A REPLY. r A REPLY TO " THE AFFECTIONATE AND CHRISTIAN ADDRESS OF MANY THOUSANDS OF WOMEN OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, TO THEIR SIS- TERS, THE WOMEN OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA." BY MRS. HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, IN BEHALF OF MANY THOUSANDS OF AMERICAN WOMEN. LONDON: SAMPSON LOW, SON, AND CO. 47, LUDGATE HILL. 1863. StacK Anne* 5 03,0 A REPLY TO THE AFFECTIONATE AND CHRISTIAN ADDRESS OF MANY THOUSANDS OF WOMEN OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, TO THEIR SIS- TERS, THE WOMEN OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA." Signed by ANNA MARIA BEDFORD (Duchess of Bedford). OLIVIA CECILIA COWLEY (Countess Cnoley). CONSTANCE GROSVENOR (Countess Groruenor). HARRIET SUTHERLAND (Duchess of Sutherland). ELIZABETH ARGYLL (Duchess of Argyll). ELIZABETH FORTESCUE (Countess Fortescue}. EMILY SHAFTESBURY (Countess of Shaftesbury). MARY RUTHVEN (Baroness Ruthven). M. A. MILMAN (Wife of the Dean of St. Paufs). R. BUXTON (Daughter of Sir Thomas Fnuell Buxton). CAROLINE AMELIA OWEN (Wife of Professor Owen). MRS. CHARLES WINDHAM. C. A. HATHERTON (Baroness Hatherton). ELIZABETH DUCIE (Countess Dowager of Dude). CECILIA PARKE (Wife of Baron Park). MARY ANN CHALLIS (Wife of the Lord Major of London). E. GORDON (Duchess Dowager of Gordon). ANNA M. L. MELVILLE (Daughter of Earl Lfuen and Melville). GEORGIANA EBRINGTON (Lady Ebrington). A. HILL (Viscountess Hill). MRS. GOB AT (Wife of Bis ho f Gotat of Jerusalem). E. PALMERSTON (Viscountess Palmerston). and others. .1 044882 A REPLY, ETC. SISTERS, i ORE than eight years ago, you sent to us in America a docu- ment with the above heading. It is as follows : " A common origin, a common faith, and, we sincerely believe, a common cause, urge us, at the present moment, to address you on the subject of that system of Negro Slavery which still prevails so extensively, and, even under kindly disposed masters, with such 4 A REPLY EY frightful results, in many of the vast regions of the Western world. " We will not dwell on the ordinary topics, on the progress of civilization, on the ad- vance of freedom everywhere, on the rights and requirements of the nineteenth century ; but we appeal to you very seriously to reflect and to ask counsel of God how far such a state of things is in accordance with His Holy Word, the inalienable rights of immortal souls, and the pure and merciful spirit of the Christian religion. We do not shut our eyes to the difficulties, nay, the dangers, that might beset the immediate abolition of that long- established system. We see and admit the necessity of preparation for so great an event j but, in speaking of indispensable preliminaries, we cannot be silent on those laws of your country which, in direct contravention of God's own law, c instituted in the time of MRS. H. B. SrOWE. 5 man's innocency,' deny in effect to the Slave the sanctity of marriage, with all its joys, rights, and obligations ; which separate, at the will of the master, the wife from the husband and the children from the parents. Nor can we be silent on that awful system which either by statute or by custom interdicts to any race of man or any portion of the human family education in the truths of the Gospel and the ordinances of Christianity. A remedy applied to these two evils alone would commence the amelioration of their sad condition. We ap- peal to you, then, as sisters, as wives, and as mothers, to raise your voices to your fellow- citizens, and your prayers to God, for the removal of this affliction and disgrace from the Christian world. " We do not say these things in a spirit of self-complacency, as though our nation were free from the guilt it perceives in others. 6 A REPLY ET " We acknowledge with grief and shame our heavy share in this great sin. We ac- knowledge that our forefathers introduced, nay, compelled the adoption of slavery in those mighty colonies. We humbly confess it before Almighty God ; and it is because we so deeply feel and so unfeignedly avow our own complicity, that we now venture to im- plore your aid to wipe away our common crime and our common dishonour." This Address, splendidly illuminated on vellum, was sent to our shores at the head of twenty-six folio volumes, containing conside- rably more than half-a-million of signatures of British women. It was forwarded to me with a letter from a British nobleman now occupying one of the highest official positions in England, with a request on behalf of these ladies that it should be in any possible way MRS. H. B. SrOWE. ^ presented to the attention of my country- women. This Memorial, as it now stands in its solid oaken case, with its heavy folios, each bearing on its back the imprint of the American eagle, forms a most unique library, a singular monument of an international expression of a moral idea. No right-thinking person can find aught to be objected against the substance or the form of this memorial. It is temperate, just, and kindly, and on the high ground of Christian equality, where it places itself, may be re- garded as a perfectly proper expression of sentiment, as between blood -relations and equals in two different nations. The signatures to this appeal are not the least remarkable part of it ; for, beginning at the very steps of the throne, they go down to the names of women in the very humblest 8 A REPLY EY conditions in life, and represent all that Great Britain possesses, not only of highest and wisest, but of plain, homely common sense and good feeling. Names of wives of cab- inet-ministers appear on the same page with the names of wives of humble labourers, names of duchesses and countesses, of wives of generals, ambassadors, savans, and men of letters, mingled with names traced in trem- bling characters by hands evidently unused to hold the pen and stiffened by lowly toil. Nay, so deep and expansive was the feeling, that British subjects in foreign lands had their re- presentation. Among the signatures are those of foreign residents from Paris to Jerusalem. Autographs so diverse, and collected from sources so various, have seldom been found in juxtaposition. They remain at this day a silent witness of a most singular tide of feeling which at that time swept over the British MRS. H. B. STOWE. 9 community, and made for itself an expression, even at the risk of offending the sensibilities of an equal and powerful nation. No reply to that address, in any such tan- gible and monumental form, has ever been possible. It was impossible to canvass our vast territories with the zealous and indefati- gable industry with which England was can- vassed for signatures. In America, those possessed of the spirit which led to this effi- cient action had no leisure for it. All their time and energies were already absorbed in direct efforts to remove the great evil con- cerning which the minds of their English sisters had been newly aroused, and their only answer was the silent continuance of these efforts. From the Slaveholding States, however, as was to be expected, came a flood of indignant recrimination and rebuke. No one act, per- io A REPLY EY haps, ever produced more frantic irritation or called out more unsparing abuse. It came with the whole united weight of the British aristocracy and commonalty on the most dis- eased and sensitive part of our national life ; and it stimulated that fierce excitement which was working before, and has worked since, till it has broken out into open war. The time has come, however, when such an astonishing page has been turned in the anti-slavery history of America, that the wo- men of our country, feeling that the great anti-slavery work to which their English sis- ters exhorted them is almost done, may pro- perly and naturally feel moved to reply to their appeal, and lay before them the history of what has occurred since the receipt of their affectionate and Christian address. Your address reached us just as a great moral conflict was coming to its intensest point. MRS. H. B. STOWE. n The agitation kept up by the anti-slavery portion of America, by England, and by the general sentiment of humanity in Europe, had made the situation of the slaveholding aris- tocracy intolerable. As one of them at the time expressed it, they felt themselves under the ban of the civilized world. Two courses only were open to them : to abandon slave institutions, the sources of their wealth and political -power, or to assert them with such an overwhelming national force as to compel the respect and assent of mankind. They chose the latter. To this end they determined to seize on and control all the resources of the Federal Government, and to spread their institutions through new States and Territories until the balance of power should fall into their hands, and they should be able to force slavery into all the Free States. 12 A REPLY BT A leading Southern senator boasted that he would yet call the roll of his slaves on Bunker Hill ; and, for a while, the political successes of the Slave Power were such as to suggest to New England that this was no impossible event. They repealed the Missouri Compromise, which had hitherto stood, like the Chinese wall, between our North-western Territories and the irruptions of slaveholding barbarians. Then came the struggle between Freedom and Slavery in the new Territory, the battle for Kansas and Nebraska, fought with fire and sword and blood, where a race of men, of whom John Brown was the immortal type, acted over again the courage, the perseverance, and the military religious ardour of the old Covenanters of Scotland, and, like them, re- deemed the Ark of Liberty at the price of their own blood, and blood dearer than their own. MRS. H. B. STO^E. 13 The time of the Presidential canvass which elected Mr. Lincoln was the crisis of this great battle. The conflict had become nar- rowed down to the one point of the extension of slave-territory. If the slaveholders could get States enough, they could control and rule ; if they were outnumbered by Free States, their institutions, by the very law of their nature, would die of suffocation. There- fore, Fugitive-Slave Law, District of Colum- bia, Inter-State Slave-Trade, and what not, were all thrown out of sight for a grand rally on this vital point. A President was elected pledged to opposition to this one thing alone, a man known to be in favour of the Fugi- tive-Slave Law and other so-called compro- mises of the Constitution, but honest and faithful in his determination on this one sub- ject. That this was indeed the vital point was shown by the result. The moment Lin- H A REPLY EY coin's election was ascertained, the slave- holders resolved to destroy the Union they could no longer control. They met and organized a Confederacy which they openly declared to be the first republic founded on the right and determina- tion of the white man to enslave the black man ; and, spreading their banners, declared themselves to the Christian world of the nine- teenth century as a nation organized with the full purpose and intent of perpetuating slavery. But in the course of the struggle that fol- lowed, it became important for the new Con- federation to secure the assistance of foreign powers, and infinite pains were then taken to blind and bewilder the mind of England as to the real issues of the conflict in America. It has been often and earnestly asserted that slavery had nothing to do with this con- flict ; that it was a mere struggle for power ; MRS. H. B. STOWE. 15 that the only object was to restore the Union as it was, with all its abuses. It is to be ad- mitted that expressions have proceeded from the National Administration which naturally gave rise to misapprehension, and therefore we beg to speak to you on this subject more fully. And, first, the declaration of the Confede- rate States themselves is proof enough, that, whatever may be declared on the other side, the maintenance of slavery is regarded by them as the vital object of their movement. We ask your attention under this head to the declaration of their Vice-President, Ste- phens, in that remarkable speech delivered on the 2ist of March, 1861, at Savannah, Geor- gia, wherein he declares the object and pur- poses of the new Confederacy. It is one of the most extraordinary papers which our cen- tury has produced. I quote from the verba- 16 A REPLY EY tim report in the Savannah Republican of the address as it was delivered in the Athenaeum of that city, on which occasion, says the newspaper from which I copy, " Mr. Ste- phens took his seat amid a burst of enthusi- asm and applause such as the Athenaeum has never had displayed within its walls within 4 the recollection of the oldest inhabitant.' ' " Last, not least, the new Constitution has put at rest for ever all the agitating questions relating to our peculiar institution, African Slavery as it exists among us, the proper status of the negro in our form of civiliza- tion. This was the immediate cause of the late rupture and present revolution. Jefferson, in his forecast, had anticipated this, as the c rock upon which the "old Union would split.' He was right. What was conjecture with him is now a realized fact. But whether he fully MRS. H. B. STOWE. 17 comprehended the great truth upon which that rock stood and stands may be doubted. The prevailing ideas entertained by him and most of the leading statesmen at the time of the formation of the old Constitution were, that the enslavement of the African was in violation of the laws of 'Nature ', that it was wrong in prin- ciple, socially, morally, and politically. It was an evil they knew not well how to deal with ; but the general opinion of the men of that day was, that, somehow or other, in the order of Providence, the institution would be evan- escent, and pass away. This idea, though not incorporated in the Constitution, was the prevailing idea at the time. The Consti- tution, it is true, secured every essential guaranty to the institution, while it should last; and hence no argument can be justly used against the Constitutional guaranties thus secured, because of the common senti- B 18 A REPLY BT ment of the day. Those ideas, however, -were fundamentally wrong. They rested upon the assumption of the equality of races. This was an error. It was a sandy foundation : and the idea of a government built upon it when 4 the storm came and the wind blew, it fell.' " Our new government is founded upon ex- actly the opposite ideas : its foundations are laid, its corner-stone rests upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man ; that slavery, subordination to the superior race, is his natural and moral condition. (Applause.) This our new government is the first, in the history of the world, based upon this great physical, phi- losophical, and moral truth. " This truth has been slow in the process of its development, like all other truths in the various departments of science. It is so even amongst us. Many who hear me, per- haps, can recollect well that this truth was MRS. H. B. STOWE. 19 not generally admitted, even within their day. The errors of the past generation still clung to many as late as twenty years ago. Those at the North who still cling to these errors with a zeal above knowledge we justly deno- minate fanatics. All fanaticism springs from an aberration of the mind, from a defect in reasoning. It is a species of insanity. One of the most striking characteristics of in- sanity, in many instances, is forming correct conclusions from fancied or erroneous pre- mises. So with the anti-slavery fanatics : their conclusions are right, if their premises are. They assume that the negro is equal and hence conclude that he is entitled to equal privileges and rights with the white man. If their premises were correct, their conclusions would be logical and just; but their premises being wrong, their whole argu- ment fails. 20 A REPLY BT * * # * " In the conflict thus far, success has been on our side complete, throughout the length and breadth of the Confederate States. It is upon this, as I have stated, our social fabric is firmly planted ; and I cannot permit myself to doubt the ultimate success of a full recog- nition of this principle throughout the civil- ized and enlightened world. " As I have stated, the truth of this prin- ciple may be slow in development, as all truths are, and ever have been, in the various branches of science. It was so with the principles announced by Galileo j it was so with Adam Smith and his principles of politi- cal economy ; it was so with Harvey in his theory of the circulation of the blood. It is said that not a single one of the medical pro- fession, at the time of the announcement of the truths made by him, admitted them ; now MRS. H. B. SrOWE. 21 they are universally acknowledged. May we not, therefore, look with confidence to the ultimate universal acknowledgment of the truths upon which our system rests ? It is the first government ever instituted upon principles in strict conformity to Nature and the ordination of Providence in furnishing the material of human society. Many go- vernments have been founded upon the prin- ciples of certain classes ; but the classes thus enslaved were of the same race and in vio- lation of the laws of Nature. Our system commits no such violation of Nature's laws. The negro, by Nature, or by the curse against Canaan, is fitted for that condition D * which he occupies in our system. The ar- chitect, in the construction of buildings, lays the foundation with the proper material, the granite ; then comes the brick or marble. The substratum of our society is made of the 22 A REPLY BY material fitted by Nature for it ; and by ex- perience we know that it is best not only for the superior, but the inferior race, that it should be so It is indeed in conformity with the Creator. It is not safe for us to inquire into the wisdom of His ordinances, or to question them. For His own purposes He has made one race to differ from another, as one star differeth from another in glory. The great objects of humanity are best at- tained, when conformed to His laws and de- crees in the formation of government as well as in all things else. Our Confederacy is founded on a strict conformity with those laws. This stone, which was rejected by the first builders, has become the chief stone of the corner in our new edifice ! " Thus far the declarations of the slavehold- ing Confederacy. MRS. H. B. STOWE. 23 On the other hand, the declarations of the President and the Republican party, as to their intention to restore " the Union as it was," require an explanation. It is the doctrine of the Republican party, that Freedom is national and Slavery sectional ; that the Constitution of the United States was designed for the pro- motion of liberty, and not of slavery j that its framers contemplated the gradual abolition of slavery ; and that in the hands of an anti- slavery majority it could be so wielded as peaceably to extinguish this great evil. They reasoned thus. Slavery ruins land, and requires fresh territory for profitable work- ing. Slavery increases a dangerous population, and requires an expansion of this population for safety. Slavery, then, being hemmed in by impassable limits, emancipation in each State becomes a necessity. By restoring the Union as it was the Repub- 24 A REPLY BT lican party meant the Union in the sense con- templated by the original framers of it, who, as has been admitted by Stephens, in his speech just quoted, were from principle opposed to slavery. It was, then, restoring a status in which, by the inevitable operation of natural laws, peaceful emancipation would become a certainty. In the meanwhile, during the past year, the Republican Administration, with all the un- wonted care of organizing an army and navy, and conducting military operations on an im- mense scale, have proceeded to demonstrate the feasibility of overthrowing slavery by purely Constitutional measures. To this end they have instituted a series of movements which have made this year more fruitful in anti-slavery triumphs than any other since the emancipation of the British West Indies. The District of Columbia, as belonging strictly to the National Government, and to MRS. H. E. SrOWE. 25 no separate State, has furnished a fruitful sub- ject of remonstrancce from British Christians with America. We have abolished slavery there, and thus wiped out the only blot of terri- torial responsibility on our escutcheon. By another act, equally grand in principle, and far more important in its results, slavery is for ever excluded from the Territories of the United States. By another act, America has consummated the long-delayed treaty with Great Britain for the suppression of the slave-trade. In ports whence slave-vessels formerly sailed with the connivance of the port-officers, the Admini- stration has placed men who stand up to their duty, and for the first time in our history the slave-trader is convicted and hung as a pirate. This abominable secret traffic has been wholly demolished by the energy of the Federal Go- vernment. Lastly, and more significant still, the United 26 A REPLY EY States Government has in its highest official capacity taken distinct anti-slavery ground, and presented to the country a plan of peaceable emancipation with suitable compensation. This noble-spirited and generous offer has been urged on the Slaveholding States by the Chief Executive with an earnestness and sin- cerity of which history in after-times will make honourable account in recording the events of Mr. Lincoln's administration. Now, when a President and Administration who have done all these things declare their intention of restoring " the Union as it was," ought not the world fairly to interpret their words by their actions and their avowed prin- ciples ? Is it not necessary to infer that they mean by it the Union as it was in the intent of its anti-slavery framers, under which, by the exercise of normal Constitutional powers, slavery should be peaceably abolished ? MRS. H. B. STOWE. 27 We are aware that this theory of the Con- stitution has been disputed by certain Aboli- tionists ; but it is conceded, as you have seen, by the Secessionists. Whether it be a just theory or not is, however, nothing to our purpose at present. We only assert that such is the pro- fessed belief of the present Administration of the United States, and such are the acts by which they have illustrated their belief. But this is but half the story of the anti- slavery triumphs of this year. We have shown you what has been done for freedom by the simple use of the ordinary Consti- tutional forces of the Union. We are now to show you what has been done to the same end by the Constitutional war-power of the nation. By this power it has been this year decreed that every slave of a rebel who reaches the lines of our army becomes a free man j that 28 A REPLY BT all slaves found deserted by their masters be- come free men ; that every slave employed in any service for the United States thereby obtains his liberty ; and that every slave em- ployed against the United States in any capa- city obtains his liberty : and lest the army should contain officers disposed to remand slaves to their masters, the power of judging and delivering up slaves is denied to army- officers, and all such acts are made penal. By this act, the Fugitive-Slave Law is for all present purposes practically repealed. With this understanding and provision, wherever our armies march, they carry liberty with them. For, be it remembered that our army is almost entirely a volunteer one, and that the most zealous and ardent volunteers are those who have been for years fighting with tongue and pen the Abolition battle. So marked is the character of our soldiers in this MRS. H. B. SrOWE. 29 respect, that they are now familiarly designated in the official military despatches of the Con- federate States as "The Abolitionists." Con- ceive the results, when an army, so empowered by national law, marches through a slave-terri- tory. One regiment alone has to our certain knowledge liberated two thousand slaves during the past year, and this regiment is but one out of hundreds. We beg to lay before you some details given by an eye-witness of what has recently been done in this respect in the Department of the South. " On Board Steamer from Fortress Monroe to Baltimore, Nov. 14, 1862. " Events of no ordinary interest have just occurred in the Department of the South. The negro troops have been tested, and, to their great joy, though not contrary to their own expectations, they have triumphed, not only over enemies armed with muskets and 30 A REPLY BT swords, but over what the black man dreads most, sharp and cruel prejudices. " General Saxton, on the 28th of October, sent the captured steamer Darlington, Captain Crandell, down the coast of Georgia, and to Fernandina, Florida, to obtain recruits for the First Regiment South-Carolina Volunteers. Lieutenant-Colonel O- T. Beard, of the Forty-Eighth New-York Volunteers, was given the command of the expedition. In addition to obtaining recruits, the condition and wants of the recent refugees from slavery along the coast were to be looked into, and, if occasion should offer, it was permitted to < feel the enemy.' At St. Simond's, Georgia, Cap- tain Trowbridge, with thirty-five men of the 4 Hunter Regiment of First South-Carolina Volunteers,' who had been stationed there for three months, together with twenty-seven more men, were received on board. With MRS. H. B. STOWE. 31 this company of sixty-two men the Darlington proceeded to Fernandina. " On arriving, a meeting of the coloured men was called to obtain enlistments. The large church was crowded. After addresses had been made by the writer and Colonel Beard, one hundred men volunteered at once, and the number soon reached about one hun- dred and twenty-five. Such, however, were the demands of Fort Clinch and the Quarter- master's Department for labourers, that Colonel Rich, commanding the fort, consented to only twenty-five men leaving. This was a sad disappointment, and one which some de- termined not to bear. The twenty-five men were carefully selected from among those not employed either on the fort or in the Quarter- master's Department, and put on board. Amid the farewells and benedictions of hun- dreds of their friends on shore they took their 32 A REPLY EY departure, to prove the truth or falsity of the charge, c The black man can never fight.' On calling the roll, a few miles from port, it was found our twenty-five men had increased to fifty-four. Determined not to be foiled in their purpose of being soldiers, it was found that thirty men had quietly found their way on board just at break of day, and had concealed themselves in the hold of the ship. When asked why they did so, their reply was, " c Oh, we want to fight for our liberty, and for de liberty of our wives and children.' " 'But would you dare to face your old masters ? ' " c Oh, yes, yes ! why, we would fight to de death to get our families,' was the quick response. " No one doubted their sincerity. Mus- kets were soon in their hands, and no time was lost in drilling them. Our steamer, a MRS. H. B. STOWE. 33 very frail one, had been barricaded around the bow and stern, and also provided with two twelve-pounder Parrott guns. These guns had to be worked by black men, under the direction of the captain of the steamer. Our fighting men numbered only about one hundred and ten, and fifty of them were raw recruits. The expedition was not a very for- midable one, still all seemed to have an un- usual degree of confidence as to its success. * * * * " November 6, The women and children (about fifty) taken from St. Simond's on the day previous were now landed for safety in St. Catherine's, as a more hazardous work was to be undertaken. Much of the night was spent in getting wood for the steamer, killing beeves, and cooking meats, rice, and corn, for our women and children on shore, and for the troops. The men needed no c 34 A REPLY BY 1 driver's lash' to incite them to labour. Sleep and rest were almost unwelcome, for they were preparing to go up Sapelo River, along whose banks, on the beautiful plantations, were their fathers, mothers, brothers, sisters, wives, and children. Weeks and months be- fore, some of the men had left those loved ones, with a promise to return, ' if de good Lord jis open de way.' " At five o'clock on Friday morning, No- vember 7, we were under way. Captain Budd, of the gun-boat Potomska, had kindly promised the evening before to accompany us past the most dangerous places. On reaching his sta- tion in Sapelo Sound, we found him in readi- ness. Our little fleet, led by the Potomska, and followed by the Darlington, sailed proudly up the winding Sapelo, now through marshes, and then past large and beautiful plantations. It was very affecting to see our soldiers watch- MRS. H. B. SrOWE. 35 ing intensely the coloured forms on land, one saying, in the agony of deepest anxiety, l Oh, Mas'r, my wife and chillen lib dere ; ' and an- other singing out, i Dere, dere my brodder,' or c my sister.' The earnest longings of their poor, anguish-riven hearts for landings, and then the sad, inexpressible regrets as the steamer passed, must be imagined, they can- not be described. " The first landing was made at a picket- station on Charles Hopkins's plantation. The enemy was driven back ; a few guns and a sword only captured. The Potomska came to anchorage, for lack of sufficient water, a few miles above, at Reuben King's plantation. Here we witnessed a rich scene. Some fifty negroes appeared on the banks, about thirty rods distant from their master's house, and some distance from the Darlington. They gazed upon us with intense feelings, alter- 36 A REPLY BY nately turning their eyes toward their master, who was watching them from his piazza, and toward our steamer, which, as yet, had given them no assurances of landing. The moment she headed to the shore, their doubts were dispersed, and they gave us such a welcome as angels would be satisfied with. Some few women were so filled with joy, that they ran, leaped, clapped their hands, and cried, { Glory to God ! Glory to God ! ' * * * * " After relieving the old planter of twenty thousand dollars' worth of humanity, that is, fifty-two slaves, and the leather of his tannery, we re-embarked. Our boats were sent once and again, however, to the shore for men, who, having heard the steam-whistle, came in greatest haste from distant plantations. " As the Potomska could go no farther, Captain Budd kindly offered to accompany us MRS. H. B. SrOWE. 37 with one gun's crew. We were glad to have his company and the services of the crew, as we had only one gun's crew of coloured men. Above us was a bend in the river, and a high bluff covered with thick woods. There we apprehended danger, for the Rebels had had ample time to collect their forces. The men were carefully posted, fully instructed as to their duties and dangers by Colonel Beard. Our Parrotts were manned, and everything was in readiness. No sooner were we within rifle-shot than the enemy opened upon us a heavy fire from behind the bank and trees, and also from the tops of the trees. Our speed being slow, and the river's bend quite large, we were within range of the enemy's guns for some time. How well our troops bore themselves will be seen by Captain Budd's testimony. " Our next landing was made at Daniel 38 A REPLY BT McDonald's plantation. His extensive and valuable salt-works were demolished, and he himself taken prisoner. By documents cap- tured, it was ascertained that he was a Rebel of the worst kind. We took only a few of his slaves, as he drove back into the woods about ninety of them just before our arrival. One fine-looking man came hobbling down on a crutch. McDonald had shot off one of his legs some eighteen months before. The next plantation had some five hunded slaves on it ; several of our troops had come from it, and also had relatives there ; but the late- ness of the hour, and the dangerous points to be passed on our return, admonished us to retreat. " Our next attack was expected at the bluff. The enemy had improved the time since we parted from them in gathering re- inforcements. Colonel Beard prepared the MRS. H. B. 39 men for a warm fire. While everything was in readiness, and the steamer dropping down hard upon the enemy, the writer passed around among the men, who were waiting coolly for the moment of attack, and asked them if they found their courage failing. * Oh, no, Mas'r, our trust be in de Lord. We only want fair chance at 'em,' was the unanimous cry. * * * * " Most people have doubted the courage of negroes, and their ability to stand a warm fire of the enemy. The engagements of this day were not an open field fight, to be sure, but the circumstances were peculiar. They were taken by surprise, the enemy concealed, his force not known, and some of the troops had been enlisted only two days. Captain Budd, a brave and experienced officer, and eye-witness of both engagements, has kindly 40 A REPLY BT given his opinion, which we are sure will vindicate the policy, as well as justness, of arming the coloured man for his own freedom at least. " ' United States Steamer Potomska, " ' Sapelo River, Ga., Nov. 7, 1862. " ' SIR, It gives me pleasure to testify to the admirable conduct of the negro troops (First S. C. Volunteers) under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Beard, Forty-Eighth New York Volunteers, during this day's ope- rations. They behaved splendidly under the warm and galling fire we were exposed to in the two skirmishes with the enemy. I did not see a man flinch, contrary to my expecta- tions. " ' One of them, particularly, came under my notice, who, although badly wounded in MRS. H. B. STOWE. 41 the face, continued to load and fire in the coolest manner imaginable. " l Every one of them acted like veterans. " c Very respectfully, " l WILLIAM BUDD, " ' Acting- Lieutenant Commanding Potomska. " ' To the Rev. M. French, Chaplain, U.S.A.' " On reaching his ship, Captain Budd led our retreat. It had been agreed, after full consultation on the subject, that, in our des- cent down the river it was best to burn the buildings of Captain Hopkins and Colonel Brailsford. Both of these places were strong picket-stations, particularly the latter. Brails- ford had been down with a small force a few days before our arrival at St. Catharine's, and shot one of our contrabands ; wounded mor- tally, as was supposed, another, and carried off four women and three men. He had 42 A REPLY BY also whipped to death, three weeks before, a slave for attempting to make his escape. We had on board Sam Miller, a former slave, who had received over three hundred lashes for refusing to inform on a few of his fellows who had escaped. * * * * " On passing among the men, as we were leaving the scenes of action, I inquired if they had grown any to-day ? Many simulta- neously exclaimed, l Oh, yes, Massa, we have grown three inches ! ' Sam said, * I feel a heap more of a man ! ' " With the lurid flames still lighting up all the region behind, and the bright rays of the smiling moon before them, they formed a circle on the lower deck, and around the hatchway leading to the hold, where were the women and children captured during the day, and on bended knees they offered up sincere MRS. H. B. SrOWE. 43 and heartfelt thanksgivings to Almighty God for the mercies of the day. Such fervent prayers for the President, for the hearing of his Proclamation by all in bonds, and for the ending of the war and slavery, were seldom, if ever, heard before. About one hour was spent in singing and prayer. Those waters surely never echoed with such sounds before. # * * * " Our steamer left Beaufort without a sol- dier, and returned, after an absence of twelve days, with one hundred and fifty-six fighting coloured men, some of whom dropped the hoe, took a musket, and were at once soldiers, ready to fight for the freedom of others." It is conceded on all sides, that, wherever our armies have had occupancy, there slavery has been practically abolished. The fact was recognized by President Lincoln in his last 44 A REPLY BY appeal to the loyal Slave States to consum- mate emancipation. Another noticeable act of our Govern- ment in behalf of Liberty is the official pro- vision it makes for the wants of the thousands of helpless human beings thus thrown upon our care. Taxed with the burden of an im- mense war, with the care of thousands of sick and wounded, the United States Govern- ment has cheerfully voted rations for helpless slaves, no less than wages to the helpful ones. The United States Government pays teachers to instruct them, and overseers to guide their industrial efforts. A free-labour experiment is already in successful operation among the beautiful sea-islands in the neighbourhood of Beaufort, which, even under most disadvan- tageous circumstances, is fast demonstrating how much more efficiently men will work from hope and liberty than from fear and con- MRS. H. B. STOWE. 45 straint, Thus, even amid the roar of cannon and the confusion of war, cotton-planting, as a free-labour institution, is beginning its infant life, to grow hereafter to a glorious manhood. The amount received by the United States Government from the sale of cotton raised by two thousand families, is stated to exceed a million of dollars. Lastly, the great, decisive measure of the war has appeared, The President's Proclama- tion of Emancipation. This also has been much misunderstood and misrepresented in England. It has been said to mean virtually this : Be loyal, and you shall keep your slaves j rebel, and they shall be free. But let us remember what we have just seen of the purpose and meaning of the Union to which the rebellious States are in- 46 A REPLT BT vited back. It is to a Union which has abo- lished slavery in the district of Columbia, and interdicted slavery in the Territories, which vigorously represses the slave-trade, and hangs the convicted slaver as a pirate, which necessitates emancipation by denying expansion to slavery, and facilitates it by the offer of compensation. Any Slaveholding States which should return to such a Union might fairly be supposed to return with the purpose of peaceable emancipation. The President's Proclamation simply means this : Come in, and emancipate peaceably with compensation j stay out, and I emancipate, nor will I protect you from the consequences. That continuance in the Union is thus un- derstood, is already made manifest by the votes of Missouri and Delaware in the recent elections. Both of these States have given strong majorities for emancipation. Mis- MRS. H. B. STOWE. 47 souri, long tending towards emancipation, has already planted herself firmly on the great rock of Freedom, and thrown out her bold and eloquent appeal to the Free States of the North for aid in overcoming the diffi- culties of her position. Other States will soon follow j nor is it too much to hope, that before a new year has gone far in its course, the sacred fire of Freedom will have flashed along the whole line of the Border States re- sponsive to the generous proposition of the President and Congress, and that universal emancipation will have become a fixed fact in the American Union. Will our Sisters in England feel no heart- beat at that event ? Is it not one of the pre- dicted voices of the latter day, saying under the whole heavens, " It is done : the king- doms of this world are become the kingdoms of our Lord, and of His Christ ?" 48 A REPLY BY And now, Sisters of England, in this so- lemn, expectant hour, let us speak to you of one thing which fills our hearts with pain and solicitude. It is an unaccountable fact, and one which we entreat you seriously to ponder, that the party which has brought the cause of Free- dom thus far on its way during the past eventful year has found little or no support in England. Sadder than this, the party which makes Slavery the chief corner-stone of its edifice finds in England its strongest defenders. The voices that have spoken for us who contend for Liberty have been few and scat- tering. God forbid that we should forget those few noble voices, so sadly exceptional in the general outcry against us ! They are, alas, too few to be easily forgotten. False statements have blinded the minds of your MRS. H. B. SrOWE. 49 community, and turned the most generous sentiments of the British heart against us. The North are fighting for supremacy and the South for independence, has been the voice. Independence ? for what ? to do what? To prove the doctrine that all men are not equal. To establish the doctrine that the white may enslave the negro. It is natural to sympathize with people who are fighting for their rights : but if these prove to be the right of selling children by the pound, and trading in husbands and wives as merchantable articles, should not Englishmen think twice before giving their sympathy ? A pirate ship on the high seas is fighting for independence ! Let us be con- sistent. It has been said that we have been over- sensitive, thin-skinned. It is one inconve- nient attendant of love and respect, that they D 50 A REPLY BT do induce sensitiveness. A brother or father turning against one in the hour of trouble, a friend sleeping in the Gethsemane of our mortal anguish, does not always find us armed with divine patience. We loved Eng- land ; we respected, revered her ; we were bound to her by ties of blood and race. Alas ! must all these declarations be written in the past tense ? But that we may not be thought to have over-estimated the popular tide against us, we shall express our sense of it in the words of an English writer, one of the noble few who have spoken the truth on our side. Referring to England's position on this question, he says : " What is the meaning of this ? Why does the English nation, which has made itself memorable to all time as the destroyer of negro slavery, which has shrunk from no MRS. H. B. SrOWE. 51 sacrifices to free its own character from that odious stain, and to close all the countries of the world against the slave-merchant, why is it that the nation which is at the head of Abolitionism, not only feels no sympathy with those who are fighting against the slavehold- ing conspiracy, but actually desires its suc- cess ? Why is the general voice of our press, the general sentiment of our people bitterly reproachful to the North, while for the South, the aggressors in the war, we have either mild apologies or direct and downright en- couragement, and this not only from the Tory and anti-Democratic camp, but from Liberals, or soi-disant such ? " This strange perversion of feeling pre- vails nowhere else. The public of France, and of the Continent generally, at all events the Liberal part of it, saw at once on which side were justice and moral principle, and 52 A REPLY EY gave its sympathies consistently and steadily to the North. Why is England an excep- tion?" In the beginning of our struggle, the voices that reached us across the water said, " If we were only sure you were fighting for the abolition of slavery, we should not dare to say whither our sympathies for your cause might not carry us." Such, as we heard, were the words of the honoured and religious nobleman who draughted this very letter which you signed and sent us, and to which we are now replying. When these words reached us, we said, 11 We can wait j our friends in England will soon see whither this conflict is tending." A year and a half have passed ; step after step has been taken for Liberty ; chain after chain has fallen, till the march of our armies is choked and clogged by the glad flocking of MRS. H. B. STOWE. 53 emancipated slaves j the day of final emanci- pation is set j the Border States begin to move in voluntary consent ; universal freedom for all dawns like the sun in the distant horizon : and still no voice from England. No voice ? Yes, we have heard on the high seas the voice of a war-steamer, built for a man-stealing Confederacy with English gold in an English dockyard, going out of an English harbour, manned by English sailors, with the full knowledge of English Government-officers, in defiance of the Queen's proclamation of neu- trality. So far has English sympathy over- flowed. We have heard of other steamers, iron-clad, designed to furnish to a Slavery- defending Confederacy their only lack, a navy for the high seas. We have heard that the British Evangelical Alliance refuses to express sympathy with the liberating party, when requested to do so by the French Evan- 54 A REPLY BT gelical Alliance. We find in English religious newspapers all those sad degrees in the down- ward sliding-scale of defending and apologizing for slaveholders and slaveholding with which we have so many years contended in our own country. We find the President's Procla- mation of Emancipation spoken of in those papers only as an incitement to servile insur- rection. Nay, more, we find in your papers, from thoughtful men, the admission of the rapid decline of anti-slavery sentiments in England. Witness the following : " The Rev. Mr. Maurice, Principal of the Working -Men's College, Great Ormond Street, delivered the first general lecture of the term on Saturday evening, and took for his subject the state of English feeling on the Slavery question. He said, c a few days ago, in a conversation on the American war, that some gentlemen connected with the College MRS. H. B. SrOWE. 55 had confessed to a change in their sympathies in the matter. On the outbreak of the war, they had been strong sympathizers with the Government and the Northern States, but gradually they had drifted until they found themselves desiring the success of the seceded States, and all but free from their anti-slavery feelings and tendencies.' These confessions elicited strong expressions of indignation from a gentleman present, who had lectured in the College on the war in Kansas. He (Mr. Maurice) felt inclined to share in the indig- nation expressed ; but since, he could not help feeling that this change was very general in England." Alas, then, England ! is it so ? In this day of great deeds and great heroisms, this solemn hour when the Mighty Redeemer is coming to break every yoke, do we hear such voices from England ? 56 A REPLY BT This very day the writer of this has been present at a solemn religious festival in the national capital, given at the home of a por- tion of those fugitive slaves who have fled to our lines for protection, who, under the shadow of our flag, find sympathy and suc- cour. The national day of thanksgiving was there kept by over a thousand redeemed slaves, and for whom Christian charity had spread an ample repast. Our Sisters, we wish you could have witnessed the scene. We wish you could have heard the prayer of a blind old negro, called among his fellows John the Baptist, when in touching broken English he poured forth his thanksgivings. We wish you could have heard the sound of that strange rhythmical chant which is now forbidden to be sung on Southern plantations, the psalm of this modern exodus, which combines the MRS. H. B. STOWE. 57 barbaric fire of the Marseillaise with the reli- gious fervour of the old Hebrew prophet. ** Oh, go down, Moses, 'Way down into Egypt's land ! Tell King Pharaoh To let my people go ! Stand away dere, Stand away dere, And let my people go ! " Oh, Pharaoh said he would go 'cross ! Let my people go ! Oh, Pharaoh and his hosts were lost ! Let my people go ! You may hinder me here, But ye can't up dere ! Let my people go ! " Oh, Moses, stretch your hand across ! Let my people go ! And don't get lost in de wilderness ! Let my people go ! He sits in de heavens And answers prayers. Let my people go ! " As we were leaving, an aged woman came 58 A REPLY BY and lifted up her hands in blessing. " Bressed be de Lord dat brought me to see dis first happy day of my life ! Bressed be de Lord ! " In all England is there no Amen ? We have been shocked and saddened by the question asked in an association of Con- gregational ministers in England, the very blood-relations of the liberty-loving Puritans, " Why does not the North let the South go?" What ! give up the point of emancipation for these four million slaves ? Turn our backs on them, and leave them to their fate ? What ! leave our white brothers to run a career of oppression and robbery, that, as sure as there is a God that ruleth in the armies of heaven, will bring 'down a day of wrath and doom ? Is it any advantage to people to be educated in man-stealing as a principle, to be taught MRS. H. B. STOIfE. 59 systematically to rob the labourer of his wages, and to tread on the necks of weaker races ? Who among you would wish your sons to become slave-planters, slave-merchants, slave- dealers ? And shall we leave our brethren to this fate ? Better a generation should die on the battle-field, that their children may grow up in liberty and justice. Yes, our sons must die, their sons must die. We give ours freely ; they die to redeem the very brothers that slay them ; they give their blood in expiation of this great sin, begun by you in England, perpetuated by us in America, and for which God in this great day of judgment is making inquisition in blood. In a recent battle fell a Secession colonel, the last remaining son of his mother, and she a widow. That mother had sold eleven chil- dren of an old slave-mother, her servant. That servant went to her and said, "Missis, 60 A REPLY BT we even now. You sold all my children. God took all yourn. Not one to bury either of us. AW, I forgive you." In another battle fell the only son of another widow. Young, beautiful, heroic, brought up by his mother in the sacred doctrines of human liberty, he gave his life an offering as to a holy cause. He died. No slave-woman came to tell bis mother of God's justice, for many slaves have reason to call her blessed. Now we ask you, Would you change places with that Southern mother ? Would you not think it a great misfortune for a son or daughter to be brought into such a system ? a worse one to become so perverted as to de- fend it? Remember, then, that wishing success to this slavery-es'tablishing effort is only wish- ing to the sons and daughters of the South all the curses that God has written against op- pression. Mark our words ! If we succeed, MRS. H. B. STOWE. 61 the children of these very men who are now fighting us will rise up to call us blessed. Just as surely as there is a God who governs in the world, so surely all the laws of national pros- perity follow in the train of equity j and if we succeed, we shall have delivered the children's children of our misguided brethren from the wages of sin, which is always and everywhere death. And now, Sisters of England, think it not strange, if we bring back the words of your letter, not in bitterness, but in deepest sadness, and lay them down at your door. We say to you, Sisters, you have spoken well ; we have heard you ; we have heeded} we have striven in the cause, even unto death. We have sealed our devotion by desolate hearth and darkened homestead, by the blood of sons, husbands, and brothers. In many of our dwellings the very light of our lives has gone 62 A REPLY BY out ; and yet we accept the life-long darkness as our own part in this great and awful expi- ation, by which the bonds of wickedness shall be loosed, and abiding peace established on the foundation of righteousness. Sisters, what have you done, and what do you mean to do ? In view of the decline of the noble anti- slavery fire in England, in view of all the facts and admissions recited from your own papers, we beg leave in solemn sadness to return to you your own words : " A common origin, a common faith, and we sincerely believe, a common cause, urge us, at the present moment, to address you on the subject of that fearful encouragement and support which is being afforded by England to a slave-holding Confederacy. " We will not dwell on the ordinary topics, on the progress of civilization, on the ad- vance of freedom everywhere, on the rights MRS. H. B. STOWE. 63 and requirements of the nineteenth century ; but we appeal to you very seriously to reflect and to ask counsel of God how far such a state of things is in accordance with His Holy Word, the inalienable rights of immortal souls, and the pure and merciful spirit of the Christian religion. " We appeal to you, as sisters, as wives, and as mothers, to raise your voices to your fellow- citizens, and your prayers to God, for the re- moval of this affliction and disgrace from the Christian world." In behalf of many thousands of American women, HARRIET BEECHER STOWE. Washington, November 27, 1862. CHISWICK PRESS: PRINTED BY WHITTINGHAM AND WIUCINS, TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE. A LIST OF BOOKS PUBLISHING BY SAMPSON LOW, SON, AND CO. 47, LUDGATE HILL, LONDON. [October, 1862. NEW ILLUSTRATED WORKS. ARLY English Poems. From Chaucer to Dyer. Comprising Specimens of the best Poetry daring that Eeriod, with Biographical Notices. 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" We may commend the reading of this book to all English boys as a treasury of moving incidents." Daily News. A Strange Story ; by the Author of " Rienzi," " My Novel," &c. New Edition, with Vignette from a water-colour by John Gilbert, and Photograph Portrait of the Author by Mayall. Post 8vo. cloth extra, Is. 6(1. " Tint the greatest of all these successes is ' A Strange Story.' Hundreds nf 'thousands rush to rind this \fniri/ title of science and lung results of time' as ri'i-urdnl Inj Sir /,'. .11. Lytton." Times. " //( conclusion, v:e nun/ remark tlittt in this HOIT! Sir Kilward displays another of those versatile turns r,f urnim n-hi'-h /,/nce him pre-eminent amongst the non-lists if the d-n/. / he ' Si range Story' is entirely dif- ferent, alike in conception and in treatment, from his three famous last published novels. Tne pr full nf pusatt/es of most exquisite prose poetry, 1,1, n'lin>i u-it/i mid i-nn, l-li-il by the hiijhest philosophical re- flection; so that, after the rearli r Iris I'/^'ni/i-d f/te /n-rusul of it, as a work of fiction, he will not fail to plure if on the must accessible she/f of his library as a book to be studied alike for the sake of the heart and of the intellect." Press. El Fureidis : a Tale of Mount Lebanon and the Christian Set- tlements in Syria. By Maria 8. lighter." With Steel Frontispiece, " One of the best novels of modern ; times : a novel as rich in pure senti- ; ment as it is in Christian philosophy, and as glowing in its portraiture o?" Oriental life as in its description of scenery." City Press. " The author has made good use of her material, and has shown both skill and industry: she has evidently taken great pains with her work." Atheixeum. Cummins, Author of " The Lamp- crown 8vo. cloth gilt, 5s. " A thoroughly good book." Morn- ing Star. " The best novels, of which ' El Fureidis' is one." Glasgow lln-nld. " ISot only has Miss Cummins en- hanced her reputation by her present production, but literature has gained a valuable acquisition in this spirited and heart-stirring romance of ' El Fureidis.'" Leader. LOWS FAVOURITE LIBRARY OF POPULAR BOOKS. ACH Volume well printed and handsomely bound, with an Illustration on Steel, from Desigus by John Gilbert, H. K. Browne, J. E. Millais, &c. 5s. 1. The Eye Witness. By Charles Allston Collins. 2. Antonina. By Wilkie Collins. 3. The Dead Secret. By the Same. 4. Woman in White. By the Same. With portrait, 6s. 5. My Lady Ludlow. By Mrs. Gaskell. 6. Crosscountry. By W. Thornbnry. 7. Hide and Seek. By W. Collins. 8. When the Snow Falls. By W. M. Thomas. 9. The Queen of Hearts. By W Collins. 10. The Pearl of Orr's Island By Mrs. Stowe. ' 11. Basil. By Wilkie Collins. 12. Myself and My Relatives. 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