanjasii. Bactris acanthocarfa. with fruit, and ntit deprived of its husk, the dots upon the latter showing position of embryos. with spines, and the leaves arc pinnate, though occasion- ally simple or 2-lobed. 'the fruit is small, with a thin fibrous pulp inclosing a hard black nut. The kernel of />'. mq^oriseaten in Cartagena, The stems of /<'. minor are USl d tor walking-sticks, under the name of Tobago canes. baculi, «. Plural of bacillus. baculine fbak'u-lin), a. [< L. baculum, a rod, 4- -ire. L] Of or pertaining to the rod, or to its use in punishment by flogging. baculite(bak'u-lit), re. anil n. |< XL. Baculites, i|. v.] I. re. A fossil ceplialopod of the genus Baculites; staff-stone. bad II. a. Pertaining to or containing baculites. Also bacilli tic. Baculite limestone, a name given to the Chalk of Normandy, from the abundance of baculites which it contains. Baculites (bak-u-U'tez),n. [NL., < L. baculum. a staff, 4- -ites : see -ite 2 .] A genus of poly- thalamous or many-chambered cephalopods, belonging to the family Ammonitidee. The species are known only in a fossil state, having become extinct at the close of the Cre- taceous period. The shell is straight, more or less compressed, conical, ami very much elongated. The chambers are sinuous and pierced by a marginal siphon. The external chamber is con- siderably larger than the rest. There are about 20 species, found from the Neocomian to the Chalk formation. baculitic (bak-u-lit'ik),a. Same as baculite. baculometry (bak-u-lom'e-tri), n. [< L. baculum, a staff, 4- Gr. -uerpia, < perpov, a measure.] The measurement of heights or distances by means of staves. Phillips. baculus (bak'u-lus), ii. ; pi. baculi (-li). [L., more commonly neut. baculum, a stick, staff, scepter, etc. ; cf. LL. dim. bacillus (see bacil- lus); akin to Gr. ftanrpov, a rod, staff: see bac- terium.] 1. A divining-rod. — 2. A long staff or crutch upon which worshipers were formerly allowed to lean during long offices, such as the psalms. — 3. [_cap.] [NL.] A genus of crusta- ceans. bad 1 (bad), a. and n. [< ME. bad, badde, bad, worthless, wicked, prob. a generalized adj. use (with loss of -/, as in ME. miniie for muchel, < AS. mycel, much ; ME. lyte for lytel, < AS. lijtel, little ; ME. irenche for icenelicl, < AS. wen- cel: see much, mickle, lite, lyte, little, and wench) of a noun, *baddel, < AS. batddel (twice, in gloss- es), with equiv. deriv. biedling (suffix -ingS), an effeminate person, a hermaphrodite, with formative -el, < *ba:d = OHG. "bad, pad, a hermaphrodite (Leo). This word appears to exist also in some AS. local names, but traces elsewhere are slight; cf. AS. *bede, "pede, immatura," negative "or-bedc, " or-pede, adul- tus," in glosses. This etymology, first sug- gested by Leo, is uncertain, but it is the only one that fairly satisfies the phonetic and his- torical conditions; the word can have no con- nection, as suggested, with Goth, bauths, deaf and dumb, with G. bo'se, bad, or with Corn. bad, Ir. Gael, baodh, foolish, etc. The orig. word, AS. bccddel, ME. *baddel, on account of its sinister import, is scarcely found in litera- ture, but, like other words of similar sense, it prob. flourished in vulgar speech as an indefi- nite term of abuse, and at length, divested of its original meaning, emerged in literary use as a mere adj., badde, equiv. to the older evil. (Cf. the similar development of the adj. tricked, ME. wicked, wikked, earlier uieke. wikkc, from the noun AS. wicca, m., a witch, wizard, hence an evil person : see wicked 1 .) The adj. first ap- pears at the end of the 13th century, and does not become common till the 15th century. In high literary use it is comparatively rare, as against evil, till the 18th century. In the Eng- lish Bible bad occurs but rarely, and only in the familiar antithesis with good. Bud was former- ly compared reg. builder, baddest, but has now taken from evil the irreg. comparison worse, worst.] I. a. ; compar. worse, superl. worst (formerly badder, baddest). 1. Evil; ill; vi- cious ; wicked ; depraved : applied to persons, conduct, character, influence, etc. : as, a bad man; bad conduct ; a bad life; a bad heart; bad influence, etc. Wisest men Have errd, and bv '"id women been deceived. Milton, S. A.. 1. 211. 2. Offensive ; disagreeable ; troublesome ; pain- ful ; grievous: as, bad treatment; a baa tem- per ; it is too bad that you had to wait so long. The old soldiers of .lames were generally in a very bad temper. Macaulau. 3. Hurtful; noxious; having an injurious or unfavorable tendency or effect: with, for: as, bad nit- or bad food; late hours are hud fur the health ; t his step would be bad for your reputa- tion or prospects. Reading was bad for his eyes; writing made his head ache. Addison. 4. Ill; in ill health; sick; in unsound condi- tion : as, to feel bad; to lie Innl with rheuma- tism; a bad hand or leg. [Colloq.] I have been, three days ago, bud again with a Spitting of blood. Steme, Letters, cvt bad 5. Not good ; defective; worthless; poor; of no value: as, bad com; bad debts; a Sad soil; a bad crop ; ;i bad piece of work; bad health. Perjuries are common as bad pence. ( towper, Expostulation. 6. Incorrect; faulty: as, aftadaini; bad Eng- lish ; a bad pronunciation. Call, if you will, bad rhyming a disease. /'.i/-.', [mit, of Horace, II. ii. ts'-. 7. Not valid ; not sound : as, a bad claim ; a bail plea. ■■ Y..U had better get a porter's knot, ami carry trunks." Nor was the advice tad ; for a porter was likely to be as plentifully fed, and as comfortably lodged, as a poet. Maeaulay, Samuel Johnson. 8. Unfavorable ; unfortunate. : as, bad news ; bad success. Perplex'd and troubled at liis bad success The tempter stood, nor had what, to reply. MUton, P. R., iv. 1. [Bad is the ordinary antithesis of good, in all its senses, whether positively, 'evil,' 'harmful,' or negatively, 'not good," not satisfactory,' and whether substantively, ' being evil,' or causally, 'causing harm.' The .senses run into one another, the precise application Ileitis; determined by the context. ] — Bad Wood, bad conscience, etc. See the nouns. — Bad form, conduct, not In accordance with g I taste or propriety, or not in keeping with the present conventional usage; slightly vulgar; not very refined. [Slang.] They are taught that to become emotional or enthusi- astic over anything is bad form. X. A. Rev., CXLII. 621. In bad odor. See odor. -With a bad grace. See grace. II. n. That which is bad. (a) A bad condi- tion : as, to go to the bad (see below). (b) A bad thing : as, there are bads and goods among them. —To the bad. (a) To ruin, financial or moral : as. he and his affairs soon went (o the bad. ('») To the wrung side of the account ; in arrear or detieit : as, I am now $100 to the bad. bad 3 (bad). Preterit of bid. badak-tapa (bad'ak-tap'a), to. [Malay.] The Malay name of the rhinoceros of Sumatra. badaneh (ba-da'ne), n. The tunic worn by the Egyptian califs, made of the very finest quality of linen. The weight of the garment was only 2 ounces, and it is said to have cost 1,000 dinars (about $2,600). baddam (bad'am), «. A species of bitter al- mond imported into some parts of India from Persia, and used as money, with a value of about half a cent. baddert (bad'er), a. Old comparative of bad. See bad 1 . Lewed peple . . . demen gladly to the badder ende. Chaucer, Squire's Tale, 1. 216. Were it badder, it is not the worst. Lyly, Euphues. badderlocks (bad'er-loks), to. [Supposed, with- out evidence, to stand for Baldi r's locks. Cf. balder-brae.'] A name given in Scotland to the edible seaweed Alalia esculen ta. The plant is olive-green, belonging to the order LaminariacecB, and has a lanceolate frond borne upon a stipe which is continued into a midrib. The stipe bears ribless leaflets along its sides. Also called henware, and in the Orkney Islands honey-ware ; in parts of Ireland, inn el ins. baddestt (bad'est), a. Old superlative of bad. See bad 1 . The baddest among the cardinals is chosen pope. Sir E. Sandys, State of Religion. baddish (bad'ish), a. [< bad 1 + -islt 1 .] Some- what bad; of inferior character or quality. He wrote baddish verses. Jeffrey. A snuffy, babbling, baddish fellow. Carlyle, The Century, XXIV. 24. baddock (bad'ok), to. [E.dial. Cf . badocTc.] A local English name of the coalfish. bade (bad). Preterit of bid. badelaire (ba-de-lar'), "• [F., formerly baude- laire: see baelelar.] In Iter., a curved sword or cutlas used as a bearing. badelart, ». [< F. badelaire (ML. badelare, badarellus). Cf. baselard, bastard.'] A short curved sword. Urquhart, tr. of Rabelais. badge 1 (baj), w. [< ME. badge, bagge, bage (also bagy, early mod. So. bagic, badgie, bawgy), later in ML. bagea, bagia, OF. bage (rare). Origin unknown; perhaps < ML. baga, a ring, < OS. bag, bog = AS. betig, bedli, a ring, orna- ment, ME. beg. In igh, etc., mod. E. bee?, q. v.] 1. A token or cognizance worn in allusion to the wearer's occupation, position, preferences, or achievements. The badge in the middle ages was not necessarily heraldic, though in many cases it was se- lected from one or more of the heraldic bearings, and it is not bound by heralds' rules. Thus, the white hart of Richard II. is represented in different attitudes, and is not described in the language of blazon. A figure for a badge might also be chosen arbitrarily, its the boar of Richard III. Badges selected as personal tokens have often become heraldic bearings, as the three feathers of the Prince of Wales. His gorgeous collar hung ad. ovn, Wrought with the badge of Scotland's crown. Scott, Manuion, v. S. 27 417 2. A mark, token, or device worn by servants, retainers, partizans, or followers, us a sign oi their allegiance, or a similar token worn by members of an association to indicate their membership. On his breast, a bloodie Crosse he bore, The deare remembrance of bis .lying lord ; For whose sweete sake that glorious liuilg: lie wore Spenser, v. ij., I. i. 2. 3. The mark or token of anything. Sweet mercy is nobility's true badge. Shak., Tit. And., i. 2. Zeal for orthodoxy became a badge of Spanish patriot isui after the long Btruggle, first with Arians, ami then with Moors. n. x. Oxenham, Short studies, p. 387. 4. Naut. : (a) A carved ornament formerly placed on shi | is, near the stern, and often con- taining the representa- tion of a window. (6) A mark of good conduct awarded in the United States naval service to seamen distinguished for sobriety ami obedi- ence — Badge of Ulster, in her., the ancient distinctive ensign of the order of baro- nets. (See baronet.) It is the ancient badge of the Irish kingdom of Ulster, and is thus bla/ id: arg., a sinister hand appaumee, couped at the wrist, gules. This may be borne upon a canton or an in- escutcheon, and on that part Of the bearer's armorial shield which is most convenient. Sometimes called the bloody hand of Ulster. -Corps badges, tokens worn by the different United States army- corps during the civil war of 1861 65, to distinguish thera one from another. badge 1 (baj), v. t. ; pret. and pp. badged, ppr. budging. [< badge 1 , to.] To mark or distinguish with a badge or as with a badge. [Rare.] Their hands and faces were all badg'd with blood. Shak., Macbeth, ii. 3. badge 2 t (baj), v. i. [Early mod. E. also bagge; appar. the source of badger 3 as a noun of agent (< badge- + -er 1 ), but the verb appears later than the noun and is prob. a reverse deriv. of it, like peddle from peddler or pedler, etc. : see badger*.] To hawk for sale; buy up, as pro- visions, for the purpose of selling again ; re- grate. badgeer, ». See badgir. badgeless(baj'les), a. [(.badge 1 + -less.] Hav- ing no badge. Some badgelcss blue upon his back. Bp. Hall, Satires, iv. 5. badgeman (baj'man), to.; pi. badgemen (-men). [< badge 1 + man.]' A man who wears a badge ; specifically, in England, an almshouseman : so called because a special dress or badge is worn to indicate that the wearer belongs to a par- ticular foundation. He quits the gay and rich, the young and free, Among the badgemen with a badge to be. Crabbe. badger 1 (baj'er), to. [< badge 1 , »., + -er 1 .] A badgeman ; one entitled or required by law to wear a badge, as the police, licensed porters, and others. badger- (baj'er), to. [Early mod. E. also bad- gen I. bageard ( mod. dial, also budget, q. v. ), prob. < badge 1 (in allusion to the white stripes on its forehead) + -ard (reduced to -er) or -er 1 (ex- Cood-conduct Badge, U. S. Navy.— Pendant of silk : outer edges, blue ; second stripes, white; center, red. Medal of bronze. A clasp with name of ship given for each succeeding recommendation for good con- duct, to be worn on the pendant as in the cut European Badger {Meles vulgaris). tended to -ard, as in braggard. braggart, for bragger, standard, a tree, for standee, etc.), being thus identical with badger^ . ( 'f . F. blai- rcatt, ;t badger, OF. blariau, a badger, < OFlem. badget ( I >. blaer, bald, blare, hluere, T>. blaar, a white spot, on the forehead; ef. also the equiv. name bauson.] 1. A fossorial plantigrade carnivo- rous mammal, of the family Mn si 1 1 nla: and sub- family Mtlinte. (For its technical characters, seeJfWi- nce.) The common European Bpecies, to which the name was first applied, Is Meles vulgaris or Well taxut; it is about 2 feet long, ol heavy and clumsy shape, low on the legs, with a shorl thick tail, a long snout, and long fitted for digging, The general color is grizzled gray, with dark limbs, and black and white stripes on the head. This animal inhabits temperate and northerly portions of Eu- rope and Asia. Its flesh is used as f I. its pelt in turn ery, and its hair for making Bhavlng brushes and the kind of artists' brushes called badgers. In a state of nature the animal is less fetid than some of the ..tiler SDI I il The American badger, Taxidea americana, resembles the foregoing, but differs In the dental formula and son ther technical characters; it is a con animal in the western states and Territories, and in s i regions, as the Missouri watershed, it is very abundant. The Indian badger la Arettmyx collaris; it is also called sand-bear and bear-pig. The Javanese skunk (so called from Its extreme fetidness), the teledu or telegO, Minimis meliceps, is a true badger. See cut under teledu. The ratel, honey-badger, or Cape badger, Mellivora capeneis, is nearly related, though he- longing to a different subfamily, the Mellivorince. The wombat is often called badger in Australia, It is a wide- spread vulgar error that the legs of the badger are shorter on one side than on the other; hence, "the uneven-legg'd badger," Drayton. \\ e are not badgt re, For our legs arc one as long as the other. Lyly, Midas, i. 2. 2. (a) An artists' brush made of badgers' hair, used for blending or causing the pigments to melt or shade into one another and for impart- ing smoothness, (b) A flat brush used for re- moving dust from a polished surface in some photographic and other chemical operations, etc. — 3. The Lutraria vulgaris, a common con- chiferous or bivalve mollusk of northern Eu- rope. It is especially used as bait for the cod. — 4. A sobriquet of a resident of Wisconsin, called the Badgt r State, in allusion to the abun- dance of badgers in it — Drawing the badger. Same as badger-baiting. badger 2 (baj'er), v. t. [< badger?, to.] 1. To attack, as the badger is attacked when being drawn or baited ; bait ; worry ; pester. Inconsistent professors, who seemed to have badgered him [Thomas Cooper] out of Methodism into scepticism. Caroline Fox, Journal, p. 542. When one has to be badgered like this, one wants a drop of something more than ordinary. Trollope, < Irley Farm. 2. To beat down in a bargain. [Prov. Eng.] Halliieell. = Syn. Pester, Worry, etc. See tease, badger 3 (baj'er), >t. [< late ME. bager, of ob- scure origin, perhaps an assibilated form (aris- ing from its legal use, in an AF. or L. form) of bagger (which does not occur in the lit. sense till much later), in allusion to the hawker's bag, < bag 1 + -er 1 . Cf. pedder, pedler, peddler, < })ed, a basket, pannier.] Due who buys corn and other provisions to sell them elsewhere ; a hawker; a huckster; a cadger. Badgers were re- quired to take out a license, and n ere under certain legal restrictions as to regrating or forestalling the market. [Now only prov. Eng. I badger-baiting (baj'er-ba/ting), to. A barba- rous sport formerly common, and still practised to some extent, generally as an attraction to public houses of the lowest sort. A badger is put into a barrel, and one or more dogs arc put in to drag him out. When this is effected he is returned to his barrel, to be similarly assailed by a fresh set of dogs. The badger usually makes a most determined and savage resistance. Also called drawing the badger. badgering (baj'er-ing), it. [< badger* + -lug 1 .] In England, the practice of buying corn or vict- uals in one place and selling them in another for profit : once restricted by statute. badger-legged (baj'er-legd), a. [< badger? + leg + -<(/-.] Having one leg shorter than the other: in allusion to the common but erroneous supposition that the badger's legs on one side are shorter than those on the other. His body crooked all over, big-bellied, badger-legged, and his complexion swarthy. Sir Ii. L'Eetrange. badgerly (baj'er-li), "• [< badgir- + -ly 1 .] Badger-like ; grizzled or gray in color. badger-plane (baj'or-plaii), it. [< badger? (ap- par. in allusion to its snout I + plane.] lajoin- ery, a hand-plane the mouth of which is cut obliquely from side to side, so that it can work close up to a corner in tin) king a rabbet or sinking. badger's-bane (baj'erz-ban), n. A variety of wolf's-bane, dconitum lycoctonum. badget (baj'el ), n. [E. dial. ; appar.. like bad- //(/•'-,< badge 1 , in allusion to the white stripes on the badger's forehead. The same allusion holds for a cart-horse : ef. ball?.] 1. Same as badger 2 , 1. — 2. A common name for a cart- horse. Halliivell. [Prov. Eng.] badgir badgir (bad'ger), n. j Pers. badgir, < bad, wind, + gir, seizing, oatchmg.] A wind-catcher or wind-tower projecting above the roof of a dwelling, used in Persia and northwestern In- dia. The badgira are built like large chimneys, of wicker- work and plaster, " iih openings toward the quarter of the prevailing wind ; thej are sometimes also mail.' movable or adjustable. See itrind-sail. Also written badgeer. badiaga (bad-i-a'gS.), «. [Russ. badyaga, also bodyaga.] A small sponge {Spongilla) com mon in the north of Europe, the powder of which is used in removing the livid marks of bruises. badian, badiane (ba'di-an, -an), n. [< F. ba- dimic, said to be so named from the color of the capsules, < L. badius, bay: see bay Q .] The fruit of Il'li- cihiii anisatum, the Chinese anise-tree. It abounds in a vol- atile "il which gives it an aro- xnatic Haver and odor. < in this account it is much used in China and India as a condiment, and is importedinto France for flavor- ing. badigeon (ba-dij'on), «. [F.: origin unknown.] 1. A mixture of plaster and freestone, ground together and silted, used by seulptors to fill the small holes and repairthe defects of the stones used by them. — 2. A mixture of sawdust and glue, or of whiting and glue, used by joiners to fill up defects in their work. — 3. A prepara- tion or wash for coloring houses, or for giving plaster the appearance of stone, consisting of powdered stone, sawdust, slaked lime, alum, and other ingredients. — 4. A preparation of tallow and chalk used by coopers. badinage (bad-i-nazh' or bad'i-naj), n. [F., < badiitcr, jest, make merry, < baditi, jesting, frivolous, < Pi', badar (= F. buyer), gape, < ML. badare, gape : seebay^.] Light playful banter or raillery. He seems most to have indulged himself only in an ele- gant badinage. Warbwrton. = Syn. Raillery, banter. badinerie (ba-de'ne-re), n. [F., < badiner, jest: see badinage.'] Light or playful discourse: nonsense; badinage. [Bare.] The fund of sensible discourse is limited; that of jest and badint He is infinite, Shenstone, Works, II. 240. badineurt (bad-i-ner'), ». [P., < badiner, jest: see badinage.] One who indulges in badinage ; a trifler. Rebuke him for it, as a divine, if yon like it, or as a badineur, if you think that more effectual. Pope, To Swift (did ,\1S.). badious (ba'di-us), a. [< L. badius, bay: see bay 6 .] Of a bay color; reddish-brown; chest- nut. [Rare.] badling (bad'ling), n. [E. dial., appar. < badX + -luii/ 1 , and not connected directly with AS. badling: seebaeP-.] If. An effeminate or wo- manish man. A. E. D. — 2. A worthless per- son. Etalliwell. [North. Eng.] badly (bad'li), adv. [ME. badly, baddeliche; < batP + -I if-.] In a bad manner, (a) Wickedly; wrongly; in an evil <>r an improper manner: as, the hoys behaved badly, (b) Grievously; dangerously; severely: idly wounded. (<■) In a manner which falls below a i-d standard <>r fair average of excellence; nnskil- fully; Imperfectly; defectively; poorly; not well: as, the work was badly .lone, (d) Incorrectly; faultily: as, to speak French badly, (<■) Unfortunately; unsuccessfully: a- thearnrj fared '.n-iii,.— Badly off. Seeo»f. badmash, ». Same as buamash. badminton (bad'rhin-tpn), n. [< Badminton, in Gloucestershire, Knginnd, a seat of the duke of Beaufort.] 1. An English outdoor game, similar to lawn-tennis, but played with shuttle- cocks. — 2. A summer beverage, properly a Claret-cup made with soda-water instead' of plain water and Savored with cucumber. [Eng.] Soothed or stimulated bj fragrant cheroots or beakers ot Badminton. Di rath, Lothair, xxx, (.v. ]■;. ]>.) | With or without a capital in either sense.] badness (bad'nes), n. [< bad 1 + -mss.] The siaie of being bad, evil, vicious, depraved, wrong, improper, erroneous, etc.; want or de- ficiency of g I qualities, physical or moral: as, the badness of the heart, of the season, of the roadS, etc. See liatH. "The '»"'•.. of men," a Jewish writer emphatically di clared, " Es better than thi goodni - ol womi ... /.. '/,./, fan..!,, Moi ll II badoch (bad'odh), n. [So. Cf. baddocJc] A Scotch and local English name of on,- of the jaegers or skua gulls, Stercorarius parasiticus, a predatory marine bird of the family Laridce. 418 bads (badz), n. pi. [E. dial.] The husks of walnuts. Ilidlnn II. [Prov. Eng.] bael, >i. See in /■'•. baeta (ba-a'ta), n. [Pg. baeta, baieta = Sp. ba- ili In. baize: see hai::e.\ A plain woolen stuff manufactured in Spain and Portugal. Sim- liliniils. Bsetis (be'tis), n. [NL., < L. lla-tis, Gr. Bainc, a river in Spain, now called Guadalquivir.] A genus of agnathous neuropterous insects, of the family Epht >»< ridm, or giving name to a group lluiida, containing numerous species with 4 wings and 12 setts. baetyl (be 'til), n. Same as beetylus. baetylus (be'ti-lus), n. [L., also bcetulus, hcttt- lus, < Gr. jiairukor, also ftoiriiTuov, a meteoric stone.] In classical until/., a stone, whether meteoric or artificially shaped, which was venerated as of divine origin, or honored as a symbol of divinity. Such stones were preferably of conical form, and sometimes bore certain natural symbols, as at Bmesa ; but, especially when meteoric, the form was not considered material. Thus, the stone preserved on the omphalos at Delphi, reputed to he the one swallowed by Eronos (Saturn) through Rhea's stratagem in place of the infant Zeus (Jove), was of spherical shape. Among tin- most celebrated of these sacred stones were those of I'a- phos in Cyprus, of Zeus Kasios at Seleucia, and of Zeus Teleios at Tegea in Arcadia. See abadir. Also written i,. I a! "<, htitul, and baitylos. baffH, v. i. [< ME. baffen=J). and LG. baffen = MHG. baffen, beffen, G. baffen, bafzen = Dan. bjceffe= Sw. bjeb'ba, bark; appar. imitative. Cf. dial, buff, bark, and ynff.] To bark; yelp. — To say neither baff nor bufft, to say nothing. baff- (baf),r. ». [So., also beff. Cf. OF. baffe, a blow with the back of the hand: see baffle.] To beat; strike; specifically, in the game of golf, to hit the ground with the club when strik- ing at the ball. [Scotch.] baff J (baf), n. [Sc. : see the verb.] A blow; a heavy thump. baff-ends (baf'endz), n. pi. [< baff (dial.), per- haps for baft, behind (see baft 1 ), + end.] In coal-mining, long wooden wedges for adjusting tubbing-plates, or cribs, in sinking shafts dur- ing the operation of fixing the tubbing. Grcs- ley. [Eng.] baffert, >t. [< baff 1 + -a 1 .] A barker. Houndcs for the hank hetli ligtcrs and grete bafflers. Bndl. MS., 546. {lliilliir.il.) baffeta (baf'e-ta), "• Same as baft 2 . baffle (baf'l), v. ; pret. and pp. baffled, ppr. baffling. [First in the 16th century, also written bafful, baffol; origin uncertain. The senses point to two or more independent sources: cf. (1) Sc. bauchle, bachle, disgrace, treat with con- tempt (see bauchlt '-') ; (2) F. bafouer, earlier baf- fouer, disgrace, revile, scoff at, deceive, befler, also ieffer, deceive, mock, =Pr. bafar = Sp. be- far = It. beffare, mock, deride ; cf. OF. befe, beffe = Pr. bafa = OSp. bafa, Sp. befa = It. beffa, beffe, mockery; cf. Pr. oaf, an inter), of disdain; cf. Sc. baffle, a trifle, nonsense, appar. < OF. befe, trifling, mockery (see above). Cf. MHG. beffen, bark: see baff 1 .] I. trans. If. To disgrace ; treat with mockery or contumely ; hold up as an object of scorn or contempt; insult; specifically, to subject to indignities, as a recreant knight or traitor. The whole kingdom took notice of me for a bujlhil, whipped fellow. Beau, ami Ft., King and No King, iii. •!. You on your knees have curs'd that virtuous maiden, And me for loving her; yet do yon now Thus bii(jli- me to my face. Middleton and Dekker, Soaring Girl, i. 1. Justice [in " Measure for Measure") is not merely evad- ed or ignored or wen defied : she is both in tl ider and lb.' newer sense of the word directly and deliberately baffled; buffeted, outraged, insulted, struck in the tare Swinburne, Shakespeare, p. 203. 2f. To hoodwink; cheat. Alas, j r fool ! how have they baffled the ! SI, ilk., I N., v. 1. 3. To circumvent by interposing obstacles or difficulties; defeat the efforts, purpose, or suc- cess of; frustrate; check; foil; thwart; dis- concert; confound: as, tin- fox baffled his pur- suers ; to baffle curiosity or endeavor. In paint lightning, and to give it no motion, is the .I.. .-ol ..i tin' baffle i artist /. li'lsnnli. Amen. "I fit., II. 239. Calculations so difficult as to have tc^ffled . . . themosl enlighten) >i nations. Prescott. t never watched Elobert in my life bul my scrutiny was pre entry baffled by finding he was watching me. rim rii, it,' Bronte, Shirley, xv. 4. To boat about, as the wind or stray entile do standing grain or grass; twist irregularly together. = Syn. 3. Foil, Thwart, etc, See frustrate. bag II. iiitrans. It. To practise deceit ; shuttle; quibble. Ho we nut palpably baffle when, in respect t" God, we pretend to deny ourselves, yet, upon urgent occasion, al- low him nothing? Barrow, Works, I. 437. 2. To struggle ineffectually; strive in vain: as, the ship luilllnl with the gale. — 3. In coal- mining, to brush out or mix fire-damp with air, to such an extent as t.. render it non-explosive. baffle (baf'l), n. [< baffle, v.] It. Disgrace; affront. — 2f. Defeat; discomfiture. It is the skill of the disputant that keeps oil" a baffle. .Smith. 3. Same as baffler, '2. bafflement (baf'1-ment), n. [< baffle + -mint.] The state of being baffled, frustrated, or thwarted in one's endeavors ; want of success after repeated attempts. [Rare.] Assoiiat.-d in his mind with bafflement and defeat. J. S. Blaekie, Self-Culture, p. 99. baffle-plate (baf'1-plat), n. A metal plate used to direct the flames and gas of a furnace to dif- ferent parts of a steam-boiler, so that all por- tions of it. will be evenly heated ; a deflector. baffler (baf'ler), it. 1. One who or that which baffles. Experience, that great baffler of speculation. Government of Tongue. 2. A partition in a furnace so placed as to aid the convection of heat; a baffle-plate. Jlan- ldnc, Steam Engine, § 304. Also baffle. — 3. In coat-mining, the lever with which the throttle- valve of a winding-engine is worked. [North Staffordshire, Eng.] baffling (baf 'ling), p. a. Frustrating ; discon- certing; confusing; perplexing: as, a baffling wind, that is, one which frequently shifts from one point to another. Those arc the true baffling prejudices for man, which he never suspects for prejudices. De Quincey, Herodotus. bafflingly (baf 'ling-li), adv. In a baffling manner. bafflingness (baf'ling-nes), «. The quality of baffling. baff-week (baf'wek), n. [E. dial., < baff, per- haps for baft, behind (see baf A), + week.] In coal '-mining, the week next after pay-week, when wages are paid once a fortnight. [Eng.] baft 1 (baft), adv. and imp. [< ME. baft, bafte, baften, biaften, < AS. baftan, beaftan, be ceftan, < be, by, + of tan, aft: see /;<-'-' and aft, and cf. abaft.] I. adr. Behind; in the rear; mutt., abaft. [Archaic] Il.t prep. Behind. baft'-', bafta (baft, baf'tS), n. [Formerly also baf tali, baffeta, baffeta ; < Hind, bafta, a kind of cotton cloth, baft, weaving, a web, < Pers. baft, wrought, woven.] A fine cotton fabric of Ori- ental manufacture ; especially, a plain muslin, of which the Surat manufacture is said to be the best. The bafts of Dacca in British India arc an inferior quality of the muslins made in that district, and arc said tn lie manufactured from European thread. The name is also given to similar fabrics made in Great Britain. Also baffeta. bag 1 (bag), n. [< ME. bag, bagge, of uncertain origin, perhaps < Icel. baggi, a bag, pack, bun- dle (cf. the older boggr, a bag), appar., with assimilation, < *balgr, belgr, skin, bellows, = Goth, balgs, a wine-skin, = OHG, balg, MHG. bale, Or. balg, a skin, = D. balg, skin, belly, = AS. half/, belg, bwlig, belig, a bag, >mod. E. belly and bellows: see belly, where other forms are given, and bellows. < If. OF. bai/uc = Pr. bai/nii = lt. dial. Iiagti, a bundle, baggage, ML. baga, a bag, chest, baggage, belongings, appar. from the Tent, or the similar Celtic forms.] 1. A small sack; a. portable receptacle or reposi- tory of leather, cloth, paper, or other flexible material, capable of being closed at the mouth; a wallet; a ] eh: as, a ffour-&a<7; a cnrpet-W/ or travcling-ow;/: a mail-Sap. Specifically — 2. A purse or money-bag. lie was a thief, and had the bag. John \ii. B. 3f. A small silken pouch in which the back hair of the wig was curled away. A hob wig and a black Bilker bag tn il tn it. Addison. 4. What is contained in a bag; in lutnling, the animals bagged or obtained in an expedition or a day's sport. The l»iii is nut the sole aim of a day afield. Forest and strut,,,. \ \ 1 I, 5. A sac or receptacle in animal bodies con- taining some fluid or other substance : as, the honey-'/oy/ of a bee. — 6. An adder. The cow is sacrificed t.. hei bag, tic ox i" his sirloin. Emerson, Eng. Traits, p. an. bag 7. pi. The stomach. [Scotch and north. Eng.] — 8. pi. Trousers. [Vulvar.] —9. The middle part of a large haul-seine: the two parts on the sides are called wings. — 10. A flue in a porce- lain-oven which ascends on the inner side, and enters the oven high up, so as to heat the upper part. — 11. A customary measure of capacity, generally from 2 to 4 bushels. — 12. In coal- mining, a quantity of fire-damp suddenly given off from the coal'; also, the cavity from which the gas is emitted: formerly used to include cavities containing a large amount of water. —Bag and baggage, nil one's belongings or property: originally a military phrase. Come, shepherd, let us make an honourable retreat; though not with bag and baggage, yet with scrip and scrippage. Shak., As you Like it, iii. 2. Bag and spoon, an arrangement used in dredging for river-sand. It consists of a bag attached by the mouth to an iron hoopwhichis fastened to a long pole, by means of which it is sunk to the bottom of the river and dragged along so that the bag is tilled. — Bag Of bones, a very lean person or animal. [Humorous.] Such a limping bag of bones as I was ! Dickens. Bag of foulness, in a coal-seam, a cavity tilled with fire- damp.— To bear the bag, to earry the purse ; have com- mand of the money. These are court admirers. And ever echo him that bears tin bag, Fletcher (and another), Elder Brother, i. 2. To bring to bag. See bring.— To give one the bag. See to give one the sack, under sack, (at) To leave one with- out warning. (//) To dismiss one from one's service. Ban- yan. [Colloq. nrdial.J (ct) To cheat. Webster. — To leave or give one the bag to hold, to leave one in the lurch.— To let the cat out of the bag. See cati. bag 1 (bag), v. ; pret. and pp. bagged, ppr. bag- ging. [< ME. baggen, intrans. ; from the noun.] I. intrans. 1. To swell or bulge. — 2. To hang loosely like a bag. His frill and neck-cloth hung limp under his bagging waistcoat. Thackeray. 3f. To grow big with child. Then Venus shortly bagged, and Ere long was Cupid bred. Warner, Albion's England, vi. 148. II. trans. 1. To put into a bag: as, to bag hops. — 2. To distend like a bag; swell. How doth an unwelcome dropsy bag up his eyes. Bp. Hall, Works, II. 408. 3. To secure as game ; shoot, entrap, or other- wise lay hold of: as, to bag thirty brace of grouse. The disputes of Italians are very droll things, and I will accordingly bag the one which is now imminent as a specimen. Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 245. 4. To make off with ; steal. [Colloq.] bag- (bag), v. t. ; pret. ami pp. bagged, ppr. bagging. [E. dial., also bagge, badge; origin obscure.] To cut with a reaping-hook or scythe : used especially of cutting pease. HaUiwell. bagana (ba-ga'nil), n. [Abyssinian.] An Abyssinian lyre with ten strings, sounding five notes and their octaves. bagara (bag'a-rii), n. [Cf. Bagarius.] A scia> noid fish of California, Alcnticirrus undulatus, related to the kingfish of the eastern United States. Bagariinas (ba-ga-ri-i'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Saga- rins + -ina:'] A subfamily of Siluridos, having the head naked above, and the anterior and posterior nostrils close together with a barbel between them. It contains about 20 species of Asiatic and East Indian cattishes, mostly of small size, some of which are provided with a sucking-disk. Also written Bagarina. Bagarius (ba-ga'ri-us), n. [NL. Cf. Bagrus. ] A genus of cattishes, typical of the subfamily Bagariina . The first appearance of Siluroids is indicated by some fossil remains in the tertiary deposits of the highlands of l'adang, in Sumatra, where Pseudotropius and Bagarius, types well represented in the living fauna, have been 1 found. Dr. A. Gunther, Study of Fishes. bagasse (ba-gas' ), n. [= P. bagasse, also bagace, < Sp. bagazo (= Pg. bagaco), the refuse of sugar- cane, grapes, olives, etc., which have been pressed, prob. a dial. var. of bagage, trash, lumber, baggage : see baggage 1 and baggage^.] The sugar-cane after it has been crushed and the juice extracted ; cane-trash, it is used as fuel in heating the boilers and pans in the sugar-manufactory, and sometimes as manure. Also called bagazo, megass, and mennsse. When they have finished grinding the cane, they form the refuse of the stalks (which they call bagasse) into great piles and set fire to them. S. L. Clemens, Life on the Mississippi, p. 136. bagatelle (bag-a-teF), n. [Formerly also baga- tcl, baggatelle (also bagatelle), < P. bagatelle = Sp. bagatela = Pg. bagatella, < It. bagattella, dim. of dial, bagatta, bagata, a trifle, prob. < ML. baga 419 (It. dial, baga, OP. bague), a bundle: see bag 1 and baggagi '.) 1. A trifle; a thing of no im- portance. Heaps of hair rings and cypher'd seals ; Rich trilles, serious bagatelles. Prior. There is a pleasure arising from the perusal of the verj bagatelles of men renowned for their knowledge and ge- nius. Goldsmith, Criticisms. The [cremation I furnace can not be erected in this coun- try for less than from three to five thousand dollars a mere i«r>hrt,i/e compared with the cost of some .,f our Cemeteries. Pop, Sri. MO., \ M I . B62. 2. A game played on a table having at one end nine holes, into which balls are to be stniek with a billiard-cue. bagatelle-board (bag-a-tel'bord), n. A porta- ble board on which bagatelle is played. bagatelle-table (bag-a-tel'ta"bl), n. A table on which bagatelle is played. bagatinet, «■ [< It. bagatUno: see bagatUno.] Same as bagatUno. Expect net lower price, for by the banner of my front, 1 will not. hate a bagatine. I',. Jonson, Vnlpone, ii. 1. bagattino (bag-at-te'no), n. ; pi. baggatini (-ne). [It., dim. of dial, bagatta, a trine: see bagatelle.'] A. copper coin of Venice, worth about half a cent. bagaty (bag'a-ti), n. [Also baggety; origin not ascertained.] A name of the female lumptish, ( h/clopterus lumpus. bagazo (Sp. pron. ba-ga'tho), n. [Sp., = Pg. bagaco: see bagasse.] Same as bagasse. bag-clasp (bag'klasp), n. A clasp for closing the mo'.ith of a bag ; a bag-fastener. bag-fastener (bag'fas"ner), n. A device made of \\ ire, t wine, rope, etc., for closing the mouths of bags. bag-filler (bag'fil "er), n. A funnel used in fill- ing bags. bag-filter (bag'fil ter), n. A filter used in sugar-refining to clear saccharine solutions of feculeneies and impurities suspended in them. It consists of a series of sieves or strainers through which the solutions pass into one or more flannel bags, whence the juice drips into a receiver. bag-fox (bag'foks), n. A fox kept in confine- ment, and slipped from a bag when no other game for a hunt can be had. To have a sort of bag-fox to turn out, when fresh game cannot be had. Miss FerrUr, Inheritance, I. x. bagful (bag'ful), n. [< bag 1 + full.] As much as a bag will hold, of whatever size : as, three bug/ills of wool. baggage 1 (bag'aj), n. and a. [< ME. baggage, bag- age, < OF. bagage, baggage, esp. of an army, also the baggage-train, including the attendants, mod. P. bagage, baggage (= Pr. bagatge= Sp. bagage, baggage, esp. of an army, a beast of burden, formerly also refuse, lumber, trash, = Pg. bagagem, baggage, carriage ; cf. It. bagaglia, bagag'lie, baggage), < OF. bagnci; tie up, pack up, truss up (mod. F. baguci; baste), < bagne, a bundle, pack, usually in pi. bagv.es, baggage, be- longings: see&ag^and-fff/e. CLbaggage'- 1 .] I. n. 1. The bags, trunks, valises, satchels, packages, etc., and their contents, which a traveler re- quires or takes with him on a journey : now usu- ally called luggage in Great Britain, in late, bag- gage includes whatever the passenger takes with him for ins personal use or convenience, according to the habits or wants of the particular class to which he belongs, with reference either to the immediate necessities or to the ulti- mate purpose of the journey. (Chief Jus/ire Cockburn.) Mounting the baronet's baggage on the roof of the coach. Thacki '".'/. Having dispatched my baggage by water to Altdorf. i 'oxe. We were told to get our baggage in order and embark for quarantine. B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 18. Specifically — 2. The portable equipment, in- cluding the tents, clothing, utensils, and other necessaries, of an army or other moving body of men; impedimenta. — 3f. Trash; rubbish; refuse. In the stomacke is engendered great abundance of naughty baggage and hurtfull phlegme. Touchstone of Complexions, p. lis. Bag and baggage. See bagl. Il.t a. Trashy ; rubbishy ; refuse ; worthless. baggage- (bag'aj), n. and a. [Prob. a particu- lar use of baggage 1 in sense 3; but the form and sense agree closely with P. bagasse, strum- pet, also baja-sse, baiasse = Pr. baguassa, prob. < Sp. bagasa (obs.) = Pg. bagaxa = It. bagascia, a strumpet; of uncertain origin; associated with, ami perhaps a particular use of, OF. ba- gasse, Sp. baga~o, etc., refuse, trash, which is, again, prob. a var. (in Sp.) of bagage, baggage : see baggage 1 and bagasse. But there are indi- cations of two or more independent sources.] baggie 1. n. 1. A worthless po t son, especially a worth- less woman ; a strumpet. A spark of indignation did rise in her riot to -niter such a baggage in win awaj anything "i hers. Sir I'. Sidnt y. Vnu are a baggage, and notworthj of a man. Shirk annually with the monsoons. They are generally of from 200 to 250 tons burden, are exceedingly weatherly, and are remarkable for the elevation of the stern, which is highly ornamented. Also bagla and buggalow. bagget, v. i. [ME., found only twice, in the ap- parent sense of 'squint,' or 'look aside'; adv. baggingly, q. v. Origin obscure.] A word of doubtful meaning, probably, to squint or look aside. False fortune . . . that baggeth foule, and looketh faire. Chaucer, Heath of Blanche, 1. 621. bagged (bagd), p. a. 1. Hanging in bags or slack folds. In a robe of russet and white tuixt. full and bagged. /;. Jonson. Masque of Beauty. 2. Provided with bags. — 3. Retained in the bags after filtration: applied to crude sperm or other matter remaining in the filtering-bags after the process of bagging. bagger (bag'er), ». [< bag 1 , v., + -er 1 . Only modern: see etym. of beggar, and cf. badger 3 .] One who bags or incloses in a bag. baggety (bag'e-ti), n. See bagaty. baggie (bag'i), n. [So., dim. of bag 1 . Ci.beUy.] The belly. A guid New-year 1 wish thee. Maggie ! Itae, there's .i ripp to thy auld ba Burns, Farmer to his Auld .Mare Maggie. baggily baggily Cbag'i-li), adv. In a loose or baggy way. bagginess (bag'i-nes), n. [< baggy + -ness.'] Tin- state or quality of being baggy. There was a bagginess about the trousers which indi- cated the work-a-day costume "f a man of might Rational Baptist, XVIII, 6. bagging 1 (bag'ing), a. [Verbal n. of bag 1 .] 1. The act of putting into bags. — 2. Filtration through canvas bags. Separation of " brown paraffin scale" is effected ] ging and pressing. XTre, Diet., III. 511. The Bret operation needed to fit spermaceti fur use is technically termed bagging. The crude sperm oil, as brought in bj the whalers, is placed in a reservoir, al the bottom ot which are a number of pipes leading int.. Imn bags lined with linen, atid temporarily closed at the bot- tom by tying cords round tin' mouths. II'. L. Cat-prater, Soap and Candles, p. 241. 3. Any coarse woven fabric of hemp, etc., out of which bags are made, or which is used for covering cotton-bales and lor similar purposes. — 4. In the northern counties of England, food eaten between regular meals; now, especially in Lancashire, an afternoon meal, "afternoon tea'' in a substantial form. N. li. I>. bagging- (bag'ing), w. [Verbal n. of bag®.] A method of reaping corn or pulse by chopping it with a hook. bagginglyt, adv. [ME..< bagge, q.v.] With a leering expression. Rom. of the Rose. bagging-time (bag'ing-tim), n. [E. dial., < bagging + time.] Lunch-time. baggit'(bag'it), n. [So., prop. p. a., = E. bagged.] A female salmon after spawning. baggy (bag'i), a. [< bag 1 + -y 1 .] Having the appearance of a bag; bulging out loosely like a bag; puffy: as, a baggy umbrella; a baggy face. We untwisted our turbans, kicked off our baggy trow- sers. B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 106. He looked like a Hindoo idol, with his heavy -lidded orbs and baggy cheeks. T. B. Aldrich, Ponkapog to Pesth. p. 204. bag-holder (bag'hol"der), n. A contrivance for supporting a bag and holding it open dur- ing the process of filling it. Bagimont's Roll. See roll. baglo, bagla, »■ See baggala. bag-machine (bag'ma-shen"), n. A machine for making paper bags. bagman (bag'man), n. ; pi. bagmen (-men). One who carries a bag; especially, one who travels on horseback carrying samples or wares in saddle-bags: a name formerly given to com- mercial travelers, but now used only as a term of moderate contempt. bagne (P. pron. bany), n. [F.] Same as bagnio, 3. bag-net (bag'net), n. An interwoven net in the form of a bag for catching or lauding fish. bagnet (bag'net), n. An obsolete or dialectal form of bayonet. bagnio (ban'yo), n. [Early mod. E. also bagno, banio, < It. hiujmi (> F. bagne in sense 3) = Sp. linii'i=zY.bain (see bain 2 ), < L. balneum, a bath: see balneum.'] 1. A bath ; a house for bathing, cupping, sweating, and otherwise cleansing the body.— 2. A brothel; a stew.— 3. In the Turk- ish empire, a prison in general ; in France, for- merly, one of the great prisons (bagnes) substi- tuted for the galleys, now superseded by trans- portation: perhaps so called from the former use of ancient baths in Constantinople as prisons. Bagnolian (bag-no'li-an), ». [From Bagnols, in the department of Hani, France, where the hensy had its rise.] ' >ne of a sect of French heretics of the eighth century, who rejected tli' whole of the Old and part of the New Tes- tament, and generally held the doctrines of the Manicheans. The name was again applied in the thirteenth century to some of the Cathari. They were also called Bagnou nses. bag-nut (bag'nut), n. The bladder-nut of Eu- rope, Btaphylea pin- na ta. bagonet (bag'o-nel I, n, [Cf. bagnet?] An ob- solete ordialecta I Eorm of bayonet. bagpipe (bag'pip). ». [ME. baggepipi : ■ bagi + pipe?] A musical wind-instrument con- sisting of a leathern bag, which receives the air from the mouth, or from bellows, and of pipes, ill' " which the Old English Bagpipe. 420 air is pressed from the bag by the performer's elbow. It originated in the East, was known to the Greeks and Romans, was popular in Europe throughout the middle ages, and is still used in manj eastern coun- tries, as well as among the country people of Poland, Italy, the south of France, and in Scotland and Ireland. Though now often regarded as the national instrument of Scotland, especially Celtic Scotland, its origin and use si i tn to belong to the Celtic race iii general. In its best- known form it has four pipes. One of these, called the chanter, has a doable reed and eight finger-holes, so that melodies may be played upon it. Its compass may be ap- proximately indicated thus: bahut tection, and moves with it hanging downward; it. has also received the names basket-worm, drop-worm, etc. The male insect has well developed wings, but the female is apterous, and lays her eggs within the puparium. 3 £^ Efefefe Bag-pump. There are three other pipes, called drones, with a single reed, which give a continuous sound, and are tuned in various ways. There are several kinds of bagpipes, as the Scotch (Highland and Lowland), which is the most important. st characteristic, best known, and perhaps the oldest; the English, or perhaps more properly North- umbrian, a feeble instrument, no longer in use ; and the Irish, which is the most elaborate and most in accordance with modern ideas of musical accuracy. The word is now- used chiefly in the plural, especially in Scotland. bagpipe (bag'pip), v. t.\ pret. and pp. bagpiped, ppr. oagpiping. [< bagpipe, ».] To cause to resemble a bagpipe — To bagpipe the mizzen (nant.), to lay it aback by bringing the sheet to the miz- zen-shrouds. bagpiper (bag'pi"per), n. [ME. baggepipere; < bagpipe + -er 1 .] One who plays on a bagpipe. Laugh, like parrots, at a bagpiper. Shak., M. of V. , i. 1. bag-press (bag'pres), n. A press in which the materials to be pressed are inclosed in sacks or tags of linen or hair. It is used in various manufacturing processes, as in tin expressing of "il from seeds. bag-pudding (bag'pud*ing), n. A pudding boiled in a bag. bag-pump (bag'pump), n. A form of bellows-pump in which there is an elastic bag, distended at in- tervals by rings, fastened at one end to the bottom of the piston- chamber, and at the other to the which takes the valve-disk. g£« t . of the B. Agr. An abbreviation of Bach- elor of Agriculture, a title conferred by agricul- tural colleges. See bachelor. bagrationite (ba-gra'shpn-it), n. [After P. R. Bat/ration: see -itc-.] A mineral from the Ural, resembling some forms of allanite, of which it is probably a variety. bag-reef (bag'ref), n. The lowest reef of a fore-and-aft sail, or the first reef of a topsail. Bagrinae (ba-gri'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Bagrus + -ime.] A subfamily of eatfishes, of the family SilUTidCB. They have the anterior and posterior nos- trils remote from one another, the latter being provided with barbels; palatal teeth; gill-membranes free from the isthmus ; a short anal fin ; a long adipose fin ; and a short dorsal flu in front of the ventral fins. There are many species, mostly Asiatic and East Indian. bag-room (bag'rom), h. A room on a man-of- war where the clothing-bags of the crew are stored. Luce. Bagrus (bag'rus), n. [NL., < Sp. Pg. bagre, a fish, Silurus bagre.] The typical genus of eatfishes of the subfamily Bat/rina: Two spe- cies, attaining a length of 5 or 6 feet, are found in the Nile. Bagshotbeds. See bed 1 . bag-trousers (bag' trou*zerz), n. vl. Thecover- ing for I he legs worn by men in the Levant, and toa certain extent by all Mohammedan peoples. It consists of an undivided bag with two holes in the bot- tom, through which the feet are passed. It is drawn up with a cord, and tied around the waist, and around the ankles, oi above tin in, ami is coin ly so full as nearly to reach the ground in falling over the feet. The trousers of the women arc more commonly mail.' with two legs, like European drawers or trousers. See ,„ tticoat trousers and shinn-yan, baguet, baguette (ba-gof), n. [< F. baguette, a wand, rod, stick, < It. bacehitta, a rod, stick, dim. of baeehio, a rod, pole, < L. bac/ulum, a rod, stick: see Intentns.} In areli., a small convex semicircular molding: usually called when plain a bead, when enriched with foliage a chapli t. bag-wig (bag'wig), h. A wig the back hair of which was inclosed in a Lag. See hag 1 , li. Expect at every tarn to come upon intriguing spectres in hiig-irigs, immense hoops and patches. Howells, Venetian Life, xxi. bagwigged (bag'wigd). «. Wearing a bag-wig. bag-worm (bag'werm), n. The larva of a lepidopterous insect, Thyridopteryx ephemeree- tnrnns (Harris), < n throughout the more nort horn part of the United Stales. The larva is i ailed bag-worm bet ause it spins a silken bag for its pro- Bag-worm | Thyridopteryx tphemerafo, natural size. nis>, larva and moths. n. larva ; />, male chrysalis ; c, female moth ; oE. bee 2 ), a ring) (=D. beugel,& hoop, ring, bow, stirrup, handle, = MLU. bogel, bog- gel, LG. bogel, a bow, ring, = G. biegel, biicjel, a bow, bent piece of wood or metal, stirrup, = Dan. bqjle, a bow, bar, boom-iron, = Sw. bogel, bygel, a bow, hoop, ring, stirrup, = Icel. bygill, a stirrup) ; with formative -el, < bio/an (pp. bogen) (= G. biegen = Icel. bjuga, etc.), bow, bend, in part from the causative hygan, began, ME. bei- gen, beicn, etc., mod. E. dial, bay (= G. beugen = Icel. beygja, etc.: see bay ), bend: see bow 1 , v., and cf. bow 2 , «.] 1. A hoop or ring; a piece of wood, metal, or other material bent into the form of a circle or half-circle, as a hoop for sup- porting the tilt of a boat, the cover of a wagon or cradle, etc. Specifically — 2. The hoop form- ing the handle of a kettle or bucket. — 3. One of the iron yokes which serve to suspend a life- car from the hawser on which it runs. — 4. A stout iron yoke placed over heavy guns and fit- ting closely over the ends of the trunnions, to which it is attached by pins in the axis of the trunnions : used to raise the gun by means of the gin. Farrow, Mil. Encyc. — 5. An arched support of a millstone. — 6t. A wooden canopy formed of bows, llalliwcll. bail 1 (bal), v. t. [< bail 1 , ».] To provide with a bail ; hoop. bail 2 (bal), v. t. [< ME. *bayb », < OF. bailler, baillier, bailier= Pr. bailor, carry, conduct, con- trol, receive, keep in custody, give, deliver, < L. bajalare, bear a burden, carry, ML. also conduct, control, rule, < bajulus, a bearer, car- rier, porter, in ML. (> It. bailo, balio = Pg. bailio = Sp. Pr. baile = OF. bail, with ML. reflex baillus, balius, etc.) a governor, administrator, tutor, guardian, fern, bajula (> OF. bailie, etc., ML. reflex baila), a governess, nurse. In E. the verb, in its customary senses, is rather from the noun: see bail 2 , n.] 1. Inlaw: (a) To de- liver, as goods, without transference of owner- ship, on an agreement, expressed or implied, 421 that they shall be returned or accounted for. Seo bailment. If cloth be delivered (or in our legal dialect, bailed) to a tailor to make a suit of clothes. Blackstone, Com., II. 452. (b) To set free, deliver, or liberate from arrest and imprisonment, upon security given that the person bailed shall appearand answer in court or satisfy tho judgment given: applied to the action of the magistrate or the surety. The ma- gistrate is said to bail a person (or to admit him I" hail) when he liberates him from arrest or imprisonment, upon bond given with sureties. The surety is also said to bail the person whose release he procures by giving the 1 1. Tit. Let me lie their ball. . . . Sat. Thou shalt not bail them. Shak., Tit. And.,ii. 4, When they [the judges] had bailed the twelve bishops, the House of Commons, in great indignation, caused them immediately to be recommitted. Clarendon. 2. Figuratively, to release ; liberate. Ne none there was to reskue her, ne none to baile. Spenser, F. Q., IV. i\. 7. 3. To be security for; secure; protect. We can bail him from the cruelty Of misconstruction. Ford, Fancies, v. 2. To bail OUt, to procure tlu release of (a person) by acting as his bail.— To hall over to keep the peace, to require security from (a person) that he will keep tin peace, bail'-' (bal), n. [Earlv mod. E. also bayle, huh. < ME. bayle, baill (ML. hall turn, balium), < OF. bail, power, control, custody, charge, jurisdic- tion, also delivery, < bailler, battier, conduct, control, etc., deliver. The noun is thus his- torically from the verb, though in E. the verb in some of its senses depends on the noun: see bail 2 , v.] If. Power; custody; jurisdiction. So did Diana and her maydens all Use silly Faunus, now within their baile. Spemer, F. ()., VII. vi. 40. 2. The keeping of a person in nominal custody on security that he shall appear in court at a specified time. The person is said to be admitted to bail, in which phrase, however, bail is now commonly thought of as the security given. See 3. 3. Security given to obtain the release of a prisoner from custody, pending final decision in the action against him. In civil cases a person arrested has always the right to give sufficient bail, and thereupon be released from custody. In criminal cases the defendant lias also this right, as a rule, when the crime charged is a mere misdemeanor. Whether to bail one charged with treason or felony is usually in the dis- cretion of the judge, and in some states bail is always de- nied to one held for a crime punishable with death. The security is in the form of a bond executed by responsible sureties, providing that the defendant shall appear at the order of the court under penalty of forfeiture of the sum named in the bond. The person hailed is regarded as but transferred from the custody of the law to that of his sureties, who may therefore seize and surrender him at any time. In civil cases there are several kinds of bail at common law, the chief being common bailnud special bail. Com won bad.nvbait below, which is now disused, was given to the sheriff on a bail-bond entered into by two persons, on condition that the defendant appeal' at the day and in such place as the arresting process commands. Special bail, bail above, or bail to the action, is given by pel-sons who undertake generally, after appearance of a defen- dant, that if lie be condemned in the action he shall satisfy the debt, costs, and damages, or render himself to the proper person, or that they will do so for him. (Wharton.) In Scotland, bail in civil cases is called caution (which see). 4. Figuratively, security; guaranty. Doubtless this man hath bail enough to be no Adulterer. Milton, Tetrachordon, Works (1738), I. 251. 5. Liberation on bail: as, to grant bail. — 6. The person or persons who provide bail, and thus obtain the temporary release of a prisoner. Persons who make a business of furnishing bail on pay- ment of a fee often frequent law-courts. Formerly such persons wore straws in their shoes as a sign of their occu- pation; hence the term straw bail, used to designate fic- titious or irresponsible professional bail. The bail must be real substantial bondsmen. Blackstone. The attorney whispered to Mr. Pickwick that be was on\y n bail. " Xbail.i" "Yes, my dear sir, half-a-dozen of em here, l'.ail you to any amount and only charge half-a-crown." Dickens, Pickwick Papers. Where those mysterious personages who were wont in the old times to perambulate the great sal i of the futile footsteps, Westminster Hall, with straws in their shoes, and whose occupation is not by any means com- nowa- days, tire always in attendance in a philanthropic eager- ness to render service to suffering humanity— or in other words, to become bail where bail is wanted, for agratuity of balfa-crown to twelve and sixpence. G. A. Sola. [Bail, being an abstract noun applicable to persons only by ellipsis, is not used in the plural.) — Bail a longues annees, in Canadian law, a lease for more than nine years, termed also an einphilteirtic lease, whereby the les- see enjoys for the term all tile rights attached to the qual- ity of proprietor, and can dispose of the property subject to the rights of the lessor.— On bail, on guaranties duly given for the appearance or production of a prisoner in court at the proper time: as, he was liberated on bail. His [Somerset's] friends attempted to obtain bis release on bail. Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 672. To admit to bail, or to take bail for, to release upon security given. See above, 2. -To find bail, to procure persons to act as bail. — To go bail, (a) '1° act as bail or bailed surety. (b) To vouch (for a thing): as. Ill '/" bail tor that. To hold to bail, to oblige to And bail or go to jail. To perfect oi justify bail, to prove by the oath of the person furnishing ball that, over and above his debt In is worth the BUIU for which he is about to become security. bail" (bal), n. [Early mod. E. also bayle (still sometimes used archaically in def. ti), < ME. bayle, baile, bail, a barrier, palisade, prob. also a bar (= I), l-'lein. balie, :i bar, rail), < OF. bail, baile, bailie, a harrier, palisade, prob. also (as in mod. V. dial, bail) a bar, cross-bar (cf. [eel. biigall, an episcopal si a IT. orozicr), prob. < L. baculum, bacillus, a stick, rod, staff (see baat lus. and cf. bail*, < ML. 'baeitla) : see bail?, v., and cf. dcriv. bailey 1 . The noun bail s in some senses maybe from the verb, but all senses ap- [M'tir In depend till .on I hal of ;i har, or cross- bar.] If. A bar; a cross-bar. Set them uppon some pearche or bayle of wood that they maye by that meanes the better keepe their feathers unbroken and eschue the dragging of their traines upon the ground. Turberville, Iiooke of Fab ie, p. 858. (A'. B. D.) 2. In cricket, one of the two little bars or sticks, about 4 inches long, which are laid on the tops of the stumps, one end resting in the groove of one stump, and the other in that of the next, since they fall with the lightest blow, they serve to indi- cate when the stumps have been struck. Old Bailey gravely sets up the middle stump again, and puts the bails on. T. Ilwihes, Tom Brown at Rugby, ii. 8. 3. A bar or pole to separate horses in a stable. — 4. A framework for securing the head of a cow while she is being milked. [Australia.] — 5. [The earliest use in E.] Milit. : («) pi. The outer wall or line of defenses, originally often made of stakes; barriers; palisades. See palisade. Hence — (b) The space inclosed by the outer wall ; tho outer court of a castle or a f i utified post : in this sense usually called bailey. See bailey 1 . — 6. A certain limit in a forest. bail 3 (bal), v. t. [Early mod. E. also bale ; appar. < OF. baillier, inclose, shut in, bar. appar. < bailie, a bar, cross-bar, barrier; in the second sense, directly < bail 3 , n., 5.] 1. To bar in; confine. [Rare.] — 2. To provide with a bail. — To bail up. (a) To secure the head (of a cow) in a bail while she is being milked. Hence — (b) To disarm prepar- atory to robbing ; order to throw up the arms. [Australia.] bail 4 , (bal), n. [< ME. beyle, "bayle = D. balie = MLG. balgc, ballige, ballcie, LG. balje, a tub, bucket, = G. Dan. balje = Sw. balja, a tub, = It. bnglia, a tub, bucket, < F. bailie, naut. a tub, bucket, pail, prob. < ML. "haciita, a bucket or tub (cf. bacula, a small boat), dim. of bacn, bacca, a tub : see back 3 . ( 'f. bail 3 , prob. < L. baculum.] A bucket; a pail; especially, a bucket or other small vessel used to dip water out of a boat. bail 4 (bal), v. [Also less prop, bale ; early mod. E. baile, bayle (= D. balicn, nit-balien) ; from the noun.] I. trans. To remove (water), or free (a boat, etc.) from water, with a bail, bucket, basin, or other small vessel: usually with out. II. intraiis. To remove water, as from a boat or the like, with a bail or bucket. bail 3 t, etc. Obsolete and less proper spelling of bale 1 , etc. bailable (ba'la-bl), a. [Early mod. E. also baleable, baileable ; < bail 2 , v. and n., + -able.] 1. Capable of being delivered ; deliverable. — 2. Capable of being set free upon giving bond with sureties ; capable of being admitted to bail: used of persons. — 3. Admitting of bail: as, a bailable offense. bailage (ba'laj), n. [Also bailiagc, balliagc, as if < AF. *bailiagc, ML. balliaginin : see bail 2 , v., and -age.] A duty imposed upon the de- livery of goods ; an ancient duty received by the city of London for all goods and merchan- dise brought into or carried out of the port. Chambers. bail-bond (bal 'bond), n. A bond or obliga- tion given by a prisoner and his surety to in- sure the appearance of the former in court at the return of the writ. bail-dockt (bal'dok), «. [Prob. < bail 3 + dock 3 .] Formerly, at the Old Bailey in London, a small room taken from one of the corners of the court, and left open at the top, in which cer- tain malefactors were placed during trial. Also spelled bale-dock. Penn and Ulead, for their stout defence at their trial, were dragged into the bale-dock, and the Recorder pro- ceeded to charge the jury during their detention there, urging for an excuse, that they were still within hearing of the Court. N. awl (,»■. 6th ser., XI. 87. bailedt (bald), p. a. [< bail 1 + -ed 2 .] Pro- vided with a bail ; hooped and covered, as a wagon. bailee bailee (ba-le'), ». [< bail-, v., + -ce 1 .] In law, tin' person to whom goods are committed in bailment. Be lias a temporary possession of tli. in and a qualified propertyin them for such purpose only. bailer 1 , «. L< baifi + -er\] Sit bailor. bailer- (ba'ler), «. [< baifr+ -er\] 1. One who bails out water, or frees a boat from water. — 2. A vessel used for bailing water. Forriveror lake work a sponge and baler may be til Hcient, but I'm- Bea cruising an effective pump should In' fitted. Qualtrouffh, Boat Sailer's Manual, p. 194. Also baler. bailey 1 (ba'li), n. [Early mod. E. also baily, bailie,< ME. baily, bailit . baillie, bailly, baili, etc., an extended form (prob. after the ME. balium, ballium, a reflex of the ( IF. bail) of bayle, bail, mod. E. Imii, a barrier, ete. : see bail 3 .] 1. The external wall of defense about a feudal eastle (see bail 3 ); by extension, any of lie- circuits of wall other than a keep or donjon, that is, any line of defense other than the innermost one. — 2. As used by later writers, the outer court or base-eourt of a castle; by extension, any court of a defensive post used with a distinctive epithet. The inner bail, i/ contained the stables and often the chapel, etc., ami communicated directly with the keep; the outer bailey, when there were only two, more commonly contained the chapel and sometimes a tilt-yard, exercise- ground, E. bailiff, of which bailie" is thus a doublet: see bailiff.] If. A bailiff.— 2. In Scotland: (nf) The chief magis- trate of a barony or part of a county, having functions equivalent to those of a sheriff. (J) A municipal officer or magistrate, corresponding to an alderman in England. He possesses a certain jurisdiction by common law as well as by statute. The criminal jurisdiction of the provost and bailies of royal burghs extends i" breaches of the peace, drunkenness, adulteration of articles of diet, thefts not of an aggra- vated character, ami other offenses "1 a less serious na- ture. Formerly, a person appointed by precept of sasine to infeftment in iand(alegal formality now abolished) w:e :. laitU. bailie :f t, "■ See baily*. bailiery, bailiary (ba'li-e-ri. -a-ri), «. [Early mod. 10. also baillierie, etc., < J'', as if baillerie, bailli: Bee bailie* and -ery.] In Scots law, a bailie's jurisdiction. Also bailliery, baiUiary. — Letter of bailiery, a commission by which a heritable i iii nr, entitled to grant such a commission, appoints a baron bailie, with tin' usual powers, to hold courts, ap- point officers under him, etc. bailiff (ba'lif), n. [Early mod. B. also bayliff, baliffe, bailive, ete., < \n;. bailif. baillif, balyf, etc. (ML. ballivus), < OF. bailUf (later bailli, E. bailie*, i|. v.i. < Ml,, bajulivus, prop, adj., < Ixijiiiu , ;m administrator, manager, guardian, tutor, ite., in i,. a carrier, porter; see bail*, v.] 1. A subordinate '-ivil officer or functionary. Then an in England teveral kinds of bailiffs, whose offices differ widely, but all agree in this, that the keeping or pro* iiiiiiii! omething oelong tothem. The sheriff is the sovereign's bailiff, ami in, county is a bailiwick. The name u also applied i- the i lu< I ma I trates of some towns, t.. keepi rs of roya i I lover, t" persons having til' ■ i [u hundn de ami In some special jurisdiction a Wi ti ter, ami to the returning-ofincers in He' Bame. Hut the officiate i omn ly designated by I hi 1 1 : offii . ■ who execute pi and baili]) i of liberties, appointed bs the lords In their n pi etfve jurisdii tiona to pi rform similar functions. 2. An overseer or under steward on an estate, appointed to manage forests, direct husbandry operations, colled rents, etc. Also called a 422 bailiff of forests, or bailiff in husbandry. — 3. An officer of the Knights oi' St. John of Jerusalem. — Bailiff of forests, or bailiff in husbandry. See above. ± High bailiff, In England: (a) The chief offi- cer of certain corporations. ('■) The officer of a county court, (c) The officer who serves writs ami the like in certain franchises not subject t" tic ordinary jurisdiction i.f in- sheriff. Special bailiff, a person named bj a party in a civil suit lor the purpoBeoi executing some particular 1 iss therein, ami appointed hy the sheriff on the appli- cation of such party. -Water-bailiff, in England, an officer employed in protecting a river from poachers and from being fished at other times or in other ways than those permitted by law, bailiffryt (ba'lii'-ri), n. [Early mod. E. also bailivery; < bailiff + -ry.] The office or juris- diction of a bailiff. bailiffship (ba'lif-ship), n. [< bailiff + -ship.] The office of bailiff. bailiffwickt (ba'lif- wik),ji. [(.bailiff '+ -wick. Cf. bailiwiclc] The office of a bailiff or a sheriff, or the district under his jurisdiction ; a bailiwick. bailing-machine (ba' ling-ma- shen*), n. A form of bail-scoop (which see). bailiwick (ba'li-wik), n. [< ME. bailie-, bayly-, etc., + -trike, etc. ; < bailie" + -wick.] The coun- ty within which a sheriff exercises his office; tlio precincts in which a bailiff has jurisdiction; the limits of a bailiff's authority, as (in Eng- land) a hundred, a liberty, or a forest over which a bailiff is appointed. There is a proper officer allreailye appoynted for these turtles, to witt the sheriff of the shire, whose peculiar office it is to walke continuallye up and downe his balywick, as ye would have a marshall. Spenser, State of Ireland. bailliage, ». [F.] See bailiage*. baillieH, '<• See bailey 1 . baillie-t, ». See bailie*. baillie 3 t, »• See baily*. baillie-brushkie (ba'li-brush'ki), n. [Native name in Alaska.] The parrakeet-auklet, l'ba- leris or Ombria psittacula. H. W. Elliott. bailliery, bailliary, ». See bailiery. baillon (F. pron. ba-lydn'), n. [< F. baiUon, a gag, of uncertain origin; either (1) dim. (as if < L. "baculo, *baculon-) of OF. bailie, bail, a bar, barrier (see bail 3 ) ; or (2), written baillon, < batt- ler, i )F. baaiUer, baailer = Pr. badaiUar = Cat. badallar = It. sbadigliare, gape (cf. ML. bmlnl- luui, a gag), < ML. batlare, gape, open the mouth: see bay*.] A gag; specifically, a piece of cork or other material used to keep the mouth open during operations, dental or surgical, in the mouth. baillone (ba-lyo-na'), a. [< F. bdillonne, pp. of bdillonner, gag, < baillon, a gag: see baillon.] In her., holding a stick between the teeth: said of an animal used as a bearing. bailment (bal'ment), n. [Early mod. E. also bailement, < OF. "baillement, < battler, deliver, bail: see bail' 2 , v., and -merit.] 1. The contract or legal relation which is constituted by the delivery of goods without transference of own- ership, on an agreement expressed or implied that they be returned or accounted for, as a loan, a consignment, a delivery to a carrier, a pledge, a deposit for safe keeping, or a letting on hire. — 2. The act of bailing a prisoner or an accused person; also, the record of or doc- uments relating to such a bailing. bailo (ba'i-lo), n. [It, < ML. bajulus, a mana- ger, administrator, guardian, etc. : see bail*, v.] The title of the Venetian Resident at the Ot- toman Porte. N. E. 1>. bailor, bailer 1 (ba'lor, -ler), n. [< bail?, v., + -or, -cr 1 .] In lair, one who delivers goods to another in bailment. See bailment, 1. bail-piece (bal'pes), n. In law, a certificate issued to a person by a court attesting his ac- ceptance us a surety in a ease before il. bail-scoop (bal'skop), m. [< bail* + scoop.] A SCOOp pivoted at one end, fitted with valves, and so arranged that a large quantity of water may I"' raised by it through a short, distance: used in draining and irrigating. bailsman (balz man), «. ; pi. bailsmen ( men). [< bail's, poss. of "hail-, it., + man.] One who gives bail for another; a surety or bail. bailyH (ba'li), «. < obsolete spelling of bailey 1 . baily-t (ba'li), n. The regular English spell- ing of the word now used only in the Scotch spelling bailie. See bailie*. Lausanne Is under the canton "i Berne, governed by a baily, sent every three years from the senate of Berne. Addison, Travels in Italy. baily :, t (ba'li), «. [Also bailie, < ME, bailie, bayly, baly, bailly, baillye, baillie, baili, < OF. bailit , imiiiii = Pr. bailia = Sp. batlia = It. halia (ML. India, bailia, bailia,baiUia, baylia,bayllia), < ML. bajulia, the jurisdiction or office of a bai- bairman liff,< hajiil>is,:m administrator, governor, bailiff: see bail- and bailiff, bailie*.] 1. The jurisdic- tion, authority, or office of a bailiff or bailie; hence, jurisdiction or authority, especially as delegated; stewardship. — 2. The district of a bailiff or bailie; n leiiliwick. Baily's beads. See bead. bain 1 ( ban), a. [Now only E. dial., also written bane, < ME. bayne, bayn, beyn, < Icel. bemn, straight, direct, hospitable, = Norw. bein, straight, direct, easy to deal with.] 1. Direct: near; short: as, that way's the bainest (banest). [Prov. Eng.] — 2f. Eeady; willing. Be thou buxom mid right bayn. Vowneli y Mysteries, p. W8, 3t. Limber; pliant; flexible. bain 1 (ban), adv. [E. dial., also bane, < ME. bayn, bain; from the adj.] 1. Near by; at hand. [Prov. Eng.] — 2f. Readily; willingly. The heme hesilv ami bans 1'1'iiklt hem ahotlt. Qawan mid Ooloyras, i. 6 (in Pinkerton a Scottish Poems). bain' J t (ban), n. [Early mod. E. also bane, < ME. limine. Inline, < OF. and F. bain = Pr. bank = Sp. bailo = Pg. banlio = It. hai/no (> F. Inn/ne, K. bagnio, q. v.), < L. balneum, a bath, bath-house : see bal inn in.] 1. A bath, in any of the senses of that word. — 2. A bagnio or brothel. bain'-'t (ban), v. [< ME. baynen, < OF. baigner = Pr. Pg. 6a»feor=Sp. baMar = lt. bagnare, < ML. halnearc, bathe, < L. balneum, a bath : see bain'", n.] I. trans. To bathe; wash. lie that in Eurotas' silver glide Doth bain his tress. Qreene, Palmer's Verses. II. intrans. To bathe one's self; takeabath. bain :, t, etc. Obsolete spelling of bane, bone, etc. bainbergt (ban'berg), n. [Appar. F., < G. Wein- berg (not found) = AS. banbeorg, banberge, bdngebeorg, also called scancgebeorg, lit. 'boue- or leg-guard' (cf. dnberge, 'chin-guard'; Jieals- beorh, 'neck-guard,' hauberk : see hauberk), < ban, bone (= G. bein, leg), or scanca, shank, leg, + beorgan, protect.] A name given to the plate-armor of the legbelow the knee, when first introduced. It was worn over the chain-mail, to pro- tect the shin. Baines's act. See act. bainie ( ba'ni), a. Scotch f orm of bony. bain-marie (F. pron. ban- ma-re'), n. [F., formerly bain de Marie, < ML. balneum Maria*, lit. bath of Mary ; a fanciful name, perhaps in al- lusion to the 'gentle' heat. The second element is some- times erroneously referred to L. mare, sea.] A vessel of any kind contain- ing heated water, in which another vessel is placed in order to heat its contents gently, or with more regularity and evenness than if the heat were applied directly to the second vessel : used in some operations of cooking, manufac- ture, chemistry, etc. Also called nater-bath. bainst, ». /''. Another spelling of banes, obso- lete form of bonus. Spenser. baiocco, bajocco (ba-yok'ko), «.; pi. baiocchi, bajocehi (-ke). [Formerly in E. baiock, byok (after F. i>,ii- ocgue, bai- ogue), < It. baiocco, ba- jocco, a small coin, so call- ed from its color, < baio, In i in. brown bay: see ba}i<>.] A small coin of the former Papa] Stabs, struck in both silver and copper, worth about a cent. Bairam (bl-ram', bi'rS,m), u. [Formerlj bay rum, bei/ram, < Turk, b'aiiaiii, biiip-iim, heiruni, < I'ers. Iiaiidm.] The name of I wo festivals in the Mohammedan year, distinguished as the lesser and the greater. Theleiser Bairam follows Immedi ately after the fast Btrictly kept during the ninth month Itainadan, in tie- first three days of (he tenth month, ami is devoted t" fi asting, rejoicing, visiting, ami '_m-, very much as our Christinas holiday season is spent The greater Bairam occurs mi He tenth day of the twelfth month and i- everywhere observed with the slaughter of sheep and general festivity hy those at home, simultane- ouslj with the great Bacriflcial fi asl at Mei i a i oncluding the cen i m of the annual pilgrimage by the hadjls. Also spelled Beiram. bairmant, n. See ban num. obeig vom over chausses of < (From VioUet-le-Duc's " Diet, du Moodier francais.") Baiocco of Pope Pius VI., British Musctim. I the original.) bairn bairn (barn), ». [So. form of the reg. E. barn? (now only dial.)) < ME- barn, bern.i AS. beam (= OS. bam = OPries. '<<(;■» = OD. baren = OHGh MHG. barn =Icel. Sw.Dan. &ar»=Goth. ban/), a child, < bo-cm, E. Bear 1 .] A child; a son or daughter. Seo fjani 2 . [North. Eng. and Scotch.] Think, like good Christians, on your baima and wives. Dryden. is she annunciated t<> her bairns the upshot of her practical experience, Bhe pulled from her pocket the por- tions of tape which showed the length and breadth oi the various rooms at the hospital house. TroUope. Bairns' part of gear. En Scots Inn-, same as legitim. bairnliness (barn'li-nes), n. [< *bairnly ( < bairn + -I if 1 ) + -ncss.] Childishness; the slate of being a child or like a child. [Scotch.] bairntime (harn'ttm), n. [Sc, < ME. barn- team, hunt- inn, i itc.,< AS. bearn-tedm (= OPries. barn-tam), a family, < beam, child, bairn, + tiiim, family: seo bairn and tram.] A family of children. [Old Eng. and Scotch.] Thae bonnie bairntime Heav'n has lent. Burns, A Dream. bairnwort (barn'wert), n. A namo for the common English daisy, Bellis perennis. baisemaint (baz'man), n. [¥., < baiter, kiss (< L. basiare, kiss, < basium, a kiss), + main, < L. manus, hand.] A kissing of the hands; in the plural, compliments ; respects. Spenser. baisementt, »• Same as baisemain. bait 1 (bat), v. [< ME. baiten, beiten, baytt n, beyten (= OP. beta; bait, in comp. dbeter, urge on, abet, > E. abet, q. v.),< Icel. lit Hit, feed, hunt, as with hounds or hawks, bait, -as a hook (= Sw. beta = Dan. bede, bait, = AS. bwtan, also gebaJtan, bridle, curb (cf. batian, bait, < bat, bait), = Ml), tin tin = OHG. beizen, beizzen, MHG. G. beizen, bait), lit. cause to bite, < bita = AS. bitan, E. bite: see bite. In senses 5 and 6 the verb is from the noun. Cf. bate 5 .'] I. traits. If. To cause to bite; set on (a dog) to bite or worry (another animal). — 2. To pro- voke and harass by setting on dogs; set a dog or dogs to worry or tight with for sport, as an animal that is hampered or confined : as, to bait a bull or a bear. We'll bait thy bears to death. Slink., 2 Hen. VI., v. 1. 3. To set upon, as a dog upon a captive animal ; hence, to harass in anyway; annoy; nag; bad- ger ; worry. As chained beare whom cruell dogs 'lee bait. Spenser, V. Q., I. xii. 35. How oft have 1 been baited by these peers, And dare not be revenged. Marlowe, Edward II., ii. 2. Baited thus to vexation, I assum'd A dulness of simplicity. Ford, Fancies, iv. 2. 4. To feed ; give a portion of food and drink to, especially upon a journey: as, to bait horses. The Sonne, that measures heaven all day long, At night doth baite his stcedes the < tcean waves emong. Spenser, V. (,»., I. i. 32. 5. To put a bait on or in: as, to bait a hook, line, snare, or trap. Many sorts of fishes feed upon insects, as is well known to anglers, who bait their hooks With them. Ray. 6f. To allure by a bait; catch; captivate: as, "tofcattfish," Shale., M.of V., iii. 1. Do their gay vestments his affections bait? Sltak., C. of E., ii. 1. But this day she baited A stranger, a grave knight, with "her loose eyes. B. Jonson, Volpone, iv. 2. II. intrans. If. To act in a worrying or har- assing manner. — 2. To take food; feed. — 3. To stop at an inn, while on a journey, to feed tho horses, or for rest and refreshment. Thence baiting at Newmarket, stepping in at Audley End to see that llonsi- againe, I slept at I'.ishops Strotford, and the next day home. Evelyn, Diary, Sept. 13, 1(J77. bait 1 (bat), it. [< ME. bait, bayte, beite, beyte, < Icel. beita, f., bait (ef. Iiiit, neut., a pasture), (= AS, bat, bait, = MHG, beiz, hcize, hunting), < bcita, feed, bait: see the verb. The E. noun is in part directly from the E. verb.] 1. Any substance, as an attractive morsel of food, placed on a hook or in a trap to allure fish or other animals to swallow the hook or to enter tho trap, and thereby lie caught; specifically, worms, small fishes, etc., used in fishing. Eenci i — 2. An allurement ; enticement; temptation. I do not like that ring from lain to her, I mean to women of her way; such tokens Rather appear as baits than royal bounties. Fletcher, Loyal Subject, ii. 2. Their riper years were knowne to he unmov'd with the baitu of preferment. Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus. 423 i he chief bait which attracted a needy sycophant to the courl was the hope of obtaining, a- the reward ol i rvil n> and flattery, a royal letter to an heiress. Macaulay, 3. A portion of food and drink; a slight or informal repast, (a) Refreshment taken on a journey, by man or beast. If you -vow dry I" Eoi e you end your business, pray take a bait hen- : I've a fresh hogshead for yon. /; Jonso >i. Scornful Lady. (Ii) A luncheon ; food eaten by a laborer c I tir- ing his shift. [Prov. Eng.] — 4. A halt for re- freshment or rest in the course of a journey. The tediousnesa of a two hours' bait at Petty France, in which there was nothing to be done hut to eat without being hungry, and loiter about without anything to set next followed. Jane Austen, tforthanger Abbey, p. 123. 5f. A refreshment or refresher. A pleasaunt companion is a bait in a iouroy. I.uln, Euphues, Anat. of Wit, p. 19S. 6+. A hasty meal ; a snack. lb- rather took a bait than made a meal at the inns of court, whilst in- studied tic laws therein. Fuller, Worthies (ed. 1840), II. 507. (.V. /'.'. /).) 7. Short for whitebait. bait'-'t, etc. An obsolete form of bate 1 , etc. bait-box (bat'boks), ii. 1. A small box in which anglers carry worms or small bait for fish. — 2. A tank in which bait for fish is taken to the fishing-ground. baiter (ba'ter), n. One who baits or worries (animals); hence, a tormentor; a tease. baith (bath), a., print., or conj. A Scotch form of both. baiting (ba'ting), n. [< ME. baiting, bayting, etc. : verbal n. of bait 1 .'] 1. The act of worry- ing a chained or confined animal with dogs. Hence — 2. The act of worrying and harassing ; persistent annoyance. — 3. The act of halting on a journey for rest and food for either man or beast. — 4. The act of furnishing a trap, hook, etc., with bait. bait-mill (bat'mil), n. A mill used by Ameri- can fishermen for cutting mackerel, salted her- rings, etc., into small pieces for bait, it consists of ;t toller armed with knives and inclosed in an upright wooden box, and is worked by a crank on the outside. bait-poke (bat'pdk), it. In coal-mining, the bag in which bait or luncheon is carried into tin- mine. baittle (ba'tl), a. A Scotch form of battle 3 . baitylos, ». See bcetylvs. baize (baz), n. [Early mod. E. also bays, bayes, bease, baies, < OF. bates (Godefroy), pi., also in sing, baye (Cotgrave), baize (whence also D. baai, LG. bajc (> G. boi) = Sw. boj = Dan. baj = Russ. baika, baize ; cf. dim. Sp. bayeta = Pg. Inn in = It. bajetta, baize), < bui (= Sp. bayo = Pg. baio = It. bajo), bay-colored. The word is thus prop. pi. of baifi, formerly used also in the singular: see bay 6 .] 1. A coarse woolen stuff with a nap on one side, and dyed in plain colors, usually red or green. Baize (or hay) was first manu- factured in England in 1061, under letters patent issued to certain refugees from the Netherlands, who had settled at Sandwich and other places and were skilled in weaving. Baize is now chiefly used for linings, table covers, curtains, etc. ; hut when first introduced it was a much thinner and liner material, and was used for clothing. See bay®. 2. Any article, as a table-cover, a curtain, etc., made, of baize; specifically, in theaters, the plain curtain lowered tit the end of a play. baize (baz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. baized, ppr. baizittg. [< baize, it.] To cover or line with baize. bajadere, «. See bayadere. bajdarka, ». Same as bidarkee. Bajimont's Roll. See Bagimonfs Boll, under roll bajjerkeit (baj'er-kit), n. [< Beug. bajral.it (Hunter).] Auame of the Manispt ntadactyla or scaly ant-eater, an edentate mammal of Africa. bajOCCO, it- See baiocco. bajra 1 (buj'ra), ». [Hind, and Beng. bajrd.] Same as budgero. bajra-, bajri (baj'rS, -re), n. [Also written linjri i . hnji p< e. bajury, repr. 1 lind. btijra or bajri, also litijrti ; bajri prop, denotes a smaller kind, which ripens earlier.] A species of millet, Pennisetum typhoideum, much used in the Easi Indies, especially for feeding cattle and horses. bajulatet (baj'u-lat), v. t. [< L. bajulatus, pp. of bajulare, bear a burden : see bail' 2 .'] To carry to some other place, as in badgering (which see). bake (bak), v.; pret. and pp. baked, ppr. bak- ing. [< ME. baken, < AS. bacan (pret. boc, pp. Ihii-i n) = 1). bakken = LG. bakken = Fries, backc = OHG. Intei-liiiii, MHG. bachen, G. backen = Icel. baka = Sw. baka = Dan. bagc, bake, prob. = Gr. (piiysiv, roast, parch.] I. trans. 1. To bakey cook by dry heal in a closed place, such a- aii oven : primarily used of this manner of cooking bread, bul afterward applied to potatoes, ap- ples, etc., and also llesli ami fish: to be distin- guished from roast (which see). I have baked bread upon tin I Isa. xliv. 10. 2. To harden by heat, either in an oven, kiln, or furnace, or by tho sun's heat: a*, to huh bricks or pottery. — 3f. To harden by cold. They bake their sides upon the cold lend stone. The earth When it is bitk'd with fro I Shak., Tempest, i. 2. II. intrans. 1. To do the work of baking. I keep his house; and I wash, wring, brew, bake, . . . ami tlo all myself. Shak., St. W. ol W., i. 4. 2. To undergo the process of baking. bake (bak), n. [', knife-edge on which it turns; C,C, knife-edges fixed t-i tie beam on which the pans are hung ; /), D. the bearing-pieces of the pans; li, tongue, the lower extremity of which moves over a scale ; F, screw with a nut for raising and lowering the center of gravity : this has no connection with the horizontal rod //,- O, screw with a nut for carrying the center of gravity toward one or the other pan ; H, a rider, or little weight, whose value depends on its position on the beam, which it straddles ; / /, rod sliding horizontally, with a hook to take up and set down the rider ; A" A", piece which raises and lowers the levers, /., L ; I., !., levers to take tile beam and pans simultane- ously off their bearings when the weights are to be changed ; .'/. 1/, knobs supporting the beam when the levers, L, L, are raised; N, N, Y's supporting the pans when the levers. L, L, are raised. Many bal- ances have arrangements foi adjusting the relative positions of the three knives, but these arc discarded in the larger balances. the arms and the smaller the distance of the center of gravity below the center of suspetisi the greater will he the sensibility of the balance or the angular amount of the deviation produced with a given slight addition to either scale. The degree of sensibility to be desired de- pends upon the use to which the instrument is to he put. such a balance as is employed in accurate chemical analy- sis will indicate a difference of weight of a tenth or hun- dredth of a milligram, I have in equal balance justly weigh d What wrongs our arms ma\ do, what wrongs we Buffer. Sfto*., :' Ben. IV., iv. 1. 2. Any apparatus for weighing, as a steel- yard or a spring-balance. — 3. < li f the scales of a balance; in the plural, scales. And I beheld, and Io a black horse ; and he that sat on bun I on I a pair of balances iii his hand. Itev. vi. 5. Take a pinte of air; and weigh it against a pinte of wa- ter, and you will sec the ballance of the last go down a main. Digby, Nat. Bodies, iii. 19. (.v. /•:. /».) 4. The act of weighing mentally; the act of comparing or estimating two things as in a bal- ance. balance Upon a fair balance of the advantages on either side. Bp. Atterbury. 5. An equivalent or equalizing weight ; that which is put int" one scale to offset the weight in the other; I lie weight necessary to make up the difference between I wo unequal weights; a counterpoise, literally or figuratively. Specifi- cally — 6. In mining, a counterpoise orcounter weight used in such a way as to assist the engine in lifting the load.— 7. The part of a clock or watch which regulates the beats: for- merly, a pin oscillating on its center, and thus resembling t he beam of a balance ; now, awheel. See balance-wheel. — 8. The arithmetical differ- ence between the two sides of an account : as, to strike a balance. — 9. The sum or amount necessary to balance the two sides of an ac- count, usually spoken of as a debit or a credit balance : as, t have still a balance at my bank- er's; a balance still due. — 10. A surplus; a re- mainder; the rest ; the residue; what remains or is left over: as, he bequeathed the balance of his estate to A. 1'..; Rebalance of a meal. [A colloquial use, of commercial origin.] — 11. A balanced condition; a state of equilibrium or equipoise: as, to lose one's balance. His credit now in doubtfuli ballaunce hong. Spenser, F. Q., II. i. 3. 12. Harmonious arrangement or adjustment; just proportion, especially in the arts of design. — 13. [cap.'] In astron., a sign of the zodiac, called in Latin Libra, which the sun enters at the equinox in September.— Aerostatic balance. See aerostatic— Automaton balance. See automaton. — Balance of power, in international law, a distribution and an opposition of forces among nations forming part of one system, such that no state shall lie in :i position, either alone or united with others, to impose its own will on any other state or interfere witli its independence. (Ortolan.) The leading rule by which it lias been sought to effect this in Europe has been to oppose every new arrangement which threatens either materially to augment the strength of one of the greater powers or to diminish that of another. The meaning of the balance of power is this : that any European state ma\ he restrained from pursuing plans of acquisition, or making preparations looking towards fu- ture acquisitions, which arc judged to be hazardous to the independence and national existence of its neighbors. Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 43. Balance of probabilities, the excess of reasons for be- lieving one of two alternatives over the reasons for be- lieving the other. It is measured by the logarithm of the ratio of the chances in favor of a proposition to the chances against it. — Balance Of trade, the difference between the amount or value of the commodities exported from and imported into a country. Tile balance is said to be favorable for or in furor of a country when the value of its exports exceeds that of its imports, and unfavorable when the value of its imports exceeds that of its exports. — Bent-lever balance. See tangent-balance. — Compen- sation balance. See compensation.— Danish balance, a weighing apparatus somewhat resembling the steelyard, bat differing from it in hav- ing the fulcrum movable, the weight being at one end and the load at tile other; the loop by which it is sus- pended is shifted alone the beam until equilibrium is es- tablished. The weight Of the Danish Balance. substance in the scale-pan is indicated by the point at which the fulcrum is placed when the instrument is in equilibrium. —Electric balance. See absolute electrometer, under electrometer; differential galva- nometer, under galvanometer; induction-balance; Wheat- stone's bridge, under resistance. Expansive balance, a compensation-balance in watches, consisting of a com- pound rim whose outer and inner portions are made of metals having different rates of expansion by beat. This arrangement serves to counteract the effects of variations of temperature upon the speed of the watch.— False bal- ance, a balance having arms of unequal length, or of equal length and unequal weight, so that its positions when empty and when carrying equal weights in the two pans are different. - Hydraulic balance. See hydraulic. — Hydrostatic balance. See hydrostatic— Hygromet- ric balance. SeeAuffronwtrfe.— Roberval's balance, a balance having two 'horizontal beams one over the other, connected at their extremities by joints to vertical pieces, so that the whole forms a linked parallelogram. The scales are at the top. The advantage of the contrivance is, that it makes it a matter of indifference at what point on the pan the object to be weighed, or the counterpoise, is placed. An improved form of this balance is commonly used to weigh articles sold by druggists. — Roman bal- ance, a steelyard (which see).- Spring-balance, a con- trivance for determining the weight of any article by ob- serving the amount of deflection or compression which it produces upon a helical steel spring properly adjusted and fitted with an index working against a graduated scale. Another form of spring-balance is made in the shape of the letter I', the upper end being suspended by a ring, and the lower end affording attachment for the hook whereby the object is suspended. As the bow opens a fin- ger traverses a graduated an- and registers the weight- Thermic or actinic balance. Same as bolometer.— to cast the balance, to turn the scale; cause one seale to preponderate: often used figuratively. South; Dryden.— To hold in balance, to keep in a state of uncertainty or suspense. She wolde not fonde To holde no wight in balaniiee By halfe wordc ne by eountenaunce. Chaucer, Death of Blanche, 1. 1020. 425 balance-plow Oh ! who would east and balance at a desk. Perch 'I bio- a crow upon a three-legg'd stool. Till all his juice is dried .' Tennyson, Audio I To lay in balance, to put up as a pledge or security. ■i .■ wolde nat forgon his aqueyntai For mochel good, 1 Aarlt ye <<> balaunce ai that i have in my possessioun. balance-bar (bal'ana-bar), n. Bameasbalance- Chnucer, I'rol. to Cumin's Yeoman's Tale, L 68, hgnm " To pay a balance, topaythe dWerenra^nd make two b a i ance _b arom eter (bal'ans-ba-rom'e-ter), n. A barometer consisting of a beam balanced en nuts equal- Torsion-balance, an Instrument tor measuring certain electrical forces ami tin- intensify of magnets. It consists of a magnetic needle suspended by a silk thread or a very hue wire in a glass cylinder, of which the circumference is graduated. The force or mag net to be measured is applied to one side of the cylinder, either inside or outside, and its intensity is indicated by the amount of deflection of the suspended needle, which is caused to exert a force of torsion on tin- thread or wire which supports it. (See also alloy-balmier, assaii-lial- o nee. roin loilanre, luieroinrtrr-lialii iter, ntillslmie-halanrc.) -Syn. 10. See remainder. balance (bal'ans), v. ; pret. and pp. balanced, ppr. balancing. [= F. balancer = I'r. halaitsar = Sp. balamar (obs.)i balancear = I'g. balangar = It. bilanciare, balance; from the noun.] I. trans. 1. To weigh; especially, to weigh or con- sider in the mind; ponder over. In the meanwhile I will go for the said instrument, and till my Return you may ballon,, this Matter in y • own Discretion. Congreoe, w ay oi the World, v. 6. She balanced this a little, \n.l told me -be would answer us to-day. Tennyson, Princess, iii. 149. 2. To estimate the relative weight or impor- tance of, as two or more things; make a, com- parison between as to relative importance, force, value, etc. Balmier the good and evil of things. Sir /.'. L'Estrange. 3. To bring into a state of equipoise or equi- librium; arrange or adjust (the several parts of a, thing) symmetrically: as, to balance the sev- eral parts of a machine or a painting. — 4. To keep in equilibrium or equipoise; poise; steady : as, to balance a pole on one's chin. I cannot give due action to my words, Except a sword or sceptre balance it. Shak., 2 Hen. VI., v. 1. The maids of Nazareth, as they trooped to fill Their balanced urns beside the mountain rill a pivot, and formed, on opposite sides of the pivot, of materials differing greatly in api gravity. The bulks of the parts lither sub. if the lub rum, and i sequently the volumes of air displaced by them, thus differ greatly. If the air increases ill den- sity, its effective buoyancj en the more bulky arm con- siderably exceeds Its effect upon the smaller; the former therefore rises, [f the air becomes lighter, the reverse happens. The vibrations are noted upon a scale. balance-beam (bal'ans-bem), ». 1. The beam of a balance. — 2. A long beam attached to a drawbridge, the gate of a eanal-lock, etc., serv- ing partially to counterbalance its weight, and used in opening and closing it. Also called balance-bar. balance-bob (bal'ans-bob), «. A beam, bent lever, or bob, rocking or oscillating on an axis, and having at one end a counterpoise, while the other is attached to the rod of a Cornish pumping-engine. It is designed to relieve the strain on the engine and rod resulting from lifting a heavy load. Also called oscillating or rocking bob. See &0&1. balance-book (bal'ans-buk), n. In com., a book in which the adjusted debtor and credi- tor accounts have been posted from the ledger. balance-bridge (bal'ans-brij), n. A bridge in which the overhang beyond an abutment is counterbalanced either by means of heavy weights connected with it by chains running over pulleys, or by a portion of the roadway which extends backward from the abutment. See bascule-bridge. balance-crane (bal'ans-kran), n. A crane in which the load is counterbalanced in whole or in part by a weight, swinging with the load, but placed upon the opposite side of the pintle or post. o!°ili^ Ho,m'eV'i''i'ie Mother's Secret balance-dynamometer (bal'ans-di-na-mom'e- ter), n. A form of dynamometer in which the principle of the steelyard is used to estimate the number of foot-pounds of power. The ap- paratus is attached between two pulleys, of which one re- ceives and the other transmits the motive force, and is operated by means of loose pulleys, upon which the belts are shifted when it is desired to test tile power. Also called lien l-oear transniittill'l .hi no ammeter. See cut un- der dynamometer. To bring into a state of equality; make balance-electrometer (bal'ans-e-lek-trom'e- ter), n. A form of absolute electrometer. See 5. To serve as a counterpoise to ; counter- balance; offset: as, the ups and downs of life balance each other. One expression in the letter must check and balmier the other. Kent. In the case of a precision steel-yard, it is best so to dis- tribute the mass of the beam that the right arm balances the left one. , Encyc. Brit., III. 262. 6 equal; offset (one thing with another) To balance fortune by a just expense, .loin with economy, magnificence; With splendour, charity ; with plenty, health. Pope, Moral Essays, iii. 223. Like souls that balance joy and pain. Tennyson, Lancelot and Guinevere. Weariness was balanced with delight. William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 246. 7. To use as a counterpoise or set-off. Is it a rule of oratory to balance the style against the subject, and to handle the most sublime truths in the dull- est language and the driest manner? Sydney Smith, in Lady Holland, iii. The . . . wisdom which balanced Egypt against Assyria. Puscy, Minor Prophets, p. 47. 8. To sway up and down, like the arms of a balance. Henley stands. Tuning his voice, and balancing his bands. Pope, Dunciad, iii. 200. 9. To settle by paying what remains due on an account ; equalize or adjust. electrometer. balance-engine (bal'ans-en'jin), ». A steam- engine which has two pistons acting in oppo- site directions in the same cylinder. balance-fish (bal'ans-fish), n. A name of the hammerhead, or hammer-headed shark, Sphyr- na malleus: so called because the sides of the head resemble the arms of a balance. Also called hammer-fish. See cut under hammer- head. balance-frame (bal'ans-fram), n. One of two frames of a ship which are of equal weight and at equal distances from its center of gravity. balance-gate (bal'sns-gat), «. 1. Agate either so supported in the middle, or so counter- weighted, that its weight may rest vertically upon the gate-post instead of hanging upon one side of it. — 2. In hydraulics, a gate having equal areas upon each side of the supporting post, so that the action of a current may not impede its movement. gh I am very well satisfied that it is not in my balance-level (bal'ans-lev'el), 11. A builders' Though _ power to balance accounts with my linker, I am resolved, however, to turn all my endeavours that way. Addison, Spectator. 10. To examine or compare by summations, etc., so as to show how assets and liabilities or debits and credits stand: as, let us balance our or surveyors' instrument, consisting of a bar exactly balanced and suspended by a cord, and carrying two sights which show the line of level. Sometimes the liar is placed at right angles to a rod, the whole being allowed to hang likea pendulum. A telescope is sometimes substituted for the bar and sights. accounts. — 11. Xattt., to steady (a ship in bad balancement (bal'ans-ment), w. [(.balance, r., weather) by reefing with a balance-reef. — Bal- anced copula, see copula.— To balance books, to close or adjust each personal or general account in a ledger. II. in Iraiis. 1. To have an equality or equiv- alence in weight, parts, etc.; be- in a state of equipoise; be evenly adjusted: as. the two tilings exactly balance; I cannot make the ac- count balance. — 2. To oscillate like the beams of a balance; waver; hesitate. [Rare.] He would not balmier nor err in the dcterminati f his choice. l.oel.e. 3. In dancing, to move forward and backward, or in opposite directions, like the arms of a balance; especially, to set to a partner. — 4. To be employed in finding the balance or balances of an account or accounts. + -ment.] The act of balancing, or the state of being balanced. [Rare.] The law of compensate 1 balancement . . . would tend to cause the pistil to he reduced in those individuals in which the stamens were greatly developed, and to be increased in length in those which had their stamens but little developed. Darwin, Different Forms of Flowers, p. 262. balance-pit (bal'ans-pit), n. In mining, the shaft or excavation in which the balance or counterpoise moves.' balance-plow (bal'ans-plou), «. A plow in which two sets of plow-bodies and colters are attached to an iron frame moving on a fulcrum, one set at either extremity, and pointing in different directions. The balance-plow is intended balance-plow to be used without turning, and la so arranged as to cast all the furrows ml the same diri ction, n ne part "f the frame being raised out ol the ground when moving in one direction, and the other when moving in thi opposite. It is tlLt front part of the frame, or that furthest from where the driver sits, which is elevated, the plowing apparatus connected with ttu- after part being always inserted in the ground and doing the work. Balance plows are used in m-plowing. Generally two, three, or four sets of plow- and colters are attached to either extremity, bo that two, three, or four furrows are made at once. See balancer (bal'an-ser), n. 1. One who balances or weighs; a weigher of things in or as in a balance. The nicest of our modern critical balani Dawson, Orig. oi World, p. 59. 2. An acrobat; one who balances himself. — 3. Due who or that which keeps a thing or things in equilibrium; that which maintains or helps to maintain something in a state of balance or equipoise. — 4. Specincally,ine»tom., a halter I which see I ; a poiser : tin- small organ supposed to be useful in balancing the body; one of a pair of slender processes with clubbed ends placed near the insertion of the wings, especially of dipterous insects. — 5. In herpet., an elongate cylindrical rod protruding from each side of the head of larval salamanders, in front of the gills: permanently retained in cer- tain forms, as the crecilias and some sala- manders. /.'. /'. Cope. balance-reef (bal'a-ns-ref), n. Naut., a reef- band crossing a sail diagonally. A balance-reef Balance-rudder. Balance-reef. a, sail before reefing ; b, balance-reefed sail. is generally placed in all gaff -sails, the band running from the throat to the clew, father the upper or the lower half of the sail in;i> be n eft 'I balance-rudder (bal'ans-rud*er), it. A rudder supported on a skeg or projection from the keel, about one third of its surface beingfi irward of and two thirds abaft its vertical axis of mo- tion. See rudder. balance-rynd (bal'- ans-rind), ». An iron bar stretched across the eye of a revolv- ing millstone, to support the stone upon tin- top of its spindle. balance-sections (bal'ans-sek*shgnz), n.pl. In building, a pair of sections, one near each end of the vessel, which are not designed till after the midship section and the water-line are Jeter, mil,., |. balance-sheet (bal'ans-sheti, n. A statement mad, by merchants and others to show the true state of a particular business. Abalance- iit .,11 the balances ol de.bitsand credit also the val i the merchandise, and the result of the whol, , I statement designed to show the as- .,,1,1 losses of a com- panj ( 1/ 1 i Many ban] theets professing to show the reserve ,,i ready mon i tfe, 1, ,.i Exchange p 3 D balance-step [n mittt. tactics, ai, exercise in squad-drill intended to teach the principles of marchin balance-thermometer (bal'ans-ther-moi i'ii,». A device in which mercury inclosed in a balanced tube is caused to make one or the other ,,f the ends preponderate, thereby open ing or closing a window or damper, or touch- trm. balance-valve (bal'ans-valv), ». A valve in which the fluid is admitted to both sides, and acts with nearh equal pressure in opposite directions, but with an ovoss in the direction of the seat Sufficient to keep the valve in eon- tact with it when closed. It is a construction de- 426 Bigned to permit the operation of a valve by a slight force, lie balance puppet-valve has two disks upon a single stem, the fluid being admitted either between the two disks or above the upper and below the lower. One disk is made larger than the other, that there may he a slight excess of pressure tending t,> close the valve, or to keep ,t pressed to its seat. balance-vise (bal'ans-vis), n. A small tail- vise used by watchmakers. balance-wheel (bal'ans-hwel), n. 1. Awheel in a watch or chronometer which by the regu- larity of its motion determines the beat or strike. — 2. Figuratively, whatever serves for the regulation or coordination of movements. These are in themselves very objectionable; the true regulators, the proper balance-wheel*, are those which have been described. Brougham, Balance-wheel engine, a watchmakers' instrument, used iii the construction of the balance-wheel. — Bal- ance-wheel file, a watchmakers' tile with three sides, one convex and cut, the others plane and smooth. It is used in working in tin- sectoropenings of a balance-wheel. — Compensation balance-wheel, a balance-wheel whose rim is formed of two metals of different expansive powers, so arranged that the change of size of the wheel, as the temperature rises or falls, is compensated for by the change in position of the parts of the rim. balandra (ba-lan'dra), n. [Sp. Pg. balandra = F. belandre, < 1). bijlander, > E. Inlander: see bilander.] A small coasting vessel used in South America. balandrana (ba-lan'dra-na), n. [ML.; OF. balandran, F. balandrai = op. balandran = It. palandrano, palandrana; origin unknown.] A wide eloak or mantle used as an additional gar- ment by travelers and others in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Also called super- talus. balanid (bal'a-nid), n. A cirriped of the family Balanida 1 . Balanidae I ba-lan'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Balanus + -idee.] A family of sessile thoracic cirripeds, of which the genus Balanus is the type. The peduncle is absent or rudimentary, the operculum is present, and the scuta and terga are movahly articu- lated. The species are commonly called acorn-shells or sea-acorns, ami often share the name barnacle with the species of Lepas, They are found all over the world, ad- hering closely to submerged rocks, timber, etc. Also Balanoidea. See cuts under Balanus. balaniferOUS(bal-a-nif'e-i'us),rt. [< L. balanus (< Gr. Bahavoc), an acorn, + ferre = E. bear 1 .} Bearing, yielding, or producing acorns. Balaninus (bal-a-ni'nus), n. [NL., < L. balanus (< Gr. jidWavoc), au acorn, + -inus.] A genus of rhynehophorous beetles, of the family CurcuU- onidce or weevils ; the nut-weevils. B. nucuin is the weevil of hazels and filberts; B. glandium and B. rectus, of acorns. balanism (bal'a- nizm), n. [< Gr. BaXavoc, an acorn, a suppository, + -ism : cf.Gr. paha- viZttv, administer a suppository.] In lucd., the application of a suppository or pessary. balanite (bal'a-nit), n. f< L. balanites: see Balanites.) If. A kind of precious stone. — 2. A fossil cirriped of the family Balanida. Balanites (bal-a-ni'tez), ». [L., < Gr. liaAav'mic, a precious stone, prop. adj. (sc. /t/floc), acorn- shaped, < ;„/„,",, an acorn. Cf. Balanus.] 1. | /. ,'.] A kind of precious stone; balanite. — 2. [NL.] Asimarubaeeous genus of plants, includ- ing two species, spiny shrubs or small frees, na- tives of the drier parts of India, western Asia, .,,i,l tropical Africa. The fruit isa ■•,„ seed,,! drupe, the pulp of which is soineti s used iii India in cleaning ,1k The oily seeds, as well as tlie bark and subacid leavi s, of the Indian species, /;. Roxburghii, are em ployed in native medicine, and the lend woody nut is made into a kind ol li,, works. The African species is /;. JBgyptiaca. 3. [NL.] A genus of fossil cirripeds, of the family llalaimla . balanitis (bal-a-ni'tis), h. [XL., < Gr. tu'/urnr, acorn, glans penis, + -His.] In pathol., in- flammation of the glans penis. balanoglossid (bal*a-no-glos'id), n. A mem- ber of t he family BalanoglossidoB. Balanoglossidae (bal*a-no-glos'i-de), ». pi | NL. < Balanoglossus + -nln . | Tin- family of invertebrates represented by the genus Bala- noglossus. Balanoglossus (bal"a-uo-glos'us), «.' [NL., < i ii . ia'/.avur, an acorn, + y?.uaaa, tongue.] 1. An Nut-weevil t,Ba/(ininns rectus. Say a, dorsal view; b, lateral view. (Verti- cil line shows natural size, including pro- boscis. ) Balanus extraordinary genus of invertebrate animals, the type not only of a family, BalanogloSSitUe, but also of an older or even a distinct class of animals, Enteropneusta (which see), a isolated in its mode of development to the echinoderms, in some respects to the ascidians, and is usually classed with the Balanoglossus. I. The Tomaria larva, about r-,2 of an inch lone, enlarged, side view, a, anus; b, vessels leading to the dorsal pore, d, from sac of the water-vascular system, vt; vi ', prolongation of the sac; A. heart; r", intestine ; s, stomach ; o. esophagus : m, mouth ; M, « , lobes of alimentary canal : tub, muscular band from eye-speck, e, to water-vas- cular sac. II. Young balanoglossus. Letters as before, except g, the first-fonned branchial stigmata. III. Balanoglossus, more advanced. c, collar ; /, proboscis. Vermes. The members of this genus are , longated, foot- less, soft-bodied worms, with the mouth at one end of the body and the anus at the other. The for,- part of the body presents a kind of collar surrounding a constriction from which springs a lone hollow proboscis-like organ, whence the name Balanoglossus, this organ being like a tongue somewhat acorn-shaped, proceeding from within the col- lar like an acorn from Its cup. I in the portion of the body from which the proboscis springs there is a flattened area with a longitudinal series of branchial apertures, commu- nicating with branchial Bacs connected with the alimen- tary canal; hence the term Enteropneusta. In consequence of this relation of the respiratory to the aim,, ,,tar\ canal, Huxley associates Balanoglossus with Tunicata (or ascidi- ans) as members of a pharyngopneustal series. The larval form ,,f Balanoglossus was formerly called Tormina, and regarded as an echinodenn from its great resemblance to the larva of a starfish. 2. [I.e.'] A member of the genus Balanoglossus. balanoid (bal'a-noid), a. and n. [< Gr. Baka- voeiSr/c, like an acorn, < (3ci?.avoc, an acorn, + eltioc, form.] I. a. Resembling an acorn: spe- cifically applied to the acorn-shells of the fam- ily Balanidte. See cut under Balanus. "II. «. An acorn-shell ; a cirriped of the fam- ily Balanidae. Balanoidea (bal-a-noi'dc-:i ),». ;,?. [NL..< Ba- Ihiiiis + -mil, a. Of. balanoid.] Same as Bala- iinlir. Balanophoracese (bal a-no-fo-ra'se-e), n. pi. [XL., < Gr. jia'Aarar, an acorn, + - ME. ball is, a rod.] A strip of plaited muslin or lace placed inside of the bottom of women's dresses to protect them from the floor. balaynt, «■ An obsolete form of baleen. balayst, »■ An obsolete form of balas 1 . bal-boy (bal'boi), n. A boy working in a mine. Ure, Diet., I. 280. [Cornish.] Balbriggan hosiery. See hosiery. balbusard (bal'bu-sard), n. [F., also balbu- -ard.] A name of the osprey or bald buzzard, l'andiim bidinetits. It was taken in lsis by Fleming as a genus name in the form Balbumrdus. INot in use.] 427 balbutiatet (bal-bu'shi-at), r. i. [< L. as if 'balbutiarc for ballad ire, stammer, < balhus, stammering.] To stammer in speaking. balbutientt (bal-bfi'shi-ent), a. [< L. balbu- tien(t-)s, ppr. of ballintirr, stammer: see balbu- tiaie.] Stammering. balbuties (bal-bu'shi-ez), n. [NL., < L. baJbus, stammering. Cf. balbutiaU .] 1. Stammering. — 2. A vicious and incomplete pronunciation, in which almost all the consonants are replaced by h and /. Dunglison. bal-captain (bar'kap'tan). «. A mine-captain. [Cornish.] balcont, balconet, «• [< F. balcon, < It. baleoru . a balcony: sec balcony. ~\ A balcony or gallery. Pepys. balconet (bal-ko-nef), n. [Also balconette, < balcon, balcony,' + -et, -ette. Cf. It. dim. baU conata."] Alow ornamental rail- ing to a door or window, pro- jecting but slightly beyond the threshold or sill. balconied (bal'- ko-nid), a. Hav- iii"; a balconyor balconies. The house was double-balconied. /.•»;/. r North, Ex- [amen, iii. 7. balcony (bal'- ko-ni, until re- cently bal-ko'- ni), ».; pi. bal- conies (-niz). [Formerly also balcone, balco- uie, balcony, etc. (sometimes bal- con, after F. balcon), < It. bal- cone, < balco, a beam, scaffold, < OHG. ball.o, bttlcho, a scaffold, = E. balk, a beam, etc.: see balk 1 , ».] 1. A stage or platform projecting from the wall of a building within or without, supported by columns, pillars, or consoles, and encompassed with a balustrade, railing, or parapet. Outer balconies are common before windows, and inner ones in ball-rooms, public halls, etc. The flourish of trumpets and kettledrums from a high balcony, which overlooked the hall, announced the en- trance of the maskers. Scott, Kenilworth, II. xviii. 2. In theaters, a gallery occupying various po- sitions. In some theaters it is a raised tier of seats sur- rounding the parquette ; in others it takes the place of the dress-circle; ami in others still it is the gallery inunedi- :iti h behind or above the dress-circle. bald 1 (bald), a. and n. [Early mod. E. also liable, bauble, bard, ball'd, < ME. halde, bvlile, earlier balled, ballid, ballede, baldj of uncertain origin, (1) by some regarded as identical with the rare early ME. ballede, in the apparent sense of rotund, corpulent, applied to the body, lit. 'balled,' round like a ball (< ball 1 + -<(/-), and hence, perhaps, of the head, smooth, hairless; otherwise (2) perhaps < ball, a white streak or spot (a word of Celtic origin not found in ME., but prob. then existent: see bull'S), + -nle, an adj. suffix connected with -aft.] I. a. 1. Wanting hair, as the head, in some part (usually the top, or front and top) where it naturally grows; partly or wholly deprived of hair on the head, as a person. liis heed was ballid and schon as eny gins. Chaucer, Gen. Prol. toC. I., 1, 198. ficsar, . . . because his head was bald, covered that de- fect with laurels. Addimn. 2. Without the natural or usual covering of the head or top; bareheaded: as, afraid oak; a ludd mountain. No question asked him by any of the senators, but they stand bald before him. Shah., Cor., iv. 5. Thy bald, awful head, O sovran Blanc '■ Coleridge, * lhamouni. 3. Destitute of beard or awn: as, bidd wheat. — 4. Wanting force or meaning ; meager; pal- try: as, a bald sermon; a bald truism. — 5. Des- titute of appropriate ornament ; too bare, plain, or literal: unadorned; inelegant: as, "a bald translation," Longfellow, Hyperion, iii. 6. Balder-brae lie i Milton] could Btoop to n plain tyle, sometimi i ran to a bald style; but false brilliancy wa his utter aversion. Macaulay, Milton. Ghastly thro' tin- di on the bald street breaks the blank day. Tennyson, In Memoriam, vll. 6. Bare; (.pen; undisguised. A bald egotism which i quiti i ilflsh* ness. Lowell, Among in) Bool p. 314. 7. Having white on the in i bead: specifi- cally applied in several birds: as, the bald buz- zard, eagle, etc. II. u. A natural meadow or grassy plain oc- curring on the rounded summit of a high moun- tain: a term in use in tin- southern extension of the Appalachian ranges, where ;i number of the highest knobs have their dome-shaped tops entirely bare of trees. bald't('l'ahl), r. t. [(.bald 1 , a.] To make buhl; deprive of hair. bald'-'t, a. An obsolete ami dialectal form of bold. It is retained in this spelling as an element in certain proper names of Anglo-Saxon or "Id nibble rman origin: as, Baldwin, Archibald, Ethelbald, i tc. baldachin (bal'da-Mn) ; n. [In def. 1 also for- merly liiddalni, iialdeliii, and earlier baudekin, q. v. ; in def. 2 also baldaquin, and, as It. or Sp., baldacchino, baldaquino; < F . baldaquin = Sp. baldaquino = Pg. baldaquim, < It. baldac- chino (ML. baidakinus, ete.) ( •' canopy, < Beddacco, It. form of Bagdad (Ar. Baghdad), where a rich cloth used for such canopies was manufactured.] If. Same as baudekin. — 2. A canopy of various kinds. („> \ portable decorative covi ring, I" line in ceremonial processions as a sign of rank or dignity ; particularly, the dais-like c; py rallied over tin pope, whiehis supported on eight poles and carried by distinguished personages. (/') In the Rom. Cath. Ch., a portable canopy borne ovei the euchatist carried proces- sionally, as on the feast of ( orpus Christi. (c) A stationary covering, of baudekin, silk, or other rich stuff, Btretched above the seat of a dignitary ; in general, the canopy of a dais; sometimes, that of a bed with curtains, (d) A fixed l i.--lJJiIlifiJi* HfPla§# fit Double Baldachin. — Shrine of the Crown of Thorns, high altar of the Sainte Chapelle, Paris; 13th century. (From Viollet-le-Duc's " Diet, de 1'Architecture." ) canopy, of ten of metal or stone, above theisolated hcdi alt al- ia many chun-ln s, especially in Italy ami the East, tlnm its center, according to the old ritual, usually hung by a chain the vessel containing the Host ; but this usage has novi been superseded. Baldachins also occur in ether po- sitions than over altars, as over tombs, shrines, etc. Also spelled baldaquin. Also called riborium, baldachino (bal-da-ke'no), n. [< It. baldac- chino.'] Same as baldachin. baldaquin (bal'da-kin), «. See baldachin. baldaret, ». [Origin obscure ; some suppose an allusion to the god Balder and his restoration to life.] An old name of the amaranth, Jma- rantus caudatus. bald-COOt (bald'kot), n. See baldicoot. baldekint, ". An obsolete form of baldachin. balden (hal'den), ». t. and i. [< bald 1 + -euK] To make or become bald. [Rare.] Balder-brae, Balder's-brae (harder-, bal'- derz-bra), n. [North. E., < Ieel. Balders-brd (Cnhihi fetida) = Nbrw. baldur-braa, ballebraa (Pyrethrum inodorum), that is, as also in E., Holder's brow; als irruptly bald eyebrow. From Balder, a Norse divinity, son of Odin.] An old name lor the mayweed, Anthemis Cotula. balderdash balderdash (bal'der-dash), ». [ First in sense 1 ; of obscure origin, appar. dial, or slang: ac- cording i" one conjecture, < Dan. balder, noise, clatter (from a verb repr. bySw. dial, ballra, Nbrw. baldra, bellow, prattle, = Icel. refl. bal- drast, ballrast, clatter; ef. I). LG-. baldt n n, roar, thunder), + dash, repr. Dan. daske, slap, flap: see dash. But the word may be merely one of the numerous popular formations, of no defi- nite elements, bo freely made in the Elizabethan period.] If- A jumbled mixture of frothy li- quors. To drink such balderdash or bouny-clabb r. B. Jonson, New Inn, i. -. 2. Senseless prate; an unmeaning or nonsen- sical jumble of words; trashy talk or writing. I heard him charge this publication with ribaldry, scur- rility, billingsgate, and be Home Tookc, Trial, p. 25. = Syn. 2. See pratth . n, balderdash (bal'der-dash), v. t. [< balderdash, n.] To jumble and adtdterate (liquors); hence, to mix with inferior ingredients; adulterate: with with before the adulterant: as, to balder- dash wine with eider. [Rare.] The wine-merchants of Nice brew and balderdash and even mix it with pigeon's dung and quicklime. Smollett, Travels, xix. Balder's-brae, n. See Balder-brae. bald-faced (bald'fast ), a. Having a white face or white on the face: said of animals: as, a bald-faced stag. baldhead (bald'hed), »i. 1. A man bald on the head. 2 Ki. ii. I'll. — 2. The name of a breed of domestic pigeons. — 3. A name of the fruit- crows (Cotingidai) of South America, of the genus Gymnocephalus. n. calvus is the capu- chin baldhead. bald-headed (bald' hed ed), a. Having a bald head. Bald-headed eagle. See eagle. baldicoot (bal'di-kol ), n. [Also baldecoot, bald- coot, < bald 1 + coot; the- syllable -i- is mean- ingless.] 1. The common coot, Fulica atra. Hence — 2. Figuratively, a monk, on account of his somber raiment and shaven crown. Princesses that . . . demean themselves to hob and nob with these hlack baldicoots. Kinffsley, Saint's Tragedy, iii. 4. baldly (bfUd'li), adv. So as to be bald, in any sense of that word, baldmoney (b&ld'mun'i), n. [Early mod. E. also baldimonie, baudmoney, etc., < ME. hulil- mony, baldemoyn, baldemoyne, baldemoin, an early name of gentian; origin unknown.] If. A name of various species of gentian. — 2. A name for the mew or spignel, an umbelliferous plant of Europe, Meum athamanttcum. baldness (bald'nes), n. [< ME. ballednesse : < bald 1 + -ness.] The state or quality of being bald. ( A belt worn round thi wal I a the Soman cingulum, or military belt i'o A Jeweled orna- in- oi worn round the nei i. bj ool h ladii and • ntlemen In the sixteenth century. /;. Muni*. (.1) Figuratively, 428 the zodiac. Spenser, (d) V beli worn over the right or left shoulder, crossing the lioily diagonal!] I" the Waist o| below it, cither simply us an ornament or to suspend a sword, dagger, or horn, such belts, in medievaland Re- naissance times, were sometimes richly decorated and garnished with bells, precious stones, etc. Athwart his brest a bautdrick brave he ware I hat shind. like twinkling si ars, with stones most pretious rare. Spenser, F. tj,, I. vii. 29. And from his blazon d baldric slung A mighty silver bugle hung, Tennyson, Lady of Shalott, iii. 2f. The leather thong or gear by which the clap- per of a chureh-bell was formerly suspended. In the earliest accounts the baldricks of the bells are always referred to eo nomine, hut later on they are called " Leathers. ' N. and Q., 7th ser., II. 495. Also spelled baldrick. baldric-wise (bal'drik-wiz), adv. [< baldric + wise 2 .] After the manner of a baldric ; over one shoulder and hanging down to the waist. balductumt, n. [Also balducktum, < ML. bal- iliictu, curd, hot milk curdled with ale or wine, a posset.] Balderdash; trash. Baldwin bit. See bit 1 . baldy (b&l'di), re. [< bedtl 1 + dim. -//.] A nick- name for a bald-headed person. [Colloq.] bale 1 (bad), re. [< ME. bale, bailee, balie, bullae, biilu, etc., < AS. IiiiIii, bealu, bealo (bealw-, bea- low-)=0&. btittt = QVr\es. hulu-, bale- (ineonip.) = OHG. balo = Icel. bol (not in mod. CI. Sw. Dan.), evil, calamity; prop. neut. of the adj. found only in AS. balu, bealu (balw-, bealw-) = MLGr. bal- (in comp.), Goth, balws (in comp. and deriv.), evil, dire.] Evil; woe; calamity; misery; that which causes ruin, destruction, or sorrow. [Long obsolete until recently revived in poetry. It occurs especially in alliterative antithesis to boot or bliss.'] For now this day thou art my half, .My boote when thou shohl bee. Robin Hood, in Percy's Reliques. Yett still he strove to cloke his inward bale. Spenser, V. (J., I. ix. 10. Brought hither from their homes to work our bale. Snutheil. A touch, and bliss is turned to bale. C. Thaxter, The Pimpernel. bale 2 (bal), n. [Sc. also heal, hail ; < ME. bale, built; belli (chiefly northern; the reg. southern ME. would be "belt; *bel, giving mod. E. *beul or *beel, like deal 1 or eel), < AS. ball = Icel. bill = Sw. Ml = Dan. beial, a great fire, a blazing pile, funeral pyre ; ef . Skt. bhalas, luster, Gr. tpaXoc, shining, white: see ball 3 .] A large fire built out of doors and burning freely; a bonfire. Spe- cifically — (a) A funeral pile or pyre. [< Obsolete and poet- ical.] \b) A signal-fire ; a beacon. See beacon and balefire. On Penchryst glows a bale of fire, And three are kindling on Piicsthaugliswire. Scott, L. of L. M., iii. 27. bale 3 (bal), 11. [< ME. bale, < OF. bale, balle = Pr. Sp. Pg. bala= It. bulla, < ML. bala, bulla, a ball, a round bundle, a package, < OHG. hullu. jiullu, MHG. balk, a ball: see ball 1 , of whi h bale is a doublet.] 1. A large bundle or pack- age of merchandise prepared for transporta- tion, either in a cloth cov»r, corded or banded, or without cover, but compressed and secured by transverse bands, wires, or withes and lon- gitudinal slats. The chief articles of merchandise that are haled are cotton, wool, and hay. The weight of a bale of American cotton is hctween loo and r.nn pounds, vary- ing with the season of production. A bale of cochineal is II hundredweight, a bale of Spanish wood 2J hundred* weight, a hale of caraway-seeds 3 hundredweight, a bale of Mocha coffee 303 pounds, a bale of thread 100 holts. 2t. A pair or set of dice. It is a false die of the same hale, hut nut the same cut. Sir T. Oeerbury, characters. I have a crew of angels prisoners in my pocket, and none hut a good bale of dice can letch them out, Mtddleton, blurt, ftiaster-Constable, it bale 3 (bal), v. i.; pret. and pp. baled, ppr. baling. [< bale 9 , «.] To make up into a bale or bales. bale 4 t, bale 5 t, bale°t, bale'-'. See bain, hu,r-, bail?, biiilK Balearian (bal-e-a'ri-an), a. Same as Unit/trie. Balearic (bal-o-ar'ik), a. [< L. Iluleurieiis, better lluliuriiiis (Or. BaTuapiKor, also BaXcapucde and V.ii'/'/iapikiir), < lliiliuris, belter Buliures, Gr. Ma'Ataptir, the ancient mime of the islands and of their inhabitants, lit., according to the common tradition, the slingers, < Or. Wn'/'mr, throw, sling.J Pertaining to the islands Major- ca, Minorca, Eviza, etc., in the Mediterranean sea. called the Balearic islands.- Balearic crane. 3ee /■'i. [Puss.] The back-pieces of the sturgeon, salted and smoked in Russia for home use and exportation. balint, »• [Irreg. < L. balin, ace. of bulla, < Gr. ,iii'/'/u, an unknown plant: see def.] An un- known plant, supposed to have wonderful me- dicinal virtues. .V. /'.'. /'. Having th' hcrhe balin in his wounds iufus'd. Great Britaines Tmy (ltioo). baline baline (ba-len'), n. [F., packing-cloth ; cf. ba- lin, winnowing-cloth.] A coarse kind of can- vas used for packing. balingert (bal'in-jer), n. [< -ME. baMnger, bal- enger, etc., < OF. balengier, ballenjer, baleinier, ong. a whale-ship (= Pg. oaleeiro, a whaler, a whale-ship, = II. oaleniera, a pinnace), < baleine, a whale: see baleen.] A small sea-going wai'- vessel in use in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and supposed to have been a kind of sloop without forecastle. In February, 1417, the king possessed six great, ships, eight barges, anil ten ballnaerx. Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 650. baling-press (baling-pres), n. A power-press employed for compressing soft or fibrous ma- terials, as raw cotton, hay, and cotton and woolen goods, into bales for transportation. balisaur (bal'i-sar), n. [< Hind, bdlusur, sand- hog, < bahi (Beng. bali), sand, + stir, a hog (cf. Skt. sukara, a hog).] The common Indian badger, Arctonyx collaris, of the family Mustc- titlie and subfamily Melinw. It resembles the com- mon European badger of the genus Meles, but is larger, and is. from its technical characteristics, placed in a different genus. It is a true badger, one of several mem- bers of the Melinoe. See badger-. Also spelled balysaur. balise, n. See balize. balista, n. See ballista. balister't fbal'is-ter), n. [< ME. balester, < OP. balestier, < LL. ballistarvus, one who makes crossbows, a erossbowman, < L. ballista, a crossbow. Cf. arcubaUster.] A erossbowman. balister 2 t (bal'is-ter), n. [< OF. balestre, < ML. balistra, a var. of L. ballista, a crossbow (cf. ML. balistarius areas, a crossbow) : see ballista.'] An arbalist or crossbow. Also spelled ballistcr. Balistes (ba-lis'tez), ». [NL., < L. balista, bet- ter ballista, the military engine ; so called for the same reason as they are called trigger-fish: Trigger-fish (Balistts capriscus). see def .] A genus of plectognath fishes, typical of the family Balistidce, containing such species as B. capriscus. They are known as trigger-fish, be- cause one large and sharp first ray of the dorsal fin cannot be pressed down until the second ray is depressed, when the first shuts down as does the hammer of a gun when the trigger is pulled. balistid (ba-lis'tid), n. A fish of the family Balistidce. Balistidae (ba-lis'ti-de), ». pi. [NL., < Balistes + -idee.] A family of fishes, typified by the genus Balistes, adopted by different authors With various limits. <«) In Bonaparte s early system. 1832. a family embracing the Balistidce, TriacanthidtB, and Ostraeiontidce, and thus equivalent to \he Sclerodermas oi Cuvier. (b) In Bonaparte's later systems (1840, etc.), a fam- ily embracing the [iidi It. balco, abeam, > buieone, >E. balcony, q. v.), MUG. balke, G-. balke, balken, a beam, bar; also, with (Jiff, formative, AS. bale (once), a ridge, = Icel. bdlkr, bolkr = Sw. balk = Norw. balk, bulk, beam, bar, partition, divi- sion, = Dan. balk, ridge, partition ; AS. bolca, gangway, = Icel. bjdlki = Sw. bjdlkc, bjelke = Dan. bjcelke, a beam ; cf . AS. bcelc, covering ; per- haps akin to Gr. riser, v. t;., III. ii. 12. They do not divide and baulk with Cod. Manttm, Works (1653), IV. 227. (-V. K. /).) balk 2 (bak), v. i. [Prob. < ME. *balken (not foundinthis sense, but cf. balken, var. of belkt u, In lehen, belch, vociferate), < AS. bcelcian, shout, = Fries, balekien = Flem. and D. balken, bawl, bray; cf. Flem. and D. bulkcu = LG. bolken, low, bellow, = G. bolken, bloken, bleat, low, bellow. The AS. form, which occurs but once in this sense, is by some identified with the closely related bcalcan, or, with an added form- ative, beatcettan, belcettan, >ME. balken, belli n, belchen, E. bclk, bclcli, used also, in AS. chiefly, like L. criictarc, as a transitive verb, and with- out offensive implication, belch out, vociferate, utter (words, hymns, etc.) ; so ME. bolken, mod. dial, bonk, boke, buck, etc.: see belch, bilk, bulk. All these words are prob. based on the same imitative root; cf. bawl, bellow, bleat.] To sig- nify to fishing-boats the direction taken by the shoals of herrings or pilchards, as seen from heights overlooking the sea: done at first by bawling or shouting, subsequentlv by signals. iV. E. I). [Local, Eng.] Balkan (bal-kan' or bal'kan), a. [Formerly also Balcan ; = F. Balcan = G. Balkan, etc., a name appar. of Slavic origin.] Of or pertain- ing to the Balkans, a mountain-range crossing Bulgaria from west to east, or to the peninsula embracing European Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria, Rumania, Servia, and the regions westward to the Adriatic. balker 1 (ba'ker), «. [< balk\ v., +-eA.] One who balks, in any sense of the verb. balker 2 (ba'ker), ». [< balk 2 + -r; 1 .] A man stationed on a cliff or an eminence to look out for shoals of herrings or pilchards, and signal the direction taken by them. [Local, Eng.] The pilchards are pursued hy a bigger fish, called a plusher, who leapeth above water and bewrayeth them to the bailor. It. Cairie, Survey of Cornwall. balkisht (ba'kish), a. [< balk\ »., + -ish.] Furrowy; ridged; uneven. That craggy and balkisb way. Stanihurst, lied. ,,f Holinshed's Chronicles, II. balk-line (bak'lin), n. In billiards, a diagonal line cutting off a corner, or a straight lino rut- ting off a uniform space on each side (generally 14 inches), from the main field of the table. balk-staff (hiik'staf), u. A quarter-stall'. balky (ba'ki), a. [< balk 1 , v., + -if.] Given to balking; apt to stop abruptly and obstinately refuse to move: as, a bidky horse. [U. S.] ball 1 (bill), n. [Early mod. E. also bcille, some- times betide, bauie, < ME. bed, ball, balle, either from Icel. (see below) or < AS. 'beallu or 'bealla (not found, but evidenced by the dim. bealluc, E. ballock, lit. a little ball: seebaUock') = D. bed = Flem. bal, MLG. bal, LG. ball, a ball ball. = OIKi. *bal, m.. batto, pallo, in., bulla, palla, 1'.. .Ml Hi. bal, hull, . in., (i. hull, m., ;i ball. ballen, m., a bale, package, - [eel. bollr= Norw. /»//., ball, =Sw. /»>//. b ill. bal, bale, = Dan. W, billiard-ball, // lt.batta,palla, a ball (now distinguished: 6o/fa, a bale, palla, a ball). Sp. Pg. Pr. hula, a ball, a kile, = F. balle, OP. '» 1>. baal = OFlem. hair, Flem. /»'/, MLG. //«;/( = ME. '»//(, E. /'((/c, prop, a round bundle: see bale 3 . Appar. a native Teut. word, akiuto boll 1 , froiefl, i). v., and to L. foHis, a wind-bag, an inflated ball for playing, > ult. E. fool : see fooU and follicle, etc. The Gr. trd ".a ball, is appar. a different word, but it may be the source of ML. and It. palla. See balloon, ballot.] 1. A spherical or approximately spherical body; a sphere; a globe: as, a hall of snow, of thread, of twine, etc. Specifically— 2. A round or nearly round body, of different materials and sizes, for use in various games, as base-ball, foot-ball, cricket, tenuis, billiards, etc. — 3. A game played with a ball, especially base-ball or any modification of it. — 4. A toss or throw of a ball in a game : as, a swift ball; a high or low hall. — 5. In has, -hall, a pitch such that the ball fails to pass over the home-plate not high- er than the shoulder nor lower than the knees of the striker: as, the pitcher is allowed five balls by the rules of the game. — 6. A small spherical body of wood or ivory used in voting by ballot. See ballot 1 and blackball— 7. The missile or projectile thrown from a firearm or other engine of war; a bullet or camion-ball, whether spherical (as originally) or conical or cylindrical (as now commonly); in artillery, a solid projectile, as distinguished from a hollow one called a shell (which see). — 8. Projectiles, and more particularly bullets, collectively: as, to supply a regiment with powder and ball; the troops were ordered to load with ball. — 9. In printing, a rounded mass or cushion of hair or wool, covered with soft leather or skin, and fas- tened to a stock called a ball-stock, used (gen- erally in pairs, one for each hand) before the invention of the roller to ink type on the press: still in use by wood-engravers, but made of smaller size, and with a silk instead of a lea- ther face. A similar I -all is used in inking the blocks in calico-printing. That used by engravers in spreading an tti hing-gri iund is < l 1 1 1 . a a dabber. 10. A clew or cop of thread, twine, or yarn. — lit. A spherical piece of soap. Then she said to her maids, bring me oil ami washing batlx, and shut the garden a s, that 1 may wash me. Susanna (Apocrypha), i. 17. For my part, I II go and get a sweet '">■ An obsolete form of bal. balla (bal'16), ». Lit., a bundle, package, bale: se. halt 3 .] In lace-making, a sorl of cushion used by the Maltese laco-makcrs. ballacet, »• An obsolete form of ballast. ballad (bal'ad), n. [Early t 1. I'., also ballade, also (after'It.) baUat, ballatt, hall, t. ballette, hah tic (with term, confori I to -i I : of. sain, I, formerly saUet), Se. corruptly ballant; < ME. balade, < OF. balade, mod. ballade, a dancing- song, < Pr. Pg. bulimia = OSp. hulmla = II. hal- lata, a dance, a dancing-song, < ballare, dance: see ball 2 .] If. A song intended as an accom- paniment, to a dance. — 2f. The tune to which such a song is sung. — 3. A short, narrative poem, especially one adapted for singing; a poem partly epic and partly lyric. As applied to the minstrelsy of the borders of England and Scotland, and of Scandinavia and Spain, the ballad is a sort of minor epic, reciting in verse more or less rude tin- exploits of warriors, the adventures of lovers, and the mysteries of fairyland, designed to be rehearsed in musical recitative accompanied by the harp. Roundel, balades, and virelay. Qower, Conf. Amant. The ballad . . . is the lyrically dramatic expression of actions and events in the lives "I others. W. Sharp, D. G. Eossetti, p. 355. 4. In music, originally, a short and simple vocal melody, often adapted to more than one stanza of poetry and having a simple instru- mental accompaniment. The term is sometimes applied to instrumental melodies of a similar character, and more loosely to more elaborate compositions in which a narrative idea is intended to he expressed. balladt (bal'ad), r. [Early mod. E. also bulla), ballet; from the noun.] I. intrans. To make or sing ballads. These envious libellers ball,,, I against them. /», ll n, .1 u\ i nilia, i. II. trans. To celebrate in a ballad. Rhymers ballad us out o' tune. Shak., A. and C, v. '2. She has told all : I shall he ballot, >l. Sung up and downe by Minstrells. Heywood, A Challenge, iii. 1. I make but repetition Of what is ordinary and Ryalto talk. And ballot,,!, ami would he plav d o' the stage Webster, White Devil. See eyeball. — Ball of the foot, the protuberant pa'rt of the sole at the base of the great toe, with the smaller eminences at the bases of the other toes, upon which the body rests when the heel is elevated.— Ball Of the thumb, the Meshy mass at the base of the thumb on the side of the palm ; the volar or thenar eminence. — Ball soda, crude soda.— Golden balls. See golden. Venetian ball, in glass-manuf., a filigree work inclosed in a transparent balL = Syn, Sphere, etc See <;/< i&e. ball 1 (bal), r. [< hain, «.] I. trans. 1. To make into a ball. Specifically — (a) In the manufacture of • i all in. to w i ml into halls. (&) In metal., to heat in a fur- nace and then form into balls for rolling. 2. To surround in a compact cluster, as bees when they surround the queen bee. This is more apt to happen when a strange queen is introduced to a colony, but sometimes a colony will ball their own queen if unusually excited or disturbed. ... If ii"t soon released, the queen dies and is thrown out of the hive. Dzieron tells us that bees sometimes bull their queen for the purpose of protecting her from the attacks of strange bees. Phin, Diet. Apiculture, p. 10. II. intrans. 1. To form or gather into a ball, as snow on horses' hoofs, or mud on the feet. — . 2. To remain in a solid mass instead of scat- ballade (ba-lad'),,,. [P. :_ see ballad, n.] 1. , A tiling: said of shot discharged from a gun. — To ball up. (a) In a puddling- or hulling. furnace, to form tin- ball preparatory to rolling, (b) To fail; mis- i an v. [Slang.] ball- i bal I, n. [First in the 17th century, = D. Sw. Dan. bal = G. hall, < F. bal = Pr. bal = Sp. Pg. baile= It. hallo (ML. hallus), dancing, poem consisting of one or more triplets each formed of stanzas of seven or eight lines, the last line being a refrain common to all the stanzas. — 2. A poem divided into stanzas hav- ing the same number of lines, commonly seven or eight.— Ballade royal, a ballade in which each line nsists of ten syllables. adanee; from the verb, I', bailer, OF. baler (> ballader (bal'ad-er), n. [Early mod. E. also MB. halm, rare) = Pr. bailor = Sp. Pg. bailar ballatt r, ballettt r : < hallail, r., + -. balladist (bal'ad-ist), n. [< ballad + -ist.] A writer or singer of ballads. balladize (hal'ad-iz), v.; pret. ami pp. ballad- ized, ppr. hal!udi.:iiit,. [< ballad + -i.e.] I. trans. To convert into the form of a ballad ; make a ballad of or about. source of the II. inlrutts. To make ballads. adj. balh de. balled, balcTe, E. baW-, q. v., and of balladling (bal'ad-ling), ». [< ballad + -ling.] ha'lhinlK q. v.: < \V. bal, having a white streak A little ballad. Southey. ,,,, ihe forehead, as a horse, ball, a white streak, ballad-maker (bal'ad-ma ker), ». AwnteroJ = Href. bal. a white mark on an animal's lace, ballads. Slttil;. = Ir. Gael. bal. a spot, mark, freckle. Cf. Or. balladmonger (barad-niung ger), w. A dealer 6c, shining, white, t„t'/t„. . white, ,^a7.apoc, &■ miooc, having a spot of white, as a dog, tpa'/.u, .,<,„, bald-headed, perhaps ult, com ted with E. hah-, a lire, llence prob. hahO and hallurtll.] 1 . A\\ hite streak or spot. ihr ii, propertyes of a bauson [badger]. The fyrst.- i,, haue a whyte rase or a ball in ihe foreheed; the . i,i hi win I'- fote. Fit /,, rbi re Husbandry, s 78. (.v. /•.'. D.) 2. A horse or nag (originally, white-faced): used appellatively, like dun, bayard, ball't, v. An obsolete form of bawl 1 . ballads: an inferior pool ; a poetaster. I had rather he a kitten and cry mew, Than one of these same metre ballad mongers. SI,, ile. I lien. IV., iii. 1. To make herself the pipe and balladmonger of a circle! to soothe her light heart with cat, Ins and glees! Sheridan, the Rivals, ii. 1. ballad-opera (bal'ad-op'e-rfi,), n. An opera in which ballads or popular songs are sung. balladry (bal'ad-ri), n. [Early mod. E. also bttlletrti. hallalri/; < httllad + -m.\ Poetry of the ballad kind'; the style of ballads. balladry What though the greedy fry Be taken with [use baits Of worded balladry. And think it poesj ' /;. joTUon, Underwoods, \ii. The villages also must have their visitors to inquire whal lectures the bagpipe and the rebeoreads, even to the ballatry and the gamut oi every municipal fiddler. Milton, Axeopagltica, ballad-Singer (bal'ad-sing er),»._ ^person whose employment consists in smgnig ballads in public. ballahoU(bal'a-ho),M. [Prob. of native origin. | 1. A fast-sailing two-masted vessel, rigged with high fore-and-aft sails, much used in the West Indies. The foremast rakes forward, 1 lie mainmast aft. — 2. A term of derision applied to an ill-conditioned, slovenly ship. ballam (bal'am), ii. [Native name, prob. same as Malayalain valiant, a large basket for storing grain, a dam.] A sort of canoe hollowed out of timber, in which Singhalese pearl-fishers wash out the pearls from pearl-oysters. ballan (bal'mi), n. [Appar. < Gael, and Ir. bol- lock, spotted, speckled, < Gael, audlr. bal, a spot, speck: see balfi.] A fish, the ballan-wrasse. balland (bal'and.), ». [Origin unknown.] In 431 ballast (bal' ast), v. t. [Early mod. E. also balast, and, with loss of /, baUas (pret. and pp. bnttased, sometimes bnlln.it, |>|ir. ballasint,), ballasse, ballace, balase, etc., =G. I). Flem. \a\. baUasten = Dan. ballaste, baglaste = Sw. bar- Instil; from the noun.] 1. To place ballast in or on; furnish with ballast : as, i" ballast a ship; to ballast a balloon; to ballast tho bed of a railroad. See the noun. The mail was so perfects linllasteil with stone that we had no dust C. l>. Warner, Roundabout Journey, p. 3. 2. Figuratively : (a) To give steadiness to ; keep steady. "i'is charity must ballast the heart. Hammond, Sermons, p. 611. (e) To serve as a counterpoise to ; keep down by counteraction. Now you have given me virtue for my guide, And with true honour ballasted my pride. Drinlen. 3t. To load; freight.— 4. To load or weigh down. When his lielly is well balloted, anil his brain rigged a little, he sails away Withal. I!. Jonson, Ind. to Every Man in his Humour. These yellow rascals [coins] must serve to ballast my purse a little longer. Scott, Old Mortality, ix. Ballasted. pulverized lead ore, after separation ballastt (bal'ast), pp from 'its gangue. [North. Eng.] Who sent whole armadas of carracks to be ballast ballant (bal'ant), n. [Sc, a corruption of bal- lad.] A ballad. They're dying to rhyme ower prayers, and ballants, and charms. Scott. ballan-wrasse (bal'an-ras), ». The most gen- eral English name of the Labrus maciilatns, a fish of the family Labrida: ballaragt, ». t. An obsolete form of bullyrag. You vainly thought to baUarag us. T. Wart, hi, .Newsman's Verses. ballardH, «• [ME., also balard; prob. < ball? ballast-engine (bal'ast-en'jin), + -ard.] A bald-headed person ; a baldhead. And scornede to hym saying, stye up, bollard! I" Go up, thou baldhead." in authorized version.] Wyelif, 2 Ki. ii. 23. ballard 2 t, «• [Origin unknown.] A kind of musical instrument. Pu/rchas, Pilgrims. (N. E.D.) ballast, ballaset, "• and v. See ballast. ballast (bal'ast), it. [Early mod. E. also balast, balcst, balist',' :md, with loss of t, ballas, ballass, ballasse, ballace, ballesse, balase, etc. (not Hulks of burden great, Which Brandimart rebated from his coast, And sent them home ballast with little wealth. Greene, Orlando Furioso. ballastage (bal'as-taj), n. [< ballast + -age] 1. An old right of the admiralty in all the gffiUffijfig; „ r< baW royal rivers of Great Britain to levy a rate ^dio takes part in a ball for ! for supplving ships with ballast. — 2. The toll ,_,-■ '•__' A'm is ,a',,^ paid for tie privilege of taking ballast, as from ballenl a gravel-bed, etc ballimong If necessary ball bearing placed upon the crank- pin, Sci. Amer. (N. S.), IX\ 106 ball-block (bal'blok), n. In printing with balls, the slab or plate which holds the ink. ball-blue (bal'blS), n. Same ae soluble bhu (which see, under lilili ). ball-caliber (I >al' kal i-ber),m. A ring-gage for determining the diameter of gun-shot, ball-cartridge (bal'kar'trij), ». A carti containing a ball, in contradistinction to a shot- cartridgt or a blank cartridge. ball-caster (bal'kas'ter), n. A caster for the legs of furniture, etc., having a ball instead of an ordinary idler. ball-cock (bal'kok), n. A hollow sphere or ball of metal attached to the end of a lever, which turns the stop-cock of a water-pipe and regulates the supply of water. The ball, floating in the waterof a tank or cistern, rises and falls with it, shutting off the How when the « ater has reached a certain level, and letting it on when it falls below this level. balledt, a. An obso- lete form of bald 1 . bailer 1 (ba'ler), ». [< balP-, v., + -eri.] One who or that which forms any- thing into balls. Fig. 1. Cistern with ball-cock at- tached. Fig. 2, Section of ball-cock on larger scale : a, valve shown open so as to admit water; b, arm of the lever which being r.iised shuts the valve. A steam- engine used for dredging a river or drawing earth and ballast on a railroad. ballast-getter (bal'ast-get "er), n. One who is employed in procuring ballast for ships. I now come to the nature of the ballast labour itself. This is divisible into three classes : that performed by the ballast ;■ Hits, or those v. ho are engaged in raising il from the bed of the Thames; by the ballast-lighters, or those who are engaged in carrying it from the getters to the ships requiring it ; and by the ballast-heavers, or those who are engaged in putting it on board of such ships. Mayhew, London Labour, III. ""' ME.), = F. balast = G. ballast (> Pol. balast= ballast-hammer (bal'ast-ham"er),». A double Russ. balastii, Imllnsiii), (OliG.hG. Fries. D. bat- ' last, Flem. ballas, Dan. ballast, Sw. ballast, bar- last, < >Sw. ODan. barlast, the last being appar. the orig. form, < bar = E. bare, mere, + last = E. last, load or weight; but the first element is un- certain. The Dan. baglast, 'back-load,' D. obs. bale/last, 'belly-load,' appear to be due to popu- faced, long-handled hammer used in lay in; railroad-tracks. ballast-heaver (bal'ast-he"ver), n. 1. One who is employed in putting ballast on board ships. See extract under ballast-getter. — 2. A dredging-machine for raising ballast from a river-bed; a ballast-lighter. lar etymology. The explanation of ballast as< ballast-hole (bal'ast-hol), n. Same as ballast MLG. bal-, = AS. balu, bad, evil (see bale 1 ), + port. last, load, that is, unprofitable cargo, is not ballasting (bal'as-ting), n. 1. The act of fur satisfactory.] 1. Weight carried by a ship or boat for the purpose of insuring the proper sta- ll., + -eri.] One lancing. pi. liniti rinas, bal- lerine (-n&z, -na). [It. J fern, of ballerino(yl. baU Ii line), a dancer, < ballare, dance: see ball-.] A female ballet-dancer. ballet 1 (bal'et), n. [< OF. balette, a little ball, dim. of bale, balk, a ball: see ball 1 and -eh] A little ball : in her., a bearing in coats of arms, denominated, according to the color, bezants, plates, hurts, etc. ballet 2 (bal'a, formerly and still sometimes bal'et), n. [First in the 17th century, also ballat, balletic, balette, balet, < F. ballet (= It. balletto), dim. of bal = It. ballo, a dunce: see ball? and -et.] 1. A spectacular dance, more or less elaborate in steps, poses, and costumes, in which a number of performers, chiefly fe- males, take part. It is led or conducted by one or more chief dancers or coryphees, and is usually incidental to an operatic or other dramatic representation. 2. A complete pantomime or theatrical repre- sentation, in which a story is told, and actions, characters, and passions are represented, by gestures and grouping, accompanied by char- acteristic or illustrative music, dancing, and often rich scenery and decorations. — 3. The corps of dancers who perforin ballets. bility, both to avoid risk of capsizing and to se- cure the greatest effectiveness of the propel- ling power. A usual modern form of ballast is water, which is pumped in or out of compartments arranged to receive it; lead is also much used, especially for craft of moderate size, and is often run into a space left for it be- tween the plates of the keel, or cast into plates of appro- priate form and bolted to the exterior of the keel. Gravel, stones, pig-iron, and other weighty materials are in com- mon use as ballast, in cases where the requisite weight cannot be found in the regular cargo itself. So rich shall be the rubbish of our barks, Ta'en here for ballass to the ports of France, That Charles himself shall wonder at the sight. Greene, Orlando Furioso. 2. Bags of sand placed in the car of a balloon to steady it and to enable the aeronaut to light- en the balloon, when necessary to effect a rise, by throwing part of the sand out. — 3. Gravel, broken stones, slag, or similar material (usually called road-metal), placed between the sleep- nishing with ballast, as a ship or railroad.— ball l et 2 (bal'a), v. i. ["< bailed, it.] To express that which is used for ballast, a 3 by aane v ing ^' in a ba L llet . [Rare.] H< .-ballets to her: " Will you come down here and dance?" Mayhew, London Labour, III. 155. the upper works or permanent way of a rail- baUet 3 t> „. and „. ^ obsolete form of ballad. gravel or broken stones, cinders, or other ma- terial used for the covering of roads or to form oad. ballast-lighter (bal'ast-li"ter), n. [< ballast + lighter^.] 1. A person employed in convey- ing ballast for ships. See extract under bnl- last-!ietter.— 2. A large flat-bottomed barge for receiving and transporting ballast, or for removing sand, silt, ashes, or other deposits dredged from the beds of rivers and the bot- toms of harbors, docks, etc. ballast-port (bal'ast-port), n. A large square port in the side of"a merchant-ship serving for the reception and discharge of ballast. Also called ballast-hole. ballast-trim (bal'ast-trim), n. The state of a ship when she is merely in ballast or has no cargo on board: as, she is in ballast-trim balletryt, ». An obsolete form of balladry. ball-flower (bal'flou"er), n. In arch., an orna- ment resembling a ball placed in a circular lAStts . [riafiS.lSITiYfi'iVfur „• ,__ -^- ? - - ^JtW. J' shifting, and generally to give solidity to the road. The name is also given to the stones, burnt clay, etc., used as a foundation in making new roads, laying icrete floors, etc. Depressions frequently occur in the ballast has been badly stamped Thausing, Beer (trans.), p. 29S. 4. Figuratively, that which gives stability or steadiness, mental, moral, or political. Those that are of solid and sober natures have more of the ballast than of the sail. Bacon, Vain Glory. These men have not ballast enough of humility and fear. Hani iiiond, Sermons, p. 612. Ballast-plants, plants that grow upon the ballast of a ship after it has been discharged, from tie seeds that may accidentally be brought with it. In ballast, without cargo : said of a ship laden with ballast only. flower, the three petals of which form a eup round it. This ornament is usually found inserted in a hollow molding, and is generally characteristic in Eng- land of the decorated style of the thirteenth century. Some variations of Form occur, as four petals instead of three (York cathedral), and balls of different si/. shapes. ball-grinder (bal'grin'der), ». A pulverizer or disintegrator formed by balls of metal in- closed in a rotating cylinder. The material to be crushed is broken by the attrition of tho rolling balls, so called because it was a position of vantage ball-gudgeon (bal'guj "on), ». A spherical from which missiles were discharged. gudgeon, permitting a lateral deflection "t the ballatryt, »• An obsolete form of balladry. arbor or shaft, while still remaining itself in ball-bearing (bal'bar'ing), n. In mech., a the socket. E. H. Knight. method of lessening friction by causing a shaft balliage, «• See bailage. to rest upon or to be surrounded by balls partly balliardst, ». />'• Billiards. Spen contained in sockets, each ball being loose, ballimongt (bal'i-mong), n. [Origin unknown.] and turning with the shaft. A dredge. Holland. ers or ties of a railroad, to prevent them from ballatt, »■ and v. An obsolete form of ballad. ballato'on (bal-a-tbu'), ». A heavy boat em- ployed in Russia in the transportation of tim- ber, especially from Astrakhan to Moscow. concrete flooring when ballatOriUm (bal-a-t6'ri-um), ».j pi. ballatnria concrete flooring when ( _.^_ Qj^ < » J)oHf „. p? <; Gl ._ ^uv, throw. Cf. balista, ballista, etc.] The forecastle or the stern-castle of a medieval ship of war: balling balling 1 (ba'lhig), n. [Verbal n. of bull 1 , ».] The act or process of making into balls; the act of assuming the form of a ball; specifically, in the process of puddling, the forming of the iron into balls or rounded masses of a size con- venient for handling. balling- (ba'ling), ». [Verbal n. of balP, r.\ The frequenting of balls; dancing. [Bare.] balling-furnace (ba'ling-fer mis), ». [< ball- ing, verbal n. of ball 1 , »., + furnace.] 1. A furnace in which piles or fagots of metal are placed to be heated preparatory to rolling, li resembles a puddliiig-furnaco. — 2. A reverbe- ratory furnace used in alkali-works. balling-gun (ba'ling-gun), B. An instrument for administering to horses medicine rolled into balls. It consists of a tube from which tin- air is purtiaiu exhausted; the ball Is held ou the end of the tube by atmospheric pressure, and is released by a piston when fairly within the esophagus. E. It. Knight. balling-iron (lia'ling-i ern), n. A hook-shaped tool for removing snow from the feet of a horse. balling-machine (ba'ling-ma-shen'), re. A ma- chine for balling cotton thread. balling-tool (ba'ling-t81), ». The tool used in collecting into a mass the iron in a puddling- furnace preparatory to taking it to the hammer or squeezer; a rabble. ball-ironstone (bal'i ern-ston), n. In English mining, nodular iron ore. Also called hall-mine and ball-vein, ballisedt, a. [Appar. for "paUised, < F. paMssi, pp. of palisser, suiTound with pales : see pali- sade.] Inclosed with a railing or balustrade. Wotton. i.Y. /;. D.) ballismus (ba-lis'mus), re. [NL., < Gr. (iaXkta- fi6c, a jumping about, dancing, < fia'AtKm>, jump about, dance: see ball-.] In pathol., a name which has been given to chorea, to pa- ralysis agitans, and to other forms of tremor. ballist (bal'ist), re. [Early mod. E. also balist, < .ME. balist, <. L. ballista, balista: see ballista.] Same as ballista. [Rare.] ballista, balista (ba-lis'ta), n. ; pi. ballista?, ba- lista- (-te). [L., occasionally (in gloss. ) ballistra, appar. formed on a Greek model, < Gr. /la'A'teiv, throw.] 1. An ancient military engine used for throwing missiles. The different references to it art- contradictory, as it is described as acting by means of a bow, but also as throwing large stones rather than darts. An attempt has been made to reconcile these statements by representing the engine as composed of a strong shaft, rotating on one of its ends, ami having at the other end a receptacle for the missile ; this shaft would be thrown forward by the recoil "i aster! how, ami stopped Bnddenlj against a transom, thus releasing the missile. Throughout the middle ages the term is used in Latin writings for military engines of different kinds. See irt- bucket, mangonel, caable, petroneL pieiTiere, and catapult. When used as a bearing in heraldry, the ballista is repre- sented so simplified as to he hardly recognizable. It lias generally two upright posts witli a movable bar between them, shown loaded at one end. 2. [NL.] In anat., the astragalus, a bone of the tarsus. ballistic (ba-lis'tik), a. [< ballista •■ + -ic] Per- taining to ballistics, or the scientific construc- tion and use of projectiles. — Ballistic curve, the actual path of a projectile, as distinguished from the theo- retical or parabolic path. -Ballistic galvanometer. Sei galvanometer. - Ballistic pendulum, an apparatus invented by benjamin Robins for ascertaining the velocity of miiii.m projectiles, ami consequently the explosive force ol gunpowder. A piece of ordnance is fired against a cast-iron case filled with bags of sand, which forms the ball ol a pendulum, and tin- percussion causes tin- pendu- lum to vibrate. The distance through which it vibrates is in- ;.;.- i ii by an index carrying a ver- nier, and tii. amount of vibration forms a measure of the Itj -I He- hall, the ballistic pendulum is now nearly sup I leded by various forms of apparatus for iring tin- time on upied by the passage ol tin -li ol from .in screenorwire to another. See etectroballistic, ballistics (ba-lis'tiks), «. [PI. of ballistic: see -cs.J 1. The science or ;irt of discharging large missiles by the use of the ballista Or Other engine. — 2. The science of the motion of pro- jectiles. ballium (bal'i-um), re. [ML.: see bail? and bai- I'H 1 -} 1. Same as bail?, 5. — 2. Simu> n$ bailey 1 . ball-joint (bal'joinl I, n. A jointed connection in which one of the connected pieces has a ball- shaped extremity, lining a cup-shaped socket in tl ther. ball-lever (bal'lev er), «. The lever of a ball- cock. ball-mine i bal'mmi, n. Same as ball-ironstone. ball-mounting (ie.ri.onni ting), ». A kind of harness-mounting having a bull where a ring is fastened to tin- huso. ballock (bal'pk), n. | Ml-;. balMc, /„///«/,-, „„/„/,-, < AS. Ueatliie. < hialhi or /»"//./. :i I .all, + dim. -lie: see //»//!, ill, and -nrl:. J A testicle. [Ob- solete or vulgar.] 432 ballont, n. [< F. ballon, balon, dim. of balle, bull . a bale : in del". L', obs. form of balloon : see balloon 1 .'] 1. A bale ol' paper, etc. — 2. Same as balloon 1 , 1. -. balloon 1 (ba-16n'), n. [In some senses also ballon, after F.; early mod. E. baloon, baloune, balone, ballone, < It. ballone, pallone, a large ball, a fool-hall (now distinguished: ballone, a large hale, pallone, a foot-hall, balloon) (= Sp. balon, a foot-ball, a large bale, = l J g. bal&o, a balloon, = V. ballon, a fardle or small pack, balon, " a little ball or pack, also a foot-ball or balloon" (Cutgrave), now ballon (after It.), a foot-ball, balloon, swelling hill), aug. (in F. prop, dim.) of bulla, etc., a ball, bale: see hiil/'.l>'ih-\] It. A large inflated ball of leather, used in playing certain games ; a game played with such a ball. It was tossed to an. I fro by either hand or foot, the hand being defended by a guard (bal- loon-brasser). See foot-ball. 'Tis easier sport than the baloon. llcywood. It was my envied lot to lead the winning party at that wondrous match at ballon, made betwixt the divine As- trophel (our matchless Sidney) and the right honourable my very good Lord of Oxford. Scott, Monastery, II. iii. 2. In client., a round vessel with a short neck, used as a receiver in distillation; a glass re- ceiver of a spherical form. — 3. In arch., a ball or globe on the top of a pillar. — 4. In pyro- technics, a ball of pasteboard or a kind of bomb stuffed with combustibles, which, bursting like a bomb, exhibits sparks of fire like stars. — 5. In treating, a cylindrical reel on which sized woolen yarn for warp is wound in order to be dried by rapid revolution in a heated chamber. — 6. A bag or hollow vessel filled with hydro- gen gas or heated air, or any other gaseous fluid lighter than common air, and thus caused to rise and float in the atmosphere, it is made of silk or other light material, varnished with caoutchouc dissolved in turpentine. Anetworkof twine envelops the balloon, and is tied to a circular hoop a little below it, from which a car, usually consisting of a large wicker basket, is suspended. A valve in the bottom of the balloon can be opened and closed at pleasure by means of a string, and the basket is furnished with sandbags as ballast. If the aeronaut wishes to ascend, he throws out some of the bal- last ; if to descend, he opens the valve. Balloons have been successfully used for military purposes (see captive balloon, below), and, in the case of besieged cities, as a medium of communication with the outside world. 7. In comic engravings, a figure shaped like a balloon and inclosing words which are repre- sented as issuing from the mouth of a speaker. — Captive balloon, a balloon anchored or attached to the ground by means of a rope, which may be either per- manently fixed or connected with an anchor which can be raised at pleasure. .Such balloons have been employed for military lecontioissance.- steering balloon, a bal- loon capable of being steered, line such was invented by .11. Dupuy de Lome during the siege of Paris in 1871. The rudder is said to he able to deflect the machine 11 to either side of the direct line in which the wind is blow- ing, so that a balloon leaving Paris with tin' wind straight for Brussels could he landed at either London or Cologne. balloon'-' (bal'o-on), n. [Also bidloen, balon, ballong= Sp. 6aZore=Pg. balao; from the native name.] A state barge of Siam, made in fanci- ful imitation of a sea-monster, and having 70 to 100 oars on a side. balloon-ballt (ba-16n'bal), re. Same as bal- loon 1 , 1. I'll make him the balloon-bull of the churches, And both the sides shall toss him. Middleton, Game at Chess, ii. 2. balloon-boiler (ba-lon'boiler), re. A steam- boiler having a form somewhat resembling that of a balloon. balloon-brassert, »■ [< balloon 1 + brasser, a form of bracer, after F. brassard, also brassal (( 'otgrave): see dot'.] A brace or guard of wood, used by balloon-players (see balloon 1 , 1) to protect tie' baud and arm. ballooned (ba-18nd'), a. Swelled out like a balloon. ballooner (ba-16'ner), n. A balloonist; an aeronaut. balloon-fish (ba- Ion 'fish), n. A globefish; a lish of the order I'b ■ctoijnathi and suborder (iijtn- nodontes, as t ae tropical Te- traodon litica- tus, or striped spine-belly, or a species of one of the gen- era Triodon and Diodon. S,. railed I. calls.- it has the power of Bwallowlng air, u in.-h is retained in a dilatation of B.illoon.fish ( Tttracdon Hniatta). the esophagus, ballot and thus of blowing itself up into a nearly spherical shape like a balloon. The Ivor) llketipsof the jawbones clef! ai.oir .mil below, a- in Tetraodon, give the nsh the appear- ance of having four teeth, two above ami two below. See Gymnodontidoe. ballooning(ba-hi'niiig), >?. [< balloon 1 + -ingl.] 1. The art or practice of ascending in ami of managing balloons. — 2. In political and stock- exchange slang, the operation of booming a candidate, or of inflating the money-market, by means of ficti- tious favorable re- ports. Ballooning indeed goes on. Jefferson, Correspon- dence, I. 323. balloonist (ba-18'- nist), re. [< bal- loon 1 + -ist.~\ One who ascends in a balloon ; an aero- naut. balloon-jib (ba- lon'jib), n. A tri- - angular sail made of light canvas, used only by yachts and in light winds, set between the foretop- mast-head and the end of the jib-boom. balloon-net (ba-lon'net), n. A kind of woven lace in which the weft-threads are twisted in a peculiar manner round the warps. 11. II. Knight. balloonry (ba-16n'ri), n. [< balloon 1 + -?■;/.] The art or practice of ascending in a balloon. Quarterly Rev. balloon-sail (ba-18n'sal), n. Light canvas used in yachts, as the balloon-jib, the spinnaker, balloon-topsails and -foresails, and the shadow- sail and water-sail. balloon-Vine (ba-lon'vin), n. A herbaceous climbing plant, Cariliospennimi Jlalicacalntm, Halloon-vine {Cardiospcrmittn Halicacabum). a, inflated capsule or pod, aliout one half natural size. ( From Gray's "Genera of the Plants of the United States.") natural order Sapindaene, found in all tropical countries. It bears a large,- 3-celled, bladder- like pod. Also called heartseed. ballot 1 (bal'ot), n. [First in the Kith century, < It. ballotta"= F. ballotte, balotte, a little ball, esp. as used for voting, a vote, suffrage, = Sp. batata, a ballot (.ML. ballotta), dim. of bulla, a ball: see ball 1 and -of.] 1. A little ball used in voting. Hence — 2. A ticket or slip of pa- per, sometimes called a. voting-paper, used for the same purpose, on which is printed or writ- ten an expression of the elector's choice as be- tween candidates or propositions to be voted for. — 3. A method of secret voting by means Of small balls, or of printed or written ballots, which are deposited in an urn or a box called a ballot-box. in the former case, each person who is entitled to vote, having tin- choice of two balls, one white and one black, places a white hall in Ih. box if In- is in favor of the resolution proposed, as tin- admission of a person to membership in a club, or a black ball If he is op* pose. I to it. Hence, to blackball a person Is to vote against his election. In He- Latter case, tin- I. allots .a- voting, papers an- so folded as to prevent the voters preference from I. ring disclosed, ami an- usually handed to an au- thorized Officer called an inspector of elections, lo be de- posited in the box iii the voters presence. The ballot is now employed in all popular elections in the i nil.. I Statesfexcept in the stab- elections of Kentucky, in which the voting is viva voce), throughout tin United Kingdom ami the British colonies, ami in the national or parliamen- tary elections in Germany, France, Belgium, Italy, and most other countries of continental Europe. 4. A casting of ballots; a vol. h\ ballot ; also, the whole number of votes cast or recorded: ballot as, a ballot was taken on the resolution; there was a largo ballot. — 5. A method of drawing lots by taking out small balls, or the like, from a box' ; hence, lot-drawing. X. E. I>. - Tissue- ballots, ballots printed on thin tissue-paper, to the end that a large number of fraudulent votes folded together m:iv be smuggled into the ballot-box without detection. To cast a ballot, to deposit in a ballot-box, or present for deposit, a ballot or voting-paper. — To cast the bal- lot, I" ivi-ord. as if ascertained by ballot, the vote oi an assembly or meeting. The secretary is often Instructed to "cast the ballot when for convenience the actual process, as required by rule, is dispensed with. ballot 1 (bal'ot), i: [Early mod. E. also ballot, ballet; < It. balUittare = F. ballotter, earlier balot- ter, = Sp. balotar, vote by ballot; from the noun.] I. intrans. 1. To decide upon a ques- lots; take a ballot or a vote by ballot : often with for in the sense of 'in relation to': as, to ballot for members of a club. See the noun. The judges . . . would never take their balls to ballot against him. North, tr. of Plutarch, p. 927. The convention did not ballot until its third day. ff. S. Merriam, S. Bowles, II. 1S5. 2. To bound, as in the bore of a cannon : as, spherical projectiles ballot in the bore of the piece. — 3. To select by lot; draw lots (for): as, to ballot for places. Il.t trans. 1. To vote for or against by bal- lot; choose or elect by ballot. None of the competitors arriving at a sufficient number of balls, they fell to ballot some others. Sir II. Wotton, Reliquiw, p. 262. 2. To choose by lot; select by drawing lots for. Peasants . . . who will not be balloted for soldiers. Carlyle, French Rev., III. i. 1. ballot 2 (bal'ot), «. [< F. ballot, a bale, prop. a small bale, dim. of bade, a bale : see bale- 3 and -ot, and cf. the ult. identical ballot 1 .] A small bale, weighing from 70 to 120 pounds. Alpaca is imported in ballots, bales of about 70 lbs. weight. Drapers* Diet., p. 4. Ballota (ba-lo'ta), it. [NL. (L. bdllote), < Gr. />'«>/ (j-//, a plant believed to be black hoar- hound, origin unknown.] A genus of labiate plants, of about 25 species, mostly natives of the Mediterranean region. The black hoarhound, /.'. nigra, sometimes used in medicine, is found through- out Em-ope and Russian Asia. ballotade, ballottade (bal-o-tad' or -tad'), »■ [< F. ballottade (Sp. balotadd), < ballotter, toss, prob. < ballotte, a little ball: see ballot 1 , ».] In the manage, a leap of a horse in which all four legs are bent without jerking out the hind ones. Also spelled balotade. ballotantt (bal'ot-ant), n. [< F. ballottant, pp. of ballotter, ballot: see ballot 1 , v.] A voter by ballot. J. Harrington. [Kare.] ballotationt (bal-o-ta'shon), v. [< ballot 1 + -atiou, after It. ballottazione.] A voting by bal- lot; a balloting. [Rare.] The election of the Duke of Venice is one of the most intricate and curious forms in the world, consisting of ten several ballotations. Sir II. Wotton, Reliquiffi, p. 260. ballot-box (bal'ot-boks), n. A box for receiv- ing ballots. For all except those who before 1787 had already ac- quired the elective franchise, color barred the way to the tallot-box. Bancroft, Hist. Const., II. 129. balloter (bal'ot-er), n. 1. One who ballots or votes by ballot. — 2. A mechanical device for receiving, counting, and recording ballots. ballotint, n. [< ballot 1 + -in, irreg. used.] The carrier of the ballot-box ; the taker of the votes by ballot. J. Harrington. [Rare.] balloting (bal'ot-ing), n. [verbal n. of ballot'', v.] 1. The act of easting or taking a ballot: as, the balloting began at 2 o'clock. — 2. A spe- cific instance in which a ballot is taken ; a vote. From the result of the baUotings yesterday, I deem it highly Improbable that 1 shall receive the nomination. Buchanan, in Curtis, ii. 2. ballotist (bal'ot-ist), n. [< ballot* + -ist.] An advocate of voting by ballot, ballottade, n. See ballotade. ballottement (ba-lot'ment), n. [F., a tossing, < hat/otter, toss: see ballotade.] In obstct., a method of testing pregnancy. ballow't, a. [Appar. < ME. balowe, balwe, balge, hah/It, round, rounded, smooth, appar. < AS. balg, bcelig, a bag: see bellows and belli/.'] An epithet of uncertain meaning, in the following passage: the apparent etymology suggests 'round,' 'pot-bellied.' The hallow nag outstrips the winds in chase. Drayton, Polyolbion, iii. 40. (N. E. D.) ballow 2 (bal'6), n. [Etym. unknown.] Sunt., deep water inside a shoal or bar. Smyth, Sail- or's Word-Book. (N. E. D.) 28 balneary with an odorous balsam ; also occasionally the halsam-nr, Abies baUamea, which yields the Canada balsam, (d) 1 he sweet balm, Dracocephalum CanarUnse (see above). — Balm of heaven, one ol the manj names given in Cali- fornia to the i/mbeUularia Californiea, s lauraceous tree with verj Btrongb aromatic foliage. balm (bam), v. t. [< ME. baiimen, bamen, < lioiiiiie, balm. ( '!'. < >F. < mbaumer, embalm: see embalm.] 1. To embalm. Shrouded in cloth of state I lUitin •! ami i-iitreusui >l with full bags ol spices! Shale., Peril les, iii. 2. 2. To anoint as with balm or with anything fragrant or medicinal. Halm his foul head in warm distilled waters. Shall., T. ol the S., 1ml., i. 3. To soothe ; mitigate ; assuage ; heal. Oppressed nature sleeps: — This rest might yet have balm'd thy broken senses. Shah., Lear, iii. 6. [Obsolete or archaic in all uses. J ball-seater (bal'se"ter), n. A tool used in balmaiden (bal'ma"dn), n. [< bal + maiden.'] 433 hallow 3 , ». A word used only by Nhnksporr in the passage cited, in the folio of Ki2li, where the quarto editions have battero&nA bat; it is, like battero, apparently a misprint for ballon, battoon, or bottom, a stick, cudgel. See bat- ton, batoon, baton, and bat 1 . Keepe out, ... or ice try whither your Costard or my Ballow be the harder. Shak., bear, iv. 6 (162:i). ball-proof (bal'prof), a. Capablo of resisting balls from firearms; impenetrable by bullets. ball-rack (bftl'rak), n. In printing, the rack which held the balls formerly used in inking. ball-room (b&l'rom), h. A room expressly de- signed for balls or dancing parties, or a room in which such entertainments are given. Bon, proposition, or candidacy by casting bal- ball-screw (bal'skrS), n. A screw which can be attached to the end of the ramrod of a gun, for the purpose of extracting a bullet from the barrel fitting the ball of a cartridge accurately in line with the axis of the shell. ball-Stock ( 1 lal'stok), n. In prin ting, formerly, a stock somewhat hollow at one end, to which the ball was attached, and which served as a handle. See ball*, 9. ball-train (bal'tran), n. A set of rolls for roll- ing puddlers' balls or loops into bars. ball-trimmer (bal'trim^er), n. A lathe for fin- ishing musket-balls. ball-trolly (b&l'trol'i), n. A small iron truck used in conveying the balls of puddled iron from the puddling-furnace to the tilt-hammer or squeezer. E. H. Knight. ballustredt(bal'us-terd), a. Same as balustered. Dri/di n. ball-valve (bal'valv), n. A valve formed by a globe resting upon a concave circular seat. It is lifted by the upward pressure of the fluid, and . UaaU, n. Tears of the Church, p. 351. balneography (bal-ne-og'ra-fi), «. [< L. &«/- «< «/«, a bath (see balneum), + Gr. -}paia, < ypafav, write.] A description of baths. Dun- gtison. balneological (bal-ne-o-loj'i-kal),a. Of or per- taining to balneology. balneology (bal-nf-ol'd-ji), n. [< L. balneum, a bath, + Or. -/oj/ri, <.'/!) civ, speak: see balneum and -ology.] A treatise on baths or bathing; the use of baths and bathing as a department of therapeutics. Among "in- medical schools balneology as a subject of systematic study is entirely neglected. Harper's Hag., LXIX. 43S. balneotherapeutics (baPne-o-ther-a-pu'tiks), n. [< L. balneum, bath (see balneum), + thera- peutics.] Balneotherapy. balneotherapia(bal"ne-6-ther-a-pi'a), >i. [NL., < L. balneum, a bath (see balneum), + Or. Ocpa- ■Keia, medical treatment: see therapeutic.'] Same as balneotherapy. balneotherapy (bal"ne-o-ther'a-pi), n. [Eng- lished from balneotherapia.] The treatment of disease by baths ; water-cure. Balneotht rapy, or bathing, ami treatment by medica- ments. Sci. Amer. (N. S.), LIV. 4. balneum (bal'ne-um), n. ; pi. balnea (-ii). [L., fuller form baliheum, < Or. Aa'/.avuov, a bath, < fia'/.avEvew, bathe. From L. balneum come bag- nio and bain-, q. v.] In chem., a vessel filled with water or sand, in which another vessel is placed to be heated ; a bath. See bath 1 , 8. balolo (ba-16'16), n. A sea-worm found in the South Pacific ocean. See palolo. The balolo is a small sea-worm, long and thin as ordi- nary vermicelli. Some are fully a yard long, others about an inch. It has a jointed body and many legs, and lives in the deep sea. C. P. Gordon-Cumminy, At Home in Fiji, p. 66". balont, balonet, «• See balloon 1 . balonea (ba-16'ne-a), n. [See ralonia.] A name for an oak, Qucrcus JEgilops, large quantities of the cups of which are exported from the Mediterranean basin for tanners' use. See valonia. baloot, interj. and «. See balou: balotade, »• See ballotade. balowt, baloot, interj. and n. [Nursery sylla- bles.] I. interj. An utterance used in lulling to sleep. Hee i"il"!< ! my sweet wee Donald. Bums, Song. II. ». 1. A lullaby. — 2. A song containing this word. A". E. J>. bals. An abbreviation of the Latin balsamum, that is, balsam, used in medical prescriptions. balsa, balza (bal'sa, -zfi), n. [< Sp. Pg. balsa ( > P. balse, baize), < Peru'v. bal:a, a kind of light porous wood used in Peru for constructing rafts.] 1. The native name of the Ochroma l.aiiii/ois, a bombaeeous tree common in the forests upon the coasts of tropical America. The wood is v< ry soft and light, and is used for stopping bottles, as well as in the construction of rafts which take its ns 2. A kind of raft or float much used on the west coast of South America for crossing lakes [vers, for lauding through the surf, and by fishermen. It is then formed of two inflated cylinders ■ bullock s hide, joined by a sort of platform on which tl n or goods are placed. In the United Stat Is givi n to two or "e inflated cylinders of india-rubber, or lonj cs i of metal or wood, secured togethei in pairs by a framework, and used as a life-saving raft or for crossing heavj Burf. See life-raft, balsam (bal'sam), n. [Early mod. E. also Iml- sem, bah*/ nt. Iml mne (in ME. only as balm, q. v.), < AS. balsam, balsam, < L. balsamum, < Gr. Id 1 - catwv, the resin of the balsam-tree, the tree it- self: iii'/niiuin, a balsam-tree; prub. of Semitic' origin: see balm.] 1. An oily, aromatic, resinous substance, exuding spontaneously from trees of the genus Balsa modendron ; hence, by ex- tension, any aromatic or odoriferous exudation 434 from trees or shrubs, whether spontaneous or after incision ; balm. A great variety of substances pass under this name; but hi chemistry the term is con- lined to vegetable juices, whether they remain liquid or spontaneously become solid, which consist of resins mixed y\ ith gums or volatile oils, the resins being produced from the .ills by oxidation. A balsam is thus intermediate be- tween a volatile oil and a resin. It is soluble in alcohol and ether, and capable of yielding benzoic acid. The bal- sams arc cither liquid or solid : of the former are the balm of Qilead and the balsams of copaiba, Peru, and Tolu (see below); of the latter, benzoin, dragon's blend, and Btorax, 'flu- balsam used in the Roman Catholic Church in the con- fection of chrism is, by the rubrics, that of Syria or .Mecca ; but, from ilithculty in obtaining this, concessions have been made by the popes for the use of the balsams of Brazil, Tolu, Peru, etc. Many of the resins occur in plants dissolved in ethereal oils. Should the vessels which contain this solution be injured, it flows out, and becomes thick, or even solid. on exposure to the air, partly from evaporation of the solvent oil, and partly by its oxidation. .Such mixtures of oils and resins are termed balsams. Strieker, < Irganic Chemistry, p. 732. 2f. An aromatic preparation used for embalm- ing the dead. — 3. Any aromatic fragrant oint- ment, whether for ceremonial or for medicinal use, as for healing wounds or soothing pain. — 4. Figuratively, any healing or soothing agent or agency. la this the balsam that the usuring senate Pours into captains' wounds? Sbak.,T. of A., iii. 5. Was not the people's blessing . . . a balsam to thy blood? Tennyson, liecket, 1. '-'4. 5f. In alchemy, a healthful preservative essence, of oily penetrative nature, conceived by Para- celsus to exist in all organic bodies. A r . E. D. — 6. A tree yielding an aromatic, oily resin. In the United States the name is often applied generally to the firs (species of Abies), and sometimes ignorantly to the spruces also. See balsam-tree. 7. The Impatiensbalsamina, a familiar flowering annual, of Eastern origin, cultivated in many Flowering branch of Balsam (Imfntietis/itlva). (From Gray's " Genera of the Plants of the United States.") varieties, often called garden-balsam, and in the United States lady's-slippcr; also, the native Eu- ropean species, I. Koli^me-tangere, and the Amer- ican I. fulra. See Impaiiens and jewel-weed. In medical prescriptions abbreviated to bals. Balsam of Mecca, balm of Gilead. See balm. — Balsam of Peru, the product of Myroxylon Pereirte, a legumini ius tree of San Salvador. It is employed in perfumery and the manufacture of soaps, and in medicine as a stimulat- ing ointment and for the relief of asthma and coughs.— Balsam Of Saturn, a solution of lead acetate in turpen- tine, concentrated by evaporation and mixed with cam- phor, formerly used to hasten the cicatrization of wounds. Balsam of Tolu (from Tolu, a seaport in the United States of Colombia), a product of Myroxylon Toluifera of Venezuela and the United States of Colombia, a species closely allied to .V. Pereiree (see above) It has an agree- able flavor, and is used in medicine as an expectorant and stimulant, though its properties are not important.— Brazilian balsam, the product of Myroxylon peruiferum. It closely resembles balsam of Peru.— Broad-leafed bal- sam, Of the West Indies, a small tree belonging to the natural order Araliaceee, SeiadovhyUum capitatum, yield- ing an ar atic balsam, which is derived chiefly from tin hemes. -Canada balsam, a transparent liquid resin or turpentine obtained by puncturing the vesicles which form under the bark id the balsam-flr, Abies balsamea of North America. It is much valued for mounting objects tor the microscope, as it remains permanently transparent, and it is also used in making varnish, the principal supply is from Canada. Other forms of turpentine tr European coniferous trees are Bometimes called balsams. — Copalm balsam, a balsam obtained from tie- Bweet-gum, Liquid- amlinr styracif.ua, very similar to Btorax and used for similar purposes.— Yellow balsam, "I Jamaica, Croton Havens, an aromatic euphorbiaceous shrub, covered with a yellow WOOL (r'or other kinds of balsam, see aeouebi-resin, copaiba, gurjun, and laaam.) balsam (bal'sam), v. t. [< balsam, n. Cf. ML. balsamare.] 1. To apply balsam or balm to; anoint with balm or balsam. The gifts' of our young and flourishing age are very sweet when they are baUamed with discretion. Bp. Hacket, Abp. Williams, i. 57. balsamy 2. To embalm. [Rare.] \\ e bad him halsamed and sent home. Motley, Dutch Republic, I. 222. balsam-apple (bal'sam-ap"l), n. An annual cucurbitaeeous plant of tropical regions, M6- monltea lialsamina, bearing a small warty fruit of a red or orange color. Both the fruit ami the root are actively purgative. Wild balsam-apple, of tin United states an annual vine, Echinocystis lobata, of the order Cucurbitaceos, bearing numerous white flowers and a fibrous fruit opening at the summit. balsamation (bal-sa-ma'shon), v. [< ML. bal- sa matio(n-), < balsa man . pp. balsamalns. to bal- sam, < L. balsamum, balsam.] The act of ren- dering balsamic. [Rare.] balsam-bog (bal'sam-bog), ». A curious um- belliferous plant of the Falkland islands, form- ing hard hemispherical hillocks often from 2 to 4 feet in height. It yields a gum which has been used in medicine. balsam-herb (bal'sam-erb), n. A name given in Jamaica to JJianthera reptans, an acantha- ceous plant. balsamic (bal-orbal-sam'ik), a. and n. [< bal- sam + -ie.] I. a. 1. Pertaining to or of the na- ture of balsam : as, balsamic juices. — 2. Yield- ing balsam: as, balsamic pine. — 3. Having the fragrance of balsam ; aromatic ; balmy. The new-leaved butternut And quivering poplar to the roving breeze Gave a balsamic fragrance. Bryant, Old Man's Counsel. 4. Having the healing or soothing qualities of balsam; healing; soothing; mild: as, balsamic remedies. — 5t. Of or pertaining to the balsam of the alchemists. See balsam, 5. II. ii. Any warm, stimulating, demulcent medicine, of a smooth and oily consistence. balsamicalt (bal- or bal-sam'i-kal), a. Same as balsamic. The lialsamieal humour of my bl 1. Sir M. Hale, (frig, of Mankind, i. 1. balsamically (bal- orbal-sam'i-kal-i), adc In a balsamic manner ; as a balsam. balsamiferous (bal- or bal-sa-mif' e-rus), a. [< L. balsamum, balsam, + ferrc = E. bear 1 .] Producing balm or balsam : said of those trees and shrubs which yield balsam. balsamina (bal-sa-mi'nii), ». [NL. : see 6a?- samiuc.] Same as balsdmine. balsamine (bal'sam-in), ii. [< F. balsamine = Sp. Pg. It. balsamina, < NL. balsamina (< Gr. (3a?Mauivr/), balsam-plant, prop. fern, of L. balsa- mi nus, < Gr. "jialoainvoc, pertaining to balsam, < fia'Aaa/iov, balsam.] A name given to the garden-balsam and to some other species of the genus lm pa liens (which see). balsamitict (bal-sa-mit'ik), a. [< ML. *balsa- miticus (cf. ML. balsamaUcus), < L. balsamum.] Balsamic. balsamito (bal-sa-me'to), n. [In form Sp. or Pg. ; cf. Sp. balsamita (= Pg. balsaniita), tansy, < luilsamo, balsam: see balm.] A liquid having a bitter taste, the odor of the Tonquin bean, and a light sherry-color, produced by digesting the fruit of the balsam of Peru in rum. it is used as a medicine, and also as an application to sloughing sores, especially to those caused by the chigoe. balsamize (bal'sam-iz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bal- samized, ppr. batsamising. [< balsam + -ige.] To render balsamic. balsamous (bal'sam-us), a. [< balsam + -ous.] Having the qualities of balsam; abounding in balsam ; consisting of balsam. Now the radical moisture is not the tallow or fat of ani- mals, but an oily and balsamous substance, Sterne, Tristram shandy, v. 86. balsam-root (bal'sam-rot), n. A name given in California to species of Jialsmiiorrhiza, a ge- nus of low, coarse, perennial composite plants, allied to the sunflower. They have deep thick roots which contain a U rebiiithinate balsam. These roots are eaten by the natives after being peeled and baked. balsam-tree (bal'sam-tr§), «. A name given to many of the balsam-bearing trees of the tropic's (see balsam), and to the mastic-tree, I'istacia J.ruliscus. in North America it is applied to Populns balsamifera, and on the western coast to /*. trielweiir/>a. It is also given especially to flic lialsam- bearing conifers. Abies balsamea and .1. Fraseri in the east (the latter tree being distinguished as the sin balsam), and in the Rocky Mountains and westward to .1, eanealor and .1. nibalpina. The balsam-tree or balsam-fig Of Ja- maica is Hie I 'lasia nSt << balsam-weed (bal'sam wed), n. A name of the common everlastings of the United States, Gnaphalium decurrens ami f his wodbyiie he Iniltcres ther vnde[r]. Allitc'i-atii,- Poenw(ed. Morris), iii. 459. 2. To become tangled or matted. [Prov. Eng.] Tt [;i goat's beard] haltereth anil cluttereth into knots ,m.l balls. Holland, tr. "f Pliny, xii. 17. (A. /.'. D.) II. trans. 1. To tread down in a clumsy man- ner. [Prov. Eng.] — 2f. To tangle; clot; mat, as the hair. balteus (bal'te-us), ».; pi. baltei (-1). [L., a belt: according to Varro, a Tuscan word, but perhaps of Celtic origin: see belt.'] 1. In Ilo- man antiq., a belt: either a girdle, or a baldric worn over the shoulder to support a sword, shield, or quiver. — 2. In arch.: (a) A band perpendicular to the axis in the lateral part of the volute of an Ionic pulvinated capital, (b) One of the passages dividing the auditorium of ancient Roman theaters and amphitheaters horizontally into upper and lower zones, and affording access to the different cunei, or wedge- shaped divisions of the auditorium, without dis- turbing persons occupying seats. Such a pas- sage had usually the form of a wide step. Baltic (bal'tik), a. [< NL. Balticus, prob. < Lith. baltas, white, halti, be white.] Appella- tive of or pertaining to the sea which separates Sweden from Denmark, Germany, and Russia; situated on or bordering the Baltic sea: as, the Baltic islands; the Baltic coasts. Baltimore bird, oriole. See oriole. baltimorite (bal'ti-mor-It), 91. [< Baltimore, the chief city in Maryland, + -(7c 2 .] A variety of serpentine from Bare Hills, Maryland. balu(ba'lo), n. [Native name.] A kind of wild- cat, Ft lis snniatrana, native in Sumatra. Baluchi (ba-lo'ehe), n. [Pers. Baluchi, Bdii- chi.] 1. A native or an inhabitant of Balu- chistan, a country lying to the east of Persia and between Afghanistan and the Arabian sea; specifically, a member of one of the tribes of Baluchistan, a distinct race from the present dominant tribe, the Brahoes. — 2. The language spoken by the Baluehis and by over 300,000 British subjects inhabiting Sind and the Pan- jab. It belongs to the Iranic branch of the Aryan family of languages. It has no literature and written characters of its own. Arabic characters having been used for such works in Baluchi as have recently appeared. Also written Bcloochec and Belooch. baluster (bal'us-ter), n. [Also balluster, ballis- ter (and corruptly bannister, banister, q. v.), formerly also ballester; < F. balnstre, < It. 6a- laustro (= Sp. Pg. balaustrc), a baluster, small pillar, so called from a fancied resemblance to the flower of the wild pomegranate, < balausto, balausta, balaustra = Sp. balaustra, balanstria = Pg. balaustia = P. balauste, formerly also ba- lustre, < L. balaustium, < Gr. jia'AavoTiov, the flower of the wild pomegranate -tree. Cf. Ba- laustion.'] 1. In arch, and building, a small upright member made in a great variety of 435 At the bottom is a parterre; the upper terra..- rn-.Tr half a myle in length, w"> double declivities, airbed and balwrter'd w". stone, of vast and royal cost. F.r.lim, Diary, I'Yb. 27, 1044. baluster-shaft (bal'us-ter-shaft), n. A form of pillar occurring in so-called Anglo-Saxon architecture, and in work influenced by it as lato as tho twelfth century. It serves especially as a separation of win- dow-lights and other openings, and isname.l from its rude resem- blance in shape to a baluster of the conven tional type. baluster-stem (bal'us-ter -stem >. a. The stem of a goblet, chalice, or other similar vessel when of the bulgiug shape characteristic of a baluster. balustrade (bal-us-1 rad'), n. [< F. balustrade, < It. balaustrata (= Sp. Pg. balaustrada), a balus- trade, prop, adj. fem., furnished with balusters, < halaustro, a baluster.] In arch., strictly, a barrier or railing consisting .if a horizontal Baluster-shafts. St. Albans Cathedral. England. Balusters. A, from church of Santa Trinity del Monte. Rome; B, from pulpit- stairs, Duomo of Siena ; C (bronze ). from Casa de Pilatos, Seville. forms, but typically strongly swelled outward at some point between the base and the top or capital, and commonly vase- or urn-shaped, used in series to support the rail of a railing or balustrade. The baluster, as distinguished from a small column serving the same purpose, originated in the archi- tecture of the Renaissance. Now often called banister. 2. In arch., the lateral part of the volute of the Ionic capital. Also bolster. balustered (bal'us-terd), a. [< baluster + -ed 2 .] Furnished with balusters. Balustrade.— From the Villa d'Este, Tivoli, Italy. member resting on a series of balusters ; but, commonly, an ornamental railing or pierced parapet of any kind, whether serving as a bar- rier or merely as a decorative feature, and whether composed of balusters or not. Broad-based flights of marble stairs Ran up with golden balustrade. Tennyson, Arabian Nights. balustraded (bal-us-tra'ded), a. [< balustrade + -c(i 2 .] Furnished with a balustrade or bal- ustrades. I like the balustraded terraces, the sun-proof laurel walks, the vases and statues. Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 321. balustrading (bal-us-tra'ding), n. [< balus- trade + -Hit/ 1 .] A balustrade or balustrades; balustrade-work. The upper [floor] was terraced and defended by strong balustrading. L. Wallace, Ben-Hur, p. 92. balysaur, «• Sec balisaur. balza, n. Seebalsit. balzant, n. [F., < It. balsano, white-footed, Vhite-spotted, = OF. bauson, bausant : see ban- sond, bauson.] A horse having four white feet. balzarine (bal-za-ren'), n. [Origin obscure.] A light mixed fabric of cotton and wool for women's dresses, commonly used for summer gowns before the introduction of barege. bam (bam), v. ; pret. and pp. hammed, ppr. bamming. [A slang word, formerly also bamb, either an abbr., or the source of the first syl- lable, of bamboozle, q. v.] I. traus. To bam- boozle; cheat; hoax; wheedle. [Slang.] This is some conspiracy, I suppose, to bam, to chouse me out of my money. Foots. II. intrans. To practise hoaxing or imposi- tion. [Slang.] bam (bam), n. [< bam, i\] A cheat; a hoax; an imposition. [Slang. ] It was all a bam, madam, a sr.rie we thought proper to act. A. Murphy. To relieve the tedium he kept plying them with all manner of bams. J. Wilson. bamalip (bam'a-lip), n. [An artificial term.] In logic, a mnemonic word denoting a mood of the fourth figure, containing syllogisms with universal affirmative premises and a particular affirmative conclusion : as, All greyhounds are dogs ; but all dogs are quadrupeds ; therefore, some quadrupeds are greyhounds, six of the seven letters composing theword arc signitlcant. i5 shows that the mood is to be reduced to barbara (which see) ; a , that the major premise is a universal affirmative ; m, that the premises are to be transposed in reducing it to the first figure ; a, that the minor premise is a universal af- bamboo-brier nrniative ; i, that the conclusion [a a particular affirmative; and /', that the conclusion of barbara ha in the reduction io be ( verted per acciden to give the oonclusion of bainalip Thism I was originally called baralipton bj Petrus Efispanus, English logicians more nmonly call the mood bramantip, in ord< i to make the hexameter Bramantip, oamenes, dlmaris, fesapo, fresfaon. See mood. bamalipton (bam-a-lip'ton), n. [An artificial term.] A mood id' syllogism, differing from baralipton only in having the names of the ma- jor and minor premises transposed. The nam. was in ventral by Jodoc Trutfi derof Eisenach, a tea. Luther, who .li.'d in 1519. bambara(liam'lia-ra), u. [Aii artificial term.] A mood of syllogism, differing from barbara only in having tin- names of the major and minor premises transposed. The name was in- vented by Jodoc Trutfeder. See bamalipton. bambino (bam-be'no), n. ; pi. bambini (-ne). [It., a child, dim. of bambo, childish, simple; cf. bimbo, a child, Sp. bambarria, a child, a foolish man, Austrian bams, child. Prob. of imitative origin, and so far related to Gr. ,jau- jiaivciv, chatter with the teeth, also stammer; l3a/i(3ani. 279. The writings were engraved on slips of bamboo, as was cus- tomary in China before the invention of paper. — Sacred bamboo, the Nandina domestica, a handsome evergreen berberidaceous shrub, bearing red berries, and extensively cultivated in China and Japan. It is chiefly used for dec- oration. bamboo (bam-bo'), v. t. [< bamboo. ».] To beat with a bamboo ; punish by flogging with a smooth lath of bamboo ; bastinado. bamboo-brier (bam-bo'bri'er), «. The green- brier of the United States, Smilax rotundifolia, a tall thorny climber. Bambino, Church of An Rome. bamboo-partridge bamboo-partridge (bam-bS'p&r'trij), n. A member of the genus Bambusicola. bamboo-rat (bain-bti'rat), w. A species of ro- dent animal of the size of a rabbit, belonging to the genus Rhisomys. found in Malacca. bamboozle (bam-bo'zl), v. ; pret. and pp. bam- boozled, ppr. bamboozling. [Mentioned by Swift in 1710 among "certain words invented by some pretty fellows, Buchas banter^ bamboozle, country put,. . . si •mi' of which are now struggling for the vogue" (Tatler, No. 230); appar. a slang word, of no definite origin, connected with (prob. abbreviated to) bamb, bam. which ap- pears a little later: see bam. Of. Sc. bombaze, oumbaze. confuse, stupefy, based. based t basit, confused, stapid.] I. trans. 1. To hoax; de- ceive ; trick ; impose upon. All the people upon earth, excepting these two or three worthy gentlemen, are imposed upon, cheated, bubbled, abused, bamboozled Addison, Drummer, i. 1, Americans are neither to he dragooned nor bamboozled out of their liberty. Franklin, Life, p. 514. It's supposed by this trick He bamboozU d < >ld Nick. Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, II. 203. 2. To perplex ; mystify. II. iiitnnis. To use trickery; practise cheating. bamboozler (bam-bo'zler), n. One who bam- boozles; a cheat; one who plays tricks upon another. There are a set of fellows they call banterers and bam- boozlers, that play Buch tricks. Arbuthnot, John Bull (1755), p. 58. bambosh (bam'bosh), n. [< bam + bosh, prob. with ref. to bamboozle."] Humbug. [Slang.] N. E. 1>. bamboula (bam-bS'la), n. [Creole F., < F. bambou, bamboo.] i. A small drum consist- ing of a section of bamboo covered at one end with sheepskin, formerly in use among slaves in Louisiana. — 2. A dance performed to the accompaniment of such a drum. Bambusa (bam-bu'sa), n. [NL., through D. bamboes, G. bambus, etc., < E. Ind. hambu; see bamboo.~\ A genus of arborescent grasses, of the tribe Bambusea. (which see), of about 25 well- known species, natives of south- ern and eastern Asia, one species only being cos- mopolitan. This species, the common bamboo, B. vul- garis, is nowhere known as indige- nous, but is natural- ized in many places, and is cultivated extensively in the old world, the West Indies, and South America. Some of the species arc spi- nose at the joints, others are climbers. The Btema attain a height of 20, 50, or even 120 feet, with a diameter, in the larger species, of from 4 to 8 inches. The uses that are made of the stems and leaves of the various species of bamboo in the East Indies and eastern Asia are innumerable, Houses ami their furniture, the *ails, and rigging of ships, rafts, bridges, fences, cart-. |i;iki!H|Hiri-, water-pip( j s, cordage, paper, boxes, bas- ket-., mats, pipe-stems, and in fact nearly all articles of or- dinal > use, are made entirely or in pari from this material. i , l in l | m. used as food, and the leaves furnish fodder for cattle. bambusaceous (bam-bu-sa'shius), «. [< /;..//,- busa + -aeeousJ] Resembling the bamboo ; be- longing 1" 'hi* LrnitriiiiroHS tribe Ilti mhuscc. Bambuseaei i»;i in i nr -.-."• i, n. pi. [NL.,< Baintm- sa + -(<(.] A tribe of grasses, of great economic importance, ii eluding nearly -"0 species in about 'jo genera, of vmich Bambusa (which see) maybe considered the type. The) are mostly con- fined to the warn* i il the globe, though some are there found at an altitude ol from L0,000 to 16,000 feet above the Bea. Thej are gregarious in bal'it ami have Woody, tall, and often arborescent terns, hollow between the Joints, the taller specie) reaching an exti > height of 120 feet, with a diameter of 6 or 8 inelies Most of the species flower but rarely, but the flowering of any species, when ii occurs, is usually gi neral, and thi consequent harve I of seed lias at times prevented famine in India. The bamboos dt tropical America belong to several genera (chieflj Atthrostylidium, Chusquea, and Quadua) attaining nearlj Hie Blze ol those of the old world, toe genus Quadua scarcely differing from Bambusa,, Sev- eral oi the Indian genera are berrj bearing, the species most remarkable in this respect being Meloeanna bambu- 436 I, Bamtioo {Bambusa vulgaris), show- ing its mode of growth ; 2, flowers, leaves, and stem on a larger scale. Clump of Giant Bamboo {Dendrocalamits giganttus}. soides, which produces an edible, fleshy, pear-shaped fruit from 3 to 5 inches long. The same species, as also some others, yields the tabasheer (which see), a secretion in the joints, mainly siliehms, which is used as a medicine. Bambusicola (bam-bu-sik'o-la), n. [NL., < bambusa, bamboo, + L. colere, inhabit.] A ge- nus of gallinaceous birds of Asia, the barnboo- partridges. B. thoracica is a Chinese species ; B. sonorivox is found in Formosa. bambusicoline (bam-bu-sik'o-lin), a. [< NL. ha mbusicolinus, < bambusa, bamboo, + L. colere, inhabit: see -itieX.] Inhabiting cane-brakes; living in bamboo-grass : said of sundry animals, as certain partridges, rats, etc. bamia (ba'mi-ii), n. A fish of the family Siln- rida; taken in'the Red Sea. In a dried state it is much used as food by sailors. bamlite (bam'llt), n. [< Bamle + -»teL] A va- riety of fibrolito from Bamle, Norway. ban 1 (ban), v. ; pret. and pp. banned, ppr. banning. [< ME. barmen, < AS. barman, barman, summon, in comp. dbannan, summon, gebannan, summon, command, proclaim, = OPries. banna, bonna, command, proclaim, = OD. baniten, prohibit, mod. D. banish, exile, exorcise, trump, = OHG. batman, MHG. G. bannen, banish, expel, exor- cise, = Ieel. banna, forbid, curse, refl. swear, = Sw. banna, reprove, chide, refl. curse, swear, = Dan. bands, corse, swear, =Goth. "bannan (not recorded), orig. appar. ' proclaim or announce,' subsequently ^command or forbid under a pen- alty,' prob. akin to L. fari, say, speak (> ult. E. fable, fame, fate, etc.), =Gr. ydvai, speak, say (> ult. E. aphasia, aphonia, euphemism, etc.); cf. Skt. 1/ bhan, speak. Cf. also Gr. mod. E. bond, the same word, now partly discriminated in use), < AS. "band. = OS. band ' = OFries. band = T>. band=OB.G. MHG. bant, G. band = Ieel. Sw. band = Dan. baand, a band, a tie, a neut. noun (in D. and G. also mase. ), developing in later use a great variety of particular senses, and merged in ME. with the synonymous bend, bends, bcende, < AS. bend, rarely biend, in mod. E. prop, bend, and with the slightly different bands, E. hantl-. a strip, hoop, etc., derived through the F. from the same ult. source, namely, Tout. (AS., etc.) hindan (pret. band), E. bind: see bind, bend 1 , bend 2 , bend 3 , and ef. bond 1 , hand 2 , band 3 .] 1. Anything which binds the person or the limbs, and serves to restrain or to deprive of liberty; a shackle, manacle, or fetter: usually in the plural. 437 And Pharaoh-uechoh put him in bands at Riblah. 2 Ki. xxiil. S3. And suddenly there was a great earthquake, so that the foundations of the prison were shaken : and Immediati ly all the doors were opened, and every ones bands were loosed. ActSXVi. 26. Dot. In chains of adamant '.' Mam. Yes, the strongest band*. B. Jonson, Alchemist, iv. 1. 2. That by which loose things of the same or a similar kind are bound together, specifically- (a) The tie of straw used in binding sheaves of "heat or other "rain. (6) In huoklnodurt, one of the cords, tapes, or strips of parchment which hold together the sei - ral * tii ma of the sewed hook. The thread is drawn from with- in each section around or over the hands. 3. That which connects ; a connecting piece, or means of connection ; that which connects or unites the several parts of a complex thing. The body, by joints and bands ■ ■ ■ knit together, in- creasetb with the increase of God. Col. ii. 19. He [hope] is a flatterer A parasite, a keeper-back of death, \\ ho gently would dissolve the bands of life. Shak., Rich. II., ii. 2. Specifically — (at) In logic, the copula. [Kan.] A simple Axiome is that, the band whereof is a Verbe. r. Spencer (162S), Logick, p. 160. (X. E. D.) band 3. The form of collar commonly worn by men and women in the seventeenth century in wesl ern Europe. Ii was originallj Btarched and lived in a half-erect position, nearly like the ruff, which it super. Beded, and was often of lace and ol none [i -. size. AM i ward it was turned down over the shoulders, and 'ailed a falli no-hand. This hand Shews not my neck enough. /;. Jonson, Volpone, iii. 2. Kissing your finger that hath the ruby, or playing with some string of your bond. B. Jonson, Cynthia's Bevels, ii. 1. The next that mounted the Stage was an I'ndel -I'itizt n of the Bath, a Person remarkable anion- the inferior Peo- ple of that Place for his great Wisdom and his Broad Band Steele, in Dobson, p. 152. 4. The linen ornament worn about the neck, with the ends hanging down in front, by certain Protestant clergymen, it was prescribed by Queen Elizabeth as a part of the even day dress ol Vngli an ecclesiastics. [Now only in the plural.] 5. In mining, a layer of rock interstratified with the coal; sometimes, as in Cumberland. Eng- land, the coal itself Band of rock, a phrase some- times used for bed of rock. See black hand. -Gastroparie- tal band, hypopharyngeal band, ilioparietal band, iliotibial band, etc. See the adjectives. ( „)The metallic sEeve which hinds the bar,;, and stock band* (band) ,, [Early ^ mod E also bend< late ME. bande, also bendc, < OF. and P. bands = Pr. Sp. It. banda (ML. bandum, bandits ; so G. bande, I), bande, now hemic, Dan. bande, Sw. band, after Bom.), a band or company, < OHG. bant, OS. OFries., etc., band, a band or tie, the sense of ' company ' being developed first in Rom. : see bandX, band 2 , and cf. the doublet bend 3 .] 1. A company of persons, especially a body of armed men ; a company of soldiers, or of persons united for any purpose. We few, we happy few, we band of brothers. Shak., Hen. V., of a musket together. (<•) one of two pieces of iron fas lined to the bows of a saddle to keep them in place, (d) A leaden eame. See came%. (ef) A hyphen. 4. A binding or uniting power or influence: as, a band of union. [Now usually bond.] I drew them with cords of a man, with bands of love. Hos. xi. 4. Land of my sires ! what mortal hand i Ian e'er untie the filial band That knits me to thy rugged strand? Scott, L. of L. M., vi. 2. 5. An obligation imposing reciprocal, legal, or moral duties: as, the nuptial bands. [Now usually bond.] Ilere's eight that must take bands, To join in Hymen's bands. Shak. , As you Like it, v. 4. 6f. A binding promise or agreement; a bond or security given. Adr. Tell me, was be arrested on sl band? Dro. S. Not on a band, but on a stronger thing. Shak., 0. of E., iv. 2. You know my debts are many more than means, My bands not taken in, my friends at home Drawn dry with these expenses. Fletcfier {aitd another), Noble Gentleman, i. 1. 7f. A surety ; a bondsman. Since faith could get no credit at his hand, I sent him word to come and sue my band. Churchy ard. Challenge (ed. 177s), p. 162. 8t. A covenant or league. [Scotch.] - False bands, in bookbinding, strips of leather or strands of twisted cord, pasted across the inner side of the backs of books, and afterward molded in high relief to give the f c . a ttl e or horses, or a flock of sheep appearance of hands of unusual thickness or strength.— Raised bands, in bookbinding, strips of leather or braided cord of unusual thickness, fastened on the outside of the sewed sheets of a book-hack, making a noticeable projec- tion on the back, and intended to give increased strength to seWillg. band- (band), n. [< ME. bands, < OF. bande, earlier bends, mod. F. bande = Pr. ben/la = Sp. banda, venda = Pg. banda = It. banda and benda, dial, binda, a band, strip, side, etc., in various particular senses, < OHG. binda, binta, MHG. G. binds, f., a band, fillet, tie, cravat (cf. D. bind, neut., a crossbeam, joint, = Dan. bind, neut., a band, tie, etc.), < OHG. bintnii. MHG. ii. bindsn, etc., = AS. bindan, E. bind. The word is thus tilt, cognate with band 1 and with html 1 , with which it has been mixed, but it differs in its orig. formation: see band 1 , bend 1 , and the doublet bend?.] 1. A flat strip of any material, but especially of a flexible material, used to bind round anything; a fillet: as, a rubber band; a band around the head; a hob-band. A single band of gold about her hair. Tennyson, Princess, v. 2. Anything resembling a band in form or func- tion, (a) A bandage; specifically, a swaddling hand. Henry the Sixth, in infant bands crown'd king Of Prance and England. Shak.. lien. \ '., v. 2. (b) A border or strip on an article of dress serving to strengthen it or to confine it, as at the waist, neck, or wrist: as, a waist&aml; a wristband; a neck-band, (c) Naut.: (1) A strip of canvas sewed across a sail to band 4 (band), H strengthen it. (2) An iron hoop round a spar, (i/) In ,„„ „„„ „ f ,,„„, mach., a licit, cord, or chain for transmitting power, such hands generally pass over two pulleys, wheels, or drums, communicating motion from one to the other, (ft) In arch.: (1) Any flat member or molding, broad hut of small projection: also called fascia, fact; or plinth. (2) A tab- let or string-course carried around a tower or other part of a building. ( f) In decorative art. a horizontal strip of decoration separated from the general wall siirtaee by parallel lines. ( . band 5 t. An obsolete or Scotch preterit of bind. band i; t (band), V. t. [Same as ban 1 , after .ML. and It. bandire, a form of ML. bannire, banish, band ban: see bant, hamuli. Otherwise taken, in the passage quoted, as band", for bandyK] To interdict ; banish. Sweete love sui h lewdnes bands Erom hisfairecompanee. Spatter, F. Q., III. n. 41. band 7 t, ''• Same as Sandy 1 . band* (band), n. [Native name.] A weight equal to about 2 ounces troy, in use in western Africa for weighing scold-dust. Simmonds. bandage (ban'dag), ■». [< F. bandage l < bande, a bund, strip: see Sand 2 anil -('.'/'■] 1. A strip. Viand, or swathe of cotton cloth, or other soft woven material, used in dressing and bind- ing up wounds, stopping hemorrhages, joining fractured and dislocated bones, etc.— 2. A band or ligature in general ; that which is bound over something else. Zeal too had a place among the rest, with a bandage over her eyes. Addison. 3. In arch., an iron ring or a chain bound around the springing of a dome, the circum- ference of a tower, or some similar part of a building, to tie it together. bandage (ban'daj), v. t.; pret. and pp. ban- daged, ppr. bandaging. [< bandage, ».] _ lo bind up or dress, as a wound, a fractured limb, etc., with a roller or bandage; cover with a bandage for the purpose of binding or con- cealing: as, to bandage the eyes. bandager (ban'daj-er), n. One who bandages or binds up wounds, etc. bandagist (ban'daj-ist), n. [< F. bandagtste, < bandage: see bandage and -ist.] A maker of bandages, especially for hernia, bandal, ». See bandied bandala (ban-da'ia), n. [Native name.] The strong outer fiber of the abaca or Musa texUUs of Manila, made into cordage, especially into the well-known Manila white rope. bandalore, bandelore (ban'da-lor, -de-lor), n. [Origin obscure. Cf. bandore*.] 1. A kind of toy very much used at the beginning of the present century. See quiz.— 2. Same as ban- dore 1 . . bandana, bandanna (ban-dan'S), n. [1 irst in form bandanno, later bandanna, prob. through Pg., < Hind, bandhnu, "a mode of dyeing in which the cloth is tied in different places to prevent the parts from receiving the dye (Shakspear, Hind. Diet.), < bandh, or preferably bdndh, a cord, ligature, tie, band, ult. = E. band 1 .] 1. A large handkerchief, dyed blue, vellow, or red, with small spots left white, where the stuff has been pressed to prevent it from receiving the dye.— 2. A style of calico-printing in imitation of bandana hand- kerchiefs, white spots being produced on a red or dark-colored ground by discharging the color, band-axis (band 'ak" sis), n. Same as axis- cylinder. band-bird (band'berd), n. A name of the African collared finch, Amadina fasciata. bandbox (band'boks), n. A light box made of pasteboard or thin flexible pieces of wood and paper, for holding caps, bonnets, or other light articles of attire: so called because origi- nally made to contain the starched bands com- monly worn in the seventeenth century. See band*, 3. She deposited liv licr side a capacious Imiolbox, ill which, asistl torn among travelers of her sex, she earned a great deal ol valuable property. Hawthorne. bandboxical (baud'bok'si-kal). a. [< bandbox + -irnl. | ( II the size or appearance of a. band- box : as, bandboxical rooms. [Colloq.] band-brake (band'brak), n. A form of brake used to prevent or to control the revolution of a shaft. ttconsistsoi a pulley secured upon the shaft. the circumference of which is embraced bj a strap or I, and, usuall] ol mi i.l. whii h I • apable of being adjusted to anj di ii< -I degi . band-coupling (band'kupling), n. Any device for uniting together the ends of a band. band-driver (band'drt verl, h. A tool used for correcting ^regularities in the bands of ma- chinery. E. II. Knight. bande (bon-da'), a. [F., pp. of bander, band: see band?, r.] In her., bendy dexter, as dis- tinguished from bendy sinister. See barri. bandeau (ban-do'), "■ : I' 1 - bandeawt [F., < OF. bandit, m., dim. of bande, band: see band?, and of. bandore*.] 1. A tillet worn round the head: a head band: especially, a ribbon worn by girls and women above the forehead.— 2. A horizontal band orringform- ing a part of the headpiece of armor. Around leather. 438 the edge of this cap was a stiff bandeau ol Scott, Ivmdloe. banded 1 (ban'ded), p. a. [< Sand 1 + -"'-'•] Bound or fastened with a band. banded- (ban'ded), p. a. [< band? + -ed-.] Having bands; crossed or encircled by a band OI bands; specifically, ill her., encircled with a band, often of a different color from the sheaf or bundle which it surrounds : as, a bundle of lances proper, banded gules, or the like — Banded column See column. -Banded mail, a kind of mail- armor shown in works of art of the thirteenth century, in which the rings are arranged in bands running around the arms body etc. Between the rows of rings there are ridges like slender bars, having apparently the same thick- ness as the rings, This mail is found represented not only in the miniatures of manuscripts, hut also in life-size effigies in stone; but it is not definitely known how it was made.— Banded Banded Structure (£).— Onyx. structure. («) I» geol., the structure id a rock which is more or less dis- tinctly divided into layers of different color, texture, or composition. The term implies, ordi- narily, something different from true stratification, and is applicable chiefly to volcanic masses. (6) In mineral., the structure of a min- , era! made up of a series of layers, usually parallel and dif- fering in color or texture, as onyx. r banded 3 (ban'ded), p. a. United as in a band. Though banded Europe stood her foes — The star of Brandenburg arose. Scott, Marmion, Hi., Int. bandelt, bandleH, »• [< OF. bandel, in., ban- dele, bandelie, f., dim. of bande, a strip: see band". Cf. bandeau.] A swaddling-band. bandelet, n. Same as bandlet. bandeliert, n. See bandoleer. bandelore, n. See bandalore. bandert (ban'der), n. One who bands or as- sociates with others ; a member of a band or confederacy. Yorke and his banders proudly pressed in To challenge the crown by title of right. Mir. for Mags., p. 352. You are to watch every attempt which is made ... to open any communication with any of the lords who may have become banders in the west. Scott, Abbot, I. x.\. banderet (ban'de-ret), n. [Swiss F., = F. ban- neret, E. banneret?, q. v.] A Swiss army com- mander. banderilla (ban-de-rel'ya), n. [Sp., dim. of bandera, banner: see banner.] A small dart- like javelin ornamented with a banderole, used iu bull-fights to goad and infuriate the bull, banderillero (ban-de-rfl-ya'ro), n. [Sp., < ban- derilla: see banderilla.] A bull-fighter who uses banderillas. banderole, banderol (ban' de-rol, .-rol), n. [Early mod. E. also bandrol, bandroll, etc., bannerol, banerol, etc., < F. banderole (OF. banerolle), < It- banderuola, banderola (= Sp. banderola), a little banner, dim. of bandiera (= Sp. bandera = F. bitumen), a banner: see banner.] 1. A small flag or streamer. Specifl- callj - (a) A small ornamental streamer earned on the shaft Of a lance, near the head. Then take my banderol of red ; Mine, and none but mine, shall honour thee, And safe conduct thee. Greene, Orlando Funoso. From the extremity . . . Buttered a small banderole or streamer bearing a cross. <> c °"- (M In her a streamer affixed immediately beneath the crook on the top oi the staff of a bishop, and (oldins ovet the staff (e) A long narrow streamer with clelt ends, carried at the masthead of ships, as in battle, etc, , , 2. A band of various form adapted to receive an inscription, used in deco- rative sculpture and other decorative art, especially of the Renaissance pe- riod. Also written bannerol. band-fish (liand'fisli), ji. An English name of («) the Cepola rubescens, a species oi the family t ■r l ,i,l„lir. more si ifically called red band-fish ; (b) the oar-fish, Begalecus glesne. Also called snake-fish. . bandful (band'ful; by miners, bon 111, n. L< hand- + -I'h I-.] In coalmining, a load of men .•arried np or down in the mine by silling on chain-loops attached to the hoisting-rope, as was customary before the introduction oi the eage and man-engine. [S. Staffordshire, Eng.] bandicoot (bau'di-kot), n. [Cf. Q. bandikut, from K. ; said to be a con-up! i< 1 the 1 eltigu name ,ia od, -l.nl, I, II, lit. pig-rat. I 1. The AnglO- bandoleer Indian name of the Mus giganteus of Hard- wieke, a large Indian rat, upward of 2 feet long including the tail, and weighing 2 or :i pounds. It Is very abundant in some regions, a great pest iu the rice fields and gardens, and is said to be good eating. 2 The Anglo-Australian name of any marsu- pial animal of the family PerameUdtB. Also called bandicoot rat. bandie (ban'di), n. [Local Sc] The stickle- back: a name current around Moray Frith, Scotland. bandikai (ban'di-ka), n. One of the names of the Aliitniosehiis esculentus. See Abelmoschus. bandileer (ban-di-ler'), n. Same as bandoleer. banding-machine (bau'ding-ma-shen"), n. A blocking-machine for forming the band of a hat. , , banding-plane (ban'ding-plan), «. A plane used for cutting out grooves and inlaying strings and bands in straight and circular work. It bears a general resemblance to the plane called a plow. banding-ring (ban'ding-rmg), n. In hat-niuk- imj, a ring which passes over the body of a hat, keeping it pressed to the hat-block. Its lower edge is at the band, or angle formed by the body and the brim. bandit (ban'dit), n. ; pi. bandits, banditti (ban - dits, ban-dit'i). [Early mod. E. bandetto, later banditto, bandito, bandite,etc, pi. bandetU, ban- ditti, banditi, banditti), and with added E. pi. Oon- ditties, etc.; < It. bandito (pi. banditi), a bandit, pp. of bandire, < ML. bandire, bannire, banish, outlaw: see ban*, banish.] it. An outlaw; one who is proscribed. Hence — 2. A lawless or desperate fellow; a brigand; a robber; espe- cially, one of an organized band of lawless ma- rauders. The Ripon men brought down the half-outlawed bandits from the Archbishop's liberty of Tynedale. Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 695. = Syn. 2. Brigand, etc. See rodder. banditt (ban'dit), v. t. To outlaw; proscribe; banish. banditti,". 1. Plural of bandit, banditto. — 8f. [Used as a singular.] A band or company of bandits. Sometimes written banditti/. bandittot (ban-dit'6), n. ; pi. banditti (-i). [It. bandito: see bandit.] A bandit. A Roman sworder and banditto [originally printed bandetto] Murther'd sweet Tully. Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iv. 1. That ruthless hearse of her dear spouse, Slain by bandittoes. Chapman, Widows Teal's, iv. 2. band-lacing (band 'la "sing), n. Strips of leather used in fastening together the ends ot a band or belt used in driving machinery. bandied, n. See bandel. handle- (ban'di), n. [Also sometimes bandal, < Ir. and Gael, bannlninh, a cubit, < bann, a measure, + Janih, hand, arm.] A lineal mea- sure or cloth-measure somewhat more than half a yard in length, used in the southern and western parts of Ireland. bandle-linen(ban'dl-lin"en),ti. Acoarsehome- niade Irish linen of narrow width. bandlet (band'let), n. [< F. bandelette, dim. of OF. bandel, a band. Cf. bandeau.] 1. Inarch., any little band or flat molding, as that which crowns the Doric architrave ; a fillet or listel. — 2. A small baud for encircling anything: as, an india-rubber bandlet. Also bandelet. band-master (band'mas'ter), n. The leader or director of a band of music. band-mounting (band'moun"ting), n. In hur- ness-niiil-inq. a style of harness-mounting m which the rings are broad and flat with square edges. band-nippers (band'nip'erz), ». sing, and pi. An instrument used in bookbinding todrawthe leather on the back close to the sides of the bands, bandog (ban'dog), n. [ME. band dogge, etc.; < band* + dot/.] A large, fierce kind of dog, in England generally a mastiff, usually kept chained. They pray us that it would please us to let them still hale us and worry us with their band-dogs, and Pursui- vants. ' Milton, Kef. in Eng., li. The keeper cut, red leading his bandog, a large bl 1- hound tied in a bam or band, from which he takes his bandoleer (ban-do-ler'), n. [Early mod. E. also bandoleer, bandeleer, bandileer, -ier, etc, < V bandouillere, now banaouliere, < It. bandoliera (_ sp. bandolera), a shoulder-belt, < 'bandola bandoleer (cf. bandolo, head of a skein), (lim. of banda (= Sp. banda = P. bande), a band, sash: seo hiiiiil-.] If. A broad licit or baldric worn overthe shoulder and across tlie breast, and used for suspending a wallet by the side. I threw mine arms, like g scarf or bashdUn r, cross tin- lieutenant's mel- ancholy bosom. Middleton, The Black Book. The Baillie now came bustling in, dressed in his bint' coat and banda- lit is, ami attended by two or three halberdiers. ScoK, Monastery, I. x. Specifically — 2. Such a belt worn by soldiers ; a shoulder- belt from which cartridges are suspended. The dagger is stuck in the sash, and a bandoleer slung over the shoulders carries their cartridge-case, powder- flask. Hint and steel, priming-horn, and other necessaries. R. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 151. Hence — 3. A nearly cylindrical case of copper or other material formerly used to contain a charge of powder. A number of these won- slung to a baldric or shoulder-belt, and formed the common means of charging the harquebuse, or in modern times tile musket. And, as Sym Hall stood by the fire, He lighted the match of bis bandelier. Scot«,L of L. M., iii. 21. Also spelled banditecr, bandalier, bandelier. bandoleer-fruit (ban-do-ler'frot), u. The ber- ries of Zanonia Indica, an Indian cucurbita- ceous vine bearing a fleshy fruit with winged seeds. bandoline (ban'do-lin), n. [Origin obscure; appar. a trade-name, perhaps based on band?.] A gummy perfumed substance, originally ob- tained mainly from quince-seeds, used to im- part glossiness to the hair, or to fix it in any particular form. bandoline (ban'do-lin), t>. ; pret. and pp. bando- litied, ppr. bandolining. [< bandoline, ».] I. trans. To apply bandoline to, as the hair; ren- der stiff, as the mustache, by applying bando- line. II. in trans. To apply bandoline to the hair. Dickens. bandont, n. [Early mod. E., < ME. bandon, bandoun, bandun, etc., < OP. bandon, < ML. *bando(n-) for bandum, bannum, proclamation, command, edict, ban : see ban 1 , »., and cf. aban- don.'] Jurisdiction; power of disposal ; dis- cretion. bandont, V. t. [Early mod. E., < late ME. ban- doiic. by apheresis for abandon, q. v.] To abandon. bandore 1 (ban-dor' ), n. [Also formerly ban dora , bandurioii, after Sp. or Pg. : Sp. bandurria and bandola, formerly pandurria, = Pg. bandurra = It. mandora (> P. maudore) and mandola (dim. mandolino, > E. mandoline), and pandora, pan- dura ; variously corrupted (as also E. banjo, q. v.), < LL. pandura, pandurium, < Gr. iravoovpa, also tyavdovpa, a musical instrument with three strings.] An old variety of the zither. Also called bandalore. Sound lute, bandora, gittern, Viol, virginals, and cittern. Middleton, Your Five Gallants, v. 2. bandore 2 t, n. [For *bando, i. e., bandeau, < F. bandeau, a band, in the particular sense of a widow's head-dress: see bandeau.] A widow's veil for covering the head and face. Prior. band-pulley (band'puT'i), n. A flat or slightly crown-faced pulley. Also called band- uiii 1 1. band-robin (band'rob"in). n. In hat-niiildnri, a piece of cloth saturated with cement, bound and ironed around the body of a hat to hold the brim firm- ly in its place. bandrolt, »• An obsolete form of banderole. band-saw (band'sa), n. An endless narrow band or ribbon of steel with a serrated edge, passing over two large wheels, which give a continuous uniform motion instead of the re- ciprocating action of the jig-saw. It was in- vented by William Newberry of London. Also called belt-saw and endless saw. band-setter (band'set'er), n. A tool used for shaving off the surface of a band-wheel so that the band-saw can be forced on. it has a broad 439 Two-part Band- pulley. cutting edge like a plane-iron, which is held against the wheel while the latter is revolving, thus scraping olf its surface. A narrow upright cutter at the same time forma a slight shoulder, bandsman 1 (bandz'man), h. ; pi. bandsmen (-men). [< band's, possi of band 2 , + man.] In mill in;/, a miner who works in connection with the band or flat rope by which the coal or other mineral is hoisted. bandsman- (bandz'man), «.; pi. bandsmen (-men). [< band's, poss. of band*, + man.] A musician who plays in a band. band-spectrum (band'spek"trum), ii. A spec- trum consisting of a number of bright bands. See spectrum. bandster (band'ster), n. [< band 1 , v., + -ster.] Iu England, one who binds sheaves after reap- ers. N. E. D. band-string (band'string), n. One of the laces used in seeming the bands formerly worn round the neck. They were usually tied in a large bow in front, and often had rich tassels and even jewels at the ends. If he should go into Fleet street, and sit upon a Stall, andtwirlai>(f'"/,v/,-/,e/, . . . then all the Boys in the Street would laugh at him. " Selden, Table-Talk, p. 86. I went away, and with Mr. Creed to the Exchange, and bought some things, as gloves, and bandstrings, &c. Pepi/s, Diary, I. 173. band-wheel (band'hwel), n. 1. In mack., same as band-pulley. — 2. A small wheel with a grooved face or rim, driven by a round belt or cord ; also, a wheel round which a band-saw turns. band-work (band'werk), h. Cooperation; work in bands or companies. The practice of band-work, or comradeship, the organic action of society, has so moulded the nature of man as to create in it two specially human faculties — the conscience and the intellect. II'. K. Clifford, Lectures, II. 2S3. bandy 1 (ban'di), c; pret. and pp. bandied, ppr. bandying. [First in Elizabethan E., also written bandie, and less commonly but more reg. band (the term, -ie, -y being irreg., and due perhaps to the Sp. Pg. bandc-ar), < P. bander, bandy at tennis, rett. band together, join in a league (= Sp. Pg. bandear, refl. band together, form a party or side, = It. bandare, ''to sido or bandy" — Florio), appar. the same as bander, tie with a band, < bande ( = Sp. Pg. It. banda), a band, side, party, E. band' 2 , mixed with bande = Sp. It. banda. a band, company, troop, E. band 3 . The senses 'throw from side to side' (from band' 2 ) and 'band together' (from band 3 ) appear to meet iu the sense 'contend, strive.'] I. trans. 1. To throw or strike to and fro, or from side to side, as a ball in play. Tenuis balls bandied and struck upon us . . . by rackets from without. Cudivorth, Intellectual System, p. 845. To fly sublime Thro' the courts, the camps, the schools, Is to be the ball of Time, BandHed by the bands of fools. Tennyson, Vision of Sin. 2f. To toss aside ; drive or send off. If the Earth had been bandied out of one Vortex into another. Dr. H. More, Div. Dial., i. 17. (.V. E. A) 3. To toss about, as from man to man ; pass from one to another, or back and forth. Let not . . . known truth . . . he bandied in disputa- tion. Watte. But now her wary ears did hear The new king's name bandied from mouth to mouth. WiUiaui Morris, Earthly Paradise, III. '275. bane 4. To give and take: ovhango, especially con- tentiously: as, to bandy compliments; to bandy words, reproaches, etc. Do you bandy looks with me, you rascal? Shak., I. ear, i. 4. I'll not baiubj Words with your mightini -- ~\lax*in, that was a damnable bang '. Robin //."»/ and Ho Banger, in Child's Ballads, V. 209. I heard several bangs or buffets . . . given to the eagle that held the ring of my box in his beak. Steill, Gulliver's Travels. 2. A loud, sudden, explosive noise, as the dis- charge of a gun or cannon, the slamming of a door, etc. The steps of a flne-belozenged carriage were let down with a bang. Thackeray, Newcomes, II. 3. A sudden, impetuous movement; an ener- getic dash or bounce : as, he got up with a bang. — 4. A stick; a club. [North. Eng.] = syn. 1. See thump. bang 1 (bang), adv. [Adverbial use of bang 1 , v. or «.] With a sudden or violent blow or clap; all of a sudden; abruptly: especially with come or go: as, bang went the guns. A 321b. shot struck us bang on the quarter. Tom Cringles Loo. l'.laokw Is Mac, XXXII. HI. bang 2 (bang), v. t. [< bang 1 , adr. ; to cut the hair 'bang off.'] To cut across: used of hair. («) To cut (the hair) so as to form a fringe over the forehead: a common fashion with girls and young women. He was bareheaded, his hah banged even with his eye- brows in front. The Century, XXV. I'M. (b) To dock (a horse's tail). bang 2 (bang), n. [< bang", v.] The front hair cut so as to hang evenly over the forehead: often in the plural : as, to wear bangs. bang 3 , «. See bhang. bang-beggar (bang''beg"ar), n. [< bang 1 , v., + obj. beggar."] 1. A strong staff. — 2. A consta- ble or beadle. [Scotch and prov. Eng.] banger (bang'er), n. One who or that which bangs. Specifically — (rsts). fig-tree, Mens Bcngalcnsis, natural order Vrti- caceas, remarkable for the area which individ- ual trees cover through the development of roots from the branches, which descend to the ground and become trunks for the support and nourishment of the extending crown, it is ex- tensively planted throughout India as a shade tree, and i> of rapid growth, frequently covering a space bin yards in diameter and reaching a height ol 80 or 100 feet. The fruit is of the size nf a cherry. As in s c other tropical speeies nf the genus, the seeds rarely germinate ill the ground, hut usually in the crowns of palms or other trees, where they have been deposited by birds. Knots are sent down to the ground, and they embrace and finally kill the nurse palm. The tree furnishes lac, the bark is made into cordage, the milky juice yields a bird lime, and the haves are fashioned hit" platters. The wood is soft and nf little value. banie (ba'ni), a. A Scotch form of bony. banish (ban ish), v. t. [< ME. banishen, ban- ysen, < I >1'. banir, bannir(baniss-), mod. V. bannir '= OSp. Pg. bandit = It. bandire, ML. baunire, banish bandire, proclaim, ban, banish, < bannum, ban- dum, ban: see ban 1 , n. and ».] If. To outlaw; put under ban. When lie had in Loughdcven been Many a month and many a day : TO the regent the lord warden sent, That banniskt earl for to betray. Percy's Reliques, p. 150. For I music to the grene vrode goo, Alone, a banusshed man. The Nutbrovme Maid, in Child's Ballads. 2. To condemn to exile by political or judicial authority; expel from or relegate to a country or a place, either permanently or for a time: often with objectives of both person and place : as, he was banished the kingdom ; Ovid was banished to Tomi. We, From this instant, banish him our city. Shale, Cor., iii. 3. Six years we banish him. Shafc., Rich. II., i. 3. Thou knowest what it is to be banished thy native country, to be over-ruled, as well as to rule and sit upon the. throne. R. Barclay, Pref. to An Api >li >gy, 3. To send or drive away; expel; dismiss: with a person or thing as object: as, to banish sorrow; to banish an obnoxious person from one's presence or thoughts. These evils thou repeat'st upon thyself Have banish'd me from Scotland. Shak., Macbeth, iv. 3. You have already banished slavery from this common- wealth. Sumner, Arg. against Sep. Colored Schools. = Syn. Banish, Exile, Expel, expatriate, put away, are all used of removal by physical or moral compulsion; they all have a figurative as well as a literal use. To banish is, literally, to put out of a community or country by ban or civil interdict, and indicates a complete removal out of _ sight, perhaps to a distance. To exile is simply to cause to leave one's place or country, and is often used reflex- ively ; it emphasizes the idea of leaving home, while ban- ish emphasizes rather that of being forced by some au- thority to leave it; as, the bitterness of exile; banished to Siberia. Expel, literally, to drive out, means prima- rily to cast out forcibly and violently, and secondarily with disgrace : as, to expel from the chamber, or from col- lege ; he was expelled the country. Banished from Rome ! what's banished but set free From daily contact with the things I loathe? Croly, Catiline. The intrigues of Richelieu compelled her [Mary of Me- dicis] to exile herself, and live an unhappy fugitive. /. D'Israeli, Curios, of Lit., I. 256. When the French Revolution of February, 1848, broke out, Marx was expelled without circumstance from Brus- sels. Rae, Contemp. Socialism, p. 132. banisher (ban'ish-er), n. One who banishes. To be full quit of those my banishers Stand I before thee here. Shak,, Cor., iv. 5. banishment (ban'ish-ment), n. [< banish + -ment, after F. bannisscment.~\ 1. The act of banishing or compelling a citizen to leave his country or place of residence by political or judicial authority. He secured himself by the banishment of his enemies. Johnson. 2. The state of being banished; enforced ab- sence; expulsion; exile, in either a legal or a general sense: as, banishment from thy presence is worse than death. Six frozen winters spent, Return with welcome home from banishment. Shak, Rich. II., i. 3. Fields whose thrifty occupants abide As in a dear and chosen banishment, With every semblance of entire content. Wordsvforth, Sonnets, iii. 21. 3. The act of driving away or dispelling: as, the banishment of care from the mind. banister, bannister (ban'is-ter), n. Corrupt forms of baluster. He struggled to ascend the pulpit stairs, holding hard on the banisters. Seott, Woodstock, I. i. banister-cross (ban'is-ter-kros),)*. In her. j see cross-banister. banjert (ban'jer), n. See banjo. banjo (ban'jo), n. [Negro pron. of banjore, a corruption (in another form banjer) of ban- dore 1 , q. v.] 1. A musical instrument of the guitar class, having a neck with or without frets, and a circular body covered in front with tightly stretched parchment, like a tambourine. It has from five to nine strings, of which the melody- string, the highest in pitch, but placed outside of the low- est of the others, is played by the thumb. As in the gui- tar, the pitch of the strings is fixed by stopping them with the left hand, while the right hand produces the tone by plucking or striking. It is a favorite instrument among the negroes of the southern United States, and is much used by other persons. 2. A banjo-frame (which see). banjo-frame (ban'jo-fram), n. A rectangular frame of metal, fitted in the stern of a ship, for carrying and hoisting or lowering a two- bladed screw-propeller, it works in guides in the Banjo- frame. al-mi ning : (a) The surface around the mouth of a shaft : in this sense nearly synony- mous with the Cornish grass, to bankbeing the same as to grass, (b) In England, the whole or one end or side of a working-place under ground. (c) Iu Pennsylvania, a coal-working opened by water-level drifts. Penn. Geol. Surv. Glossary. (d) In England (Cumberland), a large heap or stack of coal on the surface. Grestey. — 10. The support of the moving carnage of a print- ing-press. — 11. In the fire-chamber of a glass- furnace, one of the banked-up parts which sup- port the melting-pots. — 12. In printing: (a) The table used by a hand-pressman for liis im- printed paper and his printed sheets, (b) A frame, with sloping top, on which are placed the galleys for use in collecting and proving the type set: mainly used in newspaper compos- ing-rooms. — 13. In thread or yarn manufac- ture, a creel in which rows of bobbins are held. — Bank of clouds, a mass of clouds appearing as if piled up in the form of a bank.— Bank Oil, menhaden-oil.— Spoil bank, in civil engineering, earth obtained from dis- tant points in the line of a work, or purchased for use where a sufficient quantity for the needed fillings is not furnished by the cuttings. bank bank 1 (bangk), v, [< bank*-, >/.] I. trans. 1. To raise a mound or dike about; inclose, de- fend, or fortify with a bank; embank: as, to bank a river. — 2. To form into a bank or heap; heap or pile: with up: as, to bankup the snow. — 3. To lie around or encircle, ;is a bank; con- stitute a bank around; form a bank or border to ; hem in as a bank. Burning sands that bank the shrubby vale-. Thomson, Summer, 1. 660. 4f. To pass by the banks or fortifications of. Have I aot heard these islanders shout out "Vive le roy " as I have bank d their townsl Shak., K. John, v. 2. To bank a fire, to cover up a fire with ashes, and use other means, as closing the dampers and ash-pit door, to make it burn low and at the same time to prevent its be- coming extinguished. Towards the afternoon a nice breeze sprang up, and we were able to bank fires and sail. Lady Brassey, Voyage of Sunbeam, I. i. To bank out, fa coalmining, to stack, as coal, on the surface, in default of means for removing it. [Eng.J II, intrans. If. To border upon. — 2. To im- pinge upon the banking-pins of a watch: said of the escapement. bank 2 (bangk), n. [Early mod. E. also banke, bangue. < late ME. banke. < F. banque, < It. banca (= F. banche = Pr. Sp. Pg. banca, < ML. banca, f.), a bench, esp. (in It, and thence iu other languages) a money-changer's bench or table, later a bank ; cf. It. Sp. Pg. banco = Pr. F. banc, < ML. bancus, m., a bank, bench, < MH.Gr. banc, G. bank = E. bank 1 , a bench: see bank 1 .'] If. A money-dealer's table, counter, or shop. Exchangers of Money made the temple to be the market and the banke. Jer. Taylor, Great Exemplar, ii. 11. These established their banks or tables in the forum, like ordinary bankers. Arnold, Hist. Rome, II. xxvii. 72. (.V. E. D.) 2f. A sum of money, especially a sum to draw upon, as in a loan-bank. — 3. In games of chance, the amount or pile which the proprie- tor of the gaming-table, or the person who plays against all the others, has before him; the funds of a gaming establishment ; a fund in certain games at cards : as, a faro-bank. — 4. An institution for receiving and lending money. The banking institutions of the United States may be classed as national and State banks, savings-banks, pi'i- vate banks or bankers, and loan and trust companies'. National banks were first authorized by a law of the United States enacted in 1863, for a term of twenty years. In 1*64 another act was adopted (allowing the like term of twenty years), which was thereafter known as the National Bank Art. In 1SS3 they were authorized to continue twenty years longer. They receive, lend, and transmit money, and issue notes which are used as money, and buy, sell, and collect Idlls of exchange. Their circu- lating notes are secured by United States bonds deposited with the government, and their operatiniis are subject to the inspection and supervision of the Comptroller of the Currency. State banks perform the same functions except that of issuing notes. The notes of the State banks were taxed 10 per cent, by Congress in 1805, in order to cause their retirement, which was speedily accomplished. Pri- vate banks and bankers carry on the same business as State banks. Sometimes one person constitutes a private bank, but generally several persons associate together and form a partnership. Loan and trust companies are incor- porated institutions, and receive deposits, usually for a fixed period, and loan them on the pledge of .stinks, bonds, and other securities, while national and State banks lend largely on the promises of the borrowers; they have also a capital which is subscribed and paid by the stockholders. Savings-banks receive money and lend it chiefly on the security of real estate. See savings-bank. In Europe several great national banks are intimately associated with the fiscal departments of the governments of their respective countries, as the Hank of Kn^hind and the Bank of France. Banks of issue are such as issue notes that cir- culate as currency. In London and for sixty-five miles around no bank having more than ten partners, save the Bank of England, is allowed to issue its own notes. 5. The office in which the transactions of a banking company are conducted — Bank-charter Act, an English Btatute of 1844(7 and 8Vict.,c, 32) defining the powers of the Bank of England in respect to the issue of notes and the amount of bullion reserve. Its object was to avoid the danger of the over-issue of circulating notes, which it accomplished by fixing a limit to the amount of bullion held by the bank. It also regulated the issue of notes bv other banks. Also known as the Peel Aet, and Sir Robert PeeVs Act.— Bank discount. See discount.— Bank men, in IT. S. hist., supporters of the second United states Bank in its contest with Presi- dent Jackson. Two institutions have been chartered by Congress under the title Bank of the United States, having their seat in Philadelphia, and intimately connected with the national finances. The charter of the first, granted in 1791, expired in 1811, its renewal having been refused. The second lasted from 1816 to 1836 under the national charter, ami was continued for a time as a State hank. The opposition of President Jackson to the renewal of its charter, and his removal of the government deposits from it in 1833, led to a violent political contest, in which his course was ultimately sustained.— Bank of issue, a bauk or banking company duly authorized by law to issue bank- notes of its own. — Bank post-bill. See bills. — Days In banc, see dan*. — National Bank Act, an act of Con- gress of 1864, providing for the organization throughout the bank 442 United States of banks whose circulating notes were re- banket 2 (bang'ket). u. [< hank 1 , a bench, + dim. -el.) A piece of wood on which brick- layers cut their bricks to the size proper for the place into which they are about to lay them. [Eng.] bank-fence (baugk'fens), n. A fence made of a bank of earth. bank-game (bangk'gam), n. In billiards, a line in which only bank-shots count. ' mining, the ane next the bank- (bangk), v. [< bank*, ».] I. intrans. engine. [Eng.] To have an account with a hanker; deposit bank-holiday (bangk'hol'i-da), n. In Great quired to be secured by a deposit ..i I nited states bonds, which resulted, as was intended, in providing a market for a very large government lean, ami at the same time a secure currencj equally acceptable in all parts of the coun- try. Penny-banks Act, an English statute of 1859 (2-2 ami 23 Vict., e. 53) authorizing the investing of the funds of penny savings-banks, charitable societies, etc., in the money ■•> established savings-banks. — To break the bank, to win, as in faro, from the management a certain sum which has been fixed upon as the limit which tl bank is willing to h.se in a single day.-To play against hank-head (bangk'hed), n. In coal thebaafcto takethensks of a jjame, as rouge-et-noir or ««""^ *"•■»»* v e> >} fan. in opposition to its manager. upper level end of an inclined plai money in a bank; transact business with a bank or as a bank; exercise the trade or profession of a banker. I bank with one of my sons' fathers-in-law, and the other bonis with me. Thack . ray. II. trans. To lay up on deposit in a bank : as, he banked §500. banka (bang'ka), n. [Native.] A passenger- boat without outrigger, used on the river and harbor at Manila. It is hewn from a single log of wood from 16' to 23 feet long, and carries three or four passengers. Imp. Diet. bankable ibang'ka-bl), a. [< bank", v., + -able.] Receivable as cash by a bank, as bank-notes, bank-hook (bangk huk). " cheeks, and other securities for money. bank-account (bangk'a-kount"), ». A sum de- posited in a bank to be drawn out on the writ- ten order of the depositor. bank-bait (bangk'bat), n. A name of May-flies. Britain, a secular day on which the law ex- empts the parties to negotiable paper from the obligation of presentment, payment, etc., and consequently allows banks to be closed, its effect on such paper differs from that of Sunday in the faet that the laws establishing such holidays usually, if not always, provide that paper falling due on such day is payable on the next following secular day, while paper entitled by commercial usage to days of grace, and falling duo on Sunday, is payable on Saturday. By a statute of 1^71 , the bank-holidays in England and Ireland are Easter Monday, Whit Monday, the first Monday in August, and the 26th of December (boxing-day); in Scotland, New Year's day, the first Monday in May, the first Monday in August, and Christmas day. See holiday. 1. A large form A great many fall into the water a prey to fishes, and at that time [May], especially at Dordrecht, the roach is noted as being peculiarly fat and good. Hence the name bank-bait (in some parts of Frame, In marine). E. P. Wright, Anim. Life, p. 485. bank-bill (bangk'bil), n. 1. A note or bill th awn by one bank on another, and payable either on demand or at some future specified date. — 2. In the United States and some parts of England, a bank-note (which see). bank-book (bangk'biik), n. The pass-book in which an officer of a bank enters the debits and credits of a customer. The initials of the teller or accountant of the bank affixed to the sums entered in the bank-book to the credit of the customer constitute a valid receipt. bank-credit (bangk'kred"it), n. A credit with of fish-hook for catching cod, used on the banks of Newfoundland. — 2. In coal-mini ug, the iron hook with which the banksman draws the loaded tubs off the cage. [Eng.] banking 1 (bang'king), n. [Verbal n. of bank 1 , ».] 1. The act of raising a mound or bank, or of inclosing with a bank. — 2. The bank or mound raised; anything piled up to serve as a bank, as a raised edging of wax on a plate that is to be treated with acids for etching. — 3. A general term for fishing as practised on the banks of Newfoundland. — 4. In coal-mining, the sorting or loading of coals ''at bank," or at the mouth of the shaft. [Eng.] banking 2 (bang'king), n. and a. I. n. [Verbal n. of bank' 2 , v.] The business or employment of a banker; the business carried on by a bank. The term banking was then [17421 applied only to the issue of notes and the taking up of money on bills on de- maud. W. Bagehot, Lombard Street, p. 98. II. a. Pertaining to or conducted by a bank: as, banking operations. file with section. a watch, one of "two pins serving to confine the niove- a distinctive feature of Scotch banking. „ t ,,„ 1 „„„„„„„„„? ^^'^1] PA^eSployeiba^^S^waks),. A compo- \aiious senses, t- -o .J i. J\ \ esseiempioyea l,eeswax, common pitch, Burgundy in the cod-fishery on the banks o ^ewfound- d ij rf d £ ^fc J[ land ./. (>. A.lams.-S Thebench or table upon > w ^ uged fa tohi tQ fo] . m which bricklayers and stone-masons prepare V < ^ oyer _ and shape their material; a banket. — d. in „ „ , ., * r sculp., a modeler's bench provided with a ch- ^^^XgVles), a. [< banV + -less] cular platform turning on wheels so that the °«™f ^f or j^. L « the oankks i work can be revolved to expose anv portion ,, " """" to the light.-4. A covering for a bench or ^^.k^ (bangk'lev'el), n. In coal-mining, seat made of tapes try, rich stuff, or enibroi- ^* elheading from which the bank is worked, dered cloth. — 5. A hanging for a church wall ™ , . . j^nel or screen; specifically, the curtains placed at ^'.martin ( t^ngk'mar'tin), n. Same as the ends of an altar. — 6. A ditcher; one en- i ,(! ^.„ //"..,, gaged in embanking. bank-note (b'angk'not), n. A promissory note The discovery was made by some bankers (men who . )ayable on demand, made and issued by a work m the fens) from Lincolnshire. ; •', ^ • j ,._ ', j :_i j„j ±_ „:_ ./. Freeman, Life of W. Kirby, p. 165. 7. In limiting, a horse which can jump on and off field-banks too large to be cleared. X. E. I). — 8. In Australia, a river full to the brim. X. E. I). banker 2 (bang'ker), ». [< bank-, v., + -er 1 .] bank authorized by law, and intended to cir culate as money. In the United States fre- quently called bank-bill.- Bank-note paper, paper ns.-d t'..r bank-notes and government bonds. It is made In ii h a way that it is very difficult to imitate it. and such imitation is a felony.— Bank-note press, a machine for pressing bank-notes and arranging them inpackages 1. One who keeps a bank ; one who traffics in banko-ware (bang'ko-war), ». A Japanese . receives and remits money, negotiates bills of exchange, etc. — 2. The holder of the fuiuls of a gaming establishment; in games of unglazed stoneware made near Kuwana on the Tokaido. It is very light and durable, i.s made in molds of irregular shapes, and decorated with figures in relief. Bo called from Nunami Banko, the original maker ",' V, ^ — ? — ° , i -T ' — ? • relief. Soealled from Nnnauu Banko, the original maker chance, that player who deposits a certain sum t, an ]j_pi a te (bangk'plat), n. In coal-mining. ..(' ,.i,,n,,ir oiminci wlin.b V,^tu ', vn ma lie. rw TliftT. ' « .. ..° *.. ... i.,,i of money against which In I - :n-o i le. or thai player who for the sake of convenience receives and jiays out bets won and lost.- Banker's note, a promissory note given by a private banker or an unin- i porated dank. bankeress (bang'ker-es), n. [< bunker- + -ess. ] A female banker; a banker's wife. Tltarkirai/. [Rare.] Tli. [ate Countess of .b rsey wa onl\ i. n iveil on suiter- ami' iii some houses in \ o una in > au b bank- The American, V. 200. bankerless (bang'ker-les), a. [< banker^ + I Without bankers. Quarterly Bev. bankeroutt, n.,a., and v. An obsolete form of bankrupt, banket't, » and v quet. one of the cast-iron plates with which the sur- face at the mouth of the shaft, or the bank is floored. [Eng.] bank-post (bangk'post), n. [< bunk- + post", «.] A large size of letter-paper, ranging in weight from 5+ to 10 pounds to the ream. bankroutt (bangk'rout), n.,a., and ». One of the older forms of bankrupt. bi log bank-rout both of wealth and worth. Chapman, Byron's Tragedy, v. 1. For these 1 lorn languages will at one time ther play the bank-rowtet With book-; ami since I have lost h time with this ago. I would be glad, as <-"d shall give me leave, to recover it with posterity. Bacon, Letter, in Spedding. VII 186. An obsolete form of ban- bankrupt (bangk'rupt), «. and (/. [Early mod. E. bankrout, bankcrout, banqucroutc, etc., later bankruptcy banqtit roiipt, and filially bankrupt (in imitation of L. ruptiis), < F. hiinijui routtr, now banque- route t> luiuqui routtiir, a bankrupt), orig. in E. biiukr rota (def. 1), < It. banco rotta (ML. as if "banco rupia), bankruptcy, lit. broken bank or bench: banca, < ML. banca, < MUG. banc, a bank (see bank 1 , bonk' 2 ); rotta, fern, of rotto, broken, wrecked, < L. ruptus, broken (in ML. also as a noun, a bankrupt). It is said to have been the custom iu Italy to break the bench or counter of a money-changer upon his failure ; but the allusion is prob. figurative, like brink. crash 1 , smash, similarly used in English. See bank 1 , bank 2 , rupture, rout-.] I. n. If. The breaking up of a trader's business due to his inability to meet his obligations ; bankruptcy. — 2. An insolvent person whose property is administered for, and distributed among, his creditors in accordance with the provisions of a system of laws called bankrupt, bankruptcy, or insolvent laws. See bankruptcy. In particular— (at) In old law, a trader who secretes himself, or does certain other acts tending to defraud his creditors. BlacksUme. (6t) A fugitive from his creditors ; one who by extrava- gance and reckless expenditure had brought himself into a state of insolvency and had absconded, or retired into a place of sanctuary, (c) In mod. law, any person who upon his own petition or that of his creditors i.s adjudged insolvent by a bankruptcy court. His estate may be ad- ministered by an assignee or trustee, under the direction of the court, for the benefit of the creditors. 3. In popular language, a hopelessly insolvent person ; one who is notoriously unable to pay his debts ; hence, one who is unable to satisfy just claims of any kind made upon him. What a bankrupt I am made Of a full stock of blessings. Ford. Cessionary bankrupt. See cessionary. II. a. 1. In the state of one who has committed an act of bankruptcy, or is insolvent; subject to or under legal process because of insolvency. — 2. Unable to pay just debts, or to meet one's obligations ; insolvent. WilliK The king's grown bankrupt, like a broken man. . . . Jtoss. He hath not money for these Irish wars, His burthenous taxations notwithstanding. Shak., Rich. II., ii. 1. The beggared, the bankrupt society, not only proved able to meet all its obligations, but . . . grew richer and richer. Macaulan, Hist. Eng., xix. 3. Figuratively, at the end of one's resources: as, to be bankrupt in thanks. Do you see? he has tears To lend to him whom prodigal expence Of sorrow has made bankrupt of such treasure. Beau, a ml Ft., Thierry and Theodoret, iv. 2. Bankrupt laws. Same as bankruptcy laws (which see, under bankruptcy). bankrupt (baiigk'rupt), «'. [< bankrupt, ».] I. trans. 1. To make insolvent ; render unable to meet just, claims. We cast off the care of all future thrift because we are already bankrupted. Hammond. Ironclads, more than anything else, bankrupted Turkey. N. A. Rev., t'XLIII. 214. 2f. To reduce to beggary; exhaust the re- sources of. Fat paunches have lean pates; ami dainty bits Make rich the ribs, but bankcrout the w iN. Shak., L. L. L., i. 1. Il.t intrans. To become bankrupt; fail or become insolvent. bankruptcy (bangk'rupt-si), «. [< bankrupt + -eg.] 1. The state of being bankrupt or in- solvent; inability to pay all debts; failure in trade. In law, specifically, the status of a person or cor- poration that by reason of insolvency lias been adjudi- cated a bankrupt. 2. Figuratively, utter wreck; ruin. — Act of bankruptcy, in law, an act the commission of which by a debtor renders him liable to be adjudged a bankrupt. Among acts of bankruptcy are the assignment of his prop- erty by a debtor to a trustee for the benefit of his cred- itors; the making of a transfer of any of his property in fraud of his creditors, or the concealment or removal of it to evade legal process ; departing from the country, or remaining out of it, En order to defeat or delay creditors; the tiling in court of a declaration of Inability to pay debts ; non-payment of debts under certain other circumstances defined by the law as indicating insolvency. Assignee in bankruptcy. See assignee.— Bankruptcy commis- sioner, or register in bankruptcy, a judicial officer empowered, Bubject to the supervision of the curt, to in- vestigate ami adjudicate upon the affairs of bankrupts.— Bankruptcylaws, the statutory regulations under which tie property of an insolvent may be distributed among his creditors, with the double object of enforcing a com- plete discovery ami an equitable distribution of the prop- erty, ami of discharging the debtor from his obligations and tr future molestation by his creditors. Formerly, only a trader ioiiIiI tic made a bankrupt under the bank- ruptcy laws, other persons who wire unable to meet their obligations being insolvents. The distinction was abolished in the United States in tstl and in Great llritain in lsti'J. In the United stabs. Congress has the power of enacting bankruptcy laws which shall be uniform throughout the connlrv. These laws are administered by the federal bankruptcy courts. Laws having similar objects, bul less efficacious in respect of discharging the debtor, we maintained by many <>t the states, but run operate to give a discharge irrespective of creditors' assent only when there is no fed- eral bankruptcy law. These are termed insolvent laws. In Filmland bankruptcy lawa have existed from the time of Henry VIII. The priiieipal uetsruv: ::i ami:;:. II. n. \ III., c, i, directed against fraudulent debtors, and empowering the lord chancellor and other high officers to seize their estates and divide them among the creditors ; 13 Eliz., .-. 7, restricting bankruptcy to traders, and prescribing cer tain acts by committing which a trader became a bank- rupt ; i Anne.c. 17, and 10 Anne, c. if-, removing the crim- inal character borne by bankruptcy proceedings up to that time, and permitting a debtor to obtain a eertiti'.h .i bavin- conformed to the requirements of tie bankrupt law ; Geo. IV., c. 16, allowing a debtor to procure his own bankruptcy, and mtrodui ing tie principle of private settlements between debtors and creditors; 1 and 2 Win. IV., c. 56, establishing a court of bankruptcy, consisting of six commissioners along with four judges, as a court of re- view, and making provision for official assignees. By the Bankrupt Consolidation Act of L849, proceedings might be begun by petition to the Court of Bankruptcy, and the com- missioners were authorized to award certificates according to the merit of the bankruptcy. The bankruptcy act of 1861(24 and 25 Vict., c. 134) abolished special legislation relating to insolvent debtors, and permitted persons other than traders to avail themselves of the relief afforded by the bankruptcy court. In 1S69 (32 and 33 Vict., c. 71) the commissionerships and official assignees were abolished, a newCourtof Bankruptcy was established, and provision was made for the appointment of trustees who should be creditors. The Court of Bankruptcy was also stripped of its criminal jurisdiction, the criminal clauses being placed in another statute, the Debtors' Act, which abol- ished imprisonment for debt except in certain cases. In 1883 (46 and 47 Vict., c. 52, taking effect Jan. 1, 1884) the English bankruptcy acts were amended and consolidated. In the United States the subject has been, except during the periods of the operation of the United States bank- ruptcy acts, left to the imperfect regulation of diverse State laws. Such a law in any particular State may, when there is no United States act conflicting, provide for the distribution of an insolvent's property, may discharge him from imprisonment for debt, and may discharge him, if a citizen of such State, from indebtedness to another citi- zen thereof contracted while such State law was in force, so far as to make the discharge a protection in the courts of the same State. The first United States bankrupt law, known as the act of 1800 (2 Stat, at L., p. 19), was based on a consolidation of then existing English statutes, and was in force from June 2, 1800, till Dec. 19, 1803. The sec- ond, the act of 1S41 (5 Stat, at L., p. 440), was in force from Feb. 1, 1842, till March 3, 1843. The third, tie' act of 1867 (14 Stat, at L., p. 517), repeatedly amended, and finally revised in the United States Revised Statutes, tit. LXI., and reenacted with modifications in 1874(18 Stat, at L., p. 17S), was in force from June 1, 1867, till Sept. 1, 187S. In general, debts contracted by fraud, or in a fiduciary capacity, are not discharged by the bankruptcy laws.— Commission of bankruptcy, a commission for- merly issued by the English lord chancellor, appointing and empowering certain persons to examine into the facts relative to an alleged bankruptcy, and to secure the bankrupt's property for the creditors. — Discharge in bankruptcy. See discharge.— Fiat in bankruptcy. See fiat.— Fraudulent bankruptcy. See fraudulent — Involuntary bankruptcy, bankruptcy adjudged on the petition of creditors, .showing cause why the bank- rupt should not lie allowed to continue in possession of his assets.— Voluntary bankruptcy, bankruptcy ad- judged on the petition of the debtor, indicating his desire to surrender his assets and be discharged. =Syn. Insol- vency, etc. See failure. bankruptismt (bangk'rup-tizm), n. [< bank- rupt + -ism.~\ Bankruptcy. bankruptlyt (bangk'rupt-ii), adv. Like a bank- rupt. bankruptshipt (bangk'rupt-ship), n. [< bank- rupt + -ship.'] Bankruptcy. bankrupturet (bangk'rup-tur), n. [< bankrupt -+- -urc ; after rupture.'} Bankruptcy. bankshall (bangk'shal), n. [Anglo-Ind., for- merly also banksall, saul, soil, repr. Malay bangsoL Beng. barikeal, banJeacatd, lit. hall of trade, < Skt. ranij (> Beng. Hind., etc., banik, a trader: see banian 1 ) + gala, a hut, house (= Gr. KaXid = E. hall : see hall); or perhaps < Skt. bhdndacdla, a storehouse, < bhdnda, wares, ware, a vessel, pot, + gala, as above.] 1. In the East Indies: (a) A warehouse, (b) The office of harbor-master or other port author- ity. — 2. In Java, a large hall of audience in a princely residence, without regular walls, but supported by wooden pillars. Yule and Burnell. bank-Shot (bangk'shot), n. In billiards, a snot which makes the cue-ball touch the cushion before hitting any other ball. Banksia (bangk'si-a), n. [NL., named after Sir Joseph Banks "(1743-1820).] A genus of shrubs or trees, for the most part of small size, of the natural order Proteamr, natives of west- ern extra-tropical Australia and Tasmania, wherewith other shrubs of the same order they constitute most of the so-called ''scrub." The foliage is hard and dry, and extremely variable in form, and the flowers form close cylindrical heads resembling bottle-brushes. Many species have been cultivated in European conservatories and gardens. banksman (bangks ' man), n. ; pi. banksnu n (-men). [Oanflri, dobs, of ftanfcl, 4- man."] In coal-mining, a man in attendance at the mouth 443 Pea-blossom with ex- Bank-swallow ( CotiU rifiaria ) . Flowering branch of BtrnAsia ericifolia. of the shaft, who superintends the sorting and loading of the coal. [Eng.J Gresley. bank-stock (bangk'stok), n. The capital of a bank. In England the term is applied chiefly to the stockofthe Bankol England. The stock of other English joint-stock banks is divided into shares. bank-swallow (bangk'swoFo), n. Hirundo or L'otile riparia, a very common bird of Eu- rope, Asia, and Ameri- ca, of the family Hi- mntlinidte: so called from its habit of burrowing in bankstobuild its nest. It is a small swal- low, mouse-gray abo* e ami white below, with a gray collar. In places where it is numerous, hun- dreds or thou- sands gather to lined in com- pany,andasand- bank may be riddled with their holes, which are exca- vated to the depth of a toot or more. Also called sand- ffwaZfoui and bank-martin. See Cotile. bank-work (bangk'werk), v. In coalmining, a method of working coal in use in South Yorkshire, England, and in some of the North Welsh collieries, combining some of the pecu- liarities of the pillar system with those of the long-wall system. banky (bang'M), a. [< bank 1 + -y.] Full of banks or ridges ; ridgy ; hilly. [Rare.] banlieue (ban'lu), n. [F. (in ML. lanleuca, bannwn leucaf), < ban, command, jurisdiction, + lieue, league, also an indefinite extent of ter- ritory. Cf. G. bann-meile in same sense: see ban 1 and league 2 .'] The territory without the walls, but within the legal limits, of a town or city. Sometimes erroneously spelled banlieu, as if from French lieu, a place. bannat 1 (ban'at), n. Scotch form of bonnet. bannat-, n. See banat. banner (ban'er), n. and a. [< MB. baner, ban- ere, < OF. banere, baniere, F. banniere, bandiere = Pr. bandieira, bannieira = Sp. bandera = Pg. bandeira = It. bandiera, < ML. *bandaria (banderia after Rom.), < bandum, a standard, < Goth, ban/lira, bandwo, a sign, token, prob. akin to E. bind and band 1 , q. v.] I. n. 1. The piece of cloth, attached to the upper part of a pole or staff, which in former times served as the standard of a sovereign, lord, or knight, after which he and his followers marched to war, and which served as a rallying-point in battle; hence, the flag or standard of a coun- try, army, troop, etc. ; a standard or ensign. Terrible as an army with banners. Cant. vi. 4. Hang out our banners * « ti the outward walls; The cry is still, " They come ! " Our castle's strength Will laugh a siege to scorn. Shak., Macbeth, v. 5. 2. In her., a square flag which in the middle ages was the ensign of a knight banneret. Instances are related of a knight companion being made a knight banneret on the field of battle, the mark of his promotion being the tearing otf of the points of his pennon, leaving the flag square. In modern usage, any square Hag is termed a banner when it bears heraldic devices. The most familiar instance is the royal banner of England, commonly called the royal standard; but other heraldic banners are used in the funeral ceremonies of knights of the Garter and the higher nobility. banner-stone 3. An ensign oi flag bearing a badge or em- blem, as of a society or order, and borne in processions. Banners were early used in theproces. sions of the < christian church, usually of the form adopted by Constantino. Et consisted of a -Men. cloth suspended from a cross-bar uear the top of a gill poll bearing or surmounted by the sacred symbol A, S< e tooai urn 4. Figuratively, anything displayed as a pro- fession of principles. Thou bast given a banner to them that fear thee, that it may be displayed because of the truth. Pa. lx. 4. See ensign, flag, pennon, and standard. 5. In hot., the vexillum or upper petal of a papilionaceous flower. Also called the standard. — 6. One of eight divisions into which the Manchus are marshaled, each with distinguishing Hag or banner. Four of the Bags are plain (red, yellow, white, or blue), the other four havinga margin of a different color. Hence, the Man- chus are known collectively as the EfoM Banners and as bannermen. II. a. Leading Or foremost panded Danner. a. ban- in regard to some particular neri *' ala; '■ keeL cause or matter, such as giving the largest majority to a political party, etc. I am reminded that there is an Alleghany City as well as an Alleghany County, the former the banner town, and the latter the banner county, perhaps, of the world. Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 84. banneralt, »• A corrupt form of bannerol, 2. bannered (ban'erd), a. [< banner + -cd-.] 1. Furnished with or bearing a banner; display- ing banners. A banner'd host Under spread ensigns marching. Milton, P. L., ii. 885. Bothwell's bannered hall. Scott, L. of the L., ii. 8. 2. Borne or blazoned on a banner. bannerer (ban'er-er), n. A standard-bearer; one who carries a banner. banneret 1 (ban'er-et), n. [Also bannerette, < ME. banneret, banerett, < OF. baneret, banerette, dim. of banere, banner : see banner and -et] A little banner; a banderole. The scarfs and the bannerets about thee did manifoldly dissuade me from believing thee a vessel of too great a burthen. Shak., All's Well, ii. 3. banneret 2 (ban'er-et), n. [< ME. baneret, < OF. baneret, banneret, < banere, a banner (see ban- ner), + -et, < L. -atus (see -ate 1 ) = E. -en! 2 ; lit., one bannered: see banner and -<(/'-.] 1. One who is bannered or entitled to a banner ; spe- cifically, a knight of a certain grade in the mili- tary hierarchy of the middle ages. Originally the right to display a banner (as distinguished from a pennon) was limited to those who could bring a certain array of followers into the field, and who bad also been dubbed or accoutred knight. As the military distinctions of earlier feudalism became confused by the employment of paid soldiers, the right of displaying a banner became more and more a reward for distinguished prowess in battle. After a victory or a notable achievement a banneret elect, carry- ing his pennon in his hand, was, it is said, conducted be- tween two knights of note, and presented to the king or general, who cut off the point or ends of his pennon, making it square. He was then called a knight of the square Jlag. Also called knight banneret. Sir Richard Croftes, who was made banneret at . . . Stoke, was a wise man. Camden. Remains (ed. 1637), p. 271. 2. Formerly, the title of magistrates of the second rank in some Swiss cantons, and also of certain officers of some of the Italian republics. Melchior Sturmthal, . . . Banneret of Berne. Scott, Anne of Geierstein, I. vii. [In Solothurn] on the death of an avoyer, the banneret succeeds to his place. J. Adams, Works, IV. 335. bannerless (ban'er-les), a. [< banner + -leas.] Having no banner. J. H. Jesse. bannerman (ban'er-man), n. ; pi. bannermen (-men). 1. A standard-bearer; a bannerer. — 2. A person belonging to one of the eight ban- ners into which the Manchus are marshaled. See banner, 6. bannerol (ban'e-rol), n. [See banderole. This is the usual spelling in sense 2.] 1. Same as banderole. — 2. In England, a banner, about a yard square, borne at the funerals of prominent men, and placed over the tomb. It bears the arms of the ancestors and alliances of the de- ceased, painted on silk. Also erroneously writ- ten banner-roll and bannerol. banner-plant (ban'er-plant), n. A name given to some cultivated species of Anthtirinm, natural order Aracea; in which the bright-scarlet spathe is broadly expanded at right angles to the spadix. banner-roll (ban'er-rol), n. An erroneous form of bannerol. -. banner-stone (ban'er-ston), n. A name some- times given, not very aptly, to certain stone objects shaped like a small two-edged ax, which banner-stone are supposed to have beer worn as ornaments in prehistoric times, or held in the hand as badges of authority. They have an eye for the insertion of a handle. Some ban7ierstone8 of striped slate have been found in ('umillus, and one on Skaneateles Lake [New Jfork] Smithsonian Rep., 1881, p 657. banner-vane (ban'er-van), n. A weather-vane having the shape of a banner, balanced by a weight on the other side of the staff, bannet (lian'et). )i. [Sc.,= E. bonnet.} A lion- net. Scott. bannimust, »• [< ML. bannimus, we banish, 1st pers. pi, pres. ind. of bannire, banish: see banish.} Same as bannition. banning (ban'ing), n, [Verbal n. of ban 1 , ».] The act of uttering a ban or curse; an execra- tion or cursing of another. Especially when the names of the infernal Sends or un- lucky Boules arc used in Buch bannings. Holland, tr, of Pliny, xxvii. 2. bannitiont(ba-nish'on), n. [OIL. luiuuitio(n-), < bannire, banish: see banish, and cf. aban- nition.} The act of banishing or the state of being banished; expulsion, especially from a university. You will take order, when he comes out of the castle, to send liim <>ut of the university too by bannition. Abp. Laud, Remains, II. 191. bannock (ban'ok), ». [Sc, < ME. bannok, < AS. bannuc, < Gael, bannach, also bonnach, = Ir. boin- neog, a cake.] A thick cake made of oatmeal, barley-meal, or pease-meal, baked on the embers or on an iron plate or griddle over the fire. Bannoks is better nor na kin bread. May's Scottish Proverbs (1678), p. 3614. bannock-fluke (ban'qk-flok), n. [Sc, < ban- nock + fluke-.} A Scotch name of the com- mon turbot. banns (banz), n. pi. [Formerly bannes, often banes, mod. more correctly bans, pi. of ban}, q. v. The spelling banns is now usual in this sense.] 1. The proclamation of intended mar- riage in order that those who know of any im- pediment thereto may state it to the proper authorities. Banns were made a part of ecclesiastical Legislation by the fourth Council of the Lateran, A. D. 1215, whose decrees were confirmed by the Council of Trent. In the Roman Catholic Church the celebration of marriage without previous proclamation of the banns, unless by special dispensation, is gravely illicit, but not invalid. The proclamation is made by the parish priest of each contracting party, on three consecutive festivals during public mass. The proclamation of banns is no longer required in order to a valid civil marriage in Eng- land, Scotland, or the United States. 2t. The proclamation or prologue of a play. Banes or Prologue [to] the Fall of Lucifer. York Plays, Int., p. lxii. To bid or ask the baimst, to publish the banns. If all parties be pleased, ask their banns, 'tis a match. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. Mil. To forbid the banns, to make formal objection to an intended marriage. A better fate did Maria deserve than to have her banns Sterne, Tristram Shandy, ix. -J4. bannut (ban'ut),n. [E. dial., also written ban- m I. < late ME. bannenote (in conip. bannenote- tre, glossed avetana, filbert); < "ban, *banne (origin unknown) + nut.} A walnut, the fruit of Jut/tans regia (baunut-tree). [Obsolete or dialectal.] banquet (baug'kwet). n. [Earlier banket, < F. banquet (= It. banchetto = Sp. banquete), a feast, orig. a little bench or table, dim. of banc (= It. Sp. banco), a bench or table: see bank 1 and Imiiijiii ih ,J 1. A feast; a rich entertain- ment of food and drink. A napkin of tin. linen to be laid on thetableat the \i,t aulay, Hist. Bng., xxiii. 2f. A light entertainment at the end of a feast; a dessert; a refection at which wine is drunk. W «11 dine in the great room ; hut let the music And ba eprepared here. M*i inger, Unnatural Combat, iii. 1. There were all the lainti. s , not only of the season, but of wiii on, ] olid in. atr, fowle, bak'd and boil'd i fuel (desert) in exceeding plenty, and exquisitel) dri I Diary, Oct, 27, 1685. 3f. A slight repasl between meals: sometimes called running banquet. .v. /.'. It. The running banqm I of two in adles. Shak., Henry YIII., v. :t. 4t. hi fort, same as banquette, 1.— 5. A small rod-shaped part of a horse's bridle- coming un- derthe eye.=svn. 1. Feast, Festival, etc. See tea • banquet (bang'kwet), v. [Earlier banket, < P. banqueter; from the noun.] I. trans. To treat with a least or rich entertainment. Von exceed in enfc Banquet our eyes tool Shirley, Thi traitor, iii. 2. 1 1 1 Just in time to banquet The illustrious company assembled there. Coleridge. II. iiitruns. 1. To least: regale one's self with good eating and drinking; fare daintily. The mind shall bangm t. though the body pine. Shak., I. L. L., i. 1. Were it a draught for.luno whin sin Imnquits, I would not taste thy treasonous offer. Milton, Comus, 1. 701. 2f. To take part in a light, refection after a t'.ast. See banquet, »., :_'. Then was the banqueting-chamber in the tilt yard at Greenwich furnished for th.- entertainment of these strangers, where they did both sup and banquet. G, Cavendish, banquetantt (bang'kwet-ant), n. [< F. ban- i/uttinit. ppr. of banqueter: see banquet, ».] One who banquets; a banqueter. Are there not beside Other great banquetuni Chapman, Odyssey, xx. banqueter (bang'kwet-er), n. 1. A guest at a banquet ; a f east.er. Great banqueters do seldom great exploits. Cotgra " . 2f. One who provides feasts or rich entertain- ments. banquet-hall (bang'kwet-hal), n. A hall in which banquets are held. Also called banquet- ing-liall. The fair Peleian banquet-hull. Tennyson, (Enone. banquet-house (bang'kwet-hous), ». A ban- queting-house. A banquet-house salutes the southern sky. Dryden. banqueting (bang'kwet-ing), n. The act of feasting; luxurious living; rich entertainment ; a feast. Excess of wine, revellings, banquctings. 1 Pet. iv. 3. banqueting-hall (bang'kwet-ing-hal), n. Same as banquet-halt. banqueting-house (bang'kwet-ing-hous), n. A house where banquets are given. In a banqueting-house, among certain pleasant trees, the table was set. Sidney. banquette (bong-kef), «. [F., fern. dim. of banc, a bench: see bank 2 , and cf. banquet.} 1. (a) In fort., a raised way or foot-bank, run- ning along the inside of a parapet breast-high above it, on which riflemen stand to fire upon the enemy. (6) In medieval fort., an advanced earthwork or palisaded defense outside of the ditch. The space between the ditch and the parapet was wide enough for a line of soldiers, but too narrow to allow of its being fortified if occupied by the besiegers. Formerly sometimes written banqu, I, as Iaiglish. 2. The footway of a bridge when raised above the carriageway. — 3. A bench for passengers, or the space occupied by benches, on the top of a French diligence, and hence of any public vehicle. — 4. A sidewalk. [Common in the southern and southwestern United States.] Standing outside i m the ba iiquette, he bowed — not to Dr. .Mossy, but to the balcony of the bin red-brick front. G. W. Cable, Old Creole Days, p. 144. Banquette slope, in fort., an incline connecting the banquette tread with the terreplein or interior of the work. —Banquette tread, the level surface of th.- ban- quette oti which tile soldiers stand while tiring over the crest of the parapet ; the tread. bans, n. pi. See banns. banshee (ban 'she), n. [< Gael, ban-sith, Ir. In an- sidhe, lit. woman of the fairies, < Gael, linn, Ir. bean, woman, + sith, Ir. sigh, sighe, sighidh (the final consonant being scarcely sounded), fairy.] A type of female fairy believed in Ire- land and some parts of Scotland to attach her- self to a particular house, and to foretell by each appearance the death of one of the family. Also benshie, benshi. TZhebanshee is a species of aristorratir tan-v, who, in the shape of a little hideous old w an, has been known to appear, and heard losing in a men inful supernatural voice under the windows of great houses, to warn the family that some of themweres todie. in the last century even greal famiTyin Ireland had Abanshee, who attended Early, but latterly their visits and songs have been dis- continued. Miss Edgeworth. banstickle (ban'stik-1), n. [So..< ME. bansMcklt . < Intlie, < AS. lulu, hone, Q. v., + stickle. < AS. stia Is, prickle. Cf. stickleback.} A name of i he three-spilled stieklehaek. bant (ban! i, v. i. | Ludicrously formed from the ] ih rase " the 1', anting system," the proper name being taken as banting, ppr. and verbal noun of an assumed verb hant.} To practise bant- ingism (which See). bantam (ban'tam), n. and a. [So named, prob., from I'm n I a in, in. lava.] I. n. 1. A general name lor a number of varieties of the common hen possessing Hio characteristic of very diminu- Bantu live size. Many of these varieties are the exact counter- parts, except in si/.-, oi tin- corres] ling breeds of full size, and were originally reduced in weight by careful selection ami breeding of small specimens from these full-Sized breeds. There art' other varieties, however, as the Japanese and the Sebright bantams, which do not re- semble any of the large breeds. The chief varieties are i in African, -ami- 1 iii ilu- several colors), Japanese, Pekin, Polish, ami Sebright bantams. 2. Same as Bantam-work. II. a. Pertaining to or resembling the ban- tam; of the breed of the bantam; hence, dimin- utive ; puny ; absurdly combative, or fussy and consequential. Bantam-work (ban'tam-werk), n. An old name for carved work, painted in party-colors, im- ported from the East Indies; "a kind of Indian painting and carving on wood, resembling Ja- pan-work, only more gay." Chambers's Cyc, Supp., 1753. banteng(ban'tcng), w. [Native name; also spell- ed banting.} A species of ox, Bos banteng or /(. sondaicus, a local race in the Malay archipelago. banter (ban'ter), V. t. [First in the latter part of the 17th century; regarded then as slang.] 1. To address good-humored raillery to ; attack with jokes or jests; make fun of; rally. The magistrate took it that he banten 'I him, and bade an officer take him into custody. Sir li. h'Estrange. Not succeeding in bantering me out of my epistolary proprieties. Blackwood's Mag., XXIII. 384. So home we went, and all the livelong way With solemn jibe did Eustace banter me. Tennyson, Gardener's Daughter. 2. To impose upon or cheat, originally in a jest- ing or bantering way; bamboozle. [Archaic] Somebody had been bantering him with an imposition. Scott, Guy Mannering, li. 3. To challenge; invite to a contest. [South- ern and western U. S.]=syn. Banter, Bally, quiz, tease, joke. We banter another in good humor chiefly for Something he or she has dour or neglected to do, whether the act or omission be faulty or ridiculous or not, if it only affords a subject for a laugh or smile at his or her expense, or causes a blush not altogether painful. Rally, literally to rail, generally implies some degree of sarcasm or pungency, and is aimed at some specific fault, offense, or weakness. The sort of mock-heroic gigantesque With which we banter'd little Lilia first. Tennyson, PrinceBS, Conclusion. Lest you think I rally more than teach, Or praise malignly arts I cannot reach. Pope, Imit. of Horace, i. 2. banter (ban'ter), n. [< banter, v.} 1. A joking or jesting; good-humored ridicule or raillery; wit or humor; pleasantry. When wit has any mixture of raillery, it is but calling it banter and the work is done. Swift, Talc of a Tub, Author's Apol. Mr. Adams made bis contribution to the service of the table in the form of that good humored, easy banter which makes a dinner of herbs more digestible than a stalled ox without it. Josiah Quincy, Figures of the Past, p. 62. 2. A challenge to a match or contest ; the match or contest itself. [Southern and west- ern U. S.] banterer (ban'ter-er), x. 1. One who banters or assails with good-humored jests or pleas- antry. — 2. One who cheats or bamboozles. [Archaic] His dress, his gait, his accent, . . . marked him out as an excellent subject for the operations of swindlers and banterers. Macautay, Hist. Eng., iii. bantery (ban'ter-i), a. Full of banter or good- humored raillery, Carlyle. banting 1 , »• See hunting. banting- (ban'ting), n. [Verbal n. of bant, ».] The practice of bantingism (which see) : as, to go through a course of bunting. bantingism (ban'ting-izm), n. [Named after William Banting.} A course of diet for re- ducing corpulence, ado]. ted and recommended in 1863 by William Banting, a merchant of London. The dietary recommended was the use of lean meat principally, and abstinence from fats, starches, and IIJO bantling (bant'ling), ». [Perhaps a corruption of handling, meaning a child in swaddling- elothes. < hniiil'-, a wrapping, + -ling, dim. sullix, as in Jhunillinei, fondling, nurseling, etc.; more prob. for "bankling, < *i. bankling, a bastard, < hank, bench, + -ling: of. equiv. (1. bankert, LG. bankert, < bank, bench, + -ert= E. -ard.'l A young child; an infant: a term carrying with it a shade of contempt. It's a rickety sort of bantling. I iii told, That li on- of old age when its. seven years "id. James Smith, Rejected Addresses. Bantu (ban'tb), «. [A native name, lit, 'peo- ple.'] A name sometimes applied tothe South Bantu African family of tongues. The most marked pe- culiarity ol these languages is their prevailing use of pre- fixes instead ol suffixes In derivation and inflection, Those of them that border on the Hottentot employ clicks or clucks as alphabetic elements. Als.. called Chu- ana and Zingian. banxring (bangks'ring), ». [Native name.] A name of a squirrel-like insectivorous mam- mal of .lava, the Tupaiajavanica. Also called bangsring and singling. See Tupaiidm. banyan'i n. See banian 1 . banyan-, banyan-tree, n. See banian?. baobab (ba'6-bab), ». [Formerly also bano- bab; a native African name.] An African tree, the Adansonia digitata, belonging to the tribe Bombacew, natural order Malraeea; also called the Ethiopian sour-gourd, and in South Africa the eream-of -tartar tree. It is a native of tropical Africa, and has ln-cn introduced and naturalized in various parts of the East and West Indies. It isone ol the largest trees in the world, being often found 30 feet in diameter, though it grows to a height ol only from 40 to 70 feet. The branches shoot out from 60 to 70 feet, bearing a dense 4# : i Baobab of Madagascar (Adansonia Madagascariensis), mass of deciduous leaves, somewhat similar to those of the horse-chestnut. The white flowers are from I to 6 inches broad, and the oblong gourd-like fruit, about a foot in length, is eaten by monkeys, and hence is .-Hid monkey-bread (which see). The juice of the fruit mixed witli sugar is much esteemed as a beverage ; and the pulp, which is pleasantly acid, is eaten, and is employed as a remedy in Egyptian dysentery. The dried and powdered mucilaginous bark and leaves are used by the negroes, under the name of lalo, on their food, like pepper, to dimin- ish perspiration ; and the strong fiber of the bark is made into ropes and cloth. The only other known species of this genus are the Australian sour-gourd or cream-of -tartar tree, Adansonia Gregorii, which ditfers chiefly in its smaller fruit, and the .Madagascar baobab, A. Madagas- cariensis, which has red flowers. bap (bap), it. [Sc. ; origin unknown.] A roll of bread of various shapes, costing generally a halfpenny or a penny. The voung baker who brings the bajis in the mornings. Blackwood's Mag., XXV. 392. baphe (ba'fe), n. [< Gr. M'h a dye, dyeing, dipping in dye, a dipping, < pdnreiv, dip: see baptise.] The brilliant red color used iu illu- minating ancient manuscripts. Baphomet (baf'6-met), n. [F. Baphomet; Pr. Bafomet. OSp. Mafomat, regarded as a corrup- tion of Mahomet. ' Cf. Mahound and Mammet.] The imaginary idol or symbol which the Tem- plars were accused of worshiping. By some mod- ern writers the Templars are charged with a depraved Gnosticism, and the word Baphomet has had given to it the signification of baptism of wisdom (as if < Gr. 3a*>i, baptism, -t- /x*J Tl *, wisdom), baptism of tire ; in other wi -ids, the Gnostic baptism, a species of spiritual illumination. But this and the other guesses are of no value. The word mas be a manipulated form of Mahomet, a name which took Btrange shapes in the middle ages. BaphometiC (baf-o-met'ik), a. [< Ilaphomrt.] Of or pertaining to Baphomet, or to the rites iu which it was supposed to be employed. It is from this hour that I incline to date myspiritual 445 dip, dye. J A genus of leguminous plants of the United States east of the Mississippi. Thcv arc herbaceous, and turn black in drying. The wild indigo, /;. tinetona, has been used for dyeing, aid il root in medicine as a laxative, and in larger doses asai a thartic and emetic. Some species, especially the blue Bom Bred /.' australis, are occasionally cultivated in gardens. baptism (bap'tizm), ». [< ME. bapUsme (usu- ally mid earlier hnpliin, baptym, baptem), v dipping with a cup; in N. T. and eccl. baptize.] 1. A sacrament or ordinance of the Christian church, instituted by Christ as an ini- tiatory rite, consisting in the immersion of the person in water, or in the application of water tn i be person b.\ affusion or by sprinkling, by an authorized administrator, "in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost." The proper signification of the rite, the proper subjects of it, and the proper methods of administering it, are mat- ters ol dispute in the Christian church. In Protestant churches it is generally regarded as a symbol of purifica- tion, a rite of initiation into the visible church of Christ, and a sign ratifying God's covenant with his people. In tbe [toman Catholic Church baptism is the sacrament of initia- tion into the church of Christ, consisting essentially in the application of water to the person baptized by one having the intention of conferring the sacrament, and who pro- nounces at the same time the words, "N., I baptize thee in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost." TheGreekformula, "The servant of God is baptized in the name," etc., is also recognized as valid. In all branches of the church a layman may, in case of necessity, administer baptism. In the Roman ( atholie, Greek, and most Protes- tant churches, infant children are admitted to baptism ; but among the various Baptist denominations only those are admitted who give credible evidence of possessing a Christian experience. Among them, also, it is generally per- formed by immersion, which they regard as the Scriptural mode. This is also the common mode in the Eastern churches; iu the Western churches sprinkling or pouring is commonly substituted. The Friends reject all baptism with water, regarding Christian baptism as spiritual only. Baptism is not only a sign of profession, and mark of dif- ference, whereby Christian men are discerned from others that he not christened, but it is also a sign of Regenera- tion or New-Birth, whereby, as by an instrument, they that receive Baptism rightly are grafted into the Church ; the promises of the forgiveness of sin, and of our adoption to be the sons of God by the Holy Ghost, are visibly signed and sealed ; Faith is confirmed, and Grace increased by virtue of prayer unto God. . Articles of Religion of Ch. of Eng. and Prot. Epu. Ch. We believe in . . . baptism to be administered to be- lievers and their children, as the sign of cleansing from sin, of union to Christ, and of the impartation of the Holy Spirit. Congregational Creed, 1883. baptistlc seal, or the seal of baptism. See baptism. Baptismal name, the personal or Christian m ' n at baptl m. Baptismal regeneration, tic doctrhv of the remis- sion of origfnal and actual Bin, and the m w birth Into the hi< ol sanctifying grace, in and through the sacrament ol baptl ra Baptismal shell, a real shell polished, or a small metal vessel in tb.* shai I B scallop shell, used to ' il e water from the font and pour it upon the bead of the i andidate iii baptism.— Baptismal vows, the prom- ises made at baptism by the person baptized, or by the rs in bis name. mal-i), adv. In or through of baptism. [< ME. baptist (only in the Baptist), < Lh. haptista, < Gr. liarTTtari/c, one who baptizes, < panri^eiv, baptize: see baptize.] 1. One who administers baptism: the title (with a capital letter) of John, the forerunner of Christ . Him the Baptist soon descried. Hilton, P. JL, i. 25. 2. leap.] A member or an adherent of one of those Christian denominations which maintain tin, I lmptism can 1»- administered onh upon a personal profession of Christian faith. Gener- ally though not always, Baptists are immersionists. This doctrine has been held from a very early age of the Chris- tian church; but the Baptists as a distinct denomina- tion date from the epoch of the Reformation, and were originally called Anabaptists by their opponents. In the United States the Baptists owe their origin to Roger Williams, who was originally a minister of the Church of England. The principal Baptist denominations are the Baptists, sometimes called Calmnist Baptists, from their i:ih metic theology; Freewill Baptists, who are Irminian in theology and open cominunionists in practice; German Baptists, popularly called Dunkers; General Baptists, & party of English Baptists who are Ariiiinian in theology and hold to a general atonement (opposed to Particular l;a}itists, who are Calvinistic); Old-School Baptists, some- times called Anti-Mission or Hard-SheU Baptists, from their extreme Calvinism, which leads them to oppose all active measures for the conversion of the world (a sect numbering 40,000); Seventh-Day Baj'tists, who keep the seventh day, instead of the Hrst, as the sabbath; Six- Principle Baptists, so called from the six principles which constitute their creed (they practise " laying on of hands," and refuse communion to all who do not); DitapUs of i 'Joist, also called Christians or Campbettites, an American denomination growing out of the labors of Alexander Campbell, and separately organized in 1827; Winebren- ii.niuis, or Church of Ood (organized in 1S30 by John \\ incbrenner), who maintain the washing of feet as an ordinance of perpetual obligation ; and Christians, or the Christian Connection, an American sect of Unitarian Bap- tists founded about 1800. The Baptists are congregational in polity, and generally Calvinistic or semi-Calyuustic in theology Those of Great Britain do not generally regard baptism by immersion as a prerequisite to communion, and therefore commune with other churches ; but the opposite position is, with few exceptions, adopted by the Baptists ol the United StateB. The former are popularly called open- - ,:...,;.-ts the latter closc-communionists. tri),«.;pl. terium, a place for bathing (LL. in eccl. sense), < Gr. ;laTTTioTi/pwi', < pam%eiv, baptize : see bap- 2 Any ceremonial ablution intended as a sign baptistery, baptistry (bap'tis-ter-i, , -tn), n, ; pi of purification, dedication, etc. : as, the baptism baptisteries, bapttstnesj-\z, £nz);_ )>£-°' a P™ administered by John the Baptist, or that ad- ministered to proselytes by the ancient Jews; the baptism or christening of bells, ships, and other objects in the Roman Catholic Church, etc. The publicans justified God, being baptized with the baptism of John. Luke vn. 29. Baptism for the dead, the baptism of a living person instead of and forthe sake of one who has died nnbaptized. The performance of such a ceremony, although disapproved by the church, is on record in a number of individual cases among the early Christians, and is also said to have been a custom of several ancient sects, the Ebionites, Mar- cionites, and others. In modern times it has been revived by the Mormons. This practice has been supposed by many to he alluded to in 1 Cor. xv. 29, but other expla- nations of the passage have been given.— Baptism Of blood, martyrdom for the sake of Christ, regarded as sup- plying the absence of the sacrament of baptism.— Baptism Of desire, the virtue or grace of baptism received by a person who dies earnestly desiring that sacrament, put unable to obtain it.— Baptism of fire. («) The gilt or gifts of the Holy Spirit; the grace of baptism considered .separately from the outer form. (f>) Martyrdom.- Clinic or clinical baptism, baptism on a sick-bed. In the early church this was allowed only in case of impending death, and was someti s refused even then, except to persons already candidates. Such baptism was recognized as valid- but a person so baptized was not ordinarily eligible to orders, perhaps because it was judged that bar had induced the reception of the sacrament. — Conditional baptism (also called hypothetical baptism), in the Roman Catholic and Anglican churches, baptism administered to persons in respect to whom it is doubtful whether they haw been baptized or not, or whose known baptism is of doubtful validity. The condition is then regularly insert- ed in the formula: "If thou art not baptized, 'etc.— Pri- vate baptism, baptism conferred ill the home or else- where, without the ceremonies prescribed for the rite ol solemn baptism in the church. — Seal of baptism. (" The rite of unction in baptism, (il) Same as baptismal •haractcr (which see, under baptismal) Pisa, Italy. new-birth or Bapho thereupon began to be a man. Carlyle, Sartor Resartus, p. 117. Bapta (bap'ta), ». [NL., < Gr. jiaivroc, dipped, dyed, verbal adj. of jiairTetv, dip.] A genus of geometrid moths. The white pinion-spotted moth is B. bimaculata ; the clouded silver-moth is B. punctata. baptise, ''. t. See baptize. Baptisia (bap-tiz'i-S), n. [NL., < Gr. pam-iaic, a dipping (dyeing ? cf. pairr6c, dyed), < j}anTiC,eiv, baptism ; perhaps I directly baptismal (bap-tiz'mal), a. [< baptism + -al : = . 'baptismal] Pertaining to baptism : as, "the baptismal vow," Hammond — Baptismal charac- ter a spiritual and indelible mark attaching to the souls ol baptized Christians from their re. i pi I the sacra ment. This term is used officially by the Roman Cath- olic church, and also by theologians of the Greek, ore eiital, and Anglican churches, to express the doctrine ol tle.se churches that a baptized person can for g 1 or tor evil never be as one unbaptized, and that the sacrament cannot be repeated without sacrilege. Also called the tize.] A building or a portion of a building in which is administered the rite of baptism. In the early Christian church the' baptisterj wasdistinct from the church-building, and was situated near its west end ; it was generally circular or octagonal in form, and dome- roofed. About the end of the sixth century the baptistery 1, in to be absorbed in the church, within winch the font was placed, not far from the western door. The detached baptistery was, however, often preserved, especially in Italy; and many such baptisteries still remain m use as that' ol St. John i.atcran in Rome, and those of the cathe- drals of Pisa, Florence, etc. As a separate buildup the baptistery was often of considerable size and great archi- tectural beauty ; that of Florence is 108 feet in external diameter. In the West, baptisteries were in early times commonly dedicated to St. John the Baptist. See/ontl and baptismal. those churches that a baptized person can for good or for v' «-♦«„ baptistical (bap-tis'tik, -ti-kal), a. „..:, i.» .. ^ na „«h fln ilT H and that the sacrament uo-Myiai'H', u»iiwow^wi x r ,.,-.. •;, y, nn _ [< Gr. jjaTTTto-TiKOS, < ,3a-TioTr)r, baptist . see Dap- baptistic tint.] Pertaining to baptism, or (with a eapil il) to the doctrine of the Bap1 ists. This baptisticai profession, which he ignorantly laugheth attested bj rathe) - bj councils, by liturgies. Abp. Bramhall, Schism Quarded, p. 205. Baptistically (bap-tis'ti-kal-i), adr. Accord- ing to Baptist doctrine; in the manner of the ' ists. baptizable (bap-ti'za-bl), a. [< baptize + -able.] That may be Baptized. [Rare.] As for the condition limiting persons baptizable, which Is ai tual believing, this also the Church oi Christ under. stood in ;i limited and temporary si osi Bp. Gawhn, Tears of the Church, p. 2S4. baptizationt (bap-ti-za'shgn), ». [< LL. bapti- jatio(n-), < baptizare, baptize: sec baptize.] The act of baptizing ; baptism. [Kan.] If the) had been lay persons, their baptizationt were null and invalid. Jer. Taylor, Clerus Domini, iv. baptize (bap-tiz'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. baptized, ppr. baptizing. [< ME. baptizen, < LL. bap- tizare, < Or. iia-Tunv, dip iii or tinder water, baptize, < Sdwrew, dip in water. See etym. of baptism.'] 1. To administer the rite of bap- tism to. See baptism. None [in Yucatan] might marry who had not been bap- Faiths pj . t. Bar of ground, a term used in Cornwall, England, and else- where to designate a stratum or mass of rock coming in ai to or crossing the lode, and of a different character from that adjacent to it, - Bar sinister, a phrase erro- neously used for bend sinister. See bend*. baraket Thai kr ray falls into the common error of describing "a bar-siniste: 'as a mark of bastardy. \ bar in heraldry , be- ing horizontal, cannot be dexter or sinister ; a bend may be either. N. and Q., 7th ser., III. 4ii. Bar super, in apiculture, a ease or crate in which the honeycomb is hum: from bars, instead of being built iii sec- tions or boxes. Phin, Diet. Apiculture, p. To.— Bastard bar. Same as boston, l (c).— Blank bar, in law, a plea in bar which in an action of trespass is put in to compel the plaintiff to assign the certain place where the trespass was committed : a common bar. It is most used by the practisers in tin: C mon Bench, for in the Kind's Bench the place is commonly ascertained in the declaration. Blount. ~ Branchial bar. See branchial.- Double bar, in music, two bara placed together at the conclusion of a movement or strain. If two or four dots arc added to it, the strain on that side should be repeated. — Equalizing- bar, (a) In a ear truck, a wrought-iron beam which bears upon the top of the journal-boxes on tin same side of the truck. The springs which sustain the weight of the body of the car upon that side rest upon the center of this bar. which distributes the weight upon the two journals. (/<) In a vehicle, a bar to each end of which a whinpletree is ai Culled. It is pivoted at the middle, and is used to equalize the draft of two horses harnessed abreast. Also called eveuer and doubletree.— Father Of the bar. See father. — Horizontal bar, a round bar placed horizontal- ly at some distance above the ground, on which athletes exercise.— Landing-bar, in lace-making, a shuttle bos ; a receptacle for the shuttle at the end of each cast.— Loosening-bar, in molding, a pointed steel wire which is driven into the pattern ami struck lightly with a hammer io loosen it from its mold, so that it can be withdrawn. — ParaHel bars, a pair of bars raised about 4 to 6 feet above the ground and placed about a foot and a half apart, used in gymnastics to develop the muscles of the arms, chest, etc.— Plea in bar, in laic, a plea of matter of su, h a nature that if sustained it would defeat not merely the present action, but any other for the same cause. See abatement.— Splinter-bar, in coach-building, the bar of a carriage to which the traces are attached. — To call to the bar. See call.— Trial at bar, a trial in one of the superior courts before all the judges of the court in which the action is brought, or a quorum sufficient to make a full court. = Syn. 2 and 3. Barricade, etc. See barrier. bar 1 (bar), o. t. ; pret. and pp. barred, ppr. barring. [< ME. barren, < OF. barrcr = Pr. Sp. Pg. barrar. < ML. barrare, bar; from the noun.] 1. To fasten with a bar, or as with a bar. Every door is barr'd with gold, and opens but to golden keys. Tennyson, Locksley Hall. Now to all hope her heart is barred and cold. Longfellow, Blind Girl of Castel-Cuille, ii. 2. To hinder; obstruct; prevent; prohibit; restrain. If you cannot Bar his access to the king, never attempt Anything on him. Shak., Hen. VIII., iii. 2. The houses of the country were all scattered, and yet not so far off as that it barred mutual succour. Sir P. Sidney. Though the law of arms doth bar The use of venom'd shot in war. S. Butler, Hudihras. 3. To except; exclude by exception. Nay, but I bar to-night; you shall not gage me By what we do to-night. Shak., M. of V., ii. 2. 4. To provide with a bar or bars; mark with bars ; cross with one or more stripes or lines. A Ceynt she wercd, barred al of silke. Chaucer, .Miller's Tale, 1. 41). He bars his surfaces with horizontal lines of colour, the expression of the level of the Desert. Ruskin. 5. To make into bars. [Rare.] To bar a vein, in farriery, to upen the skin above a vein in a horse's leg dis'encaginc it, tying it both above and below, ami si lik- ing between the two ligatures: an operation intended to stop malignant humors. Johnson.— To bar dower. See dawerto.— To bar an entail. See entail. bar 1 (bar), prep. [Prop. impv. of bar 1 , r.,3; cf. barring.] Except; omitting; but: as, to offer to bet two to one against any horse bar one. bar- (bar), n. [< F. bar, "the fish called a base" (Cotgrave): see base 5 .] An acanthopte- rygian European fish, Sciarna aquila. Also called maigre. bar ;i , a. An obsolete (Middle English) or dia- lectal form of hare 1 . bar 1 !. A Middle English preterit of bear 1 . bar 5 (ba''),». A dialectal form of bear-. [U.S.] bar u t, "• A Middle English form of baron. baracail, n. See barracan. baraesthesiometer, n. See baresthesiometer. baragouin (ba-r&-gwan' or -gwin'), n. [F-, said to be < Bret, bara, bvea 1, + giriti, wine, ol- giroin, white, "in reference to Hie astonish- ment of Breton soldiers at the sighl of white bread"; but this reads like a popular etymol- ogy, with the usual fictitious anecdote append- ed. The word may be merely imitative.] Un- intelligible jargon; language so altered in sound or souse as not Io lie generally underst I. baraket (bar'n-ket), n. [Hell.] In Jewish aiilii/., the third jewel in the first row in the breastplate of the high priest: it is thought to be the garnet. baralipton baralipton (bar-a-lip'ton), «. [An artificial term. J 1. In logic, a mnemonic name of an indirect mood of the first figure of syllogism, in which the two premises are universal affir- matives and the conclusion is a particular affirmative : as, Every animal is a substance ; every man is an animal; therefore, some sub- stance is a man. The name was probably in- vented by Petrus Hispanus. See bamalip and mood 2 .— 2. [cap.'] [NL.] In eool., a genus of coleopterous insects. baranco (ba-rang'ko), n. Same as barranca. baranee (bar-a-ne'), «. [Anglo-Ind., repr. Hind, bardni, lit. keeping off the rain, < baran, rain.] A cloak made of felted woolen cloth, used in India. baraniline (ba-ran'i-lin), ». [< Gr. jiapvc, heavy, + aniline.] A name given by Reimann to heavy aniline oil, to distinguish it from the light aniline oil or kuphaniline. barathea-cloth (bar-a-the'a-kldth), ». 1. A woolen cloth made at Leeds, England. — 2. A silk, either plain or twilled, made in England. Also spelled barrathea-clolh. barathrum (bar'a-thrum), n. ; pi. barathra (-thru). [L., < (Jr. jianaSpor, Ionic pipeBpov, contr. jiiBpov, a gulf, pit.] 1. A rocky place or pit outside the walls of ancient Athens, into which criminals were thrown. — 2f. The abyss; hell. He will eat a leg of mutton while I am in my porridge, . . . his belly is like Barathrum. B. Jonson, Poetaster, iii. 1. 3f. Anything that swallows up or devours ; the belly ; an insatiable glutton or extortioner. You come To scour your dirty maw with the good cheer, Which will be damn'd in your lean barathrum, That kitchen-stuff devourer. Shirley, The Wedding, ii. 3. You barathrum of the shambles ! Massinger, A New Way to Pay Old Debts, iii. 2. barato (ba-ra'to), n. [Sp., as in def., lit. cheap- ness, low price, bargain, barato, cheap : see barrat.] A portion of a gamester's winnings given "for luck" to the bystanders. N. E. J). barb 1 (barb), n. [< HE. barbe, < OF. barbe, F. barbe = Pr. Sp. Pg. It. barba, < L. barba, beard : see beard.] 1. A beard; anything which re- sembles a beard or grows in the place of it. Tile barbel, so called by reason of his barbs, or wattles in his mouth. /. Walton, Complete Angler. 2. In bot., a terminal tuft of hairs; a beard; more usually, a retrorse tooth or double tooth terminating an awn or prickle. — 3. In ornifh., one of the processes, of the first order, given off by the rachis of a feather. The vane [of a feather] con- sists of a series of appressed, flat, narrowly linear or lance- linear laminae or plates, set ob- liquely on the rhachis by their bases, diverging out from it at a varying open angle, ending in a free point ; each such narrow acute plate is called a barb. Coues, Key to N. A. Birds, p. 84. 4. One of the sharp points projecting backward from the penetrating extremity of an arrow, fish-hook, or other instrument for piercing, in- tended to fix it in place; a beard. Having two points or barbs. Ascham, Toxophilus (Arber), p. 135. 5. A linen covering for the throat and breast, sometimes also for the lower part of the face, worn by women through- out the middle ages in western Em-ope. It was at times peculiar to nuns or women in mourning. Do wey your barbe and shew youre face bare. Chaucer, Troilus, ii. 110. 6. A band or small scarf of lace, or other fine ma- terial, worn by women at the neck or as a head- dress. — 7. Same as bar- bel, 3. — 8. In her., one of the five leaves of the calyx which project be- yond and between the petals of the heraldic rose. See barbed*, 3. — 9. A bur or roughness pro- duced in the course of metal-working, as in coining and engraving. — 10. A military term fS3M a, a, Barbs. Barb, middle of 14th cen- tury, (From Viollet-le-Duc's " Diet, du Mobilier franr;ais." ) 447 used in the phrase tn fire in barb, in barbette, or at barbe, that is, to fire cannon over the para- pet instead of through the embrasures. Also spelled barbe barb 1 (barbj,i>. [< OF. barber, shave, < barbe, beard. In E. the verb is now generally re- garded as formed from barber, like peddle from peddler, and is used only colloquially.] I. trans. 1. To shave; dress the beard. [Now only colloq.] — 2f. To pare or shave close to the surface; mow. The stooping scytheman, that doth barb the field. Martton and Webster, .Malcontent, iii. 2. 3f. To clip, as gold. Ii. Jonson. — 4. To fur- nish with barbs, as an arrow, fish-hook, spear, or other instrument. Il.t intrans. To shave. To Sir G. Smith's, it being now night, and there up to his chamber, and sat talking, and I barbing against to- morrow. Pepys, Diary, II. 329. barb-'t (barb), 11. [A corruption of bard 2 , per- haps by confusion with barb 1 , a beard, or barb 3 , a Barbary horse.] Same as bard 2 , n. He left his loftie steed with golden sell And goodly gorgeous barh, ,,. Spenser,~E. Q., II. ii. 11. Their horses were naked, without any barbs, for albeit many brought barbs, tew regarded to put them on. Sir ./. Haywdrd, Bdw. VI., p. 32. barb 2 t (barb), v. t. [< barb 2 , ■».] Same as buril 2 , 1: A brave courser trapped and barbed. Holland, fcr. of I.ivy, p. 1179. Barbed with frontlet of steel, I trow, And with Jedwood-axe at saddle-bow. Scott, L. of L. M., i. 5. barb 3 (barb), n. [< F. barbe, a Barbary horse (ML. cavaUus de barba, indicating a supposed connection with L. barba, a beard), < Barbarie, Barbary: see barbary.] 1. A horse of the breed introduced by the Moors into Spain from Barbary and Morocco, and remarkable for speed, endurance, and docility. In Spain this noble race lias degenerated, and true barbs are rare even in their na- tive country. The importance of improving our studs by an infusion of new blood was strongly felt; and with this view a con- siderable number of barbs had lately been brought into the country. MacavXay, Hist. Eng., iii. 2. A breed of domestic pigeons having a short broad beak, classed by Darwin with the carriers and runts. Also called barb-pigeon, Barbary pit/ton, and Barbary carrier. — 3. A sciaenoid fish, Mentieirrus alburnus, better known as teng- fish. See Mngfish. barbacant, «• See barbican 1 . barbacou (biir'ba-ko), n. [< F. barbacou, irreg. barbu. abarbet, + (tur)acou or (cou)cou, cuckoo.] A name given by Le Vaillant to the American barbets of the family Bucconida; to distinguish them from the barbets proper of the family Capitonidee. The South American barbacous are the birds of the genera Monasa and Chcli- doptera. barbacue, ». See barbecue. Barbadian (bar-ba'di-an), a. and». [< Barba- dos, the Barbados, a name said to be due to Pg. as barbadas, the bearded, applied by the Portu- fuese to the Indian fig-trees growing there.] . a. Of or pertaining to Barbados (also spell- ed Barbadoes). II. 11. An inhabitant of Barbados, the most eastern island of the West Indies, belonging to Creat Britain. Barbados cherry, leg, nut, tar, etc. See the nouns. Barbados-pride (bar-ba'doz-prid), n. 1. A prickly leguminous shrub, Cossalpinia pulclier- rima, of tropical regions, planted for hedges as well as for the beauty of its flowers. Also called Barbados flower-fence. — 2. In the West Indies, a handsome flowering leguminous tree, Adenanthera pavonina, introduced from the East Indies. barba Hispanica (biir'bii his-pan'i-ka), 11. [NL., lit. Spanish beard.]' A name given to the plant Tillaitdsia itsutoitlis. See long-mots. barbaloin (biir'ba-lo-in or -loin), n. A neu- tral substance (C^HsgO^-t-EUO) crystallizing in tufts of small yellow prisms, extracted from Barbados aloes. barbart (biir'bar), a. and n. [Early mod. E. also barbare, <"ME. barbar, OF. barbare, < L. barbarus : see barbarous.] I. a. Barbarous. II. 11. A barbarian. barbara (bar'ba-ra), n. In logic, a mnemonic name of a syllogism of the first figure, all whose parts are universal affirmative proposi- tions: as, All men are mortal ; all the patri- barbarianism archs (Enoch, Elijah, etc.) are men; hence, all patriarchs are mortal. It is the type .if all lyllo glsm. This name 1- believed to have been invi nti Petrus Hispanus (Popi John \ \ 1 dii 'I 1271 1, altl Prantl thinks the work oi William ol Shyrwode (died 1249) in which it is found is earlier. See moods. barbaresque (bar-ba-resk'), ". and n. [< P. barbaresque, of Barbary, Sp. Pg. barbaresco = If. barbaresco (obs.), of Barbary, barbarous: see barbar and -rsijiic. Cf. barbary.] I. ". 1. Characteristic of or appropriate to barbarians; barbarous in style. [Bare.] Our European and Bast India mis are the basest "f all base products from rude barbaresque handicraft. be Quimcey, Secret Societies, i. 2. [cap.] Of or pertaining to Barbary in north- ern Africa. II. «. [cap.] A native of Barbary. Jefferson. [Rare.] barbari (bar'ba-ri); n. In logic, the mnemonic name of a kind of syllogism the premises ..I which are those of a syllogism in bail (which see), while the conclusion is only a par- ticular instead of a universal affirmative: as, All men are mortal; all kings are men; hence, some kings are mortal. This kind of syllogism "as noticed by Occam, ami the name was invented by one of his followers, Albert of Saxony. See mood-. barbarian (bar-ba'ri-an), n. and a. [i l>\ di |i:irtiiigfrom recognized classical standards. He | [nigo Joni I bi anci< at cathedral of St Paul in London, by repairing it according to bi n oi Pointed architei tun Bncyc Brit., II. 44:s. 2. To render barbarous. 448 Hideous changes have barbarized France. Burki . To a Noble Lord. To habitual residents among the Alps this absence of social duties and advantages may be barbarising even brutalising. ./. .1. Symonds, Italy and Greece, p. 801. Also spelled barbarise. barbarous (bar'ba-rus), a. [Earlier barbar, q. v. ; < L. barbariis, < Gr. jiapfiapuq, foreign, un- civilized: applied orig. to one whose language was unintelligible, t't'. Skt. barbara, stammer- ing, in pi. foreigners; L. balbus, stammering: see balbuties and booby; ef. babble.] 1. For- eign ; not classical or pure ; abounding in bar- barisms; of or pertaining to an illiterate peo- ple: applied to language, originally to lan- guages which were not Greek or Latin. See barbarism. A wholly barbarous use of the word. Ruskin, Pol. Econ., Art. ix. 2. Speaking a foreign language ; foreign ; out- landish: applied to people. [Archaic.] See barbarian, n., 1. The island was called Melita. And the barbarous people shewed us no little kindness : for they kindled a fire and received us every one. Acts xxviii. 1, 2. 3. Characterized by or showing ignorance of arts and civilization; uncivilized; rude; wild; savage: as, barbarous peoples, nations, or coun- tries ; barbarous habits or customs. Thou art a Roman ; be not barbarous. Shak., Tit. And., i. 2. What we most require is the actual examination by trained observers of some barbarous or semi-barbarous community, whose Aryan pedigree is reasonably pure. Maui.', Early haw anil Custom, p. 'J::::. 4. Pertaining to or characteristic of barbari- ans; adapted to the taste of barbarians; bar- baric; of outlandish character. Emetrius, king of Inde. a mighty name, On a bay courser, goodly to behold, The trappings of his horse emboss'd with barbarous gold. Dryden, Pal. and Are., iii. ti.'i. Pyrrhus, seeing the Romans marshal their army with some art and skill, said, with surprise, "These barbarians have nothing barbarous in their discipline." Hume, Refinement in the Arts. 5. Cruel; ferocious; inhuman: as, barbarous treatment. By their barbarous usage he died within a few days, to the grief of all that knew him. Clarendon. 6. Harsh-sounding, like the speech of barbari- ans : as, wild and barbarous music. A barbarous noise environs me. Milton, Sonnets, vii. = Syn. Barbarian, Barbarous, Barbaric (see barbarian); ruthless, brutal, fierce, bloody, savage, truculent. barbarously (bar'ba-rus-li), adv. In a barba- rous manner; as a barbarian, (a) Imperfectly; without regard to purity of speech; with admixture of foreign or unclassical words and phrases. How barbarously we yet speak and write, your lordship knows, and I am sufficiently sensible in my own English. Dryden, Ded. of Troilus and Cressida. Modern French, the most polite of languages, is barba- rously vulgar if compared with the Latin out of which it has been corrupted, or even with Italian. Lowell, Biglow Papers, 2d ser., Int. (b) As an uncivilized, illiterate, or uncultured person, (c) Savagely; cruelly; ferociously; inhumanly. The English law touching forgery became, at a later period, barbarously severe. Mucniduii, Hist. Eng., xxiii. barbarousness (bar'ba-rus-nes), 9t. The state or quality of being barbarous, (o) Rudeness or incivility of manners, (ft) Impurity of language. It is much degenerated, as touching the pureneBS of speech ; being overgrown with barbarousness. Brereu/ood. (r) Cruelty; inhumanity; barbarity. barbaryt (bar'ba-ri), n. [< ME. barbary, bar- ber//, barbarie, < < >F. barbaric = Sp. It. barbarir, < L. barbaria, barba ries (MGr. liup.iupia), a foreign country, barbarism, < barbarus, < Gr. fjapflapoc, foreign, barbarous. Hence, specifi- cally, liarbary, a collective name for the coun- tries on the north and northwest coasts of Africa, < F. Barbarie, < ML. Barbaria ; e-ku), ». t.; pret. and pp. bar- becued, ppr. barbecuing. [< barbecue, ».] 1. To cure by smoking or drying on a barbecue (which see). — 2. To dress and roast whole, as an ox or a hog, by splitting it to the back- bone, and roasting it on a gridiron. Rich puddings and big, and a barbecued pig. r.ur/nim, liiuoldsliy Legends, I. 228. barbed 1 (barbd), p. a. [< barb 1 , v. or »., + -cii-."\ It. shaved; trimmed; having the beard dressed. — 2. Furnished with barbs, as an ar- row, the point of a fish-hook, and the like: as, "arrows barbed with fire," Milton, P. L., vi. 54(5; "a barbed proboscis," Sir /•-'. Tennent, Cey- lon, ii. 7. \n,l, w ith the same strong hand That Hung the barbed spear, he tilled the land. Bryant, Christmas in 1S75. 3. In her. : (a) Having barbs: said of the rose used as a bearing. The barbs are commonly colored green, and the blazon is a rose gules barbed proper. ('*) Having gills or wattles, us a cock: as, a cock sable, barbed or (that is, a black cock having golden gills). Also called wattled, (c) Having the ends made with barbs like those of an arrow-head: said especially of a cross of this form. Also called bearded. — Barbed bolt. Seeiofti. Barbed shot, a shot having barbs or grapnels. It is tired from a mortar to carry a life-line to a wreck. Barbed wire, tw more wins twisted together, with spikes, 1 ks. or points clinched or woven Into the strands, or a sinelc wire furnished with sharp points or barbs: used for fences, and so made for the restraint of animals. barbed- (1'iirl id), p. a. [< barb-. V., + -edP. 1'rnp. baribil, q. v. I Same as bnnlnl. barbel (biir'bel), «. [ME. barbelle, barbyUe, < OF. barbel (F. barbeau), < ML. barbettus, dim. nf barbas. a barbel (lish), < barba, beard: see bar/A. In the sense of an appendage, barbel is rather < NL. barbella : see barbella, and cf. barbel barbule.] 1. The common English name of the fish Barbus vulgaris, also extended to other spe- cies of the genus Barbus. — 2. A small cylin- drical vermiform process appended to the mouth of certain fishes, serving as an organ of touch. — 3. A knot of superfluous flesh growing in the channel of a horse's mouth. Also barbie and barb. barbella (bar-bel'S), ».; pi. barbella (-e). [NL., dim. of L. barba, a beard. Cf. barbule and bar- bel, 2, 3.] A small barb or bristle. barbellate (bar-bel'at), a . [< NL. barbellatus, < NL. bnrlu Ha, q. v.] Having small bristles or barbules: useil ehietlv in botany. Also barbu- late. barbellula (bar-bel'u-lij,), ». ; pi. barbcllulw (-le). [NL., dim. of barbella, q. v.] A very small barb or bristle. barbellulate (bar-bel'u-lat), a. [< NL. barbel- lulatiis, < barbellula, q. v.] Having very small bristles or barbules. barber (bar'ber), u. [Early mod. E. also bar- hour, < (a) ME. barbour, barbor, barbur, < AF. barbour, OF. barbeor (< L. as if *barbator, < *barbare, shave: see barb 1 , v.) ; mixed with (6) ME. barber, < OF. barbier, F. barbur = It. bar- biere, < L. as if *barbarvus, < L. barba, a beard : see barb 1 , ».] 1. One whose occupation is to shave the beard and cut and dress the hah'. — 2. Same as surgeon-fish — Barber's basin, a basin or bowl formerly used in shaving, having a broad rim with a semicircular opening to fit the neck of the cus- tomer, who held it, while the barber made the lather with his hand and applied it directly : still in use in some parts of Europe as a barber's sign. — Barber's pole, a pole striped spirally with alternate bands of colors, generally red or black and white, and often, in Europe, having a brass basin at the end, placed as a sign at the door of a barber's shop. The striping is in imitation of the ribbon with which the arm of a person who has been bled is bound up, and originally indicated that the barber com- bined minor surgical operations with his other work. barber (bar'ber), v. t. [< barber, ».] To shave and dress the hair of. Our courteous Antouy, . . . Being barber'd ten times o'er, goes to the feast. Shak., A. and C., ii. 2. barbera (bar-ba'ra), re. [It.] An Italian red wine, made in Piedmont from a variety of grapes so called. barber-boat (bar'ber-bot), re. A small boat like a canoe, in use at Canton in the south of China: probably so called because in the early days of trade with China native barbers used such boats in going about among the shipping. barber-chirurgeont (biir'bei-ki-rer"jon), re. A barber-surgeon. He put himself into a barber-chirurgeon's hands, who, by unlit applications, rarefied the tumour. Wiseman, Surgery. barberess (biir'ber-es), n. [< barber + -ess.'] A female barber; a barber's wife. barber-fish (bar'ber-fish), re. In iohth., Teuthis ccerulcus or some other fish of the family Ten- th ididw. barbermongert (bar'ber-mung"ger), re. A man who frequents the barber's shop, or prides him- self on being dressed by a barber ; a fop. Shale. , Lear, ii. 2. barberry (bar'ber-i), n. ; pi. barberries (-iz). [Also berberry, early mod. E. also barbery, bar- bary, berbery (the term, simulating berry 1 ),<. ME. barbere (cf. F. berberis, formerly berbere) = Sp. berberis = It. berberi, < ML. berberis, barbaris, of uncertain origin. The Ar. barbaris, Pers. barbdri, are from the ML.] 1. A shrub of the genus Berberis, B. vulgaris, bearing racemes of yellow ill-smelling flowers, which produce red elongated berries of a pleasantly acid flavor, a native of Europe and extensively naturalized in New England. From the root of the barberry a yel- low coloring matter is obtained, which when rendered brown by alkalis is used in the manufacture of morocco leather. In England also called pepperidge or piprage. See /;>,/'. /•/.,'. 2. The fruit of this shrub. barberry-fungus (bar'ber-i-fung"gus), n. A fungus which attacks the leaves of the common barberry, formerly known as .Heidi it in Bcr- beridis, but now proved to be the tecidiospore stage of the red and black rust (Puccinia gra- miiiis) which is found upon wheat, oats, other kinds of grain, and various species of grass. Also called barberry-rust or barberry-elusitr- cups. See cut under I'ueeiitta. barber-surgeon (bar'ber-ser'jon), n. Formerly, one who united the practice of surgery with that of a barber ; hence, an inferior practitioner of surgery. Those deep and public brands, That the whole company of barber-surgeons Should not take off with all their arts and plaisters. B. Jonson, Poetaster, To the Reader. 29 449 barber-surgery (bar'ber-s&r // j6r-i), n. The occupation or practice of a barber-surgeon ; hence, bungling work, like that of a low prac- 1 il ionor of surgery. Slits it into four, that he may the bettei fe at it with his barbersurffi ry, Milton, Colasterion. barbery 1 (bar'ber-i), it. [Early mod. E. also barbary (ME. barborery), < OF. barberie, < bar- bier, a barber: see barber and -try.] If. A barber's shop. — 2. The occupation or craft of a barber. [Rare.] The union of surgery and barbery was partially dissolved in ir>40 (:;;! Henry V1I1., a. 42), the barbera being confined by that Act to their own business, plus til t-letting and tooth-drawing. N. awl ','., 7th ser., II. 19G. barbery' 2 t, re. See barberry. barbet't (bar'bet), re. [< F. barbette, OF. bar- bete, dim. of barbe, < L. barba, a beard: see barb 1 .] 1. A small beard. — 2. A part of the helmet in use in the sixteenth century; either (a) the fixed beaver or mentonnieire, or (b) the lowerpart of the vizorwhen made in two pieces, so that either could be raised without the other. Compare barbute. Also spelled barbett. barbet'- (bar'bet), n. [< F. barbet (prob. for barbe), < OF. barbet, < L. barbatUS, bearded. Cf. barbute.'] 1. A variety of dog having long curly hair; a poodle. — 2. In ornith., any bird of the families Capitonidm (or Megalcemida') and Bucconidee. It is a book-name which has followed the generic names Capita and Bucco in their various applica- tions to numerous zygodactyl birds with large heads, stout bills, and prominent rictal vibrissas, inhabiting both the old and the new world, and has consequently no exact techni- cal meaning.— Flssirostralbarbets, the puff-birds; the lords of the family Bucconidee (which see). They are con- fined to America, belong to the three leading genera, Bucco, Monasa, and Chelidoptera, and include the birds known as barbacous, tamatias, or monases. (See thi se words.) They are closely related to the jacamars or Gal- bulidce, but have no special affinity with the scansorial barbets. — Scansorial barbets, the harbets proper; the birds of the family CapitonidcB (which see). They are chiefly birds of the old world, of the leading genera Po- gonias (or Pogonorhynchus), Megalcema, Calorhamphus, Trachyphonus, Psilopoaon, etc., including the African birds known as barbions and barbicans; but they also include the South American genus Capito. barbettt, ". See barbet 1 , 2. barbette (bar-bet'), ». [F., fern. dim. of barbe, < L. barba, beard. Cf. barbet 1 .] The platform or breastwork of a fortification, from which cannon may be fired over the parapet instead of through embrasures — Barbette-carriage, a car- riage which elevates a gun sufficiently to enable it to be fired over the parapet, and lowers it again behind the parapet after the discharge. See gun-carriage — Bar- bette gun, or battery, one gun, or several, mounted in barbette. — Barbette ship, a war -vessel, generally an ironclad, carrying heavy guns which are fired over the bulwarks and not through port-holes. — To fire in bar- bette. See barbl, 10. barb-feathers (barb 'feTH "era), re. pi. The feathers under the beak of a hawk. barbican 1 (bar'bi-kan), n. [Early mod. E. also barbaean, etc., < ME. barbican, berbikan, barbygan, etc., < OF. barbicane, barbaquenne, mod. F. barbicane = Pr. Sp. barbieana = Pg. barbicao = It. barbicane, < ML. barbieana, bar- bacana, *barbacanus, a barbican: supposed to be Barbican. — Plan of Castle of Carcassonne, France : T2th and 13th centuries. A, C, barbican protecting tbe approach on the side of the town ; B, sally-port ; D, main barbican without the walls ; /•', /• , Z, F, H, forti- fied way between the castle and the barbican ; /, postern-gate, de- fended by machicolations, drawbridge, a berse, etc. ; L, interior court of castle ; M, secondary court ; N, N, covered galleries affording ac- commodations in case of siege ; O, O, chief gate of the castle and bridge over the moat ; P, Q, Q, permanent lodgings, three stories high ; R, R, double donjon, or keep; 5", watch-tower: T, guard. post De- tween the double walls of the city ; V, barriers carried across the space intervening between the city walls ; .f, Y. X, towers connected by curtains. ( From Viullet-lc-Duc's " Diet, de 1' Architecture." ) Barbus of Ar. or Pers. origin, introduced into Europe by the crusaders; cf. Ar. IVrs. luib-khanah, a gate- house, gateway with a tower.] 1. In nit th' fit! fort., an outwork of a, castle or fortified plaoe. cm Properly, a post in which a force could be ahelt< red <> as to be ready b'i a snrtir to protect communicatio] Such a work frequently supplied an advantageous means for taking an assailant in lb*- Hank, and, while communi- cating with the main pest, seldom contained the hi entrance to it. (6) An outpost of any nature, as a bridge- tower, or adefense outside of the moat protecting the ap- proach to the drawbridge ; also a gateway-tower through which the main entrance was carried. Within the Ilitrhirnn a Porter sate, Day and night duely keeping watch and ward. Speneer, t. <;., 1 1. ix. 25. He leads a body of men close under tin- outer barrier of the barbican. Scott, Ivanhoe, II. vi. 2. A loophole. [Rare and obsolete.] He caused certain barbacans or loop-holes to be pierced through the walls. Holland, tr. of I.ivy, \xiv. :i4. 3. A channel or scupper in a parapet for the dischargo of water. barbican'-' (bar'bi-kan), n. [Appar. a made word, based (like barhioit, q. v.) on F. barbe, a beard.] A scansorial barbet of the family t 'ti/iitoitiilie and subfamily Pogonorhynchinai, or the genus Pogonias in a broad sense. The bar- bicans are all African, like the barbions. barbicel (bar'bi-sel), re. [< NL. "barbicetta, dim. of ]/. barba, a beard. Cf. barbel.] In ornith., a fringing process of the third order of a feather ; a fringe of a barbule ; one of the processes with which a barbule is fringed, dif- fering from a hamulus or booklet in not being recurved. barbiers (bar'berz), re. [See def.] A paralytic disease formerly very common in India, and believed to be identical with beriberi (which see), or to be another form of that disease. barbigerous (bar-bij'e-rus), a. [< L. barbiger (< barba, beard, + gerere, carry) + -mis.] Bearded; wearing a beard: in bat., applied to petals that are hairy all over. barbion (biir'bi-on), ». [< F. barbion (?). < barbe, a beard. Cf. barbet 2 .] An African scan- sorial barbet of the genus Barbatula, family Met/alecmidw or Capitonidce. barbiton, barbitos (bar'bi-ton, -tos), n. ; pi. barbita (-ta). [< Gr. jiapiitrov, earlier {iapjitToc, a word prob. of Eastern origin.] An ancient Greek musical instrument of the lyre kind. barbie, it. See barbel, 3. barbolet, «■ A very heavy battle-ax. barbotine (bar'bo-tin), re. [F., wormwood, se- men-contra, < barboter, dabble.] 1. An East Indian vegetable product, the chief constituents of which are wax, gum, and bitter extract. Simmonds. — 2. Worm-seed. Simmonds. — 3. In eeram., same as slip. barb-pigeon (biirb'pij'on), n. Same as barb 3 , 2. barbret, a. See barbur. barbu (biir'bu), n. [F., < barbe: see barb 1 .] 1. A name, derived from Button and other French naturalists, equivalent to barbet in any of the senses of the latter, as applied to birds either of the family Bucconidee or family ( 'apU tttiiithe. See these words, and barbet-. — 2. pi. The birds of the family Capitonidce alone, as distinguished from the Bucconidee. barbula (bar'bu-la), ». ; pi. barbulai(-le). [L., a little beard, a small barb: see barbule.] 1. Same as barbule, 1. — 2. leap.] [NL.] A large genus of true mosses characterized by termi- nal, erect fruit, and a peristome of long fili- form segments spirally twisted to the left. — 3. [cap.] [NL.] A genus of bivalve mol- lusks. barbulate (bar'bu-lat), a. Same as barbellate. barbule (bar'bul), u. [< L. barbula, dim. of barba, beard.] 1. A small barb, as of a plant : a little beard. Also barbula. — 2. In ornith., one of a series of pointed, barb-like processes fringing the barbs of a feather. As tlte rhachis [of a feather] bears its vane or series of barbs, so does each barb hear its vanes of the second order, or little vanes, called barlntles. t tones, Key to N. A. Birds, p. 84. 3. The part of a helmet which protects the cheeks and chin. BarbUS (bar'bus), n. [NL., < L. barbus, a bar- bel, < barba, beard: see barbel.] An extensive genus of cyprinoid fishes, containing the bar- bels, typified by the common barbel of Europe, a, Barbs; *, *, Barbules. ( Highly magnified. ) Barbus Barbel {Barbusvul^ B. vulgaris: used with varying latitude by dif- ferent writers. barbutet, "• [OF., orig. fern, of "barbut, barbu, mod. P, barbu, bearded, < barbe, beard.] 1. A steel cap without vizor, but covering the cheeks and ears, used in the fifteenth century and later by foot-soldiers, archers, etc., and by the common people in times of danger. — 2. A man- at-arms : from the name of the helmet worn by heavily armed men. barca 1 (bar'kji), «. A fish of the family OpMo- cephalidte (Ophiocephalus barca), living in the fresh waters of Bengal. barca 2 (biir'ka), n. [It., Sp., bark : see bark 3 .] A boat, skill', or barge. A. E. /' — Barca longa (lit. long boat), a fishing-boat, common in the Mediterra- nean. Fincham, Ship-building, iv. 11. Barcan (bar'kan), a. Of or pertaining to Bar- ca, a vilayet of the Turkish empire, in northern Africa, lying to the north of the Libyan desert, and between Egypt and the gulf of Sidra. Take the wings Of morning, pierce the Barcan wilderness. Bryant, Tlianatopsis. barcarole (bar'ka-rdT), n. [< It. barcarolo, bar- caruolo, a boatman (fern, barcaruola, > F. bar- caroUe, > E. barcarole, a boatman's song), < barca, a, bark, barge : see bark s .] 1. An Ital- ian boatman. — 2. A simple song or melody sung by Venetian gondoliers. — 3. A piece of instrumental music composed in imitation of such a song. Also spelled barcarolle. barce (bars), n. [Another spelling of barse, q. v.] An English (Yorkshire) name of the stickleback. barcelonat (bar-se-16'na), ». [Named fromUnr- celona, a city in Spain.] A neck-cloth of soft silk. The author of Waverley entered ; . . . a double barcelona protected his neck. Scott, Peveril of the Peak, Pref. barceilite (bar'se-nit), n. [After Prof. Mari- ano Jiarcena, of Mexico.] A hydrous antimo- niate of mercury from Huitzuco, Mexico, de- rived from the alteration of livingstonite. B. Arch. An abbreviation of Bachelor of Archi- tecture, a degree granted by some colleges and schools in the United States. Barclayite (bar'kla-it), n. Same as Berean, 2. barcon, barcone (bar'kon, bar-ko'ne), n. [< It. barcone, aug. of barca, a bark : see bark 3 .] A trading-vessel used in the Mediterranean. bar-cutter (bar'kuf'er), n. A shearing-machine which cuts metallic bars into lengths. E, H. Kniijht. bard 1 (bard), n. [Formerly also barth, bardh (< \V.), and Sc. baird (< Gael.); = F. barde = Sp. Pg. It. bardo, < LL. bardus, Gr. /3dptioc ; of Celtic origin: W. bardd = Ir. and Gael. bard = Corn, bardh = Bret, bars, a poet.] 1. A poet and singer among the ancient Celts; one whose occupation was to compose and sing verses in honor of the heroic achievements of princes and bravo men, and on other sub- jeet.-, L'euernlly to the accompuiiiiuent of the harp. 'I'lie Welsh bards formed a hereditary order regu- lated by laws, and held stated festivals for competition, called ■ ' teddjods, which after a long Bnspension were re- vived in the eighteenth century. (See eisteddfod.) Then- was also a hereditary gild oi bards in Ireland, many of Whom attained great skill. There is amongest the Irish a certayne kind of people called Bards, which are to them insteede of poetts, whose profession is to sett f oorth the prayses and disprayscsof meninthcyr poi n I times. Spenser, State of Inland. 2f. Formerly, in Scotland, a strolling musician ; a minstrel: classed with vagabonds, as an ob- ject of penal laws. All vagabundis, fulls [fools], bardi scudlazis, and siollke idill pepiU, sail oi brlnt in thi che< k, Kenneth' t Stat., in Sir J. Balfour's Practick, 080. .) bard 2 (bard), v. t. [< bard'-, n.] To caparison with bards, as a horse ; to furnish or accoutre with armor, as a man. Fifteen hundred men . . . barded and richly trapped. Stow, Edw. IV., an. 14T4. Above the foaming tide, I ween, Scarce hall the charger's neck was seen; For he was barded from counter to tail. And the rider was armed complete in mail. Scott, L. of L. M., i. 29. bard 3 (bard), n. [< F. barde (= Pg. barda = Sp. albarda), a strip of bacon; a particular use of barde, trappings: seebard 2 .] A strip of bacon used to cover a fowl or meat in roasting. bard 3 (bard), v. t. [< bard 3 , n.] To cover with thin bacon, as a bird or meat to be roasted. bardasht (biir'dash), n. [< F. bardache, < Sp. bardaxa = It. baraascia, < Ar. bardaj, slave, captive.] A boy kept fur unnatural purposes. barde 1 , barde 2 , '». See bard 1 , bard 2 . barded (bar'ded), p. a. [< bard 2 + -erf 2 . Cf. barbed'-.'] Furnished with or clad in armor: said of a war-horse. bardellet (bar-del'), »■ [< OF. bardelle (= It. bardeUa), dim. of barde: see bard 2 .] A pack- saddle made of cloth, stuffed with straw, and tied down tightly with pack-thread. Bardesanism (bar-des'a-nizm), n. [< Barde- sanes + -ism.] The doctrinal system of the Bardesanists. Bardesanist (bar-des'a-nist), ». One of the followers of Bardesanes, of Edessa, in Meso- potamia, in the second and third centuries. He is said to have taught dnetrilles resembling those of the Gnostic Valentinus, na Iv : a He lf-e\istent principle of evil; that the soul is Imprisoned in the body by way of punishment; and that therefore a body was not assumed by Christ in his incarnation, and is not to be raise, i at the resurrection. Recent discussions have shown, lmwevcr, that the true nature- of his doctrines remains an open question. There are still extant Syriac hymns and prose week- ascribed I" bardesanes. Bardesanite (biir-des'a-nit), n. [< Bardesanes + -Hi-.] A Bardesanist. He (Maid] looked upon what he considered to be Chris- tianity proper, that is. Christianity as it had been devel- oped among the sects of the I'.asiljdians, Maninmtcs, and perhaps llardenanites, as a comparatively valuable and sound religion, Bneye. BriL, XV. 485. bardic (bar'dik),a. [< bard 1 + -ic] t if . per- taining to, or of the character of a bard or bards. bare Here, in the open air -in " the eye of light and the face of the sun," to use the bardie style — the decrees were pro- nounced, and the Druids harangued the people. /. ir Israeli, Amen, of Lit., I. 20. barding (btir'ding), ft. [< bard 2 + -ingl.] Horse-armor in general: usually in the plural. See bard 2 , 1. bardisb. (bar'dish), a. [< bard* + -ish 1 .] Per- taining to or characteristic of bards: as, "bard- islt impostures," Seklen, Drayton's 1'olyolbion. bardism (bar'dizm), n. [< bard 1 + -ism.] The science of bards; bardic principles or methods. bardlet (bard'let), n. [< bard* + -let.] A bard- ling. bardling (biird'ling), «. [(.bard 1 -¥ -liny 1 .] An inferior bard ; a mediocre or inexperienced poet. The forte of bardlings is the foible of a bard. Stedman, Poets of America, p. 109. bardocucullus (bar do-ku-kul'iis), ».; pi. bar- docucuUi (-i). [NL.] ' A kind of cowled cloak anciently worn by some Gallic peasants, and adopted by Romans and monks. See cueullus. bards (bardz), «. [Sc.; cf. F. barbate, an eel- pout.] A local name in Edinburgh of the eel- pout, Zoarces viviparus. hardship (bard'ship), n. [< bard 1 + -slii/>.] The office of bard; position or standing as a bard. The Captain . . . showed a particular respect for my bardship. Burns, BorderTour, p. 569. (iV. E. D.) bardy (biir'di). a. [< bard 1 , in the depreciative senses (defs. 2 and 4), -I- -y 1 .] Bold-faced; de- fiant; audacious. [Scotch.] bare 1 (bar), a. [< ME. bare, bar,<. AS. bwr = 05. ow = OFries. ber = D. boar = OHG. MHG. bar, G. bar, boar =Icel. &<<(• =Sw. Dan. bar = OBulg. iosii = Lith. bogus, bogus, ban 1 ; orig. meaning prob. 'shining'; cf. Skt. v' bhas, shine.] 1. Naked; without covering : as, bare arms; the trees are bare. Thou wast naked and bare. Ezek. xvi. 7. Envy finds More food in cities than on mountains bare. Lowell, Dara. 2. With the head uncovered. In numismatic de- scriptions, said of a head on a coin or medal when uncov- ered or devoid of any adornment, such as a diadem or laurel-wreath. When once thy foot enters the church, be bare. Herbert, Church Porch. Thou standest bare to him now, workest for him. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 357. 3. Open to view ; unconcealed ; undisguised. Bare in thy guilt, In rw foul must thou appear ! Mill, in, S. A., 1. 902. 4. Lacking in appropriate covering or equip- ment; unfurnished: as, bare walls. — 5t. Plain; simple ; unadorned ; without polish. Yet was their manners then but bare and plain. Spenner. 6. Threadless; napless. It appears, by their bare liveries, That thev live by votir bare words. Shak., T. fi. of V., ii. 4. 7. Poor; destitute; indigent; empty; unfur- nished ; unprovided with what is necessary or comfortable : absolutely or with of. I have made Esau bare. Jer. xlix. 10. I'pon her death, when her nearest friends thought her verv bare, her executors found in her .strong box about £150 in gold. ■ s '"-i/>, Death of Stella. Tho' your violence should leave them bare O/gold and silver, swords and darts remain. lirtidrii, tr. of Juvenal's Satires. 8. Empty; valueless; paltry; worthless. Net what we give, but what we share — For the gilt without the- giver is hare. Lowell, sir l.aunfal. 9. Mere; scarcely or just sufficient: as, the bare necessaries of life; a bare subsistence. Pray you, cast off these fellows, its unfitting For your bare knowledge, and far more your company. Beau, and /■'/., Scornful Lady, iv. 2. 10. Unaccompanied; without addition; sim- ple. It was a bare petition of a state. Shak., Cor., v. 1. 11. Unadorned; without literary or artistic ef- fect; bald; meager. Much has yet t<- be done to make even the bare annals of the time coherent Athenaeum, No. 3007, p. 170. 12. In bccr-makin., VI. xi. 48. 14f. Lean; spare. 451 stance, + -in".] A transparent, gelatinous, mucus-like substance, tlio product of certain nigh' growing i" thermal sulphur-springs, to which they impart the flavor and odor of flesh- broth. Baregin is itself odorless and tasteless. It i i. ii us. when dry, from 30 to 80 percent, ol mineral matter, chiefly silica. Che organic matter contains no sulphur and ii i in 12 per cent, of nitrogen. bare-gnawnt (biir'nan), a. Gnawed or eaten bare, shut., Lear, v. 3. barehanded (bar'han'ded), «• l - witn lm ~ covered hands. — 2. Destitute of in is; with no aid but one's own hands: as, he began life barehanded. '"'"'■ < "V?,-r ''"'',"" - (m C °T m! ;' bareheaded (bar'hed"ed), a. Having the head "tan (= OHG. baron = Icel uncovered especially as a token of respect. '1^'J^^A^U^. Etot, you shk swear never to name my lori Or hear him namd hereafter, but bare-headed. Fletcher (and another?), Queen of Corinth, iv. 1. On being first brought before the court, Ridley st I bareheaded. Framle, Hist. Eng., xxxiu. bareheadedness (bar'hed"ed-nes), n. The state of being bareheaded. Bareheadedness was in Corinth, as also in all Greece and Rome, a token of honour anil superiority. Bp. Halt, Remains, p. 237. Barea (ba're-ii), n~.pl. [Gr., neut. pi. of flapif, barely (bar'li), adv. [< bare 1 + -ly 2 .] 1. Na- bare Fat. For their bareness, I am sure thoy never learned that of me. /•rime. . . . Unlessyou call three lingers on the ribs/Mir. Shak., I Hen. IV., iv. 2. Bare contract, in law, an unconditional promise or sur- render —Bare windt, naut., a wind that is scant, or too much ahea.l to ml the sails.- The bare, (a) In art, the nude. [Have.] fit) The uncovered or unhidden surface; the body ; the substance. [Rare. 1 \ ,iu have tnii. lied the very bare of truth. Marston. To lay bare, to uncover; expose t.. view or to know. ledge, as something hidden or a secot of any kind.— Under bare poles ma at.), said of a ship with no sail set, in a gale of wind. = Syn. See mere. bare 1 (bar), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bared, ppr billing. [< ME. ba dhiiiiiiii), also bcr, Inra), mako bare, 1. To make bare ; uncover ; divest of covering: as, to bare one's head or one's breast. He bared an ancient oak of all her houghs. Dryden. That cry . . . that seemed to iare A wretched life of every softening veil. William Harris, Earthly Paradise, II. 159. 2. To disclose; make manifest; lay bare: as, to bare the secrets of the grave. [Archaic] bare 2 (bar). Old preterit of bear 1 jiapia, heavy.'] An Aristotelian group of birds corresponding to the Linnean (inllintv, includ ing the gallinaceous or rasorial birds. bareback (bar'bak), a. and ado. I. a. Using or performing on a barebacked horse : as, a bareback rider. II. adr. On a barebacked horse: as, to ride bareback. barebacked (bar'bakt), a. Having the back uncovered; unsaddled, as a horse. barebind, »• See bearbine. barebone (bar'bon), n. A very lean person. [Rare.] Here comes lean Jack, here comes bare-bone. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 4. bareboned (bar'bond), a. Having the bones bare or scantily covered with flesh; so lean that the bones show their forms. But now that fair fresh mirror, dim and old, Shows me a bareboned death by time outworn. Shak., Lucrece, 1. 1761. barefaced (bar'fast), «. 1. With the face un- covered ; not masked. Then you will play bare-faced. Shak., M. N. D., i. 2. 2. Undisguised; unreserved ; without conceal- ment; open: in a good or an indifferent sense. [Obsolete or archaic in this use.] kedly; openly; without disguise or conceal- ment. — 2. Scantily; poorly: as, a man barely clad, or a room barely furnished. — 3. Only just; no more than; with nothing over or to spare : as, she is barely sixteen. In paying his debts a man barely does his duty. Goldsmith, The Bee, No. 3. Fox himself barely succeeded in retaining his seat for Westminster. Lecky, Eng. in ISth Cent., xv. 4. Merely; only. [Archaic] It is not barely a man's abridgment in his external ac- commodations which makes him miserable. South, baremant (bar'man), n. [Sc, also bainnan ; < lain i + man.'] A bankrupt. [Scotch.] bareness (bar'nes), n. The state of being bare. («) Want or deficiency of clothing or covering ; naked- ness. (6) Deficiency of appropriate covering, equipment, furniture, ornament, etc.: as, "old December's bareness, ' Shak., Sonnets, xcvii. To make old bareness picturesque, And tuft with grass a feudal tower. Tennyson, In Memoriam, exxviii. (c) Leanness. [Rare.] (d) Poverty ; indigence. Stript of . . . its Priveleges, and made like the primitive Church for its Rareness. South, Sermons, I. 229. bare-picked (bar'pikt), a. Picked bare; stripped of all flesh, as a bone. The bare-picked bone of majesty. Shak., K. John, iv. 3. It [Christianity! did not peep in dark corners, . . . but bare-pump (bar'punip), n. A pump for drawing with a barefaced confidence it openly proclaimed itself. Barrow, Works, II. 41S. 3. Undisguised or open, in a bad sense ; hence, shameless; impudent; audacious: as, a bare- faced falsehood. See the barefaced villain, how he cheats, lies, perjures, robs, murders t Sterne, Tristram Shandy, ii. 17. A wretch, . . . guilty of . . . barefaced inconstancy. Goldsmith, Citizen of the World, xviii. barefacedly (bar'fast-li), adv. In a barefaced manner; without disguise or reserve; openly; shamelessly ; impudently. Some profligate wretches own it too barefacedly. Locke. Barefacedly unjust. Carlyle, Fred, the Gt., IV. xii. 11. barefacedness (bar'fast-nes), n. 1. Openness. — 2. Effrontery; assurance; audaciousness. barefit (bar'fit), a. Barefoot or barefooted. [Scotch.] liquor from a cask: used in vinegar-works, wine- and beer-cellars, in sampling, etc. Also called bar-pump. bare-ribbed (bar'ribd), a. With bare ribs like a skeleton: as, "bare-ribbed death," Shak., K. John, v. 2. bares, ». Plural of baris, 1. baresark (bar'sark), n. [< bare 1 + sark;a lit. translation of berserker, Icel. berserkr, in the supposed sense of 'bare shirt'; but see berserker.] A berserk or berserker. Many of Harold's brothers in arms fell, and on his own ship every man before the mast, except his hand of liai-e- sarks, was either wounded or slain. Edinburgh Her. baresark (bar'siirk), adv. In a shirt only; without armor. I will go baresark to-morrow to the war. Kingsley, Uereward, p. lti'.h barefoot (bar'fut), a. and adv. [< ME. bare- baresthesiometer (bar-es-the-si-om'e-ter), ». fote, barfot, < AS. barfot (= OFries. berfot = D. barrevoet = Icel. berfcettr), < bar, bare, + fot, foot.] I. a. Having the feet bare; with- out shoes and stockings. Going to find a barefoot brother out, One of our order. Shak., R. and J., v. 2. [< Gr. jidpoc, weight, + aicdnoic, perception, + fiirpov, measure.] An instrument for testing the sense of pressure. Also spelled barwsthe- siometer. baret, n. See barret 2 . bare-worn (bar'worn), a. Worn bare; naked: as, "the bare-worn common," Goldsmith, Des. Vil. barf (barf), it. Same as bttrgh. bar-fee (bfir'fe), it. In English law, a fee of 20 pence, which every prisoner acquitted (at the bar) of felony formerly paid to the jailer. Same as calico-bass. bar-frame (bSr'fram), n. The frame support- V hareae so called in g the ends of the grate-bars in furnaces. \^fe™ees barful (bar'ful), a. [< bar 1 + -fid.] Pull of obstructions or impediments. [Kare.J I'll do my best To woo your lady : [Aside] yet, a harfal strife ! Whoe'er I woo, myself would be his wife. Shak., T. N., i. 4. bargain (biir'gan), n. [< ME. bargain, bar- gayne, bargeyn, bargen, etc., < OF. bargains, bargaigne =Pr. barganh, barganha = X?g. bar- Plcssitlgs mii thee, little man. Barefoot hoy, with check of tan! Wliittier, Barefoot Boy. II. adv. With the feet bare. I must dance barefoot. Shak., T. of the S., ii. 1. barefooted (bar'fut-ed), a. [< barefoot + -ed 1 .] Having the feet bare. — Barefooted Augustmians. bar-fish (biir'fish), it. See Auaustinian.— Barefooted Carmelites. See Ca melite. ' barege (ba-razh'), n. [< from Bareges, a watering-place in the Pyrenees See def .] A thin gauze-like fabric for women's dresses, usually made of silk and worsted, but, in the inferior sorts, with cotton in place of silk. In reality bareges were never made in the village from which they have their name, the seat of the manufacture being at Bagneres-de-Bigorre in the Pyrenees. baregin, baregine (ba-ra'zhin), ». [< Bardges (see barege), the springs of which yield the sub- bargain-chop t/aiiha = It. bargagiia (1'r. also barganh = It. oargagno), < ML. 'barcania, ba/rcanium,a bar- gain, traffic; ef. liiininm, V. Origin unknown ; supposed by Diez and others to be from ML. lane, i. a boat, bark, or barge, but evidence is wanting.] It. The net of discussing tin- terms of a proposed agreement ; bargaining. I'll give thrice bo mui h land To any well-deserving friend; But in the way of bargain, mark ye me, I'll cavil on the ninth part of a hair. Shak i Hen. IV., iii. 1. 2t. A contention or contest for the mastery or upper hand; a struggle. On Brudusside the better of that blond ie ha, -name went. Warner, Albion's Eng., XIV. xe. 865. (.V. K. V.) 3. A contract or an agreement between two or more parties; a compact settling that some- thing shall be done; specifically, a contract by which one party binds himself to transfer tin- right to some property for a consideration, and the other party binds himself to receive the property and pay the consideration. To clap this royal bargain up of peace. Shak., K. John, iii. 1. Bos. But if yon do refuse to marry me, You'll give yourself to this io..st faithful shepherd? Phe. So is the bargain. Shak. , As you Like it, v. 4. "Our fathers," said one orator, "sold their king for southern gold, and we still lie under the reproach of that foul bargain." Mae,,, day, Hist. Eng.,vi. 4. The outcome of an agreement as regards one of the parties ; that which is acquired by bargaining ; the thing purchased or stipulated for: as, look at my bargain; a bad bargain; "a losing bargain," Junius, Letters, v. She was too fond of her most filthy bargain. Shak., Othello, v. 2. 5. Something bought or sold at a low price ; an advantageous purchase. If you have a taste for paintings, egad, you shall have 'em a bargain. Sheridan, School for Scandal, iii. 3. Bargain and sale, or, more fully, deed of bargain and sale, in law, the form of deed now in common use for the conveyance of land : so called because it is expressed as a sale for a pecuniary consideration agreed on, being thus distinguished on the one hand from a quitclaim, which is a release, and on the other hand from the old conveyance by covenant to stand seized to uses.— Dutch or wet bar- gain, a bargain sealed by the parties drinking over it.— Into the bargain, over and above what is stipulated ; moreover ; besides. Faith, Charles, this is the most convenient thing you could have found for the business, for 'twill serve not only as a hammer, but a catalogue into the bargain. Sheridan, School for Scandal, iv. 1. To beat a bargain, to bargain ; haggle.— To buy at a bargain, to buv cheaply.— To buy the bargain deart, to pay dearly for a thing.— To make the best of a bad bargain, to do the best one can in untoward circum- stances. I am sorry for thy misfortune ; however, we must make the best of a bad bargain. Arbuthrwt, Hist, of Jehu Bull. To sell a bargaint, to entrap one into asking innocent questions, so as to give an unexpected answer, usually a coarse or indelicate one. The boy hath sold him a bargain. Shak., L. L. L. , ill- 1. I see him ogle still, and hear him chat ; Selling facetious bargains, and propounding That witty recreation calld dumfounding. Dryden, Prol. to Prophetess, 1. 46. No maid at court is less asham'd, Howe'er for selling bargains fam'd. Sutift. To strike a bargain, to complete or ratify a bargain or an agreement, originally by striking or shaking hands. = Syn. 3. Covenant, mutual engagement. bargain (biir'gan), !'. [< ME. bargainen, bargaij- nr n. etc., .; pret, and pp, barged, ppr. barging. L' bargi '. ». I To carry or transport by means of barges. barge- (barzh), n. [F.] A book-name of tho god wit. barge-board (barj'bord), ». [Hardly, as has been suggested, a corruption of verge^boara, which is also used. Cf. ML. bargus, a kind of gallows.] In arch., a board placed in ad- vance of a gable ami underneath the barge- course, where the roof extends over the wall, either covering the rafter lh:il would otherwise be visible, or occupying ils placi rhe earliest barge-boards date from the fourteenth centurj . man] examples of this and the fifteenth century are beautifully .1 C Barge-boards. A. carved example from Warwick, England; B. cusped; C, openwork. New York. • decorated, being cusped, feathered, paneled, pierced with ■, scries of trefoils, (|iiatrcf..ils, etc., or carved with foliage. After the medieval period barge-boards gradually become less bold and rich in treatment. Also called gable-board. barge-couple (barj'kupl), n. [Cf. barge-board.] In arch., one of the rafters placed under the barge-eourse, which serve as grounds for the barge-boards, and carry the plastering or boarding of the soffits. Also called barge-rafter. barge-course (barj'kors), n. [Cf. barge-board.] In bricklaying: (a) Apart of the tiling which projects beyond the principal rafters in build- ings where there is a gable, (ft) The coping of a wall formed by a course of bricks set on edge. bargee (bar-je'), ». [< bargei + -ee.] One of the crew of a barge or canal-boat. bargeman (barj'man), n. ; pi. bargemen (-men). A man employed on a barge ; an oarsman. And backward yode, as Bargemen wont to fare. Spenser, F. Q., VII. vii. 35. barge-master (barj'mas''ter), n. The master or owner of a barge conveying goods for hire. barger (bar'jer), n. A bargeman. [Kare.] The London bargers. It. Carew, Survey of Cornwall. barge-rafter (barj 'rafter), n. Same as barge- couple. bargerett, ». See bergeret. bargh (barf), «. [E. dial., also written barf, < ME. bergh, < AS. beorg, beorli, > mod. E. bar- row 1 , of which bargh is a dial, form: see bar- row 1 .] 1. A low ridge or hill.— 2f. A road up a hill. i?«#.— 3t. Amine. [Prov. Eng. in all senses.] barghmotet, «. See bar mote. bar-gown (baVgoun), ». The gown or dress of a lawyer. barguest (bar'gest),n. [Also barghest, bargest, So. barghaist; perhaps < G. berggeist, moun- tain (or mine) spirit, gnome. Cf. barghmote, bar mote. Eitson says the ghost was so called from appearing near bars or stiles.] A kind of hobgoblin, spirit, or ghost believed in in the north of England, whose appearance to any one is supposed to prognosticate death or some great calamity. He understood Greek, Latin, and Hebrew, and there- fore according to his brother Wilfrid, needed not to care f or ghaist or bar-ghaist, devil or dobbie. Scott, Rob Roy, I. 223. barhal (bar'hal), n. [E. Ind.] Same as burrhel. The barhal. or blue wild sheep linhabits the Himalayas]. Eneyc. Brit, XII. 742. bari 1 (ba're), n. [It.] That part of a roofing- slate which is exposed to the weather. /( eale. Bari- (bii're), n. [It.] A wine grown near Bari, on the Adriatic coast of Italy. bariat (ba'ri-a), n. [NL., < Gr. fiapbc, heavy. Cf. ban/la. bdrytes.] Same as baryta. baxiC (b'ar'ik), rt. [In sense 1, < Gr. luoor, weight, < jiaplc, heavy; in sense '2, < barium + -ic.] 1. Same as barometric.— 2. Of or pertaining to barium; derived from barium: as, baric iodide. barilla (ba-ril'a), n. [= V. bariUe, < Sp. barriU la = Pg. barrilha, impure soda, also the plant from which it is derived.] The commercial name of the impure carbonate and sulphate of soda imported from Spain and the Levant, and obtained from several fleshy plants growing by the sea or iii saline localities, mostly belong- ing to the chenopodiaoeous genera Salsola, Sali- coruiii, ami t'ln uopodiitm. The plants are dried and burned and the incinerated ashes constitute barilla Tins was ,ni, e lb,- chief source of carbonate of la, but is now used principally in the manufacture of soap and glass. British barilla is the crude soda-ash left from common salt in the manufacture Of carbonate of soda. barillet (bar'i-let), n. [F., dim. of bard, a barrel.] 1. The barrel or ease containing the mainspring of a watch or spring-clock.— 2. The funnel of a sucking-pump. baring (bar'iag), ». [Verbal n. of bare 1 , ».] In mining, soil or surface detritus, which has Baris.— Temple of Seti I., Abydos. boat, represented in art as bearing an enthroned deity or some symbolical or venerated object. 2. [cap.] [NL.] A genus of rhynehophorous beetles, of the family Curculionidw, or weevils. />'. liipiarius feeds upon the elm. Barita (ba-ri'ta), n. [NL.] In ornith., a generic name variously used, («) In Cuvier's system of classi- fication (1S17), a genus of shrikes or Laniida : a synonym of Cracttcus (Vieillot), oi prior date. [Disused.] (6) Trans- ferred by Temminck in l»2il to the Australian and Papuan manucodes. See Manuewlia. [Disused.] (e) Transferred by Swainsonin 1837 to, and used by Vigors and others for, the Australian and Papuan eassicans, or corvine birds of the modem genera Gmnnorhina and Strepera, of which the piping-crow of Australia (Gymnorhma or Banta tibicen i is the best-known species. This is the usual sense of the word, and the above-noted transfers of the name account for the common statement that the genus Banta is sometimes classed with the Laniida, sometimes with the Corrida. [Not now in use.) baritah (ba-ri'ta), n. A name of the Austra- lian birds of the" genus Barita. barite (ba'rit), n. [< bar(ium) + -ite?.] Native barium sulphate: also called barytesapa heavy- spar, because of its high specific gravity. It oc- curs in orthorhombie crystals, comn ly tabular, and with perfect prismatic and basal cleavage. It is often transparent, and varies in color from white to yellow, gray, red, blue, or brown. There are also massive varieties, columnar, granular, and compact, resembling marble. It is a common mineral in metallic veins and beds. It is sometimes mined ami ground in a mill, and used to adul- terate white lead. Also baroselenite, baryti7ie. baritone, ». and a. See barytone. barium (ba'ri-um), n. [NL., < bar(yta) or 6a- r{ytes) + -ium, as in other names of metals; so named by Davy.] Chemical symbol, Ba ; atomic weight, 137.1. A chemical element, belonging to the group of metals whose oxids are the alka- line earths. It is obtained as a silver-white powder, which oxidizes quickly and burns when heated in air. Its melting-point is about that of cast-iron. It docs not ,„ do- native but is found abundantly in combination in the minerals barite, barium sulphate, and withente or ba- rium carbonate, and less commonly in several other min- erals. Barium combines with most acids to form salts which are more or less soluble in water, and these soluble salts together with the carbonate, arc active poisons. Barium chromate, a yellow, insoluble salt. BaCrOi, formed by precipitating any soluble salt of barium with chromate of potassium. It finds a limited use as a pigment both for painting and for calico-printing, under the name oi yellow ultramarine. Barium hydrate, BavOHJo, a caustic alkaline powder, soluble in water, formerly used in sugar-refilling to form an insoluble sac- charine' compound. Barium nitrate, Ha(Nu : ,io, a sub- stance used extensively in pyroteehny to produce green fire and to some extent in the manufacture of explosives. — Barium oxid. See buruia.- Barium sulphate, pr fteawMpar.BaSOi.the commonest of the barium minerals almost perfectly insoluble in water. Artificial^ prepared barium sulphate is used as a pigment, under the name of permanent white. See barytes. bark 1 (bark), v. [< ME. barken, berken, borkm, < AS. beorcan (strong verb, pp. borcen, > bor- eian. bark, weak verb) = hoi. herl.jn (weak verb), bark, bluster. Supposed by some to be orig. another form of AS. brecan (pp. hroe.cn), break, snap. Cf. Ieel. broekta, bleat, = Norw. brakta, braeka = Sw. braka = Dan. brosge, bleat.] 1. iiilraus. 1. To utter an abrupt explosive cry: said of a dog, and hence of other animals. N,, dog shall rouse thee, though a thousand bark. Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 240. 2. Figuratively, to clamor; pursue with un- reasonable clamor or reproach: usually fol- lowed by at. Vile is the vengcaunce on the ashes cold, And envy base to burke, at sleeping fame. Spenser, V. >■>., II. viii. 13. The lank hungry belly barks for food. B. Jonson, Every Man out of bis Humour, l. 1. 3. To cough. [Colloq.]— To hark at the moon, to clamor oi agitate t,, do purpose. To bark up the wrong tree, to mistake one's object; attack or pursue another than the person or thing intended, as when a dog bark by barking brings the hunter to a tr ther than that in which the game has really taken refuge. [Colloq., I S.] Il.t trans. 1. To utter or give forth with a bark.— 2. To break out with: as, to bark out flame. bark 1 (bark), n. [< barkl, ».] The abrupt ex- plosive cry of a dog; hence, a cry resembling that of the dog, uttered by some other animals. —His bark is worse than his bite, little harm ispor- tended in bis angry threats, faultfinding, etc., as by the threatening bark of a dog which rarely or never bites. bark- (bark), n. [< ME. barke, burl:, bare, < late AS. bare, < feel, borkr (gen. barkar) = Sw. bark = Dan. bark = MLG. LG. borke (> G. borke), hark. Possibly connected with Icel. bjarga = AS. bcorgan = G. bergen, etc., cover, protect: seeJun/ 3 . TheolderE. word for 'bark' vsrind.] 1. Generally, the covering of the woody stems, branches, and roots of plants, as distinct and separable from the wood itself. In its strictest scientific sense it is limited to the dry and dead portion of this covering, as found on exogenous plants, which usually consists of parenchyma or soft cellular tissue, cork, and bast, in varying proportions. See basO, corkl, and epidermis. It is very diverse and often complicated in structure, varying in these respects with the species upon which it is found ; but it is usually arranged in annular concentric layers. As these become distended by the Chickening of the stem, the outer layers often crack and are gradually cast off. In the bark the medicinal and other peculiar properties of the plant are usually abun- dant, especially tannin and many alkaloids. The younger and softer layer lying next to the young wood is called inner bark, liber, or bast. See cut under bast. 2. Specifically — («) In pliar., Peruvian or Jesuits' bark (see Cinchona), (b) In tannin;/, oak and hemlock barks Alstonia bark, a bitter bark obtained from the Alstonia scholaris, an apocyna- ceous forest-tree of the tropics of the old world. It is used in Iudia as a tonic and antiperiodic. The Alstonia or Queensland fever-bark of Australia is the product of Al- stoma constrieta.— Angostura or Cusparia bark, the product of a rutaceous shrub, Qalipea Cusparia, of the mountains of Venezuela, a valuable tonic in dyspepsia, dysentery, and chronic diarrhea. It was formerly prized as a febrifuge, and is now much used in making a kind of bitters. Its use in medicine was discontinued for a time, because of the introduction into the markets of a false Angostura bark, obtained from the nux-vomica tree, which produced fatal effects. Also Angostura bark. — Arica bark. Same as Cusco bark.— Ashy crown bark, the bark of Cinchona macrocalyx.—'BB'be&rxi or bibiru bark. See bebeeru.— Bitter bark. See Georgia bark.— Bogota bark, the bark of Cinchona lauei/otia.— Boldo bark. See boldo.— Bolivian or calisaya bark, the bark of Cinchona Calisaya.— Canella bark. See Canellai.— Carabaya bark, the bark of Cinchona elliptica.—Caxlb- bean or West Indian bark, the bark of a rubiaceous tree, Exostcmmu Caribbceum, nearly allied to the genus Cinchona, used in making tonic bitters and in medicine as a substitute for cinchona bark. — Carolina bark. See Georgia bark. — Carthagena bark, a general name for varieties of cinchona bark brought from the northern ports of South America, generally of inferior quality.— Cas- cara amarga • >r Honduras bark, a I utter bark, said to be obtained from Picramnia antidesma, a simarubaceoustree of tmpieai America. — Cascarasagrada bark, the bark of Hhamnus Purshianus of California, used as a tonic aperi- ent.— Cascarilla, sweet wood, i ir Eleuthera bark, tin- bark of Croton Bleuteria, a euphorbiaceousshrabof the Ba- hamas. It is an aromatic, bitter tonic— Cassia bark. See Cassia.— China bark, Peruvian bark. («) See Cin- chona, (b) The bark of Cascarilla (Bucna) hexatulra, a rubiaceous tree of the western coast of South America, which is used as a substitute for cinchona. — Clove-bark. Same as clove-cassia (which see, under cassia). — Colom- bian bark, the bark of cinchona pitayensis, C. land folia, and C. cordi/olia.— Conessi bark, a bark obtained from Holarrhena antidyseutcrica, an apocynaceous tree of In- dia, where it is of considerable repute as a remedy for dysentery and as a tonic febrifuge. Sometimes called TeUicherry back. — Coquetta bark, the bark of Cinchona lancifolitr. — Crown bark. Same as loxa bark. — Culila- wan bark, a valuable aromatic, pungent bark, the pro- duce of Cinnamomum or haunu Culilatcan, a tree of the -Moluccas, useful in indigestion, diarrhea, etc. Sometimes written culilawaug. — Cuprea bark, a bark obtained from several species of the rubiaceous genus Remijia, of tropi- cal South America, largely imported into England for the manufacture of quinine.— Cusco bark, the bark of Cin- chona pubescens, variant PeUeterioma. Also called Arica bark.— Cusparia bark. See Anyostura bark.— Doom bark, the bark of ErythrophZomm Guineense.—Doun- dake bark, the name of several barks obtained from the west coast of Africa, possessing tonic, febrifugal, and other medicinal properties. The best-known kind is the pro- duct of a rubiaceous plant, Sarcocephalus esculentus.— Eleuthera bark. See cascarilla bark. — F.Ik bark, the bark of Magnolia glauca. Also called Indian bark. — Essential salt of bark, an aqueous extract of cinchona bark. — False loxa bark, the bark of Cinchona Hum- boldtiana. — Florida bark. See Georgia bark.— French Guiana bark, a bark obtained from Coutarea speciosa, a rubiaceous tree of tropical South America, having feb- rifugal properties.— Fusagasuga bark, a variety of Car- thagena bark.— Georgia, bitter, Carolina, or Florida bark, the bark of the Pinckneya vuhens, a small rubia- ceous tree of the southern United states, having the same properties as French Guiana bark. Honduras bark. See cascara amarga bark. — Huamilies bark, the bark of Cinchona purpurea.— Indian barberry bark, the root-bark of several East Indian species of Berberis, used as a tonic and in the treatment of fevers, diarrhea, etc.— Indian bark, the bark of Moonolia OP. barge, > E. barge*, q. v.), regarded by some as a syncopated form of an assumed LL. *barica, a quasi-adj. formation, < L. baris, < Gr. jiapic, < Egypt. (Coptic) bari, a flat-bottomed boat used in Egypt ; but more prob. of Celtic or even of Teut. origin.] 1. Naut., a three- masted vessel, fore-and-aft rigged on the miz- zenmast, the other two masts being square- rigged. — 2. A vessel of any kind, especially a sailing vessel of small size. O steer my bark to Erin's isle, For Erin is my home. Moore. barkantine, barkentine (bar'kaii-ten, -ken- ten), n. [< barlP, n type of brigantine 1 .] A three-masted vessel, with the foremast square- rigged, and the mainmast and mizzenmast fore- and-aft rigged. Also barquantinc, barquentine. bark-bed (biirk'bed), ii. In hort., a bed formed of the spent bark that has been used by tan- ners. The bark is placed in a brick pit in a glazed house constructed for forcing or for the growth of tender plants. Artificial warmth and dampness are produced by the fermentation of the bark. Also called bark-stove. bark-bouild (bark ' bound), a. Hindered in growth by having the bark too firm or close. bark-mill barkeeper (biir'ke per), ». < >ne whohascharge of the bar of an inn or other place of public entertainment ; a bartender. barken 1 (bar'kenor-kn),)'. [Se.; < bark 2 + -enl, as in lutiilin, iitijj'cii, etc.] I. in trans. To be- come hard; form a crust. The best way's to let the blood barken on the cut- that saves plaistcrs. ScoM, tiny Mannering, 1. 171. II. trans. To tan (or dye) with bark. Effie used to help me tumble the bundles o' barkened leather up and down. Scott, Heart of Midlothian, v. barken' 2 (bar'ken or -kn), a. [< bark 2 + -c»2.] Consisting or made of bark : as, " barken knots," Whittier. [Rare.] barkentine, ». See barkantine. barker 1 (biir'ker), h. [< barki, v., + -trl.] 1. An animal that barks ; a person who clamors unreasonably. They are rather enemies of my fame than me, these barkers. B. Jonson, Discoveries. 2. The spotted redshank, Totanus fuscus. AU bin ; Montagu. [Prov. Eng.] — 3. A person sta- tioned at the door of a house where auctions of inferior goods are held, to invite strangers to enter; atouter; a tout. [Cant.] — 4. A pis- tol. [Slang.] — 5. A lower-deck gun in a ship. barker 2 (bar'ker), n. [< bark 2 , v., + -er 1 .] 1. One who strips trees of their bark. — 2f. A tan- ner. Barker's mill. See mill?-. barkery (bar'ker-i), n. ; pi. barkeries (-iz). [< bark 2 + -07/.] A tan-house, or a place where bark is kept. bark-feeder (biirk'feMer), n. A bark-eating insect or animal. barking 1 (bar'king), «. [Verbal n. of bark^-, ».] The uttering of an abrupt explosive cry, as that of a dog. barking 2 (bar'king), n. [Verbal n. of bark 2 , v.] 1. The process of stripping bark from trees, of removing a ring of bark from a tree so as to kill it, or of seraping dead bark from fruit-trees to promote their growth. — 2. The operation of tanning leather with bark ; also, the operation of dyeing fabrics with an infusion of bark. barking-ax (bar'king-aks), «. An ax used in scraping bark from trees. barking-bill (biir'king-bil), n. A sharp-point- ed instrument used to make transverse cuts through the bark of trees, preparatory to the process of stripping them. barking-bird (biir'king-berd), n. [< barking, ppr. of bark 1 , + bird 1 .'] The name of a rock- wren, Pteroptochus or Uylactes tarni, of the island of Chiloe : also said to be applied to an- other and smaller species, P. rubccula. The name is due, in either case, to the similarity of the cry of the birds to the yelping of a puppy. Darwin. Also called guid-guid. barking-iron 1 (biir'king-i"ern), n. [< barking, ppr. of bark*, v., + iron.] A pistol. Mam/at. [Slang.] barking-iron 2 (bar'king-i"ern), 11. [< barling- + iron.] An instrument for removing the bark of oak and other trees, for use in tanning. barking-mallet (bar'king-mal"et), n. A ham- mer with a wedge-shaped edge, used in bark- ing trees. barklak (bar'klak), n. A myrtaceous tree of Venezuela. barkless (biirk'les), a. [< bark 2 + -less.] Des- titute of bark. bark-louse (bark'lous), ». A minute insect of the genus Aphis that infests trees; an aphid. bark-mill (bark'mil), ». A mill for grinding bark for tanners' and dyers' uses, or for medi- cinal purposes. barkometer barkometer (bar-kom'e-ter), n. [Irreg. < bwrlfl + -o-meter, < Gr. utrpov, a measure.] A hy- drometer aged by tanners in ascertaining the strength of infusions of bark, or ooze. bark-paper fbark'pa'per), n. Paper made from bark; specifically, paper made from the bark of BroussoneUa papyri/era, a tree common in southeastern Asia and Oceanica. Most of the paper used in Japan is of this kind. bark-pit (bark'pit), «. A tan-pit, or pit for tanning or steeping leather. barkstone (bark'ston), «. The concrete musky secretion taken from the castor-glands of the beaver; castor; castoreum. bark-stove (bark'stov), n. Same as bark-bed. bark-tanned (bark'tand), a. Tanned by the slow action of oak, hemlock, or other barks, as leather, in contradistinction to that tanned wholly or in part by chemicals. barky (bar'ki), a. ' [< bark* + -y 1 .] Consist- ing of bark; containing bark; covered with bark. The barky fingera "f the elm. Shak., M. N. D., iv. 1. bar-lathe (bar'laTH), n. A lathe with a single beam, usually having a triangular section, on which the heads or puppets slide. barley 1 (bar'li), n. [Early mod. E. also barb), barlye, Be. barlick; < ME. barly, berley, bar- lich. < late AS. beerlic, barley, appar. < bere, E. In nr'-\ barley, + -lie, E. -h/ 1 ; the word appears first as an attrib., being formally an adj. The Icel. barlak, and W. barlys, barley (as if < bara, bread, + llysiau,Uysau, plants, herbs), Corn. barliz. are from E.] The name of a grain, and of the plant yielding it, belong- ing to the genus Harden m. natural order Graminne. 'this grain has been cultivated from the very earliest times, when it formed an important article of fon.i. as it still does where other cereals cannot be raised. It is largely employed for feeding ani- mals, bat its chief use is in the manufacture of fermented liquors, a> beer, ale, and porter, and of whisky. No other grain can be cultivated through so great a range of climate, for it matures in Lap- land, Norway, and Iceland, in tire and 70 north latitude, and at an altitude of 11,000 feet in the Andes and Himalaya. The only cultivat- ed species that has been found wild is the two-rowed or long-eared barley, //. dietiohon, a native of western Asia, but in cultivation in prehistoric times, as was also the six-rowed species, or winter barley, //. hexastiekon. Of later origin is the common four-rowed species, spring or summer barley, //. mugare. Fan-shaped bar- ley, also called battledore- or sprat-barley, //. zeocriton, is perhaps only a cultivated form of the two-rowed species. Several varieties of these species are found in cultivation. The grain differs generally from wheat in retaining closely its husks; it is also somewhat less nutritious and palata- ble as an article of food. See Bordeum. — Caustic bar- ley, an early name for the seeds of Schoenocaulon ojfici- note, called in medicine mbadilla, and used as a source of veratrin. -Mouse, wall, way, or wild barley. Bar- i/'uiii mini mini, a grass of little value.— Patent barley, the farina obtained by grinding pearl-barley.— Pearl-bar- ley, the grain deprived of husk and pellicle and completely rounded by grinding. It is used in making broths and tips Scotch, pot, 01 hulled barley, the grain de- prived ol the husk in a mill. barley- (biir'li), «. [A corruption of parley, q. v. ] A cry used by children in certain games when a truce or temporary stop is desired. [Scotch.] barley-bigg (biir'li-big), «. Same as bii/a. barley-bird (bar'li-berd), n. [< barley 1 + bird : applied to various birds which appear about the time of sowing barley.] 1. A name of tho European wryneck. ) mix torguilla. — 2. A name of some small bird: said to be either the siskin {Chrysomitris spinus) or the nightin- gale (DauUat philomela). [Eng.] barley-brake, barley-break (bar'li-brak), n. [Se. barley-bracks, barla-breiHs ; < Inn-ley (un- certain w hei her I, mil ;/l or hnrh ■//-, or from some other source) 4- break.] An old game played by six persons, three of each sex, formed into couples. Three i is plots of ground were chosen, and i cupie. placed in the middle plot, attempted to cati ii the othi ra ai thi ■■ pa • d through. The middle ploi was called hell, whence the allusions In old plays tc " the hist couple in hell." She went abroad thereby At barky-brake her sweet BWlfl feet to try. Sir /'. Sidney, Arcadia, 1. A thousand agues Play at barlea-bnak in my I Xauirtyi i , I'm [lament of Love, iv. b. Barley. Spike of Hordeutn vul- gar e. 454 barley-bree, barley-broo (biir'li-bre, -bro), n. Liquor made from malt, whether by brewing or distillation : ale or whisky. [Scotch.] barley-broth (hiLr'li-broth), m. 1. Broth made by boiling barley and meat with vegetables. | Seolch.] — 2. Ale or beer: used jocosely, and also in contempt, as in the extract. Can sodden water, A drench for sur-rein'd jades, their barley broth, Decoct their cold blood to such valiant heat? Shak., Hen. V., iii. 6. barleycorn (bar'li-k6m), n. 1. A grain of barley. — 2. A measure equal to the third part of an inch ; originally, the length of a grain of barley. A statute of Edward II. (a. d. 1324) makes •■ three barley-corns round and dry " the definition of an inch. 3. A measure equal to the breadth of a fine grain of barley, about 0.155 inch John or Sir John Barleycorn, a humorous personification of the spirit of barley, or malt liquor: a usage of considerable antiquity. John Barleycorn was a hero bold Of noble enterprise, For. if you do but taste his blood, "Twill make your courage rise. Burns, John Barleycorn. barley-fever (biir'li-fe"ver), n. [< barley 1 (as a source of strong drink) + fever.] Illness caused by intemperance. [North. Eng.] barley-fork (bar'li-fork), n. A hand-fork with a guard at the root of the tines, used for gath- ering up stalks of barley. barleyhood (bar'li-hud), n. A fit of drunken- ness, or of ill humor brought on by drinking. [Chiefly Scotch.] barley-islandt (bar 'li-i" land), n. An ale- house. barley-meal (bar'li-meT), n. Meal or flour made from barley. barley-milkt (biir'li -milk), n. Gruel made with barley or barley-meal. barley-sick (biir'li-sik), a. [< barley 1 (see bar- ley-fever) + sick.] Intoxicated. [Scotch.] barley-sugar (bar'li-shug'er), n. Sugar boiled (formerly in a decoction of barley) till it be- comes brittle and candied. barley-water (biir'li-wa"ter), n. A decoction of barley used as a demulcent nutritious drink in fevers, and in inflammations of the air-pas- sages and of the alimentary canal. barley-wine (bar'li-win), n. Ale or beer. bar-lift (bar'lift), n. A short metal bar fas- tened to a heavy window as a convenience in lifting it. barlingt, ». [North. E. and Sc, < Sw. barling, a pole, < bdra = E. bear 1 , q. v.] A pole. bar-loom (bar'ISm), n. A ribbon-loom. barmH, ■«• [ME. barme, barm, bcrm, < AS. bearm (ONorth. barm = OS. OFries. OHG. barm = Icel. barmr = Sw. Dan. barm = Goth. barms), the bosom, with formative -m, < beran, E. bear 1 , q. v.] The bosom ; the lap. barm 2 (biirm), ii. [< ME. barme, berme, < AS. beorma = Fries, berme, barm = MLG. berm, barm, LG. borme, barme, barm (> G. barme) = Sw. bdrma = Dan. bcerme; prob. akin to L. fer- in i n turn, yeast, < fervere, boil : see ferment. ».] The scum or foam rising upon beer or other malt liquors when fermenting; yeast. It is used as leaven in bread to make it swell, causing it to become softer, lighter, and more delicate. It may be used in liquors to make them ferment or work. It is a fungus, Saccharomyces cerevisio?. See yeast and fermentation. barm 3 (biirm), n. Same as berm. Barmacide, n. and a. See Barmecide. bar-magnet (biir'mag'net), «. An artificial steid magnet made in the form of a straight and rather slender bar. barmaid fbar'mad), n. A maid or woman who attends the bar of an inn or other place of re- freshment. barman (bar'man), ». ; pi. barmen (-men). If. A barrister. — 2. A barkeeper or bartender. barmaster (biir'mas'ter), n. [Reduced from earlier barghmaster, barge master, prob. < (1. brrgmeisler. :i surveyor of mines, < berg, a hill, a mine (= E. barrow: see barrow 1 and bargli), + meister = E. master. A number of E. min- ing terms are of (1. origin. CI'. barmote.] In minimi, I lie I it le of an ollicer who acts as man- ager, agent, and surveyor, representing the in- tercsts of the proprietor or 'lord,' and at the same time looking after those of tho miner. Also called bailiff, Inrgmaster, and burghmas- ter. | Derbyshire, Eng.] barmbrack (barmtrak), n. [A corruption of Ir. bairigen breac, speckled cake: bairigen, hiiirgliiiin, luiirin, a cake; breac, speckled, spotted.] A currant-bun. [Anglo-Irish.] barnaby barm-clotht, «. An apron, chancer. Barmecidal (bar'mf-si-dal), a. Same as Bar- ini ride. Barmecide, Barmacide (bar'me-sid, -ma-sid), ii. and a. [< one of tho Barmecides (a Latin- ized form, with patronymic suffix -iila-) or Bar- meeides, a noble Persian family founded by Barmek or Barinak, and having great power under the Abbasside califs.] I. «. Oue who offers imaginary food or illusory benefits: in al- lusion to the story, told in the Arabian Nights, of a member of the Barmecide family of Bag- dad, who on one occasion placed a succession of empty dishes before a beggar, pretending that they contained a sumptuous repast, a fiction which the beggar humorously accepted. II. a. Like, or like the entertainment of, the Barmecide of the story; hence, unreal, sham, illusory, etc.: as, " my Barmecide friend," Thackeray ; a Barmecide feast or repast. It is a Barmecide Feast ; a pleasant field for the imagi- nation to rove in. Dickens, Anier. Notes. barmilian (biir-mil'yan), n. [Origin unknown.] An old name for a kind of fustian goods largely export ed from England. E. H. Kn igh t. bar-mining (bar'mi"ning), n. In placer-min- ing, the washing of the sand or gravel in the bed of a stream, when laid bare by the diminution of the stream at low water, or by building a flume, and thus carrying the water to one side of the channel. The hitter method is more commonly called fluming. [California.] barmkin (barm'kin), n. [Also spelled barm- kyn, barnekin, barnki/n ; < ME. barintken, barne- kynch ; origin uncertain ; possibly < barm 3 = berm, brim, border, edge (the forms in barn- being then corruptions), + -km; but more prob. all corruptions of barbican.] The rampart or outer fortification of a castle. [Lowland Scotch and North. Eng.] And broad and bloody rose the sun, Anil on the barntkyn shone. Old ballad, in Boucher's Border Minstrelsy, ii. 341. Lord Soulis he sat in Hermitage Castle, And Redcap was not by ; And he called on a page, who was witty and sage, To go to the barmkin high. J. Let/den, Lord Soulis, in N. and Q., 6th ser., XI. 386. Battlements and barmkins and all the other appurte- nances of Strength, as such places were called. Lever. barmote (bar'mot), n. [A reduction of earlier bargemote, also barghmote and berghmote, < G. berg, a hill, mine, + E. mote, meeting. Cf. bar- master.] A court established in the reign of Ed- ward III. and held twice a year in Derbyshire, England, in which matters connected with mining are considered. Also written bergmote. barmy (bar'mi), a. [< barm- + -y 1 .] Contain- ing or resembling barm or yeast; frothy. Of windy cider and of barmy beer. Dryden, tr. of Virgil's Georglcs, iii. Why. thou bottle-ale, Thou barmic froth ! Marston, Scourge of Villanie, vi. barmy-brained (biir 'mi -brand), a. Light- headed ; giddy. barn 1 (barn), ». [< ME. barn, bern, < AS. bern, a contr. of berern, bere-ern, as in ONorth., < bere, barley (E. bear®), + ern, a place.] A covered building designed for the storage of grain, hay, flax, or other farm-produce. In America barns also usually contain stabling for horses and cattle. bam 1 (barn), v. t. [< barn 1 , »/.] To store up in a barn. Shak., Luerece, 1. 859. Men . . . often barn up the chaff, and burn up tho grain. Fuller, Good Thoughts, p. 110. barn 2 t, «• [Early mod. and dial. E.,< Sc. bairn, q. v., < ME. been,, bern, < AS. beam, a ehild. See bairn.] A ehild. Mercy on's, a barn; a very pretty barn! A boy or a child, I wonder? Shak., W. T., iii. 3. bamabee (biir'na-be), n. [E. dial. (Suffolk); prob. in allusion to Barnaby day. See Bar- naby-bright.] The lady-bird. Barnabite (bar'na-bit), n. [=F. Bnrn-abite, <. LL. Barnabas, < Gr. Bapvapac, a Hebrew name translated "son of consolation" (Acts iv. 36), moro accurately "son of exhortation" or "son of prophecy.''] In the Bom. ('alb. eh., a mem- ber of a religious congregation properly styled "Regular Clerks of the Congregation of St. Paid," but having their popular designation from the church of SI . Barnabas in Mi bin, which was granted to them in 1545, soon after tho foundation of the congregation. Their princi- pal house is now in Koine. barnabyt (b&r'na-bi), «. [Prob. connected with the celebration of Barnaby day, < Burna- barnaby by, formerly also Haruabic, < V. Uarndbi, < LL. Barnabas, Barnabas: sen Harnabitc.] An old dance to a quick movement. Bounce ! cries the port-hole— out they Hy, And make the world dance Barnaby. Cotton, \ IrgH Travestie. Barnaby-bright (b&r'na-bi-brit), n. [Also Barnaby brigiti, ilaruahy tin- bright, and (Scot), L. of L. M., iv. 4) St. liaruabrigltt : also called Long Barnaby, in ref. to the coincidence of Barnaby day with the summer solstice.] The day of St. Barnabas the Apostle, the 11th of June, which in old style was the day of the summer solstice. Baniaby-briyht, the longest day and the shortest night. Old rime. This day the sunne is in his ehiefest hight, With Barnaby the bright. Spenser, Epithalamion, 1. 266. Barnaby day. Same as Barnaby-bright. barnacle 1 (bar-na-kl), «. [Also barniele, ber- nacle; < ME. barnakylle, bernakill, bernacle, ap- par. a dim. of the earlier bernake, bernak, ber- nack, bernekJce; cf. OF. bernaqite (ML. bernaea, berneka), later F. bemache, mod. barnache, barnacle = Sp. bemache = Pg. bernaea, berna- cha, bernicha = It. bernacla, later ML. or NL. bernicla, bemecla, bernacula; G. bernikel-gans, Dan. bemakcl-gaas. Ultimate origin unknown. The word seems to have arisen in England. The oldest ME. form, bernckke, could be simply 'bare-neck,' with a possible allusion to the large white patches on the bird's neck and head. If this were a popular designation, it could easily, when taken into book-language and Lat- inized, assume the above and the other numer- ous corrupt forms (ML. bernicha, bemccha, ber- nescha, berncsta, etc.) in which it appears. The loss of a knowledge of its meaning would assist the growth of the fables connected with the word.] 1. A species of wild goose, Ansvr ber- nicla or Bernicla leucopsis, also called barnacle- goose or bemacle-goose. It is one of several species of the genus Bernicla, inhabiting the northern parts of Europe, and occasionally appearing as a straggler in North America. It is smaller than the various wild geese of the genus Anser proper, has dark-brown or blackish tipper parts, and a black neck and head, with large white patches. It is related to the common wild goose of North America, B. canadensis, and still more closely to the brent- or brant- goose, Bernicla brcnta. This bird, which was known in the British islands only as a visitor, became the subject of a curious popular fable, not yet extinct, being believed to be bred from a tree growing on the sea-shore, either from the fruit of the tree or as itself the fruit (hence called tree- goose), or from a shell-fish which grew on this tree (see def. 2), or from rotting wood in the water. So rotten planks of broken ships do change To Barnacles. . . . 'Twas first a green tree, then a broken hull, Lately a Mushroom, now a flying Gull. Sylvester, tr. of Du Bartas, i. 6. 2. A species of stalked cirriped, Lepas anati- fera, of the family Lepadidw, found hanging in clusters by the long peduncle to the bottoms of ships, to floating timber, or to submerged wood of any kind; the goose-mussel, fabled to fall from its support and turn into a goose (see def. 1). The name is sometimes extended or transferred to various other cirripeds, as the sessile acorn-shells or sea- acorns of the family Balanidce, such as Balanus tintinna- bulum. See Balanirs. This is the usual sense of the word, except in Great Britain. A barnacle may be said to be a crustacean fixed by its head, and kicking the food into its mouth with its legs. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 256. Barnacle I Lepas .in.itifcra). 455 3. Anything rt'M'in Mi h^' a I>arn;nl.> (in scnso2). (a) Any anomalous growth or extraneous adhering matter or arrangement tend- in- to impede pro- gress. Compulsory pilot- age, the three months' extra pay to news discharged in foreign lands, and tin- obligatory em- ployment nf govern ment officials for the shipment of sailors in American ports, are all barnacles . . . which impede the progress of our com- mercial marine. Z>..4.HY^,.\lrlvl,;il.t [Marine, p. 181. (&) A person holding on tenaciously to a place or position ; one who is a useless or incompetent fixture in an office or employment ; a follower who will not be dismissed or shaken off. 4f. [Cf. barnard.] A decoy swindler. [Cant.] barnacle 1 (bar'na-kl), v. t.; pret. and pp. bar- nacled, ppr. barnacling. [< barnacle^, n.] To fix or attach, as a barnacle upon the bottom of a ship. [Rare.] He barnacled himself to Gershon, now, and shipped with him always. Mrs. Whitney, Gaywortbys, xxiv. barnacle 2 (bar'na-kl), n. [Also barniele, ber- nicle; < ME. barnakylle, byrnacle, bernacle (< OP. bernide, an instrument of torture), appar. adim. of the earlier bernake, bernak, bcrnac,<. OP. ber- nac, a barnacle (def. 1) ; origin unknown. The word branks, q. v., has a similar meaning, but no connection can be made out. The sense of ' spectacles ' easily arises from the original sense ; but some connect barnacles in this sense with OF. bcriclc, mod. F. beside, eye-glass (< ML. *bericulus, dim. of bcrillus, bcryllus, beryl : see beryl and brills), or with mod. F. dial, ber- niques, spectacles.] 1. A kind of bit or muzzle used to restrain an unruly horse or ass; now (usually in the plural), an instrument consist- ing of two branches joined at one end with a hinge, placed on a horse's nose to restrain him while being shod, bled, or dressed. A scourge to an hors and a bernacle [bridle, A, V.[ toan asse. Wyclif, Prov. xxvi. 3. Hence — 2. An instrument of torture applied in a similar way to persons. — 3. pi. Spectacles. [Colloq.] What d'ye lack? What d'ye lack? Clocks, watches, bar- nacles. 1 What d'ye lack, sir? What d'ye lack, madam? Scott, Fortunes of Nigel. barnacle 2 (biir'na-kl), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bar- nacled, ppr. barnacling. [< barnacle?, ».] To apply barnacles to: as, to barnacle a horse. bamacle-goose (bar'na-kl-gos), n. [Formerly also abbr. bargoose; < barnacled, 1, + goose.] Same as barnacle^-, 1. barnardt (biir'nard), n. [Also bemard ; per- haps for berncr, q. v.] One of a gang of swin- dlers who acted as a decoy. Barnburner (biirn'ber"ner), n. [In reference to the story of a farmer who burned his barn to get lid of the rats.] A member of the more S regressive of the two factions into which the lemocratic party in the State of New York was long divided, the other faction being called the Hunkers. The Barnburners opposed the extension of the canal system, and after 1S46 they opposed the ex- tension of slavery in the Territories. In a few years most of tlutn joined the new Free-soil party. The internal reform of a party cannot be carried out by corrupt leaders. One of the main objects of the reform- ers was to break the influence of the latter, and to this they owed their appellation of barnburners, their enemies charging them with a readiness to burn the building with the vermin, in default of a less radical means of purifica- tion. II. von Hoist, Const. Hist, (trans.), III. 359. bamcock (bam'kok), n. A local Scotch name of the turbot: so called on account of its round shape. Day. barn-door (biirn'dor'), «. The door of a barn. — Barn-door fowl, a mongrel or cross-bred specimen of the common hen ; a dunghill or barn-yard fowl. bar-net (bar'net), n. A net placed across a stream to guide fish into a wing-pond. barney (bar'ni), u. [Perhaps from the proper name Barney for Barnaby, formerly very com- mon as a Christian name, and still common among the Irish. But in 3d sense cf. blarney.'] 1. In mining, a small car used in the anthracite region of Pennsylvania on inclined planes and slopes to push the mine-car up the slope. — 2. A prize-fight. [Slang.] — 3. Humbug. barney-pit (bar'ni-pit), n. In the anthracite mines of Pennsylvania, a pit at the bottom of baroco a slope or plane into which the barney runs, in order to allow the mine-car to run iu over it to the tool of the plane. barn-gallon (barn'gal'pn), n. A measure con- taining two imperial gallons of milk; a doublo gallon. bam-grass (barn'gras), n. The common eock- spur-giass, Panieum Crus-galli. barnhardtite (barn'har-tit), n. [< Barnhardt, name of the owner of land in North Carolina where it is found, + -ili'i.] A sulphid of cop- per and iron occurring massive and of a bronze- yellow color in North Carolina and elsewhere. barnman (bfirn'man), n.; pi. barnmen (-men). A laborer in a barn ; a thresher. Barnman, sower, hayward, and woodward were alike serfs. J. R. Green, Short Hist, of Eng., p. 50. barn-owl (b&rn'oul), n. 1. The common white owl, Strix flatnnica or Aluco flammcus : so called from being often found in barns, where it is useful as a destroyer of mice. Its conspecies or varieties inhabit nearly all temperate regions of the globe. The variety found in the United States is Aluco pratin- cola. Also called church-owl. Barn-owl {Ahcco JIa t)i meU3 | . 2. pi. The owls of the barn-owl type, genera Strix or Aluco and Phodiltis, which differ so decidedly from all other owls that naturalists now consider them types of a distinct family. See oicl and Aluconidce. barns-breaking (barnz'bra/'king), n. [Sc, in allusion to the act of breaking open a barn to steal grain.] Any mischievous or injurious action ; an idle frolic. There is blood on your hand, and your clothes are torn. What barns-breaking have you been at? You have been drunk, Richard, and fighting. Scott. bam-Stormer (barn'st6r"mer), 11. A strolling player; an actor who plays "in the provinces." barn-Storming (barn'stor'ming), n. [In allu- sion to "taking by storm" the barns in which strolling actors often played.] The practice of acting in barns, as strolling players; hence, the practice of playing "upon the road" or " in the provinces." barn-swallow (barn'swoPo), n. The common swallow of the United States, llirundo horreo- rum or H. erythro- gastra : so called because it habit- ually breeds in barns. The upper parts are dark steel- blue, the lower parts chestnut with an im- - perfect collar, and the tail deeply forked and spotted with white. It is the American representative of the similar //. rustica of Europe. barn-yard (barn'- yiird), n. A yard surrounding or ad- joining a barn. — Barn-yard fOWl, any Barn-swallow [f/trundo erythrostistra}. specimen of the com- mon domestic fowl, including hens, geese, ducks, guineas, and turkeys ; specifically, a mongrel or cross-bred speci- men of these fowls ; a barn-door fowl. baro-. [< Gr. fiapor, weight, < fiapbr, heavy, = L. gravis, heavy: see grave 3 .] An element in certain compound scientific terms, implying heaviness. baroco 1 (ba-ro'ko), n. [An artificial name in- vented by Petrus Hispanus.] In logic, the baroco mnemonic name of a mood of syllogism in the second figure, baying a universal affirmative major premise, a particular negative minor, ami a particular negative conolusion: as, Every true patriot is a friend to religion ; some great statesmen are not friends to religion ; therefore, some great statesmen are not true patriots. Five of the six letters that compose the word art significant B means that it is to be reduced to bar- a, that the major premise is universal affirmative ; o. that the minor premise is particular negative; c, that ih syllogism is to be reduced per impossibile (see reduc- thai the conclusion is particular negative. /-. Also Bpelled baroko. baroco-', barocco (ba-ro'ko), a. [It. barocco.] Same as baroque. barogram (bar'o-gram), ». The record traced by a barograph, barograph (liar'o-graf), n. [< Gr. pdpac, weight, + ypdipetv, write.] A self-registering instrument for recording variations in the pressure of the atmosphere. It is made by attaching to the lever of a counterpoised barometer an ana with a pencil in contact H 11 h a sheet of paper, and moved uniformly by clockwork. The result is a continuous trace, whose changes of form corn ipondtothe variations of pressure. In another form . of light is made to traverse the upper part of the barometer-tube and fall on a moving ribbon of sensitized paper, the rising and falling of the mercury in the barome- ter causing the beam of light to he increased or dimin- ished in width, thus showing the changes in the barometer by the continuous photographic record of the paper. In still another form the movement of the mercury-column is used to close an electric circuit and thus report its movements. Also called baroimtrograph. barographic (bar-o-graf'ik), o. [< barograph + -((•.] Of or pertaining to a barograph; fur- nished by the barograph : as, barographic rec- ords. baroko, «• See baroco\ barolite (bar'6-lit), n. [< Gr. jiapou weight, + Woe, stone.] 'Barium carbonate. See withente. barology (ba-rol'o-ji), n. [< Gr. (ia/m, weight, + -Tuoyia, < Xtyecv, speak: see -ologyJ] The sci- ence of weight or of the gravity of bodies. baromacrometer (bar o-mak-rom'- e-ter), ». [< Gr. fidpos, weight, + fiaitpor, long, + jierpov, a measure.] An instrument invented by Pro- fessor Stein for ascertaining the weight and the length of new-born infants. barometer (ba-rom 'e-ter), n. [< Gr. ,iapoc, weight, + phpov, a mea- sure.] An instrument for measur- ing the weight or pressure of the atmosphere, invented by Evange- lista Torricelli, an Italian mathe- matician and physicist, in 1643. The simplest form of this instrument is a glass tube over 30 inches long, sealed at one end, and then tilled with mercury. When the tube is inverted, with the open end dipping into a cup or cistern of mercury, the column sinks, leaving a vacuum at the top, till the pressure of the atmosphere on each unit of surface "f the mercury in the cistern equals the weight of the column in the tubi over each unit of surface of the horizontal section at the level of the mer- cury outside, when the pressure of the column of mercury just balances that of the atmosphere. The rise and fall can he measured on a graduated scale. Barome- ters of this form are called cis- tern barometers. They are the B.vrometer. iimnnonest of rough mercurial barometers. For scientific purposes, themost frequently used is Fortin's ba- rometer, in which the cistern is adjustable, the /■ root the scale coinciding with the extremity of an ivory pointer (a In second i which projects down- v. ,,i,l l the top of ttie eis- t, i n box. The bottom of the metric measurements tions, or the like. \ scrap "i parchment hung by geometry, (A great refinement in barometry), Can, like the stars, foretell the weather. S or of the nature of a barometer; baro- ni ,i sulfa,, pi i metric. Barometrical aerometer. See aSrometer. the point of the index ; barometrically (bar-o-met'ri-kal-i), adv. By means of B barometer. IV till* form* tnui. i ii al Ion must be per- ,';;;: barometrograph (bar-o-met'ro-graf), ». [< i :, i,, i.i tube, generally tir. ;>»,«», weight, + /iirpov, a measure (see bu- baronet (bar pn-et), n._ barometz (bar'6-mets), n. [Appar. an errone- ous transliteration of Kuss. baranetsU, club- moss, connected with baranii, a rum, sheep.] The decumbent ciitulex of the fern Dicksonio. Barometz, also called Agnus Scythieus, the Scythian or Tatarian lamb. See Agnus Seythi- eus, under agnus. Also written borames. ' or), «. [< Gr. fidpoc, weight, + L. motor.'] "A portable hand- and foot-power having two treadles connecting with cranks on a fly-shaft. E. 11. Knight. baron (bar'on), n. [Early mod. E. also barron, < ME. baron, barun, baroun, < OP. baron, barun (orig. ace. of ber) = Pr. bar, ace. baron, baro = Sp. varon = Pg. rarau = It. barune, prop. a man (It. now a vagabond), then si incally one who was a 'man' or vassal of the king or other superior, whence the later use of the term as a title, P. baron, fern, baronne, whence, from F. or E., in other languages, Sp. baron, Pg. barao, It. barone, Gr. Dan. Bw. baron, Icel. barun, Puss. luirouu, etc. ; < ML. baro(n-), a man (L. homo or vir), hence, in particular uses, vas- sal, servant, freeman, husband. Origin un- certain; by some connected through 'servant' with L. baro(n-), a simpleton, blockhead, dunce.] 1. In Great Britain, the title of a no- bleman holding the lowest rank in the peer- age ; a member of the baronage : as, Baron Arundell of Wardour ; a Scotch baron. The children of barons have the title "Honorable." Origi- nally the barons, being the feudatories of princes, were the proprietors of land held by honorable set vice. Hence in ancient records the word barun* comprehends all the nobility. All such in England had in early times a tight to sit in Parliament. Anciently barons were greater, such as held their lands of the king in capita, or lesser, such as held their lands of the greater barons by military service in capita. "The present barons are — (1) Barons i,ii prescription, for that they and their ancestors have innncmorially sat in the Upper House. (2) Banns by /intent, having obtained a patent of this dignity to them and their heirs, male or otherwise. (Ml /i«™«« '»/ '• «"<'■', holding the title as annexed to land." (Wharton.) For- merly, when all barons were not summoned to sit in Par- liament, the name of barons b,i u-rit was given to those who actually were so summoned. Barons in the peerages ,,f Scotland and Ireland have seats in the British Parlia- ment only when elected by their order. See peer. The word baron was not known in the British isles till intro- duced from the continent under the Norman princes. The coronet of a baron of England consists of a plain gold circle, with six balls or large pearls on its edge, and with the cap, etc., as in a viscount's. 2. A title of the judges or offi- cers of the English Court of Ex- chequer, hence called barons of the Exchequer, the president of the court being called chief baron. — 3. In l, < ML. 'barona- ticuin,fi I. "According to Spenser ('State ol Ireland '), originally applied t" gentlemen, not barons bs tenure, summoned I,, ih, Bouse ol Lords by Edward III.; perhaps to the heirs of harons summoned by writ in their fathers' life- baronet time. Applied in Ireland t.. the holder of a small harony. Often synonymous wiili banneret." A'. E. I>. He had soe many Barrons In liis Parliament, us were able to waigh downe the Cleargye and theyr trendes; the which Barrons, they say, were not afterwardes Lordes, but only Borronettt,as sundryeol them doe yet retayne the name. Spenser, state of Ireland. 2. A British title of hereditary tank or degree of honor next below that of a baron, and thus not conferring a peerage; the only title of hereditary knighthood. A baronet is designated Sir So and so. Bart (Sirlatfonnameandsurnamebeinggiven), and ranks above all knights except those of the Garter. There is no ceremony of investiture, the title being uivcii by patent 11 rder was founded by .lames I. in inn, pro- fessedly to promote the English and Scotch colonization of lister, for which eaeh baronet paid il.OMi. 'the on gtnal limitation of the order to 200 members was set aside and the payment remitted at an early date. (For the badge of the order, see badge of Ulster, under budget.) The title is abbreviated llirrt. after a name.— Baronet's hand the bloody hand of lister. See badge o) Ulster, under 6auVi .— Baronets of Ireland, an order of knights baronets founded by .lames I. of England, in the seven- teenth year of his reign (1619), for the same purpose and with the same privileges in Ireland as had been conferred 457 barrad forms, particularly in chur.h architecture, and its con torted ornamentatl made up in great part of anlng less Scrolls and Inorganic shell-work. Also called, s !- times, the Jesuit style, from the many and remarkably uglj examples supplied by churches founded by the Jesuit order. This word is often used interchangeably with roc.co; but rococo is preferably reserved tor ornament of the same period, particularly in fiance, which, though overcharged and inorganic, still retains some beaut] and artistic qualitj ; baroque implies the presence ol ugly and repellent qualities. Sometimes written baroco, barocco, barock. Baroque pearl, a rough pearl ol irregular or contort! form. Such pearls arc frequently utilized to form bodies of birds or the like, the extremities being made of gold, etc. II. ii. 1. An object of irregular and peculiar form, especially in ornamental art. tin the scroll handle is a pearl baroque of Neptune rid- ing on a dolphin. S. K. Loan Exhibition, 1S61. 2. Ornament, design, etc., of the style and pe- riod called baroque. See I., 12. The mad extravagances of the baroque, a style, if style it can be called, which declared war against the straight line, erased logic in construction from its grammar of art, and overloaded buildings with meretricious ornament. C. C. Perkins, Italian Sculpture, p. 364. on the order created In England m ltd 1. — Baronets of i,, rn . mnA nmr'n-sltmil » K Gr iidonc -weight Scotland, an order instituted by I lharles I. of England Daroscope v oar o stop;, n. j> yi. popoi, "'"»"' in 1625. The nominal object was the settlement of Nova + (TKOTrew, view.] 1. An instrument used t( Scotia, and patents were granted under the great seal of Scotland, as those of the Ulster baronets bad been granted under the great seal of England. After the union of the crowns in 1707 the baronets of Scotland charged their arms with the badge of Ulster, and became baronets of the United Kingdom. The baronets of Scotland are often called Nova Scotia baronets. None have been created since the union. baronet (bar'on-et), v. t. To raise to the rank of baronet: generally in the passive: as, he expects to be baroneted. baronetage (bar'on-et-aj), re. [< baronet H to indicate changes in the pressure of the atmo- sphere -without measuring its absolute weight. See weather-glass and storm-glass. — 2. A piece of physical apparatus used to demonstrate the upward pressure of the air. it consists of a large body of small density attached to the beam of a balance, and exactly balanced by a small weight. When this is placed under the receiver of an air-pump and the air is exhausted, the arm of the balance to which the large body is attached tips down, since the upward pressure now taken from it is greater than that removed from the small counterpoise, age, on type of baronage.'] 1. The baronets baroscopic (bar-o-skop'ik), a. [< baroscope + as a body. — 2. The dignity or rank of a bar- onet. baronetcy (bar'on-et-si), n. [< baronet + -cy.] The title and dignity of a baronet. baronial (ba-ro'ni-ai), a. [< baron + -ial. Cf. ML. baron'alis.] Pertaining to a baron or a barony, or to the order of barons: as, baronial possessions; the baronial dignity. baronism (bar'on-izm), n. [< baron + -ism.} Feudalism; the baronial system. The spirit of Norman liaraiiisin on one side, and the spirit of Anglo-Saxon freedom on the other. Harper's Man., LXIX. 422. baronnette (bar-on-ef), n. [P., dim. of barotitis, fern, of baron, baron.] A little baroness; a baron's daughter: sometimes used for the wife of a baronet. N. -£'. D. baronryt (bar'on-ri), n.; pi. baronries (-riz). [< ME. barunrie, < OP. baron/aerie: see baron and -ry.] 1. A barony ; the domain of a baron. — 2. The rank or dignity of a baron. — 3. Bar- ons collectively. barony (bar'pn-i), re. ; pi. baronies (-iz). [< ME. baronie,'< OF.baronie, barunie (F.baron- nie), < ML. baronia, < baro(n-), a baron.] 1. The rank or dignity of a baron. — 2. The do- main of a baron ; the territory or lordship of a baron. — 3. In Scotland, a large freehold estate, even though the proprietor is not a baron.— 4. In L'eland, a territorial division corresponding nearly to the English hundred, and supposed to have been originally the district of a native chief. There are 316 baronies in the island. Whatever the regular troops spared was devoured by bands of marauders who overran almost every barony in the island. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xii. 5. Formerly, the tenure by which a baron held of his superior, namely, military or other hon- orable service. — 6f. The body of barons and other peers; the baronage — Burgh of barony. Sec burgh. baroque (ba-rok'), a. and «. [Also baroco; = G. Dan. barok, < F. baroque, barroque = It. barocco, < Pg. barroco = Sp. barrueco, irregular, bizarre, esp. in architecture, orig. irregular-shaped, as applied to a pearl. Origin uncertain; perhaps, with some confusion with other -words, < L. ver- ruca, a steep place, a height ; hence, a wart, an excrescence on precious stones.] I. a. 1. Odd; bizarre ; corrupt and fantastic in style. The Oncidium leucochilum is by no means the most ec- centric or baroque member of the family of orchids. Encyc Brit., XIII. 5S9. Happy the artist whose women-friends or relatives are able to help him avoid the baroque developments of female attire which characterize so many of our native canvases, especially in genre subjects. The Century, XXV. 575 lg to or determined by the baro Same as a. 2. Specifically, in arch., applied to a style of barque, re. decoration which prevailed* in Europe during a barr t, «... Obsolete spelb^g of Sari great part of the eighteenth century, and may barr- (bar), v. i. [Also banj ; < I . barrir, < L. be considered to have begun toward the close barnre, cry as an elephant.] To cry as an ele- begim — . of the seventeenth century- It is nearly equivalent pnam.. to the Louis XV. style, and is distinguished by its clumsy barr' 5 , It barrad (bar's,), re. [ML., a bar: see bar*-.] A bar or tower placed a1 the end of a bridge. Weale. barra- (bar's), n. [Pg., a particular use of barra, a barTcf. E. yard, rod, perch, similarly used): see bar\ | A Portuguese linear measure, equal to 1.25 yards, used for cloths of various kinds. barrable (bar'a-bl), a. l. Imrkan = MHG. barchaiti, barchat, "« Juan, iii. 70) and others to denote a del- icate material is apparently an error. Also written bara- can, barrakan, barrtzgtm, and barragan. barracet, »■ [ME., also barrais, barres, barras, < OF. barras, a barrier, < barre, a bar: see bar 1 , and cf. embarrass, debarrass.] 1. A barrier or outwork in front of a fortress.— 2. The bar of a tribunal. [Rare.] — 3. A hindrance or ob- struction. [Rare.] — 4. The inclosure witliin which knightly encounters took place. Hence — 5. Hostility; contention; strife. N. E. D. barrack (bar'ak), n. [= D. barak = G. baracke, barake = Dan" barakkc, < F. baroque, < It. ba- racca = Sp. Pg. barraca, a tent, soldier's hut ; of uncertain origin. Some compare Gael, and Ir. barrachad, a hut or booth; Gael, barrack, top branches of trees; Bret, barrel; full of branches, < bar, a branch: see bar 1 .] 1. A building for lodging soldiers, especially in gar- rison ; a permanent building or range of build- ings in which both officers and men are lodged in fortified towns or other places. He (Bishop Hall] lived to see his cathedral converted into a barrack and his palace into an alehouse. T. Warton, Hist. Eng. Poetry, IV. 2. 2. A large building, or a collection of huts or cabins, especially within a common inclosure, in which large numbers of men are lodged. Most of the quarrymen are Bretons, and live in wooden barracks. A nsted, Channel Islands, i. 6. The railway has come close under the walls of the chateau, while an ugly barrack has sprung up on the other side. Conti mporary Rev., L. 329. [In both senses generally in the plural.] — 3. A. straw-thatched roof supported by four posts, under which hay is kept, and which is capa- ble of being raised or lowered at pleasure. In Maryland, and perhaps elsewhere, the word is used for a building of any kind intended for the storage of straw or hay. [U. SJ— Barrack allowance, a specific quan- tity of bread, beef, wood, coal, etc, issued by authority to British regiments stationed in barracks.— Barrack case- mate, a bomb-proof casemate for shelter and supplies. Also called store casemate. barrack-master (bar'ak-inas"ter), n. The of- ficer who superintends the barracks of soldiers. — Barrack-mas ter general, an oiiieer who superintends the construction and repairs of barracks, and adapts the accommodation to the requirements. [Eng.] barraclade (bar'a-klad), n. [< D. baar, = E. bare 1 , + kind =E. cloth.] A home-made woolen blanket without nap. [Peculiar to those parts of New York originally settled by the Dutch, and now little used, if at all.] barracoon (bar-a-kon'), n. [< Sp. barracon (used in the West Indies) = Pg. *barracao, aug. of Sp. Pg. barraca. barrack: see barrack.] A barrack or an inclosure containing sheds in which negro slaves were temporarily detained ; a slave-pen or slave-depot. Barracoons formerly existed at various points on the west coast of Africa, also in Cuba, Brazil, etc. African barracoons were composed of large but low-roofed w [en sheds, and were sometimes provided with defensive works, in order to resist attack from the British forces engaged in breaking up the slave- trade. barracouta (bar-a-kb'ta), n. A corrupt form of barracuda. barracuda (bar-a-ko'dit), ». [Native name.] A large voracious fish,'iSp7f.ywii<( picuda, of the West Indian and neighboring seas. It belongs to the perch family, and is from 6 to 10 feet in length. barrad, barraid (bar'ad, -ad), n. [< Ir. bairread, See bahar. baircud, < E. barret", q. v., or from the F. origi- 4c.] 1 scope, baroscopical (bar-o-skop'i-kal) hiiriisrnjiii-. baroselenite (bar-o-sel'e-nlt), ». [< Gr. fi&poq, weight (or papvgj heavy), + selenite, 4. v.] Same as baritc. Barosma (ba-ros'mii), n. [NL., also Baryosma, < (ir. ffapvoofiog, also (iapi-oSuog, of oppressive smell, < papbc, heavy, oppressive, + bapij, older form bdpi], smell, odor, < 6fra>, smell, akin to L. odor, odor.] A genus of shrubs, natural order Butacca; natives of the Cape of Good Hope, pos- sessing a strong, heavy odor. The leaves of several species, as B. crenulata, B. serratifolia, and /;. &i tulina, are largely used in medicine under the name of buehu, chiefly in disorders of the urinogenital organs. In Cape Colony they arc employed as a stimulant and stomachic. barouche (ba-rosh'). re. [Spelled its if P., but taken directly < G. dial, barutsche, < It. baroccio, biroccio (with term, assimilated to that of car- roccio, a chariot) = Sp. barrocho, orig. a two- wheeled vehicle, < LL. birota. a cabriolet, orig. Barouche. A, body; B. perch ; C. lee-spring; D, dummy; E. under-spring ; F, thorough-brace ; G, rocker; //.hub, or nave; /, spekc ; J, rim, when the whole circumference is composed of two pieces, and felly, when it is composed of several pieces. fern, of the adj. birotus, two-wheeled, < L. bis, double, + rota, a wheel.] Alarge four-wheeled carriage with a falling or folding top over the back seat, and the seats arranged as in a coach. barouchet (ba-ro-sha'), «. [As if P.; dim. of barouche.] A small kind of barouche. baroxyton (ba-rok 'si -ton), n. [< Gr. iaplc, heavy, + oivrovor, sharp-sounding.] A brass instrument of music invented in 1853. having a compass of three and a half octaves, beginning nearly three octaves below middle C : occasion- ally used in military bands. bar-post (biir'post), «. One of the posts driven into the ground to form the sides of a field- gate. bar-pump (bar'pump), n. Same as bare-pump. barquantine, barquentine, ». See barkanUne. See barks. barrad nal.] A conical cap of very ancient origin, worn by the Irish till as late as the seventeenth century. barragant (bar'a-gan). ii. Same as barracan. barrage (bar'agJJ «. [P., a bar, barrier, dam, < barrer, bar, obstruct, < barre, bar, obstruc- tion: see bar 1 ani-agc.] 1. The act of barring; specifically, the formation of an artificial ob- struction in a watercourse, in order to increase the depth of the water, to facilitate irrigation, and for other purposes. — 2. The artificial bar thus formed; especially, one of those on the river Nile in Egypt. barragont (bar a-gon), n. Same as barracan. Barratrous — a genteel corded stuff much in vi igue at that time for summer wear. OUbert Whit* . Selborne, v. 14. barragudo (bar-a-go'do), n. [S. Amer.] A na- tive Indian name of a large South American moukev of the genus Lagothrix. barraid, ». See barrad. barrakant, n. See barracan. barramunda (bar-a-mnn'dS), n. [Native Aus- tralian.] An Australian fish, Ceratodusforsteri, of the order Dipnoi, representative of a sub- order Monopneumona. It attains a length of 6 feet, and its flesh is esteemed for food. See ( i rut, i, Ins. barranca (ba-rang'ka), n. [Sp., also barranca = Pg. barranco.] A deep ravine, mountain- gorge, or defile: a word frequently used by writers on Mexican and South American geog- raphy and travel. Only in the valleys of erosion, true barancos, into which the fire cannot penetrate. J. J. Rein, Japan (trans.), p. 83. barras 1 t(bar'as),?». [Origin obscure.] A coarse linen fabric originally imported from Holland. The word was in use in the seventeenth century. barras 2 (bar'as; P. pron. ba-ra'), n. [F., < barrc, a bar, in ref. to its appearance on the tree.] The French name for the turpentine obtained in the south of France from Pin/us Pinaster. Also called galipot. barratt, n. [< ME. barrat, burnt, barat, baret, < OF. barat (= Pr. barat = Sp. barato (obs.) = It. baratto), m., also barate = Pr. barata — Sp. barata (obs.), f. (ML. baratus. baratum, and ba- rata), of uncertain origin; orig. appar. traffic, dealing (as in the E. deriv. barter, q. v.), then fraudulent dealing, fraud, etc. In sense 3, of. Icel. bardtta, fight, strife, trouble.] 1. Fraud; deception. — 2. Trouble; distress. How he has in greate barett bene sithen he was borne. York Plays, p. 179. 3. Contention; strife. barratt, v. i. [Also barret; < barrat, «.] To quarrel ; brawl. barrathea-cloth, «. See barathea-cloth. barrator (bar'a-tor), n. [< ME. barator, baritor, bareter, baratour, baratur, etc., < AF. *oaratour, OF. barateor (= Pr. baratador = It. barattatore; ML. barratator), < barater, barter, cheat, de- ceive, < barat, etc., barter: see barrat.'] If. In old law, one who buys or sells ecclesiastical pre- ferment; a simonist. — 2. In Scots law, a judge who takes a bribe. — 3. One who buys or sells offices of state. — 4. One who commits barratry; one who, being the master of a ship or one of its officers or seamen, commits any fraud or frau- dulent act in the management of the ship or cargo, by which the owner, freighters, or in- surers are injured, as by running away with the ship, sinking or deserting her, wilful devi- ation from the fixed course, or embezzlement of the cargo. — 5f. A quarrelsome, brawling person; a rowdy. — 6. One who frequently cx- cites others to lawsuits or quarrels; a common mover and maintainer of suits and controver- sies; an encourager of litigation between other I" i-ons: chiefly in the phrase common barrator. See barratry, 4. Uiii it ii.it reflect as much on thy character, (Tic, to torn barrator in thy old days, a BtlrreT up "f quarrels amongst thy neighbours? Arbuthnot, Hist, of John Hull. Also spelled barrater, and, especially in the last sense, born lor. barratoust (bar'a-tus), a. [< ME. baratous, < OF. barateus, < barat: sec barrat.] Conten- tious; quarrelsome. The world is too full -it litigious and barratous pennea. G. Harvey, Pierces apt rero ation i 1 07. v / D.) barratrous (bar'a-trus), ". [< barratry + -ous.] Of tin- nature of or characterized l>y barratry; fraudulent. Also spelled barretrous. barratrously (bar'a-trus-li), adv. In a barra- trous or fraudulent manner; by barratry. Also spelled bam trousUf. barratry (bar'a-tri), n. [< ME. barratrie, < OF. baraterie, barterie = Pr. baratarta (ML. 458 barataria), < barat: see barrat and -ry.] 1. The purchase or stile of ecclesiastical prefer- ments or of offices of state. See barrator, 1, ;i. — 2. In old Scots law. the taking of bribes by a judge. — 3. The fraud or offense committed by a barrator. See barrator, 4. — 4. A vexations and persistent inciting of others to lawsuits and litigation; a stirring up and maintaining ..I controversies and litigation. This is a crim- inal offense at common law. Also barretry, especially in the last sense. barre (ba-ra' ), a. [F. , pp. of barrer, bar, < barre, bar: see bar 1 .] 1. In her., divided by a bend sinister: the reverse of bendwise or bandi. [This French term is used because English heraldry has no single tei in [or bendwise in a sinister sense.] 2. In music for the guitar or lute, barred : con- veying a direction to press with the forefinger of the left hand across all the strings, in order to raise their pitch, and thus facilitate a tempo- rary change of key. barred (bard), p. a. 1. Secured with a bar or bars: as, "the close-Jarred portal," Scott, Ab- bot, xix. — 2. Furnished or made with bars: as, a live-barred gate. — 3. Obstructed by a bar, as a harbor. — 4. Striped; streaked: used espe- cially of textile fabrics: as, "barred al of silk," Chaucer, Miller's Tale. — 5. la music: (a) Mark- ed off by bars, (b) Same as barre, '2. — 6. In her., same as barn/' 2 . barrel (bar' el), n. [< ME. bare!, barele, barayl, < OF. bareil, baril, mod. F. baril = Pr. Sp. Pg. barril = It. barile = G. barel = OBulg. Serv. Russ. barilo = Pol. baryta (barred I) = NGr. fiapili, < ML. barile, borillus, barellus, baurilis, a barrel. Origin uncertain ; perhaps connected with bar 1 . The Celtic words, W. baril = Gael. baraill = Ir. bairile = Manx barrel = Corn, bal- liar, are of E. origin.] 1. A vessel or cask of a cylindrical form, generally bulging in the mid- dle, usually made of wooden staves bound toge- ther with hoops, and having flat parallel heads. — 2. As a measure of capacity, the quantity of anything, liquid or solid, which a barrel should contain. In English metrology there were four prin- cipal kinds of barrels : the wine-barrel of 3H wine gallons ; the London ale-barrel of 32 beer gallons ; the country ale- and beer-barrel of 34 beer gallons ; and the London beer- barrel of 36 beer gallons. The wine-barrel was legalized in the reign of Richard III., the others under Henry VIII. Under George III. the barrel of ale or beer for town and country was made 36 gallons. Oil, spirits, tar, and pork were measured by the wine-barrel ; vinegar, by the barrel of 34 gallons. A barrel of eels or herrings contained :" gallons by a statute of Henry VI., but by another of Ed- ward IV. this was made 42 gallons. Salmon and spruce beer were also measured by barrels of 42 gallons. A bar- rel of beef, wet codfish, or honey contained 32 wine gal- lons ; but honey was sometimes sold by barrels of 42 gal- lons of 12 pounds each. By a statute of George III., a barrel of fish was made 3S wine gallons ; but a barrel of salt pilchards or mackerel measured 50 gallons. The bar- rel of apples, coal, or nuts contained 3 Winchester bush- els, each of S gallons, dry measure. The barrel of ancho- vies contained lti pounds ; of gunpowder, loo pounds ; of raisins, 1 hundredweight; of candles, 120 pounds; of ba- rilla, potash, or butter, 2 hundredweight (but only 100 pounds of Essex butter, and 156 of Sussex); the barrel of soap, 256 pounds. A barrel of plates, by a statute of Charles II., contained 300 pounds. There were besides a great variety of other barrels ill Scotland and Ireland. In England the barrel is no longer a legal measure. In the United states the barrel in liquid measure is commonly 3U gallons, and for solid substances it is generally a unit of "weight, a barrel of flour, for example, being 198 pounds, and a barrel of beef or pork 200 pounds. In Maine a bar- rel of fish is by law 200 pounds. In Louisiana a barrel in dry measure is 3} bushels. The bushels vary in different States. On the continent of Europe, previous to the in- troduction of the metric system, there were many barrels. In each state of Italy the barile for wine was a little smaller than that for oil ; they were about 30 to tin liters. The barril "f Normandy was about 60 Paris pintes. The baral of Montpcllicr was 26| liters ; the barrallon of Bar- celona, 304} liters ; the baril of Riga, 137} liters. The bar- rUiue. was commonly larger than the baril. The abbrevi- ation is bbl., pi. 6Ws. 3. Tin' contents of a barrel: sometimes, like bottle, used to signify intoxicating drink. — 4. The money (especially when the sum is large) supplied by a candidate in a political cam- paign, for campaign expenses, but especially for corrupt purposes: hence, a barrel campaign is one in which money is lavishly employed to bribe voters: in this sonso often written and pronounced bar'l (biirl), in humorous imitation of vulgar speech. [U. S. political siting.] — 5. Anything resembling a barrel; a drum or cylinder. In particular (a) The drum or roller in B crane, about which the rope or chain winds. (6) The main purlieu el ,-i i i|. l.i ii. at mut which the rope winds, between the drumhead at the top and the pawl-rim at the bottom. Sec cut under capstan. {<') in lie Bteering apparatus of a ship, the cylinder on which the tiller. ropes or -chains arc wound. ('/) The rim in a drum or pulley about which the belt works, (e) The cylinder studded with pins which in the barrel-organ opens the key-valves, and in the mu- sical box Beta in vibration the teeth of the steel comb by barrel-organ which the sound is produced. (.0 The cylindrical portion ol a boiler between the tire hex and the smoke-box, con- taining the tulies or lines. (< >. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 2. 6. Devoid; lacking; wanting: with of: as, a hill barren of trees; a mind barren of ideas. Our latest letters from America are of the middle of April, and are extremely barren of news. Jefferson, Correspondence, I. 242. It is impossible to look without amazement on a mind so fertile in combinations, yet so barren of images. Macaulay, Petrarch. 7. Not producing or leading to anything ; prof- itless ; fruitless : as, barren tears ; a barren at- tachment. — 8. Destitute of interest or attrac- tion; unsuggestive ; uninstructive ; bald; bare: as, a barren list of names. 459 But it [Duomo of Florence] is impressive within from its vast open spares, and from the stately and simple, though barren, grandeur of its piers and vaults and walls. C. /■;. Norton, Chorch-hullding in Middle Ages, p. 229. Barren flowers, such as for any reason produce no seed. —Barren ground, unproductive beds of rock: used, espi rially with regard to eoal, for arras when- there Is no coal-seam of sufficient thickness to be worked with profit. — Barren measures, in geol., those portions of eoal measures which contain no workable seams of coal. — Barren signs, in aetrol., Gemini, Leo, and Virgo.— Bar- ren stamens, in but., such as produce no pollen in the anther. II. n. A tract or region of more or less un- productive land, partly or entirely treeless. The term is best known in the United States as the name of a distriet in Kentucky, "the Barrens," underlaid by the subearboniferous limestone, but possessing a fertile soil, which was nearly or quite treeless when that State began to be settled by the whites, hut which at present, where not cultivated, is partly covered with trees. In northeastern Canada the name barrens is given to tree- less, grass-covered areas, once the beds of lakes, but now desiccated and in most cases the exact counterpart of va- rious tracts existing in the western United States, and there generally called prairies, but sometimes holes. The pine-barrens of the southern Atlantic States are sandy plains on which is a valuable growth of southern or long- leafed pine, Pinus palustris. The "pine barren" is traversed by several excellent roads, and a morning ride or drive while the delicate haze still lingers among the forest of stems, and the air is full of the fresh scent of the pine woods, is not easily for- gotten. Fortnightly Reo. (N. S.), XXXIX. 178. To fertilize especially the barrens of Surrey and Berk- shire. Kingsley, Life, II. 100. barrent (bar'en), v. t. [< barren, a.] To ren- der barren or unproductive. barrener (bar'en-er), n. [< barren, a., 1 (d).] A cow not in calf for the year. barrenly (bar'en-li), ado. Unfruitfully. barrenness (bar'en-nes), n. [< ME. barcynesse, barynes, etc. ; < barren + -ness.] The state or quality of being barren, (a) Incapability of pro- creation ; want of the power of conception. I pray'd for children, and thought barrenness In wedlock a reproach. Milton, S. A., 1. 352. (b) Want of fertility ; total or partial sterility ; infertility : as, the barrenness of the land. (<■) Want of the power of producing anything ; want of instructiveness, suggestive- ness, interest, or the like; want of matter: as, "barren- ness of invention," Dryden. And this leads me to wonder why Lisideius and many others should cry up the barrenness of the French plots, above the variety and copiousness of the English. Dryden, Ess. on Dram. Poesy. The barrenness of his fellow students forced him gener- ally into other company at his hours of entertainment. Johnson, Rambler, No. 19. id) Defect of emotion, sensibility, or fervency. The greatest saints sometimes are fervent, and some- times feel a barrenness of devotion. Jer. Taylor. barren-spirited (bar'en-spir"i-ted), a. Of a poor or mean spirit. Shale., J. O, iv. 1. barrenwort (bar'en-wert), n. [< barren + wort 1 .] The common name of Epimedium, a genus of low herbaceous plants, natural order Bcrberidacem, having creeping roots and many stalks, each of which has three flowers. The only European species is K. alpinum. Species occur also in central Asia and Japan.— American barrenwort, Vaneouveria hexandra, a nearly allied species found in i iregon. barret 1 !, "• [< F. barrette (= Sp. barreta), dim. of barre, a bar : see bar 1 .'] A little bar. barret 2 (bar'et), n. [Also buret, < F. barrette = Pr. barreta, berreta = Sp. birreta = It. ber- retta: see biretta and birrus.] 1. Same as bi- retta. — 2. A sort of ancient military cap or headpiece. Scott. Also called barret-cap. barret 3 t, »■ See barrat. barret-cap (bar'et-kap), n. Same as barret 2 , 2. Old England's sign, St. George's cross, His barret-cap did glare. Scott, L. of L. M., iii. 16. barretero (bar-e-ta'ro), n. [Sp., < barreta, dim. of barra, a bar, crowbar : see barret 1 and bar 1 .] A miner who wields a crowbar, wedge, or pick. The ores . . . are so soft that a single barretero can throw down many tons a day. L. Hamilton, Mex. Handbook, p. 73. barretor, barretry, etc. See barrator, etc. barr-fisb. (biir'fish), n. [Cf. bar 2 .] A name of the crappie, Pomoxys annularis, a centrarchoid fish. See cut under crappie. barricade (bar-i-kad'), «. [First in the form httrricttdo (after Sp.), < F. barricade = It. bar- ricata, < Sp. Pg. barricada, a barricade, lit. made of barrels, < barrica (= F. barrique), a barrel, prob. < barra, a bar: see bar*-, and cf. barrel.] 1. A hastily made fortification of trees, earth, paving-stones, palisades, wagons, or anything that can obstruct the progress of an enemy or serve for defense or security. barrier F.v'n tho' thrice again The red fool furj "t tin- Seine should pile her barricades with dead. Tennyson, in tfemoriam, exxvii. 2. A temporary barrier of any kind designed to obstruct passage into or through a space in- tended to lie kept free for a particular use. — 3. Any bar or obstruction ; that which defends. There must be such a ban icade as would greatly annoy or absolutely stop the currents of the atmosphere. Derham. 4t. In naval arch., a strong wooden rail, sup- ported by stanchions, extending across the fore- most part of the quarter-deck, in ships of war, and backed with ropes, mats, pieces of old cable, and full hammocks, as a protection against small shot in time of action. =Syn. Bar, etc. See barrU r. barricade (bar-i-kad'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bar- ricaded, ppr. barricading, [(.barricade, ».] 1. To obstruct or block (a path or passage) with a barricade. — 2. To block or render impass- able. Now all the pavement sounds with trampling feet, And the mix'd hurry barricades the street. Gay, Trivia, iii. 3. To shut in and defend with a barricade; hem in. lie is so banricado'd in his house, And ann'd with guard still. Chapman, Revenge of Bussy D'Ambois, i. 1. Also formerly barricado. barricader (bar-i-ka'der), n. One who barri- cades. barricadot (bar-i-ka'do), n. and v. Same as barricade : the older form in English use. Shall I have a barricado made against my friends, to be barred of any pleasure they can bring in to me? B. Jonson, Epicoene, iii. 2. barricot, »• [< Sp. Pg. barrica, a cask, barrel: see barricade.] A small barrel or keg. barrier (bar'i-er), n. [Early mod. E. also bar- ter, baryer (with term, accom. to mod. F.), < ME. barrcre, barere, < AF. barrere, OF. bar- riere, F. barriere = Pr. It. barricra = Sp. bar- rera = Pg. barreira (ML. reflex barrera), < ML. *barraria, a barrier, < barra, a bar: see bar 1 .'] 1. In fort., anything, as a palisade or stock- ade, designed to obstruct entrance into a for- tified place. — 2. pi. The palisades or railing surrounding the ground where tourneys and justs were carried on ; hence, the sports them- selves (formerly sometimes with the plural in a singular sense). Deny me not to stay To see a barriers prepared to-night. Webster, White Devil, iv. 4. The young Earl of Essex and others among them enter- tained her majesty with tiltings and tourneys, barriers, mock fights, and such like arts. Oldys, Sir W. Raleigh. 3. Any obstruction ; anything which hinders approach, attack, or progress ; anything stand- ing in the way ; an obstacle : as, to build a wall as a barrier against trespassers ; consti- tutional barriers. Constantly strengthening the barriers opposed to our passions. Bp. Porteous, Works, II. iv. A barrier to defend us from popery. Bp. Burnet, Hist. Own Times, an. 16S6. 4. A fortress or fortified town on the frontier of a country. The queen is guarantee of the Dutch, having possession of the barrier, and the revenues thereof, before a peace. Swift. 5. A limit or boundary of any kind ; a line of separation. I was persuaded that when once that nice barrier which marked the boundaries of what we owed to each other should he thrown down, it might he propped again, but could never be restored. A. Hamilton, Works, I. 213. 6. The gate, in towns on the continent of Eu- rope, at which local revenue duties are collected. — 7. In China, a subordinate customs station placed on an inland trade-route for the collec- tion of duties on goods in transit. — 8. In coal- mining, a solid block of coal left un worked between two collieries, for security against the accidents which might occur in consequence of communication between them. [Eng.] — Bar- rier Act, the name given to an act passed by the Genera] Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1697, providing that no change can be made in the laws of the church without first being submitted to all the presbyteries for their judgment, and having received the approval of at least a majority of them. The Barrier Act is held both by the Established and by the Free Church as of high im- portance, and analogous regulations have been adopted by other Presbyterian churches. — Barrier reef. S|, r reef.— Barrier system, in North of England coal-mininE. berg in' ire. In rg) = Sw. berg = Dan. bjarg = Goth, "bairgs (in deriv. bairgahei, a mountainous district),' a hill, mountain, = Icel. berg, bjarg, a rock, preci- pice, = < )Ir. brigh, [r. bri = \V. lire = Bret, bre, a 460 mound of earth or stones raised over a grave; [i sepulchral mound; a tumulus. Barrows are among tin most important monuments of primitive an- tiquity. Thc> at. found in Great Britain ami other dis- Bewl They tricts of Europe, and in North America and Asia. . are distinguished, according to their peculiarities ,.f bum and construction, as long, broad, bowl, hell, cone, etc. , bar- rows. In the more ancient barrows the bodies are found barrowman (bar'6-man) lying extended on the ground, v ith Implements and weap- ons of stone or bone beside them. In barrows of later date the implements are of bronze, and sometimes, though Long Bair< rarely, of iron, while the remains are often inclosed in a stone or earthenware cist and doubled up. Where the body was burned the ashes were usually deposited in an urn. Barrow-burial is supposed not to have been aban- doned in Great Britain until the eighth century. In Eng- land, Wilts and Dorset are the counties in which barrows most abound. Stone barrows in Scotland are called cairns. The numerous barrows of North America are generally classed along with other ancient earthworks as mounds, or distinguished as burial-mounds: Whilst the term tumulus is almost exclusively used in speaking of the sepulchral mounds of the ancient Greeks, and the conical mounds formed by the Romans, adjoining their camps and stations, to serve as land-marks and bars-gemel barrow 4 (bar'6), re. [< ME. berwe, < AS. beam, a grove (= Icel. burr, a kind of tree); perhaps orig. a fruit-bearing tree, < beran = led. bera, bear.] A wood or grove : a word surviving only in English local names, as BarfOW-ia- Furness, Barrow&eld. barrow 5 (bar'6), re. [E. dial., also barry, bar- rie. Origin obscure, perhaps ult. < AS. bcor- gmi. cover, protect.] Same as barrow-coat. barrow-coat ( bar'6-kot), n. [E. dial., also bar- ricoat; < barrow 5 + coat.'] A square or oblong piece of flannel, wrapped round an infant's body below the arms, the part extending be- yond the feet being turned up and pinned. Also called barrow and barry. n. ; pi. barrowmen (-men). A man employed in wheeling a bar- row; specifically, in coal-mining, one who con- veys the coal in a wheelbarrow from the point where it is mined to the trolleyway or tram- way on which it is carried to the place where it is raised to the surface. barrow-pig (bar'6-pig), n. Same as barrow 3 . A barrotv-pig, that is, one which has been gelded. Drtjden, Plutarch, II. 397. barrow-pump (bar'6-putnp\ n. A combined suction- and force-pump mounted on a two- wheeled barrow. barrow-tram (bar'6-tram), re. The tram or shaft of a wheelbarrow; hence, jocularly, a raw-boned fellow. Sit down there, and gather your wind and your senses, ye black barrow-tram o' the kirk that ye are. Are ye ton or fasting? Scott, Guy Mannering, II. xiii. barrow-truck (bar'6-truk), n. A two-wheeled hand-truck; especially, such a truck for use in moving baggage or freight. null l.llll|'.l .111.1 Sl.ll loll.-,, HI .Mile .13 I Ml, ■ ailU •« /-U /- -\ T » ■ ■ watching-stations, it is used indifferently with the word DarrOWWay (bar o-wa), n. In einil-miiiing, an underground road on which coal is transported from the place where it is mined to the tram- way. [Eng.] barrulee fbar-8-la'), a. hihcr., same as barruly. barrulet (bar'6-let), re. [Also barrulette, dim. of AP. "oarrule, dim. of OP. barre, a bar: see bar 1 ."] In her., a diminutive of the bar, gen- erally considered as being one fourth of its width. It is never used alone. Also written Inn relet. See bamiletty. barruletty (bar'6-let-i), a. [< barrulet.'] In her., divided into barrulets: said of the heral- dic field. See barry 2 and barruly. barruly (bar'o-li), a. [< AP. bitrrulec, < *bar- rtde, dim. of OF. barre, a bar: see bar 1 .] In her., divided into bars or barrulets: said of tho field when divided intonotlessthaneightpai'ts ; if the number is much greater, it is called bar- ruletty. Also barruUe. barry 1 (bar'i), n. Same as barrow-coat. [Prov. a. [< F. barre', pp. of barrer, v.] In her., divided into bars : said of the heraldic field. The number of divisions is always even and is always mentioned, as barry of four pieces, barry if six. etc.; if there are not less than eight divisions, the words barruly and bamiletty may lie em- ployed. Also barred. — Barry bendy, divided into lozenges by the intersex [ion of lines drawn barwise and bendwise. This is always supposed to be bendy dexter; when bendy sinister, it is writ- ten barry bendy sinister, klaobendy bam-j/.— Barry paly, divided both barwise and palewise, and therefore either cheeky or billety. See these words. — Barry plly, divided both barwise and diagonally, the division forming piles across tie- field. It is more prop- erly blazoned as of piles barwise, the number being men. tioned. — Barry wavy, divided into waving bands of gen- erally horizontal direction : said of the Held. This charge is used to represent water in cases where a ship or the like is to be depicted as afloat, Barsac (bar'sak), re. [P.] A general name for the white wines made in Barsac, department of ( iironde, France. All the Barsac wines are sweet- ish; but they have a certain bitterness, ami sometimes a tarry or resinous flavor, which prevents their being lus- cious. barrow to designate the sepulchral mounds of the ancient inhabitants of this and other northern countries. Audsley, III. 18. A long street climbs to one tall-tower'd mill ; And high in heaven behind it a gray down With Danish barroivs. Tennyson, Enoch Arden. 4. A burrow or warren. See burrow 2 , berry 2 . The coney -barrow of Lincoln's Inn is now covered by smooth lawns. Blackwood's Mag., XXII. 587. barrow 2 (bar'6), re. [< ME. barrow, barow, barowe, barewe, barwe, < AS. "bearwe (a form 'berewe is cited but not authenticated), a bar- row (cf. D. berrie, MHG. bcre, a hand-barrow, MHG. rade-ber, G. radberge, radbiirge, dial, rade- berre, a wheelbarrow, Icel. barar, mod. borw, pi., a bier, Sw. b&r, barrow, bier, Dan. baare, bier, AS. bar, E. bier; also L. feretrum, < Gr. Qeperpov, a litter, bier, all from the same ult. source), < &<■»•««, bear: see bear 1 and bier.] 1. A frame used by two or more men in carrying a load ; formerly, any such frame, as a stretcher or bier; specifically, a flat rectangular frame of , bars or boards, with projecting shafts or han- l> a rry- (ban), dies (in England called trams) at both ends, by bar : see bar which it is carried: usually called a hand-bar- row. — 2. A similar frame, generally used in the form of a shallow box with either flaring or up- right sides, and supported in front formerly by two wheels, now by a single small wheel in- serted between the front shafts, and pushed by one man, who supports the end opposite to the wheel by means of the rear shafts: usually called a wheelbarrow. — 3. A frame or box of larger size, resting on an axle between two large wheels, and pushed or pulled by means of shafts at one end; a hand-cart: as, a cos- termonger's barrow. [Local Eng. (London) and Scotch.] — 4. Abarrowful; the load carried in or on a barrow. Have I lived to be carried in a basket, like a barrow of butcher's offal; and to lie thrown in the Thames? Shak., M. \v. of \\\, iji. 6. 5. In salt-works, a wicker case in which the salt is put to drain. — 6. The egg-case of a skate or a ray: so called from its resemblance to a hand-barrow. Barry of six. mountain hill (cf. \V. bry, high ), = < IBulg. ore E. graved, q. v.] An element in many words of Greek origin, meaning heavy, dull, hard, difficult, etc. barycentric (bar-i-sen'trik), a. [< Gr. f3apbr, heavy, + Kcvrpov, center.] Of or pertaining to the center of gravity . — Barycentric calculus, an application to geometry of the mechanical theory of ttie center of gravity, executed in two distinct ways, according as metrical or descriptive geometrical properties are i i investigated.— Barycentric coordinates, see eoordi nate. baryecoia (bar-i-e-koi'ii), n. [NL., < Gr. jiapvn- Koia, hardness of hearing, < fiapyijKoor, hard of hearing, < jiapix, hard, + anovetv, hear: see acoustic.] In pathol., dullness of hearing; deafness. baryglossia (bar-i-glos'i-a), n. [NL., < Gr. /toper, heavy, + y'Aaaaa, tongue.] In pathol., difficulty <>f speech; 'baryphonia. Dunglison. barylite (bar'i-lit), n. ['< Gr. /toper, heavy, + ?uOor, stone.] A silicate of aluminium and barium occurring in white cleavable masses in Sweden. baryphonia (bar-i-fo'ni-ii), «. [NL. (cf. Gr. jiapvajuvia, a deep voice, < liapii/iuvor, with a deep voice), < Gr. /toper, heavy, hard, + civvi/, voice.] In pathol., difficulty of speech. baryta (ba-ri'ta), n. [NL., formerly also ba- rita,<. barytes, q. v.] Barium oxid, BaO: also called heavy earth, because it is the heaviest of the earths, its specific gravity being 4.7. it is a gray powder having a sharp, caustic, alkaline taste, and a strong affinity for water, with which it combines to form barium hydrate. It forms salts with the acids, all of which are poisonous, except the sulphate, which is quite insoluble in the juices of the stomach. The carbonate of baryta is much used in the preparation of beet-root sugar, and in the manufacture of plate-glass and of colors. Formerly called baria.— Baryta- water, a solution of the hydrate of barium in water, used as a reagent in chemical analysis. barytes (ba-ri'tez), n. [NL., < Gr. fiapvTnr, weight, heaviness, < /toper, heavy; the term. being associated with that of minerals in -ites, -ite 2 .] If. Baryta. — 2. The native sulphate of barium, BaSOi, a common name for the min- eral barite or heavy-spar. It is sometimes mined and ground in a mill, and used to adulterate white lead, to weight paper, etc. See barite. barytic (ba-rit'ik), a. Pertaining to, formed of, or containing baryta. barytine (bar'i-tin), n. [< barytes + -ine' 2 .] Same as barite. barytocalcite (ba-ri-to-kal'sit), n. [< baryta + calcitc.] A mineral consisting of the carbo- nates of barium and calcium. It. occurs in monoclinic crystals, also massive, of a white, grayish, greenish, or yellow color. barytocelestite (ba-ri'to-se-les'tit), n. [< ba- ryta + celestite.] A variety of celestite con- taining some barium sulphate. barytone (bar'i-ton), a. and n. [Also baritone ; < It. baritono, < Gr. /toperovor, deep-toned, with grave accent, < /toper, heavy, deep, grave, + tovoc, tone: see tone.] I. a. 1. Having the quality of a voice or instrument intermediate between a bass and a tenor: as, a barytone voice. See II. The voice [of the Hejazi] is strong and clear, but rather !>i brass "i steel, running under the finger-board. These were s ■ times plucked with the thumb of the left hand. The in- strument was a great favorite in the eighteenth century, anil much music was composed especially for it. It is now obsolete, (c) The name usually given to the smaller brass sax-horn in Bb or C. — 2. In Gr. (/rum., a word which has the last syllable un- accented. barytone (bar'i-ton), v. t.; pret. and pp. bary- toned, ppr. barytoning. [< barytone, u.] In Gr. (/ram., to pronounce or write without accent on the last syllable : as, to barytone a word. barytrope (bar'i-trop), n. [< Gr. fiapiic, heavy, oasaltoid (^sftl^toid^a + t/iotoc, a turning: see trope.'] A curve de- fined by the condition that, if a heavy body slides down an incline having this form, the bas _ an , ™S&neJbzzjn,ha-zan^ pressure on the incline will follow a given law. basal (ba'sal), a. and n. [< base 2 + -a!.] I. a. 1. Of or pertaining to the base; constituting the base ; fundamental. The basal idea of Bishop Butler's profound treatise, The Analogy of Religion. G. D. Boardman, Creative vt eek, p. 28. 2. Pertaining to the base of a part or organ. (a) On or near the base: as, a basal mark, (b) Nearest the base : as, the basal joint, or the four basal jointsof an insect's antenna. — 3. In ichth., of or pertaining to the basalia. See basale. The Elasmobranchii possess three basal cartilages, which articulate with tlie pectoral arch. Huxley, Anat. Vert., p. 3S. Basal cell, (a) A cell at the base of the segmented ovum of some embryos, as sponges : the opposite of apical cell. northeast coast of Ireland, ami Fingal's Cave in the island ofStaffa, Scotland. Basalt ware, a kind of stoneware madebyjosiah Wedgwood and his successors. It is usually black, colored throughout the paste, and has a dull gloss: hence also called black ware. Articles made of it are much admired, and those made by Wedgwood himself are rare and costly. basaltic (ba-sal'tik), n. [< basalt + -if.] Per- taining to" basalt; formed of or containing basalt; of the nature of or resembling basalt : as, basaltic lava. basaltiform (ba-sal'ti-form), a. [< L. basal- tes, basalt, + forma, shape.] Of the form of prismatic basalt; columnar. basalting (ba-sal'ting), ». [< basalt + -ing 1 .] A process of making paving- and building- blocks from the scoria} of blast-furnaces. [< basalt + -old.] Allied in appearance or nature to basalt; re- sembling basalt. [Also baeari, basin, basin, and more corruptly basil, basil; < F. basons, basanc (Cotgrave), < Sp. Pg. badana (ML. bedane), a tanned sheepskin, < Ar. bitdnali, lining.] Sheepskin tanned in oak- or larch-bark, and used for bookbinding, etc. It is distinguished from roan, which is tanned in sumac. basanite (bas'a-nit), n. [< L. basanites (sc. lapis, stone), < &r. * [JarjaviTj/r (sc. Xidoc, stone), < (iaaavoc, a touchstone, a dark-colored stone on which pure gold when rubbed makes a peculiar mark; origin uncertain.] A silicious rock or jasper, of a velvety-black color, used as a touch- stone for determining the amount of alloy in gold. The touchstone was formerly extensive- ly used, but is now much less common. See touchstone and touch-needle. (b) In the wings of Diptcra, one of the elongate cells near lOUUlsitn fliebaseoftiewingbetweenthesecondandnfthorsecond bas-bleu (ba-ble ), n. [F., blue-stoekmg : 60S, abbr. of bas de chausses, nether-stock, stock- ing (see base 1 ) ; bleu, blue : a translation of the E. term.] Same as bluestocking, 1. bas-chevaliert, ». [A fictitious term, based on a false etymology of bachelor ; < P. bas, low, inferior (see basel), + chevalier : see chevalier.] One of a class of low or inferior knights, by bare tenure of a military fee, as distinguished from bannerets and baronets. Phillips, 1706. [A spurious term, without historical support.] See basinet. the base of the wing _ - and sixth longitudinal veins; they are numbered, the first being the one nearest the costal margin.— Basal cleav- age, in crystal., cleavage in the direction of a basal plane. — Basal field, area, or space, a portion of an insect's wing lying at the base, but very diversely defined in the different groups. In the Lepidoptera it occupies the whole width of the wing for about one fourth of its length, and in the fore wings of the Noctuidce is limited exter- nally by the anterior or extra-basilar cross-line. In the dragon-flies it is a small space at the extreme base of the wing, between the median and submedian veins, and bounded exteriorly by the arc or arculus, a small cross- In other groups it is generally an indeterminate Vein. Ill omei j;iuii|» i« " £, t " cl " ii J tin i..,.^i^.i.u......^ - .- portion occupying about one third of the wing. — Basal Dascinex, ganglion. See ganglion.— Basal lialf-line, in the noc- Bascuencet, "• The Basque language. tuid moths, a line extending from the costal border of the hasCUlation (bas-ku-la'shon), n. [< F. bascu- or horizontal axes.- Basal valve, that valve in bivalves pathol., the movement by which a retroverted by which they adhere to other substances. uterus is swung back into position. II. n. 1. One of the basal joints of the bascule (bas'kiil), n. [< F. bascule, swing, branches of a crinoid, bearing _the radials. — 2. poise, balance, see-saw, formerly bacule, appar. In ichth., the basisphenoid. [Rare.] basale (ba-sa'le), ».; pi. basalia (-li-ii). [NL., < E. basal, q. v.] 1. In ichth., one of several cartilages w T hich may compose the basis of the <; battre, beat, bump (or bas, low), + cul, the posteriors.] 1. An arrangement in bridges by which one portion balances another. — 2. A form of bailing-scoop. Bascule-bridge at Brussels. pectoral limb of a fish, and to which the series bascule-bridge (bas'kul-brij), n. A drawbridge of radialia, or radial cartilages, is attached : as, the propterygial basale; the mesopterygial and metapterygial basalia. See pterygium, and cut under scapulocoracoid. — 2. One of the bones which form the base for the pectoral fin ; an actinost. — 3. In crinoids, same as basal, 1. A central piece, which probably represents the basalia ,.f other crinoids. BiuUey, Anat. Invert., p. 6U0. basal-nerved (ba'sal-nervd), a. In hot., de- scriptive of leaves the nerves of which all proceed from the base. basalt (ba-S<' or bas'alt), n. [First in E. as L., basattes; = F. basaltc, < L. basal /is. : dark and very hard species of marble in Ethi opia; said to be an African word (Pliny).] A volcanic rock occurring widely, and consisting of a triclinie feldspar, together with augiteand magnetite or titanil'erous iron. Olivin ami nephelin are also often i I in tin basalts, especially the for- mer. Apatite, Leucite. and hatiy ne are occasinrially present. I he b;tsalts have been variously classed by dlff< rent writers. Ba , r is tin- dark, compact variety, bri aklng with a splintery fracture. I Oder tin' name aolerite are Included all the more . oarsely crystallized varletie In which tin i omponenl mlnei sis can out with 'In naked eye, while anam- esite is the name given to those varie- ties Which have a llneh u llasa | h tare. In the modern erupt ive n basalt has almost always been tic last rock to !» . mitt.-.! from tin- volcanic orittec. The I Ling of lava oft rise to the formation of hexagonal pi i columns, which are occasionally extremely regular in form and oi great -i/i i;.> nil displays thi tructuren frequently ami iii greater perfectnesa than any other rocs : hence this kind of structure is frequently called basalti cut.) Remarkable formations "i columnar basalt exist in various parts of the world, as the Giant's Causeway on the arranged with a counterpoise, so that, as the floor of the bridge is raised, the counter- poise descends into a pit pre r pared for it : the commonest form of me- dieval draw- bridge. See bal- ance-bridge. < L. basaltes, a t, ase i (Ms), a. and n. [Early mod. E. also bace; < ME. base, bass, baas, < OF. (and F.) bas, masc, basse, fern., =Pr. bas = Sp. bajo = Pg. baixo = It. bas- so, low, < LL. bassus, low, short, thick; in clas- sical L. found only as a cognomen, Hassus, ' Short.' Perhaps of Celtic origin ; cf . W. bas, = Corn, bas = Bret, bag, shallow ; W. basu, make shallow, lower; Corn, basse, fall, lower, abate; but the Celtic terms may be from the L. In mu- sic, now get terally bass: see bass 3 . Asanoun, basi nf tliis origin (the lower pari) is confused willi base- 1 1 ho supporting-part)-] I. "• 1- Low; of small height : applied to tilings. [Archaic] I he eeilar StOOpS nut tu the base shrub's hint. ,s7c/A-. . Lucrece, I. 664. Hence — 2. In bot., of low or lowly growth : as, base broom; base rocket. — 3. Low in place, position, or degree. [Archaic] By that same hole an eulraunee. darke and Ixire, With smoake and sulphur hiding all the place, Descends to hell. Spenser, )•'. (}., I. v. 31. Men acting gregariously are always in extremes; as tie i are i lit callable of higher courage so tile} arc liable, the next, to baser depression. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 161. base 4. Of little value; coarse in quality; worth- less, absolutely or comparatively: as, the base metals (so called in contrast with the noble or precious metals). The harvest white plumb is a base plumb. Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 509. Often has the vein of gold displayed itself amid the baser ores. Marg. Fuller, Woman in 19th Cent., p. 15. Hence — 5. Fraudulently debased in value; spurious ; false : as, base coin. They were compelled to accept base money in exchange for those commodities they were forced to sell. Goldsmith, Hist. Eng., x. 6. Low in scale or rank ; of humble origin, grade, or station ; wanting dignity or estima- tion ; mean ; lowly : as, base menials. Base things of the world, and things which are despised, hath God chosen. 1 Cor. i. 28. 'Tis the plague of great ones ; Prerogatived are they less than the base. Shak., Othello, iii. 3. 7. Suitable to or characteristic of a low con- dition ; depressed; abject: as, base servility. I am fire and air ; my other elements I give to baser life. Shak., A. and C, v. 2. 8. Of mean spirit; morally low; without dig- nity of sentiment : said of persons. Base is the slave that pays. Shak., Hen. V., ii. 1. The base and abject multitude. Junius. 9. Showing or proceeding from a mean spirit : said of things. Him that utter'd nothing base. Tennyson, To the Queen. The one base thing in the universe — to receive favors and to render none. fitoergon, C pensation. 10. Of illegitimate birth ; born out of wedlock. Why bastard? wherefore base? Shak., Lear, i. 2. I din'd with S r Rob* Paston, since Earle of Yarmouth, and saw the Duke of Verneuille, base brother to the Q. Mother. Evelyn, Diary, June 23, 1665. 11. Deep; grave: applied to sounds: as, the base tones of a viol. See bass 3 . The silver sounding instruments did meet With the base murmure of the waters fall. Spenser, ¥. q., II. xii. 71. 12. In old Eng. law, not held or holding by honorable tenure : as, a base estate, that is, an estate held by services not honorable nor in capite, or by villeinage. Such a tenure is called base or low, and the tenant a base tenant. — 13. Not classical or refined: as, "base Latin," Fuller. No Muses aide me needes heretoo to call ; Base is the style, and matter meane withall. Spenser, Mother Hub. Tale, 1. 44. Base bullion. See bullion.— Base court. See base- court.— Base fee, infeftment, right, etc. sec the nouns. — Base metals. See metal. = &yn. Ignoble, vulgar, ple- beian, mean, contemptible, despicable, abject, sordid, groveling, servile, slavish, menial, rascally, villainous. II. n. If. A plaited skirt, reaching from the waist to the knee, worn during the first half of the sixteenth century. In civil costume it was ap- pended to the doublet, or secur- ed to the girdle ; it was also worn over armor. 2f. A skirt of plate - armor, corrugated or ribbed vertical- ly, as if in imi- tation of the preceding. See tomboys. — 3f. The skirt of a woman's outer garment. The word was used throughout the seventeenth and part of the eighteenth century. — 4f. An apron. With gauntlets blue and bases white. S. Boiler, Hudibras, I. ii. 7(19. Bakers in their linen buses. Marston. 5f. Tho housing of a horse : used in the six- teenth and seventeenth centimes. The bases and bardes of their horse were grene sattyn. Hull, Hen. MIL, an. 1. Or to describe races and games, . . . Bxses and tinsel trappings, gorgeous knights At joust and tournament. Milton, P. t-., ix. 36. 6. In music, same as bass 9 . baseH (bas), v. t. [< base*, a., but in first sense < F. baisser, lower, < bas, low, base. Cf. abase.] 1. To let down; abase; lower. The great warrior . . . based his arms and ensigns of state. • Holland. Base of rich stuff, the border embroidered : beginning "f cili century. — From tomb of Maximilian I. at Innspruck. base 2. To lower in character, condition, or rank; degrade; debase. — 3. To reduce the value of by the admixture of moaner elements ; debase. [Bare.] Metals which we cannot bane. Bacon. base 2 (bits), n. [< ME. base, bas, baas, < OF. base, F. base, < L. basis, < Gr. jiaaic, a going, a stepping, a step, pedestal, foot, base, < \/ *pa, in paiveiv, go, = L. renin, come, = E. come.] 1. The bottom of anything, considered as its support, or the part of the thing itself, or a separate feature, on which the thing stands or rests : as, the base of a column ; the base of a mountain. For want like thine — a bog without a base — Ingulfs all gains I gather for the place. Crabbe. Against the bases of the southern hills. Lowell, Under the Willows. Hence — 2. A fundamental principle or ground- work ; foundation ; basis. Antonio never yet was thief, or pirate, Though, I confess, on base and ground enough, Orsino's enemy. Shak., T. N., v. 1. Hereby he undermineth the base of religion. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err. 3. In arch., specifically — (a) The lowest mem- ber of a wall, either projecting beyond the face of the portion of the wall above it, or dif- fering otherwise from it in construction, and often resting on a plinth, with or without in- tervening moldings. ( b) The member on which Bases. I, from nave of Lyons cathedral. 13th century ; 2. from eastern porch of Erechtheum, Athens, 5th century B. C. ; 3, from nave of Orvieto cathedra), 13th century. 4, Attic base: A.C.E, fillets; B, upper torus; D, scoria ; F, lower torus; G, plinth, or sty lobate. the shaft rests in columns of nearly all styles. It appears in most Egyptian forms, but is not present in the Greek Doric column, of which the shaft rests directly on the stylobate. In purely Hellenic examples of the Ionic and Corinthian the base consists of various combina- tions of moldings on a circular plan, without the awk- ward square plinth which was universally adopted by the Romans, and was generally retained in the elaborately molded bases of Byzantine and medieval architecture. See cut under column. 4. (a) In zobl. and bot,, the extremity opposite to the apex; the point of attachment, or the part of an organ which is nearest its point of at- tachment : as, the base of a leaf ; the base of a shell. The point of attachment of an anther, however, is sometimes at the apex. (b) In zool., also, that part or extremity of anything by which it is attached to another of higher value or significance. — 5. In chcm., a compound sub- stance which unites with an acid to form a salt. The term is applied to the hydroxids of the metals, to cer- tain metallic oxids, and to groups of atoms containing one or more hydroxyl groups (OH) in which hydrogen is re- placeable by an acid radical. 6. In phar., the principal ingredient of any compound preparation.— 7. In crystal., same as basal plane (which see, under basal). — 8. In petrog., the amorphous or isotropic portion of the ground-mass of a rock. This may possess a cer- tain amount of structure, rendering it distinct from glass, while not crystalline, when it is known as a micrqfelnitie base. If a true glass, it may be, according to the amount of devitrification products present, microlitie, fflobulitic, i ir glassy. In some recent andesitic lavas it possesses a pe- culiar appearance, so similar to felt that it is known as a felt-like base. The term magma (which see) has also been used by some writers as equivalent to base. 9. In dentistry, the setting for artificial teeth. — 10. In dyeing, a substance that has an affin- ity for both the cloth and the coloring matter ; a mordant. — 11. In fort., the exterior side of the polygon, or that imaginary line which is drawn from the point or salient angle of one bastion to the point of the next. — 12. In geom., the line or surface forming that part of a figure 4-63 on which it is supposed to stand ; the side op- posite' to (lie apex. The base of a hyperbola or a parabola is a line formed by the common intersection of the secant plane and the base of the com-. 13. In arilh. and algebra, a number from the different powers of which all numbers are con- ceived as produced. The base of a s>stnn ,,f aritb. metica] notation is a number the multiples of whose powers are added together to express any number; thus, 10 is the base of tin- decimal system of arithmetic. In til* theory of numbers, the base of an index is a number which, bring raised to the power represented by the in- dex, gives a number congruent to the number whose index la spoken of. The base of a system of logarithms is the number which, raised to the power indicated by the log- arithm, gives the number to which the logarithm belongs. The Napierian /ursr, or base of the Napierian system of logarithms, is the number representetl by the infinite series, 1 + 1 + i + ^+^ + ^+etc. It is 2.71828182S459 + 14. In her., the lower part of the field, the charges in which are said to be in base, it is sometimes considered as divided into dexter, sinister, and middle base, and the charges are blazoned accordingly. See dexter and sinister, 15. MiUt. : (a) A tract of country protected by fortifications, strong by natural advantages, or for any other reason comparatively secure, from which the operations of an army proceed, or from which supplies are obtained: called distinctively the base of operations or the base of supply. Base, in military operations, is simply a secure starting- point, or rather tract of country behind, in which an army is in comparative safety, and in which the stores and reserves of men for the force are situated. Saturday Rev. (b) The rounded hinder portion of a gun, gen- erally called the base of the breech, (c) A small light cannon used in the sixteenth and seven- teenth centuries. — 16. In sum., same as base- line. — 17. The place from which racers or filt- ers start ; a starting-post. To their appointed base they went. Dryden, jEueid, v. 18. An old game, played in various ways, in some of which it is still practised, and in all of which there are certain spaces marked out, be- yond or off which any player is liable to be touched with the hand or struck with a ball by a player on the enemy's side. Forms of this game are known under the names of prisoners' bane, rounders, and base-ball, under which last name it has become the national game of the United States. After a course at Barley-break or Base. B. Jonson, Sad Shepherd, i. 2. 19. One of the spaces marked off in the game of base or prisoners' base. See 18. — 20. In base- ball, one of the four corners of the diamond. See base-ball. — 21. That part of an electro- magnetic apparatus which contains the helix, switch, and first and secondary binding-posts. — Altera base, Attic base, etc. See the adjectives.— Organic bases. See organic— Prisoners* base. See prisoner.— To bid the or a baset, to challenge to a game of base, and hence, from the popularity of the game, to challenge to a trial of dexterity, skill, or strength, or to a trial uf any kind ; challenge generally. To bid the wind a base he now prepares. Shak. t Venus and Adonis, 1. 303. We will find comfort, money, men, and friends, Ere long to bid the English king a base. Marlowe, Edw. II., ii. base 2 (bas), v. t. ; pret. and pp. based, ppr. bas- ing. [< base^ } ?■■.] 1. To form a foundation for. [Rare.] — 2. To use as a groundwork or foundation for; ground; found; establish: with on or upon : as, all sound paper currency must be based on coin or bullion; he bases his argu- ments upon false premises. It is on the understanding, and not on the sentiment, of a nation that all safe legislation must lie based. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 165. base :i (bas), n. Another form of bass 1 and barse. [Local Eng. (Cumberland).] base-bag (bas'bag), n. In base-ball, one of the bags often used to mark first, second, and third b:isr. base-ball (bas'bal'), n. 1. A game of ball played by eighteen persons, nine on a side. A square plot of ground called the diamond, with Bides 90 feet long, is marked off, at the corners of which are the bases, known as home or home base (B), first base (D), OTC- ond base (E), and third base (F). The players on one side take their positions in the field, the catcher (A) just behind the home base, the mtcher(C) at a distance of 00 feet fr< >m the home base on the line from home to second base, the three basemen near first, second, and third base, the short- stop ((>) between second and third, and three fielders, known as right (H), center (I), and left (J), at some dis- tance behind and on each side of the second base. The pitcher pitches the ball over the home plate to the catcher. I hie of the other side, which is said to be in, or at the out, takes a position by the home base, ami tries to strike the ball as it passes him. If he knocks it into the air, and one H base-line of the other side catches it before it reaches the ground, tii- inker is out or caught "nt, that i-, retires from the bat, and another takes his place, Should the ball pas* outside the line from home to first or from / home t'> third base •■on- j • tinued indefinitely, it is a • foul, and does not count at all, unless it is caughl before it touches the ground, in which case the -! rikei is out should it strike inside these lines, the batter runs t.. ftl li base, and then or later to second, third, and h base. If he reaches home base he scores a ran. Should the ball be thrown to and caught by a player standing on first base before the batter suc- ceeds in reaching it, or should the batter be touched with the ball in the hands of any of his adversaries while running from one base to another, he is out. One player after another of the side which is "in" goes to the bat until three men have been put out. This constitutes an inning. Nine innings for each side make a game, and that side which succeeds in making the greater number of runs wins the game. 2. The ball with which this game is played, base-board (bas'bord), n. A line of boarding around the interior walls of a room, next to the floor, base-bom (bas'born), a. Of base or low birth ; born out of wedlock; of low or mean parentage or origin ; spurious. Thy base-born child, thy babe of shame. Gay. It is justly expected that they should bring forth a base- born issue of divinity. Milton, Def. of Humb. Remonst. base-bred (bas'bred), a. Of low or base breed- ing; mean; of discreditable origin. As little souls their base-bred fancies feed. J. BaiUie. base-broom (bas'brom), n. A name given to Genista tmctoriOj with reference to its low stature. base-burner (baVber'-'ner), n. A stove or fur- nace constructed on the base-burning principle. base-burning (baVber^mng), a. Burning at the base — Base-burning furnace or stove, a fur- nace or stcrye in which the fuel burns at the bottom, and is renewed from a self-acting hopper or chamber above. base-court (bas'kort), n. 1. A secondary or inferior court or yard, generally at the back of a house, opposed to the chief court or main quadrangle; a farm-yard. — 2. In Eng. law, an inferior court of justice, but a court of record, as a court-baron, court-leet, etc. basedt(bast), a. [< base 1 , «., + -ed?.] Wear- ing or clothed in a base or skirt. Based in lawny velvet. Hall, Hen. VIII., an. 6. base-dance (bas'dans), n. A slow dance in $ time, resembling the minuet. When the said Morris is doone, then the gentillmen to com unto the women and make their obeisaunce, and every of them to taike oon by thand, and daunce suche base daunees as is apointed theym. Quoted in J. P. Collier's Eng. Dram. Poetry, I., notes. Basedow's disease. See disease. base-hearted (bas'liar^ted), a. Having a base, treacherous heart ; deceitful. baselardt, n. Same as bastard. baseless (bas'les), a. [< base 2 + -less.] With- out a base ; having no foundation or support. Like the baseless fabric of this vision, The cloud-capp'd towel's, the gorgeous palaces, The solemn temples, the great globe itself, Yea, all which it inherit, shall dissolve ; And, like this insubstantial pageant faded, Leave not a rack behind. Shak., Tempest, iv. 1. baselessness (bas'les-nes), n. The quality of being baseless, or without foundation; ground- lessness. base-level (bas'lev-el), n. In geol., the level at which the erosive action of a stream, in a given area, ceases. base-line (bas'lin), n. 1. A line adopted as a base or foundation from which future opera- tions are carried on, or on which they depend or rest. (a) In per&pect., the bottom line of a picture, in which the foremost vertical plane of delineation cuts the ground-plane, on which the objects represented in the picture stand, (b) In surv., any measured line form- ing a side of a triangle, the adjacent angles of which being measured, the relative position of the third vertex is determined; especially, in geodesy, a line measured with the utmost precision to Berve as the origin of a system of triangles, and as the foundation for the computation of the length of their sides. In the process of triangulation, the angles of these triangles and the length of a single side (the base or base-line) being known, the lengths of all can be computed. In every great survey a number of base-lines are measured, each being from o t<> 10 miles in length. base-line Base-line. (c) Milie. a line, as of frontier, sea coast, or forts, taken by an army as the base of operations, from which move- ments have their origin, and supplies of food, ammunition, and men are sent to the front, and to which the army may retreat in ease of disaster. Also calle'i 2. A lino traced round a cannon behind the vent. — 3. In the game of lawn-tennis, the end line of the court; the line from which the player serves the ball. — 4. In base-ball, the line connecting one base with the next. basely (bas'li), adv. 1. In a base manner; meanly ; dishonorably. Warr'd he hath not, But basely yielded upon compromise That which his ancestors acliiev'd with Mows. Shak., Rich. II., ii. 1. 2. In a base or mean condition ; illegitimately ; in bastardy. Two Mitylene brethren, basely born. Knolles. 3f. At a low rate ; cheaply. Them that desire to look big, and to live basely. Venner, Via Recta, iii. 52. (A*. E. D.) baseman (biis'nian), n. ; pi. basemen (-men). Any one of the three players who in the game of base-ball are stationed at first, second, and third bases. basement (bas'ment), «. [= MLG. basement, basiment, basment, base, pedestal; cf. F. sou- bassement, formerly sous-bassemcnt, < sous, un- der (< L. subtus, < sub, under), + "bassement (in form after It. bassamento, abasement) : see bas( 1 and -ment.] 1 . The lower or fundamental por- tion; abase. [Rare.] Up from its deep reservoirs, from the mysterious base- ments of the mountain, wells the silent stream. J. A. Symonds, Italy and Greece, p. 322. 2. In areh. : (a) The portion of the elevation of a structure which performs the function in the design of constituting a support to those portions which come above it ; especially, the substructure of a columnar or arched construc- tion, but also the lowest member in the design of a wall, etc. Compare base 2 , 3. It [the tomb] consisted of a square basement surrounded by aDoricperistyle with engaged columns, and surmounted by a pyramid, on the apex of which was placed the lion as the epithema, or crowning ornament. C. T. Netetem, Art and Arclueol., p. 83. (6) A floor or story which is wholly or in part beneath the surface of the ground, but is usu- ally, as distinguished from a cellar, well lighted, and fitted up and used for household or other usual purposes. — 3. The act of basing, or the state of being based. [Rare.] — Basement mem- brane, in anat., a delicate membrane, formed of flat- tened cells, which underlies the epithelium of mucous niiiiibraiii's, ami covers that of secreting glands. Also called membrana propria.— Basement tissue, the sub- stan- ntmembrane. English basement, the entrance-stori "i a city house when it is on the level of the street. [U.S.] Sec extract. Bui the mosl conspicuous Importation from Britain wtu the house New Yorkers call the English basement tiir house which has its entrance at the level of the street and its drawing rooms upstairs, as distinguished from the Dut b typi p' giving immediate ac cess t" tin chief apart be. The Century, XXXI. 54*j. basement-story (bas'ment-st6"ri), n. Same as bast mint, 2 ('))• base-minded (bas'min'ded), a. Of a low spirit or mind; mean; dishonorably inclined. base-mindedly (baVnun^dea-li), mlr. In a base-minded or dishonorable manner. base-molding (bas'mol ding), ». In arch., an ornamental molding at the lose of any archi- ll ■'•( nra 1 feature, as a column, pi 'do lal. orespe dally a wall. basent, ". [Appar. one of Spenser's mail' words. i i. -;,-. /.i »- tie, named from the district Bashmur of Lower Egypt, in the eastern part of the Delta: as, the Bash in uric version of the New Testament. Also Basmuric. basi-. The combining form, in various scien- tific terms, ef Latin basis (Gr. /3dmc), base. See basis. basia (ba'zi-ii), n. pi. [Lit. kisses; pi. of L. basium, a kiss.] A name for erotic verses or amorous writings of any kind; anacreontics; sapphics: as, the basia of Bonnefons and Se- cundus. basial (ba'zi-al), a. [< L. basium, a kiss, + -ah] Kelating to or consisting of a kiss. [Rare.] The innocent gaiety of his sister-in-law expressed itself in the " funny answers " and the basial salutation. Quarterly Rev. basi-alveolar (ba"si-al-ve'o-lar), a. [< basion + alveolar.'] In craniom., pertaining to the basion and the alveolar point. Also basio-alveolar. — Basi-alveolar length, the distance between the basion andthealveolar point. -Basi-alveolar line, the line join- ing tiie basion and the alveolar point. See craniometry. basiation (ba-zi-a'shon), n. [f a centiped immedi- ately succeeding the cephalic segment. It bears several pairs of appendages, and has been considered to he composed of four morphological somites.— Basilar sinus, or basilar plexus, the transverse sinus. — Basilar suture, in anat., the suture between the basilar process of the occipital bone and the body of the sphenoid. ascending from the base of the brain on the outer side of the cms cerebri and emptying into the vena Galenl basilary (bas'i-la-ri), a. Same as basilar. basilateral (ba-si-lat'e-ral), a. [< L. basis, a base, + lotus (later-) " side, + -al.] Situated at the side of the base. Also basotateral. Basileuterus (bas-i-lu'te-rus), ». [NL., < Gr. .inni'/i rn/ior, more kingly, compar. adj., < jlaoi- Tievc, king.] A large genus of tropical and sub- tropical American oscine passerine birds, of the family Mitiotiltithe and subfamily Setophaginte ; a group of pretty fly-catching warblers related to the common American redstart, several of the Mexican species reach the hover Rio Grande, but most are more southerly. /''. rufifrons is a i haracteristic example. Basilian (ba-sil'i-an), a. and n. [< LL. Basilws, Itusil the Great (died A. D. 3711), < Gr. (iaaitetos, lit. kingly, < Jaeu'/.tic, king;.] I. a. Relating to St. Basil the Great, a Greek father of the B, IJ.isil ir Segment of a centiped \Scolopendra) : ./. antenna borne upon cephalic segment. Basilar vein, a vein Basilian Christian church in the fourth century, or to the monastic rale given by him. Basiiian lit- urgy, tli«- Liturgy "t St BasiL See liturgy* II. «. 1. A monk omun belonging to one of the religious eongregat ions following the rule of St. Basil. These comprise nearly all the Qreek and Oriental monasteries, and are found in communion with Rome in Sicily, and in the Greco-Ruthenian and Arme- nian rites. Several Basilian monasteries in Spain were suppressed Ln 2. One of a congregation of priests devoted to the education of young men Cor the priest- hood, founded in 1800 by the archbishop of Vienne. France. Their name is derived from their first house, in the parish of St. Basil in Vivarais. They have establishments in France, England, ami Africa, basilic (ba-sil'ik), a. and n. [Formerly also basilick. < F. basilique, < L. basilicas, < Gr. , ; "- cU.ikoi;. kingly, royal, < liuoi/eir, king.] I. a. 1. Kingly; royal." — 2. Of or pertaining to a basilica : basilican.— Basilic vein, the largestof tin- veins of the arm, formed by the junction of two ulnar veins with the median basilic vein, piercing t lie deep fascia a little above the elbow on the inner Bide of the arm, as- cending in the course of the brachial artery, ami ending in the axillary vein, before or after receiving the vena) coniites of the brachial artery.— Median basilic vein, a short venous trunk at the bend of the elbow, crossing the track of the brachial artery, from which it is separat- ed by tlie bicipital fascia, and terminating in the basilic. Also basilical. II. n. 1. A basilica (which see). — 2. In anal., the liasilic vein. See I. basilica 1 (ba-sil'i-ka), re. [L., < Gr. fiaaikinji, a basilica, prop. fem. (sc. orod, stoa, or oiida, house) of .laoi'/.iki'ir, royal: see basilic. In sense 5 for basilisk, 4. basil-.] 1. Originally, the stoa in which the king-archon dispensed jus- tice in Athens; hence, in Gr. auliq.. a frequent distinctive name for a stoa or portico. — 2. In Rome, where such buildings were introduced about two centuries before Christ, a portico or hall recalling in plan or use the Athenian royal portico. Many of these halls of justice were appro- priated for Christian churches, and new churches were built upon a similar plan, whence basilica became a usual name for a church. The typical plan of the basil- ica is an oblong rectangle, with a broad central nave sep- BaslHcas. I. S. Pietro in Vlncoll, Rome : a typical plan with the addition of a transept and of sei ondary apses. 2, S. Godchard, Hildesheim : a German form illustrating the western apse and other important varia- tion-, f r. .in the typical plan. AD, apse \ B, 8', secondary ip lile.li ali.ir j /', bishop's throne ; o. Iransept ; //, nave ; /, / , towers; y, y . . o in ipse ; -V, aisle surrounding the chief apse ; O, 0, apsidiolcs. arated from two Bide-aisles by rows of columns. Over the ai tileries. At the extremity of tin- building furtln e chief entrance is a raised tribune, where sat originally tin' B an pretoror judge ami his assess- ■ iiie the sanctuary of the Christian church, 'this tribune usually constitutes an apse of tin' width of the nave, projecting from tin- mam 1 1- idy of Ha* building and i overed v. iid a vault on a semi- circular plan. The Christian high altar, which has re- placed tin- throne of the Roman pretor, stands properly En the center of the chord of thisapse. Variations from the typical plan are of verj common occurrence, such as the aiis.-uie of an architectural apse; tin- presenceofan ;i|is at each i ■ ment. especially in early German church [lican plan ; the duplication of tie' lidi aisles; 1 he carrying of an and tic -if a transe] it betv 9les and apse, or oi minor apsi on each li ol the chief apse ; and niaro -I in rs, of ten ui ■ ted either bj h nl i tion or by i le' exigent fes oi i li i 'hrlstian ritual. 3. Liturgically, in the /.'•i. [Early mod. E. also bason, basen, < JIM. basin, liacin, < OP. bacin, mod. F. baS8in = Pr. Sp. lutein = \\. had mi (ML. reflex. baciuits, baSSVKUs) = < ll H i. hecchin, hecclii, MUG. luckcu, becic, (I. becken (> Dan. hwkkm = Sw. bdeken), < ML. bachimts, bacchinus, bacchmum, basin 467 appar. for 'baccinus, "baeeinum, prop, an adj. form, < bacca, a bowl ('vas aquarium': see back*), perhaps of Celtic origin; of. Gael, line, a hollow, a hook, crook, = W. bach, a hook, = Bret, bak, bag, a shallow boat : see back**. ECenoe basinet.] 1. A circular dish or vessel of greater width than depth, contracting to- bacenett,bacynet,<. OF. bacinet(F. bassinet =Ft Ward the bottom, and used chiefly to hold water or Other liquid, especially for washing, but also for various other purposes. basinerved (ba'si-nervd), a. [< L. basis, a base, + in mis, nerve, + -ed 2 .] In hot., having the nerves all springing from the base: applied to leaves. basinet, basnet (bas'i-net, bas'net), n, [Also bassinet, bascinet, < ME. basinet, basenet, basnt t, iiuriiH t = Bp. I'g- bacinete = It. bacinetto), dim. of lutein, a basin, a helmet in the form of a basin: are basin and-et.] A steel cap, original- Lei one attend him with a silver bason, i"n ] i of rose-water, and bestrew'd with flowers, . . . Ami say, Will't please your lordship cool your hands? Shak., T. of the S., tnd., i. 2. As much as a basin will hold; a basinful. — 3. In the arte and manuf.: (a) In hat-making, a vessel tilled with boiling water in which the loose mat of felted fur formed on the cone for a hat-body is dipped in the process of basining (see basin, r. t.), in order to shrink it to the proper size. Also called sizing-kettle. (b) A concave pieco of metal on which glass-grinders form their convex glasses, (c) The scale or scale-dish of a balance when concave. — 4f. A Sair of hollow metal dishes clashed together ke cymbals to produce sound: formerly beat- en when infamous persons were exposed in a cart as a punishment. — 5. A basin-shaped ves- sel hung by chains from the roof of a church, with a pricket in the middle for the serges. See cerge. When of silver, such vessels usually had a brass or latten basin within to catch the wax- droppings. — 6f. The hollow part of a plate or dish. Silver dishes and plates ... in the edges and basins "f which was placed . . . gold medals. Pepys, Diary, July 21, 1602. IN. E. D.) 7. A natural or artificial reservoir for water. (a) A pond; a hay; a duck for ships. (b) In a canal, a space which enables boats to turn, or to lie and unload, without obstructing the passage of other boats, (c) The spare between the gates in a dock. 8. Iu gcog. : (a) The area drained by a river. The term is ordinarily used only when speaking of a large river, and then includes the entire area drained by the main stream and its tributaries. The line separating two river-systems from each other is the watershed. A efoa d basin is an area which has no outlet to the sea. In the United States, the Great Basin is that portion of the Cordilleran region which has no such outlet, comprising an area of about 225,000 square miles, (ft) A basin- shaped depression or hollow ; a circular or oval valley. — 9. In geol. , an area over which the strat- ified formations are so disposed as to show that they were deposited in succession within a basin-shaped depression of the original sur- face, thus giving rise to a series of beds which have a general dip toward a common center, especially near the edges of the area. In some in- stances the basin structure is very marked, as iu the ease of the Forest of Dean and Inde coal-fields. Sometimes, how- ever, a mere synclinal depression of the strata is called a basin; and this is especially the case in the Appalachian coal-field, where any smaller area, separated by erosion from the main body of the coal-bearing strata, may be called a basin. The geological basins of London and Paris are especially known and interesting. The rocks of both are chiefly Lower Tertiary, or Eocene and Oligocene, the name sometimes given to that part of the series which is inter- mediate in age between Eocene and Miocene. The impor- tant member of the London basin — the "London clay" — is absent from the Paris basin. The Middle Eocene is rep- resented in the Paris basin by an extremely fossiliferous rock, the Cdtcaire grossier (which see). The Tertiary of the Paris basin, like that of the London basin, rests on a tliiek mass of white chalk. This has been completely bored through at various points, for the purpose of obtaining water, which rises above the surface in large quantities at the wells of Crenelle and Passy, and at other points. 10. In anat. : (a) The third ventricle of the brain, (b) [Cf. P. bassin in same sense.] The pelvis. — 11. Incntom., a large concavity in a surface ; specifically, a concave portion of the metathoracic segment over the base of the abdomen. The basin of the antenna is a concavity in which the antenna is inserted, often limited on the inner side by a carina, as in the ant - Formerly also spelled bason. Barber's basin. See barber. basin (ba'sn), r. t. [(.basin, ».] In hat-making, to harden or shrink to the proper size, as a hat- body in tho process of felting, by dipping in the basin of hot water, wrapping in the basining- eloth (which see), and rolling on a table. Also spelled bason. The hat is basoned, or rendered tolerably firm. Ure, Diet., II. 7S4. basinasal (ba-si-na'zal), a. [< basion + nasion + -al.] In crauiom., pertaining to the basion and the nasion Basinasal length, the distance be- tween the basion and the nasion. See craniometry. basined (ba'snd), a. Inclosed in a basin. [Rare.] Thy basined rivers ami Imprisoned seas. Young, Night Thoughts, Lc 91s. i, Basinet of 1310. 2, Italian Basinet of 1380. (From Viollet-lc-Duc's " Diet, du Mobilier francals.") ly of very simple form, named from its resem- blance to a little basin. It was ordinarily worn alone; but in battle the heavy helmet or heaume was placed over it, resting upon the armor of the neck and shoulders. When the heaume came to lie abandoned, on account of its great weight, the basinet was furnished with a vizor. It was the commonest form of headpiece during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, and so continued until the introduction of the armet. See hel- met, uizor, aventaile, camaU, and armor. "So, youngster," said he, looking at Glendinning, and seeing his military dress, "thou hast ta'en the basnet at last? it is a better cap to live in than die in." Scott, Monastery, II. 213. basinful (ba'sn-ful), re. As much as a basin will hold. basining-cloth (bas'ning-kloth), n. [< basin- ing. verbal n. of basin, v., + cloth.'] In hat- making, the cloth in which a hat-body as taken from the cone is wrapped after dipping in the basin, and rolled on a table, to complete the process of felting. basin-trap (ba'sn-trap), re. A seal or trap placed in the waste-pipe of a set basin to pre- vent the escape of sewer-gas. basin-wrench (ba'sn-rench), re. A plumbers' wrench, having the jaws presented on one side, for working in contracted spaces. basio-alveolar (ba'si-o-al-ve'ci-lar), a. [< ba- sion + edreolar.] Same as basi-alveolar. basioccipital (ba/si-ok-sip'i-tal), a. and re. [< L. basis, a base, + occiput (occipit-), occiput, + -at.] I, a. Pertaining to the base of the occi- put, or to the basilar process of the occipital bone.— Basioccipital tooth, a tooth attached to a pro- longation downward of the basioccipital bone, as in the carp and tench. II. n. The centrum of the first (hindmost) cranial segment, forming the basis of the com- pound occipital bone, called iu human anat- omy the basilar process of the occipital, which anteriorly articulates or ankyloses with the basisphenoid, and posteriorly circumscribes in part the foramen magnum. Its normal union with two exoccipitals ami a supraoccipita] constitutes the thus compound occipital bone. See cuts under craniofacial, Crotalus, Esox, ami QaUimx. basioglossus (ba"si-6-glos'us), n. [< L. basis, a base, + Gr. y'/.iiaaa, tongue.] That portion of the hyoglossus muscle which arises from the body of the hyoid bone. basion (ba'si-on),?;. [NL.] In anai., the mid- dle of the anterior margin of the foramen magnum. See cut utider craniometry. basiophthalmite( ba"si-of-thal'mIt), n. [< Gr. fiacic, a base, + btpdalfioc, eye.] The proximal or basal joint of the movable two-jointed ophthal- mite or peduncle of the eye of a stalk-eyed crustacean, the other joint being tho podoph- thalmite. See cut under stalk-eyed. basipetal (ba-sip'e-tal), a. [< L. basis, a base + pvtere, seek, + -ail.] Directed toward the base; in bot., developing from the apex down- ward: applied to growth in the leaf when the rachis or midvein is developed first, then the leaflets or lobes in succession from the top downward. basipodite (ba-sip'o-dit), n. [< Gr. jlaotc, a base, + irocc (ttoiS-) — t&.foot.] In crustaceans: (a) The proximal joint of the limb of an arthropod animal, by which the limb is articulated with the body. Dunman. (I>) The second joint of a developed endopodite, between the coxopo- dite (protopodite) and the ischiopodite. Mitne- basisylvian Edwards; Huxley. See also cut under endopo- dite. basipoditic (ba-sip-o-dit'ik), a. Pertaining to oroi the nature of a basipodite. Huxley, Cra lish, p. 11)1. basipterygialf the 1 >K'st, no quiet seats of the just, To rest in a golden grove, or to bask in a summer sky. Tennyson, Wages. 3. Figuratively, to be at ease and thriving under benign or gratifying influences: as, to bask in the favor of a king or of one's lady-love. Merely to bask and ripen is sometimes The student's wiser business. Lowell, Under the Willows. II. trans. To expose to genial warmth; suf- fuse with agreeable heat. As I do live by food, I met a fool, Wh<> laid him down, and bask'd him in the sun, And raifd on lady Fortune. Shah., As you Like it, ii. 7. Basks at the tire his hairy strength. MUton, [/Allegro, 1. 112. bask 1 (bask), n. [t urchin and sea-basket. "Until a better English name be found for it, why may it not lie called . . . a basket-Jish, or a net-fish, or a purse- net fish?" And so it remains" to this day, as the Governor of Connecticut first christened it. E. P. Wright, Anim. Life, p. 569. basketful (bas'ket-ful), n. As much as a bas- ket will hold. basket-grate (bas'ket-grat), n. A grate with bars at bottom, front, and sides. basket-hare (bas'ket-har), n. A captive hare slipped from a basket to be coursed in the ab- sence of other game. basket-hilt (bas'ket-hilt), n. A hilt, as of a sword, which covers the hand, and defends it from injury. Would my sword had a close basket-hilt, to hold wine, and the blade would make knives! Beau. and-PL, King and No King, i. 1. You see where his viol hangs by his basket-hilt sword. Steele, Spectator, Xo. 109. basket-hilted (bas'ket-hil'ted), a. Furnished with a basket-hilt. basket-hoop (bas'ket-hbp), ». A name in Ja- maica of t 'niton lucidus, an aromatic euphorbia- eeous shrub. basket-lizard (bas'ket-liz'tod), n. A book- nai 1' lizards of the genus tlerrhosattriis, hav- ing a coloration resembling wiekerwork. basket-of-gold (bas'ket-ov-gold'), ». The yel- low alyssiiin, Alyssum saxatile. basket-palm (bas'ket-pftm), ». The talipot- palm of the East linlins. Corypha umbraculi- fera. basketry (bas'ket-ri), n. [< basket + -ry.] Bas- ketwork or basketware; basket-making. basket-urchin (bas'kot-er"cliin), n. Same as basket-fish. basket-withe (bas'ket-with), n. A twining shrub of tropical America, Tournefortia volu- bilis, natural order Boraginacece. basket-wood (bas'ket- wud), «. A tall woodj climber of the West Indies, Serjania polyphylla, the slender, supple steins of which are need for basketwork. Basking- or Bone-shark {Cttorhinus maximus). culiar development of the gill-structures. The liver is very large and yields a great quantity of oil, its much as twelve barrels having been obtained from a single individual. Other popular names are bone-shark (by which it is gen- erally known along the American coast), homer or hoe- mother, saUfish, and sunfish. See Cetorhvntdas. baslard (bas'liird), n. [< ME. baselard, bastard, baselarde, < AF. baselard, < OF. basalart (ML. bassilardus, basalardus), appar. < base, a short knife or saber; but cf. OF. baselaire, bazelaire, badelaire, a short sword: see bat. See Bashmurie. basnet, «. See basinet. basolateral (ba-so-lat'g-ral), a. Same as basi- lateral. The Baso-lateral angle [of the scutum], Dartein. Basommatophora (ba-som-a-tof ' o-ra), n. pi. [NL., < Or. jidaic, base, + 6,u/*a(r-), eye, + -(j>6poc, < (fiipciv = E. bear 1 .'] A division of pulmonale gastropodous mollusks. including those which have the eyes at the base of the tentacles, as in the families Aurienliila; l.ininaithv, etc.: op- posed to Stylommatophora. See cut under IAm- inl ulir. basommatophorous ( 1 >a - som - a - tof '6 - rus), a. In etineh., having eyes al the base of the ten- tacles, as a pond-snail ; specifically, pertaining to the Basommatophora. bason, »■ and r. t. Same as basin. Basque 1 (bask), n. and a. [Also Bask; < F. Basque = Sp. 1'g- Basco; ult. = F. Gascon (see gasconade), < LL. Fascu(n-), one of the inhabi- tants of Yascoiiia, Gascony. The Basques call their language Eskuara.] I. ». 1. One of a r:on of unknown origin inhabiting the Basque provinces and other parts of Spain in the neigh- borhood of the Pyrenees, and part of the de- partment of Basses-Pyrenees, France. — 2. The language of the Basques, supposed to represent the tongue of the ancient Iberians, the primi- tive inhabitants of Spain, v, connection between ii and any other language has as yet been made out. Like the tongues of America, it is highly polysynthetic. It is supposed to represent the tongue «>f a race existing in southwestern Europe before the immigration ol tin- Indo- European tribes. II. ". Pertaining to the Basques or their language. basque- (bask), n. [< F. basque, appar. with ret. in the Basque people, Cf. basquine.] 1. («t) The short skirt of the body-garment worn by both sexes. (Ii) A kind of short-skirted jacket worn by women, forming the upper part of a dross: probably so called because it was worn by the Basques. — 2f. A dish of minced mutton, mixed with bread-crumbs, eggs, etc., seasoned and baked. basqued (baskt ), a. Furnished with or having a, basque, as a woman's dress. basquine (bas-ken'), n. [< F. basquine, < Sp. hnsijuiiiii, < Basco, Basque.] An outer petti- coat worn by I'.asque and Spanish women. Basquisht (bask'isn), a. and u. [=F. ft««H< ,, a basinet ; also, as in defs. l! and 3, mod. P. bassim I, dim. of bassin, basin: see 6as»n, basinet.] If. Same as6a*i«f*.— 2. A wicker basket with a covering or hood over one end, serving as a cradle for young children. — 3. A name given to several common European species of Ranunculus. — 4f. The pan of a harquebuse or musket. Bee pan. bass-mat (bas'mat), n. A mat made of bass or bast; specifically, a matting made of bast, used for packing furniture, etc., and for sugar- bags in sugar-producing countries: in the lat- ter sense, usually in the plural. basso 1 (bas'6), a. or n. [It,, = E. ft"** 3 -] 1- In music, the Italian word for bass.— 2. One who sings bass. basso' 2 t, n. An obsolete form of bashaw bassockt, n. [Cf. "bass, hassock" bracketed ^^"oj? as synonyms in Bailey, 1731 and later. where m *"£ ^ earlier editions, as also in Phillips and Kei sej . 1706 and 1708, the second form is printed has- sock. Bassock, though a possible dim. of bass 2 , is prob. a mere misprint for hassock.] A has- sock. See etymology. basso-continuo (bas'o-kon-te no-o), »i. L«- : basso = E. bass s ; contimuo, < L. eonUnuus, con- tinuous.] Same as figured baas (which see, un- der bass 3 ). basso-di-camera (bas'o-de-kam e-ra), n. [it. : basso= E. te3; :;^^^^^^ - Wilhelmus cognomine .bastardus").] I. n. 1 j^TjL^f (bas'tar-diz), v.; pret. and pp. bas- A natural child; a child begotten and born out bastardize it ,. , 1 M ' I t%ns. 1 To declare or prove to be a bas- tard ; stigmatize as a bastard. The law is so indulgent as not to bastardize the child if born, though not begotten, in lawful wedlock. l:!arkslnm\ Com., I. xvi. To beget out of wedlock. Shak. — 3. To Sec olt.s-- of wedlock; an illegitimate or spurious child. By the civil and canon laws (a rule adopted also m many of the United states), a bastard becomes a legitimate child by the marriage of the parents at any future time. But by the laws ,,f England a child, to be legitimate, must at bast be born after the lawful marriage; it docs not require that the child shall be begotten in wed- lock but it is indispensable that it should be born after marriage no matter how short the time, the law presum- ing it to be the child of the husband. The only legal m- capacitv of a bastard is that he cannot be heir or nex ..I kill to any i save his own issue. Inheritance from the mother [sallowed in some jurisdictions. In England the maintenance of a bastard in the tlrst instance devolves on the mother, while in Scotland it is a joint burden upon both parents. The mother is entitled to the custody of ihe.bil.l In preference to the father. In the rutted states the father may be compelled to provide support. 2. In sugar-refining: (a) A large mold into which sugar is drained, (ft) An impure, coarse brown sugar made from the refuse s\ rup of previous boilings.— 3f. An animal of inferior breed; a mongrel.— 4f. A kind of woolen 2t. - render mongrel or hybrid ; make degenerate ; debase: as, "a bastardized race of the Ro- mans," /. D'Israeli, Amen, of Lit., I. 200. II. intrans. To become degenerate. Also spelled bastardise. bastardlyt (bas't&rd-li), a. [< bastard + -hj 1 .] 1. Bastard; base-born. Thou bastardly rogue ! 2. Spurious; counterfeit . A furtive simulation, and a bastardly kind ,,f adoption. Jer. Taylor (?), At tit. Handsomeness, p. 96. 3. Degenerate; debased. — 4. Same as 6«s- tard. Shak., 2Ilcn. IV., ii. 1. cloth, probably of inferior quality, or of unu- -|j as tardy (bas'tar-di), n. [< bastard + ->/. Cf. bastardice.] 1. "The state of being a bastard, or begotten and born out. of lawful wedlock. sual width, or "both.— 5f. A kind of war-vessel used iii the middle ages, probably of unusual s j Z( .._6t. In the seventeenth century, a small cannon, otherwise known as a bastard culverin (■which see, under cutoerin).— 7f. Asweet Span- ish wine resembling muscadel; any kind of sweetened wine. We shall have all the world drink brown and white bastard. Shak., M. for M., in. 2. Why this now, which you account so choice, were counted but as a cup of bastard at the Groyne, or at Port I \] lt v> Si-iift. Kenilworth, I. i. 8. In falconry, a kind of hawk.— 9. [Sp. bas- tardo, a bastard, a short, thick-bodied snake, etc.] A local name of Kemp's gulf-turtle, Thalassochelys (Colpochelys) kempi, of the Gulf of Mexico. Special bastard, u child born be fore the marriage of its parents. i;,.rn in bastardy. Shak.. -2 Hen. VI., iii. 2. They blot my name with hateful hiistunlii. Drayton, Rosamond to K. Henry. 2. The act of begetting a bastard. — 3. A ju- dicial proceeding to determine the paternity of a bustard child and compel its father to support it. Declarator of bastardy. In Scot* la to, an action Instituted in the Court of Session by the d tors in a gift of bastardy, for the purpose of having it declared thai the laud or the effects which belonccd to the deceased bastard belong to the donatory, in virtue of the gift from the crown. Gift of bastardy, in Scot* law, a gift from the cmwii ..f the heritable or vable effects of a bastard who has died without lawful issue and without having disposed oi his property iii liege-poustie. baste 1 (bast), <>. t.; pret. and pp. basted, ppr. basting. [First known in pret. or pp. baste, baste baist, basit, perhaps with orig. inf. 'base, < Sw. basa, strike, bout, whip (St bash 1 , bask**)' some compare Icel. beysta, beyrsta = Sw. bos- i OF. bastir = Pr. bastir, build: see bastile, bastion.] If. A small forti- fied building, often of timber, corresponding nearly to a modern blockhouse. — 2f. A tem- porary or movable hut or tower erected for be- sieging purposes. See bastile, 4. — 3. A small farm-house or country dwelling in the south of France, especially in the neighborhood of Mar- seilles. bastile, bastille (bas-tel'). n. [In spelling and pron. conformed to mod. F.; < ME. bastile, bas- tille, bastele, hostel, etc., < OF. (and mod. F.) bastille, < .ML. hostile, pi. bastitta. a tower, for- tress, < bastire (>OF. bastir, F. bdtir = Pr. OSp. bastir = It. bastir, ), build, of unknown origin ; referred by Diez toGr. laora&tv, raise, support.] 1. A bridge-tower, gate-tower, outlying de- fense, or citadel. At vch hrugge a berfray on bastelcs wyse, That seuen sythe vch a day asayled ttie 3ates. Alliterative Poems (fid. Morris), ii. 11S7. 2. In French hist., a fortress used as a state prison. Many French cities had bastiles of this kind in feudal times, but the one especially known is that of Paris, called specifically the Bastille. ' It commanded the Porte St. Autoine, and its erection was begun by Charles V. in 1369. This, being of peculiar strength, remained after the other medieval fortifications of the city bad been removed, and its use as a prison for persons con- fined at the arbitrary will of the king or his ministers gave it celebrity as a reputed stronghold of royal des- potism and cruelty, it was stormed with much blood- shed by the populace July 14, 1789, and was demolished 471 shortly afterward. There were delivered from the prison- cells four forgers, two lunatics, and a nobleman who had been confined at tin- demand of his family. In Paris la Unstile is, as our Tower, tile chief pris<t tin kingdom. Uotgravi that. roeU-fortress, 'tyranny's stronghold, which they name Ba ritrlule, French Rev., I Iv. s. Hence — 3. By extension, any prison, espe- cially one conducted in an arbitrary or op- pressive way. The modern hospital for the Insane, especially the many private and corporate homes, conducted as the> air with the utmost humanity and skill, are led bastileSGC prisons, furnishing only restraint behind the bars. Alien. and Neurol., VII. 7uf>. 4. A movable town- used by the besiegers id' a strong place, whether for approaching the walls (see belfry) or as a defense and protec- tion for tlie besiegers. bastile, bastille (bas-tel'), '• '■ ; P*et. and pp. bastUed or bastUled, ppr. bastiling or bastiUing. [< bastile, ».] To confine in a bastile; im- prison. bastilliont (bas-til'yqn), ». [< OP. bastiUon, dim. of bastilh : see hostile] A small fortress or castle. bastimentt (bas'ti-ment), ». [< OF. bastiment (F. bdtiment = Sp. bastimento), a building, structure, ship, < bastir, build : see hostile.] 1. Military supplies. — 2. A rampart. — 3. A ship of war. bastimentot (bas-ti-men'to), n. [Sp.] Same as bastiment, 3. Then the bastimentos never Had our foul dishonour seen, Nor the sea the sad receiver Of this gallant train had been. Glover, Hosier's Ghost, st. 7. bastinade (bas-ti-nad'), «. and v. Same as bastinado. bastinado (bas-ti-na'do), n. [Formerly also bastonado (-ada, -adc) = F. bastoitnade, < Sp. bastonada, also bastonazo (= It. bastonata), a beating with a stick, < Sp. boston = ( )F. boston = It. bastonc, a stick, cudgel : see boston, baton.] 1. A blow or beating with a stick or cudgel, especially on the soles of the feet or on the buttocks ; a cudgeling. He brags he will gi" me the bastinado, as I hear.— How? lie the bastinado? How came he by that word, trow? — Nay, indeed, he said cudgel me; I termed it so for my more grace. B. Jonson. 2. A mode of punishment in some Oriental countries, especially Turkey, Persia, and China, in which blows with a stick or lath of bamboo are inflicted on the soles of the feet or on the buttocks. — 3. A stick or cudgel; the imple- ment used in administering the bastinado. bastinado (bas-ti-na'do), v. t. [< bastinado, ».] To beat with a stick or cudgel ; specifically, to beat on the buttocks or the soles of the feet, as a judicial punishment. The Sallee rover, who threatened to bastinado a Chris- tian captive to death. Macaulay, Hist. Eng. basting 1 (bas'ting), ». [Verbal n. of baste 1 .] A cudgeling; a beating. A good basting . . . was a sovereign remedy for sea-siek- ness. Marryat, Peter simple, p. 64. basting 2 (bas'ting), n. [Verbal n. of baste-.] 1 . The moistening of meat that is being roasted witli its own fat, butter, etc. — 2. The gravy, melted fat, butter, etc., used in moistening roasting beef, etc. — 3. In candle-making, the process of pouring melted wax over the wicks. basting 3 (bas'ting), n. [Verbal n. of baste 3 .] 1. The act of sewing together with long, loose stitches. — 2. The stitches themselves. basting-machine (bas'ting-ma-shen''), n. A sewing-machine used for basting togetherpieces of fabrics, to make a continuous piece for bleaching, dyeing, etc. bastion (bas'tion), » tione (= Sp. bastion) [< F. bastion, < It. bas- < bastire = OF. bastir, etc., build: see bastile.] In fort., a mass of earth, faced with sods, brick, or stones, stand- ing out from a rampart, of which it is a principal part. A bastion consists of two flanks, each commanding and defending the adja- cent curtain, or that portion of the wall extending from one bastion to another, and two fares making with each other an acute angle called the salient angle, and commanding A, Bastion. a, a, curtain-angles ; *, b. shouldcr-an- ?les; ., salient angle; a b. a b. tlatiks ; be, c. faces ; a a, gorge ; a d, a d, parts of curtains. basylous the outworks anil ground before the fortification. The inner -i' i' ebetv into Hi- i.i nun I in e, of the basti .every point at the foot of 1 li under una of the place. Formerly called ou/u Ind topplt a r el tie- dreary west, \ 1 - lion fringed " ith tire. Tennyson, In Menioriam, xv. To our right was a long embattle. 1 line, with many a bastion square and round. Don van, slerv, xviii. Center pf a bastion, a point at the middle of the gorge, Whence the capital line proceeds. It is in genera] at the angle of tie- inner polygon. — Detached bastion, in fort., a bastion which i> separated from tie- enceinte b) a ditch. Farrow, Mil. Encyc. bastionary (bas'tion-a-ri), a. [< bastion + -ary 1 . ] Pertaining to or consisting of bastions: ,-is, systems of bastionary fortification, bastibned (bas'tipnd), a. [< bastion + -erf 2 .] Provided with or defended by bastions. His palace bright, Bastion'd with pyramids of glowing gold, Ei ats, Hyperion, i From the bastion'd walls. Like threaded spiders, one by one, we dropt, And Hying reached the frontier: then wecrost To a livelier land ; and so by tilth and grange, And vines, and blowing bosks of wilderness, We gained the mother-city thick with towers, And in the imperial palace found the king. Tennyson, Princess, L Baationed fort, a fort having two or more bastions eon. nected by curtains : a term commonly restricted to field- works.— Bastioned front. See front. bastionet (bas'tion-et), 11. [< bastion + -ct.] in fort., a small bomb-proof chamber placed in a position flanking the ditch of a lunette or redoubt. Bastionets are usually placed at the salient angles of redoubts, and are furnished with loophole- for small arms, and sometimes are pierced for one ortwo guns, bastite (bas'tit), n. [< Baste (see def.) + -ite 2 .] A serpentinous mineral occurring embedded in serpentine at Baste in the Ilarz and elsewhere, and probably derived from the alteration of a variety of enstatite (bronzite). it often shows a metallic-pearly luster, or Schiller, in the cleavage-face, and is hence called schitter-spar. bastnasite (bast'na-sit), «. [< Bastnas (see def.) + -/fa 2 .] A fluocarbonate of cerium, lanthanum, and didymium from the Bastnas mine, Sweden. It ais curs ;i- :m alteration product of tysonite near Pike's Peak, Colorado. basto (bas'to), n. [< It. Sp. Pg. basto, ace of clubs ; cf. It. bastone = Sp. baston = Pg. bastao, a stick, club: see baston.] In card-playing, the ace of clubs in quadrille and ombre. In Spanish cards clnbs are really represented by " clubs," for which basto is the Spanish word. In certain games, e. g.. Ombre, the ace of clubs plays an important part, and is emphatically called basto. y. and Q., 7th ser., II. 115. bastont (bas'ton), n. [< ME. baston, bastun, < OF. bust, in. Fi'bdton = Sp. baston = Pg. bastao = It. bastone, < ML. *basto(n-), a stick, club, cudgel. Origin unknown. The word appears in . . E. also as baton, batoon, button, bat/rii-: see these forms.] 1. A stick, staff, or cudgel; a baton. Specifically — (a) A mace of wood used in a tourney, instead of the mace of metal used in war. It was usually shaped into a handle, and had a guard like a sword, (o) A leading-staff or ensign of command. Baston. See baton, 1. (e) In A. ,\. a bendlet sinis- ter cut off at each end, so as not to reach the edge of the field : it is generally considered in English heraldry a mark of illegitimacy. [Still used in this sense.] Also baton and t«,*t<> mold- ing on the block or throwing on the wheel. II. intrant. In base-ball and similar games, to strike the ball: as, he bats well, to bat at, to attempt Unsuccessfully to knock, as a ball ; strike at but miss. bat 2 (bat), ii. [A corruption of earlier back, iinh. Sc. back, iinl: (also bakit -bird, bawkie-bird), a bat, < .Ml), //.//,/.- . Imete, < Dan. balke, in coin] >. a Hi nbakke, evening-bat, = OS w. bakka, in com]., natt-bakka, night-jar, Sw. dial, nattabatta, miii- blacka, = [eel. blaka, in comp. ledhr-blaka, bat, lit. leather-flapper, < blaka, flutter, flap. The orig. form is uncertain, ft'. ML. blatta, blaeta, batta, a bat, another application of \i. blatta, an insect that shuns tin- light, a cockroach : see Blatta 1 . For the change of /, to /. cf. E. mule" = mate 1 , ami E. ermie — Dan. trane, Sw. trana, [eel. tnnii. The AS. mil I' the bal is hreremUs, >E. reremouse. The ( i. m is fledermaus; cf. E. flitti niinnse. ] A wing-handed, wing-footed flying mammal, of Hie order Chiroptera (which see), i ir. tpward of 150 in uumber, neai rj cosmopolitan, but largest, most varied in character, and st abundant in individuals iii tropica] and rabtropical countries. The species of temperate countrii a ol thi 1 nited -lit. : and Europe, are c parativi i\ few, small, and of such uniform characters thai the) give inti. Idea of the extent and diversit] ol the ordei In warmer re- gions. Cats are the most aerial or volitanl I evi n more bo than birds or insert- tor thej havi i ari i Ij any other means of Locomotion than Hying. 'II. 472 nocturnal and crepuscular, passing most of the daytime in dusky retreats, where they gather sometimes in almost incredible multitudes, and generally repose hanging head downward by their hind feet. In size they range from less than the size of a mouse to large forms with some five bet spread of wing. The body is usually softly furry; the wings are membranous and naked. 'The great majority Hoary Bat [Lusiiirus pruiiiosus). are insectivorous and carnivorous, ami constitute the sub- order Animalivora or Insectivora ; of these, a few prey upon other bats, and seme, of tbe genera Desmodus and Diphylla, suck the blood of large animals ; but. the great bats of South America called vampires are chiefly fru- givorous. See Desmodontes, Vampyri. The old-world fruit-bats, flying-foxes, or roussettes are mostly large spe- cies, constituting the family Pteropodidw and suborder Frugivora. See cut under flying-fox. The physiognomy of many of the bats is grotesque, owing to the extraordi- nary appendages of the snout, especially in the families Rhinolophidce and PhyllostomatidoB, or horseshoe bats and leaf-nosed bats. The ears, too, are often of great size and much complexity of detail, and, like the various ap- pendages of the face, and the wing -membranes themselves, serve as tactile organs of extreme delicacy, even to the ex- tentof sensing objects without actual contact. The wings of bats are commonly given to representations of evil ge- nii and demons, as those of birds are attached to good angels. The large bat represented on Egyptian monu- ments is one of the fruit-bats, the ( "ynonycterU cegyptiaca. The Hebrew name of the hat of the < lid Testament, atal- leph, is now used in the form Atalapha for a genus of American bats. The commonest species of the United states are the small brown bat, Vespertine subulatus, and the red bat, Lasiurus noveboracensis. Among European species maybe noted the serotine (.Vespertilio serotinus) the pipistrelle 'V. pipistreUus), the barbastel (Barbastel- his communis), the oreillard (Plecotus auritus), and the horseshoe hats (Ehinolophus hipposideros and It. ferroe- quinum). In heraldry the bat is always represented dis- played, that is, with the wings opened, and is often called by its older name reremouse.— Bat's wing, in mint. See ala vespertilionis, under al,t.~ Bat's-wing burner. See hn ni, /-.--Bulldog bats, themolossoidchiropterans. See U olossus.— Harlequin bat. See harlequin. bat :! (hat), v. t. [Variant of bate 1 , prob. now taken in allusion to the eyes of a bat.] To bate or flutter, as iu the phrase to bat the eyes, that is, wink. [Prov. Eng. and U. S.] You hoi' your head high; don't you bat your ryes to please none of 'em. The Century, XXVII. 146. bat 1 (bat or ba), n. [< F. belt, < OF. bast, a pack-saddle: see basfi.] A | k saddle: only in composition, as bathorse, batm&n, etc. bat r, t (bat), it. See bate. bat 11 (bat), n. [Hind, bat, a weight, a measure of weight.] Same as tical. bat 7 , n. A measure of land formerly used in South "Wales; a perch of 11 feet square. bat s t, «• Same as bath 2 . batablet (ba'ta-bl i, a. [Also bateable ; short, for debatable, as batt'* for debate. See debatable.] A shortened form of debatable, as in batable ground, batable land. Seo debatable. As we crossed the Batable land. Border ballad. batailet, bataillert, otc. Obsolete forms of buttle 1 , battler 1 , etc. batara (ba-ta'rS), n. [S. Amer.] A name of sundry bush-shrikes or formicaroid passerine birds of South America, of the subfamily Tham- nophiUnas and family I'oiniicariida : specifically, the Tliiinniiipliilits cine re us (Vieillot). it was used i , generic name by Lesson in 1831, and by Sclater in 1 358, b> distinguish the last-named species generically from other ThamnophUinoB, under the name Batara cinerea; al-o by Temmuick, 1820, as a generic nam.- of species of ThamnophUus proper. batardeau (ba-tar-do'), «.; pi. batardeaux (-do/.'). [I-'., dike, dam, coffer-dam, formerly bastardeau, dim. of til', bastard, dike, perhaps connected with bastir, build.] 1. A coffer-dam; a casing of |>ilos made water-tight, fixed in the bed of a liver to exclude tin- water from tin- site of tin- pier or other work w bile ii is being constructed, — 2. In fort., a wall, generally fur- nished with ,-i. sluice-gate, buill across a. moat or ditch, to retain tin water in those parts of tin- ditch which require to In- inundated. batata (ba-t&'ta), //. [Sp. Pg. batata, < Haytian batata, tin- native name of tin- sweet potato; >iilt. v.. potato, applied to a different plant: see potato. | The Bweel potato. Tin. products of both china and Japan are here [Loo- choo] cultivated, especiall} batatas ami the sugar-cane. J. J. Bein, Japan (trans.), p. 632. bate Batavian (ba-ta'vi-an), a. ami n. |< L. liata- ini. tin- country of tin- l.atavi, a people an- ciently inhabiting an island (Batavorum In- sula or Batavia) formed by the rivers Rhine, Waal, and Maas, and the ocean.] I. a. 1. Pertaining to the ancient Batavia, or by ex- tension to the Netherlands or their inhabi- tants, the Dutch. — 2. Pertaining to Batavia, the chief city of the island of Java, and tho capital of the Butch possessions in the East. II. ». 1. A native of the Netherlands; a Dutchman. — 2. A native of Batavia in Java. bat-bolt (bat'bolt), n. [< but 1 + bolt 1 .] A bolt barbed or jagged at its butt or tang to give it a firmer hold. batch 1 (bach), n. [< ME. bacehe, batche, < AS. as if *bwcce, < bacau, bake: cf. Dan. baigt, G. geback, a batch: see bake.] 1. A quantity produced at one operation ; specifically, the quantity of bread made at one baking. — 2. The quantity of material prepared or required for one operation. Specifically — (//) In glass-making, the fiit ready for the glass-pot. See frit, (b) The quantity of Hour or dough to be used at one baking. (/') The quantity of grain sent at one time to the mill to be ground ; a grist. 3. An aggregation of individuals or articles similar to each other ; especially, a number or aggregation received, despatched, etc., at one time: as, a batch of letters; a batch of pris- oners. The Turkish troops are being hurried to the front in batches of 40,000 at a time. Times (London). When he had Iter all to himself, ... he would pull out his last batch of sonnets, and read them in a voice tremu- lous with emotion. Charlotte Bronte, Shirley, xxvii. 4f. Kind, sort, or lot. One is a rimer, sir, of your own hatch, your own leaven. 11. JmiMiu, Every Man iu his Humour, i. 1. batch 1 (bach), v. t. [< batch 1 , v.] To mass; bring together in a batch or the quantity re- quired. The white calico is hatchet. Eneyc. Brit.. IV. 685 # batch 2 (bach), n. [E. dial., formerly also hatch, ; < ME. baehe, luveelie, perhaps for "beeehe, < AS. bece, bwee, a brook: see beck 1 . For the trans- fer of sense from 'stream' to 'bank, mound, vale,' cf. dike and ditch.] 1. A bank; a sand- bank. — 2. A field or patch of ground lying near a stream; the valley in which a stream flows: especially in local English names. [Lo- cal, Eng.] batch' 2 (bach), v. t. [E. dial., < batch*, «.] To protect (the bank of a river) by facing it with stones, so as to prevent the water from eating into it. [Local, Eng.] batch 3 t, »'• [Appar. an assibilated form of backP.] A vessel used in brewing. N.E.I). batchelor, ». See bachelor. bate 1 (hat), c. ; pret. and pp. bated, ppr. bating. [Also bait; < ME. baten (only intrans.), < OF. Iiatre, mod. F. battre, beat, flap (battre US ailes, beat the wings, flutter; reflex., se battre, flutter), = Pr. batre = Sp. batir = Pg. batcr = It. bat- ten; beat, etc., < ML. (LL.) baten, battere, for L. hiitiicn; bnttitcre, beat, strike, whence also ult. E. batt, r 1 , battle 1 , etc., and prob. in part the simple bat 1 , r.: see these words. The orig. sense 'beat' is covered by halt-, for abate; and batter 1 .] I.f traits. To beat : in the phrase to hate the icings, to flutter, fly. [In the passage quoted, there is an allusion to bate 2 for abate.] Till the Sonic by this mcanes of nverbodying herselfe . . . bated her iciiKt apace dow new aril. Mttton, Church Discipline. ( \, /-:. /(.) II. intrans. 1. En falconry, to beal tin- wings impatiently; nutter as preparing tor flight, par- ticularly at the sight of prey; nutter away. 1 am like a hawk that bates but cannot fly, because 1 am ty'd to another's list. Bacon. These kites Thai bate and beat, and H ill not be obedient. Shak., T. of theS., iv. 1. 2f. To flutter; bo eager or restless.— 3f. To flutter oi- fly down. [With allusion to bate* for (/»/'/<■.] bate 2 (bat), ?'. ; pret. and pp. baled, ppr. tutting. [Early mod. E. also bait; < ME. baten, by apheresis lor abaten, abate, which thus be- comes in form and in somo senses identical with the orig. simple form represented by liitli^: see abate ana bate 1 .] I. trans. If. To beat down or away; remove by beating. About autumn bate the earth from al t (be roots of olives, and lay them bare. Holland, tr. of I'liuy, II. 6'Jl. 2f. To beat, back, or blunt. Spite of cormorant devouring Tine, Tir endeavour of tins present breath may buy That honour which shall hale his scythe's keen edge. Shak., L. L. L., i. 1. 3f. To weaken bate impair the strength of. These griefs and losses have so bated me. That I shall hardly Bpare a pound ol flesh. Shak., M. "I v., iii. 8. 4f. To lessen or decrease in amount, weight, estimation, etc.; lower; reduce. Whobates mine honour, shall not know my coin. Shak., T. of A., iii. 3. 5. To strike off ; deduct; abate. There is twelve shilling to pay, and, as I am a true knight, 1 will not '«/'■' a penny. Beau, and /•''., Knight of Burning restle, iii. " 473 This sour informer, this bate-breedinjj spy, This ranker that rats up Love's tender spring, This carry-tale, dissentiuus Jealousy. Shak., \. and A., 1. 055. batefult (bat'ful), a. [< bate* + -Jul.] Cou- tentious; given to strife ; exciting contention. It did hateful question frame. Sir /'. Sidney. batelesst (bat 'les), a. [< bate* + -less."] Not to beabated; not to be dulled or blunted. [Rare.] Haply that name of "chaste" unhappily set This batelesa edge on his keen appetite. Shak., Lucrece, 1. 9. I would rath.r hull- him a few strokes "i ins oar, than bateleur (bat'r-lcr), n. [Appar. a particular nut employ an honest man that has been wounded in tin Queen's service. Addison, Sir Roger at Vauxhall. I bate no jot. of trust that tins noble trial of self-govern- ment will sneer, ,i ir. Phillips, Speeches, p. 320. 6. To lessen in force or intensity; moderate; diminish: as, to bate one's breath, or with bated breath (see phrases, below) ; to bate one's or a person's curiosity. — 7f. To rob or deprive of. When baseness is exalted, do not bate The place its honour for the person's sake. G. Herbert, Church Porch, xlv. 8f. To leave out ; except ; bar. lint? me the king, ami, lie he flesh ami hlood, He lies who said it. Beau, and Fl., Maid's Tragedy, i. 1. To bate oft, t< > make a reduction in or an abatement from ; lessen or moderate. Abate thy speed, and I will bate of mine. Vryden, tr. of Ovid's Metamorph., i. To bate one's breath, to check one's breathing ; breathe restrainedly, as from tear, humility, or deference.— With bated breath, with subdued or restrained breathing, as from fear or awe. Shall I bend low. and in a bond-mans key, With bated breath and whispring humbleness, Say this? Shak., M. of v., i. 3 (1623). Il.t Mrans. To decrease or fall away in size, amount, force, estimate, etc. Bardolph, am I not fallen away vilely since this last action? do I not bate} do I not dwindle ? Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iii. 3. I know 'twas this which made the envy and pride Of the great Roman blood bate and give way To my election. B. Jonson, Catiline, iii. 1. bate 3 t (bat), v. i. [< ME. baten, by apheresis for debaten, debate: see debate 1 , v.] To contend; strive; quarrel. bate ;, t (bat), n. [< ME. bate, bat, by apheresis tor debate, deliat, debate: see debate 1 , ».] Con- tention; strife; debate. Breeds no bate with telling. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., ii. i. bate 4 t (bat), v. and n. Obsolete and less cor- rect spelling of hail 1 . bate 6 (bat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bated, ppr. bat- ing. [Prob. a particular use of bate*, properly spelled bait; of. Sw. beta, tan, bait, = G. bei- een, steep in lye, macerate, bait, lit. cause to bite: see bait 1 .] 1. To steep, as a hide, in an alkaline lye. See bate 5 , n. — 2. In jute-manuj'., to separate (the raw material) into layers, and then soften by sprinkling with oil and water. bate 5 (bat), n. [< batcS, v.] The alkaline solu- tion in which hides are steeped after being limed, in order to remove or neutralize the lime. bate G t. Obsolete or dialectal preterit of bite. Yet there the steel stayd not, but inly bate Deepe in his liesh, and opened wide a red floodgate. Spenser, F. Q., II. v. 7. bate 7 (bat), n. [Also bait; origin unknown. Hence cross-betted.} The grain of wood or stone. [Scotch.] bate 8 t, «■ [< LL- batits, < Gr. jiarog, < Heb. bath : see bath*.] Same as bath*. batea (bat'e-ji), n. [Sp. Pg.] A wooden ves- sel in the form of a very flat hollow cone, about '20 inches in diameter ami 2 or 3 inches deep, used by Mexican and Californian miners for washing auriferous sands and pulverized ores of various kinds. In the rubbish which was thrown out of the old mine, a comfortable subsistence is gained by washing in bateas. Moury, Arizona and Sonora, p. 41. bateau, batteau (ba-to')> ». ; pi. bateaux, bat- teaux (-toz'). [< P. bateau, < OP. bate! = Pr. batelh = Sp. Pg. Iiatel = It. batteUo, < ML. ba- tcllus, dim. of ML. batus, bat ins i> It. batta), a boat, prob. < AS. bat, a boat : see hunt.'] 1. A light boat for river navigation, long in pro- portion to its breadth, and wider in thy middle than at the ends. — 2. A pontoon of a floating bridge. implication of P. bateleur, a juggler, buffoon.] A name of an African eagle, the Ilclntarsus eea uda tus. batellatet, v. t. [< ML. as if *bateUatus, pp. of 'batellarc, assumed from Ol'. bataillier, or & battel, battle, fortify: see battle*."] Mint., to fortify or make defensible, as a dwelling-house. batementt (bat'ment), n. [By apheresis for abatement : see bail '-' and -mi »'.] Abatement ; diminution; lessening; specifically, among car- penters, the portion to be cut off from a piece of timber to bring it to a desired length. batement-light (bat'ment-lit), n. In arch., a vertical light in the upper part of a window of the Perpendic- ular style, of which the nor- mal rectangular form at the bot- tom is altered or abated so as to fit in the arched head of a light below. Compare angel- light. batestone (baf- ston),». [ibate 5 + stone.'] A curved scour- ing-stone used in bating hides. When the hides have been properly worked with the batestone, they are placed in a wash-wheel and worked for about twenty minutes. C. T. Davie, Leather, p. 586. bat-fish (bat'fish), n. [< bat* + fish 1 .] 1. A tisli of the family Maltheidee (which see). The best-known species is Malthe eespertilio. It has a heart- bath bath 1 (bath, pi. baTHz), n. [< ME. bath, < AS. bath. pi. bathu, = OS. bath = 1>. bad = OBB. MIKi. (i. bad, bath, = Icel. badh = Sw. Dan. bad; prob., with formative -th (-•'). from the verb represented by one. hnimi, Mile, bcejen, been, G. bdlicn = LG. baen, foment, = ME. bat- wen, cleanse, prob. = L. fovere, foment: see fo- ment.] 1. A washing of the body in, or an ex- posure of it to the action of, water or other fluid agent, for cleansing, refreshment, medi- cal treatment, etc. : as, to take a bath : to ad- minister a bath to a patient. — 2. A provision or arrangement for bathing: as, to prepare a bath ; a hot or cold bath; a vapor-6otA; an electric bath. There are many kinds of baths, all of which maybe divided into four classes: (a) according to the medium in which the body is immersed, ass water-, oil-, or mud-bath, a eoiiipirssed-air bath, & medicated or min ■ ml i', itb, etc.; (b) according to maimer of application or use, as a plunge-, shower-, vapor-, douche-, spray-, oi ming-bath, etc.; (.■) according to the parts bathed, as a foot-, sitz-, or eye-bath, etc.; (d)according to temperature, as a hot, tepid, warm, or cold bath. 3. A vessel for holding water in which to plunge, wash, or bathe the body. — 4. More gen- erally, an apartment or apparatus by means of which the body, or a part of it, may be bathed in any medium differing in nature or temper- ature from its natural medium. — 5. An edifice containing apartments fitted up for bathing; a bath-house ; particularly, in the plural, one of the elaborate bathing establishments of the Head of Perpendicular Window. . . '. batement-lights; a. a, angel-lights. Dorsal view. Bat-fish {Malthe vespertilio). shaped trunk, produced anteriorly in a prolonged snout, a short coniform tail, a small inferior mouth, and a rostral tentacle under the snout. It inhabits the Atlantic along the southern coast of the United States. 2. A name of the flying-fish or flying-robin, Cephalaaanthus volitans. bat-fowler (bat'fouler), n. [< ME. battfou-l- ere, < battfowlen: see bat-fowling.] 1. One who practises bat-fowling. — 2f. A swindler. [Slang.] bat-fowling (bat'fou'ling), «. [< ME. battefmcl- ynge, < battfowlen, snare birds, < batte, by some supposed to refer to the bat or stick on which the nets were fastened, + Jhtrlcii, v., fowl. The first element is now often associated with bat-.] A mode of catching birds at night by holding a torch or other light, and beating the bushes or trees where they roost. The birds fly toward t he light, and are caught with nets or otherwise. rlan of the Baths of Caracalla, Rome. ancients, as the Baths of Caracalla at Rome. See thermal. — 6. In science and the arts, any vessel containing a liquid for treating any ob- ject by immersion. («) In photog. , the vessel in which a colloiiionizcd plate is submitted to the action of a solu- tion of nitrate of silver, or the tray in which an exposed dry plate is immersed in the developing solution. (6) In etching, the pan of acid into which the plate is plunged to lie bitten. 7. An arrangement or preparation for immers- ing anything, as the silver-bath in photography. — 8. In clicm., an apparatus for modifying and regulating the heat in various chemical pro- cesses, by interposing a quantity of sand, wa- ter, or other substance between the fire and the vessel intended to be heated. When a liquid bath of a higher temperature than 212° is required, saturated solutions are employed in which the boiling-point is higher than that of water.— Companions of the Bath, the third or lowest class of the members of the order of the r.ath. — Compressed-air bath, a hath consisting in remaining for a longer or shorter time in a chamber tilled with compressed air. Such baths have been recommended as useful in certain diseases, in which an increased expan- sive force is required to cause the air to inflate the more delicate air-passages of the lungs.— Dung-bath, a bath used in calico-printing. See dunging.- Knights of the Bath, an order of kiiigbth 1 supposed to have been insti- tuted at the coronation of Henry IV . in l.'i'.tu. It received this name from the fact that the candidates for the honor were put into a bath the preceding evening, to denote a purification or absolution from all former stain, and that they were now to begin a new life. The pies, nt order of the r.ath, however, was instituted by George I. in 1725, as a military order, consisting, exclusive of the sovereign, of a grand master and thirty-six companions. In 1815 the order was greatly extended, and in 1S47 it was opened to civilians. It is now composed of three classes, viz.: mili- tary and civil knights grand-crosses, G>. <'. B. ; knights commanders, K. ('. it.; and knights companions, C. B. The bateau-bridge (ba-to'brij), n. Mint., a floating batfult (bat'ful), a. [< bat- m battle*, batten 1 , bridge supported by bateaux or boats. etc., + -ful : possibly, like batwell, a perversion bateaux, ». Plural of bateau. of battle or battel, fertile: see battle*, a.} Rich; bate-breedingt (bat'bre"ding), a. [< bate* + fertile, as land: as, " batful pastures," Drayton, breeding, ppr. of breed.] Breeding strife. Polyolbion, iii. I. Badge worn suspended from the collarof a knight of the Bath. ■2. Star of the Grand Cross. badge (fig. 1) is a golden Maltese cross of eight points, with the lion of England in the four principal angles, and having in a circle in the center the rose, thistle, and sham- rock (representing respectively England, Scotland, and Ire- Land), between three imperial crowns ; motto, Tria juncta bath 474 Bathymaster in imo. Stars arc also worn by the first two classes. Thai ol the knights -rami crosses (fig 2) is ol silver, with eight points ol rays wavy, on which is agold cross bearing three crowns, encircled by a ribbon displaying the motto of the order, while beneath is a scroll inscribed let du « (1 serve) the motto ol the Prince ol Wales. The star ol the knights commanders differs chiefly in lacking the wavy rays.— Medicated hath, a bath ol liquid or vapor designed to produce a curative effect by virtue ol some mi dicine mixed in it. -Mercurial bath, a bath used in tin pneumatic trough to collect such gases a- are readily absorbed by water. -Metal-bath, a bath used In chemical operations requiring a higher temperature than can De produced by means ol a water-bath. Mercury, fusible metal tin. ami lead are employed lor such baths.— Rus- sian bath, a kind of bath employed in Russia, and in- troduced thence in other countries. It resembles in prin- ciple the ancient and the Turkish bathB, but differs from the latter in that the subject, after exposure to the in- fluence of verj hot vapor, with the attendant kneading, lathering etc, is suddenly and violently cooled by means of a jet of ice-cold water. It is said to be of service in alleviating rheumatism. - Sour hath, in tanning, an acid liquid made of bran and refuse malt. It is employed to remove the lime used in a previous process, and also to soften the skin to render 11 more absorbent ol the tanning materials.— Tin-hath, molten tin covered with melted tallow to prevent the oxidation ol the metal. It is used in -ivn, ! a coating ol tin to other metals, as sheet-iron, to form the so-called tin plate.- Turkish bath, a kind "t bath introduced from the East, in which the subject, after having undergone copious perspiration in a heated room, is subjected to various processes, as soaping, washing, kneading (shampooing), etc., and ultimately proceeds to an outer apartment, where he is placed on a eon, h to cool Turkish baths, or modifications of them, are pro- vided in all hydrotherapeutic establishments, and an- to be iound in most towns of considerable size. White bath, a hath used ill dyeing; an emulsion formed by l.al- lipoli oil and the carbonates of alkalis. bath 1 (bath), v. t. [Later form for bathe, di- rectly from the noun.] To put into a bath; wash in a bath. [Rare.] bath 2 (bath), n. [Earlier in E., asLL., batas, or else bat, hair, < LL. hatus, < Gr. /3ciroc, < Heb. built.} A Hebrew liquid measure = 7- logs = 6 bins = to- cor, and corresponding to the dry measure the ephah = 72 logs = 18 cabs = 3 saths = to" cor - There were two measures of this name one equal to about two thirds of the other, as is seen bj laring 1 Ki. vii. 26 with 2 Chron. iv. 5. The larger bath seems to have contained about 30 liters = '.!.. I nited States gallons = 8 British gallons. The smaller bath seems to have contained about 28 liters = 7! I nited States gal- lons = 6 British gallons. Bath brick, bun, chair. See the nouns. bath-chops (bath'ehops), n. pi. The cheeks or face of the hog cured or smoked. bathe (baTH), v.; pret. and pp. bathed, ppr. bathing. [Also in var. form (now only dial.) beath, a. v. ; < ME. bathien, < AS. bathian (= D. baden = OHG. badon l MHO. G. baden = Icel. bat lha = Sw. bada = Dan. bade), < barth, bath : see batW-.] I. trans. 1. To place in a bath; immerse in water or other fluid, for cleanli- ness, health, or pleasure. i hancing to bathe himself in the river Cydnus, . . . he fell siek, mar unto death, for three days. kouth. Others, on silver lakes and rivers, bathed Their downy breast. Milton, P. L., vn. 437. 2 To applv water or other liquid to with a sponge, cloth, or the like, generally for thera- peutic purposes.— 3. Town moisten, or suf- fuse with any liquid. Her bosom bathed in blood. Dryden. 4. To immerse in or surround with anything analogous to water: as, bathed in sunlight. One sip ol this Will bathe the drooping spirits in delight. Milton, t'omus, 1. 812. Thy rosy shadows haihe me. Tennyson, Tithonus. The sun was past the middle of the day, But bathed in Hood of light the world still lay. William Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 221. 5. In zool., to tint; tinge in a uniform man- ner, giving the appearance of one color seen through another: as, black bathedirith purple, "brown bathed with rosy, etc. II. intrans. 1. To toko a ball.; bo in water or other liquid ; go into water to bathe one's self. They '.»'A< in summer, and in winter slide. Waller. 2. To tie immersed or surrounded as if with water. bathe (bSSH), n. [< holla; *'•] The act of bathing: the immersion of the body in water: as, to take one's usual bathe. Edinburgh Rev. ned almost i ntiri Ij to 3i otland where a distinction i i,,:,, i.- between a bathe and a bat) the former being up plied to an immersion in the si a, a river, or a lake, and Hi. latter to :, bath for which artificial conveniences are used.] bather 1 (ba'TMor), «• 1. One who bathes; one who immerses himself in water. — 2. One who i.ui lies another. bather- (baTH'er), e. ;. [E. dial.] To scratch and rub in the dust, as birds do. HaUtwell. [Prov. Eng.] bathetic (ba-thet'ik), a. [< bathos, mi type «>t pathetic, < pathos.'] Relating to or character- ized by bathos; sinking rhetorically, or in style. Coli ridge. \ fatal in- nsibility to the ludicrous and the bathetic. The Academy, July 3, 1S75, p. 5. bath-house (bath'hous), m. 1. A house fitted up with conveniences for bathing, as bath-rooms, tuhs, sometimes a tank or sw imming-bath, etc. — 2. A small house, or a house divided into a number of small rooms, at a bathing-place, or place for open-air bathing, where bathers change their dress. bathing-box (ba'sraing-boks), n. A covered shed or bath-house in which open-air bathers change their dress. [Eng.] bathing-dress (ba'THing-dres), n. A partial or loose costume used by open-air bathers, as on a sea-beach. ' bathing-house (ba'BHing-hous), n. A bath- house. [U. S.] . bathing-machine (ba'smng-ma-shen*), n. A covered vehicle used at the seaside resorts ot Great Britain, iu which bathers dress and un- dress. It is driven into the water to a sufficient distance to suit the convenience of the bather. bathing-tub (ba'smng-tub), n. Same as bath- bath-kol (bath'kol), n. [Heb., < bath, daugh- ter. + hoi, voice.] A kind of oracular voice frequently referred to in the Talmud, the later Targums, and rabbinical writers, as the fourth grade of revelation, constituting an instrument of divine communication throughout the early history of the Israelites, and the sole prophetic manifestation which they possessed during the period of the second temple. From the death of Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi the Holy Spirit [which, according to the Jewish distinction, is only the second degree of the prophetical gift] was withdrawn from Israel; but they nevertheless enjoyed the use of the Bath Kol. The treatise Sanhedrim, quoted lllklttus I. lb. I >e., l.olO. Bath metal. See metal. bathmic (bath'mik), a. [< Gr. paBpoc (see bath- mism) + -ic.~\ Pertaining to or of the nature of bathmism. I compared the transmission of bathmic force to that of the phenomenon of combustion, which is a force conver- sion transmitted from substance to substance by ( tact. E. D. Cope, Origin of the Fittest, p. 229. bathmism (bath'mizm), n. [< Gr. paBpor, also pac/wc, a step, threshold (< paivuv (■/ */3a), go), + -ism.'] See extract. It is here left open whether there be any form of force which may be especially designated as "vital." Many of the animal functions are known to be physical and chem- ical and if there be any one which appears to be less ex- plicable by reference to these forces than the others, it is that of nutrition. Probably in this instance force has been so metamorphosed through the influence of tl ngi native or conscious force in evolution, that it is a distinct species in the category of forces. Assuming it to be such, I have given it the name of Bathmism. E. D. Cope, Meth. of Creation, p. 26. Bathmodon (bath'mo-don), n. [NL., < Gr. /3o0- u6c, a step, + b&ovr = E. tooth.] A genus of fossil hoofed quadrupeds named by Cope in 1872, subsequently identified by him with Cory- phodon (which see). batbmodont (bath'mo-dont), a. [< Bathmo- dou(t-).] In odontog., noting a pattern of denti- tion in which the posterior pair of tubercles of the upper molars are approximated, connected together, and compressed and subcreseentie in section, and the anterior outer tubercle is connected with the anterior inner one by an oblique crest tunning a V. Such dentition is characteristic of the genus Bathmodon. Bath note. See note. bathometer (ba-thom'e-ter), n. [< Gr. fiauoc, depth + utrpov, a measure.] An apparatus, isisling of a spring-balance of peculiar con- st ruction, used for ascertaining the depth ot water. Bath oolite. See Bath si,„a. under *<<»"■■ bathorse (bat'- or bft'hors), ». [< ''" *. (F- /«/), a pack-saddle, + horse.] In the British armv, a loose for carrying baggage belonging to an officer or to the baggage-train. Also writ- ten bawhorse. _ , „ a , bathos dm 'i hos), n. [Gr. (ftfloc, depth, < PfSvc, deep In def. 2, urig. an antithesis to vfoc, height, the sublime.] 1. Depth; lowest part „r stage; bottom. [Bare.]— 2. A ludicrous descent from the elevated toth mmonplace or ridiculous in writing or speech; a sinking; anticlimax. In his fifth sonnet he [Petrarch] may, I think, he said to have sounded the lowest chasm ol the Bathos. Macaulay, Petrarch. = Syn 2 Fustian, Turgidness, etc. See bombast. bath-room (bath'rom), ft. A room for bathing in. , . bath-sponge (bath'spuni), n. A sponge used in bathing, etc. S) ges suitable for this use all belong to the genus Spongia, ol which there are six commercial species or varieties, deriving their value from the fineness and elasticity of the skeletal fibers. The hatll-sponge pi the Mediterranean is S. equina, resembling the wool- sponge, S. gossypina, ol the United states, other species are the zimocca, S. a \ca ; the cup-sponge, S. adnanca, ol Turkey and the Levant; the American yellow sponge, 8. corlosia . and the American hard-head, S. dura. Bath stone. See stone. . bath-tub (bath'tub), n. A tub to bathe in: in the usual form, approximately of the length of the body, and often permanently fixed in a bath-room. Also called bathing-tub. bathukolpian, a. See batliycolpian. bathvillite (bath'vil-it), ». [< BathmUe (see def.) + -itc-.] A brown, dull, amorphous min- eral resin, occurring in torbanite, or boghead coal, on the estate of P.athville, near Bathgate, Linlithgowshire, Scotland, bathwort (bath'wert ), n. [Corruption of bvrth- irort, after bath^.] Same as birtliroot. bathybial (ba-thib'i-al), a. [< bathi/bius + -ah] Of or pertaining to bathybius or the depths at which it is found ; bathybian : as, " bathybial fauna," Encyc. Brit., XXI. 774. bathybian (ba-thib'i-an), a. [< bathybius + -an.] Pertaining to bathybius ; composed of or resembling bathybius. The use of the dredge resulted in finding the usual 6a- thybian forms that have been already described in works relating to Arctic voyages. . ,„„„... ^Irc. Cruise of the Cormn, 1S81, p. 14. bathybius (ba-tl.ib'i-us), n. [NL., < Gr /faft'c, deep, + pioc, life.] A name given by Huxley to masses of so-called animal matter said to have been found covering the sea-bottom at great depths (over 2,000 fathoms), and m such abundance as to form in some places deposits upward of 30 feet in thickness. It was described as consisting of a tenacious, viscid, slimy substance, ex- hibiting under the microscope a network of granular, mucilaginous matter, which expands and contracts spon- taneously, forming a very simple organism and corre- sponding ill all respects to protoplasm (which see). Em- bedded in it were calcareous bodies with an organic structure, called discoliths, cweoliihs, and eoceospheres, which seemed to belong to bathybius as such. The exis- tence of any such living substance is now generally denied. bathycolpian (bath-i-kol'pi-an), a. [Also less prop, bathukolpian; < Gr. /3a6VKo/t7roc, < paObc, deep, + nSXizog, breast, bosom.] Deep-bosomed: as, ^'bathycolpian Here," O. W. Holmes. Bathyerginae (bath i-er-ji'ne), ». j-.- [NL., < Bathyergus + -ince.] A subfamily of Ethi- opian mole-like rodents, of the family Spala- cida; or mole-rats, differing from SpalaetntB m having the mandibular angle arising beside the socket of the lower incisors. There are three genera, Bathyinjus, tliorychus, and Hehopho- bathyergue (bath'i-erg), n. A rodent quadru- ped of the genus Bathyergus. Bathyergus (bath-i-er'gus), n. [NL., after Gr. BaMpyelv, plow deep, < 1-iaHir, deep, + ifP, work. ] A genus of mole-rats, of the subfamily Bathyerginm, having grooved upper mcisors. B.marU\mu8 is a large species buiTOwing in the sand-dunes ,.t the Cape ol Good Hope, and called coast-rat and ;nm/- or sand molt : it is very abundant, and in some places the sandy soil is honey- combed with its extensive excavations. The fur is grayish- brown and might possess commercial value. Bathymaster (bath'i-mas-ter), n. [NL.. < Gr. ;„»,,, deep, + uaarhp, a seeker.] A genus ot fishes, typical of the family Bathymasterida. Coast-rat (Batliycrgus Ronquil {Bathymaster sitriiatits). The only known Bpecies Inhabits water ol moderate depth nboul rocks along the northern Pacific coast south to Puget Sound, and is popularly known as the ronquil or rouchil. Bathymasteridse Bathymasteridae (bath L-mas-ter'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Bathymaster + -nln.] A family of aean- thopterygiaii fishes, represent ed by the genus Bathymaster, arid scarcely distinct from Latili- dm (which see). bathymeter (ba-thim'e-ter), n. [< Gr. deep. + ptTpm; a measure.] An instrument for taking soundings at sea. bathymetric (bath-i-met'rik), a. [< bathyme- try t -ic.] Pertaining to bathymetry or the measurement of depths, especially at sea. — Bathymetric zone, in zobgeog., one of the horizontal belts .if the depths of the sea vertically separated by their characteristic fauna and Dora, Five such zones are reck- oned: (1) the littoral, between tide-marks; (-) the lam-i- narian. from low water t<> about 15 fathoms; (3) the coratli iu\ from that to about 50 fathoms; (4) the deep-sea, from that to about 3tX>; (5) the abyssal, from that to the lowest depths. bathymetrical (bath-i-niet'ri-kal), a. Same as bathymetric. bathymetrically (bath-i-met'ri-kal-i), adv. As regards bathymetry; by deep-sea measurement or sounding. bathymetry (ba-thim'e-tri), it. [< Gr. J3a6vg, deep, + -/lerpia, < pirpov, a measure.] The art of sounding or of measuring depths in the sea. bathyphon (bath'i-fon), n. A musical instru- ment of the clarinet class, having a single reed and a wooden tube, and a compass of nearly three octaves from the third 1) below middle C. It was invented in 1829 in Berlin, but was soon supplanted by the tuba. Bathythrissa (bath-i-thris'a), n. [NL., < Gr. Badcc, deep, + tipiaca, Attic dpirra, a certain fish, otherwise called rpix'tac, < dpi!; (rpix-), hair.] The typical genus of the family Bathythrissida, containing one known species (Bathythrissa dorsalis) of deep-water fishes with some resem- blance to a herring or whitefish, found off the coast of Japan. Bathythrissidae (batk-i-thris'i-de), n.pl. [NL., < Bathythrissa + -iibc] A family of malaeop- terygian fishes, typified by the genus Bathy- thrissa. They have an oblong body and rounded abdo- men, covered with cycloid scales ; the margin of the upper jaw formed by the intermaxillaries mesially and by the maxillaries laterally ; complete opercular apparatus; very elongate dorsal tin; a short anal tin ; the stomach witli a blind sac; numerous pyloric appendages; and ductless ovaries. batiator-root (bat'i-a-tor-rot"), n. The root of an undetermined Brazilian plant, used as an emetic and in dysentery. Batides (bat'i-dez), n.pl. [NL., pi. of Balis (a genus of fishes), < Gr. Boris, a flat fish, perhaps the skate or ray.] The rays, as an order of selachians. L. Agassiz. See Bairn. bating 1 (ba'ting), n. [Verbal n. of bate 1 , it.] The act of beating the wings; fluttering; flut- tering away. bating 2 ( ba'ting), prep. [Orig. ppr. of bate 2 , for abate; now regarded as a prep.] Abating; taking away ; deducting ; excepting. Bating the outward respect due to his birth, they treat- ed him [the Prince of CondeJ very hardly in all his preten- sions. Bp. Burnet, Hist. Own Times, an. 1G77. bating 3 (ba'ting), n. [Verbal n. of bate 5 , v.] The process of steeping hides and skins in an alkaline bath, to separate the lime, oil, and glutinous matter, and render them soft and pliable, and fit for tanning. batiste (ba-tesf), n. [< F. batiste, < OF. Imp- tiste ; so called, it is said, from its inventor, one Bajitiste, a linen-weaver of Cambrai (see cambric) in French Flanders.] A fine linen cloth made in Flanders and Picardy, of three dif- ferent kinds or thicknesses ; a kind of cambric. batler J t (bat'ler), n. [Appar. for battler*, q. v. Found only in Shakspere, with a var. batlet.] A small bat or beetle for beating clothes in wash- ing; a clothes-pounder. Also called ballet, bat- th r, battril. I remember the kissing of her batter [so in early edi- tions, but in most modern editions battet], and the cow's dugs that her pretty chopped hands had milked. Shale, As you Like it, ii. 4. batler 2 t. See batteler. batlett (bat'let), n. [< baft + dim. -let; but perhaps an error for Outbid, q. v.] Same as batleA. batman 1 (bat'- or ba'man), «.; pi. batmen (-men). [Formerly aiso'oateman; < bat* (F. bdt), a pack-saddle, + man.'] A person al- lowed by the government to every company of a regiment on foreign service. His duty is to take charge of the cooking utensils, etc., of the company. There is in the charge of the batman a bathorse for each company to convey the cooking utensils from place to place. Imp. Diet. [Great Britain.] batman- (bat'inan), >i. [= Russ. batmanu, < Turk, batman, batman, a weight, the same as •175 the Pers. man : see maitnd-.] A Turkish weight vaTyine in amount in different localities. The batman formerly Legal throughout the empire, now used m Constantinople and Smyrna, is 17 pounds avoirdupois. The great batman of Constantinople is 22.5 pounds; the little batman is 5.6 pounds. The batman of Tabriz Is 6.4 pon nils ; (he batman ol Shiraz is 12.7 pounds ; the batman- rei "i Teheran is 28.8 pounds. bat-money, baw-money (bat'- or ba'-, ba'- niun i), ii. [< bat± + money.] .Money paid to a batman. batoid (bat'oid), a. and n. [< Balis (a genus of fishes) + -aid.] I. a. Of or pertaining to the Batoidei, II. n. One of the Batoidei. Batoidei (ba-toi'de-I), ». pi. [NL., < Balis (a genus of fishes) + -oideus, pi. -nidi i,] In Giin- tlier's system of classification, a suborder of plagiostomatous fishes having ventral gill- openings: synonymous with Hum. Batolites (bat-o-U'tez), n. [NL., < F. bdton, a staff I see baton), + Gr. '/ithc, a stone.] A genus of straight cylindrical bivalve fossil shells, al- lied to the hippurites. Some are of great length, and form masses of rock in the high Alps. Also written Batolithes and Batolithus. batologist (ba-tol'o-jist), n. \<.*batology (< Gr. (iaroc, a bramble-bush, + -loyia, < 'Aiyeiv, speak : see -ology) + -ist.] A botanist who has made a special study of the genus Bubus, or the brambles, the numerous European species of which are very variable and exceedingly diffi- cult to determine. baton (bat'on, ba-tou', or, as F., ba-ton'), n. [This word appears in E. in various forms ; first as boston (< OF. boston = Sp. boston = Pg. bastao = It. bastone, < ML. basto\n-), a stick, staff, of unknown origin), then baton (< F. bd- ton), with accent on first syllable, also spelled batton and batten (see batten-), and with F. ac- cent baton', also spelled batoon, battoon (see batoon), ami recently, esp. in the musical use, pronounced as F. : see baston, battoon, batten"*.] 1. A staff or club ; a truncheon: carried either (a) for use as a weapon, as a policeman's bat- on; (6) as a mark of authority, as the baton of a field-marshal ; or (c) as a warrant to do something, as the baton or staff carried in Great Britain by the engineer of a train on a single-track railway, as his authority to pro- ceed. — 2. In music: (a) The stick or wand used by the leader of a chorus or an orchestra in di- recting the performance. When I went home I made myself a baton, and went about the fields conducting an orchestra. Dickens. (ft) A rest of two or more measures. — 3. In her., same as baston, 1 (c). Also spelled button. To wield a good baton, to conduct a musical perform- ance well. baton (bat'on), v. t. [< baton, ».] To strike with a baton; cudgel. baton-cross (bat'on-kros), n. In her., same as cross potent (which see, under cross 1 ), batoont (ba-ton'), n. [An older form of baton, < F. bdton : see baton. ] 1. A club or truncheon ; a baton. Although bis shoulders with batoon Ke claw d aiel euilgell'd to some tune. S. Butler, Hudibras, II. ii. 710. 2. A staff of office. SeeftatoH, 1. — 3. Inher., same as baston, 1 (c). — 4. In arch., same as baston, 2. bat-printing (bat'prin''ting), n. In ceram., a mode of printing patterns in color upon glazed ware. An engraving on copper is made with fine lines, from which an impression is taken in linseed-oil on a thin slab of gelatin. This impression is transferred to the glazed ware, and over it is then dusted a metallic color, which < lings to tin oil. and is afterward melted and fixed by br- ing. See (mil, 13. Batrachia (ba-tra'ki-ii), ». pi. [NL., prop. Batrachia, < Gr. Barpaxeia, neut. pi. (sc. fipa, animals) of Barpaxeioc, frog-like, < jidrpaxoc, a frog, with numerous dialectic variants, 8dpanoc, /}pdra,roc, /?P°'"",V C» P° T P a X°'. jaranciisi* is a leadim.' species. ISvia- bycietoma and Bombycistomue arc synonyms. Batrachus (bat'ra-kus), n. [L..< Gr. jid-paxoc, a frog: see Bati-achia.] A genus of fishes, typi- cal of the family Batrachidw, containing the toad-fish, B. tan, of the North Atlantic, and several closely related species. See toud-tisli. bat-shell (bat'shel), n. [< ba& + shell.] A mollusk, a species of Voluta, V, vespertilio, of a dusky-brown color. batsman (bats'man), n.; pi. batsmen (-men). [< bat's, poss. of baO, + man. J One who wields the bat in base-ball, cricket, and similar games; a batter. batster (bat'ster), n. [< bat 1 , r., + -ster.] A batsman or batter. 476 fourth in reserve fr which losses in the others are filled. Formerly the regiments ol the i nited stales army, then consisting of twelve companies, were divided into three battalions : but now each regiment of ten com- panies constitutes a Bingle battalion. battalioned (ba-tal'yond), a. [< battalion + -etl".] Formed into battalions. batteau, n. See bateau. batt batt, ». An obsolete spelling of bat 1 , still ocea- sionallv used in Borne senses. See 6a* 1 , 10, 11. batta 1 (bat'S), ». [Anglo-Ind., formerly also battel (cf. buttii-), Pg.bata (later in Hind., etc., bhatd, hlujtii, allowance for maintenance), per- haps < Canarese bhatta, rice in the husk (see 6o% 2 ), generalized to ' subsistence.'] In Brit- _ ish India: (a) Subsistence-money given to battelH, «■ and v. bee bat soldiers, witnesses, prisoners, and 'others. (6) battel'-t, v. See battle*. An allowance in addition to their pay origi- battel 3 t, "• and V. nallv made to troops serving in the field. "Mifitarj batta, originally an occasional allowance, us defined, grew to be a constant addition to the pay of offi- cers in India, and constituted the chiel part of the excess of Indian over English military emoluments." [Yuleand Bv . " i It was reduced one halt by the governor-gen- eral Lord William Bentinck in 1828. batta- (bat'a), n. [Anglo-Ind. Hind, batta, Beng. batta "(cerebral t).] In British India, agio; discount; difference of exchange, battablet (bat'a-bl), a. [< bat- in battled, bat, te ' version as pasture. Also spelled ba table, M««ini«a« made many inward parts of Barbarj and Nu- midia in Afri.k (before his linn*, incult and horrid) fruit- ful and battabU by this means. Burton, Anat. of Mel., To the Reader. battage (ba-tazh'), «. [F., < battre, beat: see bateK] 1. Beating; the operation of beating. See batikA. battel 4 (bat'l), n. [Usually in pi. battels, also battles, battells, first found in the 16th century, Latinized batilli, batellw; a peculiar college use, of uncertain origin. The sense of 'provi- sions' appears much later than that of ' charges batten 2 (bat'n), o. t. [< batten", ».] therefor,' but, if original, suggests a connection or fasten with battens — To batten with battA !'■'< batth '•'•.' r., feed : see battle^.'] 1. pi. hatches of a ship, to cover them with tarpaulins and nail At the university of Oxford in England : (a) Col- pattens over their edges, so as to prevent water from leak- juraoiuu.cujiij^w v p \ / mg below during bad weather. lege accounts for board and provisions supplied batten . door (bat'n-dor), n. A door made of narrow boards held together by means ot cross- battens nailed to them. [He] stepped cautiously up to one of the batten doors batter way, to prevent leaking in stormy weather, (i | \ wooden bar or cleat nailed to the beam of a ship, from which the seamen's ban :ks are slung. (/)One ol the long slips use d m the molding-loft of a ship-yard in tracing lines and setting fair the shear of a ship in molding. 2. In com., squared timber of 6 or more feet in length, 7 inches in width, and 2\ inches in thickness, used in carpentry and house- building for various purposes. Pieces less than 6 feet long are known as batten-ends. — 3. In wearing, the beam for striking the weft home; a lathe Louvered or loovered battens, battens fitted in frames, or between stanchions, iii parti- tions, eli., at swell an angle as to admit air. and yet to pre- vent dirt from entering. Fineham, Ship-building, iv. 83. See louver. To form down the from the kitchen and buttery, (b) The whole 'M 1 , etc.. + -able: perhaps, like batful, a per- f the college accounts for board and lodgings, ersion of battle 3 , a.] Fattening ; serviceable rates, tuition, and contributions to various funds. — 2. At Eton college, a small allowance of food which, in addition to the college allow- ance, the collegers receive from their dames. Richardson. battel 4 (bat'l), v. i. [< battel*, ».] To stand indebted in the college-books at Oxford for • nrovisions and drink from the buttery. 2. In agn,, threshing- 3 The operation of ^ ft „ ,„„„,.• ,„„,,., . ltrorwinir nr llicfivrinratintr the llll'redieilts Ol u ~ " - . .' ». . . L . ,-, .. . ' . -, Z-i /■*_/•: pulverizing or incorporating the ingredients of gunpowder by the old method of stamping with pestles. Also wrongly spelled batage. battailantt, a. and n. [Also batteilant, battel- lant, < P. bataillant, ppr. of bataiCler, combat: see battle 1 , ».] I. a. Combatant. 1 saw an Elephant, Adorn'd with liells and bosses gorgeouslie, That on his backe did beare (as batteilant) A gilden towre, which shone exceedinglie. Spenser, World's Vanitie, St. 8. II. n. A combatant. battailoust (bat'e-lus), a. [Early mod. E. also battelous, battell, ins. battlous, etc., < ME. batai < batteli, battle*, + -erl.] 1 . A student at Oxford indebted in the college-books for provisions and drink at the buttery.— 2. One of a rank or order of students at Oxford below commoners; a poor student. Pierce Pemiyless, exceeding poor scholar, that hath made clean shoes in both universities, and been a pitiful battler all thy lifetime. Middleton, The Black Book. battement (bat'ment ; F. pron. bat-e-moii'), n. with aii auger, ami succeeded, without arousing any one, in boring a hole. 0. W. Cable, The Grandissimes, p. 407. battening (bat'ning). n. [Verbal n. of bat- ten".} 1. The operation of fixing to a wall bat- tens, to which are to be nailed laths to receive plastering. — 2. The battens fixed to a wall for this purpose. batter 1 (bat'er), v. [< ME. bateren, batren, with freq. formative -er, < bat- (repr. in ME. by halm (only intrans.) in the sense of bale or flutter as a hawk (see bate 1 ); in later ME. and mod. E. regarded as freq. of bat (late ME. batten), from the noun bat 1 , which may be of the same ult. origin), < OF. batre, F. battre = Pr. batre = Sp. batir = Pg. bater = It. batten , < ML. (LL.) batere, battere for L. bettuere, bat- tuere, beat, strike: see bate 1 , battle 1 , etc. Not [F.,< battre, beat:' see bate 1 , bat 1 , and -ment.] eonn e C ted with E. beat 1 .} I. trans. 1. To beat 1. A beating; striking; impulse.— 2. In music, a trill-like ornament, consisting of a slow shake of a tone with the next tone below, beginning vith the latter : common in old-fashioned music Urns, batelouse, hat, lions, < OF. bataillous, batten 1 (bat'n), v. [Not found in ME., but prob. existent dialectally; < Icel. batna, grow better, improve, recover, = Goth, ga-batnan, be bettered, profit, avail, a neut. passive form from the pp. 'batons of a lost strong verb, 'baton (pret. *bot), be useful, profit, boot, represented secondarily by D. MLG. LG. baten, profit, avail, help, and in E. by the derived forms bet 1 , bet- ter 1 , and boot 1 : see bet 1 , better 1 , and boot 1 . A noun, *bat, improvement, profit (cf. Icel. bati, improvement, advantage, D. boat, MLG. LG. bate, advantage, profit, gain), is implied as the formal base of the adjectives batful, bailable, but these are appar. manipulated forms of the orig. adj. battle 3 , from the verbal root.] I. in- trans. 1. To become better; improve in condi- tion (especially by feeding) ; grow fat; thrive. It makes her fat, you see ; she battens with it. B. Jonson, Bartholomew Fair, ii. 1. 2. To feed gluttonously; figuratively, gratify a morbid appetite or craving; gloat: absolute- ly, or with on or upon. Have you eyes ? Could von on this fair mountain leave to feed, Aud batten on this moor? Shak., Hamlet, iii. 4. Her savage birds O'er human carcasses do scream anil batta). ./. ISaillie. The moths, that were then battening upon its obsolete ledgers and day-books, have rested from their depreda- tions. Lamb, South-Sea House. Melancholy sceptics . . . who batten on the hi. Icons facts in history. Emerson, Society and Solitude, .v.. 220. 3. Figuratively, to thrive; prosper; live in ease and luxury, especially at the expense in- to the detriment of others: witli on, formerly also with: as, to batten on ill-gotten gains. And with these thoughts so battens, as if fate Would he as easily cheated on as he. /;. Jonson, \ olpone, i. 1. II. trans. 1. To improve by feeding; fat- ten ; make fator cause to thrive with plenteous tee. ling. Batti oni'i our docks with the fresh dews of night. Milton, Lycidas, 1. 29. 2t. To fertilize or enrich (the soil). English spelling bateillous, warlike, < bataille, battle.] War- like ; bellicose ; ready for battle. In sunbright amies, and battalions array. Spenser, F. Q., I. v. 2. The French came foremost, battailous and bold. Fairfax, tr. of Tasso, i. 37. Thoughts and images like stately fleets, . . . somedeep with silk and spicerv, some brooding over the silent thun- ders of their battailous armaments. LoweU, Among my Books, ii. 241. battaliat (ba-ta'liii), n. [Early mod. E. also ba- talia, baiallia, battaglio, etc., < It. battaglia (= Sp. batalla = Pg. Pr. batalha = OF. bataille, > E. battle 1 ), battle, squadron: see battle 1 .'] 1. Order of battle ; battle array. I have made all his troops and companies Advance, and put themselves ranged in battalia. Chapman, Revenge of Bussy D'Ambois, iii. 1. 2. Milit. : (a) A large body of men in order of battle or on the march, whether a whole army or one of the great divisions of it; a host; an army. A'. Rich. Who bath descried the number of the traitors? Nor. six ..r seven thousand is their utmost power. K Rich. \\ by, our battalia trebles that account. Shak., Rich. III., v. 3. [This is the reading of the folios ; the quarto editions read biatot In three battaliat does the king dispose His strength, which all in ready elder stand, And t.i each other's rescue near at hand. May, Edward III. (b) The main body or center of an army. Weequickl) plac'd Jockey in the rigid wing, sir John in th. |. it win j and Old Nick in the Battalia. Sn,c Decretal, 14. (.V. E. D.) battalion (ba-tal'ypn), «. [Formerly also l>a- tallion, bataillon, etc., < F. bataillm, < It. bat- taglione, battalion, aug. of battaglia, a battle, squadron: see battalia, batth'.] If. An ai-niy in battle array. He t :. ii.e.l HleS Darts in ex] I Boon traverse I be v, hole battalion views. Milton, v. L., i. 569. 2. In genera!, nnv .list inct portion of nn army or minor body of troops acting together: ns, (lo.l is on the side of the largest battalions (a *■* *> T" * S ^gSSb^i, prev&iTL ti infantry, cavalry, grenadiers, voltlgeurs, etc. Iii tie- i mi'.! -t.ii. t v more detached companie "i in faulty, squadrons of cavalrj orbatterie ofartillerj en in- together are called a ha It alien, -iini.li foi COnvi nee. 3. Technically, a body of infantry composed of two or more mpanies forming part of a regiment, or sometimes constituting a whole regiment. In European armies an infantry regiment is usually divided into three battalions, sometimes with a uses of the word: see baton, batoon, boston.] 1. A strip or scantling of wood. Specifically (a) \ bar nailed across parallel boards (as those formings door shutter, etc.) to keep them together. (6) Oneof the strips used as supports for the laths of a plastered wall. or tor nailing over tl ra.k- between boards, (e) One ..f the narrow strips nailed to a mast or spar, at a place ex- 1 1 I., friction, t" prevent chafing. <.') A narrow strip used to nail dowu the edges of a tarpaulin over a hatch.- upon or against ; strike with repeated blows ; pound violently, as with the fist, a hammer or bludgeon, a battering-ram, cannon-shot, etc.: as, to batter a door for admittance; to batter the walls of a city (with or without effect). The thunderer, whose holt, you know, Sky-planted, batters all rebellious coasts. Shak., Cymbeline, V. 4. [The] whole artillery of the western blast, Battering the Temple's front, its long drawn nave, Smiting as if each moment were their but Wordsn-ortlt, Cave of Statfa. 2. To bruise, break, or shatter by beating ; in- jure the substance of by blows ; pound out of form or condition: as, to batter a person's countenance ; a battered wall or tower ; to bat- ter type (that is, bruise the face of it). \,i» were the walls beat en with the ranis, and many parts thereof shaken and hotter,,!. Holland, tr. of Livy, p. 397. 3. In forging, to spread outwardly, as the ends of a metal bar or rod, by hammering ; upset. E. H. Knight. II. intrans. To act by beating or striking; use repeated blows ; practise pounding : as, to batter away at a door ; to batter upon a wall ; battering cannon. With all her battering engines bent to rase Some capital city. Hilton, P. L., ii. 923. Besiegers break ground at a safe distance, aud advance gradually till near igh to batter. Abp. Whately, Elem. of Rhetoric, I. iii. § 5. To batter at, to make attacks upon ; try to overthrow or destroy. The tyrant has not batter'd at their peace? Shak., Macbeth, iv. 3. To batter in breach. (<0 To direct a heavy earn le from a breaching battery against a selected part of the wall ..r rampart inclosing an enemy's fortification, in Order to level or destroy it, and make an i tleetive breach or opening through Which an assault in force may he made. ((<) Specifically, to attempt to breach an en. my's works by means ..I a battery mounted in the third para] lei. To hatter in breach, a sufficient number of guns should he employed to maintain a practically tinuous tire, so as to prevent the enemy from repairing tin- dam- age, and to obtain th.' cumulative effect due to heavy Bring against a single point. Breaching is sometimes ac- complished by tiring simultaneous or alternate volleys from two or I 'e batteries. batter 1 (bat'er), n. [< batter 1 , ».] 1. A heavy blow.— 2. In printing, a blur or defect m a she.! produced by battered type ; a spot show- ing the broken si :ite of the type.— 3. inceram., a mallet used to flatten out wet clay before molding. See batting-block. batter- (bat'er), v. i. [Origin unknown; per- haps connected in some way with baiter 1 , or with V. aba lire, beat down.] To incline from the perpendicular: said of a wall whose face recedes us il rises: opposeil to art rhting. Retaining and breast walls halter towards the hank. JJ. U. Knight, Amer. Jleeh. Diet., I. 247. batter batter :! (bat'er), n. [< ME. hater, batere, batow, bature, < < >F. bntitrr, a beating) metal beaten out thin, < batre, bent; of. Sp. batido, batter, < batir, beat: see batter 1 , Cf. batture.] 1. A mixture of several ingredients, as Hour, eggs, salt, etc., beaten together with some liquid, used in cookery. — 2. Flour and water made iuto paste ; specifically, tho paste used in sizing cloth. [Scotch.] batter 3 (bat'er), v. t [So., < batter^, »., 2.] To paste together; cover with things pasted on: as, to batU r the walls with placards. [Scotch.] batter 1 (bat'er), n. [< bat 1 , v., + -ir 1 .] One who bats; especially, in base-ball and cricket, one who wields tho bat ; the batsman. He [the bowler] bowls a ball almost wide to the off; the batter steps out, and cuts it beautifully to where cover- point is standing. T. Hughes, Tom Brown's School-Days, ii. 8. battered (bat'erd), 71. a. [< batter 1 + -ed 2 .] Beateu down or bruised ; worn or impaired, as by beating or long service : as, a battered pave- ment; battered type ; a battered jade. The Tory party, according to those perverted views of Toryism unhappily too long prevalent in this country, was held to be literally defunct, except by a few old bat- tered crones of office. Disraeli. batterer (bat'er-er), n. One who batters or beats. batterfangt, ». '■ [Appar. < batter 1 + fang.'] To assail with fists and nails ; beat and beclaw. [Obsolete or prov. Eng.] N. E. D. batter-head (bat'er-hed), n. That head of a drum which is beaten. batteriat (ba-te'ri-a), ». [ML.: see battery, 13.] Beaten metal, or metal prepared for beat- ing: a term used from the fourteenth to the seventeenth century for tho thin plate-metal of which vessels and utensils were made. See bat- tery, 13. batterie (bat'er-i), re. [F., a beating, etc.: see battery.'] 1. A roll upon the side- or snare- drum. — 2. A method of playing tho guitar by striking the strings instead of plucking them. — 3. An obsolete designation for a staccato arpeg- giation of the chords of an accompaniment. Compare A Ihcrti bass (under bass 3 ) and arpeggio. battering (bat'er-ing), p. a. [Ppr. of batter*.] Sloping upward and inward, as a terrace or bank. The system of its construction is that known as pyram- idal or battering. Athenceunl, No. 3067, p. 182. battering-charge (bat'er-ing-charj), n. The maximum charge of powder prescribed for use in heavy guns ; a charge used in battering an enemy's works. battering-gun (bat'er-ing -gun), n. Same as battering-piece. battering-piece (bat'er-ing-pes), it. Milit., a cannon of heavy caliber adapted for demolish- ing defensive works. battering-ram (bat'er-ing-ram), k. 1. An an- cient military engine consisting of a large beam shod with metal, sometimes with a head some- what resembling the head of a ram (whence the name), used to batter or beat down the defenses of besieged places. In its simplest form it was car- ried and forcibly driven against the wall by the hands of the soldiers, but more commonly it was suspended by ropes from a beam which was supported by posts, and balanced so as to swing backward and forward, being in this way impelled against the wall with much more ease and effect. It was also often mounted on wheels and worked under cover, the assailants being protected by a movable shed from the missiles of the besieged. 2. A heavy blacksmiths' hammer, suspended, and worked horizontally. battering-rule, «. See batter-rule. battering-train (bat'er-ing-triin), n. Milit., a train of heavy ordnance for siege operations. batter-level (bat'er-lev"el), 11. An instrument for measuring the inclination of a slope. See clinometer. batter-rule, battering-rule (bat'er-rol, -ing- rol), n. An instrument for regulating the bat- ter or inclination in building a sloping wall. It consists of a plumb-line attached to a triangular frame, one side of which is fixed at the required angle with the line, the plummet hanging vertically. Battersea enamel. See enamt I. battery (bat'er-i), n. ; pi. batteries (,-iz). [Early mod. E. also batery, batterie, < F. batterie (= Pr. bataria = Sp. Pg. bateria = It. batteria ; ML. batteria), a beating, battery, < hattrc. beat: seo batter 1 and -ery.] If. The act of battering; at- tack or assault, with the view of beating down, as by a battering-ram or by ordnance. At one place above the rest, by continual batterie there was such a breach as the towne lay open and naked to the eneniie. llultand, tr. of Livy, p. 397. 477 Bring therefore all the forces that ye may, And lay incessant '"("- 1 ii to her heart Speruer, Sonnets, \iv. Long lour you fought, redoubled battery bore, But, after all, against yourself von swore. n, ,„i, a. Hind and Panther, I. 626. 2. In lair, the unlawful beating of another. The least degree of violence, or ei en the touching or spit ting in the [ace of another, in anger or Insolence, consti- tutes a I lattery. Every battery includes an assault, though an assault does not necessarily imply that it must be such as to threaten a battery. See assault. 3. The instrument or agency employed in bat- tering or tit tucking: as, a battery of guns; a battery of abuse. Specifically — 4. Milit.: (a) A body of cannon for field operations, consist- ing generally of from 4 to 8 guns, with com- plement of wagons, artillerymen, etc. (h) The armament of a ship of war: as, the Colorado's battery consists of 4(3 nine-inch guns. — 5. The personnel or complement of officers and men attached to a military battery. — 6. Ltt fort, a parapet thrown up to cover the gunners and others from the enemy's shot, with the guns employed; a fortified work mounting artillery. Admiral Farragut had run the batteries at Port Hudson with the flagship Hartford and one iron-clad and visited me from below Vicksburg. U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs, I. 464. 7. In base-ball, the pitcher and catcher together : as, the work of the battery was excellent. — 8. (a) In f fictional elect., a number of Leyden Leyden-jar Battery. jars usually arranged with their inner coatings connected together, and their outer coatings also connected, so that they may all be charged and discharged at the same time, if arranged so that the inner coating of one is in connection with the outer coating of the next, and so on, they are said to be charged (or discharged) in cascade. (J)) T n voltaic Voltaic Plunge-battery. elect., a voltaic cell, or more properly a num- ber of voltaic cells (see cell) arranged together so as to give a powerful current of electricity. The way in which the cells are coupled depends upon the nature of the cur- rent which is desired and the relation between the external and internal re- sistance. (See resistance.) Forexample, if the cells are arranged in series, tin copper of the first with the zinc of Hie next, and so on, the result is tn give the maximum electromotive force; on the other hand, if arranged abreast, all the zincs being connected together, and all the copper plates togethe) the electromotive force i.s the same as for a single cell, but the internal or bat tery resistance is diminished, and hence the strength of the current or the quan- tity of electricity may, under certain conditions, be much increased. The first method is sometimes spoken of in popular language as the arrange- ment for intensity, the second for quantify. An early form of battery was Volta's vile, and another his emi rniiiie iles tosses, or "crown of cups." The different kinds of battery arc named according to the materials or the form of the cells of which they are composed, or the way in which the cells are arranged. Some of the commoner kinds are the Daniell. Grove, Bunsen, l.e Clanchi, gravity, bichromate, etc. For a description of these and i itlurs. see cell. 9. In optics, a series of lenses or of prisms, as in the spectroscope, combined in use. — 10. Volta's Pile or Bat- tery. /. positive wire ; n, negative wire. battery In much., an assemblage of similar construc- tions or parts: as, a battery of boilers; a, battery of st :i in] is in a stamping-mill; a battery of sugar-kettles. Tbe dark sugar-house; thebattery of huge caldrons, with their yellow juice boiling like a sea, half-hidden in clouds of steam. G. W. Cable, Creoles of Louisiana, p. 112. 11. In the manufacture of nitric acid, a com- bination of large bottles and carboys serving as a condensing apparatus for the acid vapors. — 12. In hat-making, a large open boiler con- taining water to which some sulphuric acid has been added. It is surrounded by planks which slope toward the center, and is used in felting. — 13. Metals, or articles of metal, especially of brass or copper, wrought by ham- mering; hammered metals or utensils; espe- cially, apparatus for preparing or serving meals ; all metallic utensils of service for the kitchen. Compare batteria. Soon our tea battery came in, and she [the maid-servant] was forced to surrender the tabic fur our use. The first instruments of the aforesaid battery looked like prepara- tions for scrubbing the floor. Harper's Mag., LXVI. 695. There are [in Middclburg Town-hall museum], among other things, the grand old feasting batteries of the vari- ous guilds and corporations. Harper's Mag., f.XIX. ;;,j4. 14. An oblong box submerged to the rim in the water, used as a boat, and for concealment, by persons engaged in shooting wild fowl ; a sink- boat. One of the commonest and most successful methods of killing fowl along the seaboard is from batteries. Forest and Stream, XXIII. 441. 15. In coal-mining : (a) A structure built of timber, to keep the coal in the breast or pre- vent it from sliding down the shute. (b) A platform on which miners stand while work- ing in thin and steeply pitching beds of coal. [Pennsylvania.] -Ambulant battery, a battery of lieaw siege-guns provided with traveling-carriages to transport them from point to point.- Anderson bat- tery, a galvanic battery using zinc and carbon in baths of muriate of ammonia, oxalate of chromium, and po- tassium.— Barbette battery. See barbette.- Battery amalgamation, in mining, amalgamation effected by placing mercury in the battery or mortars while the metalliferous rock is being stamped.— Blinded bat- tery, a battery in which the guns are protected by an armored parapet, by bomb-proof blinds or casemates, or by embrasure-casings or mantelets.— Breaching-bat- tery, a battery so placed that its fire is perpendicular, or nearly so, to a line of wall or parapet to be breached. It is used for making an opening in the enemy's works through which an assaulting column may enter. — Cava- lier battery, a battery mounted in the cavalier (which see), anil arranged to deliver a plunging fire into the works of an assailant.— Clearing -battery, in breweries, an arrangement for straining the wort from the vat. It includes a device for cutting off the flow when the wort has attained a sufficient depth.— Counter-battery, (a) A battery intended to silence and overthrow guns of the defense which bear upon the brcaching-battcries. Its guns are generally so placed as to fire along the ditches of the works, (b) Any battery opposed to another. Tid- ball.— Covered battery, a battery concealed from the enemy, and intended to deliver a vertical fire. Tidball. — Cross-batteries, two or more batteries whose lines of tire intersect.— Direct battery, a battery whose lire is perpendicular to the line of works attacked.- Enfilading battery, a battery which sweeps tbe length of an enemy's line, or takes him on the flank.— Fascine battery, a battery of which the parapet is wholly or partially made of fascines : used where the earth is loose or sandy. — Floating battery, a battery erected either on a simple raft or on a ships hull, for the defense of the coast or for the bombardment of an enemy's ports. The name is sometimes given to a type of ship which, though it maybe provided with independent propelling power, is designed primarily not for navigation, but merely to afford support and cover to heavy guns.— Gabion battery, a battery with a parapet formed of gabions filled with earth or sand.— Galvanic battery, a pile or series of plates of copper and zinc, or of any materials susceptible of gal- vanic action. See galvanic. — Grove's gas-battery, a battery in which the cell consists of two glass tubes partly tilled with water, and the remainder with oxygen and hydrogen respectively : in these tubes two platinum elec- trodes arc immersed.— Horizontal battery, a battery the interior or terreplein of which is on the natural level of the ground. Tidball.- Indented battery, or battery a cremaillere, a battery constructed with sa- lient and reentrant angles for obtaining an oblique as well as a direct tire, and to afford shelter from the enfilade fire of the enemy. Tidball — Joint batteries, batteries whose lire is directed against the same object. — Latimer-Clark battery.au electric battery intended as a standard, the electromotive force being constant. It is a combination of zinc in sulphate of zinc and mercury in sulphate of mercury. E. 11. Knight. — Light battery. '(«) A mounted field-bat- tery, ('ii A battery composed of guns of small caliber.— Magnetic battery. See magnetic.- Masked battery, a battery artificially concealed until required to open upon the enemy. Tidball. — Mortar-battery, a battery having an armament of mortars. Such batteries arc constructed with a parapet without embrasures, an interior slope not re- vetted, but retaining the natural slo] f the soil, and plat- forms horizontal instead of inclining slightly toward the front, as in gun-batteries. See cut on next page.— Moun- tain battery, a battery of light guns, so fitted that the pieces and their carriages may be transported upon the backs of mules or pack horses. Oblique battery, a bat- tery whose line of fire makes an angle of 20° or more with the battery 478 Plan and Section of Mortar-battery for four mortars. merits ; M. M, m rtar-piatii ... , t /' , section on CD. perpendicular to the interior en st of th, enemy's works: localled in contradistinction to a direct battery. Open battery a battery entirely exposed, that is. unprotected bf a^apet-nunge-tettSy, an electric battery so arranged that the metals can be removed from the hquid when not in use. -Raised battery, a battery whoseteree- plein is elevated considerably above the ground. Mra«. -Redan battery, a bat-tery giving a cross or flg"kmt fire from a salient or reentrant angle "t a fortification.— Reverse battery, * battery which fires directly or ob- liquely upon the rear ,.f a work or line oi troops.— JfflCO- rjfiet tottery, abattery which fires horizontally or at alow angle ol elevation, so that the projectiles graze and bound along tie Bin-face of the ground or water. Smooth-bore guns firing spherical projectiles are most effective for ricochet tire. -Siege-battery, a battery for siege opera- tions Such batteries are either fixed, comprising siege- guns and mortars of the heaviest caliber anil largest size, or movable consisting of field-guns and small mortars — Storage battery, or secondary battery, in dect.acom- binatinu of secondary cells or accumulators which when once charged may he used for a considerable time aftci as a source of an electrical current. The Plante cell con- sists essentially of two plates of metallic leadfC, C ) rolled into a spiral form, and in the improved 1 aure form covered Storage or Secondary Cell, or Accumulator, Plante form. C.C'. lead plates rolled in a ph .i aid .rated by pieces ofrub. ber; O. H, wires from th. primary or charging battery l A,A , poles l ,ry cell. with redoxidoflead; the primary current with which the th, win Q 1 H)servesto peroxi- dize and reduce this coating, respectively, on the ho I connected with the two poles; the chemical energy thus stored up .- given back in the form ol a continuous and trj, current when tin- !■*» <•< tin: charged cell ,i is b i and i nemical action is reversed, -Sunken battery, a battery in which the sole of the embrasun is on a li in I with the ground, and the platform [aeon equentlj sunkbelowit QUdbalt.) Theparapetis , the • arth excavated from the sib' constitut- ing the platform Half-sunken battery, a battery of which thi parap I i formed partly from earth taken from the Inside or terrepl.-m, and partly from a ditch outside.— Urticating batteries, in mbl., the nematocysts or thread cells of hydroid polyps. Water-battery, an electric: battery in which the liquid i mployed iswater. It is useless as a source ol a current bo ause of the high re- .. ...in,, wab r.bui b; bavin ralarge number of zinc- ,,,,,,„ ,- coupli - a high and constant ditri rence "I potep , | obtained al the two poll it is thus valuable in many electrostatic expel In battery-box (barer-i-boks), »• A square chest or box, tilled witli earth, used for making para- pets for batteries where gabions or sand-bags : , r , ,,,,t to be had. Farrow, Mil. Encyc. battery-gun (bat'er-i-gun), n. A machine-gun (which see). battery-head (bat'er-i-hed), ». The extreme end of a railroad embankment over which earth is tipped during the process of construc- battery-shooting (bat'er-i-sh,, ting), ». rhe shootingof wild fowl from a battery. Bee bat- I, ni, 14. It would be far better, however, to decide upon some plan ol action by which battery-shootmg could bewholly !l„ne away with. Forest and Stream, Will. 441. battery-wagon (bat'er-i-wag/pn), n. Mild., a vehicle accompanying each fleld-Toattery to car- ry tools, paints, oils, veterinary supplies, etc., to be used for repairs and the service of the battery. Battey's operation. See operation. bat-tick (bat'tik), n. A small wingless tick-like insect, of the order Diptera and f amily Nyetert- h,i,l,v (which see): so called because it infests bats. The name is given to all the species of the family. „ battilt, battillt, a. Variant spellings of battle*. batting (bat'ing), n. [Verbal n. of ban, » ] 1 . The act or process of washing or smoothing linen with a bat.— 2. The process of beating raw cotton with hazel- or holly-twigs, on a frame made of cords, for the purpose of opening the matted locks, or of beating out impurities.— 3. Cotton or wool prepared in thick but light mat- ted sheets for quilts or bed-covers, the quilting of garments, etc. Also called bat, batts.—i. The act or manner of using a bat in a game ot ball : as, their batting was good. batting-block (bat'ing-blok), n. In ceram., a block of wet plaster upon which clay is flattened out by a batter before it is shaped on the potter's wheel or by a mold and templet, bee batter 1 , 3. , _ .. . batting-machine (bat'iiig-ma-shen") n. A machine in which cotton taken from the wil- lowing-machine is scutched, blown, and lapped to prepare it for the carding-machine. batting-Staff (bat'ing-staf), h. [Cf. battler* and baUet.] A small mallet sometimes used in laundries for beating linen; a beetle. battish (bat'ish), a. [< bat"- 1 + -feW-.] Of, per- taining to, or resembling a bat. L Kare -l She clasp'd his limbs, by impious labour tired, With battish wings. .„.,.„. , „;;; Vernon, tr. of Ovid a Metamorph., vm. battle 1 (bat/1), ». [Early mod. E. also battel (a spelling still often used archaically, as in wager Of battel), < ME. batel, batdlc, balaijlc, batailr, bataille, < OF. bataille = Pr. Pg. batalha = Sp. batalla = It. battaglia, \n encounter between two persons; a duel or single combat.— 3. A fight or encounter be- tween animals, especially when pitted against each other for the amusement of spectators. If we draw lots, he [Cassar] speeds : His cocks do win the battle still of mine, When it is all to nought ; and his quails ever Beat mine, in) p'd, at "'Ids. ShaJc, A. and < ., n. •>. 4 Warfare; hostile action; actual conflict with enemies: as, wounds received or honors gained in battle. VVhoisthisKingofgloryJ Tho Lord strong and mighty, the Lord mighty in battle. «. xxiv. 8. 5. Any contest or conflict ; struggle for mas- tery or victim : as, the batth of life. n't the siv genera, lirosera lias been incomparably the most successful in tie <»"<" '"' I' 1 ' , ''""' ;1 birge part "f tesuS^ be attributed to its uer of catching insects. Ii.inein, Insectiv. Plants, p 867. 6f. An army prepared for or engaged in tight. f ire answers tire, and through thi ir paly Bamea „;aeb OaUle sees the other s gdM|^ r>| , v . (cn0 .). battle 7f. A body of forces, or division of an army; a battalion. The king divided his army into three battles, whereof the vanguard only with Mings came to fight jtaeon. Then the Battels were staled, and set in such order as ,1 "' VS ' Mh ' 1 "., ,;„„,,,,t r .nf,)ui„tusCurti„s,iii.32. 8t. More specifically— (a) The main or middle body of an army or fleet, as distinguished from the van and rear. Angus led the avant-guard, himself followed with the ,„„„,'. a good distance behind, and alter ™,,e^mi,ei. ( Tlll . centre, or battle as it was called, consisting of stxty- three gaUeys, was led by John of Vustna. ' rescou. Che van outsailed before, by him had run E'en as he staved for us. and now indeed (If bis main battle must lie take g I heed. William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 17. (6) That portion of tho army, wherever placed and of whatever consisting, which is regarded as of main importance The cavalry bywayof distinction, was called the battle, and on it alone depended the fati oi everj ■ , '"';'.' ( ;,, i , r , s , ) ^ 9t. A formidable array similar to an army in battle order. On his bow-back he [the boar] bath a battle set Of bristly pikes, that ever tlueat his foes SAafr,, ^ enus and Adonis, 1. 619. Rattle-ranee the range best suited to firing on an ene- Ws bin of battle Ipnn the rear sights of the latest Military titles the elevate.,, corresponding to that range ^designated by stamping the letter » B opposite the battle-range elevation. This range is 262 : yards, corre- BBonding to a continuous dangerous space of S37 yards, for the Springfield rifle, caliber .45, used against foot- troops.- Battle royal. CO A battle With lists or cudgels in which more than two combatants are engaged ; a. free flrrhk (hi A fiirht of game-cocks, in which more than two are engaged -DraWn battle, a battle in which neither mrtv gains the victory.- Order of battle. See ordcr.- Pitehed battle a battle in which the armies are pre- vi msiy dnVwn up in form, with a regular disposition othe forces.-- To give battle, to attack an enemy -To Join battle, proplrly, to nee. the attack ; commonly, "begin a battle -Trial by battle. Same as wager <***£■- Wager of battle or battel, in law, a species of trial tor th, TlTeision of controversies used among the rude ml- tary peoples of Europe. It was introduced into England by William the Comiueror, and practised m three cases only -in the court martial, or curt of chivalry or honor; in appeals of felony ; and in issues joined upon a writ of right The contest was held before the judges on a piece of ground inclosed, and the combatants were bound to flght till the stars appeared, unless the death or defeat of one party sooner decided the contest The weapons used were batons or staves art ell long. \\ <™gM£!25 men above sixty, and laineand blind persons m git a p. .11 by champions. Though long fallen into, 1.-st etude, it .was a valid and legal mode of trial in Lngland down to 1818, and was then formally lished in eonse,picnce of the demand by the defendant in a suit for tins mode ot al- , itranic.t and of the fact that this demand could not Sis be denii d him.=Syn. 1. Battle, Engagi m id, < on- ,,„, /■„,/,/ c bat, Contest, Action. Battle is a generaJ •,,.,„!, and tl„- most common. It is the .appropriate word for great engagements: as,the!«,W. ,.t \\ aterl,.,.. A/«/«< may last mlrely a few hours or for days: as the battle of Gettysburg lasted three days. f: ll: ia : ,ewnt is .in c, in i- , : ,i „ jiitan usaee pn„ tically ciuivalent to battle but it is aless forcible w5rd. CoryKct, literally, a -clashlne ^together, isastrong word, implying tierce physical encounter. FtaM has theenergyi if a monosyllable ; itdeni ites actual c. inflict. , ,,,avtakepa.ti,.abattiewi.l,..,.tae,,ydly., r b.,ne. \ battle may include many Jf.tlds : as, the fight at the to* staff in the battle of the Alma ; or it may itself be described as a tight Combat, like cemfiict, is a word of moredignity San/ffW ; it is by its history suggeat.iv, oi a struggle he- tweentwo, as persons, animals, squadrons, armies. Con- es, is a very genera! word, of uncertain strength, but often joined witli a Strong adjective; as. a stubborn aides! 'Cacti,,,, is a minor or incidental act p war, a single act of fighting • as the whole „eti„n lasted but an hour. All Oiesl words apply equally to operations by land or by sea. See encounter and strife. The distant battle flash'd and rung. v. nnuson, Two VoiceB. Two thousand of the enemy wee slain and taken in the ,„„„,,„„,„. which lasted "'J?^;!;;:';:.;.:;"-:,,,,, ,,.,..,. 16 . About 100 ooo men were engaged, and the conflict raged with great fury from daj U**™,**^,,, Alltietam . My lord is weary with tbe.no/.' before, And they will fall upon him unawares. Tennyson, neraint. Numerous were the combats which took place between the high-mettled cavaliers on both aides, who met on tho level arena, as on a tilting ground. PreSCOtt, I'Vr.l. and Tsa., l. 15. The whole plan of the Italian campaign had bee,, baaed anon the assumption thai n test between the two efeat Teutonic -tabs u. .1,1,1 peve a l,..t unequal one. B. Dicey, \ ictor Emmanuel, p. 284. Bow many gentlemen have you lost in this „.'''■"« I Shah., Much Ad.,, i. 1. battle 1 (bat/1), >:: pret. and ,.p. ''"»'<;'• i PF- battling. [< ME. batailen, batailUm, < OF. 6a- taXOer, < bataille, a buttle; Bee battU\ n.\ 1. mtrane. 1. To join or engage in battle: con- tend in light; tight: as, to battle with wolves. battle Tis ours by croft and by surprise to gain : 'Tis yours t cot in arms and battle in the plain. Prior. 2. To struggle ; contend; strive for mastery: either absolutely or with /or, irith, or against : as, to battle with the winds; to buttle far free- dom, or against adversity; to battle with igno- rance. Who battled/or the True, the Just. T' itiuts'in. In Memoriani. Ivi. Regret, resolve, awe, and joy, every high human emo- tion excepting fear, battled about us. £. S. Phelps, Beyond the Gates, p. 94. II. trans. If. To embattle; put into battle array. — 2f. To fight for. Whom tlui have Beyn alwey batailen and defenden g le men. Chancer, Iloothius, i. prose t. 3. To give battle to; fight against; contend with; light. [Rare.] He can battle theologians with weapons drawn from an- tique armories unknown to themselves. Whipple, Ess. and Rev., I. 15. battle 2 t (bat'l), v. t.; pret. and pp. battled, ppr. battling. [Early mod. E. also battel; < ME. batayl'en, batailen, < OF. bataillier, hateillier (= Pr. batalhar), fortify with battlements, < ba- taille, battlement, appar. identical with bataille, battle; but in later OF. the verb was merged in batillier. bastillier, < bastille, a fortress: see bastile, battle 1 , and battlement, and of. embattle 1 , embattle".] To furnish or strengthen with bat- tlements; embattle. Lest any tyme it were assayed, Fill wel aboute it was batayled. Rom. of the Rose, 1. 4101. battle 3 (bat'l), a. [Appears first in the 16th century, in Scotch and North. E., also written battel, 'hattil. battill, baittle, bettle, batwell, etc.; in form < *bat, a verbal root appearing in the verb batten 1 , improve, etc., + -el, -le, an adj. formative suffixed to verbal roots, as in brittle, fickle, etc. : see batten 1 , and cf. the later adjec- tives battable and batfnl, appar. modifications of battle 3 .] In agri. : (a) Improving; nutri- tious; fattening: as, battle grass; battle pas- ture. (/*) Fertile; fruitful: as, battle soil; battle land. [Now only North. Eng. and Scotch.] A battel soil for grain, for pasture good. Fairfax. battle 3 t (bat'l), v. [Sc. and North. E., also written battel, hattil, etc., from the adj. Cf. batten 1 , ».] I. trans. 1. To nourish; feed. — 2. To render fertile or fruitful, as the soil. Ashes are marvellous improvements to battel barren land. Ray's Proverbs. II. intrans. 1. To grow fat; thrive. Sleepe, they sayd, would make her battill better. Spenser, ¥. Q., VI. viii. 3S. 2. To become fertile or fruitful, as soil. battle 4 t, »■ and v. See battel^. battle 5 (bat'l), v. t. [Freq. of bat 1 (cf. batter 1 ), or perhaps a var. of bet tie 1 , v., simulating bat 1 , v. (cf. bat 1 , v.), or perhaps from ba t- tledore, 1, q. v.] To beat (clothes) with a battler or beetle in washing. battle-ax (bat ' l- aks), n. An ax used as a weapon of war. It was in almost universal use before the introduc- tion of firearms, and is still employed among un- civilized peoples. In her- aldry it is always repre- sented with a blade on one (usually the dexter) side and a point on the other, the stall terminating in a spear-bead. battle-bolt (bat'1-bolt), n of any kind used in battle. The rushing battle-bolt sang from the three-decker. Tennyson, Maud, i. 13. battle-brand (bat'l-brand), n. A sword used in battle. Thy father's battle-brand. Scott, L. of the L., ii. 15. battle-club (bat'1-klub), «. A club used in battle, especially by barbarians, as the South Sea islanders. The cursed Malayan crease, and battle-clubs From the isles of palm. Tennyson, Prol. to Princess. battle-cry (bat'1-kri), n. A cry or shout of troops engaged in battle. It was evident that their battle-cry was conquer or die. Thoreau, Walden, p. 247. 479 i. a. 1. Ranged in battle order of battle.— 2. Con- battled 1 (bat'ld), ; array; disposed in tested ; fought. Soldier, rest ! thy warfare o'er, Dream of battled fields no more. Scott, L. of the L., i. 31. battled- (bat'ld), a, 1. Furnished or strength- ened with battlements. Untamed as it were a eastel wal. Chaucer, Nun s Priest s Tab-. 1. 1" The battled tower. Vi nnyum, Fair \\ n. 2. In her., broken in the form of battlements: said ((/) of any horizontal line dividing the field; (6) of a bar or fesse, when one side only is broken in this way. Also embattled. cut under i mbattled. Battled arrondi, in her., hav- ing the heads of the battlements curved or rounded. Battled counter, in her., same as counter-embattled.— Battled embattled, in her., doubly battled, or battled in slops. Also railed arady and battled grady. battledore, battledoor (bat'1-dor), n. [< ME. baltfltlnre, -doure, -dure; appar. a modification (simulating 'battle, as if dim. of bat 1 ; cf. battle ') of Pr. batedor (=Sp. batidor, a beater, formerly also batador, a bat for beating clothes — Min- sheii), < balre = Sp. batir, beat: see bailer 1 . For the term., cf. stevedore. Cf. E. dial. battU - ton, in sense 1.] 1. A bat or beetle used in washing clothes, or for smoothing them out while being laundered. — 2. An instrument shaped like a racket, but smaller, used in battue The walls of Babylon, ... so broad that six chariots could well drive together at the top, and so battlemented that they could not fall. No r. //. rbert, Travels, p. 228. Tl M battlemented walls of the city. Harper's Hag., I.\ '• battle-piece (bat'1-pes), n. A painting which represents a buttle. I king at Crl an battle-pieces, in which French sol- diers are hown to have achieved evi rything, we see ex- emplified a national ■ ntimenl //. Spencer, Study of Soclol., p. 214. battler 1 (bat'ler), n. [< battle* + -eri\ appar. not descended from ME. batelur (< OF. batail- leor), batailler, < OF. bataillier.'] ' tae who bat- tles or fights; a warrior or contender. See battler'-'t (bat'ler), n. [< battU> + -> >K] 1. hav- <)no who bents with a bat or battledore. — 2. A bat or beetle.— 3. See hall' I I. battlerH, »• Bee batteler. battle-scarred (bat'l-skard), a. Scarred with wounds received in battle. The appeal of a Roman soldier, battle-scarred in the ser- vice of his country, could arouse to vengeance the populace of the great ancient republic. N. .1. Set)., I'XX VI. (50. battle-shout (bat'l-shout), n. A shout raised in battle. battle-song (bat'1-song), n. A song sung on the battle-field, or relating to battle ; a martial song. The chivalrous battle-song That she warbled alone in her joy. Tennyson, .Maud, x. 4. playing the game of battledore and shuttle- battleton (bat'1-ton), n. [E. dial., appar. a cock. — 3f. A paddle for a canoe. — 4. In glass- var. of battledore.] Same as battledore, 1. making, a flat square piece of polished iron with [Prov. Eng.] a wooden handle, used for flattening the Dot- battletwig(bat'l-twig), n. [E. dial.] An ear- toms of tumblers, or for similar purposes. — wig. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. 5. A kind of paddle with a long handle, used battle-writhen (bat'1-riTH en), a. [< battle 1 for placing loaves in a baker's oven. — 6f. A + writhen, old pp. of writhe.] Twisted or dis- kind of horn-book : so called from its shape. — Battledore-boy*, an abecedarian.— Battledore-bar- ley, a species of cultivated barley, Hbrdeumzeocritpa. batz, batzen (bats, bat'sen), n. [Formerly also bats, taken as plural, with an assumed sing., bat, < MHG. batze, 6. batzen, bazen, the coin so called, < MHG. bet:, G. batz, petz, a bear, the bear being the arms of Hern, where the coin was first issued.] A small billon coin Fool's Bauble. Childish + -ing 2 .] , T. N., v. 1. Obverse. Reverse. BatzofS-. Gall. Switzerland.— British Museum. (Size of original.) worth four kreutzers (about three cents), first issued toward the end of the fifteenth century by the canton of Bern, and afterward by other Swiss cantons, which placed their respective arms upon it. The name came to be applied also to certain small German coins. baubee, n. See bawbee. baublel (ba'bl), n. and a. [Early mod. E. 1ml, lr, babel < ME. bable, babylle, babulle, babel, < OP. babel, baubel (with dim. baubelet, beubelet, > early ME. beaubt let), a child's toy, plaything, trinket. Origin doubtful; cf. mod. F. babiole, a toy, gewgaw, It. babbola, a toy, appar. connected with It. babbco, a fool, blockhead {bdbbano, silly), = Pr. baban, a fool, < M L. babvZus, a bab- bler, fool. Cf. babble. The forms, if from the same source, show Lmitai i\ e variation. Jlaithl, 1 in this sense was early confused with bauble 2 , appar. of different origin.] I. n. If. A child's plaything or toy. — 2. A t rifling piece of finery; that which is gay or showy without real value; a gewgaw. 0, trinkets, sir, trinkets a baubU f or Lydia I Sheridan, The Rivals, v. 2, Are all these worlds, that speed their circling flight, Dumb, vacant soulless bawble* of the night I 0. W. Holmes, The Secret of the stars. 3. A trifle; a thing of little or no value; a childish or foolish matter or affair. Il.t "• Trifling; insignificant; contemptible. The sea being smooth, II, .u mam hallo* h.tni.i, boats dare sail 1 | erj Shak., T, and C, i. 3, Also spelled baioble. baubleH, ». <■ [< baubU i, „.\ To trifle, bauble- (ba'bl >. n. | Early mod. E. bable, babel, < ME. bable, babulle, babel, a fool's mace, also (appar. the same word i a stick with a heavy weight ai the end, used tor weighing, < M i:. babelen, bablen, waver, swing to and fro, appar. a freq. form from same source as bab\ bob 1 . BaubU may thus be regarded as for hobble. Bui the word was early confused with buuhb I, 480 q. v.] Primarily, a sort of scepter or staff of office, the attribute of Folly personified, car- ried by the jesters of kings and great lords in the middle ages, and down to the seventeenth cen- tury. It is generally represented as crowned with the head of a fool or zany, wearing a party-colored hood with asses • ars, and with a ring of little hells, like Bleigh-bells. A.t the other end there was s etinies a ball or bladder inflated with air, with which to belabor people. Also spelleil bairblr. The kynges foole Sate by the fire 111 a stool,. As he that with his bauble plaide. Oower, Conf. Amant., vii. Fools, who only wanted a party-col- oured coat, a cap, and a bawble, to pass for such amongst reasonable men. Driiden, Post, to Hist, of League. baubleryt, n. [Early mod. E. also bablerie, babelry; < bauble 1 + -ry.] trilling; a trifling matter. baublingt (ba'bling), a. [< bauble 1 , v., Contemptible ; paltry. A baubling vessel was he captain of. Shak. bauch, baugh (bach), a. [So., perhaps < Icel. bdgr, uneasy, poor, hard up ; cf . bagr, awkward, clumsy.] Weak; pithless; shaky. [Scotch.] bauchee-seed (ba'che-sed), n. Same as baw- chan-seed. bauchle 1 , bachle 1 (biich'l),)!. [So.; origin un- known. Cf. bauch.] 1. An old shoe worn down at the heel, or one with the counter turned down and worn as a slipper. — 2. A slovenly, pithless, or sliiftless person; a sham- bling good-for-nothing. [Scotch.] lie 11 be but a bauchle in this world, and a backsitter in Iheneist, Bogg, Shep. Cal., II. 195. (X. E. D.) bauchle 2 t, ''• '• [Sc. : see baflte.] To maltreat; baffle. bauchly (bach/li), adv. [Sc, < bauch + -ly 2 .] Weakly; indifferently; poorly. [Scotch.] baud x t, "• See bawd 1 . baud' 2 t, "• t. See bawd?. baud : H, n. See bawd 3 . baud 4 (bad), n. [Origin obscure. Cf. bawd 3 .] The fish otherwise called the rockling. [Local Eng. (Cornish).] baudet, a. [ME., < OF. baud, < OLG. bald, bold, lusty, = E. hold. See bawd 1 .] Joyous; riotously gay. Bom. of the Bose. baudekin, baudkin (ba'de-Mn, bad'kin), it. [Obsolete, except in historical use ; early mod. E. also irreg. bodkin; < ME. baudkin, baudekin, etc., < OF. baudekin, baudequin (ML. baldaki- nus), < It. baldacehino, > also E. baldakin, bal- dachin: see baldachin.] A rich embroidered or brocaded silk fabric woven originally with a warp of gold thread, and properly called cloth of baudekin. It was used for garments, sacred vest- ments, altar-cloths, canopies, etc., and is first mentioned in English history in connection with the knighting of William of Valence in 1247 by Henry III. It was proba- bly known on the continent before that date. Later tin- name was applied to any rich brocade, and even to shot silk. It is not found in use after the middle of the six- teenth century. Also called baldachin. There were no fewer than " Thirty albs of old cloth of haivdkyn," that is, cloth of gold, at Peterborough. Quoted in Rock, Church of our Fathers, i. 431. baudekynt, n. See baudekin. baudelairet, "• See badelaire. baudkin, »• See baudekin. baudreyt (bad'ri), ». A variant form of baldric. baudrickt, ». See baldric. baudrons (bad'ronz), n. [Sc, also badrans, bat/irons ; of unknown, perhaps Celtic, origin.] A name for the cat (like reynard for the fox, bruin for the bear, etc.). [Scotch.] Aul'l baudrons by the ingle sits, An' wi' her loot her face a washin'. Burns, Willie Wastle. The neehurs null] binntrons. T. Martin, tr. of Heine's " NIein Kiinl, wir waren Kinder.'' baudyH, baudy'-'t, ». See bawdy 1 , bawdy 2 . baufreyt, «. [ ( >ngin obscure ; perhaps a form of belfry.] A beam. bauge (bozh), n. [F.; of uncertain origin.] 1. A kind of coarse drugget made in Burgundy, France. — 2. Mortar made of clay and straw. baugh, "• See bauch. Bauhinia (ba-hin'i-a), n. [NL., named in hon- or of Jean and < i.'ispitrd liault/u, eminent Swiss botanists (died in 1613 and Hiiil respectively), because the leaves generally consist of two lubes or parts, and were thus taken as sym- bolic of the two brothers. ] A genus of plants, natural order legwminostB. The species an- usually twining plants, found in the woods of hot countries, often bavardage stretching from tree to tree like cables. The tough fibrous bark of the Mai limber, /;. Vahlii, of India, is used for and is suitable for paper niak- Bauhinia.— Inflorescence. making ropes ami bridge ing. The wood lit /; varieffata is one of the varieties of ebony, and its bark is used in dye- ingaii-l tannine, other species are equally use- ful. Bauhinian (bit- hin'i-an), a. Re- lating to the Swiss anatomist and bot- anist Gaspard Bau- hin (loGO-lOil).— Bauhinian valve, valvula Bauhini, the ileocseca] valve. See Ueoccecal. bn.uk (bak), n. A Scotch f.,rm of balk 1 . bauld (bald), a. A Scotch form of bold. bauldricket, «. See baldric. baulea (ba'le-ii), n. [E. Ind.] A round-bot- tomed passenger-boat, having a mast and sail, but generally propelled by oars, used on the shallower parts of the Ganges. baulite (ba'lit), n. [< Baula, a mountain in Iceland, + -He 2 . The mountain prob. derives its name from Icel. baula, a cow, an imitative name; cf. mod. Icel. baula, low as a cow: see bawl 1 .] A white transparent mineral, found in the matter ejected by the volcano of Krabla in Iceland. It is a variety of glassy feldspar or sanidine. Also called krabliie. baulk, n. and v. See balk 1 . baulmet, n. See balm. baultert, v. See baiter. baumt, »• See balm. baunscheidtism (boun'shit-izm), n. [From the inventor, Karl Baunncht alt, a German mechanician.] A form of acupuncture, in which about 25 needles, set in a metal disk and dipped in an irritant oil, are thrust into the skin by a spring. Its action seems to be accordant with that of ordinary counter-irritants. bauset, >'• '• [Appar. a var. of bass 6 , q. v.] To kiss. Marston. [A doubtful sense.] bauson (ba'sn), 11. and a. [Early mod. E. also bawson, bauzon, etc., and corruptly boson, bore- son, < ME. bauson, bawson, baucyn, bausen, a particular application of the adj. bauson, white-spotted, in ME. bausand, mod. bausond, etc. : see bausond. The adj. is rarely found in ME., but must have preceded the noun use. The badger has received other names in allu- sion to the white mark on its face: see bad- ger 2 .] I. n. An old name of the badger: some- times applied ludicrously or in contempt to a fat or pertinacious person. His mittens were of bawson'e skin. Drayton, Dowsabell, st. 10(1593). II. ". Same as baustnnl. bausond (b&'snd), a. [Early mod. E. also baw- sonde, bawsand, mod. dial, bawsont, ban-sand, also (erroneously written as if a participle) bauson' d, bassen'd, baws'nt, etc.; < ME. bausand (also, as a noun, bauson, bauson, bausen, etc.), < OF. bausant, baussant, bausent, hanzant,baucant, balcent, bauchant, etc. (with appar. unorig. -t), also bauzan, bausen, bausain (> ML. bausendm, bausennus) = Pr. bauson = It. balzano, white- spotted; cf. mod. F. (from It.) halzan, a black or bay horse with white feet. Origin un- known; possibly connected with the equiv. Celtic words mentioned as the source of E. ball 3 , q. v.] Having white spots on a black or bay ground ; having a white strip down the face, or a patch on the forehead : applied to animals. [Scotch.] His iiiuirst, sonsie, baws*nt face Aye gat him friends in ilka place. Burns, The Twa Dogs, 1. mi. bauson-faced (b&'sn-fast), a. Having a white mark mi the face, like a badger; bausond. bauteroll, «• See boterol- bauxite (bo'zit), «. [< Baux (see def.)+ -He 2 .] A clay found at Les I'.aux, near Aries in France, and elsewhere, in concretionary grains or oolit- ic, it contains about one half of its weight "f alumina, with iron a n. I water, anil silica as an impurity. It is used as a BOUTCe "f alum, Of the metal a in mini tun. and to some ex- tent in the preparation of crucibles. Also spelled beauxite. bavardage ( lia-viir-iliizh' i, n. [P., < bavarder, chatter, < bavard, talkative. < hare, drivel, sa- liva: aeebavette.] Idle talk; chatter. [Rare.] bavardage Replying onlj by monosyllables to the gay bavardage of the knight. Bitlwer, Rienzi, II. 188. bavarettet (bav-a-ret'), ». Same as bavette. Bavarian (ba-va'ri-anj, a. and n. [< Bavaria, NL. form of ML. Jliiiavia, I he country of the Jlnii (G. Baiern), whose name is also found in Bo- hemia, the country of tin' llniemi or Bohemi ((!. Bbhmen).] I. «. Of or pertaining to Ba- varia, a kingdom of southern Germany — Bava- rian bronze, a bronze ranging in color from a bright yellow to a copper-red. Ihe yellow bronze contains al t 82J per cent of copper to L7| percent oi tin; the red a i 97 per cent, of copper to 8 per cent, of tin. II. n. A native or an inhabitant of Bavaria, bavaroyt (bav'a-roi), re. [< F. Bavarois, Bava- rian.] A kind of cloak. Let the loop'd bavaroy the fop embrace. Bay, Trivia, i. 53. Baveno twin. See twin. bavert, "• An obsolete form of bearer' 2 . bavette (ba-vef), re. [P., with dim. term, -ette, < bare = Pr. It. bum = Sp. Pg. baba (ML. bara), drivel, slaver, saliva.] 1. A bib. — 2. The upper part of a child's apron turned over to serve as a bib. baviant (ba'vi-an), n. A variant form of baboon. baviert, "• An obsolete form of beavt i '-'. bavin 1 (bav'in), re. and a. [E. dial, bavin, bav- cii, also bnbbin ; of obscure origin ; cf. OF. baffe, a bundle.] I. n. 1. A fagot of brushwood; light and combustible wood used for kindling fires. [Now rare.] The Bauin, though it burne bright, is but a blaze. I/yly, Guphues, Anat. of Wit, p. 73. If lie outlasts not a hundred Buch crackling bavins as thou art, God and men neglect industry. Marston, Jonson, ami Chapman, Eastward Ho, i. 1, About two in the morning they felt themselves almost choked with smoke, and rising, did find the tire coming up stairs : so they rose to save themselves ; but that, at that time, the bavins were not on lire in the yard. Pepys, Diary, III. 73. 2t. Milit., a fascine. II. a. Resembling bavin. [Poetic] shallow jesters, and rash burin wits, Soon kindled and soon bnrn'd. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iii. 2. bavinH (bav'in), v. t. [< bavin, ».] To make up into fagots. Kid or bavin them, ami pitch them upon their ends to preserve them from rotting. Evelyn, Sylva, p. 538. bavin 2 (bav'in), n. [E. dial. ; origin obscure.] Impure limestone. Iliillnnll. [Prov. Eng.] bavin 3 (bav'in), n. [Origin obscure.] A name on the northeastern st of Ireland of the bal- lan-wrasse. Bavouism (ba-vo'izm), n. Same as Babouvism. Bavouism, as Babceuf'B system was called, was thus en- abled to play a role in French history from 1830 to 1839. R. T. Ely, Ft. and Oer. Socialism, p. 34. baw 1 (ba), re. [E. dial, and Sc. (Sc. also ba'), = ball 1 .] A ball. [Prov. Eng. and Scotch.] baw' J (ba), v. i. [E. dial., = bawl 1 . In def. 2, of. L. baubavi, bark.] 1. To bawl. [Prov. Eng.] — 2f. To bark. Topsell. baw 3 (ba), interj. [< ME. J>aw, bawe; a natural exclamation of disgust, like bull.] An ejacu- lation of disgust or contempt. Goldsmith. bawbee, baubee (ba-be'), n. [Se., formerly also bawbie, baubie, rarely liable : first mentioned in pi. baubeis. Of uncertain origin; prob. an abbr. of the name of the laird of Sillebawby, a mint-master mentioned at the date of the issu- ance of the bawbee, in connection with Atchison, another mint-master whose name was applied to the coin called atchison; cf. also bodle, bod- dle, said to be named from a mint-master Bod- well or Bolliwell.] 1. A Scotch billon coin, weighing about 29 grains troy, first issued in 481 bawchan-seed(biY'clian-sed), ii. [E. Ind.; also written ba/uchee-seed.] The seed of Psoralea corylifolia, a leguminous plant of the Basl En- dies, used by the natives as a tonic and in skin- diseases, and exported as an oil-seed. bawcock (bii'kok), n. [< F. bean eoq, line cock : see bea it and cock 1 .] Afinefellow. [Archaic] II..H now, my bavxoeki Shak.,T. N., iii. 4. bawd 1 (bad), ii. [Early mod. E. also band, < ME. bawde, baude, in the earliest instance varying with bawdstrot, of which bawd is prob. an abbr., being thus (prob.) indirectly, and not, as commonly supposed, directly, derived from the OF. baud, bold, lively, gay.' The OF. adj. is not used as a noun, and does not have the sense of the E. word. See bainlstmt, and el'. bawdy 1 , bawdy' 2 .] A procurer or procuress ; a person who keeps a house of prostitution, and conducts illicit intrigues: now usually applied only to women. He [Pandarus] is named Troilus' bawd. Sketion, Poems, p. 235. bawdH (bad), v. i. [< bawd 1 , «.] To pander; act as procurer or procuress. I.eueippe is agent for the king's lust, and bawds . . . tor the whole court. Spectator, No. 206. bawd'-t (bad), v. t. [Also spelled baud; < bawdy" 2 , q. v.] To fotd or dirty. Her shoone smered with tallow, Gresed upon dyrt That baudeth her skyrt, Skelton, Poems, p. 126. bawd :1 (bad), n. [Early mod. E. also baud, per- haps abbr. from baudrons, or perhaps a var. of ME. badde, a cat, the name being transferred to the hare.] A hare. [In the extract there is a play on bawd in this sense and bawd 1 .'] Mi r. A hinnl, a bawd ! so ho! Rom. What hast thou found? Mer. No hare, sir. Shak., R. and J., ii. 4. bawd-born (bad'bom), a. Born of a bawd; a bawd from birth. Shak., M. for M., iii. 2. bawdekynt, n. See bauaekin. bawdily (ba'di-li), adv. In a bawdy manner; obscenely; lewdly. bawdiness (ba'di-nes), n. [< bawdy 1 + -ness.] Obscenity; lewdness. bawdmoney, «. See baldmoney. bawdrickt (bad'rik), n. See baldric. bawdry (bad'ri), n. [< ME. bauderye, < baude, bawd, + -ry. Cf. OF. bauderic, boldness, gayety. See bawd 1 .] 1. The business of a bawd or procuress. — 2. Blicit intercourse ; fornication. We must be married, or we must live in bawdry. Shak., As you Like it, iii. 3. 3. Obscenity; lewd language; smuttiness. It is most certain that barefaced bawdry is the ] rest pretence to wit imaginable. Dryden, 4f. Bawds collectively. Udall. bawdshlp (bad'ship), n. [< bawd 1 + -sliiji.] The office or employment of a bawd. Ford. bawdstrott, "• [ME., also baudstrot, baustrot, baldest/rot, baldystrot, < OF. *baudestrot, *bal- destrot, found only in later form baudetrot, prob. a cant name, and as such of obscure ori- gin ; possibly < OF. baud, bald, bold (< OLG. bald = E. bold), + 'stmt, < < )L( i. strotten, *strut- ten = Dan. struttc = MHO. G. strotscn = E. strut; cf. LG. Gr. strutt, stiff.] A bawd; a pander. I'n rs Plowman. bawdy 1 (ba'di), a. [iban-d 1 + -y 1 .] Obscene; lewd; indecent; unchaste. bawdy'-'t (ba'di), a. [Earlymod. E. also bandy, < ME. bawdy, Handy, dirty, appar. from a sim- ple form *baud, which is not found till much later, and only as a verb (see bawd 2 ); origin unknown; cf. W. bawaidd, dirty, < Imw, dirt, mire; F. boue, mud. Not connected with bawdy 1 , though the two words are commonly associated.] Dirty; filthy. His oversloppe . . . is al baudy and to-tore also. Chaucer, l'rol. to Canon's Yeoman's Tale, 1. 82. Slovenly* ks, that . . never wash their bawilu bands. Burton, Anat. of Mel., II. 323. Obverse. Bawbee of James V.— British Museum. Reverse. (Size of the original.) 1542 by James V. of Scotland, and worth at that time lid. Scotch. A half-bawbee, worth Id. Scotch, was coined at the same time and bad similar types. In Scotland the name is now given to the bronze halfpenny current throughout the British islands. 2. jil. Money; cash. [Scotch.] bawbie 1 , «. See bauble 1 . bawbie-, n. See bauble' 2 . 31 bawdy-house (ba'di-hous), n. A house of lewdness and prostitution; a house of ill-fame. bawhorse (ba'hdrs), n. Same as bathorse. bawl 1 (bal), I'. [Early mod. E. also ball, liaiil, < ME. baivleii, bark, prob. < ML. baulare, bark (of. L. luiittiari, bark); cf. mod. Icel. baula = !Sw. Iiiila, low as a cow (Icel. binila, a cow); cf. also Sw. hfila, roar, Gr. bailen, bark, and see bell' 2 , liellnw, balk 2 , etc., all prob. orig. imitative.] I. intrans. If. To bark or howl, as a dog. — 2. To cry out with a loud full sound ; make vehe- bay incut or clamorous outcries, as in pain, exulta- i ion, etc. ; shout. That bawl for Freedom in their senseless mood, And still revolt when truth would Bet them free. Milton, Sonnets, vii. i'.i ilng under Ludgate the other day, I heard a voice bawling for charity. Steele, Spectator, STo. II. trans. 1. To utter or proclaim by outcry; shout out. still must I bear' shall boars,- Fitzgerald bawl His creaking pleta In b tavei n hall? /;.cec. English Barda and Scotch Revii 2. To cry for sale, as a hawker. I saw my labours, which had cost me so much thought and watching, bawled al i by the common hawkers .,t Grub Street. .s'/c/ll, lliekerstalf Papers. bawl 1 (bal), n. [< bairP, v.] A shout at tho top of one's voice; an outcry: as, the children set up a loud bawl. bawl'-'t, a. Obsolete spelling of ball 1 . bawla (ba'lii), ii. [Native term.] A matting made in the islands of the Pacific from the leaves of the cocounut-palm, used for thatching. bawler (ba'ler), re. one who bawls. bawmet, ». An obsolete form of balm. Chaucer. baw-money, re. See baPmoney. bawn (ban), u. [< lr. Iiablnin = Gael, babliiinn (pron. nearly as bairn), an inclosure for cattle, a fortification.] 1. Formerly, au outer in- closure of an Irish castle: nearly equivalent to bailey and miter bailey. i„ the seventeenth cen- tury grants of government land in Ireland were made on the condition that the grantee should build a castle and bawn. the latter for the protection of the cattle of the tenants. 2. In modern times, in some parts of Ireland — (a) The cattle-yard near a farm-house, (b) A large house, including all its appurtenances, as offices, courtyard, etc. Swift. bawn (ban), v. t. [< baton, «.] In Ireland, to surround or inclose with a bawn. bawrelt, re. [A corresponding masc. bawret is found ; appar. of F. origin. Cf . bockerel, bock- eret.] A kind of hawk. Phillips. bawsin, ». and a. See bauson. bawsint (ba/sint), a. See bausond. bawson, ii. and a. See bauson. bawtie, bawty (bti'ti), n. [Sc. Cf. baivd 3 .] In Scotland, a name for a dog, especially one of large size, and also for a hare. baxa, baxea (bak'sa, -se-ii), n. [L.] In Rom. an tin., a sandal or low shoe of various forms, often plaited from papyrus or palm-leaves; generally, an inexpensive foot-eovering worn by the poorer classes, but also referred to as occurring in rich materials and workmanship, and specifically as the shoe of comic actors, as distinguished from the cothurnus used by tra- gedians. baxter (bak'ster), n. [Also backster, < ME. baxter, burster, bakestre, < AS. batcestre, a baker: see bakester. Hence the proper name Baxter, equiv. to Baker.] A baker: properly, a female baker. [Old Eng. and Scotch. ] Baxterian (baks-te'ri-an), a. Pertaining to or propounded by Richard Baxter, a celebrated English nonconformist divine (1615-1691): as, BaxU riii a doctrines. Baxterianism (baks-te'ri-an-izm), ». The doctrines of Richard Baxter, who amalgamated the Arminian doctrine of free grace with the Calvinistic doctrine of election. bay 1 (ba), n. [Early moil. E. also baye, baie, < ME. bay, baie, a berry, esp. that of the laurel- or bay-tree, perhaps < AS. beg, berry, occurring only in pi. bei/er, bcr/ir, glossed baccinia, i. e. vaccinia, 'blueberries' (see Yaccinium), and in comp. begbedm, lit. 'berry-tree,' applied both to the mulberry-tree (Gr. popta) and to the bram- ble or blackberry-bush (Gr. jiaroc). But the ME. form, like MD. In ye. Inn ye, a berry, a lau- rel-berry, agrees also with, and may have come directly from, OF. baie, ha ye, mod. F. baie = Pr. baia = Sp. baya, OSp. Iiaca = Pg. bar/a, baca = It. bacca, a berry, < L. bdea, less correctly bacca, a berry; cf. Lith. bapka, a laurel-berry.] It. A berry, especially of tho laurel-tree. The bays or berries that it bearetb, Holland, tr, of Pliny, xv. 30. 2. The laurel-tree, noble laurel, or sweet-bay, I. aunts nobilis. See Inn rel. The name bay is also given te» a number of trees and shrubs more or less re. sembling the noble laurel. See phrases below. Hence (like laurel, and in reference to the an- cient use of the laurel ) — 3. An honorary garland or crown bestowed as a prize for victory or ex- cellence; also, fame or renown due to achieve- ment or merit : in this sense used chiefly in the bay plural, with reference to the leaves or branches of laurel. Also called bay-It of. Yet as von hope hereafter to sec plays, I ii.ia- us. and give our poet bays. BealL „., j i L'hierry and rheodoret, Epil. I ni.iv'.l to please myself, on rustick reed, NoTsougW f..r bay, the learned shepherd a meed. _ ii Browne, Britannias Pastorals, 1. 1. [In the following quotation, the office of poet laureate: formerly a not uncommon use. Ii yon needs must write, write Csesa) ■ praise. You'll gain at least a knighthood, or the bays. _ Pope, Emit, of Horace, Satire i. 22. was Bometimes used as a singular (compare bays, [ngulai i. Do plant a sprig of cypress, not of gft^^ A greener bays shall emu-,, Ben Jonson's name = •* Feltham, Jonsonus Virbius.] 4 [Cf. & Basque bail baiya), = Pg. baitia = It, baja (of. G. 6a», < D. baai, MD. ftaeye = Dan. bai, < E. 6ni/-). < L-U 6o»a a bay, first mentioned by Isidore, and said to have its gen. in -as, implying its existence at a much earlier period ; perhaps connected with L Baice, pi., a noted watering-place on the coast of Campania, hence applied also to any watering-place. Bay in this sense has been confused in E. and Rom. with bay*.] 1. A re- cess in the shore of a sea or lake, differing from a creek in being less long and narrow; the ex- panse of water between two capes or head- lands. The sea winding, and breaking in ^nitottjjtat^ 2t. An anchorage or roadstead for ships; a port ; a harbor. A. bay or rode for ships. Cotgrave. I prithee, good Iago, Go to the ^.aj.d disembark my^oifers^..^ 3 A recess of land, as in a range of hills ; a level space partly surrounded by heights. [Rare.] -4. An arm of a prairie extending into woods and partly surrounded by them. TU S.] BartUtt.S. A kind of mahogany obtained from Campeachy Bay (whence the bav^ba), re. [Early mod. E. also baye, bate, < MK. bayl baye, < OF. baee, an opening gap, mod. V. haie, a hay « ML. as if 'batata), on type of fem. pp., < baer, beer, bayer, mod. r. buyer, < LL. bddare, gape (cf. E. gap, n., gape, r )• see 6au 4 . This word has been confused with bay*. ] 1. A principal compartment or di- vision in the architectural arrangement of a building, marked by buttresses or pilasters on the walls, by the disposition of the main ribs (ares doubleaux) of the interior vaulting, by the placing of the main arches and pillars or of the principals of the roof, or by any other leading features that separate the design into corresponding oarts. Oxford Glossary.— 2. The part of a window included bctw-en two mullions; alight. called window-bay.— v. A bay-window. S 0m , ; ing with me, see- ,,, ,,,-, father Bitting at his singular writing estal in the bay, went in through his glorifli i win clows, and establl lied thi mselvea round his table, / ,,./„ Bo '■■ n Ith, mi. 4. A i for the storage of ha ..in.— 5. In carp., a portion of a compound or framed floor included between two girders, or between a girder and the wall.— 8. In plastering, the space between Iwci screeds. creed.— 7. Naut., thai part of B Ship between dl el which lies forward of the bitts, 482 on either side; in a ship of war, the foremost messing-nlaeo between decks. See sick-bays— 8 In Mdge-buildmg> the portion between two piers —9.' In coalmining : {a) An open space for the gob or waste in a long-wall working. lb) The space between two frames or sets in a level : synonymous with board. [Leicester- shire, Eng.]— Bay of joists, the joists between two binding-joists, or between two girders, in a framed floor. - Bay Of roofing, the small rafters and their supporting purlins between two principal rafters. bay't (ha), !•. i. [< OF. bay,;; ben; baer. gape, < LL. badare, mod. F. bayer. dial, barter = n. badar = Cat. badar = It. badare, < EL. ba- dare, gape, be open. Cf. bays and bay*.} io open the mouth, as for food; seek with open mouth. Bay* r d la mamelle, to aeekeor baye for the dugge HoUyband, Treasurie of the French longue. Archiicctur.il Bays. 'Hon. !: foriuin ; -I, ->r' li 01 ,,. |, ,.,-,[11 VlulUlt- Ic-Duc's "ii., de 1' Architecture.") bay 5 (ba), v. [Early mod. E. also baye, < ME. bayen, < OF. bayer = It. bajrtre (also in comp., ME abayen, < < )P. abayer. abater, abbayt i; mod. F aboyer = It. abbajare), bark ; of uncertain origin,' perhaps imitative (cf. E. bawP-, bark, L baubari, ML. baulare, G. bailen, bark, and E. bam* bow-wow), but prob. associated iu earner use with OF. baer, ben; bayer = It. badare, <. LL. badare, gape: see bay*, and cf. bay, re., in which the two notions unite. In some senses the verb is from the noun.] I. in trans. Io bark, as a dog; especially, to bark with a deep prolonged sound, as hounds m the chase. The hounds at nearer distance hoarsely bayed. Dryden, Theodore and Honoria, 1. 279. II. trans. 1. To bark at; beset with deep prolonged barking. I had rather be a dog, and bay the moon, | Than such a Roman. Shak., J. <-., iv. .!. 2. To express by barking. ■Tis sweet to hear the watch-dog's honest bark Dan deep-mouthed welcome as we draw near home Byron, Don Juan, l. 123. 3. To drive or pursue so as to compel to stand at bay ; chase or hunt. They bay'ii the bear With hounds of Sparta. Shak., M. N. D., iv. 1. 4. To hold at bay. For we are at the stake, And baifd about with many enemies. Shak., J. c,., iv. 1. bav r > (ba), re. [Early mod. E. also baye, beye, < ME. bay, bale, of different origin, according as it stands (a) for bay, a barking, < bay, ME. bay- en, bark ; (6) by apheresis for abay, < Or . abai abay, abbay, aboy, mod. F. dboi, a barking, < oftaier, bark (see baifi, v.), esp. in the phrase to 6c or stored a« !>«'/ (or »i « '»'.'/, winch is per- haps always to be read at abay), tobringtobay; (c) in the phrase to hold at hay, repr. OF. temr a bail. It. tenerc a bada, hold in suspense or ex- | „.,.|- ;l ti„„,lit.onthegape:OF.6rti/(=It.6ada), luspense, lit. gaping, < 6acr = It. 6odore,gape, a verb prob. in part connected with baiy, bark: see above.] 1. The deep-toned barking of a dog in pursuit of game ; especially, the barking of a pack of hounds.— 2. The state of being so hard pressed, as a hunted animal by dogs and hunters, as to be compelled, from impossibility of escape, to turn and face the danger: with at or to: as, to be at bay, stand at bay, hold at bail (formerly also at a bay), bring to bay, etc.: often used figuratively, in these and other con- structions, with reference to persons beset by enemies or held at a disadvantage: strait; distress. Unhappy Squire ! what bard mishap thee brought Into this bay of perill and disgrace 5 Spenser, t. Q., > L •■ ia Nor flight was left, nor hopes to force his way : BmboHened by despair, he stood atbay. Dryden. 3 The state of being kept off by the bold at- titude of an opponent ; the state ol being pre- vented by an enemy, or by any kind of resist- ance, from making further advance : with at. We have now, for ten years together, tinned the whole force and expense of the war where the enemj was b; il able to hold us at bay. *"''■"■ n„ barriers -which they bullded from the soil To keep the foe at bay. Bryant, The Prairies. bay' 1 (ba ), a. and n. [I. a. Early mod. E. also ba./e, baie, < ME. bay, hay, . : < IF. I.,,,. .,,...1. I' .J»n = Pr bai = Sp. bayo = Pg. ba%o= It, bajo, < L. badius (> E. badians), bay, in ref. to a color ot horses. II. n. 1. Eaxely m sing. Kv (= J) - baai = MLG. baie, LG. oaje (>G. 6oi) = Dan. bai = Sw. boi), usually in pi. bays, early mod. i; bayes, baics, baize (whence the mod. sing. bayard 6airc, q. v.), < OF. hairs, pi. of baie, fem. of bai, adj.] I a. Reddish or brownish-red, inclining to chestnut : rufous ; badious ; castaneous : ap- plied most frequently to horses, but also to other animals displaying the same color. II n It. A light woolen fabric, (originally of a'bay color), the manufacture of which was introduced into England in l-llil by refugees from France and the Netherlands: usually in plural bays, now, as singular, baize (which see). — 2. A bay horse. The ploughman stopped to gara Whene'er his Chariot swept m view Behind the .-Inning bays. bay 3 + wood 1 .] The ring of metal about the socket of a bayonet, which serves to strengthen it and to prevent its disengagement, bayonet-clutch (ba'o-net-klneh), n. In maeh., a form of clutch armed usually with two prongs (a a), which when in gear act on the ends or lugs of a friction-strap (b), "™ 5 Bayonet-clutch. fitted on a side-boss of the wheel to be driven, the lat- ter being loose on the same shaft. The clutch is attached to the shaft by a feather-key, and when drawn back or out of gear with the stnip the wheel remains at rest, and tin- clutch continues to re- volve vvitb the shaft, When it is required to set the machinery again in motion, the clutch is thrown for- ward by the fork c, and its prunes, engaging with the strap, gradually put the wheel in motion. bayonet-joint (ba'o-net-joint), n. A form of coupling or socket-joint resembling the mode of attachment commonly adopted for fixing a bayonet on a musket. bayou (bi'd), n. [A corrupt form of F. boyau, a gut, a long, narrow passage (of. a similar use of E. gut), < OF. boyel, bocl, a gut, > E. bowel, q. v.] In the southern United States, the outlet of a lake, or one of the several outlets of a river through its delta ; a sluggish watercourse. For hours, ia fall days, I watched the ducks cunningly tack and veer and hold the middle of the pond, far from the sportsman ; tricks which they will have less need to prac- tise in Louisiana bayous. Thoreau, Walden, p. 254. Under the shore his boat was tied, And all her listless crew Watched the gray alligator slide Into the still bayou. Longfellow, Quadroon Girl. bay-porpoise (ha'poi^'pus), n. A typical por- poise, as of the genus Phocama; a puffing-pig lighter and coarser kind of mahogany, coming especially from British Honduras. See mahogany. bay-yarn (ba'yarn), ». [i. [E. Ind. ; cf. Ar. baz, a hawk.] Tni'ormth., the name of an East Indian kite. It is also used as a generic name. bazaar, bazar (ba-zar'), n. [Formerly also hasar, buzzar, hussar, also bazarro (cf. It. baz- zarro, traffic, < lit. bazarra, a market-place), < F. bazar, < Ar. bazar, Turk, pdzar, Hind, bazar, < Pers. bazar, a market.] 1. In the East, an ex- change, market-place, or place where goods are exposed for sale, consisting either of small shops or stalls in a narrow street or series of streets, or of a certain section in a town under one roof and divided by narrower passage- ways, in which all or most of the merchants and artisans in a certain material or metal, or any single class of goods, are gathered both for manufacture and traffic. These bazaar-streets are frequently shaded by a light material laid from roof to roof, and are sometimes arched oyer. Marts bearing the name of bazaars, for the sale of miscellaneous articles, chiefly fancy g Is, are now to be found in most Euro- pean and American cities; and the term has been ex- tended to structures arranged as market-places for spe- cific articles : as, a horse-bazaar. The streets of the town arc narrow, terribly rough, and very dirty, but the bazaars arc extensive and well stocked. B. Taylor, Land- of the Saracen, p. 40. 2. A sale of miscellaneous articles in further- ance of some charitable or other purpose; a fancy fair. The articles there sold are mostly of fancy work, and contributed gratuitously. mon Bayonet ; 2, Sword-Bayonet. so called from the frequent appearance of the bazaar-maund (ba-zar'mand'), n. ['fW/". a leech.] a recess or bay in a room, projecting outward, 1. A genus of leeches, of the family Iliruili- aml rising from the ground or basement on a nidai or Gnathobdellida?. Also written Bdellta. plan rectangular, semi-octagonal, or semi-hex- [Not in use.] — 2. The typical genus of the agoual, but always straight-sided. The term is, family Bdcllida: B. longicornis is an example. bdellatomy bdellatomy nlo-lnt'6-iui), n. [< Gr pdMa, a leech, + tL«, a cutting.] 1. The act or oper- ation of incising a leech while sucking, so that the ingested blood may escape, and the leech continue to suck.— 2. The application of the bdellometer. BdelUa (del'i-a), «. [NL.: see.BdeHfl.] Same as Iklelta, 1. , Bdellids (del'i-de), ». pi [NL., < «« + -»/»■ 1 A family of tracheate mites, of the or- der Icarida, class 4rocftm(io, having the head distinct from the thorax and elongated into a proboscis, chelate eheliceres, long thin rap- torial pedipalps, cursorial legs of six or more joints, stigmatenear the rostrum, and skeleton composed of sclerites embedded in soft skin. The animals are found creeping in damp.places. Besides BdeUa, the family contains the gemuL Saras. Bdellinse (de-li'ne), ». pi. [NL., < Bdella + -imr.] A subfamily of tracheate Acartna. fcee bdellium (del'i-um), «. [In ICE. bdelyum, 6t* '- "it, < ii, ,».W/,'t<»t, < Gr. pimioo, a plant, a fragrant gum which exudes from it (Dipsoori- des! Pliny) ; used (also in the form p&Ma) to translate Heb. Vdolakh, a precious article of merchandise mentioned along with gold anil precious stones (Gen. ii. 12). The opinion of the rabbins, which Boehart supports, is that Vdolakh signifies orig. a pearl, and as a collec- tive noun pearls, which may be compared to grains of manna; hence its secondary sense of a gum.] A name given to two aromatic gum- resins, similar to myrrh, but weaker. Indian bdellium is believed to be the product of Balsamodendron Uukul, and African bdellium of B. Afncamim . They are used for the same purposes as myrrh, but chiefly as a ingredient in plasters and as a perfume. An Egyptian resin also called bdellium is obtained from the doum-palm, Bwhome Thebaica, of Upper Egypt. • „.,„, Bdelloida (de-loi'da), «. [NL., < Gr. BMXki, a leech + -oidaJ] A family of rotifers that swim and creep like a leech, with the foot retractile, iointed, telescopic, and forked at the end. bdellometer (de-loin'e-ter), n. [< Gr. /ttf/Aa, a leech (< pdaMum, milk, suck), + ficrpov, a measure.] An instrument used as a substi- tute for the leeeh. It consists of a cupping-glass, to which a scarificator and an exhausting syringe are at- tached. Dunglison. . _ Bdellostoma (de-los'to-ma), n. [NL,., < Gr. BSiWto., a leech, + ar6ua, mouth.] A genus ot cyclostomous or marsipobranchiate fishes, or myzonts, referred to the family Myximda, or made the type of a family Bdell ostomida: : so called from the comparison of the suctorial mouth to that of a leech. There are 7 branchial apertures or openings of the branchial sacs. ii. I,,,.,,,:,, ma is found at the I'ape of <■ 1 Uope. Ihe genus is the same as Heptatr, ma. . . bdellostomid (de-los'to-mid), n. A myzont of the- family BdeOostomida. Bdellosto'midae (del-os-tom'i-de) n. pi. [NL., < Bdellostoma + 4dce.] A family ot hypero- tretous myzonts, represented by the genus lid, Uostoma : synonymous with HeptatremicUB (which see). . bds. An abbreviation of boards, in use among bookbinders and booksellers. be 1 (be), r. i., substantive verb; pres. am, art (sometimes hirst), is, arc (sometimes be); pret. was,wast, were; subj. be,v>ere,wert; impv.ee; ,,,, i„,„ : ppr. brim,. [Under the verb be are classed, as identical in sense, the surviving forms of three orig. independent verbs, which, supplementing each other's defects, serve to- gether to make up the substantive verb or cop- ,,1;, ■ ii,, ■ ;,,, [•.•presented by the forms be, am, and was. 1. Be, inf., early mod. E. also bee. < ME. be, bee, been, ben, beon, < AS. bedn, 6wS»; pros. ind. sing. 1st pers. be, early mod. L. also bee, < ME. be, bee, beo, < AS. bed, rarely beom, biom (retaining the suffix -in, which appears also in am) =08. bium = OFries. bem = OHG. ,„„, mm), Mlh.. G. bim; 2d pers. beest, h /. dial hist. < ME. beest, best, beost, bist, < As. bisi — 08. bist = OHG. pis, pist, MHG. G. bist; 3d pers. be, dial, also beeth, bes, < ME. befh, beofo, aorth. bes, < AS. bith; pi. be, archaic and dial. been, ben, bin, also befh, < ME. Seen, ben. bin, etc., prop, (as ind.) beeth, befh, broth, < AS. bc6th{iu:i\\ three persons) = OHG. 1st pers. ,n- rumes,2d.pirut(iSS.0r. bimt, bint) (3d sint); with rimilar forms in subj., • to.; all from a common Teut.y 'hni = L. fit- in pert'. J'uissr. have been (ind. foi, I was, 1 have been I, l'ut. part. ./'«- torus, abonl to be (see /«.«/•' i, l'ut. mf. ./.-/■ . he about to be, = Gr. ,>,iinti,„, be, become, grow (act..M;M. produce) (> ult E. pfcusic, pft» ""'. etc ) = Skt. •/ '''"<> become, como into being) >s-l take place exist, be; the sense 'become' being still evident in AS., and giving the present gen- erallv a future implication. 2. Am, etc., pres. in.l \without inf.): 1st pers. am (often contr. •m in I'm), < ME. am, ilium, em, < ONorth. earn, am AS. eom= Icel. em (mod. usually er) = Goth. in, (orig. -iv/w ) = L. SIMM (orig. *esutn) =Gr, cifu, dial. .'»«' (orig. "inui), =OBulg. f/esmi = Bohem. jsem, etc., = Lith. e.smC, etc., = Skt. osmt; 2d pers. art, < ME. art, ert, < AS. ear«, ONorth. arth — Icel. <)•( = Goth, is — L. es = Gr. el, dial, e o-o<, = OBulg. '/'■"', etc., = Skt. asi ; 3d pers. is, < ME. is, es, < AS. i'.v = OS. ist = OFries. >, <- ' "^, n ^^' «*>"*• " - ■---, _ . three persons) = Icel. 1st erum, 2d = Skt warn, etc., with similar (m AS. identical) forms for the other persons; all from a com- mon root represented by Skt. V "*'> oe . exist. 6. Was pret. ind. (without inf. in mod. E.): sing., 1st and 3d pers. was, < ME. was, was, wrs, < AS. was = OS. was = OFries. was = D. was = OHL. was, MHG. G. war = Icel. var, earlier vas, = Sw. Dan. var = Goth, was; 2d pers. roert, earlier ioere, < ME. were, < AS. ware; pi. mere, < ML. icerc, «',-,», < AS. wa ron (so subj. «'r/-c, < ML. n-rrr. < AS. icTrc, etc.; AS. impv. wes, of which a relic remains in E. wassail, q.. v.), with similar forms in the other tongues; pp., AS. {irwrsni (usually brmi, E. 6eew), etc.: prop. pret. (and pp.) of the strong verb, AS. inf. wesan = OS. a, san = OFries. wesa = 1). w,:,n = OlU,.w, san, MHG. toesen (G. wesen, n., being, a being) = Icel. vera, earlier vesa, = Sw. vara = Dan. were = Goth, wis,,,,, be, = Skt. V ras, dwell, abide, live. To the same root are referred Gr. curry, a city, dwelling-place (see asteism), L. verna (lor "vesna), a household slave (see vernacular).— In mod literary E. the form be in the md. is only archaic or poetical, but it still flourishes m dial. use ] 1 To exist; have existence or being; possess reality ; be the case ; be true or real. To be, or not to be, that is the question. Shah:, Hamlet, in. 1. Creatures which only are, and have a dull kind of being not yet privileged with life. . .,,...„. ' ' Sir r. Browne, Religio Medici, 1. 34. Time was, Time is, and Time shall be no more. Soutney. 2 To take place ; occur ; happen ; come about : as, the wedding will he to-morrow; his birth- day was last week; it was to be.— 3. Usually, h, 'is a mere copula, or sign of predication, a link between a subject and a predicate. As such it asserts, or expresses as fact, the inclusion of the subject among the things denoted by the predicate, or the posses- „ by the subject of the characters signlhcd by the pred- icate- and this it does with temporal and modal modifl- , ;,,..,',, while the wh.de substance of the predication, or all hat is predicated, is expressed separately . in noun or adjective form or the equivalent ol such: thus I am good, he wot a hen,, they will b, there, we shovld taw l,,„ beloved. Hence, every other predicating word or vet* ma) be analyzed into a form of te, ejepressing the predication, and an adjective or noun expressing what & predicated, thus, he hwes into lie ,sl„nw,.» hew! n, ■■■' and bo on. such a i ula is possessed by many ' loia.'-s being, as in English, reduced to that value by 9 attcua'ti f an originally -'-'-";' ^. gr : iodern French, (tait, 'was, from Latin ttabat,oi nearly as exist, literally ' stand forth. 4 In metaph., to subsist in a state not neces- sarily amounting to actual existence ; have the rudiments of existence. Sec bemg.—O. An auxiliary verb denoting subsistence in or sub- jection to the mode of action or being ex- pressed by the principal verb, (o) Joined with a present participle, it has the grammatical construction 'a a predicate adjective qualifying the subject, to make a continuous or progressive or Imperfect present: thus, / „,„ loving etc., beside / i itc. to match which ti„- Ian iiagi ither recentlj acquired a _ correspond- ing passive I am being ' '. beside lam loved. (M it Is joined with a past participle (having the Bame i con- struction as ab,, ye), to make phrases equivalent with the passive ferb-fonns or verb-phrases of other langu thus he it loved, Latin amalur, tieiinan cr wild gelvsbt. beach-birds Eence such nlirases are ordinarily viewed as making a passive conjugation of the English verb. They are un- distinguished in form from mere combinations of be. with a predicate participle: thus, lie is beaten is passive when it means •somebody is beating him,' hut not when it means ' he is a beaten man,' or ' somebody has beaten him ' te) Formerly, as still to a very limited extent(much more in other related languages, as German and French), be was the auxiliary used in making the past tenses of in- transitive verbs as have "I transitives: thus, he ts come, theyweregone(Germanc,is( ,,, /,,./«, „e„. French its etaient alles) and so on. At present, have has come to be the auxiliary almost universally used in this sense. The heathen are perished out of his land [that is, have perished and now no longer exist in the land], l's. x. 16. (rf) An infinitive with to after be forms a sort of future, often with a certain implication of obligation: thus, he ts to come, they mere to appear, she »>»« hare been t„ blame or to be blamed, [lie. with to, in pcrlect tenses (have bee,,, had bee,,, etc.), is used in the sense of go, yet hardly except in colloquial style: thus, he has bee,, ,., Paris; we had been to Bee her.] -Been and, a common vulgarism introduced pleonastically into the perfect ana pluperfect tenses of other verbs: sometimes extended to beenand gone and. Sir Pitt has been and proposed for to marry Miss Sharp. Thackeray, Vanity tair, I. xv. Let be, to omit or leave untouched ; let alone ; cease. Let be. said he, my prey. Dryden. let be thy wail and help thy fellow-men. Tennyson, Ancient sage There is, etc. See there. be 2 (be), n. [< ME. be, < AS. be = D. G. Dan. Sw. etc., hr = F. 6c = Sp. Pg. It. be, < L. be, shortened from beta (< Gr. pjjra: see beta), or formed from b + e, the usual assistant vowel in the names of the letters.] The name of the second letter of the alphabet, usually written simply b or B. See B. b e 3* nrep. Obsolete form of by. Chaucer. Be. 'in chem., the symbol for beryllium (the same as glucinum). „ , .. . be- 1 [me. '"-> m '"-"' ] y JIL - c° mmom y '""• < \s' be-, hi-, = OS. hi- = OFries. hi-, hi-, = D. be-, MLG. hi-, hi-. LG. be- = OHG. &»-, be-, MUG. G. be- = Goth, hi- (lengthened under stress, as in comp. with a noun, AS. hi-, big-, 1). bij-, OHG. MHG. hi-, G. hci-), an insepa- rable prefix, orig. the same as the prep., AS. 6c, U, E. by, meaning primarily 'about,' being prob. = L. -bi, Gr. -„, ; or (b) merged with the governed noun, as in h-eause, be- ride that is 'by cans.'.' 'by side': so also in b,l,„lt. origi- nally a prepositional phrase, now taken as a noun. See the words cited. . . beach (bech), n. [Formerly also beech, beaten, batch, baiche, baehe; first in early mod. E., ap- par. dial., with the meaning first given. Origin unknown.] 1. The loose pebbles of the sea- shore; shingle. [Eng.]-2. That part of the shore of the sea or of a lake winch is washed by the tide and waves; the strand. It may be „;,„a,lncs used lor lie shore ot lac,",, was 1 usually means the tract betwei n high and low watei in.uk. Only the long waves as they broke In ripples on the pebbly beach. Longfellow, Building of the Ship. Raised beach, in peoZ., a shelf or terrace ol shingle, SSveL and .sand elevated above the sea-level, and md. ffig'a^anseta'the upheaval of thelandora depression and subsequent upheaval; the margin ol an ancient sea, beach'-bool,., *. K beach, n.-] I. trans. To run or haul up (a ship or boat) on the beach. We lowed ashore, dressed ill our uniform, beached the 1 1, and went up t" the fandango /;. //. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. »i. II. iiitrans. To land upon a beach. All that altera we drilled between sea and shore, i ' l '' l '"''' / '''' a,SU :' , l,' , .;,In,,'t:ln..,-Sca 1 dy.s,p.3U. beach-birds (bech'btodz), ». pi A collective name of sundry sandpipers orother small wad- ing birds found in Hocks tm beaches. beach-clam beach-clam (beeh'klam), n. A popular name of the Mactra solidissima. [Local, U. S.] beach-comber (beoh'ko'mer), ». 1. A long wave rolling in from tho ocean. Bartlett. pj, S.] — 2. A seafaring man, generally of 485 II. intrans. To serve or shine as a beacon. The soul of Avdonais, like a Btar, Beacons from the abode where 1 1 ><- Eternal are. SheUey, Adonais, lv. \\ here the lighthouse beacons brighl Far in the hay. .'/. Arnold, A Southern Night, vagrant and drunken habits who ulles about beaconage (M'koiUH), n. [< beacon + -age.] jl„- wharves oj seaports: used most frequentlj M » *^ f ^ ^^e of ,„ „ ns . m countries bordering on the I aoiflc ocean. beacoi _£ laze (b g' kon . WSz) „. A si gnal-light This is a specimen of the life of half of the American* _ u e T< uniiton " and English who are adrift along the coasts of the Pacific , ". .,-„"' .', TT , ana its islands, commonly called beach combers. beaconed (be kond), a. Having a beacon. 11. 11. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast. p. 291. The foss that skirls the beaconed hill. beached (becht), p. 0. 1. Having a beach; . __„ _ x /• »^, Odes, x. bordered bv a beach; formed by or consisting beacon-fire (be kon-tir), n A fire lighted upas « ■• , * rT -» -i a l>ii>iiii%n /iv ctmiol • a. fl' of a beach. [Rare.] Timon hath made his everlasting mansion i pon the beached verge of the salt M I. Shak., T. of A., v. 2. 2. Run on a beach; si landed. beach-flea (bech'fle), n. A name of sundry small amphipod crustaceans. Also called sand- hopper, shun -jiiiiijii'i-, and sand-flea. beach-grass (bech'gras), n. The sand-reed, Ammophila arundinacea, a coarse grass with stout running root-stocks, growing on sandy beaches and protecting them from the winds. beachman (bech'man), >i. ; pi. henchmen (-men). A person on the coast of Africa who acts as in- terpreter to ship-masters, and assists in eon- ducting the trade. Imp. Diet. beach-master (bech'mas"ter), ». 1. Naut., a naval officer appointed to superintend the dis- embarkation of an attacking force. — 2. A name used in some places for a male seal. beach-wagon (beeh'wag"on), n. A light open wagon with two or more seats, used on beaches. beachyt (be'chi), a. [< leach + -t, 1 .] Covered with beach or shingle ; pebbly ; shingly. The beachy girdle of the ocean. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., in. 1. beacon (be'kon or-kn), n, [< ME. beken, bekene, < AS. hi in; n, bcccn,becit, a sign, signal-standard, = OS. bokan =OPries. beken, baken = T>. baak = LG. bake (> G. bake) = OIIG. bouhhan, MHG. bouehen =Ioel. bain (after AS.), a sign. Hem e beckon and beck 2 .'] 1. A guiding or warning signal; anything fixed or set up as a token; especially, a signal-fire, either in a cresset and placed on a pole, or lighted on a tower or an eminence. Such beacons were formerly much used to signal the approach of an enemy or to spread a rail or warning for any purpose, a chain of them often conveying intelligence to great distances. Modest doubt is call'd The beacon of the wise. Shak., T. and C, ii. 2. Uncertain, troubled, earnest wonderers beheld his intel- lectual tire as a beacon burning on a hill-top. Hawthorne, Old Manse, I. 2. A tower or hill formerly used for such pur- poses. Various hills in England and the older parts of the United States have the name of Beacon, from the fact that signal-Area were formerly lighted on them. 3. A lighthouse or other object placed conspic- uously on a coast, or over a rock or shoal at sea, to give notieo of danger, or for the guid- ance of vessels. — 4. A painted staff about !) feet long, carrying a small square flag at the top, used in camps to indicate an angle of the quarters assigned to a regiment or company. — 5t. In England, formerly, a division of a wapentake; probably a district throughout which a beacon could be seen, or which was hound to furnish one. A r . E. D. beacon (be'kon or -kn), r. [< beacon, n. Cf. beckon. ] I. trans. 1. To illumine or light up as a beacon. That beacons the darkness of heaven. Campbell, Loehiel's Warning. 2. To afford light or aid to ; lead ; guide as a beacon. — 3. To furnish or mark with beacons : as, to beacon a coast or a boundary : sometimes with off. — 4f. To use as a beacon ; make a bea- con of. No, if other things as great In the Church and in the rule of life both eeouomieall and politicall be not lookt into and reform'd, we have lookt ao long upon the blaze that Zwinglius and Calvin hath beaeon'd up to us. that we are stark bund. , Milton, Areopagitiea, p. 11. a beacon or signal ; a signal-fire, beacon-tower (be'kon-tou'er), ». A tower on which a beacon is raised. Abeacon-tower above the waves. Tennyson, Princess, iv. bead (bed), n. [< ME. bede, a prayer, also (in in ire of bedes, a pair of beads) a bead used in counting prayers, < AS. bedu (rare, and the nom. is not found), in oomp. bed- (= OS. buhi = OFries. bede = D. bede = OHG. beta, MHG. lull, <;. bitte = Goth, bida), fern, (also gebcrl = OS. gibed = OHG. gdbet, MHG'. G. gebet, neut.), a prayer, < biddan, etc., pray: see bid. Beads are used by Roman Catholics to keep them right as to the number of their prayers, one bead of the rosary being dropped every time a prayer is said ; hence the transference of the name from that which is counted (the prayers) to that which is used to count with. Cf. Sp. cuentas, Pg. contas, the beads of a rosary, < Sp. Pg. contar, count.] If. Prayer: a prayer; specifically, a prayer of tho list or bead-roll, read at public church-services by the preacher before his sermon, or by the curate (see beml-riill) : usually in the plural. Hence, in this sense, to bid (one's) deads, to say (one's) prayers. See phrases below. When holy and devout religious men Are at their beads, 'tis much to draw them thence ; So sweet is zealous contemplation. Shak., Eich. III., iii. 7. 2. One of the little balls, of wood, cocoa nut- shell, pearl, glass, jewels, or other material, strung in a prescribed order, which form the chaplet or rosary in use in the devotions of Roman Catholics, Buddhists, etc., to keep count of the number of prayers said. See pair of beads, below. The commonest, though not the only, appliance for reckoning these prayers was. and still is, a string of beads so put together that every set of ten smaller ones for the '• Hail Marys" is parted by a larger ban/, to tell when the " Our Father " must lie recited. Rock, Church of our Fathers, III. i. 320. 3. Anything resembling a rosary-bead, strung with others for ornament, as in necklaces or beadwork: as, glass, amber, metal, coral, or other beads. With scarfs, and fans, and double change of bravery, With amber bracelets, beads, and all this knavery. Shak., T. of the S., iv. 3. 4. Any small globular, cylindrical, or annular body, as the small projecting piece of metal at the end of a gun-barrel used as a sight, a drop of liquid, etc. Beads of sweat have stood upon thy brow. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 3. He raised his piece gradually, until the bead . . . of the barrel was brought to a line with the spot which he in- tended to hit. J. J. Audubon, Ornith. Biog., I. 293. 5. One of the circular markings of certain dia- toms. — 6. The bubble or mass of bubbles ris- ing to the top or resting on the surface of a liquid when shaken or decanted: as, the bead of wines or spirits. Give me the wine of thought whose bead Sparkles along the page I read. Whiltier, Lines on a Fly-Leaf. Pleasure, that immortal essence, the beauteous bead sparkling in the cup, effervesces soon and subsides. Alcott, Table-Talk, p. 75. 7. A glass globule for trying the strength of alcoholic spirits. Beads are numbered according to their specific gravities, and the strength of the spirit is denominated by the number of that one which remains suspended in it, and neither sinks to the bottom nor Qoata on the surface. Heads, in determining the strength of spirits, are now for the most part superseded by the hydrometer. 8. In mineral., in the blowpipe examination of minerals, a globule of borax or other flux which is supported on a platinum wire, and in which the substance under examination is dissolved in the blowpipe flame. — 9. In arch. and. join- ery, a small convex molding, in section a semi- circle or greater than a semicircle; properly, a plain molding, but often synonymous with astragal, which is better reserved for a small convex molding cut into tho form of a string of Bead as used beneath a capital.— Abbey- church of Vizelay, Vonne, France: nth century. From VioUet-le-Duc's "Diet, de 1'Architecture. bead-furnace bends. The bead is a vny frequenl ornament, used to mark a junction or a separation, as between the shaft and the capital oi a column, to dress an aneic, etc. It is lunch used in u Iwork of all kinds, from car- penters' work to the Idlest kinds of joinery and cabi- net-work. Among Joiners the bead is variously in- troduced ; as : (a) bead and batt (fig. ll.fi allied work in which the panel is flush with the framing and has a bead run on two edges in the di- rection of the grain only, while the ends are left plain ; (6) bead ,i,i,i Hush ii'c-'. -J), flamed work in which a bead is run on the edge "i the framing; (e) bead and quirk (tig. 3), the edge of a piece of st ml on which a bead is formed, or stuck, as it is called, flush with the surface ; (it) I/not mill double quirk, or return bead (fig. 4), the angle of a piece of stuff on which a bead is stuck and quirked orrelieved on both surfaces; (. ) bead, butt, and square work, a panel which has beads on two of its edges on one side- only, while the other side is plain. (J )bead,fiush, and square, framing wdiieh is beaded on one side only. 10. Iii bookbinding, shoemdking, etc., any cord- like prominence, as the roll on the head-band of a book, the seam of a shoe, etc Baily's beads, appearances resembling a row of bright beads, seen at the moon's limb in a total solar eel ipse about the instant of internal contact. The phenomenon is due to diffrac- tion and irradiation, and is much exaggerated in case the telescope is imperfect or out of focus. So called from the English astronomer Francis Baily, who observed these ob- jects in the annular eclipse of May 15, 1836.— Druidical bead. Same as adder-stone.— Pair of beads [ME. peire of bedes], that is, "set of beads" (Shak., Rich. II., iii. 3), a rosary ; now, specifically, a chaplet of five decades, that is, a third part of the rosary. A chaplet or pair of beads, as thus restricted, is the form in common use under the name of the beads. The large beads between the decades were formerly called gaudies (see gaud, gaudy); each separate bead, or grain, as it is now termed, Tyndale calls a stone. Of smal coral aboute hir arm she bar A peire of bedes gauded al with grene. Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 159. The beads for saying the rosary went by several names, — "a pair of beads"; "a pair of Pater nosters"; "ave beads"; but never were they called a rosary. Quoted iii Rod! s Church of our Fathers, III. i. 327, note. St. Cuthbert's beads, or fairy beads, the small perfo- rated joints of the stems of fossil encrinites, formerly much used in rosaries.— To bid (one's! beads (formerly also in singular, to bid a bead) [ME. bidden or beden a bede or bedes], literally, to offer (one's) prayers; hence the later equivalent phrases to sag or recite (one's) beads, now with reference, as literally in tin- phrase to t.ll (one's) beads, to counting olf prayers by means of the beads on the rosary. The phrases to count and to it umber (one's) beads are merely literary. A peire of hedis eke she here Upon a lace, alle of white tbrede, On which that she hir &edi 8 bede. Rom. of the Rose. I. 7372. To draw a bead on, to take deliberate aim at, with a musket or other firearm. (Sec def. 4.) bead (bed), v. t. [< bead, «.] To ornament with beads; raise beads upon. beaded (be'ded), p. a. [< bend + -«( 2 .] 1. In the form of a bead or of a collection of beads. With beaded bubbles winking at the brim. K,,its, ode to a Nightingale. With woolly breasts and bailed eyes. Tennyson, In Memoriam, xcv. 2. Provided with or formed of beads, or of small bodies having the appearance of beads: as, a beaded necklace or bracelet. — 3. In hot., moniliform: said of vessels that are deeply constricted so as to resemblo strings of beads. — 4. Having a bead: as, beaded ale Beaded lace, lace through which beads are woven in the pattern.— Beaded wire, wire ornamented with bead-like swellings. header (be'der), n. A tool for raising orna- mental beadwork on metal boxes. bead-furnace (bed'fer"nas), n. A furnace in which the small glass cylinders from which beads are made are rounded. The cylinders are placed in a drum over a lire sufficiently hot to soften the glass, and the rounding is effected by revolving the drum. beadhook beadhookt (bed'huk), u. [Early mod. E. also beedhook (naut.), corruptly bidhook; < 6ead(un- -.-rt a in > + linnl..] A kind of boat-hook. ■2//uin. Csssarand Pompey, v. L beadhouse (bed'hous), «. [Also archaically bedehouse, north, dial, beadus (not found to ME.), < AS. bedhvs, < bedu, prayer, + fefis, house: see bead and house.] Formerly, a hos- pital or .hi almshouse for the founders and benefactors of which prayers were required to be said by the beneficiaries. Also spelled bede- house. beadiness (be'di-nes), n. The quality of being beadv . beading (he'ding), «. [< bead + -ingi.'] 1. In arch, and Joinery, a bead; collectively, the beads used to ornamenting a given structure or sur- faee. — 2. In bookbinding, see bead, »., 10. — 3. In cum., a preparation added to "weak spiritu- ous liquors to cause them to carry a bead, and to hang to pearly drops about the sides of the bottle or glass when poured out or shaken, it being a popular notion that spirit is strong in proportion as it shows such globules. A very small quantity of "il of vitriol or oil of almonds mixed with rectified spirit is often used for this purpose. beadle (be'dl), n. [Early mod. E. also bedle, beedU (Sc. beddal), < ME. bedel, bidel,budel (with accent on first syllable), < AS. bydel (=1). bad = OIb;. butil, MHGh biitel, G. battel), a beadle, < beodan, announce, command, bid: see bid. The word merged to ME. with brdii, bedell. with accent on the last syllable (whence the mod. forms bedt I. beck U), < ( IF. bedel, mod. P. bedeau = l'r. Sp. Pg. bedel = It. bidello (ML. bedeUus, bidellus), from Teut. The reg. mod. form from ME. bidel, < AS. bl/dtl. would be mod. biddle ; it so exists to the proper name BiddteJ] It. One who makes proclamation; a herald. — 2. A crier or messenger of a court; a servitor; one who cites persons to appear and answer. [Rare.] — 3. In universities, a sub- altern official or servant, properly and usually termed a bedel (which see). It shall lie the duty of the faculty to appoint a college beadle, w he shall direct the procession on Commencement day, and preserve order during the exhibitions. Lawsqf Y"l' College, ls37. 4. In England, a parish officer having various subordinate duties, such as keeping order in church, punishing petty offenders, waiting on the clergyman, attending meetings of vestry or session, etc. And [, forsooth, in love! I, that have been love's wlup; A very beadle t - « a humorous sigh, A critic; nay, a night-watch constable. Shdk., L. L. L., iii. 1. Bread ami a slavish ease, with some assurance idle's whip, crown'd all thy hopes. Ford, l'erkin Warbeck, v. :;. 5. The apparitor of a trades guild or company. Also spelled bedell and bedel, in senses 2 and 3. beadledom (be'l such a nature or quality that a crown of bubbles formed by IS 11 shaking will stand for some time on the BUT- tace: said of spirituous liquors, and errone- ously supposed to indicate strength. — 2. Of a certain standard of strength as ascertained by beads. See hi ltd, II., 7. bead-roll (bed'rol), n. [< bead, a prayer, + re//, a list.] 1. A list of prayers: specifically, before the Reformation, t lie list of the persons and objects for which prayers were said, read out by the preacher before the sermon. In "an order [of Henry VIII., a. p. \:>'M] taken for preaching and bidding of the beads, in all sermons to be made within this realm," mention is made of the church catholic, especially in England, of the king and royal family, of the bishops ami clergy, <>f the nobility ami entire temporalty (laity) of the kingdom, particularly of such as the preacher's devo- tion may prompt him to name, and of the souls of the faithful departed. The bead-roll was prohibited by Ed- ward VI. in 1648. It has often been supposed by later writers to have hail something to do with the recital of the beads or rosary. 2. Figuratively, any list or catalogue ; a long series. Dan Chaucer, well of English undefyled, On Fames eternall beadroll worthie to be fyleil. Spenser, v. t).. IX. ii. 32. Neither is the Scripture without a pitiful beadrow of miserable torments Utilliiairr'n Ihrttt/rs, las" (trans. Parker Sue). The bead-roll of her vicious tricks. Prior, Alma, iii. 3. A rosary. — 4. [< bead, a dot, + roll, a cyl- inder.] In bookbinding, a brass roll with the edge cut in dots or beads, used in gilding. Also called bead-row. bead-sight (bed'sit), n. A sight on a firearm consisting of a small round bead on a thin stem, placed in the line of sight at the end of the barrel. Sometimes a small ring or perfo- rated bead is used, forming an open bead-sight. beadsman (bedz'nian), n. ; pi. beadsmen (-men). [Also bedesman, earlier bedeman, < ME. bede- man, < bede, a prayer (see bead), + man.'] 1. A man employed in praying; especially, one who prays for another. In this sense the word was used in former times at the conclusion of petitions or letters to great men, as we now use "servant "or "humble servant." Whereby ye shall hind me to be your poor beadsman for ever unto almighty God. Fuller. We your most humble subjects, daily orators, and beads- men, of your Clergy of England, Quoted in Ii. W. Dixon's Hist. Church of Eng., ii. 2. In England, a man who resides in a bead- house or almshouse, or is supported from its funds. In all our old English foundations for the sick, the old, aid destitute, the beads — that is to say, prayers for bene- factors living and dead — were said everyday by the in- mates, who were hence also called l>iiid*iiu'n. Quoted in Hack's Church of our Fathers, III. i. 13(1, note. 3. Formerly, in Scotland, a public almsman ; one who received alms from the king, and was expected in return to pray I'm' the royal wel- fare and that of the state ; a privileged or li- censed beggar. In this sense usually spelled bedesman. A long bine gown, with a pewter badge on the right arm ; two or three wallets for holding the different kinds of meal, when he received his charity; ... all these at once marked a beggar by profession, and one of that privi- leged class which are called in Scotland the King's beaes. ■men, or, vulgarly, l'due-gowns. Scott, Antiquary, I. iv. 4f. A petitioner, bead-snake (bed'snak), ». [< bead (in allusion to its coloring) + snake.] A name of the coral- snake, I'lnps J'nlfiiis, of the United States. bead-stuff (bed'stuf), n. The thin wood out of which are formed the headings for cabinet- work. beadswoman (bedz'wuin"an), n. ; pi. beads- women (-wim'en). [Also oedeswoman, earlier hrdi iniiiiiiii, < ME. bede, a prayer, + woman. Cf. landsman.] 1. A praying woman: some- times used as an equivalent to " humble ser- vant." See headsman. Honour done to your poor Itritihti'iniian. Ii. Jiiii.iiin, Sad Shepherd, ii. 6. \l v biiinbl, st service to Ins grace, I am his beadswoman. Shirley, Grateful Servant, iii. 1. 2. In England, a woman who resides in an alms- house. bead-tool (bed'tiil ), «. 1. A turning-tool which has its cutting face ground to a ei ave curve, so thai it may produce a convex molding when applied to the work. — 2. In seal-engraving, a tool with an end adapted (or cutting the balls and beads of coronets and ether designs. bead-tree (bed'tio, «. 1. The MeUa Azeda- ineli, natural order Melmeeie. it nut „> used for tic I,, ad i-i in-all'^, especially Ln Spain ami Portugal. Welia, 2. The name in Jamaica of a leguminous tim- ber-tree, Ormosia dasycarpa, with red globose- beak seeds. -Black bead-tree, of Jamaica, Pitheeolobium I n I'll :,nli. beadwork (bei i \ i - i ,l-i 1 h lived on tier. Thackeray, Vanity Fair, I. xix. The titmouse turns his beady eye Upon me as 1 wander by. ./,„/ tk'titiui. December Woods. 2. Covered with or full of beads; having a bead, as ale or other liquor. beagle (be'gl), n. [Formerly brittle, bi(jle;< late ME. begle; origin unknown. The F. bigle is from the E.] 1. A small hound, formerly kept to hunt hares, now almost superseded by the harrier, which is sometimes called by this name. The beagle is smaller than the harrier, compactly built, smooth-haired, and lias pendulous ears. The small- est beagles are little larger than lap-dogs. To plains with well-breathed beagles we repair, And trace the mazes of the circling hare, Pupc, Windsor Forest, 1. 121. Hence — 2. Figuratively, one who makes a business of scenting out or hunting down (a person or thing); a spy; a bailiff or sheriff's officer. There beagli s flew To hand the souter lads in order. J. Mayne. 3. A local name for several species of the smaller sharks. beak 1 (bek), «. [Early mod. E. also beeke, and, preserving the orig. short vowel, beck, beeke, < ME. beeke, beke, bek, bee = D. bek, < OF. bee, F. bee = Pr. bee = Sp. Pg. bico = It. becco, < LL. beccus, a beak, of Old Celtic (Gaulish) origin ; but the mod. Celtic words, Gael, beic, Ir. bee, Bret, bek, are from E. or F. The word is no- tionally associated with E. peak, /nek, pike, and pick, q. v.] 1. In zoiil., the rostrum, snout, muzzle, jaws, mandibles, or some similar part of an animal. Especially— (a) In ornith., the horny hill or neb of a bird, {b) In mammal., the horny jaws of the duck-billed members of the genus Platypus, (e) In her- pet., the horny jaws of a turtle or other chelonian. (d) In ichth., the prolonged snout of sundry fishes, (e) The horny jaws of a cephalopod. (/) Inentom.: (1) the rostrum or snout of a rhynchopnorous beetle, or weevil ; (■_') the ros- trum or sucking mouth of a hemipterous insect ; (:t) the piercing and suctorial mouth of a mosquito, or other blood-sucking fly, consisting of lancet-like mandibles, maxilla-, and lingua inclosed in the elongated and grooved labium, (See cut under mosquito.) This term is also ap- plied to any unusual prolongation of the anterior part of the head, such as that observed in many Coleoptera and Diptera. (g)lnconch.: (1) the umbo or apex ofa bivalve shell ; (2) the prolonged lip of a univalve shell, containing the canal. 2. Anything ending to a point like a beak. (a) Naut., a powerful Construction of metal as steel, iron, or brass, or of timber sheathed with metal, forming Beaks of Ships. i, Frcni 1, ironclad Magenta; ■. Amfra] Duperr£ (French); 3, II. M. s. Dreadnought; 4, H. M.S.Polyphemus torpedo-ram), a, watcr-Iuie. a part of the bow of many war ships, and extending lie- low the water line, for the purpose of Striking and break- ing in the sides of an enemy's ship. Also called rum (winch see). For a cut, of the beak of an ancient war- galley, Bee acrostolium. (6) The horn of an anvil, (c) In nit 1 a in, a little shoe about an inch long, turned up and t : 1 - 1 in d ill 11 jioti tin t 1 1,1 1 1 nt the hoof. ( Gael, and Ir. bealaeh, a defile, a mountain-pass.] A mouth; an opening, as between hills; a narrow pass. [Scotch.] ■ngus II 1 Vulay mumbled over a number of lend Gaelic names descriptive ol the different passes, precipici ries. and &ea&, through which he said the road lay to In- \rerary. Scott, Legend of Montrose, nii. Beale light. See light*. , Beale's ganglion-cells. See cell. Beaked helmet, a helmet ..f which the vizor was worked npa ij n „ t (lio'limr) n. [Verbal n. of bntlK] in trout, in use about. i:;4o -el. w^aiuiBi v ^ to a sharp projecting pnint The breathing-holes were in the beaked part, or only the right side of it. The extremely pointed form gave t the lance of the assailant no hold and ni entering the openings, beaker (be'ker), n. [= So. biehr, < ME. biker, byker, < Ieel. bikarr, a cup, = S\v. bcigare^ = boil or gathering ing part, pportunityof De . a n (be'al), n. being. That but this blow Might be the be-all and the end-all here. suppuration or suppurat- All that is to be ; the whole Shah., Macbeth, i. Dan. bceger = OS. bikeri = 1>. beker = OHG. behhar, behhari, MHG. G. becher,_< ML.Wfii- beam (bem), n. [ It. bicchiere, pecchero = OF. picker, pichier, > ME. picher, E. pitcher, which is thus a doublot of beah r), a wine-cup, < Or. as if "fiucdpiov, dim. of j3licoc, an earthen wine-vessel; of Eastern origin.] 1. A large drinking- vessel with a wide mouth. 1 1 for a beaker full of the warm south, lull of the true, the blushful Hippocrene! Keats, ' Ide to a Nightingale. 2. A glass vessel used by chemists, usually for making solutions, it is made of thin glass to with- stand heating, and has a tlat bottom and perpendicular sides, with a lip for pouring, and varies in capacity from 1 to 30 tluidounces. He used a modification of Thomson's electrometer, and connected it, with suitable precautions, with twelve large beakers which were covered with tinfoil and were rilled with ice. Science, III. 260. beak-head (bek'hed), n. 1. An ornament re- sembling the head and beak of a bird, or, often, a grotesque human head terminating in a beak, :>:r :*wpw| Spv : Beak-irons. it, tool willi long beak used for rounding sections of stove-pipe, etc. ; b, tool with shorter and cylindrical beak ; c, tool with two beaks which act as stakes or anvils in the interior of ware ; d. a conical beak in- tended to be grasped in a vise. Beak-heads.— From St. Ebbe's. Oxford, England. used as an enrichment of moldings in Roman- esque architecture. — 2. That part of a ship before the forecastle which is fastened to the stem and supported by the main knee. beaking-joint (be'Mng-joint), "■ [< beaking, verbal n. of beak 1 , + joint.'] A joint formed by the junction of several heading-joints in a continuous line, as sometimes in folding doors, floors, etc. beak-iron(bek'- i"ern), n. [A further corrup- tion, simulating beak 1 + iron, of bickiron, a cor- ruption of bick- ern, q. v.] An anvil with a long beak or horn adapted to reach the interior surfaces of sheet-metal ware ; a bickern. Used in various forms by blacksmiths, cop- persmiths, and workers in sheet metal. Also called beak and bickiron. beakmentt, n. [E. dial, also erroneously beat- niiiit; appar. < F. becquer, peek, + -ment: see peck, a measure.] A measure of about a quar- ter of a peek. Balliwell. beak-rush (bek'rush), n. A common name for species of ahynchospora, a genus of cyperaceous plants with conspicuously beaked achenes or seed-vessels. Also called beak-sedge. beak-sheath (bek'sheth), n. In entom., the rostral sheath or jointed extension of the la- bium, inclosing the mouth-organs of a hemip- terous insect. beaky (be/Id), a. [< beak + -;/ 1 .] Furnished with or distinguished by a beak. beal 1 (bel), n. [< ME. bed, bele, a variant of bib; bide, > E. bile 1 , now corrupted into boiU: see bile 1 and boil 1 .] A small inflammatory tu- mor; a pustule. [Obsolete or dialectal.] heal 1 (bel), o. i. [< beal 1 , ».] To gather mat- ter ; swell and come to a head, as a pimple ; ifW Medieval Floor-beams. ( From ViolleMe-Duc's " Diet, de 1' Architecture." ) =08. 6d»» = OFries. bum =D. boom ( > E. boom?) = MLG. bom, LG. boom = OHG. MHG. bourn, ii. Iiniini, and prob. = Ieel. badhmr = Goth. biniins (the Ieel. and Goth, presenting unex- plained variations of form), a tree; perhaps akin to Gr. <>c««, a growth, and Skt. bhuman, earth, < \/ blu't, grow, become: see be 1 , bower 1 , boor, big* = bigg 3 , etc., and cf. the doublet boom-. ' The sense of 'ray of light' is peculiar to AS. and E., appar. tr. L. columna {lucis), a column or pillar of light: cf. L. radius, a spoke of a wheel, a rod, a ray; G. strahl, an arrow, a spoke, a ray or beam'.] 1. In arch., a long piece of stone, wood, or metal, or a construction of wood or metal, or combining wood and metal, used in a horizontal posi- tion, usually in combination with others like it, all being generally laid parallel to one another, and at regular inter- vals, to support weight, or, as a tie-beam or a collar-beam, to resist two opposite forces either pulling or com- pressing it in the direction of its length. — 2. A long piece fixed or movable in a structure, machine, or tool: often equivalent to girder. The word beam is used in a number of more or less specific senses ; as : («) Any large piece of timber long in propor- tion to its thickness, prepared for use. (6) One of the prin- cipal horizontal timbers in a building, especially one con- necting two opposite rafters; a timberserving to strengthen any piece of wooden frame-work, (c) The part of a balance from the ends of which the scales are suspended. The doubtful beam long nods from side to side. Pope, R. of the L., v. 73. (dt) The pole of a carriage which runs between the horses. (e) A cylindrical piece of wood, making part ol a 1 n, on which weavers wind the warp before weaving; also, the cylinder on which the cloth is rolled as it is woven. The staff of his spear was like a weaver's ben in. 1 Sain. xvii. 7. (/) The straight part or shank of an anchor. (g) (l "c of the strong transverse pieces of timber or iron stretching across a ship from one side to the other, to support the decks and re- tain thesides at IP. „„ their proper dis- tance, (/i) The main piece of a plow, in which the plow-tails arc fixed, and by which it is drawn, (i) The oscillating lever of a steam-engine recip locating upon a center, and forming tin medium of communication between the piston-rod and tile crank-shaft. Also called working-beam or walking-beam. See cut under atmosphi ric. 3. The widest part of a ship's hull; the extreme breadth of a ship: from the beams extending quite across the vessel where it is broadest: as, a steamer of fifty outside piariitinej i. . . ^ IP, inside plank- feet beam. ine;/?, deck-been; Broad in the beam, but sloping aft, ins '. § t c shelf "to With graceful curve and slow degrees, which the beara- LongfellOW, Building of Ship, end is coaked ; IV, .•" ' " ; thick waterway: 4. The main stem of a deer's a. thin waterway; horns bearing the snags or ant- £■ b, ^', , i ',^l , „ L „ lers. One of the snags themselves strakei KiTorked .. ,, , ,, 7 iron knee. Dotted is sometimes called the beam- imessiwwthcboits. beamed antler. See miller.— 5. A ray of light, or more strictly a collection of parallel rays of litfht, emitted from the sun or other luminous body. The noddle raj is the axis. In heraldry, beams of the sun are commonl} represented as radiating from Borne other ,h,, , which is then said to be radlanl orrayonnant. The existence of an Isolated ray of light is innm, ,-ivabIe. . . . However small a port! the wave suite e may lie represented, it contains innumerable rays, which collec- tively i i a h am or fasciculus ol hommel, Light, p. 232. \ on Bilvei '" am . Sleep they less sweetlj on thi cottage thatch Than on the dome of kings? Shelley. Hence — 6. Figuratively, a ray or emanation of splendor: as. "bctiinx of majesty,'' TiUotSOn, Works, I. iii.— 7. Same as nind-beiim.- Abaft the beam. See abaft. Arched beam. See arcAed,— Axis of a beam of light. See uriA— Beam and scales, a balance.^ Beam-center, the tub rumor pin on which a working-beam vibrates. Also called beam gud- geon.— Beam of a car-truck, a cross-beam carrying the m I. hi oi the supported ear. -Before the beam. See before -Built beam, a beam formed of smaller beams notched, scarfed, and bolted together.- Cellular beam, a bi am formed of wrought iron plates riveted with angle- irons in the form of longitudinal cells, with occasional nuts.— Composite beam, a beam composed of wood and metal, or of two different metals.— Curriers' beam, an inclined post over which a hide is stretched to be shaved.— Fished beam. Sec fish, r.— Kerfed beam, a beam with slits sawed in one side to facilitate binding in that direction. — On the beam, mint., on a line with the beams, or at right angles with the keel.— On the beam-ends, in the position of a ship which in- clines so much to one side that her beams approach a vertical position ; hence, figuratively, to be on one's beam- ends, to be thrown or lying on the ground ; be in bad cir- cumstances ; be at ones last shift.— On the weather- beam, on the Weather side of the ship. — To kick or Strike the beam, to rise, as the lighter scale of a bal- ance, so as to strike against the beam; hence, to be of comparatively light weight or little consequence. In these he put two weights, The sequel each of parting ami of tight: The latter quick upflew and kide'd the beam. Milton. P. L., iv. 1004. beam (bem), r. [< ME. beemen, bemen, < AS. 'biiimiaii (Somner), radiate; from the noun.] I. trans. If. To shed rays of light upon; ir- radiate.— 2. To shoot forth or emit, as or like beams or rays: as, to beam love upon a person. God beams this light into men's understandings. South, Sermons, I. 8. 3. To furnish or supply with beams ; give the appearance of beams to. The bell-towers, again, are ribbed and beamed with black lava. J. A. Sgmonds, Italy and Greece, p. 197. 4. In currying, to stretch on the beam, as a hide. — 5. In weaving, to put on the beam, as a chain or web. II. intrans. To emit beams or rays of light; shed or give out radiance, literally or figura- tively ; shine. A mighty light Mew beaming every way. Chapman, Iliad, xv. More bounteous aspects on me f>ea?7l, Me mightier transports move and thrill. Tennyson, Sir Galahad. beam-bird (bem'berd), ii. 1. A name some- times given to the spotted flycatcher, Musei- eiijiit grisola, because it often builds its nest on the projecting end of a beam or rafter in a building. — 2. A provincial name for the petty- chaps or garden-warbler, Sylvia hortensis. beam-board (bem'bord), n. The platform of a steelyard or balance. Also called beam-plat- fiirm. E. H. Knight. beam-caliper (bem'kal'i-per), n. An instru- ment similar in construction to a beam-com- pass, but with the points turned in so as to be used as calipers. beam-center (bem'sen"ter), n. The pin upon which the working-beam of a marine engine reciprocates. beam-compass (bem'kum"pas), ». An instru- ment consisting of a wooden or brass beam, Ship's Beam and Fastenings. F. frame ; OP. Beam-compass. having sliding sockets that carry steel or pencil points, used "for describing large circles and for laying off distances. beamed (bemd), O. Having beams or horns; having all its antlers put forth, as the head of a stag. There were many great beamed deer in it. J. F. Campbell, Pop. labs of West Highlands. beam-engine beam-engine (bem'en jin), n. A steam-engine in which the motion of the piston is transmit- ted to the crank bymeans of an overhead- or working-beam and connecting-rod, as distinct from a direct-action engine and a side-lever ie, in which the motion is communicated l,\ two side-levers or bourns below the level of the piston .ioss-head — Compound beam-engine, a beam engine having compound cylinders, in which the steam is used Brat at a highi r and then at a lower tem- pi i ature. beamer (bonier"), it. 1. In wearing,* person whose business it is to put warps on the beam. — 2. Same as beaming-machine. beam-feather (bern'fesH er), n. One of the long feathers in a bird's wing, particularly that of a hawk: one of theremigesorflight-feathers. beam-filling (bem'fil ins), b. 1. Brickwork or masonry carried up from the level of the under Bide of a beam to the level of the top. — 2. Naut., that portion of the cargo which is stowe.l between the beams. beamful (bem'ful). a. [< '""'» + -M-l Ea- ting beams; beaming; bright: as, "beamful lamps," Drat/ton. Noah's l-'l I (< »rd MS.). beam-gudgeon (bem'guj'pn), re. One of the bearing-studs on the center of a working-beam, or the central pivot upon which it oscillates. beamily (be'mi-li), adv. In a beamy or beam- ing manner; radiantly. Thon thy griefs dost doss \\ ith a bright halo, shining beamily. Keats, To Byron. beaming (be'ming), n. [Verbal n. of beam, v.] 1. In elotli-inaiatf., the operation of winding the warp-yarn on the beam of a loom. — 2. In hath, r-making, the operation of working hides with a slicker over a beam, or with a beam- ing-machine. beaming ( be'ming), p: a. Characterized by ra- diance ; bright ; cheerful. beamingly (be'ming-li), adv. In a beaming manner; brightly; radiantly. beaming-machine (be'ming-ma-shen ), re. 1. A machine for winding yarn upon the beams of looms.— 2. An apparatus for working hides with a slicking-tool or slicker, it consists of a tableon which the hide is placed, ami an oscillating beam for moving the tool over it. Also called beamer. beam-knife (bem'nif ), ». A double-edged knife with a straight handle at one end of the blade, and a cross-handle fixed in the plane of the blade at the other. It is used in shaving off the thick, fleshy parts of a hide and evening its thickness. beamless (hem'les), a. [< beam + -less.'] Emit- ting no rays of light; rayless. I h. bt amless eye No more with ardour bright. Thomson, Summer, 1. 1045. beamlett (bern'let), re. [< beam + -let.] A lit- tle beam, as of light. beam-light (bem'lit), re. The light formerly kept burning in churches in front of the re- served sacrament : bo called because suspended from the rood-beam. [Ban | beam-line (bem'lin), re. In ship-building, a line showing where the tops of the beams and the frames intersect. beamlingt (bem'ling), re. [< beam + -ling*.] A little beam, a.s of light. beam-platform (b§m'plat*f6rm), re. Same as beam-hoard. beam-roll (bem'rdl), «. In cloth-manuf., the spool-shaped roll upon which the warp-threads are wound. beam-room (bem'rdm), re. The room or shed in a currier's establishment where the beaming or slicking of hides is carried on. r.ot foi un own-room might pass for a l :l ,,i. Harper's Hag., l.w 21 I beamsomet ■ 1'eni'sinii i. a. [< inum + -some.] Shedding beams; i adiant. .V. /■.'. /'. beamster I bi m'sti i i, re. | beam + -ster.] A workman engaged in beaming or slicking hides. The &i ilnri Mag., I a ■ beam-trawl (bem'tral), re. A trawl-net the mouth of which is kept open bj a beam. beam-tree (bem'tre), re. [Short tor whitebeam- tree.] A tree of the pear kind. PyrusAriaot Europe (also called wMtebeam), and closely allied pecii of cent ral A.sia. it I >d< rate bi : an ab la white flowers and turn j n d fruit I hi n t ii hard and tough ri i mbling that ol the appli and pear, and ■ u led for axli trei beam-truss (bem'trus i, re. A compound beam, formed general!} bj two main parallel mem- 488 Branch of Beam-tree {Pyrin A bean-shot beans, the seeds of Ptophmarpus tetragonoldbus, culti- vated for food in India Horse- or sword-bean, of Jamaica the Canavalia aladiata, a legume widely dia- tributed through the tropics.— Indian bean, a name given in the I nited Statea to Catalpa bignonimdes.— John Crow or Jequirity beans, of Jamaica, the sei da oi Abrui mecatorius. Malacca bean, or marking-nut, the nut of an East Indian tree, Semecarpus Anacardiwm. — Mesquite bean, of Texas and southward, the fruit of Prosopis iiiliiliira.— Molucca beans, or nicker-nuts, the seeds oi a tropical leguminous climber, Ccesalpinia Bondu- Not to know beans, a colloquial American as- sertion of a prisons Ignorance, equivalent to not to know B fro,,, a bulls foot."-- Oily bean, "i bene-plant, the Sesamum Int licum. -Ox-eye or horse-eye bean the seed of Mu,„,„i urens, a leguminous climber of the tropics Pythagorean orsacred bean, ofthe Egyptians and Hindus, the fruitof the lotus. Nelumbium tpectosum. See .\.ii,,ni,iitii,.— sahuca or soy beans, the seeds u f Glycine Soja, largely cultivated in India and China, from which the sauce known as soy is made.- St. Ignatius' beans, the seeds of Strychnos Ignatii, containing strych- nine and highly poisonous.— Screw-bean, the twisted pod of Prosopis f"'" "'■ "■-■- — Seaside bean, a name given i,, some creeping leguminous plants of the tropics, I 'ana- oalia obtusifolia and Vigna luteola, c m i rocky or sandy sea-shores.— To find the bean in the cake, to succeed in defeating one's adversaries : an allusion to the old custom of concealing a bean in the Twelfth-night cake and naming the person who found it as king of the festival.- Tonquin or Tonka beans, the fragrant seeds of Dipteryz odorata, a leguminous tn f Guiana, used in perfumery and for scenting siiutl.— Vanilla bean, the fragrant pod of a climbing orchid of tropical America, Vanilla planifoVa, used for flavoring confectionery, etc. — Wild bean, of the United States, the ipios taberosa. —Yam-bean, a leguminous twiner, Paehyrrhteua angu- lotus, with large tuberous roots, cultivated throughout the tropics. bean 2 (ben), a. See bein. bean-belly (ben'beFi), n. A great eater of beans: a vulgar nickname for a dweller m Lei- cestershire, England. bean-brush (ben'brush), n. The stubble of beans. bean-cake (ben'kak), n. A large cheese-shaped compressed cake of beans after the oil has been expressed, used largely in northern China as food for cattle, and in the sugar-plantations of southern China as manure. bean-caper (ben'ka"per), n. ZygophyUum Va- bat/0, a small tree, a native of the Levant. The flower-buds are used as capers. onne, bean. Cf. W. ffaen, pi. ffa; U.Jaba = jj ean _ co d (ben'kod), w. 1. A bean-pod.— 2. A )Bulg. Russ. bobtl = OPruss. baboon ^ bean. J gma ,, jishing-vessel or pilot-boat used in the rivers of Portugal. It is sharp forward, and has its stem bent above into a great curve and , plated with iron. Imp. Diet. now extended to include the seed ot the allied k eancra ke (hen'krak), re. A bird, Crex pra- genus Phaseolus, and, with a specific epithet, ,,.„..,,. the corn-crake. of other genera. — 2. The plant producing j, ean . c ' ur d (ben'kerd), n. A thick white jelly beans. The bean known to the ancients from prehistoric rese inbling blanc-mauge, made of beans, much times was the Vicia Faba (or Faba ;»';"'-' a native of . , tiv ,. s of northern China, Corea, western Asia, and the same as the field-, horse-, or tick- tan 11 u.> bean, and the broad or Windsor bean, still largely culti- and Japan. .,,»-.. m, v- Mitel in the helds and gardens of the old world. It is bean-dolphin (ben'dorim), n. ihe aphis or used when green as a table-vegetable, and when dry as T> l :m t-lous;e which infests the beau, feed for horses and sheep. The numerous other kinds of i foa „ + /Ken'festl n 1 A feast civen bv an cultivated beans are of American origin, and belong chiefly bean-ieasH ( oen lcsij, «. j.. ^ to the genus Phaseolus. To P. vulgaris belong the com- mon kidney-bean, and the haricot and French beans, the string-bean, and the pole-bean; to /'. lunatus, the lama and Carolina beans, the sugar-bean, and the butter bean ; and to P. Bonus, the dwarf, tield-. bush-, navy-, pea-, and six weeks beans. To the same genus belong the wild kid- ney-bean, /'. perennis; the scarlet-runner bean, P. mulU Horns, cultivated for its scarlet flowers; and the prairic- bean of Texas, /'. returns. The asparagus-bean, Dohchos ., iquipedalis, with very long cylindrical pods, frequently cultivated in Europe, is a native of tropical America. Beans as an article of food arc very nutritious, i tabl- ing much starch and a large percentage of a nitrogei compound called legumin, analogous to the casein in cheeae. The name beam is also given to many leguminous bers which receive the stress of a load and re- sist it, the one by compression and the other by tension. They are connected by braces and tics, which serve to keep them apart, bind the whole flnnly together, and transmit, the stress due to a load upon any one part to the points of support. See truss. beamy (be'mi), «• [< ME. bemy ; < beam + -//i.] 1. Resembling a beam in size and weight; massy: as, "his . . . beamy spear," Dryden, Pal. and Arc, 1. 1756.— 2. Having horns or antlers: as, "beamy stags," Dryden, tr. of Virgil. — 3. Naut, having much beam or breadth; broad in the beam: said of a ship whose beam is more than one tenth of its length. The speed of beamy vessels has too often been demon- strated. The Century, WIN . 671. 4. Emitting rays of light ; radiant; shining. The sun . . . Brightening the twilight with its l„,u„,i gold. Tickell, Royal Progress. He bears In a field azure a sun proper, beamy. B. Jonson, Staple of News, iv. 1. 5. Figuratively, radiant; joyous; gladsome. Read my pardon in one beamy smile. J. Baillie. bean 1 (ben), n. [< ME. bene, ben,< AS. bean, = D. 6oon = MLG. bone = OHGr. bona, MHG. bone, G. bohne = Icel. baun = Sw. bona = Dan, ¥ OB_. c 1 . Originally and properly, a smooth kidney shaped seed, flattened at the sides, borne in long pods by a leguminous plant, Vicia Faba : employer to those whom he employs. Brewer. — 2. A social festival originally observed in France, and afterward in Germany and Eng- land, on the evening before Twelfth day, or, as the Germans call it, Three Kings' day. Although confounded with the christian festival of the Epiphany, which occurs on the same day, it is supposed that this custom can be traced back to the Roman Saturnalia. Sei '~ an-king and tweffth-cake. bean-fed (ben'fed), a. Fed on beans. 8hak. bean-fly (hcu'lli). re. A beautiful fly of a pale- purple color, produced from a maggot called mida, and found on bean-flowers. seals which arc not cultivated or used as food, such as e n „..,. (ben'iros), II. [So named from tho the algarroba, Calabar, and coral beans, and to certain Dean goose lutm feo , l Other plants and their seeds which arc not leg i.eus at likeness ft the uppei nail Ot t 111 lull to a not SI bean.] A species of wild goose, the Ansel segetum, which arrives in England in autumn and retires to the north in the end of April. Some consider it a mere variety of the Euro- pean wild goose, A.ferus. bean-king (ben'king), ». [So called because the honor fell to him who. when the Twelfth- night cake was distributed, got the bean buried in itj The person who presided as king over the Twelfth-night festivities. bean-meal (ben'nml), n. Meal made from beans, used in some parts of Europe as feed for horses, and for fattening hogs, etc bean-mill (ben'mii), re. A mill for splitting bonus for cattle-feeding. bean-sheller (ben'shel er), re. A machine for removing beans Erom the pods. bean-Shooter (ben'sho'ter), ». A toy for shooting beans, shot, or other small missiles; a pea-shooter. bean-Shot (ben'shot), n. Copper grams formed by pouring melted metal through a perforated ladle into warm water. If cold water is used, flakes are formed, called feather-shot. plant all. as the coffee bean. 3. A small oval or roundish seed, berry, nut, or lump: as, a coffee-licrtH.— 4. ]>1. In eoal-min- iin/, small coals; specifically, coals which will pass through a screen with half-inch meshes. [North. Eiig.] — 5. pi. Money. [Slang.] -Algar- roba, carob, or locust bean, the fruit of the carob- tree, Ceratonla .o7i 7 .i. ( .— Buck-, bog-, or brook-bean. / bean. Brazilian or Picnurim bean, the fruit of a lauraceous treeol Brazil, Nectandra Pm-luirii. — Cala- bar or ordeal bean, the seed of an African leguminous climber, Physostigma venenosum, a violent poison, u led as a remedy in diseases of the eye, tetanus, neuralgia, and other nervous affections. In Bome parts oi Lfrica it Is administered to persons suspected of witchcraft; if vomiting results and the poison is thrown off, the inno- cence of the Buspected person is regarded as established. Castor-bean, the seed of -., euphorbiaceous plant, Rieinus communis, yielding castor-oil. China bean, Uolicho •,,<,, , The black-eyed bean is one of Its varie- ty Coffee-bean, a name given In commerce to the coffee-berry. Coral bean, of Jamaica, the Beed ot a leguminous shrub, Erythrina glauca; but thi large coral bean is obtained from the bead- or necklace tree, Ormo- id dasycarpa. The coral bean of Texas i- Sophora ■ cun diflora. Culumary beans, tl tool a laurac - tree of Brazil, Aydendron Cujumary.an esteemed tonic and stimulant Egyptian, hyacinth, or black beans, tliu Beed oi DolicKoB Lablab, cultivated in India. Goa bean-stalk bean-stalk (ben'stak), n. The stem of a bean, or the whole planl : aB, Jack and the beanstalk. bean-tree (ben'tre), ». A name given to the Pyrus intermedia of northern Europe, and to species of Bauhinia; in Australia, to the More- ton Bay chestnut, Castanospermwm Australe; in the United Slates, sometimes, to t'alalpa bigno- nioides; and in Jamaica, to Erythrina Corrallo- dendron. bean-trefoil (ben'tre foil), ». 1. The labur- num, Oytisus Laburnum, a leguminous shrub with trifoliate leaves. See laburnum. — 2. The Anagyris faiiiln, a similar shrub of southern Europe, whose violet-colored seeds are said to be poisonous like those of the laburnum. — 3. The buckbean, Menyanthes trifoliata. [Rare.] bean-weevil (ben'we'vil), n. An American species of the genus Bruehus, which attacks beans. It has been described as Bruchuefabos i Eli- ley), but is held by Horn to be identical with the 11. obsoletus (Say I. The species aver- ages 3 millimeters in length, with the general color dark and piceous, the whole body being covered with rath- Bean . wee v,l {Bruchus Saba), b, Bean er dense CinereOUS fronnvhich the beetles have issued. (Small pubescence, and figure shows natural size.) the elytra being indistinctly mottled by transverse bands of darker pubes- cence. It infests stored beans, and there are usually sev- eral, sometimes a-s many as 15, specimens in a single bean. beany (be'ni), a. [< bean 1 + -i/ 1 .] In good condition (like a bean-fed horse); spirited; fresh. [Slang.] N. E. D. bear 1 (bar), v. ; pret. bore (formerly, and still in the archaic style, bare), pp. borne, born (now only in a single sense : see note at end), ppr. bearing. [< ME. beren (pret. bar, bun, pi. bare, bere, be- nn, pp. boren, rarely born), < AS. bcran (pret. bar. pi. batron, pp. Imrrn) = OS. bcran = OFries. bera = D. baren = OHG. beran = Icel. bcrn = Sw. bora = Dan. bare = Goth, bairan, bear (also in eomp. OS. giberan — AS. geberan = OHG. geberen, MHG. gebcrn, G. gebdren = Goth. gabairan, bear, in MHG. and G. bring forth), = L. fern = ( ir. i>/n n- = Skt. -i/ bhar, bear, carry. A very prolific root in all the languages, both in form and senses. From the AS. come bar- row 2 , bier, barm 1 , barn", bairn, birth 1 , burthen 1 , burden 1 , etc.; from the L. fertile, confer, defer, differ, infer, etc., Lucifer, conifer, etc., aurifer- ous, vociferous, etc., and other words in -fer, -ferous; from the Gr. semaphore, hydrophore, phosphorous, eleetrophorus, etc., andotherwords in -phore, -phorous, etc.] I. trans. 1. To sup- port; holdup; sustain: as, a pillar or a girder bears the superincumbent weight. Sage he stood, With Atlautean shoulders tit to bear The weight of mightiest monarchies. Milton, P. L., ii. 306. 2. To support in movement ; carry ; convey. Whither do these bear the ephah? Zech. v. 10. From the unshaken rock the torrent hoarse Bears off its broken waves, and seeks a devious course. Scott, Vision of Don Roderick, Conclusion, st. 3. And down a rocky pathway from the place There came a fair-haird youth, that in his hand Bare victual for the mowers. Tennyson, Oeraint. 3. To suffer ; endure ; undergo : as, to bear pun- ishment, blame, etc. Alas, bow many bear such shameful blows, Which not themselves but he that gives them knows ! Shah., Lucrece, 1. 832. 4. To endure the effects of; take the conse- quences of ; be answerable for. He shall bear their iniquities. Isa. liii. 11. Sir, let her bear her sins on her own head ; Vex not yourself. Bi au. and FL, King and No King, i. 1. 5. To support or sustain without sinking, yielding, shrinking, or suffering injury. A wounded spirit who can bear? Prov. xviii. 14. Console if you will, I can bear it ; "lis a well-meant alms of breath. Lowell, After the Burial. Anger and jealousy can no more bear to lose sight of their objects than love. George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, i. 10. 6. To suffer or sustain without violence, in- jury, or change ; admit or be capable of. In all criminal cases the most favourable interpreta- tion should be put on words that they can possibly bear. Sw(ft. The motives of the best actions will not bear too strict an inquiry. Swift, Thoughts on Various Subjects. ISil 7. To suffer without resentment or effort to prevent; endure patiently. It was not an enemy that reproached me ; then I could have borne it. Ps. lv. 12. With your long practis'd patience bear afflictions. Fletcher, Spanish Curate, i. 2. 8. To sustain, as expense; supply the means of paying. Somi what that will bear your charges. Dryden. 9. To have, or have a right to ; be entitled to ; have the rightful use of, as a name, a title, a coat of anus, and the like. We are no enemies to what are commonly called i "ii ceits, lint authors bear them, as heralds say. with a differ- ence, Lowell, study Windows, p. 886. Who in the Lord God's likeness bears the keys To bind or loose. Swinburne, Laus Veneris. 10. To cany, as in show; exhibit ; show. /;, nr welcome in your eye. Shak., Macbeth, i. 5. Which, like a waxen image "gainst a lire, Bears no impression of the thing it was. Shak., T. (.'. of V., ii. 4. 11. To bring forward; render; give; afford: as, to bear testimony. Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour. Ex. xx. 16. 12. To carry in the mind ; entertain or cherish, us love, hatred, envy, respect, etc. If I can catch him once upon the hip, I will feed fat the ancient grudge I bear him. Shak., M. of V., i. 3. The reverent care T bear unto my lord Made me collect these dangers in the duke. Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 1. The great and guilty love he bare the queen. Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine. 13. To possess, as a property, attribute, or characteristic; have in or on; contain: as, to bear signs or traces; to bear an inscription; the contents which the letter bears. What, think you much to pay two thousand crowns, And bear the name and port of gentleman ' Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iv. 1. 14. To possess and use, as power; exercise; be charged with ; administer : as, to bear sway. Here's another letter to her : she bears the purse too ; she is a region in Guiana, all gold and bounty. Shak., M. W. of W.,i. 3. Russia soon showed that she was resolved to bear a part in the quarrels as well as the negotiations of her neighbours. Brougham. 15f. To carry on; deal with. This can be no trick : The conference was sadly borne. Shak., -Much Ado, ii. 3. Beware Of entrance to a quarrel ; but, being in, Bear 't, that the opposed may beware of thee. Shak., Hamlet, i. 3. 16. To manage ; direct; use (what is under the immediate control of one's will). Bear your body more seeming. Shak., As you Like it, v. 4. Hence, with a reflexive pronoun, to behave ; act in any character: as, he bore himself nobly. — 17. To sustain by vital connection; put forth as an outgrowth or product ; produce by natu- ral growth : as, plants bear leaves, flowers, and fruit ; the heroes borne by ancient Greece. Can the fig-tree . . . bear olive-berries i -las. iii. 12. Here dwelt the man divine whom Santos iiore. Dryden. Life that bears immortal fruit. Tennyson, In sfemoriam, \1. 18. To bring forth in parturition ; give birth to, as young; figuratively, give rise or origin to. [The past participle born is now used only in this sense. See remarks below.] And she conceived, and bare Cain, and said, I have got- ten a man from the Lord. Gen. iv. 1. I cawtell thee where that saying was born. Shak.,T. N.,i. 5. 19. To conduct; guide; take: as, he tore him off to his quarters. Bear me forthwith unto his creditor. Shak., C. of E., iv. 4. 20. To press; thrust; push; drive: urge: with some word to denote the direction in which the object is driven : as, to bear down a scale ; to bear back the crowd. The residue were so disordered as they could not con- veniently fight or fly, and not only justled and bore down one another, but, iii their confused tumbling back, brake a part of the avant-guard. Sir J. Hayward. Confidence then bore thee on ; secure Either to meet no danger, or to find Matter of glorious trial. Milton, P. L., ix. UTS. How the rushing waves Bear all before them. Bryant, Flood of Years. 21. To gain or win: now commonly with away or off ; formerly, sometimes, with an indefinite it for the object. bear Some ihink to bear ii by speaking a great word. Bacon, Of Seeming Wise. 22. In the game of backgammon, to throw o!T or remove, as the men from the board. — 23. To purport; imply; import; state The letters bore that succour was at hand. Scott. {Hear, signifying to bring forth, when used passively, espe- cially as an adjective, has the past participle bom (horn), bui when 1 1 sni after the vert \have, or followed by by, borne (born), the fatter having a more 'inert reference to the lit- eral sense. Thus, a child was bom; but, she has bornen child. In all the other senses both participles are spelled borne i as, I have borne the expi nses; the expenses must be borne. The regular form, historically, is born (horn), like torn, sworn, 'lie distinction is artificial and recent (after the middle of the eighteenth century).! To bear a hand, to lend a hand quickly ; take hold ; give aid or as- sistance. [Naut. and colloq. ] All hands ahoy ! bear i every government bears the most con- stantly upon the whole people. Brougham. 3. To tend; U- dirertrd in a certain way, whether with or without violence: as, to bear away: to dear back; to bear in; to bear out to sea; to bear upon; to bear down upon; the fleet bore down upon the enemy. Spinola, with his shot, did bear upon those within, who appeared upon the walls. Sir. J, Hayward. Who's there? h ar back there) stand from the door ! B, Jonson, Cynthia's [levels, v. 2. The party booh set sail, and bore for England. Bancroft, Hist. U. S., I. 89. Down upon him bare the bandit three. Tennyson, Geraint. Hence — 4. To have reference (to) ; relate (to); come into practical contact (with.); haveabear- ing: as, legislation bearing on the interests of labor. There was one broad principle which bore equally upon every class, that the lands of England must provide for the defense of England. Froitde, Sketches, p. 144. 5. To be situated as to the point of the com- pass, with respect to something else: as, the land bore E. N. E. from the ship. — 6. To suffer, as with pain; endure. They bore as heroes, but they felt as men. Pope. 1 can not, can not bear. Dryden. 7. To be patient. [Rare.] — 8. To produce fruit; be fruitful, as opposed to being barren: as, the tree still continues to bear. Then Abraham fell upon his face, and laughed, and said in his heart, Shall a child he born unto him that is an hundred years old? and shall Sarah, that is ninety years old, bear} Gen. xvii. 17. 9. To take effect ; succeed. Having pawned a full suit of clothes for a sum of money, which, my operator assured me, was the last he should want to bring all our matters to bear. Guardian. To bear against. See above, 2.— To bear away (naut.), to change the course of a ship more away from the wind. — To bear in with, to run or tend toward : as, a ship bears in with the laud ; opposed to bear offoi keep at a greater distance.— To bear on or upon. See above, 2, 3, and 4. — To bear up. (a) Naut., to put the helm up so as to bring the vessel into the wind, (b) To he firm; have fortitude. [If] we found evil fast as we find good In our first years, or think that it i.s found. How could the innocent heart, bear up and live! Wordsworth, Prelude, viii. Tobearup foT(naut.\ to sail or proceed toward : as, we made all sail and bore up for Hong Kong.— To bear up with or under, to sustain with courage; endure without succumbing ; he firm under: as, tu bear up under affliction. So long as nature Will bear up with this exercise, so long I daily vow to use it. Shak., W. T., iii. 2. lie's of a nature Too bold and fierce to stoop so, but bears up, i'i esuming on his hopes. Fletcher, Spanish Curate, i. 1. To bear up with*, to keep up with ; be on the same foot- in- as. What shoulde he doe? Fain he would have the name to be religious, fain he would bear up withlaa neighbours in that. Milton, Areopagitica, p. 39. To bear with, to endure; be indulgent to; forbear to resent, oppose . or punish. u would that 1 should bear with you. Acts xviii. 14. If the matter be meane, and meanly handled, I pray you toth with me and it. Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 22. To bring to bear. Set bring. bear-fbni), n. |< ME. farr, < as. bera = T). hm- = ljG.baar = 0\Hi.l>rr<>, MHGK ber, G. Bar, m., =Icel. bera } t'., a bear. Cf. Icel. Sw. Ban. bj&rn, a bear (appar. = AS. bcorn, a man, a warrior, orig. a bear ? — see berifi), an extended form 490 of the same word. Perhaps nit. = L. fans, wild, fera } a wild beast: see fierce.] 1. A large plantigrade carnivorous or omnivorous mammal, of the family Ursula, especially of the genus Vrsus. The teeth of the true bears are 42, and none of the molars are sectorial. The animals are less truly carnivorous than m<>>i of the order to which they belong, feeding largely upon roots, fruits, etc., as well as honey and insects. The tail is rudimentary, and the muz- zle is prominent, with mobile lips and a slender, some- times very extensile, tongue. The best-known species is the brown or black hear of Europe and Asia, Ursus arctos, found chiefly in northerly regions, of which several varie- ties are described, differing much in size and color, and to - ni extent in shape ; it is ordinarily about 4 feet long and 2A feet high; its flesh is eaten, its pelt is used for robes, and its fat is in great demand as an unguent known as Im ar'a grease. The grizzly bear oi North America, /'. horribUis, is as regards specific classification hardly sepa- rate from the last, and like it runs into several varieties, as the cinnamon bear, etc. It is ordinarily larger than the European, and is noted for its ferocity and tenacity of life. It inhabits the mountainous portions of western North America. The common black hear of North America is a smaller and distinct species, I', americanus, usually black with a tawny snout, but it also runs into a cinnamon va- riety. See cut under Ursus. The polar bear or white bear, Ursus or Thalassarctos maritimus, is very distinct, og's II -^ Grizzly bear t'rsiti turrititit). folar Bear U'rsns maritimus). of great size, peculiar shape, and white or whitish color, marine and maritime, and piscivorous to some extent, though seals constitute much of its food. The Syrian bear, U. synacus, and the Himalayan bear, U. hinuilaya- nws, respectively inhabit the regions whence they take their names. The spectacled bear, Ursus or Tremairtos ornatus, is the sole representative of the Ursidce in South America: so called from the light-colored rings around the eyes, which have exactly the appearance of a pair of spec- tacles, the rest of the face and body being black. The Malayan bear or bruang, U . malayanus, is a small, black, close-haired species, with a white mark on the throat, with protrusile lips and slender tongue, capable of being taught a variety of amusing tricks in confinement. The sloth-bear or aswail of India is distinct from the other hears, and is usually placed in a different genus, Melursus labiatus. See Ursidce, and cut under as/rail. 2. The Anglo-Australian name of a marsupial quadruped, the koala, Pliascolarctos cinereus. Si 'i' koala. — 3. [cap.] The name of two con- stellations in the northern hemisphere, called the Great and the Little Bear. Both these figures have long tails. The principal stars of the Great Bear compose the figure of Charles's Wain, or the Dipper. In the tail of the Little Bear is the pole-star. See Ursa. 4. A rude, gruff, or uncouth man. You are a great bear, I'm sure, to abuse my relations. Sheridan, School for Scandal, iii. 1. 5. [Troll, in allusion to the proverb " to sell a bear's skin before ono has caught the bear." (There is a similar proverb about the lion's skin. ) One who sold stocks in this way was formerly called a bearskin jobber, later simply a bear ; now usually explained, in connection with its cor- relative bull, as in allusion to a bear, "which pulls down with its paws," as opposed to a bull, "which tosses with its horns."] In exchanges: («f) Stock which one contracts to deliver al a tut lire il.it''. (hough fiol in I lie possession of the seller at the time the contract is made : in (ho phrases to buy or sett the benr. (b) ( hie who scllsstocks, grain, provisions, or other conn lities neither owned nor possessed by him at the time of selling them, but which he expects to buy al ;i lower price before the time (ixcil for milking delivery, (c) i me who endeavors to bring down prices, in order thai he may buy cheap : opposed to u hull, who tries to raise the price, that he may sell dear. ('.very One who draws a bill or is- sues a note iinconsclousTj a I b b bear upon the gold market. Jtvons, Money and Med I SKES^'ft^S* [Change, p. 316. la), naturalize. bearbine 6. A popular name for certain common cater- pillars of (lie family Arctiidce, which are dense- ly covered with long hair resembling the fur of a bear. They undergo their transformation under old boards or other sheltered places, forming a slight i n composed chiefly of their own hair. SpUosoma Virgiraea (Fahricius) is a common example; the ninth is white with a few black spots, the abdomen orange-colored, banded with white, and ornamented with three rows of black di'ts. Sec cut in preceding column. 7. In metal., ono of the names given to the metallic mass, consisting of more or less mal- leable iron, sometimes found in the bottom of an iron furnace after it has goue out of blast. — 8. Naut., a square block of wood weighted with iron, or a rough mat filled with sand, dragged to and Eri i on a ship's decks instead of a holy- stone (which see).— 9. In nielal- irorking, a portable puuehing-ma- chine for iron plates. E. II. Knight. — Bear's grease, the fat of bears, exten- sively used to promote the growth of hair. The unguents sold under this name, how- ever, are in a great measure made of hog's lard or veal-fat, or a mixture of both, Punchiny-Bear. scented and slightly colored. — Order of the Bear, an order of Knights instituted by the emperor Frederick II. of Germany, and centered at the abbey of st. Gall, in what is now Switzerland. It perished when the cantons became independent of the house of Austria. —Woolly bear. See woolly. bear- (bar), ». t. [< bear 2 , «., 5.] In the stock exchange, to attempt to lower the price of : as, to bear stocks. See bear 2 , «., 5. bear 3 , bere 3 (ber), re. [Early mod. E. also beer, < ME. bere, < AS. bere, barley, = Icel. hair = North Fries, berre, bar, bar = Goth, "bar is (in adj. barizeins), barley, = L. far, corn. See bar- ley 1 and farina.] Barley: a word now used chiefly in the north of England and in Scotland for the common four-rowed barley, Hordeum rule/are. The six-rowed kind, H. hexastichon, is called 6/17. Malt made from bere or bigg only, in Scotland and Ire- land, for home consumption. G. Scamell, Breweries and Malting, p. 136. bear 4 (ber), n. [Also written beer, and archai- cally bere, < ME. bere = LG. biirc, > G. btihre, a pillow-case.] A pillow-case: usually in com- position, pillow-bear. [Now only dialectal.] Many a pylowe and every bere 01 clothe of Keynes to slepe softe. Chaucer, Death of Blanche, 1. 25-1. bearable (bar'a-bl), a. [< bear 1 + -able.'] Ca- pable of being borne ; tolerable ; endurable ; supportable, bearably (bar'a-bli), adv. In a bearable man- ner. bearance (bar'ans), «. [< bear 1 + -ante. Cf. forbearance.] 1. Endurance; patient suffer- ing. [Archaic] — 2. In ntaeh., a bearing. bear-animalcule (bar'an-i-mal"kul), re. A gen- eral name for one of the minute arachnidans of the order Arctisea or Tardigrade), and family Maerobiotidce. Also called water-bear. See cut under Arctisea. bear-baiting (bar'ba"ting), re. The sport of setting dogs, usually mastiffs, to light with captive bears. The practice was prohibited in Great Britain by Parliament in 1835. Let him alone : I see his vein lies only For falling out ;it wakes and bear-battings, That may express him sturdy. Beau, and Ft., Captain, iv. 3. Bear-baiting, then afavourite diversion of high and low, was the aliiiiiiinatinn . . . of the austere sectaries. The Puritans hated it, not because it gave pain to the bear, but because it gave pleasure to the spectators. Macavlay, Hist. Eng., if. bearbane (bSr'ban), re. A variety of the wolfs- bane, Aeonituni Lycoctonum. bearberry (iiar'ber"i), n. ; pi. bearberries (-iz). 1. A trailing evergreen ericiiceous shrub, Arc- tostaphylos wva-ursi, found throughout the arc- tic aitd mountainous portions of the north- ern hemisphere, and bearing small bright-red drupes. The leaves are very astringent and slightly bit- ter, and under the name veii-ursi are used En medicine as im astringent tonic, chiefly in affectionsof the bladder. It is the kinnikinic "Inch the [ndians of western America mix with their tobacco for smoking. Also called bear's- bUberry, beards-grape, and foxberry. 2. In the Pacific States, a species of Tthamnus, /,'. I'lirshiiuia, named from the fondness of bears for its berries. Also called In arwood.— Alpine or black bearberry, a dwarf arctic-alpine species of the genus Arctostaphylos, A. alpina. bearbine, bearbind (bir'bin, -bind), n. [< bear* + bine, land : see bine 1 .] The name in England of several common species of Convolvulus, as ('. arvensis, C. septum, and C. Soldanella, from (heir (wining about and binding (ogether the stalks of barley. Also incorrectly written barebind. bearbine The bearbint with the lilac interlaced, Hood, Baunted Souse, i. 24. bear-caterpillar (bar'kat'er-pil-ar), n. A larva of one of the bombycid moths: so called ironi its hairiness. Sec out under bear 2 . bear-cloth (bar'kl6th), n. Same as bearing- beard (berd), n. [< ME. berde, herd, < AS. beard = D. baard = OFries. berd = OHG. Ml Hi. G. hart = Ieel. -bardhr, in eomp. (cf. neut. 6ar^ft, brim, beak of a ship (see bard'-): the ordinary term for 'beard' is skegg = E. .v/im/) = OBulg. Serv. Bohem. 6rai/« = 1'<>1. broda = Kuss. fWorftf = Lith. bargda, harm = Lett, barda = OPruss. bordus, and prob. = L. barba (> E. barb*), W. and Corn. >»//;/, a beard. The agreement in spelling between mod. E. and AS. beard is merely accidental: see ca.] 1. The close growth of hair on the ohin and parts of the face normally character- istic of an adult man; more specifically, the hair of the face and chin when allowed to re- main wholly or in part unshaved, that on the upper lip being distinguished as the mustaeh , and the remainder as the whiskers, or the side- 491 to adapt thom to the shape of the vessel. — 5. To remove the beard or fringe from, as from oysters. II. intrans. To grow a beard, or become bearded. [Rare]. Nur laughing girl, nor bearding boy, Nor full-pulsed manhood, lingering here, shall add, to life's abounding joy, The charmed repose to suffering dear. Whittier, Summer by Lakeside. bearded (ber'ded), a. [< ME. herded; < beard + -<nc of the strips which extend over a molding-trough and serve to support the flask. 8. Iii printing : (a) A strip of wood or metal, type-high, put in any exposed place in a form of type or on a press, for the purpose of bearing off impression and preventing injury to type or woodcuts, (b) pi. Type-high pieces of metal placed in the very open spaces and over the heads of pages to be stereotyped, and also type- high strips of metal placed around pages or forms to be electrotyped, to prevent injury to the face of the type or the plates in the subse- quent processes, and cut away from the plates before printing.— 9. In her., a supporter. — 10t. A roll of padding forming a kind of bustle, for- merly worn by women to support and distend their skirts " at their setting on at the bodies.'' Fairhalt.— 11. In an organ, one of the thin pieces of wood attached to the upper side of a sound-board, to form guides for the register- slides which command the openings in the top of a wind-chest leading to the pipes of the sepa- rate systems of pipes which form the stops. E. 11. Knight— 12. A tree or plant that yields fruit or flowers. This way of procuring autumnal roses, in some that are good bearers, will succeed. Boyle. bent backward from the point, to prevent it from being easily drawn out. — 5. The hook for retaining the yarn at the extremity of the needle in a knitting-machine. — 6. In organ- building, a spring-piece on the back of a lock- bolt to hold it moderately firm and prevent it from rattling in its guides.— 7. The part of a horse which bears the curb of a bridle, under- neath the lower mandible and above the chin.— 8. The train of a comet when the comet is reced- ing from the sun (in which case the train precedes the head). — 9. In \in n ting, the out ward-siop- ing part of a type which con- nects the face with the shoulder of the body. It is obsolete, type being now made with high square shoulders, to lighten the work of the electrotyper. — 10. The sharp edge of a board. — False beard, in Egypt, antiq., a singu- lar artificial beard, often represented on monuments and mummy-cases, held under the chin by bands attached to the wearer's casque or bead-dress. — To make one's beardt, literally, to dress one's beard ; hence, to play a trick up- on ; deceive ; cheat. \ el can a miller make a elerkes berd, For al his art. Chaucer, Reeve's Tale. Mo berdee in two houres (Withoute rasour or sisoures) l'tuade, then greynes be of sondes. Chaucer, House of Fame, 1. 181. To one's beard, to one's face ; in defiance of one. Rail'd at their covenant, and jeer'd Their rev'rend persons to my beard. S. Buffer, Hudibras. beard (berd), r. [< late ME. berde; from the noun.] I. trans. 1. To take by the beard; bearer (bar'er), n seize, pluck, or pull the beard of, in contempt or anger. Hence — 2. Figuratively, to oppose to the face ; set at defiance. It is to them most disgraceful], to be bearded of such a base varlett. Spemcr, State of Ireland. Dar'st thou then To beard the lion in his den, The Douglas in his hall? Scott, Marmion, vi. 14. 3. To furnish with a beard, in any sense of the word. — 4. In carp., to chip, plane, or otherwise diminish from a given line or to a given curve: as, to beard clamps, plank-sheers, etc.; in ship- building, to round, as the adjacent parts of the rudder and stern-post, or the dead-wood, so as sir.]" + led* -less I l' bearer-bar (bar'er-bSr), n. One of the bars W Cu \ be^ heXof persons of The Uo -hich support the grate-bars in a. furnace. sex, immature; adolescent: as, a beardless bearer-pin (bar cr-pm) n A pm se «t youth.-2. In ornith., having no'rictal vibris- the strings of a piano at the point where the L: as, the beardless flycatcher, Omithium i,n- length is determined Wo r. 6 «W- »■ * «*.. ^ » barbels-4. In ft^^ £$32£ The bear-garden in London in Elizabeth's reign was also called Paris-garden and bear's-college. Hurrying me from the playhouse, and the scenes there, to the bear-garden, to the apes, and asses, and tigers. SOUingfieet. 2. Figuratively, anyplace of tumult ordisorder. Those days when slavery turned the Senate-chamber Into a bcar-gard, u. X. A. Rev., CXXVI. Beardless drum, the ellata, which has no The state or False Beard, as represented upon a rock-cut statue of RamescsII. at Abou- Simbel. it;.. bat., without beard or awn— icdlish or branded drum, Sdcena < barbels. See cut under redjieh. beardlessness (berd'les-nes), n. condition of being beardless. beardleted (berd'let-ed), a. [< "beardlet, dim. of beard (cf. barbulc), + -cri 2 .] In bot., having little awns. Paxton. beardling (berd'ling), n. One who wears a beard ; formerly, in contrast with shaveling, a bear-grass (biir'gras), re. A name given to the layman. [Rare.] camass, Camassia eseulenta, of Oregon; also, beard-moss (berd'mos), n. A name of the i n Texas, to Dasylirion Texannm, the young Lichen Usnea barbata, which, often intermixed pulpy stems of whieh are much eaten by bears; with others, clothes forest-trees with the an d. to species of the genus Yucca, for the same shaggy gray fleece of its pendulous thread-like reason. branches; the "idle moss "of Shakspere (C. of bearherd (bar'herd), n. A man who tends E., ii. 2). _ _ bears; a bearward. bear-dog (bar'dog), n. A dog for baiting bears. yfrtne is of so little regard in these costermonger times, True. You fought high and fair. . . . that true valour is turned bearherd. Daup. Like an excellent bear-dog. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., i. Z. B. Jonson, Epieoene, iv. 1. Dear . nounr l (bar'hound), ft. A hound for liuiit- beard-tongue (berd'tung), n. A name given ing 01 . baiting the bear. to plants of the genus Pentstemon, with refer- Few v:irs more ami the wolf-hounds shaU fa u sup . euce to the bearded sterile stamen. pressed, the Bear-houndt, the Falconry. beardy (ber'di), ».; pi. beardies (-diz). [Dim. of CarlyU, French Rev., I. iii. 1. Inanl.] 1. A name of the white-throat, M/hia bearing (bai-'ingl, n. [< ME. bering, berynp; cinerea. Macgillivray. [Local, British.] — 2. In verbal n. of ftearl.] If. Support, as of a prin- Scotland, a name of the loach, NemachAhts bar- ,.\^\ e or an action ; maintenance ; defense. ha I, it us, a small fresh-water nialaeopterygian i sp ,. :lk against the bearing of bloodshed: this Searing fish, family CyprimdcB: so called from the six b.-irbules that hang from the mouth. Also spell- ed beardie. [ME. berer, berere ; < &< ar 1 + ..'•!.] 1. One who bears, carries, or sustains; a carrier; specifically, one who carries any- thing as the attendant of another: as, St. Chris- topher, or the Christ-ftranr (the meaning of the name) ; a sword-bearer, an armor-6earer, a palanquin-uTarcr, etc. His armour-bearer said unto him, Do all that is in thine heart. I Sam. xiv. 7. Forgive the bearer of unhappy news : Your alter'd father openly pursues Your ruin. Dryden. 2. One who carries a body to the grave; a pall-bearer. — 3. In India: (a) A palanquin-car- rier, (b) A domestic servant who has charge of his master's clothes, furniture, etc.— 4. In must be looked upon. Latimer, 5th Serm. lief. Edw. \ I.. 1649. 2. The act of enduring, especially of enduring patiently or without complaining; endurance. The two powers which constitute a wise * an are those of bearing and forbearing. Epictetv* (trans). 3. The manner in which a person bears i: I ill..- the pianoforte, one of the notes thai arc first carefully tuned as a 1 ni- si- in tuning lli'- others. Also called hairing. bearing-rein (bar'ii The rein by which the head of a horse is h> id up in driving, bearing-robe (bar'ing-rob), n. A garment an Bwering the same purpose as a bearing-cloth, It was formerly customary for the sponsors to pros, til such a ruin- to i he child, bearish (bar'iBh), a. [< bear% + -wfc 1 .] 1. Par- taking of the qualities of a hoar; morose or un- couth in manner. In "in I.--. seem to allude to this d< - a iinaii nature when wc call men, n> waj ot e proach, sheepish, bearish et Uomi ' t, ii"- freatlsi toti i- ' 492 2. Iloavy and falling: applied on the stock- exchange to prices. bearishness (bar'ish-nes), n. The state or quality of being bearish in nature, appearance, Or manner. bear-leader (bar'le'dei), «. 1. A. person who Leads about a trained bear for exhibition. Hence — 2. A tutor or governor in charge of a youth of rank at the university or on his trav- els, or one iu a similar relation. [Humorous.] \ 'oung gentleman, 1 am the bear-leader, being appointed your tutor. I 'olman the Younger. They pounced upon the stray nobility, and seized young lords travelling with their bearleaders. Tltaekt run. Hunk of Simlis, vii. bear-moss (bar'mos), n. Same as bear's-bed. bear-mouse (bar'inous), n. A book-name of a marmot or a woodchuck, translating the ge- neric name Arctomys. See cut under Aretomys. beamt (barn), u. [= bairn = batnfi, q. v.] An obsolete form of bairn. bear-pig (bar'pig), n. The Indian badger or sand-bear, Arctonyx eoUaris. See badger 2 , 1. bear-pit (bar'pit), «. A pit prepared for the keeping of bears in a zoological garden, in the center a stout pule, w ith cross-bars or steps at proper .lis tances, is set up tu enable the bear to indulge in his in- stinctive habit of climbing. bearst, n. An obsolete spelling of barse. bear's-bed (barz'bed), ». The hair-cap moss, a species of Polytrichum which grows in broad, soft mats. Also called bear-moss. bear's-bilberry (barz'bil ber-i), n. Same as bearberry, 1. bear's-breech (barz'breeh), n. 1. The English name of Acanthus Spi uncus. See Acanthus. — 2. The cow-parsnip, Heracleum Sphondylium: so called on account of its roughness. bear's-colleget (barz'kol'ej), n. See bear-gar- den, 1. The students in bear's-college. Ii. Jonson, Masque of Gypsies. bear's-ear (barz'er), n. The common name in England of the auricula, Primula Auricula, from its early Latin name, ursi auricula, given in allusion to the shape of its leaf. bear's-foot (barz'fut), n. A plant of the genus Hi lh hnnis, II. fntidus. See I h ilrbiiriis. bear's-garlic (barz'gar // lik), it. A species of onion, Allium iirsiuuin. bear's-grape (barz'grap), n. Same as bear- berry, 1. bearskin (bar'skin), n. 1. The skin of a bear. — 2. A coarse shaggy woolen cloth for over- coats. — 3. A tall cap made of black fur form- ing part of the uniform of some military bodies, as of the Guards in the British army and of soldiers of various organizations elsewhere. Tlic //"'. /,'"s "t the French grenadiers rose above the crest of the hill. Yonge, Life of Wellington, xxxiii. Bearskin jobber. See bear*, n., 6. bear's-paw clam, root. See clam, root. bear's-weed (barz'wed), n. The yerba santa of California, Eriodiction glutinosum. bearward (bar'ward), n. A keeper of bears. We'll hint thy hears to death. And manacle the t»u i- iru id in their chains. Shak., •! Hen. VI., v. 1, Those who worke with them co'mand them as our '" art wards do the beares, with a ring through the nose, and a cad. Evelyn, Diary, Oct. 21, 1044. I entreated a bearward "tie day to come down with the dog! Of some four parishes that way. Ii. ./"/(.via. Kpictetlc. i. 1. bear-whelp (bai-'hwel]i), ». [< ME, bere-hwelp; < bear' 1 + whelp.'] The whelp of a bear. An unlicked bear^whelp. Shak., 3 Men. VI., hi. -2. bearwood (bar'wud), n. The Bhamnus Pur- sliinua, a shrub or small tree of the Pacific Stales. See In II liil CCI/, 2. bearwort (bar'wert), n. The mow or bald- money, Mi uin alliamautieum. beast (best I, u. [Early mod. E. also beest, < ME. hi, sir. beste, < OF. beste, V. bite = Sp. Pg. It. bestia= D. LG. becst, < L. bestia, an animal, including all animals except man.] 1. A liv- ing being; an animal: in this extended sense now only in dialectal or colloquial use. These hen the eyryssh [alrish] bastes, In. i 'haucer, House ol Ft , I 932, To k'-'|"- tins wurhlc I". tin- mure and I' A sk.\liull beeste [mau] than will y make. rue/, Plays, p. IS 2. Any four-footed animal, as distinguished from fowls, insects, fishes, and man: as, hrnsls of burden; beasts of the chase; beasts of the forest. It is applied chiefly to large animals. The beasts, the fishes, and the winged (owls Shak., e "I I. , ii 1 beast's-bane One deep cry Of great wild beasts. Tennyson, Palace of Art. Beastt oj cka tin- buck, the doe. the fo\. the mar- ten, and the roc. Beasts "/ '/"' forest are the hart, ttie hind, the hare, tin- hoar, and the wolf. Beasts <•/ warn " an tin- liar, and cony. Cowett, haw Dictionary. 3. Any irrational animal, as opposed to man, as in the phrase man ami beast, where beast usually means horse. heaven! aoeost, that wants discourse of reason, Would nave mourn'd longer. Shak., Hamlet, i. 2. 4. jil. In rural economy, originally all domestic animals, but now only cattle; especially, fat- ting cattle as distinguished from other animals. — 5. In a limited specific use, a horse : as, my beast is tired out. [Local, Scotland and U. S. Compare creature, critter, similarly used.] — 6. Figuratively, a brutal man ; a person rude, coarse, filthy, or acting in a manner unworthy of a rational creature. What an afflicted conscience do I live with, And what a beast I am grown ! / V. tcher, Valentinian, iv. 1. 7t. [Iu this use also spelled as orig. pron., baste, < P. beste, now bi'te, in same sense.] (a) An old game of cards resembling loo. (b) A pen- alty or forfeit at this game, and also in ombre and quadrille.— Beast royal, the lion: used also of the constellation Leo. And yet ascending was the brste mint, The gentil Leon with his Aldiran. Chaucer, Squire a 'tale, 1. 266. Blatant beast. SeeMotont. • beasted (bes'ted), a. [< beast, »., 7, + -<■. 1 have seen a handsome cause so foully lust, sir. So beastly cast away, fur want of witnesses. Fletcher, Spanish ('urate, iii. 1. beastlyheadt (best'li-hed), ». [< beastly + -head = -hood; oneof Spenser's artificial words.] The character or quality of a beast; beastli- ness: used by Spenser as a greeting to a beast. Sake, BlCke, alas' and little lack of dead, But I lie relieved hv \ hrnslhitiruil. Spenser, Shep. CaL, May. beast's-bane fbSsts'ban), ». A variety of the wolf's-bane, Acnuituiu Lijcoctonum. beat beat 1 (bet), v. ; pret. beat, pp. beaten, beat, ppr. beating. [< MK. &efen, < AS. bedtan (pret. /"»/, pp. &erffe») = OHGL /"- or animals. (<■) Tn cause to low rr (a price) by importunity or argument ; sink or lessen the priec or value of; make lower, as price or value. It [usuryl beats down the price of land. Bacon, Usury. ((/) To depress or crush : as, to beat down opposition,— To beat into, to teach or Instil by repetition of instruction. — To beat off, to repel ordriveback.— To beat out. (a) To extend by hammering; hence, figuratively, to work out fully ; amplify; expand. A man thinking on his legs is obliged to beat out his thought for his own sake, if not for the sake of his hearers. i 'ornhill Man. (b) To perform or execute, as a piece of music, by or as if by beats with the hands or feet The child's feet were busy beating out the tune. Cornhjtl Mag. Perplext in faith, but pure in deeds, At last ho beat his music out. Tennyson, In Memoriam, xcvi. (c) To drive out or away. Intermediate varieties, from existing in lesser numbers than the forms which they ennneet. will generally be beaten out and exterminated during the course of further modification and improvement. Darwin, Origin of Species, p. 266. To beat the air, to right to im purpose, or against no an- tagonist or opposition. I therefore so run, not as uncertainly; so right I, not as one that beateth the air. 1 Cor. ix. 26. To beat the bounds. See boundi. - To beat the dust, in the manege: (a) To take in too little ground with the forelegs, as ahorse. (/») To curvet too precipitately or too low, as a horse.— To beat the general, to sound the roll of the drum which calls the troops together.— To beat the tattoo, to sound the drum for evening roll-call, when all soldiers except those absent with permission are expected to be present in their quarters. — To beat the Wind, to make a few flourishes in the air, and thus be entitled to all the advantages of a victor, as was done under the medieval system of trial by battle when the other combatant failed to appear. — To beat time, to measure or regulate time in music by the motion of the hand or foot.— To beat to a mummy. See mummy.— To beat up. (a) To attack suddenly ; alarm or disturb; hence, to eoine to or upon unexpectedly : as, t<> heat up an enemy's quarters. A distant relation left him an estate in Ireland, where he had resided ever since, making occasional visits to the Continent and beating up his old quarters, but rarely com- ing to England. Lawrence. (b) To summon or bring together as by beat of drum: as, to beat up recruits, (c) In hunting, to rouse and drive (game) by ranging. They beat up a little game peradventure. Lamb, Imperfect Sympathies. 00 In engraving, to remove (a dent or mark) from the face of a plate by striking the back with a punch while the face rests on a sheet of tin-foil on an anvil or a stake. In this way engravers can remove marks too deep to be obliterated by the scraper or burnisher. =Syn. 1. To pound, bang, buffet, maul, drub, thump, thwack, baste, thrash, pommel. — 11. Discomfit, Rout, etc. See defeat. II. intrans. 1. To strike repeatedly; knock, as at a door. The men of the city . . . beat at the door. Judges xix. 22. 2. To move with pulsation; throb: as, the pulse beats. A thousand hearts beat happily. Byron, Childe Harold, iii. 21. With unused thoughts and sweet And hurrying hopes, his heart began to beat. William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 408. 3. To act, dash, or fall with force or violence, as a storm, flood, passion, etc.: as, the tempest beats against the house. And the sun beat upon the head of Jonah, that he fainted, and wished in himself to die. Jonah iv. S. Rolling tempests vainly beat below. Dryden. For the noon is coming on, and the sunbeams fiercely beat. Bryant, Damsel of fern. 4. To be tossed so as to strike the ground vio- lently or frequently. Floating corps lie beating on the shore. Addison, 5. To give notice by beating a drum; also, to sound on being beaten, as a drum. But Linden saw another sight When the drum beat at dead of night, Campbell, Hohenlinden. 6. To contain beats or pulsations of sound, as a tone formed by sounding together two notes which are nearly in unison. See beat % »., 7. — 7. To ponder; be incessantly engaged; be anx- iously directed to something ; be in agitation or doubt. If yon be pleaa'd, retire into my cell, And there repose ; a turn or two I'll walk, To still my beating mind. Shah., Tempest, iv. 1. beat Thy heaven is on eartli ; thine eyes and thoughts Beat on a crown, thi treasure of thy heart. 8kak. t 2 Hen. VI., ii. l. 8. Naxt., to make progress against tho wind by alternate tacks in a zigzag line. A good square rigged vessel will make a airei i. gain to windward of three tenths ol the distance she has sailed while beat Ing, while the gain to windward of anaverag tore and-aft rigged vessel will be equal to five or six tenths of the dis- tance sailed. We took a pilot on board, hove up our anchor, and be- gan beating down the bay. Ii. It. Itana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. Ii. Many yachtsmen had pronounced it to be an impossi- bility for our vessel to beat out in so light a breeze. Ltlih/ tintype;/, \ oya-e of Sunbeam, I. i. To beat about, to search by various means or ways; make efforts at discovery. To find an honest mate I beat about Pope, Epil. to Satires, ii. 102. To beat about the bush, to approach a matter in a roundabout or circumlocutory way.- To beat to quar- ters, to summon the crew of a man-of-war by heat oi drum to their stations for battle.— To beat up and down, in hunting, to run first one way and then another : said of a stag.— To beat up for recruits or soldiers, to go about to enlist men into the army : a phrase originating in the fact that a recruiting party was often preceded by a drum- mer with his instrument. — To beat upon*, to enforce by repetition ; reiterate. How frequently and fervently doth the Scripture beat upon this cause. Ilakeicill. beat 1 (bet), n. [< beat\ vJ] 1. A stroke; a striking; a blow, whether with the hand or with a weapon. [Rare.] The Smith Divine, as with a careless beat, Struck out the mute creation at a heat. Dryden, Hind and Panther, i. 253. Thus we get but years and !>■ ats. Fletcher, Valentinian, ii. 3. 2. A recurrent stroke; a pulsation; a throb: as, the beat of the pulse ; the heart makes from sixty to seventy beats a minute. — 3. The sound made by the foot in walking or running ; a footfall. The beat <>f her unseen feet, Which only the angels hear. Shelley, The Cloud. 4. A round or course which is frequently gone over: as, a watchman's beat; a milkman's beat. We had to descend from the sea-wall, and walk under it, until we got beyond the sentry's beat. HoweUs, Venetian Life, xii. Hence — 5. A course habitually traversed, or a place to which one habitually or frequently resorts. — 6. In Alabama and Mississippi, the principal subdivision of a county ; a voting-pre- cinct. — 7. In music: (a) The beating or pul- sation arising from the interference of two musical notes differing but slightly in pitch. See Interference. The number of beats per second is equal to the difference between the numbers of vibrations of the two notes. Thus, two notes having 256 and 255 vibrations per second respectively, if sounded simultane- ously, will give rise to one beat each second, because once in each second the two wave-systems (see sound) will coin- cide and produce a maximum sound, and once they will be half a wave-length apart, and the sound will almost disappear. Also called beating, (&) The motion of the hand, foot, or baton in marking the divi- sions of time during the performance of a piece of music, (c) Used vaguely by various English writers to denote different kinds of ornamental notes or graces. — 8. The third operation in paper-making, in which the pulp is still further divided and torn apart in the beating-engine. — 9. The blow struck by a valve when falling into its seat. — 10. The bearing part or the facing of a valve. The inlet and outlet valves in the covers of the air-cyl- inders are of brass provided with leather beats Ure, Diet., IV. 740. 11. A worthless, dishonest, shiftless fellow; a knave. [Slang.]- Beat of a watch or clock, the stroke made by the action of the escapement. A clock is said to be in beat or out of beat according as the stroke is al equal or unequal intervals. Beat or tuck of drum (mil it.), a succession of strokes on a drum, varied in differ- ent «ays for particular purposes, as to regulate a march, to call soldiers to their arms or quarters, to direct an at- tack or a retreat, etc. -Dead beat, (a) Formerly, a person without money or resources; now. one who never pays, but lives by evasions ; an utterly dishonest, worthless fel- low : an intensified expression of beat, 11, above. [Slang. | (b) A stroke or blow without recoil, as in the dead-beat escapement. See excapement. Double beat, in music, a beat repeated.— Out of one's beat, not in one's sphere or department. [Colloq.] beat 1 (bet), pp. [Shorter form of beaten, which is the only form used attributively.] Exhaust- ed by exertion, mentally or bodily; fatigued; worn out by toil. [Colloq.] Quite beat and very much vexed. Dickens. Dead beat, completely exhausted or worn out, bo as to be incapable of further exertion; utterly baffled, as by the difficulty of a ta^k ; thoroughly defeated in a contest or struggle. IColloq.] beat beat 2 (bet), ». [Also beet, bait, < ME. bt U . origin unkiimvu. perhaps < '», i\, or perhaps connected with bait, bate, steep: seeftate 6 .] A bundle of flax or hemp made up ready for steep- ing- beat :! (bet), it. [Also Soft, baU ; origin un- known, t'f. /»■'/-, make a tire. /■<«. is appar. a differenl word. ] The rough sod of moorland, or the matted growth of fallow land, which is sliced or pared off, and burned, when the land bout to be plowed. See Seats, v. y. ]•:. D. [Prov. Eng.] beat :t (bet), ». t. and i. [See beats, „.] To sliee oft' (the beat or rough sod) from unculti- vated or fallow ground with a beat-ax or breast plow, in order to burn it, foT the purpose at < me, ot destroying it ami of converting it into manure for the land. X. E. D. [Prov. Eng.] beatse memoriae (be-a'te me-mo'ri-e). [L., gen. of beata memoria, blessed memory: see l„ atify and m mory.] ( >f blessed memory: said of the dead. beat-ax (bet'aks), ». [E. dial., also btaax, bidix; < beat 3 + ox 1 .] The ax or adz with which the beat is pared off in hand-beating. See beat 3 , ,■. .v. /;. 1>. [Prov. Eng.] beaten (be'tn), p. a. [< ME. beten, < AS. bedten, pp. of bedtan, beat: see beat 1 , v.] 1. Wrought upon by beating; formed or affected in any way by blows or percussion: as, beaten work (which see, below). This work uf the candlesticks was of beaten gold. Num. viii. 4. Specifically— 2. Worn by beating or treading; much trodilen: hence, common from frequent us,' or repetition; trite: as, to follow the beaten course of reasoning. A broad and b< ati n « ay. Milton, P. L., ii. 10-26. Truth they profeBs'd, yet often left the true And Beaten prospect, for the wild and new. Crabbe, Tales. 3. Conquered; vanquished. I suppose everything is right, even to Woolert being conqueror and I the beaten man. S. TyUer. 4. Exhausted; -worn out.— 5. Baffled, as by the difficulty of a task, intellectual or physical —Beaten work, on an anvil or a block of the requls v Is of metal, especially those of rounded form, are com- monlj shaped by this process. (o) Repousse work. See beater (be'ter), n. 1. One who beats: as, a carpet-deafer; a drum-Seater. Euen the wisest of year great beaters do as oft punishe nature as they do correct* faultes. Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 32. 2. In hunting, one who rouses or beats up game. When the beaters came up we found that the bag con Sisteil of live red-deer - namely, one small stag and four hinds. J- Baker, Turkey, p. 369. 3. That which beats or is used in beating. Specifically -(«) In basket-making, a heavy iron used for beating the work close, or compacting it. lb) In cotton manuf., a machine for cleaning and opening the cotton preparatory to carding. This is accomplished by beat- ing the cotton, as it is fed through rolls, by horizontal blades attached to an axle revolving with great rapid- ity, (c) The jack of a knitting-machine, (d) A mallet used in hat-making. («) A tool for packing powder in a blast I,,.!,-. ( f) A scutchlng-blade for breaking flax or hemp. ( K. bathe, q. v.] 1. To bathe; foment 494 The act of beatifying or of rendering or pro- nouncing happy; the stab' of being blessed; blessedness. 111.- elcl el :i Christian, . . the beatification of his spirit. 2. In the Bom. Caih. Ch., the act by which a deceased person is declared to be beatified, or beaupere "blessed" (in the Latin, hi ati), with which each declaration or ascription begins. -Formal beatitude, t he possession oi the highest good.— Objec- tive beatitude, the highest good, the rest of a christian, ami r, pa ttle (be-al'l), V. t. [E. dial. (Exmoor and ■ S.illv I Uoss. ) and T. S. ; appar. < be- 1 + attle for addle.] To addle the brain of; make a fool of . [Prov. 1'. S. (Massachusetts).] one of the blessed, and therefore a proper sub- Deau (bb), o. and n. [As an adj. long obsolete ; early mod. E. bew, < ME. beu. Men, Seatt, < OF. beau, Watt, earlier bel, beat, bial, mod. F. beau, bcl, fern, belle, < L. bcttus, fair, beautiful, fine: see bel 1 , bell 5 . The noun is mod., and follows the F. in prom; the ME. adj. if still existent would be pronounced as in its deriv. beauty, q. v.] I.t «■• Good; fair: used especially in ad- dress: as, "beam sir," Chaucer, House of Fame, 1. 643. See beausire, beaupt re, etc. II. ». ; pi. beaus or beaux (boz). 1. One who is very neat and particular about his dress, and fond of ornaments and jewelry ; a fop ; a dandy : now most often said of a man of middle age or older: as, he is an old beau. Besides thou art a beau . what's that, my child? A fop, well-dressed, extravagant, and wild. Dryden, tr. of Persius, Satires, iv. 42. jeet of a certain degree or kind of public reli gious honor. This is now an exclusive prerogative of the pope bul foi several centuries it was also exercised by local bishops or metropolitans. It is usually the second step toward canonization, and cannot, take place till fifty years after the death of the person to be beatified, except in the case of martyrs. The process is an elahorati consisting of thirteen or fourteen stages, and extending over many years, during which the claims of the reputed smnt are carefully and strictly investigated. If the final result is favorable, the pope's decree is publlclj lead ill the pontifical church, the image and relics of the newly beatified are incensed, etc. See canonization. Ximenes has always been venerated in Spain. Philip IV endeavored to procure his beatification. G. Tieknor, Span. Lit., I. 424. beatify (be-at'i-fi), o. ..; pret. and pp. beati- fied, ppr. beatifying. [< F. beaUfier, < LL. beati- fieare, make happy, bless, < beatificus, making happy, blessing, < L. beatus, happy, blessed (pp. of beare, make happy, akin to benus, bonus, good, bene, well), + facere, make.] 1. To make su- premely happy ; bless with the completion of celestial enjoyment: as, "beatified spirits," Dry- den.— 2. To pronounce or regard as happy, or as conferring happiness. [Rare.] The common conceits and phrases which so beatify wealth. Barrow, Works (ed. 1686), III. 161. Specifically— 3. In the Bom. Cath. Ch., to de- cree beatification. The right of beatifying, that is, declaring a holy person a saint, and decreeing that due honour might be laud him, within a particular diocese, continued to be exercised in England and everywhere else by the bishops of the church. Rock, Church of our Fathers, He is represented on his tomb by the figure of a beau, dressed in a long periwig, and reposing himself upon vel- vet cushions under a canopy of state. Addison, Thoughts in Westminster Abbey. 2. A man who is suitor to or is attentive to a lady ; a lover ; a swain. [Now chiefly colloq. or rustic] Her love was sought, I do aver, By twenty beaux and more. Goldsmith, Elegy on .Mrs. Mary Blaize. The rural beaux their best attire put on, To win their nymphs, as other nymphs are won. Crabbe, The Village. III. = Syn. 1. Dandy, Exquisite, etc. See coxcomb. beau (bo), ». t. [< beau, n.] To act the beau to ; attend or escort (a lady). Hence— 4. To ascribe extraordinary virtue or l) eauce antt, »■ See beauseaiit. excellence to ; regard as saintly or exalted. beauclerkt (bo'klerk or -kliirk), a. [Early mod. His heroine is so beatified with description, that she g. a j s0 beaudark, < ME. beauclerk, < OF. beau, loses all hold upon sympathy. fine. + cierc, clerk, scholar.] A good scholar ; WhxppU, Ess. and Rev., I. 128. & le ' amed man: kn ' own especially as a surname (a »' •>" """■'''« ,, rp marble block, (c) In bookbinding, the process of Batting beau-ideal (bo'l-de'al or bo e-da-al), n. out with a hammer the leaves of a book which have been badly pressed, or which have been buckled or twisted bj bad sewing or uneven dampening. 2. Punishment or chastisement by blows; a flogging.— 3. The state of being beaten or out- done ; a defeat. Our American rifle-team has had its beating, but not a bad beating. The American, VI. 245. 4. Regular pulsation or throbbing. The beatings of my heart, Wordsworth, Tintem Abbey. 5. In music, same as beat, 7 (a): but in this form more frequently applied to the beats of the strings of a piano or the pipes of an organ. — 6. Naut, the act of advancing in a zigzag line againsl the wind. beating-bracket (be'ting-brak"et), batten of a loom. beating-engine (be'ting-en"jin), n. 1. A ma- ebine with rotating cutters for preparing rags in paper-makiug.— 2. Same as leating-maenine. [Now only E. dial.. < ME. beating-hammer (be'ting-ham'er), n. A ham- mer having two slightly rounded faces, used in shaping tie backs of books. beating-machine (be'ting-ma-shen"), ». A ma- dune For opening and beating cotton, to loosen <>« ''^'"''i. 1 '" ul £?> i, and remove trfe dust. Ms,, called wiUomng- beaumont te machine, opener, beating-engine, etc. Mm do Beaumont beatitude (be-at'i-tud) n. [< F. beatitude, < L. beatitudo, (.beatus, happy, blessed: see be- atify.'] 1. Supreme blessedness; felicity pj tln''liigliest kind; consummate' bliss; hence, m a less restricted sense, any extreme pleasure or satisfaction. True beatitude groweth not on earth. Sir T. Browne, Christ. Mor., in. 11. About him all the sanctities of heaven st I tlmk as stars, and fi his sight received Beatitude past utterance. MUUm, P. I. . 11L 82. Thousands of the Jews find a peculiar beatitude In hav- ing themselves Interred on the opposite slope of the Mount i.ces /;. Taylor, leads ol the Saracen, p. o>. 2. One of the eight ascriptions of blessed- ness to those who possess particular virtues, pronounced by Chnsl in the Sermon on the Mount, Mat. v. 3-11: so named from the word The — 2. To beat (unseasoned wood) for the pur- pose of straightening (it). \ till young oake . . . ' d in tire for si. n [el Spenser, E\ (J., IV. vii. 7. beatific I be-a-tif'ik I, a. (< LL. beaUficus, < bea- tus, happy, "+ facere, make; cf. beatify.] 1. Blessing or making happy; imparling bliss. i : ness of thi bt atifie vision. South. 2. Blessed; blissful; exaltedly happy. II, arrived in i lc nc ol mind. Threi in V orway, p 176. Beatific vision, in tha • rision of Qod, sup- posed to constitute the i I angi u in heavea beatifical (be-a-tif 'i-kal i, a. Same as beatific. | bare.] beatifically(i>e-a-tit"i-kal-i i, adv. Inabeatific mam beatificatet (b8-a-tif'i-ka1 1, it. t. To beatify. beatification i be-at i-fi-ka'shon), «. [= r. '» - atijication, < LL. bvatificare : see beatify.] 1. lc beau itUal, the ideal beautiful: lc beau, the beautiful ; ideal, adj.. ideal. Hence in E. often taken as beau, adj., qualifying idtnl, n., an ex- cellent (one's best) ideal: see beau and ideal.] A mental conception or image of any object, moral or physical, in its perfect typical form, free from all the deformities, defects, and blemishes aeeompam ing its actual existence; a model of excellence in the mind or fancy; ideal excellence. My ambition is to give them a beau-ideal of a welcome. Charlotte Bronte] Jane Eyre, xxxiv. beauish (bb'isln, a. [< beau + -tsP.] Like a beau; foppish; line: as, "a beauish young spark," Byron, Beau and Bedlamite. Beanjolais (bo-zho-la'), »• [F. Beaujolais, a former division of France, now chiefly com- prised in the department of Eh6ne.] A kind of red wine made in the department of Rhdne, in southeastern (Trance. beau monde (bo m6nd). [F.: beau. < L. bet- lus. line; monde. < L. miindns. world. See beau and mundane.] The fashionable world; people of fashion and gayety, collectively. moii-titi, ii. [After Prof. . of Franco.] In mineral., a variety of heulandite from Jones's Falls near Baltimore, Maryland. beaumont-root (bo'mpnt-rot), ». Same as bmi iiian's-root. Beaune (bon), n. [F-] A r,,,] wme of Bur " gundy. The inline is given to wines produced in a large district, around the city of beaune, and varying greatly In beauperet, beaupeert, n, [Early mod. E., also betepeer, etc. fin the sense oi 'companion, sometimes spelled beauphac, by confusion with phen, an erroneous spelling of ME./ere, a. com- panion : see fen ), < ME. bewpere, beaupere, bur- pyr, etc., < (1) OF. beau pere, 'good father, a polite form of pere, father (mod. !•'. beaurpere, father-in-law. or stepfather). < beau, lair, good, + inn, P. pere,< L. pater = E. father; (2) <>!•. beau, fair, good, + per, peer (mod. F. pair), beaupere peer, equal.] 1. A term of courtesy for ' father,' used especially in addressing or speaking of priests. — 2. A companion, compeer, or friend. Now leading him into a secret shade From his Beauperes, ami from bright heavens vew. Spenser, V. Q., III. i. SB. beauperst, bewperst, »• [Also bowpres; per- haps, like many other fabrics, named from the place of its original manufacture, conjectured in this case to be Beauprgau, a town in France with manufactures of linen ami woolen.] A fabric, apparently of linen, used in the six- teenth and seventeenth centuries. Flags were made of it. With ray cozen Richard Pepys upon the 'Change, about supplying us with bewpers from Norwich, which I should be glad of, if cheap. Pepys, Diary, II. 130. beau-peruket, »■ A mime given to periwigs of exaggerated length worn in the reign of Wil- liam III. beau-pot (bo 'pot), ». [An erroneous form (simulating F. beau, beautiful) of bowpot for boughpot, q. v.] A large ornamental vase for cut flowers. beauseantt, beauceantt, »• [OF. bauceant, a flag (see def.), perhaps < Imueent, baucent, etc. (> E. bausoiid, q. v.), orig. black-and-white spot- ted, but later written beauseant, beaureant, as if < F. beau, tine, handsome, comely, + st'ant, suit- able, lit. sitting, ppr. of seoir, sit: see stance.'] The flag of the order of the Templars, half black and half white, and bearing the inscrip- tion, "Non nobis, Domine, non nobis, sed no- mini tuo da gloriam." beau-semblantt, n. [F. : beau, fair ; semblant, appearance: see semblance.] Fair appearance. Court of Lore, 1. 1085. beauship (bo'ship), n. [< beau + -ship.] The character and quality of a beau ; the state of being a beau : used sometimes, as in the ex- tract, as a title. You laugh not, gallants, as by proof appeal's, At what his beauship says, but what he wears. Congreve, Prol. to Dryden Jr.'s Husband his own Cuckold. beausiret, »• [ME. also beausir, bewsher, etc., < OF. beau sire, fair sir : see beau and sir, and cf. beaupere. See also belsire.] Fair sir: an ancient formal mode of address. beauteous (bu'te-us), a. [Early mod. E. also beautious, beuteous, bewtious, beuteus, < ME. bewteous, etc., < bewte, beaute, beauty, + -ous.] Possessing beauty ; sensuously beautiful. [Chiefly poetical.] I can, Petruchio, help thee to a wife, With wealth enough, and young, and beauteous. Shak., T. of the S., i. 2. = Syn. Handsome, Pretty, etc. See beautiful. beauteously (bu'te-us-li), ado. [< ME. bewty- osely, < bewtyose, bewteous, beauteous, + -ly%.] In a beauteous manner ; in a manner pleasing to the senses ; beautifully. Look upon pleasures not upon that side that is next the sun, or where they look beauteously. Jer. Taylor, Holy Living, ii. § 1. beauteousness (bu'te-us-nes), n. The state or quality of being beauteous ; beauty. beautification (bu/'ti-fi-ka'shpn), n. [< beauti- fy: see -fieation.] The act of beautifying or rendering beautiful ; decoration ; adornment ; embellishment. This thing and that necessary to the beautification of the room. Mrs. Craik. beautified (bu'ti-fid), p. a. Adorned ; made beautiful; in her., ornamented with jewels, feathers, or the like : said of a crown, a cap, or any garment used as a bearing. The blazon should state in what way the hearing is beautified, as, for ex- ample, with jewels. beautifier (bu'ti-fi-er), n. One who or that which makes beautiful. Semiramis, the founder of Babylon, according to Justin and Strabo ; but the enlarger only and beautifier of it, according to Herodotus. Costard, Astron. of the Ancients, p. 102. beautiful (bu'ti-ful), a. [Early mod. E. also beutiful, be wt if id, butyful, etc. ; (.beauty + -Jul.] Full of beauty ; possessing qualities that de- light the senses, especially the eye or the ear, or awaken admiration or approval in the mind. See beauty, 1. It was moated round after the old manner, but it is now dry, and turfed with a beautiful! carpet. Evelyn, Diary, July 14, 1675. Idalian Aphrodite beautiful. Fresh as the foam, new-bathed in Paphian wells. Tennyson, (Enone. Silence, beautiful voice ! Be still, for you only trouble the mind With a joy in which I cannot rejoice. Tennyson, Maud, v. 3. 495 It is a beautiful necessity of our nature to love some- thing, D.Jerrold. We are clearly conscious of the propriety of applying the epithet beautiful t.i virtues such as charity, reverence, en devotion, hut we cannot apply it with tin- same pro priety to duties "f perfect obligation, such as veracity or Integrity. Lecky, Burop. Morals, 1. 84. The beautiful, that which possesses beauty; beauty iii the abstract : as, the beautiful in nature or ait; the good, the true, and ///.■ beautiful. tin we conceive ot a period of human development at which religion is the worship ol the beautiful! J. Caird. It is very old, this architecture [Duonio at Murano] ; but the eternal youth of the beautiful belongs to it, and there is scarce a stone fallen from it that I would re- place. Howells, Venetian Life, xii. = Syn. Beautiful, Beauteous, Handsome, Pretty, Fair, Lovely, Comely, charming, all apply to that which is highly pleasing, especially to the eye lieuuthul, the most gen- eral of these words, is also often the noblest and most spiritual, expressing that which gives the highest satis- faction to eye, ear, mind, or soul. Beauteous is chiefly poetic, and covers the less spiritual part of beautiful. Handsome is founded upon the notion of proportion, sym- metry, as the result of cultivation or work; a handsome figure is strictly one that has been developed by atten- tion to physical laws into the right proportions. It is less spiritual than beautiful ; a handsome face is not necessarily a beautiful face. Handsome applies to larger or more important things than pretty: as. a handsome house; a pretty cottage. It is opposed to homely. Pretty applies to that which has symmetry and delicacy, a dimin- utive beauty, without tin- higher qualities of graceful- ness, dignity, feeling, purpose, etc. A thing not small of its kind may be called pretty if it is of little dignity or consequence: as, a pretty dress or shade of color; hut pretty is not used of men or their belongings, except in contempt. Fair starts from the notion of a brightness thai catches the eye ; it notes that sort of beauty which delights the rye by complexion and feature ; in this sense it is now less common in prose. Lovely is a strong word for that which is immediately pleasing to the eye ; it ap- plies primarily to that which excites admiration and love. Comely applies rather to the human figure, chiefly in its proportions ; it is used less commonly than handsome to express the result of care or training. See elegant. The moon was pallid, but not faint : And beautiful as some fair saint. Longfellow, Orion. And there a vision caught my eye ; The reflex of a beauteous form. Tennyson, Miller's Daughter. A handsome house, to lodge a friend ; A river at my garden's end. Pope, limit, of Horace, Satires, II. vi. 3. Nothing more beautiful — nothing prettier, at least — was ever made than Phoebe. Hawthorne, Seven Gables, ix. The lamps shone o'er fair women and brave men. Byron, Childe Harold, iii. 21. sweet Auburn, loveliest village of the plain. Goldsmith, Des. Vil., 1. 1. I doubt, indeed, if the shepherds and shepherdesses of his day were any comelwr and any cleaner than these their descendants. C. D. Warner, Roundabout Journey, p. 114. beautifully (bu'ti-ful-i), adv. In a beautiful manner. Fine by degrees and beautifully less. Prior, Henry and Emma, 1. 323. beautifulness (bu'ti-ful-nes), n. The quality of being beautiful ; elegance of form ; beauty. beautify (bu'ti-fi), v. ; pret. and pp. beautified, ppr. beautifying. [Early mod. E. also beutify, beutyfy, bewtify, -fie; < beauty + -fy.] I. trans. To make or render beautiful; adorn; deck; grace; decorate; embellish. The aits that beautify and polish life. Burke. Mid creeping moss and ivy's darker green, How much thy presence beautifies the ground ! Clare, The Primrose. = Syn. Adorn, Ornament, etc. See adorn and decorate. II. intrans. To become beautiful ; advance in beauty. [Rare.] It must be a prospect pleasing to God himself, to see his creation for ever beautifying in his eyes. Addison, Spectator, No. 111. beautiless (bu'ti-les), a. [< beauty + -less.] Destitute of beauty. Unamiable, . . . beautiless, reprobate. Hammond, Works, IV. 7. beauty (bu'ti), ».; pi. beauties (-tiz). [Early mod. E. also beuty, bewty, < ME. bewty, bewte, beute, beaute, earliest form bealte, < OF. biaute, bealtet, beltet, F. beaute, = Pr. beltat, bcutat = Sp. bcldad = Pg. beldade = It. In ltd, < ML. I»llitn(t-)s, beauty, < L. bellus, beautiful, fair: see beau and belfi.] 1. That quality of an ob- ject by virtue of which the contemplation of it directly excites pleasurable emotions. The word denotes primarily that which pleases the eye or ear, but it is applied also to that quality in any object of thought which awakens admiration or approval : as, intellectual beauty, moral beauty, the beauty ot holiness, the beauty of utility, and so on. Me hath a daily beauty in bis life That makes me ugly. Shak., Othello, v. 1. A thing of beauty is a joy for ever. Keats. Bndymion, 1. 1. The homely beauty of the g I old cause is gone. Wordsworth, National Independence, i. beaver If eyes were made for seeing, Then beauty is its own excuse for being. Em* rson, To the Rhodnra. [ienuty results from adaptation to our faculties, and a pel i.t state of health, physical, moral, and intellectual. C. K. Norton. The sense of beauty and the affection 'bat follows it at- tach themselves lather to modes of enthusiasm and feel- ing than to tbe course of simple duty which constitutes a merely truthful and upright man. L< cky, Burop. Morals, I. 84. 2. A particular graco or charm ; an embellish- ment or ornament. — 3. Any particular thing which is beautiful ami pleasing; u part which surpasses in pleasing qualities that with which it is united: generally in the plural: as, the beauties of an author; the beauties of nature. Look in thy soul, and thou shall beauties find, Like those which drown d Narcissus in the flood. Sir J. Dailies, Immortal, of Soul, xxxiv. 4. A beautiful person ; specifically, a beauti- ful woman; collectively, beautiful women: as, all the beauty of the place was present. This lady was not onely a greate beauty, but a most virtuous and excellent creatine Evelyn, Diary, July 8, 1675. And I have shadow'd many a group Of beauties, that were born In teacup-times of hood and hoop, Or while the patch was worn. Tennyson, The Talking Oak. 5t. Prevailing style or taste ; rage ; fashion. She stained her hair yellow, which was then the beauty. Jer. Taylor. Camberwell beauty, the Vanessa Antiopa, a beautiful butterfly, rare in Great l'.ritain, but often found in some parts of the United states: so named from having been found sometimes at Camberwell, a suburb of London. The wings are deep, rich, velvety brown, with a band of black, containing a row of large blue spots around the brown, and an outer hand or margin of pale yellow dappled with black spots. The caterpillar feeds on the willow.— Curve of beauty, line of beauty. See curve.— Dependent beauty, that beauty which does not appear when the ob- ject is contemplated in itself, but only when it is consid- ered in its adaptation to its end. What has been distinguished as dependent or relative beauty is nothing more than a beautified utility or utilized beauty. Sir W. Hamilton. Ideal beauty, the standard of esthetic perfection which the mind forms and seeks to express in the fine arts and in the rules which govern those arts.— Mixed beauty, the character of an object which is beautiful and at the same time affords pleasure of another kind. = Syn. 1. Loveliness, fairness, comeliness, attractiveness ; elegance, gracefulness, adornment. beautyt (bu'ti), v. t. [< ME. bewtyen,< bewty, etc., beauty: see beauty, ».] To render beau- tiful; adorn, beautify, or embellish. The harlot's cheek, beautied with plast'ring art. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 1. beauty-of-the-night(bu'ti-ov-the-nit'), ». The four-o'clock, Mirabilis Jalapa. beauty-sleep (bu'ti-slep), n. The sleep taken before midnight, popularly regarded as the most refreshing portion of the night's rest. beauty-spot (bu'ti-spot), n. 1. A patch or spot placed on the face to heighten beauty, as formerly practised by women ; hence, some- thing that heightens beauty by contrast; a foil. The filthiness of swine makes them the beauty-spot of the animal creation. Grew. The numberless absurdities into which this copyism has led the people, from nose-rings to ear-rings, from painted faces to beauty-spots, H. Spencer, Universal Progress, p. 90. 2. An especially beautiful feature or thing. Bunyan. beauty-washt (bu'ti-wosh), n. A cosmetic. beaux, n. Plural of In mi. beauxite, ». See bauxite. beaver 1 (be'ver), it. and «. [Eany mod. E. also bearor, be/oer, < ME. bever, < AS. beofer, befer = I). LG. bever = OHO. bibar, MHO. G. bibcr = Icel. bjorr = Sw. bafiier = Dan. bierer = L. fiber, OL. biber (> It. bercro = Sp. bibaro = Pr. vibrc = F. bierre) = Gael, beabhar = Corn. befr = OBulg. bebrii, bibru, bobru, Bohem. Pol. bobr = Russ. bobru = Lith. bebrus = Lett, bebris, OPruss. bebrus, a beaver, = Skt. babhru, a large ichneumon; as adj., brown, tawny; perhaps a redupl. of 1/ *bhru, the ult. root of AS. bruit, E. brown: see brown.] I. 11. 1. A rodent quadruped, about two feet in length, of the family Castoridte and genus Castor. C. fiber, at onetime common in the northern regions of both hemispheres, now found in considerable numbers only in North America, but occurring solitary in central Europe and Asia. It has short ears, a blunt nose, small fore feet, large webbed hind feet, with a flat ovate tail covered with scales on its upper surface. It is valued for its fur (which used to be largely employed in the manufacture of hats, but for which silk is now for the most part substituted) and for an odorife- rous secretion named castor or castoreum (which see). beaver Its food consists of the bark oi trees, leaves, roots, and berries. The ferorltc haunts "f the beavers are rivers and lakes which are hindered by forests. When they And a strean ntlydeepfoi their purpose, they throw across it a dam constructed with great Ingenuity of w I, stones, and mud, gnawing down small trees for the pur- pose, and compacting the mud by blows of their power* l'ul tails. In winter they live in houses, which are from :> I high, aie luiiit on the water's edge with subaque- ous entranci s, and afford them protection from wolves and other wild animals, They formerly abounded throughout northern America, hut are now found only in unsettled or thinly populated regions. Several slightly different varie- ties of the European beaver have received BpecIaJ names. riie North American beaver is somewhat larger than the European, ami exhibits some slight cranial peculiarities; 496 Beaver I Case ■ it is commonly rated as a distinct spirits or conspecies, under tin- name of < 'astor canadensis. The so-called fossil beaver Castoroid* s ohioensis, belongs to a different family, les (which Bee). See also Castoridoe. 2. The fur of the beaver. — 3. (a) A hat made of beaver fur. This day I put on my half cloth black Btockings ami my new coate of tin- fashion, which pleases me well, and with my bever 1 was, after office was done, ready to go to my Lord Mayor's feast Pepys, Diary, I. 230. Hence — (ft) A hat of the shape of a beaver hat, but made of silk or other material, in imitation of the fur. The modern stiff silk hat was com- monly called a bearer until recently. — 4. A glove made of beaver's fur. Miss Austen. — 5. A thick and warm cloth used for garments by both sexes. The thickest quality is used for overcoats. II. a. Made of beaver or of the fur of the bea- ver: as, a beaver hat ; beaver gloves, beaver- (be'ver), ». [Early mod. E. also Sever, burnr, etc., altered, by confusion with beaver 1 , in "beaver hat," from earlier haver, burin-, < late ME. baviere, < OP. baviere (= Sp. babera = It. baviera), beaver of a helmet, prop, a bib, < have, foam, froth, saliva : seebavette.] In medi- eval armor, originally a protection for the lower i, Beaver fixed to the corselet : B, vizor : I beaver, a. Beaver work:!. ble of being raised to cover the face : B, beavei impfesof themiddleof the 141I1 century. (From Viollet-lc- Due's "Diet du Mobilier francais.") part 'if the face and cheeks, fixed securely to tin- armor of the nock anil breast, and suffi- cientl] large to allow the head to turn behind it. In tin form it was worn throughout the fifteenth century with 1. i ther than the arinet. In English armor it wa- the movable protection for the hover part of the face, while the vrzoi covered the upper part ; it is there, thi ami b tie- aventaile < « (uch Bee). In the sfxteei flu movable beavei was confounded with tin- vizor. ii oni and doen upreare 1 right 1 ach other for to greet Spm . , 1 1. 11. i. 29. lie w.ie hi ■ :r up. Shak., Hamlet, i 2. ■ town, 1 Inn . yes -1 lire sparkling through Bights ol Bb el Shak., -i lien. IV., iv. 1. beaver't, »■ and v. Set b beavered (be'verd), ". f< beaver® + -( E, beck*, beak 1 ), +fico, a lig, < L.ficus, ;i lig: see /;',/ ;i ml lie... | I. All old on. I ilisuseil aai I' sundry small European birds, chiefly of the famih Si/lriitlii; or warblers, which peck figs, or were supposed to do so. The application nt ike wind is indeterminate; hot ii has been, perhaps, most frequently used in connection with the garden-war- bler, Sylvia hortensis (lleehstein), Curruca horteniris of elm authors. beccaflco In extended use — 2. One of sundry small American birds, as some of those formerly in- cluded in a genus Ficcdnla. — 3. The European golden oriole, Oriolus galbula. beccot, "• [It., a goat.] A cuckold. Duke, thou art a becco, a oornuto. Itarston and Webster, The Malcontent, i. 3. bec-de-corbint (bek ' de-kor-baii '), n. [F., lit. crow's beak: see beak 1 , de 2 , and corbie] 1. A name given in the middle ages to the pointed end of the mar- tel-de-fer, or war - hammer. Hence-2. The whole weapon having such a point or beak. — 3. A name given in the eighteenth century to the head of a walk- ing-cane hav- ing somewhat the form of a bird's beak. bechamel (besh'a-mel), n. [<"F. be- chamel: see definition.] In cookery, a white sauce of elaborate composi- tion, named from its inventor, Louis de Becha- mel or Bechameil, marquis of Nointel, steward to Louis XIV. bechance 1 (be-chans'), v. [< be- 1 + chance, v.] I. intraus. To happen ; chance. II. trans. To befall ; happen to. ith Becs-de-corbin, 15th century. A, with handle of wrought-iron ; B. wooden handle sheathed with metal. (From Viollet-le-Duc's " Diet, du Mobilier fran- ca is." ) My sons — God knows what hath bechn need them. Shak., 3 Hen. VI., i. 4. bechance 2 t (be-chans'). adv. [For by chance ; of. because.] Accidentally; by chance. We bechance lost our sovereign lord. Grafton, Hen. VIII., an. 14. becharm (be-charm'), v. t. [< 6c- 1 + charm.'] To charm ; captivate ; enchain. The lethargy wherein my reason long Hath been becharmed. Beau, and Fl., Laws of Candy, v. 1. Prithee, interrupt not The paradise of my becharming thoughts. Fotd, Fancies, iv. 1. beche-de-mer (bash'de-mar'), «• [F., lit. spade of the sea (be'che, < OF. besche (ML. besca; cf. equiv. becca: see beck 3 ), spade; de, < L. de, of; mer,<.\j. mare, sea, =E. mere), a name explained as having reference to the shape of the animals when dried and pressed, but really an accom- modation of the Pg. name bicho do mar, lit. worm of the sea, sea-slug : bicho = Sp. bicho, aworm, grub, slug; do, of the ; mar, < L. mare, sea.] The trepang, a species of the genus Holothttria (H. argug), or sea-slugs, much es- teemed by the Chinese as a culinary delicacy. See trepang. bechic (be'kik), a. and n. [< L. bechicus, < Gr. fijjXiK-iQ, pertaining to a cough, < jiiji (jinx-), a cough, < fii/amtv, cough.] I. a. Having the property of curing coughs. II. n. A inedicine for relieving coughs; a pectoral. beck 1 (bek), n. [< ME. bek, becc, < AS. *bccc (Bos- worth) = Icel. bekkr = Sw. back = Dan. bask; but the ME. form may be from the Scand., the only authenticated AS. form being becc, becce, dat. of becc (giving mod. E. *betch, which prob. exists in the dial, batch : see batch 2 ) = OS. beki = OD. beke, D. beek = LG. beke, bdk = OHG. bah, MHG. bach, a brook.] 1. A brook ; a small stream; especially, a brook with a stony bed or rugged course. The brooks, the becks, the rills. Drayton, Polyolbion, i. The reflex of a beauteous form, A glowing arm, a gleaming neck, As when a sunbeam wavers warm Within the dark and dimpled beck. Tennyson, The Millers Daughter. 2. The valley of a beck ; a field or patch of ground adjacent to a brook. See batch 2 . beck 2 (bek), v. [< ME. becken, bckken, short for beknen, beckon : see beckon.] I. intraus. 1. To signal by a nod or other significant gesture ; beckon. 32 497 Who 'a he but bowed if this great prince but brekrd > Drayton, Queen Margaret. Let us follow The becking of our chance. Fletcher (and another). Two N'obte Kinsmen, i. 2. 2. To recognize a person by a slight bow or nod. [Scotch.] II. trans. 1. To summon or intimato some command or desire to by a nod or gesture ; beckon to. Bell, book, and candle shall not drive me back, When gold ami silver bee/cs me to come on. Shak., K. John, iii. 3. 2. To express by a gesture : as, to beck thanks. [Rare.] beck'- (bek), n. [< ME. bek, < beken, becken, beck: see beck' 2 , r.] 1. A nod of the head or other significant gesture intended to be un- derstood as expressive of a desire, or as a sign of command. Nods, and becks, and wreathed smiles. Milton, L' Allegro, 1. 28. My guiltiness had need of such a master, That with a beck can suppress multitudes. Middleton, The Witch, iv. 1. I would wish myself a little more command and sove- reignty ; that all the court were subject to ray absolute beck. B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, iv. 1. 2. A gesture of salutation or recognition; a bow; a courtesy. [Scotch.]— At one's beck, at one's beck and call, subject to one's slightest wish ; obliged or ready to obey all of one's orders or desires. It was necessary for him to have always at his beck some men of letters from Paris to point out the solecisms ami false rhymes of which, to the last, he was frequently guilty. Macaulay, Frederic the Great. We move, my friend, At no man's beck. Tennyson, Princess, iii. beck 3 (bek), ». [E. dial., not found in ME., < AS. becca, glossed ligo, a mattock; cf. ML. becca (cf. ML. besca, >OF. besche, mod. F. be'che), a spade; Pr. beca, a hook, Ir. bacc, a hook.] An agricul- tural implement with two hooks, used in dress- ing turnips, etc.; a form of mattock. beck 4 t (bek), n. [< ME. bek, bee, < OF. bee, beak ; the same word, retaining the orig. short vowel, as the now more common beak 1 .] 1. A beak. — 2. Any pointed or projecting part of the dress, especially of a head-dress, as of the bycocket. beck 5 (bek), n. [Prob. another form of back 3 , q. v.] A vat or vessel used in a dye-house ; a back. — Clearing -beck, in cdlico-prvnting, a vat in which cottons printed with certain colors are cleansed or scoured with soap and water. beck 6 t, n. [Cf. beak 2 .] Same as beck-harman. becker (bek'er), n. [E. dial, (also becket 1 , q. v.), appar. < beck 1 + -er 1 . Cf. F. beccard, the female salmon.] A name of the fish Sparus pagrus, otherwise called braize and king of the sea-breams. beckern (bek'ern), n. Same as bickcrn and beak-iron. becket 1 (bek'et), n. [E. dial. ; cf. OF. bequet, becltet, a pike or pickerel, dim. of bee, beak: see beak 1 , beck 1 .] Same as becker. becket'- (bek'et), ». [Origin obscure.] Kattt.: (a) A short piece of rope, with a knot at one end and an eye in the other, for tempora- rily confining ropes or small spars. (b) A handle made of a rope grom- met or ring. (c) A wooden cleat or hook, fastened on the fore- or main-rigging of a ship, for the tacks and shells In lie ill when not in use. (d) A rope grommot in the bottom of a block for securing the standing end of the fall, (e) A cant term for a trousers-pocket. becket 2 (bek'et), v. t. [< becket 2 , n.] To fas- ten or provide with beckets. Cooper. beck-harmant, "• [Also harman-bedk; old slang, of obscure origin; with beck cf. equiv. beak 2 .] In old slang, a constable. B. Jonson. beckingt (bek'ing), ». [Verbal n. of beck" 2 , v.] The act of making a beck; the act of bowing or nodding. The Communion was altogether like a popish mass, with the old apish tricks of Antichrist, bowings and beck- ings, kneeUnga andfenockings, the Lord's Death, after St. Paul's doctrine, neither preached nor spoken of. Bp. Bale, in K. W. Dixon'3 Hist. Ch, of Eng., xxi. become beck-iron (bek'i em), ». [< beck* + iron. Cf. beak-iron.] 1. A contrivance for holdinga piece of wood firmly while it is planed, it is mad iron or steel rods fastened to a bench and bent parallel to the surface of the u I. 2. A small anvil with a shallow groove, for rounding the inside of the bows of scissors. beckon (bek'n), r. [ lOarly mod. E. also In el, n, < ME. beknen, becnen, beknien. < AS. becnian, bicenan, later also bedenian (OS. boknian = OHG. bouhnen = ON. bdkna), < bedcen, a sign, beacon: see beacon.] I. intraus. To make a significant gesture with the head or hand, in- tended as a hint or an intimation, especially of a desire for approach or departure, or tor silence. Alexander beckoned with the hand, and would have made his defence unto the people. Acta xix. 33. II. trans. To make a significant sign to ; sum- mon or direct by making signs. I see a hand you cannot see, Which beckons me away. Tickell, Colin and Lucy. Beckoning the imagination with promises better than any fulfilment. Lowell, study Windows, p. 325. beckon (bek'n), n. [< beckon, v.] A signifi- cant gesture: as, "at the first beckon," Boling- broke, Parties. [Bare.] beckoner (bek'n-er), k. One who beckons or calls by signs. beclapt (be-klap'), v. t. [< ME. beclappen; < be- 1 + clap 1 .] To catch; grasp; insnare. He that with his thousand cordes slye Continuelly us waiteth to biclappe. Chaucer, Second Nun's Tale, 1. 9. beclipt (be-klip'), v. t. [< ME. beclippen; < fte- 1 + clip 1 .] To embrace; clasp. And sodenly, ere she it wiste, Beclipt in armes he her kiste. Gower, Conf. Amant., I. becloud (be-kloud'), <•. t. [< be- 1 + cloud.] To overcloud; obscure; dim. Storms of tears becloud his eyes. P. Fletcher, Piscatory Eclogues, v. 15. The subject has been beclouded by the mass of writings. The American, VIII. 60. become (be-kum'), v. ; pret. became, pp. become, ppr. becoming. [Early mod. E. also beetint, he- cume, < ME. beeumen, bicumen, < AS. becuman, bicuman, come, happen (= D. bckomen = OHG. biqueman, MHG. bckomen, G. bekommen, reach, suit, = Goth, bikwiman, come upon one, befall), < be- + cuman, come: see 6c- 1 and come. In the sense of befit, suit, cf. AS. gecweme, ME. icweme, cweme, and OHG. biqudmi, MHG. be- (pjtcvme, G. bequcm, fit, suitable ; also AS. cym- lic, E. comely, and L. convenieu(t-)s, E. conve- nient.] I. intraus. If. To come; arrive; betake one's self; go. But when they saw that they shoulde become vnder the obedience of another prince, they sttrfred the Greekes to meet Alexander. ,/. Beende, tr. of Quintus Curtius, v. You shall have sometimes fair houses so full of glass that one cannot tell where to become to be out of the sun or cold. Bacon, Building. I cannot joy, until I be resolv'd Where our right valiant father is become. Shak., 3 Hen. VI., ii. 1. 2. To come about; come into being; pass from non-existence; arise. [Rare.] The only reals for him [Hume 1 were certain irrelated sen- sations, and out of these knowledge arises or becomes. Mind, XI. 3. 3. To change or pass from one state of exis- tence to another; come to be something differ- ent; come or grow to be: as, the boy rapidly becomes the man. The Lord God . . . breathed into his nostrils the breath of life ; and man became a living soul. t len. ii. 7. I rue That errour now, which is become my crime. Milton, P. L., ix. 1181. If the Bank be unconstitutional, when did it t,ccaate so? D. Webster, Speech, Sept. 30, 1S34. 4. To be fit or proper ; be decorous or praise- worthy. [Rare.] Set this diamond safe In golden palaces, as it becomes. Shak., 1 Hen. VI., v. 3. To become of. (at) To come out of ; result from. See 1. (b) To be the fate of; be the end of; be the final or sub. sequent condition: after what: as, what will become oj our commerce? what will become w us? It applies to place as well as condition : What has become of ray friend'/ that is, where is he? as well as, what is his condition? What is then become of so huge a multitude? Raleigh. Sneer. And pray what becomes <i. It. Something worn as an ornament. Sir, forgive me, Since my becominn* kill me, when they do not Eye well to you. Shak., A. and C, l. 3. 2. That which is suitable, fit, or appropriate. Burnet, among whose many good qualities self-corn- man.l anda flni -use o£ the becoming cannot be reckoned. Macaulay, Hist. Lug., i.\. 3 In metaph., the transition from non-existence into existence ; an intermediate state between being and not being; a state of flux ; the state of that which begins to be, but does not endure ; change; development: opposed to being. becomingly (be-kum'ing-lO, adv. After a be- coming or proper manner. becomingness (be-kum'ing-nes), ». Suitable- ness; congruitv; propriety; decency ; gracerul- nessarising from fitness: as, " becommgness of virtue," Detany, Christ mas Sermon. becaue fbe-ka'), a. [F., < bee (ftecgi.-), beak, + -,' = E -nl".] In her., same as beaked. becripple (be-krip'l), v. t. [< be-* + cripple.] To make lame ; cripple. [Rare.] whom yon bedwari and becrippU by your poison- ous medicines. ' Dr. E.More, Mystery of Godliness, vi. 19. becuiba-nut (be-kwe'bii-nut), n. [< beeuiba, bicuiba, or vicuiba, the native name, + nut.] A nut produ 1 bva Brazilian tree. MyrisUca Bieuhyba, from which a balsam is drawn that i a considered of value in rheumatism. becuna (be-ku'na), ». \Mh.becuna, P. Mcunej origin unknown. 1 A European fish ot the fami- ly Sphyrcenidas {Sphyrama spct), somewhat re- 498 1( ,, t01 shelter and warmth. (c) The mattress and bedclothes together with the bedstead, a permanent atruc- ture ol i ' iP° n whichtheyare placed. id) The bedst ad by itself. The chest contrived a double debt to pay, Aiwdbj night, a chest of drawers to oay. Qoldsmith, Pes. \ il., t. 230. 1 1,,,,-* — 2. Bv extension, the resting-place of an animal.— 3. Any sleeping-place; a lodging; nimodation for the night. On mj knees T beg That von vouchsafe me raiment, bed, and L Shak., l.i ar. n. 4. Becuna (Sfliyraita j/v.'j. Bembling a pike. \ and air-bladder is obtain- i i ml i" the manufacture of artffl. dal pearls. The flesh is well flavored. becnrl (be-kerl' ),«.*. [< '"- 1 + <■„,/.] To fur- nish or deck with curls: as, a becurled dandy. bed 1 (bed). ». [Early mod. B. also '»<'•'. bedefe, < MK. bed, fre&fe, < AS. »"'<'. bed OS. bed = OFries. bed =D. bed = OHG. '-, «, b< tti, M H« '•■ bette, bet. G. '<< ", '»<' = feel. bedhr= Sw. bddd = Dan. (V,J = Goth. '»" the special sense of a plat of ground in a g udei curs in AS., Ml in., etc., and is the only sense of Han. bed, and of the G. form beef); perhaps orig. a place dug out, a lair, and thus akin to I., fodi, dig: see foss, fossil, etc.] 1. That upon or within which one reposes or sleeps, (o) flat ban fllled with feathers, down hair, straw, or the like; a mattress. (6) Themattret I .veringa 4. Matrimonial connection; conjugal union; matrimonial rights and duties. George, tl Lest son of his second bed. Clan ndon, Hist. Kef., I. i. -i. 5. Offspring; progeny.— 6. Anything resem- bling, or assumed to resemble, a bed in torm or position, (a) A plat or pie, e oi ground in a garden in which plants, especially flowers, are grown, usually raised a little above the adjoining ground. Beds of hyacinths and roses. Milton, Comus, 1. 998. (M The bottom of a river or other stream, or of anybody of water. A narrow gully, apparently the dry bed of a mountain torrent Zranj7, Sketch-Book, p. 63. (c) A layer; a stratum; an extended mass of anything, whether upon the earth or within it: as, a bed of sulphur; a bed of sand or clay. In geology a bed is a layer ol rock; a portion of a rock-mass which has so much homogeneity, and is so separated from the rock which lies over and un- derit that it has a character of itsown. This distinctness of character may be given by peculiarities of composition, texture, or color, or simply by a facility of separation from the associated beds. Thus, there may lie a bed of marble intercalated in a mass of shale; or there may he several beds of marble associated together, each bed being indi- vidualized by peculiarities of texture or color In the latter case thee would ordinarily lie a distinct break or solution »f continuity between the different beds, so that when quarried th, > would separate from each other with- out difficulty along the plane of contact. The Latin word stratum is commonly employed in geological wnttngs, and is almost the exact equivalent of bed. Bed as applied to mineral deposits, implies ordinarily that the masses of ore thus characterized lie flat, and have more or less of the character of sedimentary deposits, in distinction from those of true veins, or lodes. , 7 Anything resembling a bed m function ; that on which anything lies, or in which anything is embedded. Particularly —(a) In building : (1) Either of the horizontal surfaces of a building-stone in position. The surfaces are distinguished as the --<./■- . and the lower bed (21 The under surface of a brick, shingle, slate, or tile' in position. ((.) In gun., the foundation-piece of a gun-carriage. The bed of a mortar is a solid piece of hard wood hollowed out in the middle, to receive the breech and half the trunnions, (c) In rnael,.. the foundation-piece on which the machine is constructed; id) In a .n-nuln,,,- mill the lower grindstone, (e) In printing, the table of a nrinting-presson which the form of types is laid It is now always of iron, but in old hand-presses it was made of wood orstone (/) In rnilimii-cnnsti union, the superficial earth- work witti the ballasting. <;,) Naut., a thick flat piece ,,f wood placed under the quarter of casks m a ship s hold, to relieve the bilge or thickest part of the cask from pres- sure Oi) The beams or shears which support the puppets or stocks of a lathe. (0 In masonry, a layer of cement or mortar in whicha Btone is embedded, or against which it be in (,) In a plane, the inclined face against winch the olanelironbears. (t)T^elowerdiemapunching-machlne. ?R \n sMfbTmtiJ, the cradle of a ship when on the stocks fm) inbooiknding.ttiei b used in the process of marbUng the edges of hooks. It is a water-solution of "inn tragacanth. , „ m ., , 8 A flock or number of animals, as ot wild fowl on the water, closely packed together.— 9 A division of the ground in the game ot hop-scotch, also called locally the game of •• beds."- Aix beds, in geol., thick fresh-water Tertiarj strata, occurring near Aix, in Provence France, consist- ,„ dcareous marls, calcareo-s.lieious grits, and gyp- sum, and full of fossil fishes, insects, and plants. Apple- Die bed s,e »,-/./. -,./.-.- Bagshot beds, in geol., certain b.fls of r,,,,„ 'Veriiarv age which form outliers near Lond ngland, and ocenpy a considerable area around ol in Surrey, and in the Ne« Forest, Hamp i, I til composed of ., and. With IStona lalers „, cL as also of brick-earth and pebbles. CheBagshot beds rest upon the London clay. They are usua lly desti- tule of fos'ils. Uso called Bagihot sand. Bala beds, ;,,,„„, certain bedsoi Lower 3Uunan age which are par. Hcularlj well developed near the town and lake iof Bala InMerioneth hire Wales Bedof the bowsprit, a bear- ,„ ,„„„., out -I the bead of the stem and the apron to support the bowsprit. -Bed of justice (F. W de jus- tice) .',) Vthroni which th.' Ungoi France was seated when he attended parliament. Hence, @i iaJ vtslj ,,i B king ol France to his parliament. Ihi e in il had everal objects but latterly, when the pa ienl became i oowi . i" thi tate beds oi justice were held princlpaiij tor thi i ! "i i compelling the partial I ot i ans the chiei oi the French parliaments, to register edicts o the kino when II Bhowed unwillingness to do bo. inej w,iv also b. Id to try a peer. tO Create neu taxes, to Mr SS the 1*5 ue'i.nc m, Beinbridge beds, ' a roaalllferous division ol the I;-' ' strata principaUj ft reloped in the tsle ol Wight, Eng iVa consisting of marls and clays reating or a com oart'pal^yellow or cream-colored [imesl called Bern- K I i Theyah Ita ithe shell. rf :1mm and Pianor&i and remains of two species ..f Chara , ,,, 'piani MH their mosl dl tinctlv, feature is Uie m:lIllli; ,i, : , u re maina of the PotaratAmuw and A.nopU>- bedag therium One layer is composed almost entirely of the re- mains of a minute globular species of /■-,/". /--r.-Brora beds, in geol., a series of strata occurring near Brora In Sutherlandshire, Scotland, ol theageof the Lower Oolite. remarkable for containing a seam .it a coal ... feet thick, which is the thickest bed ol true coal found in the s,,. Ian strataofGri at luitam. -From bedand board, a law phrase applied to a separaO f man and ,wfe without dissolving the bands of matrimony: now called ., judicial s-r-ro/.o-.-Ganister beds. See gam rti -. Hydrostatic bed. 8ee water-bed.- Maestricht beds, mgeol a member of the Cretaceous, forming the lower division' of the upper) t subgroup of that secies mid interesting on account of the fossils ii contains. It is ,m well developed at Maestricht In the Nether l,,„l, n.e-e bedscontain a mixture of true tivtaceoua (onus with such as are characteristic of the older ter- tiary Parade bed, In some ceremonial funerals par- ticularly of great peraoi is, a bed or bier on winch a corpse or etligy is laid out in state. The effigy of the deceased with his hands crossed upon a book, lying upon a parade bed, placed on the top of a lion-footed sarcophagus. C. C. Perkins, Italian Sculpture, p. 120. Purbeck beds, in geol., a group of rocks named from the Isle of Purbeck Doraetshire, England, resting on the Port- landian and forming the highest divisi f the Jurassic ,eiies in England. The fossils of the Purbeck are fresh- water and brackish, and there are in this formation dirt- beds ,,, layers of ancient soil containing stumps ot trees which grew in them. The same for Hon hiaJso f ouna in the Jura, in the valley of the Iioiibs.- St. Helen s beds. Same as Osborne series (which see, under series).— TO D6 brought to bed, to be confined in childbed : followed by of: aaltobe brought to bed oj a son. To make a bed, to put it in order after it has been used. bed 1 (bed), v.; pret. and pp. bedded, ppr. bid- ding. [< ME. bedden, beddi&n, < AS. beddmn (OHG. betton = Sw. biiddii), prepare a bed, < bed, a bed.] I. trans. 1. To place in or as in a bed. My son i' the ooze is bedded. Shak., Tempest, iii. 3. 2. To go to bed with ; make partaker of one's bed. They have married me : 111 to the Tuscan wars, and never tied her Shale., Alls Well, u. 3. 3. To provide a bed for; furnish with accom- modations for sleeping.— 4. To put to bed; specifically, to put (a couple) to bed together, as was formerly the custom at weddings. The Dauphin and the Dauphiness were bedded. London Gaz. (1680), No. 1494. (N. E. D.) 5. To make a bed of, or plant in beds, as a mass of flowering plants or foliage-plants ; also, to transplant into a bed or beds, as from pots or a hothouse: often with out. Such [cuttings) as are too weak to be put in the nursery rows . . . will require to be bedded out ; that is, set closely in beds by themselves, where they can remain for one or two years, until they are large and strong enough for root grafting or for the nursery rows p. Barry, Fruit Garden, p. 139. 6 To embed; fix or set in a permanent posi- tion ; furnish with a bed: as, to 6( d a stone. Rites which attest that Man by nature lies Bedded for good and evil in a gulf Fearfully low. Wordsworth, Excursion, v. 7. To lay in a stratum; stratify; lay in order or flat. Your bedded hair . . . starts in. and stands on end. Shak., Hamlet, in. 4. 8. To make abed for, as a horse: commonly used with down. After bedding down the horse and fastening the barn, he returned to thi kitchen. .;. T. Trowbridge, Coupon Bonds, p. ». II. intrans. 1. To go to bed: retire to sleep: by extension applied to animals.— 2. To co- habit ; use the same bed ; sleep together. If he be married and bed with his wife. Wiseman, surgery. Tbev [the wasps] never molested me seriously, though thej /J./.,/ with inc. Thoreau, Walden, p. 288. 3. To rest as in or on a bed : with on. The rail, therefore, beds throughout on the ballast. / re, Diet., 1 1 1. w*. 4 To flock closely together, as wild fowl on the surface of the water.— 5. To sleep; pass the night, as game in cover, bed-t. An occasional Middle English predial bedabble (be-dab'l), v. t. [< bc-l + dabble 1 To dabble with moisture: make wet: as, bedab- bled with the dew," Shak.. M. N. D., m. 2. bedad tbr-dti.r ). <»"<;/. An Irish minced oath, a corruption of begad, for by Godl r..i.<.i ahe'd comeand marrj some ot 'em. Tha bedafft (bf-daf')i ''• '• &*■ '"'/'"'"' \ 1 '} K 'ft daffed),<■- dismaled or bedismailed, ppr. bedismaling or be- dismaUing. [< bt - 1 + dismal.] To make dismal. bedizen (be-diz'n or-di'zn), v. t. [Also some- times bedizzen;<. be- 1 + dizen.] To deck or dress out, especially in a tawdry manner or with vulgar finery. Remnants of tapestried hangings, window curtains, and shreds of pictures, with which he had bedizened his tatters. Scott, Waverley, II. xxvii. A colossal imagi of the Virgin, . . . bedizened and efful- gent, was born* aloft upon the shoulders of her adorers. Motley, Dutch Republic, I. 556. Like clouds which bt dizt n At sunset the western horizon. Browning, The Glove. bedizenment ibe-diz'n- or -di'zn-ment), n. [< b, \izen + -ment.'] The act of bedizening; the state of being bedizened ; that which bedizens. The tent of the great spirit's sanctuary with . . . skulls. /vMM/./,//, Westward Ho ! p. 451. Strong Damesof the Market, . . . with oak-branches, trio : lent. Carlyte, French Rev., III. iv. 4. bed-key (bed'ke), n. Same as bed-wt rich. bedlam (bed'lam), n. and a. [Early mod. E. also bedXem, Sethlem, < ME. bedlem, bedleem, bethiem, a corruption of Bethlehem (ME. B< th- leem, Bedlem): see Bethlehem. See def. 1.] I. ii. 1. [cop.] The hospital of St. Mary of Beth- lehem in London, originally a priory, founded about 1247, but afterward used as an asylum for lunatics. At my returns I stept into Bedlame, where I saw several poore miserable creatures in chaines. Evelyn, Diary, April 21, 1657. Hence — 2. A madhouse; a lunatic asylum. He's past Recovery ; a Bedlam cannot cure him. Ford, Perkin Warbeck, v. 3. 3. A scene of wild uproar and confusion. A general division of possessions would make the coun- try a Bcene of profligate extravagance for one year and of universal desolation the next — a bedlam fur one short i and a charnel-house ever after. Brougham. 4t. An inmate or a patient of Bethlehem Hos- pital, or Bedlam; specifically, one discharged as cured (though often only partially cured) and licensed to beg. Such persons wore a tin plate as a badge on their left arm, and were known as bedlam beggars, bedlamitt ■. or bedtamers. Let's foi],.\y t!u- old earl, and pet the Bedlam To lead him where he would ; his roguish madness Allows itseli t ' anything. Shak., Lear, iii. 7. Hence — 5f. In general, a madman ; a lunatic. — Jack or Tomo' Bedlam, a madman. II. u. Belonging to or fit for a bedlam or madhouse; mad; mentally deranged. The h Ham brain-sick duchess. Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 1. This which follow p] bedlam stuffe, this is the indeed. Stilton, Apology for Smectymnuus. Bedlam beggar. Seel I bedlamer (bed'lam-er), ». [< bedlam + -er 1 .] It. A heggar. See bedlam, ii., 4. country Ith i then much troubled with /. / Worth, Lord ' luilford, I ". i 2. The name given by seal-hunters to the hooded seal. ('i/ylnphiirii cristata, when a year old, fro in cries and actions when it cannol esca pi ters. bedlamism (bed'lam-izm), n. [< bedlam 4- b ■ b,r concubine. F. Unit, Mod. Log., p. 165, note. bed-sore fbed'sor), n. A very troublesome kind of ulcer, liable to appear on patients long con- fined in bed and either unable or not allowed bed-sore 50] bedung (bf-dung'), i: I. [< be- 1 + dung.] To rover or befoul with tlmifj. /;, dvngi d with calumny and filth. T. Puller, Mod. "i Church of Eng., p. 486. bedusk (be-dusk'), ''• t. [< be- 1 + dusk.] To smutch. Cotgrave. bedust (be-dusf), v. t. [< be- 1 + dust.} To sprinkle, soil, or cover with dust. ly~used~in some wayabout abed, and frequent- bed-vein (bed' van). n. A term occasionally ly serviug as usedin<7co/. and mining (as the equivalent ot the to change their position. Bed-sores occur at the parts pressed by the weight of the body, chiefly over the sacrum and trochanters, and on the elbows and heels. Also called decubitus. bedspread (liod'spred), n. The uppermost quilt or covering of a bed, generally ornamental. bed-spring (bed'spring), n. A spring, usually of spiral form, used in making spring-beds, bedstafft fbed'staf), n. A staff or stick former Bedstaff.— From a French manuscript of the 15th century. a weapon, 111 which sense the word most com- monly occurs. Specifically— (a) A bid-slat. (b) The stick or start' used to spread out the bedclothes in mak- ing a bed placed in a recess, (e) A bar or post placed at each side of a bed to keep the bed- clothes from falling off. (<0 One of the rods used in form- ing the " tent '' in old-fashioned tent- beds. Now do I feel the calf of my right leg Tingle, and dwindle to th' stnallness of a bed-staff. T. Tomkis (?), Albumazar, ii. 3. He gives out He'll take a Bedstaff, or an holy Wand And baste you lustily two or three hours Before you go to Bed, to make you limber. Carturright, Love's Convert, iv. 1. His [trie bewitched boy's) bed cloathes would be pulled from him, his bed shaken, and his bed-staff leap forward and backward. C. Mather, Mag. Christ., vi. 7. In her hand she grasped the bed-staff, a weapon of bedye (be-di') mickle might, as her husband's bloody cox-comb could stain now well testify. Barham, Ingoldsby Legends. I. 2(16. [XTsed in the colloquial phrase in the twinkling of a bed- staff, in which, when bedstaff became obsolete, bedpost was \. e -\ ,v. = \ substituted, depriving the phrase of its literal force in uee toe,, it German Lagergang) to denote a Hat mass of ore having characters intermediate between those of a vein and those of a sedimentary deposit. bedward (bed'ward), adv. [< bed 1 + -ward.] Toward bed. In heart As merry as when our nuptial day was done, And tapers burn d to bedward. Shak., Cor., i. 6. Meantime the two young Glendinnings were each wrapped up in his own reflections, and only interrupted in them by the signal to move bedward. Scott, Monastery, I. xiv. bedwarf (bf-dwarf'), »• <• [< be- 1 + dwarf.] To make little; stunt or hinder the growth of. bedway (bed'wa), n. A line of indistinct marks of stratification or pseudo-stratification in the granitic rocks. bedwind (bed'wind), n. [Cf. withwind.] An English name for Convolvulus senium. bedwork (bed'werk), n. Work done in bed, or as in bed, that is, without toil. [Bare.] Bedwork, mappery, closet-war. Shak., T. and C, i. 3. bed-wrench (bed'rench), n. A wrench, some- times having sockets of different sizes, used in setting up bedsteads and in taking them apart : little used with modern bedsteads. Also called bed-key. ' v. t. [< be- 1 + dye.] To dye ; Fieldes with Sarazin blood bedyde. F. Q-, I. xi. modern use. I'll do it instantly, in the twinkling of a bed-staff. Shadwell, Virtuoso, i, 1.] bedstead (bed'sted), ». [< ME. bedstede (=D. LG. bedstede = MHG. bettestat), < bed, bed, + stede, place, stead.] A frame or framework, more or less elaborate, for supporting a bed : most commonly made of wood, but now often of iron, and sometimes of brass. bed-steps (bed'steps), n. pi. Steps for ascend- ing an old-fashioned high bed. bedstock (bed'stok), n. One of the two side- pieces or bars of a bedstead on which the rungs or slats are laid. [Now chiefly used in Scot- land, the north of England, and Ireland.] bedstone (bed'ston), n. The lower or station- ary millstone. bedstraw (bed'stra), n. [< ME. beddestrawe, bedstre (= OHG. bcttistro, G. bettstroh), bed- straw, bed; < bed 1 + straw.] 1. Straw used in stuffing a mattress or bed. [In this literal sense properly with a hyphen.] — 2. («) A popular name of the different species of the genus Ga- lium, from the old practice of using it in beds. Our Lady's or yellow bedstraw is Cf. verum; white bedstraw is G. Mollugo. See Galium, (b) A name given to Desmodium Aparines. bed-swervert (bed'swer"ver), n. One who is false and unfaithful to the marriage-vow. She's A bed-swerwr, even as bad as those That vulgars give bold'st titles. SRofc.W. T., ii. 1. bed-thrallt (bed'tkral), n. [A modification of b< lira/-, as if < bed 1 + thrall.] Same as beared?. bedtick (bed'tik), n. A ease of strong linen or cotton cloth for containing the feathers or other materials of a bed. bedticking (bed'tik"ing), n. The material from which bedticks are made. bedtime (bed'tlm), n. [< ME. bedtime ; < bed 1 + time.] The time to go to rest; the usual hour of going to bed. bed-tool (bed'tol), n. A block with openings or holes corresponding to the shape of a die or punch, in connection with which it is used. bedub (be-dub'), v. t.; pret. and pp. bedubbed, ppr. bediibbint/. [< be- 1 + dub 1 .] It. To adorn. — 2. To designate; dub. beduck (be-duk'), 0. t. [< fie- 1 + duck 1 .] To duck or immerse thoroughly; submerge. To the flood he came, . . . And deepe him selfe beducked in the same. Spenser, F. Q., II. vi. 42. beduke (be-duk'), v. t; pret. and pp. beduked, ppr. beduking. [< 6c- 1 + duke.] To make a duke of; style or dub with the title of duke. Swift. [Early mod. E. also be, pi. bees and been, < ME. See, pi. been, < AS. bed, also bi, pi. hunt, = OD. bit , D. bij, bije = LG. bigge = OHG. 6*0, G. dial, beie = Ieel. by. generally in comp. by-flygi, by-fiuga ('bee-fly'), = Sw. Dan. bi; also with added -», OHG. bina, MHG. bin, f., OHG. bird, neut., MHG. bine, bin, G. biene, f. (cf. Lith. bilis, a bee); supposed to come, through the notions 'fear, tremble, quiver, buzz, hum' (cf. bumblebee and drone), from the root *bi (= Skt. ■/ bhi, OBulg. bojati = Russ. bojati = Lith. bijoti, etc.), fear, which appears redupl. in AS. beoftan — OS. bibltoii = OHG. biben, MHG. biben, G. beben = Icel. bifa, tremble.] 1. An insect of the genus Apis; a hive-Dee or honey-bee. See Apis 1 . The common honey-bee, A. iitellifiea, has from the ear- liest periods been kept in hives for its wax and honey. It is also found wild in great numbers (now especially in North America, where the bee was introduced by the European colonists), storing honey in hollow trees or in other suitable situations. It lives in swarms or societies of from 10,000 to 50,000 individuals. These swarms contain three classes of bees — the perfect females or queen bees, the males or drones, and the imperfect or undeveloped females, called neuters, constitut- ing the working bees. In each hive or swarm there is only one female or queen, whose sole office is to propagate the species. The queen is much larger than the other bees. When she dies, a young working bee three days old is selected, its cell is 'enlarged by breaking down the partitions, its food is changed to roval jelly or paste, and it grows into a queen. Hi. queen lavs 2,000 eggs a day. The drones serve merely for impregnating the queen, after which they are destroyed by the neuters. These last arc the laborers of the hive. They collect the honey, form the cells, and feed the other bees and the young. They are fur- nished with a proboscis by which they suck the honey from flowers, and a mouth by which they swallow Neuter, or Worker. it, conveying it then to the hive in their stomachs, whence they dis- gorge it into the cells. The pollen of flowers settles on the bans with which their body is covered, whence it is col- lected into pellets by a brush on their second pair of legs, and deposited in a hollow in the third pair. It is called lire-bread, and is the food of the larvre or young. The adult bees feed on honey. The wax was at one time supposed to be formed from pollen by a digestive process, but it is now ascertained that it is formed by secretion from the honey. The females and neuters have a barbed sting attached to a bag of poison, which Hows into the wound inflicted by the stin^. overstocked a new colony is sent out under the direction of aqueen bee. This is called swarming, besides the com- Eioney-bee [Apis mclli. jUa). Queen. When a hive becomes beech 0100 bee, .1. meUifica, there arc th.- .1. faseieata, domes. ticated In Eg; pi . the 1 ligu two ianbei ol Italy and Greece, introduced generally into apiaries In other lauds; tin- .1. wnicolor "i Madagasi ar . the .1. indica, 1 tc 2. Any aculeate bymenopterous insect of the division MeUifera or dnthophila, comprising the families Apida and Andrenidm, and in- cluding, besides the hive-bees of the genus Apis, the mason-bees, carpenter-bees, bumble- bees, etc. See cuts under Antltoplmra, car- penter-bee, mid Hymenoptera. — 3. An assem- lilngo of |i. r - ,1 1 ! 1,. . 1, a-.-. ' 10 I'd labor for the benefit of an individual or a fam- ily, or in some joint amusement: so called from the combined labor of the bees of a hive : as, a quilting-ftee, a husking-ciee, a spelling-Gee, etc. [U. S.] Now were instituted " quilting bees," and "husking Sees," and other rural assemblages, where, under the inspiring influence of the fiddle, toil was enliven"! bj gayi ty and followed up by the dance. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 405. To have a bee in one's bonnet, to be a little crack- brained or crazy ; be flighty or full of whims or uneasy notions. [Originally Scotch.] Sometimes used specifically: as, tO Inir.- /Ik' /.i ::. I'llru I in/ '"'• 171 0JW'« l»nii: mod. E. buck in comp. buckmast and buckwheat) = OD. 6oi fee, D. beuk = Flem. boek = OHG. Ieel. bok = Sw. bid. =Dan. bog = 01W. buohha, MUH. buoche, G. buche (> OBulg. bukui, bukuve, Bulg. buk, Serv. bukva, Pol. Bohem. buk, Puss, buku, Lith. buka, Hung, buk, bik, beech) = (loth. "Iioktt (not recorded), beech, = L. fagus (see Fa i/its), beech, = Gr. Qnyic, fd}6(, an esculent oak, perhaps orig. a tree with esculent fruit, from the root seen in Gr. Qayeiv, eat, Skt. i/bhaj, share. For the connection with book, see book.] A tree of the genus Fagus, natural order CupuUferce. The common or European bi i b, F. sylvatica, .rows to a large size, with branches forming a beautiful head with thick foliage. The bark is smooth and of a silvery east. The nuts or mast are eaten by swine, poultry, oxen, and other animals, and yield a good oil for lamps. The timber is not much used in building, as it soon rots in damp places, but it is used for piles in Bowsprit Bee-blocks. bee-blocks ; *, ti. foretopmast- beech places when U is constantly wet It is manufactured into a great variety oi tools, for which it is fitted on ac count • • i it- great hardness, toughness, and i los< . uniform texture, and is also iw-il to some extent in making fur- niture, taking a beautiful polish and varying much in color. Several ornamental varieties are frequently seen, as the red beech and copper beech with colored leaves, ami the fcin I with divided leaves, TheAmeri* can bi 1 is a very similar tree, sometimes 100 feet in height and 8 or 4 feet in diameter. — Austra- lian beech, oft*, a species of teak. — Beech- cherry. See cherry. — Blue beech, same a- uiati — Seaside beech, of the West indies, Exostemnwt CarUh a tree bi longing to tie natural order Rul iaceat. It is allied to cinchona, ami its bark is used as a febrifuge. beech'-'t, »• < •bsolete spelling of beach. beech-coal (bech'kol), h. Charcoal from beeeh- WOod. beech-drops (bech'drops), n. A low animal plant, Epiphegus Virginiana, without green foli- age, parasitic upon the roots of the beech in 1 oited States, it belongs to the natural order Orobanchaceoe. Albanyb i pine-dropSj Ptero- spova andronu lea and false beech-drops, or pine-sap, .1/..,;. ■ tys, are similar parasitic plants of the natural order En, beechen (be'ehen), ,: tvoi ), < hhe, beech, + -en: see oeechl and -en.} 1. Of, pertaining to, or derived from the beech: as, beechen boughs; b,, i-l,i n shade. His aged head, crowned with beechen wreath, li d like a poll Of ivy ill the teeth in 1 winter hoar. Keats. 2. Made of the wood of the beech : as, beechen vessels. A beechen bowl, A maple dish, my furniture should he ; Crisp, yellow leaves my bed. Wordsworth, Eccles. Sonnets, i. 22. beech-fern (bech'fern), n. A fern belonging to the genus Phegopteris (which see). beech-finch (bech'finch), n. The chaffinch, Fringilla Calebs. HacgiUivray. beech-fungus (beeh'fung'gus), n. An edible fungus, Cyttaria Darwimi, allied to the morel. It is abundant in Terra del Fnego upon the branches of evergreen beeches, and is at times the principal food of the natives. beech-gall (bech'gal), n. A gall or excrescence formed on the beech by insects. beech-hopper (bech'hop*er), u. A coleopter- ous insect, Orchestes fagi, family Curculionidee, or weevils, injurious to beech-trees, between the two surfaces of the leaves of which they lay their eggs. beech-marten (bech'mar // ten), n. lliistt lafoina, one of two species or varieties <>!' the European marten, usuallydistinguished from tin mmon pine-marten, M. martes, by the white throat and some other external feature--, as well as by some differences in habits. Also called stone- marten. beech-mast (bech'mast), «. [< beeeh 1 + mast-; = b, irl.--inn.it.'] The mast or nuts of the beech- tree, from which an oil is obtained. The cake which remains after the oil has been expressed is a g i fattening food for oxen, swine, ami poultry, but is inju- rious to horses. See beech-oil. beechnut (bech nut), n. One of the nuts or fruits of the beech. The nuts are triangular, ami inclosed in a spiny capsule or husk. beech-Oil (bech'oil), n. A bland fixed oil ex- pressed from the mast or nuts of the beeeh- trie. it j. used in Picardy and in otherpartsof Prance instead of butter; hut it is said to occasion heaviness ami pains in tic stomach. beech-owl (bech'owl), n. A name of the tawny owl or wood-owl of Europe, Syrniwm aluco. beech-wheatt Sumo as wheat. beechy (be'chi), a. [< beech* + -y 1 .] in, per tabling to. or abounding in beeches: as. " e %y garland, ' Fletcher, Purpli Island, vi. bee-culture ( be'ku] i | The rearing of bees in a state of domestica- tion; apiculture. bee-eater be' i i ', «. That which eai as a bird; an apiastel", Bpi dfl European Bee-cater {Mtrofs af ulster). 502 cally— (a) The European Merops apiaster. (6) pi. The birds of the tauiih Meropidos, of which there are BeveraJ genera and numerous species, chiefly African. Sec Jlferops, Meropidce. beef (liefi, n. [Early mod. E. also becfe, betife, hi,/, . ,■(,•.. < .ME. beef, befe, b, ,,/. bouf, boef, < OF. boef, I'm/. b,;nf= Pr. bov =sp./i«r// = Pg. boi = it. bore tcf. S\v. hill', Dan. biif, beef, from E.; and see biit'shnl.). < L. bovem, ace. of bos (see Bos tint! bovine), = Or. flovc, an ox, = Ir. and Gael, bo, a cow, = W. buw = Skt. go, a cow, = AS. cu, E. cowl : see cow 1 , which is thus ult. identical with beef.] 1. An animal of the bovine genus, whether ox, bull, or cow, in the full-grown state. [In this, which is the original sense, the word has a plural, beeves, formerly sometimes beefs. The singular is nearly obsolete.] These are the beasts which ye shall eat : the beef, the sheep, and the goat. Deut. xiv. 4 (ed. 1S7S). A pound uf man's flesh, taken from a man, Is not so estimable, profitable neither, As flesh of muttons, beefs, or goats. ShaJc., M. of V., i. 3. A herd of beeves, fair oxen, and fair kine. Milton, P. L., xi. 647. 2. The flesh of an ox, bull, or cow when killed. [In this sense the word has no plural.] — 3. A name given by quarrymen to certain beds of fibrous carbonate of lime occurring in England in the middle division of the Purbeck series, the highest part of the Jurassic. — 4. Brawn; muscularity; weight and strength combined: as, the crew is lacking in beef. [Colloq.] — Ala- mode beef. See alamotle. — Baron of beef. Seeoaron. — Collared beef, beef rolled, boned, slightly salted or corned, and seasoned with herbs and spices. — Hung beef, beef cured by being hung up to dry ; dried beef. — Jerked beef. See jerk. beef-brainedt (lief 'brand), a. Having the brain or wit of an ox; beef-witted: as, "the most beef-brained sensualist," Turniers, Cure of Mis- prision, p. 29 (Ord MS.). beef-cattle (bef'kat'l), n. pi. Bovine animals adapted or intended for conversion into beef; bovine animals for slaughter. beef-eater (bef'e"ter), n. [< beef + eater. In sense 2, merely a particular use of the same word; cf. AS. hldf-ieta, a domestic servant, lit. 'loaf-eater,' contrasting with hlaford, master, lit. 'loaf -keeper.' Servants are often thought of as eaters; Ben Jouson uses caters in the sense of 'servants' ("Epicome," iii. 2). The oft-quoted etymology from a supposed "buffe- tier, < buffet, a sideboard, is mere fiction.] 1. One who eats beef ; hence, a well-fed fellow ; a stout fleshy man. — 2. One of the yeomen of the English royal guard, who, since the acces- sion of Henry VII. in 1485, have attended the sovereign at state banquets and on other ceremonial occasions. The name is also given to the warders of the Tower of London, who wear a similar uniform. [In this sense com- monly without a hyphen.] Charles had begun to form a small standing army. He felt that without some better protection than that of the train-hands and beef-eaters his palace and person would scarcely he secure in the vicinity of a great city swarming with warlike Fifth Monarchy men who had been just dis- banded. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., iii. 3. An African insessorial bird, of the genus />'«- phaga, which feeds on the larvse that infest the hides of oxen. It is a mere hook-name, translating I'm- phaga . tic more frequent term is oxpecker. See Buphaga. 4. Same as bluebottle, 2. bee-feed (be'fed), n. A name given in Cali- fornia to tin abundant free-flowering species of I:, ini/onum, E. fasciculatum, much visited by bees. bee-feeder (be'fe'der), n. An arrangement used for feeding bees in bad weather or very long winters. beefen (bef'en), n. A form of biffin. beef-herd (bof'herd), n. A drove of cattle in- tended for slaughter. [Western U. S.] Following the dusty trails made by the beef-herds that had been driven toward f the Montana .shipping towns. T. Roosevelt, Hunting Trips, p. 132. beefiness (bef 'i-nes), n. 1. Beefy quality. — 2. I'.ruwniuoss ; muscularity; hardiness. beefing 1 (bef'ing), ». [< beef + -ijw 1 .] A bul- lock lit for slaughter. [Prov. Eng.] beefing- (bef'ing), ». The original but later recorded ami less usual form of biffin. [Eng.] beefish I bef 'i.sh ), it. 1. Stupid; thick-headed; having the brain Or sense of an ox. — 2. Obese; solid; beefy. This degeneracy has turned him [ntothat "beefieh, por* e rish, bellowing sort of a John Bull, hardrj endured by his own kind, Andover Rev., \'II. 32. beef-kid ( bcl 'kid), It, A moss utensil used by the crew of a merchant ship for holding cooked beet. beehive bee-flower (be'flou er), n. Same as bee-orchis. bee-fly (be'fll). ». A dipterous insect, I'lmrn incrassata, which is a formidablepesl of the bee- hive, formerly considered capable of producing the disease called foul-brood. See I'lmiiibr. beef-measle (bef'me'zl), ». Themeasle of beef ; the hydatid or scoleciform stage of the unarmed tapeworm of the ox, Taenia mediocanellata. beefsteak (bef'stak'), n. [< beef + steak. Adopted in other languages, D. birjslul: (assiin- ilated to stuk, piece), G. beefsteak, Han. bbfsteg, Sw. biffstek, V. bifteck, Sp. (Cuban) bifteq, It. biftecco, Euss. bifsiil.sii, etc.] A steak or slice of beef, cut from the hind quarter, suitable for broiling or frying. beefsteak-fungus (bef'stak'fung"gus), «. An edible hymenomycetous fungus, Fistulina b, - patica, belonging to the family Polyporei. It sometimes attains a large size, and is thought to resemble beefsteak somewhat in appearance, beefsteak-plant (bef stak'plant), «. 1. A spe- cies of Saxifraga, 8. sarmentosa, with fleshy purplish leaves. — 2. A name applied to species of Begun in. beefsuet-tree (bef'su'et-tre), n. The buffalo- berry, Shepherdia argentea. beef-tea (bef'te'), «. An aqueous extract of beef obtained by soaking and heating chopped beef in water, straining it, and seasoning to taste. It contains salts ami extractives, a little gelatin, and fat. It is useful as a stimulant, and forms an appro- priate introduction to a meal. beef-witted 1 1 >ef ' wit ' ed), a. Having the wit of an ox; dull in intellect; heavy-headed ; stupid. Thou mongrel, beef-witted lord ! Sheik. , T. and C, ii. 1. beefwood (bef'wud), ». [< beef (in allusion to its grain and color) + icoorf.] 1. The timber of some species of Australian trees belonging to the genus Casuarina (which see), it is of a red- dish color, hard and close-grained, with dark and whitish streaks. It is used chiefly for fine ornamental work, 2. In the West Indies, a name given to Pisonia obtusata, with soft coarse-grained wood. — Red beefwood, of Jamaica, Ardisia coriaeea, a myrsinac - shrub.— White beefwood, Schcepfia chrysophyUoides, natural order 1 ihietwu; o . beefy (bef'i), a. [< beef + -y 1 ."] 1. Ox-like; hence, fleshy ; obese ; solid. He [Carlyle] was at dinner when a beefy Tory was de- claiming to this effect. The American, VIII. 390. 2. Brawny; muscular; hardy. [Colloq.] bee-garden (be'gar'dn), n. A garden or inclo- sure to set beehives in ; an apiary. Morti- mer. beegerite (be'ger-it), n. [After H. Beegerot Denver, Colorado.] A sulphid of bismuth and lead occurring in dark-gray masses with bril- liant metallic luster, rarely crystallized, found in Colorado. bee-glue (be'glo), ». A soft, unctuous matter with which bees cement the combs to the hives and close up the cells. Also called propolis. bee-gum (be'gurn), ». In the southern United States, a hollowed section of a gum-tree used as a beehive. bee-hawk (be'hak), n. A name of the honey- buzzard of Europe, Pernis apivorus: so called because it preys upon bees, wasps, and other insects Bee-hawk moth, a name of various lepidop tenuis insects of the families SphingidoB ami SeeiidOB, ami especially of the genera Maeroglossa and Seeia. beeheadt (be'hed), it. A crazy or flighty per- son. beeheaded (be'hed'ed), «. [=Se. bee-headit.'] Crazy; flighty. bee-herd (bo'herd), n. A person wdio takes care of lues; a bee-keeper. I'liin, Diet. Api- culture, p. bi. beehive (be'hiv), n. [< VSM.oeehyve ; < bee 1 + liin.~) 1. A case or box serving as a habitation for bees. See hire. — 2. The common name of a species of medic, itedicago sent, Hutu, from the shape of its spirally coiled pod. Beehive house, the popular name of a class oi very ancient I "in Beelilvi Houses at I ahernamacturech, County Kerry, [reload. beehive cal buildings in Ireland, •■! small size, formed of long stones, so laid, on a circular plan, thai each course is over- lapped by that resting upon it Nocement is used, and the stones remain for the most part in their natural Btate. These houses occur alone or m clusters, often i"- aid stories, in which case it Is believed that they served as dwellings of priests, or. when in groups, sometimes en circled by a stone wall, fur defense. Occasionally tin > contain more than one apartment. Housesof this kind occur also in the Western 1-sh-s of Scotland; and the •■ picta houses "ir the east coast, though differing in be- ing under ground, resemble them in their mode of con- struction. They are referred to a period between the seventh and twelfth eentnries. Beehive oven, a low, square furnace with a dome-shaped top. It has an open- ing at tile top for the escape of gases, ami a door in the side through which to admit air, to charge with coal, and to discharge the coke. Science, III. 358. beehouse (be'hous), n. A house or repository for bees; an apiary. Goldsmith. beekt (bek), r. [E. dial. (North.) and So., also written beak, beik, beke, < ME. luken, warm one's self, perhaps akin to bake. Ci.bask 1 .] 1, trims. To warm; bask. Go home now, and . . . beck thy pampered limbs at the Are. Rev. T. Adams. Works, II. 9. II. intrans. To bask; aprieate. [Scotch, colloq.] bee-killer (be'kiFer), n. A kind of robber-fly, Trupanea apivora, a dipterous insect of the family Asilidce, which attacks honey-bees on the wing and kills them. bee-king (be'king), n. A kind of drongo-shrike, Dissemurus paradiseus, with deeply forked tail. Also called Indian bee-king. beeldt (held), n. and v. See bield. beele 1 (bel), n. [Prob. a form of bill, a mat- tock (ef. E. dial, heal, the bill of a bird) : see it'?/ 2 .] x kind of pickax used by miners for separating the ores from the rocks in which they lie. beele'-t, »• [Perhaps a var. of bill 3 in sense of billet 1 , q. v.] A cross-bar; a yoke. X. E. D. bee-line (be'lin), n. The most direct or straight way from one point to another, as that of bees in returning loaded with honey to their hives. Our footmarks, seen afterward, showed that we had steered a bee-line for the brig. Kane, See. Grinn. Exp., I. 19S. bee-louse (be'lous), n. A pupiparous dipterous insect, of the family Braulidm, parasitic upon bees. Braula ca?ca is a parasite of the Italian bee, Apis liyustica. Beelzebub (be-el'ze-bub), ». [Formerly also, and still in popular speech, Belzebub, ME. Bel- sebub, < L. Beelzebub, < Gr. BeeACe/3ou/3, < Heb. Ba'al-zebub, a god of the Philistines, the avert- er of insects, < ba'al, lord, + zehttb, e'bub, a fly; ef. Ar. dltubdb, > Pers. eubdb, a fly. See Beelzebul and Baal.] 1. A god of the Philis- tines, who had a famous temple at Ekron. He was worshiped as the destroyer of flies. — 2. A name of the Mycetes ursinus, a howling monkey of South America. See cut under holder. Beelzebul (be-el ze-bul), n. [< L. Beelzebul, < Gr. Bee'/.Ce lioi'S., < Heb. Ba'al-zebid, a name given by the Jews to the prince of demons; com- monly explained as either 'lord of the (heaven- ly) dwelling,' or 'lord of dung' (Heb. zebel = Ar. zibl, dung), but prob. a mere variant of Ba'al-zebub, Beelzebub, the name of the Philis- tine god, which came to be applied to the prince of demons. The best Gr. manuscripts have Bee/IJe/jocA in the Gospels. See Beelzebub.] A name given by the Jews to the prince of demons, being an opprobrious alteration of the name Beelzebub. beemt, n. An obsolete form of beam. bee-martin (be'mar"tm), v. A common name in the United States of the king-bird, Tyra units carolinensis. See cut under king-bird. bee-master (be'mas"ter), n. One who keeps bees. bee molt (be mol), «. [For B mol, ML. B molle, that is, 'B soft': opposed to B tin rum, 'B hard.' See moll.] Same as bemol. bee-moth (be'nioth), n. A pyralid moth of the genus Galeria, G. eercana (Fabricius). It lays its eggs in beehives, and the larvae when hatched feed upon tile wax. Also called wax-moth (whence its specific name). See cut in next column. been 1 (ben or bin). Past participle, and ob- solete present plural and infinitive, of it 1 . been-t, »• Obsolete plural of bee 1 . been 3 , a. See bein. been 4 (ben), n. [Hind, bin, a lute, guitar, fid- dle.] A fretted stringed instrument of music of the guitar kind, having nineteen frets, used in India. bee-nettle (be'net'l), n. A species of hemp- nettle, Galeo/isis rersicolor. See Galeopsis. 503 aUria ccreana), natural size. a, larva ; t>, cocoon ; c , pupa ; d, moth with wings spread ; e, moth with wings closed. beent (be'ent), a. [Aforeed translation by J. H. Stirling of G. scieitd.] In metaph., having being as opposed to existence. [Rare.] If the Eleatics persist in the dilemma, the world is either beent or non-beent, HeracUtus answers, It is neither of them, because it is both of them. ./. //. Stirling, tr. of Schwegler's Hist. Philos., p. 20. bee-orchis (be'br'kis), n. A European orchid, Ophrys apifera, with a bee-like flower. Also called bee-flower and gnat-flower. See Ophrys. bee-parasite (be'par'a-sit), n. 1. A stylops; an insect of the order Strepsiptera, the species of which are parasitic upon bees. Bees so in- fested are said to be stylopized. See Stylops. — 2. Some other insect parasitic upon bees, as a bee-louse or bee-wolf. beer 1 (ber), n. [< ME. bere, ber, < AS. beor = OFries. Mar, bier = V). bier = LG. ber, beer = OHG. bior, MHG. G. bier (> It. birra= F. biere) ; cf. Icel. bjorr, It. Gael, beoir, from AS. or E. (the Scand. word is that cognate with E. ale). Origin uncertain ; some assume a loss of r from orig. "breor, < AS. breowan, etc., brew: see brew.] 1 . An alcoholic liquor made from any farina- ceous grain, but generally from barley, which is first malted and ground, and its fermentable substance extracted by hot water. To this extract or infusion hops or some other vegetable product of an agreeable bitterness is added, and it is thereupon boiled for some time, botli to concentrate it and to extract the useful matters from the hops. The liquor is then suffered to ferment in vats, the time allowed for fermentation de- pending upon the quality and kind of beer, and after it has become clear it is stored away or sent to the market* the beers of England and France, and for the most part those of Germany, become gradually sour by exposure to air. Ale and beer were formerly synonymous terms, ale being the earlier in use; at present, beer is the common name for all malt liquors, and ale is used specifically for a carefully made beer of a certain strength, and rather light than dark: thus, small beer, ginger beer, and the like, are not ale, nor are stout and porter. A distinction drawn by Andrew Boorde, in 1542, is that ale is made of malt and water, and should contain no other ingredients, while beer is made of malt, hops, and water. 2. A fermented extract of the roots and other parts or products of various plants, as ginger, spruce, molasses, beet, etc — Beer process, in photag., a collodion dry-plate process in which the sensi- tized plate, after being washed, is treated with an infu- sion of malt or beer. The process is of no practical value, and is disused. — Beer vinegar, a vinegar prepared from beerwort.— Bitter beer. See ale.— Black beer, a kind of beer manufactured at Dantzic. It is of a hlack color and a syrupy consistence. Also called Dantzic beer. — Broken beer, remnants or leavings of beer: as, "a bum- hard of broken beer," B. Jmtstin.— Condensed beer, beer which has been reduced in a copper vacuum-pan to one eighteenth its bulk in solids, added to an equal quantity of alcohol.— Dantzic beer. Same as black beer.— Green beer, beer which is just made. -Lager-beer, or stock- beer, a light German beer so called because it is stored for ripening before being used. It is extensively manufactured in the United States.— Schenk, young, or winter beer, a German beer brewed for immediate use. (See lager-beer.) It was formerly brewed only between October and April, but now is manufactured at all seasons.— Small beer, weak beer; hence, figuratively, a trilling matter; a small or unimportant thing or person. — Stock-beer. See lager- beer.— To think small beer of, to have a low opinion of ; hold in slight esteem. [Colloq. ] She thinks small beer <>/ painters, J. J.— well, well, we don't think small b\ er of ourselves, my noble friend. Thackeray, The Newcomes, \x\ix. Yeast-beer, new beer with which a small quantity of fermenting wort has been mixed in the cask in order to make it li\ ely. beer 1 (ber), v. i. [< beer 1 , ».] To drink beer; tipple. [Colloq.] beer- (be'er), n. [< ME. beere; < 6c 1 + -er 1 . Cf. forebear.] One who is or exists. [Rare.] beer 3 t, ><• An obsoleto form of bier. beer 4 t, »• [< D. beer, a mole, pier.] A mole or pier. N. E. D. beer 5 t. Obsolete present and preterit of bear*-. Chaucer. beestings beer''t, "■ An obsolete form of hntr". beeregart, «■ [Early mod. K. also biireager, bearegi r, etc.. < bet /■' + eager, sour, t If, aU rim .'/'"'■ I Sour boor; vinegar formed by tin- acetous fermentation of boor. beer-engine (ber'en'jin), /<. A hydraulic ma- chine for raising beer and other liquors out of a cask in : liar. beer-faucet (ber'fa'set), n. A faucet lilted with a small air-pump, for mixing air with beer as ii is drawn. beer-float (ber'flot), ». In distilling, an areom- eter or hydrometer designed to ascertain from the observed density of a grain-mash the pos- sible yield of spirit therefrom. The scale of the instrument is graduated to indicate directly, at thi aid temperature, the perreutagi In v. dnme of proof spirits that the mash will yield, provided the fermentation pro- ceeds to a point where the density is equal to that of water. E. H. Knight. beer-garden (ber'gar"dn), n. A garden at- tached to a brewery, tavern, or saloon, in which beer is served. beer-house (ber'hous), n. A house where malt liquors are sold; an ale-house. beeriness (ber'i-nes), n. [< beery + -ness.] The state of being beery or partially 7 intoxicated; slight intoxication from beer. beer-measure (ber'mezh"ur), n. An old Eng- lish system of measures of capacity. The gallon contained 2S2 cubic inches, being 10 pounds :; ounces avoirdupois of water, but was adopted as containing s pounds of wheat. beer-money (bei-'mun"!), n. An allowance of Id. per day granted in 1800 to the British soldier in addition to his pay, as a substitute for an allowance of beer or spirits; also, an allowance given to domestic servants in Eng- land in lieu of beer, to save trouble in serving it out, or waste by leaving the cask open. beerocracy (ber-ok'ra-si), n. [< beer + -o-eraey, as in aristocracy.] The brewing and beer-sell- ing interest ; brewers and beer-sellers collec- tively. [Ludicrous.] beer-preserver (ber'pre-zer"ver), «. A device for keeping the space above the beer in a cask or barrel tilled with carbonic-acid gas, which is supplied from a reservoir. beer-pull (ber'pul), n. The handle of a beer- pump; also, the pump itself. beer-pump (ber'pump), n. A pump for beer, especially for raising beer from the cellar to the liar in a saloon or public house. beer-saloon (ber'sa-lon"), n. A place where beer is sold and drunk. beer-shop (ber'shop), n. A beer-saloon; an ale-house. beerstone (ber'ston), n. [< beer 1 + stone.] In brining, a hard incrustation like stone on the interior of the wort-coolers. In time a greenish, or brownish, shining, thin crust is formed on the sides of the coolers — no matter what ma- terial they may be constructed of — which adheres to them like varnish, ami cannot lie removed by the usual wash- ing. This substance is called beer-stone. Tint using, Beer (trans.), p. 473. Beer stone. See stone. beer-swilling (ber'swil'ing), a. Drinking beer immoderately. In beer-swilling Copenhagen I have drunk your Danesmau blind. The". Martin. liirgeufthe lirinker. beery (ber'i),n. [< beer 1 + -y 1 .] 1. Pertaining to or resembling beer. — 2. Stained or soiled with beer. The sloppy, beery tables. Thackeray. 3. Addicted to beer; affected by beer; partial- ly intoxicated from drinking beer; maudlin. There was a fair proportion of kindness in Raveloe, but it was of a beery and bungling sort. George Eliot, Silas Marner, ix. Hathorn was not averse to ale, especially at another man's expense, and, thought he, " Farmer is getting beery ; looks pretty red in the face." C. liea.le. fiends and Sunshine, p. 10. bee-skep, bee-scap (be'skep, -skap), n. [< bee 1 + skep, scap, a beehive, a basket: see skip.] A I hive. [Scotch.] beest (best), n. [Found in ME. only in deriv. beestings, q. v.; < AS. bedst (also byst, after busting, beestings) = D. biest = LG. best = North'. Fries, bjast, bjiist = OHG. biost. MHG. G. biest, beest. Origin unknown; some sup- pose, from the G. dial. (Swiss) briest, Icel. d-brystur, pi., beestings, a connection with AS. hn tisl, etc., E. breast.] Same as beestings. beestie, »• See hhtt sty. beestings (bes'tingz), n. sing. ovpl. [Also writ- ten beastings, biestintjs, etc.. dial, htustin. bis/ins, biskins, etc., < ME. beestynge, also bestninge, bestynge, < AS. bysting, < bedst, beest, + -iny : beestings Bee beesi and -ing.] 1. The first, milk given by a row alter calving. So may tb our t' Us be tbinc, And both the b\ esting oi our goats and kiue. B, Jon ' n, Pan's Anniversary. 2t. A disease caused bv drinking beestings. A. /.. D. beeswax (bez'waks), n. [< bit's, jkiss. of /"< . + ira/.] The wax secreted by bees, of -which their cells are constructed. See wax. beeswing (bez'wing), n. [< beefs, poss. of '»<. + mw/; from its appearance.] A gauzy film in port and some other wines, indicative of age ; hence, sometimes, the wine itself. Also writ- ten bee's-wing. Fetch'd Hia richest beeswing from a binn reserved I 01 banquets, praised the waning red, and told The vintage. T, nnyeon, Aylmer's Field. Scott, from under bushy eyebrows, winked at the ap- parition oi .. Thackeray. beeswinged (bez'wingd), a. So old as to be covered with beeswing: said of wine, especial- ly port. His port is not presentable, unless bees'-winged, /•'. Hall, -Mod. Eng., p. 32. beet 1 i i"-t i. ». [< ME. bete, < AS. bete (not 'beta) = OFries. bete = D. bet t Wet = LG. bett =OHG. bieza, MHO. I>i< ;e (G. beete, after LG. or L.) = Sw. beta = Dan. beile = P. bette = It. Meto, < L. beta, beet.] A plant of the genus Beta, natural order Chenopodiaoew. The various forma are generally referred to a single species, /;. mthiari*, tlit- slender-rooted variety of which, known as the sea-Da (, is found wild in Europe and western Asia, ami is occasionally used for greens. The common beet is extensively cultivated in many varieties for the usw of its Sweetish SUCCUlent root as a vegetable and as feed for cat- il. rh< mangel-wurzel is a large coarse form raised ex- clusivel] for cattle. The sugar-beet is a large, white, and jweet variety, from the root of which large quanti- ties of sugar (called beet-root sugar) are manufactured in France, Germany, etc. The white or Sicilian beet and the are cultivated for their leaves only. beet'-' (bet), v. t. [E. dial, beet, beat, Sc. beet, beit, < ME. beten, < AS. betan (= OS. boUan = OFries. beta = D. boeten = LG. bbten = OHG. • a. JIHG. biiez:en, G. biisscn = Ieel. bwta = Sw. bota = Dan. bode), mend, improve, make good, < but, improvement, reparation, boot : see boot 1 , which is related to beet as food to feed, brood to breed, etc. The word was par- ticularly used in reference to mending, and hence by extension to kindling, fires: ME. beten fyr, < AS. betan fyr = D. boeten vitur = LG. I,i,i,ii viler; of. Sw. bota eld, etc. Cf. beat 3 .'] If. To make better; improve; alleviate or re- lieve (hunger, thirst, grief, the needs of a per- son, etc.). All bis craft ne coud his sorrow bete. Chaucer, T. and C, i. 6C(i. 2f. To mend; repair; put to rights. I'ipeu be coude, and fishe, and nettes bete. I 'haucer, Reeve's Tale, i. 7. Daily wearing neids yearly l„ ,t,,, :! . Seuieh jnneeelt. 3. To make or kindle (a lire); hence, to fire or rouse. Two tyres on the auter gan she beete. Cha iicer, Knight's Tale, 1. 1434. It warms me. it charms me, To mention but her name ; H beats me, it beets me, And sets me a' on flame ! Hunts, Ep. to Davie, i. 8. tiri D folk to love and beten tire On Venus auter. Court o/Lovt 1 828. 4. To mend or replenish (a fire) ; add fuel to. to beet his in- 1 Alton Ramsay, To Robert ifarde of Devonshire. [Obsolete or dialectal in all senses.] beet :i , a. Same as hull-. beet 1 , a. Same as beat 3 . beet-fly (bet'fli), n. A. two-winged insect, An- thomijia beta; smaller than the house fly, in- festing crops of mangel-wurzel and other va- rieties of beet, on whose leaves it deposits its eggs, the larva' afterward devouring the soft parts. beetle 1 (be'tl), ». [=Se. Uttle, bittill, < ME. betel betylle, bitel, bittill, bytylle, < AS. biitel, betel, bitel, byte} (bytl VQ. bt tel, bbtel = MUG In i. rl), witli to ■!,<. hi lilnn, beat : see beat 1 .'] 1. Ahea oden mallei used to di-ivi wedgi -. eon .1 :h. etc. n i made either for th thi handle sel In the middle ot the iron bound head oi foi i ammlnu n [th the handle (pro! Idi d in heavj beetli oss-pli ci foi the hands) 1 1 In one i ad oi thi hi ad in ' he latter form, for the use of pavei It 1 timi heavy enough to require two or more mi n to opt i it II i i called a maul, and in the second form a ramnu r. 504 If I do, fillip me with a three-man beetle. SAaA., 2Hen.IV., i. 2. 2. A wooden pestle-shaped utensil used for mashing potatoes, for beating linen, etc. Aroint ye, ye lininiiT, out of an honest bouse, or shame fa' me, but I'll take the tattle to you. Scott, Pirate. 3. Same as beeMng-maehine — Between the beetle and the block, in an awkward or dangerous position. beetle 1 (be'tl), v. t.; pret. and pp. beetled, ppr. beetling, [(.beetle, nC] 1. To use a beetle on ; bent with a heavy wooden mallet, as linen or cotton cloth, as a substitute for mangling. — 2. To finish cloth by means of a beetling-machine. beetle- (be'tl), n. [The form seems to have been influenced by that of beetle 1 ; it would reg. lie as iti mod. dial, hi Wf, early mod. E. also In til. In I He, bittil, ctc.,< ME. bitle, bityl, betylle, bytylle, < AS. hiti In, bitula (also "betel, once in pi. betlns), a beetle, appar.< "bifid, *Utol,*bitel, ME. &i* I, bit- ing (of. etui, etcil, eating: with suffix -oi, forming adjectives from verbs), < bitan (pp. hi ten), bite: seebite. Cf. bitter and beetle-browed.] Any insect belonging to the order Coleoptera (which see). Sometimes, however, the term is used in a more restricted sense, as equivalent in the plural to Searabceidie, a tribe of t bis order embracing more than 3,000 species, characterized by clavat.ed antenna. 1 , fissile longitudinally, legs frequent- ly dentated, and wings which have hard cases or sheaths called elytra. Beetles vary in size from that of a pin's bead to nearly that of a man's fist, the largest being the elephant- beetle of South America, 4 inches long. The "black beetles" of kitchens and cellars are cockroaches, and belong to the order Orthoptera.— Bloody-nose beetle, a large species of beetle of the genus Timarcha, T. laevigata so named because when disturbed it emits a red fluid from the joints. — Colorado beetle, a coleopterous insect, Doriijilo'iu. Chrijmmela, or Polygramma decemlineata, family Chry- Colorado BeeUe I Doryphora decemlineata. Say). a, eggs ; l>, larva, advanced stage ; c, pupa : d. beetle ; e, wing-cover, enlarged ;/, leg. enlarged. somelidce, belonging to the feetramerous section of the or- der. In size it is somewhat larger than a pea, nearly oval, convex, of a yellowish or ocher-yellow color, marked with black spots and blotches, and on the elytra with ten black longitudinal stripes. The wings, which are folded under tbe elytra, are of a blood-red color. This insect works great havoc upon the leaves and flowers of tbe potato, ami is also destructive to the tomato and tbe eggplant. It was first observed in the Rocky Mountain region about ]Sf,!l, and lias since spread from Colorado over tbe whole ot tbe United States and Canada. Also called potato-bug. — Harlequin beetle. 8ee harlequin Horned beetle, a lamellieorn beetle of the genus Megalosoma and some related genera, belonging to the cetonian group of Scara- l„riil,r beetle-' (be'tl), a. [Separate use of beetle- in beetle-browed.] Shaggy; prominent: used in beetle brow (also written bet tie-brow). Here are the beetle brows shall blush foi me Shak.. It. and .1., i. 4. Bent hollow beetle browes, sharpc staring eyes, That mad or foolish scemd. Spenser, V. <)., II. ix. 52. beetle :i (be'tl), v. i.; pret. and pp. beetled, ppr. beetling. [< beetle*, a. First used by Shak- spere.j To be prominent; extend out; over- hang; jut. What, if it tempt you toward the Hood, my lord, in to tbe dreadful summit of tbe cliff. That bt'etl,'* o'er bis base into tb Shak., Hamlet, i. 4. i'.acli '.< I'tliwj rampart and each tower sublime. Wordsworth. beetle-brOW (be'tl-brou), «. See /.<.] The witch or fairy said to bring children the sweetmeats and other re- wards given them on the eve of Epiphany, or to neglect and punish them. In nursery parlance the fie/ana has two aspects; she not only brings gifts to good ehildren, but is the terror of the naughty. N. and Q., 6th ser., IX. 422. 3. A large rag doll, representing the Befana, placed on the chimneys of cottages, etc., or displayed in shops, in Italy, where Epiphany gifts are sold, for the terror or amusement of children. [The above meanings and customs have ref- erence to the gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh (Mat. ii. 11) brought by the Magi to the child Jesus, which the feast of the Epiphany commemorates. The grotesque blackened figures often exhibited are explained by the tradition that one of the three wise kings was an Ethi- opian.! befeather (be-fesH'er), v. t. [< fit - - 1 + feather.] To deck with feathers. befell (be-fel'). Preterit of befall. befetter "(be-fet'er), v. t. [< fie- 1 + fetter.] To confine with fetters; restrain as if by fetters. Tongue-tied, befettered, heavy-laden nations. i 'arlyle, French Rev., II. i. 10. beffroit, n. [F.] See belfry. beffroyt, »• In her., same as fair. befilet, <•• t. [Early mod. E. also befyle, < ME. befylen,, befilen (mixed with befulen, befoulen, which rest directly upon ful,foul, foul), < AS. befylan, < be- +fylan, file, foul, tu = AS. biddan, E. bid, ask; cf. D. h, ,1, !, ,< = OHG. betalon, MUG. betelen, G. bet- teln. beg, freq. of D. bidden = G. bitten =AS. biddan, E. bid, ask); but the AS. bedecian oc- curs but once, in the 9th century, and there are no intermediate forms to connect it with ME. beggen. (3) < OFlem. *beggcn, beg: but there is no such word. (4) < OP. beg-, the com- mon radical of begard, begart, In guard, begar (ML. begardus, beggaraus, begliardus, etc.), and beguin (ML. begums, begginus, begliinus, begui- nus, etc.), names given to the members of a men- dicant lay brotherhood (see Begliard and Be- gum) ; also applied to any begging friar or other beggar. Such mendicants were very numerous at the time of the first appearance of the E. verb, and the derived OF. verb beguiner, be- tter (< beguin), with AF. lugger, is actually found in the sense of ' beg.' The E. verb may be a back formation from the noun beggar (ME. begger, beggere, beggar, beggare), which is, in this view, an adapted form (as if a noun of agent in -aA, -er 1 ) of the OF. begar, begard, etc., a Beghard. Begliard is otherwise not found in ME., though the precise form begger is found in Wyclif and later as a designation of the mendicant friars (Beghards), appar. without direct reference to their begging.] 1. trans. 1. To ask for or supplicate in charity; ask as alms. \ el have I not seen the righteous forsaken, nor his seed begging bread. I'-- xxxvii. _'5. For all thy blessed youth Becomes as aged, and doth beg tin- alms Of palsied eld. Shale, M. for M., iii. 1. 2. To ask for earnestly; crave. He [Joseph] . . . begged the body of Jesus. M:il. xxvii. 58. 3. To ask as a favor; hence, to beseech; en- treat or supplicate with humility or earnest- ness: as, I begged him to use his influence in favor of my friend. And "ii our knees we beg (As recompense of our dear services, Past and to come) that you do change this purpose. Shak., W. T., ii. 3. To beg a person for a foolt, to take him for, or regard him as, a fooL In tin old common law was a writ . . . under which if a man was legally proved an idiot, the profit of his lands . . . might Iil- granted by the king to any subject, . . . Such a person, when this grant was asked, was said to be a fool. Nares. To beg the question, in logic, to assume or take as granted thai which is nol more c, rtaili than the proposi- tion I I or whirh obviously i ii vi lives the point in question ; assume as a premise what no one who takes the opposite view of the question will admit. The sophism of begging the question Is, then, when any thin- U proved either by itself or something that is equal- ly unknown with itself. Burgersdicius, tr. by a Gentleman (1607). 'the attempt t.] To gall ; fret; chafe; rub sore. Bp. Hall. began (be-gan'). Preterit of begin. begat (be-gaf). Old preterit of beget, still sometimes used poetically. begaudt (be-gad'), r. t. [Also written be- gaird : < be-' 1 + gaud: see gaud 1 .'} To bedeck with gaudy things. North. begaum, n. See begunfi. begeckt (bf-gek'), v. t. [So., also begeek (= D. b, ,/t lit i,);<, be- 1 + geek. Cf. begunk.] To be- fool; gull; jilt. A. E. D. begem (be-jern'), v. t.; pret. and pp. begemmed, ppr. begemming. [< be- 1 + gem.'] To adorn with gems, or as with gems ; stud with gems, or anything suggesting them. The lawn Begemmed with dew-drops. Scott, L. of the L., iii. 2. beget (be-gef), v. t.; pret. begot, formerly be- gal, pp. begotten, begot, ppr. begetting. [< ME. begeten, begiten, bigiten, etc., < AS. begitan, bigitan (= OS. bigitan = OHG. bigezan), get, ac- quire, < be- + gitan, getan, get: see be- 1 and get 1 .] 1. To procreate; generate: chiefly used of the father alone, but sometimes of both parents. Abraham begat Isaac ; and Isaac begat Jacob ; and Jacob begat Judas and his brethren. Mat. i. 2. Yet they a beauteous offspring shall beget. BUton, P. L., xi. 613. Become stout Marses, and beget young Cupids. B. Jonson, Alchemist, ii. 1. 2. To produce as an effect; cause to exist; generate; occasion: as, luxury begets vice; "love is begot by fancy," Glanrilb . Intellectual science has been observed to benet invaria- bly a doubt of the existence of matter. Emerson, Nature. Thought is essentially independent of language, and speech could never have begotten reason. Mivart, Nature and Thought, p. 167. = Syn. To breed, engender. begetter (be-get'er), re. One who begets or pro- creates ; a father. begetting (bf-get'ing), re. 1. The act of pro- creating or producing. — 2. That which is be- gotten : progeny. beggable (beg'a-bl), a. [< beg 1 + -able.] Ca- pable of being begged. Things disposed of or not beggable. Butler, Characters. beggar (beg'ar), re. [Early mod. E. more com- monly begger, < ME. begger, beggere, also beg- gar, beggare, a beggar: for the etym., see beg 1 . The reg. mod. spelling is begger ; the ME. vari- ant spelling beggar, beggare, has not neces- sarily a bearing upon the conjectured derivation from OF. begard, the suffix -er being in ME. often variable to -ar ; cf. mod. E. liar.'] 1. One who begs or asks alms; especially, one who lives by asking alms or makes it his busi- ness to beg. Bidderes ami beggeres fast about yede, With hire belies and here bagges of brede full yerammed. Piers Plowman. 2. One who is in indigent circumstances; one who has been beggared. — 3t. One who asks a favor; one who entreats ; a petitioner. Count. Wilt thou needs he a beggar/ Clo. I do beg your good will in chia ease. Shah., All's Well, i. 3. What subjects will precarious kings regard? A beggar speaks too softly to he heard, Dryden, 4. One who assumes in argument what he does not prove. These shameful beggars of principles. TtiloUon. 5. A fellow; a rogue: used (a) i mtempt fur a low fellow; (b) as a term of playful familiarity: as, he is a good-hearted little In g- .'/»''• Masterful beggar. See masterful. To go or go home by beggars bush, to go to ruin Brewer. beggar fbeg'ftr), »' . t- [Early mod. E. also beg- ger; ( beggar, «.] 1. To make a beggar of; reduce to beggary; impoverish. \\ hose heavy hand hath how'd yon to the grave, And beggar d yours for ever. Shak., Macbeth, iii. 1. beggary Beggar'd by fools, whom still In- found too late ; lie had his jest, and they had his estate. Dryden, Al>s. and Aehit., i. 561. A rapacious government, and a h: gape, yawn) ; all variously with «- formative from the root *gi, seen also in OHG. glen and giwen, gewon, MHG. giiren, geioen = L. hiare = OBulg. sijati = Russ. sijati = Bohem. zivati = Lith. zhioti, etc., gape, yawn (cf. Gr. xaoumvj yawn, ,t'iioc, chaos, ^-(icr/zo, chasm, etc.: see chaos, chasm): see yawn and hiatus. Cf. open as equiv. to begin, and close as equiv. to end.] I. trans. 1. To take the first step in; set about the performance or accom- plishment of ; enter upon ; commence. Ye nymphs of Solyma, begin the song. Pope, Messiah, 1. 1. 2. To originate; be the originator of: as, to begin a dynasty. Proud Nimrod first the savage chase began. Pope, Windsor forest, 1. 61. 3. To trace from anything as the first ground; date the beginning of. The apostle begins our knowledge in the creatures which leads us to the knowledge of God. Locke. = Svn. 1. To set about, institute, undertake, originate, initiate. II. intrans. 1. To come into existence ; arise; originate : as, the present German empire be- gan with William I. Made a selfish war begin. Tennyson, To F. D. Maurice. 2. To take a first step ; commence in any course or operation ; make a start or commencement. No change of disposition begins yet to show itself in England. Jefferson, in Bancroft's Hist. Const., I. 436. The contest raged from morning until night, when the Moors began to yield. Irving, Granada, p. 35. To begin the board. See board.— To begin with. («) To enter upon first; use or employ first: as, to begin with the Latin grammar; /" begin with prayer, (b) At the out- set ; as the first thing to he considered ; first of all : as, to begin with, I do not like its color. Animals can be trained to behave in a way in which, to begin with, they are Incapable of behaving. t. II. Green, I>rolegomena to Ethics, § 113. begint (be-gin'), n. [< begin, v.] A beginning. Let no whit thee dismay The hard beginne that meetes thee in the dore. Spenser, F. Q., III. iii. 21. beginner (be-gin'er), n. [ME. begynner ; < be- gin + -cr 1 .] 1. One who begins or originates ; 507 one who starts or first leads off; an author or originator. Where are the vile beginners <>f this fray? Shak., R. and J., iii. 1. 2. Onebeginningto learn or practise ; anovice; a tyro: as, "a sermon of a new beginner," Sw'i/t. There are noble passages in it, but they are for the adept and not for the beginner. 0. W. Holmes, R. W. Emerson, xiv. beginning (be-gin'ing), n. [< ME. beginninge, beginnunge (= MHG. bcginnunge) ; verbal n. of begin.] 1. The origin; source; first cause. I am . . . the beginning and the ending. Rev. i. 8. 2. The point of time or epoch at which any- thing begins; specifically, the time when the universe began to be. In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. Gen. i. 1. It was reserved for Hutton to declare for the first time that the rocks around us reveal no trace of the beginning of things. Geikie, Geol. Sketches, ii. 3. The initial stage or first part of any pro- cess or proceeding; the starting-point: as, a small beginning. He was come to that height of honour out of base be- ginnings. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 564. The beginning of writing is the hieroglyphic or symbol- ical picture, the beginning of worship is fetishism or idol- atry, the beginning of eloquence is pictorial, sensuous, and metaphorical, the beginning of philosophy is the myth. Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 142. beginningless (be-gin'ing-les), a. [< beginning + -less.] Having no beginning: correlative to endless. [Rare.] begird (be-gerd'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. begirt, begirded, ppr. begirding. [< ME. begirden, only in pret. or pp. begurt, < AS. begyrdan (= OHG. bigurtjan ; cf. Goth, bigairdan, strong verb), < be- + gyrdan, gird : see be- 1 and gird 1 .] 1. To bind with a band or girdle. — 2. To sur- round; inclose; encompass. Uther's son Begirt with British and Armoric knights. Milton, P. L., i. 581. begirdle (be-ger'dl), v. t. [< be- 1 + girdle.] To surround or encircle as with a girdle. Like a ring of lightning they . . . begirdle her from shore to shore. Carlyle, French Rev., III. vii. 3. begirtt (be-gert')i v. t. [A form of begird, inf., due to the frequent pp. begirt, pret. and pp. being the same as those of begird.] To be- gird ; encompass. Begirt the wood, and fire it. Massinger, Bashful Lover, iii. 5. To begirt the almighty throne, Beseeching or besieging. Milton, P. L., v. 868. beglare (be-glar'), v. t. [< be- 1 + glare.] To glare at or on. [A humorous coinage.] So that a bystander, without beholding Mrs. Witter at all, must have known at whom she was glaring by seeing her refracted from the countenance of the beglared one. Dickens, Our Mutual Friend, I. xvi. beglerbeg (beg'ler-beg'), n. Same as beylerbey. beglerbeglic (beg'ler-beg'lik), n. Same as bei/li rbeylik. begloom (be-gloin'), v. t. [< be- 1 + gloom.] To make gloomy; darken. [Rare.] begnaw (be-na'), v. t. [ME. not found; < AS. begnagan, gnaw, < be- + gnagan, gnaw: see be- 1 and gnaw.] To bite or gnaw; eat away; corrode ; nibble at. [Rare.] The worm of conscience still be-aiuav thy soul. Shak., Rich. III., i. 3. begot (be-go'), v. t. ; pret. bewent, pp. begone. [< ME. begon, bigon, < AS. began (= D. begaan = OHG. bigdn, MHG. begun, begen.G. begchen), < be-, by, about, + gdn, go: see 6c- 1 and go.] 1. To go about; encompass; surround. — 2. To clothe; attire. — 3. To surround or beset; affect as a circumstance or influence : now only in the perfect participle begone, in tvoebe- gone, beset with woe (originally in the con- struction him was wo begon, in which wo is the subject and him the dative object, subsequent- ly made the subject). So was I glad and wel begon. Chaucer, Parliament of Fowls, 1. 171. begodt (be-god'), v. t. [<6c-l + god.] To dei- fy: as, "begodded saints," South, Sermons, V. xcvii. begone 1 (be-gon'). [Prop, two words, be gone (be, inf. or imp v.; gone, pp.), irreg. united, as also in beware.] Begone; go away; depart. Begone ! you are my brother ; that's your safety. Beau, and FL, Maid's Tragedy, iv. 1. " You must begone,'' said Death ; " these walks are mine." Tennyson, Love and Death, begone-t (be-gon'). Past participle of bego. Beguard Begonia (bf-go'ni-a), u. [XL., named after Michel Jiii/mi (163&-1710), a French promoter of science.] A very large genus of polypeta- lous exogenous plants, tin- type of the nat- ural order Begoniacex. rhi \ are mo tiy herbaceous, natives of the war regions "t the globe, and are fre- Begonia pannosa. a, branch with male flowers ; e, c, two forms of styles and stigmas ; d, fruit. (From Le Maout and Decaisne's " Traite general de Bota- nique.") quent in cultivation as foliage-plants and for their showy or singular (lowers. A very great diversity in the often brilliant coloring of the leaves has been reached by skilful crossing. From the shape of their large, oblique, fleshy leaves some species are known by the name ol elephant's- ear. The succulent aeiil stalks of several species are u.-ed as pot-herbs. Begoniaceae (be-go-ni-a'se-e), n. pi. [NL., < Be- gonia + -tteece.] A natural order of plants, al- lied to the Cucurbitaeete and t.'aetaectv, of which I',i in in in is the typical genus. The only other genera are BiXUbrandia ol the Sandwich Islands, monotypic, and Begoniella of the United States of Colombia, of only two species. begoniaceous (be-go-ni-a'shius), a. Belonging to or resembling the Begoniaa a . begore (be-gor'), r. t. [< be- 1 + yore 1 .] To be- smear with gore. Spenser. begot (be-gof). Preterit and past participle of In in I. begotten (be-got'n). Past participle of beget. begrace (be-'gras'), v. t. [< be- 1 + grace.] To say "your grace" to; address by the title of a duke or bishop. Holinshed. [Rare.] begravet (bf-grav'), v. t. [< ME. begraven, < AS. In ijriifiiii, bury (= OS. bigrabhan = D. begraven = OflG. bigraban = Sw. begrafla = Dan. be- ijrurr, bury, = Goth, bigraban, dig around), < be- + grafan, grave, dig: see be- 1 and grave 1 , v.] 1. To bury. Gomer. — 2. To engrave. With great sleight Of workmanship it was 6i Gower, Conf. Amant., i. begrease (be-gres'), v. t. [< be- 1 + grease.] To soil or daub with grease or other oily matter. begrime (be-grim'), v. t. [< be- 1 + grime.] To make grimy; cover or impress as with dirt or grime. Tlie justice-room begrimed witli ashes. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., x. -Syn. Tarnish^ etc. Seesoil. begrudge (be-gruj'), o. t. [Early mod. E. also In ij in leli, { ME. begruccht u : see/x- 1 and grudgi .] To grudge ; envy the possession of. There wants no teacher to make a poor man begrudge his powerful and wealthy neighbour both his actual share in the government, and his disproportionate share of the good things of this life. Brougham. begruntlet (be-grun'tl), v. t. [< be- 1 + gruntle. Cf. disgruntle.] To render uneasy ; disconcert. The Spaniards were begruntled with these scruples. Dp. Haeket, Lite. if Abp. Williams, i. 131. begrutcht, w. t. Obsolete form of begrudge. begrutten (be-grut'n), a. [< be- 1 + grutten, pp. of greit, ijn i f, cry : see greet-.] Showing the effects of much weeping ; marred or swollen in face through sore or continued weeping. [Scotch.] Poor things, . . . they are sae begrutten. Scott, Monastery, \ iii. begstert, «• A Middle English form of beggar. Chaucer. Begtashi (beg-ta'she), «. [Turk.] A secret religious order in Turkey resembling the order of Freemasons, employing passwords and signs of recognition very similar to, and in some eases identical with, those of the hitter order, and including many thousands of influential members. Imp. Diet. beguan (beg'wan), n. [Prob. a native name.] A bezoar or concretion found in the intestines of the iguana. Beguard, n. See Beghard. beguile beguile (be-gil'), v. t. [< ME. begilen, begylen (= Ml>. beghijlen), < be- + gilen, gylen, gule, deceivi ■: see fie- 1 and guile."] 1. To delude with guilej deceive; impose on by artifice or craft. The serpent beg I me, and I did eat Gen. iii. 18. Bj expectation everj da] ■'- guU >l. Dupeol to morrow even noma child. Cowper, M> Mother's Picture. 2. To elude or cheek by artifice or craft ; foil. Twas yet some comfort When misery could Intuit,- tlie tyrant's rage, And frustrate his proud will. Shah., Lear, iv. (>. 3. To deprive of irksomeness or unpleasant- ness by diverting the mind; render unfeli ; -. id pass insensibly and pleasantly ; while away. I would beguile The tedious day with Bleep. Sheik., Hamlet, iii. 'J. Chiefs of elder Art ! Teachers of wisdom ! wh old i M\ tedious hours. Bascoe, To my Books. 4. To transform as if by charm or guile ; charm. Till to a smile The g Iwifi ■ b arful face he did beguile. William Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 225. 5. To entertain as with pastimes; amuse. The tales With which this da} the children she beguiled She glean'd from Breton grandames when a child. M. Arnold, Tristram and Iseult, iii. To beguile of, to deprive of by guile or pleasing artifl( e. The writer who f" nui.,- ,,/ their tediousness the dull hours of life. Everett, Orations, I. 302. = SyTL 1. Cheat, mislead, inveigle.— 3-5. Amuse, Divert, etc (see amuse)', cheer, solace. beguilement (be-gil'rnent), n. [< beguile + -mint.] The act of beguiling; the state of be- ing beguiled, beguiler (be-gi'ler), n. One who or that which beguiles or deceives, beguilingly (bf-gi'ling-li), adv. In a manner to beguile or deceive. beguiltyt (be-gil'ti), v. t. [< be- 1 + guilty.) To render guilty ; burden with a sense of guilt. By easy commutations of public penance for a private pecuniary mulct [thou] dost at once beguilty thine own conscience with sordid briber} Bp. Sanderson, Sermons, p. 275. Beguin, Beguine (beg'in; sometimes, as mod. P., ba-gaii', m., -gen', f.), n. [(1) Beguin, Bc- guine, fem. : early mod. E. also begin, begine, beghine, beggin, bigin, biggayne, < ME. begyne, bygynne, < OF. beguine, mod. F. beguine = Sp. Pg. beguina = It. beghina, bighina (MD. beghijne, 1). begijn, LGh and G-. begine), < ML. beghina, begina, beggina, beguina, bigina, etc. (of. E. big- gin?-, from the same source). VI) Beguin, masc, < OF. beguin, mod. F. beguin = Sp. Pg. beguvno = It. beghino, bighino, < ML. beghinus, beginus, beggimis. bvguinun, biginus, etc.: formed, first as fem., with suffix -in, ML. -iua, -inus, from the name of Lambert Begue or le Begue (i. e., the stammerer: OF. begue, mod. F. begue, dial. In igtu . bieque, stammering; of unknown origin), a priest of Liege, who founded the sisterhood. See also Beghard. The origin of the name was not generally known, and the forms varied, Leading to many etymological conjectures. The connection with E. beggar and beg! is per- haps real; in the sense of 'hypocrite' and 'bigot' las in It. beghino), the word was later confused with bigot, q. v.] 1. A name given tu the members of various religious communi- ties of women who. professing a life of poverty and self-denial, went about in coarse gray clothing (of undyed wool), reading the Scrip- tures and i thorting the people. They originated in the twelfth oi thirteenth century, and formerly flour* lahi it In Germany, the Netherlands, France, and Italy; and munities of the nam.- still exist in Belgium. See be- guinage. [Now generally written Beguine.] Ami Dami Abstinence streyned, Toke mi a robe ol kamelyne. And gan her graft! i a bygynne limn „ J II I, I Wanton wenches and beguine. World of Wonders, 1608. ' ■ l! hi < thi ters and his daugh- ter, who was a beguin, « he was led to execution . Dutch Republic, n n ! 2. [Onlj Beguin.] A member of a community of men founded on the same general principle of life as that of the Beguines (see 1). They be • ami- Infei ted w Ith vario especially h ol Uluminism, which were afterward prop among the communities of women. They were condemned bj Pope John XXII. in the earl} part ol the fourteenth v. The faithful Beguina Joined themselves in num- with Up different orders ••! trial ■ ■ i gener- ally obnoxious and n bit ct ol -■ vere na had greatl} diminished bj thi following centur] bul con- tiini' 'i i ' nil ai t the mlddli of thi Ext - ii. 'i Beghard |i beee names have been frequently used as common nouns, without capitals.] 508 beguinage (beg'in-aj, or, as mod. F., ba-ge- nazh'), n. [F. biguinage, OF. beguinage (>ML. beghinagium), < beguine, a Beguine. See Be- guin and -age.] A community of Beguines. A beguinage usually consists of a large walled inclosure containing a number of small detached houses, each in- habited by one or two Beguines ; there are also sunn com- mon houses, especially for the noi ices and younger mem- bers of the community. In the center is the church, where certain religious offices are performed in common. Each Beguine keeps possession of her own property, and may support herself from it, or from the work of her hands, or by serving others in their houses. They are free to I. ave at any time, and take only simple vows of chastity and obedience during residence. Pious women may also, under eeit.iin rc-trietiims. rent houses and live inside the inclosure without formally joining the community. Such establishments are now chietly met with in Belgium; the immense one near Ghent, built by the Duke of Axemberg in ls74, is the finest example, and one of the most recent. Beguine, «. See Beguin. begum 1 (be-gum'), v. t.; pret. and pp. begum mid, ppr. begumming. [< be- 1 + gum?.] To daub or cover with gum. Swift. begum- (be'gum), n. [ Anglo-Ind. , also bee- gum, begaum, < Hind, begum (cf. Pers. btiigim, a laely), < Turki bigim, a princess, fem. of big, bile = Turk, beg, beg, a prince : see bey 1 .] The title of a Hindu princess or lady of high rank. begun (be-guu'). Past participle and some- times preterit of begin. begunk (bf-gungk ), v. t. [Also spelled be- gink, perhaps a nasalized variation of equiv. Sc. begeck, q. v. See also remark under beflum.] To befool; deceive; balk; jilt. [Scotch.] Whose sweetheart has bequnked him. Blackwood's Mag., VIII. 426. begunk (be-gungk'), n. [< begunk, v.] An illusion ; a trick ; a cheat. [Scotch.] If I havena' gien Inchgrabbit and Jamie Howie abonnie begunk, they ken themsel's. Scott, Waverley, II. xxxv. behad (be-had'), a. [Contr. of Sc. *behald = E. beholden.] Beholden; indebted. [Scotch.] behalf (be-haf'), n. [< ME. behalve, bihalve, in the phrase on (or upon, or in) behalve, in be- half, incorrectly used for on halve (< AS. on healfe, on the side or part of), owing to confu- sion with ME. behalve, behalmen, behalves, adv. and prep., by the side of, near, < AS. be healfe, by the side: see be- 2 , by 1 , and half, n. Cf. be- hoof] 1. Advantage, benefit, interest, or de- fense (of somebody or something). In the behalf of his mistress's beauty. Sir P. Sidney. I was moved to speak in behalf of the absent. Sumner, Prison Discipline. 2f. Affair; cause; matter. In an unjust behalf. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., i. 3. [Always governed by the preposition in, on, or u/ion. See note under behoof.] — In this or that behalf, in respect of, or with regard to, this or that matter. behapt (be-hap'), v. i. [< be- 1 + hap 1 .] To hap- pen. behappent (be-hap'n), v. i. [< be- 1 + happen, appar. suggested by befall.] To happen. That is the greatest shame, and foulest scorne, Which unto any knight behajijun may. Spenser, F. Q.. V. xi. 62. behatet, ». t- [ME. ; < be- 1 + hate.] To hate ; detest. Chaucer. behave (be-hav'), v.; pret. and pp. behaved, ppr. behaving. [< late ME. behaven, restrain, retl. behave (see first quot.), < 6c- 1 + have (which thus compounded took the full inflec- tions (pret. rarely behad and irreg. belief!) and developed reg. into the moil. pron. hav). The word is formally identical with AS. behabban, hold, surround, restrain (= I IS. lulu hhiiin, hold, surround, = OHi '•■ bihaben, MIK i. behaben, hold, take possession of), < be, about, + habban, have, hold: see be- 1 and have.] I. trans. If. To gov- ern; manage; conduct; regulate. To Florence they can hur kenne, To lernc hur to hehave hur among men. Le Bone Florence,!. 1567. lie did behave his anger ere 'twas spent. Shak., T, of A., iii. 6. [The old editions read behoove in this passage.] — 2. With a reflexive pronoun, to conduct, comport, acquit, or demean, (a) In some speci- fied way. Those that behaved themselves manfully. 2 Mac. ii. 21. We behaved not ourselves disorderly among you. 2 Ihes, iii. 7. (b) Absolutely, in a commendable or proper way; well or properly: as, behave yourself '; they will not hi hare themselves. — 3f. To employ* OI occupy. \\ In re ease abowods yt's eath to doe ami I'.nt who bi^ limbs with labours, and his uivinl Behaves with cares, cannot so easy mis. Sjnusir, V. Q , II iii. 'It). behavior II. intruns. [The reflexive pronoun omitted. | To act in any relation; have or exhibit a mode of action or conduct : used of persons, and also of things having motion or operation, (a) In a particular manner, as specified: as, tobelmn well or ill; the ship behaves well. But he was wiser and well beheft. II. Jiiusiin, I. lives Welcome at Welbeck. Electricity behaves like an incompressible fluid. Atkinson, tr. of ilaseait and Joubert, I. tin. (b) Absolutely, in a proper manner: as, why do you not behave? behaved (be-havd'). p. a. Mannered; conduct ed: usually with some qualifying adverb: as, a well-In Inn ai person. Gather by him, as he is behav'd, It t In- the affliction of bis love, or no, that thus he Buffers for. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 1. Why, I take the French-oeAaved gentleman. /; Jonson, dynthia s Revels, v. 2. A very pretty behaved gentleman. Sheridan, The Rivals, v. 1. behavior, behaviour (be-hav' yor), u. [The latter spelling is usual in England; early mod. E. behavoure, behavior, behavier, behaviour, be- haver, behavor, behavour, < behave + -cure, -iour, -tor, appar. in simulation of havior, haviour, havour, var. of haver for aver, possession, hav- ing (see aver 2 ), of F. origin. In poetry some- times havior, which may be taken as formed directly from have; cf. Sc. have, behave, hav- ings, behavior.] 1. Manner of behaving, whe- ther good or bad; conduct; mode of acting; manners; deportment: sometimes, when used absolutely, implying good breeding or proper deportment. Some men's behaviour is like a verse wherein every syl- lable is measured. Bacon, Essays, Of Ceremonies and Respects. A gentleman that is very singular in his behaviour. Steele. 2. Figuratively, the manner in which anything acts or operates. The behaviour of the nitrous salts of the amines is worthy of attention. Austen-Pinner, Org. Chem., p. 40. The phenomena of electricity and magnetism were re- duced to the same category; and the behaviour of the magnetic needle was assimilated to that of a needle sub- jected to the influence of artificial electric currents. //. Siiencer, Prin. of Psychol. 3f. The act of representing another person; the manner in which one personates the char- acter of another; representative character. [Very rare, possibly unique. Knight, however, believes that the word is vised here in its natural sense, that is, the manner of having or conducting one's self.] King John. Now, say, Chatillon, what would France with us? Chat. Thus, after greeting, speak- the king of France, In my behaviour, to the majesty, The borrow d majesty, of England here. Shak., K. John, i. 1. Behavior as heir (law Latin, gestio pro hcerede), in Scots law, a passive title, by which an heir, by intromission with his ancestor's heritage, incurs a universal liability for his debts and obligations.— During good behavior, as long as niie remains blameless in tlie discharge of ones duties or the conduct of one's life : as, an office held during good behavior; a convict is given certain privileges during good behavior. — On one's behavior or good behavior. (") Behaving or bound to behave with a regard t<» conven- tional decorum and propriety. [Colloq.] CO Inastateof probation; battle to be called to account in case of mis- conduct. Tyrants themselves are upon '/" " behaviour to a su- perior power, Sir R. I. Estrange, Fables. = Syn. 1. Carriage, Behavior, Conduct, Deportment, In- meanor. bearing, manner, manners, all denote primarily outward manner or conduct, but naturally are freely ex- tended to Internal states or activities. Carriage, the way nf carrying one's sett, may tie mere physical attitude, or it may be personal manners, as expressing slates nf mind : we speak nf a haughty or noble carriage, but not ordi- nal Uy of an ignoble, cringing, or base carnage. Behavior is the most general expression of one's mode of acting ; it also refers particularly to comparatively conspicuous ac- tions and conduct. Conduct is more applicable to actions viewed as connected into a course ot life, especially to ac- tions considered with reference t" morality. Deportment i . ipectaUy behavior In the line of tin proprieties or duties of life: as. Mr. TuTVeydrop was a model "i deportment; the scholars' rank depends partly ui their deportment. Demeanor is most used for manners as expressing charac- ter; it is a i e deli, ate wmd than tin others, and is generally used in a l i sense, We y speak of lofty or gracious corriays; good, bad, wise, foolish, lest, con- ceited behavior; exemplary conduct . grand, modest, i m rect deportment; unlet, refined r. Nothing can be more delicate without being fantasti- cal, nothing re Arm and based in nature and sentiment, than the courtship and mutual carriage of the sexes [in England]. Emerson, Eng. Traits, p. 112. Men's behaviour should be like their apparel, not too strait or point device, but free for exercise or motion. Huron. Kssays, liii. It is both more satisfactory and re safe to trust to 111. COndUCl "I a party than their professions. Ames, Works, II. 214. behavior Even at dancing parties, whore it would Been) that the poetry of motion might do something to soften the rigid bus f Venetian dei'ortnient. tin- poor young people separate after each dance. Howells, Venetian Life, xxi. An elderly gentleman, large and portly and of remark ably dignified demeanor, passing slow]] along. Sawthorne, Seven Gables, i\ behead (bf-hed'}, ». /. [< HE. beheden, bihef- iltn, biheveden, < AS. behedfdian (= MHG. be- houbeten ; of. G. ent-haupten = I*, on-thoofden), behead, < be-, hero priv., + hedfod, head: see be- 1 and Ik ad.] 1. To cut off the head of; kill or execute by decapitation. Russell and Sidney were beheaded in defiance of law and justice. MacaxUay, Hist. F.ng., ii. 2. Figuratively, to deprive of the head, top, or foremost part of: as, to behead a statue or a word, beheading (be-hed'ing), n. [Verbal n. of be- head.] The act of cutting off the head; spe- cifically, execution by decapitation. In Dahomey there are frequent beheadings that the vic- tims, going to the other world to serve the dead king, may carry messages from his living descendant. //. Spencer, J'rin. of Sociol., § 141. beheld (be-held'). Preterit and past participle of behold. behellt fbe-hel'), v. t. [< be- 1 + bell.] To tor- ture as with pains of hell. Hid In lull and rack him. Hetvyt. behemoth (be-he'moth), n. [< Heb. b'hemoth, appar. pi. of excellence, 'great beast,' sing. b'hciuah, a beast, but supposed to be an adap- tation of Egypt, p-ehe-mau, lit. water-ox.] An animal mentioned in Job xl. 15-24 ; probably, from the details given, a hippopotamus, but sometimes taken for some other animal, or for a type of the largest land-animals generally. Behold now behemoth, which I made with thee, he eat- eth grass as an ox. Job xl. 15. Behold in plaited mail Behemoth rears his head. Thomson, Summer, 1. 710. behen, ben 6 (be 'hen, ben), n. [Also written be- ken, been, appar. a corruption of Ar. bahniuii, behmeit, a kind of root, also the flower Rosa ca- nina.] An old name of the bladder-campion, Silcne infia ta. The behen-root of old pharmacists is said to have been the root of Centaurea Behen and of Statics Limonium, distinguished as white and red behen. behest (be-hesf), n. [< ME. behest, bihest, be- heste, etc., with excrescent t, earlier bebese, < late AS. behees, a promise, vow (equiv. to bchdt = OHG-. bihei:, a promise ; of. behight, n.), < be- hdtan, promise: see behight, v., and best.] If. A vow; a promise. Chaucer; Gower; Holland. — 2. A command ; precept ; mandate. Where I have learn'd me to repent the sin Of disobedient opposition To you and your behests. Shah., K. and J., iv. 2. He did not pause to parley nor protest, But hastened to obey the Lord's behest. Longfellow, Torquemada. behestt (be-hesf), v. t. [< ME. behesten, prom- ise, < beheste, a promise : see behest, n.] To promise ; vow. behetet, v. A Middle English form of behight. behewt, V. t. [< ME. Iiehiinn, hew about, carve, < AS. bebedwan, hew off, < be- (in AS. priv.) + hedwan, cut, hew.] To carve; adorn; embel- lish. Al with gold behewe. Chancer, House of Fame, 1. 1306. behightt (be-hif), v. [The common spelling in Spenser and his contemporaries of both present and preterit of ME. pres. inf. beheten, regularly beboten, earlier behaten (pret. behight, behighte, earlier beheht, behet, pp. beboten, later behight), < AS. behdtan (pret. belief, pp. behaten) (= OHG. bihaizan, MHG. behei~en), promise, < be- + hdtan, command, call : see be- 1 and bight". The forms in ME. were confused, like those of the simple verb. The proper sense of behight is 'promise'; the other senses (found only in Spenser and contemporary arehaists) are forced, beiug in part taken from bight".] I. trans. 1. To promise; vow. Tie trayteresse fals and ful of gyle, That al behoteth and nothing halt. Chaucer, Death of Blanche, 1. 621. Behight by vow unto the chaste Minerve. Surrey, Mnck\, ii 2. To call ; name. That Geauntesse Argante is behight. Spenser. F. Q., III. vii. 47. 3. To address. Whom soone as he beheld he knew, and thus behiaht. Spenser, F. Q., V. iv. 25. 4. To pronounce ; declare to be. Why of late' Didst thou behight me borne of F.nglish blood? Spenser, F. Q., I. x. 64. 509 5. To mean ; intend. w "ids sometimes mean more than the heart behiieth. Mir. for Mags., p. 461. 6. To commit; intrust. The kcies are to thy hand behight. Spenser, F. t)., 1. X. 50. 7. To adjudge. There was it judged, by those worthie wights, that Satyrane the first day best had donne : . . . The second was to Triamond hehuiht. Spenser, F. Q., IV. v. 7. 8. To command ; ordain. So, taking i teous congd, la* behight Those gates to be unbar d, and forth he went. ,s> nser, !•'. Q., II. xi. 17. II. in trans. To address one's self. And lowly to her lowting thus behight. Spi nser, F. I)., IV. ii. 23. behightt (be-hif ),». [< behight, v. Cf.UE.be- hct, In Imi, In hat, < AS. behat, a promise. See behest."] A promise ; vow; pledge. Surrey. behind (be-hlnd'), adv. and prep. [< ME. be- hinde, belli nttcn, < AS. behindan (=OS. bihindan), adv. and prep., behind, < hi', by, + hiiulan, adv., behind, from behind, at the back : see be-" and hind 3 .'] I. adv. 1. At the back of some person or thing ; in the rear : opposed to before. So runn'st thou after that which flies from thee, Whilst I thy babe chase thee afar behind. Shak., Sonnets, cxliii. 2. Toward the back part ; backward : as, to look behiml. She that could think, and ne'er disclose her mind, See suitors following, and not look beh ind. Shak., Othello, ii. 1. Worse things, unheard, unseen, remain behind. Shelley, Prometheus Unbound, i. 1. 3. Out of sight ; not produced or exhibited to view ; in abeyance or reserve. And fill up that which is behind of the afflictions of Christ in my flesh. Col. i. 24. We cannot be sure that there is no evidence behind. Locke. 4. Remaining after some occurrence, action, or operation : as, he departed and left us be- hind. Thou shalt live in this fair world behind. Shak., Hamlet, iii. 2. Where the bee can suck no honey, she leaves her sting behind. Beau, and Ft., Prol. to Knight of Burning Pestle. 5. Past in the progress of time. Forgetting those things which are behind. Phil. iii. 13. 6. In arrear; behindhand: as, he is behind in his rent. So that ye come behind in no gift. 1 Cor. i. 7. II. prep. 1. At the back or in the rear of, as regards either the actual or the assumed front: the opposite of be/ore : as, the valet stood be- hind his master; crouching behind a tree. Behind yon hills where Lugar flows. Bum*, My Nannie, 0. A tall Brabanter behiml whom I stood. Ep. Hall, Account of Himself. The lion walk'd along Behind some hedge. Shak., Venus and Adonis, 1. 1094. 2. Figuratively, in a position or at a point not so far advanced as ; in the rear of, as regards progress, knowledge, development, etc.; not on an equality with: as, behind the age; he is behind the others in mathematics. For I suppose I was not a whit behind the verychiefest apostles. 2 Cor. xi. 5. In my devotion to the Union I hope I am behind no man in the nation. Lincoln, in Raymond, p. 99. 3. In existence or remaining after the removal or disappearance of : as, he left a large family In In ml him. What he gave me to publish was but a small part of what he left behind him. Pope. Behind one's back. See 600*1.— Behind the curtain. See curtain.- Behind the scenes. See scene.— Behind the times, not well informedas to current events ; hold- ing to older ideas and ways.— Behind time, later than the prop.-r or appointed time in doing anything. =Syn. Be. hind, After. Behind relates primarily to position ; after, to time. When after notes position, it is less close or ex- act than behind, and it means position in motion. To say that men stood one after another in a line was once cor- rect (see Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 901, "kneeled . . . each after other"), but is not so now. They may come one after another, that is, somewhat irregularly and apart ; they came one behind another, that is, close together, one covering another. The distinction is similar to that between heneatli and Inline. Out bounced a splendidly spotted creature of the cat kind. Immediately behind him crept out his mate ; and there they stood. /'. Robinson, Under the Sun, p. 144. On him they laid the cross, that he might bear it after Jesus. Luke xxiii. 20. behindhand (be-hind'hand), prep. phr. as adv. or a. [< behind + band; of. beforehand.] 1. In the rear; in a backward state: not sufficient- beholding ly advanced ; not equally advanced with some other person or lliing: as, behindhand in studies or work. And these thy offices, 3o rarely kind, are a mi. 1 jarters Of my Ihliind Imnd slackness. Shuk., W. T., v. 1. ' p. and all the morning within doors, beginning to set my accounts in order from before this tire, I being behind. hand with them ever since. Pepys, Diary, 1 1 i" Nothing can 1 xceed tin- evils of this spring. All agri- cultural operations arc at Least a month behindhand. Sydney Smith, '!" Lady Holland. 2. Late; delayed beyond the proper time; be- hind the time set or expected. Government expeditions are generally behindhand. Cnrnli, II \lo 1 \l.11. b. |-62. 3. In a state in which expenditure has gone beyond income ; in a state in which means are not adequate to the supply of wants; in arrear: as, to be behindhand in one's circumstances ; you are behindhand with your payments. Having run something behindhand in the world, he ob- tained the favour of a certain lord to receive him into his house. Swift, Tale of a Tub, ii. 4. Underhand; secret; clandestine. [Rare.] Those behindhand and paltry manoeuvres which destroy confidence between human beings and degrade the char- acter of the statesman and the man. Leeky, Eng. in 18th Cent., xv. behithert (be-hiTH'er), prep. [< 6e- 2 as in be- yond, behind, etc., + hither.] On this side of. Two miles behither Clifden. Evelyn, Diary, July 23, 1679. behold (be-hold'), v. ; pret. and pp. beheld, ppr. In holding. [< ME. beholden, hiholilan. hihalili n, hold, bind by obligation (in this sense only in pp. beholden, beholde: see beholden), commonly observe, see, < AS. behealdan, hold, keep, ob- serve, see (= OS. bihaldan = OFries. bihaltla = D. behouden = OHG. bihaltan. MHG. G. be- halien, keep), < be- + healdan, hold, keep : see be- 1 and hold 1 . Other words combining the senses ' keep ' and ' look at ' are observe and regard.] I. trans. If. To hold by; keep; re- tain. — 2f. To hold ; keep ; observe (a com- mand). — 3. To hold in view; fix the eyes upon; look at; see with attention; observe with care. When he beheld the serpent of brass, he lived. Num. xxi. 9. Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world. John i. 29. = Syn. Observg, Witness, etc. (see see); look upon, con- sider, eye, view, survey, contemplate, regard. II. intrans. 1. To look; direct the eyes to an object; view; see: in a physical sense. Virginius gan niton the cherl beholde. Chaucer, Doctor's Tale, 1. 191. And I beheld, and lo, in the midst of the throne . . . stood a Lamb as it had been slain. Rev. v. 6. 2. To fix the attention upon an object; at- tend; direct or fix the mind : in this sense used chiefly in the imperative, being frequently little more than an exclamation calling attention, or expressive of wonder, admiration, and the like. Behold, I stand at the door ami knock. Rev. iii. 20. Prithee, see there! behold I look! lo! Shak., Macbeth, iii. 4. 3f. To feel obliged or bound. For who would behold to gene eounsell, if in counselling there should be any perill? J. Brende, tr. of Quintus Curtius, iii. beholden (be-hol'du), 71. a. [Formerly often erroneously beholding; < ME. beholden, beholde, prop. ppr. of behold, v.] Obliged: bound in gratitude ; indebted ; held by obligation. Little are we beholden to your love. Shak., Rich. II., iv. 1. We had classics of our own. without being beholden to "insolent Greece or haughty Rome.'' Lamb, Christ's Hospital. beholder (be-hol'der), n. [< ME. beholder, biholder, -ere; < behold + -er 1 .] One who be- holds ; a spectator ; one who looks upon or sees. Was this the face That, like the sun, did make beholders wink? Shak.. Rich. II., iv. 1. beholding 1 (be-hol'ding), 11. [< ME. hebold- ynge, bihaldung'e : < beholden, behold.] The act of looking at ; gaze ; view ; sight. The revenges we are bound to take upon your traitor- ous father are not fit for your bt holding. Shak., Lear, iii. 7. beholding'-t (be-hol'ding), a. [Corrupt form of beholden.] 1. Under obligation; obliged. The stage is more beholding lo love than the life of man. Bacon, Love. beholding Oh, I thank you, I :itn much beholding to yon. * 'hapman. Blind Beggaj It i-- in thi power of every hand to destroy us, ami we one we meet, he doth not kill us, i; Li i M< dicl, i. i i 2. Attractive; fascinating. Whi i assure you, my beauty was not more i o him than my harmony Sir r Sfi ' ■■■ • 'rcadia, I 50 beholdingness ('".'"'"" , '' l ''"~"" |,s ^ "■ Thestate ill I .. -i u ir beholden or under obligation to any one. Thank me, ye gods, with much beholdi For marke, I doe not i ursi you Warston, Sophonisba, v. 2. behoney (I'C'-hun'i). v. t. [< be- 1 + honey."] To cover or smear with honey : sweeten with honey, or with honeyed words. behoof (be-hbf), «. [< Ml'.. '»/<"/ (chiefly in the dat. tiehove, with prep, to, //'. or /or), < AS. "behof, advantage (inderiv. behoflic, advantage- ous, bt hefi . useful, accessary . In liotinn. behoove: sir behoove) (= OFries. behof, bihbf = D. Se- tae/---- Ml.t.. behof = MHG. 6»ft«o/, G. 6cA«/, advantage, = Sw. behof = Dan. /»/»»■, need, D.eei ssity; i E. [i el. fco/, moderation, measure, Goth, ga-hobains, self-restraint), < "behebban (pret. *behof) = MHG. i„l,,i,,„. take, hold, < /»- + hebban, heave, raise, orig. take up, take: see oi-i ami heave. In the phrase ?'« or ow /«- /;.» : /' o/, the word is confused with behalf.] That which is advantageous to a person; be- half; interest; advantage; profit; benefit. \ ordeth nought to the behove Of resonable mannes use. , Conf. Aruant., i. 15. No mean recompense it brings • To your '- hoof. Milton, I'. L., ii. 982. Who wants the finer politic sense I . :i i !, fcho' lint in his nun behoof, With a glassy smile his brutal scorn. Tennyson, Maud, vi. Is not, indeed, every man a student, and do not all things exist for tin student s behoof! Emerson, Misc., p. 73. [This word is probably never used as a nominative, being .ii) governed by one of the prepositions to, for, in, or on, and limited by a possessive word or phrase. Behalf is used similarly.] behooffult, a. The more correct form of be- liooveful. behoovable (b#-h8'va-bl), a. [< behoove + -able] Useful;' profitable; needful; fit. Also spelled behovable and behoveable. [Rare.] All spiritual graces behoveable for our soul. Booifc of Homilies, ii. behoove (be-hbV), v.; pret. and pp. behooved, ppr. behooving. [Also spelled, against analogy, behove; < ME. behoven, behofen, AS. behofian, need, lie necessary (= < 'Fries, hihiivia = D. be- lt,,, r, i, — MLG. behovi n, LG. fcefeo&em, Inliiibcn = G. i,,i,„/,,i (obs.) = Sw. heiiiifnt = Dan. 6efto»e) ; from the noun: see behoof. ' Cf. Icel. ftasfffl, aim at, hit, behoove, = Sw. hofvas, beseem. The pret. In homed is worn down in Se. to bud. bid, : see f»d.] I. *ra««. 1. To be fit or meet for, with respect to necessity, duty, or convenience: In. necessary for; become: now used only in the third person singular with it as subject. It b\ hoves tin- high, For theirown sakes, to do tilings worthily. /; Jon. on, < ynthia's Revels, v. 3. Indeed, ii behoved him to keep on good terms with his pupils. Irving, Sketch-Book. Il< is sin., of himself, and never needs to ask another what in any crisis it behooves him to do. Emerson, W ar. 2f. To ri late to the advantage of; concern the well-being of: formerly used with a regular nominative. " ii doi behove my knowledge Then m'd, impri on it not In igni ilment. Shak., W. T., 1. 2. II. t intrans. To i"- necessary, suitable, or fit. Sometime bel ieth it to be counselled. i haueffi , Mellbeus. II. had all those endowment mightily at command Which ' in a scholar. /.■/. Backet, Life of Abp. Williams, I. 89. . 'spilled i„ hove. behoovet, «■ An obsolete form (properly da- tive ! of behoof. behoovefult ( be-hc^ 'lid |, ,,. [ Prop., as in early mod. E., behoofful, < Mil. behoveful, < behof, be- hoof, + -fill.] Needful: useful; lit; profitable; advantageous. M:i'i;iin. .... have cull'd such necessai Shak , a, and J., iv. 8. It may be most t.i transai t the sum. publi, i> Clarendon behoovefullyt (be-hbVful-i), adv. Usefully: profit a lily; necessarily. 510 behornt ('H'-horn'), r. /. [< &e-i + horn.] To put horns on : cuckold. behotet, ». Same as behight. behourd, «■ L ( "''■■ a ' s " written behourt, behov/r, bihour, bohourd, etc., "a juste or tourney of many together with launces and batleaxes; also a bustling or blustering noise" (Cot grave); < behourder, behourdir, "to just together with launces,'' < behourt, a lance.] A variety of the just practised in the thirteenth century, or, in some cases, a variety of the tourney. behovable, behoveable, a. See behoovable. behove, r. Less correct spelling of behoove. behovelyt, a. [ME. (mod. as if *behoofly): see behoof and -h/ 1 .] Necessary; advantageous. Chaucer. behowl (be-houl'), v. t. [< be- 1 + howl.] To howl at. The wolf behowls the moon. Shak., M. N. 1)., v. 2. behung (be-hung'), -p. a. [Pp. of "behang, not used, < be- 1 + hang.] Draped; ornamented with something hanging: as, a horse behung with trappings. [Rare.] beid-el-sar (bad-el-sar'), n. [Ar.] A plant, used in Africa as a remedy for various cutaneous affections. It is the Calotropis procera, an aselepiada- ceous shrub of tropical Africa and southern Asia. The Egyptians use the down of its seeds as tinder. beige (bazh), a. [F., < It. bigio, gray: see bice.] Having its natural color: said of a woolen fab- ric made of undyed wool. beild, n. and v. t. See Meld. beildy, a. See bieldy. bein (ben), a. [Also been, bene, Sc. also Hen, < ME. been, beene, bene ; origin unknown. The Icel. beinn, hospitable, lit. straight, is a different word, the source of E. bainl, ready, willing, etc. : see bain 1 .] 1. Wealthy; well to do : as, a bein farmer; a bein body. — 2. Well provided ; comfortable; cozy. This is a gey bein place, and it's a comfort to hae sic a corner to sit in in a bad day. Scott, Antiquary, II. xxiv. [Now only Scotch.] bein (ben), adv. [Also bien; < bein, a.] Com- fortably. [Scotch.] I grudge a wee the great folks' gift, That live sae bien and snug. Burns, Ep. to Davie, i. being (be'ing), n. [< ME. beynge, byinge, verbal n. of been, be.] 1. Existence in its most com- prehensive sense, as opposed to non-existenee; existence, whether real or only in thought. — 2. In mctaph., subsistence in a state not necessa- rily amounting to actual existence ; rudimentary existence. But the word is used in different senses by different philosophers. Hegel defines it as immediacy, that is, the ahstract character of the present. In its most proper acceptation, it is the name given by philosophical reflection to that which is revealed in immediate con- sciousness independently of the distinction of subject and object. It may also be defined, but with less precision, as the ahstract noun corresponding to the concrete class cm- bracing every object, Bcin,j is also used in philosophy in- fluenced by Aristotle to signify the rudiment or germ of existence, consisting in a nature, or principle of growth, before actual existence. It is also frequently used to mean actual existence, the complete preparation to produce ef- fects on the senses and on other objects. Psychologically, being may be defined as the objectiflcation of consciousness, though the distinction of subject from object logically presupposes being. Wee may well reject a Liturgie which had no being that w.e can know of, but from the corruptest times. Mill,,,,, lief, of lllimli. Pel -t First, Thou madest things which should have being with- out life. lip. Hull. Contemplations, The Creation. Consider everything as not yet in being; then consider if it must needs have been at all. BenHey. out noisy years seem moments in the being (it the eternal Silence. Wordsworth, ode to Immortality. 3. That which exists; anything that is: as, inanimate beings. What a sweet being is an honest mm. I ' Widdleton l,i,,. be- leggen, cover, overlay; as a naut. term, belay; = OHG. bilegen, MHG. G. belegen), < be-, about, around, by, + lecgan, lay. The naut. use is perhaps due to the D. In the sense of 'sur- round,' cf. beleaguer.] If. To surround; en- viron; inclose.— 2f. To overlay; adorn. All in a woodman's jacket he was clad Of Lincolne greene, belayd with silver lace. Spenser, F. Q., VI. ii. 5. 3f. To besiege ; invest ; surround. Gaynst such stroug castles needeth greater might Then those small forts which ye were wont belay. Spenser, Sonnets, xiv. So when Arabian thieves belayed us round. Sandys, Hymn to God. 4f. To lie in wait for in order to attack; hence, to block up or obstruct. The speedy horse all passages belay. Dryden, .Encid, ix. 5. Naut, to fasten, or make fast, by winding round a belaying- pin, cleat, orcavel: applied chiefly to running rigging. When we belayed the halyards, there was no- thing left but the bolt- rope. 11. H. Dana, Jr., Before [the Mast, p. 256. belaying-bitt (b§- la'ing-bit), n. Any bitt to which a rope BeUytoe-pta in lf; h ^ h '"^ be " can be belayed. belaying-pin (be-la 'iug-pin), ». Naut, a wooden or iron pin to which running rigging may be belayed. beleave belch (belch), r. [Early mod. I'... also belche, bache, ME. belchen, assibilated form of early mod. E. and E.dial. (north.) lull.; < ME. beUcen, < AS. bceloian, bealeian, also with added forma- tive, bealcettan, belch, ejaculate; allied (<> balk 2 and hoik, all [.roll. ult. imitative: sir lull.; ball;-, bulk.] I. intrans. 1. To eject wind noisily from the stomach through the mouth; eructate. All radishes breed wind, . . . and provoke a man that eatcih them to belch. Holland, tr. ,,f Pliny, xi\. 5. 2. To issue out, as with eructation : as, "belch- ing flames," Dryden. II. trans. 1. To throw or eject from the stomach with violence ; eructate. Belching raw gobbets front bis maw. Addison, .F.neiil, iii. 2. To eject violently from within ; cast forth. The gates, that now Stood open wide, belching outrageous tlame. Milton, I'. L., x. 232. Though heaven drop sulphur, and hell belch out fire. B. Jonson, Sejauus, ii. 2. 3. To ejaculate; vent with vehemence: often with out: as, to belch out blasphemies; to belch out one's fury. belch (belch), n. [< belch, v.] 1. The act of throwing out from the stomach or from within ; eructation. — 2f. A cant name for malt liquor, from its causing belching. A sudden reformation would follow among all sorts of people ; porters would no longer be drunk with belch. />. nnis. belcher 1 (bel'cher), n. One who belches. belcher 2 (bel'cher), n. [So called from an English pugilist named Jim Belcher.] A neck- erchief with darkish-blue ground and large white spots with a dark-blue spot in the center of each. [Slang.] belchildt (bel'ehlld), ».; pi. belchildren (-ehil"- dren). [< 6e/-, grand-, as in beldam, belsire, etc. (see 6c/i), + child.] A grandchild. To Thomas Doubledaye and Katherine his wife, my daughter, a cowe. To their children, my belchildren, etc. Will of 1504, quoted in N. and Q., 7th ser., III. 77. beldam, beldame (bel'dam, -dam), ». [< ME. beldam, beldame, only in sense of grandmother (correlative to belsire, grandfather), < ME. 6e/-, grand-, as in belsire, etc. (see 6eH), + dame, mother. The word was thus in E. use lit. ' good mother,' used distinctively for grandmother, not as in F. 6c//e dame, lit. fair lady : see 6c/ 1 , 6c//c, and dame.] It. Grandmother: corre- sponding to belsire, grandfather : sometimes applied to a great-grandmother. To show the beldame daughters of her daughter. Shak., Lucrece, 1. 953. 2. An old woman in general, especially an ugly old woman; a hag. Around the beldam all erect they hang. Akenside. Our witches are no longer old And wrinkled beldames, Satan-sold. Whittier, New-England Legend. 3f. [A forced use of the F. 6c//c dame.] Fair dame or lady. Spenser. beleadt, <'• /• [< ME. beleden, < AS. belwdan, < 6c- + Id'dan, lead: see 6c- 1 and lead 1 .] 1. To lead away. — 2. To lead ; conduct. beleaguer (be-le'ger), v. t. [< D. belegeren, be- siege ( = G. belagern = Sw. belagra = Dan. 6e- Icegre, also belejre, perhaps < D. belegeren), < 6c- + leger, a camp, encamping army, place to lie down, a bed (= E. lair and layer = G. lagt r, a camp, = Sw. lager, a bed, etc.): see 6c- 1 and leaguer, ledger, lair, layer, lager.] To besiege; surround with an army so as to preclude es- cape ; blockade. The Trojan camp, then beleaguered by Turnus and the Latins. Dryden, tr. of Dufresnoy. = Syn. To invest, lay siege to, beset. beleaguerer (be-le'ger-er), n. One who be- leaguers or besieges; a besieger. O'er the walls The wild beleamterers broke, and, one by one, The strongholds of the plain were forced. Bryant, The Prairies. beleaguerment (be-le'ger-ment), n. [< 6c- leaguer + -ment] The act of beleaguering, or the state of being beleaguered. Fair, fickle, courtly France, . . . Shattered by hard beleaguerment, and wild ire, That sacked and set her palaces on lire. B. H. Stoddard, Guests of State. beleavet (be-leV), v. [< ME. beleven, bileven, etc., also by syncope blcven, leave, intrans. remain, < AS. belcefan, leave, < 6e- + lafan, leave; prop, the causal of belive 1 , q. v. See In -• and leave 1 .] I. trans. To leave behind; aban- don ; let go. There was nuthynge belej'tc. Qower, Coni. Amaut., il beleave H. mtrans. To remain; continue; stay. Bot the lettres bUt ued ful large upon plaster. . fed. Morris), EL 1549. belection (be-lek'shon), n. Same as bolection. belecture fbe-lek'tfif), v. t. [< be- 1 + lecture.} To vex with lectin is: admonish persistently. She now had Bomebody, or rather s ething, to Lecture and' • age, Reuben Medlieott, I. xvl. belee 1 (be-le'), ''■ '■ [< be- 1 + lee 1 .] To place on the lee. or in a position unfavorable to the wind. [Kare.] I . . . must be belee'd and calm'd bitor and creditor. Shak., Othello, i. 1. belee'-'t, r. t. An apocopated form of In h evi . now written In Iii n . Foot Belee me, sir. Chi. 1 would I could, sir! Fleteher, Mad Lover, v. 4. beleftt. Preterit and past participle of /" '< OVt . belemnite (be-lem'nit), n. [= F. belemnite, < NL. In lc in a itrs, < Gr. . poet, for f}&Ms, a dart, missile ( < throw, east), + -itcs.] 1. A straight, solid, tapering, dart- shaped fossil, the internal bone or shell of a molluscous animal of the extinct family Belemnitidce, common in the Chalk and Jurassic limestone. Belemnites are popularly known as arrow-heads or finger-stones, from their shape: also as thunderbolts and thunder-stones, from a belief as to their origin. See Belemnitidce. 2. The animal to which such a bone belonged. Also called ceraunite. Belemnitella (be-lem-ni- tel'a), a. [NL., dim. of Be- lemnites.] A genus of the family Belemnitidce, charac- terized by having a straight fissure at the upper end of the guard, on the ventral side of the alveolus. The species are all Cretaceous. Belemnites (bel-em-ni'tez), n. [NL. : see belemnite.] The Belemnite, typical genus of the family Belemnitidce. belemnitic (bel-em-nit'ik), a. Of or pertaining to a belem- nite, or to the family to which it belongs : as, a beUmnitica.Tn.xasX; a belemnitic shell; belemnitic deposits. belemnitid (be-lem'ni-tid), n. A cephalopod of the family Jieh mnitidce. Belemnitidae (bel-em-nit'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Belemnites + -idce.~\ A family of extinct di- branchiate cephalopods, having 10 arms near- with re- mains of the animal. a, arms with hooks; b, head ; c . ink-bag ; d, phragmacone ; e, guard, or rostrum. 512 belemnite. Some specimens have been found exhibiting other points ol their anatomy. Thus we learn that the organs were inclosed In a mantle; that there were 10 arm- like processes, Sol them hooked ;it the end, railed the un- cinated arms, and 2 not uncinated, called the tentactUa ; that the animal was furnished with an ink-bag, and that its mouth was armed with mandibles. There are four known genera, BelemniteSi Belemnoteuthis, Belemnitella, and XiphoteuthU. belemnoid (iM'-lom'noul), a. [< belemn-itc + -oid."] Like a belemnite. beleper (b§-lep'6r), v. t. [< be-* + tepcr.] To iiiln-t with or :is with leprosy. /;./. //rrr.l ;i]] tin.- rki.-y with a Mni-f infect it 111 than Ge- hazi's. MUton, Bikonoklastes, xiv. bel esprit (bel es-pre'); pi. beaux esprits (boz es-pre'), [F., a line spirit: see heft and esprit.] A tine genius or man of wit. Men who look up to me as a man of letters and a bel esprit. Irvinff. belfried (bel'frid), a. L< h ict. de I' Architecture.") Belfry of the Uuoiiio in Pisa, Italy imonly called the I . ■..: I ..wlt. belie hell to give the alarm to the garrison, and also to sum- mon the vaSSalS "t a feudal lord tO his defense. this circumstance helped the belief that the word was con- nected with i„n. 3. A bell-tower, generally attached to a church or other building, but sometimes standing apart as an independent structure. I be same dusky walls in cold, graj stone. The same cloisters and belfry and spire. Longfellow, Golden Legend, ii. 4. That part of a steeple or other structure in which a bell is hung; particularly, the frame of timberwork which sustains the bell. Seo cut. under htll-gnlili. — 5. Naut., the ornamen- tal frame in which the ship's bell is hung. [Eng.] — 6. A shed used as a shelter for cat I fa or for farm implements or produce. [Local, Eng.] belfry-OWl (bel'fri-owl), ii. A name of the barn-owl i which sec), from its frequently nest- ing in a belfry, belfry-turret (bel'fri-tur'et), ». A turret at- tached to an angle of a tower or belfry, to re- ceive the stairs which give access to its upper stories. Belfry-turrets are polygonal, square, or round in external plan, hut always round within for convenient adaptation to winding stairs, belgardt (bel-giird'J, ». [< It. in I gitttrilii. lovely look : see bel 1 and guard, regard.'] A kind look or glance. Upon her eyelids many Graces sate, Under the shadow of her even browes, Working belgardee, and amorous retrate. Spenser, V. <;., II. iii. 25. Belgian (bel'jian), a. and n. [Seo Bclgic.'] I. a. Belonging to Belgium, a small country of Europe, between France and Germany, for- merly part of the Netherlands, erected into an independent, kingdom in 1S30-31 Belgian syl- lables, syllables applied to the musical scale by the Bel- gian W'aelraut about 1550. See bobizatton and bocediza- tion. II. n. A native or an inhabitant of the king- dom of Belgium. Belgic (bel'jik), a. [< L. Belgicus, < Belgce."] 1. Pertaining to the Belgai, who in Ca-sar's time possessed the country bounded by the Ehine, the Seine, the North Sea, tho Strait of Dover, and the English Channel. They were probably of mixed Teutonic and Celtic origin. At the time of I'a-sar's invasion tribes of Beleir wm found in south- ern Britain, whose connection with the continental Belgte is disputed. 2. Pertaining to Belgium. Belgravian (bel-gra'vi-an), o. and «. I. o. Bo- longing to Belgravia, au aristocratic district of Loudon around Pimlieo; hence, aristocratic; fashionable. Thackeray. II. ". An inhabitant of Belgravia; an aris- tocrat ; a member of the upper classes. Thack- eray. Belial (be'lial), u. [Early mod. v.. also Belyall, ME. Belial, '< LL. (in Vulgate) Belial < Or. Br- lia'A, < Heb. I>' lit/tt'ti I, used in the ( lid Testament usually in phrases translated, in the English version, " man of Belial,'' "son of Belial," as if Belial ware a proper name equiv, to Satan; hence once in New Testament (Gr. BOiap) as an appellative of Satan (2 Cor. vi. 15). But tho Heb. Vliya'al is a common noun, meaning worth- lessness or wickedness ; < b'li, without, + ya'al, use, profit.] The spirit of evil personified; the devil; Satan; in Milton, one of the fallen angels, distinct from Satan. W hat concord hath Christ with Belial t 2 Cor. vi. 15. Belial came last, than whom a spirit more lewd Fell not from heaven. Milton, P. I.., i. 490. belibel (be-li'bel), v. i. [< be- 1 + libel.] To libel or traduce. Belideus (bf-lid'e-us), ». TNI..] A o,. n i ls of small ih ing phalaingers, of the family Phalangis- tiiliv; the suu r ar-si|iiirrels. 'these little marsupials resemble flying-squirrels in superficial appearance, having :i large parachute, huge naked ears, long bushy tail, and \ei> soft fur. Then are i vera] species, such as B .,<< , /;. artel, and /;. flaviventer, Inhabiting Australia, New Guinea, and some of the ni Ighborfug Islands, belie't (Lc-li' ), », I. ■. pret. belay, pp. in bun, ppr. belying, [< Ml'., belyen, beliggen, < AS. 6a- Ucgan, tklicgan (= OHG. biligan, MHG. biligen, li, helietjen), < be-, about, by. + Ucgan, lio: see be- 1 ami lie 1 , ami of. belay.] To lio around; encompass; especially, to lie around, as an army; beleaguer. belie- (be-li'i, v. i.\ pret. ami pp. belied, ppr. belying. [< Ml), belyen, beleogen, < AS. beteogan (='OFries. biliaga = OHG. biliugan, MHG. bi Hi iii ii, t;. beliigen), < be-, about, by, + ledgan, lie: see /«-i and lit-.] 1. To tell lies concern- ing; calumniate by false reports. belie Thou (lost belie him, Percy, thou (lost belir him : lie never did encounter with Glcndower. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., i. 8. Who is lie that belies the hlond ami libels the fame of his own ancestors? /). Webster, Speech, Senate, May 7, 1834. The clamor ol liars belied in the hubbub of lies. Tennyson, Blaud, iv. 9. 2. To give the lie to ; show to be false ; con- tradict. Their trembling hearts belie their boastful tongues. Dryden. Novels (witness ev'ry month's review) Belie their name, and offer nothing new. Cowper, Retirement. 3. To act unworthily of ; fail to equal or eomo up to; disappoint : as, to belie one's hopes or expectations. shall Hector, born to war, his birthright yield, Belie his courage, and forsake the held ? Dryden, Hector and Androm.,1. 109. Tuscan Valerius by force o'ercame, And not bely'd his mighty father's name. Dryden, JEneid. 4. To give a false representation of; conceal the true character of. Queen. For heaven's sake, speak comfortable words. York. Should I do so, I should belie my thoughts. Shak., Rich. II., ii. 2. 5t. To fill with lies. Tis slander, . . . whose breath Rides on the posting winds, and doth belie All corners of the world. Shak., Cymbeline, Hi. 4. 6f. To counterfeit ; mimic ; feign resemblance to. With dust, with horses' hoofs, that heat the ground, And martial brass, belie the thunder's sound. Dryden, Astrtea Redux. belief (be-lef), n. [Early mod. E. beleef, 6e- leeve, < ME. beleve, beleafe, with prefix be- (as in beliere, q. v.), parallel with the earlier leve, by apheresis for Here, < AS. geledfa_r= OS. gi- lobho = D. geloof= MLG. gelove, gelof — OHG. giloubo, MHG. gcloube, G. glaube, masc, = Goth. galaubeins, fern., belief, < galaubs, dear, valu- able: see believe."] 1. Confidence reposed in any person or thing; faith; trust: as, a child's belief in his parents. To make the worthy Leonatus mad, By wounding his belief in her renown. Shak., Cymbeline, v. 5. 2. A conviction of the truth of a given proposi- tion or an alleged fact, resting upon grounds insufficient to constitute positive knowledge. Knowledge is a state of mind which necessarily implies a corresponding state of things; belief is a state of mind merely, and does not necessarily involve a corresponding state of things. But belief is sometimes used to include the absolute conviction or certainty which accompanies knowledge. Neither do I labor for a greater esteem than may in some little measure .haw a belief irom you, to do yourself good, and not to grace me. Shak., As you Like it, v. 2. Belief admits of all degrees, from the slightest suspicii in to the fullest assurance. Hcitl. He [James Mill] uses the word belief as the most gen- eral term for every species of conviction or assurance ; the assurance of what is before our eyes, as well as of that which we only remember or expect; of what we know by direct perception, as well as of what we accept on the evidence of testimony or of reasoning. J. S. Mill. By a singular freak of language we use the word belief to designate both the least persistent and the most per- sistent coherence among our states of consciousness, — to describe our state of mind with reference both to those propositions of the truth of which we are least certain, and to those of the truth of which we are most certain. J. Fiske, Cosmic Philos., I. 61. 3. Persuasion of the truth of a proposition, but with the consciousness that the positive evidence for it is insufficient or wanting ; espe- cially, assurance of the truth of what rests chiefly or solely upon authority, (a) In this sense, the word sometimes implies that the proposition is ad- mitted as only probable, (b) It sometimes implies that the proposition is admitted as being so reasonable that it needs no proof, (c) Sometimes used for religious faith. Knowledge and belief differ not only in degree but in kind. Knowledge is a certainty founded upon insight; belief is a certainty founded upon feeling. The one is perspicuous and objective: the other is obscure and sub- fective. Sir W. Hamilton, Lectures on Logic, xxvii. One in whom persuasion and belief Had ripened into faith, and faith become A passionate intuition. Wordsworth, Excursion, iv. They [women] persuade rather than convince, and value belief rather as a source of consolation than as a faithful expression of the reality of things. Lecky, Europ. Morals, II. 3S1. 4. That which is believed; an object of belief. Superstitious prophecies are the belief of fools. Bacon. We have hut to read the accounts of the early beliefs of mankind, or the present beliefs of savages and semi-cul- tivated nations, to see how large a field pure fiction occu- pies. G. 11. Lewes, Probs. of Life and .Mind, II. iii. § 7. 33 513 In the cathedrals, the popular beliefs, hopes, fears, fan- cies, and aspirations found expression and were perpet- uated in :i language Intelligible to all. ('. A'. Norton, Travel and study in Italy, p. 106. 5. The whole body of tenets held by the pro- fessors of any faith. In the heat of persecution, to which theChristian belief was subject, upon its first promulgation. Hooker. The' belief of Christianity is s.oeliej in the beauty of holi- ness; the creed of Hellas was a belief in the beauty ol the world and of mankind. Keary, Prim, Belief, iv. 6. A creed; a formula embodying the essential doctrines of a religion or a church. y e ought to Bee t hem have their belief, to know the com- mandments of liod, to keep their holy-days, and not to lose their time iii idleness. Latimer, Sermons, p. 14. =Syn.l and %, Opinion, Conviction, etc. (see persuasion); credence, trust, credit, confidence. — 4. Doctrine. beliefful (be-lef'ful), a. [< .ME. UUfful, < Ulef, beleve, belief, + -Jul. Cf. AS. ejeledful.] Hav- ing belief or faith. Vdall. [Rare.] belieffulness (be-lef'ful-nes), n. [< beliefful + -ness.] The state of being beliefful. [Rare.] The godly belieffulness of the heathen. Udall, On Luke iv. There is a hopefulness and a belieffulness, so to say, on your side, which is a great compensation. Clouah. belier (be-li'er), n. [< belie 2 , v., + -er*.] One who belies. Foul-mouthed beliers of the Christian faith. i 'olcridge. Aids to Reflection, i. 89. believability (be-le-va-bil'i-ti), h. [< believ- able: see -bility.] Credibility; capability of being believed. J. S. Mill. believable (be-le'va-bl), a. [< believe + -able.'] Capable of being believed; credible. That he sinn'd, is not believable. Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien. believableness (be-le'va-bl-nes), n. Credi- bility. believe (be-lev'), v. ; pret. and pp. believed, ppr. believing. ' [Early mod. E. beleevc, < ME. belevcn, bileven, bilefen, with prefix be- (as in belief, q. v.), parallel with the earlier leven, by apheresis for ileven, < AS. geliefan, gelyfan, gelefan = OS. gilobliian. = D. gelooven = MLG. geloven = OHG. gilouben, MHG. gelouben, gldubcn, G. gleuben, now glauben, = Goth, galaubjan, believe, lit. hold dear or valuable or satisfactory, be pleased with, < Goth, galaubs, dear, valuable (found only in the special sense of 'costly'), < go- (AS., etc., ge-), a generalizing prefix, + *laub, a form (pret.) of the common Teut. root *i«6, whence also Goth. Hubs = AS. /<<;/'. E. lief, dear, AS. lufu, E. love, etc.: see lief, leave 2 , hue, liberal, etc.] I. intrans. 1. To have faith or confi- dence, (a) As to a person, to have confidence in his honesty, integrity, virtue, powers, ability, etc. ; trust. (o) As to a thing, to have faith in its existence, or in its genu- ineness, efficacy, virtue, usefulness, soundness, anil the like ; credit its reality : as, to believe in ghosts ; to believe in the Bible, in manhood suffrage, in the ballot, in repub- licanism, in education, etc.: usually with in or on (for- merly also with to), rarely absolutely. He saith unto the ruler of the synagogue, Be not afraid, only believe. M ark v. 36. 2. To exercise trust orconfidence; rely through faith: generally with on. And they said, Believe mi the Lord .Tesus Christ, and thou shalt be saved, and thy house. Acts xvi. 31. And many believed on him there. John x. 42. To them gave he power to become the sons of God, even to them that believe on his name. John i. 12. 3. To be persuaded of the truth of anything; accept a doctrine, principle, system, etc., as true, or as an object of faith: with in : as, "I believe in the Holy Ghost, the holy Catholic Church, the communion of saints," etc., Apos- tles' Creed; to believe in Buddhism. See belief. If you will consider the nature of man, you will find that with him it always has been and still is true, that that thing in all his inward or outward world which he sees worthy of worship is essentially the tiling in which he be- lieves. Keary, Prim. Belief, i. To make believe. See make'. II. trans. 1. To credit upon the ground of authority, testimony, argument, or any other ground than complete demonstration; accept as true ; give credence to. See 6eKe/. We know what rests upon reason ; we believe what rests upon authority. Sir II'. Hamilton. Our senses are sceptics, and believe only the impression of the moment. Emerson, Fanning. We may believe what goes beyond our experience, only when it is inferred from that experience by the assump- tion that what we do not know is like what we know. W. K. Clifford, Lectures, II. 210. Who knows not what to believe Since he sees nothing clear. M. Arnold, Empedocles. belive 2. To give credence to (a person making a statement, anything said, etc.). I.o, I come unto thee in a thick cloud, that, the peopli may near when I ipeak with thee, and believi theefot Ex. xi\. 9. You are now bound to believehim. Shaft., C. of I'.., v. l. 3. To expect or hope with confidence ; trust. | Archaic. J I had fainted unless I had believed to see tl of the Lord in the land of the living. Ps. xxvii. 13. 4. To lie of opinion; think; understand: as, I believe he 1ms lefi the city. They are, I believe, as high as most steeples in England, a, 'travels in Italy. believer (be-le'ver), ». [Early mod. E. beleever, hih rev (not in ME. or AS.); < believe + -er*.] 1. One who believes; one who gives credit to other evidence than that of personal know- ledge; one who is firmly persuaded in his own mind of the truth or existence of something: as, a believer in ghosts. Johnson, incredulous on all other points, was a ready believer in miracles and apparitions. Maeaulay, Von Kanke. 2. An adherent of a religious faith ; in a more restricted sense, a Christian ; one who exercises faith in Christ. And believers were the more added to the Lord. Acts v. 14. 3. In the early church, a baptized layman, in contradistinction to the clergy on the one hand, and to the catechumens, who were preparing for baptism, on the other. The name believer is here taken in a more strict sense only for one order of Christians, the believing or bap- tized laity. Bingham, Antiquities, I. iii. 1. believing (be-le'ving), p. a. 1. Having faith; ready or disposed to believe or to exercise faith. Be not faithless, but believing. John xx. 27. Now, God be prais'd ! that to believing souls Gives light in darkness, comfort in despair. Shak., 2 Hen. VI., ii. 1. 2. Of the number of those who are disciples. And they that have believing masters, let them not de- spise them, because they are brethren. 1 Tim. vi. 2. believingly (be-le'ving-li), adv. In a believ- ing manner ; with belief: as, to receive a doc- trine believingly. belight (be-lif), v. t. [< 6e-i + light*.] To light up; illuminate. Cowley. [Rare.] belike (be-iik'), adv. [First in early mod. E., also written belyke, bylyke; also belikcly, q. v.; appar. of dial, origin. < be, by, prep., + like, likely, i. e., by what is likely; but pei-haps a reduction of an introductory phrase it may be (or will be) like or likely. Cf. maybe and likely, as similarly used.] Perhaps; probably. [Now chiefly poetical.] Then you, belike, suspect these noblemen As guilty of Duke Humphrey's timeless death. Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 2. Belike this is some new kind of subscription the gallants use. B. Jonson, Every .Man out of ids Humour, iii. 2. If he came in for a reckoning, belike it was for better treat than mine. Scott. belikelyt (be-lik'li), adv. [SeobeUkc.] Prob- ably. Having belikely heard some better words of me than I could deserve. Bp. Hall, Account of Himself. belime (bf-lim'), »'• <■ [< be-* + lime*.] To besmear or entangle with or as with bird-lime. Bp. Hall. belinkedness (be-lingkt'nes), n. [< 6eJ + link* + -'(/'-' + -iiess.] In math., the number of times one branch of a link must be passed through the other in order to undo it. belittle (be-lit'l), V. t. ; pret. and pp. belittled, ppr. belittling. [First in U. S. ; < be-* + little.] 1. To make small or smaller; reduce in pro- portion or extent. [Rare.] — 2. To cause to appear small ; depreciate ; lower in character or importance; speak lightly or disparagingly of. belittlement (be-lit'1-ment), «. [< belittle + -meat.] The act of belittling, or detracting from the character or importance of a person or thing. A systematic belittlement of the essential, and exaggera- tion of the non-essential, in the story. Pop. Sei. Mo., XX. 170 belive 1 !, v. *• [ME. (rare), < AS. belifan (pret. beldf, pi. belt fun, pp. belifcn) (= OS. hilibhitn = OFries. biliva, bliva= I)'.blijven = OW,. biliban, MUG. beltben, bliben, G. bleiben = Goth, bilei- baii), remain, < 5e- + *lifan (pret. Iii/). remain. Hence the causal beleav'e, q. v., now also obso- lete : see leave*.] To remain. belive belive-t, adv., ori£. prep, phr. [Now only F. dial., also written belyve, Sc. 6e?i/e, ■ ; < ME. &eZw£, belyve, belife^ bilife, blife, blive, also IxliJ'S, bilins, etc.; sometimes used expletively; prop, two words, l>< live, be We, lit. by life, i. e., with life or activity; cf. afiv« and lively.] 1. With speed; quickly; eagerly. i: : e. rise i>;diee. And onto itattiil di ie your ■■•< Ives add] i ier s P. Q., II. viii. IS. Thou Bchalte haue delyueraunce York !'■ 2. Presently; ere Long; by and by; anon: sometimes merely expletive. i w< hi > swarm of bees, Wliilk .-ill the summer hum about the hive* Ami bring me «a\ ami honey iii Wive, /;. Jonson, Sad Shepherd, ii. 1. v the elder bairns come dropping in. , Cottar's sat. Night. [Obsolete in both senses, < scent in Scotch.] belkt (belk), V. t. [E. dial.. < MK. b,!!:,», the nnassibilated form of iuU-)t< n, belch : see belch, and cf. b((ll'~, hoik.] To belch ; give vent to. Till I might belhe revenge upon his eyes. Marston, Antonio am! Mellida, II. i. 1. bell 1 (bel), n. [Earlv mod. E. also bel. < ME. bel, belle, .&rf=MLG.lA belle; cf. Icel. bjalla, < AS. hi U< ), a bell. Perhaps con- nected with /»//-, v.j roar.] 1. A hollow metal- lic instrument which ^ives forth a ringing sound, generally of a musical quality, when struck with a clapper, hammer, or other appli- ance. Its usual shape resembles that of an inverted cup with a flaring rim. If the bell is sta- tionary, it is often made saucer - shaped, ami in this case i- commonly termed &gong. Bells of this terra are generally used as call-hells or signal- bells. Bells are made for many pur- poses and in a great variety of forms and sizes. They usually consist of an alley oi copper and tin, called hell- metal (which .see). Church-bells are known t<> have been in use in Italy about A. D. 100, and in Frame in the sixth century. The earlier bells were often four-sided, made of thin plates of iron riveted together. The manu- facture of the largest and finest bells has been developed since the fifteenth century. 'He- largest ever made is the great bell of Moscow, called tlie < v.ar Kolokol, cast in 1733, and computed to weigh about 440,000 pounds. Itis about 1'.' fi ter and the same in height. It is sup- posed never to have been hung, and is now used as a chapel, having been raised in ls:;i_; alter lying half buried since L737, when a piece was broken out of its side in a fire. The largest b 1 1 In actual use weighs L28 tons, and is also in Moscow, The bell of the Buddhist monastery Chi-on, in Kioto, Japan, was cast in in::, and weighs 125, 000 catties, or over 71 tons of 2,240 pounds each. Among the great Bell (section). B, clapper, or tongue ; C, clapper-bolt ; D. yoke ; F, cannon, or ear ; J/, mouth; P P. sound-bow ; S, shoul- der; T T, barrel. Bell called Czar Kolokol, in the Kremlin, Moscow. 1 1 >m< . Paris, weighs about 17 1 cath dral, 16 tons ; i i tons. In England, the Ben" over 13 tone bui i ■■ cracKcd; tie "Gn tl Peter/' al Sfork, 10 tons; and the •■ Great Tom,' at Vhe new " i For church- mad* to be rung in unison, &e chime, in heraldry , are ha h Its' bell in i ha pe liki- a Bme P ted with I hese hells attached i« said to be belled, w hi n a bi n ■ oarj toi i' I church bell for Bon, bat art thou that seyst this tale, That w ■ And on tbj tipi I uch a i ii-ii, 2. Anything in tin- form of ;i > m 1 1 or compared to a bell. Specifically— (a) A bell-shaped corolla of a flower. 514 Where the bee sucks, there suck 1 ; In a cOWSlip'8 bell 1 lie, Shah., Tempest, v. 1. ('») In arch., the plain echinus of a Corinthian or compo- ipital, around which the foliage and volutes arc ar- ranged. Also called basket (c) The large end of a fun- nel, or the emi of a pipe, tube, or any musical instrument, its edge is turned out and enlarged so as to resem- ble a belL (a) L*he trobile, l or catkin containing the seed of the hop. (e) The pendulous dermal appendage under the throat of the male moose. (/) In hydroid polyps, the umbrella or gelatinous disk. 3. pi. A number of small bells in the form of hawks' bells or sleigh-bells, fastened to a han- dle ami oonsl it ni ing a toy for amusing an in- fant. — 4. pi. Naut.,the term employed on ship- board, as o'clock is on shore, to delude the divisions of daily lime, from their being mark- ed by bells, which are struck every half-hour. The day. beginning at midnight, is divided into watches oi (our hours each, except the watch from 4 to 8 P. m., which is subdivided into two dog-watches. A full watch thus consists of eight half-hours, and its progress is noted by the number of strokes on the bell. For instance, 1 o'clock P. M. is equivalent to two bells in the aftei tn watch; 3 o'clock, to six bells; 4 o'clock, to eight bells, etc. — Angelus bell, Gabriel bellt, Lady bell, a church- bell rung to remind those within hearing to recite the aii-eius. See angelus.— Ave bell, Ave Maria bell, or Ave Mary bell. Same as angelus bell. I could never hear the Ave Mary bell without an eleva- tion, or think it a sufficient warrant because they erred in one circumstance for me to err in all — that is, in si- lence and dumb contempt. Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, i. 3. Bell, book, and candle, a phrase popularly used in con- nection with a mode oi solemn excommunication for- merly practised in the Roman Catholic Church. After the formula had been read and the book closed, the assis- tants cast the lighted candles they held in their hands to the ground so as to extinguish them, and the bells were rung together without order ; the last two cere- monies symbolized the disorder and going out of grace in the souls of the persons excommunicated. — Blessed or hallowed bell, m the Rom. Cath. Ch., a bell which has received the solemn blessing of the church, in which the bishop prays that its sound may avail to summon the faithful, to excite their devotion, to drive away storms, and that the powers of the air, hearing it, may tremble and flee before the standard of the holy cross of the Son of Cod engraved upon it, etc.— Elevation or Sanc- tus bell, in the Bom. Cath. Ch., a bell rung during the celebration of mass to give notification of the more solemn portions : uow usually a small hand-bell, but in pre- Reformation English churches a large bell often hung in a bell-gable erected over the nave, immediately above the entrance of the chancel, from which it was rung by one of the acolytes. Oxford Glossary, p. 74.— In the bell, (a) In flower. [Scotch.] (6) In seed, or having the seed-capsules formed, as hops.— Mass bell. Same as sacri-ng /W/. — Recording bell, a bell attached to a hand- punch, or to an instrument of similar purpose, with which fares collected, as by a conductor, etc, or moneys taken in, as at a bar, are recorded.— Sacring bell, a bell rung during the celebration of the Roman Catholic mass, at the elevation of the host, at the Sanctus, and at other solemn services. When rung at the consecration it is also called the Agnus bell; at the time of the Sanctus, the Sanctus bell, etc. Also called saints' bril.— Saints' bell. Same as wring bell. The term is a corrupted form of Sanctus bell, but is no longer specifically restricted to the hell rung at the Sanctus. The saints' hell is now a small hand-bell rung within the church, but formerly it was sometimes a small church-bell suspended in a turret outside the church and rung by a rope from within. And it is said that his people would let their plough rest when George Herbert's savnts'-bell ran- to prayers, Walcott, Sacred Archteology, p. 527. Sanctus bell. See elevation bell.— To bear away (or gain, etc.) the bell, to win the prize at a race. In for- mer times a hell was a usual prize at a horse-rare. Here lyes the man whose horse did gaine The bell in race on Salisbury plain. Camden, Epitaphes. To bear the bell, to be the first or leader: in allusion to the bell-wether of a flock, or the leading horse of a team or drove, that wears a hell or hells on its collar. Lat se which of you shal bere the belle To speke of love. Chaucer, Xroilus, iii. 198. In memory of the man hut for whom had gone to wrack All that France saved from the flght whence England bore the bell. Browning, Serve" Riel. To clamor bells*. See clamor.— TO lose the bell, to be worsted in contest. In single flght he lost the bell. Fairfax, tr. of lasso, xvh. 69. To ring the bells backward. See backward.— To ring the hallowed bell, to ring a bell consecrated by a priest, as was formerly done m the belief that its sound had virtue to disperse .storms, drive away a pestilence or devils, and extinguish fire.— To shake the bellst, to move, or give notice or alarm : in allusion to the hellfl OD a falcon's neck, which when sounded alarmed its prey. Neither the king, nor he that loves him best, The proudest he that holds up Lancaster DareB Btlr a wing, if Warwick tlvake his bells. Shak., 3 Hen. Vl.. i. l. To take one's bells, to take one's di pai ture : from the custom in falconry of attaching bells to a hawk's leg be- fore letting it fly. n ev< i for the spring you do but sigh, I take my bt Us. Dekker and Ford, Sun's Darling, iii. •>. bell 1 (bel), v. [< l " in - "■) I. intrans. To pro- duce bells; bo in bell : said of hops when the seed-vessels ore forming. See belli, //., l 2 (d). Hops iu the beginning of August bell. Mortimer. belladonna II. trans. 1. To put a bell on. — 2. To swell or puff out into the shape of a beU. I levies for /■• Hun out dresses. Mr<. fiiil '1*\ (mod. F.) bel, beau, m., belief f., = Sp. Pg. It. bello, < L. belfois, fair, beautiful, tine. This ;h1j.. the uearest representative of the L., ob- tained a bold in E. chiefly in its deriv. beau (if (> beautiful, etc.), and some half-French uses: sec beV-j /"//<, beau, etc.] Fair; beautiful. bellacityt (be-las'i-ti). v. [< L. as if *beliaei- ta{t-)s, \ bellax ( &i U«e-), warlike, < helium, war.] Tendency to war; warlikeness. [Rare.] belladonna (bel-a-don'g,), n. [NL., < bella donna, lit. beautiful lady (the berries of tho plant having been used by the Italian ladies as a cosmetic): bella, fern, of bello, beautiful (see belle)] donna, < L. domum. Lady, Inn. of doini- Bell&dODDB \Atropa Belladonna . a, fluwenny branch, with fruit; b, fruit, on larger scale. nus, lord. Fit. a doublet of beldam, q. v.] A plant, Atropa Belladonna, or deadly nightshade, belladonna 515 natural order Solanacece, a native of central bell-cote (bel'kot), ». In arch., an ornamental and southern Europe. All parts ,,f the plant are pois mis. an. 1 depend for their pharmacodynamic prop- erties on tlie alkaloid atropin. The plant ami Its alkaloid air largely u-seil in medicine to relieve pain, t.i check spasm and excessive perspiration, ami especially in surgery tod! late tin' pupil ami paralyze the accommodation of the eye. bell-and-hopper (bel'and-hop'er), n. A charg- ing device on top of a blast-furnace. The bol tin'ii .it Hi.- linppir isiliiseil from beneath bya bell-shaped piece, which, when lowered, permits the ore to tall into the stuck. bellandine (bel'tin-din), n. [Sc. ; cf. ballmi, a fight, combat.] "A quarrel; a squabble. Hogg. bell-animal (bel'anl-mal), «. Same as bell- animalcule. bell-animalcule (bel'an-i-mal "kul), n. The bell-crank(bel'- usual English name of a peritrichous ciliated krangk), n. In infusorian, of the family Forticellida (which see). See cut under Vorticella. Also called bell-polyp. bellarmine (bel'ar-min), ». [See def.] A largo stoneware jug with a capacious belly and nar- row neck, decorated with the face of a bearded man, originally designed as a caricature of Car- dinal Bellarmin, who made himself obnoxious to the Protestant party in the Netherlands as an opponent of the Reformation, in the end of the sixteenth century and the early part of the seventeenth. nstruetiun designed In contain one or two lulls, mill often clowned by a small spire. The bell-cote n Bts upon a wall, anil is sunie- times supported hy corbels ; hut no change is made en arc. .nut ..I its pres- i m Hi.- archi tectural disposition of the lower parts of the building. See beU-turret. Also written bell <-"/. 11 irnetal, near Ri , Normandy. Or like a larger jug that some men call A Bellarmine. W. Cartwright, The Ordinary. Large globular jugs, stamped in relief with a grotesque bearded face and other ornaments, were one of the favour- ite forms [in stoneware). Such were called "greybeards " or I" II, trinities, from the unpopular cardinal of that name, of whom the bearded face was supposed tube a caricature. Encyc. Brit., XIX. 631. bellasombra-tree (bel-a-som'bra-tre), re. [< Sp. bella, beautiful, + so'mbra, shade.] A South American tree, Phytolacca dioica, cultivated as a shade-tree in Spain, Malta, and some of the cities of India. Bellatrix (be-la'triks), ». [L., fern, of bellator, a warrior, < bellare, wage, < helium, war: see bellicose, belligerent. In sense 1 it is the trans- lation by the'authors of the Alphonsine Tables of the Ar. name Alnddshid, the real meaning of which is doubtful.] 1. A very white glittering star of the second magnitude, in the left shoul- der of Orion. It is y Orionis. — 2. In ornith., a genus of humming-birds. Boie, 1831. bell-bind (bel'blnd), re. Another name of the hedge-bells or hedge-bindweed of Europe, Cun- volvulus septum. bell-bird (bel'berd), re. 1. The arapunga. — 2. An Australian bird of the family Meliphagidat, the Manorhina (or My zaniha)melanophry8,irb.OBe notes resemble the sound of a bell. — 3. An Aus- tralian piping crow, of the genus Strepera, as S. graculina. Also called bell-magpie. bell-bloomt, »• [Early mod. E. belle-blome.] An old name of the daffodil. bell-bottle (bel'bot"l), re. Another name of one of the two European plants called bluebell, Scilla nutans. See bluebell. bell-boy (bel'boi), re. A boy who answers a bell ; specifically, an employee in a hotel who attends to the wants of guests in their rooms when summoned by bell. bell-buoy (bel'boi), re. See buoy. bell-cage (bel'kaj), re. A belfry. bell-call (bel'kal), n. Same as call-bell. bell-canopy (bel'kan"o-pi), n. A canopy-like construction of wood or stone, designed to pro- tect a bell and its fittings from the weather. bell-chamber (bel'cham"- ber), re. The portion of a tower, usually near its summit, in which bells are hung. It is commonly constructed with large open- ings on all sides, to permit the sound of the hells to diffuse itself without impediment. bell-chuck (bel'chuk), ». A bell-shaped lathe- chuck, which, by means of set-screws, holds the piece to be turned. bell-cord (bel'kfird), n. A cord attached to a bell; specifically, a cord at- tached to a bell on a locomotive and running through the cars of a train, used by conductors or brakemen in the United States and Canada to signal the engineer. much., a reetan gular lever by which the di- rection of mo- tion is changed through an an- gle of 90°, and by which its velo- city-ratio and range may be altered at pleasure by making the arms of different lengths, it is much em- ployed in machinery, and is named from the fact that it is tile form of crank em- Belt-crank. ployed in changing the direction of the wires of house-bells. F in the cut is the center of motion about which the arms oscillate. See also cut under crank. belle (bel), a. and >i. [< F. belle, fem. of beau, OF. bel, < L. bellus, beautiful: see ben, help.] I. a. Beautiful; charming; fair — Belle cheret. [MK..< ill'', belle chere: see belle and cheer.] Good enter- tainment ; good cheer. Bele chere That lie hath had ful ofte tymes here. Chaucer, Shipman's Tale, 1. 409. II. 11. A fair lady; a handsome woman of society; a recognized or reigning beauty. Where none admire, 'tis useless to excel; Where none are beaux, 'tis vain to he a belle. Lord Lyttelton, Beauty in the Country. Beauty alone will not make the belle; the beauty must be lit up by esprit. .1 rch. Forbes, Souvenirs of some Continents, p. 14S. belled (beld), p. a. Hung with bells ; in her., having hawk-bells attached : said of when used as a bearing. bellelettrist, re. See bcllctrist. belleric (be-ler'ik), re. [< F. bellcric, ult. < Ar. balilaj, < Pers. balUah.'] The astringent fruit of Termiutiliii Bellcrica, one of the fruits imported from India, under the name of myrobalans, for the use of calico-printers. Bellerophon (be-ler'o-fon), n. [L., < Or. Bc?.- TtzaoAav, also BcAlepotp6i>Ti/c, a local hero of Cor- inth, in Greek myth, the slayer of the monstor Chima?ra; < "TiiXAepoc, supposed to mean 'mon- ster,' + -0ue, -$6vTt)C, slayer, < *ipav, kill, akin to E. bane*, q. v.] An extinct genus of gastro- pods, typical of the fam- ily Bellerophon tida: It is one of the genera whose shells largely enter into the com- position of limestone beds of the Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous epochs. bellerophontid (be-ler-o-fon'tid), n. [< Bellero- pliontidic] A gastropod of the family Bellero- phontidie. Bellerophontidae (be-ler-o-fon'ti-de), re. j>l. [NL., el'fouu"dri), ». A place where bolls are founded or east. bell-gable (bel'ga'bl), n. 1. The continuation upward of a portion of a wall terminated by a small gable, and pierced to receive one or morn bells. Such a feature sometimes surmounts the Bell-gable, Church of S. S. Annunziata, Florence. apex of a church-gable. — 2. Any gable when the wall composing it is pierced for bells. [Bell-gables of both varieties are not uncom- mon in medieval architecture.] n. Same as cone- BrlUraphon expansus. Upper Silurian, Britain. native literature, and the studies and criticism connected therewith; literature regarded as a bellicoust (bel'i-kus) Bell-canopy, Harvard Col- lege, Cambridge, Mass. form of fine art. belletrist, bellelettrist (be-let'rist), re. [< belles-lettres + -ist.] One devoted to belles- lettres. bellettristic (bel-et-ris'tik), a. [< belle(s)- lettr(es) + -ist + 4c; «!. beUetristi$ch.~] Of, per- taining to, or of the nature of belles-lettres. a hawk bell-gamba (bel'gam"bii), gamba (which see). bell-gastrula (bel'gas"tro-la), re. In biol., the original, primary palingenetic form of gas- trula, according to the views of Haeckel : same as archigastrula. See cut under gastrula. bell-glass (bel'glas), re. A bell-shaped glass vessel used to cover objects which require pro- tection from variations of the atmosphere, dust, and influences of like character, as delicate plants, bric-a-brac, small works of art, clocks, etc., or to hold gases in chemical operations. bell-hanger (bel'hang"er), n. One who hangs and repairs bells. bell-harp (bel'harp), re. An old stringed in- strument, consisting of a wooden box about two feet long, containing a harp or lyre with eight or more steel strings. The player twanged the strings with the thumbs of both hands inserted through holes in the box, meanwhile swinging the box from side tn side, like a bell. bellibonet, »• [One of Spenser's words, appar. < F. belle ct bonne, beautiful and good. See belle, bonne, and boon-.'] A bonny lass. bellict, bellicalt (bel'ik, -i-kal), a. [Also bel- lique, < F. bclliquc, < L. bellicus, warlike, < In limn, war.] Pertaining to war ; warlike : as, " bellique Csesar," Feltham, Resolves, ii. 52. bellicose (bel'i-kos), a. [< L. bellicosus, < bel- lum, OL. duellum, war, orig. a combat between two, < duo = E. two. Cf. duel.] Inclined or tending to war; warlike; pugnacious: as, bel- licose sentiments. Arnold was in a bellicose vein. Irving. I saw the bull always alert and bellicose, charging the footmen, who pricked and baited, and enraged him with their scarlet mantles. C. V. Warner, Roundabout Journey, p. 271. bellicosely (bel'i-kos-li), ado. In a bellicose or warlike manner ; pugnaciously. Anything like rallying the inure beUicosely inclined of the pilgrims would, under the circumstances, be out of the question. O'Donavan, Mei-v, x. a. [As bellicose, < L. bel- licosus; or < L. bellicus: see bellicose. In ll/c.] Bellicose: as, " In Hiatus nations," Sir T. Smith, Commonwealth of Eng. bellied (bel'id),«. [< belly + -ed^.] 1. Having a belly (of the kind indicated in composition): as, big-bellied ; \>ot-luilieil.— 2. In hot., ventri- cose; swelling out in the middle. — 3. In anat., bellied having a swelling fleshy part, or belly, as a muscle.— 4. Rounded: bulging. When a raised handle . . . is used, the most rounded le ol the Ble should be applied to the work. ./. Bate, Pract. Machinist, p. '-'To. belligeratet (be-lij'e-rat), v. i. [< h.bellige- ratus, pp. of belliqerare, wage war. (.belliger, waging war, < billum. war. + gwere, eair] B ee gest, jest. Cf. belligerent.] To make war. belligerence (be-lij'o-rens), n. [< belligerent: see -, «<■< .J The act of carrying on war; war- tare. Merely diplomatic peace, which Is honeycombed with icion. . . . bristles with the apparatus and establish- ments ot war on a scale far beyond what was formerly lired for actual belligerence. Gladstone, Gleanings, I. Gi. 516 I staid up till the beU-man runic by with liis bell just under my window as [ was writing oi thisverj line, and cried " i'ast one ol the clock, and a cold, frosty, windj mi i all Pepys, Diary, I. B. bell-mare (bel'mar), n. A mare used by mule- herders as an aid in keeping their herds to- gether. The mules followthe bell-mare wher- ever she goes. Also called madrina in the originally Spanish parts of the United States. beffmetaKbel'met al),«. A variety of bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, of which bells are made. The proportions in which the two metals are employed arc variable. In some very large English bells there is from 22 to 24 per cent, of tin and from 76 to Ts of . i per Four parts ol the latter metal to one of thefor- mer is said to be the proportion used in many of the lar- gest bells. Seeffronze.— Bell-metal ore,aname by which the mineral stannite, or sulphid of tin, copper, and iron, in Cornwall, is frequently known, owing to its re- found si mblance In appearance to bell-metal or bronze. belligerency (be-lij'e-ren-si), n. [ < m Utger< nt: hell-metronome (bel'met ."ro-nom), n. A met- see -<«(•//.] Position or statu- as a belligerent; ronome provided with a beli that may be set to the state of being actually engaged in war. strike after a given number of oscillations of They were acting for a Government wle.se belligerency the pendulum, thus marking the beginning of lia.liieeiiier._iu/. ■!. Soh Bloi kade and Cruisers, p. 224. measures as well as the pulses within measures. I cannot conceive of the i itisti nee of any neutral duties bell-mouth (bel'mouth), n. A mouthpiece ex- when nowarexists. Neutrality ex vi tertiam implies paneling like a bell. „ &M&S&SSS} £f °^7 ie r Mmmdh maya,so havethc Sasf&sSS? belligerent (be-Hj'e-rentb^tnd',,. [Earlier bellmouth^bermouth), ,-. t. [< WWo.*, ».] beUigerant, < F. belhgerant, < L. beUyg&ran{t-)s 1 fpr.'of belligerare, wage war: see beMgerate.} , a. 1. Warlike; given to waging war; char- acterized by a tendency to wage or carry on war. History teaches that the nations possessing the greatest armaments have always been the most belligerent. Sumner, orations, I. 97. 2. Of warlike character; constituting or tend- ing to an infraction of peace: as, a belligerent tone of debate. Justice requires that we should commit no beUigt rent act not founded in strict right as sanctioned by public j aw IAneoln, in Raymond, p. 16/. 3. Actually engaged in war: as, the belligerent powers. — 4. Pertaining to war, or to those en- gaged in war: as, belligerent rights, etc. To provide with a bell-shaped mouthpiece; shape like the mouth of a bell. It is often desirable to bellmouth the ends of pipes. Encyc. Brit., XII. 463. bell-mouthed (bel'moutht), a. 1. Gradually expanded at the mouth in the form of a bell. His belbmoutii'd goblet makes me feel quite Danish, Or Dutch, with thirst. Byron, Don Juan, liii. 72. 2. Having a clear, ringing voice: said of a hound. bell-nosed (bel'nozd), a. Expanded at the muzzle in the shape of a bell: said of firearms. In blunderbusses the barrels are generally bell-nosed. II'. II'. Greener, Gun anil its Development, p. 77. bellon (bel'on), n. [Origin unknown.] Lead- olic, or painters' colic Bellows.— French. 17th century. I From " L'Arl pour Tous.") igea m war: as, oemytrrtm* rigii-o, tec. eu..., _._ t ,™.~ »~~ II n A nation, power, or state carrying on Bellona (be-lo na), n. [L-, OU.Duetlona, <. bet- •*** ' ,. /.I." T /~\T _J. ... 77, .,.-__ T_-n i» I 1 -T. /./.ill )li II t h the war ; also, a person engaged in fighting. The position of neutrals in relation to belligerents is ex- actly ascertained. London Times. The possibility of intercourse in war depends on the confidence which the belligerents repose in each other's good faith; and this confidence, on the unchangeable Ba- credness ol truth. Woolsey, Introd. to Inter. Law, § 249. The rebel Poles had never risen to the rank of bellige- ren ( s . Loire. Bismarck, I. 309. belligeroust (be-lij'e-rus), a. [< L. belliger, waging war, < 6( Hum, war, + gerere, carry on.] Same as belligerent. Bailey. belling 1 (bel'ing), n. [Verbal n. of fteR 1 , ».] In submarine operations, the use of the diving- l.cll. belling 3 (bel'ing), n. [< ME. belh/nge ; verbal n. of bell' 2 , ».] Formerly, bellowing: in modern nse, tli" noise made by a deer in rutting-time. bellipotent (be-lip'o-tent), a. [< L. bellipo- ten{U)s, < bellum, war, + poten(t-)s, powerful: see potent.} Powerful or mighty in war. Blount. [Ran 1, I Bellis (bel'is), n. [L., < bellus, beautiful: see bell 5 .] The daisy, a small genus of annual or perennial herbs," natural order Composite, in- digenous to the temperate and cold regions of the northern hemisphere. Thi dai 1 B.perennis,lt abundant in pastur. 1 meadows of Europe, and is very .lit is : 1 1 1 . . 1 1 ■ Ij ■ species is B. integri/olia, the western daisy, bellitudet (bel'i-tad), ». L< L. bettitudo, < bel- lus, beautiful: see '•,//"..] Beauty of person; loveliness; elegance; neatness. Cockeram. bell-jar (bel'jar), n. A bell-shaped glass jar, used by chemists, in physical laboratories, etc., ing a gas lighter than the atmosphere Oi other medium in which it is plunged, and bellow (bel'o), " bell-roof gans for producing (he current of air by which the pipes and reeds are sounded, ft consists es- sentially " an . hanibi 1 which .an i.e alternately expanded ami contracted, and a nozle by which the current ..1 air can in- directed. When the an chamber Is expanded, air is admitted through a valve opening inward. The pi. s sure produced by the con- traction ot tbe alr-cham- bcr closes tin- \..1\. , and leaves the nozle the onlj available avenue <>i escape t..i tb. an in tie- . haiuber. Bellows arc made in i\ .hit. 1. nt tonus, a usual one being the small hand-bel- lows, an ornamented sx ample of which is shown in the cut, used fur promoting lb. combustion of a house- fire. Bellows of great pow- er are called blowing- ma- chines, and are operated by machinery driven by steam. — Blindman's bellows. See i.timimiin. — Hydro- static bellows. See hy- drostatic. bellows-camera (bel'- oz-kam"e-ra), n. In photog.,k form of ex- tensible camera in which the front and after bodies are connected, for the sake of lightness and economy of space when the camera is not in use, by a folding tube or chamber made of leather, rubber, or a similar light-proof mate- rial. The tube is made to fold upon itself in the same way as the air-chamber of an accordion or of bellows of the usual form; that is, it is made in a series of small folds, each carried entirely around it in a direction per- pendicular to its axis, and having their edges turned alter- nately inward and outward. The edges of those folds which arc turned outward are usually stiffened by a wire frame. When the tube is pulled out to its full extent, its walls are flat; when it is contracted, it requires merely the space taken up by the folds of its material. In use, the back of a camera of this form can be lixed. by a sen « or other device, at any distance from the front or K-ns end, within the limits of the contracted or expanded tube, that the fo- cus of the lens or the particular work In hand may require. In Rom. myth., the bellows-fish, (bel'oz-fish), n. 1. A local name in England of the trumpet-fish, Centriseus scolo- pax. — 2. A local name of sundry plectognath fishes, of the suborder Gymnodontes and family TetrodonttdtB. — 3. A local name in Rhode Is- land of the angler, Lophius piscatorius. See cut under angler. bellows-pump (bel'oz-pump), n. A sort of atmospheric pump, in which the valve is in the lower side of a bellows-chamber, while the upper side performs the function of the piston. bellows-SOUnd (bel'oz-sound), n. In pathol., an abnormal sound of the heart, resembling the puffing of a small bellows. only once), bellow" (as a bull), appar. with bell-pepper (bel'pep er), «. The fruit of ( 'ap- added formative and umlaut from the same sicum grossum, inucn used f or pudding and as a root as bellan, low, bellow, E. bell: see beW.1 vegetable; Guinea pepper. I. in trans. 1. To roar; make a hollow, loud bell : polyp (bel pol ip), noise, as a bull, cow, or deer, htm, OL. (luellum, war.] goddess of war. Her temple stood in the Campus Martius, without the walls, and was held to symbolize enemies' territory. In it the Senate received foreign am- bassadors and victorious generals entitled to a triumph. 2. [NL.] In ornith., a genus of humming-birds. Mttlsant and Verreaux, 1865.— 3. [J. c] [NL.] In herpet, the specific name of a snake, Pityo- phis bellona. bellonion (be-16'ni-on), m. A musical instru- ment, invented at Dresden in 1812, consisting of twenty-four trumpets and two drums, which were played by machinery. bellow (bel'o), r. [< ME. belowen, belli in u, beliren, bellow, low, < AS. bylgean (oeourrin Jupiter Became a bull, and bellowd. Shak., W. T., iv. 3. 2. Of persons, to make any violent outcry; vo- ciferate; clamor: used in ridicule or contempt. This gentleman ... is accustomed to roar and bellow so terribly loud . . . that he frightens us. Tat fer, No. 54. 3. To roar, as the sea in a tempest, or as the wind when violent ; make a loud, hollow, con- tinued sound. Ever overhead Bellow'd the tempest. Tennyson, Merlin and Vivien. II. trans. To utter in a loud deep voice; vo- ciferate: generally with out or form. To hellowout "Green peas." under my window. Smollett, Humphrey Clinker. [< bellow, r. «'.] A roar, as for similar uses. It is a form of bell-glass. of a bull; a loud outcry, bell-less (I.. [< beM + -less.] Having bellower (bePo-er), n. One who bellows. no I. ell. Scott. bell-magnet (bel'mag net), ». An alarm in which a clapper is made to strike a bell by the completion of an elect ric circuit, bell-magpie (bel'mag pi), «. Same as bell- bii-.l. 3. bellman (bel'man), «. ; pi. Inllmeu f-men). [Also written liilniiin: < belP + mini.'] 1. A man who rings a lull; specifically, one em- cry public notices ami call attention 1., ringing ale '. — 2. Formerly, a night-watchman, pari "l whose dutj to Call out tie- In nil's, the stale of I lie u.e.lli. r. and other information, as he pa bellows (bel'oz or -us), n. sing, and pi. [Also, colloquially, bellowses, a double plural; < ME. belowes, behoes, also belies, a bellows, prop. pi. of belowe, lulu, also bely, beli, a bellows, a |,ag, the li'lU .same word as belly), < AS. bcelg, bull, 1. biin. belig, s bag, a bellows (earlier spe- cifloallj bl LL. bttlga, bag: see bulge, bougel, budge*, etc.] 1. That part of the human body which extends from the breast to the groin, and contains the bowels; the part of the trunk between the diaphragm and the pelvis, considered as to its front and side walls and its cavity and contents; the abdomen. See cut under abdomen. — 2. The part of any animal which corresponds to the human belly ; the ab- domen in general. Underneath the belly of their steeds. Shak., 3 Hen. VI., ii. 3. 3. The stomach with its adjuncts : as, a hungry belly. He would fain have filled his belly with the husks. Luke xv. 16. 4f. The womb. — 5. The fleshy part of a muscle, as distinguished from its tendinous portion : as, the anterior belly of the digastricus muscle. — 6. The hollow or interior of an inclosed place. Out of the belly of hell cried I. Jonah ii. 2. 7. The part of anything which resembles the belly in protuberance or cavity, as of a bottle, a tool, a sail filled by the wind, a blast-furnace, etc. If you were to fall from aloft and be caught in the belly of a sail, and thus saved from instant death, it would not do to look at all disturbed. R. H. Dana, Jr., Before the Hast, p. 35. Neither hollow nor swelling, called a belly, is made on the Hat part of the brick. C. T. Davis, bricks, etc., p. \li. 8. In technol., the inner, lower, or front sur- face or edge of anything, (a) In engraving, the lower edge of a graver, (o) In locks, the lower edge of a tumbler against which the bit of the key plays. (•■) In masonry, the batter of a wall. ((/) In saddlery, a piece of leather sometimes attached to the cantle or hind pommel ot ;i saddle to serve as a point of attachment for valise- straps. (,) In shi/i-carp., the inside or concave side of a piece of curved timber, the outside being termed the back. If) In earriaoe-ntaking, the wooden covering of an iron axle. (g) In archery, the interior side of a how, which is concave when the bow is bent. See back of a bow, under backl. (It) The widest partof the shaft of a blast-furnace. (0 The middle or bulging part of a cask. Also called the bulge, (j) Theunburnt side of a slab of cork. (k) A swell on the under side of an iron bearer or girder, (t) The upper plate of that part of a musical instrument, as a violin, which is designed to increase its resonance; the sounding-board of a piano. In instruments of the violin class the bridge rests upon the belly, (m) In mining, a mass of ore swelling out and occupying a large part of the breadtb of the lode.— Back and belly. See backl-. belly (bel'i), v. ; pret. and pp. bellied, ppr. bt ! til- ing, [(.belly, n.] I. trans. To fill; swell out. Your breath of full consent bellied his sails. Shak., T. and I'., ii. 2. Norwere they [the Pilgrim fathers] so wanting to them. selves in faith as to burn their ship, but could see the fair west wind belly the homeward sail, and then turn unre- pining to grapple with the terrible Unknown. Lowell, Introd. to Biglow Papers, 1st ser. II. intrans. To swell and become protuber- ant, like the belly ; bulge out. The bellying canvas strutted with the gale. Dryden, Iliad, i. 054. belly-timber To belly out, in mining, to increase rapidly in dimen sions : said of a lode. belly-ache (bel'i-ak), ». I'ain in the bowels; Hie eolie. 'Mi. belly ■ Caused by an Inundation ol pease-poi i /;. a u. oi"l Fl. t Mons. i i belly-band (bel'i-band), u. 1. A band thai goes round the belly; Specifically, a saddle- also, a band fastened to the shafts of a vehicle, and passing under the belly of the animal dravi ing it. — 2. Naut., a band of canvas placed across a sail to strengl hen it. belly-boards (bel'i-bordz), re. pi. A kind of fir and pine boards produced in Switzerland, used for the sounding-boards of musical instru- ments. belly-bound (bel'i-bormd), a. Constipated; costive. [Vulgar.] belly-brace (bel'i-bras), n. A cross-brace be- tween the frames of a locomotive, stayed to the boiler. belly-button (bel'i-but*n), «. The navel. [Colloq.] belly-cheatt (bel'i-chet), re. [< belly + cheat, also spelled cltetc, a thing: see cheat*."] An apron or covering for the front of the person. lleait. and Fl. [Old slang.] belly-cheert (bel'i-eher), n. Good cheer; meat and drink; food. Elyot, Diet., 1559. Bald-pate friars, whose sumnntm honum is in belly-cheer. Marlowe. Loaves and belly-cheer. Wilton, Def.ofHumb. Kemonst. belly-cheert (bel'i-cher), r. i. To indulge in belly-cheer; feast; revel. Let them assemble in consistory, . . . and not . . . by themselves to belly-cheer ... or to promote designs to abuse and gull the simple laity. Milton, Tenure of Kings and Magistrates (Ord MS.), belly-cheeringt (bel'i-cher"ing), re. Feasting; revelry. Riotous banqueting and beUy-cht Udall, Prol. toEphesians. belly-churlt (bel'i-cherl), n. A rustic glutton. Drayton, belly-doublett (bel'i-duVlet), re. A doublet made very long in front, and stuffed or bom- basted so as to project somewhat, as in the representation of Punch in English puppet- shows. This fashion prevailed about 1585 and after. See doublet. Your arms crossed on your thin belly-doublet. Shak., L. L. L., iii. 1. belly-fretting (bel'i -fret "ing), n. 1. The chafing of a horse's belly with a fore-girth. — 2. A violent pain in a horse's belly, caused by worms. bellyful (bel'i-ful), n. As much as fills the belly (stomach) or satisfies the appetite; hence, a great abundance ; more than enough. Every jack-slave has his belly-full of fighting, and I must go up and down like a cock that no body can match. Shak., t'ymbeliiie, ii. 1. belly-god (bel'i-god), n. One who makes a god of his belly, that is, whose great business or pleasure is to gratify his appetite; a glutton; an epicure: as, "Apicius, a famous belly-god," Hull -trill, Apology, p. 378. belly-guy (bel'i-gi), re. Naut., a tackle or guy, attached half-way up a sheer-leg or spar need- ing support in the middle. See belly stay. belly-piece (bel'i-pes), h. If. The flesh cover- ing the belly; hence, an apron. — 2. The piece forming the belly of a violin, etc. belly-pinched (bel'i-pincht), a. Pinched with hunger; starved: as, "the belly-pinched -wo]!," Shak., Lear, iii. 1. belly-pipe (bel'i-pip), n. A flaring nozlo for a blast-pipe in a blast-furnace. belly-rail (bel'i-ral), n. 1. In a pianoforte, a transverse rail forming a portion of the main body of the framing. — 2. In railway engin., a rail with a fin or web descending between the flanges which rest on the ties. belly-roll (bel'i -rol), n. A roller of greater diameter in the middle than at the ends, used for rolling land between ridges or in hollows. belly-slave (bel'i-slav), n. A person who is a slave to his appetite. Beastly beUyslaves, which, . . . not once, but continu- ally, day and night, give themselves wholly to bibbing and banqueting. Homily against Gluttony, belly-stay (bel'i-sta), it. Naut., a tackle ap- plied from above half-mast down when the mast requires support, as the belly-guy is ap- plied from below. See belly-guy. belly-timber (bel'i-tim'ber), n. Food; that which supports the belly. [Formerly in serious use, but now only humorous.] belly-timber Through desert* vast Ami regions desolate thejr pass'd, Wli, i, iove ground or under. was not to be found. S. Butler, Hudibras, T. i. 331. belly- vengeance (bcl'i-ven jens), n. A name given in some parts of England to weak or sour I..- r. belly-wash (bel'i-wosh), ». Any kind of dnnk of poor quality. [Vulgar.] belly-worm (bel'i-werm), ». A worm that breeds in the belly or stomach. Hay. belock (be-lok'), v. t. [< br-i + lockU not di- rectly < ME. belouken, pp. betoken, < AS. W«- . pp. h, loct a. < l'<- + Mean, look.] To lock, or fasten as with a lock. This is the hand which, with a vow'd contract Was fast betocVd in thine. Shak., M. for M.; v. 1. Belodon(bel'6-don),H. [NL.,,l | (,, | : : , „ ic i lienllv. have a legal residence, settlement, or inhabitancy (in), whether by birth or operation of law, so as to be charge- able upon the parish or town: said of a pau- per, or one likely to become such. Bastards also are BetUed in the parishes to which the „„„!,,, Blackatom i, Com., I. xvi. 6. To be a native (of) ; have original residence (in). There is no other country in the world to winch the gipsies could belong. •"• Baper. 7. To have its (or one's) proper place; be resi- dent : as, this book belongs on the top shell ; I h, Ion, i here (in this house or town). [U. S.] belonging (be-16ng'iug), n. [< belong + -mmM That which belongs to one : used generally, it not always, in the plural, (a) Qualities; endow- ments; faculties. Thyself and thy belongings Are not thine own so proper, as to waste Thyself upon thy virtues, they on thee. Shak., M. for M., I. 1. lb) Property; possessions: as, "I carryall my belongings with me," Trottope. le) Members of one's family or house- hold; relations or dependants. [Humorous.] When Lady Kew said, "sir nolo, sic jubeo," I i>romise you few persons of her ladyship's belongings stopped, be- fore they did her biddings, to ask her reasons. Thackeray, New. ■nines, xxxill. I have been trouble enough to my belongings in my day. Dickens, Bleak House, II. 103. (d) Appendages. The bclonaimis to this Indian-looking robe. (_', , nil, ill May. belonid (bel'6-nid), n. [< Belonidte.] A fish of the family Behnidic. Belonida (be-lon'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Belone + -idir.] A family of fishes, represented by the genus Belone, containing Synentognathi with an Silver Garfish ( Tylosurus longirostris) elongate stout body, oblong wide head flat- tened above and terminating in long stout jaws, the upper of which is composed of the coalesced intermaxillaries, supramaxillanes, and facial bones, while the lower has an addi- tional bone behind. The vertebra? have zygapophj ses, and the bones are generally green. The species arc called garpikes, garfish, or gars. The English species is a mem- ber of the genus Belone, IS. vulgaris, but those of the I nitcd states belong to the genus Tylosurus, of which there are nine species, as T. ma mm*. T. crassus, T.exuw, T. Iongiro8tri8, etc. belonite (bel'o-nit), n. [< Gr. fSeUvn, any sharp point, a needle (see Belone), + -ite?.] A kind of minute imperfect crystals, usually acicular m form, sometimes dendritic, observed in glassy volcanic rocks. The term is now limited to such as exert no action on polarized light, long (there is no AS. 'belangian or "belong): fo e l noid (bel'6-noid), a. [< Gr. pthtvoeidqc, s.n along 12 , long 2 , longK] 1. To go along with nee dle-shaped, '< fitUmi, a needle (see Bt um ), anything, or accompany it as an adjunct or at- + £ y of) f rm.] Resembling a bodkin or nee- tribute ; pertain ; appertain ; be a property (of) ; ( ii e . styloid : applied to processes of bone, be in the power or at the disposal (of). L 1 " :,u Beloochee (be-lo'che), n. Same as Baluchi. senses except 7 followed by to, or in the older B e i ptera (be-lop'te-rii), n. [NL., < Gr. jieAoc, English by unto.] dart, + irrepov, wing.] 1. Agenusof dibranchi- II, t haowas to light on a partnf the field belonging ate eephalopods, with a wing-like expansion ot -2. [I. c] Plural of unto Boaz. Ruth ii. 3. and David said unto him, To whom belongest thou? 1 Sam. xxx. 13. To the Lord our God belong mercies and forgivenesses. Dan. ix. !>. Be calclli for the things that belong to the 1 1 1 Cor. vii. :$2. Most of the males Bubject to him [the father oi the family] are n allj his children, but, even if they hai I sprung from him, thi j are subject to him, they form part old, th. \ in a word coloured by later notions ng in him. \faine, Barlj Law and Custom, p. 87. 2. To be the concern or proper business (of) ; appertain it",: as, it belongs to John Doe to prove the title. Co you it doth bi ■' Yourself to pardon of sell doing Sonnets, lviii. 3. To be appendant (to); be connected (wit 1 1 1; be a special relation (to): as. a beam or rafter belongs to such a frame, or to such a place in the building. ll r took tin in. and went a Ide privab !i Into a di erl pjg, tl city i alii d B. thsaida. Luke ix. 10. 4. To be suilabln ; be due. Strong meal '• ton s "■ to them that are ol full use. Heh. v. 14. IP arlng . . . thy beauty Bound (Yet nol so di i plj as tot Myself am mov d to woo thi - for my wife. ' Shak., T. of the 8., 11. 1. the sides of the shells. belopteron. . , . belopterid (be-lop'te-rid), n. [< Beloptenats.] A eephalopod of the family lleloptendic. Belopteridse (bel-op-ter'i-de), n. pi. [NL < Beloptura + -idle.] A family of dibrunchiato eephalopods, typified by the genus Hilo/itera, closely related to the Brlemnitidae, and by some authors combined in the same family. The species are extinct. belopteron (be-lop'te-ron), n.\ pi. I„ In/, lira (-rii). [NL., < Gr. /i'A«:, a dart (see II, lion ), + KTipov, a wing.] The fossil internal bone of an extiimt eephalopod, somewhat like a belemnito, but blunter and having a wing-like projection mi each side. belord (be-16rd'), v. t. [< be-> + lord.] 1. To apply the title Lord to; address bythe phrase "my lord."— 2. To domineer over. [Rare.] Belostoma (be-los'to-mjl), "• [NL., < fir. I'/n,. a dart, + ord//», mouth.] The typical genua of heteropterous insects of the family Belostomidiu, for- i .nn! \\ Sti i bug id gran, tit), below merly referred to the Xi/iida. The largest species is II. arandis o! South America, the great water hug, at- taining a length ol i inches, H amerieana and /.'. grieea inhabit the Ulantic States of North America. A Chinese and Indian species is /.'. ,,„l,ra. Belostomidae (bel-os-tom'i-de), ». pi. [NL.,< Belostoma + -ida:] A family of heteropterous insects, containing the largest living members of the order Beteroptera. They are huge, broad, fiat bodied aquatic insects, with powerful swimming-legs and curved fore tibial, able to preyupon fish and other aquatic animals of considerable Bize. There arc about 12 i generally distributed in temperate and torrid re- gions. The head is much narrower than the prothorax, with prominent eyes, short 3-Jointed rostrum, and short 4-j,,inti'd antenna': Uie prothorax is wide and trapezoi- dal; the scutellum is laier ami triangular; theelytraare distinguished into curium and membrane; and the hody ends in a pair of ligulate extensile appendages. beloutt (be-louf), r. t. [< fce-l + lout.] To call (a person) a "lout"; address or speak of with contemptuous language. Sieur Gaulard, when he heard a gentleman report that at supper they had not only good cheer hut also savoury epigrams and tine anagrams, returning home, rated and belowted his cook as an ignorant scullion, that never dressed . . . him either epigrams or anagrams. i ■,,,,,, Ira, Remains. belovet (be-luv'), v. [< ME. beloven, bihwen (= D. believen, please, gratify, = G. betieben, like, wish, impers. please), love, < be-, bi-, + ioven, luven : see 6e-i and love.] I. introns. To please. [Early Middle English.] H. trans. 1. To be pleased with ; like.— 2. To love. [Little used except in the past parti- ciple] If beauty were a string of silke, I would wear it about my neck for a certain testimony that I belone it much. Wodroephe, French and Eng. Grammar, p. 322. beloved (be-luv'ed or -luvd'), p. a. and w. [< ME. In loved, beluved, biluved, pp.: see love.] I. p. a. Loved; greatly loved; dear to the heart. This is my beloved Son. M at. iii. 17. Beloved of all, and dying ne'er forgot. William Morris, Earthly Paradise. II. 307. II. n. One who is greatly loved ; one very dear. He giveth his beloved sleep. Ps. exxvii. 2. below (be-16'), adv. and prep. [< ME. bilooghe (found only once), adv., < U, be, prep., by, + loogh, logh, adv., low: see 6e- 2 and low 2 . The older form was alow; cf. afore, before, ahind, behind.] I. adv. 1. In or to a lower place or level ; beneath ; downward from a higher point : as, look below ; in the valley below. Hear the rattling thunder far below. Wordsworth. 2. On the earth, as opposed to in the heavens. The blessed spirits above rejoice at our happiness below. Sir T. Browne, Christ Mor., in. 5. 3 In hell, or the regions of the dead : as, ''the realms below," Dryden.—l. On a lower floor ; downstairs. Sir Anthony Absolute is below, inquiring for the captain. Sheridan, The Rivals, lv. 1. Hence — 5. Naut., off duty: as, the watch below, in contradistinction to the watch on deck.— 6. At a later point in a page or writing; further on in the same part or division : as, particulars are given below : see the statistics below. — 7. Lower down in a course or direction, as toward the mouth of a river or harbor, etc. : as, the vessel has just arrived from below. — 8. In a lower rank or grade: as, at the trial below, or in the court below. II. prep. 1. Under in place ; beneath; not so high as: as, below the knee. The . . . dust below thy feet. Shak., bear, v. 3. All the abhorred births below crisp heaven Whereon Hyperions quickeiiiim lire doth vhine. Shak., T. of A., iv. 3. 2. Lower than in position or direction; lower down : as, he lives a little below our house, that is, a little lower down the street, road, hill, etc. The castle was now taken ; but the town below it was in arms . Irving, Granada, p. 32. 3. Lower than in degree, amount, weight, price, value, etc.— 4. Later in time than. [Rare.] The more eminent scholars which England produced be» f ore and even below the twelfth century, were educated In our religious 1 ses. T. Warton, Hist. Bug. Poetry, t Ul- 5. Inferior in rank, excellence, or dignity: as, "one degree below kings," Addison, Remarks on Italy, Venice.— 6. Too low to be worthy of ; inferior to. They beheld, with a Just loathing and disdain, . . . how Mow all history the persons and their actions were. Milton, The works of Petrarch were below both bis genius and his celebrity. Macaulay, Dante. Below the salt. See salt, =Syn. Below. Under, Beneath. Below, lower than the plane ot ; under, lower in the per- below pendicular lineol ; beneath, close under : as, the sun sinks below the horizon; a thing Is under a chair or tree, '" neatA a pile of rubbish, lender has often the sense ol beneath . as, " under whose wings," Ruth 11. 12. pare Uie old use ol beneath in Ex. xxxii. 19 "Beneath the mount." [A sail] that sinks with all we love below the verge. Tennyson, Princess, iv. Whereon :i hundred stately beeches grew, Ami here and there great hollies under them. /. nnyson, Pelleas and Bttare, /;. neath the milk-white thorn that scents the cv'ning Kale. Burns, Cottar's Sat Night belsiret (bel'sir), n. [< ME. belsire, lit. good sire, < bel, fair, good, as a prefix, grand- (as in beldam, ci. v.), + sire. Cf. beausire.] 1. A grandfather: correlative to beldam, grand- mother. — 2. An ancestor. Drayton. belswaggert (bel'swag"er), n. [Perhaps for belly-swagger, a form given by Ash, < belly + swag, sway.] A bully; a pimp. belt' (belt)', n. [< ME. belt, < AS. belt = OHG. bah = Icel. belli = Sw. feti'ife = Dan. balte = Ir. and Gael, bait, a belt ,a border ; pro!.. E»_^» ^ < L. battens, a belt.] 1. A broad flat strip or strap of leather or other flexible mate- rial, used to encircle the waist; a gir- dle ; cincture ; zone ; band. Ordinarily it is worn buckled or hooked tight to the waist, and in all ages it has been a com mon article of apparel, both to keep the tor- ments in place and to support weapons, or a purse, a writing-case, or the like : it may he made of any material. The mil- itary belt of the middle ages was sometimes com- posed of small plates of metal held to each other by rings, was attached to the armor, and, accord- ing to the fashion of the latter, was worn more or less low, sometimes resting below the hips upon the skirt of plate- armor. Sometimes the sword was not secured to the belt, which was then rather a mark of rank and dignity than a necessary part of the dress. (See sword-belt and baldric.) The broad bauds supporting the bayonet-sheath and cartridge-box, worn by infantry in Europe during the century ending about 1S50, were also called belts or cross- belts. See girdle. The shining belt with gold inlaid. Dryden. 519 belvedered in. i, n. A double clamping- Quartcr-turn Belt. belt-screw (belt'stro;, n. screw with broad, flat heads, used for joining the ends ol a belt. belt-shifter (belt'shif ter), n. A contrivance for shifting a machi bell from one pulley to another, in order to stop or set in motion certain parts of the machine, or to change the mol ion. E. II. Knight. A belt shifter. A eoiit ri\ n a belt connecting two pulleys and crossed between them, so as to cause them to revolve in opposite directions. Roll- , i . are placed between the belts, it necessary, to prevent rubbing.— Endless belt, see endless. Hy- draulic belt. See hydraulic Quarter-turn belt, a belt having a twist of 90", used to transmit motion between pulleys on Bhafts placed at right angles to each other; a quartering belt. To hold the belt, t" hob 1 tl hampionship in pugilism belt-shipper (belt 'ship el I, n. or some other athletic exercise. belt-sneeder (belt 'sne der) n belt (belt), v. t. \iheii.,,.] 1. To gird with a in u i , 1 , u ,., li ,„. f or transmitting varying rates belt; specifically, to invest with a distinctive , p| ln(lti(111 b m „ ;ms o£ ;l ,„.,,_- „ b nm , h , ls ,., | belt, as in knighting some one. — Z. 10 fasten in B pi nn | n g_ ma chines to van the rate oi rotation of the or secure with a belt; gird: as, to belt on a spool as the cop increases in . sword.— 3. To encircle ; surround as if with a belt-tightener (belt'trl ner), n. An idle or belt or girdle. independent pulley resting on a machine In it. Belted with young children. DeQv&neey. and tending by its weight to keep the belt The general college of civilization that now belted the strettdicd, thus securing better adhesion. Mi diterranean. l>e tjnineeg, Herodotus. Come from the woods that belt the gray bill-side. Tennyson, Ode to Memory. 4. To strike with or as with a belt ; strap ; flog. [Colloq.] Eeltane (bel'tan), n. [Also written Beltein and Billen; < GaeL Bealllanni, Heilteine — Ir. Bcal- teine, BeaUtaine, olr. Belltaine, Beltene; usual- ly explained as Beal's fire, < *Beal, *BiaI, an alleged Celtic deity (by some writers patrioti- cally identified with the Oriental Belus or Baal), + teine, fire. But the origin is quite unknown.] 1. The first day of May (old style); old May- day, one of the four quarter-days (the others being Lammas, Hallow-mass, and Candlemas) anciently observed in Scotland. — 2. An ancient Celtic festival or anniversary formerly observed belt-tool (belt'tol), ii. A combined cutter, punch, awl, and nippers, used in making belts. beluga (be-lo'ga), ». [< Russ. bieluga, < bit luii, white; cf. Lith" balti, be white.] 1. The large white sturgeon, Acipenser huso, from the roe of which, sometimes weighing sou pounds, caviar or botargo is prepared. The Bsh is from \i to 15 feet in length, weighing in some cases 2,000 pounds or more. Isinglass is prepared from its swim-bladder. 2. [cap.] [NL.] A generic name of the white whales: a synonym of Delphinapterus. The only species found in northern seas is 11. aretiea, Uueas, or albicans, which from its color is commonly called white whale or whitefish. It is from 12 to 18 feet in length. The tail is divided into two lobes, lying horizontally, and there is no dorsal tin. In swimming, the animal bends its tail under its body like a lobster, and thrusts itself along It is found in the arctic all domestic fires having been previously extinguished, only to be relighted from the embers of the Beltane tires. This custom is supposed to derive its origin from the worship of the sun, or fire in general, which was formerly in vogue among the Celts as well as among many other heathen nations. The practice still survives in some remote local- ities. [Sometimes without a capital.] But o'er his hills, on festal day, How blazed Lord Ronald's beltane tree! Scott, Glenftnlas. side anjr" belt-clamp (belt'klamp), n. An apparatus for hind the hip in a similar way i b. brinp-ing together and holding in position the leather girdle buckling around the - ^ e> e> o , r ends of belts while they are being cemented, laced, or coupled. belt-clasp (belt'klasp;, n. A clasp for a belt; specifically, in mach., a device for connecting the ends of belting so as to make a continuous band. ict. duMobiiierfraneais.-) belt-coupling (belt'kup"ling), n. In mach., a device for connecting the ends of a belt. It is a substitute for the ordinary method of lacing them together with thongs of leather. belt-cutter (belt'kut"er). a. A tool or machine for slitting tanned hides into strips for belting. 2. Any broad band or strip of leather or other belted (bel'ted), p. a [< .belt + -e^.ll. Wearing a belt; specifically, wearing a dis- Military Belt, end of 14th century. A, the belt, consisting of plates of metal held together by rings or links and supporting the sword Dy chains secured to the scabbard : the channel-shaped steel belt to which the braconmere is attached ; C, brig- antine, buckled at the left side ; D, braconniere of plates sliding one over another ; E, a ring secured to the brigantine from which a chain passes to the barrel of the sword-hilt to pre- vent it from falling if the hand lets it go during combat. (From Viollet-le- Duc's with the rapidity of an arrow seas and rivers, and is caught for its oil and its skin. on Beltane or May-day in Scotland, and m Ire- B e i us (he'lus), n. [L., < Gr. Bf/?.or, the tradi- land on June 21st. Bonfires were kindled on the hills, tional founder of Babylon; the Greek form of Baal, q. v.] 1. The chief deity of the Baby- lonians and Assyrians ; Baal (which see). Also Bel. — 2. [NL.] A genus of weevils, of the family ( 'iireiilionidte. belute (be-luf), ''• '• ! pret. ami pp. hinted, ppr. beluting.' [< 6e-i + lute%,< L. lutum, mud.] 1. To cover or bespatter with mud. [Rare.] Never was a Dr. Slop so beluted. SU me, Tristram Shandy, ii. 9. 2. To coat with lute or cement of any kind. belvedere (bel-ve-der', It, pron. bel-ve-da're), n. [Also less correctly beleidere, < It. belli dere, lit. a beautiful view, < bel, bello, beautiful, + vedere, a view, < L. i-idere, see: see vision, view.'] 1. In Italian arch., an upper story of a build- ing, or a portion of such a story, open to the flexible material, designed to pass round any- thing, with its ends joined, (a) In mach., a flexible cord or band passing about the periphery of wheels, drums, or pulleys, for the purpose of transmitting motion from one to another. Belts are usually made of leather, but india-rubber and gutta-percha are occasionally used ; also hempen cord, wire rope, and cords for small pulleys. See belting. (6) In surg., a bandage or baud used by surgeons for various purposes. 3. Any broad band or stripe or continuous broad line distinguished in color or otherwise from adjacent objects, and encircling or ap- ? earing to encircle something. Specifically— (a) n astron., one of certain girdles or rings which surround the planet Jupiter. (6) A broad band or stripe on the earth's surface extending over or along a surface or re- gion, and distinguished from it by difference of color, as- pect, etc. ; a tract or district long in proportion to its breadth, and characterized by the presence, occurrence, or absence of some marked physical or other peculiarity or phenomenon : as, the oil belt ; a belt of vegetation ; the corn belt, wheat belt, etc. ; a belt of trees. Pinks were gleaming in every direction through the clumps and belts of the plantation. Lawrence. You see green trees rising above the belt of sand. W. II. Russell. The proposed Nicaragua Canal has proved to lie within the earthquake belt. Sri. Am< r., X. s.. I.Y. 64, The manufacturers of this favored region have decidedly the advantage of their less fortunate competitors away from the gas belt. Jour. Franklin Inst., CXXI. 310. (c) In masonry, a band Or string-course. 4. That which restrains or confines like a gir- dle. He cannot buckle his distemper'd cause Within the belt of rule. Shale., Macbeth, v. 2. 5. A disease among sheep — Angular chain- belt. See iiihinlar.— Belt of Orion. See Orion and ell- team/.— Black belt. Sec Wmt.- Chain-belt, a chain forming a band or belt for conveying or transmitting power. It is sometimes covered with piping, or overlaid with str of various materials to form a round belt.- tinotive belt, as a knight. A prince can mak a belted knight, A marquis, duke, and a' that. Burtu, For A' That. The melodramatic attitude of a general, belted and plumed, with a glittering staff of officers at his orders. De Quinceg, Essenes, ii. With puff d cheek the belted hunter blew. Tennyson, Palace of Art. 2. Marked or adorned with a band or circle: as, a belted stalk; the belted kingfisher. — 3. Worn in the belt, or hanging from the belt : said especially of a sword the sheath of which is secured permanently to the belt. Three men with belted brands. Scott. He was dressed in his pontifical robes, with a belted sword at his side. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 21. Belted plaid, the plaid worn by the Highlanders of scot- land in full military dress: so called from being kept tight to the boily by a belt : as, " wi' belted plaids and glittering blades," Alex. Laing. Beltein, Belten, ». See Beltane. belting (bel'ting), n. [< belt + -ing.~\ Belts collectively or in general; the material of which belts are made. See belt — Angular belting. See nmiiiinr.— Round belting, belting, usually made from a Hat strap, which is rolled Into a tubular form. — Scandi- navian belting, a cotton cloth woven solid and treated with Stockholm tar. E. II. Km.iht. belt-lacing (belt'la'sing), n. Leather thongs for lacing together the ends of a machine-belt to make it continuous. belt-pipe (belt'pip), «. In a steam-engine, a steam-pipe surrounding the cylinder. belt-rail (belt'ral), n. A longitudinal strip or guard of wood along the outside of a street- car, beneath the windows. — Belt-rail cap, a strip of wooil fastened to tlic top of a belt-rail ami forming the seat of the windoW'SUL Crossed belt' belt-saw (belt'sa), n. Same as band-saw. Belvedere.— Palazzo Durazzo, Via Balbi, Genoa, Italy. air. at least on one side, and frecpiently on all, for the purpose of affording a view of the coun- try and providing a place for enjoying the cool evening breeze. The belvedere is sometimes a sort of lantern or kiosk erected on the roof. Here and there among the low mots a lofty one with round-topped dormer windows and a breezy <•■ looking out upon the plantations of coffee and indigo be- yond the town. B. W. Cable, The Grandissimes, p. 220. 2. In France, a summer-house on an eminence in a park or garden. They build their palaces and belvederes With musical water-works. Webster, Devil's law-Case. 1. L belvedered (bel-ve-derd'), a. Provided with a belvedere. Gardened and belvedered villas. (;. II'. ('if/./r, I lie lirauilissimcs, p. 14. Belvoisia Belvoisia (bel-voi'si-S), ». fN I'-, named after M. Bei o , a French, scientist.] A genus of two-ringed dies, of 1 1 n- family Tachinida . com- prising numerous gen- era, parasil ic on other in-.-. -is. 1 1,, \ are most diffi- cult to distinguish on account uf the uniformity of their Bonibi r colors and the simi- 1.1 n \ of th ir structural chai acters. Theonlj specii a ol Belvoisia in the united States is exceptional by the itj ol ii- coloration, the third and fourth abdominal '.hi, i jht goldeu yellow, with only the hind bor- ders black. It has been described as B. tri/asciata (Fa- bricius), and is parasitic on the green striped maple-worm, i cunda, and allied species. belyet, v. t. An old spelling of belit '. belyret, adv. An old spelling of bclin i. Belzebub (bel'ze-bub), n. See Beelzebub. bema (be'ma), ».; pi. bemata (-ma tS). [Gr, 520 With intellects bemaz'd in endless doubt Cmoper, The Task, v. Bembecidae (bem-bes'i-de), «./<.. [NL.,prop. /;. mbieidm, < /.'. minx, prop. Bem6ia;( Beminc-) + -i,i,i.\ A familj of solitary, aculeate or sting- ben Bow can that Judge wa> ' ,:.lk right that is herniated in his Feltham, Resolves, ii f. bemitered, bemitred (bf-mi'terd), «. [< 6c- 1 + miter + -id-.} Crowned with or wearing a miter, Carh/le. bearing liymenopterous insects, resembling bemoan (bf-mdn'), v. t. [< ME. (with change Eelzeisi.i trifasciata, natu- ral size. «as]is or bees, and, along with the Spin ,/nlir and ether kindled families, known as saiiil- irnsps. Tin' female excavates cells in the sun. I. in whii li she deposits, together with tier eggs, various larva? or per- insects Btung int.) insensibility, us support for her progeny « hen hatched. They are very active, fond of the n. .tar of Bowers, inhabitants of warm countries, and de- limit in sunshine. Some species emit an odor like that ,,i roses. Bembex is the typical genus. See cut under Bembex. Also Bembicidee. Bembecinse (bem-be-si'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Bcm- A subfamily of digger- of vowel; of. mum,) bemenen, bimenen, < AS. I„ mil nun, bemoan, < be- + maniiii, moan: see be- 1 and moan.] 1. To lament; bewail; ex- press sorrow for: as, to bemoan the luss of a son. — 2. Kefiexively, to bewail one's lot. People grieve and bemoan themselves, but it is not half so bad with them as they say. Emerson, Experience. 3f. To pity ; feel or express sympathy with or pity for. Bastards, . . . if proving eminent, are much bemoaned, b< cause merely passive in the blemish of their birth. hex (Bembec-) + -inn.] wasps, of the family Sphegidce, typified by the Fuller. genus Bembex, in which the body is large and bemoanable (be-mo'na-bl), a. [< bemoan + long, the head large, the labrum long, triangu- _,,,,/,..] Capable or worthy of being lamented. . lar, and exserted, and the legs are short. Sherwood. ,. „..,:, sii p.a sta-e, plat form, < flafev (•/ */3a), Bembex (bem'beks), n. [NL., prop. Bemln.r, < fcemoaner (be-mo'ner), n. One who bemoans. !_'... = E. come, q. v.]" 1. In Or. mitiq., a stage or kind of pulpit on which speakers stood when addressing an assembly. If a man could be admitted a- an orator, as a regular demagogus, from the popular bema, or hustings, in that. cas hi obtained a hearing. D, Quineey, Style, iv. 2. In the '.'/'. Church, tin- sanctuary or chan- cel; the inclosed space surrounding the altar. It is tin' part "t an oriental church furthest from the front or main entrance, originally and usually raise. 1 above the level of Hi.- nave. The holj table (the altar) stands in its center i kirting the rear wall of the apse the synthronus, or seat for the bishop and clergy. Gr. jifi'i^'i (feuput-), a spinning-top, a whirl pool, a buzzing insect; prob. imitative.] The typical genus of digger- wasps of the subfamily Bernbecincn. /•'. rostrata and the American B. fasciata (Fabricius) are examples. XlsoBcmbix. Bembicidae (bem-bis'i- de), n.pl. SameasBew- becidce. Bembidiidaa (beni-bi-di'i-de), 11. pi. [NL., < family of adephagous Digger-wasp [Bembex fasci- ata), natural size. bemock (be-mok'), v.t. [< be- 1 + mock.} 1. To mock repeatedly ; flout. Have we not seen him disappointed, bemockedol Des- tinv, through long years ? Carlyle, Sartor Resartus, p. 111. 2. To cause to appear mock or unreal; excel or surpass, as the genuine surpasses the counterfeit. Her beams bevweked the sultry main Like April hoar-frost spread. Coleridge, Ane. Mariner, iv. A laugh which in the woodland rang, Bemocking April's gladdest bird. Whittier, Bridal of Pennacook, iii. Hi iiiliidiiun + -idee.] A j.« beetles, typified by the genus Bembidium : now bemoilt (be-moil ), v. t. [< be- 1 bedraggle; bemire; mire and dirt. Thou shouldst have heard . usually merged in Carabidce Bembidium (liem-bid'i-um), «. [NL., < i:<)ii- bex + dim. -idiiim.] A genus of minute preda- tory caraboid beetles, sometimes forming the type of a family Bcmbidiida; sometimes placed bemoisteil (be-moi sn) in Carabidce. The species are characterized To moisten; wet by an ovate body and large eyes. Also Bem- bidion. BembiX (bem'biks), it. [NL.] 1. Same as Bembex. — 2. A genus of gastropods. Watson, 1876. Bembridge beds. See bed 1 . bemet, »■ [ME., < AS. beme, byme, a trumpet; supposed to be ult. imitative. Cf. boom 1 , bum- ble, bomb 1 , Bembex, etc.] A trumpet. uf brass they broughten bemes. Chaucer, Nun's Priest's Tale, 1. 577. bemet, v. [< ME. bemen, < AS. bijmian, < byme, a trumpet: see beme, «.] I. 'intrans. To sound a trumpet. II. trans. To summon with a trumpet. soil or encumber with Bema.— Typical plan of Byzantine Church. St. Theodore, Athens. A D. bema; B E and £ E , parabemata \B E, prothesis; B E , diaconicon); C, altar: /'.apse; B, £ . secondary- apses ; E E, icono- meandchoir; /r'.nave; II', antiparabemata; J J y, narthex ; A', chief entrance ; L, south porch ; M, holy doors, or dwarf folding doors, with amphithyra. An architectural screen (iconostaris) with a curtain (amphi- a atil ' . or, as was the case especially in early times, a .in tain nnly. separates the bema from the body of tlie church. ! tie' Philetsereian (.'. •'., Pergamenia,n) system it became as exact measun 2j feet : but these feet were of the Babylonian cubit, so thai the bema was 0.888 meter, according to Lepsius. In the later Jewish system, the ■ ..... royal cubit -. or i .054 meters, bemadt (be-mad'), ''• '• [< '"- 1 + mad.'] To . how she was bemoiled. Shah., T. of the S., iv. 1. v. t. [< be- 1 + moist, n. ] bemol (ba'mol), n. [< F. hemol, < ML. B molle, soft B.] In music, K tiat. ;t half step below B natural: the general term in French for a flat on any note. bemorister (be-mon'ster), v. t. [< be- 1 + mon- ster.] To make monstrous. [Rare.] Thou changed and self-cover d thing, for shame, Be-monster not thy feature. Slink., Lear, iv. 2. t. [< be- 1 + V. a moral purpose. bemenen (= OHGF. bimeinan, MHG. bememen), mean; < be- 1 + mean 1 .] To mean inform. The croune of thorne that garte me blede, Itt be-mems my dignite. York Plan*, !'■ ■>-* a, liiic to the bema, the Holy Place to the i, 0T „ . r 2 /hs.mSn'1 h t K be- 1 + menu 2 1 To i_" "™" J ™"" ' """ r , Jews to the nave, and that of the Demean- (De-men ;, i. i. i\ oe -r mean-.} iu i, emu fj e (be-muf'l), r. t. [< ■narthex. make mean ; debase; lower: as, to bcmian ^ ag wHh a m ,, ffler . one's self by low associations; to bemean hu- man nature. [Demean is commonly but incor- rectly used in this sense. See demean 2 .'] It is a pity that men should . . . bemean themselves by defending themselves against charges of which the grand- jury "i their own heart finds them innocent. Max Mutter, Biograph. Essays, p. 67. T felt, quite ashamed that a pal of mine should have s.. bemeaned himself for a few ounces .if silver. James Payn, ' lanon's Ward. bemercyt (fee-mer'si), v. t. [< be- 1 + mercy.] To treat with mere} . bemetet (be-mef), v. t. [ME. wanting; < AS. In iiirlmi, measure, compare, consider; < be- 1 + null.] To measure. Shah. [Bare.] bemangle(be-mang'gl),v. *. [< be- 1 + mangle 1 .] bemingle (bf-ming'gl), v. t. [< '«-i + mingle.] To mangle; tear asunder. Beaumont. [Bare.] t mingle; mix. Mir. fur Minis. [Kan-.j " [< be- 1 + mire] 1. 'larch herein did bewitch and '' """' Godfrey. Fuller, Holy War, ii. 5. bemartyr (be-mar'ter), v.t. [< 6c- 1 + martyr.] 'I .. put t" d'ot ii as a lunrt;, r. I'nlli r. bemask i 1 a I i, v. i. |< be- 1 + mask.] To ma- i: ; COnCOB I. Slit I ton, bemata, »- Plural "t '» '"". bematist (be'ma-tist), n. [< Or. pti/iarioT^c, one who measures by paces, », mea- sure by paces, pace.] An official road-mi tnder Alexander the Greal and the Ptolemies. See inmn. 3. bematter (bf-mat'er), v.t. [< be- 1 + mutter.] To smear 01 ver with matter. Swift, bemaul (bf-mal'), '•■ t. ] ■' '» -' + maul.] maul or beat severely. SU em . bemaze (b v. t. [ME. in ma + ma:e.] To bewilder. 8co maze. bemire (be-mir'), r. t. To soil or befoul with mire, as in passing through muddy or miry places. His clothes were Bomewhal torn ami much bemired, Itarhiint, fngoldsby Legends, I. 149. 2. [Chiefly in Hie passive.] To sink or stick in the mire; be or become bogged. /;. ,iiii;,l ami benighted in the hog. Burke, A Regicide Peace. Bemired in the deeply rutted road I'll, Century, XXV. 377. bemirement (be-niir'ment), », [< bemire + mi ui.] The state of being drilled with mud. [ Bare.] be- 1 bemist (bo-mist'). ». i*. [< be- 1 + mist.] To cover or involve in or as in mist. To bemoralize (be-mor'al-iz), moralize.] To apply to Eclectic Hi c. [Rare.] bemourn (be-morn'), v. t. [< ME. bemornen, bemurnen, < AS. bcmitrnan (= OS. bemornian), <.bc-+ m ur ii a ii, mourn: see be- 1 and mourn.] To weep or mourn over: as, "women that . . . bemoumed him," ll'yclif, Luke xxiii. 27. [Rare.] signify; bemuddle (be-mud'l), V. t. [< be- 1 + muddle.] To confuse ; stupefy. The whole subject "f the statistics of pauperism is in a hopi Lessly bemuddled condition. -V. .1. Rev., CXX. 320. be- 1 + muffle.] To ap up : Bemuffled with the externals of religion. Sterne, Sermons, xvii. bemuse (be-miuz'). r. t. [< be- 1 + muse?; in sense perhaps affected by bemase. Cf. amuse.] To put into a muse or reverie ; confuse ; mud- dle; stupefy. We almost despair of convincing a Cabinet bemused with the notion that danger can only come from France. Spectator. The archdeacon must have been slightly bemused when he di fined aristarchy as we have seen. F. Hull. Mod. Eng., p. 143, note. ben 1 (bon), prep, and adv. [< ME. hen, bene, var. of bin, binne, < AS. binnan, within: see hin-. | In, into, or toward the inner apartment of a house; in or into the parlor. See ben 1 , n. [Prov. Eng. and Scotch.] Wi' kindly welcome Jenny brings him ben. Burns, Cottai s Sat. Night. Ben the house, into the inner apartment, or into the apartment or dwelling cm the opposite side of the ball or passage. That she might run ben the house. Scott, Guy Mann, line, I. xxiii. To be far ben with one, to he on terms ,,t intimacy or familiarity with one; he in great honor with one. To bring far ben, to treat with great n -pert ami hospitality. ben 1 (ben), n. | < hcuK mlr. ] The inner apart- ment of a house; the parlor or "room'' of a dwelling consisting of a '"<' or outer room, used as a kitchen, and a ben or inner room, used as a parlor or chamber, access to the ben being originally through the but or kitchen. ben Sometimes from the ben another apartment, called the far-ben, is reached. The terms but and ben are now fre- quently applied to kitchen and parlor (or bedroom) of a two roomed dwelling, even when they areon opposite Bides .if a little hall or passage. Hence, to live but and ben with anyoneis tooccum an apartment or series of apartments on the opposite side of the hall or passage from that occu pied by him. ben-t, beneH, "• [ME., also bene, < AS. ben, a prayer, = Icel. hicn, a prayer, parallel with ban, >E. boon\ leqimeu height. separated from the remainder ot the bed by a It js also macle m various clasp-shapes, and called a bench- parting of shale or any other kind of rock or damp. mineral. [Pennsylvania.] — 9. A small area benching (ben'ching), n. [ibcnelt + -iiit/ 1 .] 1. of nearly level or gently sloping land, rising Benches; seats generally. — 2. In coal-mining, bench (bench), n. [E. dial, and Sc. also benl; binl; < ME. bench, benl; In/nl; < AS. bene (orig. »banki) = OS. bank, benH = J>. bank = OHG. Iniiich, MUG. Gr. bank = Icel. bekkr = Sw. bank = Dan. ba-nl; a bench: see bank 1 , bank 2 .] 1. A long seat, usually of board or plank, or of stone, differing from a stool in its greater length. He took his place once more on the bench at the inn door. Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 6-t. 2. The seat where judges sit in court; the seat of justice. To pluck down justice from your awful bench. Shak., 2 Heu. IV., v. 2. Hence — 3. The body of persons who sit as judges; the court: as, the case is to go before the full bench. — 4. A strong table on which carpenters or other mechanics do their work ; a work-bench. In this sense bench forms an element in a number of compound words denoting tools used on a bench, such as bench-drill, bench-hammer, beneh-plam 5. The floor or ledge which supports muffles and retorts. — 6. A platform or a series of ele- vated stalls or boxes on which animals are placed for exhibition, as at a dog-show. Bench-table.— Church of Notre Dame, Cha- lons-siir-Marne, France. A vise which may above the adjacent low region, and forming a part of a ten-ace or wash, disunited from the remainder by erosion. Sometimes, though rare- ly, used as synonymous with terrace. After a few smooth, grassy benches and rounded hills, here come precipitous ranges of real mountains, scarcely less imposing than those of the central mass. Science, VII. 243. The wide level benches that lay between the foot-hills and the prairies . . . were neglected. Harper's Mag., LXIX. 502. 10. The driver's seat on a coach Bench of bishops, or episcopal bench, a collective designation of the bishops who have seats in the English Houseof Lords.— Court of King's . ir Queen's Bench. See am rt.— Edging- and-dividing bench, a machine for cutting wooden blocks into vousaoir .shapes, such as are used in making a certain kind of car-wheels. It consists of a circular saw with a traveling bed which is moved by a screw, and by means of a system of levers actuated by projecting and adjustable pins throws the belt automatically from one to another of three pulleys, causing the action to be direct or reversed, one of the many names given to the process of getting the coal after it has been holed. See link 1 and kirve. bench-lathe (bench'laTH), n. A small lathe which can be mounted on a post placed in a socket in a bench. bench-level (beneh'lev"el), n. A level used in setting up a machine, to bring its bed into an exactly horizontal position. bench-mark (bench'mSrk), «. [< bench + niark 1 : in reference to the angle-iron which in taking a reading is inserted in the horizontal cut so as to form a support or bench for the leveling-staff.] In snrv., a mark cut in stone or some durable material as a starting-point in a line of levels for the determination of alti- tudes over any region, or one of a number of similar marks made at suitable distances as the survey advances. bend They [places of the stars] are the reference points and bench-marks of the universe. Science, IV. 202. bench-master (bench'mas ter),». tn England, a governor of an inn of court; an alderman. Imp. Diet. bench-plane ( be 1 1. h'). Inn), n. Any form of plane used mi Hal surfaces, as 1 lie block pla lie, I he compass-plane, the jack-plane, the jointer, the long plane, the smoothing-plane, anil the try- ing-ple ne. bench-reel (bench'rel), ». A spinning-wheel on the pirn or bobbin of which a sailmaker winds the yarn. E. H. Knight. bench-screw (bench'skro), n. The screw which secures the vise-jaw of a carpenter's bench. bench-shears (bench'sherz), n.pl. Large hand- shears for cutting metal. bench-show (bench'sho), n. An exhibition of animals, as of dogs or cats, which are arranged on benches for a comparison of their physical merits according to a fixed scale of points: in contradistinction to a field-show, or fit Id-trial, where awards are made for performance. Bench-shows and field trials in America . . . have be- come permanent institutions. Forest and Stream, XXI. 3. bench-stop (bench'stop), n. Abench-hookmade to be fastened down on a piece of work, some- times by means of a screw. bench-Strip (bench'strip), n. A strip of wood or metal capable of being fixed on a work- bench at any required dis- tance from the edge, to assist in steadying the article or material being worked on. bench-table (bench'ta"bl), n. A low stone seat carried around the in- terior walls of many medie- val churches. bench-vise (bench'vis), be attached to a bench. bench-warrant (bench'wor'ant), n. In law, a warrant issued by a judge or court, or by order of a judge or court, for the apprehension of an offender: so called in opposition to a justice's warrant, issued by an ordinary justice of the peaceorpolice magistrate. Mozleyand Whiteley. bend 1 (bend), n. [< ME. bend, < AS. bend, rarely band, fern, and niasc. (= OS. bendi = OFries. bende = OD. bende = Goth, bandi), a band, bond, fetter; cognate with "band, E. band 1 , < bindan (pret. band), bind: see band 1 . Bend 1 is practically identical with band 1 , the two being partly merged in use with the closely related pair band' 2 , bend 2 . In senses 4-11 bend is modern, from the corresponding verb : see InmlK v.] If. A band; a bond; a fetter; in plural, bands; bonds; confinement. — 2f. A band or clamp of metal or other material used to strengthen or hold together a box or frame. In all that rowme was nothing to be seene But huge great yron chests, and coffers strong, All bard with double bends. Spenser, F. Q., II. vii. 30. 3. Naut.: (a) That part of a rope which is fastened to another or to an anchor, (b) A knot by which a rope is fastened to another rope or to something else. The different sorts are distinguished as fisherman's bend, carrick- bend, etc. See cut under carrick-bend. (e) One of the small ropes used to confine the clinch of a cable. (. 5. To spring; bound. Jamieson. [Scotch.] — 6. To drink hard. Jamieson. [Scotch.]— To bend to the oars, to row vigorously. bend 2 (bend), n. [< ME. bend, bende, partly < AS. bend, a band used as an ornament (a sense of bend, E. bend 1 ); partly < OF. bende, mod. F. bandc = Pr. benda = Sp. Pg. venda and banda = It. benda, banda, < ML. benda, binda, < OHG. binda, a band, fillet, tie, mixed with ML. (etc.) banda, < OHO. bend, etc.: see band' 2 . Bend 2 is thus in part historically iden- tical with bend 1 , but in part with band 2 . The separation is now merely formal.] If. A band or strip used to bind around anything ; a strip, whether as a fastening or as an ornament ; a fillet, strap, bandage, etc. ; specifically, a rib- bon or bandeau for the head, used by ladies in the fifteenth century. And on her legs she painted buskins wore, Basted with bends of gold on every side. Spenser, F. Q., V. v. 3. 2. Aname in the leathertrade f ora butt or round- ed crop cut in two ; the half of a hide of sole- leather that was trimmed and divided before tanning. — 3. In her., one of the nine ordinaries, consisting of a diagonal band drawn from the dexter chief to the sinister base : when charged, it occupies a third of the field ; when uncharged, a fifth. Bearings are said to be in bend when they are placed upon the field obliquely in the direction of the bend ; the field is said to be divided per bind when divided diagonally in that direction, usually by a straight line, but sometimes a broken line, battled, un- de, or the like, or by a still more com- plicated mark of division. See bend- wise. Also applied to a row of charges arranged in bend. In bend sinister and per bend sinister are used in a similar way.— Bend archy, in her., a band differing from the bend in that it is curved toward the sinister chief. Also called bend enarched or bowed. — Bend archy, cor- onetty on the top, in her., a bend archy having the points or ornaments of a crown on the upper side. This is the well-know n bearing of Saxony, which occurs in some English royal arms, notably in those of the present Prince of Wales.— Bend arrondi, in her., a bend having one or both sides broken into concave curves. See ri what, is overhead or towers aloft: as, beneath the same roof. For all beneath the moon Would I not hup upright. shak., Lear, iv. 6. As I lay beneath the woodland trie. Whittier, Mogg Megone, Ihey sat Beneath a world-old yew-tree, darkening half 'the cloisters. Tennyson, Holy Grail. 2. Underneath, whether in immediate contact with the under side of, or further down than ; lower in place than : as, to place a cushion 6( - ninth one; beneath one's feet; beneath the sur- face: sometimes with verbs of motion: as, he sank beneath the wave. As he was raising his arm to make a blow, an arrow pierced him, just beneath the shoulder, at the open part of the corselet. Irving, Granada, p. 69. 3. Under the weight or pressure of; under the action or influence of : as, to sink beneath a burden. Our country sinks beneath the yoke. Shak:, Macbeth, iv. 3. It is my fate To bear and how beneath a thousand griefs. Beau, and Ft., Maid's Tragedy, iii. 1. Wherever lights appeared, the flashing scimetar was at its deadly work, ami all who attempted resistance fell beneath its edge. Irving, Granada, p. 21. 4. Lower than, in rank, dignity, degree, or ex- cellence; below: as, brutes are beneath man; man is beneath the angels. Maintain Thy father's soul : thou hast no hloud to mix With any beneath prince. Shirley, Bird in a Cage, i. 1. Beyond the limits of a vulgar fate, Beneath the Good how far — but far above the Great. Gray, Prog, of Poetry, iii. 3. 5. Unworthy of; unbecoming; not equal to; below the level of: as, beneath contempt. He will do nothing that is beneath his high station. Atterbury. He had never sullied himself with business, but had chosen to starve like a man of honour, than do anything beneath his quality. Addison, Trial of Punctilios. Beneath the saltt, in a subordinate or inferior position. My proud lady Admits him to her table ; marry, ever Beneath the salt, and there he sits the subject Of her contempt and scorn. Massinyer, The City Madam, i. 1. = Syn. Under, etc. See below. beneatht (be-neth'), a. Lower. This beneath world. Shak., T. of A., i. 1. Benedic (ben'e-dik), ii. [LL., prop. 2d pers. sing. pres. imp'v. of benedicere, bless: see bene- dict. ~] 1. The canticle beginning in Latin "Benedic, animamea/'and in English "Praise the Lord, O my soul," from Psalm ciii. In the American Prayer-Book it is an alternative of the Ileus misereatur (as ordered in 1886, either of the Nunc diuitt- tis or Deus misereatur) at Evening Prayer. 2. A musical setting of this canticle. Benedicite (ben-e-dis'i-te), n. [LL., prop. 2d pers. pi. pres. impv. of benedicere, bless: see benedict.'] 1. The canticle or hymn beginning in Latin "Benedicite omnia opera Domini," and in English " all ye works of the Lord, bless ye the Lord," taken from "The Song of the Three Holy Children " forming part of the Apocrypha in the English Bible. It is essentially an expansion of Psalm cxlviii., and has been used from a very early period in the Christian church. In the Anglican service it is used as an alternate to the Tc Drum. 2. A musical setting of this canticle. — 3. [I. c] An invocation of a blessing, especially a blessing before a repast, as said in religious communities, etc., answering to the grace or thanksgiving after it. — 4f. [A common use in ME., where the word was often contracted ben- dicitc.bcnste.] Usedinterjectionally: (a) Bless you! expressing a wish. (5) Bless us! bless me! expressing surprise. benedick (ben'e-dik), n. See benedict. benedict (ben'e-dikt), a. and n. [In ME. bene- dight, < LL. benedictus, blessed (in ML. often as a proper name Benedictus, whence in E. Bene- dict, Benedick, and (through F.) Bennet, Ben- nett; cf. also benctV, bennet-), pp. of benedicere, bless, use words of good omen, in class. L. al- ways as two words, bene dicere: bene, well; dicere, say, speak.] I.t a. Blessed; benign; salutary; especially, in med., having mild and salubrious qualities : as, "medicines that are benedict," Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 19. II. n. [In allusion to Benedick, one of the characters in Shakspere's play of "Much Ado about Nothing " ; esp. to the phrase, " Benedick, the married man" (i. 1.). Benedick is an easy form of Benedict.'] A sportive name for a 523 newly married man, especially one who has been lout,' 8 bachelor, or who has been in the habit of ridiculing marriage. Eavlng abandoned all his old misogyny, and his pro- fess 3 "i single independence, Ccelebs has become a benedick. ff, /'. A'. James, Henry Masterton. Benedictine (ben-e-dik'tin), <<. and u. [< Ml.. /.'< in dictinus, < Benedictus: see benedict.] I.". Pertaining to si. Benedict, or to the order of monks or the monastic rulo originating from him. II. ii. 1. A member of an order of monks founded .-it Monte < 'assino, between Pome and Naples, by St. Benedict of Nursia, about a. d. o30. The rules of the order (which was open to persons of all ages, conditions, and callings) enjoined silence and some useful employment when not engaged in divine ser- vice. Every monastery had a library, every monk a pen and tablets, and study and the copying of manuscripts were encouraged. The monasteries became centers of learning and the liberal arts, and the name of the order synonymous with scholarship and erudition. The order was introduced into England about a. d. 600, by .St. Au- gustine nl 1 :nil, i Inn \. I'he oldest establishment in the I nited states is that <>f St. Vincent s Abbey in Westmore- land county, Penns) Lvania, founded by a colony of monks from Bavaria in 1846. There are also different congrega- tions of nuns known as Benedictines, and following the rule of St. Benedict ; they date from the same time, owing their foundation to his sister, St. Scholastica. 2. A cordial or liqueur, resembling chartreuse, distilled at Fecamp in Normandy. It was ori- ginally prepared by the Benedictine monks, but since the French revolution has been made by a secular company. benediction (ben-e-dik'shon), n. [< LL. bene- dictiu(n-), blessing, < benedicere, bless, use words of good omen : see benedict. Benison is a shorter form of the same word.] 1. The act of speak- ing well to or of; blessing. — 2. (a) An invo- cation of divine blessing, either by a private individual or a church official ; specifically, in the Christian church generally, the form of blessing pronounced by the person officiating, at the close of divine service and on several other occasions, as marriages, the visitation of the sick, etc. The benedictions of the good Franciscans accompanied us as we rode away from the convent. B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 103. The benediction . . . is given in a different manner by the Oriental Church from that used by the Latins. The Priest joins his thumb and third finger, and erects and joins the other three : and is thus supposed to symbolise the procession of the Holy Ghost from the Father alone; and, according to others, to form the sacred letters I U C by the position of his fingers. J. M. Neale, Eastern Church, i. 352, note. When the benediction is pronounced officially by a priest or clergyman, he usually stands with hands uplifted, and the congregation receive it with bowed heads. Illustra- tions of ancient benedictions are afforded by Gen. xxiv. 60 (a nuptial blessing); Gen. xxvii. 27-29 (a death-bed bless- ing); Num. vi. 24-27 (a priestly blessing). The apostolic hi, i< diction is that proceeding from the pope, and is either given personally, as at Rome, or by delegation in other parts of the world. See blessing, (b) The rite of in- stituting an abbot or an abbess, and of receiving the profession of a nun or of a religious knight. The action of the archbishops was excluded, and the abbots elect sought confirmation, if not benediction also, at Rome. Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 710. (c) An additional ceremony performed by a priest after the regular celebration of matri- mony: called the nuptial benediction, (d) The ceremony by which things are set aside for sacred uses, as a church or vestments, bells, etc., or things for ordinary use are hallowed, as houses, etc. — 3. The advantage conferred by blessing or the invocation of blessings. Prosperity is the blessing of the Old Testament; adver- sity is the blessing of the New, which carried the greater benediction, and the clearer revelation of God's favour. Bacon, Of Adversity. Over and above this [sense for light and shade) we have received yet one more gift, something not quite necessary, a benediction, as it were, in our sense for and enjoyment of colour. 0. X. Rood, .Modern Chromatics, p. 304. Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament, one of the more common religious services of the Roman Catholic Church, in which, after the solemn exposition, incensing, and adoration of the eucharist, which is inclosed in a monstrance and placed under a canopy on the altar, the officiating priest, taking the monstrance in his hands, makes the sign of the cross with it in blessing over the kneeling faithful— The apostolic benediction, a bene- diction in the words of 2 Cor. \n\. 14. benedictional, benedictionale (ben-e-dik'- shon-al, ben-e-dik-shp-na'le), n. [< ML. benc- dietionalis (so. liber, book), < LL. benedictio(n-): see benediction.] In the Bom. Cath. Ch., a book containing a collection of benedictions or bless- ings used in its religious services. Psalters, books of Gospels, Benedictionals, Canons, and other treatises relating to the discipline and ceremonial of the chunh. Edinburgh Rev., CLXIII. 63. The Sarum, like the Anglo-Saxon Benedictional, con- tained the forms bo blessing the people, by the bishop, at high mass. lluek. Church of our Fathers, III. ii. 213. benefic benedictionary(ben-f-dik'shon-a-ri), ». [< M I., a sit ' In uiilieliiiiiiiriunt/-, I.I.. ticncilictio(n-): see benediction.] A collection of benedictions or blessings; a benedictional. The benedictionary of Bishop Vtlielw 1. Bp. Still. benedictive (ben-e-dik'tiv), «. [< LL. bene- dictus isoi- benedict) + -in.] Tending to bless; giving a blessing. His paternal pi ayi i and bi m dictivt nprei a Bp. Gauden, Mem, ol Bp. Brownrigg, p. 201. benedictory (ben-e-dik'to-ri), a. [< LL. as it * in in dictori/us, < benedictus: sec benedict."] Blessing; expressing a benediction or wishes for good: as, "a benedictory prayer," Thack- eray. Benedictus (ben-e-dik'tus), n. [LL., blessed: see benedict.] 1. The short canticle or hymn, also distinctively called the Benedictus qui re- nit, beginning in Latin "Benedictus qui venit in nomine Domini," and in English "Blessed is He that cometh in the name of the Lord," preceded and followed by "Hosanna in Excel- sis," that is, "Hosanna in the highest," which is usually appended in the Roman Catholic mass to the Sanctus, from Psalm cxviii. 26, Luke xix. 38, etc. The /;> nedictus qui oenit was re- tained in the Prayer-Book of 1549, and is sung in some Anglican churches at choral or solemn celebrations of the holy communion, just before tie- prayer of consecration. 2. A musical setting of this canticle, forming a separate movement in a mass. — 3. The can- ticle or hymn beginning in Latin "Benedictus Dominus Deus Israel," and in English "Blessed be the Lord God of Israel"; the song of Zaeh- arias, Luke i. 68-71. In the English Prayer-Book it is the canticle following the second lesson with the Jubi- late as its alternate. Ih the American Prayer-Book only the first four verses are given ; alterations made in 1886 direct the use of the whole canticle on Sundays in Advent, but permit the omission at other times of the portion fol- lowing the fourth verse. 4. A musical setting of this canticle. benedightt (ben'e-dit), a. [ME. benedyght, ben- edight, < LL. benedictus : see benedict.] Blessed. And soul more white Never through martyrdom of fire was led To its repose ; nor can in books be read The legend of a life more b nedight. Longfellow, The Cross of Snow. bene discessit (be'ne di-ses'it). [L., he has de- parted honorably.] In English universities, a permission by the master and fellows of a college to a student to leave that college and enter another. Mr. Pope, being about to remove from Trinity to Em- manuel by bene discessit, was desirous of taking my rooms. Alma Mater, i. 167. bene exeat (be'ne ek'se-at). [L., let him depart honorably.] A certificate of good character given by a bishop to one of his clergy removing to another diocese : as, he brought a bene exeat from his last bishop. benefaction (ben-e-fak'shon), n. [< LL. bene- factio(n-), < bene/actus, pp. of benefacere, in class. L. always written as two words, bene faccre, do good to, benefit : bi ne, "ell ; facere, do. Cf. benefit.] 1. The act of conferring a benefit; a doing of good ; beneficence. Worshipping God and the Lamb in the temple : God, for his benefaction in creating all things, and the Lamb, for his benefaction in redeeming us with his blood. Newton. 2. A benefit conferred; especially, a charitable donation. A man of true generosity will study in what manner to render his benefaction most advantageous. Melmoth, tr. of Pliny, vii. 18. = Syn. 1. Kindness. — 2. Gift, contribution, alms, charity. benefactor (ben-e-fak'tor), n. [< LL. benefactor, < benefacere, do good to: see benefaction.] 1. Literally, a well-doer; one who does good. [Rare.] Benefactors ? Well ; what lunefactors are they? are they not malefactors? Shak.. M. for M., ii. 1. 2. One who confers a benefit ; a kindly helper: as, " the great benefactor of mankind," Milton, P. E., iii. 82. He is the true benefactor and alone worthy of Honor who brings comfort where before was wretchedness, who dries the tear of sorrow. Sumner, True Grandeur of Nations. 3. One who makes a benefaction to or endows a charitable or other institution ; one who makes a bequest. benefactress (ben-e-fak'tres), ». [< benefactor + -ens.] A female benefactor. benefic (be-nef'ik), a. and n. [Formerly bene- Jit/ue ; < Li. In in liens. < bene, well, + facere, do.] I. a. 1. Beneficent. [Rare.] benefic He being equally neere bo hi* whole Creation of Man- kind, and of ti ■. powi r to turn his '•■ nefick and fatherly i to what Region or Kingdome he pleases, hath yet had this [land under the special] indulgent eye oi his provide □ Milton, Def, of Bumb. Remonst. 2. In astrol., of good or favorable influence. The kind and ii u!\ ■ ] acolos. B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, v. :i. II. n. In astral., a favorable planet ; Jupiter or Venus. benefice (ben'e-fis), n. [< ME. benefice, bene- jlsi . < < >l\ bt nefia . F. bin4fice, < LL. beneficium, estate granted, L. beneficium, a favor, kind- ness, < beneficus, kind, liberal: see benefits."] 1. In feudal law l originally, a fee or an estate in lands granted for life only, and held ex mero icio (on the mere good pleasure) of the donor. Such estates afterward becoming hereditary, the word feud was used for grants to individuals, and benefice became restricted to church livings. The Beneficium, or Benefice, an assignment of land by a conquering Teutonic king as the reward or price of mili- tary Bervice, is allowed on all sides to have had much to do with this great change [from allodial to feudal] in the legal point of view. Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 345. The kings gave their leading chiefs portions of con- quered land or of the royal domains, under the name of benefices. Lecky, Europ. Morals, II. 2H6. 2. An ecclesiastical living; a church office endowed with a revenue for its proper fulfil- ment ; the revenue itself. The following terms oi canon law are frequently found associated with this word, which is of historical importance: A benefice in- volving ii" other obligation than service in the public offices "i the church is simple ; if the cure of souls is at- tached to it, double; if with a certain rank attached, dig- y or major; the two former without rank, minor. Thus, ii chantry was a simple benefice; a prebend gives the right t" only a part of the income of a canonry at- tached to a collegiate or cathedral church ; while the bene- fice in perpetual and has a charge, though there are some (called manual, from their being in the hands of the one conferring them) revocable. The benefice is said tohe regu- lar if held by one qualified to fulfil the duties of the office ; secular if held by a layman ; and in commendam when in the charge of one commended by the proper authori- ties until i.»ne duly qualified to fulfil its duties is appoint- ed. In the last-named case the discharge of the office is provided for at the expense of the holder. (See abbe".) A benefice is received by election, for example, by a chapter, or from a patron, who is properly said to present to it, or is conferred by the proper ecclesiastical superior ; these nominations, in the Roman Catholic Church, regularly di ed confirmation from the pope. His action may cause a benefice to be reserved or affected (which see); or the collation is made alternative, that is, to the pope and regular patron or superior, according to the months in which the benefice falls vacant, by definite system. Ful thredbare was his overeste courtepy, For he hadde geten him yet no benefice. Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 291. The estates of a bishop or abbot came now to be looked on as a fief, a benefice, held personally of the King. K. A. Freeman, Norm. Conq., V. 87. One priest, being little learned, would hold ten or twelve benefices, and reside on none. Ji. W. Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., i. 3f. Benefit. Yen ly, this thyng by the benefice of philosophic was roted in bym, that he stride in dredeof no man liuying. L'liail, tr. of Erasmus's Apophthegmes, p. 70. Benefice de discussion, in French law, the legal right of a debtor who is secondarily liable to demand that the creditor should be required first to reach and compel application of the property of the principal debtor before discussing his property. beneficed (ben'e-fist), a. [< benefice + -ed 2 .] Possessed of a benefice or church preferment. All manner persons of holy church . . . beneficed in the realm uf France. Hall, Hen. V., an. 8. My Father sent me thither to one Mr. George Bradshaw (noin yet the son of an excellent father, bene- ficed in Bum 1 i Evelyn, Diary, May 10, 111:17. >■■ ■■■■ i men instead of residing, were found lying at the Court in lords' houses ; they took all from their parish- ioners, and did nothing for them. /;. W. Dixon, Hist. Church of Eng., i. beneficeless (ben'e-fis-les), a. [< benefice + -/' .] Having no benefice: as, "beneficeless precisians,'' Siuldon, Miracles, p. 100. beneficence (be-nef'i-sens), n. [< L. beneficcn- tia, < 'i» nefiet jii t-) ■, beneficent : see beneficent] 1. The practice of doing good; active good- ness, kindness, or charity. 3 pn id abundance in the land, he[Stuyvei ant] obliged the bal 1 ■ thirteen loaves to the dozen 1 olden rule which remains a monument ol his '■• ru Hcence. /' ' ing, Knii ki rooi ker, p. 403. Trui i k hich helps a man i<> do the work which he Is most fitted for, not thai which keeps and encourages him in idlen if. K. Clifford !.. 1 tun . 11 202 2. A benefaction; ;i benefieenl acl or gift. =Syn. Ben* ool n& B< ru fii 1 nee, Bounty, IAbt ■ Generosity, Munificence Charity. Benevolence literally well-wishing, is exprea ive oi the di po Ltion to do good; hence it easilj cairn to hi applied to chaiitabli Ilf'iitficrttrc, literal]) well-doing Is the outcome and visi- ble exprei ion oi benevolenci n \> a strong though general word for active and abundant helpfulness to those 524 who are in need. Benevolence may exist without the means or opportunity for beneficence, but beneficence al- ways presupposes benevolence. Bounty is expressive of kiml feeling, bui more expressive of abundant giving. Liberality is giving which is large in proportion to the means of the giver. Generosity adds to the notion of liberality that of largeness or nobleness of spirit in con- nection with the gift. Munificence is giving on a large scale, not restricting itself to necessary things, but giving lavishly; it is the one of these words most likely to be applied to ostentatious or self-seeking liberality, out not necessarily so. Charity, while having thi best original meaning, lias come to be a general word ; as to gifts, it is what is bestowed upon the poor or needy, but not always with warm or kindly feelings : as, official charity. With a bow to Hepzibah, and a degree of paternal benev- oh nee in his parting nod to Phoebe, the Judge left the shop, and went smiling along the street. Hawthorne, Seven Gables, ix. Few men have used the influence of a grand seigneur with such enlightened beneficence, with such lasting re- sults on human culture and civilization, with such genu- ine simplicity and cordial loyalty [as Maecenas]. Encyc. Brit., XV. 195. Deserted at his utmost need By those his former bounty fed. Dryden, Alexander's Feast, st. 4. Over and beside Signior Baptista's liberality, I'll mend it with a largess. Shah., T. of the S., i. 2. With disinterested generosity, [Byron] resolved to de- vote his fortune, his pen, and his sword to the [Greek] cause. Godwin's Biog. Cyc. Such were his temperance and moderation, such the excellence of his breeding, the purity of his life, his lib- erality and munificence, and such the sweetness of his demeanor, that no one thing seemed wanting in him which belongs to a true and perfect prince. Quoted by Prescott, in Ferd. and Isa., i. 2. Chanty finds an extended scope for action only where there exists a large class of men at once independent and impoverished. . tacky, Europ. Morals, II. 78. beneficency (be-nef ' i-sen-si), n. The quality of being beneficent. beneficent (be-nef'i-sent), a. [< L. *benefi- ccn(t-)s, compar. beneficcntior, assumed from the noun beneficentia, but the L. adj. is beneficus : see benefic and beneficence.] Doing or effecting good ; performing acts of kindness and charity ; marked by or resulting from good will. The beneficent truths of Christianity. Prescott. She longed for work which would be directly beneficent, like the sunshine and the rain. George Eliot, Middlemarch, II. 55. The worship of the beneficent powers of nature so per- vades Teutonic and Scandinavian religion, that it may almost be said to constitute that religion. Faiths of the World, p. 232. = Syn. Beneficent, Beneficial, bountiful, bounteous, liberal, munificent, generous, kind. Beneficent always implies a kind and worthy purpose back of that to which the adjec- tive applies ; beneficial does not. Power of any kind readily appears in the manners; and beneficent power . . . gives a majesty which cannot be concealed or resisted. Emerson, Eng. Traits, p. 187. That such a beech can with his very bulk Take up the rays o' the beneficial sun. Shak., Hen. VIII., i. 1. Iodide of potassium has been tried in large doses [in chyluria], and in some cases appears to have been bene- ficial. Quoin, Med. Diet., p. 253. beneficential (be-nef-i-sen'shal), a. [< L. be- neficentia (see beneficence) + -al.] Of or per- taining to beneficence; concerned with what is most beneficial to mankind. N. E. IK beneficently (be-nef'i-sent-li), adv. In a be- neficent manner. beneficia, n. Plural of beneficium. beneficial (ben-e-fish'al), a. and n. [< LL. bmcficialiSf < L. beneficium, a benefit: see bene- fice.] I. a. 1 . Contributing to a valuable end ; conferring benefit; advantageous; profitable; useful ; helpful. The war which would have been most beneficial to us. Swift. That which la beneficial to the community as a whole, it will become the private interest ol gome part of the emu munity to accomplish. //. Spencer, Social Statics, p. 4-1:;. 2. Having or conferring the right to the use or he ii cfi(, ns of property; pertaining or entitled to the usufruct: as, a beneficial owner (which see, below) ; a beneficial interest in an estate. — 3f. Pertaining to or having a benefice ; bene- ficed. An engagement was tendered to all civil officers and beneficial clergy. Hallam. 4f. Kind; generous: as, a " beneficial foe " R. J on s»ni,. -Beneficial owner, one who, though not hav- ing apparent legal title, is in equity entitled to enjoy the advantage <>f ownership. ^Syn. 1. Beneficent, Beneficial I er beneficent), guud, salutary. II. t ». A benefice; a church living. For that the ground-worke Is, and end of all, How to obtaine a Beneficiall. Spenser, Mother Hub. Tale, I. 4b6. benefit [A license for the sake of the rhyme, benefice being also used several times in the same pas- sage of the poem.] beneficially (ben-e-fish'al-i), adv. If. Liber- ally; bountifully; with open hand. Cotgrave. — 2. In a beneficial manner; advantageously; profitably; helpfully. beneficialness (ben-e-fish'al-nes), w. [< bene- ficial + -ness.] It. Beneficence. — 2. The qual- ity of being beneficial; usefulness; profitable- ness. Usefulness and beneficialness. Sir M. Hale, Orlg, of Mankind, p. 5. For the eternal and inevitable law in this matter is. that the beneficialness of the Inequality depends, first, on the methods by which it was accomplished. lit/skin, I'nto this Last. ii. beneficiary (ben-e-fish'i-a-ri), Sp. bene- ficio) t benefit, improvement (in Sp. of ground, mines, etc.).] 1. To work and improve, as a mine; turn to good account; utilize. — 2. To reduce (ores); treat metallurgically. Also called benefit. [Little used except by writers on Mexican mining and metallurgy.] There are a great number of mines located and owned by natives, some of whom have arrastras, and others not even those, to beneficiate their minerals extracted. Quoted in Hamilton's Mex. Handbook, p. 230. beneficiation (ben-e-fish-i-a'shon), n. [< bene- ficiate + -ion.] The reduction or metallurgical treatment of the metalliferous ores. beneficience, beneficient. Erroneous forms of beneficence, benefit* nt. beneficioust (ben-e-fisb/us), a. [< L. beneficium, benefit (see benefice), + -ous.] Beneficent. beneficium (ben-e-fish'i-um), u.; pi. beneficia (-a). [< LL., L. : see bt nefice. ] 1. A right or privilege: a term more especially of the civil law: as, beneficium abstinendi, (hat is, right of abstaining, the power of an heir to abstain from accepting the inheritance. — 2. In feudal law, a benefice. The beneficium originated partly in gifts of land made by the kings out of their own estates to their own kins- men and servants, with a special undertaking t" be faith- ful ; partly in the surrender by landowners of their es- tates to churches or powerful men, i<> be received buck again and held by them as tenants torrent or service. By l he latter arrangement the weaker man obtained the pro- tectinri nf tin- stnnigi t, ami be who felt himself insecure placed his title under the defence of the church. Stvhbs l Const Hist, I. 275. benefit (ben'e-fit), n. [Early mod. E. also &ent- fit } benyfit, etc. (also benefact, after L.) ; < ME. benefet, benfeetj benfet. benfait, benfeyte, etc, < AF. benfet,' bienfet, OF. bienfait, F. Uenfait = It. benefatlo, < LL. benefaction, a kindness, benefit, neut. of bnu foetus, pp. ol' /» in focere, do good to: see bent faction. The same terminal element occurs in counterfeit, forfeit, and sur- feit.] If. A thing well done; a good deed. — 2. An act of kindness; a favor conferred; good done to a person. Bless the Lord, my soul, and forget not all his benefits. Vs. ciii. '2. 3. Advantage; profit; concretely, anything that is for the good or advantage of a person benefit or thing; a particular kind of good receivable or received. Men have no right to what is not for their benefit. Burke. The benefits of affection are immense. Emerson, Society ami 9olitude. Certain benefits arise [to herbivorous animals] from liv- ing together. II. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 503. 4f. Bestowal, as of property, office, etc., out of good will, grace, or favor; liberality; gene- rosity. Either accept the title thou usurp'st, Of benefit proceeding from our king, And not of any challenge of desert, Or we will plague thee with incessant wars. Shak., 1 Hen. VI., v. 4. 5. A performance at a theater or other place of public entertainment, the proceeds of which go to one or more of the actors, some indigent or deserving person, some charitable institu- tion, or the like. In Great Britain also called a bespeak. — 6. A natural advantage; endow- ment; accomplishment. [Rare.] Look you lisp and wear strange suits ; disable [under- value] all the benefits of your own country. Shak., As you Like it, iv. 1. When these so noble benefits shall prove Not well dispos'd, the mind growing once corrupt, They turn to vicious forms. Shak., Hen. VIII., i. 2. Benefit of clergy, in law. See clergy.— Benefit of dis- cussion. See discussion.— Benefit of inventory. See inventory.— Benefit play, a play acted for some one's benefit or advantage. — Benefit society, a friendly so- ciety. See friendly.— Benefit ticket, a winning ticket at a lottery.— By the benefit Oft, by the kindness or favor of; by the help of. = Syn. 2 and 3. Advantage, Benefit, etc. (see advantage), service, gain, good, avail, use. benefit (ben'e-fit), v. [< benefit, «.] I. trans. 1. To do good to; be of service to; advantage: as, exercise benefits health ; trade benefits a na- tion. What course I mean to hold Shall nothing benefit your knowledge. Shak., W. T., iv. 3. 2. Same as beneficiate, 2. These ores [silver] on account of the scarcity of water cannot be benefited in Catorce. U. S. Cons. Rep., No. lxvii. (1886), p. 619. II. intrans. To gain advantage; make im- provement: as, he has benefited by good ad- vice. To tell you what I have benefited herein. Milton, Education. Each, therefore, benefits egoistically by such altruism as aids in raising the average intelligence. H. Spencer, Data of Ethics, § 78. benegrot (be-ne'gro), v. t. [< 6c- 1 + negro.~\ 1. To render dark ; blacken. The sun shall be benegroed in darkness. Hewyt, Sermons, p. 79. 2. To people with negroes. Sir T. Browne. benemptt. Obsolete preterit and past partici- ple of bename. beneplacitt, a, and n. [< LL. beneplacitus, pleas- ing, acceptable, pp. of beneplacere, please, < bene, well, + placere, please : see please.] I. a. Well pleased ; satisfied. God's Beneplacite wil, commonly stiled his wil of good pleasure, ... is that whereby he decrees, effects or per- mits al events & effects. Gale, Works, III. 18. 'N. E. D.) II. n. [< LL. beneplacitiint, good pleasure, will, decree, neut. of beneplacitus, pleasing, ac- ceptable: seel. Cf. placitum, pleasure, what is decreed, neut. of placitits, pp. otplacere, please.] Good pleasure ; will ; choice. Sir T. Browne. bene placito (ba'ne pla'che-to). [It. : bene, < L. bene (see bene-); placito, < L. placitum: see bencplacit.] In music, at pleasure. beneplacituret, "• [K.beneplacit + -we.] Same as bencplacit. Hath he by his holy penmen told us, that either of the other ways was more suitable to Ids beneplaciture? Glanville, Preexistence of Souls, iv. benetH (be-nef), v. t. [< &c-i + mA] To catch in a net ; insnare. Being thus benetted round with villains. Shak., Hamlet, v. 2. benet 2 t (ben'et), n. [< ME. benet, < OP. beneit, mod. F. beni, < LL. benedictus, blessed: see In indict.] In the Bom. Cath. Ch., an exorcist, the third of the four lesser orders. benevolence (be-nev'o-]ens), n. [< ME. benev- olence, benivolence, < OF. benivolence (vernacu- larly bit envoittance, bienvouillance, mod. F. bien- veillancc), < L. benevolentia, < benevolen(1-)s, well-wishing: see benevolent!] 1. The disposi- tion to do good; the love of mankind, accom- panied with a desire to promote their happi- ness ; good will ; kindness ; charitableness. 525 The man whom benevolence warms Is an angel who lives but to bless. Itloomfield, Hanks of Wye. Of another saint it is recorded that his benevolence was such that lie was never known to be hard or inhuman to any one except his relations. Lechy, Burop. Morals, LI. 144. 2. An act of kindness; good done; charity given. The Courtier needes must recompenced bee With a Benevolence. Spenser, Mother Hub. Tale, 1. 516. That which we distribute to the poor, St. Paul calleth a blessing or a benevolena . Outred, tr. of Cope on Proverbs, fol. 151 b. 3. In England, an arbitrary contribution or tax illegally exacted in the guise of a gratuity to the sovereign, from the time of Edward IV., and forbidden by act of Parliament under Wil- liam and Mary : sometimes used of similar ex- actions elsewhere. The same year [1173] Edward began to collect the con- tributions which were so long and painfully familiar un- der the inappropriate name of Benevolences . a method of extortion worse than even the forced loans and black charters of Richard II. Stubbs, (oust. Hist., § 682. Love of benevolence, in New England theol., that af- fection or propensity of the heart to any being wiiich causes it to incline to its well-being, or disposes it to desire and take pleasure in its happiness : distinguished from Hie love of complacency, or the disposition to take de- light in a person for his moral excellence. = Syn. 1. Boun- ty. Charity, etc. (see beneficence), benignity, humanity. benevolencyt (be-nev'o-len-si), n. The quality of being benevolent ; benevolence. benevolent (be-nev'o-lent), a. [< late ME. benevolent, benyvolent, < OF. benivolent, < L. be- nevolen(t-)s (usually benevoltis), well-wishing, < bene, well, + volens, ppr. of velle, wish, = E. will.] 1. Having or manifesting a desire to do good ; possessing or characterized by love toward mankind, and a desire to promote their prosperity and happiness; kind: as, a benevo- lent disposition or aetion. Beloved old man ! benevolent as wise. Pope, Odyssey, iii. 456. The benevolent affections are independent springs of ac- tion equally with the self-regarding affections. Fowler, Shaftesbury and Hutcheson, p. 77. 2. Intended for the conferring of benefits, as distinguished from the making of profit : as, a benevolent enterprise; a benevolent institution. -Syn. Kind-hearted, humane, charitable, generous. benevolently (be-nev'o-lent-li), adv. In a benevolent manner; with good will ; kindly. benevolentness(be-nev'o-lent-nes), n. Benev- olence. [Rare.] benevoloust (be-nev'o-lus), a. [< L. benevolus, well-wishing: see benevolent.] Kind; benevo- lent. A benevolous inclination is implanted into the very frame and temper of our church's constitution. T. Puller, Mod. of Church of Eng., p. 509. beng (beng), n. Same as bhang. bengal (ben-gal'), n. [From the province of Bengal, Hind, and Beng. Bangdl: said to be named from a city called Bdngdld; in Skt., Banga.] 1 . A thin stuff made of silk and hair, used for women's apparel: formerly made in Bengal. — 2. An imitation of striped muslin. Also called Bengal stripe. Bengalee, a. and n. See Bengali. Bengalese (ben-ga-les' or -lez'), a. and n. [< Bengal + -esc.] t. a. Of or pertaining to Ben- gal, a province of British India, and also a lieu- tenant-governorship comprising several other provinces. II. n. sing, and pi. A native or natives of Bengal ; a Bengali or the Bengalis. Bengal grass, light, quince, root, etc. See the nouns. Bengali, Bengalee (ben-ga'le or -gii'le), a. and n. [< Hind, and Beng. Bangdli.] I. a. Of or pertaining to Bengal, its inhabitants, or their language ; Bengalese. II. n. 1. A native or an inhabitant of Ben- gal ; a Bengalese. The wretched Bengalis fled in shoals across the Ganges. J.'T. Wheeler, Short Hist. India, p. 267. 2. The language of the Bengalis. benic (bon'ik), a. [< ben 5 + -ic.] Obtained from oil of ben : as, benic acid. Beni Carlos (ba'ni kar'los), n. [Formerly beni- carlo, benecarlo, < Benicarlo, a seaport in the province of Castellon, Spain.] A red wine of dark color and considerable strength, made on the shores of the Mediterranean, in eastern Spain. Much of it is exported to Prance, where it is mixed with lighter wine for table use. benight (be-nif), v. t. [< be- 1 + night.] 1. To overtake with night. [Hare in this sense, except in the past participle.] benignity Some virgin, sure, . . . Benighted in these w Is. Milton, c'omus, L 160. 2. To involve in darkness, as wiili the shades of night; shroud in gloom; overshadow; eclipse; figuratively, to involve in moral dark- ness or ignorance. And let ourselves benight our happiest day. Donne, I lie Expiration. Her visage was benighted with :i taffeta mask, to fray away the naughty wind from her face. Mobil, i. ,n. Father Hubbard's Call but oh ! alas ! what Sudden cloud is spread About this glorious king's eclipsed head ! It all his fame benights. Cowley, Uavideis, ii. Shalt h i- to inch benighted flic lamp of life deny ' Bp. Seber, Missionary Hymn. benighten (be-ni'tn), v. t. [< benight + -. Webster, A. lams and Jefferson. 3. A benign or beneficent ileecl ; a kindness, benignly (iu;-nin'li), adr. In a benign manner; favorably; kindly; graciously. benimt, v. t. [< ME. benimen, binimen, < AS. man (= OS. biniman = ( 'Fries, binima = I). benemen = OHGK bineman, M I li i . benemen, G. In nehmen = Goth, biniman), take away, < 6# + niman, take: see &e-l and nim, and of. pp. and deriv. verb benum, benumb.] To take awaj ; deprive. All togider he is benome The power both uf hemle and fote. Qower, Conf. Amant., iii. 2. Ire . . . benimeth the man from God. Chaucer, Parson's Tale. benincasa (ben-in-ka'sii), >i. [NL., named af- ter Giuseppe Benincasa, an early patron of bot- any, and founder of the garden at Pisa.] The white gourd-melon, Benincasa hispida, resem- bling the pumpkin, but covered with a waxy- pulverulent coat. It is very generally culti- vated in tropical countries. benish (be-nesh'), n. [At. benish.] A kind of pelisse worn by Arabs. A l>- which is a rohe of cloth, with long sleeves. E. II'. Lane, Modem Egyptians, I. 34. benison (ben'i-zn), ». [< ME. benisoun, bene- son, h, iiisini, i,< neysun, < OF. beneison, In neicun, beneicon, < LL. benedictio(n-), a blessing: see benediction, and of . malediction, malison.'] Bless- ing; benediction. [Chiefly in poetry.] God's benison go with you. Shak., Macbeth, ii. 4. More precious than the benison of friends. Talfourd, Ion, i. 2. Ben-Israel (ben'iz"ra-el), n. An Abyssinian pygmy antelope of the genus Xeotragus. benitier (F. pron. ba-ne'tia), n. [F., < ML. In nedictarium, holy-water font, < LL. benedic- tus, blessed : see benedict.] A font or vase for holy water, placed in a niche in the chief porch or entrance of a Roman Catholic church, or, com- monly, against one of the in- terior pillars close to the door, into which the members of the congrega- tion on entering dip the fingers of the right hand, blessing them- selves by mak- ing the sign of the cross. Also called asperso- ri'iin. st, iii i.. and holy-water font (which see, un- der /o«/). benjamin^ben'- ja-min), «. [Appar. from the proper name Ben- jamin.] A kind of top coat or overcoat for- merly worn by men. sir Telegraph proceeded to peel, and emerge from his four benjamins, like a butterfly from its chrysalis. Peacock, Melineonrt, xxi. ». [= G. benjamin ; Benitier.— Villeneuve-le-Roi, France : 13th century. (From Viollet- le- Due's " I net. si use ot any e I done by others. South. It cannot he denied that there is now a greater disposi- tion amongst men toward the assertion of individual lib- erty than existed during the feudal ages. //. Spencer, Social statics, p. 187. bent- (bent), n. [Also dial, bennet; < ME. bent, < AS. *beonet (found only in comp., in local names, as in Beonetledh, > E. Bentley) = OS. 'binet (not authenticated) = LGr. In/mil (Brem. Worterb.) = OHG. binuz, binez, Ullli. binz. ii. binse, a bent, rush; origin unknown.] 1. Any stiff or wiry grass, such as grows on commons or neglected ground, 'filename is given to many spe- cies, as Agrostis vulgaris, Agropyrum junceum, species of Aira, etc. ; in America it Is applied exclusively to Agrostis vulgaris and .1. amino. Also bent-grass. 2. The culm or stalk of bent ; a stalk of coarse withered f?rass; a dead stem of grass which has borne seed. His spear a bent both stiff and strong. Drayton, Ctymphidia. 3. A place covered with grass; a field; unin- closed pasture-land; a heath. Vehe beste to the bent that that bytes on erbeg. Alliterative Poems(ed. Morris), ii. 532. Black bent, Alopecurus agrestis.— Hog or brown bent, Agrostis canxna.— Harsh, creeping, fine, or white bent, Agrostis vulgaris. Reed bent, AmmophUa arun- dinacea Wire bent, Nardus etricla. To take the bent, to take to the bent; tun away. [Scotch.] /'.//,. 'A. bent, Mr, Itaslllcigh. Make ae pair 0' legs worth twa pair o bands. ,SVn^, Kob Key, II. 4. ben-teak (ben'tek), n. A (dose-grained, infe- rior kind of teak, used in India for buildings ben-teak 527 bequeath and other ordinary purposes. It is tho wood of benumbedness (be-numd'nes), n. [< benumbed, benzyl (ben'zil), n. f< benz(pie) + -yl.] An Lagerstramia microcarpa. j,p. of benumb, +' -ness.] Tho state of being organic radical i (; l l-,( II.,) which 'Iocs not ex- bent-grass (bont'gras), «. Same ms h, at-, i. benumbed ; ahscn I' sensation or feeding. ist in the free state, but in combination forms benthal (ben' thai), it. [< t!i-. . Ii vdoc, the depths benumbment (bf-num'menl ), n. [< benumb + a considerable number of compounds. of tho sea, + -til.} Of or pertaining to depths -ment] The act of benumbing; the state of benzylation (ben-zi-la'shon), n. [< benzyl + of the sea of a thousand fathoms and more, being benumbed; torpor. -ation.] The act of adding benzene to rosani- See extract. benweed (ben'wed), n. [Also bin-, bind-, butt- line orsomo similar substance. In his presidential addreBS to the biological Becti f weed; < be it (uncertain) + ireeiO. Cf. benthvilh, The tendency of the bmzylatkm being to give Die colour the British las ition at Ply ith in 1877, Mr. Gwyn bindweed.'] Ragwort. [Scotland and North, abluershade. Jeffreys suggested the use of the name "benthal . . . for Ireland I Craee^alvert, Dyeing and Calico-printing, p. 399 depths ef one thousand fathoms anil more," while retain- , . u i_ j /, ,,,- 1 -j\ ,-• , / ■ \ i* A *%..*ri; . n .... . ;i'-i \ . r/ i , _■ ■ ■>„ ing the term "abyssal" tor depths down to one thousand benzaldehyde (ben-zal'de-hid), n. [< bemfftws) benzyhc (ben-zil lk), a. [< benzyl + -jc.] Ke- fathoms. P. H. Carpenter, in Science, IV. 223. + ahleln/ile.] The oil of bitter almonds, C lated to or containing the radical benzyl. Benthamic (ben-tham'ik), a. Of or pertaining ¥ OH .» colorless liquid having a pleasant bepaint (be-pant'), ». I lV»M« mo- standard of the greatest happiness was benzamide (ben'za-mid or -mid), It. [< ben- Vionalo ibo nnl'l « / K 7i/> 1 + „„/»2 1 Tn that which I had always been taught to apply z(oic) + amide.] A white crystalline substance, make nak f * J. A. .l/i//, AutoDlOg., p. 64. f, n r,n x T tt j , . , \ 3 -, , ■, ' mdKe pale. Benthamism fben'tham izm) 1 U Bentham C 6??-CO.NH 2 , which may be regarded as the Those perjured lips of thine, bepaled with blasting sighs. isentnamism (in n inam-izm;, n. y\ nentitam amide of benzoyl. ,■„,■, „., To an la. Btant Servant. + -,*,«.] The poetical and ethical system benzene (ben'zen), ». [< benzoic) + -ene.] 1. bepat (be-paf), v. t.; pret. and pp. bepatted, taught by Jeremy Bentham (1/48-1832), who A hydrocarbon (0 G H 6 ) formed whenever or- p £ r . bepdtUng. [» "• '■ [<^+J^J To pelt fflamisn^^dherenfofihe Samic benzillc (be^-zil'ikU. [< benzil + -ic] Of, bepepper (be-pep'er) v t [< ^ + paper.] nhi otX adherent of the Benthamlc pertaining to, or formed from benzil: as. ben- . lo pepper; pelt with thickly fa lmg blows, pnitosopnj. eilie &aii bepester (be-pes'ter), v. t. [< 6e-i + pester.] atmfterftansSet.to?i a m rsiD8anagestilldimmedby benziinide (ben 'zi -mid or -mid), 11. [< ben- To perter greatly ; plague ; harass 1 mSte0tranSLe t'T™o 1 /rf, Essays in Criticism, p. !3. K(m) + («^4i] A compound (C 23 H 18 N 2 3 ) bepinch (be-pinch ), V. t. [< 6e-l + pmeh.] To hpntinck rben'tine-kl v TProin Tantaiii Bph formed by the action of hydrocyanic acid on P luen 01 Oiuise an over. ^0^0737-75) tilT mventor 1 Naif Tl WaT h y drid of benzoyl. It occurs also in the resinous resi- J" ll »f!f 8 ' a "", s ' shoulders all bepincht ... (1//1A (i/di ,0), tne inventor, j jyaur., a Wian- a 5 e o( the rectiflcafion of the oil of bitter almonds. Ran thick the weals. Chapman, Iliad, xxin. gular course used as a trysail : now generally fe j benzine (ben'zin, ben-zen'), n. [< ben- bepinkt (be-pingk'), r. f. [< be-1 + pink.] To ZSStfSL h^on SSt»^ ^-) + - 2 , ■**] A colorless Imipidlnpud pmk; eut^^^lops or pierce with s,,,all holes. Bentinck shrouds, ropes extending from the weather consisting ot a mixture of volatile hydrocarbons bepiSS (be-pis ), v. t. [< te-i + piss.] To piss futtock-Btaff to the lee-channels, to support the mast when and having a specific gravity of between 62° upon; wet with urine. theriiip is rolling heavily [No longer used.] _ and65°B. It is obtained bythe fractional distillation of bepitcht (bf-pich'), V. t. [< be-1 + pitch?.] To bentmess (ben ti-nes), n. the state 01 being petroleum. It is essentially different from benzene, being cover or stain with pitch ; hence, to blacken or benty. a mixture of hydrocarbons, while benzene is a single hy- darken Xiileevtei' bentiilg (ben'ting). H. [< ben& + -in<].] The drocarbon of constant composition. Its chief use in the b ' j+ v( ' b e-i',it'i) r t • nret and DD benitied act of ?eekino-nr collectimr bents or bent stalts arts is as a solvent for fats, resins, caoutchouc, and certain oepny toe pit I), v. r. , pier, ana ]***■ GM ^' h ' Retaliation, family lyranmda, tho Pttangus sulphuratus of is used in making incense and pastils. -Benzoic ether, a beplume (be-plom'), r. t. [< 6e-l + plume.] authors in general, Tyrannus sulphuratus (Vieil- substance obtained by distilling together 4 parts of alco- t furnish or adorn with feathers ■ plume lot), Lnnim stdplutrittiis (Linmeus), originally ^^V^^^rTi^^^tnZ bepommel (be-pum'el), *. t. [< )«-l + pom- described in 1760 by Brisson as la pie-grieseU i^a feeble an, maticsniefl ^UkS "thai nflruita, ami a mel.] To pommel soundly; drub. jaune de Cayenne, and hence long supposed to pungent aromatic taste— Benzoic fermentation. See bepowder (be-pou'der), r. t. [< 6e-l + powder.] be a shrike. fermentation. % To powder;' sprinkle or cover aU over with bentrovatO(bantr6-vii't6). [It.: ben, = D- bcnjttin = Gr. benzoe, benzoin = and becurl the outside? noil e vero, e ben trovato (If it is not true, it ^an. benzoe, < F. benjoin, < Pg. beyoim = Sp. A - Tucker, Freewill, Foreknowledge, etc., p. 98. is well imagined), sometimes introduced, in benjtti, nititjtii = It. benzoi, < Ar. Inbtin jatva, bepraise (bf-praz'), v. 1. [< 5e-l + praise.] To various relations, in English. lit. 'incense of Java' (Sumatra). The omission praise greatly or extravagantly ; puff. Various anecdotesof him (Dante)are related byBoccac- ! n . Rom -.of the syllabic lu- was prob. due to its Bepiaised by newspapers and magazines. cio, Sacchetti, and others, none of them verisimilar, and being mistaken tor the del. art.] Crura benja- Goldsmith, Essays, viii. some of them at least fifteen centuries old when revamped, rain; the concrete resinous juice of Styrax Hardly any man, and certainly no politician, has been Most of them are neither veri nor ben trovati. Benzoin a tree of Sumatra Java and the Ma s0 bepraised as Burke. Contemporary Rev., t. 27. Lowell, Among my Books, LMscr, p. 19. i ay peninsula, obtained by incisions into the bepray (be-pra'), 0. t. [< ir-l + pray.] To benty (ben'ti), (?. [< bent* + -yl.] 1. Of, per- bark. The benzoin of commerce is obtained from both pray ; beseech. Shale. taming to, or of the nature of bent or bent- Sumatra and Siam, that from Siam being much superior beprose (be-proz'), v. t. [< be- 1 -I-»tosc.] To grass.— 2. Covered with or abounding in bent, to the other in quality. When rubbed or heated, it has reduce to rirose. benumt, p. a. and „. t. An earlier form of be- i£ffi£ffiS^ffiic£ ? %&SZ!aS>Sto To **»" •" *^ nitinli. and Greek ehurelies, and is the base of the tincture called bepucker (be-jmk'er), r. f. [< 6a- 1 + pucker.] benumbt, benome't, p. a. [Early mod. E., < friars' or Turlington's balsam, long famous as a remedy To pucker ME. Iienonic, benomen, < AS. bentinien, pp. of be- im bronchitis ami an effective applieati..,. to indolent benuff (be-mif) v t T< fte-1 + nufM To nuff- ,,;.,,„,, derive- see benim ~\ P.enombed sores, etc. It forms the medicinal ingredient of court- Oepim loe-pui ),V. T. \_\. oe- fpuy.] 10 pun, mman, ,aepnve. see oemrn^ tsenumoed. piaster. See Styrax. bepraise. benumb (be-num ) v. I. [Early mod. E. benttm, benzol (ben'z'ol), 11. [Less prop, benzole; < ben- Doggeries never so diplomaed, bepuffed, gaslighted, con- litiitniilir, benome, < benumb, bentnii, beiioine, p. a.: z(oic) + -ol.] Same as benzene, 1. tinue doggeries. CoWyJ«, Past and Present, p. 392. see benumb, ]i. a.] 1. To make torpid; deprive benzolin (ben'zo-lin), «. [< benzol + -in?.] bepurple (be-per'pl), v. t. [< be-1 + purple.] of sensation: as, a hand or toot benumbed by Samo as benzene, 1. To tinge or dye with a purple color. Digges. cold.— 2. lo stupefy; render inactive. benzolize (ben'zo-liz), v. t; pret. and pp. ben- bepuzzle (be-puz'l), v. t. [< be-1 + puzzle.'] To Itseizesuponthevitals,and(icHiiKi(« thesenses. South, zoliznl, ppr. benzotiziug. [< benzol + -ize.] To puzzle greatly ; perplex. My mind revolts at the reverence for foreign authors, treat, impregnate, or cause to combine with bepuzzlement (be-puz'1-ment). n. [< bepuzzle which stilh-s inquiry, restrains investigation, benumbs the benzene or a benzene derivative. + -ment.] Perplexity. vigor of the intellectual faculties, subdues and debases benzoyl (ben'zo-il or -zoil), «. [< benzo(ie) + bequeath (be-kweTH''). B. t. [< ME. beiiurtlien, t " em ""'- lV - »<•(«<"•, m bcudder, p. 230. _,,,-] The radical (C 7 H B 0) of benzoic acid, of oil biquethen, earUer bicwethen, < AS. beSwethan, benumbed (bf-numd'), p. a. Numb or torpid, of bitter almonds, and of an extensive series of declare, affirm, give by will, < be- + cwethan, either physically or morally: as, benumbed compounds derived from this oil, or connected say. The simple verb became obsolete in the limbs; benumbed faith. with it by certain relations. ME. period, except in the pret. quoth, which bequeath remains archaically in an idiomatic construe- berat (be-raf), n tion (see quoth). The compound has been pre- served through its technical use in wills. J If. To give away; transfer the possession of ; as- sign as a gift. Wilt thou forsake thy fortune, Bequeath thy land to him, and follow M>nk., K. John, i. l. 2. To give or leave by will; assign as a legacy: more commonly, but not necessarily, used el' personal property, in contradistinction to Peal property, which is said to be devised. Mine heritage, Which mv dead father < 1 i> I bequeath to me. sl,ri- berdet, n. An obsolete form of beard. qitcath + ->neiit.~] The act of bequeathing; a bequest. bequest (be-kwosf), n. [< ME. bequeste, by- quyste, prob. (with excrescent -t, as in be- hest, and shifted accent, after the verb) < AS. bicwis lequiv. to bictoide, ME. bequide, after /., cwt than. M B. '» qut th n ),< hi-, accented form, in nouns, of hi-, he-, + ewis (cwiss-), saying, < cwethan, say: see bequeath."] 1. The act of bequeathing or leaving by will. He claimed the crown to himself, pretending an adop- TJorViorio /h& 1 .'>i B _ T ;n1 tion, or bequest of the kingdom unto him, by the Confes- W* Sir M. Hale. Possession, with the right of bequest and inheritance, is the stimulant which raises property to its highest value. JV. A. Rev., OXLIII. 58. 2. That which is left by will; a legacy. — 3. That which is or has been handed down or transmitted. our cathedrals, our creeds, our liturgies, our varied minis! ii >ol compassion for every form of human sutfer- [rom the age of faith. //. X. Oxenham. short Studies, p. 263. bequestt (be-kwesf), v. t. [< bequest, re.] To give as a. bequest; bequeath. bequethet, r. t. An obsolete form of bequeath. Chaucer. bequia-sweet (ba-ke'ii-swet), it. [See quot.] An oscine passerine bird, of the family Ictcridie and sal. family Quiscalinw ; the Quiscalus lumi- nosus, a grakle found in the Caribbees: so named its note. In Bequla [in the Caribbees], and extending through- out I ds], is a blackbird, a new species nam isluminosus, which makes the air re- i with it joyous cry: "Bequia sweet, sweet, Bequia Camps in the I 'ariliticcs, p. :'I0. bequote Hie-kwot' I, c. /. [< be- 1 + quote.'] To quote Eti qui nth or much. beraftt, pp. A -Middle English past participle $$£gj? (Wber-i), beraint (be-ran'). ''■ '• \' ME. berat/ncn, bcrci- iii a i= OHG. bireganon, G-. beregnen), < be- + ri nn n, rail : Bei ■■• landratre 1 .] To rain upon. With med. Chaud r, I roini iv. 1 172. Berardius (be-rar'di-us), n. [ Nl... named alter M. liinnit.] A genus of odontocete whales, of the family Physt nbfamily Ziphii ental monarch. berate (l'V-rat '),''■ <■ [< be- 1 + rate".] To chide vehemently; scold. Zopyrus berated Socrates as if he had caught a pick- pocket ''"/'• Sei. Ho., XXII. 05. berattlet (be-rat'l), v. t. [< be- 1 + rattle.] To cry down; abuse; rundown. Shak. [Hare.] beraunite (be-ra'nit), n. [< Jieraitn (see def.) + -(7c".] A hydrous phosphate of iron of a reddish-brown color, found at St. Benigua near Beraun in Bohemia. berayt (be-ra'), v. t. [< he- 1 + ray 3 .] 1. To make foul; defile; soil. Beraying the font and water while the bishop was bap- tizing him. UUton, Hist. Eng., vi. 2. To scent. How conies your handkercher So sweetly thus be in 'ill : Middleton, The Witch, i. 2. berbe (herb), n. The name of an African genet, Genetta paraina. Berber (ber'ber), n. and a. [< Ar. Berber, Bar- bar, the Berbers: see barbarij and i/«W) 3 .] I. re. 1. A person belonging to any one of a group of tribes inhabiting the mountainous parts of Barbary and portions of the Sahara, descended from the primitive race of those regions. — 2. The language spoken by the Berbers. It is one of the Hamitic languages. II, a. Of or pertaining to the Berbers or their language. Berberidaceas (ber"be-ri-da'se-e), re. pi. [NL., < Bain ris ( Hi tin rid-) + -a'eea 1 .] A natural order of plants, belonging to the thalamifloral dicotyledons, distinguished from allied orders by having the few stamens in two or three whorls and the anthers opening by valves. The genera are widely distributed, hut are small, with the exception of Berberis. Of the smaller genera, the blue cohosh (CaulophyUum), the mandrake (Podophyllum), and the twin-leaf (Jeffersonia) are of more or less repute in medicine, and the Akebui is an ornamental climber. See cut under Berberis. berberidaceous (ber"be-ri-da'shius), a. Of or pertaining to the Bcrberidacew. berberine (ber'be-rin), re. [< NL. berberina : see Berberis and -ine%.] An alkaloid (C20.H17 NO4) widely distributed in the vegetable king- dom, being found in the barberry and a con- siderable number of plants, or parts of plants, whose extracts combine a yellow color and bit- ter taste. It forms tine yellow acicular crystals, spar- ingly soluble in water, having a bitter taste. The sul- phate and hydrochlorate are soluble, but with difficulty. n. [NL. : see barberry.] The principal genus of the natural order Ber- beridaeece, including the common barberry. It contains about 50 species of shrubby plants, mostly Ameri- can, and ranging from Oregon to Tierra del Fuego. The common barberry. It. vulgaris, the only European spe- cies ami extensively na- turalized in the United States, is well known for its red arid berries, which make a pleasant preserve. The leaves also are acid, and the bark and root, as in many other species, are astringent and yield a yellow dye. The hark of the root of this and of several Asiatic spe- cies, as />'. L/ieiniii, ]:. Axiiitii'", and It. arts- tata, is used as a hitter tonic berberine (which see). Some species, rh -inr-ui-h.-d by pinnati 1 v. run 1 11 including the Oregon grape of the Pacific coast, /;. .I'/in- folium, arc frequently cultivated for ornament. The stamens in this genus arc curiously irritable, springing forward upon the pistil when the inner side of the tlla- Ineiil is touched. Same as hitrhemj. bere't, v., bere 2 t, »•> etc. An obsolete form of bear 1 , hear-, etc., herri/*, etc. Berean (be-re'an), a. and n. [Also written iSe- raaii, < L'. BehrttH, < lieraa, < nc of a sect of dissenters from the Church of Scotland, who took their name from and profess to follow the ancient Bereans men- tioned in Acts xvii. 11, in building their sys- tem of faith and practice upon the Scriptures alone, without regard to human authority. Also called Barclayites, from their founder, John Barclay (1734-98), of Muthill, Perthshire. Berea sandstone. See sandstone. bereave (be-reV), v.; pret. and pp. bereaved or bereft, ppr." bereaving. [< MB. bereven, bireoen (pret. berevede, berefte, bereft, berafte, pp. be- reved, bereft, beraft), < AS. hereof an (= OFries. hirdra = OS. birobhon = D. berooven = OHG. hiriiubon, MHG. herouhen, G. beraitben = Goth. biraubon), rob, bereave, < he- + redfian, plun- der, rob: see be- 1 and ruin. ] I. trans. 1. To deprive by or as if by violence; rob; strip: with of before the thing taken away. Me have ye bereaved of my children. Gen. xlii. 36. fate had weaveu The twist of life, and her of life bereaven. Ford, Fame's Memorial. Wilt thou die e'en thus, Ruined 'midst ruin, ruining, bereft O/name and honor? William Morris, Earthly Paradise, II. 18. [It is sometimes used without of, more especially in the passive, the subject of the verb being either the person deprived or the thing taken away. And 'tis your fault I am bereft him so. Shah:, Venus and Adonis, 1. 381. All your interest in those territories Is utterly bereft you. Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 1.1 2f. To take away by destroying, impairing, or spoiling; take away by violence. Shall move you to bereave my life. Marlowe. I think his understanding is liereft. Shak., 3 Hen. VI., ii. 6. 3f. To deprive of power; prevent. No thing may bireve A man to love, til that him list to leve. Chaucer, Troilus, i. 685. II. intraiift. To destroy life ; cut off. [Rare.] bereavement (be -rev 'ment), n. [< bereave + -ment.] 1. The act of bereaving. — 2. The state of being bereaved ; grievous loss ; particularly, the loss of a relative or friend by death. He bore his bereavement with stoical fortitude. //, Smith, tor Hill. bereaver fbe-re'ver), n. One who bereaves or deprives another of something valued. bereft (be-reff). Preterit and past participle of bereave. Berengarian (ber-cn-ga'ri-an), n. and a. [< ML. Hirniqariits, Berengar. a theologian, born about A. D.' 998. died about 1088.] I. ». One of a sect which followed Berengarius or Berengar of Tours, archdeacon of Angers in the eleventh century, who denied the doctrine of transub- stantiation. II. a. Of or pertaining to the Berengarians or their opinions. Berengarianism (ber-en-ga'ri-an-izm), re. [< Berengarian + -ism.] The opinions or doctrines of Berengarius and his followers. See Beren- garian. ; ""' l,1 '„"l'' ,A "' ,rl I Berenice's hair. See Coma Bt renices. el tile Millmitiit group ot wvh,,hvv g uwu. >ate evergreei ves, and beresite (her e-sil ). 11. [< rirres(orsl) + -ite-.] A iine-grained granite found near Beresovsk, Russia, in the Ural, associated with gold-bear- ing quartz. beret, berret 1 (ber'et), re. [F. ht'ret, < ML. be- ritta, liinila. a cap: see liar ret- and birctta.] 1. A round flat woolen cap worn by the Basque peasantry. X. E. D. — 2. Same as birctta. Barbeny {Berberis vulgaris), with font, tl'iwer, and anther \n a) in the act of dehiscence. berbine"(i»''r'liin), ». [< Berb(eris) + -/«<-.] An alkaloid extracted from the root and inner bark of the barberry. It is an amorphous beretta, n. See biretta white powder, bitter to the taste. berettina, n. See birrettina. berceuse ( I ni r-se/. '), h. [ P., a rocker, a lullaby, berewickt, »• See bennrk. <'f. h, ,;;„,,. a cradle, < bercer, rock, lull to berg 1 (berg), »• ,< Icel. S\v. Norw. her,, :Dan. sleep.] a cradle-song; especially, a vocal or instrumental composition of a tender, quiet. and sunt long character. we, having two rn " "'"" ,: "' 1 ' ' s "''' "' bercheroot (ber'che-r8t), re. The Russian the mandibular symphysis, iti relatedlng .1 ,„„ m ,i, the unit of weight in Russia. The ' 1 toZipl eel 1/ II j I , ,.,,,,].,, .a ,,.• ,^->r, ,,, | u d.OO'ilT.l .rviiTTW nr 1 In tal 80feel 1 1 in, standa.id o lK.iS equals 1(1.1.. .1/4 grams, or , , 0.9028307 oi a pound avoirdupois. Berard steel. See steel. bercowetz, «. See hnkarets. bjerg, a rock. Gt. herg = E. barrow\ a hill.] A rock. [Shetland.] berg- (berg), 11. [From -berg in iceberg, < Ot. 1 isberg : see iceberg. Not from AS. beorg, a bill, which gives 10. barrow 1 ,* mound (but of. bergh) : see harrow 1 .] A large floating mass or moun- tain of ice ; an iceberg. Like glittering bergs of ice. Tennyson, Princess, iv. bergall ;al), n. [Also written burgaU, var. 520 bergall (Wr'.. of bergell, bergle, <\. v.] The ounner or blue- peroh, a very common New England fish, Cft reo- tofrnw mlsjii rsiis. See bin-null, and out under CUnner. Bergamask (ber'ga-mask), a. ami re. [< It. Bergamasco, adj., < lingaiuo, a town in lt.il> Cf. 'bei-gnim 1*1. |' I. a. Of or pertaining to tli city or province of Bergamo in northern Italy, or'tlie distriel of Bergamasea: as, Bergamask traditions; the Bergamask Alps; "a Bergamask dance," */. berme, D. berm, berme, = MLG. berme, barm, = I i. bi run . a berm, prob. = Icel. bat mr, edge, border, brim, as of a river or the sea, etc.: see luitiil.] 1. A narrow ledge; specifically, in fort., a space of ground or a ten-nee from 3 to 5 feet in -width, left between theramparl and tho moat or foss, designed to receive the ruins of the rampart in tho even! of a bombardment, and to prevent the earth from filling the loss. Sometimes it is palisaded, and In the Netherlands it is generally planted with a quickset hedge. If we accept the Hindu Kush as our mountain Fortress, then, to use a technical phrase, Afghan Turkistan Is oui berm and the Oxus our ditch. J. T. Wheeler, Short Hist. India, p. (Mis. 2. The bank or side of a canal which is oppo- site to the towing path. Also called berm-banl;. sory paralysis, more or less pain, general drop- bermeH, "• A Middle English form of barm? sicul symptoms, effusion into the serous cavi- berme-, »• See berm. iptc ties, and dyspnoea on exertion. Hydropic and dry forms are distinguished by the presence or absence of dropsy. It may be acute, or subacute, or chronic. It does not appear to be contagious, though it infects local- ities. Beriberi occurs in India and adjacent countries, is frequent in Japan under the name of kakke, and seems to be identical with the "sleeping sickness" of the west coast of Africa. It is said to occur in South America also. Beridae (ber'i-de), «. pi. [NL., < Beri{d-)s + -idee.] A family of tetrachastous or tanysto- matous brachycerous Diptera, represented by such genera as Berts, Xylophagus, etc. Also called Xylopnagidai. of oxen and goats, said to have been made origi- beridelt, «. [Origin obscure.] A garment of nally at Bergamo. linen, worn in Ireland in the reign of Henry bergamot- (ber'ga-mot), 11. [< F. bergamote, < VIII. Blanche. It. bergamotto, appar. a perversion, simulating berigora (ber-i-go'rii), ». A name of an Aus- a connection with Bergamo, a town in Italy (cf. tralian falcon, the "berigora hawk, Bieraddea bergamot 1 ), of Turk, begarmudi, lit. (like the G. ( r leracidea) berigora. name furstenbirne) prince's pear, < beg, a prince berime (be-rim'), v. t. [< be- 1 + rime 1 .'] To ( see b'eii"), + armiiil, a pear.] A variety of pear, celebrate in rime or verse. Also berhyme. bergander (ber'gan-der), re. [Early mod. E. also Urgander, burgander, appar. < ME. berge, a bur- row i see In ■rrif-K burrow*), + gander (i. e., burrow- Ijeringed (be-ringd'), gander; cf . its other name, burrow-duck). Cf. D. bergeend = NPries. bargaand = MLG. bercliant = G. bergente, lit. 'hill-duck,' G. erdgans, lit. 'earth-goose.'] A name of the sheldrake or burrow-duck, Tadorna vulpanser. See sheldrake. bergell, ». See bergle, bergert, ». [Appar. <■ [ In fil 'st sense, = Sp. I J g. It. berlina = G. berline, < P. berUne; < llerlin. the capital of Prussia.] 1. A large four-wheeled carriage with a suspended body, two interior seats, and a top or hood that can be raised or lowered : so called because first made in Berlin, in the seventeenth century, from the designs of an architect of the elector of Brandenburg.— 2. A knitted glove. bermill'ians (ber-mil'yanz), n. pi. [Origin un- known.] Pieces of liiien or fustian. Bermuda grass, fan-palm, etc. See the nouns. Bermudian (ber-mu'di-an), a. and n. I. a. Pertaining or relating to the Bermudas or to their inhabitants. II. «. A native or an inhabitant of Bermuda or tlie Bermudas, a group of islands in the At- lantic, about 600 miles east of Cape Hatteras in North Carolina, belonging to Great Britain. bemH, "• A Middle English form of barn 1 . bern-'t, bernet, «• [Early mod. E. (Sc), < ME. berne, I" rn, burne, burn, etc., < AS. h, <>ru, biorn, a warrior, hero, a word used only in poetry, and prob. = Icel. bjbrn, a bear, appar. a deriv. of *beri, m. (bcra, f.), = AS. bera, a bear, E. bear' 2 . It was a common poetical practice to give the names of fierce animals to warriors; ef. AS. eofor, a boar, = Icel. jofurr, a warrior, hero.] A warrior; a hero; a man of valor; in later use, a poetic term for man. bernacle 1 (ber'na-kl), re. Same as barnacle 1 . bernacle' 2 t, "• Same as barnacle^. Bernardine (ber'nar-din), 11. and a. [F. Ber- nards, < ML. Bcrnardiniis, < Bemardus, Ber- nard.] I. re. The name given in France to the members of the Cistercian order of monks. It is derived from St. Bernard (1091-1163), who was the most distinguished member of the order and was regarded as its second founder. See Cistercian. II. a. Pertaining to St. Bernard or the Ber- nardines. Bernard's canal. See ennai. bernet, »• See benfi. bernert, »■ [< ME. berner, < OF. bemer, bemier, brenier (ML. bernarius), a feeder of hounds, < bren, bran, bran : see bran.] An attendant in charge of a paek of hounds. X. E. D. Bernese (ber-nes' or -nez'), "■ and re. [< G. Bern, F. Berne, in Switzerland, + -ese.] I. a. Pertaining to Bern or its inhabitants. II. re. sing, and pi. A citizen or citizens of Bern, tie capital of Switzerland, or of the can- ton of the same mime. bernesque (ber-nesk'), a. [< It. Bernesco, < lSniii : see -esque.] In the humorous and bur- lesque style of the writings of Francesco Berni, an Italian poet, who died in 1536. Bernesque poetry is the clearest reflexion of that reli- gious and moral scepticism which was one of the charac- teristics of Italian social life in the tilth century, and which showed itself more or less in all the works of that period, that .scepticism which stopped the religious Refor- mation in Italy, and which in its turn was an effect of his- torical conditions. Euc'te. Dili., XIII. 510. Bernicla (ber'ni-kla), n. [NL. (adopted as a genus name by Stephens, 1S:M), < ML. bernicla, ^ *e Canada Goose Berui, .' Bernicla the barnacle : sec barnacle 1 .] A genus of geese, containing the barnacle-goose, brent-goose, and related species, which have black bills, black dead and neck with white markings, and the general color dark, with white or light tail-cov- erts. The type-species is I rwi i bt rnicla, now /.'. leucopsie; tlie brent-goose is />. brenta; tin' blink brent of North America is /■ . the common wild goose of North America, or Canada goose, is/;, canadensis; Hutchins'a is a similar but smaller species, /.'. hutchinsi; there are others also. See cuts under barnacle and bn n) bernicle, bernicle-goose (ber'ni-kl, -g<">s). ». [A form of barnacle*, historically obsolete, hut now occasionally used -with ref. to the NL. generic name Bernicla.'] The barnacle or bar- nacle-goose. See barnacle 1 , 1. Bernissartia (ber-ni-saVti-a), n. [NL., < Ber- nissart, name of a quarry in Belgium.] A ge- nus of extinct Wealden" crocodiles, typical of the family BernissarHidce, whose remains have been found in a quarry in Bernissart, Belgium. Bernissartiidae (ber'ni-sax-fi'i-de ). n. pi. [NL., < Bernissartia + -idee.] A family of extinct crocodilians. The technical characteristics are: the rh. '.Line comparatively approximated; the supratemporal tosses smaller than the orbits; a well-defined orbitolatero- temporal sinus; thedorsal plates imbricated and forming more than two longitudinal rows; ami the ventral arma- ture reduced to one buckler of imbricated plates. The family occurs in the Wealden and Purbeck formations. Bernoullian (ber-n8'lian), a. Pertaining to or discovered by one of several famous mathe- maticians belonging to the Basle family Ber- noulli, which originated in Antwerp — Bernoul- lian function, a function defined by an equation of the form a l'(x) = j-.— Bernoullian numbers, a certain Beries of numbers discovered by Jacob Bernoulli (1654- 1705), of which the first members are : B 2 = i B 4 = ;rV B 6 = ;rV B 8 = ;& B 10 = &. Bernoullian series, in math., the series /o = Jz — xf'x + .7?/" x — tJ'" x +> etc - bernouse, n. See burnoose. berob (be-rob'), v. t. [< ME. berobben .; < be- 1 + rub.] 'To rob; plunder. What evill starre On you hath frownd, and pourd bis influence bad, That ol your selfe ye thus berobbeel arre? Spenser, F. Q., I. viii. 42. Beroe' (ber'o-e), n. [L., < Gr. Bcpdn, one of the ocean nymphs.] The typical genus of eteno- phorans of the family Bcroidcc. B. forskali is an example. The species are of the size and shape of a small lemon. The genus was formerly of much greater extent than now, including species now referred to other fami- lies, as Cydippe, etc. beroid (ber'o-id), n. A ctenophoran of the family BeroMce. Beroiclce (be-ro'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Beroe + -iibr.] A family of the class Ctenophora, sub- kingdom ' 'a It a ii rata, having the body globular or oval, without oral lobes or tentacles, and with fringed appendages of the periphery of the polar spaces. They are transparent jelly-like ma- rine organisms, differing from most of the ctenophorans in having a large mouth and digestive cavity. Represen- tative genera are Beroe, Tdyvct, and Pandora. beroon fbe-ron'), n. [Pers. birnn, without, ex- terior.] The chief court of a Persian dwelling- house. S. (i. W. Benjamin, Persia and the Per- sians. berret 1 , n. See beret. berret' 2 (ber'et), n. A kind of opal bead of the size of a marble. It was most amusing to witness his [the chief of baton- ka's] delight at a string of fifty little berrets . . . which 1 bad brought into the country for the first time. Sir S. W. Baker, Heart of Africa, xvi. berretta, ». See bin tta. berrettina (ber-e-te'nS), n. [It., dim. of ber- retta : see biretta.] A' scarlet skull-cap worn bj cardinals. Also '« n tHna. berri, ». The Turkish mile, of which there are said to be 66$ to a degree. berried (ber'id), a. [< berrtj 1 + -ed 2 .] 1. Furti i she, i with berries: as, "the berried holly," hmis. — 2. of the form or nature of a berry; baccate. — 3. Having eggs or spawn, as a fe- male lobster or other crustacean. berry 1 (ber'i), n.; pL berries (-iz). [Earlymod. E. also berrie, < ME. bery, bene, < AS. berie, berigi = OS. beri (in winberi, grape) = Ml>. bere,'alBoh e,T>.bezie,bes='i/iLOc.ber< =< > 1 1 < i . beri, MHG. bere, ber, G. beere = Icel. her = Sw, bar = Ban. bar — Goth, bast (in weinabasi = ( is. winberi =AS. winberie, 'wine berry,' grape) (neut. and fern, forms mixed ), a berry. ' irigin unknown; by some referred to theroot of bare, as if the 'bare' or 'uncovered' fruit.] 1. In bot. : (a) In ordinary use, any small pulpy fruit, as the huckle/«rry, strawlx rry, in rry, mulberry, checkevberry, etc., of which 530 only the first is a berry in the technical sense. (6) Technically, a simple fruit in which the entire pericarp is fleshy, excepting the outer skin or epicarp, as the banana, tomato, grape, currant, etc. (c) The dry kernel of certain kinds of grain, etc., as the' berry of wheat and barley, or the coffee-oerry. See out under wheat. — 2. Something resembling a berry, as one of the ova or eggs of lobsters, crabs, or other crustaceans, or the drupe of Bhamnus infectorius, used in dyeing — Avignon berry, the drupe of Rhamnnus alaternue, used in dyeing yellow. \i-.i called French berry. berry 1 (ber'i), v. i. ; pret. and pp. berried, ppr. berrying. [< berry 1 , >/.] 1. To bear or pro- duce berries. — 2. 'To gather berries; as, to go In trying. berry- (ber'i), n. ; pi. berries (-iz). [Early mod. E. also berye, berie, < ME. berghe, berge (prop. dat.), a barrow: see barrow 1 .] A mound; a barrow. [Obsolete or dialectal.] This little berry some yeleep An hillock. It'. Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, i. 2. The theatres are berries for the fair : Like ants on mole-hills thither they repair. Dryden, tr. of Ovid's Art of Love, i. 103. berry 3 t (ber'i), n. [E. dial., < late ME. bery: see burrow 2 .] 1. A burrow, especially a rab- bit's burrow. — 2. An excavation; a military mine. berry 4 (ber'i), v. t. ; pret. and pp. berried, ppr. berrying. [E. dial, and Sc.,< ME. beryen, berii n, < AS. *berian (only in pp. gebered) = OHG. berja, MHG. berren, bercn = Icel. bcrja = L. ferire (> ult. E. ferule, interfere), strike.] 1. To beat ; give a beating to. Here this boy is. 3e bade vs go bary With battis. We are compered his corpus for to carry. For* Ptays, p. 334. 2. To thresh (grain, etc.). Ill berry your crap by the light o' the moon. W. Nicholson. berry 5 t, "■ [Also berrie; a corrupt form of perrie, pi/rrie: see pirrie.] A gust of wind. bersaglieri (bar-sa-lya'ri), n. pi. [It., pi. of ber- sagliere, a sharpshooter, < bersagUo (= OF. ber- sail, berseil), a mark, butt, < "berciarc, in im- bcrciare, aim at (= OF. bercn; brrscr); ef. ML. bersare, shoot with the bow, hunt. Cf. ML. bcr- cellum (var. barbizellum), a battering-ram; per- haps < bcrbcx, L. vervex, a wether, ram.] The name for riflemen or sharpshooters in the Ital- ian army. berserk (ber'serk), «. [< Icel. berserkr (omit- ting, as usual, the nom. suffix -r) : see berser- l.i r.] Same as berserker. berserker (ber'ser-ker), n. [Also bcrserkir and berserk, < Icel. berserkr (the E. retaining the nom. suffix -r), pi. bcrserkir; commonly ex- plained as ' bare-sark,' < berr, = E. bare 1 , + si rkr, > E. sari; coat, shirt ; but prob. rather 'bear-sark,' < *beri, m. (only in comp.) (bcra, f.), = AS. bcra, E. bear-, + serJcr. " In olden ages athletes and champions used to wear hides of bears, wolves, and reindeer " (Vigfusson). The "berserker's rage" is expressed by Icel. ber- serksgangr, < berserkr + ijungr, a going, esp. a rapid going, furious rush : see gang.] 1. A wild warrior or champion of heathen times in Scan- dinavia. In battle the berserkers are said t" have been subject to fits of fury, when they bowled like wild beasts, foamed at the mouth, gnawed the rim of their shields. etc. ; and on such occasions they were popularly believed to be proof against tire and steel. [Commonly written with a capital.] Out of unhandseled savage nature, out of terrible Druids and /■'■ rserldi-s, come at last Alfred and Shakspire. Emerson, .Misc., p. B6. The wild pirates of the North Sea have become con- verted into warriors of order and champions of peaceful (reed exhausting what still remains of the old Ber s, rk spirit in subduing nature, and tinning the wilderness Into a Harden. Iliixliif, Ann r. Addresses, p. PJ4. Hence — 2. A person of extreme violence and fury, berstlet, n. A variant of bristle. ( liauet r. berth't, ". An obsolete spelling of InrlliK berth- (berth), «. [First found at the end of the Kith century; also written bijrtli, birth (the latter spelling being but recently obsolete); ori- gin unknown (the 10. dial, birth, a place, sta- tion, is but a later use of the same word) ; per- haps ult. derived (like I he earlier berth* =birth 1 ) In. in bear 1 .] 1. Naut: (a) Sea-room; space i ep1 or to be kept for safety or convenience between a vessel under sail and other vessels or the shore, rocks, etc. ; especially in the phrases, also used figuratively, to ijirc n good, clear, or wide berth to, keep a wide both of berwick (to keep clear of, keep well away from). (6) Boom for a vessel to turn around or to ride at anchor. (<•) A station in which a ship lies or can lie. whether at anchor or at a wharf. ('0 A room or an apartment in a ship where a number of officers or men mess and reside. (c) The shelf-like space allotted to a passen- ger in a vessel (and hence in a railroad sleep- ing-car) as a sleeping-plaee ; a sailor's bunk on board ship ; a place for a hammock, or a repository for chests. — 2. A post or an appointment ; situation ; employment : as, he has got a good berth at last — Berth and space, in Ship-bnilding, the distance between the IdiliL'-edge of one timber and the molding-edge of the one next to it. berth- (berth), r. f. [< berth 2 , n.] Naut.: (a) To assign or allot anehoring-ground to; give space to lie in, as a ship in a dock. (6) To al- lot a berth or berths to : as, to berth a ship's company. The special object of these [changes on the approach of winter] was the economy of fuel and the berthing of tin' whole crew below deck. C. F. Hall, Polar Exp., p. 122. berth 3 (berth), v. t. [Early mod. E. byrth, per- haps < "berth, n. (not found), < Icel. bi/rdlii, board or side of a ship, < bordh, board: see board.] To board ; cover with boards : chiefly in ship-building. bertha (ber'tha), n. [Also berthe, after F. ; from the proper name Bertha.] 1 . A small cape worn by women over the shoulders, usually crossed in front and open at the throat. — 2. A trim- ming of lace or of other material in the shape of a small cape worn round the upper edge of a low-necked waist, or in a corresponding posi- tion on the body in the ease of a high-necked waist. berthage (ber'thaj), «. [< berth- + -age.] 1. The dues paid by a vessel anchored in a harbor or dock, or berthed at a wharf. — 2. Accommo- dation for anchoring; harborage. berth-brace (berth/bras), n. A metal rod, rope, or chain for supporting the upper berths of a sleeping-ear. berth-deck (berth'dek), ». In a man-of-war, the deck next below the gun-deck. See deck. berthe (berth), n. [F.] Same as bertha. berthierite (ber'thi-er-It), ». [After Pierre Berthier, a French mineralogist, died 1861.] A sulphid of antimony and iron occurring in dark steel-gray prismatic crystals or fibrous masses. berthing 1 (ber'thing), »). [< berth' 2 + -ing 1 .] The arrangement of berths in a ship; the berths collectively. Berthing requires the earliest attention, and the opera- tion may be facilitated by having a plan of the decks. Luce, Seamanship, p. 2D4. berthing 2 (ber'thing), >i. [< berth* + 4ng 1 .] 1. The exterior plankiug of a ship's side above the sheer-strake, designated as the berthing of the quarter-deck, of the poop, or of the forecas- tle, as the case may be; the bulwark. [Eng.] — 2. The rising or working up of the planks of a ship's side. Hamersly. berthing-rail (ber'thmg-ral), n. In ship-build- ing. See extract. The bertliinn-rail, which was the uppermost rail in the ship, was let into the lace piece, and had an iron knee at the fore end embracing the rails on each side. It also abutted against the cathead, and an iron knee connected it with the cathead and ship's side. T/ti-nrle, Naval Arch., §232. berth-latch (berth'laeh), n. A spring-catch for keeping the upper berth of a sleeping-car in plaee when closed. Bertholletia (ber-tho-le'shi-ii), n. [NL., named after Claude Louis Bcrtholht, a French chem- ist, 1748-1822.] A genus of Myrtaeea, of which only one species, B. excelsa, is known, it is a tree of large dimensions, and forms vast forests on the banks of the Amazon, Rio Negro, ami Orinoco. It grows to a height . > I 151 1 feet, and its stem is I .: to I feel in diameter. The fruit is known as the Brazil -nut (which see), bertram, bartram(ber'-, bar'tram ), n. | A cor- ruption of L. jn/rcthriiiii : see I'l/rcthritm.] An old name of tlie plant Vyrcthrum Parthenium, bastard pellitorv or feverfew. bertrandite (ber'trand-it), ». [After E. Bcr- tniinl, a French crys'tallographer.] A hydrous silicate of glucinum, occurring in minute orth.0- rhombie crystals in pegmatite near Nantes in France. berwickt, berewickt, »■ [Used only as a his- torical term. < ME. berewike, < AS. berewie, < In n . barley, + inr. dwelling, village: see bear* and /nr/,-,'and cf. barton. | Same as barton, 1. In the courts of tlie Forest of Knaresborough each of the townships or berewics which form tie manor of the forest is represented by the constable and four men ; from these Hie JuroTB of the Ieet are chosen ; praepositus or grave, and the bedel berwick and by them the Stubbs, Const. Hist., I. 120. berycid (ber'i-sid), n. A lisli of the family Bery- cidce. Also />< rycoid. Berycidse (be-ns'i-de), «. pi. [NL., < Beryx 531 honey-yellow masses, also loss frequently in isometric crystals. berzeline(ber'ze-lin), ». [< y/rr.w/w.v v se<> i»r- „v, onn zelianite) + -i»c'J.] 1. The copper sclonide Descvucneon usually called berzrliniiitc—2. A name early ^' "'..",,''" :,(,,. iven to the mineral hatiyne beset \ critic thai all the world bescumbert With satirical humours and lyrical numbers. B /on cm. Poetaster, tlienje-) + -JoV.] A family of ncnnthopteryginn bes (lies), «. [L., rarely bessU (6ess-)> < M-,two fishes, of which /.'M//J is tile typical genus. Van lug limits have been assigned to it. (a) In Gunther's Bys Caulchpis lotlgidtHS. tern it is the only family of the Beryctformes. C>) In Gill's system it is limited to fieriteoidea, with a single dorsal tin having few spines in front, and ventral tins with main sofl rays and moderate spines. It includes the genera Beryx, Anoplogaster, Caulotepis, and others. beryciform (be-ris'i-f&rm), a. Having the characters of or pertaining to the Beri/ciformcs. Beryciformes (be-ris-i-fdr'mez), n. pi. [XL., < Bcrijx (Beryc-) + L. forma, shape.] In ichth + as \nss-). as. unit : see as- 1 .] In Hum. metrol- ogy, two thirds of a unit or eight twelfths of an as ; especially, eight eyathi or two thirds of a sextarius; also, the name of a small copper coin. Also bessis. besa (be'sa), n. [Heb.] A measure of capacity ineiit ioned in rabbinical writings, equal to about one sixth of a United States pint . besabol (bes'a-bol), n. [Ar.] A fragrant res inous balsam obtained from a burseraceous tree. Commiphora kataf, of the Somali country in eastern Africa, it was formerly called Kn.it Indian iinn-rh, and differs from true myrrh chiefly in its odor. Also hissabol. besagne (be-san'), n. [OF. besange (Roque- fort ), a piece, bit ; perhaps same as OF. besant, bezant: see bezant] In medieval armor, a round plate protecting the interval between two pieces of plate-armor, as at the knee-joint or elbow-joint. During the period from the first in- troduction of plate in the earliest rerebrace to the com- plete suit of steel (nearly a century and a half), the protec- tion of these joints was one of the most difficult problems, and the use of the roundel of steel (easy to forge and to attach), to protect the outer side of the elhow or knee, was almost universal; if it disappeared for a few years, it was nly to come into use again. See roundel. 1. (be-skuch'on), v. t. [< he- 1 + To ornament with a scutcheon: •■ beSCutclieoueil ami hotagged,'' Churchill, The Ghost, iv. beseet (be-se'), v. [< ME. besen, beseon, biseon, < as. besein, look, look about (= < >S. bisehan, OFries. bisia = Goth. bisaihwan), < be- + sedn, see: see /«-' and see 1 .] I. trans. 1. To look at; see. — 2. To look to: see to; attend to; ar- range. — 3. Kelhxively, to look about one's self ; look to one's self. II. iiitriius. To look about; look. beseech (be-sech')j v. t. ; pret. and pp. besought, mx. beseeching. [Early mod. E. (north.) also beseek, < ME. besechen, bisechen, also beseken (not in AS.) (=OFries. biseka = T>. bezoeken = OIIK. hisiliiehuu. MIKI. hisuiielien. G. hisueliiii = Sw. besoka = Dan. besoge, visit, go to see), < be- + seken, seek: see be- 1 and seek.'] 1. To entreat ; supplicate ; implore; ask or pray with urgency: followed by a personal object. I Paul myself beseech you by the meekness and gentle- ness of Christ. - Cot. x. 1. I do beseech you (Chiefly, that I might set it in my prayers), What is your name? Slink., Tempest, iii. 1. 2. To beg eagerly for; solicit: followed by the thing solicited. Besagues. ( From Viollet-le-Duc's ' Mobilier fran^ais." ) in Gunther's' system of classification, the second besague (bes'a-gu), n. [OF., also Irisaigue, F. division of the order AcanthopterygU, character- ized by a compressed oblong body, a head with large muciferous cavities covered with thin skiii only, and the ventral fins thoracic with one spine and more than live soft rays (in Mo- nocentris with only two). berycoid (ber'i-koid), «. and «. I. a. Pertain- ing to the superfamily Beryeoidea or family Beryddce. II. ii. Same as berycid. Beryeoidea (ber-i-koi'de-ii), n. pi. [NL., < Be- ryx (Beryc-) + -oidea.] A' superfamily of acan- thopterygian fishes having nearly the same limits as the group Beryciformes, and including the families It, ■ryciilir, Monocentridai, Stephano- berycidce, and Holoct utridie. beryl (ber'il), re. [Early mod. E. beril, betel, ber- rel, etc., < ME. beryl, beril, berel, < OF. beril, < L. beryUus, berillus, < Gr. ffipvMoc, beryl, per- haps < Skt. vaidurya (with lingual cl), beryl. Cf. Ar. Pers. ballur, bellaur, crystal.] A colorless, bluish, pinkish, yellow, or more commonly green mineral, occurring in hexagonal prisms. The precious emerald is a variety which owes its beauty of color to the presence of a small amount of chromium. See emerald. Aquamarine is a pale-green transparent va- riety, also used as a gem, though not highly prized. Beryl is a silicate of aluminium and beryllium (glucinum). The best beryls are found in Brazil and (cyl.m, and in Transbai- kalia and elsewhere in Siberia. Beryls occur also in many parts of the United States, especially in the New Eng- land States and North Carolina; the latter State has af- forded some good emeralds. beryllia(be-ril'i-a), n. [NL.,< beryllium.] Same bescatter (be-skat'er) as gluoina. To scatter over. Beryllian (be-ril'ian), re. One of a sect found- ed in the third century by BeryUus, bishop of Bostra in Arabia, who taught that Christ was non-existent previous to his incarnation, and that at his birth a portion of the divine nature entered into him. berylline (ber'i-lin), «. [< beryl + -ine\] Like a beryl ; of a light- or bluish-green color. beryllium! I 'c-riri-um), n. [NL.,i'?.7iiov, dim. of i'v/ii>>or, beryl.] Same as glucinum. berylloid (ber'i-loid), n. [< beryl + -oid.] A solid consisting of two twelve-sided pyramids placed base to base: so called because the planes of this form are common in crystals of beryl. Berytidae (be-rit'i-de), ». pi. [NE., < Berytus + -1(111'.] A family of heteropterous insects, containing the most aberrant bugs of the series Coreoidea. Berytus (be-ri'tus), n. [NL.] A genus of he- mipterous insects, typical of the family Bc- rytidoi. Beryx (ber'iks), 11. [NL.] A genus of percoid fishes, typical of the family Berycidce. . 912. besaigue = Pri bezagudo', < L. bis, double, + acuta, nciiiiis, pointed, sharp: see bis- and acute, and cf. E. twibilh] In medieval antiq.: (a) A two- edged or two- pointed wea- pon, especial- ly a sort of pick having one short point and one blunt or four-pointed head ; a variety of the martel- de-fer (which see), (b) A carpenter's tool with perhaps an ax-blade on one side and an adz- blade on the other. besaint (be-sanf), v. t. [< in- 1 + saint.] To make a saint of. Their canonizing . . . and besainting themselves. Hammond, Works, IV. ix. besant, ». See bezant. bes-antler, ». See bez-antler. besaylet, <>■ [ME., < OF. besayel, besaiol (F. Insiiiciil), a great-grandfather, < Ins-, his- (< L. bis, twice) + ayel, aiol, aieul, grandfather: see bis- and ayle.] A great-grandfather — Writ of besayle, in old law, a writ by which a great-grandchild, wrongfully excluded from an ancestor's property, vindi- cated his or her claim to it. t. [< be- 1 + scatter.] berzelianite (ber-ze ban-it) » [< Berzehan (< bert (lje .skum'ber), v. t. [A Berlins, a celebrated Swedish chenust, 177&- ^. u J < V,,,,,/,,, r scmmiii,: 1848) + -*fc2.] A rare selenide of copper, found . , , b in thin incrustations of ;i silver-white color. berzeliite (ber-ze'li-it), n. [< BerzeUus (see berzeliaiiiii ) + -it, 2 .] An arseniate of calci- um, magnesium, and manganese occuiTing in With flowres bescattered. Spenser, p. Q., IV. xi. 46. The battlemented pine-ien»t(en ' ridges on the further side. The Century, XXVII. — bescorn (be-sk6rn'), >'■ '• [< h ' A + scorn.] treat with scorn ; mock at. Then was he hescorned that onely should have been hon- oured in all things. Chaucer, Parson's Tale. bescratch (be-skraeh'), «'■ <• [< '"- 1 + scratch.] To scratch ; 'tear with the nails. Spenser, F. Q., III. v. 3. bescrawl (bf-skral'), »■ t. [< l»-- 1 + scrawl.] To scrawl; scribble over. So far is it from the kenne of these wretched projectors of ours that bescraull their Pamffets every day with new formes of government for our Church. Milton, Church-Government, i. 1. bescreen (be-skren'), v. t. [< be- 1 + scrim.] To cover with a screen, or as with a screen ; shelter ; conceal. Bescreened in night. Shal . R. and J., ii. z. bescribble (be-skrib'l),u. t. [< he- 1 + scribble.] To scribble over. Bi- 12. [Also bescum- ] To dis- charge ordure upon; befoul; besmear. Mar- ston. Did P.loek liesciimber Statute's white suit with the parchment lace there? B. Jonson, Staple of News, v. 2. cribbled with a thousand trilling impertinences. Milton, Divorce, i But Eve ... at his feet Fell humble; and, embracing them, besmi,iht His peace. Milton, P. I., X nis sad eyes did beseech Some look from hers, so blind' to him, so blind ! William Mum:, Earthly Paradise, II. 207. = Syn. Ask, firnitcst, l;<:i, etc. (see ask), plead for or » ith, petition, conjure, appeal to. beseecht (be-sech'), n. [< beseech, v.] A re- quest: as, "such submiss beseeches,'' Fletcher (anil others), Bloody Brother, iv. 2. beseecher (be-se'eher), n. One who beseeches, beseechingly (be-se'ching-li), adc. In a be- seeching manner, beseechingness (be-se'ehing-nes), «. The state or quality of being beseeching or earnestly so- licitous, (leorge Eliot. beseechment (be-sech'ment), «. [< beseech + -incut.] The act of beseeching. Goodwin. beseekt (be-seV), v. t. Obsolete variant of be- seech. Chaucer. There with prayers meeke And mvld entreaty lodging did for her b, s. eke, Spt nser, F. Q., VI. iii. 37. beseem (be-sem'), "■ [< ME. besemen, bisemen, < be- + semen, seem : see be- 1 and seem.] I.t inlriius. 1. To seem. As l„>seei,tr,l right. Spemer, F. q., II. ix. 26. 2. To be seemly; be meet. II. trans. 1. To become; be fit for or wor- thy of. Grave, beseeming ornament. Shak., R. and J., i. 1. In general, it has a quiet, didactic tone, such as beseems its subject and its age. Tieknor, Span. Lit., I. 91. 2f. To seem fit for. But foure of them the battel] best beseemed. Spenser, F. •)., IV. ix. 20. beseemingt (be-se'ming), n. Comeliness. beseemingly (be-se'ming-li), adv. In a be- seeming manner. To beseemingness (be-se'ming-nes), ». The qual- ity of being beseeming. beseemlyt (be-sem 'li),Vt. [< beseem, confused with seemly.] Seemly; fit; suitable: as, "be- seeml/y order,'' Shenstone, Schoolmistress. beseeht (be-sen'), pp. [< ME. beseyn, besein, beseye, byseyn, eta., provided, arrayed, having a certain appearance, pp. of besen, beseon, lie- see: see besee.] 1. Seen; viewed; with refer- ence to appearance, looking : as, a \vel\-beseen man. Arayd iu . . . sad habiliments right well heseene. Spenser, V. i)., I. xii. 5. Hence — 2. Clad; arrayed; equipped. The Curate in his best, lieseene. solemnly received him at the Churchyard stile. B. Careto, Survey of Cornwall, p. b)7 b. 3. Provided with as accomplishments; fur- nished. beseket, >'• <• A Middle English spelling of be- seech. besenna (be-sen'a), n. Same as mesenna. beset (be-sef), r. t.\ pret. and pp. beset, ppr. besetting'. [< ME. besetten, bisetten, < AS. 6c- settun (= OFries. biselta = I), bezetten = LG. besetten = OHO. bisezan, MHO. G. besetzen = Sw. besdtta = D. Insait, = Goth, hisutjun), sur- round, < be-, about, + settan, set : see be- 1 and beset set."} It. To set or place. — 2. To set or place upon; distribute over; bestud; besprinkle: now onlj in the perfect participle. The garden is so beset with all manner "f sweete shrubbs, that u perfumes the aire. Evelyn, Diary, Oct 22, 1885. A robe of azure beset with drops of gold. Spectator, No. 4_. r >. lieset mi its external surface with spines. II . B. CarpenU r, Micros . 3. To come upon or against; set upon in :tt- tack, or so us to perplex, endanger, or hem in: press upon severely, vigorously, or from all sides: us, to beset one with blows or with en- treaties. Let us lay aside . . . the sin which doth so easily 61 11. o. xii. 1. We are beset with thieves. Skak., T. of the s., iii. 2 Adam sore b,s, ( replied. Mill.:,,, P. I... x. 124 Let thy troops beset our gates. Addison, Cato. We had been beset [with ice] fifteen days, and had drifteil twenty two miles to the southward. A. W. Qreely, Arctic Service, XXXViii. The main difficulty besetting the theory of the excava tion of the roi 1. b isins by ice is t" explain how the ice alter entering the basin manages to get out again. .;. Croll, Climate and Cosmology, p. 254. 4f. To employ; spend; use up. Chaucer. — 5f. To become ; suit ; look well on — To be beset ont, to be occupied with ; have one's mind fixed on. God wolde, Syn then most love thurgh thy destenee I hat th. hi beset were on swich on that sholde K n >u al thi wo, al lakkede here pitee. Chaucer, Troilus, i. 521. besetment (be-set'ment), n. [< beset + ■merit.'] 1. The state or condition of being beset. The breeze freshened off shore, breaking up and send- ing out tin floes, the leads rapidly closing. Fearing a be- Mfiiii „.'. 1 determined to fasten to an iceberg. Kane, See. Grinn. Exp., 1. 33. 2. The sin or failing to which one is most li- able; a besetting sin or tendency. [From the expression in Heb. xii. 1.] It's my besetment to forget where 1 am, and everything around me. George Eliot. besetting (be-set'ing), p. a. Habitually at- tacking or waylaying. We have all nf us our besetting sins, our special moral danger, and our special moral strength. J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, ix. • besewt (be-so'), r. t. [< ME. besewen, < be- + seie- en, sew: see be- 1 and sew 1 .] To sew. Gower. beseyet, /'/>• A Middle English form of beseen. besha (be sha), n. An ancient Egyptian mea- sure of capacity, said to be equal to 4.5 liters, or one imperial gallon. beshett, pp. A past participle of beshut. Chau- ct r. beshinet (be-shin'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. beshone, ppr. beshining. [< Mil beshinen, bischinen, < AS. beseinan (=OFries. bischina =D. beschijnen = OHH. biseeinan, MHG. beschinen, GK besclu int n = Goth. biskeinan), shine upon, < be- + soman, shine: see In- 1 ands/w'ne.] To shine about or upon. Chaucer. [She] was as fair a creature as the sun might beshine. Benin, 1. 381. beshlik (besh'lik), n. A Turkish silver coin, of Hie value of L'l United States cents. Alsobcslik. beshmet (besh'met), n. [Native term.] An article of food consisting of grapes made into the consistence of honey, used among the tribes of the mountainous districts of Asia Minor. beshonet (be-shon'). Preterit and past partici- ple of I" shin, . beshow (be-sho'), n. A name given by the In- dian- of the strait of Juan de Fuca to the can- dle-fish, dnoplopoma fimbria. See cut under eandU -fish. beshrew (bf-shrS'), >'■ '• l< ME. beshrewen, curse, pervert, < be- + shrew: see In- 1 and .slinti 1 .) If. To wish a curse to; execrate. Alle huele freendis I beshrewe. Som.qfthe Rost in from the In tugh hwbeshrew hia heart thai pull'd it. 1 aithful Shepherdess, h vo qnoth the cock ; but I beshrew us both, Iff believi 1 ainl upon 1 Oh. Dryden, Cock and l"x 2. In modern use, a mildly imprecatory or merely expletive introductory exclamation, in 1 in- form of the imperative. art, fair daughter ' V"'i do draw my -pints from me. Shak., ■ Hen. IV, U. :i. /:. hrt " mi ''Mi 11 wa ai /,. Jonson, Evi rj Man In hi Humour, iii 2. Beshrew the sombre pencil '. said 1 vauntingly. Si: me, St niiiiii hial Journey. 532 It was an idle licit 1 sent, against the villain crow; Fair sir. I fear it harmed thy hand ; beshrew my erring bow! Bryant, Strange Lad] . beshroud (be-shroud'), r. t. [< In - 1 + shroud.] To cover with or as with a shroud; hide in darkness, us with a cloak. beshutt (bf-shuf), ''■ '• [< ME. beshutten, bi- shetten, < be- + shitttcn, shut: see In > and.s/iMf.J To slnit in or inclose; shut up or conliuo. besiclometer (bes-i-klom'e-ter), n. [< F. besi- des, spectacles (modified (as if < bes, L. bis, twice, + L. oeulus, eye) < OF. bericle, crystal, spectacles, dim. < L. beryllus: see beryl and briUs), + Hi', /lirpov, a measure.] An instru- ment lor measuring the distance between the hinges of a pair of spectacles; a forehead-mea- sure. beside (be-sid'), adv. and prep., prop, prep.phr. [< ME. beside, biside, bi/snli. Insulin, Insulin, etc., also (with adv. gen. suffix -es) besides, bi- sides, adv. and prep., < AS. be sidan (= MHO. besiten, besite), by (the) side: be, prep., E. by; sidan, dat. of side, side.] I. adv. Same as be- sides, which is now the common form. II. prep. 1. At the side of; near: as, sit down beside me, or beside the stream. Beside him hung his bow. Milton, P. L., vi. 763. I walking to and fro beside a stream. Tennyson, Holy Grail. 2. Over and above; distinct from. [In this sense now rare, besides being used instead.] A woollen shirt is generally the only article of dress worn by the monks, beside the turban. E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, II. 316. 3t. Out of ; away from. One of them taking displeasure with his father . . . step- ped to him, and plucking her (a falcon] beside [out of] bis fist, wrong her neck. Ilolinshed, Chron., Scotland (ed. 1S06), II. 60. Neleus, Son of Codrus, being put beside [out of] the King. dom of Athens by bis younger Brother Medon. Stanley, Hist. Philos. (ed. 1701). (if. E. D.) 4. Apart from; not connected with; not ac- cording to. It is beside my present business to enlarge upon this speculation. Locke. 5t. Contrary to. At Durham, beside all expectation, I met an old friend. Johnson, Letters (ed. 1788), I. lxxiii. 106. 6. Out of; in a state deviating from. Enough To put him quite beside his patience. 7t. Without. Execut was al byside hire leve. Chaucer, Troilus, iii. 622. Beside the mark, away from the mark aimed at; not tc the point ; irrelevant or irrelevantly : as, to shoot or tc argue beside the murk. besmear 3. Not included in that mentioned; otherwise; else. She dees "rite t" me As if her heart were mines of adamant 'In all tile world besides. Ihaii. and l'l., I'hilaster, iii. 1. 4f. On one side ; aside. To eon besydes in the weye. Chaucer, Ci n'a Yeoman's Tale, 1. 405. Thou canst not fight : the blows thou tnak'st al me Are quite besidi ■ Beau, ami l'l.. Maids Tragedy, v. 4. Sometimes beside. II. prep. It. By the side of; near. Spenser. — 2. Over and above; separate or distinct from; in addition to: as, besides these honors he re- ceived much money. — 3. Other than; except; bating. No living creature ever walks in it besidet the chaplain. Addison, Spectator, No. 110. 4t. Beyond; away from: as, quite besides the subject.— Besides himselft, beside himself. Holland, tl'. Of LiVy, p. 4f>6. = Syn. Inside. In. ahs. See tiesid. . II. besiege '(be-sej'), »• '• ; pret. and pp. besieged, ppr. besieging. [< ME. besegen, bisegen, < be- + segen, besiege: see be- 1 and Siege, v.] 1. To lay siege to; beleaguer; beset or surround with armed forces for the purpose of compelling to surrender, either by famine or by violent at- tacks : as, to besiege a castle or city. Till Paris was besieg'd, famish'd, and lost. Shak., 2 Hen. VI., i. 3. 2. To beset ; throng around ; harass. All frailties that besiege all kinds of blood. SI, iik., Sonnets, cix. The arras, rich with horseman, hawk, and bound, Flutter'd in the besieging wind's uproar, And the long carpets rose along the gusty floor. Keats, live ef St. Agues, xh = Syn. 1. To beset, hem in, invest, blockade. besieged (bf-sejd'), p. a. In astrol., said of a planet which is between two others. besiegement (be-sej'meut), ». [< besiege + -ment.] 1. The act of besieging. — 2. A state of siege ; beleaguerment. It is not probable, however, that Pemberton would have permitted a close besiegement. t U. S. (leant. Personal .Memoirs, I. 495. besieger (be-se'jer), n. One who besieges. On the 27th of November, the besiegers made a despe- rate though ineffectual assault on the city. Prescolt, Fcnl. and Isa., ii. 23. besieging (be-se'jing), p. a. Surrounding in a hostile manner ; employed in a siege : as, a besieging army. In a besieging Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iii. 1. besie'gingly (be-se'jing-li), adr manner. [Rare.] besilver (be-sil'ver), /. [< 6c- 1 + silver.] To cover with or as with silver. '■'. Fletcher. besing (be-sing'), v. t. [< be- 1 + sing.] To sing about; celebrate in song. Cqrlyle. To reason with such a writer is like talking to a deaf besitt (bf-sit'), V.t. [< ME. Iiesitlrn, < AS. be- sittan, sit about, < be-, about, + sittan, sit: see be- 1 and sit, and cf. the causal form 6cse*.] 1. To sit about; besiege. — 2. To sit upon. — 3. To sit properly upon, as clothes ; suit ; be- come. That which is for Ladies must besiltiim. Spenser, V. Q., IV. ii. p.i. raul, thou art beside thyself; much learning doth make beslabbert (be-slab'er), V. t. [< ME. beslaber- en, also brsloberen (= LG-. Inslnhhirn), < 6c- -t man who catches at a stray word, makes answer Inside th mink, and is led further and further into error by every attempt to explain. Macaulay, Utilitarian Theory of Government. To be beside one's self, to be out of one's wits or scums ; be in a high state of mental exaltation or excitement ; lose one's self-command through strong feeling. thee mad. He came down with a huge long naked weapon in both his hands, and looked so dreadfully ! sure lies beside him- sglf, B. Jonson, F.pieiene, iv. 2. To go besidet, to pass by ; passover.— To look besidet, to overlook ; fall to see ; miss seeing. Let vs but open our eves, we cannot looks beside a lesaon. Bp. Hall (11127), Epistles, iv. Ml. = Syn. Beside, Besides. Beside, by the side of ; besides, in addition to. Then went Sir Bedivere the second time Across the ridge, and paced beside the mere. Tennyson, Passing of Arthur. IlislMuley Ahul Hassan's] kingdom now contained nun teen cities, ninety-seven fortified places, besides numerous Mliwalleil towns and villages defended by formidable cas- tles. Irving, < Iranada, p. 18. besideryt (be-si'de-ri), It. [Origin unknown.] A species of [.car. Johnson. besides (be-sidz'), adv. and prep. (< ME. be- sides, bisides, < beside + adv. gen. sullix -is : see Instill . ] I. (c/c. 1. Moreover; more than that; further. The match Were rich and honourable ; besides, the gentleman Is lull i.t virtue, bounty, worth, and qualities Bi eemlng such a wife as your fair daughter. Shak., T. 8. of v., iii. 1. 2. In addition ; over and above ; as well. The men said Onto Lot, Hast tin. 11 here any besides' Hell. xix. 12. There are besides many pompous volumes, Bomeemboaa'd with gold, and Intaglias on achate, medailea, etc Evelyn, Diary, Sept 2, 1680. sldbercn, slabber, slobber: see /n-i and slabber, slobber.] To beslaver; beslobber. Piers Plow- man. beslave (be-slav'), ''• <• [< '"'- 1 + slave.] To make a slave of; enslave. [Covetouaness] beslaves the affections. Quarles, Judgment ami Mi rcy, beslaver (be-slav'er), v. t. [< '"- 1 + slaver*-. Cf. beslobber.] To cover with slaver, or any- ihing suggesting slaver; hence, to cover with fulsome flattery. beslik (bes'lik). n. Same as beshlik. beslime (be-slim'), o. t. [< be- 1 + slime.] To daub with or as with slime; soil. our fry of writers vasybeslims his fame. B. Jonson, I'oii 0. Poetaster, beslobber (be-slob'er), v. t. [< ME. besloberen, same us besloberen : see beslobber. ] To besmear or befoul with spittle or anything running from the mouth; slobber over with effusive kisses; hence, to flatter in a fulsome manner or to a fulsome degree. beslubber (bf-slub'er), r. I. [Var. of beslobber.] To besmear or befoul. Beslubber our garments with it [blood], Sfta*., 1 Men. IV., ii. 4. beslurry(be-slur'i), v. t. r<'"-' + E. dial. slurry, soil: see slur.] To soil. Drayton. [Bare.] besmear (be-smer')j ''• '• [Early 1 1. E. also besmeer, besmen, Insiiiire. etc., < ME. bismeor- besmear wen,< AS. "bismerwian, besmyrian (= Mlli;. be- smirwen), besmear, < be- + smyrwan, smierwan, smear: Bee be- 1 and smear."] To smear over or about: bedaub; overspread with any viscous matter, or with any soft substance that adheres ; hence, to foul; soil; sully. My honour would not let ingratitude So much besmear it. Shak., >l. ol v., v. i. Hi-, dear Friends Acates and \< anthes Lie in the field bumired in their bloods. Chapman, I'.linii Bege.ur. Her gushing blood the pavement all besmear'd. I'/ ydl 'i besmearer (be-smer'er), n. One who besmears. besmirch (be-smereh'), ». t. [< be- 1 + smirch.] To soil ; discolor, as with soot or mud; hence, to sully; obscure. [The figurative use is now the more common one.] Ourgayness, and our gilt, are all besmirck'd With rainy marching in the painful field. Shak., Hen. v., iv. :). The dishonor that besmirchss the husband of a faithless woman. //" irthorne, Sral'let Letter, p. S7. besmoke (be-smok'), ». t. [< ME. besmoken, ( In- 1 + smolcen, smoke: see be- 1 and smoke.'] 1. To befoul or fill with smoke. — 2. To harden or dry in smoke. Johnson. — 3. To fumigate. [Rare.] besmooth (be-sm6TH'), v. t. [( be- 1 + smooth.] To make smooth. Chapman. besmoteredt, pp. [ME., pp. of *besmoteren; appar. freq. of besmut, which, however, does not appear in ME.] Smutted; spotted; made dirty. A gepoun Al bysmotered with his habergeoun. Chaucer, Gen. Prol. to C. T., 1. 76. besmut (be-smuf), v. t.; pret. and pp. besmut- ted, ppr. besnuitting. [< be- 1 + smut.] To blacken with smut ; foul with soot. besmutch (be-smuch'), v. t. [< 6c- 1 + smutch.] To besmirch. Carlyle. besilOW (be-sno'), v. t. [With altered vowel (after snow), for earlier besnew, ( ME. besnewen, < AV3. besniwan (=MHG. besnien, G. beschneien), < be- + sniwan, snow: see be- 1 and snow.] To cover with or as with snow ; whiten. A third thy white and small hand shall besnow. Carew, To Lady Anne Hay. besnuff (be-snuf'), v. '• [< be- 1 + snuff.] To befoul with snuff. [Bare.] Unwashed her hands, and much besnuffed her fare. Young, Satires, vi. besogniot, »• See bisognio. besOll (be-soil'), V. t. [< ME. besotjlen. < be- 1 + snilen, soil: see be- 1 and soil.] To soil; stain; sully. Venerable too is the rugged face, all weather-tanned, besoiled, with its rude intelligence. Carlyle, Sartor Itesartus, iii. 4. besom (be'zum), n. [< ME. besum, besem, besme, a broom, a rod, < AS. besema, besma, a rod, in pi. a bundle of twigs or rods used as a broom, also as an instrument of punishment, = OFries. besma = OD. bessem, D. bezem = LG. bessen = OHG. besamo, MHG. beseme, G. besen, a broom, a rod ; orig. perhaps a twig, hence a bundle of twigs, a broom.] 1. A brush of twigs for sweeping; hence, a broom of any kind. I will sweep it with the besom of destruction, saitli the Lord of hosts. Is. xiv. 2:;. The Lord Bacon was wont to commend the advice of the plain old man at Buxton, that sold besoms. Bacon's Apophthegms, p. 190. There is little to the rake to get after the bissome. Scotch proverb, in Bay (1678), p. 390. Z. A name given to the common broom of Eu- rope, Ci/tisiis seopariiis, and to the heather, Cal- luna vulgaris, because both are used for besoms. — 3. [Pron. bi/.'um.] A contemptuous epithet for a low, worthless woman. [Scotch.] besom (be'zum), v. t. [(besom, «.] To sweep as with a besom. Cowper. [Rare.] besomer (be'zum-er), n. One who uses a besom. besoothment (bf-s85H'ment), n. [< "besoothe (not in use) (< be- 1 + soothe) + -merit.] That which yields consolation ; solace ; comfort. Quarterly Iter. [Rare.] besortt (be-sorf), v. t. [< be- 1 + sort.] To suit; fit; become. Such men as may besort your age. Shak., Lear, i. 4. besortt (he-sort'), ». [<. besort, v.] Something fitting or appropriate ; suitable company. I crave fit disposition for my wife, . . . With such accommodation and besort As levels with her breeding. Shah.. Othello, i. 3. besot (be-sof), r. t.\ pret. and pp. besotted, ppr. besotting. [< be- 1 + sot.] 1. To infat- uate ; make a dotard of. 533 A fellow sincerely besotted Oil hi* own wife. /;. Jonson, Every Man out of his Humour, I'rcf. 2. To stupefy; affect with mental or moral stupidity or blindness. A weak and besotted prince- Who had . . . produced a revolt in which six thousand lives wen- lost is per- mitted, unmolested and in safely, to leave the city. Everett, Orations, I. 517. 3. To make sottish, as with drink; make a Sol of. Permitted . . . tobesot themselves in the company of their favourite revellers. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., ii. besotment (be-sot'meut), «. [< besot + -men!.] The act of making one's self sottish by drink; the state of being besotted. The debasing habit of unsocial besotment is not brought under the eyes of his superior. Bulwer. besotted, (be-sot'ed), p. a. 1. Characterized by or indicative of stupidity; stupid; infatuated. Besotted, base ingratitude. Wilton, Comus, 1. 77s. Historical painting had sunk . . . on the north into the patient devotion of besotted lives to delineations of bricks and fogs, fat cattle and ditch water. Ruskin. 2. Made sottish by drink ; stupefied by habit- ual intoxication. besottedly (be-sot'ed-li), adv. In a besotted or foolish manner. besottedness (bf-sot'ed-nes), ». The state of being besotted; stupidity ; arrant folly; infat- uation. besottingly (be-sot'ing-li), adv. In a besotting manner. besought (be-sof). Preterit and past participle of beseech, besour (be-sour'), v. t. [( be- 1 + sour.] To make sour. Hammond. besouth (be-south'), prep. [< ME. be-sowth; < fee- 2 + south. Of. benorth.] To the south of. [Scotch.] bespangle (be-spang'gl), v. t. [(be- 1 + span- gle. ] To adorn with spangles ; dot or sprinkle with small glittering objects. Not Berenice's luck first rose so bright, The heav'ns bespangling with dishevell'd light. Pope, K. of the L., v. 130. bespat (be-spaf). Preterit of bespit. bespatter (be-spat'er), v. t. [< be- 1 + spatter.] 1. To soil by spattering; sprinkle with any- thing liquid, or with any wet or adhesive substance. — 2. Figuratively, to asperse with calumny or reproach. Whom never faction could bespatter. Sunft, < in Poetry. bespattlet (be-spat'l), r. t. [( be- 1 + spattle.] To spit on. lip. Hale. bespawlt (be-spal'), v. t. [< be- 1 + spat*?.] To soil or make foul with or as with spittle. Bespawls The conscious time with humorous foam and brawls. B. Jonson, Poetaster, v. 1. This remonstrant would invest himself conditionally with all the rheum "f the town, that he might have suffi- cient to bespa ai his brethren. Milton, l>ef. of liuiub. Remonst. bespeak (be-spek'), v.; pret. bespoke (formerly bespoke), pp. bespoken, bespoke, ppr. bespeak- ing. [< ME. bespeken, bispeken, speak, agree upon, complain, < AS. besprecan, complain (= OS. bisprekan = < (Fries. Inspn ka = D. bespreken = OHG. bisprehlian, MHG. G. besprechen, be- speak), < be- + sprecan, speak: see be- 1 and speak.] I. trans. 1. To speak for beforehand ; engage in advance; make arrangements for: as, to bespeak a place in a theater. Staying in Paul's Churchyard, to iwspeirirOgilby's d&op's Fables and Tully's Olficys to he bound for me. Pepye, Diary, I. 138. 'Tis very true, ma'am ; every thing is fixed, and the wed- ding liveries bespoke. Sheridan. School for Scandal, i. 1. 2. To stipulate, solicit, or ask for, as a favor: as, to bespeak a calm hearing. This is a sinister and politic kind of charity, whereby we seem to bespeak the pities of men in the like occasions. Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, ii. 2. 3f. To forebode; foretell. They started fears, bespoke dangers, and formed omi- nous prognostieks, to scare the allies. Swift. 4. To speak to ; address. [In this sense mostly poetical.] He thus the queen bespob 1 . Driiden. 5. To betoken; show; indicate, as by signs. When the abbot of St. Martin was born, he had so little the figure of a man that it bespoke him rather a monster. Loeke. His face bespeaks A deep and simple meekness. Wordsworth, The Borderers, i. The object, alike paltry and impossible, of this alula tion, bespoke the narrow mind. Motley, Dutch Republic, II. 513. Bessel's function II. t intrans. To speak up or out; exclaim; speak, Until their Lord himself bespoke, and bid thi Milton, Nati\ tty, vi And thus th, chiel bespoke. Cowpi r, Iliad, ii. 201. bespeak (be-spek'), n. [<. bespeak, »., 1.] Among actors in Great Britain, a benefit : so called from the bespeaking of patronage l>\ I lie actors, or of the |,la\ by the patrons. See benefit, 5. bespeaker (be-spe'ker). ». One who bespeaks. bespeaking (be-spe'king), «. | Verbal n. of be- spmk.] The act of speaking for or soliciting; solicitation. A preface, therefore, which is lint a bespeaking ot favour, Ib altogether useless. Dryden, Hind and Panther, Pret bespeckle (be-spek'l), v. t. [< be- 1 + speckle.] To mark with speckles, spots, or bright patches. Bespeckled her with . . . gaudy allurements, Milton, Reformation in Eng., i. bespendt (be-spend'), r. t. [(be- 1 + spend.] To expend ; bestow ; employ. All his craft Bespent about the bed. Chapman, Odyssey, viii. bespett, v. t. [ME. bespeten (weak verb L pp. bespet, bespat). ( be- 1 + speten, ( AS. spa-tan, spit: see spit, and of. bespit.] To bespit. bespew (be-spiV), v. t. [( be- 1 + spew.] To spew or vomit on. bespice (be-spis'), v. t. [< be- 1 + sjrice.] To season with spices or drugs ; hence, to drug ; poison. Ay, and thou, His cup-hearer, . . . inightst bespice a cup, To give mine eueinv a lasting wink. Shak., W.T., i. 2. bespirtt, v. t. See be^purt. bespit (be-s)iit'), r. t.\ pret. bespit, bespat, pp. bespit, bespitten, bespitted, ppr. bespitting. [( ME. bispitten, ( l>i- + spitten, spit: see be- 1 and spit, and cf. bespet] To spit upon; soil with spittle. bespoke (be-spok'). Preterit and past partici- ple of bespeak. bespot (be-spof), v. t. [( ME. bispotten, ( bi- + spotten, spot: see he- 1 and spot.] To make spots on ; mark with spots : cover with or as with blots or blemishes. /;, spotted so w it li sin. Drayton, Matilda to K. John. bespread fbe-spred'), v. t. [( be- 1 + sj>rcad.] To spread over ; cover with. His nuptial bed, With curious needles wrought, and painted flowers be- spread. Dryden. bespreng (be-spreng'), r. t. [< ME. hesprengen, bisprengen (pp. besprenged, bespreynt, etc.), < AS. besprengan (= 1>. and G. hesprengen). be- sprinkle, ( be- t sprengan, sprinkle: see be- 1 and spreng, and cf. besprinkle.] 1. To sprinkle over; besprinkle: as, "besprent with teares," Mir. for Mags., p. 26. The floor with tassels of fir was besprent. Longfellow, Wayside Inn, King Olaf, iv. 2. To spread ; scatter. His silver tresses thin besprent. '/'. Warton, Grave of King Arthur. [Obsolete except in the perfect participle be- sprent.] besprent (be-sprent'), ji. a. [Pp. of bespreng.] Besprinkled. In the flower-frorprenf meadows his genius we trace. Wordsworth, At Vullomhrosa. besprinkle (be - spring 'kl), v. t. [( be- 1 + sprinkle. Cf. bespreng.] To sprinkle over; scatter over: as, to besprinkle with dust. Herodotus . . . bath besprinkled his work with many fabulosities. Sir T. Browne. Besprinkles with Cimmerian dew. Pope, Dunciad, iii. 4. besprinkler (bf-spring'kler), n. One who be- sprinkles. bespurt, bespirtt (be-sperf), v. t. [< be- 1 + spurt.] To spurt out or over; throw out in a stream or streams. Well bespurted with his own holy water. .Villon, Def. of Humb. Remonst. bespurtlet (bf-sper'tl), ». t. [( be- 1 + spurtle.] To bespatter, as with contumely; asperse. I give thy dogged sullennes free libertie : trot about, and bespurtle whom thou pleasest. Marston and Webster, The Malcontent, i. 2. besputter (be-sput'er), r. t. [( be- 1 + sputter.] To sputter over. Besselian (be-sel'yan), a. Pertaining to or ori- ginated by the German astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel ( 1784-lS4(i). Besselian function. Same as Bessel '8 function iuhi. h see, under function). Bessel's function. SeeJ^nctto». Bessemer converter Bessemer converter, iron, process, steel, etc. See the nouns. BeSSOTa (bes'e-rii), it. [XL., ii;inuil aft it tin- Russian naturalist Hisser.] A genus of Mexi- can bulbous liliaceous plants, consisting of a single species. />'. eleijans, frequently cultivated. Its showy crimson flowers are borne in a termi- nal umbel. bessis (bes'is), n. Same as beg. bessognet, "• See bisogno. best (best), a. and n. (superlative of good). [See In Iti r,a., and i/oik/.] I. a. 1. Of the highest quality, excellence, or standing: said of both persons and things in regard to mental, moral, or physical qualities, whether inherent or ac- quired: as. the best writers and speakers; the best families ; the best judgment : the&estyears of one's life ; a house built of the best materials. When Ik- is best, hi- is a little worse than a man; ami when hi- is worst, he is little better than a beast. Sin, I,:, _M. of V., i. 2. What she wills to do or say Seems wisest, virtuoiisi-st, ilisiavetest, best. Milton, V. L., viii. 550. 2. Of greatest advantage, usefulness, or suita- bility for the purpose intended; most advan- tageous, suitable, appropriate, or desirable: as, the best mati for the place ; the best way to do anything. His best companions, innocence and health, And his best riches, ignorance of wealth. Goldsmith, Des. Vil., 1. 61. 3. Most kind, beneficent, or good : applied to persons: as, the best husband imaginable ; which of your brothers is best to you? — 4. Largest; greatest ; most : as, we spent the best part of three days in getting there Best man, the groomsman or chief attendant on the bridegroom at a wedding. I acted in the capacity of backer or best man to the bridegroom. Dickens. In onr own marriages tin- best man seems originally to have been the chief abettor of the bridegroom in the act of capture. Darwin, Des. of Man, II. xx. Best work, in mining, the richest class of ore. — To put one's best foot foremost. See foot. II. n. 1. The highest possible state of ex- cellence; the best quality or property of a person or thing. Yf thou wylte leve in peas & Reste, Here, it see, & sey the beste. Prov. of Good Counsel, 52. But you, O you, So perfect, and so peerless, are created of every creature's best. Shak., Tempest, iii. 1. 2. All that one can do, or show in one's self: often used in this sense with the possessive pronouns my, tin/, liis, their, ete. : as, I will do mil best to advance your interests; she is bent on looking her best ; he did all he could to ap- pear at his Inst in that performance. Then gan I him to comfort all my best. Spenser, Daphiiaida, 1. 190. Win shall I not, but do my best to win. Tennyson, Lancelot and Elaine. At best, in tin- utmost degree or extent applicable to the case: as, life is at best very short. Tin- Law of England is at best but the reason of Parlia- ment. Hilton, Eikonoklastes, X, For bestt, Anally ; for good and all. Those constitutions . . and not to be mended. are now established for best, M iltmi. For the best, so as to secure the most advantageous re- sult ; uiih the beat intentions. -The best, (a) The best 1 pi' i "IK - ti\< -h ; those of the highest standing iii any respei t. hut i specialty Bocially or intellectually. I lining, their rags and they, The basest, far into that council-hall Where sit '/<■ best and stateliest of the land, Tt nnyson, Lucretius. (ft) The best things orathingof the best quality: as, he always buys thi '■■ t; dressed [n one's best. -i and lassies in their best u en dressed from top to toe. K lout I..,,/ i:\psying. The best Of, the advanta'-'i- in la i-ontest or proceeding) or over (a per I: at fi be tart A. I'., had the best oj it. As far as dignit] i concerned Heele has certainly the btxt a/ tla- quarrel. .1 Dobson, Introd. to Steele, p. xxxix. To make the best of, to use to the last advantage ; get all that one can out of. l.i t there he freedom to carrj theii commodities where they may make tin best "'them. Bacon. Often used in speaking of things or events that are not pected or was to be wished as, U) nmln tin l„ I o) ill fortuni 01 a bad bargain. — To make the best of one's way, '-< travel oi proceed with all possible Bpeed. best (best), adv. (superlative of well). [See oi iti r. mil.] 1. [n the most excellent or most suitable manner; with most advantage or buc- cess: as, he who runs best gets the prize; the 534 Inst l.ehave, I lxij in tin- school; the ocve-culti- vateil fields. Speak ye, who best can tell. Mill, m, T. L., v. 160. Most, solicitous how best He ma) compensate for a day of sloth. Cowper, Task, iv. Hi- prayeth best who loveth best All things both great and small. Coleridge, Ancient Mariner, vii. 23. 2. In or to the highest degree; to the fullest extent ; most fully : as, those who know him best speak highly of him ; those best informed say so ; the iesc-abused man in town. old fashions please me best. Shak., T. of the S., iii. 1. Tell whom thou Invest best. Shak., T. of the S., ii. 1. I relish best tin- free gifts of Providence. Hawthorne, Old Manse, I. best (best), ?'. t. [< best, a. or n.] 1. To get the better of ; outdo ; surpass. I cannot stand quiet and see the dissenters best the es- tablishment. Trafford, World in Ch., ii. 77. .) 2. To overreach or outwit : as, to best a client. — 3. To defeat in a contest; do better than; beat ; hence, in pugilism, to thrash soundly ; drub ; defeat at fisticuffs. bestadt. An obsolete preterit corresponding to the past participle bestead^. bestain (be-stan'), v. t. [< be- 1 + stain.'] To mark with stains ; discolor ; spot. All with blood bestain his cheeks. Percy's Reliques, p. 184. bestand (be-stand'), ?'• t. [< be- 1 + stand.'] To serve ; be of service to ; be ready to serve or aid. [Rare.] To such practical lessons as would always bestand them well. D. G. Mitchell, Bound Together. best-best (best'best), a. The very best: some- times used in trade to indicate the very best quality. bestead 1 (be-sted'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. bestead- ed, bested, ppr. besteading. [< be- 1 + stead, v., support, help.] 1. To help; assist. — 2. To profit ; benefit ; serve ; avail. Remember this. Oil Bias, . . . pay your court to Signior Rodriguez, . . . his friendship will bestead you much. Smollett, tr. of Gil Bias, iii. 3. In this ship was great store of dry Newfoundland fish, . . . the same being so new and good as it did very greatly bestead us in the whole course of our voyage. Sir I'. Drake, West India Voyage, Hence, vain deluding .Toys, The brood of Folly without father bred ! How little you bested Or nil the fixed mind with all your toys ! Milton, II Penseroso, 1. ::. bestead 2 t (be-sted'), v. t. [< be- 1 + stead, place.] To take the place of. Hys missing of the Vniuersitie Oratorship, wherein Doc- tor Feme besteaded him. Sash, Haue with you to Saffronwalden. bestead 3 , p. a. See bested. bested, bestead (be-sted'), p. a. [Prop, only as a pp. or p. a. ; ' but Spenser uses a pret. Instiid and pp. bestedded, and other authors have adopted present forms; < ME. lusted, bisted, commonly bestad, bistad, earliest forms bistathe.d, bisteathet, pp., without pres. or pret. (= Dan. bestedt), < be- + stad, stadd, later stnl, etc., < Icel. staddr = Sw. stadd, circum- stanced, pp. otstedhja, fix, appoint, =AS. stosth- than, set, set fast, plant, \ steeth, a place, re- lated to stede, a place, stead: see stead and steady.] 1. Placed; situated: of things. — 2. Placed or circumstanced as to condition, con- venience, benefit, and the like; situated: of persons. She saith that she shall not be glad, Till that she se hym so bestad. Gower, t'onf. Amant., i. Many far worse bestead than ourselves. Barron: In old Bassora's schools I seemed Eermit vowed to books and gloom,— 111 bested for gay bridegroom. Emerson, Helliiioni-, 3f. Disposed mentally ; affected : as, "sorrow- fully bestad" Chaucer. — 4f. Provided; fur- nished. The Ladie, ill of friends hestedded. Spenser, F. Q., IV. i. 3. [This word is scarcely if at all used now, ex- ii|.l in such phrases as ill or sore bested.] Bestiae (bes'ti-e), n.pl. [NL.,pl. of L. bestia, a beast : see beast.] A suborder of the mam- malian order Insietirtirti, including the true in- sei-tivores as distinguished from the frugivo- rous Galeopithecidce, having the limbs fitted (or walking, but not for Hying (being devoid of a parachute), and the lower incisors not pecti- The group contains the vrhole of the or- der, excepting the family just named. bestorm bestial (bes'tial), a. and n. [< L. besiialis, < histia, beast: se.- hmsl.] I, a. 1. Belonging to a beast or to the class of beasts; animal. Of shape part human, part, bestial. 'roller, \o t'.i. 2. Daring the qualities of a beast ; brutal; be- low the dignity of reason or humanity; carnal: as, a bestial appetite. I have lost tin- Immortal part of myself, and what re- mains is besttnl Sloth., Othello, ii. 3. Bestial automaton. See automaton. -- Bestial sign, in astrol.jS. zodiacal sign denoted by a quadruped, Aries, Taurus, Leo, Sagittarius, or Capricornus. =SylL Brutish, Bestial, etc (see brute)', vile, depraved, sensual. II. n. [< LL. bestiale, cattle, neut. of L. bes- tialis : see above.] 1. In Scots lair, the cattle on a farm taken collectively. — 2f. A work on zoology. Brevn r. bestiality (bes-tial'i-ti), n. [< LL. bestialitas, < bestialis : see bestial.] 1. The qualities or na- ture of a beast ; conduct or mental condition unworthy of human nature ; beastliness. What can be a greater absurdity than to affirm bestial- ity to be the essence of humanity, and darkness the centre of light? Martinus Scriblerus. 2. Unnatural connection with a beast, bestialize (bes'tial-iz), o. t. ; pret. and pp. bes- Halized, ppr. besUalizing. [< bestial, a., + -ize.] To make like a beast ; bring or reduce to the state or condition of a beast. The process of bestializimi humanity. Hare. bestially (bes'tial-i), adr. In a bestial man- ner; brutally ; as a brute beast . bestiant (bes'tian), a. Of or belonging to the beast spoken of in the Apocalypse (Rev. xiii. xx.). bestianismt (bes'tian-izrn), n. [< bestian + -ism.] The power of the beast. See bestian. bestiarian (bes-ti-a'ri-an), n. [< L. bestia, a beast, + -arian ; suggested by humanitarian.] One who is an advocate of the kind treatment of animals ; specifically, in Great Britain, an antiviviseetiouist. bestiary (bes'ti-a-ri), «. [< ML. bestiarium, neut. of L. bestiarins, pertaining to wild beasts (as a n., a beast-fighter), < besUa, a wild beast.] It. A fighter with wild beasts in the ancient Roman amphitheater. — 2. A name formerly sometimes given to a book treating of animals. Mi-. Watkinshas, however, gone further back, and com- mences with Homer and Hesiod. His opening chapter, " A Homeric Bestiary," is one of the most characteristic and satisfactory portions of his work. N. and Q., 6th ser.. XI. 260. bestiate (bes'ti-at), v. t : pret. and pp. bestt- atid, ppr. bestiaUng. [< L. bestia, a beast, + -ate?.] To make beastly ; bestialize. [Rare.] Drunkenness bestiates the heart. It. Junius, sin in- Stigmatized, p. 286. bestick (be-stik'), v. 1. ; pret. and pp. bestial:, ppr. bi'stii-kimi. [< 6c- 1 + stick 1 .] 1. To slick on the surface of ; cover over. — 2. To pierce in various places; pierce through and through. Truth shall retire, Bestuck with slanderous darts. Milton, V. L., xii. 536. In these little visual interpretations [valentines] no emblem is so common as the heart, . . . the bestuck and bleeding heart. Lamb, Valentine's Day. bestill (be-stil'), <• '• [< i( '-i + still 1 .] To make quiet or still. Commerce bcstitled her many-nationed tongue. J. Cunningham, Elegiac Ode. [In the following passage uncertain : They, bestill'd Almost to jelly with tin- ait of fear, stand dumb, and speak not to him. Shirk., Hamlet, i. 2. This is the reading of the folios; the quartos and mod- ern editions read distilled. bestir (be-ster'), v. t.; pret. and pp. bestirred, ppr. bestirring. [< ME. bestyrien, Instirien, be- sliiu ii, bestir, < AS. besti/rian, heap up, pile up, < be- + styrian, stir: see be-' 1 and stir?] To put into brisk or vigorous action ; rerlexively, move with life and vigor: as, bestir i/oitrsi-lf. You have . . . bestirred your valour. Slink., Lear, ii. 2. Come on, clowns, forsake your dumps, And bestir your hobnailed stumps. II. .lonson, The Satyr. Louse and bestir themselves ere well awake. Milton, I'. I... i. 334. bestness (best'nes), n. [< best + -ness.] Tho quality of being best. [Bare.] The bestness of a tiling. /,>. Moetoo, Episcopacy Isserted, §4. bestorm (bf-8t6rm'), v. t. {< be- + storm : not descended from AS. bestyrman = (!. bestiirmen = Sw. bestornta = Dan. bestorme, attack with bestorm storm, agitate.] To overtake with a storm; assail with storms: as, "boats bcsttirim healed again the smitten ear, 541. And sheathed his follower's sword. Whittier,The Exiles. (b) To reflect ; deliberate ; commune with one's self. nf. Amant., vii. betear (be-ter'), v. t. [< 6e-i + fear 2 .] Towel with tears. Sir I'. Sidney. betechet, v. t Same ;is beteach. beteemH (be-tem'), ». t. [< be- 1 4- teem 1 .'] bring forth; produce; shed. leys. Why is your eheek so pale? How chance the roses there do fade bo lb r. Belike for want of rain ; which I could well /.' to m tluiii from the tempest of mine eyes. Shak.. M. X. Ii., i. 1. beteem 2 t (be-tem'), ''• <• [Appar. < be- 1 + teem 3 .] 1. To allow; permit; suffer. So loi ing t<> my mother, That he might not beteem tin- winds id heaven A'isit her faee too roughly. slink., Hamlet, i. 2. 2. To vouchsafe; accord; give. 'So would I," said the Enchanter, "glad and faine Kip bethought himself & moment and inquired. Irving, Sketch-Book, p. CO. II. intrans. To deliberate ; consider. Bethink ere thou dismiss us. Byron. .Manfred, i. 1. Bethlehem (beth'le-em), ». See bedlam. m. Bethlehemite (bet'lrie-ein-it), n. [< Betide- wii-i'l'Vi. . BM.MUrJ 1. An inhabitant **"• tKr^ %,. C 4K, + " MutU* man; a "picture . . . betitled, Glorious Revo- betrap Having engaged our guide and horses the night before, we set out betimes this morning for ' Irlevano. Lou-til, Fireside Travels, p. 240. 2. Soon ; in a short time. He tires betimes, that spurs too fast betimes. Shale., Rieb. II., n l. 3. Occasionally ; at times. [Scotch.] = syn. Early, .s'i'i-iv, Betimes. See early. betinet, v. t. [< be- 1 + tine for tind, kindle.! To set lire to. betitt, v. Obsolete shortened form of betideth. t In nicer. of Bethlehem of Judea (2 Sam. xxi. 19). — 2. An inmate of Bethlehem hospital or other luna- tic asylum; a bedlamite. See bedlam and bed- lamite.—S. Eccles.: (a) One of an order of monks introduced into England in the year lution," Carlyle, Misc., III. 82. betle, «. See betel. betoilt (be-toil'), o. t. [< be- 1 + toil 1 .] To worry with toil. !xce;,t1harXv h tu:e^ 1 l l t e fl r tl vvit?T i ? ieanS ' bet °^ MidtUe ' E "S lish P reterit of 6 « to ^ 2 - £^^V«^JSS.tS:^ fl ^iS5 betoken (b|-to;kn), r. t. [< me. „,„*,„„,, in memory of the comet or star which appeared over Bethlehem at the birth of Christ, (b) One of an order founded in the seventeenth cen- tury for the service of the hospitals in Spanish America. Same as Beth- bi- Beteeme to you this sword." Spenser^. Q., II. viii. 19. Bethlemitet (beth'lein-it), n. Although bee could have well beteem'd to have thankt lehennte. him of the ease hee profer'd, yet loving ids owne handi- bethought (be-thof). Preterit and past parti- ciple of bethink. bethrall (be-thral'), v. t. [< be- 1 + thrall.] To enslave; reduce to bondage; bring into subjection. She it is that did my Lord bethrall. Spenser, F. Q., I. viii. 28. bethroot (beth'rot), n. Same as birthroot. worke, modestly refus'd him Milton, Lief, of Ilunih. Reruonst. betel (be'tl), n. [Also written betle, and for- merly also betele, In tti !. etc. ; = F. betel = Sp. betel, betle, < Pg. betel, bethel, betelhe, formerly also betle, vitele, < Malayalam rettila = Tamil vettilei (cerebral t), betel; cf. Hind, bird or biri < Skt. vitika (cerebral t), betel.] 1. A species bethule (beth'ul), n. [< Bethyhts.] A bird of of pepper. Piper betle, a creeping or climbing the genus Bethylus (Cuvier), or Cissopis (Vieil- plant, a native of the East Indies, natural order lot). Pirn raa m. The leaves are used as a wrapper for the bethump (be-thump'), V. t. [< be- 1 + thump.] little pellets ofareea-nut and lime which are extensively To beat Souildly. I was never so bethump'd with words Since I first call'd my brother's father dad. Shak., K. John, ii. 2. bethwack (be-thwak'), ». t. [< be- 1 + thwack.] To thrash soundly. chewed in the East, The pellet is hot and acrid, but has aromatic and astringent properties. It tinges the saliva red and blackens the teeth. Also called betel-pepper. 2. A piece of betel-nut. betel-box (be'tl-boks), n. A box for carrying pellets prepared of betel-leaves, lime, "and j.^mio pc t(l wni y.i nfiei-icines, nine, and t> a 4.-i i ., +1 ,.% ., r , TT -, , , areea-nuts. Such boxes are commonly made B e tn y lus (beth l-lus), n. [NL.] 1. A genus Areca-palm [Areca Catecjiu , with its fruit, die Betel-nut. of pupivorous hymenopterous insects, of the family Proctotrypida; having an elongated and somewhat triangular prothorax, a flattened head, and Ki-jointed antenna?. — 2. In ornith., a genus of South American tanagroid Passeres, based on the Lanius leverianus of Shaw, sup- posed to be a shrike. Antedated by Cissopis of Vieillot, 1816, based upon the same bird, and also in en- tomology. Also spelled Bethyllus. [Not in use.] betide (be-tid'), v. [< ME. bitiden, < bi-, be-, + tiden, happen: see be- 1 and tide, v.] I. trans. 1. To happen; befall; come to. What will betide the few? Milton, P. L., xii. 4S0. "Ill luck betide them all" — he cried. Whittier, The Exiles. 2. To betoken ; signify. [Rare.] How could I hut muse At what such a dream should betide ! Cowper, The Morning Dream. II. intrans. To come to pass; happen To betide ont, to become of. If he were dead, what would betide on me? Shak., Rich. III., i. 3. \F»\l>eth-el, hou^e of betidet (be-tid'), ». [_< betide, v.] Hap; fortune. — Bad betidet, ill hap ; misfortune : a forced use. My wretched heart wounded with bad betide. Greene, Francesco's Sonnet. betightt (be-tif). An erroneously formed past participle of betide: one of Spenser's forced forms. Why wayle we then ? why weary we the Gods with playnts, As if some evil] were to her betightt Spenser, 9hep. Cal., November, betimet (be-tim'), adv., orig. prep. 2>hr. [< ME. heti/ine, hitime, prop, separate, bi time, by time.] Older form of hi times. Loke thou go to he-le by tyme. //..«• the Qoode Wiii,' 'I'.ueihi hyr Daughter, 1. 165. All in the morning betime. Shut:.. Hamlet, iv. 6 (song). I «int inn day myself betime in the morning to a great man's house to speak with him. Latimer, Serm. hef. Edw. VI., 1550. betimes (be-tim?.'), adv. [< ME. betymes, l>>- tymes, •', In tune + adv. gen. suffix -*-.] ' 1. Sea- sonably ; in good season or time ; before it is too late; early. Not to In- a lull after midnight is to lie up i>, time* Shak., T. N., ii. 3. To measure life learn thou betimes. Milton. Sonnets, xvi. Partake we their blithe cheer Who gathered in betimet the unshorn flock To wash the lleeee. Wordsumrth, River Duddoll, xxiii. of silver filigree, betel-nut (be'tl-nut), n. [< betel + nut.] The nut of the areca- palm, Areca fall eh u, of the East Indies, highly esteemed among the Asiatics as a masticatory. See areca-Hiit. betel-pepper (be'tl- pep'er), n. Same as betel, 1. betht, r. i. impv. [.ME.,< AS. be6th,2& pers. pi. •'!' hum, be: seet-e.] Be ye. chau- ci r. bethankit (be-thang'kit), n. [So., humorously adajited from the formula t;,ul he thankit, where thankit=~Ei. thanked, pp.] Grace after meat. Burns. bethel (beth'el), u. (i.nl, < belli, house, + el, God; hence Bethel (Beth-el), name of a place: see Elohim.] 1. A hallowed spot. — 2. A name sometimes ap- plied to a place of worship in England, espe- cially tu a dissenting chapel. — 3. A church or chapel lor seamen, whether located on shore or, as is often the ease, afloat in a harbor. Bethell process. See process. bethink (bf-thingk'), v.; pret. and pp. be- tliuiiiihl. |,pr. hilliiiikimj. [< ME. bellieiikni, h<- thinkiu, commonly bethenchen, < AS. bethencan, bithencan (= l>. bedenken = OHG. bidenchan, MUG. (. : Bw. hitanka = Dan. 6c- tanli }, consider, think about, < be- + thencan, think: see hi -l ami think.] I. trans. If. To think; imagine. H' pak more harm than h maj bethinks Chaucer, ProL to w it. oi Bath' Tale, 1. 772. 2t. To think about; reflect apon; consider. w nil patient e calm the Btorm, While we '<' think a means in break u nil Shak., S Hi n \'I ., iii, 3, 3. K'lllexively: (a) To call to mind ; take into consideration ; remind inn's Belf: « iih of(loi- merlyalso m, m- »/..,„ i ) >. t . u . the name 'of the object i,f thought. Bethink yourselves beforehand what mercies you want. Bp. Deveridge, Sermons, tl cxlv. Inciien, < AS. "beh'tenian (not found; equiv. to getdenian, with diff. prefix; cf. believe) (= OFries. bitekna = D. beteekenen = LG. beteik- en = OHG. bizeichanon, G. bezeichnen = Sw. betcckna = Dan. betegne), < be- + tden, tdcen, token: see be- 1 and token.] If. To signify; mean ; denote in words. — 2. To be a token of ; be a visible sign of; give promise of. A dewy cloud, and in the cloud a bow, . . . /;. tokening peace from God. Milton, P. L., xi. 867. 3. To foreshow by signs ; be or furnish a pre- monition of ; indicate the probability of: as, this fact betokens a good result. The morning betokened foul weather. Bancroft, Hist. Const., II. 261. 4. To give evidence of ; show. This doth betoken The corse they follow did with desperate hand Fordo its own life. Shak., Hamlet, v. 1. = Syn. To signify; presage, portend, augur, bode. beton (bet'on; F. pron. ba-ton'), n. [< P. hctini, < OF. betun, rubble, of disputed origin, but prob. < Pr. beton = Sp. betun, < L. bitumen, bitumen : see bitumen. Some compare F. be- tun, beestings, curded milk, < OF. beter, co- agulate.] A mixture of lime, sand, and grav- el, forming a kind of concrete, it. is much used as a hydraulic cement in submarine works, and whole buildings have been constructed of it. betongue (be-tung'), v. t. [< be- 1 + tongue.] To scold ; attack with the tongue ; rail at. How Ben Jonson and Shakspere betongued each other. North British Iter. betonica (be-ton'i-ka), n. Same as betony. betony (bet'o-ni), ii. [Early mod. E. also betonie, bettoky, etc., < ME. betony, betony, earlier betone, beton (cf. ML. betonia), < OF. beteinc, F. betoine = Pr. Sp. Pg. It. betonica = G. betonie = AS. betonica, < L. betonica, a cor- rupt form of rettonica, so named, according to Pliny, from the Vettones, otherwise Vectoms, a people of Lusitania in the Spanish peninsu- la.] The popular name of Stachys Betonica or Betonica officinalis, a European labiate plant, growing in woods. It is sometimes used to dye wool, producing a dark-yellow color. It is usually distinguished from water-betony tan aquatic plant, Scrophularia aguati- ca) as wood-betoitii, which name is also given in the United States to Pcdicularis Canadensis, ami sometimes tu l.n ropii.i i'irginicus. The IVrionVn scr/mlli folia is called Paul's betony, because described as a betony by an old herbalist, l'aulus yEgineta. betook (be-tiik'). Preterit of betake 1 and he- take-. betornt (be-torn'), p. a. [Pp. of verb 'betear? (not used), < be- 1 + tear 1 .] 1. Torn. Whose heart betorn otit of his panting breast, Norton nmi SackvUb, Gorboduc, iv. 1. 2. Torn in pieces. betoss(be-tos'), r. t. [< be- 1 + toss.] To toss ; agitate; disturb; put in violent motion. The miserable betossed squire. Shetton, tr. of Don Quixote, I. iii. 3. My betossed soul. Shak., K. and J., v. 3. betraiset, betrasht, <■• '. [ME. betraisen, betray- sin, bitraisshen, bitrasshen, < be- + < >F. traiss-, stem of certain parts of trair, F. Iraliir, betray: see betray and -ish' 2 .] To betray. They have betraised thee. Robert of Bnmne. betrap't (be-trap'), «i. t. ; pret. and pp. bc- trapped, ppr. betrappimi. [< ME. hetrappen, < AS. betncppaii, lielreppau, insiiai'e. < be- + tricjipau, tri/ipaii. trap: see be- 1 and trap 1 .] To entrap; insnare. iloioer. betrap'-'t (be-trap'), v. t.; pret. and pp. be- trapped, ppr. betrapping. [< be- 1 + trap*?] To put trappings on; clothe; deck. Alter them followed two other chariots covered with red satin, and the horses betrapped with the same. Stow, Queen Mary, an. 155& betrash betrasht, ''• t. See betraise. betray (be bra'), v. t. |< ME. betrayen, betraim, < be- + fniii a, betray, < OF. trair, F. trahir, < L. tradere. deliver, give over: see traitor, trea- son, tradition. The form of betray was influ- enced by that of bewray, a quite different word.] 1. To deliver I o, or expose to the power of, an enemy by treachery or disloyalty: as, an officer betrayal the eity. The s. ,n ol man shall be betrayed into the hands of men. Mat. xvii. 22. 2. To violate by fraud or unfaithfulness j be unfaithful in keeping or upholding: as, to be- tray a trust. Betray d her cause and mine. Tennyson, Princess, v. 3. To act treacherously to ; be disloyal to ; disappoint the hopes or expectations of. Do not betray me, sir. I fear you love Mistress Page. Shalt., M. W. of W., iii. 3. I will betray Tawny-finn'il fishes ; my bended hook shall pierce Their slimy jaws. Shak., A. and C, ii. 5. But when I rise, I shall find my legs betraying me. BosweU. Men of unquiet minds and violent ambition followed a fearfully eccentric course, . . . served and betrayed all parties in turn. Macaulay, .sir William Temple. 4. To deceive ; beguile ; mislead ; seduce. Far, far beneath the shallow maid He left believing and betrayed. Byron, The Giaour. Our impatience betrays us into rash and foolish alli- ances which no God attends. Emerson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 195. 5. To reveal or disclose in violation of confi- dence ; make known through breach of faith or obligation: as, to betray a person's secrets or designs. Secrets are rarely betrayed or discovered according to any programme our fear has sketched out. Qeorge Eliot, Mill on the Floss, v. 5. 6. To show in true character; allow to be seen; permit to appear in spite of will or desire. Be swift to hear, but cautious of your tongue, lest you betray your ignorance. Watts. Ami scarcely look or tone betrays How the heart strives beneath its chain. Whittle/; Mogg Megone, i. My own too-fearful guilt, Simpler than any child, betrays itself. Tennyson, Guinevere. 7. To indicate; give indication or evidence of: said of something not obvious at first view, or that would otherwise be concealed. Scon azure smoke betrays the lurking town. Wordsworth, Prelude, iv. All the names in the country betray great antiquity. Bryant. A turned leaf, a broken twig, the faintest film of smoke against the sky, betrayed to him the passage or presence of an enemy. J. F. Clarke, Self-Culture, v. betrayal (be-tra'al), n. [< betray + -«?.] The act of betraying." Gained his freedom by the betrayal of his country's cause. 5. Sharpe, Hist, of Egypt, xii. He seldom lost his self-control, and shrank with the most sensitive pride from any noticeable betrayal of emo- tion. George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, vi. 7. betrayer (be-tra'er), n. One who betrays; a traitor; a seducer, betraymentt (be-tra'ment), n. [< betray + -went.] Betrayal ; the state of being betrayed. Confessing him to be innocent whose betrayment they had sou-lil I'llall, Com. on -Mat. xwii. betrendt (be-trend'), r. t. [ME. betrenden ; < be- 1 + trend.'] To wind about ; twist ; turn round. Aboute a tre with many a twiste Bytrent and wrythe the soote wodebynde. Chaucer, Troilus, iii. 1231. betrilll (be-trim'), v. t. ; pret. and pp. betritnninl, ppr. betriminiitrj. [< be- 1 + trim.'] To trim; set in order ; decorate ; beautify. Thy banks with pioned and twilled brims, Which spongy April at thy best betrims. Shak., Tempest, iv. 1. betroth (be-troth' or -troth'). ». t. [Early mod. E. also be'trothe, betroath, betrouth, < ME. bc- trouthen, betreuthen, bitreuthien, betroth, < bi-, be-, + treuthe, treowthe, < AS. ireowth, troth, truth: see be- 1 and truth, truth.] 1. To con- tract to give in marriage to another; promise or pledge one's troth for the marriage of ; affi- ance. You, to remove that siege of grief from her, Betroth'd and would have married her perforce To County Paris. Shak., R. and J., v. 3. 2. To engage to take in marriage ; pledge one's troth to marry. r>37 What man is there that hath betrothed a wife and hath not taken her.' Dent. xx. 7. To her, my lord, \\ as i betroth'd ere I Baw Hermia. Shak., St X. D., iv. 1. 3t. To nominate to a bishopric in order to con- secration. If any person be consecrated a bishop to that church w hereunto he was not before betrothi >i. Ayliffe, Parergon, betrothal (be-trdth'- or bf-troth'al), «. [< be- troth + -til.] The act of betrothing; betroth- inent. The feast c,i betrothal. Longfellow, Evangeline, iv. betrothment (bo-troth'- or be-troth'ment). n. [< betroth + -ment.] A mutual and formal promise or contract made for or by a man and a woman with a view to their marriage; be- trothal ; the act or state of being betrothed, or promised in marriage. How the strange betrothment was to end. Tennyson, Princess. betrUSt (bo-trust'), V. t. [< be- 1 + trust."] 1. To intrust; commit to another in confidence of fidelity. Whatsoever you would betrust to your memory, let it be disposed in a proper method. Watts. 2. To confide in. To esteem themselves Maisters, both of that great trust which they serve, and of the People that betrusted them. Milton, Eikonoklastes, xiii. [Rare in both senses.] betrustment (be-trust'nient), n. [< betrust + -ment.] The act of intrusting; the thing in- trusted. [Rare.] betsot, betsat (bet'so, -sa), n. [< It. bczzo (pron. bet'so), farthing, piece of money; appar. same as It. pezzo, a piece, bit (see piece); but cf. G. betz, biitz, also batzeii, a small Swiss coin: see bat:.] A small copper coin of Venice, current in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, in the system established in 1750 it was equal to a quarter of a United States cent, being the fortieth part of a lira piccola; abagattino. The last and least [coin] is the betsa, which is half a sol ; that is, almost a farthing. Coryat, Crudities (ed. 1776), II. 69. bettt, bettet, adv. Middle English forms of bet 1 . better 1 (bet'er), a. and n. [< ME. bettere, be- tere, < AS. betera, In tra = OFries. betere, betre = OS. betara, In lent = D. beter = OHG. bezziro, MHG. bezzer, G. besser = Icel. bctri = Sw. bcit- tre = Da,D. bedre = Goth, batizet ; compar. with weak inflection; with superl. best, < ME. beste, < AS. betst, betest = OFries. beste = OS. betsto = D. best = OHG. bezzisto, MHG. bezzist, best, G. best = Icel. beztr, older baztr, = Sw. bast = Dan. bedst = Goth, batists; with regular com- par. and superl. suffixes from a positive not in use, Teut. "bat, of which the compar., with loss of the suffix, appears in the AS., ME., and early mod. E. adv. bet: see bet 1 .] I. a. 1. As comparative of pood : (a) Of superior quality or excellence, whether personal, physical, mental, moral, or social, essential or acquired : as, he is a better man than his brother; better times are at hand ; a better position. Man's better nature triumphed then. Bryant, The Prairies. Our institutions had been so good that they had edu- cated us into a capacity for better institutions. Macaulay, Mirabeau. ((<) Of superior value, use, fitness, acceptable- ness, etc. ; more profitable or suitable for a purpose ; more useful, eligible, or desirable : as, copper is a better conductor than iron. Better is a dinner of herbs where love is, than a stalled ox and hatred therewith. Prov. xv. 17. Sleep Doth, in my estimate of good, appear A better state than waking ; death than sleep. Wordsworth, Excursion, iii. (c) Larger ; greater : as, the better part of a day was spent in shopping. You are as a candle, the better part burnt out. Shak., i Hen. IV., i. 2. How have we wander'd, that tile better part Of this good night is perish 'd ! Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess, ii. 4. 2. As comparative of well: (a) More in accor- dance with one's wish or desire ; more satis- factory. (/)) More healthy : having sounder health, (c) More just, right, or proper. — Better arm. See armi.— Better half, a wife. [Colloq.]— Tobe better, (a) To be improved, as in health, estate, etc. : as, the patient is better. (/>) To be quite well again; be fully recovered. [Scotland.] II. n. 1. That which has superior excellence ; that which is better. That ideal better, towards which both men and institu- tions must progress, if they would not retrograde. Huxley, Universities. betterment 2. A superior; one who has it claim to prece- dence on account of rank, age, merit, skill, power, or office: as, give place to your In Hi is. [In this sense generally used in the plural, and with a possessive pronoun.] hi al Yngleloud was i hys beter Rich. C. de L. Their betters would hardly be found. Hook* < Thou poor shadow of a soldier, I will make thee know my master keeps servants thv betters in quality and per- formance. Ford, lis Pity, i. 2. The better, (a) Improvement : generally in the adver- bial phrase for the better, that is, in the direction of im- provement. If I have altered him anywhere for the better. Dryden, Preface to Fables. (6) Advantage ; superiority ; victory : chiefly in the phrases to yet, gain, or ham the better of (a person or thing). Dionysius, his countryman, in an epistle to Ponipey, after an express comparison, affords him the Letter of Thucydides. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err. She took her leave, charmed with the prospect of Anally getting the better of the only woman in London whom she acknowledged as her equal in subtlety and intrigue. ./. Hawthorne, bust, p. 334. better 1 (bet'er), adv. (comparative of w< 11, adv.). [< ME. better, beter, betre, < AS. betere, betre ; with superl. best, < ME. best, < AS. betst, In tost ; prop. neut. ace. of the adj.: see better 1 , a. The older adv. was bet: see bet 1 .] 1. In a more excellent way or manner: as, to behave better; the land is better cultivated and the govern- ment better administered. The plays of Shakspeare were better acted, better edited, and better known than they had ever been. Macaulay, Moore's Byron. 2. In a superior degree : as, to know a man better than some one else knows him. Which is the better able to defend himself: astrong man with nothing but his fists, or a paralytic cripple encum- bered with a sword which he cannot lift? .Vara, day, Utilitarian Theory of Government. 3. More, without any idea of superior excel- lence: as, it is better than a mile to the town. [Colloq.] Dorlcote Mill has been in our family a hundred year and better. George Eliot, Mill on the Floss. To be better off, to be in improved circumstances. The mechanic teaches us how we may in a small degree be better off than we were. The Utilitarian advises us with great pomp to be as well off as we can. Macaulay, West. Reviewer's Def. of Mill. Men had become Romans ; they were proud of the Ro- man name ; . . . they felt that they were better off as mem- bers of a civilized community ordered by law- than they could lie under the dominion of any barbarian. E. A. Freeman. Amer. Lects., p. 126. To go one better. See go, v. t. better 1 (bet'er), v. [< ME. bettren, betren, < AS. beterian, helrian, intr., be better, ge-beterian, ye-betrhiit, trans., make better (= OFries. be- teria = Icel. betra = Sw. battra = Dan. bedre = OHG. bezziron. MHG. G. bessern : ef. OS. betiau, < bet, the older compar. adv.), < betera, better: see better 1 , a.] I. trans. 1. To make better ; improve ; ameliorate ; increase the good qualities ot as, manure betters land; dis- cipline may better the morals. The cause of his taking upon him our nature was to bet- ter the quality, and to advance the condition thereof. Hooker. 2. To improve upon ; surpass; exceed; outdo. He hath borne himself beyond the promise of his age ; . . . he hath, indeed, better hetl, red expectation than you must expect of me to tell you how. Shalt., Much Ado, i. 1. What you do Still betters what is done. Shak., W. T., iv. 3. 3. To advance the interest of; support; give advantage to. Weapons more violent, when next we meet, May serve to better us and worse our foes. Milton, P. L., vi. 440. = Syn. 1. Amend, Improve, Better, etc. (see amend), meli- orate, promote. II. intrans. To grow better; become better; improve : as, his condition is bettering. [Rare.] better 2 (bet'er), ». [< 5e«a + -er 1 .] One who lays bets or wagers. Also bettor. Be able to give them the character of every bowler or better on the green. B. Jonson, Epiceene, i. 1. bettering-houset (bet /er-ing-hous), n. A refor- matory. Soldiers buried in this ground, from the hospital and the bettering-house. Annals of Phil, and Penn., I. 406. betterment (bet'er-ment), «. [< better 1 , v., + -ment.] 1. A making better; improvement. — 2. In American lair, an improvement of real property which adds to its value otherwise than by mere repairs : generally used in the plural. bettermost bettermost (bet'er-most), a. and n. [< better* + -must.] I. ii. Best: highest in any respect, as in social rank or mental qualities. It first became opi rative in the diffusion "f knowledge among the people, at least amongthe bettermost classes. Brougham. II. ii. That whieh is best: especially, one's best clothes. [Local in England anil United States.] Sc Hepzibah and her brother made themselves ready ... in their faded bettermost, to go to church. Hawthorne, Seven Gables, xi. bettemess (bet'er-nes), n. [< ME. betternes; < hi tti r + -„iss.] 1. The quality of being better; superiority. Sir J'. Sidney. — 2. In minting, the amount by which a precious metal exceeds the standard of fineness. bettet (bet'et), ii. [Native name.] A name of an Indian parrot, Paleeornis pondiceriamts. bettong (bet'ong), n. [Native name.] A spe- cies of the genus Bettongia, a group of small brush-tailed kangaroos. bettor (bet'or), >i. Another form of better' 2 . betty(bet'i),' n. : pi. betties (-iz). [From the fern, name Betty, dim. of Bet (cf. equiv. OF. Beti, Beth . also Betiaine, Betion, Betionette), abbr. of I :. atitt, Elizabeth.] 1. A man -who interferes with the domestic duties of women, or engages in female occupations. Also called cot-hetty. [Used in contempt.] — 2f. A short bar used by thieves to wrench doors open. Also called a bess, a jenny, and now a jimmy or jemmy. [Thieves' slang.] The powerful betty or the artful picklock. Arbuthnot, Hist. John Bull. 3. A pear-shaped bottle, covered with maize- leaves or the like, iu whieh olive-oil is exported from Italy; a Florence flask. Betula (bet'u-la ), n. [L., the birch, also spelled In tiilla (> It. betula, betulla, also beclello, = Pg. betllllil = Sp. ilhnllll = F. dim. bouleau) ; cf. Corn. In -tin), lu~o=tiret. bezo = W. Iieilw = Gael. htli = Ir. beth, belt, the birch.] A genus of hardy trees or shrubs, natives of the north temperate and arctic regions; the birches. It is the type of the order Betulaceae, and is distin- guished from the acconi- panying genus Alnus by a difference of babft and by its winged nutlet. There are about 30 species ol /;, tula, of which In arc North Amer- ican. Betulaceae fbet-u-la'- sf-e), n. pi. [XL., < Betula + -acece.~\ Anat- ural order of apetalous dicotyledonous trees and shrubs, of which Betula is the typical genus, and containing besides this only the genus Ahrns, with 60 spe- cies belonging to the two genera. See cut un- der tilth r. betulin, betuline (bet'u-lin), n. [< Betula, birch, + -in-, -ine-.] An alkaloid (C3^H 60 Oli,,,in. Broad Grins. Her lips to mine how often hath she Joined, Between each kiss her oaths of true love swearing! Shak., Pass. Pilgrim, vii. 3. In the mutual relations of: as, discord ex- ists between the two families. Friendship requires that it be t„ tween two at hast. SotitA. An intestine struggle, open or secret, between authority and liberty. 11 nine, Essays, v. The war between Castile and Portugal had come to a close; the factions of the Spanish nobles were for the most part quelled. Irving, Granada, p. 26. Differences of relative position can be known only through differences between the states of consciousness accompanying the disclosure of the positions. //. Spencer, Prin. of Psychol., § 93. 4. From one to another of, as in the exchange of actions or intercourse. If tilings should go so between them. Bacon, Hist, of Hen. VII. Thus graceless holds he disputation 'Tween frozen conscience and hot-burning will. Shak., Lucrece, 1. 247. France has been the interpreter between England and mankind. Macaulay, Eorace Walpole. 5. In the joint interest or possession of: as, they own the property between them. There is between us one common name and appellation. Sir T. Browne, Rcligio Medici, i. 3. Castor and Pollux with only one soul between them. Locke. 6. By the action, power, or effort of one or both of. Unless you send some present help, Between them they will kill the conjurer. Shak., C. of E., v. 1. 7. In regard to the respective natures or qual- ities of : as, to distinguish between right and wrong. There is an essential difference between a land of which we can trace the gradual formation from the sixth century onwards ami a land whose name is not heard of till the eleventh century. E. A. Freeman, Eng. Towns, p. 120. 8. In regard to one or the other of: as, to choose between two things. Between two dogs, which hath the deeper mouth ? Shak., 1 Hen. VI., ii. 4. [Between is literally applicable only to tun objects; but it may be and commonly is used of more than two where they are spoken of distributively, or so that they can be thought of as divided into two parts or categories, or with reference to the action or being of each individually as compared with that of any other or all the others. When more than two objects are spoken of collectively or in. divisibly, among is the proper word.] — Between our- selves, nut to lie communicated to others ; in confidence. — Between the beetle and the block. See beetlei.— To go between. -Sec go. =Syn. Amidst, In the midst of, etc. See among. II. adv. In the intermediate space ; in inter- mediate relation as regards time, etc.: with an object understood. if our lady seeks my life ; — come you between, And savo poor me." Shak., Pericles, iv. 1. between (be-twen'), n. [< between, prep.] One of a grade of needles between shurjis and hi mils. between-decks (be-twen'deks), adv. and «. I. adr. Iu tho space between two decks of a ship : on any deck but the upper one. II. «. Tho space between two decks of a ship, or the whole space between the upper ami the lowest, deck. betweenity (bf-twen'i-ti), n. [< between + -ity, as in extremity'.] The stale orqualityof being between; intermediati m lit ion ; anything in- termediate. [Colloq.] To rejoin heads, tails, and belli; ein'lies. Southey, Lettei i, III. 44s. The house is not Gothic, but of 1 hat betweenity that in- tervened when Gothic declined and Palladian was creep in- in. H. Walpole, Lettera(ed, 1820), [I. 174. betweenwhiles (be-twen 'hwilz), ado., prop. prep. phr. Al intervals, betwit (be-twit'), V. t. [ + twit 1 . J Totwil. Strange hon these men, who at other times are ah* wi e men, do now, in their drink, betwitt and reproach one an- other with then former conditions, Pepys, Diary, 1. lot. betwixt, prep, and adr. See betwixt. bevel betwixet, betwixent, prep. [Now only dial. or archaic; < ME. betwixe, beticixen, betwexen, hitiriixen, etc., hilirixt, hitirixrii, etc., < AS. *be- tweoxan (occurs once spelled betweoxn), prob. for earlier *betweoxwn (= OFries. hilwtskum, bi- twischa), < be, prep., by, + "tweoxum for *tinh- suin, *twiscum, dat. pi. of *twisc = OS. twisk = OHG. ?wi«k. zwiski, JUKI, -wise, twofold, < tied (■»'/-), two, + -se, -ise, E. -iahX. Forms with other prepositions appear in OS. iindar twisk, OFries. entwiska, ontwiska, atwiska, abbr. tiriska, twisk, tiriselia, NFries. twissche, D. tits- selieii. OHO. in ,:irisl.rii, iintir -iriski n, MHO. in -wiseheii. iintir ,:irisrlnii, (1. abbr. ,:uiselien, be- tween. This form was early mixed with Iniwix, betwixt.] Betwixt; between. betwixt (be-twikst' ),prep. and adv. [Also by apheresis twixt, 'twixt, Sc. betwisht, betweesht, < late ME. betwixt, bijlwyxte, earlier betwix, In luxt, betuixte, betwex, betwix, bitwix, etc., < AS. be- twyxt, betwuxt (with excrescent -0, betwyx, be- twcox, betweohs, betwux, betux, appar. shortened from the dat. form (or perhaps repr. an orig. ace. form) "betweoxvm, > ME. betwixen, betwixe, q. v. In ME. the words were mixed.] I. prep. Between ; in the space that separates ; in inter- mediate relation to as regards time, quantity, or degree ; passing between ; from one to an- other, etc., in most of the uses of between (whieh see). Betwixt two aged oaks. Milton, I.'Allegro, 1. 82. The morning light, however, soon stole into the aper- ture at the foot of the bed, betwixt those faded curtains. Hawthorne, Seven Gables, v. There was some speech of marriage Betwixt myself and her. Shak.. BI. for M., v. 1. = Syn. See comparison under among. II. adv. Between, in either space or time. —Betwixt and between, in an intermediate position; neither the one nor the other: a colloquial intensive of betwixt or of between. betylUS, «. See lueti/his. beudantite (bu' dan-tit), n. [After the French mineralogist Beudan I (1787-1850).] A hydrous phosphate and arseniate of iron, occurring in small, closely aggregated crystals in Nassau, Prussia, and also near Cork, Ireland. beuk (buk), n. A Scotch form of bunk. My grannie she boughl me a beuk, And I held awa' to the school. Bums, The Jolly Beggars. bevel (bev'el), n. and a. [Formerly also bin II, as a term of heraldry beril, beetle, < OF. 'berel or *burel (not recorded), mod. F. biveaii, also spelled bureau, bureau, beneeitu. luaureait, etc. (cf . Sp. baivel), bevel ; origin unknown.] I. n. 1. The obliquity or inclination of a particular surface of a solid body to another surface of the same body; the angle contained by two adjacent sides of anything, as of a timber used in ship-building. When this angle is acute it is called an under berel (or /» relintj), and when obtuse a standing bevel. — 2. An in- strument used by mechanics for drawing angles and for adjusting the abutting surfaces of work to the same inclination. It consists of two limbs jointed together, one called the stock or handle and the otlier the blade ; the latter is movable on a pivot at the joint, anil can lie adjusted so as to Include any angle between it and the stock. The blade is often curved on the edge to suit the sweep of an arch or vault. Bee bevt I square, 3. A piece of type-metal nearly type-liigh, with a beveled edge, used by stereo- typers to form the flange on the sides of the plates. Worcester. — 4. Same as bevel-angle. — 5. In her., an angular break in any right line. II. a. Having the form of a bevel; aslant; sloping; out of the perpendicular; not upright : used figuratively by Shakspere. 1 may be straight though they themselves he bevel. Shak., Sonnets, cxjtJ. Their houses are very ill built, the walls bevel, without one right angle in any apartment. Swift, Gulliver's Travels, iii. 2. bevel (bev'el), r. ; pret. and pp. In riled or bev- elled, ppr. beveliiaj or bevelling. [< bevel, «.] I. Mechanics' Bevels. T ^: llrr.llih. Iti-vol. e/eef, 3. ) bevel trans. To cut to a bevel-angle: as, to bevel :i piece of wood. II. in trims. To incline toward a point or from a direct line; slant or incline off to a bevel-angle, bevel-angle (bevVl-nng gll, n. Any angle ex- cept a rigid angle, whether it be acute or ob- tuse. Also called bevel. beveled, bevelled (bev'eld), ]>. a. 1. Having a bevel; formed with a bevel-angle. — 2. In mi 111 ■nil., replaced by two planes inclining equal- ly upon the adjacent planes, as an edge ; hav- ing its edgea replaced as above, as a cube or other solid. — 3. In her., broken by au acute angle : thus, iu the cut under bevel, the blazon would be a chief vert, beveled Beveled bushing, a bushing in which the sides are inclined to the ends. — Beveled double, in her., beveled on either side.— Bev- eled furniture, in printing: (a) The tapering side-sticks and toot-sticks used ill imposing forms or locking lip gal- leys, (b) Beveled pieces of wood less than type-high. Beveled gearing. See gearing. -Beveled washer, a washer having its two faces not parallel to eaeli other, used to give a proper bearing to a head or nut when the rod or bolt is not perpendicular to the surface against which the washer presses. bevel-gear (bev'el-ger), n. In much., a species of wheelwork in which the axis or shaft of the leader or driver forms an angle with the axis or shaft of the fol- lower or the wheel driven. bevel-hub (bev'el- hub), ii. A hub or short connect- ing-pipe having a bend. beveling, bevel- ling (bev'el-ing), n. Same as bef- ell. Bevel-gear. It is evident from the preceding, that by applying the bevel in the work- man's usual manner, viz., u ith the stuck against the left- hand side of the board and directed towards his body, all the beveling* will be under, that is, less than a right angle. . . . We thus find that when the first futtuek frames are en the a midship side of the joint, their beveliiigs are always standing, or greater than a right angle. Thearle, Naval Architecture, p. 53. beveling-board (bev'el-ing-bord), n. 1. A board cut to any required bevel. It is used in adjusting frames or the parts of an angular construction, as in a ship. — 2. A flat board upon which the bevelings of the various por- tions of a construction, as the framework of a ship, are marked. beveling-frame (bev'el-ing-fraru), n. A wooden frame in which a beveling-board is placed to be marked. It consists of a wide board, on one edge of which is placed a fixed, and on the opposite a movable, batten. Across both battens parallel lines are marked. beveling-machine (bev'el-ing-nia-shen"), n. A machine for beveling or angling the outer edges of a book-cover, or of an electrotyped plate for printing. bevel-jack (bev'el-jak), «. A device used in transmitting motion from a motor to a machine. It consists of a pair of bevel-gears, one of which is con- nected with a tumbling-shaft turned by the motor, while the other has a pulley which by a belt drives the machine. bevel-joint (bev'el-joint), n. A miter or slop- ing joint having its faces dressed to an angle, generally of 45°. bevelled, bevelling. See beveled, beveling. bevelment (bev'el-meut), n. [(bevel + -mint.] In mini nil., the replacement of au edge by two similar planes, equally inclined to the includin g faces or adjacent planes. bevel-plater ( bev'el-pla'ter), n. A machine for rolling the bevel-edged plates of shin- gling and veneering saws. bevel-protractor (bev'el-pro-trak"tor), n. A drafting instrument with a pivoted arm sliding upon a graduated sector, used in laying off angles. bevel-rest (bev'el-rest), n. A clamp for holding wood to a saw in making a bevel- ed CUt. Bevel-protractor. bevel-square (bev'el-skwar), n. A try-square the blade of which can be adjusted to any angle with the stock, and held at such an angle by a set-screw. It is an artisan's instrument for try- ing his work to see if it has been made with the proper angle. Also called angle-bevel. 539 be-west bevel-ways (bev'el-waz), adv. Same as bevel- 4. A small collection of objects; an assem- blage of tilings. [Rare or obsolete.] =syn. 1. I ',.,, i: .I. -.. ffOCfc. bewail (bf-wal'), r. [< ME. bewailin, bewiihn, hiiiiii/i a. etc., (. be- + wailiii, wail: see fee- 1 and trait.] I. trans. To mourn aloud for; bemoan; lament ; express deep Borrow for: as, to bewail the loss of a child. Bevelment of the edges of a cube by planes of a tetrahexahearon. bevel-wheel (bev'ol-hwol), n. In much., a cog-wheel of which the working-face is oblique to Hie axis. Such a wheel is commonly used in con- nection with another revolving with a shaft at right alleles to licit ill the tirst. These wheels are often called conical "beds, as their general form is that of frusta of cones, See beveUgear. bevel-wise (bev'el-wiz), adv. In her., in the form or direction of a bevel: said of a ribbon or pennon charged thus upon the field. Also liinl-lnil/s. beverH, '<• An obsolete form of beaver*-. bever'-'t, n. An obsolete form of beaver^. bever 3 t (be'ver), n. [Now chiefly E. dial.; also written beaver, < ME. bever, later also beooi/r, boever, < OF. beore, boiore, mod. F. boire = It. iniire, here (ML. biber), a drink, prop, inf., drink, < L. bibere, drink: see mb\ bibber. Hence beverage.] 1. A collation or slight re- past between meals. Are. What, at your bever, gallants? Mor. Will t please your ladyship to drink? B. Joneon, Cynthia's Revels, iv. 1. Some twenty mark a-year ! will that maintain Scarlet and gold lace, play at th' ordinary, And bevers at the tavern? Middleton, Anything for a Quiet life, i. 1. 2. Formerly, at some colleges and schools, a slight meal which the students received at the buttery-hatch and took to their rooms. No scholar shall be absent above an hour at morning bever and half an hour at evening bever. Quincy, Hist. Harv. Univ., I. 517. When I was at Eton— now more than thirty years ago — the boys on the foundation were supplied in the dining- hall with an intermediate meal (if meal it could be called), which went under the name of beaver. According to my recollection it consisted of beer only, and the hour was 4 P. M. .V. and Q., 7th ser., II. 454. bever 3 t (be'ver), v. i. [< bever 3 , n.] To take a bever or slight repast between meals. Your gallants never sup, breakfast, nor bever without me. A. Brewer (?), Lingua, ii. 1. beverage (bev'e-raj), n. [Early mod. E. also bereridge, bcurragr, etc., < ME. Inn rage, brr- ercge, berrrache, bcurage, etc. (of. ML. bevera- giiim), < OF. bevrage, beuvrage, breuvraige, mod. F. breurage (= Pr. beuragc = Sp. bebrage = Pg. beberagem = It. beveraggio; ML. as if *bi- liiriitiriim). < bevre, boivre = It. bevere,<. L. bi- bere, drink: see beverS, n., and -age."] 1. Drink of any kind; liquor for drinking: as, water is the common beverage ; intoxicating beverages. A pleasant be-i > rage in- prepared before Of wine and honey mixed. Dryden, Pal. and Arc., ii. 2. A name given specifically to various kinds of refreshing drinks, (a) In Devonshire, England, water-cider; a drink made by passing water through the crushed apples from which cider has been made. (6) A liquor made by passing water through the pressed grapes after the wine has been expressed. Touching price and quality of a liquor or drink called in England '" &< varadge " and in France " pimpeene." /,'. imil >.,.-. Litii'-a. bewerken = G. bewirken = Dan. bevirke), work, work in, adorn, < be- + wyrean, work: see 6c- 1 and work.'] To work, as with thread ; embroider. The mantelle and the gyrdylle both That rychely was bewtroght. Sir Eglamour, 1. 1152. Smocks all bewrought. B. Jomon, Masque of owls. bewpers, ". See beaupers. bewrap ( be-rap' ), o. *. ;. pret. and pp. bewrapped, h, irrupt, ppr. bewrapping. [< ME. bewrappen, also bewrabben (with var. bewlappen), < be- + wrappen, wrap: see be- 1 and wrap.] To wrap up; clothe; envelop. His sword, . . . Bewrapt with flowers, hunt; idlic by his side. Fairfax, tr. of Tasso, xvi. 30. . and the bewildered state of the mind in paralytic de- mentia. £'■ (.'. Mann, Psychol. Med., p. 35. = Syn. To confound, confuse, mystify, nonplus. bewilderedness (be-wil'derd-nes), ». The state ,,f being bewildered; bewilderment. bewilderingly Cbe-wil'der-ing-li), adc. In a bewildering manner ; so as to bewilder. bewilderment (be-wil'der-ment), n. [< bewil- der + -mint.] The state of being bewildered. Thought was an. M'.i bj utter bewilderment. Qeorge Eliot, Silas Marner, ii. bewimple (be-wim'pl), r. t. [< ME. bewimplen (= 1). bewimpelen), < In- + wimpelen, wimple: see In -' and wimple.] To cover with a wimple ; veil. Gower. bewinter I be-win'ter), v. t. [< be- 1 + winter.] To make like winter. 1 1 ar that bewinter all my year. Cowley, sleep. bewit, «. See bewet 2 . bewitch (be-wich')j »• '• [■ witch d . behold, mine arm a blasted Bapling, witherd up. Shak., Rich. III., iii. 1. 2. To charm; fascinate; please to such a de- gree as to take away the power of resistance. and strangel] change us. Burton, Anat. oi Mel., p. 4CS. The charm itch. ■ n, tr. of Juvenal's Satires. His [Teni ■ '■ witch youths and amis by their sentiments and beauty, but their thought takes world. .... v icfc Poets, p. 160, bewitchedness (bf-wieht'nes), n. [(bewitched, pp. of in witch, + -new. ] The state of being be- witched. bewitcher '». ■■ ich'< r i, n. < tae who bewitches or fa bewitchery (be-wich'6r-i), ». [< bewitch, in disclose, reveal (= OFries. Uwrogia biruogan, MHG. beriigeti), < be- + wraien, wrey- en, obs. E. wray, disclose, reveal, < AS. wre- (jini, accuse (= OFries. wrogia, wreia = OS. wru- gian — D. wroegen, accuse, = OH(i. ruogen, MHG. ruegen, Qt.rugen, censure, = Icel. ratgja, slander, = Sw. rt'ija, betray, = Goth, wrohjan, accuse), from a noun repr. by (ioth. wrohs, an accusation, = Icel. rog, a slander. Somewhat affected in sense by betray, a quite different woid.] 1. To accuse; malign. — 2. To re- veal; divulge; mako known; declare. Write down thy mind, bewray thy meaning. Shak. T. of A., ii. 5. Whoso is partner with a thief hateth his own soul: he heareth cursing and bewrayeth it not Prov. xxix. -ii. 3. To disclose or reveal (the identity or the secrets of a person) perfidiously or prejudi- cially; betray; expose. Thou be an: lest alle secrenesse. Chaucer, Man of Law's Tale, 1. 676. For feare to be enforced by torments to bewray his eon- federates. Knolles, ilist. Turks, p. 7. (.V. E. l>.) Like slaves you sold your souls for golden dross, Bewraying her to death. Maminger, Virgin Martyr, ii. 3. Hide the outcast, bewray not him that wandereth, is the simplest lesson of common humanity. II'. rhillijis. Speeches, p. 97. 4. To reveal or disclose unintentionally or in- cidentally ; show the presence or true character of; show or make visible. The ointment of his right hand which bewrayeth itself. Prov. xwii. 16. Thy speech bmvrayeth thee. Mat mri. 7::, [Bewray is still sometimes used, especially in poetry, as an archaic word.] bewrayert (be-ra'cr), n. A betrayer or di- vulger. \ bewrayer of secrets. dddieon, Spectator, No. 2-i r ,. bewrayinglyt (be-ra'iug-li), «<•''. In a manner to bewray, bewraym'entt (be-ra'ment), «. L< bewray + -Hit ill.} The act of bewraying. beyond bey 1 (ha), >>■ [= E. Sp. beij, < Turk, bey, h<-g = l'ers. Iniiii, a lord: see beg 2 , beglerbeg, and be- gum.] 1. The governor of a minor province or sanjak of the Turkish empire. — 2. A title of respect given in Turkey to members of princely families, sons of pashas, military offi- cers above the rank of major, the wealthy gen- try, and, by courtesy, to eminent foreigners. We- therefore rode out of Beyrout as a pair of Syrian Beye. B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 33. 3. The title usually given by foreigners to the former Mohammedan rulers of Tunis. Frequently written beg. bey'-'t, i'. A Middle English form of buy. t. A Middle English form of beget. beylerbey (ba'ler-ba'), it. [< Turk, beylerbey, beglerbeg, prince of princes, lit. 'bey of beys.'] The title of the governor-general of a province of the Turkish empire, ranking next to the grand vizir, and so called because he has under him the beys at the head of the several san- jaks or districts composing his province. Also written begU r&< r sphere of; past : as. beyond our power; beyond comprehension; that is beyond me. We bring a welcome to the highest lessons of religion and of poetry out of all proportion beyond our skill to teach. Emereon, Success. That the Antarctic continent lias a flat and even sur- face, the character of the icebergs shows beyond dispute. ./. Crott, Climate and Cosmology, p. 74. 6. Above; superior to; iu or to a degree which rivals, exceeds, or surpasses, as in dig- nity, excellence, or quality of any kind. imitationof witchery.] Witchery; fascination; b " ewre akt (be-rek'), «. t. '(< ME. bewreken, < charm. [Bare.] 'lb- 1 ination in word - Works, II. ix. bewitchful (be-wich'ful), a. I bewitch + -ful (irregularly suffixed to a verb).] Alluring; [Bare.] in i away. tr ■ Letters, bewitching (be-wich'ing), o. [Ppr. of bewitch.] Saving power to bewitch or fascinate; fasci- nating: charming: as. "bi » tckingt ndi rnoss." beWTOUghtt (bc-rot ' | Addison, Spectator, No. 223. otbework. be- + wreken, wreak. Cf. As. bewrecan, exile, send forth: see i<-l and wreak.] To avenge; revenge. Thus much am I bewreke. Chaucer, Prol. to Wife "I Lath s Talc (ed. Speght), 1. soil. bewreckt (bc-rek'), v. t. [< '»-' + wreck. Cf. AS. bewrecan, drive or bring to, of ships: see in i and wreck.] To ruin; destroy. \ . t was I, or I parted thence, bewreckt. Mir. for Ha Beyond any of the great men of my country. Sir I'. Sidney. Dangle. Egad, we were just, speaking of your tragedy.— Admirable, Sir Fretful, admirable! Sneer. \ ou never did anything beyond it, sir Fretful— nevi i in your life. Sheridan, The Critic, i. 1. She is beautiful beyond the race of women. Steele, Spectator, No. ii3. 7. More than; in excess of ; over and above. 0, I've been \ exed And tortured with him beyond forty lexers. /;. Jonson, Poetaster, iii. 1. lb' [Pitt] refused to accept one farthing beyond the sal- ary Which the law bad annexed to bis office. Macavlay, William Pitt. Beyond all. See all. Beyond seas, out of the country ; abroad. To go beyond, to exceed in operation, ability, attainment, or the like ; hence, in a bad sense, to deceive or circunn ent That no man go beyond and defraud his brothel' in any in:, lb I 1 Thes. IV. Ii. The king has gone beyond me; all my glories In thai ■ woman I have lost for ever. Shak., Hen VIII., iii. 2. To go beyond one's self, to be much excited by any- thing; be beside one's self, Narea. II. udr. At a distance; yonder. 1. (,i.. III. i. 38. Beyond he lyeth, languishing. Spen Obsolete past participle beyond (bS-yond'), it. That place or state which lies on the other side; an expenonco or beyond life beyond our present life or experience : as. the great beyond. They are the All, with no beyond. J. Martiueau, Eth. Theory, I. 281. (.V. E. D.) The back of beyond, a very distant or out-of-the-way place. [Colloq.] beyond-sea (be-yond'se), a. From beyond the sea ; foreign ; outlandish : as, beyond-sea words. Nay, my beyond-sea sir. we will proclaim you: Vni would be kins ! Beau, and i'L, Philaster, v. 4. beyship (ba'ship), n. [< bey 1 + ship.'] The office of a bey ; incumbency of such office. Those small political offences, which in the days of the Mamelukes would have led to a beyshipoTh bowstring, receive four-fold punishment by deportation to Faizoghli, the local Cayenne. R. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. 31. bezan (bez'an), n. [= F. bezan, prob. of E. Ind. origin.] A white or striped cotton cloth from Bengal. bezant (bez'ant or be-zant'), n. [< ME. bezant, besant, bcsaii, < OF. besant, bezan, besan = Pr. began = Sp. bezante = Pg. besante = It. bisante, < ML. Bezantius, L. Byzantius (sc. nitmmus), a Byzantine coin, < Byzantium, < Gt. Biffavraw, older name of Constantinople. Cf. florin.'] 1. A gold coin (the proper name of which was Obverse. Reverse. Bezant (Solidus) of Romanus III.— British Museum. ( Size of the original, t solidus) issued by the emperors at Constanti- nople in the middle ages. Bezants had a wide circulation in Europe till the fall of the Eastern Empire, more especially during the period from about A. D. 800 to the middle of the thirteenth century, when European countries, except Spain, had no gold currencies of their own. Also called byzant, byzantine. And who that did best should have a rich circlet of gold worth a thousand bezants. Sir T. Malory, Morte d Arthur. 2. In her., a small circle or; a gold roundel. It is a common bearing, and is supposed to have originated from the coins of Constantinople, assumed as bearings by crusaders. Also spelled besant. White bezant, a silver coin of Byzantium, worth about 70 cents. bezante, bezantee, bezanted (bez-an- ta', be-zan'ted), a. In her., same as be- zel nti/. bezantee (bez-an-ta'), «. [OF., prop. fern, of bezante, besante: see bezanti/.] A mold- ing ornamented with roundels or small disks resembling be- zants, of frequent oc- currence in Norman architecture. Enci/c. Brit., II. 461. bez-antler (bez-anf- ler), «. [Also bes-ant- ler and bay-antler ; < OF. bez-, bes-, secon- dary, inferior (prob. < L. bis, twice), + E. antler.] The branch of a deer's horn next above the brow-antler; the bay-antler. See antler. bezanty (be-zan'ti), a. [Also bezante, bezantee, < F. besante, < besant, bezant.] In her., strewn or studded with bezants: said of the field, or of any charge. Also bezanted. bezel (bez'el), »?. [Also bezil, basil, and for- merly beazel, basil, bezle, etc.. < OF. *besel, bisel (F. biseau), sloping edge, a bevel, = Sp. Pg. bisel : origin unknown ; perhaps (a) < L. bis, dou- ble, + dim. suffix -el, or (6) < ML. bisalus, a stone with two angles or slopes, < L. bis, twice, + ala, a wing. Cf . axil and aisle.] 1. The slope at the edge of a cutting-tool, as a chisel or plane. It is generally single, but sometimes double. [In this sense commonly basil.] — 2. The oblique side or face of a gem ; specifically, one of four similarly situated four-sided facets on the top or crown of a brilliant, which are sometimes called templets. See cut under bril- liant. Bezel is also sometimes used to denote the space between the table and the girdle, that is, the "crown," with the exception of the table. Bezantee. — Tower of Church of La Charite-sur-Loire. France. (From Viollet-le-Duc's "Diet, de 1' Architecture.") 541 3. In jewelry : (a) That part of the setting of a precious stone which incloses it and by which it is hold in place, (b) A flat surface of gold engraved witli any device to serve as a seal, when a stone is not used. Heeeliaton. [Rare.] — 4. In match-making, the grooved flange or rim in which the crystal of a watch is set. bezel (bez'el), v. t.\ pret. and pp. bezelcd or bezelled, ppr. oezeling or bezelling. {Alsobasil; < bezel, n.] To grind to an edge ; cut to a slop- ing edge ; bevel. bezesteen (bez'es-ten), «. [Also written bezes- tein, bezestan, < Turk, bazistdn, orig. Pers., a clothes-market.] An exchange, bazaar, or mar- ket-place in the East. X E. D. bezetta (be-zet'S), n. [A corruption of It. pczzetia, red paint, prop, a piece of cloth dyed red used for rouging, lit. a little piece, dim. of pezza, apiece, esp.of cloth: see^iece.] Coarse linen rags or sacking soaked in certain pig- ments, which are prepared thus for exporta- tion; the pigment itself. Red bezetta is colored with cochineal, mid the pigment is used as a cosmetic. Blue bezetta is prepared from the juice of some enphor- biaceous plants, treated with dung and urine, and is used to color the rind of Dutch cheese. Beziers (ba-zia'), n. A sweet wine, named from the town of Beziers in the department of Herault, France. bezique (be-zek'), n. [Also bazique ; < F. bc- sigue, bezigue, besy ; of obscure origin. Some compare Pers. bazichi, sport, a game, < bdzi, play, sport; but the resemblance is appar. ac- cidental.] 1. A game of cards played by two, three, or four persons, with two packs from which the cards having from two to six spots have been removed. The object of the game is to win the aces and tens, and to secure various combinations of cards, which when shown or "declared" entitle the player to score a certain number of points. 2. The queen of spades and knave of diamonds, one of the counting combinations in the game of bezique. — Double bezique, the two queens of spades ami two knaves of diamonds, the highest counting combination in bezique. bezoar (be'zor), n. [Also beznard, early mod. E. bezor. beazor, beazer, bezar, bezer=T. bezoard, formerly bezar, bezahar, = Sp. bezoar, bezoar, bezar, = Pg. bezoar = NL. bezoar, bezaar, bc- zahar, < Ar. bdzahr, bddizahr, < Pers. bddzahr, pddzahr, the bezoar-stone, <.j)dd, expelling, + zalir, poison: so called because it was consid- ered an antidote to poison.] A name for certain calculi or concretions found in the stomach or intestines of some animals (especially rumi- nants), formerly supposed to be efficacious in preventing the fatal effects of poison, and still held in estimation in some eastern countries. They are used in China both as a pigment and as a drug. Such calculi are generally formed around some foreign substance, as a bit of wood, straw, hair, etc. Many vari- eties have been mentioned, but most value was put on the bezoar from the East Indies and that from Peru.— Be- zoar mineral, an oxid of antimony, or antimonic acid, especially that prepared from butter of antimony by the action of nitric acid.— Fossil bezoar, a formation like animal bezoar, consisting of several layers around some extraneous body which serves as a nucleus. — Vegetable bezoar. 3ame as ealapitte. bezoardic (bez-o-ar'dikl, a. and n. [< F. be'zo- ardique (NL. b'ezoanliciis, bezoarticus), < bezo- ard, bezoar.] I. a. Of the nature of or per- taining to bezoar; compounded of or possess- ing the supposed antidotal properties of bezoar ; serving as an antidote Bezoardic acid. Same as ellame acid (which see, under ellagic). II. n. A medicine having the properties of bezoar; an antidote. bezoar-goat (be'zor-got), n. A name given to the wild goat, Copra cegagrus, from the fact that it produces the bezoar. See a i/agrus. bezoartict, bezoarticalt (bez-o-iir'tik, -ti-kal), a. [< NL. bezoarticus : see bezoardic.] Same as bezoardic. The healing bezoartical virtue of grace. Chillingworth, Works, p. 378. bezonian (be-zo'ni-au). n. [Also besonian, bi- sonian, < besbnio, besognio, bisogno, etc., a beg- gar: see bisogno.] An indigent wretch; a beggar or scoundrel. Underwhich king, Bezonian} Speak or die. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., v. 3. Bezoutian (be-zo'ti-an), a. Belonging to the French mathematician Etienne Bezout (1730- 83).- Bezoutian method of elimination, a method published by Bezout in 1765. bezoutiant (be-zo'ti-ant), n. [< Bezout (see Bezoutian) + -i-ant.] In math.: (a) The ho- mogeneous quadratic function of n variables, whose discriminant is the resultant of two equations, each of the «th degree, (b) Incor- rectly used for bezuutoid. Bhutanese bezoutoid (be-z8'toid), n. [< lln from one homogeneous function of two variables. bezzle (bez'l), '■. : pret. and pp. bezzled, ppr. b< z- zling. |.\o\\ ..nly E. dial.; early mod. E. al>.> bezzel, In < I. In . I, .' bisst I, < late M B. In HU , < OF. In-.il, r, beziUer, In sillier, by apheresis for embe- sittier, waste, embezzle : see i /»'» :.:'< . | I. trans. 1. To purloin or make away with; embezzle. I must be shut up and my substance ' Fletcher, Woman's Prize, iv. 1. 2. To consume a large quantity of, as food or drink; waste or squander, as money. [Prov. Eng.] II. intrans. To drink to excess. Jiekker. bezzlet (bez'l), n. [< In zzle, v.] A debauchee; a sot. Nash. bezzlert (bez'ler), ft. Same as bezzle, n. bezzlingt (bez'ling), n. [< bezzle, v.] Dissipa- tion ; excessive drinking. From haughty Spayne, what brought'st thou els besido Cut lofty lo. .lies and their Lueifrian pride? From Belgia, what but their deep bezelinff, Their boote-carouse, and their beere-buttering? Marston, Satyres, ii. I have proposed and determined with myself to leave the bezelings of these knights and return to my village. Shelton, tr. of 1'. .11 Quixote, fol. ld8. bhadoee (bii'do-e), n. [< Hind, bhddui or Vha- douwi, adj., relative to the month Bhddon. the fifth month of the Hindu year, answering to the last half of August and the first of Septem- ber.] The earliest of the three annual crops in Hindustan, consisting of rice, maize, etc. It is laid down during the rainfall in April ami May, and is reaped in August and September. It furnishes about one fourth of the food-supply in a normal year. bhainsa (bin'sS,), n. [Hind, bhainsa (masc), bhains (fern.).]" A name of the domestic Indian buffalo, Bos bubalis. bhang, bang 3 (bang), ». [Also bhung, and formerly bangue, also (after Ar. ) benj ; < Hind. eta. bhang, bhang, bhung (= Pers. bang, > Ar. banj, benj), bhang, < Skt. bhangd, hemp.] The driedleaves of the hemp-plant, ( 'annabislndiea, which as grown in India contain a powerfully narcotic resin and a volatile oil. in India bhang is used for smoking, either with or without tobacco, and is also made up with flour, sugar, etc., into a kind of sweet- meat called majun (majun). An intoxicating drink is prepared by infusing the pounded leaves in eol.l water. As prepared and used by the Arabs, it is known as hashish. (See hempl.} It is also employed in medicine for its ano- dyne, hypnotic, and antispasmodic qualities. bharadar (bar'a-dar), n. [Hind, bharaddr.] One of the Gorkha chiefs who invaded Nepal in 1768, and parceled out the land among them- selves. The bharadars form a kind of feudal aristoc- racy, and in times of emergency act as a council ..f state. bharsiah (bar'se-a), 11. [E. Ind.] The native name of an East Indian badger-like quadruped, Ursitaxus inauritus of Hodgson. bhat (bat), n. [Hind, blidl, also bhdrata.] In India, a man of a tribe of mixed descent, the members of which are professed genealogists and poets; a bard. These men in Rajputana and Guzerat had also extraordinary privileges as the guaran- tors ..f travelers, whom they accompanied, against attack ..r robbery. Yule and Bur/nil, Gloss. Bheel, «. See Bhil. bheesty, bheestie (bes'ti), ». [Anglo-Ind., also written bnslij, beestie, beasty, beastte, < Hind. bhisti, bihisti, Pers. bihisli, a water-carrier, lit. heavenly, < bihist (> Hind, bihist), paradise, heaven.] An Indian water-carrier, who sup- plies domestic establishments with water from the nearest river or reservoir, carrying it in a sheepskin bucket or bag. In particular there is a queer creature, like what I fancy a brownie should be, called a beestie or bhestie, whose special calling is to till the baths in that refreshing apart- ment . . . attached to every Indian bedroom. X. Macleod. bhel (bel), 11. See bclS. Bhil (bel), ». [Also spelled Bheel. repr. Hind. Bhil.] 1. A member of the aboriginal tribes of India which occupy the valleys of the Ner- budda and Tapti, and the slopes of the Vind- hya and Satpura mountains. The language of the Bkils in the Bombay province, Rajpootana, and Central India, is understood to be a dia- lect of Hindi. Ii. X. Oust, Mod. Langs. B. Ind., p. 49. 2. The language of the Bhils. bhogai (bo'gi), n. [E. Ind.] An inferior cot- ton made in India. Bhotanese (bo-ta-nes' or-nez'), a. and ». See Bhutanese. Bhutanese (bo-ta-nes' or -nez'l, a. ami ». [< Bhutan, the country (Bhutiii. a native of Bhu- tan), + -ese.] I. a. Pertaining to Bhutan, its people, or their language. Bhutanese In reality the Bhutanese authorities did not want to re- ceive B mission at all ./. T. Whaler, Sh..rt Hist. India, p. t;74. II, h. 1. Sing, or yd. A native or the na- tives of Bhutan, a mountainous state in the Himalayas, having Tibet on the north, Bengal and Assam on the south, and Sikhim on the west . The Bhutanese have Bat faces, high chi ek bones, brown complexion, almond eyes, ami black hair. Chey profess a corrupt form of Buddhism, and are .subjects of a dual government under a i till and a prince. 2. The language Of Bhutan. Also written Bhotanese and Bootanese (Bho- ttin. Bootan). bhyree O'i'vei. «. [E. Lnd.] A kind of falcon used in hawking in India. Also In line. bit, prep. [ME., < AS. be, in comp. with nouns In : see by 1 , In- 1 .} A common Middle English form of the preposition by. Bi. The chemical symbol of bismuth. bi-H- A Middle English and Anglo-Saxon form of if- 1 or In -'-'. bi-'-'. [L. hi-, combining form of bis (=Gr. die-, it- = Skt. dri- = OHG. MHO. :tn-. 0. ewie- = AS. twi-, E. twi-), orig. 'duis, twice, doubly, two-, < duo = E. two: see two, tui-, di- 2 .] A prefix of Latin origin, cognate with di- and tui-, meaning two, two-, twice, double, twofold, as in biaxial, bicornous, bimanous, biped, bifur- cate, etc.: especially in chemical terms, where it denotes two parts or equivalents of the in- gredient referred to, as in bicarbonate, bichro- mate, etc. Such words are properly adjectives, to be analyzed as bi- -)- noun + adjective suliix (for example, bi-axi-al, bi-furc-ate, two-fork-ed, bi-man-ous, two-hand- ed etc. I, but may also be briefly treated as bi. -f adjective ■ , etc). Words in bi- rest actually or theoretically upon Latin or New Latin forms, 'biaxialis, *biacuminatu8, biangulatus, biartieulatus, etc. ; but it is often convenient to refer them to English elements. biacid (bi-as'id), a. [< bi- 2 + acid.} In chem., capable of combining with an acid in two dif- ferent proportions: said of a base. biacuminate (bi-a-ku'mi-nat), a. [< hi- 2 + acu- minate.] In hot., having two diverging points, as the hairs on the leaves of some Mrdjdyhiaceee, which are attached by the middle and taper to- ward the ends. bialar (bi-a'lar), a. [< bi- 2 + alar.] Having two wings. — Bialar determinant, in ninth., one in which the constituents of the principal diagonal are all zeros. bialate (bl-a'lat), a. [< bi- 2 + alate 2 .] Having two alffl or wings; two-winged, bianco secco (oiang'ko sek'6). [It., lit. dry white : bianco = F. blanc, white, < OHG. blanch, shining (see blank); secco, < L. siccus, dry: see sec, sack 3 .] A white pigment used in fresco- painting. It consists of lime and pulverized marble, the former before mixing being macerated in water un- til its causticity is removed. I izzo observes (Trattato, p. 104) that Perino del Vaga invented a colour formed of Verdetto and bianco ■ that is, Umewhite in powder. Mrs. Merrifield, Art of Fresco fainting, lii. biangular (bl-ang'gu-liir), o. [< ft;'- 2 + angu- lar.] Having two angles or corners. [Rare.] biangulate, biangulated (bi-ang'gu-lat, -la- ted), n. [< bi-- + angulate.] Same as biangu- lar. biangulous (bi-ang'gu-lus), a. [< bi-" + angu- Ions. I Same as biangular. biannual i'i-oi>'n-:ili,«. \< bi-" + annual. Cf. biennial.'] Occurring twice a year: arbitrarily distinguished from biennial (which see). biannually (bi-an'u-al-i), am. Twice a year. il a change in the fashion lit her clOtll .it I. ii t Tht Century, will 017. biannulate (bi-an'u-lat), ". [< in-- + annulate.] In zool., having two encircling rings, generally of color. biantberiferous (bi-an-the-rif'e-rus), a. [< bi- 2 + antht nil a "is. ] In Imi.. having two anthers. biarchy (ra|8r-ki), n. ; pi. biarehies (-kiz). [< In-- + (Jr. &pxto,i 1 ■■. . rule; after monarchy, etc. Cf. diarchy.] Dual government or sover- < nly. biarcuate, biarcuated (bi-ar'ku-at, -a-ted), a. [< bi-- + arcuaU . | T« ice curved : as, a biarcu- nii margin, one having a irve passing into a concave oni Biar glass, ft Biarmian Cbiavr'mi-an . ". and a. [< Biarmia, Latinized from [eel. Bjarmaland, tin- land of the Bjarmar, .-. AS. Beorma . novi called Per- mian sei Pi rmton. | I. n. I toe oi I be Fin- nish inhabitante of Perm in Russia; a Per- mian | which see). II. a. Of or pertaining to the Biarmians or Permian s. 542 biarritz (biar'its), "• [Named from Biarrit:. a town in the department of Basses-Pyrenees, Prance.] A thin corded woolen cloth. Particulate (bi-ar-tdk'u-lat), «. [< bi-" + ar- ticulate.] Having two joints, as the antenna? of some insects. bias (bi'as), n., a., and adr.; pi. biases, improp. biasses (-ez), [Early mod. E. also biass, hi/as, biace, buns. < P. (and< >P.) Wow, aslant, a slope, = I'r. 6tais = OCat. biais,Ca,t.biax = It.s-biescio, dial, biasciu, slims, bias 1 cf. also It. bieeo, squint- ing, oblique, bias); origin unknown; hardly < 1. 1., bifacem, ace. of bifax, squinting (cf. .ML. bifacius. two-faced), < L. bi-, two-, + fades, face.] I. n. 1. An oblique or diagonal line; especially, a cut which is oblique to the tex- ture of a fabric; hence, in dressmaking, a seam formed by bringing together two pieces thus cut ; specifically, one of the front seams of a close-fitting waist: sometimes called a dart. — 2. In bowling, a bulge or greater weight on one side of a bowl; a difference in the shape and weight of the two sides or poles of a bowl, causing it to curve in its course toward tin- lighter and less bulged side ; hence, the curved course of such a bowl. — 3. A one-sided ten- dency of the mind; undue propensity toward an object; a particular leaning or inclination; bent; specifically, in laic, prejudice, as of a witness : used most frequently to denote preju- dice and habits of thought which prevent the fair or dispassionate consideration of any sub- ject or question. Morality influences men's lives, and gives a bias to all their actions. Locke. Alas ! what years you thus consume in vain, Ruled by this wretched bias of the brain ! * 'rabbe, The Newspaper. One cannot mistake the prevailing bias of her mind. Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 202. The bias of education, the bias of class-relationships, the bias of nationality, the political bias, the theological bias — these, added to the constitutional sympathies and antipathies, have much more influence in determining beliefs on social questions than has the small amount of evidence collected. //. Spencer, Study of Sociol., p. 11. On the bias, diagonally ; slantingly. = Syn. 3. Propensity, Inclination, etc. (see benO), prepossession, predisposition, predilection, partiality. II. a. 1. Oblique; slanting; diagonal to the outline or to the texture : now used only or chiefly of fabrics or dress: as, a bias line (in former use) in a drawing; a bias piece in a gar- ment. — 2f. Loaded or swelled on one side, like a biased bowl. Blow, villain, till thy sphered bias cheek Out-swell the colic of purf'd Aquilon. Shak., T. and ('., iv. 5. III. ado. [< bias, a.] In a slanting man- ner; obliquely. Trial did draw Bias and thwart, not answering the aim. Shak., T. and ('., i. 3. bias (bi'as), v. t. ; pret. and pp. biased or biassed, ppr. biasing or Massing. [Early mod. E. also biass, biace, bgas (cf. F. biaiscr = Pr. biaisar); from the noun.] 1. To give a bias to, as a bowl; furnish with a bias. See bias, n., '_'. To giue you the Morall of it [game of bowls] : It is the Embleme of tic world or the world's ambition; where most are short, or over, or wide, or wrong Byas't, and some few justle in to the Mistris Fortune. Bp. /.'<'. Iiiberen), freq. of bib 1 .] I. trans. To drink ; drink of or from. II. intrans. 1. To drink often. — 2. To sip. Biberon.— Oiron faience (France), i South Kensington Museum, Lon- (From " L'Art pour Tous.") bibble-babble bibble-babble (bib'l-bab'l), it. [Early mod. E. also bible-bable, a varied redupl. of babble. Cf. tittle-tattle, shillyshally, etc.] I. ; and the Peshito, a Syriae version of the Old Testament bibliolatrous or to tlio sacred writings: as, biblical Learning; biblical criticism. — 2. In accord wit li 1 lie teach- ings ol' the Bible; scriptural. Hence — 3. Au- thoritative; true. First and last, eloquence must still be al bottom a MKi- eal statement of fact. Emerion, Eloqueno [Often written with a capital, as a proper adjective.] Biblical geography. Bee geography. Biblical her- meneutics. See hermem u*w«.=8yn. See scriptural. biblicality (bib-li-kal'i-ti), n. [< biblical + -Hi/.] 1. The quality" of being biblical. — 2. That which has the quality of being biblical. [Rare.] f minor versions is Tjiblicallv (bib'li-kal-i). tulr. In a biblical man- ner; according to the Bible. Biblicism(bib'li-sizm), n. [< ML. biblicus, bib- lical, + -ism.] 1. Adherence to the letter of the Bible.— 2. Biblical doctrine, learning, or literature. Eclectic Rev. Biblicist (bib'li-sist), n. [< ML. biblicus, bibli- cal, 4- -ist.] 1. A professed adherent of the letter of the Bible ; specifically, in the twelfth century, one who adhered to the Bible as the sole rule of faith and practice, as opposed to a scholastic, who professed to bring all the doc- trines of faith to the test of philosophy.— 2. A biblical scholar. Also Biblist. < Gr. use.] The use of books. The public librarian may soon deserve the additional title of Master .if Bibtiochresis. The Nation, \ XX VI. 297. bibliognost (bib'li-og-nost), n. [< F. biblio- gnoste,< Gr. AiMov, a book, + yvaaH/g, one who 10 anr^e PaSS ™ 7l knows: see .„«/«, .,/.,.«/*.] One versed in That owher [anywhere] is. |\ bibliography or the history of books. I. D Is- Chaucer, Prol. to Canon's , I I \\ raeli, Curios, of Lit., IV. 251. [Yeoman's Tale, 1. 354. / |I|A bibliognostic (bib"li-og-nos'tik), a. [< bibli- 4. II. c] A medie- jL M^ffi.r-a oijnost + -ic] Of or pertaining to a bibliog- val military engine //j&PtfMh ^ V^jS O nost, or to a knowledge of bibliography. for throwing large //SB f j_M i _\~f^l~ bibliogony (bib-li-og'o-ni), n. [< Gr. pipXiov, stones. Grose — Bible iPWS— ^ — v~~ i book, + -yovia, production: see -gony.] The Christian, one of a re- ' • n g»y i idL . production of books. Southey. 2S"V35f "sometmes S^^^^ bibliograph (bib'li-o-gmf >, n. [< Gr. fltfAio- catd tnlanuef from | & — -^> «p — 1 yp^of: see bibliographer.] Same as bibhog- their founder, William Bible for hurling missiles. rapher. Bryan, a Wesleyan local (From a drawing dated 1475.) A t noroU gh librarian must be a combination of the trio, preacher, who separated —biblioaravhe. bibliognoste, and bibliophile. from the Wesleyans in 1S15. In doctrines and forms of , £ £ lh/ki . ,. 1PI , ks ,„ 1( | H ,, w t „ Isc Them, p. 132. worship they do not ditfer widely from the Armmian "'.,,. , ... r , „ Methodists.— Bible Communist. Same as Perfectionist bibliographer (bib-li-og ra-ter), 11. [< (jr. (which see).— Bible Society, an association forthe pur- SiBTuovpadoc : see bibliography.'] It. One who pose, of printing and .circulating : the Bible.- Breedb-M ^j^g"^ e0 p ies books.— 2. One who writes 543 and the major part of the New Testament, probably prepared In the second century A. D. Translations weir early made Into the principal languages of Christendom. The llrst complete translation into English was that Ol Wyclif, about 1388 ; and the first printed English versions were those of Tyndale and Covcrdale, 1524-35. other Im- portant versions an- the 1, ulh.ru n, ill the German, by Martin Luther, 1621 S*— the basis of the Swedish, Da- nish, Icelandic, Dutch, and Finnish versions; the viuffcor- i td or Kiti'i .Ium.:i, iireparcd by a special commission oi scholars In England under James I., 1004-11 ; the Dcruay, a popular as given to a translation into English pre- pared by Roman ratlede- divines the Old Testament at Douay(1609 in), the New Testament at. ReimB (1682) ; and the ReviscU, :, recension of the King James Bible prepared by a committee of British and American Protestant di- vines, the New Testament appearing ill 1881, and the Old Testament in 1885. The number of minor versions is indicate I by the fact that, since l.si'14, translations of the Bible or portions "f it have been published In upward of 225 languages. Roman Catholics and Protestants diner in the degree of authority which they attach to the Bible. The Roman Catholic Church "receives with piety and reverence all the books of the Old and New Testaments, since one God is the Author of each " (Council of Trent); but "at the same time it maintains that there is an un- written word of God over and above Scripture" (Cath. Diet.). Protestants generally hold that "the Supreme Judge, by which all controversies of religion are to be de- termined, and all decrees of councils, opinions of ancient writers, and private spirits are to be examined, and in whose sentence we arc to rest, can be no other but the Holy Spirit speaking in Scripture" (Westminster Conf. of Faith). Hence — 2. Any book or collection of religious ri^^r. Ce l? d t1 b I US adbere " tS " a dlVi " e bibUochresis h»Vli-6-kre'sis), „. [NL., kZI Bible of r^s 1 ar*"". a *°°H. + #*»*. use > < ^ a6al ' Koran is the Bible of the Mohammedans ; the Mormon Bible. — 3f. ['. c] Any great book. Bible. See Geneva Bible.— Geneva Bible, an English translation of the Bible issued from Geneva in 15(io by sev- eral English divines who had tied thither to escape the persecution of the reign of Mary. It was the first complete Bible to appear in Roman type, the first to omit the Apoc- rypha, and the first to recognize the division into verses. This translation was in common use in England till the version made by order of King James was introduced in 1611. The Geneva Bible has also been called the Breechei Bible, because Gen. iii. 7 is translated, "Then the eyes of them both were opeued, and they knew that they were naked, and they sewed tig leaves together and made them- selves breeches." "Breeches " occurs in previous transla- tions, though the name is given especially to this one.— Ma- zarin Bible, an edition of the Bible printed by Gutenberg at Mentz in 1450-55, being the first book ever printed with movable types. It was so called because the first known copy of it "was discovered in the Mazarin library at Paris in 1700.— Vinegar Bible, an edition printed at the Claren- don press, Oxford, in 1717, with the heading to Luke XX. as the "Parable of the Vinegar," instead ol the " Parable of the Vinnia ni."— Wicked Bible, an edition printed in 1032 in which' the word not is omitted from the seventh com- mandment. Bible-clerk (bi'bl-klerk), "• 1. In English uni- versities, a student whose duty it originally was to read the Bible during meals: now often required to note absences from chapel.— 2. The holder of a certain scholarship in Corpus about books, especially in regard to their au- thorship, date, typography, editions, etc.; one skilled in bibliography. bibliographic, bibliographical (bibli-o-graf '- ik, -i-kal), a. [As bibliography + -ic, -ical.] Per- taining to bibliography. bibliographically (bib li-o-graf'i-kal-i), adv. In a bibliographical manner. bibliography (bib-li-og'ra-fi), ». [=F. biblio- graphie, < Gr. fiipkvoypatyia, the act or habit of writing books, < /3^/UMypd^oc, a writer of books, < ,ii,»Jm>, a book, + ypafeiv, write : see Bible.] If. The writing of books. — 2. The science which treats of books, their materials, authors, typography, editions, dates, subjects, classifica- tion, history, etc. Bibliography . . . being the knowledge of 1 Its, which now is not confined to an "erudition of title-pages," but embraces the subject-division of all the branches of hu- man learning. J. C. Van Dyke, Books and How to Use Them, p. 113. 3. A classified list of authorities or books on any theme : as, the bibliography of political economy. Christi College, Cambridge, established in 1473. biblioklept (bib'li-o-klept), n. [< Gr. Ihfilwv, Bible-oath (bi'bl-6th),n, An oath on the Bible ; book, + i&tirnig, a thief.] A book-thief; one a sacred obligation. who purloins or steals books. [Rare.] _ Bo long as it was not a Bible-Oath, we may break it with bibliokleptomailiaC (bib ll - o - klep \ to - ma ' a safe conscience. I longreve, Way of the YV orld, v. 2. n i. a k) I doubted the correctness of your statement, though backed by your lordship's Bible-oath. Thackeray, Virginians, xeu. bible-press (bi'bl-pres), «. [< bibb; appar. with thought of 'a large book bound in heavy boards,' + press.] Naitt., a hand-rolling board for cartridges, and for rocket- and port-fire cases. [Eng.] biblic (bib'lik), n. [< ML. bibU( us, < LL. biblia, Bible.] In the medieval universities, the lowest grade of bachelor of theology. The ordinary bib- Tic reail and expounded the Bible on the days of the ordi- nary lectures ; the cursory biblic did so in extraordinary courses. See bachelor, 2. biblical (bib'li-kal), a. [< ML. bihlicus, < LL. biblia, Bible, + -al.] 1. Pertaining to the Bible [< Gr. jiijiAiov, book, + kleptoma- niac] One affected by a mania for stealing books. [Rare.] bibliolater (bib-li-ol'a-ter), n. [See bibliola try ; of. idolater.] 1. A book-worshiper; one who pays undue regard to books. Specifically — 2. One who is supposed to regard the mere letter of the Bible with undue or extravagant respect ; a worshiper of the Bible. De Qiiincey. The mistaken zeal of Bibliolaters. lhixl.it. 1-ay Sermons, p. 278. bibliolatrist (bib-li-ol'a-trist), n. [< bibliola- tril + -ist.] Same as bibliolater. bibliolatrous (bib-li-ol'a-trus), a. [< bibliola- try + -mis.] Given to or characterized by bib- liolatry. bibliolatry bibliolatry (bib-li-ol'a-tri), ». [< Gr. A/Mto, book,+ '/arpita, worship, Cf. idolatry.] 1. Wor- ship or homage paid to books. — 2. Specifi- cally, excessive reverence for I lie letter of the Bible. It was on account of this exclusive reference to Scrip- ture that the Protestant divines laid more stress on the In- spiration of tl»e holy writings than the theologians of the t'laireh of Rome ; and that the Protestants were accused of bilil' s 0. C. i Authority in Matters of Opinion, t. bibliolite (bib'li-o-lit), n. [< Gr. Qt iKov, book, + MBoc, stone.] A name sometimes given to certain laminated schistose rocks, otherwise called book-stones. bibliological (bib li-o-loj'i-kal), F. bibliomanie), < Or. lifftiov, book, + pavia, mad- ness, mania.] Book-madness; a rage for col- lecting and possessing books, especially rare and curious ones. Also bibliomany. bibliomaniac (bib"li-o-ina'ni-ak), «. and a. [< bibliomania, after maniac.'] I. n. One affected with bibliomania. I found, in the owner of a choice collection of hooks, a well-bred gentleman and a most hearty bibliomaniac. Inhdin, Bibliographical Tour, i. 155. II. a. Affected by or pertaining to biblio- mania ; book-mad. Also bibliomanian. bibliomaniacal (bib'li-o-ma-m'a-kal), a. [< bibliomania, after maniacal.] Of or pertain- ing to bibliomania or bibliomaniacs. bibliomanian (bib"li-o-ma'ni-an), n. and a. [< bibliomania + -an.] ' Same as bibliomaniac. [Hare.] bibliomanianism (bib / 'li-o-ma'ni-an-izin), n. [< bibliomanian + -ism.] Book-madness; biblio- mania. [Bare.] bibliomanist (bib-li-om'a-nist), n. [As bibliom- any + -ist.] A bibliomaniac. Sot bit ! i uougb to like black-letter. Lamb, Letter to Ainsworth. bibliomany (bib-li-om'a-ni), n. [< F. biblio- manie, < NL. bibliomania: see bibliomania.] Same as bibliomania. Imp. Diet. bibliopegic (bibli-o-pej'ik), a. [< bibliopegy + 4c.] Of or pertaining to bookbinding. [Rare.] A magnificent specimen of bibliopegic art. X. V Tribune, April 21, 1884. bibliopegist (bib-li-op'e-jist), n. [< bibliology + -ist.] A bookbinder. [Rare.] bibliopegistic (bib'li-o-pf-jis'tik), a. [< bib- liopegist + -a-. ] ( if or pertaining to a bibliope- gist or to bibliopegy: as, bibliopegistic skill. bibliopegy (bib-li-op'e-ji), n. [( Gr. @iB7ilov, book, + -"'//»'. < ~'/; vi vat, fasten, lis., bind : see pact.] The art of binding books. [Rare.] During the 16th and L7tfa centnries bindings were pro duced in England which raff< r no dl grace bj c parison with contemporary masterpieces of French, Italian, and German btblu Encyc. Brit., I v. 4-j. bibliophile (bib'li-o-fil), ». [< F. bibliophile, < Gr. h '•■ on, book, + tbiXoc, loving.] A lover of books. Sometimes written bibliopMl. bibliophilic (bib ti-6-fil'ik), a. [< bibliophile + 4c.] Of or pertaining to a bibliophile or book- fancier. A '"' rst American plaj I ft ashing- ton. Art Agi ,111. 200, bibliophilism (bib-li-of'i-lizm), n. [< biblio- phile + -i-iit. ] Love of books. bibliophilist ibib-ii-of'i-list ), «. [< bibUophUt + -ist.] a loverofl ks; a bibliophile. bibliophily (bib-li-of i-li), n. \= F.bibliophi- lie ; as bibliophile + -y.] Love of books. 544 bibliophobia (bib'li-o-fd'bi-ji), ». [< Gr. i. book, -*- -<;>iM nt \ ni liis business. Dibdin, Bibliographical Tour, i. 149. bibliopolistic (bib-li-op-o-lis'tik), a. [< bibli- opolist + -ic] Relating to a bookseller or to bookselling. [Rare.] bibliotaph (bib'li-o-taf), n. [< F. bibliotaphe, < Gr. .ii.i'/iov, a book', + rd^oc, a tomb (cf. raritvc, a btirier), < 0&men>, bury.] One who hides or buries books, or keeps them under lock and key. A bibliotaphe buries his books by keeping them under lock, or framing them in glass cases. /. D' Israeli, Curios, of Lit, IV. 252. bibliotaphistt (bib-li-ot'a-fist), n. [As biblio- taph + -ist.] A bibliotaph. Crabbe. bibliothec(bib'li-o-thek), n. [< L. bibiiotheca : see bibliotheke, bibiiotheca.] A library, bibiiotheca (bib'Ti-6-the'kii), ». [Cf. AS. bib- liothece, the Bible ; = F. btbliotheqite = Pg. bib- iiotheca = Sp. It. biblioteca = G. Dan. bibliothek; a library, < L. bibiiotheca, a library, collection of books, in LL. and ML. esp. the Bible, < Gr. jiifiAioBijiiii, a library, a bookcase, < jiip.iov, book, + dijKTi, case, place to put things, < TiBevai, put : see Bible and tlieca.] 1. A library; a place to keep books ; a collection of books. Cairo was once celebrated for its magnificent collection of books. Besides private libraries, each large mosque had its bibiiotheca. R. F. Burton, El-Medinah, p. "9. 2f. The Bible. From the circumstance of the Bible tilling many rolls it acquired such titles as pandectes and bibliutheca, the lat- ter of which remained in use down to the 14th century. Encyc. Brit., XVIII. 144. It is a bibiiotheca, or a copy of the Bible of the large folio size, and now bound up into several large volumes. liock, Church of our Fathers, i. 284. bibliothecal (biVli-o-the'kaV), a. [< L. biblio- tluealis, < bibiiotheca : see bibiiotheca.] Belong- ing to a library. bibliothecarian (biVli-o-the-ka'ri-an), a. [< bibliotltecai n + -an.] Of or pertaining to a bib- liothecary or librarian. We confess e. bibliothecarian avarice that gives all books a value in our ryes. Lowell, study Windows, p. 292. bibliothecary (bib-li-oih'e-ka-ri), «. and a. [< LL. bihliothtcariits, a librarian, prop, adj., < L. bibliiilhieii : see bililiotlireil. and cf. apothecary.] I. n. 1. A librarian. — 2. [< LL. *biblioihecari- um.] A library. II. a. < >f or pertaining to a library or libra- rian. bibliotheket (bib'li-o-thok), n. [Also written bibliothek, -tine, -the'que,< F.billiotheque, < L. bibliothi en : see bibiiotheca.] A place for books. The king asked him how many thousand volumes lie had gotten together in his bibliotheke. Donne. Biblist (bib'list), n. [= F. bibliste, < ML. bib- lista: see Bible and -ist.] Same as Biblicist. biblus (bili'lus), ».* [L., a?J/, head: see cephalic.] Having two heads ; bicephalous ; specifically, ornamented with two heads or busts, as an engraved gem or the like. Jour. Arehaol., XXIX. 311. bicephalous (bl-sef'a-lus), a. [As bicephalic + -ous.] Having two heads, biceps (bi'seps), a. and ». [< L. biceps (bici]>>t-), < bi-, two-, + caput, head.] I. a. Two-headed, or having two distinct origins : specifically, in anat., applied to certain muscles. II. ii. 1. In anat., a muscle having two heads or origins; specifically, the biceps brachii. — 2. Figuratively, strength or muscular develop- cola-n ii t. biciliate (bi-sil'i-at), a. [< bi- 2 + ciliatc] Hav- ing two cilia. The biciliate swarmspores that escaped were observed for some hours under the microscope. Trans. Hoy. Soc. of Edinburgh, XXXII. 597. [< L. biceps (bieipit-), two-headed (see biceps), + -al.] 1. Having two heads; two-headed. [Rare.] — 2. In anat.: (a) Having two heads or origins, as a muscle. See biceps, (b) Pertaining to the biceps mus- cles. — 3. In hot., dividing into two parts at the top or bottom. . Also Hcipitous. Bicipital fascia, an expansion of the tendon of the bi- ceps brachii into the deep fascia id the forearm.— Bicipi- tal groove, a furrow all mg the upper part of the humerus, in which the tendon of the long head of the biceps muscle lies. See cut under humerus.— Bicipital ridges, the lips nf the bicipital groove. bicipitosus (bi-sip-i-to'sus), n. ; pi. bicipitosi (-si). [NL., < L. biceps (bieipit-), two-headed: see biceps.] The bicipital muscle of the thigh ; the biceps femoris. ability to use the arm effectively : from such strength or ability depending on the devel- opment of the biceps muscle Biceps brachii, or biceps humeri, the two-headed muscle of t he arm, arising by its long head from the glenoid fossa, and. by its short head from the coracoid process of the scapula, and inserted into the tuberosity of the radius. It is a strong flexor and supinator of the forearm, and a guide to the brachial artery in surgical operations upon that vessel. See cut under muscle.— Biceps femoris, the two-headed muscle of the thigh, arising 05 its long head from the tube- rosity of the ischium, and by its short head from the shaft of the femur, and inserted into the head of the fibula, its tendon forming the outer hamstring. Its action is to flex the leg upon the thigh. bicessis (bi-ses'is), n. [L., < bic-, a reduced form of viginti, = E. twenty, + as (ass-), an as, a unit : see as*.] In Horn, metrology, twenty asses. bichet, »• [< F. biche, OF. also bisse = Wal- loon bih = mod. Pr. bicho = It. dial, becia, a hind or roe ; of uncertain origin.] A kind of fur ; the skin of the female deer. bichir (bich'er), n. [Native name.] A re- markable living ganoid fish. Polypterus bichir, of the family Polypteridm and order Crosso- pterygii, inhabiting the Nile and other African rivers, attaining a length of 18 inches, and esteemed as food. See Polypterus. In the system of Cuvier. the bichir was placed among the bony fishes, in the vicinity of the herrings. One of 35 Fig. 2. First genus, second division ; one real oval. Fig. 3- Second genus, no- dal curve. Fig. 4. Third genus, cuspi- dal curve. ment. — 3. Muscular strength of the arm ; bicipitous (bi-sip'i-tus), a. Same as bicipital. Bidpitous serpents. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iii. 15. bicircloid (bi-ser'kloid), n. [< bi- 2 + circle + -oid.] A curve generated by the uniform mo- tion of a point around the circumference of a circle the center of which itself uniformly de- scribes a circle. bicircular (bi-ser'ku-lar), a. [< hi- 2 + circu- lar.] Composed of of similar to two circles. — Bicircular oval, a real branch of a bicircular quartic. —Bicircular quartic, a quartic curve which passes twice through each of the circular points at infinity, having thus Fig. 1. Bicircular Quartic. Curve of first genus, first division ; two real ovals with focal circle and central hyperbola. an essential analytical similarity to a pair of circles, win. h it also somewhat resembles to the eye. For the purpose of tracing it. it may be defined as the envelop of all the circles having their centers on a fixed ellipse or hyper- bickerer bola, and cutting a fixed circle orthogonally. This circle is called the focal circle, because Its intei 1 tlon with the rtxed conic are fori <,i (In- quartic. The latter has, besid< - two double foci, h tilch are tin foci "1 the conic. tin perpendiculars ti 1 1 inter ,,f the focal circle i" the asymptotes of the conic aie bitangents of the quartic, (See tig. 1.) The Intersec- tions of the focal circle with the quartic are cyclic i>"iitt< of the lat- ter. There arc tine,- genera of bi- circular quartics. The hist embraces all tlie bicursal forms, and these are curves of the eighth class. For these there are two real focal circles and two imaginary ones. The two real conies of centers are an ellipse and a cuntoea! h> perhola. Ihere are four real foci and lour real cyclic points. This genus has two divisions. In the first, tlie four real fori are con. cyclic, and tin' real curve consists of two ovals, one of which lies without or within the other, accord- ing as the four real foci are on a central ellipse or hyperbola. Fig. 1 shows the latter case, and fig. 2, modified so as to make the upper part like the lower, would show the former. Bicircular quartics of this division have the prop- erty that three points can lie taken s,> that the distances rj, /■■_•, r$, of any point of the curve therefrom shall be express- able by an equation ar\ -f- br% 4- cr^ = 0. The second division of the first genus embraces curves whose four real foci lie in two pairs or two focal circles. These real curves consist of single ovals, as in fig. 2. 'the second genus comprises unicursal curves witli one node (besides those at the circular points). They are of the sixth class. There is one real and one imaginary focal circle. The node may be a crunode with an outloop (shown by slightly modifying fig. 2 in the upper part) or with an in- loop, as in fig. 3; or it may be an ac- node without or within the oval. The third genus contains eurves with an ordinary cusp. These are of the fourth class. There is but one focal circle and but one focus. The cusp may point out- ward, as in fig. 4, or inward, as in a modification of fig. 3. bicker 1 (bik'er), v. [Early mod. E. also becker, < ME. bichercn, bikkeren, belcercn, bilceren, appar. a freq. in -cr ; origin unknown. The \V. oicra, fight, is appar. from the E.] I. intrans. If. To exchange blows ; skirmish ; fight off and on : said particularly of the skirmishing of archers and slingers. Two eagles had a conflict and bickered together. Hollaiul, tr. of Suetonius, p. 243. 2. To quarrel; contend in words; engage in petulant altercation ; wrangle. Those petty things about which men cark and bicker. Barrow. Tho' men may bicker with the things they love. Tennyson. Geraint. Henee — 3. To make a brawling sound; make any repeated noisy action ; clatter. Meantime unnumber'd glittering streamlets played, . . . That, as they bickered through the sunny shade, Though restless, still themselves a lulling murmur made. Thomson, Castle of Indolence, iii. 26. 4. To run rapidly; move quickly; quiver; be tremulous, like flame or water. I make a sudden sally And sparkle out among the fern, To bicker down a valley. Tennyson, The Brook. There is a keen relish of contrast about the bickering flame as it gives an emphasis beyond Gherardo della V'tte to loved faces. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 38. 5. To make a short rapid run. [Middle Eng. and Scotch.] II. trans. To strike repeatedly. bicker 1 (bik'er), n. [< ME. biker, hel-er: see bicker 1 , v.] 1. A fight, especially a confused fight. Bickers were held on the Calton Hill. Campbell. 2. A quarrel ; an angry dispute ; an alterca- tion. If thou say nay, we two shal make a bycker. Chaucer, Good Women, 1. 2660. 3. A confused or rapid succession of sounds; a rattling or clattering noise. A bicker of musketry-fire rattled down in the valley, in- termingled with the wild yells and defiances of the hill- men, who were making a chapao or night attack on the camp. Arch. Forbes, Souvenirs of some Continents, p. 194. 4. A short rapid run or race ; a staggering run, as from loss of equilibrium. [Middle Eng. and Scotch.] Leeward whiles, against my will, I took a bicker. Burns, Death and Dr. Hornbook. bicker 2 (bik'er), 11. [Vnr. nf beaker, q. v.] A bowl or dish for containing liquor, properly one made of wood; a drinking-cup: also, specifi- cally, in many parts of Scotland, a wooden dish made of staves and hoops, like a tub, for hold- ing food. [Prov. Eng. and Scotch.] bickerer (bik'er-er), n. One who bickers, or engages in petty quarrels. bickering bickering (bik'er-ing), n. [< ME. bikering, verbal n. of bik< r< n . see bicker 1 , ».] If. A skir- iuisli. 1 h. ii was the \v :u shivered, as it were, into small frays and Milton, Hist. Bng. (ed. i>.".i>, ii. 55. 2. Petulant contention; altercation. 546 bicornous (bl-kfir'nus), a. [< bicorn + -o«n.] lla\ i 1 1 jx two horns or antlers; erescent-shaned; (■specially, in diuil., having two prolongations likened to horns. The letter Y. or bicornous element of Pythagoras. Sir '/'. Browne, Vulg. Err., v. 19. There : always carried on with bicornuate (bl-kdr'nu-at), a. (< L. /»('-, two-, + nu = E. horn, + -ate 1 ."] Same as bicornous. the best I iste or with the best temper, between the man- of the impeachment and the counsel for the defence. Macaulay, \\ arn n Eastings. bickermentt (bik'er-ment), ». [< bich r 1 , »., + -mini.] Contention; conflict. Spenser. bickern (bik'ern), „. [Also by popular etym. bickhorn, and biel.iinu. beak-iron, q. v., also pifc- iron; prop, bieom, early mod. E. byckorne, by- ciirm , < W.bigorne,a bickern (cf. OF. bicorne,< ML. Income, liiennius, a t uo-ha lulled cup), =Sp. Pg. bignrnia = It. bicornia, a bickern, < L. m- ciiruin. neut. pi. of iiicm-iiis. two-homed : see W- ... having two horn-like processes, as the l'ruit of Trapa bieornis. bicorporal (bi-k6r'po-ral), a. [< L. bicorpor, later bicorporeus, double-bodied, < hi-, two-, + corpus (corpor-), body.] In her., same as bicor- porate. Bicorporal sign, in astrol., a zodiacal sign whose figure represents two animals, namely, Pisces, Gem- ini, or Sagittarius. bicorporate (bl-k6r'p6-rat), a. [< hi-' 2 + corporate, «.] In her,, having two bodies: said of a beast or bird used as a bearing. Bicosoeca (bi-ko-se'ka), ». [XL., irng. < Or. )'im«, a wine-jar, a bowl, + oikoc, a house.] Same as Bicaeca. bicrenate (bi-kre'nat), a. [< bi- 2 + crenate.] In hot., doubly crenate : applied to erenate leaves when the erenatures are them- selves crenate. bicrescentic (bi-kre-sen'tik), a. [< hi- 2 + en sci ii tic] Having the form of a double cres- cent. Bicorpurate. of infusorians, typical of the family Biccecidos. bicrural (bi-kro'ral), a. [< hi- 2 + crural.} T-'reviousl V written BiCOSOBCO TTmnnrr twn lucre ni* two. plono-fltinns rpspm- Bicoecidae tbi-se'si-de). n. pi. [NL., < Bicceca + -idee] A family of sedentary animalcules. They are ovate or pyriform in shape, with :i usually more projecting anterior lip-like prominence, are soli- tary or associated in colonies, and secrete separate horny sheath lories which are mostly stalked. They have two terminal flagella, one long and one Bhort, transparent pari m hyma, no distinct oral aperture, and the endoplast and one er more contractile vesicles usually conspicuous. Reproduction results from transverse subdivision and by the separation of the body into a mass of sporalar ele- ments. They inhabit both fresh and salt water. bicollateral (bi-kp-lat'e-ral), a. [< hi-" + col- lateral.] In bot., having the two sides alike: applied to a fibrovascular bundle in which the woody portion lies between two layers of li- ber, or vice versa. In Cucurbita, Solanum, and others the bundles are bi- cMateral. TOncyc. Brit., XII. 18. bicolligate (bi-kol'i-gat), a. [< L. hi-, two-, + col- Ugatus, bound togeth- er : see In-- and cnlli- gate, v.] In ornith., palmate, but not toti- palmate; having the three front toes unit- ed by two webs . bicolor (bi'kul-or), a. [< L. bicolor, of two colors, < In-, two-, + color, color.] colored,. bicolored (bl'kul-prd), a. [< hi- 2 + colored. Cf. L. bicolor, of two colors.] Of two colors, as a flower. bicolorous (bi-knl'o-rus), a. Same as bicolor* d. biconcave (bi-kon'iav), a. [< ft*- 2 + concavi . ] Hollow or concave ..n both sides; doubly eon- cave, as a lens. See UmS. biconic, biconical ( bi-kon'ik, -i-kal), o. [<("'-- Bi olligate. — 1 t "t 1 »uck. Same as bi- Ha\ing two legs, or two elongations resem bling legs. bicuspid (bi-kus'pid), a. and n. [< NL. bicus- pis (-pid-), < L. bi-, two-, + cuspis {cuspid-), a point.] I. a. Having two points, fangs, or cusps. Specifically applied— (a) In aeom., to a curve having two cusps. (6) In human anat., (it t<> the premo- lar teeth or false molars, of which there are two on each side above and below, replacing the milk-molars; (2) to the mitral valve guarding the left auriculoventricular orifice ol the heart, the corresponding right orifice being guarded by the tricuspid valve, (c) Inentom., to a claw or mandible having two pointed processes or teeth. Also bicusjiiil'il, bicuspidate. Bicuspid forceps, dentists' forceps with curved beaks for extracting bicuspid teeth. II. ii. One of the premolars or false molars in man, of which there are in the adult two on each side, above and below, between the canines and the true molars. They are the teeth which suc- ceed and replace the milk-molars of the child. Also bi- cuspis. bicuspidal (bl-kus'pi-dal), a. Same as bicus- pid: the usual form of the word in geometry. bicuspidate (bi-kus'pi-dat), a. [< bi-- + cus- pidate. Cf. bicuspid.'] Same as bicun/ml. bicuspis (bi-ktis'pis),». ; pi. bicttspides (-pi-dez). [NL. : see bicuspid.] Same as bicuspid. bicycle (bi'si-kl), n. [< L. hi-, two-, + cyelus, < (jr. kvkXoc, a circle, a wheel: see cycle.] A modification of the two-wheeled velocipede (which see). The velocipede of 1869 was worked by In miles operating cranks on the axle of the front wheel. This was modified by greatly increasing the relative size , conical.] Doubly conical; resembling two cones placed base to b [The] eKt- r s of the Gri bes ... which also have both end.- i. ui pointed, are si. wide In the middle ■ a biconical appearance. Encyc, Brit., in. 775. biconjugate (bi-kon'j8-ga1 1, a. (< /"-'-' + con- jugate/] 1. In pairs; placed side by side. — 2. In but., twice paired, as when each of the divisions of a forked petiole bears a pair of biconsonantal (bi-kon-so-nan'tal), a. Com- ic, -i .1 ..I or tainiiig two consonants. biconvex (bi-koi a. [< hi-- + convex.'] Convex on both side-: doubly convex, as a lens. See /, ns. (if the vai lot onlj consider thi I ave. net, Light, p. 89. bicoquett, «. Same as bycocket. Favrholt. bicorn (bi'kdrn i, a. [< L. b ..horned, bicycle (hi 'si kl),t>.t.; pret.andpp. wcjc(ea,ppr. < bi-, two-, + cornu = E. horn. Cf. biekern.] bicycling. [

  • hus, especially to T. sylvaticus, an antelope of Caffraria and Cape Colony, 4 feet long and 2£ feet high, with triangular subspiral horns. The male is dark sepia-brown and the female reddish-brown above : both are white below. Also called bush-goat. — White-backed bushbuck, the name given to the Cephalophus sylvicul- trir, a white-backed antelope of western Africa, 6 feet long and 3 feet high, with black, shining, pointed, nearly straight horns, short, slender limbs, and sleek, glossy, deep-brown hair. bushcat (bush'kat), n. Same as serval. bushchat (bush'chat), «. Maegillivray's name for the birds of his genus Fruticicola, as the whin-bushchat (the whinchat, tiaxicola or Pra- tincole/, rubetra, of authors in general) and the black-headed bushchat (the stonechat, /S. or P. rubicola). bush-chirper (bush'cher''per), ii. A book-name of African birds of the genus Ereniomela, as /'.'. Jiaiircntris, the yellow-bellied bush-chirper. bush-creeper (bush'kre'per), «. A book-name of sundry African sylviine birds of the genus Thamnobia, as T. coryphtca, the coryphee bush- creeper. bush-dog (biisli'dog), n. 1. A canine quadru- ped of South America, the Icticyon venaticus, or hunting-dog. See Icticyon. — 2. A name of the lemuroid potto, Perodicticns potto. bushed (busht), a. [< bush 1 + -ed?.] Lost in the bush. If you know your way, well and good ; but if you once get wrong, Lord help you ! you're bushed, as sure as you're alive. Mueiuillan's Moo. bushel 1 (bush'el), n. [< ME. busshel, buschel, buischel, etc. (=Icel. bussel),<. OF. bussel, boissel, F. boisseau, < ML. bnssellus, a bushel, < bussula, a little box, a dim. formed from "bussida for bnx- ida, prop. ace. of buxis, also (L.) buxus, a box : see boist 1 , box 2 , and cf. buss 2 , boss 3 .] 1. A dry measure, containing 8 gallons or 4 pecks. The imperial bushel legally established in Great Britain in 1826 has a capacity of 2,218.192 cubic inches, and holds SO pounds avoirdupois of distilled water at the temperature of 62° F. with the barometer at 30 inches. Previous to this the Winchester bushel had been the standard mea- sure from Anglo-Saxon times ; its capacity was 2,150.42 cubic inches. The measures of capacity of the United States are founded on the Winchester bushel, the im- pel i.d system having been created since the separation of the two countries. The name Winchester bushel is de- rived from the fact that the ancient standard bushel-mea- sure of England was preserved in the town-hall of Win- chester. Numerous bushels were in use in England at the time of the adoption of the imperial system. Thus, by a statute of Anne, a bushel of coals is to contain a Winches- ter bushel and a quart of water, to be 19.J inches in diam- eter, and to be heaped in the form of a coiie 6 inches high. Various equivalent weights of different commodities had also been made bushels l>y law. Many of the American States have established equivalent weights, which vary considerably in different States. Abbreviated to bu., bush. Of a Lundeii busehelle he shalle bake xx louys [loaves], I vnduilak. Beibees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 320. 2. A vessel of the capacity of a bushel. The Grand Signior . . . commonly weareth a vest nf green, and the greatest Turbant in the Empire : I should not speake much out of compassc, should I say as large in compasse as a busheli. Sandys, Travels, p. is. 3. An indefinitely large quantity. [Colloq.] The worthies of antiquity bought the rarest pictures with bushels of gold, without counting the weight or the number of the pieces. Dryden, tr. of Dufresnoy's Art of Painting. bushel 2 (bush'el), n. [Dim. of bush 2 , q. v.] Same as bush 2 , 2. [U. S.] bushel- (bush'el), v. t. or i. [< bushel 2 , «.] To mend, as a man's garment ; repair men's gar- ments. bushelage bushelage (bush/el-aj), n. [< bushel 1 + -age.'] A duty payable on commodities by tho bushel. bushel-barrel (bush'el-bar el), n. One of the halves of a barrel eul in two, containing about a bushel and a half: used for measuring oysters. busheler, busheller (bush'el-er), n. [< bushel? + -er 1 .] A tailor's assistant, whose business i- t<> repair garments. [l T . s.j bushelman (bush ' el-man), n. ; pi. bushelmen in. 'i! i. Same as busheler. bushelwoman (bush'el-wum'an), n. ; pi. bush- omen (-wini on). [< bushefo + woman.] A woman who assists a tailor in repairing gar- ments. ( V . S.] bushet (bush'et), n. [< bush 1 + dim. -ei. Cf. bas- ket, bosket, and bouquet] A thicket; a copse; u little wood. [Kare.] A bushet or wood on a hill, not far from the wayside. Ray, Remains, p. 251. bush-fighting (biish 'fi" ting), «. A mode of fighting in which the combatants scatter ami tin' from behind the shelter of bushes or trees. I don't like this pitiful ambuscade work, this bush-fight- ing. Column, Jealous Wife, v. 3. bush-goat (bush'got), «. Same as bushbuck. bush-hammer (bush/ ham "er), n. A masons' hammer, (o) A heavy hammer used for breaking and splitting stones, (b) A hammer consisting of cutters liav- iiiL' rectangular steel plates, wlm.se lower edges are sharp- ened, and which are placed side by side and clamped by thi central part of the hammer. The cutting face is thus f. .nncd of parallel V-edges, whose number and fineness of cut are determined by the number of plates. It is used in dressing millstones, (c) A hammer of the same general ruction as the preceding, used in finishing the sur- face of stonework, (d) A masons' finishing hammer, bav- ins: a rectangular face studded with pyramidal steel points. It gives the finest surface of all stone-cutting tools. bush-harrow (biish'har"6), «. An implement consistingof a frame to which bushes or branches arc fastened, used for harrowing grass-lands and covering grass- or clover-seeds. bush-hook I bush 'huk), n. A long-handled bill- hook or brush-cutter. bushiness (biish'i-nes), n. The quality of being bushy, thick, or intermixed, like the branches of a bush. bushing (bush'ing), «.. [< bush- + -nig 1 .] 1. Same as bush-, 1. — 2. A hollow cylindrical mass of steel or iron screwed into the rear end of the bore of a breech-loading cannon. It forms the seat for the breech-block or screw. Also called bouching. Beveled bushing. See beveled. bush-lark (bush'lark), n. A lark of the genus Mirafra. bush-lawyer (bush'la"yer), n. The common nam., in X.w Zealand of a species of bramble or blackberry, Bubus australis. bushman (bush'man), n. ; pi. bushmen (-men). [< bush 1 + mini ; in second sense a translation of S. African D. Bosjesman.] 1. A woodsman ; a settler in a new country, as in Australia. — 2. [cap.] One of an aboriginal tribe near the Cape of Good Hope, similar but inferior to the Hottentots: so named by the Dutch of South Africa. Also called Bosjesman. bushmaster (bush'mas'ter), n. The Lachesis mutus, a large venomous serpent of tropical Smith America, of the family Crotalidw. Also called SUTUCUCU. bushmentt (bush'ment), v. [< ME. Imseln nu ut. bussement, short for ambushment, < OF. em- 732 bush-shrike (bush'shrik),». A South American passerine bird, of the family Formicanidw and subfamily Thamnophilince ; an ant-thrush, espe- cially of the genus TliamnophiluS. The bush-shrikes live among thick trees, bushes, an. I underwood, where tin \ perpetually prowl about after insects and young and sickly birds, and are great destroyers <>f eggs. Numerous species are found in the hotter latitudes of America. bush-tailed (bush'tald), a. Having the fea- thers of the tail arranged in the shape of a tuft, brush, or bush: applied to the Batita; as os- triches, cassowaries, etc., as distinguished from ordinary fan-tailed birds. See cut under cas- sowary. bush-tit (bush'tit), n. An American oscine pas- serine bird, busk Of the nus Psaltri- parus and family Pari- dw. There are several species in the western United States and Mexico, as P. minimus and P. melanotis, notable for their diminutive stat- ure and the great compara- tive size of their pensile bottle- shaped nests. bushwhack- er (biish'- hwak"er), n. [< bush 1 + whack, beat, + -er 1 .] 1. Bush-tit [Psaltriparus melanotic). One accus- tomed to sojourn in the woods, or beat about among bushes. They were gallant bush-whackers anil hunters of rac- coons by moonlight. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 353. 2. In the civil war in the United States, a member of the irregular troops on the Con- federate side engaged in guerrilla warfare; a guerrilla : a term applied by the Federal forces. — 3. A short heavy scythe for cutting bushes. He [a sturdy countryman) is a graduate of the plough, and the stub-hoe, and the bushwhacker. Emerson, Eloquence. bushwhacking (bush'hwak'ing), n. [See bushwhacker.] 1. The action of pushing one's way through bushes or thickets ; the hauling of a boat along a stream bordered by bushes by pulling at the branches. [U. S.] — 2. The practice of attacking from behind bushes, as a guerrilla ; irregular warfare carried on by bush- whackers. [U.S.] — 3. The cutting of bushes with a bushwhacker. bushy (bush'i), a. [< bush* + -y 1 . Cf. bushy, bosky.] 1. Full of bushes; overgrown with shrubs. The kids with pleasure browse the bushy plain. Dryden. 2. Having many close twigs and branches; low and shrubby. Spenser; Bacon. — 3. Re- sembling a bush; thick and spreading like a bush : as, a bushy beard. A short square-built old fellow, with thick bushy hair. Irving, Sketch-Book, p. 52. 4. In en torn., covered all round with long, erect hairs, as the antenna? of many insects. busiheadt, n. [HE. bisyhed (= D. bezigheid); < busy + -head.] Busyness. biisrliemiiit : see ambush, ambushment. In the busily (biz'i-li), adv. [< ME. busily, bisili, bisi sense of ' :i thicket,' the word is made to de- pend directly on bush 1 -.] 1. An ambush or ambuscade; any concealed body of soldiers or men. 1,1 I ' '1" I ' '"1 ..f the ball, a ta hment Oi the Ullke's servant, . . . began BUddenlj at men's backs t.. cry out • • - " K"' Sir l\ More, Works, p. 64. ronlng him with a bushm. ni ..f soldiers. (Holding, tr. of Justin, fol. (i. 2. A thicket; a cluster of bushes. u I I mentt, ami n ih Hist. World. bush-metal (bush'met a.1), «. Hani brass; gun-metal; a composition of copper an. I tin, used i,,r journals, bearings of shafts, etc. bush-quail (bush'kwal), n. A bird of the fam- ily Turnieida and superfamily Turnicomorphce or Hemipodii ; a hemipod. bush-ranger (luisli'ian ,jer), h. Onewhoranges through or dwells in the bush or woods; a bush- whacker: specifically, in Australian criminal, generally an escape, I eonvicl. who takes to I he bush or woods and leads a predator} lit, . liche, besiliche, busiliche, etc.; < busy + -///'-.] In abusy manner, (a) With constant occupation; active- ly ; earnestly : as, to be busily employed. How busily she turns the leaves. Shak., Tit. And., iv. 1. (bt) Carefully; with care. Therfoiv thei don gret Worschipe thereto, and kepen it ftille besyly. Mandeville, Travels, p. 69. (c) With an air of hurry or importance; with too much curiosity; Importunately; officiously. Dryden. business (biz'nes), ». and a. [< ME. busmes, busynes, bisynes, besims, -mc.s-.s-. , trouble, pains, labor, diligence, busy-ness; i busy + -Hc.s-.s-. The notion that this word lias any conned ion with F. besogne, OF. busoigne, work, business, is en- tirely erroneous.] I. n. If. The state of being busy or actively employed ; diligence} pains. Bygrete besynesse [tr. I., diligentia] of the writers of chronicles. Trevisa, tr. of Hlgden'B Polychronicon, 1.5. 2f. Care; anxiety; solicitude; worry. I.ittel rest in this lyf ea, Hot gret travayle and bysynei. Hampote, Prick of Conscience, 1. 544. Poverte is hateful u I, and. as I gesse, A ful gret bringer-out of bieyneea. Chaucer, Wife' of Bath's Talc, 1. 340. 3. A matter or affair that engages a person's attention or requires his care ; an affair receiv- ing or requiring attention; specifically, that which busies or occupies one's time, attention, and labor as his chief concern ; that which one does for a livelihood; occupation; employ- ment: as, his business was that of a merchant; to carry on the business of agriculture. As for your businesses, whether they be publike or priuate, let them be dune with a certaine honesty. Bailees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 256. They were far from the Zidonians, and had no business with any man. Judges xviii. 7. Having had brought within their sphere of operation more and more numerous businesses, the Acts restricting hours of employment and dictating the treatment of workers are now to be made applicable to shops. //. Spencer, Man vs. State, p. 27. Specifically — 4. Mercantile pursuits collec- tively; employments requiring knowledge of accounts and financial methods; the occupa- tion of conducting trade or monetary transac- tions of any kind. It seldom happens that men of a studious turn acquire any degree of reputation for their knowledge of business. Bp. Porteous, Life of Abp. Seeker. 5. That which is undertaken as a duty or of chief importance, or is set up as a principal purpose or aim. The business of my life is now to pray for you. Fletcher, Loyal Subject, iv. 1. It is the business of the following pages to discover how his lufty hopes came to terminate in disappointment. Godwin, Hist. Commonwealth, iv. 2. The business of the dramatist is to keep himself out of sight, and to let nothing appear but his characters. Maeaulay, Milton. 6. Concern; right of action or interposition: as, what business has a man with the disputes of others? — 7. Affair; point; matter. Fitness to govern is a perplexed business. Bacon. 8. riieat., such preconcerted movements and actions on the stage as going up, crossing over, taking a chair, poking a fire, toying with any- thing, etc., designed to fill up the action of the play or character, and heighten its effect. The business of their dramatic characters will not stand the moral test. Lamb, Artificial Comedy. The "comic business" [of "Damon and Pithias," 1571] (these stage phrases are at times so expressive as surely to be permissible) is of the nature of the broadest ami stupidest farce. .4. W. Ward, Eng. Dram. Lit., I. 115. Genteel business (theat.), a r61e or roles requiring good dressing.— To do one's business, (at) To exercise great care ; show great zeal. Chaucer. Thei . . . don here [their) besynes to destroyen hire ene- myes. Mandevillc, Travels (ed. Halliwell), p. 251. (6) To ease one's self at stool. [Vulgar.] — To do the business for, to settle ; make an end of ; kill, destroy, or ruin. [Colloq.] If a pinch of snuff, or a stride or two across the room, will not A» the business /or me — 1 take a razor at once. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, ix. 13. To make It one's business, to devote one's attention to a thing and see it done.— To mean business, to be in earnest in regard to anything that one proposes or urges. [Colloq.]— To mind one's own business, to attend to one's own affairs, without meddling with those of other people.— To send about one's business, to dismiss peremptorily. =Syn. Trade, Profession, etc. See occupa- tion. II. a. Relating to, connected with, or en- gaged in business, traffic, trade, etc. : as, busi- ness habits; business hours; business men. — Business card, a printed piece of cardboard, or an adver- tisement in a public print, giving a tradesman's name and' address, with particulars as to the nature of his business. businesslike (biz'nes-Hk), a. Such as prevails or ought to prevail in the conduct of business; methodical and thorough. Busiridae (bii-sir'i-de), »!. pi. [NL., < Busiris + -ida 1 .] A family of tectibranchiate gastro- pods, typified by the genus Busiris: generally combined with the Jjili/siid/e. Busiris (bu-si'ris), n. [NL., < L. Busiris, < Gr. Bovaipic, name of a town in Egypt, etc., prob. < /fof.f, an ox: see Bos.] A genus of gastropods, typical of the family Busiridev ; synonymous with Xotarchus. busk 1 (busk), v. [< ME. busken, prepare, pre- pare one's self, get ready, go, hasten (with and without the refl. pron.), < led. buask, get one's self ready, a refl. form, < biin, prepare (intr. live, dwell, = AS. buan : see be 1 , boirer 1 , bond-, bound*, etc.), -I- sik = Goth, sik = G. sich = L. se, elc, one's self. For the form, cf. bask 1 .] I. trans. 1. To get ready; prepare; equip; dress: as, to busk a fish-hook. [Old English and Scotch.] Busk't him boldly to the dreadful tight. Fairfax, tr. of Tasso, vii. 37. 2t. To use ; employ. busk Ilaf thy thy helme of thy hede, .V- haf here thy pay; Busk no more debate tlirn I the hedc thenne, Wlit-n thou wypped of my bode at a w';i] ,-. Sir Gawayne ami the Green KniyhttV,. E. I . s.), I. >24S. II. t intrans. To get ready and go; hasten; hurry. " Now, come frusk," be off 1 Robinson, Mid. Yorkshire Gloss. (.V. E. D.) Bysehopes and bachelers, and banerettea nobllle, That bowes to his banere, buske whene hym lykys. Jforta Arthurs (E. E. T. s."), 1. 61). Many . . . bunked westward for to robbe eft. Bob. of Bruniw, Langtoft's Chron. fed. Hearne), p. 39. busk"t, »• An obsolete form of bush 1 . As the beast passed by, he start out, of a buske. rtltill. Roister Doister, i. 4. busk 8, (busk), v. i. [Prob. < Sp. Pg. buscar, seek, search, hunt up and down: see buscon.] If. To seek; hunt up and down; cast about; beat about. My Lord Rochester was frighted, and was inclined to fall ott from this, and to busk for some other way to raise the supply. Botjer North, Life of Lord Guilford, II. 196. Go busk about, and run thyself into the next great man's lobby. Wycheiiey, Plain Dealer, iii. 1. 2. Naut., to beat to windward along a coast; cruise off and on. busk 4 (busk), «. [< F. buse, busque, busk, orig. the whole bodice; used as equiv. to buste (a busk, the quilted belly of a doublet, prop, a bust), of which it is prob. a corruption : see 6«*/ 2 .] 1. A stiffened body-garment, as a doub- let, corset, or bodice. Her long slit sleeves, stiffe buskc. puffe, verdingall, Is all that makes her thus angelieall. Marston, Scourge of Villanie, Sat. vii. 2. A flexible strip of wood, steel, whalebone, or other stiffening material, placed in the front of stays to keep them in form. busk 5 (busk), n. [Amer. Ind. (?).] An Indian feast of first fruits. Would it not be well if we were to celebrate such a busk, or "feast of first fruits," as Bartram describes k» have been the custom of the Mucelasse Indians? Thoreau, Walden, p. 74. busked I buskt), a. [< bust 1 + -erf 2 .] Wearing a busk; stiffened with a busk, busket (bus'ket), n. [A var. of bosket, q. v. Cf. bushet.~\ If. A small bush. — 2. Same as bosket. — 3f. A sprig; a bouquet. Yougthes folke now floeken in every where, To gather May-buskets and smelling brere. Spenser, Shep. Cal., May. buskin (bus'kin), n. [Early mod. E. also bus- kiny, prob. tor *bruskiu,< MD. broosken, broseken (> F. brousequin, bro- dequin ; cf. brodehin), a buskin, dim. of broos, a buskin, ap- par. orig. a purse ; cf . MD. borsekin, a little purse, dim. of horse, a purse: see burse. purse.] 1. A half- boot or high shoe strapped or laced to the ankle and the lower part of the leg. The hunted red-deer's undressed hide Their hairy buskins well supplied. Scott, Marmion, v. 5. 2. A similar boot worn by the ancients; the cothurnus, particularly as worn by actors in tragedy. See cothurnus. How I could reare the Muse on stately stage, And teache her tread aloft in buskin fine. Spenser, Shep. Cal.. October. Hence — 3. Tragedy or the tragic drama, as op- posed to comedy. He wa\s a critic upon operas, too, Anil knew all niceties of the sock anil buskin. Byron, Beppo, st. 31. 4. A low laced shoe worn by women. — 5. pi. Eccl., stockings forming a part of the canoni- cals of a bishop, usually made of satin or em- broidered silk. buskined (bus'kind), a. [< buskin + -erf 2 .] 1. Wearing buskins. The bouncing Amazon, Your buskin'd mistress. Shak., M. N. D., ii. 2. 2. Pertaining to tragedy ; tragic. In buskin'd measures move Pale Grief, and pleasing Pain. Gray, The Bard. busklet, ''■ i. [Perhaps a var. of bustle 1 , q. v.] To bustle about; move quickly. It is like the smoldering fyer of Mount Chymera. which boyling long tyme with great buskling in the bowels of the earth, dootll at length burst out with violent rage. Orations of Arsanes, 1555. (HalliiveU.) 733 busk-pointt, "• a busk. The aglet used for the lace of The floor was strewed with busk-points, silk garters, and shoe-strings, scattered here and were for haste to make away from me. Middleton, The Black Book. buskyt (bus'ki), a. [< busk* + -y 1 . Cf. bushy and bosky."] Bushy; bosky: as, "yon husky hill," Shak., 1 Hen! IV., v. 1. buss 1 (bus), v. [t)f uncertain origin; cf. G. dial. (Bav.) busscn (= Sw. dial, passu), kiss, > <;. bus (used by Luther) = Sw. puss, a kiss. Cf. Sp. I'g. hue, a kiss of reverence, = Pr. bus, a kiss; cf. Sp. buz, Wall, buze, lip. Those forms are prob. unconnected with ME. basse, a kiss, late ME. basse, kiss: see bass 5 . Cf. Turk, bus, Pers. busa, Hind, bosa, a kiss.] I. traits. To smack; kiss; salute with the lips. And buss thee as thy wife. Shak., K. John, iii. 4. Kissing and bussitui differ both in this, We buss ova wantons, but our wives we kiss, llerrick. II. intrans. To kiss. Come, buss and friends, my lamb: whish, lullaby, What ails my babe, what ails my babe to cry? Quaries, Emblems, ii. 8. buss 1 (bus), n. [< buss 1 , v.] A smack; a kiss; a salute with the lips. Thou dost give me flattering busses. Shak.. 2 Hen. IV., ii. 4. buss 2 t (bus), n. [< ME. busse (cf. D. buis = MUi. base, fcttfee = OHCr. buzo, MHG. buze, G. biisc = Ioel. bussa, buzn), < OF. busse, buse = Sp. buzo = Pr. bus, a kind of boat, < ML. bussa, buscia, a kind of boat, also a box; one of the numerous forms of buxkla, prop. ace. of buxis, also (L.) buxus, a box: see boist 1 , box 2 , bush 2 , boss 3 , bushel 1 , etc.] A small vessel of from 50 to 70 tons burden, carrying two masts, and two sheds or cabins, one at each end, used in herring-fishing. The buss was common in the middle ages among the Venetians and other maritime communi- ties. It was of considerable beam, like a galleon. It was a sea most proper for whale-fishing; little busses might cast out nets for smelts and herrings. Bp. Racket, Life of Abp. Williams, p. 82. His Majesty's resolution to give £200 to every man that will set out a busse. Pepys, Diary, I. 353. buss :f , n. See bus. buss 4 (bus), n. A Scotch form of bush 1 . buss 5 (bus), v. t. [E. dial. var. of busk 1 .] To dress ; get ready. bussock (bus'ok), n. [E. dial., perhaps < *bnss for busk 2 or bush 1 + -ock.] 1. A tuft of coarse grass. — 2. A sheaf of grain. — 3. A thick, fat person. [Prov. Eng.] bustle 2. In sculp., the figure of n person in relief, showing only the head, shoulders, and breast. Iii,' term maj be applied to the head and uei i> only, or t" tie- head and neck with the Bhouldere and breast, or to the head with the whole chest, 0i to the lead, lurk breast, and shoulders, with the arms truncated above Hi'' elbow. bust :f (bust), i'. ,. [E. dial. var. of &««*.] To put a tar-mark upon (sheep). bust :) (bust), ii. [< busfi, v.] A tar-mark on sheep. bustard (bus't&rd), ». [Formerly bistard; < OF. (and I''. dial.) bistarde, OF. also oustarde, houstarde, hostarde, mod. F. outarde = Pr. aus- tarda = It. ottarda = Sp. avutarda = I'g. abe- tarda ami In tarda, bustard, < L. avis tarda (Pliny), lit. a slow bird: see Aves and tardy. The first element appears also in ostrich: Bee ostrich.] 1. A large grallatorial bird of the family Olidida; or of the genus Otis in a wide sense. There are about 20 species, mostly of Africa, several of India, one of Australia, and three properly European. The beat-known is the gnat bustard, Ota tarda,ot Europe and Africa, noted as the largest Euro- pean bird, the male often weighing SO pounds, and having a length of about 4 feet and a stretch of wings of 6 or 7 feet. The little bustard is Oti* tetrax of southern Europe. bussocky (bus'ok-I), [< bussock + -y 1 .] Ancient Buskins. From the statuette called Narcissus, in the Naples Museum. Having bussocks, tufts of coarse grass, or the like. [Prov. Eng.] There's nothing bussocky about it [a cricket-ground], no rushes, nor nothing of that. Quoted in X and Q., 6th ser., XI. 287. bussu-palm (bus'so-parn), n. A palm, the Ma- nicaria saccifera, found in the swamps of the Amazon, whose stem is only from 10 to 20 feet high, but whose leaves are often 30 feet long and i or 5 feet broad. These are used by the Indians for thatch, for which they are admirably adapted. The fibrous spathes are used as hags, or when cut longitudi- nally and stretched out answer the purpose of a coarse but strong cloth. See Manicaria. bussynet, n. [Early mod. E., < OF. bussine, buisine, busine, a trumpet.] A trumpet. bust 1 (bust), ». A dialectal or vulgar form of hurst. bust 1 (bust), n. 1. A dialectal or vulgar form of burst. — 2. Specifically, a spree: as, to go on a bust. [Colloq.] bust 2 (bust), n. [Formerly also busto (< It.); = G. bust,; < F. bustc, < 'it. busto = Sp. Pg. busto, < ML. bustuni, the trunk of the body, of uncertain origin; perhaps from ML. busto, a, box, one of the forms of buxida: see boist 1 , buss 2 , box 2 , etc. Cf. E. chest and trunk, used in a similar manner.] 1. The chest, thorax, or breast ; the trunk of the human body above the waist. It pressed upon a hard but glowing butt Which beat as if there was a warm heart under. Byron, Don Juan, [XVi. 122. Bust of Homer, Museo Nazionale, Naples. Great Bustard {Otis tarda). The houbara, O. houbara, is a north African and Arabian species, occurring also in southern Europe, and the allied Indian species, O. macqueeni, has sometimes been taken in Europe. O.aurittt and ". bengaiensis are also Aaiatic. The Australian species is 0. aust'ralis. The rest are Afri- can. Only the first-named two belong to the restricted genus Otis; the remainder are sometimes allocated to a genus Eicpodotis, sometimes split into six to nine ditl'erent genera. See also cut under Eupodotis. 2. A name in Canada of the common wild toose, Bcrnicla canadensis. A. Newton Thick- need bustard, a name of the thick-knee, GUdicnemue crepitans, a kind of plover. busted 1 (bus 'ted), p. a. [< bust 1 + -erf-'.] Broken; bankrupt; ruined: as, a busted bank ; a busted miner. [Slang, U. S.] busted 2 (bus'ted), a. [< bust 2 + -erf 2 .] Adorn- ed with busts. [Rare.] Your bridges and your busted libraries. Tennyson. buster (bus'ter), n. [For burster, as liust 1 for burst. Cf. Se. bust, ME. hasten, beat, of Scand. origin: Sw. bdsta, beat, thump: see baste 1 .] 1. Something of extraordinary size. — 2. A rois- terer. — 3. A frolic; a spree. — 4. A violent wind. [American slang in all senses.] bustiant, "• [Sc. also bustiam ; origin obscure ; ef. fustian.] A kind of cloth, said to be the same as fustian. bustic (bus'tik), h. [Appar. of native origin.] A sapotaeeous tree of tropical America, IHpho- lis salicifolia, with very heavy and hard wood, dark-brown in color, and susceptible of a high polish. bustle 1 (bus'l), e. i. ; pret. and pp. bustled, ppr. bustling. [Prob. < tcel. bustla, bustle, splash about in the water; bust!, a bustle, splashing about (cf. bastla, v., turmoil, bastl, turmoil); allied to Dan. buse, bounce, pop, = Sw. busa l /'" en), rush (upon one), dial. Intsa, strike, thrust. Cf. buskie.] To display activity with a certain amount of noise or agitation; be active ami stirring; move quickly and energetically: some- times used reflexivi'lv. Bustlimi themselves to dress up the galleys. A. Munday, in Arbcrs Eng. Garner, I. 209. Aud leave the world for me to bustle in. Shak., Rich. III., i. 1. At least a dozen of these winged vintagers bustledoat from among the leaves. Lowell, study Windows, p. 9. bustle bustle' (bus'l), n. [< bustle*-, ».] Activity with noise and agitation; stir; hurry-scurry. A strange bustle and disturbance in the world. South. Seldom he varied feature, hue, or muscle, And could be very busy without bustle. Byron, Don Juan, viii. :s:t. They Beem to require nothing v t" enliven them than crowds and bustle, with a pipe and a cup of coffee. E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, II. »i:i. bustle- (bus'l), ». [Origin unknown; supposed by some to stand for buskle, a dim. (and an- other application) of busk*, q. v. Cf. buskle, var. of bustlt '.] A pad, cushion, curved frame- work of wire, or the like, worn by women on the back pari of the body below the waist for the purpose of improving the figure, causing the folds of the skirt to hang gracefully, and preventing the skirl from interfering with the feel iti walking. Whether she was pretty, whether she wore much bustle. Dickens. bustler (bus'ler), n. One who bustles; an ac- tive, stirring person. Forgive him, then, thou bustler in concerns (if little worth. Cowper, Task, vi. 952. bustling (bus'ling), p. a. [Ppr. of bustle 1 , ».] Moving actively with noise or agitation; briskly active or stirring: as, "abnsy, bustling time, Crdbbe, The Newspaper. sir Henry Vane was a busy and bustling man. Clarendon. The table d'hote was going on, and a gracious, bustling, talkative landlady welcomed me. U. James, Jr., little Tour, p, 248. bustot (bus'td), n. [It., also Sp. and Pg., a bust: see bust.] A bust; a statue. [Rare.] The busto moulders, and the deep cut marble, Unsteady to the steel, gives up its charge. Blair, The Grave. bustuoust, bustust, bustwyst. See boistous. busy (biz i), a. [< ME. bi.ii/, bysy, besy, bust, busy, etc., < AS. bysig, busy, occupied (> bysgu, occupation, labor, toil, affliction), = D. Dezig = LG. besig, busy, active. Further affinities doubtful. The spelling with u is due to the frequent use of that letter in ME. with its F. sound, the same as the sound of AS. y, for which it was often substituted. The proper E. representative of AS. y is i. as in the phoneti- cally parallel dizzy, < AS. rfi/sw/.] 1. Actively or attentively engaged ; closely occupied physi- cally or mentally; intent upon that which one is doing ; not at leisure : opposed to idle. My mistress sends you word That she is busy, and she cannot come. Shak., T. of the 8., v. 2. I write of melancholy, by being busy to avoid melan- choly. Burton, Anat. of .Mel., To the Reader, p. 18. As a boy he [Clive] bad been too idle, as a man he soon became too busy, for literary pursuits. Macaulay, Lord Clive. 2. Active in that which does not concern one; meddling with or prying into the affairs of others ; officious ; importunate. They be careful] and diligent in their own matters, not curious and busey iu other mens affaires. Ascham, The Scholemaster, p. 35. On meddling monkey, or on busy ape. Slmk., M. N. D., ii. 2. 3. Ln constant or energetic action; rapidly moving or moved; diligently used: as, busy hands or thoughts. With busy hammers closing rivets up. Shak., Hen. v., iv. (cho.). The music-stirring motion of its soft and Intsu feet. Shelley, Prometheus Unbound, i. 4. Pertaining or due to energetic action; mani- nstant or rapid movement. I beard a busie bustling. Spenser, 9hep. Cal, .March. Tower*d cities please us then, And the busy bum of nun. Hilton, [.'Allegro, 1. 118. 5. Requiring constant attention, as a task. [Ban lb- hut I, tlrst a busy work to i i hioners to a right faith. Latimer, Sermi t the Plough. Then Mathematics w< pi ./. Beaumont, Psyche, 11 15. 6. Filled with active duties or i mployment. To-morrow Is a busy day. Shak., bub. Ill, v. :i. 7f. Careful ; anxious. Chauct r. =Syn. l and 2. Ac- tive, /■" ■ OJfl "•"■■ etc, (see active) kluous, hard working; meddling, Intriguing, busy (biz'i), v. 1. ; pret. ami pp. busied, ppr. busying. [< ME. busien, bisien, besien, < AS. 734 bysigan, bysgian, occupy, employ, trouble (= D. beeigen, use, employ), < bysig, busy: see busy, a.] To employ with constant attention; keep engaged; make or keep busy: as, to busy one's self with books. be it thy course, to busy giddy minds with foreign quarrels. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 4. All other Nations, from whom they could expect aide, were busied to the utmost in their own necessary concern- ments. Milton, Eikonoklastes, xii. busybody (biz'i-bocFi), 11. ; pi. busy-bodies (-iz). [< busy + body, person.] A meddling person; one who officiously or impertinently concerns himself with the affairs of others. A busybody whohaA been properly punished for running into danger without any call of duty. Macaulay, Ilist. Eng. , xvi. busybodyism (biz'i-bod*i-izm), ». [< busybody + -ism.] The habit of busying one's self about other people's affairs. [Rare.] The most common effect of this mocK evangelical spirit, especially with young women, is self-inflation and busy- bodyism. Coleridge, Table-Talk. busyness (biz'i-nes), n. [< busy + -ness. Cf. business, the same word with altered pron. and meaning.] The state of being busy or actively employed. See business, 1. [Now rare.] Grant. . . is entirely ignorant of the arts by which pop- ularity is preserved and a show of busyness kept up by them. '/'/..■ Nation, Sept. 16, 1869, p. 224. busytyt, >'■ [Early mod. E., < busy + -ty.~\ Busyness. but 1 (but), iiilr.. prep., and eonj. [Early mod. E. also bot, bote ; < ME. but, bot, bute, bote, buten, boten, with a short vowel; parallel with the equiv. early mod. E. bout (esp. as a prep., with- out; cf. about, the same word with a prefix: see bout 2 , and bout 3 = about), < ME. bout,boute, boute-n, earlier bute, buten, retaining the orig. long vowel, < AS. bittaii, baton, poet, be-utan, ONorth. buta (= OS. biiitan, biitan = OFries. buten, buta, bota = MLG. buten, but, LG. buten = D. buiten = OHO. biuzan), without, outside) < be, by, with, + titan, out, orig. from without, < tit, out: see 6c- 2 and out, and ef. the correla- tive bin'", = Sc. ben, within (< be- 2 + i»l), and about, iiiinre, which also contain the element 6c- 2 .] I. adv. If. Outside; without; out. Hit was swathe mouchel scome [a very great shame] That scholde a quene beon King in thisse londe, Heora suuen beon buten [var. boutc], Layamon, 1. 159. 2. In or to the outer room of a cottage having a but and a ben : as, lie was but a few minutes ago; he gaed but just now. [Scotch.] — 3. Only ; merely ; just. See III. II. prep. If. Outside of ; without.— 2f. To the outside of. — 3. To the outer apartment of : as, gae but the house. [Scotch.] — 4. With- out; not having; apart from. Summe [sc. werenj al bute fet [ without feet]. Old Eni. llnmilies (ed. Morris), lstser., p. 43. Of fassoun fair, but feir [without equal]. Dunbar. Touch not a cat but a glove. , Scotch jtroverb. 5. Except; besides; more than. [In this use gen- erally preceded by a clause containing or implying a nega- tion, and not easily separable from the conjunctional use, under which mostof the examples fall. The conjunction, on the other band, in some elliptical constructions assumes a prepositional phase, and in other constructions an ad- verbial phase. See below.] III. conj. 1. Except; unless: after a clause containing or implying a negation, and intro- ducing the following clause, in which (the verb being usually omitted because implied in the preceding; clause) 6m/ before the noun (subject or object of the omitted verb) comes to be re- garded as a preposition governing the noun. Isis [nc is, is not] buten an god [ 11.]. Legend qf St. Katluriue, p. 367. Ther nia bot a godd [nom. ]. Legend of St. Katherime, p. 'Js-i. Ms non other /"//'- he [nom.]. Old Eng. Homilies (ed. Morris), 2d scr., p. 109. Xcfcdc I bad not] be buten .-mile Mine [ace.]. Layamon, I. 5. Away went Gilpin— who but he? Cowper, John Gilpin. The clause introduced by but (the apparent object ol the ipiasi-prcpositiou) may be a single word, an infinitive or prepositional phrase, or a clans, ■ with Hull. For albeil thai pain wasordelned of tied for the pun- ishment of Binnes (lor w hich they that neuer can now but sinne, can neuer i» but euer punished in hel), yet in this world . . . tin- punishment by tribulation . . . serueth ordinarily for a meane <■! endment. Sir '/' More, Cumforl against Tribulation (1573), fol. 11. Noe law* "i man (according to the straight rule of right) arc just, but as in regard to tin- eviiis which they prevent. Spenser, state of Ireland. I cannot choose but wi iep t" see him. Beau, and Ft., King and No King, iii. 3. but The wedding guest he beat his breast, Vet be cannot choose >"'/ hear. Coleridge, Ancient Mariner. No war ought ever to be undertaken •"<' under circum- stances which render all Interchange of courtesy between the combatants impossible. Macaulay, Mitford's Hist. Greece. That but for this our souls were free, Ami but fur that our lives were blest, O. W. Holmes, What we all Think. By ellipsis of the subject of the clause introduced by but in this construction, but becomes equivalent to that . . . not or who . . . not. There is none soe badd, Eudoxus, but shall flnde some to favoure his doinges. Spenser, State of Ireland. No voice exempt, no voice but well could join Melodious part. Milton, P. !>., iii. 370. Hardly a cavalier in the land but would have thought it a reproach to remain behind. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., ii. 24. What will but felt the fleshly screen? Browning, Last Ride Together. In this construction the negative, being implied in but, came to be omitted, especially in connection with the verb be, in the principal clause, the construction "There is not but one God," as in the first example, becoming "There is but one God," leaving but as a quasi-adverh, 'only, merely, simply.' This use is also extended to con- structions not originally negative. If God would giue the goodes only to good men, than would folke take occasion to seme him but for them. Sir T. More, Cumfort against Tribulation (1573), fol. 35. If they kill us, we shall but die. 2 Ki. vii. 4. I am, my lord, but as my betters are, That led me hither. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 3. Do but go kiss him, Or touch him but. B. Jonson, Volpone, iii. 6. But forni'd, and tight ! but born, and then rebel ! Quarles, Emblems, iii. 6. For alms are but the vehicle of prayer. Drydcn, Hind and Panther, 1. 1400. How happy I should be if I could tease her into loving me, though but a little ! Sheridan, School for Scandal, iii. 1. Once, and but once, this [Bacon's] course of prosperity was for a moment interrupted. Macaulay, Lord Bacon. Against his sharp steel lightnings Stood the Suliote but to die. WhUtier, The Hero. To the last two constructions, respectively, belong the idioms " I can not but hope that," etc., and " lean but hope that, " etc. The former has suffered ellipsis of the principal verb in the first clause : "I cannot do anything but nope, or " anything else than hope," or "otherwise than hope," etc., implying constraint, in that there is an alternative which one is mentally unable or reluctant to accept, but being equivalent to otherwise than. The latter, " I can but hope that," etc., has suffered further ellipsis of the negative, and, though historically the same as the former, is idiomatically different: "I can only hope that," etc., implying restraint, in that there is no alternative or im- portunity of action, but being equivalent to only, not otherwise than, or no more than. I cannot but remember such things were, That were most precious to me. Shak., Macbeth, iv. 3. I cannot but Applaud your scorn of injuries. Beau, and Fl. f Laws of Candy, iii. 2. They cannot but testify of Truth. Milton, Church-Government, Pref., ii. I cannot but sympathize with every one I meet that is in affliction. Addison, A Friend of Mankind. He could but write in proportion as he read, and empty Ills commonplace as fast only as lie filled it. Scott. Yet he could not but acknowledge to himself that there was something calculated to impress awe, . . . in the sud- den appearances and vanishings . . . of the masque. De Quincey. In an interrogative sentence implying a negative answer, can but is equivalent to cannot but in a declarative sen- tence. Why, who can but believe him ? he does swear So earnestly, that if it were not true, The gods would not endure him. Beau, and FL, Philaster, iii. 1. After dtmht, or doubt not, and other expressions involving a negative, tmt may be used as after other negatives, but that being often used pleonastically for that. I doubt not but I shall find them tractable enough. Shak., Pericles, iv. 6. My lord, I neither can nor will deny But that I know them. Shak., All's Well, v. & I doubt not >»tt there may be many wise Men in all Places ami Degrees, but am sorry the effects of Wisdom are sit little seen among us. Milton, free Commonwealth. I do not doubt tnit England is at present as oolite a na- tion as any in the world. Steele, Spectator, No. 6. There is no question but the King of Spain will reform most of the abuses. Add mm, Travels in Italy. Hence the use of but with if or that, forming a unitary phrase but if, ' unless, if not,' but that, 'except that, un- less' (these phrases having of course also their analytical meaning, with but in its adversative use). Gramer for guiles I gon (urate to write. And boot hem with a bah vs but , >> tliei wolde lernen. piers Plovtman (A), xi. 182. But if I have my wille, For derne love of thee, hinaii, I spille. Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 1. 91. Lese the fratcrnete of the gilde for euere more, but if ho haue grace. English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 05. but Ami also ho we very sure, that, as ho |God] beginneth to worke with vs, so {hut //our selfe Bit from him) he wil not faile to tarie with vs. Sir T. Mure. Cumfort against Tribulation (ir>7:;), fol. 17. Tin- phrase hut rlmr, often abbreviated to but, thus takes an extended meaning, (a) If not ; unless. Bute ieh he holly at thyn heste, let honge me ellys ! Piers Plowman (<'), iv. 149. (h) Except that, otherwise than that, that . . . not. (I) After negative clauses. Sildome but some good commeth ere the end. ,s> us, r, Mother Huh. Tale, 1. 172. I see not then but we should enjoy the same license. B. Jonmjn. And know there shall be nothing in my power You may deserve, but you shall have your wishes. Beau, ami Ft., I'hilaster, v. 4. Nor fate Shall alter it, since now the die is east, But that this hour to Pompey is his last. Fletcher (and another), False One, i. 1. Believe not but I joy to see thee safe. Rowe. I was not so young when my father died hut that I per- feetly remember him. Byron. The negative clause is often represented by the single word not. Not but they thought me worth a ransom. S. Butler, Hudibras. An expletive what sometimes, but incorrectly, follows. Not hut u'hut I hold it our duty never to foster into a passion what we must rather submit to as an awful neces- sity. Bulwer. (2) After interrogative clauses implying a negative an- swer. But is it Buffered amongest them? It is wonderful! but that the governours doe redresse such shamefull abuses. Spenser, State of Ireland. Who knows hut we may make an agreeable and perma- nent acquaintance with this interesting family? T. Hook. (3) After imperative or exclamatory clauses. Heaven defend but still I should stand so. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iv. 3. (c) Excepting or excluding the fact that; save that; were it not that ; unless. And, but infirmity (Which waits upon worn times) hath something seiz'd His wish'd ability, he had himself The lands and waters 'twixt your throne and his Measur'd to look upon you. Shak., W. T., v. 1. Here we live in an old crumbling mansion that looks for all the world like an inn, but that we never see com- pany. Goldsmith. Last year, my love, it was my hap Behind a grenadier to be, And, but he wore a hairy cap, No taller man methinks than me. Thackeray, Chronicle of the Drum. 2. However; yet; still; nevertheless; notwith- standing: introducing a statement in restric- tion or modification of the preceding statement. When pride cometh, then Cometh shame : but with the lowly is wisdom. Prov. xi. 2. Now abideth faith, hope, charity, these three; but the greatest of these is charity. 1 Cor. xiii. 13. The Moorish inhabitants looked jealously at this small but proud array of Spanish chivalry. Irving, Granada, p. 11. 3. On the contrary; on the other hand: the regular adversative conjunction, introducing a clause in contrast with the preceding. Coke's opposition to the Court, we fear, was the effect not of good principles, but of a bad temper. Macaulay, Lord Bacon. The statement with which the clause with but is thus con- trasted may be unexpressed, being implied in the context or supplied by the circumstances. Of much less value is my compauy Than vour good words. But who comes here? Shak., Eich. II., ii. .'!. Have you got nothing for me? — Yes, but I have. Sheridan. Sometimes, instead of the statement with which the clause with hut is contrasted, an exclamation of surprise, admi- rati' in, or other strong feeling precedes, the clause with but then expressing the ground of the feeling. O, but this most delicious world, how sweet Her pleasures relish ! Quarles, Emblems, ii. 13. Good heavens, but she is handsome ! Adam Smith. 4. Than : after comparatives. [This construction, once in good use, and still common, is now regarded as incorrect.] It can be no otherwise but so. B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, v. 2. O fairest flower, no sooner blown but blasted. Milton, Ode on D. F. I. I no sooner saw my face in it but I was startled by my shortness in it. Addison. This point was no sooner gained, but new dissensions began. X'ci/t, Nobles and Commons, iii. 5f. When. [This use arises out of the comparative con- struction, "not far, but . . . ," being equivalent to "not much further than . . ." See 4.] Now I beheld in my dream, that they had not journeyed far, but the river and the way for a time parted. Banyan, Pilgrim's Progress, p. 172. [By further ellipsis and idiomatic deflection but has in modern English developed a great variety of special and 735 isolated uses derived from the preeeding.l^Syn. Time- ever, stilt. Nevertheless, etc. See however. but 1 (hut), a. [So., < lint 1 , nth-., prep., aniconj.. outside, without. Cf. the correlative bail, n. | The outer room of a house consisting of only two rooms ; the kitchen : the other room being tin- /»».- To live but and ben with. Sec bent . but'-'t, butt 4 t (but), ii. [< ME. Iml, hnttr, bolte, it flounder (glossed also tu/rbo, turbot, and pecten >. = D. hot, a flounder, plaice, = MLG. but, LG. butt, butte (> G. hull, butte), a flounder, = Bw. btitta, a turbot. Hence in comp. halibut, q. v.] A flounder or plaice. [North. Eng.] Iletok . . . The butte, the schulle, the thornebak. Ilavelok, 1. 759. Butte, that is a flounder of the fresshc water. Bailees Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 231. but :1 , ». See hi, UK but 4 , a. ami v. Bee butt 2 . but 5 (but), v. Short for abut. See butt 2 . but (1 (but), n. See hull'-'. butch (bueh), V. t. [Assumed from butcher, like peddle from peddler.] To butcher; cut, as flesh. [Bare."] lake th\ huge offal and white liver hence, Or in a twinkling of this true-blue steel I shall lie hutching thee from nape to rump. No //. Taylor, I'h. van Art., II., iii. 1. butcher (bueh'er), n. [< ME. backer, < OF. boehier, bouchier, boucher, F. boucher (= Pr. Im- chier; ML. buccarius), orig. a killer of he-goats, or seller of their flesh, < OF. hoc, bouc, F. bone, = Pr. boe (ML. huccus), a he-goat: see buck 1 . Cf. It. beccujo, beccaro, a butcher, < becco, a goat.] 1. One who slaughters animals for market; one whose occupation is the killing of animals for food. — 2f. An executioner. — 3. One who kills in a cruel or bloody manner; one guilty of indiscriminate slaughter. Honour and renown are bestowed on conquerors, who, for the most part, are but the great butchers of mankind. Locke. 4. Figuratively, an unskilful workman or per- former; a bungler; a botch, [fiolloq.] —Butch- er's broom. See troomi.— Butcher's Cleaver. See Charles's Wain, under wain. butcher (bueh'er), v. t. [< butcher, ».] 1. To kill or slaughter for food or for market. — 2. To murder, especially in an unusually bloody or barbarous manner. A man beset by assassins is not bound to let himself be tortured and butchered without using bis weapons. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., ix. 3. Figuratively, to treat bunglingly; make a botch of; spoil by bad work: as, to butcher a job: tho play was butchered by the actors. [Colloq.j butcher-bird (buch'er-berd), n. A shrike; an oscine passerine bird of the family Laniidce, and especially of the genus Lanius (see these words): so called from its curious habit of kill- ingmorethan it immediate- ly eats, and sticking what is left upon thorns, as a butcher hangs meat upon hooks. The common butcher-bird of Europe is L. excubitor; two common American species are the great northern shrike, /.. horealis, and a smaller southern spe- cies, the white-rumpeil shrike or loggerhead, L. ludoeiei- ui, us. See nine-kilter ami shrike. butcher-crow (buch'er-kro), n. A bird of the family Corrida; genus Barita, inhabiting New Holland, as B. destructor. butcherdom (buch'er-dom), n. The condition or trade of a butcher. [Rare.] butcherer (buoh'er-er), ». [< butcher, v., + -re 1 .] One who butchers ; a butcher. [Rare.] butcherliness (bueh'er-li-nes), n. The quality of being butcherly. Johnson. butcherly (bueh'er-li), a. [< butcher + -ly l .~\ Pertaining to or characteristic of a butcher; done in the manner of a butcher. Lord Russell was beheaded in Lincoln's Inn Fields, the executioner giving him three butcherly strokes. Evelyn, Diary, July 21, 1683. butcher-meat (buch'er-met), n. The flesh of animals slaughtered by the butcher for food, such as that of oxen, sheep, pigs, etc., as dis- Butcher-bird (Lanius :,,.!.- i.,.iui, Buthus (anguished from game or other animal or vege table food ; butchers' t. butcheroust (buch'er-us), a. [< butcher + -ous. | Murderous ; cruel. That those thy buteherous hands Should oiler violence to thy Mesh and bl 1 Chapman i i, Uphonsus, v. 2. butcher-rowt (buoh'er-ro), «• A row of sham- bles; :i meat-market . How large a shambles and buteher^ow would Buch make! Wliitluek, Manners of ling. People, ]>. 97. butcher's-broom (buch'erz-brOm), n. See butcher's broom, under hnuimK butcher's-prickwood (buch'erz-prik''wiid), u. The berry-alder of Kurope, Ulinmiins Franguia: so called from its use for skewers. butchery (buch'er-i), n. ; pi. butcheries (-iz). [< ME. bocherie, a butcher's shop, < OF. hu- cherie (Roquefort), houcltcric (ML. "buccaria, hiicceriit), F. houcherie, slaughter, a butcher's shop, < boucher, a butcher: see butcher.'] 1. Slaughter ; the act or business of slaughtering cattle. Hence — 2. The killing of a human being, especially in a barbarous manner; also, the killing of a large number, as in battle ; great slaughter. Whom gaols, and blood, and butchery delight. Dryden. 3f. The place where animals are killed for mar- ket; a shambles or slaughter-house; hence, a place where blood is shed. This house is but a butchery ; Abhor it, fear it, do not enter it. Shak., As you Like it, ii. 3. ~Syn. Carnage, etc. See massacre. butching (bueh'ing), «. [Verbal n. of butch, v.] Butchering; the butcher's trade. [Rare.] Sax thousand years are nearhand sped Sin' I was to the butching bred. Burns, Death and Dr. Hornbook. Butea (bu'te-a), ii. [NL., named after John, Earl of Bute (1713-92).] A genus of legumi- nous plants, natives of the East Indies, contain- ing three or four species, small trees or climb- ing shrubs, yielding a kind of kino known as butea gum or Banjul kino. The principal species is B. /random, the palas- or dhak-tree, common throughout India and conspicuous for its abundant bright orange red flowers. The seeds yield an oil; the flowers are used m dyeing ; cordage is made from the filler of the hark ; and a lac is produced on the branches by the puncture of a coccus. but-end, »■ See butt-end. Buteo (bu'tf-p), n. [L., abuzzard : see buzzard.] A genus of ignoble hawks, of the family Falconi- die, sometimes forming a subfamily Buteoninai; the buzzards or buzzard- hawks (which see). Thegenus is an extensive one, in its usual ac- ceptation containing about 40 spe- cies, of nearly all parts of the world. They are large, heavy hawks, with no tooth on the bill, wings and tail of moderate si/e, and rather short feet with partly naked, partly fea- thered tarsi. The common buz- zard of Europe, B. vulgaris, and the red-tailed buzzard of America, B. horealis, are typical examples. Buteoninae (bu"te-o-ni'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Bu- leii(n-) + -/«<-(>.] 'A group of buzzard-hawks; one of the conventional subfamilies of Falco- nidcB, represented by the genus Buteo and its subdivisions, and by the genus Arehibuteo. There are no technical characters by which it can be de- termined with precision. buteonine (bu'te-6-nin), a. ['. carolinua (Beauvois) is common in the southern United States. Its sting is poisonous, but seldom fatal, butler (but'ler), n. [Early mod. E. also Soft i> r, < ME. boteler, boiler, buteler, etc., < A I', butuiller, OF. buteiller, bouteillier, boutttlier (ML. buticu- Itirius), < AF. butuilh; OF. boutcille, < ML. &U- («■»/». :: bottle: see 6o«te 2 .] 1. A man-servant in a household whose principal duty is to take charge of the liquors, plate, etc.; the head male servant of a household. And he restored the chief butler unto his butlership :i":iin and he gave the cup Into Pharaoh's hand. Gen. zL 21. 2. The title of an official of high rank nomi- nally connected with the importation and sup- ply of wine for the royal table, but having different duties in different countries and at various times. butlerage (but'ler-aj), n. [< butler + -age.] 1. In old Eng. hue, a duty of two shillings on every tun of wine imported into England by foreign- , rs or merchant strangers : so called because originally paid to the king's butler for the king. These ordinary finances are casual or uncertain, as he the escheats, the customs, butlerage, and impost. Bacon. 2f. The office of butler; butlership.— 3. The butler's department in a household. butleress (but'ler-es), ». [< butter + -ess.] A female butler. Chapman. butlership (but'ler-ship), ». [< butler + ship.] The office of a butler. Gen. xl. 21. butlery (but'ler-i), re. [See buttery.'] Same as buttery*, 2. [Rare.] There was a butlery connected with the college, at which cider, beer, sugar, pipes, and tobacco were sold to the stu- ,1 nts Gow, Primer of Politeness (ed. 18S3), p. 146. hutment (but'ment), «. An abbreviated form of abutment. butment-cheek (but'ment-ehek), n. The part of the material about a' mortise against which the shoulder of a tenon bears. Butorides (bu-tor'i-dez), «. [NL.] A genus of small herons, of the family Ardeidw, of which green is the principal color; the little green herons. /;. viresceris, the common shitepoke or fly-up- the-creek of the United States, is one species, and there arc several others. but-shaftt, n. See butt-shaft. butt 1 (but), v. [Also sometimes (like all the other words spelled butt) written but, early mod. E. butte, < ME. butti ii. push, throw, < AF. buter. OF. bitter, bote); push, butt, strike, mod. F. boater, put, outer, intr. hit the mark, aim, fcr. jiroji, buttress, = Pr. Ixitttr, botttar, biititr = Sp. Pg. boiar = It. bottare, lance, buttare, push, thrust, throw, fling; perhaps < MHG. bozen, strike, beat, = AS. bedtttn, etc., beat: see beat 1 . To the same ult. source are referred boss*, botch 1 , etc.; also abut, of which butt 1 in some senses (II., 2, 3) is in part an abbr. form. Hence indirectly butt*, buttress, etc.] I. trans. To strike by thrusting, as with the end of a beam or heavy stick, or with the horns, tusks, or head, as an ox, a boar, or a ram ; strike with the head. The here in the bataile the bygger hym semyde, And Initios hvine boldlye wytll halefulle tllske/.. MorU Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 791. Come, leave your tears : a brief farewell: — the beast With mail} lieads butts Ine away. Shak., Cor., IV. 1. II. intrans. 1. To strike anything by thrust- ing the head against it, as an ox or a ram ; have a habit of striking in this manner. A rain will 1'iitt with his head, though lie he brought up tun. , and never saw that manner oi fighting, liuir, \\ orks of ' 'rcatioii When they [-hepherdsl called, the creatures came, e\ p. ctlng Bait and dread. It was pretty to see them lying near their masters, playing and butting at them with their or bleating for the sweet rye-bread ./. A. Symonds, Italy and Greece, p. 310. 2. To join at the end or outward extremity; abut ; be contiguous. The poVlit Of that side bulletb mOSt Vpp'UI (loiilliny. Lyly, Euphues and his Bngland, p 247. There are many ways butt down upon tins ; and they are iked and wide. Bunyan, Pilg Progress, p. 101. 3. Specifically, in ship building, to abut end to end; lit togethes end to end, as two planks. Also spelled Imt. butt 1 (but), ». [< ME. butt: < butfl-, v. The second sense is due in pari to F. botte, a pass or thrust in fencing. < It. botta = Sp. pg. bote, a thrust, blow ; from the same Bource -as butt 1 , v.] 1. A push or thrust given by Ho- head of an animal: as, the butt oi a ram.— 2. A thrust ill fencing. To proi e who gave i he fairer butt, John shows the chalk on I oat Prior. 736 Full butt, with the head directed at an object so as to strike it most effectively. null,' i, mi iii thefrunt the fromonde [forehead] he hittez That the burnyscht blade to the brayne rynnez. MorU Arthure (E. E. T. s.), 1. 1112. The corporal ran lull hull at the lieutenant. Marryat, Snarleyyow, Fast-joint Butt. 1. vi. butt- (but), ii. [Also written but, early mod. 10. butte, < ME. but, butte, a goal (nieta), a mark to shoot al, but. bull. butte,& butt of land (ML. butta briii): < OF. -'but, m., a but or mark," ■•bulb. I'., a but or mark to shoot at," in an- other form " hot, as but [a mark], Nomi.; also, a luncheon, orill-favoured bigpiece" (Cotgrave), the same as OF. hot, end, extremity, mod. F. bout, end, extremity, part, piece, distinguished from mod. F. but, m., aim, goal, mark, butte, I., a mark, target, usually set upon rising ground, hence also a rising ground, knoll, hill, butte (> E. butte, q. v.); all orig. < OF. buter, botet; AF. buter, push, butt, strike, mod. F. bouter, put, buter, hit the mark, aim, prop, > E. butt 1 , of which butt- is thus indirectly a derivative: see butt 1 . The forms and senses mix with some of appar. diff. origin : cf. Norw. butt, a stump, block, Icel. biitr, a log, LG. butt, a stumpy child; G. butt = D. hot = Dan. but, short and thick, stubby (> F. bot, in pied bot, club-foot, = Sp. boto, blunt, round at the end) : referred, doubtfully, ult. to the root of E. beat 1 , q. v. proli. in part confused with LG. butt, etc., a tub, etc., = E. butt?.] 1. The end or extremity of a thing. Particularly— (a) The thicker, larger, or hlunt end of a piece of timber, a musket, a fishing-rod, a whip-handle, etc. Also called butt-end. (b) The thick or fleshy part of a plant, etc. (c) The buttocks: the posteri- ors. [Vulgar.] (it) A buttock of beef. [Prov. Eng.] 2. In ship-building, the end of a plank or piece of timber which exactly meets another endwise in a ship's side or bottom; also, the juncture of two such pieces. — 3. In niaeh., the square end of a connecting- rod or other link, to which the bush-bearing is attached. — 4. In eaip., a door-hinge consisting of two plates of metal, or leaves, which interlock so as to form a movable joint,being heldtogether by a pin or pintle. They are screwed to the butting parts of the door and casing, instead of to their adjoining sides as are the older strap-hinges. See fast-joint butt and loose-joint butt, below. Also called butt-hinge. 5. In agri.: (a) A ridge in a plowed field, espe- cially when not of full length. Hence — (h) A gore or gare. (c) pi. A small detached or dis- joined parcel of land left over in surveying. — 6. In the leather trade, a hide of sole-leather with the belly and shoulders cut off; a rounded crop. The heaviest hides . . . have received the name of butts or backs. Ure, Diet., III. 83. 7t. A hassock. — 8. The standing portion of a half-coupling at the end of a hose ; the me- tallic ring at the end of the hose of a fire-en- gine, or the like, to which the nozle is screwed. — 9. In target-shooting: (a) In archery, a mark to shoot at. (b) In rifle-practice, a wooden tar- get composed of several thicknesses of boards, with small spaces between them, so that the depth to which bullets penetrate can be ascer- tained, (c) In gunnery, a solid embankment of earth or sand into which projectiles are fired in testing guns, or in making ballistic experi- ments, (el) pi. The range or place where arch- ery, rifle, or gunnery practice is carried on, in distinction from the field. See target. Hence — 10. A person or thing that serves as a mark for shafts of wit or ridicule, or as an object of sarcastic or contemptuous remarks. I played a sentence or two at my butt, which I thought very Smart, when my ill genius . . . suggested to him such a reply as got all the laughter on his side. Budgell. That false prudence which dotes on health and wealth is the butt and merriment of heroism. Emerson, Bssays, lstser., p. 229. 11. A goal; abound; a limit. Here is my journey's cud. here is my butt. And very sea-mark oi my utmost sail. Stmt:., Othello, V. 2. 12. In coal-mining, the surface of the coal which is at right angles to the face. [Eng.] — 13. A shoemakers' knife. [North. Eng.] Also spelled tmi. Bead and butt. See bead, '.>.— Butt and butt, with the butt-ends together, hut not overlapping, as two planks.— Butts and bounds, the ahuttais and boundaries of land. Butt's length, the ordinary distance from the place of shooting to the butt or mark: as, not two butts' lengths fi i ie ton ii [They] rode so cloos i after a-nother that whan the! were renged thai oon myght have caste a glove vpon the ire ie inns thai sholde not nave Ealle m grounde, el thel hadde rideufci'"' lengths. Merlin (E. E, T. s.i, iii. 885. buttal Fast-joint butt, a hinge in which the pintle that holds together the two leaves is removable, and tile leaves are bo interlocked that they cannot he separated without first removing the pintle. Hookaild butt. Sec /met. LOOSe- joint butt, a binge in which the jointed portion is halved, each half forming a part of one of the leaves. The pin is ininiovahh lived to -me leaf, and enters a hole in the other leaf. thUB enabling the leaves to he separated easily. — Rising butt, a hinge in which the leaf attached to the door rises slightly as the door is opened. This action is effected by making the surface upon which this leal moves inclined instead of horizontal. The object is to give the door a tendency to close automatically. Scuttled butt. Same as scuttle-butt— 10 give the butt to, in angling with a light fly-rod, to turn the butt of the rod Inward the hooked lish, thus bending the rod upon itself and keeping a steady tension on the line. — TO Start or spring a butt luatil.), to loosen the end of a ptatlk by the weakness oi laboring of the ship. butt- (but), v. [< butt?, n.] I. trans. It. To lay down bounds or limits for. That the dean, etc., do cause all and singular bouses, dwellings of the church, to he bounded and Initial. Abp. Parker, in Strype (fol. ed.), p. 304. 2. To cut off the ends of, as boards, in order to make square ends or to remove faulty portions. E. H. Knight. II. intrans. To abut. See butt 1 , v., H., 2, 3. Also spelled but. butt 3 (but), n. [Also written but, early mod. E. but. Iiutte; < (1) ME. bytte, bitte, bit, earlier butte, a leathern bottle, a wine-skin (in late ME. bitte, a leathern fire-bucket), < AS. bytt, byt, aleathern bottle, = MD. butte, D. but, a wooden bucket, = MLG. butte, LG. butte, butt = MHG. butte, G. butte, butte, a tub, coop, = Icel. bytta, a small tub, a bucket, pail, = Norw. bytta, a tub, bucket, pail, a brewing-vat (cf. butt, a keg, a butter- tub), = Sw. bytta, a pail, = Dan. botte, a tub, coop; mixed with (2) ME. "butte (not found in this sense), < OF. boute, mod. F. botte = Pr. Sp. bota = It. botte, a butt, cask; cf. (3) AS. byden = MLG. bodeme, boden, bode, bodde, budde, also bodeme (by confusion with bodeme = E. bottom) = OHG. butinna, MHG. bulin. builin, biiten, bit- ten, biitten, G. butte (mixed with the above) = ODan. bodde, a butt, tun, tub, vat; cf. It. bot- tina, a little butt; (4) AS. buteruc, hutirie. bu- tritc, early ME. biittruc = OS. butcric = OHG. butirih, puterih, MHG. bitterich, butrieh, a lea- thern bottle, a flask, G. dial, biitterich, biittrich, a small tub or barrel, a keg (ML. buttericus, a tankard); and (5) see bottle 2 , from the same ult. source: < ML. butlis, butta, also butis, buta, a butt, a cask, MGr. (Hmc, jioi'Tic, a butt (NGr. povra, a tub, a chum, fiovral, a tub, a barrel), appar. shortened from the older form (from which directly the third set of forms men- tioned), ML. butina, a flask, < Gr. nvrtwi, later (Tarentine) fivrivrj, a flask covered with osier (cf. NGr. fivriva, a pan for salting meat). As in other vessel-names, the precise application varies in the different languages. In the sense of a particular measure of wine, the word is modem; cf. pipe in similar senses.] It. A leathern bottle or flask ; a bucket : in this sense only in Middle English, usually spelled In /or Iii It. That the Bitters he redy w* bur horses and liittrs to brynge water . . . when eny parelle of fuyre ys w'vn the cite. English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 382. 2. A large cask, especially one to contain wine. — 3. A measure of wine equal to 126 United States (that is, old wine) gallons ; a pipe, it is no longer a legal measure in Great Britain, and the com- mon statement that an imperial butt is 126 Imperial gal- lons is incorrect; the butt is 110 imperial gallons. The measure was originally used chiefly for Spanish wine, and the word was used to translate Spanish bota, which equaled 128 United States gallons, and to distinguish that from the Spanish pipa, which contained only 114 United states gallons. Its present value was legalised by a statute of Anne. It is now confounded with, the pipe. The pipe ol Madeira is reputed to contain no gallons; of Canary, 120; of Port, 13S; of Marsala, 112. The bota and pipa, through- out Spain, vary hut little from the values above given. In Portugucsi un tries two measures are common, one of 141 gallons (Oporto, Lisbon for oil), and another of lln gallons (Lisbon, Madeira, Porto Kico, Bahia). There Is besides a Portuguese pipe of 132 gallons (Lisbon foroil, Bahia). In Italy the name botte is applied to a cask holding 200 United states gallons or more ; hut it was m many places confounded with the pipa, which held only 160 to 170 cal- lous. The French word botte was never used as the name of a wine-measure ; neither was the German butts or otitis, In Denmark there was a bodde of 128 United States gal- lons; in liotha, a measure of the same name equal to 116 United states gallons. The b„i, t u of Bolivia is only 9.3 I ni id states gallons. A butt of London beer, at the time when London beer was measured differently from ale, v\:ts 3 hogsheads. A butt of salmon, by a statute of Henry VI., w as si gallons. 4. A beehive. [Prov. Eng. (Exmoor).] — 5. A cart. [ Prov. Eng.] butt't. ". See but 2 . buttal 1 (but'al), >i. [Short for abuttal.] If. A boundary; a bound. — 2. [Cf. butt-, n., 5.] A corner of ground. [Prov. Eng.] buttal buttal- (hut'al), n. Adialoetal form of hnttn~-\, bittern*. butt-bolt (but'bolt), n. An nnbarbed arrow; a butt-shaft. 1 Baw ii little devil fly out <>f her eye like :i but-bolt, which sticks at this hour up to the feathers In my heart. Ford and Dekker, Witch of Edmonton, ii. l. butt-chain (but'chan), n. In "harness, :i short obain attached at one end to the leather tug, ;u nl at the other to the swingle-tree. E. 11. Knight. butte (but), a. [F., a rising ground, a mound, orig. a butt to shoot at: see butfij] A conspicu- ous hill or mountain, especially one thai at- tracts attention by its isolation, or serves as a landmark: a name applied in the regions about the upper Missouri and west to the Pacific. Thus, the "Three Buttes" were a conspicuous landmark for emigrants to Oregon. One of the highest and grand* il mountains in the United States, Mount Shasta, was in the early days of Californian emigration known to the Ameri- cans almost exclusively as Shasta Butte. Other promi- nent lofty peaks in California are still called buttes, as Downieville Buttes, Marysville Buttes, vie. This use of the word butte, now gradually disappearing from the region in question, is a relic of French occiiputn-y of the Northwest, and of the subsequent wide distribution through that region of the Hudson's Bay Company's em- ployees, most of whom were of French extraction. The word was picked up by overland emigrants and carried to the furthest West; and it has been much used as a place- name, alone or in combination. buttenf, ». An obsolete spelling of button. butt-end (but' end), n. The thicker, larger, or blunt end of anything: as, the butt-end of a musket or a piece of timber: same as butfi, 1 (a). Also spelled but-end. butter 1 (but'er), n. [< ME. butter, buttere, bu- tere, < AS. butere (in eomp. buter-, buttor-) = OFries. butera, botera = D. botcr = LG. botter = OHGr. butrd, butcre, MHG. bitter, G. butter = F. beurre = It. burro, butiro, < L. butt/rum, < Gr. i3ocrvpnv, butter, appar. < povc, cow, + rvp6e, cheese, but perhaps an aeeom. of some for- eign word.] 1. The fatty portion of milk. As prepared for use, it contains 80 to 85 per cent, of fats, with varying amounts of water and salt, and minute quantities of sugar and curd. It is used as a food or relish by most peoples, and is made directly from the milk, or from the cream previously separated from the milk, of cows, goats, and other animals. Agitation or churning separates the fats from the milk or cream and makes them cohere in lumps, which are then worked together, freed as far as possible from buttermilk, and usually mixed with salt, which preserves the butter and develops its flavor. 2. In old cheni., a term applied to certain an- hydrous metallic ehlorids of buttery consis- tence and fusibility. — Butter- and- tallow tree, a guttiferous tree of Sierra Leone, Pentadesma butyraeea, so called from its abundant yellow, greasy sap, which the natives mix with their food.— Butter of antimony, a name given to antimony trichlorid, made by distilling a mixture of corrosive sublimate and antimony, and former- ly used in medicine as a caustic— Butter of bismuth, butter of tin, butter of zinc, sublimated ehlorids of those metals. — Butter of wax, the oleaginous part of wax, obtained by distillation, having a buttery consistence. — Macaja butter. See Cocas. - Midshipmen's butter. See avocado.— Nutmeg- butter. See nutmeg.— Paraffin- butter, a crude paraffin which is used for making can- dles. — Rock-butter, a peculiar mineral composed of alum combined with iron, of the consistence and appearance of soft butter, occurring as a pasty exudation from aluminif- erous rocks at liurlet Alum Works, Paisley, Scotland, and in several places on the continent of Europe. — Run but- ter, clarified butter ; butter melted and potted for culi- nary use. The name of ghee (which see) is given to a kind of run butter made in India.— Vegetable butters, a name given to certain concrete fixed vegetable oils which are solid at common temperatures : so called from their resemblance to butter produced from the milk of animals. The following are the most important of them. Cacao- butter, or oil of theobroma, is obtained from the seeds of the cacao (Theobroma Cacao) of tropical America; it is "a yellowish-white solid, having a faint agreeable odor, a bland chocolate-like taste, and a neutral reaction" (I\ s. Dispensatory, p. 1049). Canara butter is obtained from the fruits of Valeria Indica; it is a resin rather than an oil, and is used as a varnish. Fuhva butter is from the seeds of the East Indian Bassia butyraeea; Kokum butter, from the seeds of Garrinia Indira ; Mahwah butter, from Batista latifolia. Shea butter, also called galam or Bam- bxtk batter, is from the kernels of the shea-tree, Butyro- njimnnm Purkii, of western Africa; it resembles palm-oil, hut is of a deeper-red color. See Bassia, cacao, sit, a. butter 1 (but'er), v. [< butter*, ».] I. trans. 1. To smear with butter. 'Twas her brother that, in pure kindness to his horse, butter" d his hay. Shak., Lear, ii. 4. 2. To flatter grossly : as, he buttered liim to his heart's content. [Colloq.]— Buttered ale, a beer brewed without hops or other bitter ingredient, and flavored with sugar, butter, and .spice.— TO kUOW on which side one's bread is buttered, to know where oue's advantage lies ; be able to take care of one's self. [Colloq.] I know what's what, I know on which side My bread is butter'd. Ford, Lady's Trial, ii. 1. II. in trans. In gambling slang, to stake the previous winnings, with addition, at every throw or every game. 47 737 It Is a fine simile in one of Mr.t'ontrreve's prologues which compares a writer t" a buttering gamester that stakes all his winning upon one cast ; bo that it in' loses tin' lost throw he is sure in be undone. Addison, (freeholder. butter- (but'er), >i. [< butfl + -eri.] One who or that which butts; an animal that butts. butter 8 (but'er), n. [< butfi, v. t., 2, + -eri.] A machine for sawing off the ends of boards, to square 1 them and remove faulty parts. butter't, a. An obsolete form of bittern 1 . Com- pare hutterbiuiiji. butter r »t, a- [Only in ME. form bitter, < bit, bitte (see but&), + -, iK] Ono who has charge of a butt or fire-bucket. Bee butt'-\ «., 1. butter-ale (but'er-al), n. Same as buttered ale (which see, under butter 1 , V. t.). butter-and-eggs (but'er-and-egz'), n. 1. The popular name in the British islands of the double-flowered variety of Narcissus aurantius and of othiT species of the same genus, and in the United state of the toad-tlnx or ramsted, Linaria vulgaris: from the color of the flowers, which are of two shades of yellow. — 2. The act of sliding on one foot, and striking the slide with the heel and too of the other foot at short intervals. [Eng. schoolboy slang.] I ran do butter-aud-eggs all down the slide. Macmillan's Mag. butterball (but'er-bal), re. Same as buff* '. 2. butter-bean (but'er -ben), re. A variety of Phaseol/us tinnitus cultivated for the table in the United States. See bean 1 , 2. butter-bird (but'er-berd), n. Tho name given to the rice-bunting, Dolichonyx oryzivorus, in Jamaica, where it is iu great request for the table. See cut under bobolink. butter-boat (but'er-bot), ». A vessel for the table iu which melted butter, intended to be used as a sauce, is served ; a sauce-boat. butter-box (but'er-boks), h. 1. A box or ves- sel for butter. — 2f. A Dutchman. [Slang.] butterbump (but'er-bump), it. [Also buttcr- iiiiniip (and cf. buttermuuk), < butter, dial, form of bitter^, bittern^, q. v., + bump 1 , var. mump. Cf. equiv. bogbumper.'] A name of the European bittern, Botaurus stellaris. Tennyson. [Prov. Eng.] butter-bur, butter-burr (but'er-ber), «. A name of the sweet coltsfoot, Petasites vulgaris. Also called butter-dock. butter-color (but'er-kuFor), n. 1. The color of butter; golden yellow. — 2. A sub- stance containing a large amount of color- ing matter which is mixed with butter, oleomargarin, butterin, or suine, to give it a rich yellow color; a preparation of madder or of arnotto thus used. buttercup (but 'er-kup), n. A name given to most of the common species of Ranuncu- lus with bright-yellow cup-shaped flowers and divided leaves, such as It. acris and R. bulbosus. Also called butter-flower and crowfoot. butter-daisy (but'er-da/'zi), re. The white ox- eye. [Prov. Eng.] butter-dock (but'er-dok), re. A name given to the bitter dock, Riinnx obtusifolius, and the sweet coltsfoot, Petasites vulgaris, because their large leaves are used for wrapping butter. butter-fingered (but'er-fing"gerd) ; a. Having slippery or weak fingers ; clumsy in the use of the hands. [Slang.] butter-fingers (but'er-fing"gerz), h. One who lets drop anything he ought to hold; a butter- fingered person; specifically, in base-ball and cricket, one who "muffs'" a ball. [Slang.] When, on the executioner lifting the head of the seventh traitor, as the preceding six had been lifted to the public gaze, he happened to let it fall, cries of "All. clumsy!" "Halloo, butter-fingers t" were heard from various quar- ters of the assembly . Hook, Gilbert Gurney, II. i. butter-fish (but'er-fisk), n. 1. A name given to various fishes and other marine animals hav- ing a smooth and unctuous surface like butter. (a) The flsb. Stromateus (or Poronotus)triacanthus. It has butterfly-nose can coast, bu! not much esteemed for food. [Massacnu- etts and New York.] (o) A. carangold flsh, Selen* Kttpin nie, otherwise called humpback butu r-Jith, [ xx I h 1 1 oil, Massachusetts.] e) A flsh of the famih Labridae, Corido- dax pullus. It has an oblong body with small smooth d< . a naked head, and 17 dorsal spines and 17 rays. Chi He h i exceedingly short in the grain, and well savored, without being rich. It Inhabits thi kelp around Vu Zealand. ('/) A.bivalve molluskol thi ily Veneridcs, Tape* decussata ; the pun-. [Local, Eng. (Hampshire).] (- ) A bivalve molluskol the family Myi, ate, Myaarenarut; thesoftclam. 2. A fish of the genus Muraimides, especially M.guunellus. [Eng.] — 3. Aserranoid fish. Eu- nute, aims punctatus. Also called nigger-fish. [West bid.] butterflip ( but'er-fiip), n. Theavosef, Ttecurvi- riisiin avocetta. Montagu. [Local, British.] butter-flower (but'er-flou"er), n. Same as but- tercup. Let, wen], instead <>f lititter-jlow'rs appear, Ami meads, instead of daisies, hemlock bear. Oay, sheii. Week, Friday, 1. 85. butterfly (but'er-fli), «.; pi. butterflies (-tllz). [< ME. butturflije, boterflye, etc., < AS. buttor- Jlciiijr, buterflege (= 1ID. botervliege, 1». boter- vlieg = ti. butter fliege), a butterfly, a largo white moth, < butere, butter, + fledge, a ily. Cf. MD. butt mil/In I, a butterfly, = ( i. Inttti rnitji I. a large white moth I .ML), nii/lttl, 1). rui/i I = (i. rmji I = E. fiuti 1 ). Tho reason for the name is uncertain ; it was probably at first applied to the yellow species. Grimm says it has its name, as well as an old German name moUcendieb (late MHG. molkendiep), ' milk-thief,' from the fact that peo- ple formerly believed that the butterfly, or elves or witches in its shape, stole milk and butter; but tho legend may have arisen out of the name. Another explanation, based on another name of the butterfly, MD. botersehijte, -schiete, -schi te, refers it to the color of the excrement (schijte).] 1. The common English name of any diurnal lepidopterous insect; especially, one of the rlm- palocerous Lepidoptera, corresponding to the Butter-fish {Strornattus triacatithus). an oval form, rounded in front, with pores on the back in a single row above the lateral line, and the dorsal and anal tins in it elevated. It is abundant along the eastern Ameri- Goatweed Butterfly \Pafhia gtycerium), male, natural size. old Linnean genus Pcijiilio, called distinctively tin butterflies. See Zliuriia, Ehopalocera, Lepi- doptera, and Papilio. — 2. Figuratively, a per- son whose attention is given up to a variety of trifles of any kind; one incapable of steady application ; a showily dressed, vain, and giddy person. — 3. A kind of flat made-up neek-tie. — 4f. An herb otherwise called ragwort. Kersey, 1708.— Butterfly head-dress. See head-dress.— Cop- per butterflies, the English name of the small copper- colored species of the family Lyecenidoe, ami especially of the genus [.iiciriiu.— Goatweed butterfly, the pop- ular name of Paphia glyceriwm, a rare and interesting butterfly, the larva of which feeds on the goatweeds of the -elms Ci'inti. the insect is specially brterestilig from the dissimilarity of the sexes, or sexual dimorphism, and from the curious habit of the larva, which lives in a cup made of the folded leaf, 'the larva is clear-green in color, with pale-white granulations and Interspersed dark indentations. The chrysalis is light-green, banded with dark-gray. The male butteitly is deep coppery-red, mark- ed with dark purplish-Drown, while the female is much lighter-colored^ though also marked with dark-brown. — Sea-butterfly, a mollusk of the subclass Pteropoda: so called from its extended lateral foot-lobes, which simu- late w Ings. butterfly-cock (but'er-fli-kok), n. Same as biitti rtli/-ralre. butterfly-fish (but'er-fli-fish), «. 1. An English name of the eyed bleimy, Blennius ocellaris. — 2. A fish of the family Xoiiaida; ( '• asterochisma melampus, with large black ventral fins, inhab- iting the sea about Australia and New Zealand. It attains a length of more than 3 feet, but is rare. butterfly-gurnard (but'er-fli-gerniird), n. A fish of the family Triglidce, the Lepidotrigla Va- nessa of the Tasmanian and Australian seas. butterfly-nose (but'fer-fll-ndz), n. A spotted nose, as of some dogs. butterfly-orchis 738 button butterflv-orchis (i>in'«T-ilj-ur kisl. ». A Brit- butter-tooth (but'er-tOth), ». ["< butter* A kind of It consists es- isli orchid, Habi naria bifolia, growing in woods and open heaths. The gnat butterfly-orchis is //. chlorantha. butterfly-plant (but'er-fll-plant), u. 1 . A Wesl Indian orohideous plant, Oncidium Papilio. Sec hum.— 2. A species of the East Indian l'lm- Usnoi butterfly-ray (but'er-ftt-ra), n. A selachian of the family Trygonidos, Pteroplatea maclura. It is a kind 'of sting-ray with very broad pec- torals. butterfly-shaped (but'er-fli-shapt), «. In hot. shaped like a butterfly: papilionaceous. butterfly-shell (but'er-fli-shel), «. A shell of the genus Valuta, butterfly-valve (but'er-fli-vah-), n double clack-valve used in pumps. sentiaih ol two semicircular clappers, or wings hinged to a cross-rib in the pump-bucket, ami is named in. in it- resemblance to the wings of a butterfl] when open, as represented in section in the annexed cut. It is em- ployed in the lift-buckets of large wa- ter pumps, and for the air-pump buck- condensing steam-engines. Also called butterfly-cock. See clack-valve. butterfly-weed (but ' er - ni- wed), a. 1. A name of the North American plant Ascle- pias tuberosa ; the pleurisy-root. erable reputation as an article of the materia tnedica. It is an expectorant, a mild cathartic, ami a diaphoretic, ami mployed in incipient pulmonary affections, rheuma- tism, ami dysentery. 2. The butterfly-pea, Clitoria Mariana. butterin, butte'rine (but'er-in), n. [< butter* + -in-, -mi-.] An artificial butter made by churning oleomargarin, a product of animal fat, with milk and water, or by churning milk butter-worker (but'er- witli some sweet butter and the yolks of eggs, wer"ker), n. An apparatus tin- whole of the contents of the churn by the latter method being converted into butterin. butterist, »■ See buttress, 3. butter-knife (but'er-nlf), n. A blunt and generally ornamented knife used for cutting butter at table. butterman (but'er-man), n. ; pi. buttermen (-men). A man who sells butter. buttermilk (but.'er-nrilk), n. [= D. botermeVc = MHG. butermilch, G. buttermilch.] The liquid that remains after the butter is separated from milk. It has a pleasant acidulous taste. Also called churn-milk. + to Butterfiy-valve. It lias a consul- tooth ; perhaps with some vague allusion milk-tooth.'] A broad front tooth. I'd had an eye I'nl.t nut ere this time, or nij two butter-teeth Thrust down my throat. Mi&dleton, Massinger, and Rowley, Old Law, iii. 2. butter-tree (but'er-tre), ». A species of Bas- sia, found in Africa, which yields a substance like butter; the shea-tree. See shea. The name is also given to various other trees from the seeds of which butt-howel (but'hou"el), n solid oils are obtained. See butterl. „ , t i,„ flftn «™ butter-trier (but'er-tri er), n. A long hollow hand-tool used in sampling butter. butter-tub (but'er-tub), >i. A tub used for con- taining butter in quantity, butterweed (but'er-wed), u. A common name of the horseweed, Erigeron Canadense, and of the Senecio lobatus. butter-weightt (but'er-wat), n. More than full weight ; a larger or more liberal allowance than is usual or is stipulated for: in allusion to a custom, now obsolete, of allowing and exact- ing 17 or 18 ounces, or even more, to the pound of butter. In Scotland either tron weight or a still heavier pound was used for butter. They teach you how to split a hair, Give and Jove an equal share ; Yet why should we be lae'd so strait? I'll give my M butter-weight. Swift, Rhapsody on Poetry. butterwife (but'er-wif), n. A butterwoman. Johnson. butterwoman (but'er-wum"au), n. women (-wim"en). A wo- man who sells butter. I see grave learned men rail ami snilii like butter-women. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 613. I . . . received a small jug of thick buttermilk, not re- markably clean, hut very refreshing. B. Taylor, Lands of the Saracen, p. 54. butter-mold ( but 'er-mold), «. Arnold in which pats of butter are shaped and stamped. buttermunk (but'er-inungk), n. [A variant of butterbump.] A local New England name of the night-heron, Nyctiardea grisea mrrin. butternut (but er-nut), n. 1. The fruit of Juglans cinerea, an American tree, so called From the oil it contains; also, the tree itself. 1 he tn e '" ars a resemblance in its general appearance to iii. Mark walnut (J. nigra), hut the fruit is long, pointed, and viscous, the nut furrowed anil sharply jagged, and the R I soft but close -grained ami light-colored, turning yel- low after exposure, 'lie- wood takes a fine polish, ami is in - k 11 i il in interior finish and iii cabinet-work. The Inner hark furnishes a brown dye, and is used as a mild cathartic. Alsocalled whitewalnut. 2. The nut of t 'aryocar nueiferum, a lofty tim- ber-tree of Guiana, natural order Tcrnstrwma- CC(B. The nuts have a pleasant taste, and are exported to Some extent. They arc also known as souari- or suwar- .,' 3. A name applied during tho civil war in the United Stale-, tn ( 'onfederate soldiers, in allu- t.i the coarse brown homespun cloth, dyed with butternut, often worn by them, butter-pat (but'er-pat), ». A small piece of butter formed into a generally ornamental shape for the table, butter-pot (but'er-pot), u. In tie- seventeenth century, a cylindrical vessel of coarse pottery glazed with pulverized lead ore dusted upon the before it was fired. Marryat. butter-print (but'er-print), «. A mold for stamping butter into blocks, prints, or pats. Also called butu r tamp. butter-scotch (but'er-skoch), u. A kind of oleaginous taffy. butter-shag (but'er-shag), ». A slice of bread and butter. [Local, Eng. (Cumberland).] butter-stamp > but 'er-stamp), ». Same as but- h r-print. butter-tongs (but'er-tdngz), «. pi. A kind of tongs with fiat blades for slicing and lilting butler. Burterwort {Pitipuicula vulgaris). ( From Le Maout and De- caisne's " Traite general de Botanique." ) or tool for freeing butter from buttermilk. butterwort (but'er-wert ), it. [< butter* + wort*-.'] A name common to the spe- cies of Pinguicula. The but- terworts grow on wet ground, are apparently stemless, and have showy spurred flowers. The name is due to the greasy- looking viscid surface of the leaves, which are covered with soft, pellucid glandular hairs, secreting a glutinous liquor that catchcssiua.il insects. Theedges of the leaf roll over on the insect ami retain it, and the insects thus caught are supposed to serve as food for the plant. In the north of Sweden the leaves are employed to curdle milk. buttery 1 (but' er-i), o. [< butter*- + -yi.] 1. Having the qualities (especially the consis- tence) or appearance of butter. Sinking her voice into a deeper key, she drove the fol- lowing lines, slowly and surely, through and through his poor, unresisting, buttery heart. ('. Reads, Ait. 2. Apt to let fall anytliing one ought to hold, as a ball in the game of cricket ; butter-fingered. buttery 2 (but 'er-i), «. ; pi. butteries (-iz.) [< ME. botery, botry, a buttery, a corruption (due to association with botere, butter, and to the fact that, besides liquors, butter and other pro- visions were kept in the same place) of bote- /. rye (mod. E. restored buttery), < OF. bouteil- line, a place to keep bottles or liquors (ML. buUcularia, the office of a wine-taster), < bou- teillc, boutille, a bottle: see butternut), buttle-.] 1. An apartment in a house in which wines, liquors, and provisions are kept; a pantry. 'lake them to the buttery, And give them friendly wel nc. Shak., T. of the S., Ind., i. .Make him di ink, wench ; Ami if there be any cold meat in the hit/tern. Give him Borne broken bread ami that, ami rid him. Beau, and /■'/ ., Captain, i. 3. 2. In colleges, formerly, a room where liquors, fruits, and refreshments were kept for sale to the students. In English universities tie- buttery was in former days the .ceil, ,,t the infliction of corporal punishment. /;. /;. Ball, College Wools. buttery-bar (but'er-i-bar), n. A lodge on the top of a buttery-hatch on which to rest tan- kards. Bring your hand to the buttery-bar ami let it drink. Sloik., T. V. i. :i. buttery-book Omt'or-i-buk), n. An account- i k kept ai the butterj of a college. This pel-son \ci mi - i i. mi in tin- butler to put .-il [that i - mi- i I ottles in the buttery book. Wood, Fa ii I ixon., it [i in. rude mice with envious ragi lie butteryA 1 1 devour. Th< Student, 1.3i8. buttery-hatch (but'er-i-hach), n. A hatch or half-door giving entrance to a buttery. I know you were one could keep The buttery-hatch still locked, ami save the chippings. /,'. Jonson, Alchemist, i. l. butt-hinge (but'hinj), n. Same as butt 2 , 4. butthorn (but'th8rn), n. [Uncertain; appar. < but" (or else butt") + thorn, prob. in ref. to the spiny surface of tho starfish.] A kind of starfish, Astropecten aurantiacus. See starfish A. kind of howel or adz used by coopers. butting (but'ing), «. [Verbal n. of butt*-, v., for abut.] An abutting or abuttal. Without, buttings or poundings on any side. Bp. Beveridge, Works, I. xx. butting-joint (but'ing-joint), n. A joint formed by two pieces of timber or metal united end- wise so that they come exactly against each other with a true joint; an abutting joint, in ironwork the parts are welded, anil the term is used m contradistinction to hli>-)"i'il. Also called bull j"iul. butting-machine (but'ing-ma-shen "), n. A machine for dressing and finishing tho ends of boards or small timbers by means of cutters attached to a revolving disk. butting-ring (but'ing-ring), n. A collar on the axle of a wheel, inside the wheel, which it pre- vents from movingfurther inward along the axle. butting-saw (but'ing-sa), «. A cross-cut saw used to prepare logs for the saw-mill by cut- ting off the rough ends, pi. butler- butt-joint (but'joint), ». Same as butting- joint. buttle 1 (but'l), n. A Scotch form of bolth'S. buttle 2 (but'l), v. i.; pret. and pp. buttled, ppr. buttling. [< butler, as butch < butcher, burgle < burglar, peddle < peddler, etc.] To act as butler. [Pr'ov. Eng.] butt-leather (but'leTH"er), «. The thickest leather, used chiefly for the soles of boots and shoes. buttock (but'ok), n. [< ME. buttok, bottok; appar. < bull". «., 1 (c), + dim. -ock.] 1. Either of the two protuberances which form the rump in men and animals; in the plural, the rump; the gluteal region of the body, more protu- berant in man than in any other animal ; the bottom. Like a barber's chair, that fits all buttocks. Shak., All's Well, ii. 2. 2. The upper aftermost portion of the con- tinuation of the contour of a ship's bottom. Thearle, Naval Arch. — 3. In coalmining, the portion of a face of coal ready to be next taken down. [Eng.] — 4. A piece of armor for the rump of a horse. See croupiere — Buttock mailt, a ludicrous term for the fine formerly paid, in a case ox fornication, to an ecclesiastical court. Scott. [Scotch.] buttocker (but'ok-er), «. [< buttock, :t, + -er 1 .] In mining, one who works at tho buttock, or breaks out the coal ready for the fillers. [Eng. ] buttock-line (but'ok-liii), n. In ship-building, the projection upon the sheer plan of the in- tersection of a plane parallel to it with the after-body of the vessel. The lines obtained by the intersections of the planes parallel to the sheer plane are known as bow lines when in the fore body, and buttock lines when in Hie after body. Thearle. Naval Architecture, § 16. button (but'n), v. [Early mod. E. also baton, < ME. botou, botoun (also corruptly bothun, bothom, in sense of 'bud'), < OF. boton (P. bouton — Pr. Sp. boton = Pg. botao = It, hot- tone), a button, a bud; perhaps < holer, push out, butt: see butt 1 .] 1. Any knob or ball fastened to another body; specifically, such an object used to secure together different parts of a garment, to one portion of which it is fastened in such a way that, it can la- passed through a slit (called a buttonhole) in another portion, or through a loop. Buttonsaresi times sewed to garments for ornament. They are made of met al, horn, w 1. mother-of-pearl, etc., and were formerly common in veryrich materials, especially during tin eigh teenth century, when the coats of gentlemen at the French court had buttons of gold ami precious stones, pearl, enam- el, ami the like. Later buttons of dial Is or of paste imitating diamonds were worn, matching the buckles ol the same period. 2. pi. (used as a singular). A page: so called from the buttons, commonly gilt, which adorn his jacket. Our present girl is a very slow coach ; lull we hope si i .lay to sport a buttons. Dean Ramsay. 3. A knob of gold, crystal, coral, ruby, 01 other precious stone, worn by Chinese officials, both civil and military, on 'the tops of their hats as a badge of rank; hence, the rank itself: as, a blue button. There an- nine ranks, tin- first or highest being distinguished by a transparent red (or ruby) button button; the second, by opaque red (rural); the third, by transparent blue (sapphire) ; the fourth, 03 opaque blue (lapis lazuli); the fifth, by transparent white (crystal); th<' sixth, by opaque white; the seventh, bj plain gold . the eighth, by worked gold; and the ninth 01 lowest, bj plain g.dd with the character for "old age" engraved <»n it in two places. A scholar who has passed the siti-tsai (or bachelor) examination is i lit it led to wear the last. 4. A knob or protuberance resembling a button. Specifically — (a) The kuobof metal which terminates the brei ch of most pieces of ordnance, ami u ttfeh affords a con- venient bearing for the application of hand-spikes, breech- ings,etc; acascabel. [Eng.] (6) A knob or guard secured to the end of a foil, to prevent the point from penetrating the skin or wounding. (<■) The .small knob or Wall by push- ing or pressing which the circuit of an electric hell is com- pleted. 5. A bud of a plant. [Now only prov. Eng.] The canker galls the infants of the spring, Too oft before their buttons he disclos'd. Shak., Hamlet, i. 3. 6. A flat or elongated piece of wood or metal, turning on a nail or screw, used to fasten doors, windows, etc. — 7. A small round mass of met- al lying at the bottom of a crucible or cupel after fusion. — 8. In an organ, a small round piece of leather which, when screwed on the tapped wire of a tracker, prevents it from jump- ing out of place. Stainer and Barrett. — 9. A ring of leather through which the reins of a bridle pass, and which runs along the length of the reins. — 10. Iu coo/. : (n) The terminal segment of the crepitaculum or rattle of a rat- tlesnake. See crepitaculum. In the structure of the end of the tail of harmless snakes, we see a trace of the first button of the rattle in a horny cap that covers the terminal vertebra?. E. D. Cope, Origin of the Fittest, p. 197. (6) In cntom., a knob-like protuberance on the posterior extremity of the larva? of certain but- terflies, also called the anal button or cremaster. Sometimes there is a second one, called the preanal button. — 11. pi. A name given to young mushrooms, such as are used for pick- ling. — 12. pi. Sheep's dung: sometimes used for dimg in general. [Prov. (west.) Eng.] — 13. A small cake. [Prov. Eng.] — 14. A per- son who acts as a decoy. Specifically— (a) An auc- tioneers accomplice who employs various devices to de- lude bidders so as to raise the price of articles sold, etc. (b) A thimble-riggers accomplice. [Eng. slang.] — Barton's button, a polished button upon which a series of many fine lines, parallel and near together, have been impressed, so as to show brilliant colors when exposed to light strik- ing it in nearly parallel rays, by an effect of diffraction. — Biskra button. Same as Aleppo ulcer (which see, under ula •!■). — Corrigan's button [named after Sir John Dom- inic Con-igan of Dublin (1802-80)], a button of steel used in surgery, when heated to 100° C., as a means of counter- irritation. Also called Corrigan's cautery. — Elastic but- ton, a rounded knob at the end of a sliding spring-bolt placed in the edge of a door, and fitting into a depression in the opposite jamb, intended to keep the door closed without being locked, yet so that it can he easily opened. — Quaker buttons, the seeds of -the Nux vomica. IT. S. Dispensatory, p. 974.— To hold by the button, to button- hole; detain in conversation ; bore. Not to hold you by the button too peremptorily. Mrs. Gore. button (but'n), v. [< ME. boionen, < boton, a button.] I, trans. 1. To attach a button or buttons to. His bonet buttened with gold. Gascoiyne, Woodmanship. Your rapier shall be button'd with my head, Before it touch my master. Beau, awl Ft., Honest Man's Fortune, i. 3. 2. To fasten with a button or buttons; secure, or join the parts or edges of, with buttons : often followed by up : as, to button up a waistcoat. One whose hard heart is button'd up with steel. Shak., C. of E., iv. 2. He was a tall, fat, long-bodied man, buttoned up to the throat in a tight green coat. Dickens. II. intrans. To be capable of being buttoned. Diderot writes to his fair one that his clothes will hardly button. Curlyle, Diderot. buttonball, buttonwood (but'n-bal, -wiid), n. The plane-tree of the United States, Plain mm occidental is : so called from its small, round, pendulous fruits or nutlets. Also incorrectly called sycamore. button-blank (but'n-blaugk), n. A disk of metal, bono, etc., to be formed into a button. button-bush (but'n-bush), n. A name given to the Cephalanthus oceidentalis, aNorth Amer- ican shrub, on account of its globular flower- beads. See Cephalanthus. button-ear (but'n-er), n. An ear that falls over in front, concealing the inside, as in some dogs. buttoned (but'nd), p. a. 1. Decorated with buttons or small bosses, as a glass vase. — 2. In her., ornamented with small points, usually of a different tincture ; studded. 739 buttoner (but'n-er), ». 1. One who or that which buttons; a button-hook. — 2. A decoy. [Eng. slang.] button-fastener (but'n-fas"nor), n. A clasp for fastening buttons. button-flower (bufn-flou'er), n. A name given to species of Gomphia, shrubs and trees of trop- ical America, natural order tieliiiaene. Some are occasionally cultivated in hothouses. buttonhole (but'n-hol), n. 1. The hole or loop in which a button is caught. — 2. A name given to the harfs-tongue fern, Scolopendrium nil- gare, because itsfrueiiliont ion in tin- young si ale resembles a buttonhole inform andappearance. buttonhole (but'n-hol ), /■. (. ; pret. and pp. but- tonholed, ppr. buttonholing. [< buttonhole, ».] 1. To seize by the buttonhole or button and detain in conversation ; interview. He won't stand on the corner and lnitt-'iitudr , \ ervliody with the news. T. Winthrop, Cecil Dreeme, vi. 2. To make buttonholes in. button-hook (but'n-huk), n. A small metal hook used for buttoning shoes, gloves, etc. button-loom (but'n-ldm), n. A loom for weav- ing coverings for buttons. button-mold (but'n-mold), n. A disk of bone, wood, or metal, to be covered with fabric to form a button. E. II. Knight Fossil button- mold, a name sometimes given to a section of encxinite bel H I en two joints. button-nosed (but'n-nozd), a. Same as star- nosed : applied to the condylure. See cut un- der Condylura. button-piece (but'n-pes), n. A button-blank. button-quail (but'n-kwal), n. A bird of the family Turnicidw; a hemipod. button-solder (but'n-sol"der), n. A white sol- der composed of tin, brass, and copper, used as a substitute for silver solder in making buttons. button-tool (but'n-tol), n. An instrument used chiefly for cutting out the disks or buttons of leather which serve as nuts for the screwed wires in the mechanism connected with the keys of the organ and pianoforte. It is a mod- ification of the ordinary center-bit. button-tree (but'n-tre), ». Same as button- wood, 1. button-weed (but'n-wed), n. 1. A name given to several rubiaceous plants belonging to the genera Spcrmacocc, Diodia, and Borrcria. — 2. The knapweed, Centaurea nigra. buttonwood (but'n-wud), n. 1. A common name in the West Indies of a low combreta- ceous tree, Conocarpns t recta, with very heavy, hard, and compact wood. The white buttonwood is a small tree of the same order, Laguncularia racemosa, growing on the shores of lagoons and having a similar wood. Also called button -tree. 2. See buttonball. buttony (but'n-i), a. [< button + -y 1 .] Deco- rated with a profusion of buttons. That buttony hoy sprang up and down from the box with Emmy's and Jos's visiting card. Thackeray, Vanity Fair, ix. buttourt, n. A Middle English form of bittern 1 . buttress (but'res), n. [Early mod. E. also but- teras, huttcrace, butrasse, botlras; < late ME. but- traei .hulti rnce,but- rassi , boterace, < OF. bouterets, prop, pi. of boutcrct, bu- teret, a buttress, prop, adj., thrust- ing, bearing a thrust (said of an arch or a pillar) (of. boutrice, "an ashler or binding- stone (in build- ing)," boutant, "a buttress or shore- post "— Ootgrave), < banter, boter, push, thrust, put, mod. F. hauler, put, bitter, prop, support, the source of E. butt 1 , push, etc. : see butt 1 .'] 1. A struc- ture built against a wall, for the pur- pose of giving it stability.— 2. Fig- uratively, any prop or support. The ground - pillar and buttress of the good Abbey of St. Denis, l-rance. old cause of lloneon- , buttresses; b,b, flying buttresses, fortuity, South. butyrate 3f. [Also written buttrice, butteHs.] In far- riery, on instrument of steel sol in wood, for panng the hoof of a horse. Minsheu; Kersey. Flying buttress, in medieval arch., a support in the form oi a segment ol an arch springing from a solid mass ol masonry, as the topol a side aisle buttress, and abutting against another part of the structure, as tin- wall oi a clearstory, in which ease it acts as a counterpoise against the vaulting of the central pile: so named from its passing through the air. Hanging buttress, in arch., a feature in the form of a buttress, not standing solid on a foundation, hut .supported on a corbel. It is applied in debased styles chiefly as a decoration. buttress (but'res), v. t. [< ME. hot, rosin : see buttress, ».] To support by a buttress ; hence, to prop or prop up, literally or figuratively. To set it upright again, and to prop and buttress it up for duration. Burke, Reform of Representation. A white wall, buttressed well, made girdle wide To towers and roofs where vet his kin did bide. William Mom's, Earthly Paradise, III. 369. buttress-tower (but'res-tou"er). n. In early fort., a tower projecting from the face of tho 'rampart-wall, but not rising above it. It was afterward developed into the bastion. butt-shaftt (but'shaft), n. A blunt or unbail- ed arrow used for shooting at a target. Also spelled but-shaft. The blind bow-hoy's butt-shaft. Shak., R. and J., ii. 4. Mer. I fear thou hast not arrows for the purpose. Cup. O yes, here he of all sorts— flights, rovers, and butt- shafts. B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, v. 3. butt-strap (but/strap), v. t. To weld together (two pieces of metal) so as to form a butting- joint. Two pieces which are welded ovbiitt-strn iqicd together. Thearle, Naval Architecture, § 268. butt-weld (but 'weld), n. In mech., a weld formed by joining the flattened ends of two pieces of iron at white heat ; a jump-weld. buttwoman (but'wum'an), «. ; pi. huttiromrn (-wim"en). [< butt?, 7, a hassock, + woman.] A woman who cleans a church, and in service- time assists as a pew-opener. [Eng.] butty (but'i), ».; pi. butties (-iz). [E. dial., short for 'butty-fellow, early mod. E. boty-felowe, a partner (Palsgrave) (cf. butty-collier, butty- gang), < boty, now booty, plunder, property shared, + felotce, fellow.] 1. A comrade, chum, or partner. [Prov. Eng. and U.S.] — 2. Spe- cifically, in English coal-mining, one who takes a contract, or is a partner in a contract, for working out a certain area of coal. The butty- ■ ■"/her, or first man, as he is called in some coal-mining districts, employs his own holers, fillers, and hoys, and has general charge of the work in his own particular "stall." butty-collier (but'i-kol"yer), n. In English coal-mining, the head man of a butty-gang. See butty. butty-gang (but'i-gang), n. A gang of men who take a contract for a part of a work, as in the construction of railroads, etc., the proceeds being equally divided between them, with some- thing extra to the head man. butua (bu'tfA-ii), n. See abntita. butwards (but'wiirdz), adv. [< but 1 , adv., + -wants.] Toward the outward apartment. [Scotch.] butyl (bii'til), «. [< but(yric) + -yl.] A hydro- carbon alcohol radical having the composition OiHg. It cannot be isolated, and occurs only in combination with other radicals Butyl- chloral hydrate. Same as croton-chloral hydrate (which Bee, under croton). butylamine (bii-til'a-min), n. [< butyl + amine.] Same as tetrylainine. butylene (bu'ti-leii), n. [< butyl + -cue.] A hydrocarbon (OiHg) belonging to the define series. It exists in three isomeric forms, all of which are gases at ordinary temperatures. butylic (bu-til'ik), a. [< butyl + -ic] Of or pertaining to butyl. butyraceous (bii-ti-ra'shius), a. [< L. hiiti/- riim, butter (see butter 1 ). + -aecous.] Having the quality of butter ; resembling butter ; con- sisting of or containing butter. Also butyrous. \ n long all races perhaps none has shown so acute a sense of the side on which its bread is buttered [as the Saxon), and so great a repugnance for having fine phrases tako tlie (dace of the butyraceous principle. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 249. butyrate (bii'ti-rat), ». [< L. butyrum, butter, + -ate 1 .] A salt of butyric acid — Ethyl buty- rate, C2HK.C4H7O0, a very mobile liquid, having an odor somewhat like that of the pineapple. It is soluble in al- cohol, and is used, on account of its odor, in the manufac- ture of perfumery and also of artificial rum and other spir- its. It is prepared by distilling a mixture of alcohol and butyric acid, with the addition of a little ether. Known in trade as essence of pineapple or ananas-oil. Glycerin butyrate or butyrin, <'aIlr,(t-'.iH7":')a, a glycerid or fat which occurs in butter. butyric butyric (I'U-lir'ik), a. [< I.. inityrum. butter, + -/<■. J [Vrtiiinins; to or derived from butter.— Bu- tyric acid, C3H7C1 U >H, a colorless mobile liquid having a strong, rancid smell :mi a class <•! compounds formed from butyric acid by the substitute f one atom <.t a basic organic radical, such as ethyl, for an at.. in of hydrogen.— Butyric fermentation, a kind of fermen. tati .[■ putrefaction characterized by the production <>f butyric acid. It is caused by a microbe belonging to the L't'lin- ttion. butyril (bu'ti-ril), n. [< L. butyrum, butter, + -iY.J The railieal (C)H 7 CO) of butyric acid aud its derivatives. butyrin, butyrine (bu'ti-rin), n. [< L. buty- ritm, butter, + -in-, -in<-.~\ A triglycerid, C3H5 (046703)3] which is a constant constituent of butter, together with olein, stearin, and other glycerids. It is a neutral yellowish liquid fat, having a sharp, bitter taste. butyrous (bu'ti-rus), a. [< L. butyrum, butter, + -mis.] Same as butyriiccous. buxeous (buk'se-us), a. [< L. buxeus, pertain- ing tn the box-tree, < buxus, the box-tree: see Bums."] Pertaining to the box-tree or resem- bling it. buxin, buxine (buk'sin), «. [< NL. buxina, < L. buxus, the box-tree: see -in-, -!»e a .] An al- kaloid obtained from the box-tree, it has gener- ally the appearance of a translucent deep-brown mass; its taste is. bitter; it excites Bneezing; it is insoluble in water, but is dissolved in small quantity by alcohol and by ether. buxina (buk-si'nii), n. [NL.] Same as buxine. buxine, ». See buxin. buxom ( buk'sum), a. [Early mod. E. also buck- some, bucksom, < ME. buxom, buxum, boxom, bouxom, bogsam, bughsom (also, by absorption of the palatal, bousom, bowsom, mod. E. as if "bowsome), earlier buhsiim, obedient, submis- sive, < AS. 'buhsum (not found) (= D. buig- zaam, flexible, submissive, = G. biegsam, flex- ible), < bugan, bow, + -sum, -some : see bow 1 , hurl:-, and" someJ] If. Yielding to pressure; flexible; unresisting. Tv/ise was he seene in soaring Eagles shape, And with wide winges to beat the buxome ayre. Hjieiwr, V. ()., III. xi. 34. Wing silently the buscom air. Wilton, P. L., ii. 842. The crew with merry shouts their anchors weigh, Then ply their ears, and brush the buxom sea. Dryden, I'ym. and Iph., 1. 013. 2f. Obedient; obsequious; submissive. To he ever buxom and obedient. Foxe. "For-thi," seid Samuel to Saul, "god hym-self hoteth The, In: boxume at his liiddyngc his willc tn fulfillc." Piers Plowman (B), iii. 263. lie did tread down and disgrace all the English, ami set up and countenance the Irish; thinking thereby to make them more tractable and buxom to the government. Spenser, state of Ireland. 3. Having health and comeliness together with a lively disposition ; healthy and cheerful ; brisk; jolly; lively and vigorous. A daughter fair, So buxom, blithe, and debonair, Milton, I, Allegro, 1. 24. The buxom god [Bacchus]. Dryden, tr. of Virgil's Georgics. A parcel of buxom bonny dames. Toiler, No. 273. Such buxom chief shall lead his host From India's tires to Zembla's frost. Scott, Maniiion, iii. 4. I In this Bense the word is now always applied to girls or women, and implies abundant health as shown in plump- Olor, and strength.] 4. Showing vigor or robustness; sturdy; fresh; brisk: said of things: as, "buxom val- our," Shak., Hen. V., iii. (i. Buxom health of rosy hue. Qray, Ode on a Prospect of Eton College. 5f. Amorous; wanton. Bailey. buxomt. >'• i. [ME. buxomen ; < buxom, a.] To be obedient ; yield. nl I to al the land also. St.JSdm Eng. Poems, ed I iiinivall), 1.445. buxomly (buk'sum-li), adv. (< ME. buxomly, buxumli, etc. ; < buxum + -ly-.] If. Obedient- ly; humbly. To condyle me fro CyteotoCytei ,;n it wen nede, and iii.: ami in MancU ,,-n, , Travels, p. 82. \hi| : 1.1 [thai !■■ [To hem] tii it I > 1,. biddeth it and in n in wille to amenden hem. /■<■ 1 /■/. , man < B) sll. 195. 2. In a buxom manner; briskly; vigorously, buxomness (buk'sum-nes), ». ['< ME. buxomnes, buxumnes, buhsumnes, etc. ; < buxom + -«<.«.] If. Obedience; submissiveness. A branch of Box ( Buxus sempervirens). 740 Iioto T Rule thus thl Eeame Rend out my Ribbea ! 3if hit beo so that Boxumnssse beo at myn assent. Piers Plowman (A), lv. USO, 2. The quality of being buxom; briskness; Liveliness; healthy vigor or plumpness. Buxus (buk'sus), n. rjL., the box-tree. > E. box 1 , q. v.] A genus of plants whose species afford the valuable hard wood called boxwood; the box. It is the most northern arborescent plant of the natural order Eupkorbiacece. />. semper oirens, the common box, is a na- tii e of Europi and Asia, and is found from the Atlantic to China and Japan, sometimes attaining a height of 20 or 30 feet, though the trunk is seldom more than 8 or 10 inches in diameter. The finest quality of boxwood is from the Levant and regions about the Black Sea, and is largely employ- ed in wood -engraving, for mathe- matical and musical instruments, and for turning. There are nu- merous varieties in cultivation for ornamental purposes, includ- ing the common dwarf bushy form used for garden-edgings. buy (bi), v.; pret. aud pp. bought, ppr. buying. [Early mod. E. also buye, by, hie, bye, < ME. buyen, byen, bien, beyen, biggen. buggen, etc., < AS. byegan (pret. bohte, pp. boht) = OS. buggean = Goth, human (pret. bauhta), buy; not i'ound in the other Tout, tongues; connections doubt- ful. Hence in comp. (thy 1 , and by perversion abide 2 , q.v.] I. trans. 1. To acquire the pos- session of, or the right or title to, by paying a consideration or an equivalent, usually in money ; obtain by paying a price to the seller; purchase : opposed to sell. His [Emerson's] plan for the extirpation of slavery was to buy the slaves from the planters. O. W. Holmes, Emerson, viii. Hence — 2. To get, acquire, or procure for any kind of equivalent: as, to buy favor with flattery. Euill men take great payn to buy Hell — and all for worldly pleasure — Dearer then good men buy heauen, for God is their trea- sure. Rhodes, Boke of Nurture (E. E. T. S.), p. 89. I have bought Golden opinions from all sorts of people. Shak., Macbeth, i. 7. 3. To bribe ; corrupt or pervert by giving a consideration ; gain over by money, etc. There is one thing which the most corrupt senates are unwilling to sell ; and that is the power which makes them worth buying. Macaulay, Sir William Temple. 4. To be sufficient to purchase or procure; serve as an equivalent in procuring: as, gold cannot buy health. — 5f. Toaby; suffer. What? schal 1 buy it on my fleisch so deere? Chaucer, Prol. to Wife of Bath's Tale, 1. 167. Bought note, bought and sold notes. See note.— To buy a borough. See boroughX.— To buy againt, to re- deem. See againbuy. God save yow, that boughte agayn mankynde. Chaucer, Pardoner's Tale, 1. 304. To buy at a bargain. Set- bargain.— To buy in. <<0 To purchase for ones self, especially shares or stock: op- posed to sell out. She ordered her husband to buy in a couple of Fresh coach-horses. Steele, Tatler, No. 109. What minor and rival companies stood in the way they /"■"■flit in. \v. Barrows, Oregon, p. 38. (&) To buy for the owner at a public sale, especially when an insufficient price is ottered.— To buy into, to obtain an interest or footing in by purchase, as of the shares of a joint-stock company, and formerly in England of acorn- mission in a regiment.— To buy in under the rule, in the stock exchange, to purchase stock on behalf of a member to enable him to meet, a short contract, or to return stock which had been borrowed, on notice being given to Hie chairman, who makes the purchase.— To buy off. (") In the English service, to obtain a release from military service by a payment. (6) To get rid of the op- position Of by payment; purchase the non-intervention of; bribe. \\ hat pitiful things are power, rhetoric, or riches, when they would terrify, dissuade, or buy off conscience. South, To buy Off counsel, to pay counsel not to take employ- ment from the opposite party. — To buy or seU the bear. See bear-, 5 («). — TO buy OUt. (a) To buy Off; redeem. Dreading the curse that money may buy out, Shak., K. John, iii. 1. (6) To purchase all the share or shares of (a person) in a stock, fund, or partnership, or al! his interest in a busi- ness: as, a buys out B. - To buy over, to detach by a bfibe or consideration of some sort from one party and attach to the opposite party. — To buy the bargain dear. See bargain To buy the refusal of, to give money for the right of purchasing at a fixed price at a future time. To buy up, to purchase or acquire title to the who].- of, "i the whole accessible Bupply of, as shares, a crop, or a Btock of goods In mai ket The noise of this book's suppression made it presently be ■■""■rht up, ami turn'd much to the stationer's advan- tage, Evelyn, Diary, lug. 19, 1674. II. intrans. To be or become u purchaser. 1 will buy with you, sell with you. Shale, M. of V.,i 8 buzzard buyable (bi'a-bl), a. [< buy + -able.] Capa- ble of being bought, or of being obtained for money or other equivalent. The spiritual fire which is in that man ... is not buy- able nor salable. Carlyle, French Rev., II. i. 2. buyer (bi'er), n. One who buys; a purchaser; a purchasing agent.. -Buyer's option, in the exchange, a privilege which a purchaser has of taking a Stipulated amount of stock at any time during a specilU-d number oi days: usually stated as buyer 3, 10,20, etc, according to the period agreed on. often abbreviated to b. o. buzt, buzz 3 t (buz), interj. [See buzz 1 , //.] A sibilant sound uttered to enjoin silence. Pol. The actors are come hither, my lord. flam, Buz, buz! Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2. Cry hum Thrice, and then buz as often. B. Jonson, Alchemist, i. 1. buza (bu'za), n. Same as boza. buzz 1 (buz)', r. ; pret. and pp. buzzed, ppr. buzz- ing. [First in early mod. K. ; formed, like equiv. hiss, bi~z (dial.), and hiss, hizz, q. v., and It. bttzzicare, whisper, buzzichio, a buzzing, in imitation of the sound. Cf. birr 2 .'] I. intrans. 1. To make a low humming sound, as bees; emit a sound like a prolonged utterance of z, as by a slow expiration of intonated or sonant breath between the tongue and the roof of the mouth or the upper teeth. A swarm of drones that buzz'd about your head. Pope. 2. To whisper buzzingly; speak with a low humming voice; make a low sibilant sound. II. trans. 1. To make known by buzzing. How would he hang his slender gilded wings, And buzz lamenting doings in the air ! Shak., Tit. And., iii. 2. 2. To whisper; spread or report by whispers ; spread secretly. For I will buzz abroad such prophecies That Edward shall he fearful of his life. Shak., 3 Hen. VI., v. 6. In the house I hear it buzzed there are a brace of doctors, A fool, and a physician. B. Jonson, Magnetick Lady, ii. 1. 3. To share equally the last of a bottle of wine, when there is not enough for a full glass to each of the party. [Eng.] Get some more port, . . . whilst I buzz this bottle here. Thackeray, Vanity Fair, xxxiv. buzz 1 (buz), n, [< buzz 1 , v.] 1. A continuous humming sound, as of bees. But the temple was full " inside and out," And a buzz kept buzzing all round about, Like bees when the day is sunny. Hood, Miss Kilmansegg. A day was appointed for the grand migration, and on that day little Communipaw was in a buzz and a bustle like a hive in swarming time. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. BID. The constant buzz of a fly. Macaulay. 2. A confused humming sound, such as that made by a number of people busily engaged in conversation or at work; the confused bum- ming sound of bustling activity or stir; hence, a state of activity or ferment: as, the buzz of conversation ceased wben he appeared ; my head is all in a buzz. There is a certain buzz Of a stolen marriage. Maxsinger. There is &buzz ... all around regarding the sermon. Thackeray, Newcomes, I. xi. 3. A rumor or report. The buzz of drugs and minerals and simples, Bloodlettings, vomits, purges, or what else Is conjur'd up by men of art. to gull Liege-people. I'<<>. HI. 3t A coward.— 4. A hawk that flies by night. EaUiwell. [I'rov. Eng.] Compare buzzard-moth. -Buzzard dollar, a name applied by the opponentao tlu- Wind Bill of 1878 to the American Bilver douar o) -ii... irrvins coined i" accordance with it, bearing as device upon the reverse a figure of an eagle, derisively compared to that of a buzzard. Il.t a. Senseless; stupid. Thought no better of the living Cod than of a buzzard i( | n l b Milton, Eikonoklastes, l. buzzard-clock (buz'&rd-klok), ». [E. dial., < buzzard, for buzzer, from its buzzing noise, + clock, a beetle.] A local name in England for the dor. Buiuniin' awaay loike a buzzard-clock Tennyson, Northern Farmer, ( >. 8. buzzardet (buz-ar-def), n. [< buzzard + dim. -et] A small North American buzzard de- scribed by Pennant, but not satisfactorily iden- tified: perhaps the young red-shouldered buz- zard, Buteo lineatus; more probably the broad- winged buzzard, Buteo pennsylvanicus. buzzard-hawk (buz'ard-hak), n. A hawk of the subfamily Buteoninai. buzzardly (buz'ard-li), a. [< buzzard + -ty 1 .] Of or pertaining to a buzzard; like a buzzard, buzzard-moth (buz'&rd-moth), n. A kind of sphinx or hawk-moth. buzzer (buz'er), n. 1. One who buzzes; a whisperer; one who is busy in telling tales se- cretly. Shah. — 2. A call or alarm making a low buzzing sound, used when it is desirable to avoid loud noise.— 3. A polishing-wheel used in cutlery-work. buzzing (buz'ing), ;;. a. [Ppr. of buzz 1 , v.} l. Kesembling a buzz. A low buzzing musical sound. Lamb, Quaker's Meeting. 2. Making a buzzing sound or hum: as, the bu?:ina multitude. buzzingly (buz'ing-li), adv. In a buzzmg man- ner; with a low humming sound, buzzom (buz'um), n. [E. dial., also bussom, var. of besom, q. v.] A dialectal fonn of be- som. Broekett. buzz-saw (buz'sa), ». A circular saw : so call- ed from its sound when in action. buzzy (buz'i), a. [< buzz + -f/ 1 .] Full of buzz- ing; buzzing. by 1 (bi), prep, and adv. [< ME. by, bi, also be, < AS. bi, big, also be (in conip. be-, under ac- cent bi-, big-: see be-\ fte-2), = OS. bi, bi, be = OFries. bi, be = MLG. bi, LG. bi, by = D. by = OHG. bi, pi, bi, MHG. bi, G. bei = Goth, bi, by, about, orig. meaning 'about,' whence in AS., etc., by, near, at, through, according to, con- cerning, etc. ; related to L. ambi- = Gr. afttpt, and Skt. abhi, about: see ambi-, ampin-. Hence the prefixes by-l = be-\ by-* = be-*, by-\] I. prep. 1. Near; close to; beside; with; about: as, sit by me ; the house stands by a river. Go to your rest, and I'll sit by you. Fletcher, Sea A oyage, IV. 2. They punish rigorously them that rob by the high »av. Milton, Hist. Eng., m. A good poet can no more be without a stock of similes by him, than a shoemaker without his lasts. J ' Swift, To a Young Poet. He himself has not the monies by him, but is forced to sell stock at a great loss. Sheridan, School for Scandal, in. 1. 2. Near, or up to and beyond, with reference to motion; past: as, to move or go by a church. Thou hast pass'd by the ambush of young days, Either not assail d, or victor being charged. Shak., Sonnets, lxx. This music crept by me upon the waters. Shak., Tempest, l. 2. 3. Along (in direction or progress) ; in or through (the course of) ; over or alongside of: as, to approach a town by the highway. We took our journey into the wilderness by the way of the lied sea. D eut - "• L 741 By the margin, willow-veil'd, Slide the heavy barges. »ci,„,„h i /, „,../.,",., Lady of siialott, i. 4 On; upon; especially, through or on as a means of conveyance: as, he journeyed both by water and ');/ rail. I would have fought by land, where I was stronger. n, „i. a. All for Love, ii. l. 5 Through, (a) Through the action or opera- tion of, as the immediate agent or the producing or instigating cause: as, the empire founded hi) Napoleon; a novel written by Cooper; the victories gained by Nelson; a picture painted till Rubens. [In this use especially after passive verbs or participles, the participle being often omitted: as, a novel by Coopi r ; a picture &» Rubens.] All things were made by him. • T "' m '■ 3 - Prompted to my revenge by heaven and hell Shak., Hamlet, 11. '-'. (ft) With the perception of, as the subject or recipient of the action or feeling: as, he died regretted bi) all who knew him ; this was fell by them to be 'an intentional slight, (c) Through the means or agency of, as the intermediate, agent or instrument: as, the city was destroyed by fire. There perished not many by the swoorde, but all '<.'/ the extremityc of famine which they themselves had wrought. ' Spenser, State of Ireland. Noble Melantins, the land by me Welcomes thy virtues home to Rhodes. & an. and FL, Maid's Tragedy, l. 1. All nur miserie and trouble hath bin either by a King or t»i our necessarj vindication and defence against nun. Milton, Eikonoklastes, x. Muley Ahul Eassan saw by the tires blazing on the moun- tains that the country was rising. Irving, Granada, p. 77. (d) Through the use of; with the aid of, as means: as, to take by force ; by your leave. He called his brothers by name, and their replies gave comfort to his heart. Irving, Granada, p. 95. Ind holding them back 6;/ their flowing locks. y. nnyson, The Merman, n. (f) In consequence of; by virtue of. I have endeavoured to shew how some passages are beautiful bit being sublime, others by being soft, others by being natural. Addison, Spectator, No. 369. And how it ends it matters not, By heart-break or by rifle-shot. Whittier, Mogg Megone, l. 6 In adjuration: Before; in the presence of ; with the witness of; with regard to things, in view of, in consideration of : followed by the name of the being or thing appealed to as sanction: as, I appeal to you by all that is sacred. The common oath of the Scythians was by the swoord, and by the fire. Spenser, State of Ireland. Swear not at all ; neither by heaven ; for it is God's throne : nor by the earth ; for it is his footstool. Mat. v. 34, oo. By Pan I swear, beloved Perigot, And by yon moon, 1 think thou lov'st me not. Fli trior. Faithful Shepherdess, ill. 1. 7 According to; by direction, authority, ex- ample, or evidence of: as, this appears by Ms own account; it is ten o'clock by my watch; these are good rules to live by. They live by your base words. Shak., T. G. of V., ii. 4. First follow Nature, and your judgment frame By her just standard. Pope, Essay on Criticism, 1. 69. 8 In the measure or quantity of ; in the terms of: as, to sell cloth by the yard, milk by the quart, eggs by the dozen, beef by the pound ; to board by the week. Two thousand ducats by the year. Shak.,T. of the S., ii. 1. 9. In comparison: To the extent of: noting mensuration or the measure or ratio of excess or inferiority : as, larger by a half ; older by five years; to lessen by a third. Be als mckil als the forseide lyght, to the worchep of god an holy Chirche, lestyngliche in tyme coinyng. with-outen help of lilenuys deuocioll ne may not he meyntelied and kept. English Gilds (E. E. 1. s.), p. 45. Too long by half a mile. Shak., L. L. L., v. 2. 10. Multiplied into: noting the relation of one dimension to another (in square or cubic mea- sure) : as, five feet by four, that is, measuring five feet in one direction and four feet in the other.— 11. During the course of; within the compass or period of: as, by day; by night. Dauid bii bus daies dobbede knygtes. Piers Plowman (C), ii. 102. Old men yn prouerbe sayde by old tyme "A chyld were bet.r to be vnhore Than to be vntaught, and so he lore/' Babces Book (E. E. T. S.), p. 399. by Then rose the King and moved bis host to night. Tennyson, Passing ol Aitmir. 12 At (a terminal point of timer, tiol later than; as earlv as: as, ft.ythis time the sun had risen; he will be here by two clock. By tie- morwe. Chaucer, Prot to Manciple's Tale, i. w, But by thai thej were got within sight of them, the women were in a very great scuttle. Bunyan, Pilgrims Progress, p. ^i. The cholera will have killed by the end of the year about " ersontaeVery |^»»i ( A,TotheCounte»Orey. 13. At a time; each separately or singly: as, one by one; two by two; piece by piece. Point by point, argument by <$j™£»$ a . ieB . Vol., Tret 14 With reference to ; in relation to; about; concerning; with: formerly especially after say, speak, etc., now chiefly after do, act, ileal, et °" And so I sey by the that sekest after the whyes And aresonedest resoun. Purs Plowman (li), xn. 217. I sev not this by wyves that ben wise. Chaucer, frill, to Wife of Bath's Tale, 1. 229. Thus prophecy says by me. Towneley Mysteries, p. 212. They secretly made enquiry where I had liued I before, what my wordes and behauiour had beene while I was there, but they coulde tinde '' utl '"'^ ™' Travel3? p . 31 . Thou hast spoken evil words by the queen. Poxe. To do by scripture and the gospel according to commence is not to do evil. Milton, t ml lower. In his behaviour to me, he hath dealt hardly ty*"j}* tion. ' "' 15. Besides; over and above ; beyond. [North. Eng. and Scotch.] This ship was of so great stature, and took so much timber, that, except Falkland, she wasted a 1 the woodsiD Fife which was oak-wood, by all timber that was gotten out of Norroway. PitseottU, C'hron. of Scotland, an. 1611. By book, by the book. See book.- By north, south, east west fnaut.), next in the direction stated : phrasea useTintaigWing the points of the compass: as, north- east by north (between V E. and N. X. K.). See '■■■■■>l>ass -By one's self or itself. («) Apart; separated from others ; alone. When I am in a serious humour, I very often walk by myself in Westminster Abbey. ... "" J Addison, Thoughts in Westminster Abbey. As a child will long for his companions, but among them plays by himself- Emerson, C lulls. (M Without aid; by individual action exclusively: as, I did it all by myself. [Colloq.)-By the board. See 6oa.rd.-By the by. See oj/i «.- By the head «o ".). the state of a vessel so loaded as to draw mole f.myid than aft: opposite to by the stern.-Zy the lee, said of a ship when the wind takes the sails on the wrong side. Shoote him through and through with a jest ; make him lye by the lee, thou Basilisco of witte. .. 1 J Marston, What You Will, d. 1. BV the Stern (naut.), with greater draft aft than for- ward-By the way. («) Cm the road; in the •'"urseof a journey : as, they fell out by the way. (6) Incidentally , in the course of one's remarks: hence used as an mter- jectional phrase introducing an incidental remark : as, by the way, have you received that letter yet .' [t olh.q.l Their actions are worthy not thus to be spoken of by the u , alJ , Milton, Apology for Smectymnuus. Bv the wind (navt.), as near to the proper course as the wind will permit ; close-hauled.- By way Of. «>) As an example or instance of. (6) On the point of; just about to- as when I saw him he was by way of going to Bngn- ton [Colloq.,Eng.l (c) Through: as, we came by way of Boston.— TO set store by. See store. _ II adv. [The adverbial use is not found in AS.,' and is rare in ME.] 1. Near; iu the same place with; at hand: often (before the verb always) qualified by a more definite ad- verb: as, near by; close by; hard by. You did kneel to me, Whilst I stood stubborn and regardless by. , Beau, and Fl., King and No King, lit 1. He now retired Unto a neighb'ring castle by. S. Butler, Hudibras, I. in. 301. 2. Aside; off. Let them lay by their helmets and their spears. Shak., Rich. II., l. 3. Be no more Christians, put religion by, 'Twill make ye cowards. . Fletcher, The Pilgrim, n. 2. 3. Of motion: Across in front or alongside and beyond : as, the carriage went hy. By your leave, my masters there, pray you let's come by. B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, v. 2. Pray you, walk by, and say nothing. ' Fletcher, Rule a W ife, it 4. 4. Of time : In the past ; over. The moon among the clouds rode high, And all the city bum was by. Scott. Marmion, v. 20. [For bt) in composition, see &y- 3 .] By and by (at) A repetition of by, near, close by : used especially in reference to a regular series, one after an- other. by l»n yonge knightes liggyng by and by. Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 153. These were his wordts by and by. Rom. o) "" / ' ,| " , ' , • 1- 4581. In the temple, by and by with us, These couples -shall eternally be knit. Shak., M. N. D., iv. l. (5t) At once; straightway; Immediately; then. Alter that you hauedyned and supte, laboure not by and bv after, but make a pause, syttynge or Btandynge vpryght tin- Bpace of an howre or more with some pastyme. Babees Bool (E. E. T. S.), p. 247. When . . . persecution axiseth because i»f the word, by and l»i [Or. evdv;, immediately] he is ottended. Hat, \iii. 21. They do, and by-and-by repent them of that which they have done. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 237. (<•) At some time in the future ; before long ; presently. I'm so vexed, that if I had not the prospect of a resource in being knocked o' the head by and by, I should scarce have spirits to tell you the cause. Sheridan, The Rivals, iv. 3. By and large, in all its length and breadth; in every aspect : as, taking it by and large, this is the most com- prehensive theory yet broached.— By and maint, by both si, le and main passages ; on all sides. Thou ! no, no, I have barred thee by and main, for I have resolved not to tight for them. Killigrew, Parson's Wedding, ii. 5. Full and by. SeefuOl. by 1 . bye 1 (hi), n. [< by, prep, and adv.; in older use ouly in the phrases by the by and in, on, or upon the by (see def.) ; due to by 1 , adv., in eoinp. by- 3 . In sporting use commonly spelled bye.'] 1. A thing not directly aimed at; something not the immediate object of regard : as, by the by (that is, by the way, in passing). — 2. The condition of being odd, as opposed to even; the state of having no competitor in a contest where several are engaged in pairs. Thus, in field trials of dogs, when the number of those entered for competition in pairs is uneven, the odd contestant is said to have a by. 3 In cricket, a run made on a ball not struck by the batsman, but which the wicket-keeper has failed to stop. — 4. In the game of hide- and-seek, the goal: as, to touch the by. [New England.] — By the by. (at) Same as in, on, or upon the i>!t. (b) By the way: introducing an incidental re- mark. By the in/, I hope 'tis not true that your brother is ab- solutely ruined? Sheridan, School for Scandal, i. 1. There is an old tough aunt in the way ; — though, by the by, she has never seen my master — for we got acquainted w itli miss while on a visit in Gloucestershire. Sheridan, The Rivals, i. 1. In, on, or upon the byt, in passing ; indirectly ; by implication. It would beget Me such a main authority on the bye, And do yourself no disrepute at all. B. Jonson, Magnetick Lady, i. 1. Speak modestly in mentioning my services ; And if aught fall out in the by, that must Of mere necessity touch any act Of my deserving praises, blush when you talk on 't. Beau, and Ft., Laws of Candy, iii. 2. The Synod of Dort condemneth upon the bye even the discipline of the Church of England. Quoted in Fidler's Church Hist., X. v. 1. To steal a by, in cricket, to make a run on a hall which has not been batted, but which the wicket-keeper has failed to stop. He (the batsman] is never in his ground, except when bis wicket is down. Nothing in the whole game so trying to boys ; he has stolen three byes in the first ten minutes, T. Hughes, Tom Brown at Rugby, ii. 8. by 2 t, "• [ME by, bi, < AS. by = Icel. byr, beer, or beer (gen. btvjnr, hyjnr) = Norw. bo = Sw. Dan. by, a town, village, in Icel. and Norw. also a farm, landed estate; akin to AS. bit = OS. bit = Icel. bit = Sw. Dan. bo, a dwelling, habita- ti'.n, > So. bow (see bow 5 ), < AS. bUan — Icel. bua, dwell: see bower 1 , boor, big 2 , be 1 , and cf . by-law.] A town ; habitation; dwelling: now ml only in place-names, especially in the north of England, as in lirrliy (Anglo-Saxon lii i na by, literally ' dwelling of deer'), Whitby, etc. The township, the by of the Northern shires. sin/, i, Const, Hist, I. no. by :, t, "■ [Another and more reg. form of bee 2 , < ME. bye, Inj".', beighe, beg, belt, etc., < AS. In ii h. In tig, a ring: see bee-.] A ring; a brace- let. A by of gold, adorning the right arm. Planche". by 4 t, i>. An obsolete spelling of buy. by 5 t, v. i. An obsolete variant of 6c 1 . by- 1 . It. An obsolete variant of bi- 1 , be- 1 (un- accented). See 6c- 1 . — 2. The modern form of bi- 1 , 6c- 1 , under the accent, as in byspt U, byword, etc. by-'-'t. An obsolete variant of bi- 2 , be- 2 . by- 3 . The adverb 6//1 usnl us a prefix, i first appears in the sixteenth century, by- being a QUasi- 742 adjective, meaning side, secondary, as in bypath, by-street, byway, by-play, by-stroke, etc. by-aimt (bi am), re. A side aim ; a subordinate aim ; a by-end. by-altar (bi'al"tar), n. 1. A minor or secon- dary altar, in distinction from the high altar; any other altar than the chief one in a church: now commonly culled side altar. — 2. A name given by some writers on Christian archaeology to a table standing beside the altar, for hold- ing the vestments, the sacred vessels, etc. ; a credence. byart, «. See byre. byard (bi'iird), n. [Appar. a variant form and use of bayard 2 , q. v.] A band of leather cross- ing the breast, used by men for dragging wag- ons in coal-mines. byast. See bias. byats (bi'ats), n. pi. Same as ^muons. by-ball (bi'bal), n. In cricket, same as by 1 , 3. by-bidder (bi'bid'er), re. A person employed at public auctions to bid on articles put up for sale, in order that the seller may obtain higher prices. by-blow (bi'blo), n. 1. A side or accidental blow. Kow and then a by-blow from the pulpit. Milton, Colasterion. How finely, like a fencer, My father fetches his by-blows to hit me ! Middleton and Vekker, Roaring Girl, i. 1. 2t. An illegitimate child. [Colloq. or vulgar.] The natural brother of the king — a by-blow. Massinger, Maid of Honour, i. 1. by-book (bi'buk), re. A note- or memoran- dum-book; a subordinate book containing notes or jottings to be afterward extended in due form. (Lord's day.) To my office, and there fell on entering, out of a bye-book, part of my second journall-book, which hath lay these two years and more unentered. Pepys, Diary, II. 87. by-business (bi'biz"nes), re. Business aside from the main business; something quite sec- ondary or subordinate. Barrow. by-by (bi'bi'), interj. [Also written bye-bye; a childish or humorous variation of good-by, q. v.] Good-by: a childish form of farewell, sometimes used humorously by grown people. Well, you are going to be in a passion, I see, and I shall only interrupt you — so, bi/e-bye. Sheridan, School for Scandal, iii. 1. bycauset, eonj. An obsolete form of because. by-cause (bi'kaz), n. [< by- 3 + cause.] A sec- ondary cause. I . . . was one cause (a bit-cause) why the purse was lost. B. Jonson, Bartholomew lair, iii. 1. bycet, n. An obsolete form of bice. byckomet, «• An obsolete form of bicker n. bycockett (bi'kok-et), n. [Also variously written aboeoek, abococked, abocockct, aboched, abocket, and aba- cot, corrupted forms due to misreading or misprinting of bycocket, < late ME. bycoh t (Halliwell), < OF. bicoquet, a bycocket, a kind of cap (cf. " biquoqitct, the beak of a la- dies mourning hood" — Cot- gra ve), prob. < ///'- (L. MS), dou- ble, + enque (> E. cock), a shell, a boat. The al- lusion is to the shape] A kind of hat worn during the four- teenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries, prob- ably by noble and wealthy persons only, itwas of the form called by heralds cap of maintenance^ that with the brim turned up either before or behind, and Willi a loiiu' point or beak, or two sneli points, opposite. Modern representations generally give it with the point i,i points behind ; but the more common form in the mid- .11. ages seems to have had the point in front, as in the illustration. by-common (bi-kom'on), a. [< by 1 , prep., be- yond, + com mini. ( T. by-ordinary.] More than common; uncommon. [Scotch.] by-concernment (bi'kon-sern'ment), re. A subordinate or subsidiary affair. Dryden. bycornet, »■ An obsolete form of bickern. Set lakes, erookes, adses, and bycomes, And double bited axes for tines thornes. Palilalias, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p, 42, Bycocket of the 15th century. ( From Viollet- le-Duc's '• Diet. a year. C. A. Bristed, English University, p. 131, note. bygg 1 . bygg 2 , etc. See big 1 , big 2 , etc. bygirdlet, »• [ME., also bigirdte, bygyrdylle, lni/iirillc, bigurdel, < AS. bigyrdel, bigirael, hiii- tjyrtlcl (= MHG. bigurtel),,/ = Sw. laq = Dan. tot', law: see 6//-, «., and law 1 .'] If. A local law; a law made by a municipality or by a rural community for the regulation of affairs within its authority ; an ordinance. In the shires where the Danes acquired a tlrm foothold, the t.nvnship was often called a "by"; and it had the power of enacting its own "by-laws" or town-laws, as New England townships have to-day. J. Fiske, Amer. Pol. Ideas, p. 46. Hence— 2. A standing rule of a legislative body, a corporation, or a society, made for the regulation of its internal organization and con- duct, and distinguished from a provision of its constitution in being more particular and more readily altered. by-lead (bi'led), n. Same as by-wash. by-legislation (bi'lej-is-la'sbon), n. Legisla- tion on subordinate or secondary matters; by- laws, or the making of by-laws. The Friendly Societies Act . . . gives power of by-legi •■ lation on specified matters, such as terms of admission, administration, enforcement of rules, Ac, all which has only to be certified by a Crown registrar. Contemporary Rev., XLI\. 231. bylevet, !'. Same as behave. Chaucer. by-matter (bi'maf'er), n. Something beside the principal matter ; something incidental. I knew one that, when he wrote a letter, would put that which was most material into the postscript, as if it had been a by-matter. Bacon, Cunning. by-motive (bi'm6"tiv), ». 1. A private, hid- den, or selfish motive. 743 by-pass (bi'pas), v. t. [< by-pass, ».J To fur- nish with a by-pass. I n, -\t i;, passed the outlet valve with a one inch pipe. Set. Amer. Supp., XXII. 9099. The certainty of rousing an unanimous impulse, if not always of counterworking sinister by-motives among their audience. Grate, Hist. Greece, I. 320. 2. A secondary motive, by-name (bi'nam), n. [< ME. byname (= OHG. binatuo, MHG. biname, G. beinamc, a cognomen, surname); < by 1 + name.'] If. A secondary name; an epithet. Sufnsaunce, power, noblesse, reverence and gladnesse ben only dyverse bynames, but hir substance hath no di- versite. Chaucer, Boethius, iii., prose 9. 2. A nickname. A personal by-name given him on account of his stature. Bp. towth, Life of Wykeham. 3. A pseudonym; a nom-de-plume. [Obsolete and Scotch.] by-namet (bi'nam), v. t. [< by-name, n.] To give a nickname to. Sir Henry Percy, . . . by-named Hotspurre, who had the leading of the English. Holland, tr. of Camden, p. 803. bynet, »• [< Gr. puvn, malt.] Malt. bynni (bin'i), n. [Prob. native.] A fish of the family Cyprinida, Barbus bynni, related to the barbel of Europe. It is a highly esteemed fish of the Nile. by-ordinary, by-ordinar (bi'6r"di-na-n, -nar), a. [< by 1 , prep., beyond, + ordinary, ordmar, ordinary. Cf. by-common.] More than ordi- nary. [Scotch.] byoii, n. [E. dial. ; origin obscure.] A quinsy. [North. Eng.] byous (bi'us), a. [Also written, improp., bins ; appar. < by 1 , prep., beyond, over and above, + -ous.~] Extraordinary; remarkable: as, by- ous weather. [Scotch.] byous (bi'us), adv. [< byous, a.] Extraordi- narily ; uncommonly; very: as, byous hungry. [Scotch.] byously (bi'us-li), adv. [< byous, a., + -ly-.] Same as byous. by-pass (b'i'pas), n. An extra gas-pipe passing around a valve or gas-chamber, used to pre- vent a complete stoppage of the flow of gas when the valve or chamber is closed, it is used with pilot-lights. The pilot-light supplied by the by-pass pipe lights the main burners when the supply is turned on. by-passage (bi'pas"aj), n. A private or retired passage; a byway. by-passer (bi'pas cr), n. Apasser-by. Latham. by-past (bi'past), a. Pasi ; gone by: as, "by- past perils," Shale., Lover's Complaint, 1. 158. by-path (bi'path), n. A byway; a private path; an indirect course or means. By-paths and indirect crook'd ways. . Sl,,ik:, 2 Men. IV., IV. 4. by-peept (bi'pep), v. i. To look or glance aside. shak: by-place (bi'plas), n. A retired place, spot, or situation. by-play (bi'pla),». 1. In a play, action carried on aside, and commonly in dumb show, while the main action proceeds ; action not intended to be observed by some of the persons present, "Will you allow me to ask you, sir, ' he said, address- in" Mr Pickwick, who was considerably mystified by this very unpolite by-play, "whether that person belongs to your party?" Dickens, Pickwick, I. ill. 2. A diversion; something apart from the main purpose. Is he using the alternative as a by-play in argument, without any consideration of its merit or possibility? Bushmill, Forgiveness and Law, p. 32. by-plot (bi'plot), n. A subsidiary plot in a play or novel. The minor characters and by-rim. t"", giving the story of a religious scepticism. Tl,r Spectator, No. 3035, p. 115S. by-product (bi'prod'iikt), n. A secondary or additional product ; something produced, as in the course of a process or manufacture, in ad- dition to the principal product or material : as, wood-tar is obtained as a by-product in the de- structive distillation of wood for the manufac- ture of wood-vinegar or wood-spirit. It is constantly the case that the bye-products of a com- plex industry are found to be the sole source of business profits. Encyc. Brit., IX. 750. by-purpose (bi'per"pus), n. An indirect or concealed purpose or design. Byramt, «• An obsolete spelling of Bairam. byre (bir), n. [So., one of the many different applications of the Seand. form of E. bower 1 , orig. a dwelling, AS. bur, a dwelling, = Icel. bur, a pantry, = Sw. bur, a cage, Sw. dial, bur, a house, cottage, pantry, granary, = Dan. bur, a cage: aeebower 1 , and cf. bow^.] Acow-house Adjoining the house [of a Mennonite] are the stable and byre which would not disgrace a model farm in Germany or England. D. M. Wallace, Russia, p. 372. Field and garner, barn and byre, Are blazing through the night. Whittier, At Port Royal. by-report (bi're-port"), «. A side report or statement. But when the cause it selfe must he decreed, Hiniselfe in person, in his proper Court, To grave and solenme hearing doth proceed, Of every uroofe and every by-report. Sir J. Daviss, Nosce Teipsum (1500). by-respectt I bi're-spekt* ), n. A consideration or tbought aside' from the maiu one; hence, a private end or purpose. Augustus . . . had sonic by-respects in the enacting of this law. Dryden. byrl, r. See birl 1 . byrladyt, interj. A contraction of by our lady, that is, bv the Virgin Mary. Usually written by'r lady. ' Compare marry-. Bvrlady, no misery surmounts a woman's. Mi ddleton, Women Beware Women, l. 2. byrlakin, interj. A contraction of by our lady- kin ; a diminutive of byrlady. Wit.W.-Cam. Married! To whom? Kim To a French hood, byrlakins, as I understand. Middleton, Anything for a tjuiet Life, iv. 2. byrlaw (bir'la), n. [Also written burlaw, bir- law, I, in lair, in comp. even birley, barley, etc.: see by-law.] 1. A certain system of popular jurisprudence formerly prevailing in northern England and Scotland. It is described by sir John Skene, writing in 1597, when the system was in force, as follows: "Laws of Byrlaw ar maid and determined be consent of neichtbors. elected and chosen hi mmon con- sent, in the courts called the Byrlaw courts, in the quhilk cognition is taken of complaintes betuixt neichtbor and neichtbor. The quhilk men so chosen as judges and aria trators to the effect foresaid, are commonly called Byr- liiinmu idivmen. 2. A district within which the system prevails. [North. Eng.] bysse The existence in any district or parish of the birelaw is an raoontestabli i I Danish occupation. The par , i Sheffield, Ecclesfleld. Bradfleld, and Rotherham were and an divided Into birelaws. but it is to be irked thai these divisions are not to be found on the Derbj hiri side 3heai V. cmdQ., rth ser., n 3 A parish meeting. [Prov.Eiig. (Yorkshire).] byrlaW-COUrt (bir'la-kort), i,. [Als.. written birley-, barley-court; < byrlaw + court] lbe court in which the byrlaw was administered. [Scotch.] See byrlaw. byrlaw-man Cbir'la-man), n. [Also written birlaw-, birley-, barley-man; < byrlaw + man; cf. Icel. btejar-liii/madhr, a town-justice.] 1. A judge or arbitrator in the byrlaw-court. [Scotch.]— 2. An arbiter; an oversman; an umpire; a thirdsman. [The modern use of the word.] byrnet, ». Wee byrnie. . . byrniet, n. [ME., also brume, breny, brim, etc., earlier burne, < AS. byrne, a corselet, a coat of mail, = OHG. brunna, brunja, MHG. G. briinne = Icel. brynja = Sw. brynja = Dan. brynje = (ioth. brurgo; hence ML. brunia, bronia, Pr. bronha, OF. bntilie, broignr, etc.: see I, ,,„,,„,. Of uncertain origin ; cf.OBulg. brmijn, corselet; Olr. bruinn, breast.] Same as broigne. byrniedt, P- a. [ME. brunyed, breinjid, etc. ; < byrnie + -ecP.] Armed with a corselet or coat of mail. I salle to hatelle the brynge, of brenye.de knyghtes Thvrtty thosaunde he tale, thryftye in amies. MoHe Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 316. by-road (bi'rod), n. 1. A side-road; a cross- road; a road different from the usual or main highway.— 2. A private or secret way; a pri- vate means to an end: as, "slippery by-roads," Swift. Byronic (bi-ron'ik), a. Possessing the charac- teristics of Byron, the poet, or of his poetry: as, a Byronic poem. La Coupe it les Levies (by Alfred de Musset), a Byronic poem in dramatic form. N. A. I!, v., CXXS II. 293. Byronism (bi'rqn-izm), n. The characteristics of Byron's thought, temper, poetic style, etc. by-rdom (bi'rom), «. An adjoining room or apartment; a side room. Stand in some by-room. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., ii. 4. byrrhid (bir'id), «. A beetle of the family liyrrhtilit. Byrrhidae (bir'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Byrrhus + -ida.] A family of clavicorn Coleoptera, typi- fied by the genus Byrrhus. ByrrhUS (bir'us),«. [NL.] The typical genus of the family Byrrhidat, called pill-beetles from their rounde'd bodies, and from the way in which they pack their legs out of sight when they are alarmed, simulating death and presenting the appearance of a pill. B. piluta is a typical ex- ample. See cut under pill-beetle. byrsopid (ber'so-pid), n. A beetle of the fam- ily Byrsopidx. Byrsopidae (ber-sop'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Byr- xups + -ida:] A family of rhynchophorous Co- leoptera, or beetles, with the* elytra provided with ii strong fold on the inner face, pygidium of male divided, tarsi setose, gular margin ele- vated, and presternum elevated. Byrsops (b&r'sops), ". [< Gr. ftipoa, a skin, hide (see purse), + ut/i (u--), face, eye.] A genus of weevils, typical of the family Byrsopidte. byst, byset, «• Obsolete forms of bice. bysidet, bysidest. Obsolete forms of beside, besides. by-sitter (bi'sif'er), ». One sitting near. The blind by-sitter guesseth not What shadow haunts that vacant spot. Whittier, The Meeting. by-speech (bi'spech), n. An incidental or cas- ual speech not directly relating to the point: as, "to quote by-speeches," Hooker. byspellt (bi'spel), n. [< ME. bispel, a proverb, a parable, < AS. Dispell, hit/spell, a proverb, parable, example, story (= MD. bijspel = MHG. bispel, bispil, a proverb, parable, G. beispiel, an example), < bi-, by, + spell, a story: see spell 1 , and ef. gospel.] A proverb. Coles, 1717. Also spelled byspel. bysst, ''• ''• [See bu::.] To buzz ; hum. byssaceous (bi-sa'sbius), a. [< L. as if 'bys- saceus, < byssus: see byssus.] Resembling a byssus; consisting of fine silky filaments; re- sembling cobwebs. byssal < bis'al), a. [< byssus + -aj.] Of or per- taining to the byssus of a mollusk: as, byssal threads; byssal attachment. bysset, »• ' [< byssus.] A kind of fine cloth. See byssus, 1. byssi byssi, »■ Plural of by byssifer (bis'i-f6r), ». One of the Byssifera. Byssifera (bi-sife-rS), n. pi. [XL., neut. pi. of byssifer: see Sysstferotts.] A family of bivalve m.illusks, characterized by th<> secretion of a byssus, by means of which they attach them- Belves to foreign substances, it was instituted by : feres) in 1809 fur the genera Pedum, Lima, Pinna, MylUus, Modiola, Crenatula, Perna, Mal- leus, and Avicula, now distributed among different fami- but it was later renounced ami its genera referred by him to the families Wyi Ifa wea, and Pectenides. It was restrii-tt'd l>y (iul.ituss (ls^n) t>> MttUcux, Vulsella, :■■' and i~ now synonymous with MaUeaeea, byssiferous (bi-sif'e-rns), a. [< NL. byssifer, < h. byssus (see feysstts) + /erre = E. Bear 1 .] Producing or bearing a byssus. byssin, byssine (bis'in), a. [< L. 6ys«»«s, < Or. .iicoivoc, < jihooos, byssus.] Made of bys- sus; having a silky or flax-like appearance. 1717. byssogenous (bi-soj'e-ims), a. [< byssus + -gc- nous.] Secreting or producing the byssus: as, the byssogi nous gland. Lamellibranchs generally exhibit more or less well- marked traces of tliis byssogenous apparatus. T. Gill, Smithsonian Report, 1SS5, p. 777. byssoid (bis'oid), a. [< Gr. fivoaor, byssus, + ekIoc, form.] Having the appearance of byssi ; in bot., byssaceous. byssolite (bis'6-lit), n. [< Gr. fibaoo;, byssus, + /iHnr, stone.] An olive-green variety of ac- tinolite, in long, fine, capillary crystals, from St . ( Jotthard, Tyrol, and from Dauphin^. Also called amiantus. byssus (bis'us), v.; pi. byssi (-5). [L., < Gr. 5i ooot i see def. 1). Of Oriental origin; ef. Heb. butz."] 1. Among the ancients, originally, a fine yellowish flax, especially Indian and Egyptian, ami the liueu made from it, such as the Egyptian mummy-cloth ; afterward, also, cotton and silk (the latter, before its origin was known, being taken for a kind of cotton). — 2. One of the byssi, a name formerly given by bota- nists to a heterogeneous collec- tion of filamentous cryptogamic plants. — 3. In conch. , a long, del- icate, lustrous, and silky bunch of filaments, secreted by the foot, and serving as a means of attachment to other objects. It is developed in various dissimilar bivalve mollusks, especially by species of the families MytUidcs, Pinnidce, AvieulidcB, lAmkhc. Arcidce, Tridacnbdas, etc. That of tic- Pinna is capable of being woven. SeePinna, anl also 'ins under Dreissenidee and Tridacmdae. bystander (bi'stan"der), «. 1. One who stands near; a spectator; a chance looker-on; hence, one who has no concern with the business being transacted. — 2. One of the highest order of penitents in the discipline of the early church. See consistentes. by-street (bi'stret), ». A separate, private, or obscure street ; a lane or byway. To avoid reproach, He seeks by-streets, and saves the expensive coach. Gay, Trivia, ii. 280. They roam together now, and wind among Its by-streets, knocking at the dusty inns. D. G. Rossetti, Sonnets, xliii. by-stroke (bi'strdk), n. An incidental or sly stroke; aside-blow; a ruse. by-talk (bi'tak), ». 1. Gossip; scandal. — 2. A subject of gossiping conversation ; a byword. I h m suddenly becam'st the by-talke of neighbours. Dekker, Seven Deadly Sins, Ind., p. 8. by-term (bi'term), n. An irregular term or time; a term, as of a school, in which some- thing is done out of its regular course. Thus, in Cambridge University, England, to go out in ■■< by-term a B. A. degree at a tiino other than January. Bythites (bi-tbi'tez), a. [NL., < Gr. 0vBiTis, a de. p . the deep.] A genus of brotuloid fishes, typical of the subfamily By- thitiJUB. Bythitinae (bita-i-ti'ne), «. /-/. [NL., < Bythi- tes + -uuv.\ A subfamily of brotuloid fishes, Ptflfia Jtabclluyn. a, Byssus. 744 typified by the genus Bythites, The head is large and wide, the vertical fins are united, and the ventrals re- duced t<. simple filaments composed of two rays each. by-time (bi'tim), n. Odd time; an interval of leisure. [Scotch.] bytimet, prep. phr. as adv. See beMme, bytouret, n. A Middle English form of Mttem\ bytownite (bi'toun-it), n. [< Bytown (see def.) + -/'(Y".] A kind of feldspar from Bytown (now Ottawa), Canada, intermediate between nnorthite and labradorite. Bvttneriacese (bifne-ri-a'se-e), n. pi. [NL., < Byttneria, ;i genus named from the German botanist D. S. A. BilUner tl7'J4-08), + -ami.] A natural order of plants, properly included in the order 8terculiace. 330, when the emperor Constantine the Great made it his capital, and changed its name to Constantinople, af- ter himself.— Byzantine architecture, a style of archi- tecture developed from the classical under the Byzantine empire during the fourth and fifth centuries A. it., and, under various modifications, used till the final conquest of Byzantine Architecture.— Church of St. Theodore. Athens. that empire by the Turks iu A. D. 1458. It spread so widely that its influence even in Italy did not wholly decline be- fore the fifteenth century, and it may be considered as surviving still in Russian architecture, and in a less marked degree in other eastern lands. An almost universal fea- ture of the style, in buildings of any pretension, is the in- crustation of brick or rough stonework with more precious materials; large spaces are left void of bold architectural features, to be rendered in- teresting merely by surface ornament of polished mar- bles presenting natural beauty of hue, or of sculp- ture in very low relief, ami confined in the main to vegetable or geometrical designs of clearly cut out- line. The style depends much on color for its ef- fect, and mosaics wrought on grounds of gold or of positive color are profusely introduced. The leading forms which characterize the Byzantine style are the round arch, the circle, the cross, and the dome sup- ported upon pendentives. The capitals of the pillars are of endless variety, and full of invention. While some are plainly founded on the Greek Corinthian, many resemble those of early round arched western archi- tecture; and so varied is their decoration thai frequently no two sides of the same capital are alike. The ancient basilica of St. Sophia, in Constantinople, and the church of st. Mark, in Venice, are classical examples of Byzan- tine architecture. — Byzantine historians, a series oi historians and chroniclers of the affairs oi the Byzantine empire, scattered through the whole period of its exis- tence. They are our only source ol knowledge ol Byzan- tine history. Their works have been several times print) d complete in the original Greek, the latest edition being by Nicbuhr and others, in 4S volumes. II. n. 1. A native or an inhabitant of By- zanthun. See I. — 2. [/. c] Same as bezant, 1. Byzantinism (biz'an- or bi-zan'tin-izm), n. [< Byzantine + -ismJ] The spirit, principles, aud methods of the Byzantines, especially with reference to literature and art; the manifesta- tion of Byzantine characteristics. Byzantinism . . . regulated all forms of art by strietly conventional rules. C. C. Perkins, Italian Sculpture, Int., p. i. Byzantine Capital. Church of S.in Virale, Ravenna. 1. The third letter and sec- ond consonant in the Eng- lish, as in general in the other alphabets derived from tho Pheuician. The value of 1 1 1 i however, in Pheuician as in Greek, J) j^i-^:-^>^--^&" I and so also originally in Latin, be- Bide the sign k, which had the pn tper jt-sound. But the Latins gave up for a time the written distinction of the jb-sonnd from the *7-sound, writing both with the same character, C; and when later they readopted the distinction, instead of reducing C to its original value, and restoring k. they retained the fc-value for the c, and added a tag to the same character for the resound, thus turning C into 67. The comparative table of forms, like that given for the other letters (compare A and 2>). is as follows : Egyptian. Hieroglyphic. Hieratic. Plieni- cian. Early Greek and Latin. Great as is the apparent difference between Greek r and our C, it is due only to a shifting of the position of the angle made by the two component lines, and the rounding of this angle. The hard or i-sound which be- longed to this character in early Latin belonged to it also in Anglo-Saxon (which, like Latin, made little or no use of *•). But this fr-sound, as being a guttural or back palatal mute, is particularly likely to be shifted forward along the tongue and to be changed into front-palatal and sibilant sounds, especially before vowels like c, i, y, which favor the front-palatal position. Hence it comes that c, still so written, is pronounced as s in English before e, i, y, and elsewhere as k. But this " soft " or sibilant c belongs to the French part of our language ; the Anglo-Saxon c, when softened, gets the sound usually represented in English by ch, and is so written : for example, in chicken, cheese, church, birch, teach. (See ch, and assibilation.) No word containing c pronounced s is of Anglo-Saxon origin, ex- cept a few misspelled, as cinder for tinder, and once, twice, etc., pence, mice, etc., having -ce for original -es, -s. (See •eel.) For the sounds of ch, see ch. 2. As a numeral, in the Roman system, C stands for 100, and is repeated up to CCCC, 400 (fol- lowed by D, 500). This symbol, originally Q , that is, the Greek theta (0), was afterward reduced to C and un- derstood to stand for centum, a hundred. 3. As a symbol: ( Gr. KaBaAfa/c), an inferior horse, a pack-horse, nag; later, in general sense (superseding L. equus), a horse. Hence ult. (from L.) capelX, chcral, cliical, cava- lier, chevalier, cavalry, chivalry, etc.] Ahorse. cabala, kabala (kab'a-lii), «. [ML. cabbala (It. Pg. cabala = Sp. cabala = P. cabale = G. Dan. Sw. kabbala), a transcription of Heb. qabbaldh, reception, the cabala or mysterious doctrine re- ceived traditionally, < qabal, receive, take, in the Piel conjugation gibbet, receive (a doctrine). Hence cabal 1 .] 1. The thcusophy or mystic philosophy of the Hebrew religion, which grew up mainly after the beginning of the tenth cen- tury, and flourished for many generations. The cabala employed itself first in a mystic explanation of Deity and cosmogony, and in the creation of hidden mean- ings for the sacred Hebrew writings, thus drawing into its province all the Hebrew law and philosophy. Later cab- alists pretended to fiud wonderful meanings even in the cabala letters and forms of tlie sacred texts, and made for them- aeli rules of interpretai ion. 2. Any secret science; esoteric as distin- guished from exoteric doctrine; occultism; mysticism. If 1 wholly mistake not the cabala of this sect. Bentley, Phlleleutherus Lipsiensis, § 0. i lie read whatever tells Of magic, cabala, and spells. Scoff, 1.. of the L., iii. 6. Also spelled cabbala, leabbala. cabalassou, n. See k F. eabalclte) ; cf. cavcUletto (= Sp. iaballeta, a grasshopper), a little horse, < cavatto, a horse: see cabal". capt f ] . \ A song in rondo form, with variations, often having an accompaniment in triplet rhythm, intended to imitate the footfalls of a cantering Iwrse. cabalism 1 (kab'a-lizm), n. [< cabala + -ism.] The secret science of the cabalists. [Rare.] Allegories, parables, eabalisins. J. Spencer, Prodigies, p. 2S7. cabalism 2 (ka-bal'izm), n. [< cabal 1 + -ism.] The practice of forming, or the tendency to form, cabals and cliques. [Bare.] cabalist ( kab'a-list), n. [< ML. cabbalista (It. Sp. Pg. cabalista = F. cabalistc), < cabbala, cabala.] 1. ( toe versed in or engaged in the study of the cabala or mystic philosophy of the Jews. The cardinal doctrines of the cabalists embrace the nature of the Supreme Being, the Divine emanations or Sephiroth, the cosmogony, the creation of man, psychology, the destiuy of man and the universe, and the import of the aled law. The cabalists seem to hare endeavored to identify all Buch sciences as demonology, astrology, chiro- mancy, sympathetic medicine, etc., with their theosophic mysticism, weaving the whole into a secret universal wis- dom or esoteric philosophy of the universe. They sym- pathized with many points of Christianity, so that in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the cabala was by many thought highly important as a proof of Christianity and as a means of converting the Jews. Tlie Cabalists had a notion, that whoever found out the mystic word for anything attained to absolute mastery over that tiling. Lowell, Among my Books, lstser., p. 15S. 2. In general, an occultist; a mystic, cabalistic (kab-a-lis'tik), a. and n. [< cabalist + -■<•.] I. Tvxb.qdz- mir, cassimere; ult.the same word as cashi c|. v. ] A woolen cloth about 30 inches in width, used for men's wear; specifically, a twilled cloth of the above description, used principally for trousers. cassina (ka-si'nB ), u. Same as cassena. cassine (ka-sen''), »■ [ F -> < !*• casino, a coun- try house, etc.: see casino.'] A small house, especially in the open country; specifically, _a house standing alone, where soldiers may lie hid or take a position. cassinet, ». Same as cassim "• . cassinette (kas-i-net'), n. [= G. cassinet, Sp. casinate ; a sort of dim. of cassimere.] A cloth made of a cotton warp and a woof of very fine 1, or wool and silk, used for waistcoats. Also called kerseynette. E. S. Knight Cassinian (ka-sin'i-an), a. and n. I. a. Per- taining to a member of the Italian and French family Cassini, which produced four genera- tions of astronomers, 1625-1845. Also Cassi- imitl. If we wish the plane of mo- tion to be of limited extent, we must make its boundary one of the Cassinian ellip Minchin, Uhiplanar Kin it [ics, VI. iii. 130. Cassinian oval, or Cassin- ian, a bicircnlar qnartic curve, the locus of a point the pro- . In. t of whose distances from two fixed points is constant. The Cartesian equation is (i2 + j/2 + a2)2 — -la-x- = mi. If m2 < o2, the real curve consists of two ovals ; if »«2 >a2, it consists of one; and ii r»2 = «2, it becomes the lemniscate. Cassinians are curves of the eighth class (except the lemniscate, which is of the ^ixth), and have four stationary tangents on the absolute. II. n. A Cassinian oval. Four Confocal Cassinian Ovals. F, F, foci. Putting sa for the distance between them, the equations of_the ovals re pres ented are y pp = o.8a, 1 pp ' — a (the lemniscate. or figure -8 curve), Ypp' = i.sa, y pp' = x-5 F. Cassiopee = Sp. Casiopea = Pg. It. Cassiopea), < (ir. Katjuto-tta, KacaisTTSia, and Kao-fJtOTT^, in myth, the wife of Cepheus, king of Ethiopia, and mother of Andromeda; afterward placed Cassufu/a auris^iits. Black-legged Tortoise-beetle (.Cassida nigripes ■ ,i. larva; t>, larva, cleaned and enlarged; c. pupa. (Vertical lines show natural sizes. ) nilicorn beetles, giving name to the family Cas- sidida 1 : the tortoise-beetles. L. stwehas Sidonia, the stcechas of Sidon, where the plant is indigenous.] The popular name of the plant Lavandula Stcechas, or French lav- ender. Cassidula (ka-sid'u-la), n. [NL. (Humphreys. 17117), dim. of L. cassis (cassid-), a helmet.] 1. The typical genus of sea-urchins of the family CassidulidoA. Also Cassidulus; Lamarck, 1816. — 2. In conch., a genus of basommatophorous pul- monate gastropods, of the family -litrieulida, having a squarish body-whorl, very short spire, and toothed lips. The species inhabit the sea-shores of the Indo-Pacific re- gion. Also Cassidulus; Latreitte, 1825. Cassidulidse 1 (kas-i-du'li-de), n. pi. [NL., < Cassidula, 1, + -itla:] A family of exocy.-lic oi- petalostiehous echinoderms, or irregular sea-urchins, known as heart-urchins, having a rounded or oval form, veiy fine spines, and no fascioles. It includes the subfamilies Echino- iit tine and NueleolinO}. Cassidulidae'- (kas-i-du'li-de), ». pi. [NL., < t 'assidulus + -itla:] A family of proboscis-bear- ing peetinibranchiate gastropods, typified by the genus Cassidulus. They arc characterized by a tin- neck and small head, tentacle- small ami near the cm 1 of the head, and teeth on the lingual ribbon in a rows, the central moderately broad, and the lateral versatile and bidentate; the shell is pear-shaped or obconic, and with a produced canal. The species are inhabitants of tropical se:ls. Cassidulus (ka-sid'u-lus), n. [NL., < L. cassis (cassid-), a helmet.] 1. A name of a genus of The Constellation Cassiopeia, according to the description of Ptolemy. Cassiopeia among the stars.] 1. A. beautiful cironmpolar .represent the wifeoi ag "I' both i us brighter tl th mag- nitu tie Great Bear on the irediii I :ius :il its I'M 2. [NXi-] In zool., the typical gei efam- ilv ' Hediterranean is i rids keys. Origi- nalh Cassiopeiidae (kas i-6-pe'yi-de), ». pi. [NL., I A family of rhizostomous I lydrozoans, represented bj the gen US l ■"'• The spi u bed in the adult state instead of tn usually found npon cassique, ». Se cassireepe, »■ See cassareep. Cassis (kas'is), n. [N'L. (Klein, 1734 in echino- derms, and 1753 in mollusks), < L. cassis, hel- 1 A large genus of prosobranchiate >odous mollusks, known as helmet-shells, tar- ..- placed with I with the Doliidte, but now made the type of a family Ca See cut under CassididaP. cassiterite (ka-sit'e-rit), ». l< L>. cassiterum y< Gr. maahepoc, tin; prob. i in origin: i r, (in. Skt. kasUra, tin) + . ] Native tindioxid, Sn0 2 , a mineral crystallizing in tetragonal forms, usu- ally of a brown to black color, and having a splendent tne luster on the crystalline is very high, nearly equal to that of metallic iron; il generally occurs in irregular masses and urinated in granite, gneis mica Blate, and porphyry ; also in renlform shapes ited structure iw 1-iiu), and in rolled pie© is sand, in which last condition it is known [i is the principal source of metallic tin, occurring in many localities, the most important of which ■ ornwall in England, the Brzgebirge in Saxony and uia, Finland, the island of Banca near Sumatra, and Queensland in Australia. It has recently been found in quantity in Dakota. The supply at present is chiefly draw :i from Australia. cassius (kash'ius), n. [Named from its discov- erer, Andreas Cassias, a German chemist of the 17th century.] A certain purple pigment. See pie. cassock (kas'ok), ». [< P. cosaque, a cassock (> ea sma II cassock, a corset, > I >an. kasseking, a jacket, jerkin), < It. resworn (= Sp. Pg. casaea), a great-coat, surtout, lit. a house (cf. casact e, ugly old house), < casa, a house: see casa. casino, and cf. chasuble, from the same ult. source.] 1. Any loose robe or miter coat, Init particularly a military one. The muster-flle, rotten and sound, upon my life, amounts not to fifteen thousand poll : half of the which dare not shake the sn.u from on their cassocks, lest they shake themselves to piei slink.. All's Well, iv. 3. This small piece ol jervicewill bring him clean out of foe with the soldier for ever. Hi will never come within ignof it, the sight of a cassock, or b musket rest again. B. Jonson, Bverj M^an in his Humour, ri. S. 2. A long clerical coat, buttoned over the breast and reaching to the fe< t, and confined at the waist by a broad sash called a circline. in the ' 'eir. h if - ' olor varies w ith the dl ;nitj of tlie wearer : prii I iveai black; bishopi purp] cat dinals, seailet ; and popes, white. In tie ingfican Church black is worn by all the three orders of the clergy, hut liisii i] en- often h ear purple. re mill in the other northern lorn, for all clergymen, whether secular I a religious order, to have the gown we now call a irments of the laity, throughout with furs, in Latin, pelles: I) i this vesture got its m , "pellicea 'orpeli I : archof ourFathers, ii. 20. cassocked (kas'okt), a. [< cassock + -*<''-l tied with a cassock. in and a Addling priest ! i "i hn-., 1. 111. cassolette (kas'o-let), ». [P., < Sp.ce pan of a musket-lock, a kind of perfume, lit. a little pan, dim. of cazo, a saucepan: see casse- ! . ■ elwitha pierced cover rfumes. — 2. A vessel or box for ling perfumes and provided with a perfo- ..! i b.i I,,. cassonade (ki. .,. [< p. cassonade (> tisson = Pg. ' OS] brown large chee !, | Raw i cassone . nj i. | it., [talian wo, ,;,. (jggg .,„,] contain the more cosily part of the bridal outfit. 846 The Catsoni, or large trousseau coffers, on which the i i , ostlj and elaborate decorations wi re often lavished. Encyc. Brit., \\ I 35 i. cassons (kas'qnz), n. Same as casings. cassoon (ka-sbn'), «. [< It. cassone (= OP. casson, P. caisson (> E. caisson) = Pg. caiasao), :, large chest, aug. of cassti, a chest: see case-, cash*.'] A deep panel or coffer in a ceiling or soffit. cassoumba (ka-som'bS), n. [Native name.] A pigment made in Amboyna, Moluccas, from the burnt capsules of the plant Sterculia Ba- langhas. cassowary (kas'o-wa-ri), «.: pi. cassowaries (-riz). [= P. caso'ar= Sp. casoario, casobar, ca- sut I = it. casuario = D. casuaar, Icasuaris = Gt. Dan. Sw. Icasuar ( XL. casuarius), < Malay kassu- waris, the cassowary.] A large struthious bird Cassowary { Casuarius galcatus). of the genus Casuarius, subfamily Casuariince, and family ' 'asuariidee, inhabiting Australia and the Papuan islands, it resembles the ostrich, and is nearly as large, but has shorter and thicker legs in pro- portion, and three toes, ft is characterized by a ratite sternum, plumage with large uftershafts, rudimentary wings represented externally lo several spine-like pro- cesses, fleshy caruncles or lappets upon the throat, and a lame casque or helmet upon the head, ft runs with great rapidity, outstripping the swiftest horse, 'the cassowary leaves its few eggs to he hatched by the heat of the sun. cassumunar (kas-u-mu'nar), n. [E. Ind.] An aromatic root used as a tonic and stimulant, ob- tained from Zingiber Cassumunar. cast 1 (kast ), v. ; pret. and pp. cant, ppr. casting. [< ME. casten, Jcesten, < IceL kasta = Sw. kasta = Dan. kaste, throw; a purely Scand. word, not found in the other Teut. tongues, where the orig. word for ' throw' is warp with its cog- nates.] I. trans. 1. To throw, either literally or figuratively: as, to cast a stone at a bird; to cast light on a subject; to cast a shadow; to cast a slur on one's reputation. Thei brought thre mantels furred with ermyn, and the cloth was scarlet, and thei caste hem vpon the two kynges. Berlin (E. E. T. s.>, iii. 607. Uzziah prepared for them . . . slings to cost stones. 2 Chron. xxvi. 14. Both the chariot and horse are cant into a .lead sleep. I's. lxxvi. C. sir, 1 forgive you heartily, And all your wrong to me I cast behind me. Fletcher, Humorous Lieutenant, v. 3. I shall desire all indifferent cms to judge whether these men do not endeavour to cast unjust envy upon me. Milton, "n Def. of Humb. Remonst Round his soul her net she strove to cast, Almost del pite hi n - it William Morris, Earthly Paradise, III. 107. 2. To throw with violence or force; fling; hurl : usually with Bome adjunct, such as away, down, into, Off, OUt, etc. See phrases below. On the heightc of that I'ynaclc, the Jewes setten Seynt iiim mil canted him down, to the Erthe, that first was Bl lopp of Jem MandevUU, Travels, p. 87. ile i i the casting downe of the Porte on Tigris, ami amongst them the Temple of Belus there erected. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 77. i the Lord turned a mighty strong west wind, which I ie locusts, in.il cast them into tie Eti .1 8ea. lA % 19 Specifically — 3. To throw to the ground, as in wrestling; especially, to throw a horse or "thcr animal to the ground, as in training, or pi rat ion or slaughter. 1 made a shift to cast Shak., Macbeth, ii. 3. cast Eying him, As eyes the hntcher the cast panting ox I hat feels his fate is come, nor struggles more. Browning, Ring ami Hook, II. 25. 4f. To decide or bring in a verdict against, as in a law suit ; condemn as guilty ; hence, to defeat. If the whole power of my estate can rust him, He never shall obtain me. Middlelon {and others), The Widow, ii. 1. The Commons by far the greater number cast him ; the Lords, after they hail been satisfied in a full discourse hy the Kings Solicitor, and the opinions of many Judges de- livered in their House, agreed likewise to the Sentence oi Treason Milton, Eikonoklastes, ii. Were the case referred to any competent judge, thi \ would incvitalilj W- cast. Decay of Christian /' His father left him fourscore pounds a year ; hut he has cast and been cast so often, that, he is out now worth thirty. Addison, Sir Roger at the Assizes. 5f. To disband or break up (a regiment or com- pany); hence, to dismiss; reject; cashier; dis- card. When a company is cast, yet the captain still retains the title of captain. Chapman, All r'ools, \, i. The state . . . i 'an not with safety cast him. Shah., Othello, i. 1. His regiment is cast, that is mosf certain, And his command in the castle given away. /■Y. (cfter, Double Marriage, i. 1. 6. To shed or throw off; part with ; lose: as, trees cast their fruit; a serpent casts his skin; "to cast the rags of sin," Drijdcn; "casted slough," Vital:, Hen. V.. iv. 1. Recast al his colour and hi is mi pale, ami eft red as rose iii alitel while. William of Palerne(E. E. T. s, ), 1. 881. Your coifs tooth is not cast vet. Shak., Hen. VIII., i. 3. You likewise will do well, Ladies, in entering here, to cast and fling The tricks which make us toys of men. Tennyson, Princess, ii. 7f. To throw out or up ; eject ; vomit. We all were sea-swallow 'd, though some cast again. Shak., Tempest, ii. 1. His filth within being cast, he would appear A pond as deep as hell. Shak., M. for M., iii. 1. 8. To form by throwing up earth ; raise. Thine enemies shall cast a trench about thee. Luke xix. 43. The blind mole casts Copp'd hills toward heaven. Shak., Pericles, i. 1. 9t. To emit or give out. This casts a sulphureous smell. Woodward. 10. To bestow; confer (upon) or transfer (to). The government I cast upon my brother. shak., Tempest, i. 2. 11. To turn; direct: as, to cast a look or glance of the eye. She kncel'd, and, saint-like, Cast her fair eyes to heaven, and pray'd devoutly. Shak., Hen. VIII., iv. 1. In casting his eyes about, the commodore beheld that tic shore abounded with oysters. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 123. 12f. Reflexive: To think or propose to (one's self) ; intend. And cast him to lyue In ydelnesse and in ese and hy others trauayle. Piers Plowman (('), x. 151. Who that cast ham thys reule for to kepe, Met conforms hym like in euery thyng, Where he shall byde, vnto the felyshype. Political /'"cms, etc. (ed. Furnivall), p. 26. 13f. To consider; think out; hence, to plan; contrive; arrange. He that castcth nil doiihts, shal neucr he resolued in any thing. l.nhi, ['.uplines and his England, p. 354. Cast it also that you may have rooms both for summer and winter. Bacon, Building. I'll do't with ease, 1 have cast it all. B. Jonson, Volpone, iv. 1. The plot was cast hy me, to make thee jealous. Fletcher, Spanish ('urate, v. 2. I serv'd you faithfully, And cast your plots hut to preserve your credit. Fletcher ami Shirh y, Night- Walker, v. 2. The cloister . . . would have been proper for an orange- house; anil had, I doubt not, heen eie^l for that purpose. Sir W. Temple. I shall ens* what I have to say under two principal heads. Addison, i 'harge i" the Jury. 14. Tilt tit.: (a) To distribute or allot the parts among the actors : said of a play : as, to "east the 'Merchant of Venic.-,''' Addison. I should have thought, now, that, if [the piece] might have heen cast (as the actors call it) better ill Drurj lane. Sheridan, The Critic, i. 1. (/)) To assign a certain part or ride to: as, to cast an actress fur thopartof Portia. — 15. To find or ascertain by computation; compute; reckon ; calculate: as, to cast accounts; to cast a nativity. she east my destiny, I being but a child. B. Jonfon, Poetaster, iii. 1. cast He is the Fanstus, That casteth figures and can conjure. li. Jonson, Alchemist, iv. 4. you cast the event of war, my noble Lord, And summ'd the account of chance. Sftoifc., 2 Hen. IV., i. 1. The mariner was lefl to creep along tin coast, while the astronomer wasctwtino nativities. lie, rett, Orations, 1. 248. 16. To bring forth abortively. Thy ewes and thy she goats have not cast their young. lien. XXX] 17. To found; form into a particular shape or object, as liquid metal, by pouring into a mold, whom I \< pow< r to melt, And east in any mould. />'. Jonson, Catiline, i. 1. 18. To form by founding; make by pouring molten matter into a mold. Thou Shalt cast four rings of gold for it. Ex. xxv. 12. 19. In falconry, to place (a hawk) upon his perch. — 20. To winnow (grain) by throwing in the air, or from one side of a barn or thresh- ing-floor to the other — To be cast down, to be de- pressed or dejected. Why art thou cast down, my soul? Ps. xlii. 5. Tell your master not to be cast down by this. Sheridan, The Rivals, ii. 2. To cast a ballot. See ballot.— To cast a colt's tooth. See colt.— To cast a nativity, see nativity.— To cast anchor, to moor a vessel by letting the anchor or anchors ,1m!,. see oncftori.— To cast a point of traverse, in nai igation, to prick down on a chart the point of the com- pass any land bears from you. E. Phillips, 1706. To cast aside, to dismiss or reject as useless or inconvenient. This poor gown I will not cast aside Until himself arise a living man. And bid me east it. Tennyson, Geraint. To cast away, (a) To reject. Lev. xxvi. 44. (b) To throw away; lavish or waste by profusion ; turn to no use : as, to cast away life ; to east away a golden oppor- tunity. She has cast away herself, it is to be fear'd, Against her uncle's will, nay, any consent, But out of a mere neglect, and spite to herself, Married suddenly without any advice. Beau, and FL, Wit at Several Weapons, v. 2. (c) To wreck : as, the slap was cast away on the coast of Africa. Cast away, and sunk, on Goodwin Sands. Shak., K. John, v. 5. The last of Nouember, saitli May, we departed from La- guna in Hispaniola, and the seiienteenth of Decemberfol- lowing, we were cast await vpon the North-west of the Ber- mudas. Quoted in Capt. John Smith, True Travels, II. lis. To cast behind the back. See backi . - To cast by, to reject ; tting or throw by. — To cast forth, to throw out or reject, as from an inclosed place or confined space ; emit or send out. He shall grow as the lily, and cast forth his roots as Leb- anon. Hos. xiv. 5, TO cast in, to throw into the bargain. Such an omniscient church we wish indeed ; 'Twere worth both Testaments, cast in the creed. Drilden, Keligio Laiei. To cast in one's lot with, to share the fate or fortune of.— To cast in the teeth of, to upbraid with; charge or twit with.— To cast lots. See lot.— To cast off. (a) To discard or reject; drive away. The prince will, in the perfectness of time, Cast off his followers. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iv. 4. He may cast you off, and with you his life. Beau, and FL, Laws of Candy, ii. 1. (b) Naut., to unloose or let go : as, to cast off a vessel in tow. (c) In hunting, to leave behind, as dogs ; set loose or free. Away he scours, . . . casts off the dogs, and gains a wood. Sir 1:. L Estrange. His falconer cast off one falcon after the heron, and the earl another. Strutt, Sports and Pastimes, p. S7. (rf) In knitting, to finish (the work) at any part by work- ing off the stitches, so that it remains firm and permanent. (. ) In printing, to compute the space required for each column or division of, as a table, a piece of music, or the like, so that the matter furnished may properly fit the space at command. — To cast off copy, in printing, to compute the number of words in written copy, in order to rind the space, or the number of pages, which the mat- ter will till when in type. — To cast on. («) To refer or resign to. South. 'b) In knitting, to begin (the work) bj putting the yarn, cotton, or the like upon the needles in loops or stitches. —To cast out. (") To reject or turn out. Thy brat hath been cast oat, . . . No father owning it. Shak., W. T., iii. 2. (b) To speak or give vent to. Addison.— To cast the balance. See balance. -To cast the cavel or kevel. Seerauitf.— To cast the draperies, in the fim arts, to dispose the folds of the garments with which the figures in a picture are clothed ; dispose the main lines of a pic- ture generally.— To cast the fly, to angle with rod and artificial lure, in distinction from fishing with bait or a hand-line.— To cast the lead, to heave the lead. See lead.— To cast up. (a) To compute ; reckon ; calculate. Casting up the cost beforehand. Dryden. The Mindanaians are no g 1 \,c plants; therefore the Chinese that live here, do cast up their Accompts for them. Dumpier, Voyages, I. ,'ic.o. Now casting rp the Store, and finding sufficient till the next harvest, the feare of starving was abandoned. Quoted in Capt. John Smith, True Travels, I. 222. {b) To eject ; vomit. Their villany goes against my weak stomach, and there- fore I must cast it up. Shak., Hen. V,, iii. 2. 847 Cast up the poison thai InfectB thy mind. Dryden. (e) To twit or upbraid with ; recall to ones notice toi thi purpose of annoying : with to. I.a.h W.'s maid is always casting up to me how happy her i-i 'I and ladj ahip is. Lever. (p a higher. shot,.. Pericles, i. t. Burled him in the ground, anil east rp an high lull ouer him. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 87. TO Cast Upon, tO refer io. If things wen- cost upon this issue, that God should never prevent sin till man deserved if, the best would sin and sin for ever. South. To cast (a person's) watert, to examine urine in diagnos- ing a dise i e. If thou couldst, doctor, cast The water of my land, tlml her disease Shak., Macbeth, v. :'■. = Syn. Fling, etc. See hurl. II. mtrans. It- To throw; shoot. cast cast 1 (kast), p. 'i. [Pp. of ™.s/l, ».] 1. Thrown aside as useless; rejected; cast-off: as, cast clothes. ii. hath bought a pair oi east Up ol Diana Shak., As you I. ike it, iii. 4. \ 0U lever yet had a local -^ meat from my table, Nor, a- I remember, from my wardrobe Any east suit. Beau, and /v., Honest Mans Fortune, ii. 3. I deny not but that lie may deserve toi his pain- icatt Doublet. Milton, Apology for Smcctymnuus. 2. Condemned: as, "a, cast criminal," South. — 3f. Cashiered; discarded. He's the son Of a poor cast captain, one Octavio. Fletcher, Spanish Curate, i. 1. 4. Faded in color. [Scotch.] — 5. Made by founding or casting: as, cosWron or -steel. Sec cast-iron.— 6f. Rank; vile. Neuer kyld no Kyng, nenoknighl yet, That a-counted was kene, but with east treeon. Destruction of Troy (Iv. E. T. S.), 1. 10448. At loners, luwpcs. Archers had plente, i o t, draw, I Bheti , tin- diffence to lie That non wordly man myght no wyse it take. Rom, o, Partenay(E. E. T. s.i, l. 1176. cast 1 (kast),*. [< casA, v.] 1. The act of cast- ing. Specifically — (e) In fishing: oot towards them. Roger Bodenham, in Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 35. (b) In hunting, to go about indifferent directions in order to discover a lost scent. But not a sign of them [the hares in the game of hare- ami-hound] appears, so now . . . there is nothing for it but to cast about for tile scent. T. Hughes, Tom Brown at Rugby, i. 7. {<■) To consider ; search in the mind for some contrivance by winch to accomplish one's end ; scheme. To cast about how to perform or obtain. Bacon. Let 's cast about a little, and consider. Fletcher, Spanish Curate, ii. 1. Contrive and cast about how to bring such events to pass. Bentley. I . . . began to cast about, with my usual care and anx- iety, for the means of obtaining feasible and safe meth- ods of repeating the famous journey to Palmyra. Hence, Source of the Nile, Int., p. li. To cast back, (a) To throw the memory back ; refer to something past. You east back for hundreds of years, and rake up every bit of pleasure I ever had in my life. Mrs. Riddell. (b) To return toward some ancestral tyi r character; show resemblance to a remote ancestor. To cast be- yond the moon, to indulge in wild conjectures ; conjec- ture. Bellaria, . . . inaruailing at such vnaccustomed f rownes, began to cast beyond the moone, and to enter into a 1000 sundry thoughts, which way she should offend her hus- band. Greene, Pandosto, or the Triumph of Time, 1588. To cast Off. («) To loosen a boat from its connection with a pier, ship, or the like, and -stall it toward another place, (6) In knitting, to slip and bind the last loops from tin- needles thus releasing the finished work from them; bind off.— To cast on, iii knitting, to begin by slipping mev epoch left in soft earth which has become the loops or stitches on On needlec- To cast out, to K(ono: as a cast f a ma n's face taken in plas- q" d: fall out. [Scotch.] -To cast up, to turn up or trilobite be forthcoming. tel ' a cost or. a uuooite. Others may be Unionists . . . by tits and starts; ... At Valdivia there is some sandstone with imperfect Unionists when nothing more exciting, or more showy, casts of shells, which possibly may belong to the recent or more profitable, casts up. R. Cheats, Addresses, p. 442. period. Darwin, Geol. Observations, ii. 414. cast Hence — 15. An impression in general : an imp: eter, or ic : stamp. Of thiiau dead lineaments that near thee lie? oquette, Ui. 16. One of the worm-like coils of sand pro- duced by the Lugworm.— 17. In founding wax fitted into: I A hollow cylindrical piece of brass or copper, slit in i wo lengthwise, to form n canal or conduit in a eying metal, (e) A small brass funnel at one end of a mold lor easting pipes, by means of which the melted metal i^ poured into the mold. ( It. castatdia), the office of a prefect or steward, < castaldus, gastaldus (> It. castaldo, dial, gastaldd), also gastaldius, castaldio(n-), gastaldio(n-) (> It. casialdione), a prefect, stew- ard, prob. < Goth, "gastalds, in comp. striving Wain or possess (possessing), < gastaldan, obtain, possess (cf. AS. gesteald, an abode, dwelling), < gn- (see ;/<-) + *staldan = AS. Stealdan, possess.] Stewardship. Castalia (kas-ta'li-a), «. [NL.: see CastaUan.] 1. A genus of bivalve mollusks, of the family Iridinida-. confined to the fresh waters of South America. The best-known species is C.ambigua. The genus was founded by La- marck in 1819.— 2. A genus of chastopodous annelids, of the family Hesionida: — 3. Agenus of coleopterous insects. Laporte, 1838. — 4. A genus of lepidopterous insects. Boisduval, 1858. Castalian (kas-ta'lian), a. [< L. Castalis, be- longing to Castalia, fir. Kaara'/Ja, a mythical fountain of inspiration on Mount Parnassus, sacred to the Muses, whose waters had the power of inspiring those who drank them ; per- haps akin to nadapoc, L. castas, pure : see caste 2 .] Pertaining to Castalia. Castanea (kas-ta'ne-S), n. [L., the chestnut- tree, a chestnut: see chesten, chestnut.'] Age- nus of plants, natural order CupuMferai, con- sisting of trees or shrubs with straight-veined leaves and naked unisexual flowers, the male in catkins and the female solitary. The nuts are contained in a prickly 4-valved envelop. Only two species are known, the common chestnut, C. vesca, and the chin- kapin, C. pumila. See cut under chestnut. Castanella (kas-ta-nel'a), n. [NL., < L. cas- tanea, a chestnut, + dim. -eUa.] The typical genus of radiolarians of the family Castaiullida: Castanellidae (kas-ta-nel'i-de), it. pi. [NL., < Castanella + -idee.'] A family of tripylean ra- diolarians with a fenestrated shell which is spherical, simple, and composed of solid rods, and has at one point a large principal opening, often armed with coronal spicules, and with or without radial spicules. It contains such gen- era as Castanella, Castanidium, etc. castaneous (kas-ta'ne-us), a. [< L. as if *cas- taneus, < castanea, a chestnut: see Castanea.] Chestnut-colored; of a reddish or brownish-red color. Castanet (kas'ta-net), n. [= P. castagnette, < Sp. castafieta (= Pg. castanhcta), a castanet, < castalia = Pg. castanha, < L. castanea, a chestnut; from the resemblance.] One of a pair of slightly concave spoon-shaped shells of ivory or hard wood, loosely fas- tened together at the base, and used (slung over the thumb) in beating time to music or dancing. Castanets are used by the Spaniards and .Moors as an accompaniment to their dames ami guitars, and are now widely introduced among other na- tions, with some variatioiisof form. CastanOpsiS (kas-ta-nop'- castanets. sis), ii. [NL., < Gr. iidaravoc, the chest nut-tree, + 6fit, appearance.] A genus of shrubs and trees intermediate between the oak and chest- nut, of a dozen species, natives oi east em Asia, with a, single species on the Pacific slope of North America. See chinkapin, 1. castaway (kast'a-wa); «. ami n. [< cast, pp. of cast*-, v., + away.] I. n. 1. One who or that which has been east away or lost; specifi- cally, a ship wreck. .1 or lo'i- I on an iinfrc- uted coast, or a person shipwrecked on such a coast. \ ea I i i He- I i\ lo.k.-. "i life. Willi:n, i M,,rris. Earthly Paradise, II. 331. lb nee — 2. Aii outcast; a reprobate; one mor- ally lost or ruined. But I keep under ray body, and bring it into subjection ; hi « hi n I ban- preachi -i to others, I myself should be a castaway. I i !or. ix. 27. castellar II. a. In or pertaining to the state of being a castaway; wrecked; ruined: as, a castaway ship. We , , . only remember, at our casta, cut leisure, the imprisoned immortal soul, Raleigh, Hist, of World. cast-by (kast'bi), n. A discarded person or thing; a castaway. [Scotch.] Wha could tak interest in sic a cast-by as I am now? Scott, Heart of Mid-Lothian, xx. caste't, a. A Middle English variant of chaste. caste- (kast), «. [Formerly cast, only recently as P. caste, < Pg. casta ( > Sp. casta ), breed, race, caste ; first applied to the classes of the Hindus by the Portuguese, who were the earliest colo- nists in India; prop. fern, of casta, < L. castus, pure, > OP. chaste, E. chaste, q. v.] 1. One of the artificial divisions or social classes into which tlie Hindus are rigidly separated accord- ing to the religious law of Brahmanism, and of which the privileges or disabilities are trans- mitted by inheritance, [lie principal castes are four in number : 1st, the Brahmans, or the sacerdotal caste; 2d, the Kshatriyas, modern Rajputs, or military caste; 3d, the Vaisyas, or husbandmen ami merchants, who have now in many districts become merged in the second and fourth castes ; 4th, the Sudras, or laborers and mechanics. The Brahmans are supposed to have sprung from the mouth of Brahma, the Kshatriyas from his arms, the Vaisyas from his belly and thighs, and the Sudras from his feet. The Brahman represents religion; the Kshatriya, war; the Vaisya, commerce and wealth; and the Sudra, labor. There are many subdivisions of caste, and although the Sudras are degraded far below the laaliinans, Kshatriyas, and Vaisyas, there are reckoned thirty-six .subdivisions lower than the Sudras. Lowest of all are the Pariahs, w ho are supposed to be of no caste, and mere outcasts from humanity. Of the castes, the first three are the natural and gradually established divisions of the Aryan invaders and conquerors of India ; the fourth was made up of the subjugated aborigines. The Sanskrit name for caste is vania, color, the different castes having been at first marked by differences of complexion, according to race, and in some degree according to occupation and conse- quent exposure. Besides the original castes, numerous mixed classes or castes have sprung up in the progress of time, and are dependent upon trade, occupation, or profession ; in fact, the essentia] principle in the system of caste is the confining of employments to hereditary classes. Castes are, according to Indian social standards, either "high" or "low." The same term is also used of somewhat similar classes in other countries. The system of caste involves the worst of all wrongs to humanity — that of hallowing evil by the authority and sanction of religion. Faithso/the World, p, 30. To be subjugated by an inferior caste was a degradation beyond all other degradation. Macaulay, Hist. Eng. Offensive as is the law-caste Indian, ... I had rather sir the lowest Pariahs of the low, than a single trim, smooth-faced, smooth-wayed, clever high-caste Hindoo on my lands or in my colony. W. O. Pair/rave, in Fortnightly Rev. Hence — 2. A division of society, or the princi- ple of grading society, according to external conditions; a class or grade separated from others by differences of wealth, hereditary rank or privileges, or by profession or employment. Where the operations became hereditary, a system of castes arose. This system has never been rigid in Western Europe, however, as it lias been in India and other coun- tries of tlie East. D. W. Ross, German Land-holding, Notes, p. 134. Her manner had not that repose Which stamps the caste of Vere de Vere. Tennyson, Lady Clara Vere de Vere. The spirit of caste morally tortures its victims with as much coolness as the Indian tortures his enemy. H. Spencer, .Social Statics, p. 221. To lose caste, to be degraded from the caste to which one belongs ; lose social position. castellan (kas'te-lan), ». [< ME. castellain, cas- i,hin, < OF. castettain, chastelain, P. chatelain (cf. chatelaine) = Pr. Sp. castellan = Cat. cas- 1,11,1 — Pg. castellSo = It. castellano, < ML. cas- tellanus, keeper of a castle, < L. castellum, a cas- tle : see castle.] A governor or constable of a castle. Also written castellain. castellano (kas-tel-ya'no), n. [Sp., an ancient Spanish coin, the fiftieth part of a mark of gold, etc.. prop, adj., Castilian, Spanish. See ' 'astilian. | A Smith American weight for gold, equal to 71.07 grains. castellany (kas'te-la-ni), «.; pi. castellanies (-niz). [Same as chatellany (< i\ chatellenie); = Pr. Sp. Pg. It. cast, II, mill, < Ml., castellania, < cast, nanus, a castellan: see castellan.] The jurisdiction of a castellan ; tlie lordship belong- ing to a castle, or the extent of its land and ju- risdiction. Also called chatellany. Earl Allan has Mil Inn his castellany, or the jurisdiction of his castle, "imi manors, all but one. Kelt/am. Iiomesday Book, p. 147. castellar (kas'te-lSr), ». [< ML. as if "casteU Inns. < I,, castilliini, castle: see castle] Be- longing or pertaining to a castle. Ancient castellar dungeons. Walpole, bitters, IV. 480. castellate castellate (kas'te-lat), n. [< ML. castellatum, the precinct of a castle, < L. east. Hum. :i castle.] A lordship or castellany. Here we entered into the province <>f Candle, and the castellate of Kenurio. Poeocke, Description ol the East, II. 249. castellated (kas'te-la-ted), a. [< ML. castel- latus, pp. of castellare, furnish with turrets or battlements, fortify, < L. east, limn, a castle: see ensile.] 1. Furnished with turrets and bat- tlements, like a castle; buill in the style of B castle: as, a castellated mansion. The room lay in a high turret of the castellated abbej P. t. ; pret. and pp. eas- ttgated, ppr. castigating. [< L. castigatus, pp. of castigare, purify, correct, chastise, < castas, pure (> E. chaste), + agcrc, do, make; of. pur- 54 having antifriction rollers, c, c. 849 gore (> E. purge), < punts, pure, + agere. Older V.. forms from rastigare are chasten and chas- ttse, q. v.] 1. To chastise; punish by stripes; correct or punish, in general. If thou didst put tiiis Bour-cold habit on To castigate thy pride, t were well. Shak., T. of A., iv. 8. 2. To subject to a severe anil critical scrutiny ; criticize for the purpose of correcting; emend: as, to castigate the text of an author. He had adjusted and castigated the then Latin Vulgate. Bentley, Letters, p. 237. A castigated copy ol it [a work of Cervantes] was printed by Arrieta, Tieknor, spun. Lit, II 122. castigation (kas-ti-ga'shon), n. [(.castigate: see -ation.] The net of castigating, (o) punish- ment by whipping ; correction ; chastisement ; difli ipline. Violent events do not always argue the anger of God; even death itself is, to his Bervants, a fatherly castigatv n Bp. Ball, lli. Seduced Prophi t. The keenest castigation of her slanderers. Irvin t, iM Critical scrutiny and emendation : correction of tea i nd errors, castigator (kas'ti-ga-tor), ». [= Pr. < istigador =Sp. Pg. castigador, < L. castigator, < castigare: see castigate.'] One who castigates or corrects, castigatory (kas'ti-ga-to-ri), a. and n. [< L. casUgatorius, < castigator, a corrector: see cas- tigator.] I. a. Serving to castigate; tending to correction; corrective; punitive. Penalties . . . either probatory, castigatory, or exem- plary. Abp. Bramhall, Against Hobbes. II. ». ; pi. eastigataries (-riz). Something that serves to castigate ; specifically, an apparatus formerly used in punishing scolds. Also called ducking-stool and trebucket. Castile SOap. See snap. Castilian (kas-til'ian), a. and n. [= F. Castil- Inn = Pg. < 'astt llama, < Sp. CasteUano, < Costilla, Oastile ; so called from the numerous forts (cas- tillos: see castle) erected on the frontiers.] I. a. Pertaining to Castile (formerly written Cas- lilli ), a former kingdom in the central part of Spain, now divided into the provinces of Old and New Castile— Castilian furnace. See furnace. II. ». An inhabitant or a native of Castile. Castilleia (kas-ti-le'yii), ». [NL., < Castillejo, a Spanish botanist.] A large genus of herba- ceous plants, natural order Sero/iliulaiiaci-a; mostly perennials, natives of North America and Asia. Thereareabout25speciesintheu"nitedStates. Their yellow, purple, or scarlet flowers are in terminal spikes, with large colored bracts often more showy than the (lowers. C. coccinea, the common species of the At- lantic states, is popularly known as painted-cup. Castilloa (kas-ti-lo'a), «. [NL., < Sp. Costilla, Castile: see Castilian.] A genus of plants, of one or two arboreous species, natives of tropi- cal America, of the natural order r>tieace(e, and allied to the breadfruit, c. elastka is valuable as Flowering Branch of Castilloa elastica. the source of the india-rubber i>f Centra] America. The milky juice of the tree is obtained by incisions in the bark, and is coagulated by the addition of alum or of a decoc tion of the moon-plant, Calonyction speciosum, A large tree is said to yield eight gallons of milk when first cut, each gallon making about two pounds of rubber, casting (kas'ting), n. [ME. casting; verbal n. of cast 1 , v.] 1. The act or process of founding. It is mi coining, sir, It is but casting. /:. Jonson, Alchemist, iii. 2. 2. In the fine arts, the process of taking casts or impressions of statues, medals, etc., in clay, pitch, plaster, or fused metal. — 3. That which has been cast, or formed by running melted metal into a mold of any desired form. When used without qualification, the word usually de- notes a casting of iron. — 4. Anything appear- ing as if cast in a mold; specifically, a string- shaped mass of earth voided by an earthworm ; a worm-east. I resolved ... to weigh all the castings thrown up within a given time in a measured space, instead of ascer- taining the rate at which objects left mi lie surfai e wen buried by worms. Darwin. The Earth-worm. casting-weight 5t. Vomiting; vomit. Tin hound turnyde agen to Ids castyng. II yelif, 2 Pet. ii. 22. 6. Same us cast 1 , is. — ~t. A purge consisting of pellets ot hemp, i-otton, feathers, or the like, given in hawks. Rie. We have been used too long like hawks already. Ubald. w e are not bo hi M h in our tksii now t<> need catt- ing. M" tsingt r, The Picture, v. l. 8f. Contrivance; distribution; arrangement. Distrlbutlo is that useful casting of all room I tin.-, entertainment, or pleasure. Wot ton, Elem. of Architecture. 9. In sail-mal.iug, the calculated dimensions and shape of each doth in a sail. — 10f. Luck, .•is in dealing cards. Tai. I d beastb <-j. Jai i- Jack. o, aliominalile. sir! you had tin- scurviest hand. Hiddleton, Vour Five Gallants, iv. 2. Chilled casting, a metal easting the snrfa f wiiieli has been hardened either by easting in an iron mold erby exposure while red-hot to sudden cooling by air or water, or by contact with any g I conductor which is at a com- paratively tow temperature. The effect is to givi asurface ol extreme hardness. Such castings are used for a multi- tude of purposes, as for rolls, anvils, plowshares, mold- boards, stamps, etc.. wherever much attrition u to be .sustained. — Cliche casting. SeecfteM Compression casting, a method of casting in molds of putters clay, with sufficient pressure to force the metal into the most delicate tracery left by the pattern. It is used in casting stamps, letters and numbers for houses, house-builders' hardware, etc.— Dry casting, a method of easting in ulnrh the molds are made of sand and afterward dried. casting-bottlet (kas'ting-bot'l), «. A small vial for holding or for sprinkling perfumes; a caster. Also called casting-glass. Enter Secco with a casting-bottle, sprinkling his hat and face, ami a little looking-glass at his girdle, setting ids - - -iintcnanee. Ford, Fancies, i. 2. Hast thou no perfumes and sweet bags, or any handsome casting buttles of the newest model Scnit, Keiiilworth, II. 0. casting-box (kas'ting-boks), ii. 1. hi founding, a tlask which holds the mold. — 2f. Probably, a small box used like a casting-bottle. They have a chain, My rings, my easlitut-box ef geld, my purse too. Fletcher and Shirley, Night-Walker, iii. 5. casting-glasst (kas'ting-glas), n. Same as casting-bottle. His civet and his casting-glass Have lielpt him t-i a place amongst the rest. /;. Jonson, Every Man out of ids Humour, iv. 4. casting-ladle (kas'ting-la/dl), «. An iron ladle with handles, used to pour molten metal into a mold, casting-net (kas' ting-net), ». A net which is cast and immediately drawn, in distinction from one which is set. We Govern this War as an unskilful Man does a Cast- ing-Net. Selden, Table-Talk, p. 110. casting-pit (kas'ting-pit), ». The space in a foundry in which the molds are placed and the eastings made. In the centre of the [liessemer] casting-pit is fixed a hydraulic crane. . . . The crane, after the ladle has re- ceived the charge of molten steel from the converter, is rotated in a horizontal plane over the tops of the moulds around the periphery of the pit, and the taphole of the ladle is thus brought successively over the centre of each mould, into which the metal from the ladle is tapped. Ii r . //. Greenwood, Iron and steel, p. 469. casting-pot (kas'ting-pot), ». A pot or cruci- ble of plumbago, fire-clay, or other material, in which metals or other fusible substances are melted. casting-press (kas ' ting-pres), ». A press in which metal is cast under pressure. casting-slab (kas 'ting-slab), n. In glass- manuf, the slab or plate of a casting-table. casting-table (kas'ting-ta'bl), ». In glass- manuf, a table on which molten glass is poured in making plate-glass, its top is a large polished plate of metal, t ly iron, having metal Hand's of the same depth as the thickness of tile glass, to keep the glass from running off at the sides. A massive copper cylin d.-r extends entirely across the table, resting on the side flanges, and tins, being set in mot ion, spreads the glass out into a sheet of uniform breadth and thickness. casting-vote (kas'ting-vot'), »• The vote of •i presiding officer in an assembly or council, thrown to decide a question when the votes cast by the members are equally divided. If the pre- siding officer is a member of tin- body, he may give the cast- ing-vote, although lie has, by already voting as a mem- ber, created the tie or equal division. [Commonly written as two words.] In the tinieof Hastings the Governor had only one vote in council, ami, in case of an equal division, a casting rote Macaulay, Warren Hastings. casting-weight (kas'ting-wat), «. .V weight that turnsthe scale of a balance, or makes one side preponderate. casting-weight \ man's true merit 'Us not hard to And; j ;ul , t, standard in ins muia, ddstoempli in gratify, tor who i __ Satires, l 177. cast-iron (kast'i em), ». and a. I n. [ron w hioh lias i ii oast, thai is, melted and tub into a mold in which it assumes the desired I n wliich has bo n n m. it, .1 in a I n special pui [ting in a reverberators furnace, and t from the blast-iurnaci Chi h isdi fr „,,, thi ; ist furnace is in fact ca I ir,.n -• '"'' it is commonly km mplyaspig See II a. 1. Made of east-iron: us, a east-iron pot.— 2. Having the quali resembling cast-iron: hence, inflexible; unyielding: as, a cast-iron rule. His [Spenser'8] line oar, abhorrent of barbs nance . . made possible the transition from the cast- i , ,,, i .111.1 Porrej ' to the Damasi as pUai peare. I. i;, i.. ' \ \ 361. cast-knitting (kast'nit'ing), n. That kind of knitting in wliich the needle is passed through the mesh from the inside of the piece of hosiery which is being knitted, and the yarn with which the new mesh is made is held on the outside. castle l kas'll, II. [<)lK.IWt/l.«W(r! (lstle, village, < AS. castel, a village, = D. kasteel = Icel. kastali = Sw. kastt II = Dan. kastel = OF. ■ /, chattel, P. castel, chateau (> E. chateau) = Pr. castelh = Cat. casteU = Sp. Castillo = Pg. It. casteUo, < L. eastellum, a castle, fort, citadel, stronghold, dim. of castrum, a castle, fort, for- tified place, usually in pi. castra, an encamp- ment, a camp, a military station, a town of military origin (> AS. roister: see -caster and <■!„ ciected with casa, a cottage, hut: Beocasa, casino, cassock, etc.] 1. A building, or series of connected buildings, fortified for defense against an enemy; a fortified resi- dence; a full ress. Castles, in the sense of fortified . outgrow Hi or institution of feudalism, and were Brst brought t" a high pitch of strength and completeness by the Normans. In England there were few Castle of Coucy. Aisnc, France. (From VfoUet-le-Duc'S "Diet, dc I'Archit ctuie. 1 or do castles, properly speaking, till the time of William '.v hi. h a great many were constructed mm the Norman model. At flrst the donjon or keep was the only part ill th. castle "I great strength, ami the other baud if i re i ir less tem- porary mitu: icenl mi .however the de loped, and the keep bane : i.tral part of a group of buildings, all md mutually contributing to the strength and of the whole. The cut r ] n, France built In the tliirt. i ground is the outer bailey antauunga chapel, stable ,and i e to tlii> was tin meil i i or antemural (see planundei antemw el ; '-, the gate, approached l>y ins, and hav e to vaulted . rooms with above, c ; -/. d llllililitlL'S 1 men defending the walls .,r curtains; f. apartments for the i . ft, great hall, wltl tiionor keep (the cl t part of the lifted in form postern lead ruunicating with an flanking the outer walls. w the f""t of the M btr-c leet make. MandevUU, rravi 850 our castle's strength Will laugh a siege to scorn. Skak., Maelietli. v. 5. The house Hf even one is to him as his castle and for- tress, as well for defence against injury and violi n [oi in- repo Sir !■:. Coke, Reports, Semayne s Case, v. fol, 91a 2. In her., a representation of two or more towers connected by curtains, often having a gateway in one of the curtains, and always em- battled, when the towers are represented with the windows and the joints between the stones of colors dif- ferent from that "i the wall, they are said to be masoned or windowed gules, or, or the like. When the windows are Bhown of the col t "i the Beld, the castle is said t" be , .,„/ d of the 11.1,1. .a sometimes ajouri. The door is called Mi, port .- if it has a portcullis, this ami its color are men- tioned in the blazon. 3. The house or mansion of a person of rank or wealth: somewhat vaguely applied, but usually t , . .- 1 large and more or less imposing building. — 4. A piece made in the form of a castle, donjon, or tower, used in the game of chess; the rook. — 5. A kind of helmet. — 6. Nant., a kind of fighting-tower formerly erected on war-galleys, etc., near the bow and stern, and called re- spectively forecastle and aftcastle. See cut un- der cadenas.—A castle In the air, or in Spain, a visionary project; a vague imagination of possible wealth, tame, happiness, or the like ; a day-dream. (See below.) — To build castles in Spain, to build castles in the air. (See below.) Theoriginof this phrase (which is traced hack in trench literature to the thirteenth century, and in Eng- lish to the fourteenth) is doubtful. It has been attributed to the boasting by Spanish adventurers in France of their lordly residences, which existed only in their imaginations; and less probably to a supposed prohibition at sonic time against the erection of fortifications in Spain. Littre thinks the idea is simply that of an imaginary castle in any foreign country, other names having been similarly used, and that of Spain prevailing as most familiar; to which may be added that its real origin is probably to be found in the no- tion, always prevalent, of the attainment of great wealth through emigration or foreign adventure. Thou shalt make castels thanne in Spayne, And dreme of joye, alle hut in vayne. Rom. of the Rose, 1. 2573. To build (or maket) castles in the air, to form schemes that have no practical foundation ; entertain projects that • ■a ii in it be carried out; indulge, either seriously or in mere play of the imagination, in pleasing day-dreams, especial- ly ol great wealth or power. When I build castles in the aire. Burton, Anat. of Mel., Author's Abstract. I build great castles in tin' skies, . . . rear'd and raz'd yet without hands. E. of Stirling, Sonnets, vi. w ,- hail mi right to build castles in tin- air \\ ithout any material for building, and have no ground for complaint wlnn the ait v fabric tumbles about our ears. II. A'. Oxenhani, Short Studies, p. 21. = Syn. 1. See fiirtinciitinii. castle (kas'l), i). i. ; pret. and pp. castled, ppr. castling. [< castle, »., 4.] In chess, to move the king from his own square two squares to the right or left, and bring the rook or castle to the square the king has passed over. Castling is allowed oiuy when neither the king nor the castle has moved, when there is no piece between them, and when the king is nut in cheek and does not, in castling, move over "i to a square which is attacked by an enemy's man, that is, through or into check. castle-builder (kas'l-bil"der), n. 1. Oue who builds castles. — 2. Especially, one who builds castles in the air; a visionary; a day- dreamer. I . . . am one of that species of men who are properly denominated castle-builders, who scorn to be beholden to the earth for a foundation. Steele, Spectator, No. 167. castle-building (kas'l-biFding), v. 1. The act of building ensiles. — 2. Especially, building castles in the air; day-dreaming. The pleasant languor, the dreamy tranquillity, the airy castle-building which in Asia stand in lieu of the vigorous, intensive, passionate life of Europe. /;. F. Hurt, ,11. El-Medinah, p. 23. castled (kasld), a. [< casOe + -ecA] Fur- nished with a castle or castles. lie castled crag "f Drachenfels Frowns 11 ci- the wide ami winding Rhine. Byron, Childe Harold, iii. 55. castle-gartht (kas'l-g&rth), ». The precincts of ;i castle; ;i castle-yard. castle-guard (kas'1-gSrd), n. 1. The guard which defends a, castle. — 2. A feudal charge .it- duty due from a tenant to his lord, payable either in personal service in defending the 1. mi's castle < ,i- l,\ commutations in money in ceil a in eases. Hence — 3. The tenure or hold which such a tenant had 011 the hind granted him by his lord. — 4. The circuit around a cas- tle subject to taxation for its maintenance. Also called castle-ward. castlery, castelryt (kas'l-ri, -tel-ri), «.; pi. ..1 tleries, castelriesl (-riz). |< til', castellerie, < ML. "< /■ liana, equiv. to eastellania : see rasti I- castor Inn 11.} 1. The government of a castle; tenure of a castle. The said Robert and his heirs . . . are chief banner- 1 s of London in fee, for the castelry which he and his ancestors have, of Baynard s castle in tic said cite Blount, Ancient Tenures, p. lie. 2. A domain or lief maintaining ;i castle. castle-stead (kas'1-sted), n. A castle and the buildings belonging to it. castlet (kasi 'lei 1, n. Same as casteUet. castle-town (kas'1-toun), n. [ME. castellan, < castel, castle, + tun, town.] The hamlet close by or under the walls or protection of a castle: hence Castletown, Castleton, the names of sev- eral towns and villages in Great Britain and Ireland. castle-ward (kas'l-wttrd), n. Same as castle- guard. castlewick (kas'1-wik), n. The territory at- tnclie.l to or under the jurisdiction of a castle. castlingt (kast'ling), n. and a. [< cast 1 , v., I., 1G, + dim. -MnglJ] I. n. An abortion. We should rather rely on the urine of a castling't blad- der. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err. II. a. Abortive. & Butler, Hudibras. Castnia (kast'ni-a), n. [NL. (Fabricius, 1807).] The typical genus of moths of the family Cast- iiinlie. castnian (kast'm-an), a. and 11. [< NL. Cast- nia + -am.] I. a. Pertaining to or having the characters of the genus Castnia. II. h. A member of the genus Castnia or fam- ily ' 'astiiiida ". Castniidae (kast-ni'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Castnia + -/(/re] A family of Lepidoptera, comprising the moths which connect the sphinxes with the butterflies, typified by the genus Castnia. They are sometimes called ntoth-sphinxes. castnioid (kast'ni-oid), a. and n. [< Castnia + -aid.] I. a. Resembling a moth of the genus Castnia: as, a castnioid butterfly. II. n. A hesperian butterfly of the tribe Castnioides. Castnioides (kast-ni-oi'dez), n. pi. [NL., < Castnia + -oides.~\ A tribe of hesperian lepi- dopterous insects combining in some respects the characters both of moths and of butterflies, Yucca-borer ( MegathytHMSJ ,,rrrr). Hind. Malay kasturi, musk; Pers. /./"i~. a beaver.] I. ». 1. A beaver.— 2. I "i/i. J Among French Canadians, one of the castor party which palled itself the national party, the beaver being the national emblem <>f Canada. — 3. [<•«/).] [NL] A genus of sciuromoiphioio dent mammals, typical of the family I'astoriihe. The type and only living representative is the beaver, Caator fiber, of aquiitii- h.iiiits, having the feet 4-tncil, tin- fore feet small, the hinder large, webbed, with the s. ml toe dou- ble-clawed ; the tail broad, flat, oval, naked, and scaly; and the body thickset, especially be- hind. On each side, above and below, the in- *-*s -' CiSOrS are 1, Ca- Skull of Beaver {Outer Jltcr). nines 0, premo- lars 1, and molars 3, making 20 teeth in all. The skull re- sembles that of the Sciurv&tB, hut lacks postorbital pro- cesses. Sec beaver 1 . 4. A beaver hat; by extension, a silk hat. I have always been known for the jaunty manner in which I wear my castor. Scott. "Even so," replied the stranger, making diligent use of his triangular castor to produce a circulation in the close air of the woods. Cooper, Last of Mohicans, ii. 5. A heavy quality of broadcloth used for over- coats. II. a. Made of beaver-skin or -fur, or of the cloth called beaver. castor 2 (kas'tor), it. [Also called castoreum, of 851 its weight of alcohol, and filtering tho liquid, from which the eastorin is deposited. Castorina (kas-to-ri'na), n. pi. [NL., neat, pi. of LL. castorinus, of the beaver, < L. castor: sec castor 1 . | The beaver tribe : a family of ro dent animals, comprising the beaver, thocoypu, and the muskral or musquash. [Not in use. | castorine 1 (kas'to-rin), n. [= F. castorine, < Lli. castorimis, of the beaver: see Castorina.'] A ootton-velvet fabric. castorine' 2 , «• See eastorin. castorite (kas'to-rit), ». [< castor 8 + *ite z .] Same as castor^. Castoroides (kas-to-roi'dez), n. [NL. (J. W. Poster, L838), < Gfr. ttaarap, castor, + eldoc, form. ] Tin- typical genus of the family Casto- ronlnhe. There Es i>ui one species, C. ohioensis, the so- called fossil beaver of North America, which was of al t the si/,- of the black hear, and hence s awhat excei di d in size the capihara, the largest of living rodents. The skull alone was about a loot long. The known remain are all from Quaternars deposits, in localities from C< cs and South Carolina to Michigan and Ne» Vork. Castoroididae (kas-to-roi'di-de), n. pi. [NL., < Castoroides + -iihe.] A family of rodents, in- stituted for the reception of tho genus Casto- roides, related on the one hand to the Casto- ridce or beavers, and on the other to the chin- chillas, cavies, and capibaras. other genera, as Amblyraiza and Loxomylus, arc considered to be probably referable to this family. The skull resembles that of the Castorides, but the dentition is entirely different, resem- that of chinchillas and capibaras which castor is a shortened form; = F. casto- castor-oil (kits' tor-oil'), n. [< castor^ (from renin = Sp. cast&reo = Pg. It. castoreo, < L. ca toreuin, < Gr. aaaropiov, castor, a secretion of the beaver, < marap, the beaver: see castor^.] A reddish-brown substance consisting of the pre- putial follicles of the beaver and their contents, dried and prepared for commercial purposes. It has a strong, penetrating, enduring odor, and was formerly of high repute in medicine, but is now used chiefly by perfumers. castor 3 (kas'tor), n. [Named from Castor in Gr. myth.: see Castor and Pollux.] A mineral found' in the island of Elba associated with another called pollux. it is a silicate of aluminium and lithium, and probably a variety of petalite. It is colorless and transparent, with aglistening luster. Also called castorite. castor 4 , ii. See roster, 3. Castor and Pollux (kas'tor and pol'uks). [Named from I 'astor (Gr. lidarup) and Pollux (Gr. Ifo/twlf viaic), in Gr. myth, twin sons of Zeus or Jupiter, in the form of a swan, and Leda, wife of Tyndareus, king of Sparta; or produced from two eggs laid by her, one containing Cas- tor and Clyde n most ra, the other Pollux (or Poly- deuces) and Helen ; or all, according to Homer, children of Leda and Tyndareus, and hence called Tyndaridce. Castor and Pollux are joint- ly called the Dioscuri, sons of Zeus or Jupiter.] 1. In astron., the constellation of the Twins, or Gemini, and also the zodiacal sign named from that constellation, although the latter has moved completely out of the former. Castor, a Geniinonim, is a greenish star of the magnitude 1.6, the more northerly of the two that lie near together in the heads of the Twins. Pollux, Geminorum, is a very yel- low star of the magnitude 1.2, the more southerly of the same pair. .See cut under Gemini. 2. Aii ancient classical name of the corposant, or St. Elmo's fire. — 3. [I. c] The name given to two minerals found together in granite in the island of Elba. See the separate names. castorate (kas'to-rat), n. [< castor{ic) + -ate 1 .] In chem., a salt produced from the combination of eastoric acid with a salifiable base. castor-bean, n. See bean 1 . castoreum (kas-to're-urn), n. [L.] Same as castor®. eastoric (kas-tor'ik), a. [< castor* + -ic] Of, pertaining to, or derived from castoreum : as, eastoric acid. Castoridae (kas-tor'i-de), n.pl. [NL., < Castor 1 , some supposed resemblance to that substance) \ V Castor-oil Plant {Ricinus communis'). + oil.] The oil yielded by the seeds of Ricinus roil/munis (the castor-oil plant), a native of In- dia, but now distributed over all the wanner regions of the globe. The oil is obtained from the seeds by bruiaing them between rollers ami then pressing them in hempen bags in a strong press. The "ii that first comes away, called coltl-ilnnrn cttstor-m'1, is reckoned the beat ; an inferior quality is obtained by heating or steaming the pressed seeds, ;nnl again subjecting them to pressure. The oil is afterward heated to the boiling-point, in order to separate tht- albumen and impurities. < !astor-oil is used medicinally as a mild but effi- cient purgative. It is also used as a fixing agent in cotton-dj eing, especial- ly in dyeing a Turkey-red color from madder. In its Baponifled state it is sold under various names, as Turkey- red oil, alizarin oil, tndphated oil, solu- ble oil, etc. -Castor-oil plant, the plant Ricinus com- munis, which produces castor-oil. It is often cultivated for ornament under the name of Palma Christi, grows to a height, of 6or8 feet or more, with broad palmate leaves, and varies much in the color of its stem, leaves, etc. a, fruit of castor-oil plant ; b, seed ; c, section of same. casual castrate (kas'trat), v. t. ; prot. and pp. castrated, ppr. castrating. [< L. castratus, pp. of cas- Irnre (> OF. 'castrir, cnslnr (<■(. castri, cas- trated), P. chdtrer = Pr. Sp. Pg. castrar= It. castrare), castrate, prune, curtail, expurgate; akin to Skt. castra, ii knife. I 1. To deprive of the testicles; geld; emasculate. — 2. In hot., to deprive (a flower) of its anthers. Darwin. — 3. To remove something objectionable from, lis obscene parts from a writing; expurgate; destroy the si length or virility of; emasculate. The Following letter, which 1 have castrated in some places. Addison, Spectator, No. 179. 4. To take out a leaf or sheet from, and ren- der imperfect ; mutilate. A castrated sel "! Qolinshed's chronii lea Todd. 5. Figuratively, to take tho vigor or spirit from ; mortify. \ . castrate the desires of the flesh, and shall obtain a nil. ample reward of grace in heaven. T. Martin, Marriage o! Priestes, Sig. Y, i. b. castrate (kas'trat ), a. and n. [= F. castrat, n., = Sp. castrado, a. and n., = Pg. castrado, n., = It. castrato, n., < L. castratus, pp. : see the verb.] I. a. 1. Gelded; emasculated. — 2. In hot., deprived of the anthers; anantherous: ap- plied to stamens or flowers. II. ii. One who or that which has been cas- 1 rated, gelded, or emasculated ; a eunuch. castrater (kas tra-ter), ». [=F. chatreur = Sp. Pg. castrador = It. castratore, < LL. castrator, < L.ctistrarc: see castrate, v.] One who cas- trates. castrati, «. Plural of castrato. castration (kas-tra'shpn), «. [< ME. castra- eiouii, < F. east rut inn = Pr. castrado = Sp. cas- tration = Pg. castracao = It. castrazione, < L. enstriitiuin-), < castrare, castrate: see castrate, r.] The act of castrating, or state of being castrated. castrato (kas-tra'to), n. ; pi. castrati (-te). [It. : see castrate, a. and n.] A male person emas- culated during childhood for the purpose of preventing the change of voice which natu- rally occurs at puberty; an artificial or male soprano. The voice of such a person, alter arriving at adull age, combines the liij.'h ran^e ami sweetness of the female with the power ol the male voice. castrelt, »■ Same as kestrel. Beau, and Fl. castrensial (kas-tren'shial), a. [< L. castrensis (> Sp. Pg. It. eastrense), pertaining to a camp, < castra, a camp.] Belonging to a camp. Sir T. Browne. [Rare.] castrensian (kas-tren'shian), a. Same as cas- trensial. Cotes, 1717. [Pare.] castrilt, »- Same as kestrel. castrum (kas'trum), ».; pi. castra (-tra). [L., a castle, fort, fortress, a fortified town, in pi. castra, a camp; hence ult. E. -caster, Chester, and (through dim. castellum) castle, q. v.] A Roman military camp. See camp*. The ancient castle occupies the site of a Roman cas- '"'"' Encyc, Brit., XIV. 254. cast-shadow (kast'shad"6), n. In painting, a shadow east by an object within the picture, and serving to bring it out against the objects behind it. cast-steel (kast'stel), ». Steel which has been rendered homogeneous by remelting in cruci- bles or pots: for this reason sometimes called crucible or homogeneous steel. This process was in- veiite.l by Benjamin Huntsman (horn in Lincolnshire, England, in 1704), and brought to perfection some time before L770. east steel is made by the melting of blister- steel, bar-iron, or puddled steel, with the addition of bar- iron. ,-aibon, manganese ore, or spiegeleisen, in small quantities, according to the character of the steel desired to be produced. The finest cast-steel is made from Swed- ish bar-iron manufactured from ore practically free from sulphur and phosphorus. See iron and steel. casual (kaz'u-al), a. and n. [< ME. casuel, < F. i-asiiel = Pr.'Sp. Pg. casual = It. eusualc, < LL. easiialis, of or by chance, < L. casus (easu-), 3, +-«te.] Afamilyof sciuromorjjhicsimplici- castoryt (kas'to-ri), n. [< Gr. Kaardptov, a cer- tain color, neut. of Kaardpior, pertaining to the beaver, < Kdorup, the beaver: see castor 1 , and cf. castor*.] A color of an unknown shade. As polisht yvory Which cunning Craftesman band bath overlayd With favre vermilion or pure Castory. Spenser, P. ()., II. ix. 41. castra, ». Plural of castrum. castrametation (kas tra-me-ta'shpn), n. [= F. castrametation = Bp." castrametation = Pg. eiistrami taetlo = It. casiramelazioue, < ML. COS- tranielatio(n-), < LL. eastrametari, pp. castra- inelaliis. pitch a camp, < L. castra, a camp (see castle). + niitari. measure.] The ,-nl or acl of encamping ; the marking or laying out of a camp. chance, accident, event, > E. q. v.] I. dent rodent quadrupeds, typified by the genus Castor, the beaver, its only living representative. There are, however, several fossil genera, as Eueastor and Steneofiber, and probably others. The tibia and fibula unite in old age, contrary to the rule in the sciurine se- ries of rodents; the skull is massive, without postorbital processes ; the dentition is powerful, with rootless or only late-rooting molars ; clavicles are present ; there is an ac- cessory carpal ossicle; the salivary glands are enormous, ami the stomach has a glandular appendage ; the urogen ital system opens into a cloaca, and the Weberian bodies are developed as a uterus masculinus; and large preputial glands or scent-bags secrete the substance known aa cas- tor. See castor! and beavefi. eastorin, castorine- (kas'to-rin), ». [< castor* + -/'/i 2 , -me*) = Sp. castbrinaj] An animal principle obtained by boiling castor in six times n usually designated John and an actio tin the name of John l>.'< against another fictitious person, usuall) designated tated to have Ojeg i ihn Doe from the land which ho held on lease. The laud! rmitted to defend in place of Richard Roe, and thus the determination of the action involved the proving of the lessor's right t<> grant a lease, fiction is now everywhere abolished. - Syn. 1. Acci- ItmaL II. ». 1. A person who receives relief and shelter for our night at the most in a work- house or police-station, or who receives treat- ment in a hospital Eor an accidental injury. — 2. A laborer or an artisan employed only ir- regularly. Mayhem. Casual ward, the ward in a pital where casuals are received, casualism (kag'u-al-izm), ». [< casual + -ism.] The doctrine thai all things are governed by chance or accident. [Rare.] casualist (kaj'u-al-ist), n. [< casual + -ist.] One who believes in the doctrine of casualism. casuality (kaz-u-al'i-ti), «. [< casual + -ity. Cf, casualty.'] The quality of being casual. casually (kaz'u-al-i), adv. [Ml,. easuelly, < ml.] In a casual manner; ae- ntally; fortuitously; without design; by chance: as, to meet a person casually; tore- mark casually. ir gettiugs in this voyage, other commodities, & their towns, were casually consumed by fin Purchas, Pilgi image, p. 7r>7. That it might cat ually have be* a formed so. Bentley, Sermons, v. The Bqnash-vines were clambering tumultuously upon an old n len framework, Bet casually aslant against the Hawthorne, Seven Gables, xvi. casualness (kaz'u-al-nes), n. [< casual + -ness.] The stale of In-ing casual; casuality. casualty (kaz'u-al-ti), «. : pi. casualties (-tiz). [< ME. casuelte, '< OF. casuelte, F. casualiU = Sp. casualidad= Pg. casualidade = It. casualita, < Mli. casualitas (-tat-),< LL. casualis, of chance, casual: see casual.] 1. Chance, or what hap- pen- by chance; i ident; contingency. i ii. rail them by mere casualty. Raleigh, Essays. 1 v, ho frankl] stated (hen- impres- sion that the genera] scheme of things, and especially the I trade, >■ Quired you to hold a candle to the devil. Eliot, Middlemarch, I. 170. 2. An unfortunate chance or accident, espe- cially one resulting in bodily injurs or death; specifically, disability or loss of life in battle or military service from wounds, etc. : as, the cas- ualtiet were very numerous. Tie I ■ arly in the ,lay. disabled by a casualty. 'lie I Monument, Concord. Numerous applications for pensioi i . i upon the casualtf* of the existing war, have air idj imade. Linci J mi, nil, p. 174. 3. In Scots law, an emolument duo from a vassal to his superior, beyond t lie slated yearly duties, hi il events. Casualty of wards, the mail- . aperiors in ward- holdings. -Casualty ward, the ward in a hospital in which patients Buffering from casualti Idi Casuariidse (kas u „. pi. [NL., < + -i'in.\ "l. ,\ family of strutbious bud-, of the order or subclass RaUtat, having ll "' ■ dimentary, and the a? Of the leathers, highly dew I I. [( and i Sptel 2 - ' ated to the rank family, tl a this case being sep- lily, Vromceidae. Casuariinae I [NL < + 4MB.) The type mily of Family Casuariida;, containing the i waries only, n bed hem the ■ and e Casuarina (ki [NL., < a ■■ ary: from the resemblanci branches bear to the feathers of that bird.] 1. A 852 genus of peculiar plants, of Australia and adja- cent islands, nearly related to the birches and oaks, and constituting the natural order Casii- arinaceas. Thej are jointed leafless trees and shrubs, very much like gigantic horsetails or equisetums. Some Of tie Bpecies afford wood of extreme hardness, as the forest -eik of Australia, c. suberosa, etc., and the she-oak, fwood. 2. [/.c.l A plant of this genus. Casuarinacea? (kas-u-ar-i-na'se-e), v.pl. [NL., < Casuarina + -OCeee.] A natural order of plants, of which Casuarina is the typical and only genus. Casiiarius (kas-ij-a'ri-us), n. [NL. (Linnteus, 1735): see cassowary.] The typical and only genus of the subfamily Casuariince ; the casso- waries. About r.' ditieienl i, i nekii,i\vn,oneof them being the Struthio casuarius of Liimteus, now known as the Casuarius galeatus, or C. emeu, of the island of Ceram in the Moluccas. Emu is said to be the native name of this species ; hut the laid now called rum belongs to a differ- ent genus tDromceus) and subfamily. The common Aus- tralian cassowary is C.ausiralis. C. Mcaruneulatus in- habits New Guinea. C. benuetti is from New Britain. See cassowary. Casuaroideae (kas"u-a-roi'de-e), n. pi. [NL., < Casiiarius + -oiilew.] A superfamily of birds containing both the emus and the cassowaries : same as Casuariidic, 1. casuary (kas'ii-a-ri), n. ; pi. casuarics (-riz). [< NL. casuarius: see cassowary.] A cassowary or an emu ; any bird of either of the subfami- lies Casuariince and Dron/wina: I'. L. Sclater. [Rare.] casuist (kaz'u-ist), n. [< F. casuiste = Sp. Pg. It. casuista (It. also casista), < NL. casuista, a casuist, < L. casus, a case.] 1. One versed in or using casuistry; one who studies and re- solves cases of conscience, or nice points re- garding conduct. The judgment of any casuist or learned divine concern- ing the state of a man's soul is not sufficient to give him confidence. South. Those spiritual guardians, . . . the only casuists who could safely determine the doubtful line of duty. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., i. 17. Hence — 2. An over-subtle reasoner ; asophist. To call a man a mere casuist means that he is at best a splitter of hairs ; to call a chain of argument casuistical is a rather less impolite way of Baying that it Udisl -t. //. N. Oxenham, short Studies, p. 91. casuistt (kaz'u-ist), v. i. [< casuist, »».] To play the part, of a casuist. Milton. casuistic, casuistical (kaz-u-is'tik, -ti-kal), a. [< ciixiukI + -ic, -teal; = P. casuisUque = Sp. Pg. casuistieo. | Pertaining to casuists or cas- uistry; relating to cases of conscience, or to doubts concerning conduct; hence, over-sub- tle; intellectually dishonest; sophistical. casuistically (kaz-u-is'ti-kal-i), adv. In a cas- uistic manner. casuistics (kaz-u-is'tiks), n. [PL of casuistic: see -ics.] Casuistry. The question is raised in the casuistics of Mohammedan ritual, whether it is right to eat the tlesh of the Nesnas. 1'op. Sci. Mo., XXI. COO. casuistry (kaz'u-ist-ri), n. ; pi. casuistries (-riz). [< casuist + -nj.] 1. In ethics, the solution of special problems of right and duty by the ap- plication of general ethical principles or theo- logical dogmas ; the answering of questions of conscience, in the history of Jewish and Christian the- ology, casuistry lias often degenerated into hair-splitting ami sophistical arguments, in which questions of right and wrong were construed to meet selfish aims. All that philosophy of right and wrong which has be- come famous or infamous under the name of casuistry had its Origin in the distinction between mortal and venial sin. Cambridge Essays, 1856. -May he not have thought that he found there some stupendous exemplifications of what we read of, in hooks of casuistry, the "dialectics of conscience," as conflicts of duties? it. Choate, Addresses, i>. 829. Hence — 2. Over-subtle and dishonest reason- ing; sophistry. casula (kas'6-lii), n. [ML. (> E. casule), dim. of L. casa, a house; cf. cassock, chasuble.'] A priest's vestment; a chasuble. casulet, u. [< ML. casula, q. v.] A chasuble. casus belli (ka'sus bel'i). [L. : casus, a case, matter; belli, gen. of helium, war: see cn.se 1 and hillicosc.] A matter or occasion of war; an ex- cuse or a reason for declaring war: as, the right of search claimed by Great Britain constitute, I a cisiis belli in L812. cat 1 (kat ), n. [< ME. nil. cult. k«l, tall, < AS. ''"'■ '•"" '"iily in glosses), in., = OKries. lull, , f., = Mil 1). lcahr, in.. Mil. lull,, I). /.-„/, f. J = Ml.fi, hater, m., katte,t., LG. hater, m.,katte, I'., =JB3.Qi.kater,hatero,Q,. hater, m.,OB.Gt.cha a, ca a, Mini. ii. haUse, f„ = led. hottr, m., ketta, 1'., = Norw. katt, m., kutta, f., = Sw. katt, cat in., katta, f., = Dan. hat, m., f. (not recorded in Goth.); cf. W. cath = Corn, cath = Ir. cut = ( lael. cat = Manx emit = Bret, has ; OBulg. ko- teli, m., kotiika, f., = Bohern. hot, kocour, m., kutc. hochha, {.. = Pol. hot, hoasor=z Russ. kulii, in., kuslika, f., = ol'russ. catto = Lett, kahjis; Hung, haceer = Finn, kutti = Turk, qadi = Ar. i/ill, ipitl, a cat ; Hind, katils, a wildcat, polecat; LGr. Karra, f., NGr. Kara, yarn, f., kotoc, >'OTof, m. ; OP. cat, F. chat, m., chattc, i., = Pr. cat, m., cata, t, = Cat. gat, cal, in., cata, f., = Sp. Pg. goto, m., gata, L, = It. gatto, m., gatta, f., a cat; the oldest known forms being I... namely, LL. catus (cdtus or cdtus: catus occurs in Palladius, about A. D. 350), m., L. catta (once in Martial), f., ML. eattus, m., catta, f., a eat (a domestic cat, as opposed to felis, prop, a wildcat : see Felis), a word found earlier in the dim. catulus, in common classical use in the extended sense of 'the young of an animal, a kitten, whelp, cub, pup,' etc. (of a cat, lion, tiger, panther, wolf, bear, hog, and esp. of a dog, being regarded in this sense as a dim. of cants, a dog: see Cants). The original source of the name is unknown. It is supposed, as the cat was first domesticated in Egypt, that the word arose there, and, being established in Ita- ly, spread thence throughout Europe. Hence kitten, kitting, kittle'*, q. v. In the naut. sense the word is found in most of the languages cited (cf. I). Dan. kat, naut. cat, kathlok, cat- block, D. katrol, 'cat-roller,' pulley, etc.), and is generally regarded as a particular use of cat, the animal; cf. dog and horse, as applied to va- rious mechanical contrivances. The connec- tion is not obvious.] 1. A domesticated car- nivorous quadruped of the family Felidw and genus FeliS, F. domestica. It is uncertain whether any animal now existing in a wild state is the ancestor of the domestic cat; probably it is descended from a cat originally domesticated in Egypt, though sonic regard the wildcat of Europe, F. catus, as the feral stock. The wild- cat is much larger than the domestic cat. strong and fero- cious, and very destructive to poultry, lambs, etc. 2. In general, any digitigrade carnivorous quadruped of the family Fclidce, as the lion, tiger, leopard, jaguar, etc., especially (a) of the genus Felis, and more particularly one of the smaller species of this genus; and (6) of the short-tailed species of the genus Lynx. — 3. A ferret. [Prov. Eng.] — 4. A gossipy, meddlesome woman given to scandal and in- trigue. [Colloq.] — 5. A catfish. — 6. A whip: a contraction of cat-o '-nine-tails. — 7. A double tripod having six feet: so called because it al- ways lauds on its feet, as a cat is proverbially said to do. — 8f. In the middle ages, a frame of heavy timber with projecting pins or teeth, hoisted up to the battlements, ready to be dropped upon assailants. Also called prickly cat. — 9. Apiece of wood tapering to a point at both ends, used iu playing tip-cat. — 10. The game of tip-cat. Also called cat-and-dog. In the midst of a game of cat. Southey. 11. In /(tro, the occurrence of two cards of the same denomination out of the last three in the deck. — 12. In coal-mining, a clunchy rock. See cluueh. [South Staffordshire, Eng.] — 13. [Ap- parently in allusion to the sly and deceitful habits of the cat.] A mess of coarse meal, clay, etc., placed on dovecotes, to allure stran- gers. Hulliieell. [Prov. Eng.] — 14. la p Insur- ing, that portion of the first rough coat which fills the space between the laths, often project- ing at the back, and serving to hold the plaster firmly to the walls. — 15. The salt which crys- tallizes about stakes placed beneath the holes in the bottom of the troughs in which salt is put to drain. — 16. [Perhaps a different word; cf. Icel. kitti. a small vessel.] A ship formed on the Norwegian model, having a narrow stern, projecting quarters, and a deep waist. — 17. .\uiit., a tackle used in hoisting an anchor from I he haw ic hole i o i he cal head. A cat, m the meal, a dancer prepared and concealed: drawn from a fable of -lisep, in which a cat hides herself in meal to catch certain mice. A cat in the pan, a falseh 1 given out as coming from one who did not originate it.— Angora cat. oneol the tli est varieties of thed isticcat, distinguished for its size and beautiful long silky hair. II was originally from \ugora in Asia Minor. Also called Persian cat. and sometimes, erroneously, Angola cat Blue cat. (a) A Siberian cat, valued for its fur. (b) A name for the- Mal- tese eat : so given from tin- blue-gray color of its fur. («.*) A local name iu the United States of tin' channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus.- Cat and dog. See cat andi^, sir, I turned •> cat-in-pan our,- more. And so became a Whig, sir. Ptcar o/ Brag. cat 1 (kat), r. : pret. and pp. catted, ppr. catting. [< cut 1 , ».] I. trans. 1. To draw (an anchor) up to the cat-head. All hands— cook, steward, and all laid hold to cat the anchor. R. II. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 123. Everything was now snug forward, the anchorcafted and fished, and the decks clear. W. C. Russell, Sailor's Sweetheart, iii. 2. [Cf. rafl, ».. 14.] To fill with soft clay, as the intervals between laths: as, a chimney well catted. II. intrans. To fish for catfish. [Colloq., western U. S.] cat- (kat), n. An abbreviated form of catama- ran. [Newfoundland.] cat-. The form of cata- before a vowel. cata-. [L., etc., cata-, < Gr. Kara- (before a vowel kut-, before an aspirate mO-), prefix, Kara, prep., down, downward, through, on, against, concerning, according to, etc.] A prefix of words of Greek origin, meaning down, down- ward, against, in accordance with, sometimes merely intensive, and sometimes (like English be- 1 ) giving a transitive force. See words fol- lowing. Also sometimes kata-. cataballitive (kat-a-bal'i-tiv), a. [< Gr. mra- {SciXmiv, throw down (< Kara, down, + (iaXteiv, throw), + -itiveJ] Depressing. [Bare.] catabaptist (kat-a-bap'tist), n. [< LGr. aara- /}a7rr«Tr//f, lit. ' one who drowns,' coined by Gregory of Nazianzus, as opposed to eia-Tiorr/c, a baptizer, < Gr. mTafiamttfiiv, dip under water, drown, < Kara, down (here used in the sense of 'against'), + jSairrifew, dip.] One who opposes baptism. catabasia (kat-a-ba'si-a), ».: pi. catabasicB (-e) (or. as Gr., cntaiiasini). [Gr. karajSaala, also m- TmAaaia, equiv. to KaTaJaotr, a coming down, descent (cf. narajtwioi;, also Karaijiaaioc, coming down, descending), < Kara/laiveiv, come down: see catabasis.~] In the Gr. Ch., a kind of tro- parion or short hymn sung by the two sides of the choir united in the body of the church. It is so called from their descending from their places for that purpose. A sticheron, in which the two choirs come down (Kara- fiaivovai), and join together in the body of the church. The Catacaustic of a Circle, with its Asymptotes. The curve runs from .1/ to the cusp A, thence to the cusp B, thence to the cusp A' , thence to M , and through infinity to N . thence to the cusp D, thence to N, and through infinity back to M ; C, center; F, focus. to distinguish it from the diacaustic, which is formed by retracted rays. See caustic, n., 3. catachxesis (kat-a-kr§'sis), «.; pi. catachreses (-sez). [L. (> F. catachrise = Sp. catucresis = Pg. catachrese = It. catacresi),< Gr. Karaxprjciic, misuse of a word, < KaraxpfjcOai, misuse, < Kara, against, + xPV a ® al , use.] 1. In rhet. : ( ML. cumba, a tomb of stone: see comb 3 , coomb.] Originally, the name of a locality near Rome, the "Hollows," in which the church of St. Sebastian, with extensive burial-vaults, was built; but afterward applied to the vaults themselves, and to similar under- ground burial-places. The most celebrated of these subterranean vaults arc those in and about this spot, the work of the early christians. They consist of a labyrinth of narrow galleries, from 4 to a feet wide, at different lev- The hirm'os are sometimes said at the end of their respec- catachrestically (kat-a-kres'ti-kal-i), nrlv. In tive odes as catabasiai. J. M. Neale, Eastern Church, i. S45. catabasion (kat-a-ba'si-on), ■».; pi. catabasia (-ii). Same as cub/basis. catabasis (ka-tab'a-sis), »■ ; pi. catabasi s (-sez). [L. catabasis, < Gri'Kard/tonvc, a going down, de a catachrestical manner; by catachresis. There are . . . collections of beings, to whom the no- tion of iiiunhercaiiiiot beattached, cx< i-pt catachrestically, because, taken individually, n'o positive point Of real agreement can be found between them, by which to call them, J. H. Newman, Oram, of Assent, p. 4(1. scent, declivitVraiso in MGr. like mTajiaoiov, a catachthonic (kat-ak-thon'ik), a. [< Gr. icard, place for relies under the altar. < /.ore i«inir,go ^^2^^>_l!J^l f" *'j£ ."*.?:. down, descend, < Kara, down, + fiaiveiv, go, >/id ate, agoing: see fta.vi.s-. Cf . anabasis.] 1. A go- ing down; descent: opposed to anabasis (which see).— 2. In the Gr. <'b., a chamber or vault beneath the surface of the earth; underground. Professor Mil f .la pan, says the "Athena-inn," has es- tablished in the Takashima coal-mine, near Nagasaki, an underground, or, as he prefers to call it. a catachthonic, observatory. Science, IV. 266. catabolic lating This total change which we denote by the term "meta- bolism" as consisting on the one hand of a downward series of changes (katabolic changes). !/. Porter, Encyc. Brit, XIX. IS. catabolism (ka-tab'o-lizm), n. [< Gr. narajiolii, a throwing or laying down (< huruAu'/'/iiv: see cataballitive), + -ism.] In plujsiol., that phase Karaa'Aixtiv, dash over, flood, inundate, < Kara, down, + K'AvCetv, wash, dash, as waves; of. L. elm re, cleanse.] 1. A deluge or an overflow- ing of water; a flood; specifically, the Noa- chian flood. — 2. In c/eol., an inundation or del- uge, or other violent and sudden physical ac- tion of great extent, supposed to have been the Catacomb. Tomb of St. Cornelius. Catacombs of C.ilixtus, Rome, 3d century. (From Roller's " Catacoinbcs de Ron els, 1 tcavated in the soft granular tufa underlying the Campagna. In each wall loculi, or berth-like recesses, contained the bodies ol the dead. The entrances to these weri closed with slabs of -tour, carefull] sealed, and marked with inscriptions or rude pit tnres, fn some cases small rooms, called cubicula, were set apart for families of distinction in the church, especially for martyrs. Though S..1 catacomb ■ Christ! ins during i 1 1 the original idea ol their construction „ that they should hi u ...„,,. in the Roman mated al from 350 to ! : 1,000. Similar underground burial-plai roun Paris are aban- portion pi Uie » the citj were condemned and the ither. catacorolla (kat a-ko-rol'S), ». [NL., < Gr. nird, against, + <■,-,■„//„, q. v. | A second co ro H ;l itside ol and inclos £' i„,,„ ll;l n corolla, thus producing a kind catagmatic (kat-ag-ma fik) ,a. and . tf''hose-in-hose» How,... catagmaUque = Sp. coto^ftco_= Pg. catacoustics (kat-a-kbVtiks oi -kous bks), >< [< Gr. nurd, against (with ret', to reflection), + aeOUStiCS. Cf. !■'• catucoilst'ai>le = Sp. COfeKMtS- ttca = IV'. it. catacustica.] That part of the ■ ,t' acoustics which treats of reflected sounds, or of the properties of echoes; cata- phonies. catacrotic (kat-a-krot'ik), o. [< Gr. koto, down, + »,, ,i beating, knocking.] In phystol tint: thai form of pulse-tracing in which th secondary elevations appear on the descending portion of the ciir\ e. catadioptric, catadioptrical (kat 'a-di-op trik, -tri-kal), it. L< Gr. *"«'"■ down, agamst (with ref. to reflection), + dioptric. Cf. F. catadiop- trique = Sp. catadioptrico = It. catadiottrico.] Pertaining to or involving both the refraction and tic reflection of light, catadioptric tele- scope, a reflecting telesi i catadioptrics (kai lioptric : se which embraces reflection and was made somewhat t» resemble an ecclesiastical edifice ol Hi.' Btyle then pr< vailing, and was allowed t" remain [or inn. tiim .hi. i i imony. The modern . ata- taloue is generally without a canopy, and in Roman! ath- ..lit- < in. i -mi led i.> large tapers, which are burned during n day or two preceding the burial. The catafalqui is somi times used as a hearse in carrying the or tomb at a public or cere ious fu- neral. The tomb was a simple catafalque, covered with the usual doth. R- P- Burton, El-Medinan, p. 471. catagenesis (kat-a-jen'e-sis), n. [NL., < Gr. koto, down, t- yheaic, generation: see genests.] In huil.. creation by retrograde metamorphosis of energy. E. IK Cope. [= F- CI I til IJ- matico, < (Jr. uaray /ju(r-), a breakage, < Kara- ..... break in pieces, < Kara intensive + d] vii- vai, break.] I. a. himed., having the property of consolidating broken parts; promoting the union of fractured bones. II. ii. In med., a remedy believed to pro- mote the union of fractured parts. DungUson. catagmatical (kat-ag-mat'i-kal), a. Pertaining cataleptiform (kat-a-lep'ti-fSnn I to catagmatics. Coles. t form of pulse-tracing in which the catagrapht (kat'a-graf), ». [< h. catagrapha, ■ n. pi., profile paintings, < Gr. Karaypafn, a draw- ing, outline, < mTaypa^oc, drawn in outline, < Mini . draw in outline, write down, < Kara, down, + ypfyeiv, write.] 1. The first draft of a picture. — 2. A profile. _ Cataian, Cathaian (ka-ta'an, -tha'an), a. and a. [< Cathay, formerly pronounced Catay, called Kitai by Marco Polo; said to be a Per- sian corrupt ioii of Ki-tan, the name of a Tatar catalogue catalepsy (kat'a-lep-si ), «. [Also, as LL., cata- lepsis (> F. cai'alepsie = sp. Pg. catalepsia = It. catalessia), < Eliot, Silas Marner, i. The young la.ly was al.Ic to execute I on the pianoforte], in the cataleptic state, « hat she apparently had not learned and could not execute when out of that state. Pop. Sci. Mo., XIII. 450. II. «. A person affected with catalepsy. [< LL. Besem- atalepsis {-lept-) + L. forma, form.] bling catalepsy. cataleptize (kat-a-lep'tiz), v. t. ; pret. and pp. cataleptized, ppr." cataleptizing. [< cataleptic + -ize.] To render cataleptic. A most remarkable phenomenon may be observed in some instances : by merely opening one eye of the lethar- gic patient the corresponding side of the body is catalep- tized. Fortnightly ftev., N. S., XLI. 7:13. We read of priests being cataleptized at the altar in the attitude of elevating the sacrament. Quoted in Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XLI. 730. Voiced catadrome kat'a-drdm), n. [< Gr. Kar&dpouoc, a race-course. < Karadpa/ieiv (second aor. asso- ciated w Lth pros, hurarpexeiv), run down, < Hard, down, + dpapeiv, run. Cf . hippodrome.'] 1. A race-course. — 2. A machine like a crane, for- merly used by builders for raising and lower- ing heavy weights.— 3. A fish that goes down Catalan (kat'a-lan), a. and n. [= P. Catalan to the sea to spawn. II. ii. A native of Cathay (an early, and now only a poetic, name for China) ; a foreigner gen- erally; hence, in old writers, an indiscriminate term of reproach. I will not believe such a Cataian, though the priest o' tlie town commended him for a true man. Shak., M. W. of \\\, ii. 1. catadromous (ka-tad'ro-mus), a. [< Gr. icard- dpofin,, overrun (taken in the sense of 'run- ning down' i, < I."- 1, down, + Spafielv, run.] Running down ; descending : applied to cer- tain fishes which descend streams to the sea to spawn : opposed to anadromous. The eel is. . . an example of a catadromous fish thai . ading from the fresh water into the sea to Smithsonian Rep., 1880, p. S72. catadupet ' kat'a-diip), ». [< P. catadupe, cata- doupi = sp. Pg" It. catadupa, a cataract, < L. \dupa, tlie cataracts of the Nile, Catadupi, those dwelling near, < Gr. KarddouTroi, a name given to the cataracts of the Nile, < KaraSovwelv, fall with a loud, heavy sound, < hard, down, + < Sp. Catalan, pertaining to Catalufta, Catalo- nia, < Gothalania, the land of the Goths and Alans, who settled in it in the 5th century.] I. -(. Pertaining to Catalonia, a former province of Spain (now a geographical division compris- ing several provinces), or to its inhabitants or language Catalan forge or furnace. Seefimiacc. II. n. 1. A native of Catalonia, Spain; es- pecially, one belonging to the indigenous race or people of Catalonia, wherever found, as dis- tinguished from other Spaniards. — 2. The lan- guage of Catalonia, Valencia, and the Balearic isles, it. holds a position similar to tlie Provencal, t" which it is closely related, Catalonia having been ruled hv a line of French counts for several centuries before its union with Aragon in 1137. The language was early cultivated and had a considerable literature. Samuv, sound, < dowroc, a dull, heavy sound.] ca talectic (kat-a-lek'tik), a. and n. [=F. cata 1. A cataract or waterfall. . | i bat tell with such a noise thai the) made tlie inhabitants deaf, 1 take- all tie. i.ulous. Pococke, Description "f the Bast, I. 122. 2. A person living near a cataract. lie Bgyptia aeard I !"■ roaring of the fall of Nil" . familiar unto them. A. /.v. ... i (. Lingua, ill. 1. Catadysas (ka-tad'i-sas), «. [NL., a two pulmonarj . and othcrw ' ' I i. :i i catafalcot (kat-a-fal'ko), n. Same as cata- catafalque (kat'a-falki. n. [Also in It. form . ; = I). Dan. Ii. lulu tall; = BUSS, lulu- fall:,!. < I ; uMi-rul canopy, stage, scaffold, = Sp. 1'g. . fun mi., cata- b caffold : which is a donblet o caffoldhig, . ■■ ot :i ehurch, to sup- cauojiy upon this, coffin; the whole structure I, ctiquc = Sp. catalicUco = Pg. catalecHco = It. catatetHeo, < LL. catalecUcus, < Gr. KaraAiiKTindc, leaving off, < Kara'/.i/ynv, leave off, < Kara inten- sive + '/,,\in; leave off, cease.] 1. a. Inpros.: {a) Wauling part of the last foot: as, a catalec- tic line or verse: opposed to acatalectic. in the following couplet the second line is catalectic, the first acatalectic. r.ll me not, m mournful | numbers, Life is | but an emptj dream \ .ises consist lug ot feel of three or more syllables are de- scribed as catalectic in a syllable, a disyllabic, or a trisyl- lable, accord to the number of .syllables in tlie last or Incomplete tool. If the first hall of the line has its 12 short times, the second or catalectic i>:ni would seem to have but 11 ; but Aristoxenus, as we have seen, rejects the loot of 11 shorts as being unrhythmical. ./. Iludl,,,, F.ssays, p. in;.. (h) In a wider sense, wanting pari of a foot or measure: as, a calaln-lic colon; a verse doubly catalectic. See brachycatalecUc, ilicata- lectic, hypercatalectic, and procatalectic. II. «. A catalect Lc \ erse. catalecticant (kat-a-lek'ti-kant), ». [< Gr. Kara/ ..... to be reckoned up or counted, ver- I ml a.lj. ..I k, lay down, pick out, count, < Kara, down, + Xtyeiv, lay.] In iiialli.. the in- tuit whose vanishing expresses that a quan- i order 2n can 1 raced to the sum of n powers "f order -n. The catalecticant of the sextlc (-1, i>. c. ,1, e,f, ' ' „, i,, .-, ,1 /. , ,. . .'. I. and those of other orders are formed in the same way. < Kara'Aiiyuv, leave off: see catalectic.'] Inpros., incompleteness of the last foot or measure of a verse ; in a wider sense, incompleteness of any foot in a verse. C'atalexis is not the suppression of any rhythmical element, but the want of a corresi I ing syllable or syllables in the words to fill out a time (mora) or times necessary to the metrical a mipleteness of the line. This space is tilled out by a pause — in the quan- titative poetry of the Greeks and Romans, either by a pause or by prolonging the preceding syllable. Lines therefore will be so divided into feet that the ictus shall always fall on tlie first syllable of each foot, admit- ting anacrusis and cdtalexis wherever necessary. Trans. A,, in: Philol. Ass., XVI. st. Catallacta (kat-a-lak'ta), ». pi. [NL., < Gr. * KardXAaKTOC, verbal adj. of mTa'A'Aaaaav, change, exchange: see catallactics.] A group of endo- plastie Protozoa, tlie type of which is the genus MagosphiBra, established by Haeekel in 1871: now called Catallactidce (which see). See cut under Magosphaira. catallactically (kat-a-lak'ti-kal-i), adv. [< •cutulluclic, implied in catallactics, q. v.] In exchange; in return. [Rare.] You may grow for your neighbour, at your liking, grapes or grapcsliot ; he will also catallactically grow grapes or grapeshot for you, and you will each reap what you have sown. lU'skin. into this Lust, iv. catallactics (kat-a-lak'tiks), n. [< Gr. Kora^- AaKTMOs, easy to reconcile, but taken in its lit- eral sense of 'changeable, having to do with ex- change,' < * KardXAaKTOC:, verbal adj. of KaTaXAda- aetv, change (money), exchange, also reconcile, < xard, down, against, + dA'Adaotiv, change, < alloc = L. alius, other: see clue] The science ,,f exchanges: adopted l\\ W hate]) as a desig- nation of political economy. One eminent writer has proposed iis a name for Political Ei oms Catallactics, <>r the science of exchanges. ./ S. Mill, Pol. Econ., III. i. § 1. Catallactidae (kat-a-lak'ti-de), //. pi. [NL., < Catallacta + -iila.] A family of pelagic poly- mastigate pantostomatous Lnfusorians, corre- sponding to llaeckel's group of Catallacta. co- hereni in social clusters, witli their anterior and exposed border clothed with long vibratile fia- gella, and with no distinct oral aperture. catalog (kat'a-log), «. A recent spelling of catalogue. catalogue (kat'a-log), ». [Also recently cula- log . = I ). kataloog = < i. catalog, Icatalog = Dan. Sw. Icatalog — Euss. katalogu, < 1''. catalogue = Pr. cathalogue = Sp. catdlogo= Pg. It. catalogo, < LL. catalogue, < Gr. Karatoyoi, a list, register, < KaraXtyeiv, reckon up, tell at length, < Kard, down, + /.,.'r, tell, say] A list or register of separate items: an itemized statement or enumeration; specifically, a list or enumera- tion of the names of men or things, with added particulars, disposed in a certain order, gener- ally alphabetical: as, a, catalogue of the studonts catalogue of a college, of the stars, or of a museum or a library. Bee card-catalogue. Myself could show a catalogue of doubts, never ye! Imagined or questioned. Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, i. 21. She is to be added I" the catahttnt, of republics, tin- in- scription upon whose ruin is. "The) wen bui they are not. Stuni, Salem, Sept. is, isis. Ugly catalogues ot sins and oaths and drunkenness and brutality. Froude, Sketches, p. 47. Catalogue raisonne (F., literally reas <1 catalogue), a catalogue of hooks, paintings, or the like, classed ac- cording to their subjects, usually with more or less full comments or explanations. = Syn. List, Catalogue. List means a mere enumeration 01 individual persons or arti rles, while catalogue properly supposes soi lescription, with the names in a certain order, rims we speak ol a subscription list, but of the catalogue of a museum or a library. catalogue (kat'a-log), v. t.; pret. and pp. cata- logued, ppr. cataloguing. [< eataltigue, n. ; = F. cataloguer.] To make a catalogue of ; outer in a catalogue. It I Scripture] cannot, as it were, be mapped or its contents catalogued. J. It. Newman, Development of Christ. Doct. cataloguer (kat'a-log-er), ». [< catalogue + -eri; = F. catalogucur.] One who arranges and pro pares a catalogue, as of books, plants, stars, etc. The supposed cases of disappearance [of stars] arose from cataloguers accidentally recording stars in positions where none existed. Newcomb and Holden, Astron., p. 440. Cataloguist (kat'a-log-ist), n. [< catalogue + -is*.] One who is skilled in making catalogues ; a professional cataloguer. [Bare, | Though not made by cataloguists, let me mention a some- what similar mistake caused by a misleading title. JV. and Q., 7th ser., II. 166. cataloguize (kat'a-log-Iz), ». .. ; pret. and pp. cataloguized, ppr. cataloguizing. [< catalogue + -fee.] To insert or arrange in a catalogue; catalogue. [Bare.] Catalohian (kat-a-16'ni-an), a. [< Catalonia (Sp. Cataluua) + -ian. " Cf . Cut, dan.'] Of or pertaining to Catalonia. See Catalan. catalpa (ka-tal'pii), n. [The Amer. Indian name in Carolina for the first species mentioned below.] 1. A tree of the genus Catalpa. — 2. leap.] [NL.] A small genus of bignoniaceous trees, with large simple leaves, terminal pan- icles of showy flowers, and long linear pods with winged seeds. C. bignonioides and C. speciosa are natives of the United States, and are common in culti- vation as ornamental trees. The wood is light and soft, but durable, and is much used for railroad ties, fence-posts, etc. The bark is bitter, and has been employed as a vermi- fuge. Two similar species from China and Japan are 1 icca- sionally cultivated. The other species are West Indian ; one of these, C. longissima, is known as French oak, and its bark is rich in tannin. catalysis (ka-tal'i-sis), n. ; pi. catalyses (-sez). [= F. catalyse = Sp. catattsis, < NL. catalysis, < Gr. Kard'Avmr, dissolution, < narakvuv, dis- solve, < Kara, down, + Tiijuv, loose. Cf. analysis. ] 1. Dissolution; destruction; degeneration; de- cay. [Rare or obsolete.] Sad catalysis and declension of piety. Evelyn. The sad catalysis did come, and swept away eleven hun- dred thousand of the nation. Jcr. Taylor. 2. A decomposition and new combination supposed by Berzelius and other chemists to be produced among the proximate and elemen- tary principles of one or more compounds, by virtue of the mere presence of a substance or substances which do not of themselves enter into the reaction. It is at present believed that bodies which cause catalysis do in some way take part in the chemical reactions involved, though they are in the course of it always brought back to their original condition. I am strongly disposed to consider that the facts of Catalysis depend upon voltaic action, to generate which three heterogeneous substances are always necessary. 11'. R. Grove, Corr. of Forces, p. 6. catalysotype (kat-a-lis'o-tip), n. [Irreg. < ca- talysis + type.] In "photog., a calotype process in which iron iodide is used in the preparation of the paper, in place of potassium iodide. catalytic (kat-a-lit'ik), a. [= P. catalytique = Sp. catalitico, ^ Gr. Karahmnds, able to dissolve, < *KaT&AvT0c, verbal adj. of naraXvuv, dissolve : see catalysis and -ic] Of, pertaining to, or characterized by catalysis ; having the power of decomposing a compound body apparently by mere contact ; resulting from catalysis. It is not improbable that the increased electrolytic power of water by the addition of some acids, such as the sulphuric and phosphoric, where the acids themselves are not decomposed, depends upon a catalytic effect of these acids. W. U. Grow, Corr. of Forces, p. 169. Catalytic agent, (a) A body which produces chemical changes in another apparently by mere contact. Thus yeast resolves sugar, by contact, into carbonic acid and alcohol. (/') A medicine which is presumed to act by the destruction or counteraction of morbid agencies in the blood.— Catalytic force, the power Beemingly possessed by some bodies to produce changes in others by contact, without themselves undergoing permanent change. 855 catalytical (kat-a-lit'i-kal), a. Same as cata- lytic. catalytically (kat-a-lit'i-kal-i), adv. in a cat- alytic manner; us a catalytic agent. Platinum black . . . absorbs 800 times its volume of oxygen from the air. and in virtue thereof is a most active oxidizing agent, which, in general, acts catalytically, be- cause the black, after having given up its oxygen to the oxidizable substance present, at once takes ana fresh supply 11 the atmosphere. Encyc. Brit., Xl.\. 191. catamaran (ka 1 a-ma-ran'), n. [=P. oatima- nttt, < 1 liuil. In/ ma ra it, < Malayalam h llanitirani (Tamil hattumaram), lit. 'tied logs,'< leetta{= Tamil, Telugu, and Canarese kattu, e binding, a bond, i ; ', < l-allii (cerebral II), bind) + milium = Tamil 111 a rum, a tree, wood, timber.] 1. A kind of float or raft used by various peoples, it consists usually of several pieces'ot wood lashed together, the mid- dle piece or pieces being longer than the others, and having one end turned up in the form of a bOW. It is used on the coasts of Coromandel, and particularly at Madras, for con- veying letters, messages, etc., through the surf to the ship- ping in the roads. Catamarans are also used in short navigations along the sea- shore in the West Indies, and on the coast of Smith Vmerica very large ones are employed. The name was also applied to the flat-bottomed lire-boats built by the English in 1804, and despatched, without suc- cess, against the French flotilla collected in Boulogne and neighboring harbors for the invasion of England. 2. Any craft with twin hulls, the inner faces of which are parallel to each other from stem to stern, and which is propelled either by sail or by steam. Sometimes shortened to cat. — 3. A quarrelsome woman; a vixen; a scold: a hu- morous or arbitrary use, with allusion to cat or catamount. See cat 1 , 4. At his expense, you catamaran I Dickens. She was such an obstinate old catamaran. Macmillan's Mag. catamenia (kat-a-mo'ni-a), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. Karayijiiia, prop. neut. pi. of KarafifyHoc, monthly, < Kara, according to, + fiijv, a month, = L. men- sis, a mouth (see menses), akin to E. month, q. v.] The monthly flowings of women; the menses. catamenial (kat-a-me'ni-al), a. [< catamenia + -al; = F. catamenial.] Pertaining to or of the nature of the catamenia. Catametopa (kat-a-inet'6-pa), n. pi. [NL., < Gr. nara, down, + Metopa, a genus of crusta- ceans.] In De Blainville's system of classifi- cation, one of four families of brachym-ous de- capod crustaceans ; the Ocypodidw in a broad sense : now called Oeypodoklea (which see). Also spoiled t 'atometopa. catamite (kat'a-mit), n. [<-F. catamite, < L. catamitus, so called from Catamitus, -mcitus, corrupt form of Ganymedes : see Ganymede.] A 1 my kept for unnatural purposes. catamount (kat'a-mount), «. [Also catamoun- tuiii ; for cat 0' mount, cat o' mountain : a, o', for of, as in akin, anew, cat-o'-nine-taite, o'clock, etc. : see eat 1 , « 4 , mount 1 .] 1. The cat of the moun- tain ; the European wildcat. — 2. In her., this animal when used as a bearing. It is generally represented nearly like a panther, and is always guardant, and therefore its position is not mentioned in the blazon. 3. In the United States and Canada : («■) A wild- cat; a lynx; any species of the genus Lynx, which contains several large wildcats with short tails, penciled ears, and reddish or reddish- gray coloration, much variegated with lighter and darker markings, as the bay lynx, Lynx, rufiis, or the Canada lynx, L. canadensis. See cut under Lynx, (b) The cougar, puma, or mountain lion, Felis concolor. See cougar. catamountain (kat'a-moun'tan), n. and a. I. it. Same as catamount. The owl is abroad, the bat, and the toad, And so is the cat-a^mountain. B. Jonson, Masque of Queens. The glaring catamountain and the quill-darting porcu- pine. Martinus Scriolerus. II. a. Like a wildcat; ferocious; wildly sav- age: as, "cat-a-niountain looks," Shak., M. W. of W., ii. 2. [Rare.] catanadromous (kat-a-nad'ro-mus), a. [< Gr. Kara, down, + dvddpopoc, running up: see aitad- romous.] Passing at fixed intervals from salt water into fresh, and returning: applied to such fishes as the salmon and the shad. Also writ- ten catandromous. Catananche (kat-a-nang'ke), n. [NL., prop. "Catanance, < L. iatanamce, < Gr. naTavayK//, a plant of the vetch kind, from which love-potions (ipuTinai KaTavdynai) were made, a particular use of KaravayKr/, force, < Kara, down, + avdyicn, com- pulsion, force, necessity.] A genus of eichori- aceous plants of southern Europe. The blue cupidone, C. catrulea, is cultivated for its flow- ers. cataphracted cat-and-dog (kat'and-dog'), ". and ». I. a. Quarrelsome, as a eai and a dog; disposed to disagree or fight; inharmonious: as, to lead a cat-and-dog life. II. 11. Same as tip-eul. catandromous (ka-tan'dro-mus), a. See cat- inititlriimiiits. catapan(kat-a-pan'),"- [F.c«a»,etc.,< ML. en Initial lis, fill 1 pit lilts, < M&T . KCWravOC = ORllSS. kotovanu = < )Serv. kotopani, a oat a pan, a trans- position of It. eapitano (> Turk, gapuaan, qap- ittii, etc.), ML. etipi/ttittts, a Leader, captain : see captain.] A high official of the Byzantine em- pire; the governor of a south Italian province under the Creek emperors. A late unsuccessful revolt against the Greek Catapan, C. C. Perkins, Italian Sculpture, Int., p. xxx. catapasm (kat'a-pazm), «. [= F. catapasme= Sp. catapastna, < Or. naTiiraaua, powder, (.Kara- izaaaeiv, sprinkle over, < Kara, down, over, + ■Kaamtv, sprinkle.] A dry powder employed by the ancients to sprinkle on ulcers, absorb per- spiration, etc. catapeltict (kat-a-pel'tik), a. and n. [< Gr. Karaire'kTiKoc, pertaining to a catapult, < Kara- -:"/ri/c, a catapult : sec catapult.] I. a. Per- taining to the catapult. II. n. A catapult. catapetalous (kat-a-pet'a-lus), a. [< Gr. Kara, against, + 7rCTa?.ov,'a, leaf, mod. a petal, + -ous.] In hut., having the petals united only through their cohesion to the base of a column of united stamens, as in the mallow. cataphasia (kat-a-fa'ziS,), ». [NL., < Gr. Kara, down, + tptiair , a saying, speaking, < tpdvai, speak ; cf. mraipaaic, an affirmation.] In pathol., a dis- turbance of speech in which the patient repeats the same word several times in answer to a question. cataphonic (kat-a-fon'ik), a. [< Gr. Kara, against, + (jtuvij, sound.] Of or pertaining to cataphonics. cataphonics (kat-a-fon'iks), n. [PI. of cata- phonic; = F. calajihoiiitptt = Sp. eatafoniea, cat- aphonics.] The theory of reflected sounds, a branch of acoustics ; catacoustics. cataphora (ka-taf' o-r8), ». [NL. (> F. cata- jilnira = Sp. catdfora), < Gr. Karaifiopd, a lethar- gic attack, a bringing down, a fall, < Karatpipetv, bring down, < Kara, down, + ipepeiv, bring, bear, = E. hear 1 .] In pathol., a kind of lethargy or somnolency attended with short remissions or intervals of imperfect waking. cataphoric (kat-a-for'ik), a. [< Gr. Kara^opoco'c, violent, < aaraipopoc, rushing down, < Karafipeiv, bring down : see cataphora.] Having the power to produce motion, as of a liquid, through a dia- phragm in the phenomenon sometimes called electrical endosmose (see endosmose): said of an electric current. cataphract (kat'a-frakt), n. and a. [= F. cata- phracte, < L. caiaphracta, -tes, < Gr. Karatppa- KTt/r, a coat of mail, < KaTatppanroc, mailed, pro- tected, < Karaippdnaav, cover with mail, < kind, against, + tppdoaetv (-4/ *tppan), fence in, pro- tect.] I. n. 1. An ancient defensive armor composed of scales of metal or other material sewed to a garment of leather or stuff, and cov- ering often the whole body and the limbs, but not the head, upon which a helmet of another material was placed. Horses were also covered with the same defensive armor. Tiiis dress was associated by Romans of the early empire with eastern nations, such as the l'arthians and Sarmatians. Archers and slingers, cataphracts and spears. Kilton, s. A., 1. 1619. 2. In zool., the armor of plates or strong scales protecting some animals. J. I). Dana. II. a. 1. Fenced in; provided with bulwarks or a protecting covering; covered; protected: as, a cataphract war-galley. — 2. Same as cata- phracted. Cataphracta (kat-a-frak'ta), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. of L. eataphraetus, mailed: see cataphracti.] In herpet., a systematic name for the shield- reptiles, (a) In Latreille's classification, a division of reptiles composed of the cbelonians and crocodilians. (6) In J. E. Gray's classification (1831), a large group or sec- tion of reptiles with the quadrate bone immovably muted with the cranium and the body generally covered with angular embedded plates. It comprises the orders or -roups Kiitiiilomitri (crocodilians), Wtijitclioci'phalia, Che- loiti't (tortoises), and Amphisboenia. cataphracted (kat'a-frak-ted), a. [< cata- phract + -«i 2 .] In sobl., covered with horny or bony plates or scales closely joined togeth- er, or with a thick hardened skin. Also cata- phract. cataphracti cataphracti (kat-a-frak'ti), ». pi. [L. cata- phracti, mailed soldiers, pi. of cataphn cataphract.] 1. by tlir Ron < aring tl»> cataphraei illy, •■< bodj of troops introduced into the Roman army itself in the ntury a. d., and forming al a later time perhaps the most fo ies.— 2. [cap. | |M.. I In Mttl- Gunther's systems ol classification: i I milj of acanthopterygiaii Bshes, hai big iv for the angle of thi alum, which is armed, and the body completely cui- rassed by bony-keeled plates or scales. (»)The th group of Truth. in, with the body com- ly cuirassed by bony-keeled plates or scales, and lia\ , < m small or moderate number. — 3. I,! |M.-I A fam- ily of plectognathous fishes: same as Ostra- ciontidw. Pitzingi r, 1873. cataphractic (kat-a-frak'tik), a. [< cata- phract + -><:] Pertaining to a oataphract; re- sembling a oataphract. Cataphrygian (kat-a-frij'i-an), ». L< Jj L- '"- taphryges, pi. i< Gr. "xari, according to, + 4yw- yia, Phrygia, the native countrj of Montanus), + -!(/«.]' One of the ancient sect of heretics now commonly called Montanists. See Monta- cataphyl (kat'a-fil), n. Same as cataphyUum. cataphylla, n." Plural of cataphyUum. cataphyllary (kai-a-iila ri>. a. [< cataphyUum + -(irji,] i if the nature of a cataphyUum. The two most i unon farms of leaves are the scali - or "cataphyltary leaves and the foliage i Sachs, Botany (trans.), p. 193. cataphyUum (kat-a-fil'um), «.; pi. cataphylla (-ii). [XL. (cf. i }r. Kan l.afy i,Mm> = Li. folium, leaf.] In but., om- of "the rudimen- tary leaves which precede •<■ of growth, as the co- tyledons of an embryo, the scales of a bud, the scales of a rhizome, etc. Also cata- phyl. cataphysic, cataphysical (kat-a-fiz'ik. -i-kal I, a. [<(ir. Kara, down, against, + tybtsic, nature: see physical.'] Con- trary or opposed to nature: as. cataphysical laws. cataplasm (kat'a-plazm), ». V, (• ':■' | = !•'. cataplasn't'c = Sp. I V. It. cataplasma, < L. cataplas- iiiii. a plaster, poultice, < Gr. Kar&irAaa/ia, poultice, < xara- -/linm iv, spread over, < Kara, down. + -'/iir,<- i i in, shape: see plaster.] In nuil.. a soft and moist substance to be ap- plied to some part of the body; a poultice, cataplectic (kat-a-plek'tik), ,, down, + Kivuv (■/ *iti, •-«), drink: see potion.] 1. A pill, iaek, 2. Deglutition. catapucet [ME., also catapus, < Sp. Pg. catapucia = It. mlu, spin. i,. ,-, it, ,/„.• otion. ] The herb spurge, Euphorbia Lathyri 856 catapult (kat'a-puin. n. [= F. catapults = Sp. Pg. It. caiapulta, < L. catapulta, \Gn. «a- : /, (occasionally -ttoXtik), an engine for throwing stones, prob. < *Mi7U7rd/Um>, throw down, m |eiss. luirii-n'/ '/irlku. leap down, < Ml 7.7, down. + -.I//C. brandish, swing, hurl.] 1. In Bom. ui, In/., a military engine used to throw darts of great size, called phalarica or trifax. Com, of Crocus with Catapliylla. Catapult. It" construction is nowhere explained with any fullness, and it is uncertain whether its action was that of a cross- bow or whether springs were the propelling power. By later authors the catapult and hallista seem to he con- founded. In the middle ages the name is hardly used, except where a writer is evidently seeking to give a clas- sieal form I., his composition. In the annexed cut, which i. presents a catapult "t the later period when no dis- tinction was made between it and the hallista, /-' is the end of a strong lever, which revolves on an axis and is held down by a windlass, A. At the extremity is a fork, E E, with the pi gs curving slightly upward so as to af- ford a lied for a barrel of combustible matter or a heavy missile confined by a rope with a loop at the end, the loop being passed through a tiook, D. When the lever was re- 1. a • .1 it hounded suddenly upward, the eentriftlgal force causing the loop to slip otf the hook, whereupon the bar- rel held on the fork was liberated and projected toward its object. />' shows rings of iron, stone, or lead, intended to increase the rebound due to the stretched cables or other devices which furnished the propelling force. Bring up the catapults, and shake the wall. Fletcher, Bonduca, iv. 4. All the bomoards and catapults, and other engines of war, thundered furiously upon the city, doing great dam- age- /. , , ,,;i i Iranada, p. 409. 2. A small forked stick to each prong of which is attached au elastic band, generally provided with a piece of leather in the middle, used by boys for throwing small missiles, such as stones, peas, paper pellets, and the like. catapultic (kat-a-pul'tik), a. [< catapult + -ic. Cf. catapcltic.'] Pertaining to a catapult. catapultier (kat*a-pul-ter ), ». [< catapult + -ur. as in grenadier, etc.] ( hie who discharges missiles from a catapult. ('. Reads. cataract ( kat'a-rakt), ». [< ME. cateracte = F. cata/racte = i'r. cataracta = Sp. Pg. catarata = It. cateratta = 1). 6. Dan. Sw. katarakt = Russ. Icataraktu, < L. cataracta, also cutan-acta and catarractes, < Gr. Karappdicrr/e, a waterfall, also a portcullis (as adj., down-rushing): either (1) < naTapinpj vimai (second aor. karappayyvai), break down, in pass, rush down, < Kara, down, + pri- , . < vai, break; or (2), being also spelled Karapi- 1,71,,, < Karap&aauv, dash down, break in pieces, fall headlong, < Kara, down, 4- apaaaeiv, strike hard, dash in pieces.] 1. A descent of water over a steeply sloping but not perpendicular surface, as the cataracts of the Nile and the Orinoco; hence, especially in poetical use, any large waterfall, as that of the Niagara. ^ ..a cataracts and hurricanoes, Bpout ! Slmk., hear, iii. 'J. The tremendous catoracte of America thundering in their solitudi Irving. 2. Any furious rush or downpour of water. The hollow ocean-ridges roaring into cataracts. Tennyson, Locksley Hall. 3. A disease of the eye. eha ract erized by opa- city of the lens, it is produced in various «a\\. ..tien -. in: He ii a sclerosis of the lens. Cap- cataract8,8o called, d t Involve an opaqueness of tin- capsule of the lens itself, hut of that part of the lens which is next to the capsule, or are due to a deposit of ..pa-iu. matter externally u] the capsuli \ tecondary cataract is one due to an earlier disease of the eye, Cats in probablj Incurable except by surgical treatment th.. h ns is commonly entirely removed by an incision int.. the eye, or it is broken up with a line needle and hit to lie absorbed almost blind With ever-growing cataract, Tennyson, 'the Sisters. i In fort., a herse. — 5. A regulator for sin- . nil-engines, invented bj Smea- ti.n. I'. 11. Knight. 6t. The plungeon, a kind of cormorant : so called because ol it ss violent downward flight in seizing' its prey. A.'. Phil- lips, 1706. Discission of cataract. See discission. ■ Syn. 1. Caucadc, Cataract. Sue cascade!. catasarca cataractine (kat-a-rak'tin), a. [< cataract + -iiui.} Pertaining to a cataract or waterfall; giving rise to a fall of water. [Rare.] 'fhe plain below these cataractine glaciers \\a- pilingup with the debris, while torrents of the melted rubbish fo i their way. foaming and muddy, to the sea, carrying gravel and rocks along with them. Kane, Sec. Orinn. Exp., I. :m. cataractous (kat'a-rak-tus), a. [(.cataract + -ous.~\ Partaking of the nature of a cataract in the eye. cataract-spoon (kat'a-rakt-spon), n. A spoon or curette for removing the lens of the eye in operations for cataract. Catarhina, ". / , trickle. | In met?., an old term for eoryza and pharyngeal and bronchial catarrh. catastaltic (kat-a-stal'tik), a. [= Sp. catastdl- tico, < LL. catastalticus, i (Jr. tearaoraATHco'c, fit- ted for checking, < htiTanri'/'/uv, keep down, check, < Mini, down. + nrt/A' F. catastast ). < Gr. Karaoramc, a settling, arranging, setting forth, < naBiaravai, settle, constitute, < hum, down, + laravat, gel up, mid. stand, = E. Stand.] 1. In Wo/., thai part of the exordium in which the speaker seeks to dispose his hearers to a view of the case fa- vorable to his own side, especially by removing from their minds what might prejudice them against it. — 2. That part of the Greek drama iu which the action, initiated in the epitasis, is sustained, continued, and prepared Cor the catastrophe. — 3. In tned., constitution, stale, or condition. catastate (ka-tas'tat), n. [< Gr. */,araffraroc, verbal adj. of Kadiaraadai, settle down, < Kara, down, + laraaOat, stand.] Any one of the suc- cessive states iu a continuous series of cata- bolic processes. In such a series each state differs from the preceding in exhibiting greater stability, less complexity, and less contained energy. The correspond, ing term regarding an anabolic process is anastate. Also katastate. In the animal-cell the initial anastates seem always or at least generally more complex than the final katastates. M. Foster, Encyc. Brit., XIX. li). catastatic (kat-a-stat'ik), a. [< catastate + -ic] Of or relating to catastates. catasterism (ka-tas'te-rizrn), n. [< Gr. kutu- arepia/jdc, a placing among the stars (Ka-aave- pia/ioi being the name of a treatise attributed to Eratosthenes, giving the legends of the different constellations), < KaTaoTcpi^eiv, place among the stars, < Kara, down, + dart/;/../!, make into a star, < aarr/p, a star: see asterism. ] A placing among the stars; a cataloguing or catalogue of the stars. His catalogue contains no bright star which is not found in the catasterisms of Eratosthenes. Whewell, Hist. Induct. Sciences, I. iv. § 1. catastomid, Catastomidae, etc. See catosto- »i ill, etc. catastrophe (ka-tas'tro-fe), ». [Formerly also catastrophy; = F. catastrophe = Sp. catdstrofi = Pg. catastrophe = It. catastrofe = I). Tcata- strofe = G. katastrophe = Dan. hatastrofe = Sw. katastrof, < L. catastropha, < Gr. KaraaTpotj)//, an overthrowing, a sudden turn or end, < Kara- OTpeifiEiv, overturn, turn suddenly, end, < Kara, down, + arpetpew, turn: see strophe.] 1. The arrangement of actions or interconnection of causes which constitutes the final event of a dramatic piece ; the unfolding and winding up of the plot, clearing up difficulties, and closing the play; the denouement. The ancients divided a play into the protasis, epitasis, catastasis, and catastrophe ; that is, the introduction, continuance, heightening, and development or conclusion. Pat, he conies, like the catastrophe of the old comedy. Shah., Lear, i. 2. All the actors must enter to complete and makeup the catastrophe of this great pice. Sir T. Browne, Religio Medici, i. 47. The Catastrophe of the Poem is finely presaged on this occasion. Addison, Spectator, No. 327. The catastrophe, indeed the whole of the last act, is beautifully written. Gifford, Int. to Ford, p. \\i\ 2. A notable event terminating a connected series; a finishing stroke or wind-up: specifi- cally, an unfortunate conclusion ; hence, any great calamity or disaster, especially one hap- pening suddenly or from an irresistible cause. Here was a mighty revolution, the most horrible and portentous catastrophe that nature ever yet saw. Woodward, Ess. towards a Nat. Hist, of the Earth. He fell, but one sufferer in a common catastrophe. II'. Phillips, Speeches, p. 6. 3. Ingeol., an occurrence of geological impor- tance not in harmony with preceding events, and not the result of causes acting always in a given direction ; a cataclysm, it was once gener- ally believed that the earth has " underg a succession of revolutions and aqu is catastrophes interrupted by long intervals of tranquillity" (Litcll). The deluge was one of these great catastrophes. A similar view is the once common idea that all the living organisms on the earth's surface had been again and ai;ain exterminated, to be succeedeil by new creations of plants and animals. 857 Qreat changes "f a kind and intensity quit.' different from the common course of events, and which may there- fore properly be called catastrophes, have taken place upon the eai th surface. it fti « . II. the old notion of all the Inhabitants of the earth having iwept :i\\:i\ by catastrophes al successive periods [g very generally given up, even by those geologists, as Elie de Beaumont, tuurchlson, Barrande, etc., whose general views would naturally lead them to this conclusion. Darwin, Origin of Species, p. 299. Theory of catastrophes. See theory of cataclysms, nn der cataeliisiii. =Syn. 2. Disaster, Calamity, etc. en mis fortune); consummation, finale. catastrophic (kat-as-trof 'ik), a. [< catastrophe + -to.] 1. Pertaining to or of the nature of a catast rophe ; cataclysmic. Revolution seems to contain in every syllable of its ter- rifying name bo thing catastrophic. Contemporary Rev., L. 4:ir in conformity with the views of the catast rophists ; cataclysmal. The Irj pothesls of uniformity cannot possess any essen- tial simplicity which, previous to inquiry, gives it a claim upon our assent superior to that of the opposite cata- strophic hypothesis. Whewell. 3. Subversive in a momentous degree of settled usage or law. The catastrophic creation of Peers for the purpose of Swamping the upper house is . . . a power only to be used i>n great occasions, when the object is immense, and the party strife unmitigated. Bagehot, Eng. Const. (Boston ed.), p. 305. catastrophism (ka-tas'tro-fizm), n. [< catas- trophe + -ism : = F. eatasirophisme.] The theo- retical view of geological events which has as its essential basis the idea of a succession of catas- trophes: I ho opposite of uniformitarianism. See catastrophe, 3, and cataclysm, '2. I tied three, more or less contradictory, systems of geo- logic tl ght, each of which might fairly enough claim ih. i appellations, standing side by side in Britain. I Bhall call one of them Catastrophism, another Uniformi- tarianism, the third Evolutionism. By Catastrophism, I mean any form of geological speculation which, in order to account for the phenomena of geology, supposes the operation of forces different in their nature, or immeasur- ably different in power, from those which we at present see in action in the universe. Huxley, Lay Serm. ms, p. 22!). catastrophist (ka-tas'tro-fist), n. [< catastrophe + -ist.] One who believes in catastrophism ; a cataclysmist. The term is used iii geology by writers on theoretical dynamic geology as the opposite of uniform!- tartan, that is, of one who considers that geological causes now in action are, and have been, essentially the same from the beginning. The catastrophist maintains that there have been catastrophes, or sudden violent changes in the order of nature, such, for instance, as would cause the ex- termination of all forms of life upon the globe, or cover it with ice. The catastrophist is affirmative, the unifonnitarian is negative in his assertions. Whewell. For a generation after geologists had become uuiformi- tarians in Geology, they remained catastrophist* in Biol- ogy. H. Spencer, Data of Ethics, § 17. catastrophyt (ka-tas'tro-fi), n. Obsolete spell- ing of catastrophe. Catawba (ka-ta'ba), n. 1. A variety of native grape, with red fruit, much cultivated in the middle United States, taking its name from the Catawba river in the Carolinas, where it was first raised. — 2. The wine made from this grape. It is a light wine, of rich muscadine flavor, much used in the United States. Both still and sparkling Catawba wines are made. Wry good in its way Is the Verzenay, Or the Sillery soft ami creamy ; But Catawba wine lias a taste more divine, .More dulcet, delicious, and dreamy. Longfellow, Catawba Wine. cat-back (kat'bak), n. Nuut., a small rope fas- tened to the hook of the cat-block to facilitate hooking into the ring of the anchor. cat-beamt (kat'bem), n. Ndut., the longest beam of a ship, and one of the principal ones. catbill (kat- bil), it. A wood- pecker. [North. Eng.] cat-bird (kat'- berd), n. A well- known oscine passerine bird of North Amer- ica, Mimus caro- linensis, one of the mocking- thrushes, relat- ed to the mock- ing-bird, it is of a dark slate-color, with a black cap and a red vent, and is so called because its cry of alarm re- sembles the mewing of a cat, varied, and highly musical. Cat-bird (Miinus caroliHtKsis) Its proper song is voluble, It abounds in the shrubbery catch of the eastern United States, builds a cos ttinl lays from i to n dark-green eggs, and o migratory and in. sectlvorou i. cat-blasb. (kut'blash). n. Anything thin or sloppy, as weak tea. [l'rov. Eng.] cat-block I kat'blok), n. [= I). Dan. katblok: seecafJ and block '. | Sunt., a two- or three-fold block with an iron strap and large hook, used to draw up an anchor to the cot head. cut under cat-head. cat-boat (kat'bot), n. A boat having a cat-rig. In England eat boats are known as UTUtrboatS, probably from the name of the first cat-rigged boat used there. The Impudence with which a cat-boat will point into the wind's eye is simply marvellous. tyialtrough, Boat-Sailer's Manual, p. 89. catbrain (kat'bran), n. A kind of rough clay mixed with Btone. [l'rov. Eng.] cat-brier (kat'bri^er), n. A name given in the United States to species of Smilax. catcall (kat'kal), n. [< cat* + calP-.] A squeaking instrument used in playhouses to express disapprobation or weariness of the per- formance, or a sound made in imitation of the tone of this instrument. The cat-calt has Btrucfc a damp into generals and fright- ened heroes off the stage. Addison, The Cat-Call. He [play-writer] sees his branded name, with wild affright, And hears again the catcalls of the night. ( 'rabbe. catcall (kat'kal), r. t. [< catcall, ».] To ex- press disapprobation of by sounds produced by or like those of the catcall. His cant, like Merry Andrew's noble vein, Catcalls the sects to draw 'em in again. Dryden, Prol. to Pilgrim, 1. 40. She had too much sense not to know that it was better to be hissed and catcalled by her daddy than by a whole sea of heads in the pit of Drury Lane theatre. Uacavlay, -Madame D'Arblay. cat-castle (kat'kas-1), n. In the military engi- neering of the middle ages, a kind of movable tower to cover the sappers as they advanced to a besieged place. Farrow, Mil. Encyc. catch 1 (kaeh), v.; pret. and pp. caught (obso- lete or vulgar caiched), ppr. catching. [< ME. catchen, cachen, cacchen, kachen, Jcacchen (also keechen, > E. dial, ketch) (pret. caught, cought, caughte, caugte, cahte, caste, kagte, etc., rarely cached, hatched, pp. caught, eat/lit, kauht, caht, cagt, etc., rarely cached, cachet) = D. kaatsen = MLG. katzen, play at tennis, < OF. cachcr, cachier, coder (Heard), reg. assibilated chacier, F. chasser (> E. chase'-, q. v.) = Pr. cassar = OSp. cabzar, Sp. cazar = Pg. cat-ur = It. eacei- are, chase, hunt, < ML. *captiare (for which only caciare is found), an extended form of L. cap- tare, catch, catch at, chase, freq. of cupere, pp. capitis, take : see capable, captive, etc. Cf. chase*, a doublet of catch 1 .'] I. trans. If. To chase; drive ; hunt. Ase thet bote weter [hot water] cacheth thane hoiul [houudj out of the keehene [kitchen]. Ancren Riwte, p. 171. Likes nan of tbaim my play Bot alle thar kaehe [var. chasse] me away. Eng. Metrical Homilies (ed. .1. Small), p. 151. As thow seest in the satiter in psalme one or tweyne, How eontricioun is commended; for it caccheth awey synue. Piers Plowman (B), xii. 178. Nowe kyngis, to cache all care away Sen 3e ar comen oute of youre kytht, L, ike noght ye legge agayne oure lay, Uppon peyne to lose both lyme and litht. York Plai/s, p. 131. 2f. To approach; go to seek speech with. The knyghte coueride on his knees with a kaunt herte, And eaaahte his Creatoure that comfurthes us alle. Mortis Arthure (E. E. T. S.), 1. 2195. 3f. To reach ; arrive at. The comely coste of Normandye they cachene fulle evene, And blythely at Barftete theis bolde arc arryfede, And fyndys a tlete there of frendez ynewe. Mortfl Arthur, (E. E. T. S.), 1. 834. 4. To reach in pursuit or by special effort, as a moving object or one about to move ; come up to: as, I caught my friend on the road, or just starting; to catch the train. — 5. To lay hold of; grasp; seize; take: as, to catch a sword by the handle. William curtesli caujt the quen of hire palfrav. William of Paleme (E. E. T. S.), 1. 4»f2- The mild hind Makes speed to catch the tiger. Shak., M. N. D., ii. 2. Ready to catch each other by the throat. Shak., Rich. III., i. 3. Giving my book to my servant when T measured, a young man caught it out of his hand and ran away with it. Pocoeke, Description of the East, I. 113. Specifically — 6. To intercept and seize (some- thing approaching or passing, especially in the catch : as, to catch ;i ball.— 7. To take captive, .■ trap; take with a lure or bail : j, 1M; 'tmice or birds; to Bsh: often used figuratively in this sense. ray discipillis "ill I K\ Hi' tliaill Thai ■ i of the : ill his words. Mark xii. IS. I iiiil aitl, newly break Wary, I. 77. Tin- ' ' • • • c „t,/ : ordinarj nam Plants, p. 28] 8. To seize after pursuit or search ; appn h< arrest : as, to catch a thirl' or a runaway horse. This year, I hope, my friends, 1 shall 'scape prison, h me. Bush, iv. :;. 9. To gel : obtain : gain possession of; acquire. Therfore, lady, .V it like you, lighten yourchere; ird you kvmih im rest. ■ (E. B. T. S.) I 3303 ii rt mist thei kaeche, Uie euntre was mi playne. Willia [E. ] T. S.), 1. 2217. This Kingdoms was diuersly rent, imn one catch* mm h as his might .-nil. i bestow mi his ambition. Purchas, Pilgrimage, j'. 281. Torment myself to catch the English crown. Shale., :: Hen. VI., iii. 2. 10. To Beize upon bj attraction or impression : take ami tix tin- attention of; bence, to gain in- fluence >>\ ei : captivate. You think yuii have caught mo. lady; you think 1 melt butter, ami run all into brine ami /;,"mus I i Catch me ! (catch him ! catch her 1) an emphatic phra < rpOt - ilnli!\ Ol one's W ill you lend him the i"i | Catch the ten, a urn i. bo ii. urn 'I from the di lira oi trumps, wht h counts 10 and b taken by at n ime n embles tin- are I. Ii,, L |)layi 'I with 38 i ard all bi low First catch your hare, adirectio tcui print To catch a crab. Set - To catch a Tatar. To catch hold of To catch it, rtding! w , fm a To catch leavet, t Redi Ful eurtelnle of tl William o/Palern \ \. ar>3. 858 Thanne seis thei no socour but sunder thanne thei moste ; w nti . lipping a icessing thei kau, < here leue. n iam o} Palerne(E. I-:. T. S.), 1. 1068. To catch one a blow, to inflict a blow on one. [Colloq.] To catch one on the hip, to get the advantage of : get 'in- under s power. SeeAipl. To catch out, in base-ball, cricket, ami similar games, to put (the striker) out by catchinga batted ball before it has touched the ground. See baseball.- To catch up. («) To take up suddenly ; snatch up. I - /' up a little garden girl, . . . put a napkin in her hand, and made her my butler. Lady Holland, Sydney Smith, I. vii. (M To lift of raise to a higher elevation. 1 knew a man . . . caught up to the third heaven 2 Cor. xii. 2. Her child was caught up unto Cod, and to his throne. Rev. xii. 6. II. intrans. 1. To take hold with the hand or hands; grasp. Specifically — 2. To act as catcher in the game of base-ball. — 3. To ac- quire possession. Have is have, however men do catch. Shak., K. John, i. 1. 4. To be entangled or impeded ; become fixed ; remain fast : as. his clothes caught iu the briers; the lock catches. Don't open your mouth as wide as that, young man, or it'll catch so and not shut again some day. Dickens, Our Mutual Friend, iv. 16. The little island lias such a celebrity in travel and ro- iii.-mee. that I feel my peii catching iu the tatters of a threadbare theme. Howells, Venetian Life, xni 5. To take proper hold so as to act : as, the bolt does not catch. — 6. To be communicable or infectious ; spread by or as if by infection. Does the sedition catch from man to man, And run among their ranks? Addison, Cato, ii. 6. His eloquence caught like a flame, From zone to zone of the world. /', nnyson, Dead Prophet. 7. To endeavor to lay hold of; be eager to get, use, or adopt: with at. Saucy lictors Will catch at us, like strumpets. Shak., A. and C, v. 2. Now, like those that are sinking, they catch round at that which is likeliest to hold them up. Milton, Reformation in Eng., ii. He can receive no pleasure from a casual glimpse of Nature, but must catch at it as an object of instruction. Lamb, Old and New Schoolmaster. Catch as catch can, in wrestling, to grapple in any or- dinary ami Legitimate manner. To catch on, to appre- hend; understand. [Slang, U. S.] — To catch up, to get to the same point (in place or in work) ; get even or abreast, usually by special effort, as in a race, a journey, study, etc.: absolute, or with icith. catch 1 (kaeh), n. [ mp ii thi .i i. --. „tch in the princi- pal rivi Sceence, VI., No. 1 16, Supp. 8. A natch : ;i : hurt interval of action. It lut - in .ii writ bj catena. Locke. 9. A hold ; a grasp; a grip.— 10f. A slight or partial recollection. catching We retain a catch of those pretty stories, and our awak- ened imagination smiles in the recoiled Otanville, Seep. Sci. 11. A trick; something by which one may be entrapped. To [too] Kynde, ne to Kepyng, and wane Knavise,/., /,. s, Babees Book tl-:. E. T. S.), p. 9. 12. In music, originally, an unaccompanied round for three or more voices, written as a continuous melody, not in score. Later, a round tin words of which were so selected that it was possible, either by means of the pronunciation or by the interweav- ing of the words and phrases, to give to the different voices or parts ludicrous effects. Gn-ee. Shall we rouse the night-owl in a catch that will draw three souls out of one weaver? Shak., T. N., ii. :t. catch'-'t, a. An obsolete form of ketch?. Tin tleete did sail, about Wi in all, besides small catch's. Pepys, Diary, April 25, 1665. catchable (kach'a-bl), a. [< catch 1 + -able] < lapable of being caught. The eagerness of a knave maketh him often as catchable as the ignorance of a fool. Lord Halifax. catch-all (kaeh'al), ». [< cateli + obi. all] 1. Somethingused as a general receptacle forodds and ends, as a table, bureau, chest, etc. ; espe- cially, a basket or bag provided for the purpose. [Colloq.] — 2. A tool for recovering broken tools from a boring. catch-bar (kach'bar), n. A bar which depresses the jacks of a knitting-machine. catch-basin (kach'ba/sn), ». 1. A reservoir placed at the point of discharge of a pipe into a sewer, to retain matter which would not pass readily through the sewer. Such basins are arranged so that they can be emptied as often as is necessary. — 2. A reservoir, especially for catching and retaining surface-drainage over large areas. It may fairly be questioned . . . whether any exten- sion of forests, or system of catch-basins or reservoirs, could possibly retain or mitigate to any considerable ex- tent such general and overwhelming Hoods. Science, III. 372. catch-bolt (kach'bolt), h. A door-bolt which is pressed backward as the door closes, but when the door is shut springs forward into a socket in the jamb. catch-club (kach'klub), n. A club or society formed for singing catches, etc. catch-drain (kach'dran), n. 1. A drain along the side of a canal or other conduit to catch the surplus water. — 2. A drain running along sloping ground to catch and convey the water flowing over the surface. When a meadow is of considerable extent, and has an abrupt descent, the water is often stopped at intervals by catch-drains, so as to spread it over the adjoining surface. catcher (kaeh'er), u. [< ME. cachere, a hunter; < catch + -cr 1 . Cf. chaser 1 .'] If. A chaser; a hunter. Then tbise cacheres that eouthe cowpled hor hounde;j. Sir Uaieai/iie and II,,' Hire, Knight. (E. E. T. S.), 1. 1139. 2. One who catches ; that which catches, or in which anything is caught. That great catcher and devourer of souls. South, Sermons, x. Specifically — («) In base-hall and similar games, the player who stands behind the bat or home-base to catch the ball when pitched. See base-ball, (b) Iu mining: (1) An ar- rangement to prevent overwinding, or raising the cage to,, high as it comes out of the shaft. Also, in Leicester- shire, England, the equivalent of cage-shuts (which see). (2) In general, any arrangement at the mouth of the shaft, or on the pump, by meansof which accidents may lie pre- vented iu ease a pint of the machinery gives way. (c) /-/. In ornith., the raptorial birds, «.r birds of prey: a term translating Captantes, one of the names of the order. 3f. ' hie who sings catches. Hut where lie my catchers! 1 Come, a round, and so let us drink. Brome, Jovial crew, iv. catcherelt, ». [MM. cacherel (ML. reflex ca- charellus), < fin-Inn, catchen, catch, + term. -ere?, as in cockerel. Cf. catchpoll.] A catchpoll. Wright. catch-feeder (kaeh'fe der), ». A ditch for ir- rigation. catch-fly (kach'fli), n. The popular name of species of plants belonging to the genus Silt nr. and of Lychnis Viscaria, given on account of their glutinous stems, which sometimes retain Small insects. The sleepy ontoh-lly is Silene iinliyrlihia. catch-hook (kach'huk), ». An iron barwith ■■< hinged tongue, used in hauling large iron pipes. The hinged end is pushed into the bore of the pipe, and I In tongue jams anil is tlrinly held against its inner sur- l:n-i w limi tin- liar is pulled. catching (kach'ing), p. a. [Ppr. of catch 1 , v.] 1. Communicating, or liable to be communi- cated, by contagion; infectious. catching Tistiinr to give t lie-in physic, their diseases Are grown 6 itching Shale., Hen, Vlll., i. :s. Your words are a gri nadier a march to my heari ' 1 be- lieve courage must be catching ' Sheridan, The Rivals, iii. 4. 2. Captivating; charming; attracting: as, a catching melody; a catching manner. That Rhetorick is best which is must seasonable and most catching. Selden, Table-Talk, |». 95. 3f. Acquisitive; greedy. Thei made be brought Iuellis and alle othir riche and yaf it to hym to sc whedir he wolde be couetonse and eacchynge. Merlin (E. K T, S.), i. 106. catching-bargain (kaeh'ing-bar r gan), ». In law, a bargain made with the heir apparent or expectant of a succession for the purchase of his expectancy at an inadequate price. catch-land (kach'land), n. Formerly, in Eng- land, land the tithes of which for any year fell to the minister who first claimed them for that year, because it was not known to which of two parishes the land belonged. catch-line (kach'Un), n. In printing, a short line of small-sized type between two longer lines of larger displayed type. catch-match (kaeh ' mach), n. An agreement concluded hastily, so that one party is taken at a disadvantage. catch-meadow (kach'med"6), n. A meadow which is irrigated by water from a spring or rivulet on the declivity of a hill. catchment (kach'ment), n. [< catch* + -mint.] Drainage : rarely used except in the following phrases — Area of catchment, among hydrant i neers, the area the rainfall or drainage of which is to be made available tor furnishing water at a desired point Catchment-basin, same as drainage-basin. — Catch- ment-basin map, a map on which the water-shed limit- ing the whole of each subdivision of any river-system is ac- curately laid down, so that the position and acreage of any particular area of catchment maybe determined from it. cat-chop (kat'ehop), n. A species of fig-mari- gold, Mesembrianthemuni fcliiium, from the Cape of Good Hope. catchpenny (kach'pen"i), n. and a. [< catch* + ob].pennij.] I. n. ; pi. catchpennies (-iz). Some- thing of little value, adapted to attract popu- lar attention and thus secure a quick sale; any- thing externally attractive, made merely to sell. You know already by the title, that it is no mure than a catch-penny. Goldsmith, Letterto Rev. Henry Goldsmith. The whole affair is a manifest catchpenny. Hawthorne, Main Street. II. a. Made or got up to gain money; put forth merely to sell: as, acatclipi niiij pamphlet. I call this the popular or utilitarian aspect, because it belongs to the catch peunii theory of human life according to which the value of a thing is just as much as it will bring. Stubbs, Medieval and Modern Hist., p. 106 catchpole 1 , ». See catchpoll. catchpole' 2 (kach'pol), ». [< catch* (attrib.) + pole*7] An implement formerly used for seiz- ing and securing a man who would otherwise be out of reach. It was carried by foot-soldiers in com- bats with horsemen, and later by civil officers in appre- hending criminals. The head, made of light metal bars, was provided with strong springs, so arranged as to hold firmly anything, as the neck or a limit of one pursued, over Which it was forced. catchpole 3 (kach'pol), n. [Sc., also catchpith , cachepole, < D. kaatsspel, tennis (cf. kaatsbal, tennis-ball), < hunts, chase (=E. chase*, catch*), + spel, game.] The game of tennis. [Scotch.] catchpoll (kach'pol), n. [Also catchpole, early mod. E. catchpot, < ME. catchepoll, cachepol, a bailiff, earlier a tax-gatherer, < OF. "cacipol, chacipol, chacepol, chassipol (.ML. reflex cache- potus, cacepollus, chacipoUus, cacipulcus), also "chacipolier, chassipoier, a tax-gatherer (cf. chassipolerie, defined as a tribute paid by vas- sals to their lord for the privilege of asylum iu his castle in time of war, ML. chacipoleria, the office and emoluments of a tax-gatherer); of uncertain formation, appar. < coder, eacher (> ME. cachen, E. catch*), chacier (> ME. chacen, E. chase*), in the sense of 'catch, take,' or 'chase, bunt,' + "pot, of uncertain meaning. Usually explained as catch 1 + olvj. pott, the head; but the earliest sense known is 'tax- gatherer,' and poll as associated with ' tax ' does not seem to occur in ME., and it is not found in any sense in OF. or ML. The W. ciislm-l, a bailiff, catchpoll, is prob. an accom. of the E. word. Cf. ME. cacherel, equiv. to cachepol.'] If. A tax-gatherer. Matheus, thet wes cachepol [in orig. AS. text tollere, toller], thene he iwende to god-spellere. Old. Eng. Homilies (ed. Morris), 1st ser., p. 97. 2. A sheriff's officer, bailiff, constable, or other person whose duty is to make arrests. 859 Saul sente catehepollis 1 1., liclores] for to take David. Wyclif, I Kl. xix. 20. Quikliche cam &eacchepol and craked a two here Legges. Piers Plowman (C), xxi. 7n Let not thy scores come robbe thy need} purse, Make not the catchpot rich by thine arrest. Qascoigne, Steele 61as, p. 67. (Arber.) There shall be two Serjeants at Mace, of whom the ftrsi named Serjeant at mace shall execute all writs, mandate s, processes and such like within the said borough and lib erties of the same, and shall be called the Catchpole, ac cording to the name ancientry given in that place to the same officer. Municip, Corp. Reports, 1885, p. 2651. catchup, ketchup (kaoh'up, koch'up), ». [< E. Ind. kitjap.] A name common to several kinds of sauce much used with meat, fish, toastetl cheese, etc. Also written catsup, kat- SUp. Mushroom catchup, a sai made from the common mushi m, Agaricus campestris, by breaking the fungi into small pieces and mixing with salt, which has the effect of reducing the whole mass to an almost liquid state. It is then strained, spiced, and boiled. - Tomato catchup, a sauce made from tomatoes by a similar process. Walnut catchup, a sauce made from unripe walnuts before the shell is hardened. They are beat! n to Q pulp, and the juice is separated by straining : Bait, vinegar, and spices are added, and the whole is boiled. catchwater (kach'wa. ter), »• [(catch* + obj. water. | Same as catchworJc. catchweed (kaeh'wed), ». [< catch* + weed*.'] A weed which readily catches hold of what comes in contact with it; cleavers. catchweight (kach'wat), n. [< catch* + weight : that is, the weight one has at the moment.] In horse-racing, a weight, left to the option of the owner of a horse, who naturally puts up tho lightest weight possible. catchweight (kach'wat), adv. [< catchweight, »i.] In horse-racing, without being handicap- ped: as, to ride catchweight. Come, 111 make this a match, if Jon like: you shall ride catchweight, which will be about n st. 7 lb. Lawrence. catchword (kach'werd), «. [< catch* + word.] 1. In old writing and printing, a word of the text standing by itself in the right-hand corner of the bottom of a page, the same as the first word of the next page, to mark the connection or proper sequence. In old manuscript hooks a i atchword was at first inserted only at the end of a sheet or quire (that is, the quantity folded together); in print- ing it was the practice until the nineteenth century to insert one at the foot of every page. Catch-words to connect the quires date hack to the rith century. Encyc. Brit., XVIII. 144. 2. In the drama, the last word of a speaker, which serves to remind the one who is to follow him of what he is to say; a cue. — 3. A word caught up and repeated for effect; a taking word or phrase used as a partizan cry or shib- boleth : as, the catchword of a political party. The catch-words which thrilled our forefathers with emotion on one side or the other fall with hardly any meaning on our ears. J. McCarthy, Hist. Own Times, v. Liberty, fraternity, equality, are as much as ever the party catch-words. Quarterly Rev. catchwork (kach'werk), n. [< catch* + work.] An artificial watercourse or series of water- courses for irrigating such lands as lie on the declivities of hills; a catch-drain. Also called catchwater. catchy (kaoh'i), a. Same as catching, 2. [Colloq.] cate (kat), n. [By apheresis from acate, q. v.] An article of food ; a viand ; more particularly, rich, luxurious, or dainty food; a delicacy; a dainty: a later form of acate: most commonly used in the plural. [Archaic or poetic] I had rather live With cheese and garlic in a windmill, far, Than feed on cates, and have him talk to me. Shak., 1 Hen. IV., iii. 1. Not the ale, nor any other cates which poor Elspeth's stores afforded, could prevail on the Sub-Prior to break bis fast. Scott, Monastery, I. 118. That day a feast had been Meld in high hall, and many a viand left, And many a costly cate. Tennyson, Gareth and Lynette. catechetic (kat-e-ket'ik), a. [= F. catechitigwe, < Gr. KaTiix'lTinoc, < Kan/x'/Ti/e, an instructor, < namxelv, instruct, teach by word of mouth: see catechize] Consisting of question and answer : applied to a method of teaching by means of questions put by the teacher and answered by the pupil, whether the questions are addressed to the understanding, as by Socrates in his dialogical method, or to the memory. catechetical (kat-e-ket'i-kal), a. Same as cat- echetic Socrates introduced a catechetical method of arguing. Addison, Spectator. Catechetical schools, Behools established in the early church for the instruction of catechumens. catechize catechetically (kat-e-ket'i-kal-i), adv. In :i catechetical milliner; by question and an- swer. catechetics (kat-e-ket'iks), «• [PI. of cate- chetic: see o-.s'.j The art or practice of teach- ing by means of question and answer. See catecht tic. catechin, catechine (kat'e-chin), n. [< cate- chu 4- -in-, -no -.\ A principle (('j. ,11 ls o 8 ) ex- tracted from catechu, having a snow-white silky appearance, and crystallizing in line t lies. Also called cati clinic acid anil catechuin. catechisation, catechise, etc. See eateohiza- tion. etc. catechism (kat'e-kizm), n. [= F. catechisme = Sp. cati ■ cisino, catequismo = Pg. catechismo = it. catechismo, catccismo = I>. catechismus = G. katechismus =Dan. katekismus (cf. Sw. kateches I, < h~L. catechismus, < Gr. */.»r/, po/idc, < hott, catechize: see ca techize.] 1. A form of instruc- tion by means of questions and answers, par- ticularly in the principles of religion. — 2. An elementary book containing a summary of prin- ciples in any science or art, but especially in religion, reduced to the form of questions and answers, and sometimes with notes, explana- tions, and references to authorities. The follow- ing are the principal authoritative church catechisms: The Lutheran, prepared by Luther (152'J), still in general use in the Herman Protestant churches; the Genevan, pre- pared by Calvin (1536) ; the Heidelberg, published at Hei- delberg (1563), and still a recognized doctrinal standard in the Reformed (Dutch) Church; the Anglican (154:i 1604), contained in the Book of Common Prayer and directed by rubric to be taught systematically to children ; the West- minster Assembly's, in two forms, shorter and Larger Cate- chisms (1647), in use in the Presbyterian and to some ex- tent in Congregational churches; the Methodist (United States, 1852), iii three forms. The Tridentine catechism (latin) is a statement of doctrines prepared in obedience to a decree of the Council of Trent, and is of high though not absolute authority in the K an Catholic church, but is not intended for use in the instruction of children. The Cracovian and Racovian catechisms (1574, 1605) are Polish in origin and Socinian in doctrine. Numerous other catechisms have been prepared by individuals, but they possess no ecclesiastical authority. catechismal (kat-e-Mz'mal), a. [< catechism + -at.] Of, pertaining to, or in the style of a catechism; interrogatory; catechizing; cate- chetical. Children hate to be bothered with questions, . . . and yet how we bore them with catechismal demands. J. T. Fields, Underbrush, p. 124. catechist (kat'e-Mst), ». [= F. eatechiste = Sp. catequista = Pg. It. catechista, < LL. catechista, < Gr. *KaTi/xiaTijc, < Karr/xKem, catechize : see cut- echize.] One who instructs orally, or by ques- tion and answer; aeatechizer; specifically, one appointed to instruct catechumens in the prin- ciples of religion as a preparation for baptism. This was a special function in the early church, as it lias also been to some extent in later times ; but catechista have never constituted a distinct ecclesiastical order. The word Catechist implied . . . a function, not a class. s, Diet. Christ. Antiq. In the absence of the regular clergyman the catechist conducts the service [at Godhavn, Creenland], C. F. Hall, Polar Exp., 1870, p. 54. catechistic, catechistical (kat-e-kis'tik, -ti- kal), a. [< catechist + -ic, -ieal. Cf. F. catechi- tii/in- — Sp. catequistico = Pg. It. catcchistico.] Pertaining to a catechist or a catechism; of a catechizing character. Some of them are in tin- corf, chistical method. Burke, Ahridg. of Eng. Hist., ii. 2. catechistically (kat-e-kis'ti-kal-i), adv. In a catechistic manner; by question and answer. catechization (kat e-ki-za'shqn), n. [< cate- chise + -ation; = V. caUchisation = Pg. cate- ehieacSo = G. Tcatechisation.] The act of cat- echizing; examination by questioning. Also spelled catechisation. The catechisation of the man born blind. Schaff, Hist. Christ. Church, I. § 83. catechize (kat'e-kiz), v. t.; pret. and pp. cate- chizi it, ppr. catechising. [= F. catechiser = Pr. catheziear = Sp. catequizar = Pg. catechizar = It. catechizzare = D. catechiseren = (i. katechi- sieren = Dan. katekisere, < LL. catechizare, cat- echize, < Gr. i,'i7i/ i»s'.''i', catechize, a later ex- tended form of KaTr/xeiv, catechize, instruct, teach by word of mouth, particularly in reli- gion, also resound, < /,«;-«, down, + i/\eiv, sound; cf. >', iv, a sound, ?/,,ij, echo, > E. echo.] 1. To instruct orally by asking questions, receiving answers, and offering explanations and correc- tions; specifically, so to instruct on points of Christiau doctrine. Catechize gross ignorance, Burton, Anal of Mel., To the Header, p. 59. catechize 2. To question; interrogate, especially in a minute or impertinent manner; examine or try by quest o I'm stopp'd by all the fools I mi ■ ! in every su.it. Also spelled catech catechizet, "• [< catechize, v. Cf. catechism. ] A catechism. [Colloq.] I to instruct their children, thai so when ady tu answer their Catechize. Sunshine of tin Gospel,p.2' catechizer i -zer), n. One who eate- chizes; one who instructs by question and answer, particularly in the rudiments of the Christian religion. Also spelled catechiser. catechu (kat'e-oh8), n. [NL. catechu, Sp. ca- tecu, F. cachou, etc. (cf. catch); of E. 1ml. ori- gin. Cf. Hind, kattlid, oati ohu. | A name com- mon ral astringenl extracts prepared from the \\ 1, bark, and fruit of various plants. The tin.' catechu, or cutch, of commerc brown, bard, and brittle substance, extracted by de- ration from the wo -I of Acacia Catechu t Indian trees. It is one of the best as trln- gents t.i be found in the materia medica,and is largely printing, etc. Pale or gambit r in :i rubiaceous climbi r, Uncaria \ i, ;n. i ..i catechu is also made the nut of the betel-palm, Areca Catechu, but il is . tinner. v. An techn si n Ice- obtainable from mahogany and Bimilar catechuic (kat-e-ch8'ik), a. [< catechu + 4c] Pertaining to or derived from catechu — Cate- chuic acid. Uechin. catechuin i kat-e-cho'in), n. [< catechu + -in".] Same ;i~ fnh chin. catechumen (kat-f-ku'men), n. [(Cf. ME. caU - cumeUng, simulating cumeUng, a comer) = F. i, limine = Sp. catee&meno = Pg. catechu- o = It. catecumeno, < LL. catechumemts, < Gr. Kan/xoifievoc, one instructed, ppr. pass, of Kav!,\ir, instruct : see catechize.'] 1. One who inlet- instruction iu the first rudiments of Christianity; a neophyte. In the primitive church children of believing parents, or r pagans not fully initiated in the principles of the Christian religion. They were admitted to this Btate by the nn Jims; i I 1 1; mi Is and the sign of the cross, were di- vidi i ii it" two or t e .lasses, ami in public worship were Issed or retired to an outer ..nut of the church before the liturgical or communion service. too, upon us; and the Holy Ghost descends, to sanctify the waters, and to hallow the cate- chumen. Jet rks (ed. 1835), I. 98. The prayers of the church .li.i not begin, in St. Austin's time, till the catechumens were dismissed. StUlingfleet, Of i i there were two kinds, the Audi- tores, who had merely expressed a wish to become Chris- tians, and the Competentes, who were thought worthy of ■ iitisin. J. M. Neale, Eastern Church, i. 209. 2. Figuratively, one who is beginning to acquire a knowledge of any doctrines or principles. The same language is stall In l'l to the catechumens in itism. Bolingbroke, To Windham. catechumenal (kat-e-ku'me-nal), a. [< cate- chumen + -al.\ Pertaining to a catechumen. He hail laid aside his white catechumenal robes. C. C. Perkins, Italian Sculpture, Int., p. liv. catechumenate (kat-e-ku'me-nat), n. [y the Stoics, a term which can be made the pecially the predicate, of a pro] i by the P< ripatetics, the thing corresponding to a category, categorema (kat-f-go-re'ma.), n.; pi. categore- mata categorematic it'ik), a. i 1= i Sp. categori ma\ ■ ■-i. u predj . at gort m. | I. ". Conveying a whole term, that is', either '"' ' ition, in a sing incorrectly writ- ten ■ '' .i II. a. In logic, ii word which is capable of bein i by itself as a term, categorematical (kat-e-gor-e-wut'i-kal), a. Same as categorematic. 860 categorematically (kat- e-gor-e-mat 'i-kal -i), adv. In a categorematic manner; as a cate- gorematic. categorical (kat-f-gor'i-kal), a. and ». [= F. categoriqui = Sp. categ6rico='Pg. It. categorico, < LL. categoricus, < Gr. iairnyopuc6;, < tum/yopUi, a category: see category and -ic, -ical.] I. a. 1. Pertaining to a category or the categories: oppose. I in transcendental. — 2. Stated uncon- ditionally; not limited to a hypothetical state of things: as, a categorical proposition (that is, a simple, unconditional proposition). — 3. Ap- plicable to the actual circumstances; stating the fact; pertinent; positive; precise; clear: as. a categorical answer (that is. an answer thai clearly meets t lie question) — Categorical imper- ative, the unconditional command of conscience. Cate- gorical syllogism, a syllogism containing only categori- cal propositions. II. a ■ In logic, a proposition which affirms a thing absolutely and without any hypothesis. i .ii j-iiieals are subdivided into pure and modal. A pure categorical asserts unconditionally and unreservedly: as, I live; manis mortal. A modal categorical asserts with a qualification: as, the wisest man may possibly be mistaken; a prejudiced historian will probably misrepresent facts. categorically (kat-f-gor'i-kal-i), adv. In a cat- egorical manner; 'absolutely; directly; ex- pressly; positively: as, to affirm categorically. catego'ricalness (kat-e-gor'i-kal-nes), «. The quality of being categorical, positive, or abso- lute. categorist (kat'e-go-rist), n. [< category + -int.] One who classifies or arranges in cate- gories. Emerson. categorization (kat-c -gor-i-za'shon), n. [< cate- gorize + -ntinn.] The act or process of placing in a category or list ; a classification. [Rare.] categorize (kat'e-go-riz), r. .. ; pret. and pp. categorized, ppr. categorizing. [< category + -ize ; = F. cutei/nriser.] To place in a category or list ; classify. [Bare.] category (kat'e-go-ri), n. ; pi. categories (-riz). [= F. ciitegnrii = Sp. categoria = Pg. It. cate- goria, < LL. categoria, < Gr. Kar^yopia, an accu- sation, charge, later also a predicate or predi- eable, usually, in Aristotle and later writers, a category, predicament, head of predicables, < Karr/yoptiv, accuse, declare, assert, predicate, < nard, against, + ayopebeiv, declaim, address an assembly, < ayopa, an assembly: see agora/] 1. In logic, a highest notion, especially one derived from the logical analysis of the forms of proposition. The word was introduced by Aristotle, who applies it to his ten predicaments, things sai.l, or sunnna genera, viz., substance, quantity, quality, relation, action, passion, where, when, posture or relative position of parts, habit or state. These are derived from such an analysis of the proposition as could be made before the developed st inly of grammar. The categorUsoi highest intellectual concepts of Kant are: categoriesoj quantity — unity, plurality, totality ; categories of quality - - reality, negation, limit between these; riit.iiiii-irn nf i; latum substance ami ai-ci.lent, cause and effect, action and re- action ; categories of modality possibility, impossibility, actuality, iion-actnality, necessity, non-necessity. Modern formal logic furnishes this list: (1) qualities, or singular characters; (-) simple relations, or dual characters; (3) complex relations, or plural characters. Many lists of eateeni ii s li.oe heeti ^iven not founded on fonualloyic. The categories, or forms ami conditions of human un- derstanding, though doubtless innate ill the naturalists sens.- nt the ti i in, that is inherited, are only the ways and facilities of the higher exercise of the faculty of reflect Ion. C. Wright. The categories an* not instruments which the mind uses, i.i it elements in a whole, or the stages in a complex process, which in its unity tin- mind is. K. Caird, Hegel, p. 157. 2. A summum genus, or widest class. — 3. Any very wide and distinctive class; any compre- hensive division or class of persons or things. 3hakespeare is as much out of the category of eminent authors as he is out of the crowd. Emerson, Shakespeare. catelt, "• Middle English form of cattle. catelectrode (kat-e-lek'trod), «. [< Gr. koto, down, + electrode/] Faraday's name for the negative elect r ult. E. chain, q. v.] 1. A chain; acon- neeted series of notions, arguments, or objects i ties of n hieh each part or mem- ber lias a close connection, like that of a link, with the preceding aud following parts. The Catenary. The cord, a, c, b, hangs in a portion of the common catenary. cater w . iHissess therefore a catena of evidence reaching hack continuously from the date ol the Uoabite stone to that of tin Stone tallies nf the law. /.Mine Taylor, The Alphabet, I. 139. That great poem of aphoristic epigrams, the Essay on Man, that has never, perhaps, in any language been equalled as a ralrna of pithy wit ami philosophic ininta- hility. '.V. a, i, I i,i ., i.tli ser., IX. 287. 2. A methodized series of selections from dif- ferent authors to elucidate a doctrine or a sys- tem of doctrines; specifically, such a set of quotations from the church fathers to assist in the study of Christian dogmatics or biblical exegesis: as, the Catena Aurea of St. Thomas Aquinas. — 3. An Italian measure of length, a chain, equal in Naples to 52.07 feet, and in Pa- lermo to L'6.09 feet. Catenaria (kat-e-na'ri-a), n. [NL., fem. sing, of L. entennrins: see catennri/.] The typical genus of ' 'nli iinniilie. catenarian (kat-e-na'ri-an), a. [< catenary + -mi.] Same as catenary. To say another word of the catenarian arch. . . . Its nature proves it to he in equilibrio in every point. Jefferson, Correspondence, II. 416. Catenariidae (kat'e-na-ri'i-de), n. jil. [NL., < Catenaria + -idee.] A family of Chilostomata with zoceciurn radicate, segmented, and each internode (except at a bifurcation) formed of a single zoceciurn. Also Catenicellidat. catenary (kat'e-na-ri), a. and n. [< L. cate- narius, < catena, a chain: see chain.] I. a. Re- lating to a chain; like a chain. Also catenarian. — cate- nary or catenarian curve, in geom., the current a perfectly flex- ible, inextensihle, infi- nitely fine cord when at l.st tniiler the action of forces. The common catenary is what the catenary becomes when the fiirees are parallel ami proportional to the length of the cord, as in the case of a heavy cord of uniform weight un- der the influence of gravitation. It is in- teresting on account of the light it throws on the theory of arches, and also by reason of its application to the con- struction of suspension-bridges. II. a.; pi. catenaries (-riz). A catenary curve, catenate (kat'e-nat), v. t. ; pret. and pp. cate- nated, ppr. catenating. [< L. eatcnatns, pp. of catenare, chain, < catena, a chain : see catena and chain.] To chain, or connect in a series of links or ties ; concatenate. catenate, catenated (kat'e-nat, -mi-ted), a. [< L. catenatus, pp. : see the verb.] Having the structure or appearance of a chain : applied in zoology to impressed lines which are broken at regular intervals, to double striae connected by numerous short lines, etc. catenation (kat-e-na'shpn), n. [= F. cate'na- titni, < L. catenatio( »-), < catenare : see catenate, i\] Connection of links; union of parts, as in a chain ; regular connection; concatenation. Which call/ nation or conserving union. .Sir '/'. II rt iteiit:, Vulg. Err., v. 5. Catenipora (kat-e-nip'o-rS), n. [NL., < L. ca- tititt, a. chain, + poms, a pore.] Chain-coral, occurring fossil in Paleozoic strata (in Great Britain only in the Silurian): so called from the chain-like arrangement of its pores or cells in polished specimens. Also called Unlysites. Catenula (ka-ten'n-ia), n. [NL., dim. of L. ca- tena, a chain : see chain.] The typical genus of the family t'nliiitilitlte. ('. It unite is an example. catenulate (ka-ten'u-lat), a. [< L. catenula, dim. of catena, a chain. Cf. catenate.] 1. Consisting of little links or chains. — 2. In hot., formed of parts united end to end, like the links of a chain. Catenulidae (kat-e-nn'li-de), n. pi. [NL., < Ca- tenula + -itlte.] A family of aproctous rhabdo- e.eloiis liirbellai'ians, in which reproduction takes place asexually by transverse fission. The animals when incompletely separated swim about in chains, whence Hie name. cater't (ka'ter), n. [By apheresis from neater, as enlt. q. v.. from nettle: see neater, acute.] A caterer; a purveyor; an neater. 1 am cook myself ami mine own cater. Fletcher, Women Pleased. III. lias lint a eater's place on 't, ami provides All for another's table. Middleton, w en Beware Women, hi. 3. cater 1 (ka'ter), r. i. [< eater\ «.] To make provision, as of food, entertainment, etc. ; act cater as a purveyor: as, to cater to a depraved ap- petite. ^ He that doth |]u , raveng reed| Yea, providently cotors for the sparrow, .. We have had a regular teed all round, and exult to think weneedno^erinffforthe^orrow. GrinnExp)IIflo cater- (ka'ter), n. [Also ,,„„/,■<• ; < P. amtre, "?„.., ir, l Thniirvino- of Mother Island that is shown tous'^ ^^ p ,.., caterer (ka'ter-er), n. A provider or purveyor of food or provisions; one who provides for any want or desire. . tw hectl called Chenesia is the principall: whose Ihat seal t ' UKU ., ., , Sneh Horses as are unlit rateress (ka'ter-es), ». [< ™to-i + - ess ^ A woman who eaters; a female provider. She guild i-ateress, Means her provision only to the^od.^ ^ ^ eaterfoilt, »• Same as r l - , , v d. Guernsey dial, mttr-,,.- «.■,,,, , a wood- w * geeiu W( , u in „, dark What a coJenoauKnff do you keep herel^ ^ R ^ .. ^ eaterwawt »• '• [ME. caterwawen, < coto-- (cf. C f) "™n.,aeat; cf. also caterpillar) to* cat (see md) + „■«».». howl, waul; an >untatiye word: see wauf and caterwaul.] i I 1 " ever to have Deen iu'-^.m... ..y- -- .... , toes, the word is supposed to stand foi I -/« ■ eauiv Mtstringf, by confusion of *»^, a ,',,., Vvitli/'-r-'.'ali.l.llo.] l.Tlioinlcstnics ,, n ,vas with wide i„terBtice8.-3. (a) A ■ for one of the olive seaweeds, ' »»rfa ./'(«»- which is a lied t„ /.«,«;»..,-<«. (M The Plant -r*- S^&iana: so called on account of its long, slender, and very tough roots, catgut-scraper (katlgut-skra'p^, »• A deri- sive name for a violinist; a , hd 11 i . Pptb An abbreviation of f utliolu . cath-' A, form of cat- for cata- before the aspi- rate/ occurring in words of Greek ongm. r;./,/«/rflc«B mostly natives of Africa. The most l , Ktsniiini, uio.w.r , (-, ^jujj, cultivated trrowine to about 10 teeim iu -nu « . , . wmm=m article .if ci.inincrce ainuuK the Arabs. caterw'awedt, »• CME. (appar. a .to., really a verbal noun), < caterwaw, q. v.] Cater wauling. , But forth she [the cat] wol, er any day be dawed, To shewe fair skyn and gon »«g«™£«* .,, l|r , , ,, Chaucer, Prol. to w lfe of Hath s laic, i. ^n». catervt (ka'ter-i), n. [By apheresis fromaca- ^ q. v.] A place for keeping provisions. article of commerce among me jur».u=. , r * ^nthae (kat'ach), «. [Gael, ca thay, a daw, jack- but catnagvKar aciu, l Cor»«« »w«- OF. *cavic by mod. Guernsey dial. «<»--/'< <"<"'. J "."":;, "hence, seeing well in louse, a weevil, otherwise by ttej ^ibM t . faU (kat - fA1) , „ forms OF. chatepelose, ckatepelouse, '''""' be ing rove in the cat- Schatc, H -l, -J, cl,„ttn,rW „,; also ,• hn tcpl*, n caterpillar, also a weevil, a mite, mod. dial. (3 capleuse, capeluche, capture, carplure, Norm-) carplouse-, (Bret) «f,<»^ W r ; (bv popular etymology) 'harry eat' (Or. ;k/os, J3«? fem. p*«4:< L. ,./^» «, harry^ s^e pilous), but prob. orig. 'V^f^ < °f • «*5 Lsibilated cfeotfe, mod. F. c/iarte, f., a eat + *peleure, pilleure, pillfuse (Palsgrave), F. dial. p««r C , pei«re, a pill. < L. pilirfa, > a so E. j»» . Cat' being a fanciful name applied to the caterpillar (cf. It. dial, gatta, gattola, a cater- p^< 3 «tto, a cat; G. dial (Swiss) tejg^ Lfe (lit, devil's cat), a caterpillar P. «fe a caterpillar (see C ft e »«fe), < L, «"''"■'"'. ^ do-), and 'pill' having reference to its 10I i g its? If up in a little ball (cf. E. piU-bug and pillr S) I- P-perly, the larva of a lepidop- terous insect, but also applied l to tta •]««« other insects, such as members of the family TonthreMiiida- or saw-flies. Caterpillars are producea cation. 1 PMB«pf, l™6.-4 t . One who preys upon the substance of another; an extortioner. Thev that be the children of this world, as i . . . extor- ItaSS, . caterpOtor*, usurers, think you they ^cometo God's storehouse? 5 The popular name of plants of the genus 5wri)t«rw.-Cateri^arB0ta.t-lace : , F. ca- tharte), < Gr. KaBapHjc, a cleanser, < nadaipetv, cleanse: sec cathartic] A genus of American Ins the head and part ot the neck more or less completely bare of feathers, and sometimes caruncnlar; theeyes flush with the side of the head and without superciliary shield; the plumage somber in color; the wings long and ample; the tail lerate; the plumage without aftershafts; two i the beak toothless, contracted in the continuity, with large perforate nostrils; the in dex-digit clawed; the oil-gland tuftless; no syrinx nor cases ■ and diurnal habil ■ and gressorial gait I hey BUb- . aist entirely on carrion. See cut .under Cathartes. b.ort Oathartides (ka-thar'ti-des), n.pl. \Nh.,< ( uthartes + 4des.] A superfamuy or suborder of raptorial birds, conterminous with the fam- ih Cathartida; the American vultures. Cathartinse (kath-ar-a'ne), ». pi. [NL., < Ca- thartes + -iiia.] The American vultures as a subfamily of the family Vulturicke. [Not in us.-.] cathartogenic (ka-thar-to-jen'ik), a. [< ca- thartic + -genie, < L. -/ *<> produce.] Derived from cathartic acid. -Cathartogenic acid, a yel- lowish-brown powder produced from cathartic acid bj boiling with Mii.ls. cathartomannit (ka-thar-to-man'it), n. [< cathnri-ic + manna.] A peculiar non-ferment- able crystalline saccharine principle found in senna. Catharus (kath'a-rus), n. [NL. (Bonaparte, 1850), < Gr. Kadapoc, clear, pure, clean : see ca- thartic.] A genus of thrushes, of the family Turdidat, containing a number of species pecu- liar to the wanner parts of America. C. nu Ipo- wriir is an example. cat-haws (kat'haz), n. pi. The fruit of the whitethorn.' Brockett. [Prov. Eng.] n. 1. A large timber or ropes or (now more commonly) iron cramps used to bind in the shrouds at the masthead, so that the 3 aids may be braced up sharply. Our ship was nothing but a mass of hides, from the cat- to Hi. wati i s edge. ft //. Dana, Jr., Before the JIast, p. 2 E. chaste, q. v.] I. «. 1. Purgative: purifying. In medicine often restrict grade of purgation, insulin' being used for the first, and drastic for the third. Also apocatnartic. i in courage, temperance, and [her than these are placed H tues, by which the soul lubjection to sense. '.' P. I in. of t In i-l imiitv, p. 179. 2. Pertaining to or derived from cathartin. — Cathartic acid, a glucoside of weak acid character, 1 1 is the active purgatii e prin- ciple II. /.. A cathartic medicine; a purge; apur- VI-. cathartical (ka-thar'ti-kal), a. Same as ca- thai cathartically (ka-th&r'ti-kal-i), arte. In the manner of d cal aartic. catharticalness (ka-thar'ti-kal-nes), n. The quality of promoting disi m the bow- els. Cathartidae fka-thar'ti-de), n. pi. [NL., < Ca- \ A family of vulturee, o order Bapton t and America, and chiefly [nhab ■ uzzard ure the lead Chey are characterized byhav- We pulled a long, heavy, silent pull, and chor came to the cat-head pretty slowly. II. 11. Dana, Jr., Before the Mast, p. 12S. 2. In mining, a small capstan. — 3. Nodular or ball ironstone. [North. Eng.] The nodules with leaves in them, called cat-heads, seem to consist of a sort of ironstone. Woodward, Fossils. Cat-head stopper (mud.), a piece of rope or chain by wliirh the anchor is hung at tlie cat-head. Also called cat-stopper. cathead (kat'hed), v. t. Naut., to attach to the cat-head. cathedra (kath'e-dra or ka-the'dra), re. ; pi. cathedra- (-die). ' [= Sp. cdtcdra ="Pg. cathe- dra = It. cattedra = D. G. Dan. Tcatheder = Sw. hateder, < L. (ML.) cathedra, < Gr. icadedpa, a seat, bench, pulpit, < Kara, down, + c&pa, a seat, < c^caOai (•rth and south aisles of choir : 5". S, east and west aisles of transept ; /, .\ north and south aisles of nave; A. A", chapels; /'.rood-screen or organ-loft ; //'. altar of lady chapel. cathetal cathetal (kath'e-tal), a. [< rutin his + -ah] Re- lating to a oathetiis. catheter (kath'e-ter), n. [= P. cathiter = Sp. cateter = Pg. catheter = It. catetere = 1>. ti. Dan. katheter = Sw. kateter, < LL. catheter, < Gr. KaHrrr/p, a catheter, :i, plug, < loithrnc, let down, perpendicular, < laitiunn, send down, let down, thrust in, < Kara, down, + i.wo/, cans, of ifi'«( = L. in , go: see ;/<>.] In x»r;/. : (a) A tabular instrument introduced through the urethra into the bladder, to draw ofi the urine when its discharge is arrested ley disease or accident. (6) A tube for introduction into other canals : as, a Eustachian catheter — Cath- eter-gage, a plate having graduated perforations form- ing measures of the diameters of catheters, catheterism (kath'e-ter-izm), «. [= P. cathi- ti'risnii = Sp. cateterismo = Pg. catlieterismo, < LL. catheterismus, < llr. Kiitiin/pia/iur, a putting in of the catheter, < KaSerfip, catheter.] The operation of using a catheter; catheterization. catheterization (kath'e-ter-i-za'shon), n. [< catheterize + -atkm.~\ The passing of a catheter through or into a canal or cavity. catheterize (kath'e-ter-Iz), v. t.; pret. and pp. catheterized, ppr. catheterizing. [= P. catheter- riser = Sp. cateterizar, < Gr. *nadeTr/pi(t:iv (im- plied in KaBcTT/piafwr, catheterism) : see catheter and -izc] To operate ou with a catheter. catheti,". Plural of cathctus. cathetometer (kath- e-tom'e-ter), n. [< Gr. naBiToc, perpen- dicular, a perpen- dicular line, + pc- Tpov, a measure.] An instrument for measuring small differences of level between two near points, as, for ex- ample, the distance between the levels of the mercury in the cistern and in the tube of a barom- eter. It consists essen- tially of a vertical gradu- ated rod carefully leveled, upon which slides a hor- izontal telescope. With the telescope the obser- ver sights in succession the two objects under ex- amination, aad the dis- tance on the graduated rod traversed by the telescope is the measure of the differ- ence of height between the two Objects. Cathetometer. As construct- ed for the physicist, with numerous arrangements to in- sure accuracy, the cathetometer is an instrument of a high degree of accuracy. cathetus (kath'e-tns), n. ; pi. catheti (-ti). [L., < Gr. koHctoc, perpendicular, a perpendicular line : see catheter.'] If. In geom., a line falling per- pendicularly on another line or a surface, as the two sides of a right-angled triangle. — 2. In arch. : (a) A perpendicular line supposed to pass through the middle of a cylindrical body. (b) The axis or middle line of the Ionic volute. cathism (kath'izm), h. Same as cathisma. cathisma (ka-thiz'mii), ».; pi. cathismata (-ma- ta). [< Gr. addicrpa" a portion of the psalter (see def.), a seat, the seat, < naBifriv, sit down, <. /card, down, + IQitv, sit, akin to i&odai = L. sedere = E. sit: see sit.] In the Gr. Ch.: (a) A portion of the psalter, containing from three to eleven (usually about eight) psalms. The lioth psalm constitutes a single cathisma. There are altogether twenty cathismata, and each is subdivided into three sta- seis. See stasis and psalter, (ft) A troparion or short hymn used as a response at certain points in the offices. The Greeks rarely sit in church: the cathismata are therefore pauses for rest; and are longer than the usual troparia. J. M. Neale, Eastern Church, i. s4t. cathodal (kath'o-dal), a. [< Gr. mdoSoc, a going down (see cathode), + -ah] 1. In hat., lower; on the side fm'thest from the summit. [Rare.] — 2. [< cathode + -ah] Pertaining to the cathode. Also spelled kathodal. cathode (kath'od), ». [< Gr. mdoioQ, a going down, a way down, < Kara, down, + dcMc, way.] The negative pole of an electric current : op- 863 posed to anclcctrodr or anode. Also spelled kathode. Also called eatelectrode. cathodic (ka-thod'ik). a. [< Or. ttaSoSoc , a going dun n ( see cathode), + -ie.j Proceeding dew n ward : applied to the efferent use of action of the nervous influence. ti. S. Hull. Also spelled kathodic. | Hare.] send, cat-hole (kat'hol), n. Saul., one of two small holes astern above the gun-room ports, for the passage of a hawser or cable in heaving astern, catholic (kath'o-lik), a. and n. [Not found in ME. or earlier" (in AS. the MX. catholicus is translated geledffiul or geledflic, i. e., believing, faithful, orthodox); = D. catholijk, katholijlc, katholiek, katholisch = Oc. kathoUsch, adj., Jcatho- lik, n., =Dan. kalholsk, katholik, — Sw. katolsk, katolik, = V. catholique = Pr. catolic = Sp. catdlico — Pg. catholieo = It. cattolico ( = Buss. katoliku, n., katolicheskii, adj.. = Turk, qatolik, n.), < L. catholiem, universal, general (neut. pi. catholica, all things together, the universe), in LL. and MIj. esp. eecles., general, common, that is, as applied to the church (catholica ec- ciesio) or to the faith {i-iiilmUrn fides), orthodox (in ML. commonly used synonymously with Christianas, Christian); < Gr. Katte/liKcic, general, universal ('/ KathAini/ eicnAr/cia, the universal church), < ica86fov, adv., on the whole, in gen- eral, also as if adj., general, universal, prop, two words, aad' b'Aov : naff for /car', for /card, ac- cording to ; b'Aov, gen. of b'Aoc, whole, = L. solrid- us, > E. snl id : see rata-, holo-, and solid.] I. a. 1. Universal; embracing all ; wide-extending. If you, my son, should now prevaricate, And to your own particular lusts employ So great and catholic, a bliss, he sure A curse will follow. B. Jonson, Alchemist, ii. 1. Matter, moved either uncertainly, or according to some catholic laws. Ray, Works of Creation, i. His library of English history, and of all history, was al- ways rich, select, and catholic. R. Choate, Addresses, p. 303. 2. Not narrow-minded, partial, or bigoted ; free from prejudice ; liberal ; possessing a mind that appreciates all truth, or a spirit that ap- preciates all that is good. With these exceptions I can read almost anything. I bless my stars for a taste so catholic, so nnexcluding. Lamb, Books and Reading. There were few departments into which the catholic and humane principles of Stoicism were not in some degree curried. Lccky, Europ. Morals, I. 315. 3. In fheol. : (a) Originally, intended for all parts of the inhabited world; not confined to one nation, like the Jewish religion, but fitted to include members of all human races: applied to the Christian religion and church. Catholic in Greek signifies universal : and the Christian Church was so call'd, as consisting of all Nations to whom the Gospel was to be preach't, in contradistinction to the Jewish Church, which consisteil for the most part of Jews only. Milton, True Religion. (h) leap.] Constituting, conforming to, or in harmony with the visible church, which ex- tended throughout the whole Roman empire atid adjacent countries, possessed a common organization and a system of intercommunion, and regulated disputed questions by ecumeni- cal councils, as distinguished from local sects, whether heretical or simply schismatic, but es- pecially from those which did not accept the decrees of ecumenical councils: as, the Catholic Church ; the Catholic faith, in this sense it is regu- larly applied to the ancient historical church, its faith and organization down to the time of the great schism bctw cm the sees of Rome and Constantinople : as, a Catholic bish- op or synod, as distinguished from a Nestorian or Jaco- bite prelate or council. The importunity of heretics made them [the Church of Christ] add another name to this [Christian], viz., that of catholic; which was, as it were, their surname or charac- teristic, to distinguish them from all sects, who, though they had party names, yet sometimes sheltered them- selves under the common name of Christians. Bingham, Antiq., I. i. § 7. The test of Catholic doctrine, the maintenance of which distinguishes the Catholic Church in any place from he- retical or schismatics! communions, has been described as that which has been taught always, everywhere, by all. Bio, it. Theol. Diet. (Episcopal). (c) [cap.] Historically derived from the ancient undivided church before the great schism, and acknowledging the decrees of its councils as recognized by the Greek or Eastern Church. The official title of that church is, The Holy Orthodox Catholic Apostolic < triental Church (^ ayia ope>65of o- Aiktj anomoXiKn ayaroAiKT) eKieATjo-ia). (4) [ccy*.] Claim- ing unbroken descent (through the apostolic succession) from and conformity to the order and doctrine of the ancient undivided church, and acknowledging the decrees of its councils as received by both the Greek and the Latin Church. In this sense the word Catholic is applied by Anglican writers to their own coni- catholicity munion. (e) [cap.] Claiming to possess exclu- sively the notes or characteristics of the one, Only, true, and universal church — unity, visi- bility, indefectibility, mi ssion, universality, and sanctity: used in this sense, with these qualifications, only by tin- Church of Borne, as applicable only to' itself and its adherents, and to i heir faith and organization ; often qualified, especially by those not acknowledging these claims, by prefixing the word Roman. (/) More specifically, an epithet distinguishing the faith of the universal Christian church from thoso opinions which are] uliar to special sects. (.) A reform party in the Roman Catholic church, founded after the proclamation of, and in opposition to, the dogma of papal infallibility proclaimed by tie- Vatican Conned in 1870. A schism with the Roman i'atlmli. Church was not intended, but it resulted ; the leaders were excommuni- cated and new congregations fnrmcil. Xo bishop having joined the movement, the ordination of a bishop was ob- tained from the tild Catholic bishop of Deventer in Hol- land. Old Catholics have departed in few respects from their former ecclesiastical customs as Roman Catholics. Auricular confession and fasting are, however, voluntary with them, and priests are allowed to marry. Mass is per- mitted to be said in the vernacular. They are found chiefly in Germany and in Switzerland, where they call themselves Christian Catholics.— Roman Catholic Relief Acts, a series of English statutes removing the political disabili- ties of Roman Catholics : as, 1829 (lo Geo. IV., c. 7), per- mitting them to sit in Parliament and to hold offices, with certain exceptions ; 1838 (3 and 4 Win. IV., c. 102), enabling their clergymen to celebrate marriages between Protes- tants, etc., extended to Scotland in 1834(4 and 5 Win. IV., c. 28); 1843 (6 and 7 Vict., c. 28), abolishing a certain oath as a qualification for Irish voters; 1S44 (7 and 8 Vict., c. 102) and lstil (:) and 10 Vict., c. 59), repealing statutes against them ; 1867 (30 and 31 Vict., c. 62), abolishing the declaration against transubstantiation, etc., and (id., c. 75) making all subjects eligible to the office of lord chancellor of Ireland. The term also includes the Promissory Oaths Act, 1868 (which see, under oath). catholicalt (ka-thol'i-kal), a. [< catholic + -al.] Catholic. The Potent Kyng of kyngis all lTeserue all Preucis Catholiciitl. Lauder, Dewtie of Kyngis (E. E. T. S.), 1. 540. catholicate (ka-thol'i-kat), n. [< ML. catholi- catus, (. catholicus, the prelate so called: see catholicos and -ate$.] The region under the jurisdiction of a catholicos: as, the catholiattr of Ethiopia. It is certain that, in the vast Catholicate of Chaldssa, monarchs were sometimes invested with the priestly dig- nity. J. M. Neale, Eastern church, i. 114. Catholicise, v. See Catholicise. Catholicism (ka-thol'i-sizm), n. [= F. catlioli- i-isnir = Sp. catolioismo = Pg. catholicismo = It. cattoUcismo = D. catholicismus = ti. katholicis- mus,<. NL.*ciitholicismus: see catholic and -ism.] 1. Same as catholicity, 1 and l'. Not an infallible testimony of the Catholicism of the doctrine. Jcr. Taylor, Diss, from Popery, ii., Int. 2. [cap.] Adherence to the Roman Catholic Church ; the Roman Catholic faith : as, a con- vert to Catholicism. catholicity (kath-o-lis'i-ti), ». [< catholic + -ttij ; = l'\ fiillinlii-i'lc] "1. The quality of being catholicity catholic or universal; catholic character or ion: universality: as. the cathohctty of a rine. Also sometimes Catholicism. I .. man Occ 3erm ,p. 118. ide range of support given to the Institution Infirmary] only correspon '-'"•''." of the charity it dispenses. batsman. 2 The quality of being catholic or liberal- minded; freedom from prejudices or parrow- mindedness: as. the catholicity oi one's taste literature. Also sometimes Catholicism.— 3. [cap.] The Roman Catholic Church, or its doctrines and usages. Catholicize (ka-thol'i-siz), v.; pret. and pp. Catholicized, ppr Catholicising. [< Cammc + ] I intrans. To become a Catholic. [Bare.] II. trans. To convert to the Koman Catholic faith. \u., spelled Catholicise. catholicly (btth'o-lik-U), adv. In a catholic manner; universally. [Rare.] That marriage is indissoluble is not catholicly true. Milton, Tetrachordon. catholicness (kath'o-lik-nes), «. Universality; catholicity . One nnv fudge of the catholickness which Romanists - Saul and Samuel at Endor, p. 10. catholicont (ka-thol'i-kon), ». [= P. catlioli con, < ML. catholicon, cathottcum remedy, also a general or comprehensive work as a dictionary, < Gr. koDomkov (sc. laua, reme dy), ueut. of KaihXtKfc, universal: see catholic.} A.remedyfor all diseases; a universal remedy; , ; specifically, a kind of soft purgative tuary so called, catholicbs, catholicus (ka-thol'i-kos, -kus), re. [ML., usually catholicus, < MGr. saho/tunc.a pro- curator, a prolate (see def.), prop, adj., Gr. xaBoTUKOi, general, universal: see catholic.'] 1. In the later Roman empire, a receiver-general or deputy-receiver in a civil diocese. — 2. Ec- ,1, s., in Oriental countries: (o) A primate hav- under bim metropolitans, but himself sub- ject to a patriarch. (6) The head of an inde- litii or schismatic communion. The general force of the title seems to have been that of a superinten- dent-general of missions or of churches on and beyond the the Etonian empire. It is also the title of the head of the Armenian Church, and has been used by the i ibites, and for the metran oi Ethiopia (Abyssinia). See maphrian. The archbishop Peter assumed the title of Catltalicos of tha and all Georgia. ./. M. Neale, Eastern Church Also called catholic. 864 And from the aider's crown Swing the long catkins brown. C. Thaxter, March. cat-lap (kat Map), h. A thin, poor beverag.' (usu- ally tea), lit only to give to cats. cat-like (kat'lik), a. [< cafi- + like.] Like a cat; feline; watchful; stealthy. A lioness, with udders all drawn dry, Lav couching, head on ground, with catlike watch. Shak., As you Like it, iv. 3. catling (kat'ling), ». [< cafl + dim. -ling. Cf. kitting.] 1. A little cat; a kitten. For never cat nor catling I shall find, But mew shall they in Pluto's palace blind. Drummand, Phillis on the Heath oi her Sparrow. 2f. Catgut; the string of a lute, violin, etc. What music will be in him when Hector has knocked out his brains, I know not; but, I am sure, none, unless the tiddler Apollo get his sinews to make catling, catoptric stomidw. It includes angiostomatous serpents having the opisthotic hone intercalate,! in the cranial walls, no ectopb rygoid bone, the maxillary fixed to the prefrontal and premaxillary, and a pubis present Catodont Dentition of Physeter macrocephalus. dew of lower jaw, with portion of upper jaw. 2. Top view of lower jaw. Catodontidse (kat-6-don'ti-de), n. pi. [NL., < Catodon(t-), 1, + -vim.] A family of cetaceans, named from the genus Catodon, now usually called Physeterida : the sperm-whales or ca- Shak., T. and C, iii. 3. chalots. 3. The down or moss which grows about cer- Catometopa (kat-o-met'o-pa), n. pi. Same as Catametopa. cat-o'-mountain (kat, ' o - moun ' tan), i as catamount. tain trees and resembles the hair of a cat, Harris.— 4. A double-edged knife used by sur- geons for dismembering. Also ratlin. catlinite (kat'li-nit), ii. [After George Catlin, an American traveler.] A red clay-stone used by the North American Indians for making . . pipes. It is allied to agalmatoUte, but is rather a rock Oa*J>nuin (ka-to m-an) Than a mineral species. It is obtained from Pipestone ' Same And in thy wrath, a nursing cat-o'-mountain Is calm as her babe*s sleep compared with thee ! Halleck, Red Jacket. ^ounty in southwestern Minnesota. 11V ;.'.; catmallison (kat'mal-i-son), n. [Appar. < ca 0- + malison : a place cursed by the cat because it keeps the food out of his reach!] A cupboard near the chimney in which dried beef and provi- sions are kept. G-rosc; Halliwell. [North. Eng.] catmint (kat'mint), n. [Formerly cat's mint, ME. kattes minte; the alleged AS. cattes mint (Somner) is not authenticated; < cut 1 + mint' 2 ; = Dan. kattemynte = Sw. kattmynta.] A plant of the genus Nepeta, N. Oataria : so called be- cause cats are fond of it. It is stimulant and slight- ly tonic, and is a domestic remedy for various ailments. Malabar catmint is Anisomeles Malabarusa, a similar labi- ate, used by the natives of India as a tonic and febrifuge. Also catnip. cat-nap (kat'nap), n brief nap. The anecdotes told of Brougham, Napoleon, and others, who are said to have slept but four or five hours out of the twenty-four, but who, we suspect, took a good man) cat-naps in the day-time, have done much harm. W. Mathews, Getting on in the World, p. 267. catnar (kat'nar), re. A class of sweet wines, both red and white, produced in Moldavia. Also spelled cotnar. A cup of our own Moldavia fine, Cotnar, for instance, green as .May sorrel, And ropy with sweet. Browning. cathood (kat 'hud >. n. [< cat 1 + -hood.] The ca tnip (kat'nip), n. [Prob. a corruption of State of being a cat. [Rare.] catmint, the syllable -nip not having any obvi- Decidedly my kitten should never attain to cathood. ous meaning. Hardly connected with the L. Southey, Doctor, xxv. name nepe ta, catmint.] Same as catmint. cat-hook (kat'huk), re. Naut., the hook of a ca t_ nu t (kat'nut), K. The round tuberous root cat-block. ,,f Biiniiun flexuosum. cat-ice (kat'is),«. A very thin layer of ice from c ato blepas (ka-tob'le-pas), n. [NL. (Hamil- ton Smith, 1827), < L. catoblepas (Pliny), < Gr. a. [< L. Catonianits, < Cato(n-), a Roman cognomen, < catus, sagacious, wise, shrewd.] Pertaining to or resembling either Cato the censor (died 149 B. c.) or Cato Uticensis (95-46 B. c), Romans, both remark- able for severity of manners and morals ; hence, grave; severe; inflexible. cat-o'-nine-tails (kat-6-mn'talz), n. 1. A nautical and sometimes military instrument of punishment, generally consisting of nine pieces of knotted line or cord fastened to a handle, used to flog offenders on the bare back. Also called cat. I'll tell you what — if I was to sit on a court-martial against such a fellow as you, . . . you should have the cat o' nine tails, and be forced to run the gauntlet, from t'oxheath to Warley Common. Sheridan, The (amp, i. 1. 2. Same as cattail, 1. A short hght sleep, a catoose ( ka-toV), re. [Appar. a corruption of touche, a roll of paper, etc. : see cartouche, 62. Catilinarian (kafi-li-na'ri-an), a. and n. [< L. t . CatiUna, a proper name, orig. dim. adj., < riitas, sharp, shrewd, cunning.] I. a. Pertaining to Catiline (died 62 B. c), a Roman conspirator: as, the Catilinarian war. II. «. One who resembles or imitates Cati- line. Catilinism (kat'i-li-nizm), re. [< CaUUne + J The practices or principles of Catiline. Kcrr(j/3/lci//, also KaTufiliTTuv, -pAiirov (with ppr. suffix), name of an African animal, perhaps the gnu, lit. ' down-looker,' < Kara, adv., down (< nard, prep., down: see cata-), + jiteirtiv, look.] A genus of ruminating quadrupeds, with large soft muzzle, and boms bent down and again turned up. It belongs to the antelope subfam- ily, and contains the guu of South Africa : same as Connocluvtes. See cut, under gnu. otrator, or practices and prm- ca t oc athartic (kat "o-ka-thiir'tik), a. and ciples n- ; conspiracy. cat-in-clover (kat'in-kld'ver), n. The bird's tool trefoil, Lotus corniculatus, which has the foliage of a clover and daw-shaped pods. cation, kation (kat'i-on), n. [< Gr. MTUJV, going down, ppr. of ' go do, . down, + iivat, go: see go.] The name given by Para- day to tin- an electrolyte which in electro- ical decompositions appear at the negative at bode, So, catkin (kat'kin), «. [= Ml), kat- iii, lit. :i little r. chat and chaton, ]',. , ! kin), in allusion mblance to a cat's tail ; < rati + dii <'f. i ■ i In hot., a scaly spik. ml Mowers, usual- ly deciduous alter flowering or fruiting, a in the willow and l Jr'"""j; rr ,.'/' lb ; an anient. Also called tumtl* [< Gr. Kara, down, + naOu/maAc, cathartic] I. o. Purging downward, or producing alvine dis- charges. II. ii. A purging medicine ; a cathartic, catochet, catochust, re. [< Gr. naroxn, k&toxos, catalepsy, lit. a holding down or fast, < Karixetv, hold down, < Kara, down, + ix c ' v , hold.] A vari- ety of catalepsy in which the body is kept rigid. Catodon (kat'o-don). n. [NL. (Linnceus, 1735) : see catodont.]' 1. A genus of cetaceans; tbo sperm-whales : so called from having under teeth only, or teeth only in the lower jaw: now superseded by Physeter. The sperm-whale or cacha lot, formerly Physeter catodon, or Catodon macrocephalut, is now usually called Physeter macrocephalus. 2. A genus of ophidians, giving name to the Catodonta. Zhimeril and Bibron, 1.S44. catodont (kat'o-dont), a. [< NL. catodon(t-), < Gr. k&to, down, + 6<5oif (fiSovr-) = E. tooth.] Having teeth in the lower jaw only, as a serpent or a cetacean ; specifically, of or pertaining to the Catodonta, CatodonUda, or Physeterida:. Catodonta i ka1 6 don'tS i, n. /•/. [NL., < Cato- don(t-), 2, + -a~.\ In herpet., a suborder of Ophidia, cuntcrmiuous with the family Steno- F. cart .. cartridge.] In her., an ornamental scroll with which any ordinary or bearing may be deco- rated. catoosed(ka-tost'), a. [< catoose + -ed 2 .] Dec- orated with catooses. See cross catoosed, under cross. Catopsilia (kat-op-sil'i-a), re. [NL. (Hiibner, 1S16), < Gr. kotu, downward, + fM(, smooth.] A genus of butterflies, of the family Papilionida: and subfamily PiervruB, containing many showy species, mostly yellow and of large size. c. pliilen. a golden and mange species, expands 4 or 5 inches; it inhabits tropical America. C. euhule, a citron yellow species, is found from Canada to Patagonia, catopter (ka-top'ter), n. [< Gr. kototttpov, a mirror, < koto--, stem of fut. of naOopav, look down, look upon, < koto, down, + opav, see, in part supplied from V *o^, see, > E. optic, etc.] A reflecting optical glass or instrument; a mirror. Also catoptron. catoptric (ka-top'trik), a. [= P. catoptrique = Sp. catoptrico = Pg. catoptrico; < Gr. naroit- rpucdf, of or in a mirror, < mTonrpov, a mirror: see catopter and -ic] Relating to the branch of optics called catoptrics; pertaining to inci- dent and reflected light. In his dedication to the Prince he IMyles Havies] pro- fesses "to represent writers and writings in acatoptrick view." '• D' Israeli, Calani. of Autll., I. 51. Catoptric cistula, a box with several sides lined with mirrors so as to reflect and multiply images of any object placed iii it. B. //. Knight. Catoptric dial, a dial that shows the hours by means of a mirror adjusted to reflect the solar rays upward to the ceiling,. f a I m on which the hour-lines are delineated.- Catoptric light, in a light- Catoptric Light. Horii tal sectional view, slewing but one tier of reflectors. h, chandelier ; q, fixed sli.ift in center to support tbi wtaolf ■ reflectors, and /, /, fountain:, u( then lamps. catoptric house, a form of light in wliirli reflectors are employed instead of the usual arrangement "i lenses ami prisms. Catoptric telescope, a telescope which exhibits objects by reflection. Mine c monly called reflecting tele, cope, catoptrical (ka-top'tri-kal), a. Same as catop- trie. catoptrically (ka-top'tri-kal-i), adv. In a ea- toptric manner; by reflection. catoptrics (ka-top'triks), n. [PI. of catoptric: see-ics. Cf. It. catottrica, etc.] That branch of the science of optics which explains the prop- erties of incident and reflected light, and par- ticularly the principles of reflection from mir- rors or polished surfaces. catoptromancy (ka-top'tro-man-si), n. [< Gr. K&Toirrpov, a mirror (see catopter), + ftai divination.] A species of divination among the ancients, performed by letting down a mir- ror into water for a sick person to look at his face in it. If the countenance appeared distorted and ghastly, it was an ill omen; if fresh and healthy, it was favorable. catoptron (ka-top'tron), n. Same as catopter. catostome (kat'os-toin), ». [< Catostomus.] A fish of the family Catostomidce. Also catostome. Catostomi (ka-tos'to-mi), n. pi. [NL., pi. of Catostomus.] A tribe of cyprinoid fishes : same as the family Catostomidce, Also Catastomi. catostomid (ka-tos'to-mid), a. and it. I. a. Per- taining to or characteristic of the ' 'atnstniuidic. II. a. Afishof the family Catostomida. Also catostomid. Catostomidae (kat-os-tom'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Catostomus + -ida.] A f amily of eventogna- thous fishes, typified by the genus Catostomus, having the margin of the upper jaw formed at the sides by the supramaxillary, numerous pha- ryngeal teeth, and two basal branchihyals. The species are mostly peculiar to North America, and are popu larly known as suckers, carp, buffalo-flsh, etc. The family is by some authors divided into three subfamilies, Catosto mines, Cycleptinae, and [ctiobince. Also Catastomidce. Catostomina (ka-tos-to-mi'na), n. pi. [NL., < Catostomus + -inn.'] In Giinther's classifica- tion of fishes, the first group of Cgpriuidie, hav- ing the air-bladder divided into an anterior and a posterior portion, not inclosed in an osseous capsule, aud the pharyngeal teeth in a single series, and extremely numerous and closely set. Also Catostomina. Catostominae (ka-tos-to-mi'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Catostomus + -ince.] A subfamily of Catosto- midce with the dorsal fin short. .Most of the rep- resentatives of the family belong to it, and are known in the United states chiefly as suckers and mullets or mullet- suckers. Also Catastominos. catostomine (ka-tos'to-niiu), a. and n. I. . cat-pipe (kat'pip), n. 1. A catcall. — 2. Fig- uratively, one who uses a cat- pipe or catcall. cat-rake (kaf- rak). ii. A ratch- et-drill. E. H. Knight. cat-rig (kat'rig), ii. Naut., a rig consisting of a single mast, stepped very- near the stem, and a sail laced to a gaff and 55 865 boom and managed in the same manner as the mainsail of a sloop. The cat-rig is the typical rig of small American sail-boats, cat-rigged 1 (kat'rigd), a. Having the cat-rig. Cat-rigg6 chattel, q. v.), prop- erty, capital, = MLG. katel, katele, < OF. catel, Intel, assibilated chatel, chateil, chaptel, chatal, chastal, eluii I, elinli i, etc., = Sp. caudal (of. Pg. caudal, a., abundant), < ML. captdle, capitate, capital, property, goods (rirum capitate, live stock, cattle), whence mod. E. capital' 2 , q. v. Thus cattle = chattel = capit«l-.~\ If. Prop- erty; goods; chattels; stock: in this sense now only in the form chattel (which see). His tythes payede he fill fayre and wel, Bothe of his owne swinke, and his catel. Chaucer, Gen. Prol to C. T., 1. 540. 2. Live stock; domestic quadrupeds which serve for tillage or other labor, or as food for man. The term may include horses, asses, camels, all tin varieties of domesticated beasts of the bovine ".euus, sheep of all kinds, goats, and even swine. In this general sense it is used in the Scriptures. In common use, how- ever, the uurd is restricted to domestic beasts of the cow kind. In the language of the stable it means horses. The first distinction made of live stock from other prop- erty was to call the former quick cattle. Sir J. Uaringtun, Epig. i. 91. cattle They must have other '1™"' tnelr Plow markets. I l iv. \ I., 1550. ]n ilpments, cattU may I w all., 294. It was well known that Lord Steepleton Kil.larc bad , from Simla to Umballa one Dight and back the luvt day, ninety t« way, with constant , Mr. Isaacs, p. 264. 3. Human beings: in contempt or ridicule. . mid women arc for the most part cattle of this colour. SAo*., As you Like it, iii. 2. Last year, a lad hence by his parents sent w ith ..Hi. -i catti to the city went Swift, Co Mi Con Neat cattle. . , . cattle-feeder (kat'l-fe dei . n. \ device for supplying feed in regulated quantities to racks or mangers, cattle-guard (kat'1-gard), ». A device to pre- vent cattle from straying along a railroad-track at a highway-crossing. cattle-heron (kat'l-her'pn), n. A book-name of the small herons of the genus Bubulcus, as /;. ibis. cattle-pen (kat'1-pen), ». A pen or inclosure for cattle. cattle-plague (kat'1-plag), ». A virulently oont: mi,' eattle; rinderpest (wlii cattle-range (kat'1-ranj), ». An uninelosed tract of land over which cattle may range and graze. cattle-run (kat'1-run), ». A wide extent of graz- round. [U. S. and the British colonies.] cattle-show (kat'1-sho), ». An exhibition of domestic animals for prizes, with a view to the promotion of their improvement and increase: in the United States usually combined with a sort of agricultural fair. cattle-stall (kat'l-stftl), n. An arrangement than a halter or tie for securing cattle to their racks or mangers. E. H. Knight. Cattleya (kat'le-a), w. [NL.; named after Wil- liam Cattlev, an 'English collector of plants.] A genus of highly ornamental epiphytic orchids, natives of tropical America from Mexico to Brazil. Many of the species are highly prized by orchid ir flowers are among the largest and 1 the order, catty (kat'i), it. ; pi. catties (-iz). [< Malay kati, a "pound," of varying weight. See caddy*.] The name given by foreigners to the Chinese kin or pound. The value of the catty was tixed by the iny in 1770 at l \ pounds avoirdupois. The usual Chinese weight is 1.325 pounds; that fixed by custom house in 1858 is 1.3316 pounds; that of the royal mint at Peking is 1.348 pounds. The name is also given in different localities to Blightly different weights. Iron ore9 sufficient to smelt ten call ies of tin. Jour. q) Antkrop. Inst., XV. 288. Catullian (ka-tul'i-an), «. [< L. Catullianus, < > , a proper name.] Pertaining to, char- ristie of, or resembling the Roman lyrical poet Catullus, celebrated for his amatory verses and the elegance of his style; resembling the style or works of Catullus. ... of ports since Catullus. Lowell Books, 1st ser., p. 341. Caturidae (ka-tu'ri-de), n. pi. [NL., < Caturus + -nhi.] A family of extinct amioid ganoid fishes of the Oolitic and Cretaceous periods, having a persistent uotochord, but the vertebrae partially ossified, a homocercal tail, (ins with fulcra, and small, pointed teeth in a single row. Caturus fka-tu'rus), n. [NL. (Agassiz, 1834), < Qr. Kara, down, + i, tail. ] The typical ge- nus of fishes of the family Caturidm. catyogle(kat'i-o-gl), n. [AlBokatogle;< Sw.katt- . ikatty = K.r»/i,-t- Hi/In— v.. mil.] A name in Shetland of the eagle-owl. Bubo maximus. Caucasian (ka-ka'gian or ka-kash'ian), a. and < ML. ■' i I.. Caucasius, < Gr. , < MGrr. B , pi. Km taoiavoi, inhabitants of Caucasus, < ( I boot.] I, a. us, a range of moun- tain \-i;i and Europe; specifically, appellate into which Bin menbach divided the human family. See II. II. a. In B onological the highest type of the hui . including Europeans, thi \rme- niai . Hindus, Jews, etc. n. gavi thl nam , I obtain- i thi tandard of th< human type. cauchiet, <•. Sei causeway. Cauchy's formula. cauciont, a. An obsolete form of caution. caucus (ka'kus). n. [This word originated in Boston, Massachusetts. According to a com- S66 mon account it is a corruption of calkcrs' meeting, a term said to have been applied in derision by I In Tories to meetings of citizens, among whom were calkers and ropemakers, held to protest against the aggressions of the royal troops, and especially against the •■Boston Massacre" of March 5th, 1770. But such a corruption and for- getfulness of the orig. meaning of a word so fa- miliar as cutlers is improbable, and, moreover, the word caucus SUM at least 7 years earlier, in the following passage in the diary of John Adams: "Feb L763 — Thisday learned that the tan, us Club meets at certain times in the garret of Tom Dawes, the adjutant of the Boston (militia) regiment." This indicates the origin of the term caucus, as a private meeting for political purposes, in the name of a elub of that nature, called the "Caucus Club.'' The origin of the name as applied to the club is not known. but if not an arbitrary term, chosen for its allit- erative form and feigned mysterious import, it may have been a learned adoption, in allusion to the convivial or syniposiac feature of the elub, of the ML. caucus, < MGr. saiiKor (also tutvtaj, itavKa, with dim. navtuov), a cup.] 1. In U.S.poliUcs: (a) A local meeting of the voters of a party to nominate candidates for local offices, or to elect delegates to a convention for the nomination of more important officers. In the latter sense, caucuses are now generally called primaries. Admis- sion to a party caucus is generally open only to known and registered members of the party. (/,) A similar congressional, legislative, or other gathering of leading members of a party for conference as to party measures and policy. Candidates for the presidency and vice-presidency of the United States were nominated by party caucuses of members of Congress from 1800 to 1824. More than fifty years ago, Mr. Samuel Adams's father, and twenty others, one or two from the north end of the town, wliere all the ship business is carried on, used to meet, make a caucus, and lay their plan for introducing certain persons into places of trust and power. Gordon, Hist, of the Revolution (17S8), I. 365. A caucus (excuse the slang of politics) was held, as I am informed, by the delegations [of three Western States] for the purpose of recommending some character to the Presi- dent [for Judge of Supreme Court 1. John Randolph, quoted in H. Adams, p. 210. Hence — 2. Any meeting of managers or of interested persons for the purpose of deciding upon a line of policy, an arrangement, of busi- ness, etc., to be brought before a larger meet- ing, as a convention. — 3. In Eng. politics, a large local committee of voters for the management of all electioneering business of its party : call- ed the Birmingham system, from its introduction at Birmingham about 1880. Caucus (ka'kus), r. i. ; pret. and pp. caucused or citueitsseil, ppr. caucusing or caucussing. [< cau- cus, n.] To meet in caucus ; come together and confer. They, too, had conferred or caucused and had decided. Philadelphia Times, No. 2894, p. 2. caud (kad), a. A dialectal form (like caultl) of cold. Cauda (ka'da), n. ; pi. cauda (-de). [L., also written coaa'(see coda), a tail.] 1. In.ooV. and mint., a tail or tail-like appendage. — 2. In hot., a tail-like appendage — Cauda equina (mare's tail), the leash of nerves, chiefly lumbar or sacral and coc- ll, in which the spinal cord terminates, excepting, usually, the terminal filament of the cord itself: so called from tin great length of these nerves, and the appearance their loots present within the spinal column.— Cauda galll, a term applied in American geology to the lowest member of the corniferous division of the Devonian age, . ii.ir.K terizeil by the cauda galli grit of eastern New York: so called in allusion to a common fossil of this name (lit- erally, cock's tail) having a feathery form and supposed to be a seaweed.- Cauda helicis, the inferior and posterior portion of the helix ,,l tin external car.— Cauda navi- cularis, a boat-shaped tail. See &oat-&faroed.— Cauda strlati, the tail or narrow posterior part of the caudate nucleus of the brain. Also called .si/ eel utile. caudad (ka'dad), adv. [< L. cauda, tail, + -ad, to: sic -ad 3 . | Toward the tail; backward in the long axis of the body; in the opposito di- rection from cephalad. it isdownward In man, back- ward tost annual., but is used without reference to lie p.. i no ..I thi body; and Baid of any part oi the body : thus, in man, the month Is caudad with n meet to the ■ ii • ; the lower eyelid is caudad with respect to the lippi I ..in oa inla\ n. Plural of cauda. caudal (ksl'dal), a. and n. [= F. Sp. caudal = It. ciidale, < StTJ. eaiiilalis, < L. cniala, a tail: see cauda.'] I. a. 1. Pertaining to or situated near the tail; having the nature or appearance of a tail, Specifically — 2. In anal., having a position or relation toward the tail when coin- pared with some other part: the opposite of cephalic (-which see). Thus, the neck is a ctiu da I part of the body with reference to the head. caudle See caudad. — 3. In entam., pertaining to or on the end of the abdomen: as, a caudal style; a caudal spot. Caudal fin, the tail-fin, or that at the posterior end of the body. See cut under Jin. — Caudal flexure. SeeJUxun. Ii. h. 1. In ichth., the caudal fin of a fish. — 2. In anal., a caudal or coccygeal vertebra. Abbreviated cd. in ichthyologieal formulas. caudalis (ka-da'lis), n. ; pi. caudales (-lez). [NL. : see caudal.] In ichth., the caudal fin. (iiinthcr, 1859. Caudata (ka-da'ts), n. pi. [NL., neut. pi. of cauilatus : see caudate] In herpek, the tailed or urodele batrachians: same as Urodela : op- posed to Ecaudata or AnuraP. Oppel, 1811. caudatal (ka-da'tal), a. [< caudatum + -al.] Pertaining to the caudatum of the brain. caudate (ka'dat), a. [< NL. caudaius, < L. cau- da, a tail: see. cauda.] 1. Having a tail. — 2. Having a tail-like appendage, (a) In hot., applied to seeds or other organs which have such an appendage. (6) In entam., having a long, tail-like process on the margin, as the posterior wings of many Lepidoptcra, — Caudate lobe of the liver, in Human anat., the Lobus eamlatus, a small elevated band of hepatic substance continued from the under surface of the right lobe to the base of the spigelian lobe. — Caudate nucleus, in anat., the cau- datum or nucleus caudatus, the upper gray ganglion of the corpus striatum, projecting into the lateral ventricle and separated from the lenticular nucleus by the internal capsule. caudated (ka'da-ted), a. Same as caudate. caudation (ka-da'shon), n. [< caudate + -ion.] The condition of having a tail. He really suspected premature caudation had been in- flicted on him for his crimes. C. Reade, Never too Late to Mend, lxxvi. caudatum (ka-da'tuin), ». [NL., neut. (se. L. corpus, body) of caudatus: see emulate.] The caudate nucleus of the striatum or striate body of the brain; a part, of this ganglion distin- guished from the lenticulare. caudex (ka'deks), n. ; pi. caudices, caudexes (-di- sez, -dek-sez). [L., later codex, the stem of a tree: see codex and code.] In oot., as used by early writers, the stem of a tree ; now, the trunk of a palm or a tree-fern covered with the re- mains of leaf -stalks or marked with their scars ; also, frequently, the perennial base of a plant which sends up new herbaceous stems from year to year in place of the old Caudex cerebri, the middle trunk-like portion of the brain, comprising the corpora striata, the thalamencephalon, the mesencepha- lon, the pons, and the medulla oblongata. caudicle (ka'di-kl), n. [= F. eaudieule, < NL. cmnlicula, dim. of L. caudex (caudic-): see cau- dex.] In hot., the stalk attached to the pollen- masses of orchideous plants. caudicula (ka-dik'u-lii), n.; pi. caudiculw (-le). [NL.] Same as caudicle. caudiduct (ka'di-dukt), v. 1. [< L. cauda, tail, + ductus, pp. of duccre, draw: see duct.] To draw toward the tail; retroduct; carry back- ward or caudad. . Secure the arm camlidiicted, so as to stretch the mus- cles. Wilder and Qage, Anat. Tech., p. 231. Caudisona (ka-dis'p-nii), n. [NL. (Laurenti, 1768), < L. cauda, tail. + sanus. sound: see sound 5 , n.] A genus of rattlesnakes: same as Crotalus or Crotalopliorus. caudisonant (ka-dis'o-nant), a. [< L. cauda, tail, + sonan(t-)s, ppr. of sonare, sound: see sound 5 , c] Making a noise with the tail, as a rattlesnake. [Rare.] cauditrunk (ka'di-trunk), ». [< L. cauda, tail, + t/runcus, trunk.] In fishes and pisoiform mam- mals, the combination of the trunk or abdomi- nal portion and the caudal portion, including all the body behind the head. Gill. Caudle (ka'dl). n. [< ME. can, Id. < OF. caudel, eliaudel i F. cliaudeau), a warm drink, dim. from *caud, caul, chaud, chant, chald (F. chaud, dial. caud), warm (of. Sp. Pg. caldo, broth, ML. cali- iluiii. a warm drink), E. chalice, q. v.] 1. A dram ; any small quantity of spirits to be drunk. [Slang.] Take a caulker > ... No? Tak' a drap o' kindness yet for auld langsyne. Kingsley, Alton Locke, xxi. 2. An astonishing falsehood ; a lie. [Slang.] I also took care that she should never afterwards be able to charge me with having told her a real caulker. W. C. Russell, Jack's Courtship, xxxi. cauker 2 (ka'ker), n. Same as calltf. cauking (ka'king), n. In joinery, a dovetail tenon-and-mortise joint used to fasten cross- timbers together: employed in fitting down the beams or other timbers upon wall-plates. E. H. Knight. cauky (ka'M), a. [< cauk' 1 + -y 1 .] Pertaining to cauk; like cauk. Also spelled catchy. caul^kal), ii. [Early mod. E. also call; < ME. calle, kalle (also kelle, > E. hell, q. v.), < OF. cale, a kind of cap; of Celtic origin: cf. Ir. calla = OGael. call, a veil, hood, akin to L. cella, a cell : see cal- lot 1 , calotte, and cell.] 1. In the middle ages, and down to the seventeenth century — (a) A net for confining the hair, worn by women. The proudest of hem alle, That werith on a coverchief or a calle. Chaucer, Wife of Bath's Tale, 1. 162. Her head with ringlets of her hair is crown'd, And in a golden caul the curls are bound. Dryden, .Eneid, vii. (b) More rarely, a head-dress like a flat turban. — 2. Any kind of small net ; a net. An Indian mantle of feathers, and the feathers wrought into a caul of packthread. N. Grew, Museum. The very spider weaves her cauls with more art and cunning to entrap the fly. MiddUton, Mad World, i. l. 3. A popular name for a membrane investing the viscera, such as the peritoneum or part of it, or the pericardium. The caul that is above the liver. Ex. xxix. 13. The caul of their heart. Hos. xiii. S. The reins and the caul. Ray, Works of Creation, ii. 4. In anat., the great or gastrocolic omentum; the large loose fold of peritoneum which hangs like an apron in the abdominal cavity in front of the intestines, depending from the stomach and transverse colon. — 5. A portion of the am- nion or membrane enveloping the fetus, which 867 sometimes encompasses the head of a child when horn. This caul was (and still is by some) sup. posed to betoken greal prosperity tor- the person born with it, and to be an infallible preservative againBt drown is will iis lii iiimnrt tin. iriff of nlnnnniiM During lu a, auu u> no an uuaun.ie preservai ive against arown . i well as to imparl the gift "i i loquence inning i eighteenth century seamen of ten gave fr 150 to L60 a (voil Cauking. Ulg, the eight* for a caul. Von were horn with a eaivl on your head. /;. ./IK1. ehil = Icel. keilir, a wodge.] A form used in gluing veneers lo curved surfaces. It is shaped to-the exact curve or form "i the piece to be veneered, and is clamped against the vei r until the glue has set. cauFt (kal), n. [ME. caulr, < L. caulis, a stalk, stem: see caulis and cole 2 .] 1. A stalk; stem. In esj « wir a u tn make stronge, lake lei f, or i note, or mitf.' of malowe agrest, And boyle it, kest it so thyne wyne amonge. Palladium, Eusbondrie (E. E. T. s.), p. 200. 2. A cabbage. cauld 1 (k.il'l), a. and n. A form representing the Scotcdi pronunciation of cold. cauld'-' (ki'ilil), n. [Also written caul, a dam- head: us ;i verb in tile expression '•caul the bank" of a river, that is, lay a bed of loose stones from the channel backward (Jamieson). Origin obscure.] A dam in a river or other stream; a weir. [Scotch.] cauldrife (kald'rif), a. [= coldrife, q. v.] 1. Chilly;_cold; susceptible to cold. — 2. Without animation : as, a cauldrife sermon. [Scotch.] cauldron, n. See caldron. Caulerpa (ka-ler'pS), ». [NL., < Gr. nav'/dc. (= L. caulis: see caulis), a stalk, + ep-av, creep.] A large genus of green single-celled alga;, pecu- liar to warm climates, and much eaten by sea- turtles. caules, a. Plural of caulis. caulescent (ka-les'ent), a. [= F. caulescent, < L. caulis, a stalk (see caulis), + -escent, as in adolescent, etc.] In hot., having an obvious stem rising above the ground. Also cauliferous. caulicle (ka'li-kl), n. [= F. cauUcule, < L. cauli- culus, also coliculus, dim. of caulis, a stalk: see caulis.'] In hot., a little or rudimentary stem : applied to the initial stem (more frequently but incorrectly called the radicle) in the embryo, to distinguish it from the cotyledons. Also euu- licule and cauliculus. caulicole (ka'li-kol), n. Same as cauliculus, 1. caulicolous (ka-lik'o-lus), a. [< L. caulis, a stalk (see caulis), + colcre, inhabit.] Growing or living upon a stem: as, & caulicolous fungus. Cauliculata (ka-lik-u-la'ta), n. pi [NL., neut. pi. of LL. eauliculatus: see cauliculate.] A sys- tematic name for the black or antipatharian cor- als: synonymous with Antipatharia. Edwards mill liaime, 1850. cauliculate (ka-lik'u-lat), a. [< LL. caulicu- latus, furnished with a stem, < L. cauliculus: see caulicle.] Pertaining to or having the char- acters or quality of the Cauliculata; antipatha- rian, as a coral. caulicule (ka'li-kul), n. Same as cauliculus. cauliculus (ka-lik'u-lus), ».; pi. cauliculi (-li). [L.jdim. of cau- lis, a stalk : see caulis.'] 1. In arch., one of the lesser branches or leaves in the typical Corin- thian capital, springing from the caules or main stalks which support the volutes. They are some- times confounded with the main stalks from which they spring, or with the helices the middle of Detail of Corinthian Capital. A, caulis; B, cauliculus. the sides of the capital. Also caulicQlus, caulicule, and caulicule. 2. In bot., same as caulicle. cauliferous (ka-lif'e-rus), a. [= F. cauUfere, < L. caulis, a stalk, +' ferrc = E. bear 1 .] In hot., same as caulescent. cauliflower (ka'li-flou-er), n. [Earlier colli- flower, colly flory, colieflorie, cole florie, modified, in imitation of E. cole-, L. caulis, and E. /barer, from the F. name choii.r floris or fleuris (Cot- grave): ehoux, pi. of chou — E. cole, cabbage < L. caulis, a cabbage, orig. a stalk (see col,-. caulis); floris, fleuris, pp. pi. of florir, later caup fleurir, flourish: see flourish. The present F. Conn is choufleur = Sp. colijlor — I'g- eoiinjlor = It. enrol Jiorr, lit. ' ooh Ih >u i r ' : see Cole 2 and tloirer.] A garden variety of Brassien ole raced, or cabbage, I lie inflorescence of which is condensed while young into a depressed fleshy head, which is highly esteemed as a vegetable. Cauliflower excrescence, epithelial cancer of the mouth ..f the uterus. Cauliflower wig. 8ei wig. cauliform (ka'li-fftrm), a. [< L. caulis, a stalk, + j'oi i, in, form.] In bot., having the form of a stem. cauligenous (ka-lij'e-nus), «. [< L. caulis, a stalk, + -gi Has. -producing, -borne: see -ge- iious.] In but., borne upon the stem. caulinary (ka'li-na-ri), n. [< cauline + -ary; = F. eiiulinaire = Sp. eanliniirio.] In hot., be- longing to the stem: specifically applied to stipules which are attached to the stem and free from the base of tin' petiole. cauline (ka'lin), a. [< L. as if "caul in us, < Gr. hin'/iriu; < hnr/nr, a stalk, stem: see caulis.] In hot., of or belonging to a stem: as, cauline leaves. When ubro-vascular bundles are formed in the stem having no connection with the leaves, they are termed l»y Na-eii cauline bundles. Sachs, Botany (trans.), p. 134. caulis (ka'lis), ii.; pi. caules (-lez). [L., also colis |> E. cole-, q. v.), < Gr. kov'/oc, a stalk, a stem.] 1. In arch., one of the main stalks or leaves which spring from between the acanthus- leaves of the second row on each side of the typical Corinthian capital, and are earned up to support the volutes at the angles. Compare cauliculus, 1. — 2. In bot., the stem of a plant. caulk, >: t. See calk 1 . caulker 1 , n. Seo calker 1 . caulker 2 , «. See cauker 1 . caulking 1 , n. See calking 1 . caulking 2 , ». See calking". caulocarpic (ka-lo-kiir'pik), a. [As caulocarp- ous + -ic] Same as caulocarpous. caulocarpous (ka-lo-kar'pus), a. [= F. caulo- carpe, < Gr. tcavMe. (= L. caulis), a stem, + aapirdc, fruit.] In bot., bearing fruit repeatedly upon the same stem: applied to such plants as have perennial stems. caulome (ka'lom), n. [< Gr. Kavldc;, a stem: see caulis and cole 2 .] In bot., the stem or stem- like portion of a plant ; the stem-structure or axis. caulophyllin (ka-lo-fil'in), «. [< CaulpphyUum + w» 2 .] A resinous substance precipitated by water from the tincture of the plant Caulo- plu/lluni thalictroides. Caulophyllum ( ka-lo-fil'um), n. [NL., < Gr. mvMr (= L. caulis), stem, stalk, + QiMov = L. folium, leaf.] A genus of plants, natural order Berber itinera; including one North American and two Asiatic species, perennial tuberous- rooted herbs, bearing usually a single leaf and a raceme of flowers, succeeded by blue berries. The American species, C. thalictroides, known as blue cohosh, is reputed to have medicinal an'operties. aulopteris (ka-lop'te-ris), n. [NL., < Gr. hue'/ uc, a stem, + wre/iir, a fern, < irrtp6v, awing, = E. feather.] One of the generic names given by fossil-botanists to fragments of the trunks of tree-ferns characterized by the forms of the impressions, or sears, as they are called, mark- ing the place where the petioles were attached, found in the Devonian and in the coal-mea- sures. In Caulapteria these sears are ovate or elliptical, and their inner disk is usually marked by linear bands, which, however, are sometimes effaced by impressions of the rootlets. StemmatvpterU ami Megaphyton are forms closely allied to Caulopteria, differing ti that gi n us only in some slight and uncertain details in the form and ar- rangement of the scars. caumat (ka'mii), n. [LL., < Gr. rai'/m. heat: see calm 1 .] In med., heat; inflammation; fever: a word formerly used in the designation of vari- ous diseases, especially those exhibiting inflam- mation and fever, as eanina plmritis, pleurisy; riniiiin podagricum, gout; but also cauma hce- iiinriliiigiciim, so-called active hemorrhage. caumatict (ka-mat'ik), a. [< eauma(t-) + -ic] In med., of the nature of cauma. caunter, caunter-lode (kan'ter, -lod), n. [Dial. var. of eountcr(-lode).] Same as COunti r-lode. caup 1 (kap), v. t. [E. dial. var. of cheap, v., after Icel. kaupa, buy or sell, bargain, = D. koojirn, buy, etc.: see cheap, v.] To exchange. [North. Eng.] There is a wonderful sameness about the diet on hoard a smack, but the quantity consumed is prodigious. It certainly is sometimes a little varied by kauping, or ex- changing en hoard of passing ships, ami occasional par- eels by the carrier. Quoted in A', and Q. t 7th ser., IV. 166. caup caup 2 (kap), ». [Same as cap*, q. v.] A cup or wooden bowl. [Scotch.] caup t ■ Sl ''' amp 1 . cauponatet (ka'po-nat), v. i. [< h. caupona- tus, pp. of cauponari, traffic, < caupo(n-), a petty tradesman, huckster, innkeeper. See cheap.} To keep a viotualing-house or an inn; hence, to engage in petty trafficking; huckster, cauponationt (ka-po-na'shon), n. [< L. as if 'ci,; . < cduponatus: see cauponate.] Low trafficking; huckstering. Better it were t.. havea deformity In preaching, so that some would preach the truth oJ God, and that which Is to be preached, with ; adulteration ol the word than to have such a uniformity that t pie should be thereby occasioned to continue still in : lamentable Ignorance. .. latimer, Sermons and Remains, u. 847. Ishall now trace and expose their corruptions and com i the gospel. Bentley. cauponizet (ka'po-niz), v.i. [< L. caupon(ari) + -!-,. See cauponate.} To sell wine or vict- uals. The rich rogues who cauponized to the armies in Ger- ii ,. burton, To Hurd, Letters, dxxi. caurale (ka'ral), ». A name of the sun-bittern, Eurypyga ht lias. Also called carle. Caurus > ka'rus), ». [L., also Varus, the north- west wind; prob. for "scaiirns = Goth, skura, a rm (skura inn, lis. a storm of wind), = AS. relatedto L.o&scSros, obscure: set showi and obscure.] The classical name of the northwest wind, which in Italy is a stormy one. A Bwifte wynde that heyhte Chorus. Chaucer, lSoetliiiis, i. meter 3. round by piercing Caurus sear'd. Tlnimson, Castle of Indolence, st. 76. causable (ka'za-bl). «. [< cause + -able.'] Ca- pable of being caused, produced, or effected. For thai may be miraculously effected in one which is naturally causable in another. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., iii. 21. causal (ka'zal), a. and n. [= F. Pr. Sp. Pg. runs, 1 1 — It. causale, < h. causa lis, < causa, cause: Bee cause, ».] I. a. 1. Constituting or being a cause; producing effects or results; causative; creative : as, causal energy. In quietness yield thy soul to the causal soul. Itarg. Fuller, Woman in 19th Cent., p. 20. 2. Kelating to a cause or causes; implying or containing a cause or causes; expressing a cause. Causal propositions are where two propositions are joined by causal words, as . . . that ... or ... be- Watts, Logic. Causal definition, a definition which expresses thecauses essentia] to the existence ol the thing defined. II. ". In arn <«., a word that expresses a cause, or introduces a reason. causalgia (ka-zal'ji-a), n. [NL., < Gr. mva6c, burning, + afyog, pain.] In patltol., an intense burning pain. causality (ka-zal'i-ti), «.; pi. causalities (-tin). [= F. causaliU = Sp. causalidad = Pg. causali- ilmii — it. causdlita, < L. as if "causalitas, < causali}, causal: see causal."] 1. That which constitutes a cause; the activity of causing; the character of an event as causing. As he created all things, bo is he beyond and in them all. in his very essence, as being the bouI of. their caw oft ties, and the essential cause of their existences. Sir "/'. Browne, Vulg. Err. 2. The relation of cause to effect, or of effect to cause; the law or principle that nothing can hap i' ome into existence without a cause, lair ill' causation, under causation. Although, then, the law of causality permits us to say that lor every given event then ' events from which it must follow, it dues not permit ns to say what Adam an, Philos. of Kant. 3. In phren., the faculty, localized in an or- gan or division of the brain, to which is attrib- ute.! the tracing of effects to their causes. — Principle of causality. See law of causation, under eau>" causally (ka'zal-i), adv. As a cause; accord- ing to the order of causes; by tracing effects Sir I . /■'< o ■' 111 ' iK-easystem of Kant. causalty (ka'zal-ti), n. [Origin uncertain.] In minimi, the lighter, earthy parts of ore carried off b causation (ka-za'shon), n. [< cause, v., + -alimi ; = V. ca the deflected 91 i cuse,' ml. also 'control i plead, pn ■ " or producing; theprinci -ality: I he relation of cause to effect, or of effect to cause. 868 In contemplating the scries of causes which are them- selves the effects oi other causes, we are necessarily led to assume a Supreme ' lause in the order of causation, as we assume a Fust Cause in thi ordi i oi succession. Whewell, Nov. Org. Renovatum, III. x. g 7. Physics knows nothing of causation except that It is the invariable and unconditional sequence of one event upon another. ■'• Fiske, Cosmic Philos., 1. 127. An adequate consciousness of causation yields the ir- i,i, beliel that from the most serious to the most trivial actions nf men in society there must flow cms,. quenccs which, quite apart from legal agency, conduce to well-being or ill-being in greater or smaller degree. H. Spencer, Data of Ethics, § 19. Law of causation, or principle of causality, the law or doctrine that every event is the result or sequel of some previous event or events, without which it could not have taken place, and which being present it must take place, causationism (ka-za'shon-izm), n. [< causa- tion + -ism.] The theory or law of causation. Bee causation. causationist (ka-za'shon-ist), n. [< causa- tion + -ist.] A believer in the law of causa- tion. All successful men have agreed in one thing,— they were causationists. They believed that things went not by luck, but by law. Emerson, Power. causative (ka'za-tiv), a. and n. [=F. causatif = Sp. Pg. It. causaUvo, < L. caiisatirus, causa- tive, pertaining to a lawsuit, accusative, < cau- sa, cause: see cause, n.} I. a. 1. Effective as a cause or an agent ; causal. The notion of a Deity doth expressly signify a being . . . potential or causative of all beings beside itself. Bp. Pearson, Expos, of Creed, i. 2. In gram., expressing causation: as, a causa- tive verb: for example, to fell (cause to fall), to set (cause to sit) ; the causative conjugation of a verb, such as is common in Sanskrit. Also sometimes applied to the case by which cause is expressed, as the Latin ablative. II. n. A form of verb or noun having causa- tive value. causatively (ka'za-tiv-li), adv. In a causative manner. causativity (ka-za-tiv'i-ti), h. [< causative + -iti/.] The state or quality of being causative. causatort (ka-za'tor), ». [Cf. ML. causator, a party to a suit ; < L. causare, cause.] One who causes or produces an effect. The invisible condition of the first causator. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err. cause (kaz), n. [< ME. cause, < OF. cause, also cose, a cause, a thing (F. cause, a cause, chose, a thing: see chose' 2 ), = Pr. causa = Sp. It. causa, cosa = Pg. causa, cousa, coisa, < L. causa, also spelled caussa, a cause, reason, in ML. also a thing; origin uncertain. See accuse, excuse.] 1. That by the power of which an event or thing is ; a principle from which an effect arises ; that upon which something depends per se ; in general, anything which stands to something else in a real relation analogous to the mental relation of the antecedent to the consequent of a conditional proposition. Nominalist philoso- phers commonly hold that every effect is the result not of one but of many causes (see total cause, below); but the usual doctrine is that, the effect is an abstract ele- ment of a thing or event, while the cause is an ab- stract element of an antecedent event. Four kinds of causes are recognized by Aristotelians : the material, formal, efficient, and final cause. Material cause is that which gives being to the thing, the matter by the de- termination of which it is constituted ; formal cause, that which gives the thing its characteristics, the form or determination by which the matter becomes the thing ; ejti- dent cause, an external cause preceding its effect in time, and distinguished from material and formal cause by being external to that which it causes, and from the end or final cats, in being that by which something is made or done, and not merely that for the sake of which it is in.i'I' oi ili.in ; ininl ,■>,<< e, an external cause following after that which it determines (called the means), the cud for which the effect exists. Other divisions of causes are as follows : subordinate or seco7id cause, one which is itself caused by something else; first cause, that which is not caused by anything else; proximate or immediate cuise, one between which and the effect no other cause intervenes, or, in lute, thai from which the effect might lie expected to follow without flu' concurrence of any un- usual circumstances ; remote cause, the opposite of proxi- mate causes total cause, the aggregate of all the ante- cedents which suffice to bring about the event; partial something which tends to bring about an effect, but onh in conjunction with other causes; emanative cause, that which by its mere existence determines the died , , that which brings about the effect by an action or operation, termed the causation; immanent that which brings about some effect within if self, .' Hie mind calling up an image; transient cause, that whose effect lief out eh- Itself ifree cause, that which is sen determined and tree to act or not act; opposed to arij cause; principal cause, thai upon which the effect mainly depends; instrumental cause, a cause sub- ei to the principal cause. The above are the chief dl Unctions ol the Aristotelians, The physicians, follow- G d< " recognized three kinds of causes, the proca- tared, !■,■", hi ut, , ,,, I mid simectie. The procatarctic cause is an antecedent condition of things outside of the princi- cause pal cause, facilitating the production of the effect; the proegumenal cause is that within the principal cause which either predisposes or directly excites it to action; ami the synectic, containing, or continent cause is the es- sen, e of tic disease itself considered as the cause of the symptoms; thus typhoid fever might be referred to as ilu continent cause of ocher-stools or a quickened pulse. < ithcr varieties are the occasional cause (see occastonalismy, moral cause, the person inciting the agent to action ; ob- jective cms,', the ideas which excite the imagination of the agent ; and suficient cause, one which BUffices to bring about the effect (see sufficient reason, under reason). In virtue of his character as knowing, therefore, we are entitled to say that man is, according to a certain well- defined meaning of the term, a free cause. T. II. (./'it'll. Prolegomena to Ethics, § 74. Cause is the condensed expression of the factors of any phenomenon, the effect being the fact itself. G. II. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, II. v. § 19. Of these two senses of the word cause, viz., that which brings a thing to be, and that on which a thing under given circumstances follows, the former is that of which our experience is the earlier and more intimate, being suggested to us by our consciousness of willing and doing. J. II. Newman, Gram, of Assent, p. 65. Specifically — 2. An antecedent upon which an effect follows according to a law of nature ; an efficient cause. The common conception of a cause, as producing an effect similar to itself at a later time and without essential reference to any third factor, is at vari- ance with the established principles of mechanics. Two SHCees.-iVe J)i isi t io||S of :i systelll III II -t lie kllUWIl, 111 ,'uMl tion to the law of the force, before a position can be pre- dicted ; but the common idea of a cause is that of a single antecedent determining a consequent of the same nature. Moreover, the action of a force is strictly con- temporaneous with it and conies to an end with it ; and no known law of nature coordinates events separated by an interval of time. 3. The reason or motive for mental action or decision; ground for action in general. I have full cause of weeping; but this heart Shall break into a hundred thousand flaws, Or ere I'll weep. Shak., Lear, ii. 4. This was the only Funeral Feast that ever I was at among them, and they gave me cause to remember it. Dampier, Voyages, II. i. 92. 4. In law, a legal proceeding between adverse parties ; a case for judicial decision. See case 1 , 5. Hear the causes between your brethren, and judge right- eously between every man and his brother, and the stran- ger that is with him. Deut. i. 16. Remember every ca use Stands not on eloquence, but stands on laws. Story, Advice to a Young Lawyer. 5. In a general sense, any subject of question or debate ; a subject of special interest or con- cern; business; affair. What counsel give you ill this weighty cause ? Shak., 2 Hen. VI., iii. 1. The cause craves haste. Shak., Lucrece, 1. 1295. I think of her whose gentle tongue All plaint in her own cause controll'd. .1/. A mold, A Southern Night. 6. Advantage; interest; sake. I did it not for his cause that had done the wrong. 2 Cor. vii. 12. 7. That side of a question which an individual or party takes up ; that object to which the efforts of a person or party are directed. They never fail who die In a great cause. Byron, Marino Faliero, ii. 2. A cause which is vigorous after centuries of defeat is a cause baffled but not hopeless, beaten but not .subilued. G. II. Lewes, Probs. of Life and Mind, I. i. § 7. Cause of action, in law, the situation or state of facts which entitles a party to sustain an action ; a right of recovery.— Country cause, in /'.'";'. 07/"' pi;it'iir,',:i suit against a defendant residing more than twenty miles from London.— Degrading causes, in oeul. See degrading. — Entitled in the cause. See entitle.— Fallacy of false cause. See fallacy.— For cause, for a legally sufficient reason : as, sonic officers arc not removable ex- cept fin- cnuse (used in contradistinction to at pleasure). — Matrimonial causes. See matrimonial. — Onerous cause. See onerous.- Probable cause (used with ref- erence to criminal prosecutions), such a state of facts and circumstances as would lead a man of ordinary caution and prudence, acting conscientiously, impartially, reason- ably, and without prejudice, upon the facts within his knowledge, to believe that the person accused is guilty.— The First Cause, Qod. Seeaef. l, above.— To make common cause with, to join with for the attainment of some object ; side with strongly ; aid and support. she found 1 was a devil and no man,— Made common cause with those who found as much. Browning, Ring and Hook, I. 613. To show cause, to present a reason : as, an order of court requiring a person to show cause why lie .should not be punished for contempt. — Town cause, in Eng. Inial pro, 'tier, a soil against a defendant residing not more than twenty miles from London. cause (kaz), r. '; prot. and pp. consul, ppr. caus- iui/. [< ME. causcn = F. causer = Sp. Pg. causar = It. causare, cause (of. L. causar i, give as a rea- son, pretend, ML. causare, litigate, plead, > F. causer, etc., talk: see causcuse); from the noun: sec cause, n.] I. trans. 1. To act as a cause or agent in producing; effect; bring about; be the occasion of. cause They caused great joy unto nil the brethren. Acts xv. 3. You cannot guess who caused your father's death. Shak., Rich. III., ii. 2. July does not cause August, though it Invariably pre- cedes it. J. Fiike, Cosmic Philos., i 154. 2. To make ; force ; compel : with an infinitive after the object: as, the storm caused Mm to seek shelter. 1 will cause him to fall by the sword. 2 Ki. xix. 7. Ami so ever ony Sarazin comyth by that Sepulcre he cast a Btonne ther att with grctt violence ami Displte in cause the seyd Absolou pursued hys father, king David, and cause byra to flee. Torkington, Diarie of Eng. Travell, p. 28. II. t iii trans. To show cause ; give reasons. But he, to shifte their curious request, Gan causal why she could not come in place Spenser, F. Q., III. ix. 26. causefult (kaz'ful), a. [< cause + -fid, 1.] Hav- ing a real or sufficient cause. Spenser. Wail thyself! and wail with causefull tears. Sir p. Sidney, in Arber's Eng. Garner, I. 550. causeless (kaz'les), a. [< cause + -less.] 1. Having no cause or producing agent; self- originated; uncreated. Reach the Almighty's sacred throne, And make hiseawefM^powerthe cause of all things known. Sir R. Blackmore, * Ireation. 2. Without just ground, reason, or motive : as, causeless hatred; causeless fear. Your causeless hate to me I hope is buried. Beati. aiul Fl., Maid's Tragedy, i. 2. Causeless wars that never had an aim. William Morris, Earthly Paradise, III. 332. causelesst (kaz ' les), adv. Without cause. Chaucer. causelessly (kaz'les-lil, adc. In a causeless mauner; without cause or reason. Carelessly and causelessly neglect it. Jer. Taylor, Repentance, x. § 4. causelessness (kaz'les-nes), n. [< causeless + -rem.] The state of being causeless. causer (ka'zer), re. One who or that which causes ; the agent or act by which an effect is produced. Is not the causer of the timeless deaths Of these Plantagenets . . . As blameful as the executioner? Shak., Rich. III., i. 2. causeuse (ko-zez'), re. [F., prop. fern, of caw- sew, talkative, a talker, < causer, talk: see cause, )'. <'.] A small sofa or settee for two per- sons. causeway, causey (kaz'wa, ka'zi), n. [Prop. causey (the form causeway, < ME. cawcewey, cawcy wey (Prompt. Parv. ), being a popular per- version, in simulation of way, a road), early mod. E. also causay, eoasay, < ME. cauci. Icauce, caicse, cawsee, also cauchie, cawchie, < OF. *cau- cie, cauchie, cauchiee, chaucie, F. chaussee = Pr. eaussada = Sp. calzada, < ML. ealceata, rarely calciata (also calcea, calceia, after the OF. form), a paved road (sc. L. via, a way, road ; cf. E. street, ult. < LL. strata (sc. L. via), a paved road), prop. fern, of *caleeatus, *calciatus, pp. of *cedceare, calciare, pave, make a road or causeway (Pg. calcar, pave; cf. OF. cauchier, chancier, traverse a road), < L. calx (cale-, calci-), limestone, lime, chalk, the verb having refer- ence to the use of broken limestone, and, appar. in a more general application, of any broken stone, or of gravel (cf. L. dim. calculus, a pebble, gravel, calculosus, calculous, gravelly), or less prob. to the use of lime or mortar, in making such roads: see calx, chalk, calculus. The verb is by some identified with L. calceare, also cal- ciare (>OF. cauchier, caucher, cancer, V. cliausser = Pr. caussar = Sp. calzar = Pg. calcar = It. calzarc), shoe, provide with shoes, < L. calceus, a shoe : see ca/ceate. Causeway, being now known to be a false form, is beginning to be avoided by some writers.] 1. A road or path raised above the natural level of the ground by stones, earth, timber, fascines, or the like, serving as a dry passage over wet or marshy ground, over shallow water, or along the top of an embankment. At the foote of the castell was the maras, depe on alle sides, and ther-to was noon entre saf a litill cawchie that was narowe and straite of half a myle of lengthe. Merlin (E. E. T. S.), iii. 380. Such are the making and repayringuf Bridges, Caujeyes, Conduits to conuey water to their Hospitalls or Temples. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 297. It is strange to see the chargeable pavements and cause- ways in the avenues and entrances of towns abroad be- yond the seas. Bacon, Charge upon the Commission for the Verge. The other way Satan went down The causey to hell-gate. Milton, P. E., x. 415. 809 A narrow girdle of rough stones and crags, A rude and natural causeway, interposed Between the water and a winding slope of copse and thicket. II ordsworth, Naming of Places, iv. The old and ponderous trunks of prostrate trees That lead from knoll to knoll a causey rude. Bryant, Entrant e to a W I 2. A sidewalk, orpatli at (lie side of a street or road raised above the carriageway.- Crown of the causey. See crown, — Giant's Causeway, a prom- ontory of columnar basalt covering targe flat areas on the coast of Antrim, in the north of Ireland, where the for- mations are llncly displayed in the close littiug hexagonal pillars, distinctly marked, and varying in diameter from 16 to 20 inches, with a height of 2o feet in some places. See basalt, causeway, causey (kaz'wa, ka'zi), v. t. [< causeway, causey, n.] To provide with :i cause- way ; pave, as a road or street, with blocks of stono. The white worn stones which causewayed the middle of the path. Charlotte Bronte, .lane Eyre, xii. causey, ». and r. See causeway. causia (k&'sia), n. [< Gr. xavata, < xala, navaic.] A broad-brimmed felt hat, with a very low crown, or sometimes no distinct crown, form- ing part of the national costume of the ancient Macedonians and of related peoples, as the Illyrians. it was worn by kings, dyed purple and sur- rounded by a white or gold embroidered diadem in the form of a narrow band, of which the fringed ends hung down at the back. The kausia . . . had a very broad brim and a very low crown, and belonged to the Macedonian, .Etolian, Illyrian, and also perhaps Thessalian costume. C. a. MUUer, Manual of Archasol. (trans.), § 338. causid (ka'sid), >i. A snake of the family Cau- sidee. Causidae (ka'si-de), re. /)/. [NL., < Causus + -a he.] A family of solenoglyph Ophidia, typified by the genus Causus, having the maxillary bone not excavated, the poison-fang grooved in front, and a postfrontal bone present. The genera be- sides Causus are Heterophis and Dinodipsas. They are venomous serpents, most nearly related to the Viperklce or vipers. causidical (ka-sid'i-kal), a. [< LL. causidicalis, < L. causidicus, an advocate or pleader, < causa, a cause, + din re, say.] Pertaining to an advo- cate, or to pleading or the defense of suits. caussont, n. Same as cavezon. caustic (kas'tik), a. and n. [= F. caustique = Sp. ctiusticti — Pg. caustieo = It. caustico, < L. causticus, < Gr. navcri/idc, caustic, corrosive, ca- pable of burning, < Kauordf, verbal adj. of naietv, burn: see calmX, cauma, causus, and cf. encaus- tic.] I. a. 1. Capable of burning, corroding, or destroying the tissue of animal substances. See causticity. — 2. Figuratively, severely crit- ical or sarcastic; cutting: as, a caustic remark. Let their humour be never so caustic. Smollett, Humphrey Clinker. Those illusions of fancy which were at length dispelled by the caustic satire of Cervantes. Prescott, Ferd. and Isa., Int. Caustic alcohol, barley, etc. See the nouns.— Caustic curve, in math. See II., 3.— Caustic potash, potassium hydrate, KOII, a hard, white, brittle substance, easily solu- ble in water and deliquescent in air. It is a strong base, forming stable crystalline compounds with all acids. It is a powerful caustic, quickly destroying animal and vegeta- ble tissues. Caustic potash is used in medicine as a cau- tery, and in numberless ways in the arts, as a detergent, as a base for making salts of potash, and in the manufac- ture of soap. — Caustic soda, sodium hydrate, NaOH, a white, brittle solid, having much the same chemical and physical properties as caustic potash, and similar uses in lie aits. The soaps made with caustic soda are hard; those made with caustic potash are soft. = Syn. 2. Stinging, pungent, acrid, sarcastic. II. ii. 1. In nail., any substance which burns, corrodes, or disorganizes the tissues of animal structures; an escharotic. — 2. Figuratively, something pungent or severely critical or sar- castic. See causticity. Your hottest causticks. B.Jonson, Elegy on Lady Pawlet. When we can endure the caustics and correctives of our spiritual guides, in those things in which we are most apt to please ourselves, then our obedience is regular and humble. Jer. Taylor, Work, i, .1. 1- ;:,), I. causticity of tongue. (George Eliot, Mill on the Floss, i. 7. causticnesst (kas'tik-nes), re. The quality of being caustic; causticity. caustify (kas'ti-fl), t'. t. ; pret. and pp. causti- fied, ppr. canst ifyimi. [< caustic: see -fy.] To render caustic; convert into caustic. For exam- ple, soda ash or carbonate of soda is caustilied by boiling with milk of lime, which removes the carbonic acid and converts the sodium into caustic soda causus (ka'sus), n. [NL., < Gr. navaoc, burning heat, causus, < tcaieiv, burn. Cf. cauma.] 1. In mcd., a highly ardent fever. — 2. [cap.] In lierpet., the typical genus of Causidw. J. Wag- ler. cautelt (ka'tel), ». [= Sc. cautele, < ME. cautel, cautele, < OF. cautele = F. cautele = Pr. Sp. Pg. It. cautela, < L. caulelu, caution, precaution, < cautus, pp. of cavcre, take heed: see caution.] 1. Caution; wariness; prudence. But in all things this cautel they use, that a less pleasure hinder not a bigger; and that the pleasure be no cause of displeasure, which they think to follow of necessity, if the pleasure be unhonest. Robinson, tr. of Sir T. More's Utopia, ii. 7. 2. Subtlety; craftiness; cunning; deceit; fraud. Thus 3oure cautcll to the comoune hath combred 30U all. Itieliartl tin licdcless, i. 78. No soil, nor cautel, doth besmirch The virtue of his will. Shak., Hamlet, i. 3. 3. Eccles., a detailed caution or written direc- tion concerning the proper manner of celebrat- ing the holy communion. cautellyt, adv. [ME. cautely; < cautel + -ly-.] Cautiously. Make a crye, and cautely thou call. York Plays, p. 328. cauteloust (ka'te-lus), a. [< ME. cauteiaus = F. cauteleux = Pr. cautelns = Sp. Pg. cautelOSO, < ML. cautelosus, < L. cautela: see cautel and -mis.] 1. Cautious; wary; provident: as, "cau- telous though young," Drayton, Queen Margaret. Mar. Danger stands sentinel: Then 111 retire. (Jer. We must be cauteiaus. Middleton, Family of Love, ii. 4. My stock being small, no marvel 'twas soon wasted; But you, without the hast doubt or suspicion, If cautelous, may make bold with your master's. Massinger, City Madam, ii. 1. Swear priests, and cowards, and men cautelous, old feeble carrions, and such suffering souls That welcome wrongs. Shak., J. C, ii. 1. 2. Cunning; treacherous; wily. They are (for the most part) soe cautelous and wylye- headed, specially being men of soe small experience and practize in lawe matters, that you would wonder whence they borrowe such subtiltyes and slye shiftes. Spenser, state of Ireland. cautelouslyt (ka'te-lus-li), atlc. 1. Cautiously; warily. — 2. Cunningly: slyly; craftily. cautelousnesst (ka'te-lus-nes), ". Cautious- ness ; prudence. These two great Christian virtues, cautelousness, repen- tance. Halts, Golden Remains, p. 254. cautert (ka'ter), it. [LL., < Gr. Kavrqp, a sear- ing-iron, < Kaictv, burn.] A searing-iron. Miit- sheu. cauterant (ka'ter-ant), >i. [For *cant< riant, < ML. cauteriaii(t-)s, ppr. of cauteriare, cauter- ize: see cauterise. - ] A cautery; a caustic. cauterisation, cauterise. See cauterization, cautt rise. cauterism (ka'ter-izm), n. [< cautery + -ism. Cf. cauterize.] The application of a cautery. cauterization (kA/ter-i-za'shgn), n. [< cauter- ize + -ation ; = F. cauterisation = Pr. eauteri- zacio = Sp. eaiitcrizaciuii = Pg. mutt rizacdo = It. cautcrizzazioiie.] 1. In sun/., the act of cau- terizing or searing some morbid part by the ap- plication of a hot iron, or of caustics, etc. — 2. The effect of the application of a cautery or caustic. Also spelled cauterisation. cauterize cauterize (ka'ter-iz \ v. t. \ pret. and pp. cauter- ized, ppr. ./■ [= F. cautertser = Pr. i =Sp. Pg.ca«ter»sor=It. canter, < ML. <■■■ Gr. cauterize, searing-iron: see ■ ry.] 1. To burn or sear with lire or ;i bol iron, or with eaustios, as morbid flesh. Fugitive slaves are mark* I [with burning .lee. I tyloi , w orks (ed. 1835) ii the j.L^t i .1 had beei that it had I the wound infl ball. Dutch Republic, 111. 589. 2. To sear, in :i figurative sense. I Burton, Anat. ol MeL, p. 195. Themorecaui the less is the fear of hell. Jer. i ■ Bolj Dying, i. 603. Also spelled eauU ris< . cautery ka'tei pi. cauteries (-iz). [= F. cauten = i'r. cauteri=8p. Pg. It. cauterio,< L. cauterium, < Gr. a branding-iron, a brand, dim. of mvryp, a branding-iron, a iwfer.] 1. A burning or searing, : morbid flesh, by a hot iron or by caustic bstanees thai burn, corrode, or destroy the solid parts of an animal body. The burning bj a hot i: ; actual cautery; that by caustic medi- lial cautery. His discoutses, like Jonathan's arrows, mayshoot short, or shoot over, but not wound where they should, nor open those humours that need :i lancet or :i cautery. Jer. Taylor, Works led. 1835), I. 586. The mad bite Must have the cautery. Tennyson, Queen Mary. iii. 4. 2. The instrument or drug employed in cauter- izing. -Corrigan's cautery, same as Corrigan's but- ton (which see, under iiotion). -Galvanic cautery, an Instrument for cauterizing which is heated by the passage through it of an electric current, cautery-electrode (ka'ter-i-e-lek*trod), n. A nam.' applied to any of the various forms of wires and bands of platinum which constitute the heated and cauterizing part of a galvanic cautery. cauting-iron (ka'ting-Fern), n. [Appar. short for cautering- or cantt rizing-iron. See canter.] A si aring-iron. E. H. Knight. caution (k&'shon), n. [< ME. aim-ion. cauoioun , 7) = F. caution = Pr. cautto = Sp. cau- dal = Pg. cauc&o = It. cauzione (cf. D. cautie = G. caution = Dan. Sw. Laotian, chiefly in le- gal senses), < L. eautio(n-), caution, precaution, security, bond, warranty, < cautus, pp. of m- . be on one's guard, take heed, look out, beware, ult. = AS. sectarian, look at, behold, E.ahow: see show.] 1. Prudence in regard to danger; wariness, consisting in a careful at- tention to probable and possible results, and a judicious course of conduct to avoid failure or 'i i .ister. I" the after I we walked out to see the City. But we thought tit, before we enter'd, t" get License of the ' rn .in and to p] ne.'fil with all citi'tinn. Maundrell, Aleppo t" Jerusalem, p. 134. first thing I did at Alexandria was to pace round the "alls, aad take the bearings; which I did with so much caution, thai I tl ght I could only have been ob- served by the Janizarj that atti nded me. Pococke, Descripti il the East, I. 3. 2. Anything intended or serving to induce wari- ness; a warning given either by word of mouth or in any other way ; monitory advice. In \\a> ol eauUon, I must tell you, \ "" : ■ land yourself so clearly As it behooves my daughter and .van' honor. Soak., Hamlet, i. 3. Indulge, my son, the cautions oi the wise. Pop Odyssey, xxiii. 114. 3t. Provision or security against something; pro\cl. ni care; precaution. tn di pile of all the rules and caui ument, most dangerous and mortal oi vice n 111 - ome ofl Sir /' 4. In recent Eng. law, a written warning or a1 filed with the registrar of land-titles dealings with the land without notice to the cautioner, or person who (ilea the warn ing.— 5. Security; guaranty; pledge; bail. [Now confined to Scotch law.] majesty Burnt 1 nl uted. V'/.e 6. A person who gives rety; a . renounced ka'zhon, as also in sense 5.] h toi Caution [or lam's // 7t. Bond; bill. l: ' k tifti. 870 8. Something to excite alarm or astonishment; something extraordinary: absolutely or with some fanciful addition; as. t lie way they scat- i Bred was a caution to snakes. [Slang.] — Bond of caution. See bond*. = Syn. 1. Forethought, forecast, heed, vigilance, watchfulness, circumspection. 2. Admonition. caution (ka'shon), v. t. [< caution, ».] To give notice of danger to ; warn ; exhort to take heed. Y'ou cautioned me against their charms. Swift. cautionary I ka'shon-a-ri), a. and n. [< caution + -ari/; = P. caulmunairc = Sp. Pg. caucio- nar.] I. a. 1. Containing a caution, or warn- ing to avoid danger: as, cautionary advice. You will see that these ways are made cautionary enough. Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress, ii. Waved his unoccupied hand with a cautionary gesture to his companions. Barham, Ingoldsby Legends, I. 14S. 2. Given as a pledge or in security. Has the enemy no cautionary towns and seaports, to give us for seeming trade? Swift, Conduct of the Allies. Cautionary town, a town the control and revenues of which are granted by the government to a foreign power tn secure the payment of a debt or the performance of an ob- ligation ; notably, certain strongholds in the .Netherlands which were thus pledged to the English crown in the time of Elizabeth, particularly the cities of Flushing, Uriel, and Rammekens, And it is resolved that it [a benevolence raised for the crown in Devon] shall only be employed for the payment of his debts, as namely for Ireland, the Navy, and the Cautionary Towns in the Low Countries; and so, leaving the carriage of this business to your discretions and wis- doms, we bid you heartily farewell. Letter from the Lords in Council of Jam* ■ I By the treaty of peace between James and Philip III., although the king had declared himself bound by the treaties made by Elizabeth to deliver up the cautionary luifns to no one but the United States, he promised Spain to allow those States a reasonable time to make peace with the Archdukes. Motley, John of Barneveld, II. 67. II. v. Same as cauUonry. cautioner (ka/shon-er), ii. 1. One who cau- tions or advises. — 2. In recent Eng. line, one who files a caution with the registrar of land- titles. See caution, n., 4. — 3. [Generally pro- nounced ka'zhpn-er.] In Scots taw, the person who is bound for another to the performance of an obligation. cautionizet (ka'shon-iz), v. t. [< caution + -izc] To promote caution in ; make prudent ; place under security or guaranty. The captaine of the Janissaries rose and slew the Bul- lae, and gave his daughter in marriage to one Asian Begh ... of a bordering province, to cautionize that part. Continuation of Knolles, 1414 (Ord MS.). caution-money (ka'shon-mun"i), h. Money deposited as security ; specifically, a sum paid as security by a student on his matriculation in an English university. The genteel amercements of a young man of fashion in a silver tankard or his caution money ought not, in any wise, to be considered as part of his education. Remarks on the Sixpence of Education, 1788. Cautionry (ka'shon-ri), n. [< caution + -ry.] In Scots law, the act of giving security for an- other ; the promise or contract of one, not for himself, but for another. Also written cau- tionary. cautious (ka'shus), a. [< caution, on type of ambitious, < ambition, etc.; the older E. adj. was cautelous, q. v., and the L. adj. is cautus, prop. pp. of carcrc, take heed. Sic caution.] 1. Possessing or exhibiting caution ; attentive to probable effects and consequences of actions with a view to avoid danger or misfortune ; prudent ; circumspect ; wary ; watchful : as, a cautious general; a cautious advance. These same cautious and quick-sighted gentlemen. licntleu. Sermons, ii. Like most men of cautious tempers and prosperous for- tunes, he had a strong disposition to support whatever existed. Macaulay. 2. With o/before the object of caution: wary in regard to the risks of; afraid or heedful of the dangers involved in. Having cue Man surprized once by some Spaniards lying there in ambu h, mid carried off by them to Panama, we were after that more font ions of Straggling. Uampier, voyages, I. 177. By night he tied, and at midnight return'd I '"tn c passing the earth; cautioiwo/day. Milton, P. l:, L\. 59. 3f. Over-prudent; timorous; timid. "i" 11 Bhal] i" received at a postern-d •, if you be nut Cautious, DJ one WhOSe touch would make old Nestor young. Massing® =Syn. Prudent, careful, wary, vigilant, heedful, thou M fnl, scrupuli cautiously (ka'shus-li), adv. In a cautious manner : with cunt ion : warily. I hen know how fli kle c lovers at Theit oathe ami vows are cautiously believed : For few there are but have been once deceivi d Dryden, cavalier Entering the new chamber cautiously, The glory of great heaps of gold i id Bee. William Morris, Earthly Paradise, I. 327. cautiousness (ka'slins-nes),)/. The quality of be- iugcautious; watchfulness: provident care; cir- cumspection; prudence with regard to danger. cautor (ka'tor), u. [< L. cantor, one who is on his guard or is wary, also one who is security or bail, < carerc, be on one's guard, etc. : see caution.'] A cautioner. [Rare.] A caution means that a sale cannot In- effected without notice to the cautor and opportunity of objection. Contemporary lice, XLIX. 201. cauzi, n. See eaei. cava 1 (ka'va), n.; pi. cava (-ve). [NL., fem. (sc. vena, vein) of L. cams: see caral and vein.] A eaval vein; one of the venae cavse. See ca- rat, n. The division of the heart into which these cavce open. Huxley. cava 2 , ii. Plural of caritui. cava 3 , kawa (ka'va, -wa), n. The Polynesian name of an intoxicating beverage prepared from the shrub Macropiper laUfolium. cava?, ». Plural of carai. cava! (ka'val), a. and n. [< L. cams, hollow (see cave 1 ), + -al.] I. a. 1. In anat., hollow and comparatively large: as, a caval sinus. Specifically — 2. Pertaining to the cava?. See vena and cava*-. II. ii. A cava, or caval vein; either one of the two largest veins of the body, emptying blood into the right auricle of the heart.' In man these veins are commonly called superior and inferior ru ml.*, or vena cava superior end inferior; their more gen- eral names are precaval ami postcaval. See these words, and cuts under heart and lung. cavalcade (kav-al-kad')j "• [< F. caralcade, < It. cavalcata (= Pr. cavalcada = Sp. cabalgada, cabalgata = Pg. cavalgada), a troop of horse- men, < cavatcarc, ride, < carallo, < L. caballus, a horse: see cabal 2 , capel 1 , cavalry, chevalier, chivalry, and cf. chevachie, a doublet of caral- cade.] A procession or train, as of persons on horseback or in carriages. We went from sienna, desirous of being present at the cavalcade of the new Pope Innocent X., who had not jet made the grand procession to St. John de Laterano. Evelyn, Diary, Nov. 2, 1044. Onward came the cavalcade, illuminated by two hun- dred thick waxen torches, in the hands of .as many horse- men. Scott, Eenilworth, II. 117. He [King James] made a progress through his kingdom, escorted by long cavalcades of gentlemen from one lordly mansion to another. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xviii. cavalcadet (kav-al-kad'), v. i. [< cavalcade, n.] To ride in or form part of a procession. He would have done his noble friend better service than cavalcading with him to Oxford. North, Examen, p. 112. cavalerot (kav-a-le'ro), n. [Also cavalicro, repr. Sp. cavallero, now caballero : see cavalier.] A cavalier ; a gay military man ; a gallant. I'll drink to master Bardolph, and to all the cavaleroes about London. Shak., 2 Hen. IV., v. 3. cavalier (kav-a-ler'), n. and o. [Also formerly en micro and caraliero, after Sp. or It.; = D. Lorain r = (J. cavalier = Dan. Laralcr = Sw. Laraljer = Ar. keivalir, < F. cavalier = Pr. caml- lii r. < It. cavaliere = Sp. caballero = Pg. cam- Uieiro, cavalleiro = V. cft< valier ( > E. chevalier), < ML. caballarius, a horseman, knight, < LL. caballus, a horse : see cabal' 2 , cavalcade, etc., and rlii valier.] I. n. 1. A horseman, especially an armed horseman ; a knight. Nineteen French marquesses and a hundred Spanish cavalier*. Tatler, No. 260. Hence — 2. One who has the spirit or bearing of a knight; especially, a bold, reckless, and gay fellow. Who is he . . . that w ill not follow These cull'd and choice-drawn cavaliers to Prance? Shak., Hen. v., iii. film,). 3. [cap.] The appellation given to the partizans of Charles I. of England in his contest with Parliament. Daring some years they were designated as Cavaliers and Roundheads, They were subsequently called 'lories and Whigs. Macaulay, Hist. Eng., i. 4. A man attending on or escorting a woman, or noting as her partner in dancing; a gallant; a beau. I'll take a dance, said I; so stay you here. A sunburnt daughter oi i. a hour rose up from the group to meet me as I advanced towards them. . . . We want ui'iintlier, said she, holding out both her hands, as if to offer them.— And acaVfluterye shall have, said I. taking hold of both of thrill. Sterne. 5. Ill i»ri/irra//iic(.,iiuomiil defended by walls and tin- like, raised so as to command the neighboring ramparts; hence, in modern fort., cavalier a raised work commonly situated within the bastion, but sometimes placed in the gorges, or on the middle of the curtain. It is in or 12 tcct higher than the rest of the works, and is used to command all the adjacent works and the surrounding country. It is designed chiefly to bring a plunging Are to bear on the assailants' works exterior to the enceinte. 6. In the manege, one who understands horse- manship ; a skilled or practised rider Cavalier battery, see battel E. chivalry), < cavaliere, a horseman, knight: see cavalier.] A class of soldiers who march and fight on horse- back ; that part of an army, or of any military 871 force, which consists of troops that servo on horseback, as distinguished from infantry, or fi iot -soldiers. Their efficacy and general importanci arise from their adaptation to rapid movements, thus en- abling a commander to avail himself of decisive oppor- tunities, as in the exposure of weak points in the enemy s lines, or the occurrence of disorder in his ranks. Thej are also employed tor Intercepting the enemy's supplies, fur- nishing detachments and escorts, procuring intelligence, protecting the center or wings of an army, or covering a retreat. The uses of cavalry, however, are necessarily limited by the nature ol the ground. Modern cavalry con- sists of two grand classes, heavy and liylit (distinguished by Weight Of men, horses, and equipments), which arc sus- ceptible of subdivision according to the service required, as cuirassiers, dragoons, lancers, hussars, etc. cavalryman (kav'al-ri-inan), «.; pi. cavalrymen (-men). A soldier trained to fight on horse- back ; a member of a cavalry regiment. Each cavalryman bad been required to start with ten pounds of grain for his horse. TI-- < '-/itur-i, XX \ 111. UiS. cavan (ka-van'), re. Same as caban. cavas, ti. See cavass. cavasina (kav-a-si'nii), n. A fish of the family Carangidce, Seiiola doraalis; a kind of amber- fish. [California.] cavass, kavass (ka-vas'), re. [Turk, qawas, qa- was (kinrus, kuirivds).] 1. An armed and uni- formed attendant attached to the suite of a per- son of distinction in Turkey. Their cavass brought up a native who told them that (Ijolbaschi was only about three leagues off, and ottered to guide them. Fortnightly Rev., N. S., XXXIX. S13. 2f. A Turkish police-officer. Also earns, caivuss, kawass. cavassont, »■ See cavezon. cavate (ka'vSt), v. t.; pret. ana pp. cavaled, ppr. cavaUng. [< L. cavatus, pp. of cavare, make hollow, < cants, hollow: see cavel.] To make hollow; dig out; excavate. [Bare.] cavatina (kav-a-te'na), it. [It., > F. earatiiie.] In music, a melody of simpler character than the aria, and without a second part and a da capo or return part. The term is occasionally applied, however, to airs of any kind. cavation (ka-va'shon), n. [< It. cavasione, < L. cavat io(n-), an excavation, < cavare : see ca- rate.] 1. The act of hollowing or excavating; specifically, in arch., the digging or excavating of the earth for the foundation of a building; the trench or excavation so dug. In the spe- cific use also spelled cavazion. — 2. In fencing, a method of evading a low thrust by drawing the haunch backward, thus withdrawing the abdomen and chest from the reach of the ad- \ eis.ny's weapon. Rolando (ed. Forsyth). cavayard (kav-a-y;ird'), n. Same as cavallard. cavazion, n. See cavation, 1. cave 1 (kav), n. [< ME. cave, < OF. cave, caive, a cave (var. cage, a cage, > E. cage), = Pr. Sp. Pg. It. cava, < L. cavea, a cave, also a cage, < earns, hollow (neut. carnin, a cave), akin to Gr. neap, a hole (cf . Gr. noi'Aor, orig. *naFO-ot; (?), hollow, = L. caelum, orig. *caviltim, the sky: see ceil, it., ce- I- stml, etc.), < Kvciv, nviiv, conceive, swell, orig. contain. Hence cavern, cage, concave, excavate, etc.] 1. A hollow place in the earth; espe- cially, a natural cavity of considerable size, extending more or less horizontally into a hill or mountain; a cavern; a den. Caves are princi- pally met witii in limestone rocks, in gypsum, sometimes in sandstone, and in volcanic rocks. Some of them have a very grand and picturesque appearance, sueh as Fin- gal's Cave in Statfa, on the west coast of Scotland, the en- trance to which is formed by columnar ranges of basalt supporting an arch GO feet high and 33 feet wide. Some, as the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, which incloses an extent of about 40 miles of subterraneous windings, are celebrated for their great extent ami subterranean waters, or for their gorgeous stalactites ami stalagmites, others are of interest^to the geologist and arclueologist from the occurrence in them of osseous remains of animals of Me Pleistocene period, or for the evidence their clay floors and rudely sculptured walls, and the implements found in them, offer of the presence of prehistoric man. And Lot went up out of Zoar, . . . and he dwelt in a cave, he and his two daughters. Gen. xix. 30. He slow [slew] Cacus in a eat f stoon [stone]. Chaucer, Monk's Tale, I. 117. A hollow cave or lurking-place. Sliatc., Tit. And., v. 2. 2. A cellar; a subterranean chamber. [Obso- lete or local.] But nowe there stondeth neuer a house, but oonly two Towres and certayne caues vnder the grounde. Sir R. Guyl/orde, Pylgrymage, p. 16. 3f. Any hollow place or part ; a cavity. The cave of tile ear. Bacon, Nat. Hist. 4. The ash-pit of a glass-furnace. — 5. [cap.] A name given to a party in the British Parliament who seceded from the Liberals on the reform 1 iill introduced by them in 1866. See Adullamite. Hence — 6. Any small faction of seceders or dissidents in Parliament. caveach cave 1 (kav), v. ; pret. and pp. caved, ppr. raving. | < cave, ii.- = P. caver = Pr. Sp. Pg. cavar=tt. cavare, < L. cavare, make hollow, hollow out, excavate, < earns, bellow: see earei, n., from which the K. verb is in part directly derived. In def. II., 2, as in the phrase eare in, the verb, though now nplotely identified with cave*, v., with ref. to the noun cure 1 , is in its origin an accommodation of the dial, calve, calve in, < calf, a detached mass of earth: seo calve, v., 'J. ami caiP-, a., 7, 8, 9.] I. trans. To make hollow; hollow out. The muiildrcd earth had cav'-l the banke. Spenser, V. q., IV. v. 33. II. inlrans. 1. To dwell in a cave. [Rare.] It may be heard at court that such as we Care hen-, hunt here, are outlaws. Skak., Cymbeline, iv. 2. 2. To fall in and leave a hollow, as earth on the side ,.f a well or pit : absolutely, or witli in : as, tho earth began to cave. — 3. Figura- tively, to break down ; yield; give up ; submit ; knock under : absolutely, or with in : as, at this he cared. [Slang.] A puppy, three weeks old, joins the chase with heart and soul, but eaves in at about fifty yards, and sits him down to bark. //. Kingsley, Geoffry Hamlyn, xxviii. cave 2 , kave (kav), v. ; pret. and pp. caved, leaved, ppr. earing. Luring. [Sc. also heave, ki re. < ME. caven, keven, < Norw. hava, throw, toss, snatch, move the hands as in scattering, stirring, row- ing, etc., also kaava, snatch, stir, shake (cf. kafsa in similar sense), appar. a particular use of'or confused with kava = Ieel. leafa, dip, dive, swim, plunge, tr. dip, plunge, refl. dip, dive, inipors. sink, founder, also der. kefja, < Norw. kuv, a dive, plunge, the sea, the deep, also stir, agitation, quick motion of the hands, = Icel. leaf, a dive, a plunge, poet, the deep, the sea. Hence cavic".] I. trans. 1. To toss or pitch : as, to cave hay. — 2. To toss in a threatening or haughty manner: as, to cave the horns (said of horned cattle); to care the head. — 3. To clean (threshed grain) by tossing or raking (it) on a barn-floor or a threshing-floor. [Old and prov. Eng. and Scotch in all uses.] And nygh it make a place high, plain, and pure, When nede is therto cave upon thi corne, This wol availle, and make it longe endure. Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 37. II. t intrans. 1. To move; rash. I . . . blusched [looked 1 on the burghe as I forth dreued | hastened] Bygonde the brok fro me warde keued. Alliterative Poems (E. E. T. S.), i. 979. 2. To sink ; be plunged or buried. Thou wylne3 ouer this water to weue, Er moste thou eeuer to other counsayl, Thy corse in clot mot calder [colder] keue. Alliterative Poems (E. E. T. S.), i. 318. cave 2 , kave (kav), n. [< cave 2 , kave, v.] A toss, as of the head. [Scotch and prov. Eng.] cavea (ka've-a), n. ; pi. cavern (-e). [L., a cage : see cage, cuve^.] Among the ancient Romans : (a) A cage or den for wild beasts, etc. ; liter- ally, any cavity or hollow place. (6) In gen- eral, the auditorium of a theater or amphithea- Odeum of Regilla. Athe: ter: so called from its concave form, and by analogy with the similar application by the Greeks of the word noi'/ov, a hollow. A very rude low wall divides the cavea, cut cutirely'out of the side of the hill, from the orchestra below, partly formed on made ground, and another runs across where the Stage should be. Atheieemn, \o. 3084, p. 751. [By synecdoche, the word cavea was often used to denote the whole theater or amphitheater.] caveach (ka-vech'), n. [< Sp. Pg. escdbeche, pickles, souse, sauce for fish.] Pickled mack- erel. [West Indian.] caveach caveach (ka-vech'), <'. • • [< caveach, ».] To pi c ] ding to a Wesl Indian met b caveae, ». Plural of i caveat (ki [L., let him bewart E, pres. subj. of cavere, beware, take 1. In law, a notice filed or noted in a ee to prevenl some warning to Hie caveator, or person making the caveat: as, Bled with the probate court against the if a will. \ ea3. To giue a ti parents, how thej might bring their children vp in vert tie. £;//;/, Euphues, Anat of Wit, p. 122. pi iity. let him remember that 11 Beware that he do noi forget the I ord In- i . Inat "i M'l-. p. s.- caveat (ka've-at), v. i. [< caveat, «.] 1. To enter a caveat. — 2. In fencing, to shift the rd from our side of an adversary's sword to tin' other. caveator (ka've-a-tor), «. [< cm-cat + -or.] One >■■ ho enters a caveat, cave-bear (kav'bar), «. A fossil bear, Vrstts -. of tin Quaternary epoch, contempo- rary with man in the r-.tvi-s of Europe, cave-cricket (kav'krik et),n. A cricket of the genus Uadt /metis, inhabiting caverns. 8. li- lt ;'. cave-dweller (kav'dwel'er), n. 1. One who dwells m ii im'. r: a troglodyte; specifically, a member of the prehistoric race of men who dwelt in natural caves, subsisting on shell-fish ami wild animals. Many of thecaves which thej in- habited contain their rude implements ami sculptured rings, together with animal and sometimes human uperimposed Layers, separated by limestone or other deposits. See bone-cave. Also culled caveman. our knowledge of primitive man in Europe, during the paleolithii age, is mainly confined to what, has been Learned in regard to the life and habits of the so-called Science, III. 489. 2. jil. leap.'] A name given to the Bohemian Brethren (which see, under Bohemian ), because thej hid in caves to escape persecution. cave-fish (kav'fish), ». A fish of the family Amblyonsida thai inhabits eaves. There are sev- eral species, all viviparous, some of them blind, inhabiting cave-streams of the southern and western United states, as Amblyopias ept i Typhlichthys subterraneua. ' ■■'. ami C. cornutus, of the sane indin open ditches in South ran, Una. under .1 mbl cave-hyena (kav'hi-e*nii), n. A species of fos- sil hyena. Utjunu sjnlatis, remains of which oc- cur in bone-eaves. cave-keeper (kav'ke'per), n. One who lives in a cave. [ Bare.] I thought i eper, Ami i K to h -t creatures. Shak., Cymbeline, iv. 2. cave-keeping (kav'ke ping), a. Dwelling in a : hi. Men. [Rare.] In men. as in a rough-grown grove, remain evils that obscurerj Shaft., Llleleee, 1. 1250. cavel 1 , cavil 1 , kevel 1 , kevil 1 ( kav'el, -il, kev'- il), a. [Also written kavel, and Eormerly 1 rhmi ; < ME. 'cavel (not recorded iii this sense, but Bee cavel?), kevel, kevil, a cleat, ■up, gag, < (1) [eel. kefli, a piece of « I a sii.-k. a gag, a eylindi r, a ten, !,• falso i,, ff), = Norw. kjevle, a rider, roller, rolling-pin, gag, = ■/. a small roundish } , 1 1 1 . 1'-' i ce, a bit, a ii 03 for a cable or word-hilt), = Norw. kavle, ■■< roller, cylinder, rolling-pin, gag, kavl, a buoy for a cable or net, =8w. kafte,a roller, eylindi r rolh -le. hilt, = MD. I). /«iW = JII,i;. = >:. kabel, lot. lOrig.astickor i -•J It. A Ml for a horse. I brldel [in/i i itralte 2f. A Pe ' N Hwan Grim him [Havelok] haued. la ti I idea, in an el. I cloth WOUI lllteh fill ni.v. That '., 1. 54, r >. 8. \1111i.. a large clea 1 or iron to which sheet-, tacks, or braces me belayed. Also che- 872 vil. /•.'. Phillips, 1706. — 4. A stone-masons' ax, with a flat face lor knocking off projecting angular points, and a pointed peon for reducing a surface to the desired form; a jedding-ax. — To cast the cavel, to throw the hammer, cavel'-, cavil'-', kevel-, kevil J (kav'el, -il, kev'- (d. -ill, «. [< ME. cavel, pi. cntlis, < MD. D. kavel = MLG-. LQ. kavel =H. kabel, lot. part, share: seecatieZ*.] It. Originally, the stack or rune-staff used in casting lots ; alot: as, to east cavels. O we eiiist cavels us mining. William trrti*rman (Child's Ballads, III. 52). 2. A part or share; lot. No one, not being a brother of the gild, shall buy wool, hides, or skins, to sell again, or shall cut cloths, save Btranger-merchants in the course of trade, such a one shall have neither Lot nor Cavil with any brother. English Gilds (E. E. T. S.), p. 342. 3. A parcel or allotment of land. [Obsolete or provincial in both senses.] cave-lion (kav'li"on), n. A lion the remains of which occur in European bone-eaves. It is closely related to if not identical with the liv- ing lion, Felis leo. caveman (kav'man), «.; pi. cavemen (-men). Same us ,',(,', -,/»-. lit r, 1. The bones and implements of the Cave-Tnen are found in association u ith remains of the reindeer and bison, the arctic fox, the mammoth, and the woolly rhinoceros, J. Fiske, Evolutionist, p. 45. cavendish (kav'en-dish), n. [From the proper name Cavendish. ] Tobacco which has been softened, pressed into quadrangular cakes, and sweetened with syrup or molasses, for chew- ing or smoking. Also called negro-head.— cat cavendish, cavendish tobacco cut into small shreds. cave-pika (kav'pi"ka), it. A kind of pika or calling-hare, fossil remains of which are found in bone-caves. See Lagomys. caver 1 (ka'ver), h. [Uncertain.] 1. A person stealing ore from the mines in Derbyshire, England, and punishable in the barmote or miners' court. — 2. An officer belonging to the Derbyshire mines. caver-, kaver (kav'er), n. A gentle breeze. [West coast id' Scotland.] cavern (kav'ern), n. [= F. eaverne — Pr. Sp. Pg. It. caverna, < L. caverna, < cavus, hollow: see cave 1 , «.] A large natural cavity under the surface of the earth; a cave ; a den. Where wilt thou find a cavern dark enough To mask thy monstrous visage? Shak:, J. C, ii. 1. The oracular caverns of darkness. Longfellow, Evangeline, ii. 3. cavern (kav'em), v. t. [< cavern, «.] To hollow out ; form like a cave by excavating : with out. But I find the gayest castles in the air that were ever piled far better for comfort and for use than the dungeons in the air that are daily dug and cavemedout by grum- bling, discontented people. Emerson, Considerations by the Way. cavemalt (kav'er-nal), a. [< cavern + -al.~\ Cavernous. Faher." caverned (kav'ernd), a. [< cavern, «., + -cd 2 .] 1. Full of caverns or deep chasms; having cav- erns; formed like a cavern: as, "the cavern'd ground," Philips. Beneath the caverned clitf they fall. Scott, Marmion, vi. 19. 2. Inhabiting or found in a cavern: as, "cav- ern'd hermit." Pope, Essay on Man, iv. 42; " run run! gems," Hi minis, A Tale of the Four- teenth Century. cavernicolous (kav-er-nik'6-lus), a. [< L. co- rn run, cavern, 4- eolerc, dwell iii, inhabit.] In- habiting caverns; dwelling in eaves. cavernose (kav'er-nosl, a. Same as cavernous. M. C, I ■null . cavernous (kav'er-nus), a. [= F. caverneux = Pr. caverno8= Sp. Pg. It. cavernoso, < L. caver- iinsits, < caverna, a cavern.] 1. Formed into a cavern or caverns : containing caverns ; hence, deeply hollowed out; deep-sol : as, can limns. mountains or rocks ; cavernous eyes. — 2. Filled with small cavities, as it sponge; reticulated; honeycombed. Applied in anatomy to vessels or vas- cular structures in which the bi I vessels are traversed bj numerous trabecules dividing them up, or m which ''in frequent and close anastomoses with i au "Mi'i. In either ease a structure of sponge like tevliin Cavernous bodies (corvora cavernosa), the lueiih vascular and nervous Qbrocellular structures which . nil- . il,. greatei em of the erectile ti ue ..t the pen and of the clitoris, the rest being known as the tybody. Cavernous groove, in mint., the carotid groove (which see, under carotid). Cavernous nerves, n ■ from the prostatic plexus, and distributed tothi tvernous tissue of the penis. Cavern- ous rale, a gurgling ralesomi timi heard in auscultation i nonary cavity of considerable size, est lallyin lie .avity i» partly filled with liquid, through which the air bubbles as it enters.— Cavernous cavicorn respiration, the respiratory sounds sometimes heard in auscultation over a cavity in a lung. The inspiration is blowing, neither vesicular nor tubular in quality, and lower in pitch than tubular breathing; the expiration is el Ibe same quality as the inspiration, but lower ill pitch. — Cavernous sinus, a venous sinus of the cranial cavity, lying on the side of the body of the sphenoid bone. It re- el oe- the ophthalmic vein in front, and communicates with tlie cavernous Minis of the other side through the transverse ami circular sinuses.— Cavernous texture, in geol., that texture of aggregated compound rocks which is characterized by the presence of numerous small cavi- ties, as in lava.- Cavernous tissue, tin substance of tin cavernous bodies of the penis ami clitoris.— Cavern- ous whisper, in auscultation, whispering resonance as modified by transmission through a cavity, characterized by a non-tubular blowing quality of low pitch. Cavernularidae (kav'er-nu-lar'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Cavermilaria, the typical genus (< L. in rrr mi In I see an i milt 1 + -urn I ., + -it In . | A family of veretillous pennatuloid polyps with long calcareous bodies. cavernule (kav'er-nul), >?. [< L. ctircrnula, dim. of caverna, a cavern.] A small cavity. cavernulous (ka-ver'nu-lus), a. [< cavernule + -oils.] Full of little cavities; alveolar: as, cavernulous metal. cavesson, ». See cavezon. cave-swallow (kav'swol"6), n. A West Indian swallow, Hiritndo pceciloma, which affixes its nest of mud to the roofs and walls of caves. cave-tiger (kav'ti"ger), n. A species of fossil tiger or jaguar, Felis spelmis, remains of which occur in the bone-caves of South America. cavetto (ka-vet'o), n. [It., dim. of cavo, hollow: see cave 1 , «.] 1. In arch., a hollow member, or round concave molding, containing at least the quadrant of a circle, used in cornices, be- tween the tori of bases, etc. — 2. In decorative art, a hollow or recessed pattern : the reverse of relief and rilievo. - in cavetto, said of any design stamped or impressed, and differing from iitttnilitt in not being incised as with a sharp instrument. Thus, a design impressed in tiles, clay, or plaster is properly said to be in cavetto. The field may also be recessed, with a device in relief upon it, as in the style of work known as cavo- Hlievo ; in this case the field is said to be in cavetto. A design in relief was impressed upon them, leaving the ornamental pattern in cavetto. C. T. Davis, Bricks and Tiles, p. 412. cavey, ". See cavU l . cavezon, cavesson (kav'e-zon, -son), «. [For- merly also ctirnsstiit ; < F. cartssnn, cnvectiii, < It. cavezzone, aug. of cavezza, a halter, = OF. che- rt a , neck, = Pr. cabeissa, wig, = Sp. cabeza = Pg. cabega, head, < L. caput, head: see caput, and cf. cabeca.'] A sort of nose-band of iron, leather, or wood, sometimes flat and sometimes hollow or twisted, which is put on the nose of a horse to wring it, in order to facilitate breaking him. Also called causson. Cavia (ka'vi-a), ». [NL. and Pg., from native Indian name, > E. cavy.~\ The typical genus of the family Caviidce and subfamily ('uriiutc, con- taining the cavies proper, as the guinea-pig. See cavy, Caviidce. cavian (ka'vi-an), a. and n. [= F. cavien ; < Co- vin + -an.] 1. a. Pertaining to or having the characters of the genus Cavia or the family Caviidce. II. a. One of the cavies; a caviid. caviar, caviare (kav-i-Sr'or ka-ver'), n. [Also formerly caviary ; = D. kaviaar = G. Dan. Sw. kaviar, < F. caviar, formerly cavial, < It. caviale, formerly also caviaro, = Sp. caviar, caviar, ca- binl, sausage made with caviar, = Pg. caviar, cavial, caviar (ML. caviarium, NGr. naftiapt), < Turk, havydr, caviar ; said to be of Tatar ori- gin. The Russ. name is ilra.~\ A preparation for the table of the roe of certain large fish pre- served by salting. The best is made from the roes of tic st.ilet, sturgeon, sevriiga, and beluga, caught in the lakesand rivers ..f Hussia. Caviar was regarded asadeli- cacy too refined to be appreciated by the vulgar taste; hence Shakspere's application of the word to a play which tile vulgar could not. relish. Twas caviare to the general. Shak., Hamlet, ii. 2. A pill of caviary now and then, WhiCh bleeds eholcr lliltist. Fletcher (and anothei ). Love's Cure, iii. 2. The eggs of a sturgeon, being salted, and made up into a mass, were first Brought from Constantinople by the Italians and called caviare, \ Grew, Museum. Hark ye ! a rasherof bacon, on thy life ! and some pick- led sturgeon, and soure Lai ut and caviar, and g 1 strong hei - Lantltir, l'cter the I ircat. caviaryt, »■ Same as caviar. cavicorn ikav'i-korn), a. and n. [< NL. cavi* enruis, < I,, citrus, hollow (see run 1 ), + COrnu = E. Itnrii.'] I. a. Hollow-horned, as a rumi- nant ; specifically, of or pertaining to the Cavi- cniiiia. II. n. A hollow-horned ruminant; specifi- cally, one of the Cavicnrnia. Cavicornia Cavicornia (kav-i-kdr'ni-H,), n. pi. [NL. (Tlli- ger, 1^11), neut. pi. of cavicornis: see cavi- cion.] The hollow-horned ruminants consid- ered as a family or other zoological group of mammals, contrasting with the solid-horned ruminants, or deer, Cervidas. The Cavicornia are the oxen, slurp, goats, and antelopes : and tin group is exactly conterminous with Bovidce in the now current ex- tended Bense of the latter term. The horns are perma- nent and two or four in number, appear in both sexes or in the male only, ami consist of a sheath of horn upon a bony core formed by a process of the frontal bone. The pronghorn of North America, Antilocapra americana, is anomalous, having horns of this description and being thus truly cavieorn, yet shedding its horns annually like a deer. Cavidae (kav'i-de), n.pl. [NL., < Cavia + -idee.'] Same as Caviidce. cavie 1 , cavey (ka'vi), n. [Sc, = D. hevie = G. ktijig, ktit'e, I )II(.t. cht eia.i ML carta for L. COW 8, a cage, a cave : see cave 1 and cage."] A hencoop. Ahint the chicken cavie. Burns, Jolly Beggars. cavie 2 (ka'vi ), v. i. ; pret. and pp. carted, ppr. ca- vying. [Sc.: see caw 2 .] 1. To rear or prance, as a horse. — 2. To toss the head, or to walk with an airy and affected step. Jamieson. See cave 2 , v. t., 2. caviid (kav'i-id), re. A rodent of the family Cariitla; Caviidae (ka-vi'i-de), n. pi. [NL., < Caria + -idte.] A family of hystricomorphic sirnpliei- dent mammals, of the order Bodentia or GrUrt s, peculiar to South America ; the cavies. Exclud- ing the capibara as type of a separate family Hydrochazri- das, the Caviid/t: are characterized by comparatively sin. it incisors and by other dental and cranial peculiarities, im- perfect clavicles (commonly said to be wanting), very short or rudimentary tail, uncleft upper lip. and 4 toed fore feet and 3-toed hind feet, both ending in somewhat hoof- like claws. The leading genera are Cnein and Ihiliclmtis. See cacti. Also, less correctly, Caviados, Cavidos. Caviinse (kav-i-i'ne), n. pi. [NL., < Cavia + -inte.] The typical subfamily of the family Caviidce, containing the cavies proper, when the giant cavy or capibara is retained in the family: equivalent to Caviidce without the ge- nus Hytlvochtcvus. caviine (kav'i-in), a. Of or pertaining to the cavies or Caviidce. cavil 1 , n. See caveV-. cavil 2 , a. See carel' 2 . cavil 3 (kav'il), r. ; pret. and pp. caviled or cav- illed, ppr. caviling or cavilling. [< OF. cavil- ler = Sp. cavilar = Pg. cavillar = II. cavillare, < L. cavillari, jeer, mock, quibble, cavil, < ca- villa, also cavillum, a jeering, scoffing.] I. in- trant. To raise captious and frivolous objec- tions; find fault without good reason; carp: frequently followed by at. But in tile way of bargain, mark ye me, I'll cavil on tlie ninth pari of a hair. Shak.. 1 Hen. IV., iii. 1. Let's fight it out, and not stand cavilling thus. Shak., 3 Hen. VI., i. 1. He says much that many may dispute, And cavil at with ease, but none refute. Cowper, Truth. Il.t trans. To receive or treat with objec- tions ; find fault with. Wilt thou enjoy the good, Then cavil the conditions? Milton, P. L., x. Vat). cavil 3 (kav'il), ii. [< cavil 3 , v. Cf. L. cavilla, n.] A captious or frivolous objection; an ex- ception taken for the sake of argument ; a carp- ing argument. That's but a cavil; he is old, I young. Shak., T. of the S., ii. 1. The cavils of prejudice and unbelief. South. I cannot enlarge on every point which brings convic- tion to my own mind, nor answer at length every cavil or even every serious argument. E. A. Freeman, Amer. I.ects., p. 181. caviler, caviller (kav'il-er), n. One who cav- ils; one who is apt to .raise captious objec- tions ; a carping disputant. Socrates held all philosophers caviler* and madmen. Burton, Anat. of Mel., p. 167. The candour which Horace shows is that which distin- guishes a critick from a caviller. Addi.^m, i luardian. caviling, cavilling (kav'il-ing), n. [Verbal n. of cavil 3 , v.] The act of raising captious and frivolous objections; an objection of a cap- tious nature: as, "cavillings and menacings," Jer. Taylor (?). Artif. Handsomeness, p. 66. caviling, cavilling (kav'il-ing), p. a. [Ppr. of cavil 3 , v.] Raising frivolous objections ; fault- finding. = Syn. Carving, etc. See captious. cavilingly, cavillingly (kav'il-ing-li), adv. In a caviling manner. cavillationt (kav-i-la ' shon), it. [ME. cavilla- cioun, carilaciun, < OF. cavillacion,cavillaUcm = F. cavillation = Pr. cavilltatio = Sp. earilacion 873 = Pg. earillaetio = It. cavilla.rione, < L. carilta- tin{n-), < cavillari, pp. cavillatus : sec cavil 3 , ».] The act or practice of caviling or raising cap- tious objections; ■< caviling or quibbling ob- jection or criticism. Withouten fraude or caviUacio Chancer, Summoncr's Talc, 1. 128. Who should doe thus. I colil'esse. should requite the oli- iertions made against Poets, with like cauillations against Philosophers. Sir /'. Sidney, \\»>\. for Poetrie. Parma siguilled his ennseiil to make use .if that treaty as a basis, provided always it were interpn ted healthily, and not dislocated by cttvulations and sinister interpreta- tions." Motley, Dutch Republic, 111. 420. caviller, cavilling, etc. See caviler, etc. caviloust, cavilloust (kav'il-us), a. [/».] A family of malacodermatous pentamerous coleopterous insects, related to the ElateridcB (which see), bul bavins six ab- dominal segments, well-developed tibial spurs, anterior tibiio expanded at the apex, and the la brum close to the front. Cebus (se'bus), it. [NL. (Erxleben, 1777), lea . Its \\ 1 resembles that of the i" ncil .'dar, but is harder, and has less of its peculiar odor. Washington cedar i th< big-tree ^i i aliioinia, Sequoia gigantea. The wood of most of these trees is soft, flue-grained, of a reddish color, and often fra 3. A name popularly given in tropical regions to a considerable number of trees, mostly of the natural order Meliacew, in no way related to tho preceding. That known variously as thi Wi st Indian cedar, the bastard or sweet-scented bar bados cedar, the Jamaica red cedar, and the Spanish, Havana, or Hondu- ras i edar i- lie Cedrilti mlurnta. The cedar ol India and New Soul! i \\ ales is r. Toona; the red cedar of India. Soy. nulla febrifuga; and the bastard cedar of India, Melia i edarach. (See azedarach.) The white cedar of Austra- lia is .1/. composita, and the red cedar Flindereia auetralie. Among treesof other orders, the bastard cedar of the West Indies is f^uazuma tomentosa or G. ulmifolia ; the white cedar of Guiana, Protium cUtiseimum ; and the white cedar of Dominica, Bignonia Leucoxylon. In India the name red cedar is sometimes given to the euphorbiaceous Bis- chtijfia Javanica. 4. The wood of the cedar-tree (Cedrus), or (with or without a qualifying term) of any kind of tree called a cedar. The wisest man Feasted the woman wisest then in balls Uf Lcbanoniaii cedar. Tennyson, Princess. II. a . Pertaining to the cedar ; made of cedar : as, a cedar twig. He shall uncover the cedar work. Zeph. ii. 14. cedar-apple (se'diir-ap"l), ». A fungus belong- ing to the genus Gymiiospo- iiii/iiiiiiii. gpi cies of this genus are parasitic upon cedar-trees. Some of them form globular dis- tortions with appendages, and develop into yellow gelatinous masses during the spring rains. Also called cedar-ball. SeeQym- nosporangium. cedar-bird (se'dar-berd), n. The popular name of the common American wax- wing, Am pi lis allium m or BombyciUa carolinensis: so called in the United States from its fondness for ju- niper-berries, the fruit of Juniperus Virginiana, com- monly called cedar. Also called cedar-lark. See Am- pelis and waxwing. cedared (se'dard), a. [< ce- dar + -(r country by treaty. a this summary „,.,,,: //. s. Polish Captivity, II. if. i ernment some of then- rights. ./<"<. 2. To yield; grant. [Bare.] Back rode we to my father's camp, and found n. thrice had sent a herald to the rat To learn if Ida yet would cede our claim. /'. nnyson, Princess. =Syn. To transfer, deliver, convey; grant cedent (se'dent), n. | < I,, eedi n{ t-)s, ppr. of ce- . yield: "see cede.] yielding: giving way. See extract under cessionary. [Rare.] cedilla fse-.lil'a). ». [=F. ceVKKe, < Sp. cedilla, now zedilla =°Pg. cedilha = It. zediglia, the mark cedilla, the Letter c with this mark, orig. dim. of Sp. rril, i. now leda, etc., < I., zeta, Gr. .',-ii, the Gr. name of s: see z, zed, zeta. Th^ character; is tints a contraction of cz, a former mode of indicating that <■ had the sound of s in certain positions; thus, F. leczon, now leeon I > E. lesson). ~\ A mark placed under the letter c (thus, c), especially in French and Por- tuguese, ami formerly in Spanish, before a, o, or n. to indicate that it is to be sounded like s, and not like 1c, as it usually is before those vowels. cedrate, cedrat (se'drat, -drat), ». [< F. cedrat = It. entrain, < cedrO, the citron (prop. "dt/TO, used in form with cedro, cedar), < L. citrus, citron: see Citrus, citronj] The citron, Citrus cedratit I se-dra'ti), n. [< It. c< drato, lime, lime- tie.-, lime-water: see cedrate.'} Aperfumede- from the citron. If we get any nearer still to the torrid zone, I shall pique mysi ' Qg von a present of cedrati and orange- flower water. Walpole, Letters, II. 19:). Cedrela (sed're-la), n. [XL., shortened from L. cedrelate, < Gr. KeSpiliart], a cedar fir-tree, (. KiSpoc, a cedar. -I- i/iin/, the silver fir.] A ge- nus of plants, of the natural order Meliaceat, allied t. e --"/-I.-. ::. cedrelaceous (sed-re-la'shius), a. [< Cedrela + -aceous.} In hot'., resembling or related to t , a\rt la : -am.- as //<< Uact ous. cedrene (se'dren), «. [< L. cedrus, eedar, + I In chem., ti volatile hydrocarbon ((',- llo.) found in tin- nil of red eedar, Juniperu Vtrainiana. Cedrene camphor. Seeeamphor. cedrin, cedrine- B§'drin),n. [< cedripn) + -fe2, -no-.] A neutral eryst allizable body yielded to alcohol by the cedron after it has 'been ex- hausted bj • tin r. I hi crj t:iK resemble sill ind perei tentlj bitter, ami is re. p inciple of ti..- fruit. cedrine 1 (se'drin), a. [< L. cedrinus, < Gr. mi', of cedar, < xkipoc, cedar: see cedar, .] Belonging to or resembling cedrine-', ». St cedrium (se'dri-um), «. [L., cedar-oil, < tlr. - edar-oil,< « . i The pitch of the cedar-t n . moth .in.. nbalming. cedrolat- [NL., < L. cedrus, cedar : .J A si. lid crystalline compound dis- tilled from the ml ,,t cedar-w 1. cedron (si [NL.,<] ■ edron, natural order i .... of the rjnitt I drupe, of tl 4j for : n in in Cedrus I Agenus of coniferous trees closely allied to the larch, 876 which they resemble in having the leaves grow- ing in tufts or bunches, but from which they are distinguished by being evergreen (the leaves nut falling in autumn), and by the form of the COneS. II Includes onlj three species, the (' Liliuiii, or tat of Lebai ; *'. Deodara, or deodar; :uu\ C. A/Inn- or Alius cedar. See cedar, l. cedryt (se'dri), a. [For *eedary, < cedar + -yi.] Resembling eedar; cedrine. olour. ". Sylva, II. hi. § 2. cedula (sed'u-18.), ». [Sp., = E. cedule, sched- ule: see schedule.} A name sometimes used for a promissory note given by one of the Smith American republics. cedulet, »■ [ with special reference to ornamental hangings, or, aE in i hi in -t quotation, to carved w Iwork, either mi flu- roof or tin- sides ol a room : in tile latter use, same as defini- tion :s. ' 'ei inn with syllnre, celo. /'. ,>i,ipt. Pan., p. 651. Tin le w.illvs shal he rrh/i! with eyprusse. The rofc shal be celed vautwyse and with dicker work. Iloriiiitii, Vulgaria (Way). Ami tin create!- house lie rifled with fir-tree. •J ehr.in. iii. 5. Nov will he, from his house ceiled with cedar, In- con- tent with he Sav is lot, not to have wh.-re to lav his heady Decay of Christian Piety. 3f. To wainscot; also, by extension, to floor. '"/«'./ F. celebrer = Pr. Sp. Pg. celebrar = It. celebrare), frequent, go to in great numbers, celebrate, honor, praise, < celeber, also Celebris, frequented, populous.] 1. To make known, especially with honor-or praise ; extol; glorify. For the grave cannot praise thee, death cannot celebrate thee. Isa. xxxviii. is. The Songs of Sion . . . were . . . psalms and pieces of poetry that . . . celebrated the Supreme Being. Addison, Spectator, No. 405. To celebrate the golden prime Of good Haroun Alraschid. Tennyson, Arabian Nights. The reproach so often brought against the literature of classic times, that the great poets of GreeceandBomenever celebrate the praises of natural scenery, does not lie at the door of the Persian bards. If. A. Ave., c.\ I.. 330. 2. To commemorate or honor with demonstra- tions of joy, sorrow, respect, etc. : as, to cele- brate a birthday or other anniversary ; to cele- brate a victory. From even unto even shall ye celebrate your sabbath. Lev. xxiii. 32. Some say, that ever 'gainst that season comes Wherein our Saviour's birth is celebrated, The bird of dawning singeth all night long. Shak., Hamlet, i. 1. 3. To perform solemnly or with appropriate rites and ceremonies : as, to celebrate mass ; to celebrate a marriage or a public funeral. Yet there, my queen. We'll celebrate their nuptials. Shak., Pericles, v. 3. celestial The woodpeckers as a superfamily of birds of ,i, in., miliums, affinities but uncertain mor- phological position, Hi' 1 group being defined willi special reference to its peculiarities of palatal structure, and comprehending only the families Picida&nd lyngidce. Also called 8au- rocrnathce. ■Uteimnneimiratc is to keep in memorj public and celeomorphlC (sol e-o-mor ilk), a. J_<, teim- innrphie + -if.] Picine ; of or pertaining to the * < h omorphat. celer't, »• An obsolete spelling of cellar 1 . celer-t, «■ See << '<»'< ■ celerert, ». A Middle English form of cellarer. celeres (sel'e-rez), re. pi. [L., pi. of a It r, swifl : see celerity.]' 1. In Hum. until/., a body of knights or horsemen of the patrician order, cumbering originally, according to tradition, 300, first or- ganized by Romulus, 100 being selected, in from each curia, from each of the three tribes. Their commander was. from the time ol Tullus Eostillus, the I i, Hirer of the state. Their number was gradually mi rease, i. and at the close of the dynast] ol the Tarqulns they were merged in the eqllites. The title was resumed uniier Augustus by the knights, as the body-guard of the emperor. 2f. [cap.] An old division of domestic dogs, in- cluding swift-footed kinds, of which the grey- hound is the type: distinguished from Seigaces and I'nqnaces. celeriac (se-ler'i-ak), n. [< celery + -oc] A variety of celery raised, especially on the con- tinent of Europe, for the root, which is enlarged like a turnip. Also called ttirniji-rootcil crli ry. s.-c n lery. celerity (se-ler'i-ti), ». [= F. cilerite = Pr. a le- ritat = Sp! cell riilml = Pg. eeli ridade = It. cele- ri ta, < L. celerita't-)s, < celer, swift, quick, akin to (Jr. xiXr/c, a racer, Skt. i/ hal, drive, urge on.] Rapidity of motion; swiftness; quick- ness; speed. No less eelerity than that of thought. Shak., Hen. v., iii. (cho.). When things are once come to the execution, there is no secrecy comparable to celerity. Bacon, Delays. The bigness, the density, and the celerity of the body in,, ve,l. Sir K. Digby. The tidings were borne with the usual celerity of evil news. Prescott, Ferd. and isa., i. 3. = Syu. Velocity, Swiftness, etc. See quickness. celery (sel'e-ri), n. [Prop. with_initial s, as in 877 = Syn. 1. To laud, magnify, glorify.— 2, 3. Keep. OUtrVt, Solemnize, Celebrate, Commemorate. Keep Is an Idiomatic word for observe: as, to keep the Sabbath; to keep Lenl oi feast-days. To observe Is to pay regard to, in a rever cut and especially a religious way. (See observance. I H e speak ,.f observing the Sabbath, ol observing the « ishes <-i father. To solemnize is to celebrate religiously. To celebrate is t irk, distinguish, or perforin with Joy and honor : as, t>, celebrate an anniversary; to celebrate B tnai riage. - solemn acts: as, to commemorate the resurrection by ob serving Boater. The holiest of all holidays are those Kept by ourselves in .silence and apart, l.onal'eUaie, Holidays. With twenty popish tricks and ceremonii -, Which I have sei o thee careful to oft* roe. Shak., 'lit. And., v. 1. And when your honours mean to solemnise The bargain of your faith, 1 do bes h you, Even at that time I may be married too. Shak M. ol v., iii. 2. On theatres ,if turf, in homely state, Old plays thej bj i, ,,iil ousts thej c«i • Dryden, tr. of Juvenal's Satires, iii. 286. Sir, we are asscmhleil to luniimniwrate flic estahlishment of great public principles of liberty. /i Webster, Speech, Hunker Hill. June 17, 1826. celebrated (sel'e-bra-ted), p. a. [Pp. of cele- brate, i\] Having celebrity; distinguished; mentioned with praise or honor; famous; well- known. The celebrated works of antiquity, which have stood the test of so many different ages. Addison. = Syn. Noted, Renowned, etc, See/amou& celebratedness (scl'e-bra-ted-nes), n. [< cele- brated + -ness."] The state or condition of be- ing celebrated. Scott. [Rare.] celebrater, celebrator (sel'e-bra-ter, -tor), n. One who celebrates. I am really more a well-wisher to your felicity, than a celebrater of your beauty. Pope, To -Mrs. A. Fermor on her Marriage. celebration (sel-e-bra'shon), n. [=F. celebra- tion = Sp. eelebracion = Pg. celebracSo = It. ce- lebrasione, < L. cclebratio(n-), a numerous as- semblage, a festival, a praising, < celebrare: see celebrate.'] 1. The act of celebrating, (a) The act of praising or extolling; commemoration; commen- dation; honor or distinction bestowed, whether by songs and eulogies or by rites and ceremonies. His memory deserving a particular celebration. Lord Clarendon. 'Ij) The act of performing or observing with appropriate ear i y mof \, E. selcril, selleru : = D. selderij = G. pi lac c\i. ,-, -I-,,,,,,.), i.-c ■ ■>« tin- r.'lehrii I in n ,,! ,, ,,,,,1'l'i .-,">■■ tile .. - . ,. t^ ^ ,. .. . , r\ t, * • i -r , rites or ceremonies : as, the celebration of a marriage ; the celebration of mass. Celebration of mass is equivalent to offering mass. Cath. Diet. 2. That which is done to celebrate anything; a commemorative, honorific, or distinguishing ceremony, observance, or performance : as, to arrange for or hold a celebration ; the ode is a celebration of victory. What time we will a celebration keep According to my birth. Shak., T. N., iv. 2. celebrator, »• See celebrater. celebrioust (se-leb'ri-us), a. [< L. Celebris, cele- brated, + -ou's.] Famous; renowned. Stri/pe. celebriouslyt (se-leb'ri-us-li), adv. With praise or renown. [Rare.] celebriousnesst(se-leb'ri-us-nes), h. Fame; re- nown. [Rare.] celebrity (se-leb'ri-ti), n. ; pi. celebrities (-tiz). [= F. ct'lehrite = Pr. eclebritat = Sp. cclcbrulml = Pg. celebridade = It. celcbrita, < L. celehri- ta(t-)s, a multitude, fame, renow-n, < celeber: see celebrate.] 1. The condition of being cele- brated; fame; renown; distinction: as, the ce- lebrity of George Washington; the celebrity of Homer or of the Iliad. An event of great celebrity in the history of astronomy. Whewell. Egypt has lost the celebrity which it enjoyed in ancient times for its flue linen. E. W. Lane, Modern Egyptians, II. 3. 2. A celebrated person or (very rarely) thing: as, a celebrity at the bar or in the church ; what are the celebrities of this town? — 3f. Celebra- tion. The manner of her receiving, and the celebrity of the marriage, were performed with great magnificence. Bacon. celebroust (sel'e-brus), a. [< L. celeber, cele- brated, + -OttS/'ef. F. celebre = Sp. eclebre = Pg. It. celebre.] Celebrated. celemin (Sp. pron. thel-a-men'), n. [Sp., = Pg. ccla in i m, sila mini.] 1. Same as almiid. — 2. A Spanish measure of land, equal to 48 square cstadals, or about one eighth of an acre. celeomorph (sel'f-6-m6rf), «. A celeomorphic bird, as a woodpecker. Celeomorphae (sel"e-o-m6r'fe), n. pi. [NL. (Huxley, 1867), < Celeus + Gr. fiopipi/, form.] sctterie, selleri = Dan. S\v. selleri, < F. ciU ri, < It. dial, seleri, It. sedano, celery, < L. selinon, pars- ley, < Gr. ai'/ivov, a kind of parsley, in MGr. and NGr. celery. See parsley, ult. < Gr. -i-poaiTn- vov, rock-parsley.] An umbelliferous plant, Apia in graveolens, a native of Europe, and long cultivated in gardens for the use of the table. The green leaves and stalks are used as an ingredient in Boups, lint nrilinaiily the stems are blanched. There are many varieties in cultivation, the stems blanching pink, yellow, or white. See celeriac. celestt (se-lesf), a. [< F. cileste = Pr. Sp. Pg. It. celeste, < L. cwlestis, of heaven, of the sky, < ca'lum, heaven : see ceil, n. Cf. celestial.] Heav- enly; celestial. To drynke of this, of waters first and best, Lie., me ,,f L'laee above, a thyng celest. Palladius, Husbondrie (E. E. T. S.), p. 17. celeste (se-lesf), a. [An abbrev. of F. bleu ci- leste, sky-blue : see blue and celest.] In ccram., sky-blue. celestial (se-les'tial), a. and n. [< ME. celestial, celestiall, < OF. celestial, cetesUel = Pr. Sp. Pg. celestial = It. eclestiale, < L. calcstis. of heaven, < ccelum, heaven : see celest, ceil, n.] I. a. 1. Of or pertaining to the sky or visible heaven : as, the celestial globe ; " the twelve celestial signs," Shak., L. L. L., v. 2. So to glorifie God. the author of time and light, which the darkened conceits of the Heathens ascribed to the Planets and bodies eoslestiall, calling the monethsby their names. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 123. 2. Heavenly; belonging or relating to, or characteristic of, heaven; dwelling in heaven; hence, of superior excellence, delight, purity, etc.: as, a celestial being; celestial felicity. Tliys lady bym saide that it myght not bee, Hit please ne wold the king celestiaU. Bom. o/ Partenay (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3796. Desire of power, on earth a vicious weed, Yet sprung from high is of celestial seed : In God 'tis glory ; ami when men aspire, 'Tis but a spark too much of heavenly fire. Dryden, Abs. ami A chit., 1. 305. Thus far, nations have drawn their weapons from the earthly armories of Force, unmindful of these others of celestial temper from the bouse of Love. Sumner. Orations, L 104. Celestial crown, in her., a hearing resembling the an- tique crown, and having each of its rays charged with a celestial star at the point. —Celestial globe, magic, etc. Sop the nouns.— The Celestial Empire, a common name for custom "i speaking ( t l orB av< < I ij nasty, •i] the claim of the founder I the command n icked rulers. it, or Sons of ten. II. "■ 1- An inhabitant of heaven. The unknown celestial. Pope, Odyssey, i. 160. 2. [cap.'] A popular name for a native of China, the "Celestial Empii celestialize (sf-les'Jial-iz), v. t. [< celestial + -i-c] To make celestial. Quarterly Bev. [Es celestially (se-les'tial-i;, «urs after midnight to say matins, cat no flesh, fast often, and wear a white gown and a Mack capoueh and scapular. For several centuries the Celes- tines were very numerous and prosperous, especially in Italy and France. 3. A member of an extinct order of Franciscan hermits. Celestinian (sel-es-tin'i-an), n. Same as CeU celestite (sel'es-tit), n. [< L. ccelestis, of heaven celest), + -il<-.~\ In mineral., native stron- tium sulphate. It is found in orthorhombic crystals re- seiuiilm- t tin-.' nt liaiite in torni, also massive and fibrous. white, ni' a delicate blue (whence the name). It occui- finely crystallized in Sicily, with native sulphur, at many other localities in Europe, and in America on Strontian island in Lake Erie, at Lockporf in New York, LlsO CCelt ■<">. CCeli tnh\ celestivet, ». [ME. celestif, < OF. celestif, ce- lestitil; as celest + -ire.'] Celestial. Full gladly thay wold I ahold use my life Here a- for to pray our lord celesttf 1 1 ' thaiin and for you in especiall, That in paradise he vs do put till. Rom. •■< Part nay (E. E. T. S.), 1. 3288. Celeus (sel'e-us), n. [NL. (Boie, 1831), < Gr. , the green woodpecker, Picus nitidis.'] A genus of South American woodpeckers, con- taining such as C. flavus and ''. jlan-xeens of Brazil. It gives name to the Ccleomvrphm. celia, a. See ca lia. celiac, cceliac (se'li-ak), a. [< L. cceliacus, < I Jr. ),u; ""..'». < KoAia, llie belly, < i.oi'/nr, hollow.] 1. Pertaining to the cavity of the abdomen; abdominal or ventricular. Now chiefly used in the phrase celiac axis. — 2. Same as calian. — 3. I. a old term applied, in the phrase to a flux or diarrhea— Celiac axis. Celiac canal, in crinoids, a continuation ol It) into the arms, separated by a ubtentacular canal, as -in natula. celiadelphus, »■ See cceliadelphus. celiagra, «. Bet cceliagra. celialgia, ». See ccelialgia. celian, a. ,,,. celibacy (sel'i-bs Bi), ». [< celibate: see -acy.] celibate or unmarried; a "lion from mar- riage: as, the celibacy of the clergy. IB that his fall,, i v i :, I leacoil, on her Clergy in lie. land, was no pari ! and con !A, Church of Irelan ■ long trial Of I Inl ' B. " n. 310. thi i b in the honoui i ulay. celibatariant i, «. [(.celibate + -a i 878 celibate (sel'i-bfit), ». and a. [=F. ce"Ubat = sp. Pg. It. celibato, < L. calibatus, celibacy, a single life. < Calebs (ccelib-), unmarried: see Calebs.] I. «. If. A single life; celibacy. The forced celibate of the English clergy. Bp. Hull, Honour <>1 Married Clergy, p. 312. He . . . preferreth holy cr/ihnte liefm-e tlie estate t.f marriage. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1S35), I. 273, 2. One who adheres to or practises celibacy; a bacholor, especially a confirmed bachelor. II. a. Unmarried; single: as, a,celibati life. celibate (sel'i-ba1 ), v. i. ; pret. and pp. celibated, ppr. celibating, [i celibate, «.] To lead a single life. Fortnightly Bev, celibatist (seri-ba-tist - ), v. [< celibate + -ist.] One who lives unmarried; a celibate. [Rare.] celibian (se-lib'i-an), n. [Also spelled ca-liliian, < L. ctilihx, raltlis, a bachelor, + -i-an.] Un- married : celibate. [Rare.] celidography (sel-i-dog'ra-fi), n. [< Gr. kt/XIc &-), a spot, + -}pnia, < y/nitpeiv, write.] A description of the spots on the disk of the sun or on planets. celine, a. See cceline. cell (sel), n. [< ME. cellc, selle = D. eel = G. a ll<. .:f a few years, there can surely be no difficulty in understanding how, under appropriate con- ditions, ;i cell may in the course of untold millions of years give origin to the human rare. H. Spencer, Prin. of Biol., § 118. However complicated one of the higher animals or plants may be, it begins its separate existence under the form «.f a nucleated cell. Nuzley, Anat Invert., p. 19. (c) In Polyzoa, one of the cases or cups of the ectocyst or exoskeleton of a polyzoarium, con- 1 afning an individual zooid or polypid. See cuts under Flumatella ami Polyzoa. — 6. In anat. and :<>/;/., some* little envity, compartment, camera, or hollow place ; a cella or cellula ; a vesicle ; a capsule : a follicle ; a corpuscle, etc. : as, the ceUs of honeycomb; the cells (not osteoblasts) of cancellous bone-tissue ; the cells (compart- ments, not form-elements) of cellular or con- nective tissue; the cells, or cancelli, of the re- ticulated structure of an insect's wing (that is, the spaces between the nervures or veins) ; the cells of a foraminiferous or radiolarian shell; the cells (ventricles, cavities) of the brain; spe- cifically, in entom.j the basal inclosed space of the wing of a lepidopterous insect, bounded by the subcostal and median veins, which are joined exteriorly. — 7. A division of the brain .is Mm' -.:ii ,,!■ abode of 8 particular faculty. [Poetical.] Manye [mania] Engendered of humour malencolyk Byforen in his selle fantastyk. Chaucer, Knight's Tale, 1. 518. Mine eyes he closed, but open left the cell Of fancy, my internal sight. Milton, P. L.,viii.469. 8. In elect., a single jar or element of a voltaic battery. A simple cell ordinarily consists of plates of two different metals joined by a wire and immersed in a liquid (called the exciting liquid) which acts chemically upon one plate ; this, the positive or generating plate, at the expense of which the electrical current is maintained, is usually zinc ; the negative plate is often copper, but may be platinum, carbon, silver, etc. The exciting liquid is com- monly dilute sulphuric acid, but solutions of sal ammoniac, common salt, etc .arealsn used. The current Hows through the liquid from the positive plate (zinc) to the copper, and through the wire from the positive pole to the negative pole. (See figure.) The current from a simple voltaic cell soon loses its strength, because hydrogen bubbles, Liberated in the chemical action on the negative plate, form a film over it. This polarization of the negative plate (see polariza- ti'in) may be par- tially avoided by mechanical means in ;i nngle-Jluid '•■■ti, by using platinum, or silver covered with finely divided platinum, as in the Smee cell, or plati- nized carbon, as in the Wtithr cell. It is more effectually prevented in a two-fluid cell by the addition of a second liquid (the depolarizing liquid), with which the hydrogen combines chemically. In the Grenet cell, or bottle-ceU, bi- chromate of potash is mixed with the sulphuric aeid (being hence called a bichromate cc^)ina vessel of bottle furm, and the zinc and carbon are immersed in them ; the zinc, how- ever, is raised out of the liquid when the cell is not in use. Practically, the depolarizing liquid is usually separated from the exciting liquid, as in the compound cell. One of the best of these is the Itniiii'l! cell, which consists of a zinc plate immersed in dilute sulphuric acid con- tained in a porous ves- sel, outside of which is a perforated copper plate surrounded by a solution of copper sulphate. The action is as follows : The re- ad i"N between the zinc and sulphuric acid produces zinc Sulphate and hydro, gen ; tin- Latter, how- ever, instead of col- lecting on the copper plate, unites with the copper sulphate, forming sulphuric acid and metallic cop- per. The formei g< n to Keep up the supply of acid in the inner vessel, and the latter is deposited on the copper plate The consumption ol topper sulphate is made g I by a supply of crystals in :i receptacle at the top. A modified form oi the Daniell cell is tbr gravity <-' as a center, the vertex, B, of the rhombus most distant from .1 will describe a right line. The production of thi- effeel bj link-work alone had been much Bought after since the in vention of the steam-engine. Principal cells, the cen- tral cells Of the can Mae glandaof the stomach. Also called itth'loiitnrplitiusct'lls.— Selenium Cell. *rr rr itttanr, and photophone, cell (scl), r. t. [< eell t ».] To shut up iuacell ; place in a cell. [Rare.] Myself a recluse from the world And ceiled underground. Warn* r, Union's England, vii. cella (sel'fi \. u. ; pi, <■< ihr (-§). [L. : see cell) ». ) 1. Tho room or chamber which formed the nucleus of Gravity Cell. C, copper plate ; Z, zinc plate. its strength, ami hence is especially valuable for inter- mittent use; it has also the advantage thai their is no waste of the zinc by local action when not in use. The sUver-cklorid cell, as devised by De la Rue, consists of zinc acted upon by sal ammoniac and a rod of silver surround- ed l»y a cylinder of silver cblorid. The Latimer-Clarl standard cell consists of zinc and pure mercury separated by a paste made from sulphates of zinc and mercurj ; when suitably arranged it maintains a very constant elec- tromotive force, and hence has been used as a standard. 9. A structure of wrought-iron, consisting usually of four plates riveted to angle-irons. — 10. A small frame or box employed to hold or inclose a microscopic object.— Adelo- morphous cells. Same as principal cells.— Alar cells. See alar.— Amoeboid cell, amcebiform cell, a cell which has no determinate form, or which is capable of executing amoeboid movements, and so of changing its form, ami even of moving about, like au aimeba. Cor- puscles of chyle and lymph are of this character ; so like- wise are the white corpuscles of the blood.— Antipo- dal cells. s,e antipodal. — Apical cell. See apical.— Beaker-cells. Same as goblet-cells.— Beale's ganglion- cells, the bipolar cells of the abdominal sympathetic nerve of the frog, in which one process is coiled spirally around the other.— Cell family, a row or group of uni- cellular plants which have originated from a parent cell and still remain attached; a colony.— Cells of Purkinje, large branching cells in the cerebellar cortex. — Cell theo- ry, the doctrine that the bodies of all animals and plants consist either of a cell or of a number of cells and their products, and that all cells proceed from cells, as expressed in the phrase omnis cellula e cellula: a doctrine fore- shadowed by Kaspar Friedrieh Wolff, who died in 1704, and by Karl Ernst von Baer (born 1792) ; it was established in botany by Schleideu in 1838, and in zoology by Theodor Schwann about 1839. Its complete form, including the ovum as a simple cell also, is the basis of the present state of the biological sciences.— Chalice- cells. SameastjoWi t- cells. — Collared cell, a cell one end of which has a raised rim or border, like a collar, as that of a collar-bearing mo- nad, or choanoflagellate infusorian. — Condemned cell. See condemned. — Daughter-cell. See mother-cell, below. — Deiters'S cells, certain cells intimately connected with the external hair-cells of the cochlea ; also, the cells of the neuroglia ; sometimes applied to the large cells of the an- terior cornua of the spinal cord, which give off Deiters's processes. Named from Deiters, a German anatomist (1834-63).— Electrolytic cell, a name sometimes given to the vessel in which a liquid is placed for electrolysis.— Flagellate cell, a cell with only one flagellum.— Gob- let-cells, columnar epithelial cells in which the free end is distended with mucin, so that the cell presents the form of a goblet. Also called chalice- or beaker-cells. — Granule-cell. See granule. — Gustatory cells. See gustatory. — Hair-cells, in anat., cells having on their upper surfaces very fine hair-like processes, lying on the outer (external hair-cells) or inner (internal hair-cells) side of the rods of Corti (which see, under rod). — Indifferent cells or tissues, cells or tissues not differentiated into any of the definite permanent forms. — Langerhans' cell, a certain peculiar structure embedded in the epithelium, in which the nerve -fibers terminate. — Latticed cells. 8) 1 cambi/orm. — Mother-cell, a cell which multiplies itself by the division of its protoplasmic contents and the secre- tion of a wall of cellulose _ E about each por- tion. The new cells are called daughter -cells. — Peaucellier cell, in mech. t a plane linkage discovered by Lieut. Peaucel- lier in 1864, which first solv- ed the celebrat- ed problem of parallel mo- tion. It is com- posed of two long links of equal length, pivoted toge- ther at one end and at the other pivoted to the opposite angles of a rhombus composed of four equal and shorter links. ■ c m Tf ■1 n 5 A • *, ■ m s » m KmU ta i* t* hj gai D Plan of the Parthenon. A, cella ; B, opisthodomus (or Par- thenon] ; C, pronaos; D, epin.ios (or opisthodomus) ; £, site of the statue of Athena. A Peaucellier Cell. CD, DF, EF, FC, AF, AD, BC, are stiff bars jointed at A, C D, E, F. A and B are fixed in position at a distance equal to BC, and there is a pencil at £ . As C turns about B, describing the arc cCc', the point E describes the ru'lit line eJEe ; cde/ana c d e'/ : are two positions cXCDEF. an an- cient Greek or Ro- man temple ami con- tained the image of the deity, as distin- guished from the additional rooms, porticos, ete., often combined with the cella to form the complete temple. I tie word is now often applied to the corre- sponding part of the tem- ples of other peoples, ;i ol the ancient i p tians. Also cell. The next class of tem- ples, called pseudo-pe- ripteral (or those in which the cella occupies the whole of the after part), are generally more modern, certainly more completely Roman, than these last. Fergusson, Hist, Archi- [tecture, I. 307. The front of the cella includes a small open peristyle. B. Taylor, Lands of the [Saracen, p. 296. 2. [NL.] In (unit., hinl., and zool., a cell; a cellula. [Rare.] — 3. A hole or hollow formed at the foot of a waterfall or rapid by the continued action of the water. [Canadian.] — Cella media, in anat.. the central part of the lateral ventricles of the brain, from which the cornua proceed. cellaeform (sel'e-form), a. [Prop, celliform, < NL. cella, a cell, + L. forma, shape.] Of the form of a cell ; like a cell in aspect, but not of the morphological nature of a cell. In the layer of protoplasm from which the pseudopodia proceed, ceUceform bodies of a bright yellow colour, which have been found to contain starch, are usually developed. Hvaifey, Anat. Invert., p. Sf>. cell-animal (sel'an"i-mal), n. A cell as an in- dividual animal or organism ; an animal that is a single cell, or a number of cells not histo- logically differentiated. cellar 1 (sel'&r), n. [Early mod. E. celler, < ME. ceUer, celerjX OF. eeUer, F. cellier = Pr. celu r = Cat. celler = Pg. celleiro = It. celliere = I). k-elder = OHG. chellari, MHG. kelre, heller, G. la IU • r = Icel. hjaUari = Sw. kiillarc = Dan. Ijnider, < L. ccllariitiii, a pantry, prop. neut. of cellarius, pertaining to a cell, < cella: see cell, n. In the comp. saltcellar, q. v., -cellar is of different origin.] 1. A room under a house or other building, either wholly or partly under ground, not adapted for habitation, but for the storage of provisions, wine, lumber, fuel, etc. In some of the overcrowded parts of large towns, how- ever, cellars are converted into habitations for people of the poorest classes. By ny3te sette it in a soft cleer eir, or ellis in a coold seler. Book of Quints Essence (ed. Furnivall), p. 8. She's brought them down to yon cellar, She brought them fifty steps and three. The Knight's Ghost (Child's Ballads, I. 211). 2f. A receptacle or case for bottles. Run for the cellar of strong waters quickly. B. Jonson, Magnetiek Lady, iii. 1. His wife afterwards did take me into my closet, and give me a cellar of waters of her own distilling. Pepys, Diary, April 1, 1668. cellar 2 (sel'ar), a. [< L. cellarius, pertaining to a cell : see cellar 1 .'] Of or pertaining to a cell ; cellular: as, cellar walls. [Rare.] cellar 3 t, »• See cehire. cellarage (sel'ar-aj), m. [< cellar*- + -age.'] 1. The space occupied by a cellar or cellars ; a cellar or cellars collectively. Come on — you hear this fellow in the cellarage— Consent to swear. Shale., Uamlet, i. 5. Oellepora 2. Room or storage in a cellar. — 3. A charge for storage in n cellar, cellar-book (sel'Sl-buk), n. A book containing details Regarding the wines or other liquors re- ceived into and given out from a wine-cellar; :i book kepi by :i butler showing the general state of I he wine-cellar. Heir he checked the housekeeper's account, and over- hauled tin* butler's cellar-book. Thackeray. cellarer (sel'Sr-er), n. (< ME. celerer, celerere, < OF. celerier, r. cellerier = Pr. cettarier = OCat. ceUerer = Sp. cillerero = Pg. cellereiro, ct thin irn = It. cellerajo, cellerario (ML. cellarius, a Hi rurins), < \j. a llniiiniix. :i stowanl, butler, < cella rili m, ;i pantry: sec- cellar 1 .] 1. An officer in n monastery who has the care of the cellar, or the charge of procuring and keeping the pro- visions; also, an officer in a chapter who has the care of the temporals, and particularly of the distribution of bread, wine, and money to canons on account of their attendance in the choir. The cellarer was a sly old fellow with a thin greybeard, and looked as if he could tell a g I story of an evening over a flagon of good wine. It. Crtrzim, Monast. in the Levant, p. 347. 2. Same as cellarman. — 3. One who keeps wine- or spirit-cellars ; a spirit-dealer or wine- merchant. Also ciitari.it. cellaret (sel'iir-et), n. [< cellar* + dim. -et] A case for holding bottles or decanters, as of wine, cordials, etc., sometimes also several liqueur-glasses. cellar-flap (sel'&r-flap), ». A wooden lifting door covering the descent to a cellar. [U. S.] Cellaria (se-la'ri-a), «. [NL., fern, of L. cella- rius, < cella, a chamber, cell : see cell, ».] The typical genus of the family Cellariidce. Cellariida? (sel-a-ri'i-de), «. pi. [NL.,< Cella- ria + -ida:] A family of gymnolsematous chi- lostomatous polyzoans, typified by the genus Cillnria. Also Cellariadai. cellaring (sel'ar-ing), «. [(cellar^ + -ingl.] 1. A range or system of cellars ; cellarage. Ah ! how blessed should I be to live with you in a re- tired and peaceful cottage, situated in a delightful sport- ing country, with attached and detached offices, roomy cellaring, and commodious attics. Morton, Secrets worth Knowing, iii. 4. 2. The act or practice of storing goods in cel- lars. cellarino (It. pron. ehel-lii-re'no), >i. [It.] In the Roman or Renaissance Tuscan and Doric orders of architecture, the neck or necking be- neath the ovolo of the capital. cellarist (sel'ar-ist), n. [< cellar* + -ist] Same as cellarer. cellarman (sel'Sr-man), «.; pi. cellarmen (-men). A person employed in a wine-cellar; a butler; also, a spirit-dealer or wine-merchant. Also called cellarer. cellarOUS (sel'ar-us), a. [< cellar* + -ous.] Be- longing to or connected with a cellar; subter- ranean; excavated. [Rare.] Certain cellarous steps. Dickens, lincommercial Traveller, ix. cellar-rat (sel'Sr-rat), n. A contemptuous name for a custom-house officer employed in looking after the storage of imported goods. There was to be a standing army kept up in time of peace: customdiouse officers, tide-waiters, and <>lhir-,als. J. B. McMaster, People of the United States, I. 461. cellar-snail (sel'Sr-snal), n. Aland-snail, Hj/iiliiia cellaria, of the family Vitriiiiilir and subfamily Zouitiinr, having a small, depressed, polished shell : so called from being found in cellars. It is a European species which has been intro- duced into the United States, and is common in the Atlan- tic seaport towns. cell-capsule (sel'kap"sul), «. A thick cell-wall or readily separable cell-membrane. When such membranes attain a certain degree of thick- ness and independence as regards the body of the cell, they are known as cell-capsules. Frey, Histol. and Histo-ehem. (trans.), p. S3. celled (seld), a. [< cell + -cd-.] Having a cell or cells; composed of a cell or cells; cellular: used separately or in compounds: as, a celled organ ; one-celled ; m&ny-celled. cell-enamel (sel'e-nam'el), n. Cloisonne en- amel. [Rare.] Cellepora (se-lep'o-rS), n. [NL., better Celli- pora, < NL. cella, a cell, + L. poms, a passage : see /tore.] The typical genus of polyzoans of the family Celleporidce, having a median avicu- larium behind the posterior lip of the mouth of the cell. Also Cellipora. [< NL. eella, a -tuts.] Bearing Celleporidse Celleporidae (sel-e-por'i-de), ». pi. [NL., < + -mac] A family of ohilostomatous s with zocBoia ureeolate, erect or sub- regularly heaped tog< often forming several superimposed layers. Celleporina (si ri' oa >. n. pi. [NL., < + -inn-.] A superfanuiy group of ohilostomatous polyzoans, having the zooeeium areous, rhomboid or oval, and a terminal mouth. and celler celler cellerert celliferous (se-lif'e-ru i . = fi. bear'-, + or producing cells, celllform (sel'i-fdrm), a. [< NL. cella, a cell + \i.formt the morphologi Cellipora (se-Bp'o-rS), n. |N"I..] SameasCW lijuira. cellist (ehel'ist), ». An abbreviated form of violoncellist: often written 'cellist. Cellite (sellt), n. [F. Cellite = Sp. Celito, < ML. pi., < L. cella, a cell.] Same as •>. 1. cell-membrane (sel'inein"bran), n. In ftioZ., the investing membrane or wall of a cell. A distinct, independent pellicle, separable from the cell- body, and known as the cell-mem Frey, Histol. ami Histo-chem, (trans.), i>. (i4. cell-mouth (sel'mouth), n. The oral opening of a unicellular animal ; acytostome. cello (chel'6), n. An abbreviation of violoncello: often written '<■< llo. cell-parasite (sel'par'a-sit), n. An extremely 880 laria. Tlu> polyzoary is erect, Jointed, phytold, dichoto- niously branched, with zocecia alternate and all facing the Bameway. thi apertures large, oval, and membranous, and ihe avicularia, whi n present, sessile, and either lateral or anterior. Also Cellularidx, Celluiariadce. Cellularina (sol u-la-ri'na), n. /it. [NL., < Cellularia, 2,+ -/««'-'.]' Asuperfamilygroupof ohilostomatous polyzoans, having the, zooeeium corneous ami infundibulate. It contains the families .Y.U Ida; Ct ilidnriida; and Bicellariidce. cdl it la + -ate 2 tire. cettula, < little cell. spaces, sur- rounded by veins, on the wing of an insect, especially of the Neuroptera and Pseudoneuroptera. (I>) In hot., one of the ells which constitute the areolar structure of a r of a leaf or similar vegetable organ. ingthe'form'butnot Cellulicolae (sel-u-lik'6-le) , it .pi. [NL., pen- ological nature ofa cell '"'"■ 1- v -> + L- c ^f' e ' "^^V see CM "-] A Celticism celotomy (se-lot'o-mi), n. [= F. ceTotomie = Sp. celotomia, < (Jr. nr/toro/iia, < «/>//, a tumor, + -ro/(/ut with raised rims on each side forming a pair of grooves, apparent- ly intended to retain a wooden handle fitted on in the di- rection of the length of the blade; these may be consid- ered as spades intended for agricultural labor. Second, chisel-shaped blades, havinga deep socket at the end op. posite the cutting edge, and usually fitted with a loop or pierced ear on one side. Third, blades, also with asocket, but shorter and broader; these, which have often been called ax-heads, are thought rather to be ferrules for the butt end of spear-siiafts and the like, the edge enabling them to be driven into the ground. See amtjam, pool- stab, pot-celt, and tocket-celt. Celtiberian (sel-ti-be'ri-an), a. and n. [< L. tiiliheri (Gr. Ke'krifSitpin;), the inhabitants of i 'til tin n, i, < Celta;, the Celts, + Jberi, the Ibe- rians, the supposed original inhabitants of Spain.] I. a. Pertaining to Celtiberia and its inhabitants, the Celtiberi, an ancient people of Spain formed by a union of Celts and Ibe- rians. II. n. A member of the dominant race of ancient Celtiberia, a region in central Spain. Celtic, Keltic (sel'-, kel'tdk), a. and n. [< L. CelUcus (Hi'. k:/-n,