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THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Education 
 
 GIFT OF 
 
 PROFESSOR 
 LEON J. RICHARDSON 
 
A LATIN PRIMER 
 
 BV 
 
 H. C. NUTTING. Ph.D. 
 AsnaTANT rtomaot op latin in tmb uNiYuarnr 
 
 or CAUfOftMU 
 
 NEW YORK :• CINaNNATI •:. CHICAGO 
 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 
 
COFYHIGHT, 191 1, BY 
 
 H. C. NUTTING. 
 Ehtbrkd at Stationers' Hall, London. 
 
 NVniMU LATIN PMMBK. 
 
 w. r. 7 
 
 Education 
 
 Add'l 
 
 GUl'r 
 
EDUC 
 UBRASY 
 
 Co 
 
 MY LITTLB DAUGHTER 
 
 ELIZABETH 
 
 WHOSE EAGER INTEREST AlfD GLAD CO<)PERATlON 
 
 HAVE BEEN THE INSPIRATION OF 
 
 THIS SMALL VOLUME 
 
 292 
 
f 
 
PREFACE 
 
 From some points of view it is a misfortune that in 
 American schools the study of Latin is usually undertaken 
 so late that every detail of the work of the first terms must 
 be planned with a view to reaching Caesar in a year. En- 
 couraging signs, however, are appearing here and there, 
 and in two or three states a movement is already on foot 
 to carry the beginning of Latin back into the upper grades 
 of the grammar school. 
 
 For the prosecution of this work in the grades there 
 seems to be an almost total lack of satisfactory manuals, 
 and it thus happened that some time ago, wishing to take 
 up the study of Latin with one of my own children, I was 
 led to work out for myself a plan of instruction suited to 
 the years of my pupil. Out of that experience the present 
 volume has grown. 
 
 In the formulation and development of the plan of the 
 book, I have aimed particularly at four things : 
 
 (i) To lay-a broad and sure foundation of forms. 
 
 (2) To impress through constant use a limited 
 
 number of the most fundamental construc- 
 tions. 
 
 (3) To make thoroughly familiar, by continued 
 
 repetition, a working vocabulary of some- 
 thing less than four hundred words. 
 
 (4) To infuse a large degree of human interest into 
 
 the work. 
 In pursuance of the last mentioned of these aims, I have 
 admitted into the earlier Exercises several Latin words 
 
 5 
 
6 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 selected rather for the interest they might excite than 
 because of frequency of use in Caesar's Commentaries or 
 Cicero's Orations^ and, in the treatment of forms and 
 syntax, the order of topics has been determined very 
 largely with a view to the early development of interesting 
 dialogue and narrative. In general method, however, the 
 book follows thoroughly well-tried and conservative lines ; 
 and I hardly need add that, in making the above-named 
 innovations, it is far from my purpose to render the work 
 easy or attractive at the expense of real and substantial 
 attainment on the part of the pupil. 
 
 The lack of general vocabularies at the end of the 
 volume is by no means due to oversight ; for it is an inte- 
 gral part of my plan that the student should fully master 
 and make his own the vocabulary of each Exercise as it 
 comes. Indeed, the number of new words in a day's 
 lesson is so small and the amount of repetition so great 
 that general vocabularies at the end of the book would be 
 nothing but a hindrance to the proper use of the manual. 
 In place of these, therefore, I substitute simply a Latin 
 Word List. By means of this list, in case of dire need, 
 a pupil could run down the meaning of a woi-d ; but as a 
 matter of practice such need will seldom be found to arise. 
 
 The habit of thorough acquisition of each day's vocabu- 
 lary results quickly and naturally in ability to read at sight. 
 To foster on the part of the pupil the development of this 
 very desirable power, there has been introduced into each 
 Exercise, beginning with Number XXXV, one of a series 
 of little stories told in Latin. The series is developed 
 strictly on the gradatim plan, each successive anecdote 
 being constructed so completely of familiar materials that 
 footnotes are nowhere necessary. Such a programme of 
 course subjected the writer to a very trying restraint; but 
 
LATIN PRIMER 7 
 
 it was in this way possible to develop a body of material 
 which provides practically ideal conditions for the prac- 
 tice of sight reading. 
 
 This Primer is shortly to be followed by a First Latin 
 Reader, the two books together covering the field com- 
 monly referred to as " First Year Latin." The stories of 
 the Reader are drawn in large part from early American 
 history, a subject that lends itself very happily to the 
 purpose in hand ; for the tales of those stirring days of 
 war and adventure are replete with human interest, while 
 at the same time they afford the most admirable oppor- 
 tunity for the introduction of the vocabulary and syntax 
 of Latin historical narrative. The Reader continues with 
 somewhat greater freedom the gradatim plan begun in the 
 Primer, and the pupil who first went over the ground 
 covered by the two books was able to complete even 
 the simplified Caesar contained in the Reader without 
 knowing what it is to " prepare " an English translation ; 
 for from the very start translation *' at sight " had estab- 
 lished itself as the norm in the most delightful and natural 
 manner possible. On account of the narrow limitations 
 of syntax and vocabulary, the anecdotes of the Primer are 
 largely fanciful ; but in the Reader it is my aim to make 
 the narrative historical. 
 
 In putting the material of this volume into final form, 
 I have been much helped by the suggestions of Dr. R. 
 Arrowsmith. I would also here express my thanks for 
 similar assistance received from Miss Margaret Webb and 
 Miss Clara L. Smith, both of whom have used my manu- 
 script as a basis for the work of the newly organized 
 seventh grade Latin classes in the Berkeley schools. 
 
 H. C. N. 
 
 BlMtRIMnr, CALIfORNIA, 
 
TO THE TEACHER 
 
 In work of the grade for which this Primer is designed 
 much must be left to the discretion of the instructor. I 
 venture, however, to add a word of suggestion or advice 
 on several topics : 
 
 1. Oral Work. In connection with the earlier Exercises 
 particularly, it is eminently desirable that much time be 
 spent in oral work. The printed sentences of the Exer- 
 cises are practically forced into the form which they have 
 taken by the fact that, in addition to illustrating as fully 
 as possible the new points of the lesson of the day, they 
 must also include adequate review material. Supplemen- 
 tary work, oral or otherwise, would naturally follow freer 
 lines. One teacher succeeded in stirring the interest of an 
 immature class by putting together, almost from the very 
 start, short connected sentences, e.g. Agricola in area est, 
 Corbulam tenet. In corbuld uvds et rosds habet ; and my 
 own experience has shown that, as soon as the limitations 
 of vocabulary and syntax will permit, it is both profitable 
 and popular to construct out of familiar materials short 
 stories to be translated at hearing. As a help to those 
 who may wish to do somewhat extensive work along viva 
 voce lines, a short list of colloquial phrases has been added 
 in Appendix II. All such work, of course, must be strictly 
 supplementary. Nothing can with safety be substituted 
 for the comprehensive test of the printed sentences. 
 
 2. Pronunciation. In the belief that pronunciation is 
 best learned by youthful beginners directly from the 
 teacher, general treatment of this subject has been rele- 
 
LATIN PRIMER 9 
 
 gated to Appendix I. Teachers will use their own discre- 
 tion as to the use of the material there provided. 
 
 3. Paradigms. It has seemed best to prefix to the 
 paradigms all of the customary headings, although it is 
 not expected or desired that equal attention be given 
 at the outset to all such introductory phrases ; for example, 
 of the various headings of the paradigm of Exercise II, 
 the phrase " Present Tense " is clearly of greatest impor- 
 tance for the work of that particular lesson. As different 
 paradigms are taken up, the teacher should emphasize the 
 heading or headings to which he feels that his class can 
 with profit give attention. 
 
 In constructing the paradigms I have purposely refrained 
 from attempting to define the different cases, moods, etc., 
 of the words used as models. As regards the verb, it 
 is really impossible to frame brief and adequate definitions* 
 for the forms as they stand in the paradigm ; and with 
 respect to the noun, too, the question of definition is not 
 without complications. For example, in this manual the 
 ablative is first put to actual use in connection with the 
 prepositions in and sub to express " place where," and it 
 would therefore seem wholly illogical to inform the stu- 
 dent in the paradigm of Exercise I that the ablative case 
 signifies "with," "by," etc. Personally, I find that it 
 works well to postpone definition until forms are put to 
 actual use; but any teacher who prefers the other plan 
 can of course supply at once for the use of the class 
 those definitions which seem to him best to cover the 
 ground. 
 
 4. The Verb. The great wealth of Latin verb forms 
 makes it ultimately impossible to maintain an adequate 
 review through the medium of the sentences of the Exer- 
 cises merely. As a supplementary measure it has been 
 
lO LATIN PRIMER 
 
 found helpful to write out the forms on small cards, one 
 on each card. These drawn out at random furnish an 
 excellent memory test, the pupil's interest being held 
 meanwhile by the likeness to a game. 
 
 5. Assignment of Work. The rate of progress through 
 the book must of course be determined by the aptitude 
 of the class. In many cases it will be found necessary 
 to spend at least two periods upon single Exercises, and 
 that too with frequently interspersed reviews. 
 
 In conclusion, to those who now for the first time are 
 about to join in the pleasant work of introducing young 
 beginners to the study of Latin, let me say by way of 
 reminder that it is very easy for an adult to underestimate 
 the difficulties under which a seventh or eighth grade 
 pupil is laboring. If such a student at the outset is a 
 little bewildered by his new environment and makes a 
 number of very crude mistakes, this fact should not be 
 counted either surprising or discouraging. Three things 
 only are necessary : Have patience ; Keep good models 
 before the pupil's eye and ear ; Repeat often. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 rACB 
 
 Introductory Notes and Definitions 15 
 
 BXBRCISK 
 
 I. First or A-Declension 17 
 
 II. Second or E-Conjugation, Present Indicative Active. 
 
 Subject and Direct Object. Agreement of the Verb 19 
 
 III. Irregular Verb: 5»m, Present Indicative ... 22 
 
 IV. Vocabulary. Reading Lesson 24 
 
 V. Vocabular)'. Reading Lesson 26 
 
 VI. Second or £-Conjugation, Perfect Indicative Active 27 
 
 VII. Vocabulary. Reading Lesson 30 
 
 VIII. Vocabulary. Reading Lesson 31 
 
 IX. Second or 0-Declension, Masculine. Possessive Geni- 
 tive 32 
 
 X. Second or O-Declension, Masculine (continued). Place 
 
 into Which 34 
 
 XI. Second or O-Declension, Neuter 36 
 
 XII. Vocabulary. Reading Lesson. Place to Which . , 39 
 
 XIII. Vocative Case 41 
 
 XIV. Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions. Agree- 
 
 ment of Adjectives. Predicate Adjectives and 
 
 Nouns 44 
 
 XV. Second or S-Conjugation, Future Indicative Active 46 
 XVI. Irregular Verb : Sum^ Future Indicative ... 48 
 XVII. Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions (con- 
 tinued) 50 
 
 XVIII. Second or £-Conjugation, Present Subjunctive Active. 
 
 Dative of the Indirect Object 53 
 
 II 
 
12 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 XIX. 
 
 XX. 
 
 XXI. 
 
 XXII. 
 
 XXIII. 
 XXIV. 
 
 XXV. 
 
 XXVI. 
 
 XXVII. 
 
 XXVIII. 
 
 XXIX. 
 
 XXX. 
 XXXI. 
 
 XXXII. 
 XXXIII. 
 
 XXXIV. 
 
 XXXV. 
 
 XXXVI. 
 
 XXXVII. 
 
 XXXVIII. 
 
 XXXIX. 
 
 XL. 
 
 XLI. 
 
 XLII. 
 
 XLIII. 
 
 Second or E-Conjugation, Imperfect Subjunctive 
 Active. 6V-Clauses of Purpose. Sequence in 
 
 Purpose Clauses 55 
 
 Personal Pronouns : Ego^ Tn . . ' . . -58 
 Personal Pronouns (continued). Possessive Adjec- 
 tives 60 
 
 Second or E-Conjugation, Pluperfect Subjunctive 
 
 Active. Cww-Circumstantial . # . 62 
 Vocabulary. Reading Lesson .... 65 
 Irregular Verb: Sunt, Imperfect and Pluperfect Sub- 
 junctive 66 
 
 Second or E-Conjugation, Pluperfect Indicative 
 
 Active 68 
 
 Vocabulary. Reading Lesson .... 70 
 
 Ablative of Means 72 
 
 Personal Pronoun : Is^ea^id 74 
 
 Second or E-Conjugation, Imperfect Indicative 
 
 Active ^^ 
 
 Irregular Verb : 6"//^, Imperfect Indicative. Domum 79 
 Second or E-Conjugation, Present Infinitive Active. 
 
 Complementary Infinitive 81 
 
 Irregular Verb : Sum^ Present Subjunctive . . 83 
 Second or E-Conjugation, Future Perfect Indicative 
 
 and Perfect Subjunctive, Active ... 85 
 
 Synopsis of the Verb 87 
 
 Principal Parts of the Verb. Use ol-ne , . .89 
 
 First or A-Conjugation, Active Voice ... 92 
 
 Third Declension, Consonant Stems ... 94 
 
 Cardinal Numerals : Duo^ Tris .... 96 
 
 Irregular Verb : Ed. Hortatory Subjunctive . 98 
 
 Irregular Verb: Possum 10 1 
 
 Vocabulary. Reading Lesson . . . .103 
 
 Third Declension, I-Stems 105 
 
 Third or ^-Conjugation, Active Voice . . .107 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 13 
 
 Irregular Verb : Ferd^ Active Voice • • • ,110 
 
 Accusative of Extent 1 12 
 
 Irregular Verb : Void. Accusative of Extent (continued) 1 1 5 
 Irregular Verbs: Mdldy Ndld. Cardinal Numerals 
 
 (continued) .117 
 
 Third or E-Conjugation (verbs in -/J), Active Voice . 119 
 
 Relative Pronoun. Agreement of Relative . .122 
 
 Fourth or T-Conjugation, Active Voice , . .124 
 
 Imperative (all conjugations), Present Active. Prohl 
 bition 
 
 LII. Adjectives of the Third Declension, I-Stems 
 
 LIII. Fourth or U-Declension. Imperfect of Customary 
 Past Action 
 
 LIV. Perfect Tenses (all conjugations). Passive Voice 
 
 LV. Identy Ipse. Use of Neuter Pronouns 
 
 LVI. Tirst or A-Conjugation, Passive Voice. Ablative of 
 Agency 
 
 LVII. Quldam 
 
 LVIII. Second or E-Conjugation, Passive Voice. Complemen 
 tary Infinitive (continued) .... 
 LIX. Fifth or E-Declension. Cardinal Numerals,, (contin 
 ued) . Declension of Unus. Isy ea^ id (as adjec 
 
 live) 
 
 LX. Third or £-Conjugation, Passive Voice. Quis . 
 LXI. Reflexive Pronoun ; suf. Vts. Indirect Discourse 
 LXII. Irregular Verb : Ferdy Passive Voice. Use of the Rel 
 
 ative Pronoun in place of a Demonstrative . 
 LXIII. Third or E-Conjugation (verbs in -/VJ), Passive Voice 
 
 Partial I-Stems 
 
 LXIV. Irregular Verb: Fl0. Perfect Passive Participle (all 
 
 conjugations). Ablative Absolute 
 LXV. Comparison of Adjectives. Irregular Comparison 
 Declension of the Comparative . 
 
 126 
 129 
 
 U» 
 134 
 137 
 
 140 
 144 
 
 146 
 
 149 
 152 
 
 15s 
 158 
 
 162 
 164 
 169 
 
14 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 BXBRCISB __ FAGB 
 
 LXVI. Fourth or I -Conjugation, Passive Voice. Comparison 
 
 of Adverbs 172 
 
 LXVII. Present Participle (all conjugations). Declension of 
 
 the Present Participle 176 
 
 LXVI II. Deusy Domus. Ordinal Numerals. A<?-Clauses of 
 
 Purpose 179 
 
 LXIX. Deponent Verbs 181 
 
 LXX. Hlc.IlU 183 
 
 LXXI. Aliqui {Atiquis), /ste 186 
 
 LXXII. The Gerundive (all conjugations). Ordinal Numerals 
 
 (continued) 188 
 
 Summary of Forms 192 
 
 Word List 223 
 
 Appendix I. The Pronunciation of Latin .... 229 
 
 Appendix II. Colloquial Phrases 232 
 
 Index 234 
 
INTRODUCTORY NOTES AND 
 DEFINITIONS 
 
 INFLECTION 
 
 Latin nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and verbs are in- 
 flected, i.e. undergo changes of form which show their 
 relation to other words in a sentence. The inflection of 
 nouns, pronouns, and adjectives is called Declension, and 
 the inflection of verbs is known as Conjugation. 
 
 DECLENSION 
 
 In speaking of the difiFerent forms which nouns, pro- 
 nouns, and adjectives may take, the terms Case, Gender, 
 and Number are used. 
 
 Case. The three cases of English can be seen to best 
 advantage in the pronoun ; for example, " he ** (Nomina- 
 tive Case), "his" (Possessive Case), and "him" (Objective 
 Case). Latin has several additional cases, which corre- 
 spond in meaning to the English objective case with a 
 preposition ; thus, " to a sailor," " for a sailor," " with a 
 sword," etc., could all be translated into Latin without the 
 help of prepositions. 
 
 Gender. In English we have the very simple gender 
 rule that the names of males are Masculine, the names of 
 females are Feminine, and the names of things are Neuter. 
 In Latin, too, these three genders are found, but the rule 
 is more complicated; for in Latin the names of things 
 may be either masculine, feminine, or neuter. 
 
 «5 
 
l6 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 Number. In the English phrases "the ship'' and "the 
 shipsy' the difference between the nouns is one of number; 
 that is, "ship" refers to a single vessel, and "ships" to 
 more than one vessel. To mark this difference we use the 
 terms Singular Number ("ship") and Plural Number 
 ("ships"). These terms are used in just the same way 
 of Latin words. 
 
 CONJUGATION 
 
 In connection with the inflection of the verb, the fol- 
 lowing terms are used : Mood, Number (already defined), 
 Person, Tense, and Voice. 
 
 Mood. The moods of a verb are its ways of expressing 
 action. Both English and Latin verbs have three moods ; 
 namely. Indicative, Subjunctive, and Imperative. A verb 
 in the Indicative Mood generally states that a thing is so ; 
 for example, "The boys are runningy In the Imperative 
 Mood a verb commands something to be done^ as " Rjin^ 
 boys." The uses of the Subjunctive Mood are various. 
 
 Person. In English and Latin there are three persons. 
 The First Person refers to the speaker ("I," "we"), the 
 Second Person refers to the person spoken to ("you"), 
 and the Third Person refers to the person or thing spoken 
 of ("he," "she," "it," "they"). 
 
 Tense. An English or Latin verb by its tense indicates 
 the time of an action; as, "I see'' (Present Tense), "I 
 shall see'' (Future Tense), etc. 
 
 Voice. In the sentence "John ran," the verb tells what 
 John did; but in "John was caught," the verb tcn^ 
 what was done to John. To mark this difference the terms 
 Active Voice ("ran") and Passive Voice (" was caught") 
 are used of both English and Latin verbs. 
 
EXERCISE I 
 
 THE 
 
 FIRST OR A-DECLENSION » 
 
 
 minsa, table 
 
 ^ 
 
 CASE 
 
 Singular Number 
 
 Plural Number 
 
 Nominative 
 
 mensa 
 
 mensae 
 
 Genitive 
 
 mensae 
 
 mensarum 
 
 Dative 
 
 mensae 
 
 m€nsi8 
 
 Accusative 
 
 mensam 
 
 mlnsfts 
 
 Ablative 
 
 mensft 
 
 mensis 
 
 Listen carefully while the teacher pronounces these 
 Latin words. Note especially that the accent nowhere 
 falls upon the last syllable. 
 
 Commit to memory the singular and plural of mgnsa, 
 connecting each form with the name of its case. The 
 meaning and uses of these cases will be taken up later. 
 
 Gender. — All nouns of the First Declension are femi- 
 nine, excepting the few names of males. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 c6rbula, -ae, f., basket. pila, -ae, f., ball, 
 
 naiita, -ae, m., sailor. r6sa, -ae, p., rose. 
 
 Remark i. In the above vocabulary the -ae following each 
 noun is the ending of the genitive singular ; and f. and m. are 
 abbreviations for " Feminine " and " Masculine." Each noun 
 should be memorized in the following way : " C6rbula, c6rbulae, 
 Feminine, basket.^' 
 
 > For the meaning of " Declension " and other grammatical terms here used, see 
 Introductory Notes and Definitions, pages 15 and i6w 
 LATIN PRIMER — 3 1 7 
 
i8 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 ILAE 
 
 Among the Greeks and Romans ball playing, except for small 
 children, was for the most part a means of exercise rather than a 
 mere game. The balls used were of various sizes, some being 
 as large as a football or "medicine" ball. Bats and racquets 
 were not then in use. The players either threw the ball or struck 
 it about with the hand or arm. 
 
 CORBULA 
 
 The Romans used baskets of many shapes and sizes. Some 
 were very stout and strong ; for example, those in which soldiers 
 carried away on their shoulders the earth dug out in making 
 fortifications. The particular kind of basket shown in the picture 
 was used on the farm for fruit picking and other purposes. 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 19 
 
 Remark 2. In headings and vocabularies it is convenient to 
 render mCnsa by " table," corbula by " basket," etc. But, when 
 actually used in a sentence, mgnsa, for example, would be apt to 
 mean " the table," or <* a table." In Latin there is nothing corre- 
 sponding to the English articles " a," " an," and " the." 
 
 I. Name the case and number of the following forms: 
 pilae, corbulft, rosis, nautanim, mSns&s, pilam, corbula. 
 
 II. Give: 
 
 The genitive plural of rosa ; the ablative singular of pila ; 
 the dative plural of mgnsa ; the accusative singular of nauta; 
 the nominative plural of corbula ; the accusative plural of 
 rosa. 
 
 EXERCISE II 
 THE SECOND OR E-CONJUGATION > 
 
 habeC, / have 
 
 
 Indicative Mood Active Voice 
 
 Present Tense 
 
 
 Singular Number 
 
 Plural Number 
 
 hdbeO 
 
 habemus 
 
 hdbes 
 
 habitis 
 
 hdbet 
 
 hibent 
 
 Person 
 
 1st person 
 2d person 
 3d person 
 
 Remark. In English we say " / have," **you have," " he (she, 
 if) has," " we have," etc., depending largely on the pronouns to 
 show the person and number of the verb ; but in Latin a verb has 
 special endings which render unnecessary the use of pronouns 
 for this purpose. Note above how the endings of habeS change 
 for each person and number. 
 
 1 For the meaning of the grammatical terms here used, see Introductory Note* 
 and Definitions, pages 15 and 16. 
 
20 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 With habed as a model, give the corresponding forms of 
 tened, / holdy I am holding, 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 herba, -ae, f., grass. et, conjunction, and. 
 
 puella, -ae, F.,^;>/. in, preposition, used with 
 
 pupa, -ae, p., doll, the ablative case, iVi, on, 
 
 via, -ae, f., street, road. at. 
 
 est, is, there is. 
 
 Remark. Note particularly the second meaning of est. In 
 Latin there is nothing corresponding to " there " in such phrases 
 as " there is," " there are," etc. 
 
 MODEL SENTENCES 
 
 Nauta corbulam tenet, A sailor is holding the basket. 
 Nautae corbulam habent, The sailors have a basket. 
 
 Rule I- J^jJ%^ ^« active verb, the nominative is^Jhe 
 case of the doeriand the accusative is the case of the tntng 
 directly affected by the verb action. 
 
 Thus, in the first of the model sentences above, Nauta 
 (nominative) is the doer, and corbulam (accusative) is the 
 thing directly affected by the verb action ; in other words, 
 Nauta is the Subject of the verb, and corbulam is its Direct 
 Object. 
 
 Rule IL When the Subject of the verb is plural {aiS in 
 the second of the model sentences), the verb likewise must 
 be plural. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 I. Puella pupam et rosas tenet. 2. In corbula pilas 
 habetis. 3. Pupae mensas habent. 4. Corbulas tenemus. 
 5. In mensa est pila. 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 21 
 
 Via 
 
 The road here shown is the famous Appian Way (Via Appia^, 
 built more than two thousand years ago, and still lined with the 
 ruins of ancient monuments. It was along this road that St Paul 
 journeyed to Rome. 
 
22 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 I. The sailor has a doll. 2. The girls are-holding 
 roses. 3. We have a doll in the basket. 4. There is 
 grass in the street 5. On the table you have roses. 
 
 EXERCISE III 
 IRREGULAR VERB 
 
 sum, I am 
 
 Present Tense Indicative Mood 
 Person Singular Number Plural Number 
 
 1st person sum stimus 
 
 2d person es ^stis 
 
 3d person est sunt. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 Area, -ae, f., yard. IdteO, / hide, I am hiding. 
 
 scAlae, -Arum, f., stairs. timeC, I am afraid {of) J fear. 
 
 sfmia, -ae, f., monkey, sub, preposition, used with 
 
 the ablative case, under. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 I. Puellae simiam timent. 2. Pila in area sub mensa 
 est. 3. Nautam simia tenet. 4. Nautae et sTmiae in 
 via sunt. 5. Pupae rosas in corbulis habent. 6. Simiae 
 sub mensa latent ; nautam timent. 
 
 II. Translate into Latin: 
 
 I. Sailors are in the yard. 2. The girl is under the 
 stairs ; she is-afraid-of the sailors. 3. The monkeys have 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 «3 
 
 Pupa 
 
 This little doll is made of 
 ivory, and its arms and legs 
 are movable. Roman girls 
 had also dolls made of rags, 
 Wood, wax, or terra cotta. 
 Some dolls were much more 
 elaborate than the one in 
 the picture. 
 
 SImia 
 
 Above is shown a strolling street 
 artist, with his monkey and a dog 
 that has been taught to climb a 
 ladder. Such artists traveled around 
 from place to place, picking up a 
 living in much the same manner as 
 the hand-organ man of to-day. 
 
24 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 baskets. 4. You are-hiding under the table. 5. A 
 monkey is-holding the doll. 6. The dolls are-hiding in 
 the grass. 
 
 EXERCISE IV 
 
 <. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 qua, -ae, f., water. videO, / see, 
 
 )&ca, -ae, f., derry. libi? adverb, wlieref 
 
 s^lla, -ae, f., chair. pila lud&mus, let's play ball. 
 
 s61ea, -ae, f., sandal. inquit, he {she) said, replied, 
 
 asked, etc. 
 
 Note. The names of persons are declined just as any other 
 nouns ; for example, Itilia (whence our "Julia") follows the declen- 
 sion of mgnsa. Bfircus (the nominative of a boy's name) is 
 declined in a way soon to be described. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Marcus et lulia simiam vident. 2. Corbulam 
 et bacas habetis. 3. In area bacas video. 4. Nauta 
 soleas in corbula habet 
 
 B. I. " Ubi sunt pupae?" inquit lulia. "Pupae in 
 herba latent," inquit Marcus. 2. " Pila ludamus," inquit 
 Marcus. "Ubi est pila.?" inquit lulia. "Pila sub mensa 
 est," inquit Marcus. 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A. I. The monkey is-afraid-of the water. 2. The 
 sandals are on the chair. 3. The doll has sandals and a 
 chair and a table. 4. The monkeys are-holding grass. 
 
 B. I. "Where are the berries?" said Julia. "The 
 berries are in a basket under the stairs," replied Marcus. 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 25 
 
 Sella 
 
 The chairs of the Romans for 
 the most part lacked both back 
 and arms. Seats of honor, as 
 in the picture above, were some- 
 times provided with a foot-rest. 
 High officials commonly occu- 
 pied a sort of camp-chair, the 
 legs of which were made of 
 ivory. 
 
 SOLEAB 
 
 As Italy is a warm country, 
 the Romans often went bare- 
 footed when in their own homes. 
 For outdoor wear they preferred 
 sandals of which the "upper" 
 consisted merely of a strap or 
 two. The soUae above shown 
 were of the kind used in the 
 army. 
 
26 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 2. ** Where are the sailor and the monkey hiding?" 
 asked Marcus. "I see the sailor in the yard," said Julia. 
 " The monkey is under the chair." 
 
 ^ 
 
 EXERCISE V 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 d6ce6, / tfacA, I am teaching, timbra, -ae, f., shade. 
 idceO, / //>, / am lying. cum, preposition, used with 
 
 s^eO, /jiV, I am sitting. the sj^lative case, (iti com- 
 
 pany) with. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 • I. Translate into English : 
 
 A'. I. Puella in sella cum pupa sedet 2> In corbulis 
 sunt rosae et bacae. 3. Herbam et aquam videmus. 
 4. Ubi sedet nauta ? Nauta sub scalis in mensa sedet. 
 
 B. " Pila ludamus cum nauta et simia," inquit Marcus. 
 " Ubi sunt nauta et simia } " inquit lulia. " In umbra 
 iacent," inquit Marcus; "nauta simiam docet." 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A. I. The sailor is-lying under the table; I see (his) 
 sandals. 2. We are-sitting in the shade with the girls. 
 31^. The chairs are in the yard with the tables. 4. Let's 
 play ball in the yard ; on the street I am-afraid-of the 
 sailors. 
 
 B, I. "Where are you.?" asked Julia. "We are in 
 the water," replied Marcus. ^. "Where are the girls 
 hiding.?" said Marcus. "They are-sitting under the table 
 with the dolls," answered Julia. 
 
LATIN PRIMER 2^ 
 
 EXERCISE VI 
 
 THE SECOND OR E-CONJUGATION 
 
 f 
 
 ^ hdbeO 
 
 • Indicative Mood Active Voicb 
 
 Perfect Tense 
 
 Person i Singular Number Plural Number 
 
 1st person hdbui habuimus 
 
 2d person habuisti habuistis 
 
 3d person hdbuit habu^runt 
 
 Inflect in the same way the perfect tense of doceO (d6cui), 
 iaceO (idcui), lateO (Utui), sedeo (s^di), tene5 (t^nui), timed 
 (timui), video (vidi); so also of sum (ftii). Note that in 
 sedi and vidi there is no u before the final i. Consequently 
 the perfect of sedeO, for example, proceeds : sidi, |0Ai8ti, 
 sMit, etc K 
 
 Note. The perfect is the past tense of the indicative mood 
 most used in Latin. It has two distinct meanings. For example, 
 vidi means either " I saw " or " I have seen " ; fui, " I was " or 
 " I have been " ; etc 
 
 Remark. Special attention must be given verbs like sMI ; for, 
 since the present sedeO means " I am sitting " as well as " I sit," 
 it is very easy to make the mistake of translating sWi by " I was 
 sitting." The correct renderings of sSdi are indicated above, 
 namely, " I sat " and " I have sat " (" I have been sitting "). Give 
 also the proper translations of docui, iacui, latui, and tenui. By 
 an apparent exception to the rule, timui may be correctly rendered 
 by " I was afraid (of)." 
 
28 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 agricola, -ae, "w.., farmer, nunc, adverb, now, 
 
 Claiidia, -ae, f., a girl's name, quid ? what f 
 cymba, -ae, f., boat^ skiff. 
 
 # 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Ubi latuistis ? Ubi nunc Marcus latet ? 2. Agri- 
 colae in cymba cum nautis fuerunt. 3. In umbra sedimus 
 et puellas docuimus. 
 
 B. I. " Quid in area vidisti ?" inquit Marcus. *' Bacas 
 et rosas in area vidi," inquit Claudia. 2. " Ubi sunt 
 simiae.^" inquit agricola. "Sub sellis latuerunt," inquit 
 Marcus; "nautam timent." 3. "Quid in corbula habuit 
 nauta } " inquit Claudia. " Nauta pupas in corbula ha- 
 buit," inquit lulia. 
 
 II. Translate into Latin t *» 
 
 A. I. We have been sitting in the yard. 2. There were 
 roses and berries in the baskets. 3. What were-you-afraid- 
 of ? 4. I saw farmers and sailors in the boat. 5. The doll 
 lay under the table. 
 
 B, I. "Where am I now ? ** asked Marcus. "You are 
 under the stairs," said Julia. "You are-sitting on a chair 
 and holding a doll." 2. "Where were you.!*" asked the 
 sailor. " I was in the yard with Claudia," replied Marcus. 
 3. " Let's play ball," said Julia. "The ball is-lying under 
 the chair in the grass." 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 29 
 
 Cymbas 
 
 In the illustrations are shown two cymbae as represented by 
 ancient artists. In the first picture a passenger is stepping on 
 board to be ferried over a river, and in the other some soldiers 
 are loading casks into a boat. 
 
30 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 EXERCISE VII 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 c6ncha, -ae, f., shelL cur? adverb, why? 
 
 harena, -ae, f., sand, beach, inquiunt, they said, replied, 
 quia, conjunction, becatise, asked, etc. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. 1. Quid in harena est? 2. Nautas nunc agricolae 
 timent. 3. Ubi fuerunt conchae ? 4. Puella simiam do- 
 cuit 5. Cur sub mensa latuistl ? 
 
 B, I. "Cur in umbra iac6s?" inquit Marcus. "Pila 
 ludamus." 2. " Quid in harena viderunt pueilae ? " inquit 
 lulia. " Puellae in harena conchas viderunt," inquit Marcus. 
 3. "Ubi latuistis?" inquit Claudia. "Sub mensa latui- 
 mus," inquiunt puellae, "quia agricolas et nautas time- 
 mus." 
 
 II. Translate ij^to Latin : 
 
 A, I. What do the girls see in the water? 2. The 
 sailors have been lying in the boat, and Marcus has been 
 on the beach with the monkey. 3. Why do we sit in the 
 sand? In the yard there are shade and water. 4. What 
 did the sailors have in the boat ? 
 
 B, I. "Where did you see the ball?" asked Marcus. 
 "We saw the ball on the beach," replied the girls. 
 2. "Why have you been sitting in the yard?" said the 
 farmer. " I sat in the yard, because in the shade there are 
 chairs," answered Marcus. 3. "What are the dolls now 
 holding ? " asked Claudia. " They have berries and shells," 
 said Julia. 
 
LATIN PRIMER 31 
 
 EXERCISE VIII 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 cdvea, -ae, f., cage, itaque, conjunction, and so. 
 
 cdnae, -arum, y.^ cradle. sed, conjunction, bnt. 
 
 Marc^lla, -ae, f., a girl's name. t^rreO, I frighten, I am fright- 
 ening, etc. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. In area bacas vidimus; sed nunc in harena 
 conchas videmus. 2. Cur nautam terruistis ? 3. Itaque in 
 cunis pupae iacent. 4. Quid in cymba habent agricolae ? 
 
 B. I. " Cur simiam tenetis ?" inquit Marcus. " Simiam 
 tenemus," inquiunt puellae, " quia pupas terret." 2. " Ubi 
 est cavea?" inquit lulia. " Cavea in harena fuit," inquit 
 Claudia ; " sed nunc in area est." 3. " Quid videt lulia ? " 
 i.iquit Marcella. "lulia nautas et agricolas videt," inquit 
 Marcus. "Caveam habent. Simia caveam timet." 
 
 II. Translate into Latin: 
 
 A. I. What do you see in the shade } 2. But the doll 
 now has sandals and a cradle. 3. Where are the baskets } 
 4. The monkeys are in the cage, because they frightened 
 the girls. 
 
 B. I. "Where have the sailors been sitting.?'* asked 
 
 Marcus. " They saw berries in the yard," replied the 
 
 gifls, "and so they have been sitting in the grass with the 
 
 farmer." 2. "Why is the monkey hiding in the water?" 
 
 ^said Marcella. "The monkey was under the cradles," 
 
 replied Marcus; "and so he is now in the water, because 
 le is-afraid-of Julia." 
 
32 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 EXERCISE IX 
 THE SECOND OR O-DECLENSION 
 
 
 h6rtus, M., garden 
 
 
 Case 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Nominative 
 
 h6rtus 
 
 h6rti 
 
 Genitive 
 
 horti 
 
 hortOrum 
 
 Dative 
 
 hortO 
 
 h6rtis 
 
 Accusative 
 
 h6rtum 
 
 h6rt6s 
 
 Ablative 
 
 hortS 
 
 hortis 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 ^quus, -i, M., horse, Quintus, -i, m., a boy's name. 
 
 Marcus, -i, m., a boy's name, caiida, -ae, f., tail. 
 
 Rule. The genitive is the case of the person or thing to 
 which something belongs ; for example^ MS.rci cymba, Marcus 
 boat; puellae equus, the girl's horse; etc. 
 
 In this use the genitive corresponds to the Possessive 
 Case in English. 
 
 Remark. In a Latin sentence it is not always possible instantly 
 to recognize a genitive, since sometimes other cases are like it in 
 form. Thus equi (so far as form is concerned) might be either 
 genitive singular or nominative plural ; and nautae might be either 
 genitive or dative singular or nominative plural. When such 
 forms are used, we have to depend on the other words of the 
 Latin sentence to make clear which case is meant. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Marci simia nunc in cavea est. 2. Sed in pu 
 parum cunis sunt conchae et harena. 3. CiJr equi in horto 
 iacent "i 4. Itaque equi caudam simia tenuit. 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 33 
 
 HORTUS 
 
 Rich Romans took much pride in well-kept pleasure gardens. 
 In these there were level walks with fountains here and there, 
 flowers were carefully cultivated, and the trees and shnibs were 
 often cut into ornamental shapes. The picture above shown was 
 found painted on a wall in the ruins of Pompeii. There were, of 
 course, plenty of vegetable gardens also in Italy, but painters seem 
 to have taken little interest in them. The lower picture is from 
 Herculaneum. 
 
 HORTUS 
 
 I^TIK PRIMFH 
 
34 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 B, I. "Quid videt Quinti equus?" inquit Marcus. 
 "Equusherbametaquam videt, "inquitMarcella. 2. "Cur 
 agricolae equ5s tenent?" inquiunt puellae. " Equos te- 
 nent, " inquit Qufntus, "quia in via nautae cum simiisfue- 
 runt. Equi nautarum simias timuerunt. " 3. " Ubi 
 sedistis?" inquit Marcus. "In puparum sellis sedimus, " 
 inquiunt puellae. 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A, I. And so the doll's table and chairs were under 
 the stairs. 2. There is now a basket in the doll's cradle. 
 3. Why did they frighten the farmer's horses.^ 4. What 
 did the sailor's monkey see } 5. The girls hid in the yard 
 and garden. 
 
 B, I. "Let's play ball with Marcus' monkey," said 
 Marcella. "Where is the ball?" "Marcus' ball was on 
 the doll's chair," answered Claudia; "now it is under the 
 table." 2. "Why did Quintus sit in the sailors' boat?" 
 asked Julia. "Quintus sat in the boat, because there have 
 been horses on the beach," said Claudia ; " but Marcus and 
 the girls sat in the garden in the shade." 
 
 EXERCISE X 
 THE SECOND OR O-DECLENSION (continued) 
 
 piier, M., boy dger, u., field 
 
 Case 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural i 
 
 Nominative 
 
 piier 
 
 piieri 
 
 ager 
 
 dgri 
 
 Genitive 
 
 piieri 
 
 puerdrum 
 
 agri 
 
 agr6nim 
 
 Dative 
 
 piierO 
 
 pueris 
 
 agro 
 
 dgris 
 
 Accusative 
 
 puerum 
 
 pueros 
 
 agrum 
 
 dgros 
 
 Ablative 
 
 piierS 
 
 pueris 
 
 agr6 
 
 agris 
 
LATIN PRIMER • 35 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 cuctlrrl, / rartt I have run. vfini, / cantCy T have come, 
 
 6, ex, preposition, used with in, preposition, used with 
 the ablative case, {out) the accusative case, into, 
 fronts out of. ^ 
 
 Remarket . The verbs from which come the perfects cuciirri 
 and v6ni do not belong to the second conjugation ; but the in- 
 flection of the perfect tense of all conjugations is identical. With 
 habui, therefore, as a model, inflect the perfects cucurri and v6ni. 
 
 Remark 2. Both forms of the preposition 8, ex have the same 
 meaning. The second form is to be used when the following 
 ablative begins with a vowel or h. 
 
 Remark 3. Contrast the meaning of in and the ablative with 
 that of in and the accusative. The former indicates Place Where, 
 the latter Place into Which. Translate the following phrases : io 
 cymba, sub cymba, 6 cymba, in cfmbam. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Ex area cucurrimus. 2. Puer in agricolae hor- 
 tum venit. 3. Cur cucurristi e via inaream.^ 4. Itaque 
 simia cum luliae pupa incaveam cucurrit. 
 
 B. I. "Puellae in nautarum cymbis sedent," inquit 
 Marcus; "cum pueris pila ludamus." "Ubi sunt pueri.?" 
 inquit Quintus. "Puerl ex horto in aream cucurrerunt," 
 inquit Marcus; "nunc in umbra latent." 2. "CiJrnautae 
 equus ex agro in hortuhi cucurrit?" inquiunt puellae. 
 " Simia equum terruit," inquit Marcus ; " sed nauta e cymba 
 venit, et equus nunc in area, simia in cavea est." 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A. I. And so you ran from the water into the yard 
 and hid under the dolls' table. 2. Why did they come 
 
36 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 from the yard into the farmer's fields? 3. What is 
 Claudia's doll holding ? 4. Where is Marcus' ball ? Why 
 was it under the chair ? 
 
 B. I. " Where did you see the farmers' horses ? " asked 
 Quintus. " They were in the garden," replied the girls, 
 "but now they have run into the water." 2. "Why did 
 the girl's monkey run from the boat? " said Marcella. " It 
 has run from the boat," replied Marcus, "because the 
 farmers came and sat in the sand." 
 
 EXERCISE XI 
 
 THE SECOND OR O-DECLENSION (continued) 
 
 malum, N., apple 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Nominative 
 
 malum 
 
 mala 
 
 Genitive 
 
 mail 
 
 mal5rum 
 
 Dative 
 
 jnalC 
 
 malis 
 
 Accusative 
 
 malum 
 
 mala 
 
 Ablative 
 
 male 
 
 mails 
 
 Remark. The accusative of neuter words is always the same as 
 the nominative. Note how this fact is illustrated by the singular 
 and plural of m&lum. 
 
 Gender. The second declension is made up almost wholly of 
 masculine and neuter nouns. Regular masculines end in -us or 
 -er, and the neuters end in -um. The few feminines belonging to 
 this declension have the termination -us. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 tabernaculum, -i, n., tent. 
 taberna, -ae, f., store, shop. 
 
 ii, / went, I have gone, 
 misi, I sent ^ I have sent. 
 
ultih primer 
 
 37 
 
 ¥ 
 
 Taberna 
 
 Roman shops were often hardly more than booths. But many 
 dwelling houses were so built that the ground floor on the street 
 side could be let out to tradesmen. Each such store consisted 
 usually of a single room shut off completely from the rest of the 
 building, the merchant doing his business there during the day, 
 but having his residence elsewhere. At night the shops were 
 closed by putting up wooden shutters in froDt. 
 
38 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 Remark. The perfect il is a shorter form for ivi Gcnerall> 
 the singular and plural of the second person are further shortened 
 to isti and istis. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A, I. Itaque agricola pueros cum equls in agros 
 misit. 2. Cur in tabernam istis? Cur in sellis sedetis? 
 3. Puellas ex horto in aream mIsistL 4. Cur puer pupas 
 tenuit? 
 
 B. I. "Quid in tabernaculo vidistis?'* inquit Quintus. 
 *• Puparum cunas et simiae caveam in tabernacul5 vidimus," 
 inquiunt pueri. 2. *' Cur pueri e cymba in hortum ierunt ? " 
 inquit Marcus. "Pueros in hortum misi," inquit nauta; 
 "nunc mala in corbula habent." 3. " Ubi latuit lulia?" 
 inquit Marcus. " lulia in tabernaculum cucurrit," inquiunt 
 puellae ; " sed nunc in pupae cunis latet." 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A. I. The farmer went from the tent, and sent the boys 
 into the sailors* boat. 2. In the farmer's garden are 
 berries and roses ; on the beach there are shells. 3. And 
 so the farmers* horses came from the field and ran into the 
 garden. 
 
 B. I. "Where are the monkeys?** asked Julia. "The 
 monkeys went with the boys into the tent," replied Marcus; 
 "but now they are on the street." 2. "Why did you come 
 from the shade into the road?** said Claudia. "I came 
 into the road because I am afraid pf the farmer's horse," 
 answered Marcella. "But," said Quintus, "the farmer has 
 come from the store with the boys and sent the horse into 
 the fields." 
 
LATIN PRIMER 39 
 
 EXERCISE XII 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 Ifidus, -I, M., school. ad, preposition, used with 
 
 liber, -bri, m., book, the accusative case, to. 
 
 magister, -tri, m., teacher, diixi, / brought, I nave 
 
 subsellium, -i, n., bench. brought; I led, I have led. 
 
 turn, adverb, then. poenas dedi, / ivas punished^ 
 
 I have been punished. 
 
 Remark i. Contrast the meaning of in and the accusative 
 with that of ad and the accusative, the former indicating Place 
 into Which, the latter Place to Which. 
 
 Remark 2. The phrase poenas dedi means literally " I paid 
 the penalty," hence " I was punished." The perfect dedi is to 
 be conjugated as any other perfect, poenfis remaining unchanged j 
 e.g. poenas dedi, poenfis dedisti, poenas dedit, etc. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Pueri et puellae ex agris in ludum ierunt. 
 
 2. Itaque nunc in subselliis sedent. 3. Magister e ta- 
 bernavenit; bacas et mala in corbulis habet. 4. luliae 
 libri in tabernaculo sunt. 
 
 B. I. " Ubi est Marcus?" inquit Claudia. "Agricola 
 Marcum in tabernam misit," inquit lulia. 2. "Quid in 
 ludo vidisti ? " inquit Marcella. " Marcus et Quintus si- 
 miam in ludum duxerunt," inquit lulia. " Simia sub subsel- 
 liis latuit et magistrum terruit Tum pueri poenas dederunt." 
 
 3. "Cur in tabernaculum cucurristis ? cur sub mensa late- 
 tis?" inquit QuTntus. "Latemus," inquiunt puellae, "quia 
 in area equum vidimus," 
 
40 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 PUER POENaS DEDIT 
 
 In this illustration school seems to be in session in an open 
 colonnade, as was the custom among the Greeks. Three boys 
 may be seen sitting on sellae, holding spread out upon their laps 
 rolls of manuscript from which they are studying. Their less 
 fortunate companion in front is being severely whipped. 
 
 SUBSELLIUM 
 
 Any bench upon legs and without a back was called subsellium. 
 The particular bench shown above was found in the public baths 
 of Pompeii. Note the ornamental carvings upon the legs. 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 41 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A, I. Marcus* books lie on the bench. 2. And so 
 the teacher then brought the boys and girls from the 
 garden into the street. 3. You were punished at school. 
 4. What did you have in the basket ? 
 
 B. I. " The sailor's monkey hid in the grass and fright- 
 ened the teacher's horse," said the girls. " Then he was 
 punished." 2. " Let's play ball in the school," said 
 Marcus. "Where is the teacher.?" asked Quintus. "The 
 teacher is in the yard," answered Marcus. "He led the 
 horse to water," said Claudia; "then he came into the 
 yard with (his) books, and is now lying on the bench." 
 
 EXERCISE Xll\f4f'^^<ftcMAM,UKJi^^ 
 THE VOCATIVE CASE ^'i>ntfL<ii^ J^-u/iAy^X 
 
 In addition to the five cases already treated, words oi^^ f"^ 
 the second declension ending in -us have also a specialty*. £ 
 vocative singular, eg. Mftrce, Quinte, etc. Everywhere ft\jfK 
 else, in all declensions, the nominative is made to do serv- 
 ice as a vocative. 
 
 MODEL SENTENCES 
 
 Ubi sunt libri, Marce ? Where are the books, Marcus ? 
 Quid hab€s, lulia ? What have you, Julia } 
 Cur € cymba, puellae, cucurristis ? Why did you run 
 from the boat, girls ? 
 
 Rule. The vocative case is used in addressing a person 
 by name or title. 
 
 Remark. In an English sentence the vocative often stands 
 first, but in Latin it seldom has this position. In a short sentence 
 it is apt to stand last. 
 
42 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 vcx:abulary 
 
 Stilus, -I, M., pen, capsa, -ae, f., school hag, 
 
 tergum, -i, n., back. tabula, -ae, f., tablet, 
 
 umerus, -i, ml. ^ shoulder, ^ tiA J carried y I have carried. 
 
 Remark. The verb of which v6xi is the perfect is seldom 
 applied to men. It is commonly used of carrying by horses, 
 ships, etc 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A, I. Quid in capsa babes, Quinte? 2. In capsa 
 libros et tabulas habeo. 3. Ubi est simia, Claudia ? 
 
 4. Simia in nautae umero sedet ; malum habet. 5. Quid 
 in harCna vidistis, puellae ? 6. Corbulas et conchas vidi- 
 mus. 
 
 B. I. " Cur in aquam cucurrit equus ? 'Mnquiunt puellae. 
 *' In aquam equus cucurrit," inquit Marcus, " quia simia in 
 tergo est." 2. " Ubi f uit Quint! equus, Claudia ? " inquit 
 Marcella. "Equus magistrum ad ludum vexit," inquit 
 Claudia. "Tum venit agricola, et equum in agros duxit." 
 3. " Cur cum tabula et stilo, Quinte, sub mensa sedisti ? " 
 inquit Marcus. " Marcellam et Claudiam terrui," inquit 
 Quintus ; " itaque poenas dedL" 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A, I. What is under the bench, Marcus? 2. Where 
 are the boys, Quintus.? Let's play ball in the shade. 
 3. What do you see in the grass now, boys } 4. We 
 brought a doll to school ; and so we have been punished. 
 
 5. Why did you run out of school, Quintus } 
 
 B. I. **The school bag is in the tent," said Julia. "It 
 lies with the books in the doll's cradle." 2. " What do 
 you see, Claudia } " asked Marcella. " I see the boys in 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 41 
 
 Stilus et, 
 
 lULAE 
 
 Tablets were commonly made by 
 putting a layer of wax upon strips 
 of wood. Upon such tablets school 
 children traced letters with a stilus ^ 
 which was a piece of metal shaped 
 somewhat like a pencil. The writ- 
 ing end of the sti/us was very sharp, 
 while the other was often flattened 
 so that it could be used to erase 
 marks made in the wax. 
 
 The capsa was, strictly, 
 a box rather than a bag. 
 It was circular in form, and 
 had a cover. Rolls of 
 manuscript {iilfri) standing 
 on end fitted very nicely 
 into such a box. Some- 
 times a slave was sent along 
 to carry a boy's capsa to 
 school for him. The above 
 illustration is somewhat stif^ 
 and formal in its style. 
 
44 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 the fields," replied Claudia. "They have come from 
 school, and are now on the horse's back." 3. " I sent 
 Quintus to the store," said the farmer. " We saw Marcus 
 in the store," said the boys ; " but Quintus has gone into 
 the saijors* boat." 
 
 EXERCISE XIV 
 
 ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS 
 
 bonus, -a, -um, good 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 
 "hiasc Fern, 
 
 Nna, 
 
 Masc, 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Norn. 
 
 bonus bona 
 
 bonnm 
 
 bonl 
 
 bonae 
 
 bona 
 
 Gen. 
 
 \pm bonae 
 
 boni 
 
 bondruin 
 
 bonarum 
 
 bonorum 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Don5 bonae 
 
 bono 
 
 bonis 
 
 bonis 
 
 bonis 
 
 Ace. 
 
 bonum bonam 
 
 bonum 
 
 bonds 
 
 bonas 
 
 bona 
 
 Abl. 
 
 bond bona 
 
 bond 
 
 bonis 
 
 bonis 
 
 bonis 
 
 Remark. Note that the masculine of twlpjective is declined 
 like hortus, the feminine like mSnsa, and the neuter like m&lam. 
 The forms should now be memorized from left to right, thus : 
 (Nom.) bonus, bona, bonum ; (Gen.) boni, bonae, boni, etc. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 albus, -a, -um, white, magnus, -a, -um, big-, large^ 
 
 defessus, -a, -um, tired^ weary, etc. 
 
 longus, -a, -um, long, parvus, -a, -um, smally little 
 
 etc. 
 
 Rule. An adjective has the same gender y case^ and 
 number as the noun to which it belongs ; eg,y puellae par- 
 vae, puellas bonas, etc. 
 
 Remark. It should be remembered that a few nouns of the 
 first declension are masculine. With these, of course, the mascu- 
 line forms of the adjective must be used ; e.g.^ nautae magni, nau- 
 tSs bonds, etc. 
 
LATIN PRIMER 45 
 
 MODEL SENTENCES 
 
 Marcus est parvus, Marcus is smalL U>tv^» Lo^y^p, 
 Quintus est agricola, Quintus is a farmer. 
 
 Rule. With fomts of the verb sum, nn adjective referring 
 to the subject of the verb is called a Predicate Adjective^ 
 and a noun referring to the same thing as the subject is 
 called a Predicate Noun. Predicate Adjectives and Noutis 
 stand in the same case as the subject of the verb, 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. MarcT equus albus est; caudam longam habet. 
 2. Cur ad tabernam ierunt agricolae defessi ? 3. In agri- 
 colarum defessdrum corbulis f uerunt mala magna et bacae 
 albae. 4. Quid in capsa habent puellae parvae, Claudia ? 
 
 B. I. "Cur nautae simiam magnam in caveam misisti, 
 lulia?" inquit Marcus. "Simla pupas parvas in aquam 
 vexit," inquit lulia; "turn poenas dedit." 2. " Ubi est 
 Claudiae capsa, Marce } " inquit Marcella. " Capsam 
 Quintus in area vldit," inquit Marcus ; " sed tabulae et sti- 
 lus in subsellio iacent." 3. " Ubi nunc est Claudia, 
 Quinte } " inquit lulia. " Magister bonus Claudiam e ludo 
 in hortum duxit," inquit Quintus. 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : ^ 
 
 A, I. What is on the white monkey's shoulder, Julia .^ 
 2. Why do the girls teach the dolls } 3. What did the 
 big sailor's horse carry on (his) back, Marcus.^ 4. And 
 so we sent Quintus to school with a book and a small tablet. 
 
 B, I. "The girls have gone to school, Quintus," said 
 Marcus; " let's play ball in the dolls* garden." 2. "Why 
 did you bring the farmer's horses from the fields into thg 
 
46 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 Street, Quintus?" asked Julia; ** they are now frightening 
 the little boys and girls." " Quintus is a good boy," replied 
 Claudia. *' He ran and brought the horses into the street, 
 because we saw big monkeys in the fields. Horses are 
 afraid of monkeys." 
 
 EXERCISE XV 
 
 THE SECOND OR E-CONJUGATION 
 
 habe6 
 
 Indicative Mood Active Voice 
 
 Future Tense 
 Singular 
 
 1st person habCbO X ^S^*Jl^y^ah€bimn8 ,A^>^^^^ 
 
 2d person habgbis Lou^juMji'hahtbitis MVw " '' 
 
 3d person hab€bit %, " vhabebunt A;Uh^ " 
 
 Conjugate in the same way the future tense of doceO, 
 iaceO, lateO, sedeO, teneo, terreO, timeC, videO. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 malus, -a, -um, dad, etc. ieci, / t/irew, I have thrown 
 
 filia, -ae, f., daughter. eras, adverb, to-morrow. 
 
 filius, fili, M., son, boy. nam, conjunction, /an 
 f regi, / broke, I have broken. 
 
 Remark. Note the slight irregularity in the genitive* singular 
 of filius. The other cases of this noun proceed regularly (filiS, 
 filium, etc.), excepting the vocative singular, which also has 
 fili. The vocative fili commonly appears in the combination 
 mi fili, " my son," " my boy." 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 4/ 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Itaque nauta malus Marcellae capsam in aquam 
 iecit. 2. Quid turn in area vidistis ? Quid nunc in horto 
 videtis? 3. Ubi, mi fill, eras sedebis? 4. In equi tergo 
 sedebo. 5. Cur agricolae filii magni, Quinte, nautam 
 bonum e cymba in harenam iecerunt? 
 
 B. I. "Quid in via eras videbimus, Marce?" inquiunt 
 puellae. " Equos albos et simias parvas eras in via vide- 
 bitis," inquit Marcus. 2. " Claudia e tabernaculo in hor- 
 tum cum Quints cucurrit," inquit lulia; " ubi nunc est?" 
 " In herba tum latuit," inquit Marcella. " Sed nunc in 
 puparum cunis defessa iacet ; nam Claudia parva est 
 puella." 3. " Ubi est pila ?" inquit Marcus. "Agricolae 
 filius puer est malus," inquit Quintus ; " pilam in taber- 
 naculum iecit et pupam fregit. Sed tiim venit agricola, 
 et filius malus poenas dedit." 
 
 II. Translate into Latin: 
 
 A. I. The farmer's daughter sent Marcus to the store ; 
 and so we have apples and berries. 2. Claudia and Mar- 
 cella are good daughters ; for they have come into the yard 
 with tablets and pens. 3. Why does the monkey sit on 
 the shoulder of the little boy, my son } 4. Claudia has 
 thrown Marcus' pen into the sailor's basket. 
 
 B, I. "The teacher will have long benches in the 
 school," remarked Quintus. "We shall hide under the 
 benches and frighten the girls," said Marcus. 2. " The 
 sailor's bad boy broke a bench at school," said Claudia. 
 "To-morrow he will hide; for the teacher will then see 
 the bench." 3. " Why do you frighten the tired monkeys, 
 Quintus ? " asked Marcus. " I am frightening the monkeys," 
 replied Quintus, "because they broke Claudia's shells." 
 
48 
 
 LATIN PRIMKR 
 
 EXERCISE XVI 
 IRREGULAR VERB 
 
 sum 
 
 
 Future Tense 
 
 Indicative Mood 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 1st person 
 
 erC 
 
 
 erimus 
 
 2d person 
 
 eris 
 
 
 erit is 
 
 3d person 
 
 erit 
 
 
 erunt 
 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 
 lupus, -I, M., wolf, 
 
 silva, -ae, y.^ forest ^ woods. 
 validus, -a, -urn, strong, 
 sturdy , powerful. 
 
 hodig, adverb, to-day, 
 
 ibi, adverb, there, in tJint 
 
 place. 
 nOn, adverb, not. 
 occidi, / killed, I have killed. 
 
 Remark. Distinguish carefully between the use of the word 
 "there " in the sentences : " There are roses in the garden," and 
 "We ran into the garden; there we saw a wolf." When, as in 
 the second sentence, " there " means " in that place," it is to be 
 rendered by ibi 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A, I. Itaque eras in silva cum Quinto erimus, Marcella. 
 Ibi lup5s magnos videbimus. 2. Turn Claudia puella 
 bona erit ; sed nunc in area pueros parvos terret. 3. Pila 
 ludamus. Simiam hodie docebimus. 4. Lupus malus e 
 silva venit et Marci simiam occidit. Sed tum lupum defes- 
 sum occidit agricola validus. 
 
LATIN PRIMER 49 
 
 B. I. "Quid in ludo f regit Marcus?" inquit Claudia. 
 " Marcus stilum longum fregit," inquit luiia; "turn 6 ludo 
 ad cymbam cucurrit. Ibi nautae mail puerum in aquam 
 iecerunt. " 2. "Cur es puer malus, mi fill ? " inquit agricola. 
 ''Puer malus non sum," inquit filius, "sed quia magistrum 
 timeo, e ludo cucurri." 3. ** Ubi eritis?" inquit Marcus. 
 "In terg5 albi equi sedebimus," inquiunt puellae. " Pupa 
 in simiae umero sedebit." 4. " Cur Claudiae pupam occi- 
 distis, pueri?" inquit lulia. "Pupam occidimus," inquit 
 Marcus, " quia Claudia simiae caveam fregit." 
 
 II. Translate into Latin: 
 
 A, I. In the school there will be good books and tab- 
 lets, but the sailor will be the teacher. 2. Why did the 
 farmer's horse carry the girls into the forest to-day ? 
 3. What shall we see in the woods, my boy? 4. There 
 will be a wolf there. 5. The sailor's daughter will not 
 teach the little boys. 
 
 B, I. " Why was Marcus punished to-day, Quintus?" 
 asked Julia. " He threw the sailor's little monkey into the 
 store," answered Quintus, "and so he was punished. But 
 to-morrow he will be a good boy." 2. "What do you see 
 now, girls ? " said the farmer's tired daughter. " We see a 
 strong wolf in the field," replied Claudia. " He has run out 
 of the woods and killed the big horse. But he does not 
 see the boys ; for they have hidden in the grass." 3. " To- 
 morrow," said Marcus, " the boys and girls will be in the 
 forest. There the girls will be afraid of wolves and mon- 
 keys ; but the boys will not be afraid." 
 
 LATIN PRIMKR — 4 
 
so 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 EXERCISE XVII 
 
 ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS 
 
 (continued) 
 
 miser, -era, -erum, wretched^ poor 
 piger, -gra, -grum, lazy 
 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mau. 
 
 F*m. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Mmsc, 
 
 Fem, 
 
 Neui, 
 
 Nom. 
 
 miser 
 
 misera 
 
 miserum 
 
 piger 
 
 pigra 
 
 pigrum 
 
 Gen. 
 
 miseri 
 
 miserae 
 
 miseri 
 
 pigri 
 
 pigrae 
 
 pigri 
 
 Dat. 
 
 miserS 
 
 miserae 
 
 misero 
 
 pigro 
 
 pigrae 
 
 pigro 
 
 Ace. 
 
 miserum 
 
 miseram 
 
 miserum 
 
 pigrum 
 
 pigram 
 
 pigrum 
 
 Abl. 
 
 misero 
 
 misera 
 
 misero 
 
 pigro 
 
 pigra 
 
 pigro 
 
 Note. The plural of these adjectives is declined in the same 
 way as the plural of bonus. Note that the singular, too, is like 
 bonus, excepting that miser has the peculiarities of puer, while 
 piger follows ager, losing its e throughout. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 porta, -ae, f., gate. heri, adverb, yesterday, 
 
 oppidum, -i, n., town. in, preposition, used with 
 
 saxum, -I, N., rockt stone, the accusative case, at, 
 
 Q,tci6\y I fellf I have fallen. against , upon, to. 
 
 Remark. The preposition in with the accusative normally 
 means " into." as already stated. But with verbs of throwing, 
 falling, and the like, the meanings given in this vocabulary are 
 sometimes called for. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Itaque agricolae bon! et nautae validi e porta 
 oppidi heri ierunt, et cucurrerunt in silvam. 2. Hodie 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 51 
 
 Porta 
 From Gusman's Pompeii, by permission of Messrs. Dodd, Mead and Company. 
 
 This illustration shows one of the gates in the ruined wall of 
 Pompeii. Note the strength of the wall and the substantial way 
 in which the street is paved. 
 
52 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 agricol5rum equi miseri in aquam ceciderunt ; crSs in agrls 
 erunt. 3. Marcus nauta erit ; sed agricola erit Quiutus. 
 4. Nam pueri pigri saxa in aquam iecerunt. 
 
 B, I. " Ubi est Marcus ? " inquit Marcella. "Marcus 
 in oppidura hodie iit," inquit Qulntus. " Via est longa, et 
 eras puerum defessum videbimus." 2. *' In harena con- 
 chas albas heri vidi," inquit Claudia ; " tum cum corbulis 
 iimus, et boni agricolae equus conchas in aream vexit." 
 3. "Simia e corbula in puparum cunas cecidit," inquit 
 Marcus; "cunas et pupas fregit miseras. Tum lulia 
 cucurrit e tabernaculo et saxum in simiam iecit ; sed saxum 
 in caudam slmiae cecidit, et Claudiae pupae sellam fregit." 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A. I. What is on the lazy horse's back, Quintus? 
 2. The gate of the town is large, but the streets are not 
 long. 3. The boys killed a small wolf there yesterday. 
 You shall see (its) tail to-morrow, Marcus. 4. And so 
 you will not be teacher to-day. 5. The bad boys will sit 
 on the long bench. 6. What did the sailor fear ? 
 
 B. I. "Where will you hide, girls.?" asked Marcus. 
 " We shall hide under the stairs," replied the girls. " I 
 am tired," said Marcus ; " I shall hide with lazy Quintus 
 under the bench." 2. " The farmer sent (his) strong son 
 from the forest to the town," remarked Claudia. " But 
 the boy saw the sailors' big monkey in the road; and so he 
 ran into a garden." 
 
LATIN PRIMER 53 
 
 EXERCISE XVIII 
 
 THE SECOND OR E-CONJUGATION 
 
 habeO 
 
 
 Subjunctive Mood 
 
 Active Voicb 
 
 
 
 Present Tense 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 1st person 
 
 habeam 
 
 
 habeamus 
 
 2d person 
 
 habeas 
 
 
 habefltis 
 
 3d person 
 
 habeat 
 
 
 habeant 
 
 Remark. Memorize the above forms. The next Exercise will 
 show one of the ways in which they are to be used. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 lutum, -I, N., mud, columba, -ae, 4^., dove, 
 
 terra, -ae, f., ground, floor. dedi, I gave ^ I have given, 
 
 DATIVE CASE. MODEL SENTENCES 
 
 Turn Quintus Claudiae "Ubi est capsa.V inquit, Then 
 
 said Quintus to Claudia, " Where is the school bag } " 
 iQlia MarcO malum dedit, Julia gave an apple to Marcus. 
 
 Rule. The dative case is used of the person to whom 
 something is said or given. Thus used^ t/ie dative is called 
 the Indirect Object of the verb. 
 
 Remark. The dative of the Indirect Object must be carefully 
 distinguished from the accusative of the Direct Object. Thus, in 
 the second of the model sentences above' malum is the thing 
 directly affected by the verb action (direct object), while MarcO 
 (indirect object) is merely the person to whom is given the 
 thing thus directly affected. 
 
54 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 READING LESSON "\ 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A, I. Cur equi validi, Quinte, saxa in oppidum hodic 
 vexerunt ? 2. Quintus et Marcus pueri boni sunt ; nam e 
 porta oppidi venerunt, et mala et bacas agricolae misero 
 dederunt. 3. Ubi eras erunt filii nautarum pigrorum ? 
 Heri sederunt in cymba, et Quintl equum album terrue- 
 runt. 4. Quid agricolae filia nautae mall filio dedit ? 
 
 B. I. " Quid in silva videbitis ? " pueris inquit Marcella. 
 "Lupos parvos videbimus," inquit Marcus; "nam agri- 
 colae heri ierunt in silvam, et magnos lup5s occlderunt." 
 
 2. Tum lulia Marco, *' Cur capsam," inquit, " Quinto non 
 dedistl ? " '* Capsam n5n dedl," inquit Marcus, " quia 
 Quintus heri fregit Claudiae tabulas, et stilum in lutum 
 iecit.** 3. " Quid in ludo hodie vidisti ? " luliae defessae 
 inquit Marcella. " Simia in ludum venit," inquit lulia, 
 "et in Claudiae umero sedit. Tum ad puellam magister 
 cucurrit. Simia misera timuit et in terram cecidit ; nunc 
 in cavea iacet." 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A. I. Why did the boys break the poor dolls* table, 
 Marcus ? 2. What did you give to the lazy sailor, my boy ? 
 
 3. Why did the tired teacher send Marcus from school 
 to-day ? 4. And so the bad boys brought the little wolf 
 into the tent ; there they sat on the doll's chairs and broke 
 the cradle. 
 
 B, I. "The dove will sit on the monkey's back, Clau- 
 dia,'* said Julia. 2. " Yesterday Quintus threw apples at 
 the dove," remarked Claudia; "then he was punished." 
 3. " Why did you not go to school to-day ? " said Marcella 
 to Quintus. " I fell into the mud," replied Quintus ; " but 
 
LATIN PRIMER 55 
 
 Strong horses carried Marcus to school. He is now sitting 
 there with the boys on the long benches." 4. " Are you 
 going to be lazy to-morrow.!*" said Julia to Claudia. "I 
 will be a good girl to-morrow," replied Claudia; "where 
 are the books, Julia ? " 
 
 EXERCISE XIX 
 THE SECOND OR E-CONJUGATION 
 
 habtO 
 Subjunctive Mood Active Voxcb 
 
 
 Imperfect Tense 
 
 • 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 1st person 
 
 habirtm 
 
 habirimus 
 
 2d person 
 
 habirls 
 
 hablritis 
 
 3d person 
 
 habirtt 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 habirtnt 
 
 ancilla, -ae, f., maidservant ^ comple<}, I fill, 7 am filling ; 
 
 maid. perfect tense, complgvi. 
 
 sp€lunca, -ae, f., cave, den. 6lim, adverb, once {upon a 
 ursa, -ae, f., bear. time). 
 
 ut, conjunction, (.r^' as) to^ 
 (so) that. 
 
 MODEL SENTENCES 
 
 iQlia latet, ut M&rcum terreat, Julia is hiding to frighten 
 Marcus. 
 iQlia latuit, ut Marcum terrSret, Julia hid to frighten 
 
 Marcus. 
 
 Rule. The purpose for which a thing is done may be 
 expressed by ut and the subjunctive. 
 
56 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 Note. In this construction the tense of the subjunctive is de- 
 termined by the tense of the main verb of the sentence. If the 
 main verb is a present or future, the present subjunctive is used in 
 tRe purpose clause ; if the main verb is a past, the imperfect sub^ 
 junctive is used. These points are illustrated in the model sen- 
 tences above. 
 
 Remark i. In writing Latin purpose clauses, careful attention 
 must be given to the person and number of the verb. In English 
 we may say " I came to j^<r," *• you came to see^^ ^ he came to j^<r," 
 " they came /b s^f" etc., making no change whatever in the form 
 of the purpose clause ; but if these four sentences should be trans- 
 lated into Latin, each purp>ose clause of course would be different, 
 namely, vCni ut vidfirem, vCnisti ut vidgrfis, v6nit ut vidfiret, v6n6- 
 runt ut vidfirent. In case of doubt, the proper Latin form can 
 always be found 'Sy expanding the English purpose clause : for 
 example, " I came to see " = " I came that / might see " ; " you 
 came to see " = " you came that you might see " ; etc. 
 
 Remark 2. The subject of the main verb of the sentence and 
 the subject of the verb of the purpose clause of course need not be 
 identical ; f^. Agricola ex agr5 v6nit, ut Claudia equum vid6ret, 
 th^ farmer came from ihefietd^ so that Claudia might see the horse, 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A, I. Pueri bacas magnas vident. Itaque in herba 
 iacent, ut corbulas compleant. 2. In silvam hodie iimus, 
 ut ursarum albarum speluncam videremus. 3. Cur in 
 agros, puer piger, cum miseri agricolae filiis defessis non 
 venisti.^ 4. Sub mensa sedebo, ut simiam doceam. 
 5. Marcus ad oppidum cucurrit, ut lulia capsam haberet; 
 Quinto stilum dedit. • 
 
 B, I. "Cur ursas miseras, agricolae mali, occTdistis .? " 
 inquit lulia. Turn agricolae luliae "Ursas occidimus," 
 
LATIN PRIMER 57 
 
 inquiunt, "quia pueri et puellae speluncam timent; nam 
 6lim ursae ibi puerum parvum occiderunt." 2. " Cras/' 
 inquit Marcus, "sub scalis latebimus, ut puellas terreamus." 
 "Ibi heri latui," inquit Quintus, "ut Claudiam et luliam 
 terrerem. Sed cum pueills fuit ancilla; itaque hodie 
 poenas dedi." 3. " Columbam albam Marcellae dedisti, 
 Marce," inquit lulia; "cur non simiam Claudiae dedit 
 Quintus ? " " Nauta malus her! venit in hortum," inquit 
 Marcus, " et simiam miseram occidit." 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A, I . The good sailor to-day came from the town to teach 
 the boys and girls. 2. Why did you throw the books 
 of the farmer's daughters into the bears* cage, Quintus.^ 
 3. Why did they not fill the large baskets and give the 
 berries to the poor girls.? 4. Where will you hide to- 
 morrow to see the bears.? 
 
 B. I. "Once upon a time," said Marcus, "I gave 
 Quintus a dove and a cage. He killed the dove, and the 
 maid threw the cage into the water." 2. "We ran from 
 the yard to see the strong sailors," said Jiilia. " Yester- 
 day they brought bears and wolves from the woods 
 into the town." 3. "The girls have come to sit on the 
 stairs, Quintus," said Marcus. " Let's play ball in the 
 fields with the boys." 4. " Where are Quintus and 
 Claudia, Marcus.?" asked Julia. "They have gone into 
 the field to hide in the grass," answered Marcus. 
 
%s 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 EXERCISE XX 
 PERSONAL PRONOUNS 
 
 
 First Person 
 
 Second Person 
 
 
 ego, 
 
 / 
 
 tti. 
 
 you 
 
 Singula i^ 
 
 Plural 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Nominative 
 
 ego' 
 
 nOs 
 
 tu 
 
 v6s 
 
 Genitive 
 
 mei 
 
 nostrum 
 nostri 
 
 tui 
 
 vestrum 
 vestri 
 
 Dative 
 
 mihi 
 
 nobis 
 
 tlbi 
 
 vObis 
 
 Accusative 
 
 mS 
 
 n5s 
 
 t6 
 
 V68 
 
 Ablative 
 
 me 
 
 nobis 
 
 t6 
 
 vObis 
 
 Remark. When used with the ablative forms of these pro- 
 nouns, the preposition cum follows, and is written as a part of the 
 word ; /.^., mScum, tecum, nObiBCum, vObfscum. Note how the 
 addition of -cum affects the accent of nobis and vObis. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 gremlum, -i, n., bosom, lap. multi, -ae, -a, many, 
 lectus, -i, M., bed, couch, moned, / warn, I advise ; 
 
 pecunia, -ae, f., money, perfect tense, monui. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Quid hodie tibi dedit agricola, Quinte ? Quid 
 vobis dedit nauta, puellae ? 2. Agricoiae mihi pecuniam 
 dederunt, ut filios docerem. 3. Ancilla ursas magnas 
 in agr5 vidit ; itaque in aream cucurrit, ut in tabernaculo 
 lateret. 4. Puella in lecto sedet, ut simiam defessam in 
 gremio teneat. 
 
 B. I. "Pecuniam tibi dedi, QuTnte," inquit Marcus, 
 " ut simiam doceres. Cur in ludum sTmiam tecum non 
 duxisti?" 2. Tum agricolis bonis lulia ** Heri," inquit, 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 59 
 
 \ 
 
 Lectus 
 
 The illustration shows the bronze frame of a bed found at 
 Pompeii. Often a /^cfus was provided with a footboard and 
 back, and thus looked very much like an old-fashioned so(a with 
 a pillow at one end. 
 
6o LATIN PRIMER 
 
 " bacas multas nobis dedistis ; corbulas complevimus. Cras 
 mala habebitis ? " 3. " Cur in ursae speluncam cucur- 
 risti, Marce ? " inquit nauta. " In speluncam cucurri," 
 inquit Marcus, " ut Claudiam monerem." 4. " Olim e 
 saxis magnis in lutum cecidit lupus," inquit lulia. " Turn 
 e spelunca venit ursa valida, et lupum miserum occldit." 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A. I. Then we gave the farmer's daughter sandals and 
 a doll, Julia. What did the farmer give you } 2. Claudia 
 has come with me to warn the sailors. 3. Why did they 
 not give you a strong boat, boys ? 4. The doll is sitting 
 on the bench, so that the monkey may lie on the bed. 
 For Marcella is holding the white dove in (her) lap. 
 
 B. I. "Why did the teacher give me the apples, 
 Claudia ? " asked Quintus. " He gave you the apples," 
 replied Claudia, " so that we should sit with you in the 
 shade ; for he has sent Julia and Marcus into the fields. 
 Where are the apples ? " 2. ^ " What did you give the 
 farmer's lazy son yesterday.^" said Claudia to Quintus. 
 ** We gave the boy money," replied Quintus. " And so 
 he went with us into the yard to fill the baskets ; for there 
 are many berries in the shade." 3. "I will sit with you, 
 girls," said Marcus; "but I do not see the books and 
 tablets." 
 
 EXERCISE XXI 
 
 MODEL SENTENCE 
 
 Marcus in hortum iit, ego in tabernaculum cucurri, 
 Marcus went into the garden, / ran into the tent. 
 
 Rule. As subject of a verb, the personal pronouns ego 
 (nCs) and tVL (v5s) are in general written only for emphasis 
 or clearness or to mark a contrast. 
 
LATIN PRIMER 6l 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 Possessive Adjectives 
 
 meus, -a, -um, my. mine noster, -tra, -trum, our, ours, 
 
 tuus, -a, -um, your, yours (in vester, -tra, -trum, your, 
 
 speaking to one person). yours (in speaking to more 
 
 than one person). 
 
 Remark. The vocative of the masculine singular of meus is 
 ml, a form already familiar in the phrase mi fUi. 
 
 Note. The genitive of the personal pronouns ego and ta is not 
 used to tell to whom something belongs, such use of the genitive 
 being rendered unnecessary by the above Possessive Adjectives; 
 e.g., liber meus, stilus tuus, etc. (To use the genitive of ego and 
 tli in such phrases would be as bad as to say in English " the 
 book of me " instead of " my book," etc.) 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English: 
 
 A. I. Ubi sunt, puellae, columbae vestrae? 2. Ego 
 tibi librum dedi ; tu stilum meum in lutum iecistl. 3. TQ 
 equos et simias timuisti ; nos multas ursas validas et lup5s 
 magnos vidimus. 4. Itaque pupa tua in gremid simiae 
 nostrae iacet. ^ 
 
 B. I. "Ancilla defessa noblscum in agros iit," inquiunt 
 puellae. " Ibi equo tuo, Quinte, mala dedimus." 2. Turn 
 Marco "Ubi est," inquit nauta, "pecunia nostra?" 
 •* Pecunia in spelunca heri f uit," inquit Marcus, " nunc sub 
 lecto meo iacet ; ns.i* Ci.psam complevi." 3. "Cur non 
 cucurristl, Quinte," inquit Claudia, " ut agricolas miseros 
 moneres.^" "Non cucurri," inquit Quintus, "quia agri- 
 colae pigrT sunt." 4. " Cur, mi fili, pueros non misisti," 
 inquit agricola, " ut cymbam meam viderent?" " MisI 
 pueros," inquit fllius; "sed nautae mali Marcum in aquam 
 i€c€runt, et Quintus in tabernSculo nostra latuiL" 
 
62 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A. I. You will sit on the beach to-morrow, girls ; /shall 
 lie in the shade. 2. I gave my tablet and your pen to 
 Marcus' teacher. 3. And so the tired sailors ran to the 
 white boat; we went to school. 4. Why diS the farmer 
 go with you into the big store, boys ? 
 
 B. I. "What did you see in the towns .^" said Marcus to 
 Quintus. " I saw strong gates and long streets," replied 
 Quintus. 2. "Claudia is hiding in your tent, Quintus," 
 said Julia; "we will sit in the yard to warn the boys." 
 3. " You ran into our tent to-day and threw big stones upon 
 the dolls* bed," said Marcella to Marcus and Quintus. 
 "Yesterday you gave me the dolls, and now you have 
 broken the bed." 4. " We saw the teacher to-day," said 
 Quintus to the girls. " / ran to hide in the grass ; Marcus 
 fell into the water." 
 
 EXERCISE XXII 
 THE SECOND OR E-^ONJUGATION 
 
 habeO 
 
 SuBjuNcnvE Mood Actfve Voice 
 
 Pluperfect Tense 
 
 Singular ! Plural 
 
 1st person habuissem^vi habuissemus 
 
 2d person habuisses A^ habuissetis 
 
 3d person habuisset habuissent 
 
 Remark. The pluperfect subjunctive active of verbs of all con- 
 jugations is inflected in the same way as habuissem. To find the 
 first person singular of the pluperfect subjunctive active of any 
 verb, simply change the -i of the perfect indicative to -issem; 
 e.g., cucurri, cucurrissem ; ii, (iissem) issem ; veni, venissem ; etc. 
 
LATIN PRIMER 63 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 avia, -ae, 'p.^ grandmother, cum, conjunction, when, 
 avus, -i, M., grandfather. while^ as^ since, etc. 
 
 liberi, -6rum, m., children, mox, adverb, soon. 
 
 MODEL SENTENCES 
 
 Cum Marcus lupum terr^ret, puellae in cymbam cucur- 
 r€runt, While Marcus frightened the wolf, the girls ran 
 into the boat. 
 
 Agricolae, cum in silvam vSnissent, ursam occidgrunt. 
 When the farmers had come into the woods, they killed 
 a bear. 
 
 Rule. The circumstances under which a thing took 
 place may be described by the use of the imperfect or pin- 
 perfect subjunctive, introduced by the conjunction cum. 
 
 Note. The imperfect subjunctive in this construction describes 
 action going on at the §ame time as the action of the maip yejrb 
 of the sentence, whereas the pluperfect refers to an ahi^ddeHT 
 action. See the model sentences above. 
 
 Remark. In the second of the models, note that Agricolae, the 
 logical subject of both clauses, is given first position in the sen- 
 tence. This is the normal Latin arrangement, but it should not be 
 copied in the English translation. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Cum pueri e ludo venissent, Claudia ex 5rea 
 cucurrit, ut mecum sub scalTs latereL 2. Marc! avia 
 pecuniam mihi et Quinto dedit ; itaque pueri boni erimus. 
 3. Liberi, cum in oppidum Issent, Claudiae avum et aviam 
 in via viderunt. 4. Marcella in aviae gremio est, Qninte. 
 Cur non in cunis iacet puella ? 
 
64 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 B. I. '*Cum in iQdo sederem," inquit lulia, *MibrI e 
 capsa mea in terram ceciderunt." " Poenas turn dedisti ? " 
 inquit Claudia. 2. " Ubi est nauta malus ? " inquit Quin- 
 tus. ** Nauta heri agricolam miserum occidit," inquit Mar- 
 cus. "Turn in silvam cucurrit, et nunc in spelunca latet." 
 3. "Cur filiae agricolarum Marcum defessum in silvam 
 miserunt.? " inquit lulia. " Marcum miserunt," inquit Quln- 
 tus, " ut nautam moneret ; nam ursae multae in speluncis 
 sunt." 4. Quintus, cum in hortum ex agris venisset, 
 Marco '* Ubi sunt corbulae nostrae } " inquit. " Meas 
 corbulas agricolis bonis dedi," inquit Marcus; "sed tuae 
 in area sunt" 
 
 II. , Translate into Latin: ^ 
 
 A. I. When Marcus came from the store, he went into 
 the fields. Soon he will be upon the back of your strong 
 horse, Quintus. 2. / threw a stone ; but yoti broke the 
 bench. (^ While Julia was teaching the girls, the boys 
 went to see the horses. 4: I will frighten the monkey, 
 so that the boys may fill the cage; for there are many 
 stones in the sand. 
 
 B. I. "Why did the maid come with you from the 
 boat, Claudia ? " asked Julia. " My grandmother sent the 
 maid with us," replied Claudia, "because there are many 
 wolves in the woods. While we were sitting there in the 
 shade, I saw a white bear." 2. "What did you see in 
 the forest to-day, my daughter.? " said the farmer. " When 
 we came out of the town," replied the girl, " we saw a little 
 wolf. Marcus threw a stone at the wolf, Quintus ran into 
 a cave, and I hid in the grass." 3 "Where are your 
 school bags, girls } " asked Marcella. " Our school bags 
 are (out) in the field," answered the tired girls; "but we 
 have your books." 
 
LATIN PRIMER 65 
 
 EXERCISE aXIII 
 
 t VOCABULARY 
 
 flva, -ae, f., grape. vulpgcula, -ae, f., little 
 
 per, preposition, used with the fox. 
 
 accusative case, through^ ]xLvin\, I found, I have found ; 
 
 by way of etc. / discovered^ I have dis- 
 
 covered. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. In area vestra vulpeculas multas heri invenimus. 
 
 2. Marcus vulpeculam defessam in caveam duxit ; nos in 
 agrum cucurrimus. 3. Liberi, cum per silvam venissent, 
 in oppidum nobiscum ierunt, ut ludum nostrum viderent. 
 4. In via sedeo, ut agricolas moneam ; nam lupus validus 
 in horto latet. 5. Avus et avia mea cum ancillis ex op- 
 pido heri venerunt. Mox in horto erunt, ut bacas et uvas 
 et mala magna videant. 
 
 B. I. "Cur per silvam Isti, filia mea?" inquit agricola. 
 " Per silvam ii," inquit filia, " quia puella magna sum ; vul- 
 peculas non timeo." 2. " Quid in capsa tua invenit Mar- 
 cus ? " inquit lulia. " Libros et stilum invenit," inquit 
 Claudia ; " nam tabulae meae in tabernaculo sunt." 
 
 3. "Lectus pueri pigri sub scalis est," inquit Marcus. 
 " Magister me misit, ut lectum viderem." 4. " Cur tibi, 
 Marce, pecQniam dederunt agricolae.^" inquit Quintus. 
 "Pecuniam mihi dederunt," inquit Marcus, "quia piger 
 non sum. Heri te in agros miserunt, sed tu equos ad 
 aquam non duxisti." 
 
 II. Translate into Latin: 
 
 A. I. Once a little fox came into our garden to sec the 
 grapes. 2. As Marcus was lying in the grass, he threw 
 
 1^1 IS FRIMBR — 1; 
 
66 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 a stone at a little girl. 3. The stones fell upon my 
 grandfather's basket, and broke the white doves' cage. 
 4. When you had come into the woods, what did you 
 find, my son.? 5. I saw a powerful wolf, and Quintus 
 found a tired sailor in the shade. 
 
 B. I. **The teacher has sent us from school," said 
 Claudia to Marcella. "The boys will soon be in the 
 fields,*' replied Marcella; "then we will sit in the boat 
 and see the shells in the water." 2. " The little fox was 
 afraid of the wolf," said Julia. " But the bear frightened 
 the wolf ; and so the little fox has now gone into the cave 
 to lie in the shade." 3. " I warned you to-day, boys," 
 said the teacher, " but you have not given me the apples 
 and berries." " We threw the berries into the mud," 
 replied Marcus, "and the apples are in the water." 
 4. " Where are the doves } " asked Marcella. " My dove 
 js on the shoulder of the farmer's daughter," replied Julia; 
 " the sailor's bad son has killed yours." 
 
 EXERCISE XXIV 
 
 IRREGULAR VERB 
 
 sum 
 
 1st person 
 2d person 
 3d person 
 
 Imperfect Tense Subjunctfve Mood 
 Singular ' (J /-, 4/ Plural 
 
 esses k-^^f^^^^^^ 
 esset 
 
 essemus 
 
 essetis 
 
 essent 
 
 Note. The pluperfect subjunctive of this verb is fuissem. See 
 the Remark on habuissem in Exercise XXII. 
 
LATIN PRIMER 6; 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 Iflna, -ae, vl, moon, caelum, -I, n., sky, 
 
 Stella, -ae, f., star, -que, conjunction, and. 
 
 Remark. The conjunction -que follows the word to which it 
 belongs, and is written as part of that same word j ^^., puer puel- 
 Uque, *' the boy and girl." Note how the addition of -que influ- 
 ences the accent of the word to which it is joined, and compare 
 the effect of -cum in the combinations nObiscum and vObiscum 
 (Exercise XX). 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Quid in caelo, Marce, tu vidSs? Ego iQnam 
 stellasque video. 2. Quintus, cum in cymba mea esset, 
 saxa in aquam iecit. 3. Agricolae vobis, pueri, pecuniam 
 dederunt, ut equos in via teneretis. 4. Vulpecula tua, 
 lulia, heri in area uvas multas invenit Hodie bacas habe- 
 bit ; nam corbulam complevL 
 
 B. I. Tum Marco " Nauta validus," inquit Quintus, 
 " me in cymbam misit simiamque meam in harena terruit" 
 2. " Claudia, cum ex horto mecum venisset," inquit lulia, 
 "bacas malaque Marci simiae dedit." 3. " Ubi est pupa- 
 rum lectus, puellae ^ " inquit Marcella. " Lectus in taber- 
 naculo est," inquiunt puellae; "itaque ibi cum pupis sede- 
 bimus." 4. "Olim," inquit nauta piger, "cum luna in 
 caelo esset, ursa e spelunca venit et vulpeculam miseram 
 occidit." 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : ^ 
 
 A. I. When your grandfather, boys, had given us books 
 and school bags, he sent us to school. 2. The gate of 
 the town is small, Quintus. 3. What did the powerful 
 horses carry through the fields into the town? 4. My 
 
68 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 grandmother and the maid will sit with you, Julia. / shall 
 be in the boat ; for I am tired. 
 
 B. I. " When Julia was holding the dove in (her) lap," 
 said Claudia, **a big wolf came into the yard." 2. Then 
 said the farmer's daughter to Maixelfe, ** Why did Marcus 
 break my chair ^nd bench'TH* '** He broke the bench," re- 
 plied Marcella, "because you killed our dove yesterday.^ 
 But he is not a bad boy; he did not break your chair." 
 3. "Why are you sitting in the yard, Marcus 1 " said Quin- 
 tus ; " to see little f pxes } The little foxes are now in the 
 woods ; but soon many will be in the fields." 
 
 EXERCISE XXV 
 THE SECOND OR E-CONJUGATION 
 
 habeO 
 
 Imdicauve Mood Active Voicr 
 Pluperfect Tense 
 
 Singular Plural 
 
 1st person habueram habueramus 
 
 2d person habueris habueratis 
 
 3d person habuerat habuerant 
 
 Remark. The pluperfect indicative active of verbs of all con- 
 jugations is inflected in the same way as habueram. To find the 
 first person singular of the pluperfect indicative active of any 
 verb, simply change the -i of the perfect indicative to -eram ; e.g.y 
 cucurri, cucurreram ; ii, ieram ; v6ni, vgneram ; etc. 
 
 Note., The^Dluperfect tense is used in referring to a past event 
 which p^ceoeh^ioUier past event ; e.g., Marcus mox in hortum 
 v6nit; sed Quintus in^ agros ierat, Marcus soon came into the 
 garden; but Quintus had gone into the fields. 
 
LATIN PRIMER 69 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 latebrae, -ftrum, f., hiding celerlter, adverb, swiftly, 
 
 place. ' quickly. 
 
 grupi, / rushed (out), I burst difi, adverb, for a long time, 
 
 forth, etc. long, etc. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Cum puellae defessae diu in tahernaculo fiMssent, 
 Marcus in aream venit pupasque in aquam iecit. 2. Agri- 
 cola in oppidum mecum ierat; itaque Quintus nos in agris 
 non invenit. 3. In ludo poenas dedi, quia magistri stilum 
 fregeram. 4. Turn e latebris erupit Quintus ; sed ego diu 
 in herba latul. 
 
 B. I. "Diu ursas non invenimus," inquit agricola. 
 "Turn multae eruperunt e spelunca magna, nautasque 
 validos terruerunt; et equus mens, cum ursas vidisset, e 
 silva cucurrit meque per agros celeriter vexit." 2. " Quid 
 Marco dedisti, mi fill ? " inquit nauta piger. " Marco vul- 
 peculam malam dedi," inquit filius ; " sed mihi Marcus 
 pecuniam dederat." 3. "Luna est stella magna," inquit 
 Claudia. "In caelo luna est," inquit Quintus ; "sed non 
 est Stella." 4. " Marcus, cum per aream in hortum cucur- 
 risset," inquit Marcella, "nos in cymbam cum Claudia 
 misit, quia in agro lupum magnum viderat." 
 
 II. Translate into Latin: 
 
 A, I. Your grandmother gave grapes to the children, 
 Quintus. Why did she ijot give me berries.^ The farmer 
 had filled the baskets. 2. The tired monkey is hiding in 
 the dolls' bed ; he is afraid of the wolf and bear. 3. Then 
 the maid brought us into the fields. There the bears had 
 killed your little fox, boys ; for we found the tail. 4. You 
 
JO LATIN PRIMER 
 
 have frightened the teacher, Marcus; and so I will teach 
 the children to-day. 
 
 B. I. ** My apples fell out of the basket into the mud," 
 said Julia. "Then, when the bad boys had come from 
 school, they threw the apples at our poor doves." 2. "To- 
 day, when I was sitting in the woods," said Quintus 
 to Julia, " I saw a bear. And so I ran quickly to warn 
 Marcus ; but he had rushed out of the cave and gone into 
 the sailors' boat." 3. Then said Claudia, " When the sail- 
 ors had sat for a long time in the sand, they came into the 
 field and sent us into the yard." 4. '* When the monkey 
 fell to the ground," said Quintus, " he ran quickly into the 
 cage, and sat there a long time. Now he is afraid of your 
 little foxes, boys." 
 
 EXERCISE XXVI 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 sagitta, -ae, f., arrow, interim, adverb, meanwhile, 
 
 in the meantime, 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A, I. In mensa sedebit Quintus, ut in subsellio lulia 
 sedeat. 2. Marcus, cum in silva esset, lunam stellasque 
 multas in cael5 vidit. 3. Mox lupl e speluncTs eruperunt ; 
 sed interim agricolae valid! in silvam cum sagittis ierant. 
 4. Nauta cum puellls filium ad ludum miserat, ut filius 
 puer bonus esset. 
 
 B. I. Turn Marco "Tibi tabulam meam dedi," in- 
 quit Claudia ; " cur tu Marcellae capsam non dedisti } " 
 2. " Pueri mail saxa heri in caveam iecerunt," inquit 
 Claudia: "sed simia nostra in tabernaculum cucurrerat 
 
LATIN PRIMER 7 1 
 
 Ibi diu sub lectS latuit." 3. " Hodi5 agricolae, cum in 
 silvam celeriter venissent," inquit Marcus, "ursam albam 
 lupumque magnum occiderunt." 4. "Quid in silva vidj- 
 stis, Marce?" inquiunt puellae. "Cum ex agris in silvam 
 venissemus," inquit Marcus, " QuTntus ursas timuit, sed 
 ego ad speluncam il. Ibi simiae vestrae caudam vidl, 
 puellae." 5. " Cum Quintus corbulam agricolae dedisset," 
 inquit lulia, " celeriter in hortum cucurrimus." 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A, I. I shall sit in the shade with you, my boy. 2. They 
 have sent you, Quintus, to hold my monkey in your lap. 
 3. When the farmers were in the fields, a bad wolf went 
 into the garden ; but he did not find the little fox. 4. The 
 wolf killed a monkey, but the little fox had hidden in the 
 grass. 5. And so the farmer's sons threw the apples into 
 the large baskets. 
 
 B. I. " You will soon see the girls, Claudia," said Quin- 
 tus ; " in the meantime they will be in the boat with me." 
 2. " When the boys had thrown stones for a long time 
 into the garden," said Julia, "they ran swiftly into the 
 woods to hide in the cave." 3. "Once," said Marcus, 
 " Julia had brought your little fox to school, Quintus. But 
 the sailor's lazy son threw books and tablets at the girl 
 and little fox." 4. " Meanwhile the bears had killed a 
 farmer's horse," remarked the girl. "I saw the poor 
 horse," said the sturdy sailor. " To-day I shall sit in the 
 woods to frighten the bears ; for I have arrows." 5. " Where 
 were you, boys .? " asked Marcella. " Had you gone to the 
 cage to see the white doves ? " 
 
72 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 EXERCISE XXVII 
 
 MODEL SENTENCE 
 
 Marcus sagittft columbam occidit, Marcus killed the dove 
 with an arrow. 
 
 Rule. The ablative without a preposition is used to tell 
 the means by which anything is done. This use is known 
 as the Ablative of Means. 
 
 Remark. Quite frequently, as in the above example, the Abla- 
 tivie of Means is conveniently rendered by " with." This " with " 
 must not be confused with the " with " meaning " in company with," 
 which, as previously shown, is represented in Latin by cum (and 
 the ablative case). This latter construction is called the Ablative 
 of Accompaniment. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 pulcher, -chra, -chrum, beau^ ^mx^ I bought, I have bought, 
 tiful, pretty t etc. (' 
 
 READING LESSON /• 
 
 I. Translate into English : / 
 
 A. I. Itaque tuarum puparum cunas harena puetl parvi 
 compleverunt, lulia. 2. Agricola, cum in oppidum cum 
 fllia pulchra venisset, ibi bacas malaque multa- emit. 
 3. Nam agricolae defessi interim in silvam mecum ierant, 
 ut in umbra iacerent. 4. Cur, Quinte, simian^ meam 
 saxo occidisti ? n 
 
 B. I. "Cur in tabemam lit Quintus, Claudia?" inquit 
 lulia. " Quintus heri capsam pulchram in taberna vidit," 
 inquit Claudia ; "hodie pecuniam habet." 2. "Corbulas 
 
LATIN PRIMER 73 
 
 mails complevimus," inquiunt puellae, "quia agricolarum 
 filiae ndbis bacas dederant." 3. " Cur sub scalls latet 
 Marcus piger?" inquit Marcella. " Quia puer est malus," 
 inquit Claudia ; " nam cum equos in agros duxisset, cele- 
 riter in hortum cucurrit, ut uvas videret, ibique columbarum 
 caveam luto complevit." 4. ** Avus meus," inquit Julia, 
 " cum in silvam venisset, luporum speluncam invenit, 
 lupumque validum sagittis occidit." 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A. 1. Meanwhile we had gone into the fields with the 
 farmers to frighten the horses with stones. 2. And so, 
 when the pretty maid had sat for a long time in the shade 
 with the sturdy sailor, she ran through the yard to fill the 
 children's school bags with tablets and books. 3. For 
 your grandmother has sent the farmer's big daughter, so 
 that vou would be good boys. 
 
 B. I. '• Soon many boys came with stones," said Julia, 
 *• and broke the dolls* pretty table." " Why did you not 
 send me into the yard to frighten the bad children ? " asked 
 Quintus. 3. "Where did you find your sandals, girls.?" 
 said Claudia. "When we came into the yard and were 
 sitting in the tent," replied Julia, " we saw Marcella's san- 
 dals in the grass; Marcus had thrown mine into the 
 water." 3. "Quintus will hold the dove," said Marcus; 
 " meanwhile we will warn the farmer, and scare the little 
 foxes." 4. "The monkey's hiding place is under the 
 stairs," said Marcus. " Yesterday he lay there a long time. 
 But to-morrow the bad boys will be at school, and the 
 monkey will then sit in the cage." X[ 
 
Plural 
 
 
 
 Fern. 
 
 
 Neut. 
 
 eae 
 
 
 ea 
 
 earum 
 
 
 eOrum 
 
 eis, iis, 
 
 is 
 
 eis, iis, is 
 
 eas 
 
 
 ea 
 
 eis, iis, 
 
 is 
 
 eis, iis, is 
 
 74 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 EXERCISE XXVIII 
 
 PERSONAL PRONOUN 
 
 Third Person 
 
 is, ea, id ; he, she, it 
 
 Singular 
 Masc. Fkm. Neut. Masc. 
 
 Norn, is ea id if^^ ei, ii, i 
 
 Gen. eius eius eius eOrum 
 
 Dat. ei ei ei eis, iis, is 
 
 Ace. eum earn id^^^^eOs 
 
 Abl. eO ea e(5 eis, iis, is 
 
 Remark. It must be remembered that the names of things 
 in Latin may be either masculine, feminine, or neuter. Hence 
 English " it " is variously represented in Latin. For example, in 
 referring to a book (liber), "it" must be rendered by is ; but 
 in speaking of a table (mgnsa), ea should be used ; and id would 
 be the proper form when speaking of an apple (malum). 
 
 Note. Like the other personal pronouns (ego and tti), the 
 
 pronoun of the third person is in general written as subject of a 
 
 verb only for clearness or emphasis, or to mark a contrast ; e.g., 
 
 Ego et Marcus pigri sumus ; ego in tabemaculd iace<$, is in herba 
 
 sedet, Marcus and J are lazy ; I am tying in the tent, he is sitting 
 
 in the grass. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 cena, -ae, f., dinner. coquus, -i, m., cook, 
 
 culina, -ae, f., kitchen. obesus, -a, -um, stout, fat, 
 
 patera, -ae, f., dish, plate. edi, / ate, I have eaten. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Ubi est coquus.? Cur ei pateras non dedistis.? 
 2. Cum in cymba cum puellis essemus, lupum validum 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 75 
 
 An Outdoor Dining Room 
 
 This corner of the courtyard of a house in Pompeii is restored 
 in the illustration to something like its appearance before the 
 eruption of Vesuvius in 79 B.C. In the center is a round stone 
 table {mensa)y on three sides of which are sloping couches of 
 masonry. On occasion these couches were covered with cushions, 
 and here guests would recline to partake of a feast (cena), each 
 man helping himself to the good things which the slaves placed 
 on the table in the center. The pillars supporting the roof of 
 the arbor were built of brick. 
 
J6 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 in harena vidimus. Itaque eum sagitta nauta occidit 
 
 3. Ego et Marcus in silvam veneramus; turn, cum diu in 
 umbra sedissemus, ego in hortum if, is ad tabernam. 
 
 4. Coquus obesus per culinam cucurrit, pateramque 
 magnam in simiam malam iecit, quia ea liberorum cenam 
 ederat. 
 
 B, I. Tum Quinto "Ubi est^ patera mea?" inquit 
 Marcus. "Earn sub mensa video," inquit Quintus. 
 2. "Cur sub puparum lecto latet vulpecula, QuTnte?" 
 inquit Claudia. "Vulpecula, cum in aream venisset," 
 inquit Quintus, "luliae columbas pulchras vidit, easque 
 terruit; itaque nunc luliam timet." 3. " Aviequis defes- 
 sls, cum ex agris heri Tssent," inquit Marcus, " mala multa 
 dedl ; eras herba corbulam meam complebd." 4. " Coquus 
 bacas uvasque emerat," inquit Marcella; "sed, cum is 
 in culina sederet, puerT mail bacas uvasque iecerunt in 
 aquara, corbulasque lut5 compleverunt" 
 
 II. Translate into Latin: 
 
 A. N 'Dhp farmers' dinner is on the horse's back; 
 their plates are in the basket. 2. While the tired cook 
 was lying on the sailor's bed, a little white fox came into 
 his kitchen and ate the grapes. 3. Marcus went into 
 the yard to see the beautiful moon and stars in the sky. 
 He did not see them, for he fell into the mud. 4. Why 
 did your grandmother and the stout maid go to town, 
 Julia .^ 5. Why did the sailor come quickly from the 
 gate of the town } \ 
 
 B. I. "A poor boy came from the woods yesterday," 
 said Julia, " to fill (his) baskets with berries. We gave him 
 apples and grapes." X " What did the sailor give you, 
 Marcus?" asked Julia. "When the wolves rushed forth 
 from (their) hiding place," said Marcus, "the sailor gave 
 
LATIN PRIMER 77 
 
 me arrows, and with them I killed a bear and a wolf." 
 3? "While I was hiding in the shade to frighten a little 
 fox," said Claudia, "my school bag fell to the ground. 
 Now I do not see it" 4. "The teacher sent the lazy 
 cook to the store," said Marcella; "and while he was 
 sitting there on a bench, Marcus ran into the kitchen with 
 Quintus. There the bad boys ate the teacher's dinner 
 and broke his plates."*" 
 
 EXERCISE XXIX 
 THE SECOND OR E-CONJUGATION 
 
 habeO 
 
 Indicative Mood Active VoiCjc 
 Imperfect Tense 
 
 Singular Plural 
 
 1st person habSbam hab^bamus 
 
 2d person habebas habgbatiB 
 
 3d person habebat habgbant 
 
 Conjugate in the same way the imperfect indicative 
 active of compleO, doceO, iaceO, lateO, moneO, etc. 
 
 Note. The imperfect tense is used to describe something as 
 going on at a definite point or period in past time ; e.g., Marcus in 
 aream vSnit ; ego turn in tabem&cuIO sedSbam, Marcus came into 
 the yard; I then was srrriNG in the tent. 
 
 Remark. In the above example, note carefully how the use of 
 vCnit differs from that of sedSbam. Thus the perfect vCnit simply 
 states that something happened^ whereas the imperfect sedSbam 
 tells what was happening at that very same time (compare the use 
 of the imperfect subjunctive in clauses introduced by cum, Exer- 
 cise XXII). This peculiar force of the imperfect tense cannot be 
 too firmly fixed in the mind. 
 
78 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 Compare the meanings of the following tenses : 
 
 Present sedeO / sit, I am sitting. 
 
 Imperfect sedgbam / was sitting. 
 
 Perfect sedi / sat, (/ Jiave sat) I have been sitting. 
 
 In the same way, give the meaning of each of these 
 tenses of complex, doceO, iaceC, lateO, moneC, teneO, terreO, 
 time(^, video. 
 
 Remark. For the imperfect of habed, the exact translation " I 
 was having" is often hardly good English. But though we are 
 generally thus forced to render habSbam by " I had," we may still 
 feel the difference of meaning between it and the perfect habui. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 pOculum, -i, N., cup. Sbrius, -a, -um, intoxicated, 
 
 vinum, -I, n., wine. drunken. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Itaque heri nauta in culina cum agricola defessd 
 sedebat. 2. Coquus, cum in cullnam venisset poculaque 
 magistri aqua complevisset, nautae obeso et agricolae 
 pigro vinum dedit. Hodie in via ebril iacebunt nauta et 
 agricola. Ibi e5s pueri puellaeque videbunt. 
 
 B. I. Tum Claudiae " Cur simia tua in caveam cucur- 
 rit?" inquit lulia. "Nauta ebrius per aream iit," inquit 
 Claudia, " eamque terruit ; nam in taberna vInum emerat." 
 2. " Cum in culina essemus," inquit coquus, " vulpeculam 
 pulchram in area vidimus." " Cur eam n5n occldistis } " 
 inquit nauta. " Cucurrimus in aream," inquit coquus ; 
 " sed interim ex agris agricola cum validis flliis venerat. 
 Is sagitta vulpeculam occidit." 3. *' In herba coqui pa- 
 
LATIN PRIMER 79 
 
 teiils multls invenimus," inquit Marcus ; " simia eas saxd 
 fregerat." 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A. I. I was hiding under the table. There my grand- 
 mother found me; for she had filled my school bag with 
 many grapes. 2. And so, when the intoxicated farmer 
 came out of the store, he ran swiftly into the fields.- 
 
 3. Meanwhile the sailor's strong monkey had broken 
 the farmer's cups and thrown his wine into the water. 
 
 4. What did the girls see in the street, my son ? ^ 
 
 B, 1, " When Marcus and I came to the gate," said 
 Julia, " we sent Quintus into the town to warn the good 
 farmer; for a wolf had come from the woods and was 
 frightening the horses." 2. " Quintus and Claudia were 
 teaching the monkeys," said Marcus ; " she was sitting on 
 the doll's table, he was lying in the grass." 3. " The 
 boys have filled the cups with water," said the fat cook to 
 the girls ; " soon the dinner will be on the table." ' 
 
 EXERCISE XXX 
 IRREGULAR VERB 
 
 sum 
 Imperfect Tense Indicative Mood 
 
 Singular Plural 
 
 1st person eram erftmus 
 
 2d person erfts er&tis 
 
 3d person . erat erant 
 
 Remark. English quite lacks a special and exact rendering 
 for the imperfect of this verb, both ful and eram being translated 
 by " I was." 
 
So LATIN PFIMER 
 
 vcx:abulary 
 
 corvus, -I, M., raven. ripa, -ae, f., bank (of a 
 
 domum cucurri, / ran hornet stream). 
 
 / have run home. rivus, -i, M., stream. 
 
 Remark. The form domum may thus be used with any verb 
 of going or sending : cg.^ domum vSnit, he came home; domum 
 Quintum misi, / sent Quintus home ; etc. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Cum ad rivum venissemus, liber! saxa multa in 
 aquam iecerunt ; sed mox in herba cum ancilla sedebant. 
 2. E ludo domum celeriter cucurrimus; nam Marcus et 
 Quintus tum in cymba erant. 3. lulia columbas in gre- 
 mio diu tenuit ; corvus interim in umero nautae valid! se- 
 debat. 4. Puerl puellaeque per oppidi portam cucurre- 
 rant, ut agricolarum obesorum pocula vino complerent. 
 
 B. I. " Interim ego et Claudia," inquit lulia, " coqui 
 soleas inveneramus in culina eique dederamus." " Ubi 
 est eius pecunia ? " inquit Marcella. 2. ** Lupus," inquit 
 agricola, " cum e spelunca erupisset, ad ripam celeriter 
 cucurrit. Ibi latebat ursa magna. Ea, cum lupum vldis- 
 set, e latebris erupit, eumque occidit." 3. " Equi nostri 
 liberos ex oppid5 in silvam vexerant," inquit Claudia. 
 "Tum per agros venit Quintus. Mox ancilla eum Mar- 
 cumque ad rivum misit, quia pocula habebant. Nos inte- 
 rim in herba iacebamus." 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A, I. And so we had gone into the garden and 
 were filling your baskets, Claudia, with beautiful grapes. 
 2. When the tired farmer had sent (his) sons into the 
 
LATIN PRIMER 8 1 
 
 town, he sat long on the bank of a small stream. There 
 he saw a raven and killed it with a stone. 3. We are 
 hiding with a fat boy to frighten the teacher. Why is 
 Marcus hiding with you, girls ?^ 
 
 B, I. "Once we found a little fox on the bank of the 
 stream and threw it into the water," said the sailors to 
 Marcus. "Why did you not give it to me ? " asked Quin- 
 tus. v 2. " We saw a drunken sailor in the shade," said 
 Julia ; " I ran home, but the boys brought little wolves 
 from the woods so as to frighten him." 3. " When the 
 cook had gone to the stream," said Quintus, " I came into 
 the kitchen. A raven was hiding there under the table, 
 and I threw a plate at him." 4. " Marcella was a good 
 girl to-day," said Claudia; "for she gave the little boys 
 pens because they had found her school bag." 
 
 EXERCISE XXXI 
 
 THE SECOND OR E-CONJUGATION 
 
 habeO 
 
 Present Infinitive Acttve Voice 
 
 habere, to have 
 
 Note. All verbs of the second conjugation form the present 
 infinitive active in this same way. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 coepi, I began, I have begun, potui, / could ; I was able, 
 
 m&lul, / preferred, I have I have been able. 
 
 preferred. volul, / wanted, I have 
 
 nOluI, / refused; I did not wanted ; I was willing^ 
 
 want ; I was unwilling, I havt been willing, 
 
 I ha%>e been unwilling. 
 
82 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 Note. Each of the above verbs may govern the present infini- 
 tive ; e.g., tlmgre coepi, / began to be afraid; maluisti sedgre, you 
 preferred to sit; Marcus voluit equOs vid6re, Marcus wanted to see 
 the horses. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A, I. In silva lupus validus nos terruit; itaque ego 
 domum cucurri, sed Marcus defessus in agris latere ma- 
 luit. 2. Claudia corvum miserum in gremio tenere nolue- 
 rat, et cum pupis in umbra iacebat. 3. In agro erat rivus 
 pulcher ; nam in ripa erant bacae et rosae multae. 4. Ubi 
 fuit heri poculum nostrum, Quinte ? Nam puellae, cum in 
 aream venissent, id voluerunt aqua complere, sed non inve- 
 nerunt. 
 
 B. I. "Ubi est Quintus, puellae?" inquit Marcella ; 
 " nam nautae pigri equus albus in horto nostro est. Ego 
 eum terrere non potui." 2. " Coquus ebrius, cum in 
 oppido vinum emisset," inquit Marcus, "nautae defessi 
 poculum complere noluit. Itaque is poculum iecit in corbu- 
 1am coqui miseri, eiusque pateras fregit." 3. Tum Quinto 
 " Cum in culina essemus," inquit puer parvus, " vulpecula 
 ex agris in aream venit, et luliae columbas terrere coepit. 
 Nos e culina erupimus ; sed vulpecula celeriter in hortum 
 cucurrit, ut in herba lateret. Interim avus meus cum sagit- 
 tis in hortum venerat; itaque ibi vulpecula mala poenas 
 dedit." 
 
 , II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A. I. Julia's grandmother sent Marcus to see the 
 teacher's boat. We preferred to fill our baskets with 
 apples in the garden, 2. You refused to sit with me 
 on the bench. 3. When your monkeys had thrown many 
 grapes and berries into the water, boys, they ran home and 
 
LATIN PRIMER 83 
 
 hid in the tent. 4. Then the farmer began to warn the 
 sailor's pretty daughter ; for she had refused to teach the 
 poor children. - 
 
 B. I. "What did you want to see in the woods yester- 
 day ? " said Julia to Marcella. " I wanted to see a bear," 
 replied Marcella. " And so the boys hid in a cave ; but 
 they could not frighten me." 2. " Where were the cups 
 and plates.^" asked the g^irls. "The cups were on the 
 bank of the stream," replied Quintus, "and the plates 
 were in the grass with your baskets." 3. " When we had 
 come home through the fields," said Marcus, "Quintus be- 
 gan to fill the girls' school bags with water, and I threw 
 mud into the dolls' cradle. Then my grandfather sent the 
 stout maid to warn us ; and so we ran quickly into the 
 woods." 
 
 EXERCISE XXXII 
 
 IRREGUJ-AR VERB 
 
 sum 
 
 Present Tense Subjunctive Mood 
 
 Singular Plural 
 
 1st person sim simus 
 
 2d person sis sitis 
 
 3d person sit sint 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 laetus, -a, -um, pleased^ happy, rapui, / seized, I have seized; 
 tutus, -a, -um, safe. I stole ^ I have stolen^ etc. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 L Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Magister capsas mails magnfs complet, ut puellae 
 bonae laetae sint 2. Agricolac filil valid! ad ludum cum 
 
84 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 Quinto venerant ; sed eos docere magister noluit. 3. Mar- 
 cus, cum nautae obesi cymbam pulchram vidisset, celeriter 
 domum cucurrit ; ego in harena sedere malui, ut corbulam 
 meam conchis complerem. 4. lulia simiam tenet, ut 
 columba tuta sit. Ea nunc in Claudiae gremio latet. 
 
 B. I. "Coquus, cum in rlpa corvum parvum invenisset," 
 inquit Claudia, *' per agros domum iit, corvumque mihi 
 dedit." 2. "Herl cum pueris per silvam ad rlvum il," 
 inquit Marcus. *'Ibi cum in aqua essemus, vulpecula mala 
 e spelunca venit cenamque edit nostram." 3. " Ubi sunt 
 p5cula } ** coqu5 inquit agricola. " Nautae simia hodie p5- 
 cula multa et vlnum rapuit," inquit coquus ; "itaque nautam 
 ebrium mox videbiraus." 
 
 II. Translate into Latin: 
 
 A, i> The horses ran through the garden, and are now 
 in the yard. 2. The girls are sitting with us in the tent, 
 so that the dolls may be safe. 3. Your grandmother, 
 Julia, sent the fat boy to the store; meanwhile I began to 
 fill his school bag with sand. 4. And so when we had 
 killed the wolf, we went into the cave. There we found a 
 bear, but could not frighten her with our arrows. 
 
 B, I. "Yesterday, boys, while your tired grandfather 
 was lying in the garden in the shade," said Julia, " he saw 
 a wolf and wanted to frighten it, because his horses were 
 not safe. But a bear ran quickly through the fields, and 
 the wolf hid in the woods." 2. "I am sitting in the 
 yard, my son," said the sailor, " so that you will be a good 
 boy. Yesterday you were lazy ; you did not lead the 
 horse to the stream." 3. " The grapes fell from the 
 poor boys' baskets into the water," said Marcella, "and 
 now they are afraid of the farmer. We will fill their bas- 
 kets with many apples and berries." 4. "The sailor's 
 
LATIN PRIMER 85 
 
 son was happy to-day," said Quintus ; "for Marcus had 
 given him an arrow. But to-morrow I shall hide in the 
 woods and frighten him." 
 
 EXERCISE XXXIII 
 THE SECOND OR E-CONJUGATION 
 
 habeO 
 AcTrvE Voice 
 Indicative Mood Subjunctive Mood 
 
 Future Perfect Tense Perfect Tense 
 
 Singular Plural Singular Plural 
 
 1st person habuerO habuerimus habuerim habuerlmus 
 
 2d person habueris habueritis habueris habueritis 
 
 3d person habuerit habuerint habuerit habuerint 
 
 Remark i. As an aid to the memory, note that the last sylla- 
 bles of the future perfect indicative forms spell out the future of 
 the verb sum, excepting in the third person plural ; and that the 
 perfect subjunctive is the same as the future perfect indicative, 
 with the exception of the first person singular and the fact that 
 the i is long in three forms. 
 
 Remark 2. The future perfect indicative and the perfect sub- 
 junctive of verbs of all conjugations are inflected in the same way 
 as habuerO and habuerim. To find the first person singular for 
 any verb, change the -i of the perfect indicative to -erO and 
 -erim ; e.g.^ cucurri, cucurrerC,, cucurrerim ; ii, iertt, ierim ; vtoi, 
 v€nerO, vSnerim; fui, fuerO, fuerim; etc. 
 
 Remark 3. The future perfect tense refers to a future event 
 completed before another future event ; e.g.^ Mircus mox In cymbi 
 erit ; ego interim ex agris vSnerO, Marcus will soon be in the 
 boat; meanwhile I shall have come from the fields. The perfect 
 subjunctive is used mostly in dependent clauses, in ways to be 
 explained elsewhere. 
 
S6 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 galllna, -ae, f., Aen^ chicken. Ovum, -i, n., egg. 
 
 nidus, -i, m., nest, furtim, adverb, stealthily. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Marcl simia hodie columbarum nldum invenit, 
 ovaque multa fregit. 2. Vulpecula, cum furtim in aream 
 isset, Quint! gallinas rapuit ; interim Marci gallina alba in 
 cavea tuta erat. 3. Lunam stellasque videre volui, sed 
 Marcus mecum in horto sedere noluit. 4. Ex agris 
 veni, ut coquum ebrium viderem. Eum non vidi, sed in 
 area agricolae filios obesos inveni ; coqui pateras e culina 
 rapuerant. 
 
 B. I. "Ursam video," inquit Quintus. "Ubi latebis, 
 Claudia, ut tuta sis ? " ** Heri in tabernacul5 latui," inquit 
 Claudia. " Ibi lupus me videre non potuit." 2. " Cras 
 laeta ero," inquit Marcella ; ** in silva turn sedebimus, et in 
 corbulis erit cena pulchra." 3. " In silvam ad rivum 
 iimus," inquit Marcus ; " cumque ibi in rlpa sederemus, 
 nautae valid! celeriter venerunt ex oppid5 cymbamque 
 nostram rapuerunt. Quintus domum celeriter cucurrit, 
 ut avum nostrum moneret; ego interim in herba latui." 
 
 I^ Translate into Latin: 
 
 A. I. We have come to see the doves' eggs, Quintus. 
 Where is the nest 1 2. Why did you bring your little fox 
 into the yard, boys.? My pretty hens are afraid of it. 
 3. We began to be afraid of the drunken sailor ; but Mar- 
 cus gave him money and sent him home. 4. Meanwhile 
 the bear had gone stealthily from the cave; and so the 
 tired boys did not discover its hiding place. 
 
LATIN PRIMER R; 
 
 B. I. " The farmer came to-day," said Julia, " to fill the 
 stream with stones. Quintus was happy ; for he had long 
 wanted to see the farmer's white horses." 2. " When the 
 boys were hiding in the grass to frighten the girls," said 
 Claudia, " the sailor's lazy son came into the tent and stole 
 your raven's cage, Julia." 3. " Once upon a time," said 
 Quintus, " a little fox came through the forest to see the 
 farmer's chickens. But the farmer's sons were sitting in 
 the garden ; and so they killed the poor little fox." 
 
 EXERCISE XXXIV 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE VERB 
 
 In summarizing the forms of a verb it is necessary to 
 recognize a standard order of tenses. Thus, the synopsis 
 of habeO and sum would be arranged as follows : 
 
 AcnvE Voice 
 
 Indicative Mood Subjunctive Mood 
 
 Pres. Tense habeO 'Sum habeam sim 
 
 Imperf. Tense habebam eram hab€rem essem 
 Eut. Tense habebO -erO 
 
 Perf. Tense habui C fui habuerim fuerim 
 
 Pluperf. Tense habueram> fueram habuissem fuissem 
 Put Perf. Tpnse habuerO fuerO 
 
 It is of the greatest importance that this order of tenses 
 be firmly fixed in the mind, (i) because forms are most 
 readily recalled when they are arranged in a definite order, 
 and (2) because, in taking up a new conjugation, the fixed 
 place for each tense helps to bring out clearly the points 
 of similarity and difference between the new forms and 
 those of the same tenses of conjugations already learned. 
 
88 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 The above synopsis gives the first person singular of 
 each tense. Following the same order of tenses, give a 
 synopsis of habe6 and sum in the second person singular, 
 the third person singular, the first person plural, etc. This 
 exercise should be repeated until a synopsis in any person 
 and number can be given without hesitation or mistake. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 folium, -I, N., leaf. irfttus, -a, -um, angry, en- 
 
 r&mus, -i, m., branch. raged, etc* 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Itaque puellae bonae columbarum nidos foliis 
 compleverunt. 2. Heri, cum galllnae in ramo sederent, 
 puerl mall iecerunt saxa, easque terruerunt. 3. Cras in 
 rivo cymbam pulchram habebo, v5sque mecum in ea sede- 
 bitis. 4. E corbula coqui, cum is vulpeculam terreret, 5va 
 in saxa ceciderunt 
 
 B. I. " Hodie nautae f ilium domum misi," inquit Marcus. 
 " Tum nauta iratus, cum in hortum nostrum venisset, ramos 
 fregit galllnasque tuas, lulia, occTdit." 2. "Cur in foliis 
 defessi iacetis, puerl .^" inquit agricola. "Avia vestra in 
 tabernaculo est; coquum ebrium timet." 3. "Puer piger 
 ex horta furtim in agr5s ierat," inquit Claudia. " Ibi bacas 
 magnas invenit; sed mox ursae multae venerunt e silva, 
 puerumque miserum rapuerunt." 4. "Per vias longas 
 equT agricolam ad oppidum vexerunt," inquit Marcella ; " in- 
 terim eius fllii pigri nautarum cymbam aqua complebant." 
 
 II. Translate into Latin: 
 
 A. I. The enraged cook threw eggs at the fat sailor. 
 2. / am safe ; but Quintus has gone into the woods to fill 
 
LATIN PRIMER 89 
 
 the baskets with leaves, and there are bears in the caves. 
 3. When the boys saw the nest of the doves they broke 
 the branch and stole the eggs. 4. Why did you begin to 
 frighten my monkey, Marcus? / 
 
 B, I. "Then your grandmother's strong maid came 
 quickly through the gate of the town, boys," said Julia, 
 "and found the chickens on the bank of a stream." 
 2. " Marcus went stealthily into the kitchen," said Quintus, 
 "and took a cup. And so we filled it with sand and gave 
 it to the sailor's monkey. The monkey broke the cup, and 
 now the cook is angry." 3. " What did you find under the 
 cook's table, Quintus } " asked Julia. " I did not find my 
 ball," replied Quintus; "but I saw there your school bag 
 and Claudia's pen." 
 
 EXERCISE XXXV 
 
 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF THE VERB 
 
 To conjugate a regular verb, it is necessary to know, in 
 addition to the first person singular of the present indica- 
 tive, the three following forms: (i)the present infinitive 
 active, (2) the first person singular of the perfect indicative 
 active, and (3) the perfect passive participle; r.^., videO, 
 vidgre, vidi, visus. These four forms are known as the 
 Principal Parts of the verb. 
 
 Remark i. When once the principal parts are known, all the 
 other forms of a regular verb can easily be found. For example, 
 the present infinitive vidCre shows that videO is of the second con- 
 jugation (hence vidSbam, vidCbO; videam, vidSrem), and from the 
 perfect indicative vidi we find videram, viderO ; viderim, viditsem. 
 The perfect passive participle gives the key to certain passive 
 forms, as will be shown later. 
 
90 • * LATIN PRIMER 
 
 Remark 2. Many verbs, otherwise regular, lack certain forms 
 and, therefore, show less than four principal parts. So, for ex- 
 ample, verbs which because of their meaning are not used in the 
 passive. 
 
 Learn the principal parts of the following yprbs of the 
 second conjugation : i V^^^f^^^^ 
 
 habe<), habere, habui, habitus.>^ complex, com pier e, com- 
 
 So moneO and terreC. pl6vi, completus. 
 
 iaced, iacere, iacui. doced, docere, docui, doctus. 
 
 So lateO, tened, and timed. seded, sedere, sedi, sessum. 
 
 video, videre, vidi, visus. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 locus, -I, M. (plural, loca, idCneus, -a, -um, suitable. 
 -Crum, ^.\place, spot, iam, adverb, now. 
 
 Remark. The use of iam ('Miow ") is not altogether the same 
 as that of nunc. The latter word refers to the present of the 
 speaker, e.g.y ICircus nunc in cymba est, Marcus is now in the 
 boat; but iam can equally well be used in speaking of an event 
 that is past, as. In silvam iam vSneramus, We had now come into 
 the forest. 
 
 Rule. To mark a question, -ne may be added to the first 
 word of a sentence; e.g., Libriimne vidisti .^ Did you see 
 the book? Estisne in horto, puellae.^ Are you in the 
 garden, girls f 
 
 Remark i. Note how the addition of -ne causes the accent of 
 the word to which it is joined to shift to the last syllable. Com- 
 pare the influence of -cum and -que upon the accent of the words 
 to which they are joined. 
 
 Remark 2. In sentences introduced by cur, quid, ubi, or any 
 Other interrogative word, -ne must not be u^ed. 
 
LATIN PRIMER 91 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : ^ 
 
 A, I. Meamne capsam vidistis, pden? Heri in\>taber- 
 naculum earn ieci. 2. Puerine in silvam ierunt, Qiiinte ? 
 Locumne idoneum invenerunt ? 3. Agricolae boni equus 
 liberos in loca tuta vexit. Interim nautae filius in oppidum 
 ierat, ut corbulam sagittis compleret. 4. Voluistine, mi 
 fili, columbarum ova nidumque videre ? 
 
 B. A Maratider Punished 
 
 Turn pueris "Olim," inquit lulia, '* lupus malus, cum e 
 spelunca furtim venisset, per silvam iit in agros agricola- 
 rum miserorum, eorumque equos occidit. Itaque agricolae 
 irati ursam albam e cavea duxerunt in agros, et cum ea in 
 herba latuerunt. Sed lupus iam domum cucurrerat, et in 
 spelunca tutus iacebat. Itaque agricolae, cum diu in herba 
 latuissent, cum ursa celeriter ierunt in silvam, ibique lupi 
 latebras invenerunt. Tum laeti ursam miserunt in spelun- 
 cam, lupusque malus poenas dedit." 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A. I. Did my little fox frighten your chickens, Mar- 
 cus ? 2. Why did the angry sailor fill our tent with 
 stones ? 3. Are you in the yard, Quintus ? We are in 
 the kitchen. 4. What did your grandfather's cook buy 
 in the town, girls ? We wanted to see his basket, but he 
 was unwilling. 
 
 B. I. "On the bank of a small stream we found an 
 arrow and a basket," said Marcus. "Quintus broke the 
 arrow with a stone, and I threw the basket into the water. 
 Meanwhile the farmer was filling (his) cup with wine; and 
 so he did not see us." 2. " When I went into the garden 
 yesterday," said Claudia, " I found a suitable place, and 
 
92 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 sat for a long time in the shade. Then the boys came 
 home from school, and began to frighten your raven, Julia. 
 And so I ran into the yard to warn your grandfather." 
 
 EXERCISE XXXVI 
 
 THE FIRST OR A-CONJUGATION 
 
 vocO, vocftre, vocftvi, voc&tus, call^ summon 
 
 Singular 
 1st person voc6 
 2d person vocfts 
 3d person vocat 
 
 Active Voice 
 iNDiCAxrvE Mood 
 
 Present Tense 
 
 Plural 
 vocftmus 
 vocfttis 
 vocant 
 
 SuBjuNcrrvE Mood 
 
 Singular 
 vocem 
 voces 
 vocet 
 
 Plural 
 vocgmus 
 vocetis 
 vocent 
 
 Imperfect Tense 
 
 Singular Plural Singular Plural 
 
 1st person vocftbam vocabamus vocarem vocaremus 
 
 2d person vocabas vocabatis vocares vocaretis 
 
 3d person vocabat vocabant vocaret vocarent 
 
 Future Tense 
 Singular Plural 
 
 1st person vocabC vocabimus 
 2d person vocabis vocabitis 
 3d person vocabit vocabunt 
 
 Remark. The above forms can easily be memorized by com- 
 paring them with the corresponding forms of habed. Thus, in the 
 imperfect indicative and subjunctive, and in the future indicative, 
 the formation of the two conjugations is very similar, the only 
 difference being that habelS has 5 and voc6 has a in the second 
 syllable of each form. For purposes of comparison, it may be 
 
LATIN PRIMER 93 
 
 found convenient here and elsewhere to consult the Summary of 
 Forms, page 204 ff. 
 
 Note. The perfect indicative vocivi is given above among the 
 principal parts of the verb. With this as a base, give a synopsis 
 of voce in the first person singular of the perfect, pluperfect', and 
 future perfect tenses. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 do, dare, dedi, datus, give (see properO, properftre, properftvl, 
 Summary of Forms, p. 2 1 8). proper&tum, hurry ^ hasten. 
 
 Remark. ^Vherever the principal parts of a verb are given in 
 full, it is customary (as in this Exercise) to state the meaning of 
 the verb in the most general terms, without attempting to trans- 
 late exactly any one of the principal parts. From the general 
 definition the meaning of any particular form can easily be derived. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Pueros vocabimus, ut corvum meum videant. 
 2. Misistisne Marcum defessum, cum e ludo venisset, ut 
 agricolam vocaret.^ 3. Cur ad cymbam isti.? ut nautae 
 obeso librum dares } 4. Estne Marcus in agris ? Quintus 
 in area est ; nam nautae f ilio gallinam dat 
 
 B, The Fox and the Chickens 
 
 "Heri," inquit Marcus, "avus meus cum agricolis validis 
 in silvam lit, ut speluncas latebrasque ursarum videret. 
 Ibi cum sederetin foliis, vulpecula furtim e silva in agros 
 venit, et celeriter cucurrit in hortum nostrum gallinasque 
 multas rapuit. Interim agricolae ursarum speluncas in- 
 venerant ; itaque avum m^* -n vocabant. Sed iam in sil- 
 vam venerat Quintus, ut avum agricolasque vocaret, quia 
 vulpecula gallinas rapuerat. Itaque avus iratus domum 
 properavit ; sed nautae filius iam vulpeculam occiderat." 
 
94 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 II. Translate into Latin: 
 
 A. I. Did the boys hurry to a suitable place? Did they 
 eat berries in the woods? 2. What are you giving to the 
 raven, Quintus? /gave him an apple to-day. 3. Are 
 the girls calling me to see the doll's chair ? I saw it yester- 
 day. 4. Is Marcus glad because the farmer's lazy son 
 did not break the doves' eggs ? 
 
 B. I. *' To-morrow," said Julia, "we will hurry from 
 school and fill our baskets with berries." 2. ** Why are 
 you in the yard, girls?" asked Claudia. "We are calling 
 the boys," replied the girls. "But they are in the fields; 
 and so they do not see us." 3. " The farmer gave me a 
 basket," said Marcus, "and went with me to the boat. The 
 sailor's sons could not give us his beautiful shells, but I 
 found many in the sand." 
 
 EXERCISE XXXVII 
 
 THE THIRD DECLENSION 
 
 Consonant Stems 
 
 flte, "A.y flower arbor, f., tree litus, N., shore 
 
 Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural 
 
 Nom. fl5s flares arbor ., arbores lltus litora 
 
 Gen. floris florum arboris arborum litoris lltorum 
 
 Dat. flori flaribus arbori arboribus lltori iTtoribus 
 
 Ace. flarem flores arborem arbores litus litora 
 
 Abl. flare flaribus arbore arboribus litore lltoribus 
 
 Remark i. Nouns of this declension vary widely in the form 
 of the nominative singular, but the genitive always ends in -is, as 
 in the above examples. 
 
LATIN PRIMER 95 
 
 Remark 2. Note that here (as in all other declensions) the 
 accusative case of a neuter noun is the same as the nominative, 
 both in the singular and in the plural. 
 
 Gender. There is no simple rule for the gender of nouns 
 of the third declension, and it is therefore necessary to 
 learn the gender of each word as it is taken up. 
 
 When the above forms have been memorized, test your 
 recollection of them by declining together flOs pulcher, 
 arbor magna, litus tiitum, etc. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 habits, habitare, habitftvi, perterritus, -a, -um, much 
 habitatum, live, dwell. frightened^ thoroughly 
 
 gscendi, / climbed (up), I alarmed, etc. 
 
 have climbed (;//). subitO, adverb, suddenly, 
 
 without warning, etc. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A, I. litne Quintus in agros ut puellas vocaret, ut 
 flores pulchros viderent ? 2. Nauta ebrius, cum e tabema 
 venisset, pocula paterasque fregit. 3. Agricolae multi in 
 agris habitant, multl in litore. 4. Equos iam videramus, 
 et ego ad tabernam properabam. 
 
 B. The Picnic 
 
 "Ad locum idoneum cum venissemus," inquit lulia, 
 " puellae defessae in herba sederunt, sed Marcus et 
 Quintus ad rivum parvum properaverunt Nam in ripa erat 
 arbor magna, et nidus in ramo. Marcus celeriter in arborem 
 esccndit, ut ova videret ; sed cum in r^mo laetus sederet, 
 subito e spelunca erupit simia obesa et ad arborem cucur« 
 rit. Itaque Quintus perterritus e ripa cecidit in aquam* 
 
96 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 et Marcus, cum simia in arborem escendisset, in folils 
 latere coepit; sed puer miser mox ramum f regit, et ad 
 terram in saxa cecidit" 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A. I. Are there apples on the tree? Do you see 
 berries in the garden ? 2. Why were the sailors living 
 with you, boys ? 3. When the farmer had come to the 
 shore to call the sailors, he saw a wolf in the boat. 
 4. Suddenly the little fox ran from the tent into the 
 garden ; there Marcus' doves, much alarmed, began to 
 hide in the branches of the trees. 
 
 B. I. "We did not want to give money to many 
 children," said Julia; "I preferred to fill their baskets 
 with apples and grapes." 2. "And so," said Marcus, 
 " we had now frightened the bear. But soon many wolves 
 came from the forest ; and so we hurried home to call the 
 farmer's strong sons. Then, when the farmer had pome 
 with arrows, we killed the wolves and bear." 3. " Quintus 
 will live in the town," said Claudia ; " we shall live in the 
 fields." 
 
 EXERCISE XXXVIII 
 CARDINAL NUMERALS 
 
 duo, duae, duo, fwo 
 
 tres, tr€s, tria, t^ree 
 
 A/asc. Fern. Neut. Masc. Fern. Neut. 
 
 Nom. duo duae duo tres tres tria 
 
 Gen. duCrum duirum duCrum trium trium trium 
 
 Dat. duObus duabus duobus tribus tribus tribus 
 
 Ace. duo duas duo tres tres tria 
 
 du6s tris tris 
 
 Abl. duObus duabus duObus tribus tribus tribus 
 
LATIN PRIMER 97 
 
 vcx:abulary 
 
 adiuvO, adiuvftre, adiflvi, cfiteri, -ae, -a, the other. 
 
 adiutus, help. fugi, / ran away^ I have run 
 C0II0C6, collocare, coUocavi, away ; I fled^ I have fled. 
 
 collocatus, place t put. 
 
 Remark. The verb collocO is used with In and the ablative case. 
 This fact must be kept carefully in mind, because the not uncom- 
 mon translation '* put (into)" suggests a different construction. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A, I. Cum agricolarum equi valid! corbulas ad litus 
 vexissent, nautae duas in cymba collocaverunt. 2. Quin- 
 tus me adiuvit ; nam puerl ceteri iam in silvam f ugerant 
 3. Vobiscum ad litus properabo, ut nautas defessos 
 adiuvemus. 4. In arboribus erant corvl multl; itaque 
 puellas ceteras vocavimus, ut nidos viderent 
 
 B. Playing on the Shore 
 
 " Itaque," inquit Marcus, " ex agris veneramus, et iam 
 sedebamus in harena. .Turn subito cymbam parvam in 
 lltore vidimus. In ea puellas tres collocavi, sed ceteri 
 llberl cucurrerunt ad oppidum, ut nautam vocarent. In- 
 terim ego cum puellis in cymba sedi; cumque diu conchas 
 in aquam iecissemus, cymbam luto complevi. Sed iam ex 
 oppid5 nauta iratus properabat. Ego eum non timebam, 
 sed puellae perterritae erant Itaque celeriter mecum 
 fugerunt in hortum, ibique sub arboribus parvis latuimus." 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A. I. I am putting flowers in suitable places. Soon I 
 shall call the girls to help me. 2. We lived in the town 
 
 LATIN PRIMUl — 7 
 
98 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 for a long time ; but my grandfather preferred to live in 
 the fields. Do you see the beautiful treee in our garden ? 
 3. Three boys came to school to-day. To morrow the 
 others will be punished ; for tjie teacher was angry because 
 they had run away to the shore. 
 
 B, I. "The raven was now much frightened," said 
 Julia ; ** and so Quintus climbed up into the tree to help 
 himv But in the meantime Marcus threw two stones at 
 the bad monkey and killed it." 2. "Are you hurrying 
 to school, girls t " asked Claudia. ** I will give you beauti- 
 ful flowers to^put in your school bags." 3. "Two little 
 foxes came stealthily from the cave," said Marcus, "be- 
 cause they had seen chickens in our garden. But I had 
 put the chickens in a safe place; and so the little foxes 
 could not frighten them.'* 
 
 EXERCISE XXXIX 
 IRREGULAR VERB 
 
 
 
 e6, ire, ii, itum, go 
 
 
 
 
 Indicative Mood 
 
 Subjunctive Mood 
 
 
 
 Present Tense 
 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 1st person 
 
 e6 
 
 imus 
 
 earn 
 
 eamus 
 
 2d person 
 
 Is 
 
 Itis 
 
 e^s 
 
 eatis 
 
 3d person 
 
 it 
 
 eunt 
 
 Imperfect Tense 
 
 eat 
 
 eant 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 1st person 
 
 ibam 
 
 ibamus 
 
 Irem 
 
 Iremus 
 
 2d person 
 
 ibas 
 
 Tbatis 
 
 Ires 
 
 Iretis 
 
 3d person 
 
 Ibat 
 
 ibant 
 
 iret 
 
 irent 
 

 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 
 
 Future Tensb 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 1st person 
 
 Jb6 
 
 Ibimus 
 
 2d person 
 
 Ibis 
 
 ibitis 
 
 3d person 
 
 ibit 
 
 ibunt 
 
 99 
 
 Remark i. As an aid to the memory, note that the endings 
 of the imperfect and future indicative of this verb are identical 
 with those of the corresponding tenses of vocO and habeO ; and 
 compare the present subjunctive of eO with that of habeO. 
 
 Remark 2. The imperfect subjunctive of any verb, regular 
 or irregular, can be found by adding m to the present infinitive 
 active ; note above ire and irem. 
 
 Using as a basis the perfect indicative il, give a synopsis 
 of eO in the second person singular of the perfect, pluper- 
 fect, and future perfect tenses. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 autem, conjunction, however, altus, -a, -um, tall^ high, 
 bUty moreover. 
 
 Note. The conjunction autem is a postpositive word ; i>., it 
 does not stand first in its sentence. Usually it is found in second 
 place; ^^., Marcus autem ad litus ierat, Marcus^ however^ had 
 gone to the shore, 
 
 MODEL SENTENCE 
 
 Ad litus e&mos. Let's go to the shore. 
 
 Rule. The first person plural of the present subjunctive 
 is used in urginj^ or inviting the hearer to join the speaker 
 in doing something. This use is known as the Hortatory 
 Subjunctive. 
 
lOO LATIN PRIMER ^ 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 L Translate into English : 
 
 A, I. Properemus in agros, agricolasque miseros adiu- 
 vemus. 2. Hodie, cum ad ludum iremus, puella pulchra 
 nobis uvas multas dedit. 3. Heri cum pueris tribus 
 Marcus in agros iit, ut nidos columbarum miserarum in 
 ramis arborum altarum collocaret. 4. Ancilla nostra, 
 cum lupos duos in silva vidisset, domum perterrita fugit. 
 
 B, The Wolf and the Raven 
 
 Multae arbores altae in silva nostra sunt, floresque multi 
 et pulchri. Olim in silvam puella parva venerat, corbu- 
 lamque floribus laeta complebat. ^ Subito autem e spelunca 
 erupit lupus malus ; turn puella perterrita per silvam cucur- 
 rit. Sed in arbore alta habitabat corvus. Is, cum lupum 
 puellamque vidisset, subito "Ubi sunt sagittae meae?" 
 inquit. Itaque lupus malus ad latebras perterritus fugit ; 
 puella autem multis cum fl5ribus pulchris domum propera- 
 vit, eosque liberis ceteris dedit. 
 
 IL Translate into Latin: 
 
 A, I. Let's give arrows to the boys, and dolls to the 
 girls. 2. Two boys were lying on the bank ; we called 
 them, however, to go with us to the shore. 3. We shall 
 go to the woods to-day to put the little foxes in the 
 cave. 4. When Marcus had found a suitable spot, he 
 climbed into a tree to call the other children. 
 
 B. I. " Let's put two dolls in the cradle," said Marcella 
 to Claudia. 2. " Why did you want to put the dolls in 
 the cradle } " asked Marcus. " Let's frighten the monkey 
 with them." 3. " I saw three little foxes in the field to- 
 day," said Quintus, " and I have brought two home. Let's 
 put them in the raven's cage." 4. " Let's fill the girls' 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 lOl 
 
 baskets with flowers," said Julia. " They have gone to 
 the stream with the boys, and soon they will go home." 
 
 EXERCISE XL 
 IRREGULAR VERB 
 
 possum, posse, pottti, be able, catty etc. 
 
 Indicative Mood Subjunctive Mood 
 
 1st person 
 ?d person 
 3d person 
 
 1st person 
 2d person 
 3d person 
 
 Singular 
 possum 
 potes 
 potest 
 
 Present Tense 
 
 ■^'^LtjRAL 
 
 possumus 
 
 potestis 
 
 possunt 
 
 Singular Plural 
 
 possim posslmus 
 
 possis possltis 
 
 possit possint 
 
 Imperfect Tense 
 Singular Plural Singular 
 
 poteram poterftmus possem 
 poteras poterfttis possgs 
 
 poterat poterant posset 
 
 Plural 
 posslmus 
 possetis 
 possent 
 
 Singular 
 1st person poterO 
 2d person poteris 
 3d person poterit 
 
 Future Tensb 
 
 Plural 
 poterimus 
 poteritis 
 poterunt 
 
 Remark. This verb is a compound of pote and sum. In the 
 composition, pote is often somewhat disguised, but the forms of 
 sum suffer little change ; (for the full principal parts of sum, see the 
 following Vocabulary). 
 
 With the perfect indicative potul as a basis, give a 
 synopsis of possum in the third person singular of the 
 perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses. 
 
I03 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 sum, esse, ful, be, enim, conjunction, yi7r. 
 
 Note. The conjunction enim (unlike nam) is a postpositive 
 word ; e.g.y Lupus enim in spSluncam fugerat, For the wolf had 
 fled into the cave. Compare the note on autem in the preceding 
 Exercise. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A, I. In umbra sedeamus. 2. Potesne liberos ceteros 
 videre ? Euntne ad rivum ? 3. In agros imus, ut agri- 
 colas bonos adiuvemus. 4. Mox QuTntum vidi ; eius enim 
 avus tum ibi habitabat. 5. Properaveram in hortum, ut 
 puellas vocarem, ut els bacas darem. Sed eae iam ex 
 horto in silvam ierant ; itaque puer obesus bacas edit. 
 
 B, A Disturbed School Session 
 
 Marcus, cum e ludo domum venisset, Quinto " Hodie,** 
 inquit, " in ludum lupum parvum et simiam duximus. Ego 
 locum idoneum sub subsellils invenl, ibique lupum collo- 
 cavi ; simiam autem pueri ceteri in magistri sella colloca- 
 verunt. Magister, cum simiam vidisset, tabulam in eam 
 iecit. Tum subit5 lupus e latebrls erupit, magisterqne per- 
 territus fugit in aream et in arborem altam celeriter escen- 
 dit. Interim pueri multi furtim e ludo per agros in silvam 
 cucurrerunt. Sed eras poenas dabunt; magister enim 
 iratus est." 
 
 II. Translate into Latin: 
 
 ^, I. I did not want to be a farmer; and so my grand- 
 father sent me to schooL 2. Can they help you? / 
 could not help the other girls. 3. Let's call the strong 
 farmer, Marcus. 4. I went with two boys to put the 
 
LATIN PRIMER I03 
 
 bear in (its) cage. 5. There are three large stones in the 
 road. Are you able to put them on the horse's back, 
 boys ? 
 
 B. I. "The drunken sailor's son and daughter cannot 
 go to school," said Julia. " However, they have two books, 
 and we shall help them." > 2. "A little fox stole my 
 three chickens to-day," said Claudia ; " for the farmer had 
 gone to town. But when his sons came home, they hur- 
 ried to the forest, and killed the little fox in (its) hiding 
 place." 3. " I shall go to the shore to-day," said Marcus. 
 " Quintus, however, preferred to call the other boys and 
 go with them into the fields." 
 
 EXERCISE XLI 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 frftter, -tris, m., brother. soror, -Oris, f., sister, 
 
 mftter, -tris, f., mother. villa, -ae, Y.y farmhouse, 
 
 pater, -tris, ^..father. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Voluistlne magister esse? liberos docSre potes .^ 
 2. Prater defessus mecum ad litus ire noluit ; pater autem 
 in agros me duxit, ut flores viderem. 3. Matrem meam 
 et sororem puerl mall sagittis heri temierunt. 4. Marcus 
 pueris pecuniam dabit Nos autem uvas et bacas multas 
 puellis dedimus. 
 
 B. A Tricky Wolf 
 
 "In silva," inquit Claudia, " habitabat puella parva. 
 Olim mater eam cum corbula ad aviae vlllam per silvam 
 misit. Interim lupus e latebris venerat pucllamcjue vidit; 
 
I04 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 itaque celeriter cucurrit ad villam, cumque aviam miseram 
 edisset, in lecto latuit. Puella iam laeta floribus corbulam 
 complebat. Sed cum venisset in villam lupumque vidisset 
 in lecto, tum perterrita agricolas valid5s vocavit; multos 
 enim in silva vlderat. Itaque ei cucurrerunt ad villam 
 lupumque malum occiderunt." 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A. I. Your father, Quintus, is giving two eggs to my 
 sister; I, however, shall not be able to give you a nest. 
 2. Their brother will go with you ; for there are wolves in 
 the woods. 3. My mother and grandmother were going 
 quickly through the fields to call the girls. 4. You will 
 be able to help us, boys ; for my brothers are filling the 
 stream with stones to-day. 5. I had come to the shore, 
 and was sitting on the rocks ; for Quintus had refused to 
 go with us to the woods. 
 
 B. I. "I found a little dove in the road yesterday," 
 said Marcella. " Let's put it on a branch of the tree 
 with the other doves." 2. " I wanted to be able to help 
 the boys, and go with them into the sailor's boat," said 
 Julia ; " but my sister sent me to the farmhouse to sit with 
 (my) grandmother," 3. " We put the cups on the table," 
 said Quintus, *' and the cook filled them with wine. But 
 the monkey suddenly rushed out from the cage and threw 
 the cups to the ground, and broke three. Are the plates 
 safe, Marcus } " 4. *' My father cannot see the boat on 
 the shore," said Claudia. " Let's call the sailors to help 
 him." 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 105 
 
 EXERCISE XLII 
 
 THE THIRD DECLENSION 
 
 
 I- Stems 
 
 
 ignis, u.,fire vall€s, f., valley mare, n., sea 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural Singular Plural 
 
 Singular Plural 
 
 Norn, ignis 
 
 igngs vallgs vall6s 
 
 mare maria 
 
 Gen. ignis 
 
 ignittm vallis vallium 
 
 maris 
 
 Dat. igni 
 
 ignibus valU vallibus 
 
 marl 
 
 Ace. ignem 
 
 ignis vallem vallis 
 igngs vallgs 
 
 mare maria 
 
 Abl. ierni, 
 
 ignibus valle vallibus 
 
 mari 
 
 igne 
 
 Note. The following classes of third declension nouns belong 
 to the 1-stems : 
 
 (i) Masculines and feminines in -is and feminines in -H which 
 have the same number of syllables in the nominative and genitive 
 singular (as ignis, ignis ; valies, yallis). 
 
 (2) Neuters in -e, -al, -ar. 
 
 Remark i. The most important difference between conso- 
 nant and I-stems is that the latter have -ium (instead of -um) in 
 the genitive plural, and that neuter I-stems have -i« (instead of 
 -a) in the nominative and accusative plural. Note also that -is is 
 the preferred ending for the accusative plural of masculines and 
 feminines ; and that there is considerable variation in the ending 
 of the ablative singular. The forms of this latter case are best 
 learned by becoming personally acquainted with each noun. 
 
 Remark 2. The blanks in the plural of mare mean simply 
 that certain cases of this noun are not in common use. The word 
 is here chosen as a model because it is the most completely 
 inflected neuter I-stem employed in this book. (In the genitive, 
 dative, and ablative plural, fully inflected neuter I-stems show the 
 same endings as masculines and feminines.) 
 
I06 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 collis, -is (abl. -e), m., /////. vehementer, adverb, vety^ 
 
 piscis, -is (abL -e), u.^fish. much^ exceedingly, 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Meusne pater librum tuum in ignem iecit? 
 2. In marl piscTs magnds videre possum. Potesne tu 
 eosvidere? 3. In coUibus sunt villae multae. 4. Per 
 vallem ad rivum eamus. 5. Puer piger, cum pater eum 
 in agros misisset, ad litus cum fratribus iit, ut sororis meae 
 cymbam videre t 
 
 B. A Thief Routed 
 
 lulia, cum in umbra sederet; ceteris puellls "Heri," 
 inquit, " Marcus cum puerls multis per colles in vallem 
 iit ; nam in valle rivus pulcher est. Cum autem ibi iace- 
 rent in ripa, ut piscis viderent, lupus magnus e spelunca 
 venit, eorumque cenam furtim rapuit. Sed Marcus id 
 viderat, et iam Iratus pueros ceteros ad lupl speluncam 
 vocavit; cumque in eam ram5s et folia iecissent lupum- 
 que ignl terrerent, is subito erupit e latebris, et in silvam 
 celeriter fugit Lupi enim ignis vehementer timent." 
 
 II. Translate into Latin: 
 
 A, I. My mother is afraid of the sea. My brother 
 and sisters, however, are in the boat. 2.* And so they 
 will go quickly through the valley ; for there are many 
 bears in the woods. 3. Was the farmer able to help the 
 poor sailor? I called my father to help him. But my 
 brothers were then putting a bear into the cage ; and so 
 (my) father could not go into the fields. 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 107 
 
 B. I. "The sailors now threw the fish into the sea," 
 said Marcus ; " for the farmers had refused to fill their 
 baskets with apples." ^>^*' I began to be much afraid,-" 
 said Claudia to the boys. " For there was an intoxicated 
 sailor in the yard, and my fathefhad gone into the hills 
 to give money to the farmers. ' 3. " Let's hurry into 
 the kitchen, Marcus," said Quintus. "Two little foxes 
 have come into the garden, and we will frighten them 
 with fire." 
 
 EXERCISE XLIII 
 THE THIRD OR ^-CONJUGATION 
 
 mittO, mittere, misi, missus, send 
 
 AcrnrE Voice 
 Indicative Mood Subjunctive Mood 
 
 Present Tense 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 1st person 
 
 mittO 
 
 mittimus 
 
 mittam 
 
 mittamus 
 
 2d person 
 
 mittis 
 
 mittitis 
 
 mittas 
 
 mittatis 
 
 3d person 
 
 mittit 
 
 mittunt 
 
 mittat 
 
 mittant 
 
 
 
 Imperfect Tense . 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 1st person 
 
 mittebam 
 
 mittebamus 
 
 mitterem 
 
 mitterSmus 
 
 2d person 
 
 mittebas 
 
 mittebatis 
 
 mitter€s 
 
 mitter€tis 
 
 3d person 
 
 mittgbat 
 
 Singular 
 
 mittebant 
 
 Future Tensb 
 Plural 
 
 mitteret 
 
 mitterent 
 
 1st person 
 
 mittam 
 
 mittemus 
 
 
 
 2d person 
 
 mittSs 
 
 mittStis 
 
 
 
 3d person 
 
 mittet 
 
 mittent 
 
 
 
I08 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 Remark. Observe that, except in the imperfect indicative, the 
 above forms of the third conjugation are more or less unlike the 
 corresponding forms of the first and second conjugations. Note 
 particularly that in the imperfect subjunctive the first e of the end- 
 ing is short, and contrast the corresponding 6 of the imperfect sub- 
 junctive of the second conjugation (as seen in habSrem, etc.). 
 
 The perfect tenses of the following verbs are already 
 familiar. Learn now the principal parts : 
 
 cadO, cadere, cecidi, cftsum, fall. 
 
 currO, currere, cucurri, cursum, run, 
 
 duc6, ducere, duxl, ductus, Icad^ bring, 
 
 edO, esse (edere), €di, gsus, eat; see Summary of Forms, 
 
 page 219. 
 emO, emere, gmi, emptus, buy. 
 
 €rump6, erumpere, 6rupi, gruptum, rusk (out), burst forth, 
 6scend6, gscendere, €scendi, 6sc€nsum, climb (up), 
 frangO, frangere, fregi, fractus, break, 
 occido, occidere, occidi, occisus, kill, 
 veh6, vehere, vexi, vectus, carry. 
 
 Remark. Note that the present infinitive of the third conjuga- 
 tion ends in -fire, an ending which must be distinguished careftilly 
 from the corresponding -6re of the second conjugation. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A, I. Marci f rater columbarum ova saxis frangere 
 voluit; sed pater eum in agros misit, ut equos defess5s 
 ad aquam duceret. 2. In tabernam turn ibamus, ut bacas 
 uvasque emeremus. 3. Ad villam cum sororibus cur- 
 ramus. Ubi pueri latuerunt } 4. Potueruntne puerl piscis 
 emere } N5s in hortum currere maluimus ; ibi enim mala 
 ex arboribus in terram cadebant. 
 
LATIN PRIMER 109 
 
 B, The Generous Bear 
 
 Olim Marcus et Quintus e villa venerunt ad litus, et in 
 harena multos pisces magnos invenerunt. Eos pueri in 
 corbulas iecerunt duas, domumque properare coeperunt. 
 Cum autem per silvam magnam Irent, ursa alba pisces 
 vidit, lupoque " Pisces video," inquit ; " pueros terreamus." 
 Itaque lupus subitd ex arborum umbra erupit. Tum cor- 
 bulae cum piscibus pulchris cecidBrunt in terram, puerique 
 per vallem perterriti cucurrerunt. Interim ursa piscis 
 rapuit, cumque eos edisset, corbulas lupo dedit. Is autem 
 iratus in speluncam cucurrit, ibique parvas ursas tres 
 occldit. 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A. I. The fire was now falling into the leaves ; and 
 so the sailor ran through the valley to warn the farmers. 
 2. When the boys were bringing the little wolf from the 
 hills to the boat, the other wolves rushed out of (their) 
 hiding places and fled through the forest ; for they were 
 exceedingly afraid of the arrows of the farmers. 3. The 
 cook was buying plates at the store ; for the monkey had 
 broken many, 
 
 B. I. "Let's bring the horses to the shore," said Mar- 
 cus, " and send them into the sea." 2. *' I have brought 
 a strong horse to carry my stout sister to town," said 
 Quintus; "but I cannot put her upon him." 3. "Let's 
 eat (our) berries in the shade," said Julia. "The boys 
 wanted to come with me to the farmhouse, but I refused. 
 And so they ran into the woods and began to climb 
 up into a tall tree to kill a raven. Soon they will be 
 punished." 
 
1 10 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 EXERCISE XLIV 
 
 IRREGULAR VERB 
 
 
 ferC, ferre, tuli, latus, carry^ bear 
 
 
 
 
 Active Voice 
 
 
 
 
 iNDiCAxrvE Mood 
 
 SuBjuNcrrvTE Mood 
 
 
 
 Present Tense 
 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 1st person 
 
 ferO 
 
 ferimus 
 
 feram 
 
 feramus 
 
 2d person 
 
 fers 
 
 fertis 
 
 ferfts 
 
 ferfttis 
 
 3d person 
 
 fert 
 
 ferunt 
 Imperfect Tense 
 
 ferat 
 
 ferant 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 PLURAI^, 
 
 fergbamus 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 1st person 
 
 ferCbam 
 
 ferrem 
 
 ferrgmus 
 
 2d person 
 
 fergbfts 
 
 fergbfttls 
 
 •ferres 
 
 ferretis 
 
 3d person 
 
 fergbat 
 
 Singular 
 
 fergbant 
 
 Future Tensb 
 Plural 
 
 ferret 
 
 ferrent 
 
 1st person 
 
 feram 
 
 fergmus 
 
 
 
 2d person 
 
 fer6s 
 
 feretis 
 
 
 
 3d person 
 
 feret 
 
 ferent 
 
 
 
 Remark. Aside from the principal parts, fer5 is not specially 
 irregular. In general its inflection follows that of mitto ; but note 
 the peculiarity of the imperfect subjunctive ferrem (compare ferre), 
 and observe that in the present indicative several forms have suf- 
 fered the loss of a short vowel. 
 
 transeo, transire, 
 
 transitus, cross (over\ go 
 over. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 transii, saepe, adverb, often. 
 
LATIN PRIMER I i i 
 
 Remark. Note that trinseO is a compound of the irregular 
 rerb eO, whose conjugation it follows. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Marcus ex ag^is venerat, ut mensam ad ripam 
 ferret; ibi enim puellae cenam in corbulis habebant. 
 2. Puellae malae corvi caveam in aquam iecerunt ; saxis 
 earn frangamus. 3. Ego turn e latebris erumpere rivum- 
 que transire volui ; frater autem noluit, quia nautas ebrios 
 in spelunca viderat. 4. Ursasne occldere potestis, pueri ? 
 Ubi sunt sagittae vestrae ? 
 
 B. The Playful Monkey 
 
 " In area hodie sedeamus," Marco olim inquit lulia. 
 Marcus autem in hortum ire maluit, ut agricolae filium 
 vocaret, cumque eo in silvam properavit. Itaque mox ibi 
 sub arboribus in umbra pueri iacebant. In silva habitabat 
 simia alba. Ea, cum pueros vldisset, furtim in arborem 
 altam escendit, ramosque parvos in eos iecit. El autem 
 irati saxa magna iecerunt in arborem, simiamque occiderunt 
 miseram. Tum perterriti fugerunt; simias enim ceteras 
 vehementer timebant. Marcus ad litus properavit; agri- 
 colae autem filius domum cucurrit, et sub lecto latuit 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A. I. Why do the farmers often carry branches from 
 the woods to the shore ? 2. Yesterday a little fox stealthily 
 crossed the stream and came into the yard to eat the fish 
 tails ; for the cook had thrown them into a basket. 3. We 
 are climbing into the tree to kill the raven. 4. Were you 
 then going to the store to buy eggs and grapes ? 
 
112 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 B, I. "Quintus is carrying the school bags," said 
 Claudia. " Are you carrying the tablets, Marcus ? " 
 2. *'We will carry the other chairs, girls," said Marcus. 
 *' I wanted to carry three, but my brothers have come from 
 the boat to help me." 3. "You often carry the raven to 
 school, boys," said Marcella. •* Do the children give it 
 grapes and berries?" 4. "The big baskets are in the 
 kitchen, Quintus," said Julia. " Have you come to carry 
 them ? " 
 
 EXERCISE XLV 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 Insula, -ae, f., island. cOnsumO, cOnsumere, c6n- 
 
 hOra, -ae, f., hour. siimpsi, cOnsumptus, use 
 
 navis, -is (abl. -1 and -e), f., «/, destroy, 
 ship, 
 
 MODEL SENTENCE 
 
 Agricolae in umbra horas duas sederunt. The farmers sat 
 in the shade two hours. 
 
 Rule. The accusative case is used to express Extent of Time 
 or Space* 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Naves mare ad insulam transierunt ; ibi autem 
 agricolae eas igni consumpserunt. 2. Cum per collis 
 horas tris fugissemus, in vallem venimus, et in villa latui- 
 mus. 3. Nam pater saepe n5s vocat, ut saxa ex agris 
 feramus. 4. Tum nautae, vehementer irati quia simia e 
 navi in mare ceciderat, pueros vocaverunt, ut simiam cymba 
 adiuvarent. 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 113 
 
 Navis 
 
 Roman ships of war carried sails, but relied more upon their 
 oars. The larger vessels often had three or four sets of oars, each 
 set placed a little higher than the last, and all worked together. 
 Such a ship could carry several hundreds of people. The ancient 
 artist who designed the figure of a war vessel shown above made 
 no attempt to preserve a proper proportion between the size of the 
 ship and the size of the men upon it. 
 
 lATIN rRIMKK — 8 
 
114 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 S. An Adventure in the Woods 
 
 ** Olim/* inquit avus noster, " Marcus cum puerls duobus 
 in silvam iit, ut corv5s sagittis occideret Cum autem ibi 
 rivum parvum laeti transirent, subito ex arbore alta ova 
 multa in eos ceciderunt ; simiae enim viderant pueros, 
 ovaque e corvorum nidis rapuerant. Itaque pueri irati 
 sagittas in arborem mittere coeperunt. Sed interim e navi 
 in silvam venerant nautae ebrii. Eos cum vidissent, pueri 
 iecerunt sagittas in aquam, celeriterque ad litus fugerunt. 
 Ibi invenerunt nautarum cymbam, et in insulam parvam 
 transierunt. Itaque nautae, cum e silva venissent, puer5s 
 occidere voluerunt; sed ei iam in insula tuti sedebant." 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A. I. We shall send the farmer to bring the horses 
 from the valley. 2. Did the strong boys carry the boat 
 from the sea into the field? ^j. Why ^re you lying mov 
 hours in the tent? 4. We haa now used lip our wine. 
 For the stout sailors had come from the ship, and had sat 
 long in the farmhouse. 
 
 B. I. *' We ran to the shore to cross over to the island," 
 said Marcus ; " but the sailors had stolen our boat. You 
 can see their ship on the sea now." 2. " My father was 
 exceedingly angry," said Quintus ; " for my brothers had 
 carried the fish from the boat and thrown them into the 
 bears' cage." J? " You will go to town to-morrow, Quin- 
 tus," said the girls. " In the meantime we shall carry the 
 grapes to the farmhouse and put the baskets in the tent." 
 4. " I saw large fires in the woods to-day," said the farmer. 
 " Soon there will be many bears and wolves in the fields ; 
 for they will be afraid of the fire." 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 lis 
 
 EXERCISE XLVI 
 
 IRREGULAR VERB 
 
 TOW, velle, volul, wisA, be willing^ etc. 
 
 
 Indicative Mood 
 
 Subjunctive Mood 
 
 
 
 Present Tense 
 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 1st person 
 
 void 
 
 volumus 
 
 velim 
 
 velimus 
 
 2d person 
 
 vis 
 
 vultis 
 
 veils 
 
 ve litis 
 
 3d person 
 
 vult 
 
 volunt 
 Imperfect Tense 
 
 velit 
 
 velint 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 1st person 
 
 volebam 
 
 vol€bftmus 
 
 vellem 
 
 vellgmus 
 
 2d person 
 
 volgbfts 
 
 volgbfttis 
 
 vellfis 
 
 vellfitis 
 
 3d person 
 
 volgbat 
 Singular 
 
 vol€bant 
 
 Future Tensb 
 Plural 
 
 vellet 
 
 vellent 
 
 1st person 
 
 volam 
 
 volgmus 
 
 
 
 2d person 
 
 V0I68 
 
 voletis 
 
 
 
 3d person 
 
 volet 
 
 volent 
 
 
 
 Remark. 
 
 Note that the imperfect and future indicative of this 
 
 verb conform to the third conjugation ; also that the endings of 
 the present subjunctive are like those of sim, sis, sit, etc. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 canis, -is, m. and p., dcg. quoque, postpositive adverb 
 
 milia (-ium, n.) passuum, and conjunction, also^ too, 
 
 miles, vCnfttor, -Oris, m., hunter, 
 
 paucl, -ae, -K^few, a few. 
 
 Remark i. Contrary to the rule, canis is not an I-stem. 
 
 Remark 2. The words milia passuum mean literally "thou- 
 sands of paces." In this phrase, passuum of course remains every- 
 where unchanged ; but milia is declined in the way above indicated. 
 
Il6 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 Note. The rule for the expression of Extent of Time and 
 
 Space was stated in the last Exercise. An example was there 
 
 given of Extent of Time; the following sentence illustrates Extent 
 
 of Space : Duo milia passuum pueri vgnerant, The boys had come 
 
 two miles, 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A, I. Vlsne cum venatore per silvam Ire, Quintc? 
 2. Agricolae ad insulam properare volent ; cur eos non 
 mones ? 3. Venator multa milia passuum properaverat, 
 ut agricolas defessos adiuvaret. 4. Vos navem igni con- 
 sumere vultis. Quid nautae volunt ? 
 
 B, The Hunters Hunted 
 
 *• Herl," inquit agricola, " venatores, cum ex oppidS tria 
 milia passuum Issent per silvam, iamque ad speluncam 
 venissent, ursas igni terrere non potuerunt ; itaque canes 
 in speluncam miserunt. Tum ursae vehementer iratae 
 subito eruperunt e latebris, venatoresque in arbores celeri- 
 ter escenderunt. Cum autem ursae quoque escendere 
 vellent, tum venatores ad ramos parvos perterriti propera- 
 verunt Sed ursae, cum in arbores escendissent, fregerunt 
 ramos, cumque venat5ribus miseris in terram ceciderunt. 
 Ibi cum ursae canes occiderent, venatores per silvam celeri- 
 ter domum fugerunt." 
 
 IL Translate into Latin : 
 
 A, I. What are you carrying, Quintus ? 2. I, too, 
 want to go to the farmho'use. 3. However, we often 
 crossed the stream to sit for a few hours in the forest. 
 4. What will you give, farmers, to be able to frighten the 
 bears and wolves ? 5. (Our) father wants to buy fields 
 and live in the valley ; but we want to live on the island. 
 6. Are you willing to sit with us ? 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 117 
 
 B. I. " Let's bring the bear into the yard and frighten 
 the children," said Marcus. " The farmer has gone to 
 town to buy baskets ; and so we can now bring her from 
 tlie cage." 2. " A few sailors had come from the ship 
 and were placing baskets on the shore," said Julia. 
 " Meanwhile the boys were carrying branches and leaves 
 from the woods ; for (their) mother had sent them to help 
 the sailors." 3. ",The hunter, too, now came with (his) 
 logs," said Quintus; "for the farmer had not been able 
 Lo kill the bear." 
 
 EXERCISE XLVII 
 
 IRREGULAR VERBS 
 
 mai6, maile, mftlui, prefer 
 
 nolo, nolle, nOluI, be unwilling^ not wish^ refuse 
 
 These verbs are compounds of voW, and in the main 
 agree with it in conjugation, as the following synopsis will 
 show: 
 
 maio 
 
 malim 
 
 nOlO 
 
 nOlim 
 
 maiebam 
 
 mailem 
 
 nOlebam 
 
 nOIlem 
 
 [maiam] 
 
 
 [nOlam] 
 
 
 malui 
 
 maiuerim 
 
 nWu! 
 
 nCluerim 
 
 malueram 
 
 maluissem 
 
 nOlueram 
 
 nOluissem 
 
 maiuerO 
 
 
 nOluerO 
 
 
 In the present indicative, however, both maiO and n015 
 are quite irregular, the inflection being as follows : 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 malO 
 
 malamus 
 
 n5lO 
 
 ndlttmus 
 
 mavis 
 
 mavultis 
 
 non vis 
 
 non vultls 
 
 mavult 
 
 malunt 
 
 non vult 
 
 nolunt 
 
Il8 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 Remark. In the synopsis above, the forms mftlam and nOlam 
 are put in square brackets because they are not in common use. 
 Except for the first person singular, however, the future tense of 
 both verbs is normal. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 Cardinal Numerals 
 quattuor, four. septem, seven, novem, nine, 
 quinque,y?i'<'. octO, eight. decern, ten. 
 
 sex, six. 
 
 Note. The cardinal numerals above given are indeclinable ; />., 
 they are used without change of form, no matter what the case of 
 the noun they modify. 
 
 reading lesson 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Venatores in agros ire malunt, ut lupos occldant. 
 2. Canes iam septem milia passuum per vallem venerant. 
 Ursae enim e collibus in vallem fugerant. 3. Nos quoque 
 nolumus ex insula fugere; nautae autem volunt. 4. Cum 
 agricolae villam igni consumere nollent, cur tu ignem e 
 culina tulisti ? 
 
 B, A Timely Rescue 
 
 ** Olim,'* inquit puer obesus, " magister cum librls milia 
 passuum pauca in silvam properavit ; cumque ad locum 
 idoneum venisset ibique in foliis horas duas sedisset, subito 
 timere coepit, quia in arborum umbra lup5s magii5s videbat ; 
 nam lupi agricolas ibi. saepe occiderant. Itaque magister 
 perterritus domum properare volebat; cum autem per 
 silvam furtim ire coepisset, lupi quoque e latebris venerunt. 
 Magister iam currebat ; cumque rivum transiret, in aquam 
 cecidit. Tum autem subito venator cum canibus ad ripam 
 venit, lupique in speluncas fugerunt." 
 
LATIN PRIMER II9 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A. I. Do you want to see the boat, boys? The sailors 
 are carrying it into the sea. 2. The farmers have come 
 ten miles through the fields to the shore. Will the sailors 
 give them fish ? 3. Do you prefer to buy a doll, Claudia } 
 
 4. Marcus does not want to go to the store with you. 
 
 5. The little foxes had come stealthily from the woods to 
 eat your sister's four chickens, Quintus. 
 
 B. i/" On the ship," said the boy, "are six sailors and 
 eight farmers. The sailors want to send the farmers into 
 the small boat ; but they (the farmers) do not wish to cross 
 over to the island." 2. "I want to frighten my mother," 
 said Quintus. " Let's fall into the water." 3. "We, too, 
 have a few fish," said Julia; "for the sailors came to the 
 farmhouse yesterday. They gave us fish ; we gave them 
 grapes and berries." 4. " Let's put five baskets in the 
 tent, and the others in the kitchen," said Marcus. 
 
 EXERCISE XLVIII ^^^ ,^imaA- 
 
 THE THIRD OR E-CONJUGATION (continued) 
 
 Certain verbs of which the first person singular of the 
 present indicative ends in -16 belong to this conjugation. 
 These verbs are in the main regular ; but in some forms 
 the i disappears before a following vowel. 
 
 rapiC, rapere, rapui, raptus, seizc^ steal 
 
 Active Voice I 0» 
 Indicative Mood Subjunctive Mood 
 
 Present Tense 
 
 Singular Plural Singular Plural 
 
 1st person raplO rapimus rapiam rapiAmus 
 
 2d person rapis rapitis raplas rapifttis 
 
 3d person rapit rapiunt rapiat rapiant 
 
I20 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 Imperfect Tense 
 
 Singular Plural Singular Plural 
 
 1st person rapiebam rapigbamus raperem raperSmus 
 
 2d person rapiSbas rapigbatis raperSs raperetis 
 
 3d person rapigbat rapigbant raperet raperent 
 
 
 
 Future Tense 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 1st person 
 
 rapiam 
 
 rapi€mu8 
 
 2d person 
 
 rapigs 
 
 rapiStis 
 
 3d person 
 
 rapiet 
 
 rapient 
 
 The perfect tenses of the following verbs are already 
 familiar. Learn now the principal parts: 
 
 fugiO, fugere, fligi, run aivay.flei. 
 laciO, iacere, iSci, iactus, throw. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 f 
 
 annus, -I, \^.^year. ita, adverb, thus^ so^ in this 
 
 avis, -is (abL -e and -i), p., way, 
 
 bird. humi, ott the ground, 
 
 neque (or nee), and . . . not, 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A, I. Avus noster et avia multos annos in valle habita- 
 verunt. Saepe ad villam imus, ut cum eis sub arboribus 
 sedeamus. 2. Simiam in mare iaciamus ; avia enim in 
 villam iam iit, neque nos videre potest. 3. Nautae miseri 
 annos duos in litore nostro habitaverant ; itaque iam mare 
 cum ceteris nautis transire volebant. 4. Nam lup! per 
 agros furtim ibant, ut agricolarum equ5s raperent. 
 
/ LATIN PRIMER 131 
 
 B. A Case of Poetic Justice 
 
 *'OHm," inquit Julia, "in arboribus nostris aves habita- 
 bant multae, nidosque ibi habebant. Heri autem sex pueri 
 mall in arbores escenderunt ; cumque nidos fregissent, ova 
 parvasque avis iecerunt in terram. Turn Marcus et eius 
 pater, cum venissent in hortum, et ova avesque humi invenis- 
 sent, vehementer irati agricolam vocaverunt. Pueri autem 
 interim ad latebras fugerant; Marci enim patrem time- 
 bant. Itaque is agricolam ad eorum patres misit ; cumque 
 pueri perterriti iam domum e latebris venissent, avium ova 
 in mensa invenerunt. Ea nolebant edere, sed patres time- 
 bant. Ita poenas dederunt." 
 
 IL Translate into Latin : 
 
 A, I. When the boys were throwing the dog into the 
 water, they did not see the teacher on the shore. 2. For 
 many years the hunters have thus helped us ; for wolves 
 and bears often come stealthily from the woods and seize 
 our horses. 3. I wanted to rush out from the cave. 
 Quintus, however, had seen beautiful birds there, and was 
 not willing to go home. 4. In the field strong horses 
 were lying on the ground. 
 
 B. I. "The horse had fallen into a stream," said Mar- 
 cus, " and the farmer was not able to help him." 2. *' The 
 sailor also had come five miles through the hills," said 
 Quintus ; " for the farmers were frightening the bears with 
 fire, and he wanted to see them (the bears)." 3. "Do 
 you carry books to school?" said Claudia to Julia; "we 
 carry pens and tablets." 4. " My brother sent the chick- 
 ens to a safe place," said the boy. " Then we hurried into 
 the woods to kill the little foxes." 
 
123 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 EXERCISE XLIX 
 THE RELATIVE PRONOUN 
 * qui, quae, quod, whoy which, that 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Ftm. 
 
 Neui, 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fem, 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Norn. 
 
 qui 
 
 quae 
 
 quod 
 
 qui 
 
 quae 
 
 quae 
 
 Gen. 
 
 cuius 
 
 cuius 
 
 cuius 
 
 quorum 
 
 quorum 
 
 quorum 
 
 Dat. 
 
 cui 
 
 cui 
 
 cui 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 Ace. 
 
 quern 
 
 quam 
 
 quod 
 
 qu6s 
 
 qufts 
 
 quae 
 
 Abl. 
 
 qu6 
 
 qu& 
 
 quO 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 Remark. In connection with the preposition cum, the ablative 
 is usually written quOcum, quibuscum, etc. 
 
 MODEL SENTENCE 
 
 Av6s, quas tenOtis, meae sunt. The birds which you hold 
 are mine. 
 
 Rule. The relative pronoun regularly agrees with its 
 antecedent in number and gender. Its case depends on the 
 structure of the clause in which it stands. 
 
 Remark. In the above model sentence, avCs is the antecedent 
 noun. The relative is therefore plural and feminine ; but its case 
 is determined by the fact that it is the direct object of tengtis. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 caput, -itis, N., head. capiO, capere, c€pl, captus, 
 
 iter, itineris, n., journey, catch, capture, get, etc. 
 road, march, etc. faciO, facere, fOci, factus, 
 
 make, do, 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Mare transire multos annos voluimus. 2. Ve- 
 natores, qui in silva habitant, saepe in oppidum eunt, ut 
 
LATIN PRIMER 1 23 
 
 sagittas emant. 3. Nautae, quibus vinum dedistis, iam 
 humi iacent ebrii. 4. Puer, cuius canes ursa occldit, 
 agricolas validos hodie vocabit, ut ursam quoque occidant 
 
 B. An Agile Monkey 
 
 "Venator," inquit agricola, "turn filios vocSvit perque 
 silvam properare coepit. Cumque iam novem milia pas- 
 suum iter fecissent, subito espelunca erupit simia perterrita, 
 quae celeriter in arborem magnam ad ramum altum escen- 
 dit. Venator simiam sagitta occidere voluit; filii autem 
 earn capere et in oppidum ducere malebant ; itaque in ar- 
 borem escendere coeperunt. Sed sImia interim per ramos 
 parvos in arbores ceteras transibat; puerlque, cum ita 
 transire vellent, fregerunt ramos, et in caput patris miserl 
 ceciderunt. Interim simia ad latebras tutas fugerat." 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : » 
 
 A. I. Have you seen the heads and tails of the fish 
 that I bought in town ? 2. When Marcus had traveled 
 many miles with the dogs to catch a wolf, he came to a 
 large stream, and could not cross to the wolves' caves. 
 3. I see the girl whose father went with us to help the 
 sailors. 4. When we had sat for three hours in the garden, 
 we too went into the tent which the children had made. 
 
 B. I. "The boy to whom I gave the berries broke the 
 birds* nest," said Julia. 2. " The cook is carrying a basket 
 to the shore," said Quintus. " There he will buy fish which 
 the sailors have caught in the sea." 3. " I too will go 
 with you to-day," said Claudia ; ** for I want to see the 
 ships, and I shall not be able to go to-morrow." 4. "The 
 farmers were burning (lit. destroying with fire) the boat," 
 said Marcus, " because the sailors had stolen their horses 
 from the fields." 
 
124 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 EXERCISE L 
 
 THE FOURTH OR I-CONJUGATION 
 audio, audire, audivi, auditus, hear 
 
 Active Voice 
 Indicative Mood Subjunctive Mood 
 
 Present Tense 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 SINGUIJ^R 
 
 Plural 
 
 1st person 
 
 audio 
 
 audlmus 
 
 audiam 
 
 audiamus 
 
 2d person 
 
 audis 
 
 auditis 
 
 audias 
 
 audiatis 
 
 3d person 
 
 audit 
 
 audiunt 
 Imperfect Tense 
 
 audiat 
 
 audiant 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 1st person 
 
 audiSbam 
 
 audieb&mus 
 
 audirem audiremus 
 
 2d person 
 
 audiOb&s 
 
 audigbfttis 
 
 audires 
 
 audiretis 
 
 3d person 
 
 audi^bat 
 Singular 
 
 audiebant 
 
 Future Tensb 
 Plural 
 
 audiret 
 
 audirent 
 
 1st person 
 
 audiam 
 
 audiemus 
 
 
 
 2d person 
 
 audits 
 
 audietis 
 
 
 
 3d person 
 
 audiet 
 
 audient 
 
 
 
 Remark. It will be seen at a glance that the above forms are 
 very like the forms of the corresponding tenses of -16 verbs of the 
 third conjugation. Note particularly, however, the varying quan- 
 tity of i in the present indicative. 
 
 The perfect tenses of the following verbs are already 
 familiar. Learn now the principal parts : 
 
 venio, venire, veni, ventum, come. 
 invenio, in venire, in veni, inventus, ^«^/. 
 
LATIN PRIMER 12$ 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 eonveniO, convenire, conveni, prope, preposition, used with 
 conventus, meet, come to- the accusative case, mar. 
 gether. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Agricola piger, quem prope cymbam videtis, nos 
 audit. Eamus in hortum, eiusque corbulas saxis f rangamus. 
 2. Cur ad litus voluistis mittere equos, quos ego ex agris 
 duxeram ? 3. Istine ad cymbam, ut ibi convenlres nautas, 
 eorumque corbulas ad villam ferres? 4. Itaque humi 
 sedebant pueri quoque ; nautae enim rapuerant subsellia, 
 eaque igni c5nsumpserant. 5. Librosne Marcus in magi- 
 strum iacere voluit? Quid fecerat magister? 
 
 B. The Wolf and the Fox 
 
 Olim in silva lupus vulpeculam convenit, cumque ca in 
 agros iter facere coepit, ut agricolarum gallinas raperet. 
 Subito autem venatores magnosque canes audiunt. Turn 
 lupus perterritae vulpeculae "Tu in arborem escendere 
 potes," inquit. " Ego in speluncam fugiam." Itaque cum 
 vulpecula misera in arborem escendere vellet neque posset, 
 lupus celeriter cucurrit in speluncam et in foliis latuit. 
 Venatores interim ad arborem venerant vulpeculamque 
 sagittis iam occidebant. Tum lupus, cum id audlvisset, 
 subito e spelunca erupit et vehementer terruit venatores, 
 qui cum canibus celeriter per silvam fugerunt. Ita lupus 
 vulpeculam defessam adiuvit. 
 
 II. Translate into Latin: 
 
 A. I. Let's meet the boys in the fields near the cave; 
 for they have gone to the tall tree to find the little foxes* 
 hiding place. ? When the farmers heard this(///. \\\ they 
 
126 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 called six children to whom the sailor had given ravens. 
 3. To-morrow I shall go into the valley to meet the 
 hunters, who have traveled many miles through the woods 
 to buy horses. 4. / did not want to catch the birds. But 
 the boys who had come with us into the garden climbed 
 into the toes and threw stones into their nests. 
 
 B. I. " Let's run away to the shore," said Marcus to 
 the other children. ** Your sisters are in the tent, and 
 they cannot hear us." 2. *' We shall soon meet the 
 hunter who lives in the woods," said the teacher. "He 
 often sits there in the shade to kill the wolves which come 
 from the caves to steal the farmers' children. Once he 
 was able thus to catch a little bear, which he brought into 
 the town. There three sailors bought the bear and led it 
 to (their) ship." 
 
 EXERCISE LI 
 
 THE IMPERATIVE MOOD 
 
 Present Tense Active Voice 
 The present tense of the imperative of Latin verbs is 
 found only in the second person, singular and plural. 
 
 
 REGULAR VERBS 
 
 
 
 SINGULAJL 
 
 Plural 
 
 voc5 
 
 vocft 
 
 vocftte 
 
 habed 
 
 habe 
 
 hab€te 
 
 mittC 
 
 mitte 
 
 mittite 
 
 rapiO 
 
 rape 
 
 rapite 
 
 audid 
 
 audi 
 
 audita 
 
 Remark. Two regulki^verbs already familiar (dticC, faciO) 
 and one yet to be taken up (dicO) lose final e in the singular of 
 the present imperative active, appearing there as die, due, fac. 
 

 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 
 
 IRREGULAR VERBS 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 ee 
 
 I 
 
 ite 
 
 ferO 
 
 fer 
 
 fertc 
 
 nOlO 
 
 n6U 
 
 nollte 
 
 sum 
 
 es 
 
 este 
 
 127 
 
 Remark. In the inflection of mild, volO, and possum, the 
 imperative mood is lacking. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 mortuus, -a, -um, liead. securis, -is (abl. -I), p., ax, 
 
 battle ax. 
 
 MODEL SENTENCE 
 
 N61i (NOlite) id facere, Don't do it 
 
 Rule. The negatived imperative of English may be 
 represented in Latin by the present infinitive depending on 
 the imperatives nOli or nOlite. This is the principal way of 
 expressing Prohibition in Latin. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Nolite frangere caput canis miserl, puerl. Olim, 
 cum in aquam cecidissem, is me adiuvit. 2. Aquam in 
 hortum celeriter fer, Quinte ; ignis enim iam in folia ceci- 
 dit. 3. In umbra prope tabernaculum duas horas sedete. 
 Turn ego veniam, ut vos domum ducam. 4. Avium nldos, 
 qui diu humi iacuerant, Marcus tum in ramis collocabat 
 
 B. A Cautious Thief 
 
 Olim slmia in arbore alta habitabat. Sub arbore erat 
 spelunca, in quam multae vulpeculae saepe uvas galllnas- 
 
128 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 que tulerunt Simla uvas rapere voluit ; vulpeculas autem 
 timebat. Itaque corv5 *'Tu in speluncam i," inquit, " uvas- 
 que vulpecularum rape." Corvus autem, qui in arbore 
 tutus sedere malebat, " Lupum vocab5," inquit, " ut is uvas 
 gallinasque rapiat." Tum simia irata ramum iecit in caput 
 corvi, qui miser ex arbore mortuus in speluncam cecidil 
 Id cum audivissent, vulpeculae perterritae e spelunca if, 
 latebras tutas celeriter fugerunt. Interim simia mala in 
 speluncam laeta properavit, uvasque rapuit. 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A. I. Seize the axes which I threw into the tent, boys, 
 and hurry into the fields to kill the bear. 2. Don't go to 
 the shore, girls. I will come to the farmhouse and meet 
 you there. 3. Send the farmer to me, Marcus. We want 
 to catch the raven, and cannot find its cage. 4. When 
 the wolf heard the dogs, he also crossed the stream ; but 
 there the farmer killed him with an ax. 
 
 B. I. " Don't frighten us," said Julia t6 the boys ; "for 
 we are carrying dishes, and do not want to break them." 
 2. "When we saw the dead sailor in the woods," said 
 Marcus, " we ran to the farmhouse ; for the girls were 
 much frightened. But there we met the hunters whom 
 you saw yesterday near the stream." 3. "Our sisters 
 will carry the eggs," said Claudia, " and the farmer has 
 gone to the field to call (his) sons to carry the other 
 baskets." 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 129 
 
 EXERCISE LII 
 ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION 
 
 
 
 
 I-Stems 
 
 
 
 
 
 fortis, -is, 
 
 -e, brave 
 
 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Ntut. 
 
 Mase. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 fortis 
 
 fortis 
 
 forte 
 
 fortes 
 
 fortes 
 
 fortia 
 
 Gea 
 
 fortis 
 
 fortis 
 
 fortis 
 
 fortium 
 
 fortium 
 
 fortium 
 
 Dat 
 
 forti 
 
 forti 
 
 foiti 
 
 fortibus 
 
 fortibus 
 
 fortibus 
 
 Ace. 
 
 fortem 
 
 fortem 
 
 forte 
 
 fortis 
 fortes 
 
 fortis 
 fortes 
 
 fortia 
 
 Abl 
 
 forti 
 
 forti 
 
 forti 
 
 fortibus 
 
 fortibus 
 
 fortibus 
 
 
 
 ftcer, -oris, -ere, fierce, keen, 
 
 etc. 
 
 
 Nom. 
 
 acer 
 
 acris 
 
 acre 
 
 acres 
 
 acres 
 
 5cria 
 
 Gen. 
 
 acris 
 
 acris 
 
 acris 
 
 acrium 
 
 acrium 
 
 acrium 
 
 Dat. 
 
 acri 
 
 acri 
 
 acri 
 
 acribus 
 
 acribus 
 
 acribus 
 
 Ace. 
 
 acrem 
 
 acrem 
 
 acre 
 
 acris 
 acres 
 
 acris 
 acres 
 
 acria 
 
 AbL 
 
 acri 
 
 acri 
 
 5cri 
 
 acribus 
 
 acribus 
 
 Scribus 
 
 Remark. It will be noted that the masculine alid feminine 
 forms of fortis are identical throughout. The same thing is true 
 of acer, excepting in the nominative singular. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 ftcriter, ^di\trh, fiercely. 
 fortiter, adverb, bravely. 
 
 pugnO, pugnare, pugnflvl, 
 pugnatum, fight. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Ursas, cum diu acriterque pugnSvissent, vSnStor 
 fortis securi occidit. 2. Properemus ad ludum, ut in 
 
 LATIN PRIMKR — 9 
 
130 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 via Marcum conveniamus. 3. Cum venatorem mortuuro 
 vidisses, cur non ad litus cucurristi, ut nautas fortis voca- 
 res ? 4. In hortum fortiter properate, puellae, lupumque 
 terrete ; mox enim agricolae ex agris cum canibus venient. 
 
 B. The Undtitiful Sons 
 
 Prope silvam magnam cum tribus filiis validls habitabat 
 agricola, qui agros multos habebat equosque pulchros. 
 Olim, cum in agros iret defessus, pueris " Mecum venite," 
 inquit, "equosque ad aquam ducite." Pueri autem in 
 umbra humi malebant iacere, nee patrem adiuvare vole- 
 bant. Itaque, cum agricola iam ex hortd isset, corvus, 
 qui pigros filios sub arboribus viderat, e silva ursam voca- 
 vit, quae laeta e spelunca properavit, ut pueros raperet. 
 Ei miseri, cum ursam vidissent, perterriti fugere non potu- 
 'erunf; paterque mox sub arboribus filios invenit mortuos. 
 Ita pueri mall poenas dederunt 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A, I. The wolves will come stealthily from the woodi^ 
 to eat your monkey, boys. 2. Don't fight, sailors. The 
 farmers w|jom Marcus has called are coming from the 
 valley ; I can hear their dogs. 3. The girls were in 
 the yard, and they did not see the wolf. 4. The boys 
 whose fathers you met yesterday will soon go to the shore 
 to catch fish. 
 
 B. I. "The brave sailors whom my brother helped," 
 said Quintus, " have gone to the woods to find the wolf.*' 
 
 2. " Marcus had begun to be unwilling to go," said 
 Claudia; "but when he heard the sea, he ran quickly 
 to the boat which the sailor had given to my sisters." 
 
 3. " Run to the farmhouse, children," said the farmer 
 " I saw a bear in the woods to-day, and could not kill it.' 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 131 
 
 4. " Don't be afraid of the drunken sailors, boys," said 
 the teacher. "They cannot frighten the dogs, which are 
 now coming bravely from the field." 
 
 EXERCISE LIII 
 THE FOURTH OR U-DECLENSION 
 
 Nominative 
 
 Genitive 
 
 Dative 
 
 Accusative 
 Ablative 
 
 exercitus, m., army 
 Singular 
 exercitus 
 exercitfls 
 exercitui 
 exercitum 
 exercitii 
 
 Plural 
 exercitus 
 exercituum 
 exercitibus 
 exercitus 
 exercitibus 
 
 Remark. Note that in the ending of the nominative singular 
 the u is short, whereas it is long in the -us of the genitive singular 
 and of the nominative and accusative plural. 
 
 Gender. Nouns of the 'fourth declension in -us are 
 masculine or (rarely) feminine. For the inflection of 
 neuters, see Summary of Forms, page 194. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 ludO, 
 
 fluctus, -us, M., wave. 
 impetus, -us, m., attack, 
 imperator, -Oris, m., general^ 
 
 commander. 
 abscidO, abscidere, abscidi, 
 
 abscisus, cut off. 
 
 ludere, lasl, iQsum, 
 play, 
 parO, parare, parftvl, paratus, 
 prepare. Sometimes con- 
 strued with the present 
 infinitive. 
 
 THE IMPERFECT OF CUSTOMARY PAST ACTION 
 
 In addition to the use already familiar, the imperfect 
 indicative is often employed to describe a repeated past 
 action ; e.^ E silva ursae in agrOs veni€bant. Bears used to 
 
132 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 EXERCiTus Iter Facit 
 
 The above picture carved on a monument represents a division 
 of the Roman army crossing the Danube on a bridge of boats. The 
 commander in chief (imperator)^ who leads the column, does not 
 appear in that part of the carving here shown ; but two subordi- 
 nate commanders can be seen, one already come to land, the other 
 still upon the bridge. 
 
1-ATlN PRIMER 1 33 
 
 come from the forest into the fields^ or Bears would come 
 from the forest into the fields. From now on in the 
 Exercises this use of the imperfect will occasionally be 
 illustrated. y^ 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Imperator autem exercitum fortem e silva ad 
 litus duxit, ibique in nautas malos impetum acrem fecit. 
 2. Vos quoque, agricolae, nolite timere, sed fortiter ad 
 villam currite; nos enim interim' nautas vocabimus et in 
 vallem mittemus. 3. Prope insulam fluctus sunt magnl, 
 nautaeque ibi saxa timent. 4. Agricolarum flliae huml 
 collocaverunt avium nldos, eosque igni consumpserunt ; 
 interim pueri corvi caveam pulchram in mare iecerunt. 
 
 B, The Repentant Brother 
 
 In villa habitabant puer et puella, quorum mater diu 
 mortua erat. Pater saepe per silvam ioat in oppidum ; 
 interim liberi prope villam ludebant. Olim, cum puella in 
 area esset, frater malus eius pupae caput abscidit. Itaque 
 puella vehementer irata in silvam properavit, neque earn 
 frater invenire potuit. Mox e silva venit agricolae fllius, 
 qui ibi lupum magnum viderat. Turn frater perterritus 
 cum cane valido in silvam celeriter cucurrit, ut sororem 
 inveniret. Ibi humi iacebat puella defessa, eamque edere 
 lupus parabat. Sed canis fortis, cum id vidisset, in lupum 
 fortiter fecit impetum. Ita caput lupi, cum is acriter cum 
 cane pugnaret, puer securi fregit. 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A, I. When the farmers whom the general had called 
 came to the shore, they wanted to cross to the island ; but 
 they could not, because the waves were high (///. great). 
 
134 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 2. Let's cut off the fishes' tails and throw them into the 
 water; the other fishes will eat them. 3. The cook is 
 preparing dinner. Let's play now in the shade. I will 
 call the fat boy whom we met to-day on the shore. 
 
 B. I . " The general was preparing to burn the ship,'* 
 said the sailor. " But we did not want to do it ; and so he 
 sent the farmers to call , the other sailors." 2. " Whei^ 
 the children were playing on the shore," said Julia, "the 
 waves destroyed their boat." 3. " However," said Marcus, 
 ** the bear made a fierce attack upon the dogs ; for there 
 were three little bears in the cave." 4. " Why did you 
 cut off my doll's head, Quintus.?" cried Claudia. "I'll 
 go into the woods, and the bears will eat me there." 
 " Don't run into the woods," said Quintus. " I'll not kill 
 the other dolls.'* 
 
 EXERCISE LIV 
 THE PASSIVE VOICE 
 Perfect Tenses 
 Verbs of all conjugations form the passive of the per- 
 fect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses in the same way, 
 namely, by adding to the perfect passive participle (the 
 fourth principal part) certain forms of sum. One model, 
 therefore, suffices for all conjugations ; e.g. : 
 voc6, vocare, vocavi, vocatus 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE 
 
 Perfect Tense 
 
 Indicative Subjuncttve 
 
 Singular' Singular 
 
 1st person vocatus sum vocatus sim 
 
 2d person vocatus es vocatus sis 
 
 3d person vocatus est vocatus sit 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 135 
 
 1st person 
 2d person 
 3d person 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Plural 
 vocati sumus 
 vocati estis 
 vocati sunt 
 
 1st person 
 2d person 
 3d person 
 
 1st person 
 2d person 
 3d person 
 
 1st person 
 2d person 
 3d person 
 
 Pluperfect Tense 
 
 Singular 
 
 vocatus eram 
 
 vocatus eras 
 
 vocatus erat 
 
 Plural 
 vocati eramus 
 vocati eratis 
 vocati erant 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 Plural 
 vocati simus 
 vocati sitis 
 vocati sint 
 
 Singular 
 vocatus essem 
 vocatus essSs 
 vocatus asset 
 
 Plural 
 vocati essemus 
 vocati essetis 
 vocati essent 
 
 Future Perfect Indicative 
 
 SiNGuijvR Plural 
 
 vocatus er6 vocati erimus 
 
 vocatus eris vocati eritis 
 
 vocatus erit vocati erunt 
 
 Remark. Note that the participle vocitus is declined in the 
 same way as bonus, and that it agrees in number and gender with 
 the subject of the sentence. For convenience, only the masculine 
 forms are given above ; but any gender might be called for, as, 
 Claudia voc&ta est, puellae vocatae sunt, etc. 
 
 With vocO as a model, form the perfect, pluperfect, and 
 future perfect tenses of habeO, mittO, ferO, rapiO, and audio. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 pax, pacis, p., peace. 
 gerO, gerere, gessi. 
 
 bellum, -I, N., war, 
 
 hostis, -is (abl. -e), m. and p., 
 
 €ncmy. 
 accipio, accipere, accSpI, ac- 
 
 ceptus, receive^ accept ^ take. 
 
 gestus, 
 zva^c, carry on, do. 
 remittO, remittere, remisi, 
 remissus, send back. 
 
136 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Hostium imperator noblscum iam oct6 annos 
 bellum gesserat, neque capta erant oppida nostra. 2. So- 
 rores meae, cum in silvam issent, subitd in ursarum spe- 
 luncam ceciderunt, et ita occisae sunt. 3. Cum sex 
 milia passuum iter fecissemus, ad locum idoneum venimus; 
 moxque sub arboribus latueramus, ut corvos caperemus. 
 
 B. A Traitorous Schoolmaster 
 
 Multl puerl parvl, quorum patres turn fortiter cum ho- 
 stibus bellum gerebant, cum magistro ex oppido in agr5s 
 veniebant, ut ibi luderent. Saepe ita fecerant ; sed olim, 
 cum multa milia passuum per agros Issent, subit5 magister 
 malus pueros perterritos ad hostium exercitum duxit, eosque 
 imperatori dedit. Is autem Iratus nolebat accipere pueros, 
 qui ita ad eum ducti erant. Itaque magistrum in oppidum, 
 puer5s domum remisit. Ibi cum magister poenas dedisset, 
 pax cum hostium imperatore bono facta est 
 
 II. Translate into Latin: 
 
 A. I. Do not make peace with the enemy. 2. We 
 have been sent back from the hills to the shore, and cannot 
 help our fathers and mothers, who are living in the valley. 
 3. When war had been waged five years, the generals of 
 the enemy marched stealthily many miles through the 
 forest to burn our town. 4. Were your cups broken, 
 cook.? For when I was crossing a stream, the basket 
 suddenly fell into the water. 
 
 B. I. "The monkey was unwilling to receive the little 
 fox into the cage," said the sailor; "and so they fought 
 fiercely for a long time." 2. " Once," said the teacher. 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 137 
 
 "a great ship was broken there by the waves. On the 
 shore were strong farmers who wanted to help the poor 
 sailors, and could not." 3. " The doves upon which the 
 raven made a fierce attack," said the farmer, "were killed; 
 they are now lying on the ground near the farmhouse." 
 *• Let's carry them to the woods," said Marcus, "and throw 
 them into the bears' den." 
 
 EXERCISE LV 
 
 PRONOUN 
 
 OF IDENTITY 
 
 AND INTENSIVE PRONOUN 
 
 
 idem, eadem 
 
 , idem, t/ie 
 Singular 
 
 same 
 
 
 Afasc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 idem 
 
 eadem 
 
 idem 
 
 Gen. 
 
 eiusdem 
 
 eiusdem 
 
 eiusdem 
 
 Dat. 
 
 eidem 
 
 eidem 
 
 eidem 
 
 Ace. 
 
 eundem 
 
 eandem 
 
 idem 
 
 Abl. 
 
 eOdem 
 
 eadem 
 
 Plural 
 
 eOdem 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Ftm. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 
 eidem 
 
 eaedem 
 
 eadem 
 
 Nom. 
 
 iidem 
 .idem 
 
 
 
 Gen. 
 
 eCnindem 
 
 earundem 
 
 eSrundem 
 
 
 eisdem 
 
 eisdem 
 
 eisdem 
 
 Dat. 
 
 iisdem 
 
 iisdem 
 
 iisdem 
 
 
 is&emr 
 
 isdem 
 
 isdem 
 
 Ace. 
 
 e6sdem 
 
 easdem 
 
 eadem 
 
 
 eisdem 
 
 eisdem 
 
 eisdem 
 
 Abl. 
 
 iisdem 
 
 iisdem 
 
 iisdem 
 
 
 isdem 
 
 46dem 
 
 isdem 
 
38 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 Ipse, ipsa, ipsum, himself, herself, itself etc. 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 
 Masc. Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Masc. 
 
 J-em. 
 
 Neut, 
 
 Nom. 
 
 ipse ipsa 
 
 ipsum 
 
 ipsi 
 
 ipsae 
 
 ipsa 
 
 Gen. 
 
 ipsius ipsius 
 
 ipsius 
 
 ipsOrum 
 
 ipsftrum 
 
 ipsorum 
 
 Dat. 
 
 ipsi ipsi 
 
 ipsi 
 
 ipsis 
 
 ipsis 
 
 ipsis 
 
 Ace. 
 
 ipsum ipsam 
 
 ipsum 
 
 ips68 
 
 ipsfts 
 
 ipsa 
 
 Abl. 
 
 ipso ipsa 
 
 ips6 
 
 ipsis 
 
 ipsis 
 
 ipsis 
 
 Remark i. Note that idem is a compound of is, ea, id. 
 
 Remark 2. In connection with a verb in the first or second 
 person, ipse means " myself," " yourself," etc. ; e.g.y Ipsi ad litus 
 properavimus, We ourselves hurried to the shore. 
 
 Note. These and several other pronouns may be used either 
 as adjectives or nouns. In translating the neuter nominative and 
 accusative of pronouns used as nouns, it is often necessary to 
 supply the word ** thing " ; e.g., Idem vidgmus, IVe see the same 
 {thing), Eadem audivgrunt. They heard the same (things), etc. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 fltimen, -inis, n., river, statim, adverb, at once, int- 
 
 miles, -itis, m., soldier, mediately, 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Hostes iam pueros puellasque occidebant; n5s 
 idem faciebamus. 2. Ipsius imperatoris fllius in agris 
 occisus est; turn pater statim pacem nobiscum fecit. 
 3. Caput militis fortis abscisum est, et in oppidum remis- 
 sum. 4. N5U fugere, Quinte, sed fortiter parvas iirsas 
 rape; nos enim ursas ceteras terrebimus. 
 
LATIN PRIMER 1 39 
 
 B. A Soldier off Duty 
 
 " Olim," inquit avus meus, "venator e silva venit in op- 
 pidum, ut secures tris emeret. Cum autem domum iret, 
 miles ebrius, qui sub arbore alta sedebat, in eum subito 
 impetum acrem fecit, securesque rapere voluit. Turn ve- 
 nator vehementer iratus boras duas cum milite acriter 
 pugnavit, nee eum occidere potuit. Interim autem in sil- 
 vam venerat imperator ipse; qui statim, cum militem vidis- 
 set ebrium, venatorem adiuvit, militemque in oppidum remi- 
 sit, ut ibi poenas daret." 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A. I. Let us at once send back tbe general himself ; for 
 peace has now been made with the enemy. 2. The sons 
 of the general were received, but his daughters were sent 
 back to the ship. 3. The boat has been thrown upon the 
 rocks by the waves. The tired sailors themselves will 
 carry it to the river. 4. The war had been waged many 
 years; but the enemy were now preparing to make 
 peace. 
 
 B. I. "Bring the same boys to me, Quintus," said the 
 soldier; " I want to send them back to their brave fathers." 
 2. "What then was done," asked Quintus, "when the army 
 had made a fierce attack upon the town, and had not been 
 able to break the gate } " 3. " The farmers would cut off 
 the horses* tails," said Claudia. "Then the horses were 
 not pleased." 4. " When we were playing near the 
 river," said Julia, "we heard the same drunken sailor who 
 frightened the girls yesterday ; and so we ran at once to 
 the farmhouse." 
 
140 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 EXERCISE LVI 
 
 THE FIRST OR A-CONJUGATION 
 
 T0C5 
 
 Passive Voice 
 Indicative Mood Subjunctive Mood 
 
 Present Tense 
 
 
 Singular Plural 
 
 Singui-ar 
 
 Plural 
 
 1st person 
 
 vocor vocamur 
 
 vocer 
 
 vocemur 
 
 2d person 
 
 vocftris vocftmini 
 
 voceris 
 
 vocgmini 
 
 
 vocftre 
 
 vocere 
 
 
 3d person 
 
 vocatur vocantur 
 
 vocetur 
 
 vocentur 
 
 
 Imperfect Tense 
 
 
 
 Singular Plural 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 1st person 
 
 vocabar vocabamur 
 
 vocarer 
 
 vocaremur 
 
 2d person 
 
 vocabaris vocabamini 
 
 vocareris 
 
 vocaremini 
 
 
 vocabare 
 
 vocarere 
 
 
 3d person 
 
 vocabatur X vocabantur 
 
 FuTijRE Tense 
 Singular Plural 
 
 vocaretur 
 
 vocarentui 
 
 1st person 
 
 vocabor vocabimur 
 
 
 
 2d person 
 
 vocaberis vocabimini 
 vocabere 
 
 
 
 3d person 
 
 vocabitur vocabuntur 
 
 
 
 
 Imperative Mood: Present Tense 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 2d person 
 
 vocare 
 
 vocamini 
 
 
 
 Present iNFiNiTnrE 
 
 / 
 
 
 vocari 
 
 
 
LATIN PRIMER 141 
 
 Remark i. As a preliminary to learning the above forms of the 
 indicative and subjunctive, note (i) that everywhere in the third 
 persons the passive is formed by adding -ur to the corresponding 
 active forms ; and (2) that in the first persons r is either added 
 to final 5 of the corresponding active forms (with shortening of 
 the 6), or substituted there for final m or s. 
 
 Remark 2. Observe the relation which the forms of the pres- 
 ent imperative bear to those of the second persons of the present 
 
 indicative. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 nox, noctis, f., night. castra, -6rum, n., camp. 
 
 Remark. In the plural, nox has I- stem endings. 
 
 MODEL SENTENCE 
 
 Ursae cnim a venatOre occisae erant, For the bears had 
 been killed by the hunter. 
 
 Rule. With a passive verby the doer is indicated by the 
 ablative case introduced by the preposition ft, ab. This con- 
 struction is known as Ablative of the Agent. 
 
 Remark i. The ablative of agency must be distinguished care- 
 fully from the ablative without a preposition as used to tell the 
 means by which a thing is accomplished ; e.g., Ursae enim secliri 
 occisae erant, For the bears had been killed with an ax. Here 
 the doer is not mentioned at all ; but the means by which the 
 act was done is indicated by sec&ri. 
 
 Remark 2. The two forms of the preposition ft, ab are identi- 
 cal in. meaning. The form ab is to be used when the following 
 ablative begins with a vowel or h. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Nam mllites, qui ad flu men ierant, ibi statim ab 
 hostibus eisdem capti sunt. 2. Parabasne vulpeculas in 
 
142 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 Building a Rampart 
 
 Roman soldiers were trained to work as well as to fight, and on 
 campaigns, even under ordinary circumstances, they had much 
 fortifying to do. For when the army halted in the open country 
 even for a night, a well-ordered camp {casfra) had to be laid out 
 and surrounded by a wall of fortification. The above illustration 
 represents another carving on the monument referred to in con- 
 nection with Exercise LIII. 
 
 \ 
 
LATIN PRIMER I43 
 
 o.iwvi.i remittere? Marcus ipse in corbula eas collocabit 
 ct in silvam feret. 3. Cur bellum a militibus nostrls sex 
 annos cum hostibus fortibus gestum erat ? 4. Imperator 
 idem, quia pacem noblscum facere non potuerat, tiumen 
 statim transiit, ut a ceteris hostibus adiuvari posset. 
 
 B, The Brave Soldiers 
 
 Puerl tres in villa prope flumen magnum habitabant, 
 ibique piscis pulchros saepe ceperunt. Sed olim, cum in 
 ripa corbulae cum piscibus collocatae essent, subito e silva 
 erQpit ursa parva, quae terruit pueros, piscesque .rapere 
 coepit. Sed iam pater ipse puerorum ex agrls properabat, 
 ut ursam occideret; quae perterrita in arborem escendit, 
 moxque in ramo magno sedebat. Statim autem agricola 
 quoque escendit, ramumque abscldere parabat. Itaque 
 ursa, cum in ramos ceteros transire vellet, ad terram in 
 caput cecidit, et a canibus occlsa est. Tum milites tres, 
 qui in umbra interim latuerant, iam fortiter e latebris pro- 
 peraverunt, caputque ursae abscTderunt; quod mox tulerunt 
 in castra imperatorlque dederunt. 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A. i/'Let*s send back the nests to the farmhouse, so 
 that they may be given at once to the little girls. 2. When 
 the soldiers were being called to camp by the general, the 
 enemy quickly crossed the river with a large army and 
 burned our ships. 3^ Don't sit on the dolls' table, boys ; 
 Quintus broke it yesterday. 4. When we had hurried 
 home from the woods, in order that the wolf which we 
 had caught might be at once placed in a cage, the farmer 
 refused to receive him ; and we could not send the wolf 
 back to the woods, because it was now night. 
 
144 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 B. I. "Let's hurry to camp at once," said the same 
 soldiers ; " for the enemy will soon cross the river, and we 
 are afraid of the night." 2. ** When a fierce attack had 
 been made by the enemy on our army," said our grand- 
 mother, "the other soldiers fled into the woods; but your 
 grandfather, who was a general, himself traveled many 
 miles through the night to a small camp, to warn the 
 sailors who had been sent from the other islands to the 
 shore." 
 
 EXERCISE LVII 
 
 INDEFINITE PRONOUN 
 
 quldam, quaedam, quoddam, (a) certain 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neui. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 quidam 
 
 quaedam 
 
 quoddam 
 
 Gen. 
 
 cuiusdam 
 
 cuiusdam 
 
 cuiusdam 
 
 Dat. 
 
 cuidam 
 
 cuidam 
 
 cuidam 
 
 Ace. 
 
 quendam 
 
 quandam 
 
 quoddam 
 
 Abl. 
 
 qu6dam 
 
 quadam 
 Plural 
 
 quodam 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut 
 
 Nom. 
 
 quidam 
 
 quaedam 
 
 quaedam 
 
 Gen. 
 
 quorundam 
 
 quarundam 
 
 quorundam 
 
 Dat. 
 
 quibusdam 
 
 quibusdam 
 
 quibusdam 
 
 Ace. 
 
 quosdam 
 
 quasdam 
 
 quaedam 
 
 Abl. 
 
 quibusdam 
 
 quibusdam 
 
 quibusdam 
 
 Note. The above pronoun is here treated as an adjective. 
 When it is used as a noun, the nominative and accusative singular 
 of the neuter take the form quiddam, a certain {thing). 
 
 Remark. As an aid to the memory, note the close relation be- 
 tween the forms of quidam and those of the relative qui. 
 
LATIN PRIMER 145 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 nuWs, -is (abL -e), f., cloud, ater, -tra, -trum, black, dark. 
 igitur, postpositive conjunc- mane, adverb, in the mom- 
 tion, therefore. ing, early. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 L Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Mllites Idem ad castra mane ibunt, ut ab impera- 
 tore ipso adiuventur. 2. Turn imperator fortis cum exercitu 
 parvo statim flumen quoddam transiit, et per noctem in 
 hostium agros iter fecit. 3. Eamus in silvam, ut avium 
 nidos inveniamus. Validos pueros voca, QuTnte. 4. Equi 
 atrl, cum a milite quodam ad flumen ducti essent, in aquam 
 celeriter cucurrerunt. 
 
 B. A Stolen Picnic 
 
 In ludo qu5dam cum magistro habitabant puerl paucT. 
 Olim, cum iam nox esset magisterque in lecto iaceret, pueri 
 furtim e ludo ierunt in agros, malaque agricolarum multa 
 rapuerunt Tum, cum rivum translssent ad Insulam par- 
 vam, prope ignem, quem e ramis fecerant, mox humi 
 iacebant, ut mala ederent. Sed subito in caelo erant 
 multae nubes atrae, neque lunam iam videre poterant puer! ; 
 qui igitur perterriti per noctem domum currere coeperunt. 
 Ita duo, qui obesi erant, in rivum ceciderunt, maneque 
 mortui inventi sunt. Ceteri autem, ut poenas darent, a 
 magistro missl sunt ad agricolas, qu5rum mala rapuerant. 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A. I. When the girls went into the yard to call the 
 boys, they saw black clouds in the sky. 2. Therefore 
 'Certain soldiers hastened to the farmhouse, and. seized the 
 
   LATIN PRIMER — lO 
 
[46 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 horses which had been captured by the enemy. 3. While 
 .the farmer himself was being called by the sailor, his sons 
 were preparing to send horses to the camp. 4. The 
 enemy had now done the same thing ; and so we wanted 
 to make peace with them at once. 
 
 B. I. "While the dogs were playing in the yard near 
 the farmhouse," said Marcus, *' a wolf came stealthily into 
 the garden and made a fierce attack upon the little bear." 
 2. " Let's run bravely into the water," said Quintus ; " for 
 the boat has been filled with the waves, and the girls are 
 thoroughly frightened." 3. " In the morning," said the 
 sailor, *' we shall send certain hunters to the same place to 
 meet the other generals." 4. " Our general," said my 
 grandfather, " had refused to receive the brave sailors and 
 farmers. And so a certain farmer's son hurried through 
 the night to the camp of the enemy, and led soldiers to Ine 
 shore to capture our ships." 
 
 EXERCISE LVIII 
 
 THE SECOND OR E-CONJUGATION 
 
 habed 
 
 Passive Voice 
 iNDiCATrvTE Mood Subjuncttve Mood 
 
 
 
 Present Tense 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plvral Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 1st person 
 
 habeor 
 
 • habemur habear 
 
 habeamur 
 
 2d person 
 
 haberis 
 
 habemini habearis 
 
 habeamini 
 
 
 habere 
 
 habeare 
 
 
 3d person 
 
 habetur 
 
 habentur habeatur 
 
 habeantur 
 
LATIN PRIMER 1 47 
 
 Imperfect Tense 
 
 Singular Plural Singular Plural 
 
 1st person hab€bar hab€bamur haberer haberemur 
 
 2d person habebftrls habebamini habereris haberemini 
 
 habebftre haberere 
 
 3d person habfibfttur habebantur haberetur haberenturt^ 
 
 Future Tense 
 Singular Plural 
 1st person habgbor hab€bimur 
 2d person habeberis habebimini 
 
 babebere 
 3d person hab€bitur hab€bttntttr 
 
 Imperative Mood: Present Tense 
 Singular Plural 
 
 2d person habere habemini 
 
 Present Infinitive 
 habgri 
 
 Remark. In memorizing these forms, note the correspond- 
 ences between active and passive which were pointed out in 
 Exercise LVI. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 longs, adverb, far {away). iubeO, iubSre, iussl, iussus, 
 IfiX, liicis, F., light, command, order. Con- 
 
 strued with the accusative 
 and present infinitive. 
 
 RxKfARK I. In previous Exercises several verbs have been men- 
 tioned as construed with the present infinitive ; e.g., possum, milO, 
 etc. The meaning of some of these verbs is such that (as in the 
 case of iubeO above) the dependent infinitive may have a subject 
 accusative. Thus we may say either lubeO tfi ire, / nrff^r you 
 to go, or VolO 18 Ire, / want you to go. 
 
148 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 Remark 2. The genitive plural of Itiz is lacking, and the ending 
 of the accusative plural is -68 or -is. 
 
 READING LESSON ^ 
 
 L Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Nam a pueris isdem non terrebor. 2. Corbulae 
 bacis complebantur. 3. Noll pueris sagittas dare; eos 
 enim longe in silvam Ire ndlumus. 4. Mllites igitur 
 iusserunt nautas defessos in ignem ramos iacere, ut in 
 litore magna esset lux. 5. In mllites, cum per vallem 
 iter facerent, eorundem agricolarum canes fortiter impe- 
 turn fecerunt 
 
 • B. Lost in the Cave 
 
 " Olim," inquit avia mea, " puer et puella parva ex 
 hort5 furtim in silvam ierunt, ut rivum floresque viderent. 
 Ibi autem speluncam invenerunt magnam, in quam laetl 
 cucurrerunt, ut in umbra luderent; ursae enim ab eis non 
 timebantur. Cum ibi diu lusissent, puer subito longe in 
 speluncam fugit, puellaque, quae eum capere volebat, quo- 
 que per speluncam properavit. Diu cucurrerunt; sed iam 
 viam videre non poterant, quia in spelunca erat nox atra. 
 Hum! igitur perterriti sederunt. Mox autem puella lucem 
 parvam longe vldit; cumque tria milia passuum ad eum 
 locum iter ^ecissent, subitd e spelunca in lltus venerunt" 
 
 IL Translate into Latin : 
 
 A, I. The general wanted certain soldiers to carry bas- 
 kets into the fields to be filled with apples by the farmers. 
 2. Therefore let us send the hunter himself at once to the 
 camp. For the enemy have crossed the river, and will 
 make an attack in the morning. 3. Once, when the 
 night was dark, certain sailors fled from the town and ran 
 to the river, so that the enemy might be warned. 4. The 
 
LATIN FKIMKR 
 
 149 
 
 general ordered the same soldiers to cross the river and 
 take our camp. 
 
 B, I. "The enemy were then fighting fiercely with us," 
 said a certain soldier ; " but our general ordered us to 
 make an attack at once on the camp also." 2. " While 
 the boats were being filled with fish," said the hunter, " cer- 
 tain farmers stole the sailors' horses, which had been led 
 far into the fields." 3. " Many soldiers had been killed 
 by the enemy," said my father. " But it was now dark 
 night; and so the others fled from the forest, and were 
 carried to the island by ship." 
 
 EXERCISE LIX 
 
 
 THE FIFTH OR 
 
 E-DECLENSION 
 
 
 
 diss, M., day 
 
 r68, 
 
 F., circumstance, thing 
 
 Singular Plural 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Nominative 
 
 dies di€s 
 
 
 r6s 
 
 r€8 
 
 Genitive 
 
 di« dierum 
 
 
 rei 
 
 rerum 
 
 Dative 
 
 diei diebus 
 
 
 rel 
 
 rebus 
 
 Accusative 
 
 diem di€s 
 
 
 rem 
 
 res 
 
 Ablative 
 
 diS diebus 
 
 
 re 
 
 rebus 
 
 Gender. Nouns of the fifth declension are feminine. 
 Even digs, which is an exception to this rule, is sometimes 
 feminine in the singular. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 Cardinal Numerals 
 
 sMecim, sixteen. 
 
 Alius, -a, -um, one, 
 flndecim, eleven, 
 duodecim, twelve, 
 tredecim, thirteen, 
 quattuordecim, fourteen, 
 quindecim, fifteen. 
 
 septendecim, seventeen, 
 duodeviginti, eighteen, 
 undevigintl, nineteen, 
 ▼IgintI, twenty. 
 Indl, -(Jrum, m., Indians, 
 
150 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 With the exception of Gnus, the above cardinal numerals 
 are indeclinable. The plural of uaus is regular, but the 
 singular is inflected as follows: 
 
 
 Masculine 
 
 Fcminint 
 
 Neuter 
 
 Nominative 
 
 Onus 
 
 una 
 
 unum 
 
 Genitive 
 
 unius 
 
 unius 
 
 unius 
 
 Dative 
 
 uni 
 
 unl 
 
 uni 
 
 Accusative 
 
 unum 
 
 unam 
 
 unum 
 
 Ablative 
 
 unO 
 
 una 
 
 unO 
 
 There are in Latin eight other adjectives declined in the 
 genitive and dative singular after the fashion of unus. 
 Although not all of these words are to be here used, the 
 full list should be memorized once for all ; namely, alius, 
 alter ; alius, niillus ; uter, neuter ; sdlus, tOtus, unus. See 
 also Summary of Forms, page 197. 
 
 Note. When strengthened by the adverb fina, the preposition 
 cum is often well rendered by " together with," " along with," etc. ; 
 e^., NdvSs finfi cum cymbis ad insulam missae sunt, The ships, 
 together with the boats, were sent to the island. 
 
 Is, ea, id as an Adjective 
 
 The personal pronoun is, ea, id, "he," "she," "it," may 
 also be used as an adjective meaning " this " ; e.g., is digs, 
 this day ; ea res, this circumstance, etc. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Una cum els nautis fortibus ad castra propere- 
 mus ; ibi enim milites nos ad imperat5rem ipsum ducent. 
 2. Cum audivissemus equos hostium lucemque in lltore 
 vidissemus, tum imperator iussit exercitum celeriter per sil- 
 vam iter facere. 3. Nubes albas in cael5 videte, puellae. 
 
LATIN PRIMER 151 
 
 Potestisne lunam quoque videre? 4. Cum id bellum 
 sedecim annds gestum esset, hostes mare navibus transi- 
 €runt, et in oppida nostra impetum acrem fecerunt 
 
 B, Captured by the Indians 
 
 "In quodam oppido," inquit mater vestra, "prope sil- 
 vam habitabat agricola una cum duobus filils parvis. Olim, 
 cum diu bellum cum Indis gestum esset paxque iam esset 
 facta, filil eius agricolae laetl per agros ludebant. Subito 
 autem tres Indi mall eruperunt e silva, puerosque ceperunt, 
 qui perterriti fugere non potuerant ; tum statim pueros una 
 ^cum equis, quos ex agris rapuerant, longe in silvam du- 
 xerunt. Pater vehementer iratus in silvam statim cucurrit, 
 neque filios invenire potuit. El autem, cum multos dies 
 cum Indis habitavissent, a mllitibus quibusdam invent! sunt ; 
 qui occiderunt Indos, puerosque ad patrem remlserunt." 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A. I. These dogs together with the raven will be g^ven 
 to the boys by whom the wolf was killed. 2. Therefore 
 the general himself with a large army marched through 
 the fields sixteen miles. 3. The Indians at once made 
 an attack on the three farmhouses, and captured one 
 farmer's horses. 4. In the morning the general will order 
 these brave hunters to cross the river with the same sol- 
 
 "^ diers, so as to bum the tents of the enemy. 
 
 B. I. "Let us send back twelve Indians into the for- 
 est," said the soldier ; " the others we will throw into the 
 waves." 2. "Together with (his) father and brothers," 
 said Claudia, " Marcus was called into the fields yesterday 
 by the soldiers; for the enemy were then crossing the 
 river." 3. "I have received twelve baskets," said the 
 sailor. " Where are the others ? " 4. Then said the farmer 
 
152 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 to (his) sons, "Why have you cut off the heads of these brave 
 dogs? Soon you will kill my horses, too." 5. "Thor- 
 oughly frightened by this circumstance," said the teacher, 
 " the sailors have fled to the river. To-morrow the sol- 
 diers will do the same thing." 
 
 EXERCISE LX 
 
 
 THE THIRD OR E-CONJUGATION 
 
 
 
 mittC 
 
 
 
 
 Passive Voice 
 
 
 
 Indicative Mood Subjunctive Mood 
 
 # 
 
 
 Present Tense 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 1st per. 
 
 mittor 
 
 mittimur mittar 
 
 mittamur 
 
 2d per. 
 
 mitteris 
 
 mittimini mittar is 
 
 mittamini 
 
 
 mittere 
 
 mittare 
 
 
 3d per. 
 
 mittitur 
 
 mittuntur mittatur 
 Imperfect Tense 
 
 mittantur 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 1st per. 
 
 mitt€bar 
 
 mittebamur mitterer 
 
 mitterSmur 
 
 2d per. 
 
 mittgbaris 
 
 mittebamini mittereris 
 
 mitteremini 
 
 
 mittebare 
 
 mitterere 
 
 
 3d per. 
 
 mittebatur 
 
 mittebantur mittergtur 
 Future Tensb 
 
 mitterentui 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 1st per. 
 
 mittar 
 
 mittemur 
 
 
 2d per. 
 
 mitteris 
 mittSre 
 
 mittemini 
 
 
 3d per. 
 
 mittetur 
 
 mittentur 
 
 
LATIN PRIMER 153 
 
 Imperative Mood: Present Tense 
 2d person 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 mittere 
 
 
 Present Infinitivb 
 
 
 mitU 
 
 
 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN 
 (quis) qui, quae (quid) quod, who ? what t 
 
 When used as an adjective, this word is inflected exactly 
 as the relative qui, quae, quod. When it is used as a noun, 
 quis replaces qui (nominative singular), quid replaces quod 
 (nominative and accusative singular), and the feminine is 
 lacking throughout. The noun use is the more frequent; 
 e.g., Quis venit? Who is coming? Quibuscum sed6tis.? 
 With whom are you sitting f QuOs vidit } Whom did he 
 see? etc. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 commOtus, -a, -um, excited, omnis, -is, -e, every^ the 
 
 disturbed, whole, all. 
 
 frumentum, -i, n., grain. uxor, -(Jris, f., wife, 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A, I. Quis voluit avis pulchras in silvam remitti? 
 2. Nam Indl, eo impetu commoti, frumentum omne in 
 spelunca atra cillocaverunt. 3. Venatorum uxores una 
 cum viginti liberls in agris cuiusdam agricolae imperatores 
 ipsos convenerunt. 4. Miles obesus, cum liberi ab Indis 
 in silvam ducerentur, in villa latebat. Nolite eum terrere. 
 
154 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 B, An Indian Raid 
 
 In quSdam valle erat flu men magnum, in quo parvae 
 insulae erant multae. Ibi habitabant una cum uxoribus 
 liberisque agricolae quidam fortes. Indi autem saepe 6 
 silva f urtim veniebant ad fluminis ripam, et in cymbis parvis 
 ad insulas properabant, ut in agricolarum villas impetum 
 facerent. Olim, cum ita equi in agris omnes occisi essent, 
 frumentumque esset igni consumptum, liberi quoque sede- 
 cim ab Indis capti sunt et longe in silvam ducti. Tum 
 agricolae valid!, vehementer comm5ti, ad ripam properave- 
 runt; cumque milia passuum tredecim iter fecissent per 
 noctem, subito in Indorum castra impetum acrem fecerunt, 
 eaque igni consumpserunt. Itaque hostes longe per valles 
 fugerunt perterriti, liberi autem a patribus domuni ducti 
 sunt 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A, I. These Indians all came into one place, and for 
 many days terrified the wives and children of the farmers. 
 2. To whom was the black horse given ? By whom was 
 he led into the field ? Whose grain is he eating ? 3. When 
 they saw the grain which the farmers were bearing to the 
 river bank, the soldiers wanted to be carried at once by 
 ship ito the island. 4. The general is ordering certain 
 hunters to travel through the woods to the river; for a 
 camp has been placed there near the town by the enemy. 
 
 B. I. "Where is the light of the moon, Quintus?" 
 asked Marcus. "The night is dark, and I cannot find the 
 road." 2. "When the chickens were being killed by 
 the little fox," said Quintus, "we all ran quickly to call the 
 farmer." 3. " Much disturbed by these things," said my 
 father, " the hunter's brave wife sent the same soldier to 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 155 
 
 warn the general, who was then marching into the forest 
 with a small army to capture certain bad Indians." 
 4. "The Indians would often rush forth suddenly from 
 the forest and kill our horses," said your grandfather. 
 " Then we would run to the camp ourselves and call the 
 soldiers." 
 
 EXERCISE LXI 
 
 REFLEXIVE PRONOUN IRREGULAR NOUN 
 
 8Ul (gen. sing.), of hints elf ^ vis, f., violence^ force, 
 
 of herself t of itself 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Nominative 
 
 
 
 vis 
 
 vires 
 
 Genitive 
 
 sul 
 
 sol 
 
 
 virium 
 
 Dative 
 
 sibi 
 
 sibi 
 
 
 viribus 
 
 Accusative 
 
 se, sSsg 
 
 s€, sgsS 
 
 vim 
 
 viris, virgs 
 
 Ablative 
 
 se. sese 
 
 se, ses6 
 
 vi 
 
 viribus 
 
 Remark. 
 
 Note that 
 
 the forms of suX are the 
 
 same for all 
 
 genders. 
 
 
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 cOgnOscO, c6gndscere, c5gn0vi, 
 
 cOgnitus, y?«^ ^;//, learn, 
 dic6, dicere, dixi, dictus, say. 
 
 put6, putare, putavi, putatus, 
 
 think. 
 tempestas, atis, f., storm. 
 
 INDIRECT DISCOURSE 
 
 What a person says, thinks, hears, or the like, may be 
 reported directly or indirectly. Thus, if Marcus yesterday 
 uttered the sentence, " The dog is lying in the grass," to- 
 day I can report what he said 
 
 ( 1 ) Directly : Marcus said, " The dog is lying in the grass;'' 
 
 (2) Indirectly : Marcus said tliat the dog was lying in 
 the grass. 
 
156 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 By the use of either sentence I tell exactly what Marcus 
 said, but in one case I quote the very words he used, in 
 the other I do not. Quotation by the second method is 
 known as Indirect Discourse. The two English sentences 
 given above would appear in Latin in the following form : 
 
 (i) Direct: "Canis in herba iacet," inquit Mftrcus. 
 (2) Indirect : Marcus dixit canem in herba iac6re. 
 
 It will at once be seen that the Latin method of indirect 
 quotation is quite different from the English ; for the 
 Latin here somewhat literally would be: "Marcus said the 
 dog to be lying in the grass.'* 
 
 Rule for Indirect Discourse. The infinitive with 
 subject accusative is used in quoting indirectly anything said^ 
 thought, heard, or the like. 
 
 Note i. Indirect quotation of course is not confined to things 
 said, thought, heard, etc., in the past. Whatever />, was, or shall be 
 said, thought, heard, etc., is treated in one and the same way ; ^^., 
 
 Vgnitor putat ursam in spClunca esse. The hunter thinks that 
 
 the bear is in the cave. 
 Vgnltor putabit ursam in spSlonca esse. The hunter will think 
 
 that the bear is in the cave. 
 Vgnfitor putavit ursam in spClunci esse, The hunter thought that 
 
 the bear was in the cave. 
 
 At first sight it may seem a little odd that in the last of these 
 examples the present infinitive esse balances " was " in the English 
 translation. The justification of the present infinitive in such a 
 sentence at once appears, however, if we revert again to a literal 
 rendering : "The hunter thought the bear to be in the cave." 
 
 Note 2. In addition to its subject accusative, the infinitive of 
 indirect discourse may, of course, have also an accusative object; 
 
LATIN PRIMER 1 57 
 
 e^., Bfflrcus dicit vSnitCrcm occidere ursam, Marcus says that the 
 hunter is killing the bear. 
 
 Note 3. The reflexive •< (aCsC) is used as subject or direct 
 object of the infinitive of indirect discourse when the verb of say- 
 ing, thinking, etc., is in the third person, and the accusative refers 
 to the subject of that verb ; e^.^ Mircus dixit 86 in herba iacSre 
 (Marcus said himself to be lying in the grass), Marcus said that he 
 was lying in the grass » 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A, I. Dicisne te in agris equos videre ? Nautae putant 
 omnis equos in valle esse. 2. Putavimus nos ad insulas 
 transire posse; vis autem fluminis magna erat. 3. Im- 
 perator cognoverat se ibi cum hostibus pugnare non posse. 
 4. Cum vi tempestatis naves validae frangerentur, nautae 
 miseri in mare frumentum omne iecerunt. 
 
 B. The Enemy Repulsed 
 
 Agricola quidam una cum uxore liberisque diu prope 
 flumen pulchrum habitaverat. Olim autem ad villam subito 
 cucurrerunt milites quattuor, qui dixerunt Indos celeriter 
 per silvam venire. Tum agricola commotus uxorem iussit 
 liberos in cymba collocare ; ipse autem in agros properavit, 
 ut agricolas ceteros moneret. Interim Indi e silva vene- 
 rant ; qui cum villam ignl consumpsissent neque agricolam 
 invenire potuissent, ad ripam cucurrerunt. Sed mater 
 perterrita iam in Insulam quandam transierat, ibique tuta 
 cum liberis in spelunca latebat. Cum autem Indl quoque ad 
 earn Insulam transire pararent, subito ab agricolis fortibus 
 impetus acer factus est. Hostes multi ab eis capti sunt, 
 ceterlque celeriter in silvam fugerunt. 
 
158 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 II. Translate into Latin: 
 
 A. I. Who thinks that there are eighteen sailors in the 
 boat ? Whom have you sent to meet them ? 2. I had 
 learned that the boys were throwing the fish into the sea. 
 3. The farmhouses had been wrecked (///. broken) by 
 the force of the storm ; and so the general placed the tired 
 soldiers in the tents which he had found in the camp of the 
 enemy. 4s. I wanted the books to be given to one boy 
 and two girls. To whom did you give them ? 
 
 B. I. Marcus said that he was filling all the baskets 
 with grain. 2. For many days we traveled with this 
 brave sailor through the hills and valleys. 3. Much 
 frightened by these things, the children now learned that 
 the same Indians were killing the horses. 4. The farmers 
 seized a boat, so that (their) wives and children might be 
 sent at once to a safe and suitable place. 5. "Do you 
 see a light in the sky, my son.^" asked the farmer. *' I 
 think I see a great star," replied the boy ; " but clouds are 
 filling the whole sky." 
 
 EXERCISE LXII 
 
 
 
 IRREGULAR VERB 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 ferS 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 Passive Voice 
 
 
 
 
 Indicative Mood 
 
 Subjunctive Mood 
 
 
 
 Present Tense 
 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 1st person 
 
 feror 
 
 ferimur 
 
 ferar 
 
 feramur 
 
 2d person 
 
 ferris 
 ferre 
 
 ferimini 
 
 feraris 
 ferare 
 
 feramini 
 
 3d person 
 
 fertur 
 
 feruntur 
 
 feratur 
 
 ferantur 
 

 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 159 
 
 
 
 Imperfect Tense 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 1st person 
 
 fergbar 
 
 fergbamur ferrer 
 
 ferrgmur 
 
 2d person 
 
 fer€baris 
 
 fergbamini ferrgris 
 
 ferrgmini 
 
 
 fergbare 
 
 ferrgre 
 
 
 3d person 
 
 fergbfttur 
 
 fergbantur ferrgtur 
 Future Tense 
 
 ferrentur 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 1st person 
 
 ferar 
 
 fergmur 
 
 
 2d person 
 
 fergris 
 
 fergre 
 
 fergmini 
 
 
 3d person 
 
 fergtur 
 
 ferentur 
 
 
 
 Imperative Mood: Present Tense 
 
 
 
 Singular Plural 
 
 
 2d person 
 
 ferre ferimini 
 Present Infinitive 
 
 
 
 
 ferri 
 
 
 THE RELATIVE PRONOUN 
 
 In Latin an entirely new sentence may be begun by a 
 relative pronoun referring back to something mentioned 
 in the previous sentence. The relative so used is best 
 translated by a demonstrative pronoun ; e.g., Indi in silvam 
 properaygrunt. Quod cum vidissent, agricolae laeti g late- 
 bris vgngrunt, The Indians hurried into the forest. When 
 the farmers saw this, they came joyfully from their hiding 
 places. 
 
 Remark. Note that in this use, as regularly elsewhere, the 
 relative stands first in its clause. 
 
l6o LATIN PRIMER 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 ovis, -is (abL -e), f., sheep, nailus, -a, -um, none, no, not 
 
 v6x, vOcis, F., voice, cry, . . . any, 
 
 cu8t6di6, custCdire, custOdivi, fillus, -a, -um, any. Used 
 
 cust6ditus, watch, guard. mostly in negative clauses. 
 
 reded, redire, redii, reditum, fortasse, adverb, perhaps. 
 
 return, go back, paul5 post, adverbial phrase, 
 
 a little later. 
 
 Remark. The declension of n&llas and flUut is the same as 
 that of finus ; see Exercise LIX. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Magna voce pueros vocemus, ut corbulae statim 
 ab eis ad castra ferri possint. 2. Quod cum cdgnovissent, 
 milites celeriter redierunt, ut imperatoris uxorem liberosque 
 custodirent. 3. Oves vi fluminis perterritae ad insulam 
 transire nolebant. 4. Quibus rebus comm5tI, agricolae 
 dixerunt se ovIs nullas habere ; paul5 post autem una cum 
 gallinis ovis multas hostibus dederunt. 
 
 B, A Practical Joke 
 
 Agricolae quidam, qui oves habebant multas, puerum pi- 
 grum in agros ire iubebant, ut eas cust5diret. Cui " Lupus 
 fortasse e silva veniet," inquiunt. "Tum nos voca; nam ex 
 hortis statim curremus, ut terreamus lupum teque adiuve- 
 mus." Diu puer custodivit ovis, neque ullum lupum vidit 
 Sed olim, ut agricolas terreret, subito magna voce " Lupos, 
 lupos ! " inquit. Qua voce commoti, agricolae celeriter in 
 agros cucurrerunt. Cum autem lupum vidissent nullum, 
 ;puerumque ludere cognovissent, vehementer irati in hor- 
 
LATIN PRIMER l6l 
 
 tos redierunt. Sed paulo post venit e silva lupus magnus. 
 Turn puer perterritus magna voce "Lupum, lupuml" in- 
 quit; "celeriter currite, agricolae!" Ei autem putabant 
 puerum ludere, nee in agros properare voluerunt. Is igitur 
 miser a lupo occisus est. 
 
 II. Translate into Latin: 
 
 A. I* A little later, perhaps, a few fish will be carried 
 to town by the sailors; but I do not think that there are 
 any sailors in the ship now. 2. When the general had 
 seen this, he ordered sixteen brave soldiers to travel two 
 days through the hills and valleys to the bank of a great 
 river. 3. Whom were you guarding ? Whose voice was 
 heard in the fields.^ 4. Why did you return home from 
 the shore ? Did you think that the Indians were burning 
 your grain ? 
 
 B, I. "While I was myself watching the same sheep,*' 
 said the farmer, "a strong wolf came from (its) cave. For 
 the night was dark, and there were many clouds in the sky." 
 2. *'In the morning," said Julia, "we shall hear the voices 
 of birds in the trees." "I do not see any nests," said 
 Marcella. " Do you think that there are birds there, Quin- 
 tus?" 3. "When the boat was being carried into the 
 sea," said the teacher, "the great waves began to fill with 
 water the baskets which the sailors had placed on the 
 shore." 
 
 LATIN PRTMFR — IT 
 
l62 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 EXERCISE LXIII 
 THE THIRD OR E-CONJUGATION (continued) 
 
 
 
 rapiO 
 
 
 
 
 
 Passive Voice 
 
 
 
 
 Indicative Mood 
 
 Subjunctive Mood 
 
 
 
 Present Tense 
 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 1st person 
 
 rapior 
 
 rapimur 
 
 rapiar 
 
 rapiamur 
 
 2d person 
 
 raperis 
 rapere 
 
 rapimini 
 
 rapiaris 
 rapiare 
 
 rapiamini 
 
 3d person 
 
 rapitur 
 
 rapiuntur 
 
 rapiatur 
 
 rapiantur 
 
 
 Imperfect Tense 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural ' 
 
 1st person 
 
 rapigbar 
 
 rapigbamur 
 
 raperer 
 
 rapergmur 
 
 2d person 
 
 rapiebaris 
 rapigbare 
 
 rapigbamini 
 
 rapereris 
 rapergre 
 
 rapergmini 
 
 3d person 
 
 rapigbatur rapigbantur 
 
 rapergtur 
 
 raperentur 
 
 
 
 Future Tense 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 
 1st person 
 
 rapiar 
 
 rapigmur 
 
 
 
 2d person 
 
 rapieris 
 rapigre 
 
 rapigmini 
 
 
 
 3d person 
 
 rapigtur 
 
 rapientur 
 
 
 
 Imperative Mood: Present Tense 
 Singular Plural 
 
 2d person rapere rapimini 
 
 Present Infinitfve 
 rapi 
 
LATIN PRIMER 163 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 gCns, gentis, f., nation, tribe, noctfl, adverb, at night, by 
 
 r6x, rggis, m., king, chief. night. 
 
 sustineO, sustin€re, sustinui, undique, adverb, ^«<7//j/^^j. 
 
 sustentus, sustain, endure. 
 
 Note. One-syllable masculines and feminines of the third de- 
 clension ending in -8 or -x preceded by a consonant (as ggns above) 
 have in the plural I-stem endings. Compare also nox (Exercise 
 LVI) and Iflx (Exercise LVIII). 
 
 ' READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Rex hostium, cum cogn5visset ab imperat5re 
 nostrd frumentum undique rapl, mllites fortis misit, ut 
 villus custodirent. 2. Lupi fortasse impetum canum susti- 
 nere non poterunt; venator enim dixit lupos omnis vehe- 
 menter canes timere. 3. Cum Indi furtim per agr5s iter 
 facerent, nullTus canis vox ab agricolTs audita est. 4. Quis 
 putat nos hostium impetum decem dies sustinere posse ? 
 
 B. A Poor Hiding Place 
 
 " Olim," inquit avus noster, " agricolae pauci in silvam 
 iter celeriter fecerunt, ignique consumpserunt tabernacula 
 quorundam Indorum, qui undique ex agris ovis equosque 
 rapuerant ; tum laeti domum redierunt. Paulo post autem 
 Indi multi noctu properaverunt e silva, et subito in cuius- 
 dam agricolae villam impetum acrem fecerunt. Agricola, 
 cum filii fortiter pugnarent, uxorem liberosque in latebrls 
 tutis coUocabat. Tum, cum videret impetum Indorum 
 sustineri non posse, una cum filiis e villa fugit. Matrem 
 liberosque ceteros Indi in venire non potuerunt. Sed iinum 
 ceperunt puerum parvum, qui in cunis latuerat ; quem igitur 
 duxerunt in silvam regique omnium gentium dederunt." 
 
1 64 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A. I. When the fish were being thrown from the 
 boat upon the sand, the tired sailor ordered the fat boys 
 to carry to a safe place the baskets, which were being 
 broken by the force of the waves. 2. Much excited by 
 these things, the chiefs of these tribes wanted to kill all the 
 farmers who were living in the valley. 3. On all sides 
 the soldiers threw fire into the tents, but they were not 
 able to find any Indians. 
 
 B, I. When the sturdy sailor heard this, he said that 
 there were eight axes in the boat, and that he was willing 
 to fight. 2. "We withstood the attack bravely for a 
 long time," said the soldier ; " for we thought that our 
 general was hurrying from the shore with all the sailors." 
 3. " Let's lead the sheep .also into the yard," said Quin- 
 tus. " I am afraid of the bears which the hunter saw in 
 the woods yesterday." 4. " When we had traveled far 
 by night," said the brave farmer, "suddenly we saw a 
 great light, and thought that the sailors were burning the 
 farmhouses." 
 
 EXERCISE LXIV 
 IRREGULAR VERB 
 fl(J, fieri, factus sum, de made, become 
 
 Indicative Mood 
 
 SUBJUNCTI 
 
 VE MOOD 
 
 Singular 
 
 Present Tensb 
 Plural 
 
 Singular 
 
 Pli^l 
 
 1st person fiO 
 2d person fis 
 3d person fit 
 
 [fimus] 
 [fitis] 
 fiunt 
 
 fiam 
 
 fias 
 
 fiat 
 
 fiamus 
 
 fiatis 
 
 fiant 
 

 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 
 165 
 
 
 
 Imperfect Tense 
 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 1st person 
 
 flSbam 
 
 fl^bamus 
 
 fierem 
 
 fiergmus 
 
 2d person 
 
 fiSbas 
 
 figbatis 
 
 fiergs 
 
 fiergtis 
 
 3d person 
 
 flebat 
 
 Singular 
 
 fi^bant 
 
 Future Tense 
 Plural 
 
 fieret 
 
 fierent 
 
 1st person 
 
 fiam 
 
 figmus 
 
 
 
 2d person 
 
 fi€s 
 
 figtls 
 
 
 
 3d person 
 
 fict 
 
 flent 
 
 
 
 Imperative Mood: Present Tensb 
 Singular Plural 
 
 2d person fi fite 
 
 Remark. The forms fimus and fitis are put in square brack- 
 ets because they are not in common use. 
 
 Note i. Fi5 (" be made," " become "), despite its largely 
 active formation, is logically the passive of faciO (" make "). It 
 thus happens that faciC utilizes the above forms of fi5, instead of 
 working out its own corresponding regular passive forms ; e.g.^ Cum 
 p4x fieret. When peace was being made. In the perfect tenses, 
 fi6 in turn utilizes the passive forms of faciO (as, f actus sum, etc.). 
 
 Note 2. Just as with the verb sum (see Exercise XIV), a 
 predicate noun or adjective is often found with fi5 ; <r^., Marcus 
 fit r€x puerOmm, Marcus is made king of the boys. 
 
 THE PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE 
 
 This fourth principal part of the verb is already familiar 
 from its use in the formation of the perfect, pluperfect, 
 and future perfect tenses of the passive. It can of course 
 be used also apart from these formations; e.g., vocfltus, -a, 
 -um {having been) called; habitus, -a, -um {Jiaving been) 
 had; etc. 
 
i66 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 Equitks 
 
 This illustration shows another carving on the monument re- 
 ferred to in connection with Exercise LIU. 
 
LATIN PRIMER 167 
 
 MODEL SENTENCE 
 
 Navibus igni cOnsumptls, ezercitus noster statim ad 
 silvam iter fecit, When the ships had been burned {lit, the 
 ships having been burned), our army marched at once to 
 the forest. 
 
 Rule. A noun in the ablative case^ with a participle in 
 agreement^ may be used to tell the circumstances under 
 which something happens. This construction is known as 
 the Ablative Absolute, 
 
 Remark. The ablative absolute of the model sentence simply 
 provides another way of saying Cum navgs igni cOnsumptae assent, 
 and in the English translation it is best rendered (as above) by a 
 clause introduced by " when." All ablative absolutes are better 
 translated in some such way as this ; but until the new construc- 
 tion has become somewhat familiar, it may be found helpful to 
 use the literal rendering also. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 eques, -itis, m., horseman. in matrimOnium dflcO, dti- 
 
 equO vectus, -a, -um, on horse- cere, duxi, ductus, marry, 
 
 back. paene, adverb, almost. 
 
 manus, -iis, f., hand. primO, adverb, at first, 
 
 maestus, -a, -um, sad, sine, preposition, used with 
 
 the ablative case, without. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A, I. Ursa occisa, nauta per silvam properavit, et in 
 itinere venat5rem quendam convenit. 2. Quod cum fie- 
 ret, pueri mali simiae caudam abscidere parabant. 3. Is 
 agricola fortasse fiet imperator omnium exercituum, quia 
 
l68 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 sine eo her! impetus hostium sustineri n5n potuit. 4. Cum 
 bellum annos septem gestum esset, omnes equites, qui 
 primo fortiter pugnaverant, subito ad hostium exercitum 
 transierunt. 
 
 B. The Luckless Schoolmaster 
 
 Olim magister quidam volebat in matrimonium ducere 
 filiam agricolae obesi, qui multos agros equ5sque habe- 
 bat. Cum autem puelia dixisset se nolle, magister maestus 
 noctu equo vectus domum redibat. Lux lunae erat parva, 
 et subito ex arborum umbris erupit magnus eques ater. 
 Magister primo putavit equitem sine capite esse ; tum vehe- 
 menter commotus vidit eum caput in manu ferre. Itaque 
 perterritus fugere coepit. Sed eques quoque cucurrit, su- 
 bitoque caput magna vi in magistrl caput iecit ; qui miser 
 paene mortuus in terram cecidit, neque eum mane agricolae 
 invenire potuerunt Vocem magistrl in vlllis audiverant, 
 sed noluerant eum adiuvare, quia ogines equitem atrum 
 vehementer timebant 
 
 II. Translate into Latin: 
 
 A. I. This sailor wants to be made king. Do not help 
 him. 2. Without horsemen we cannot guard one farmer's 
 sheep. 3. When the boat had almost been broken by a 
 great wave, the sailors at first thought that we could not be 
 carried to the ship. 4. The Indians would steal horses 
 on all sides ; then, when the farmers had been called, they 
 would flee quickly into the forest. 
 
 B. I. "The sailor's ^n was sad," said Marcus, "be- 
 cause he wanted to marry the general's daughter, and had 
 learned that her father was unwilling." \2. "We were 
 sending back the same boy to catch the little wolf," said 
 the farmer. " 3ut suddenly there came from the forest a 
 
LATIN PRIMER 169 
 
 hunter on horseback who had caught the little wolf with 
 (his) hands and killed its mother with arrows." 3. When 
 the water had been carried into the ship, the sailors them- 
 selves bought grain, and at once prepared to cross the 
 river; for they feared the violence of the Indians, who 
 often come to this place at night to capture the children 
 of the farmers and steal their horses and sheep. 
 
 EXERCISE LXV 
 THE COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 
 
 In Latin, as in English, there are three degrees of compar- 
 ison, namely Positive, Comparative, and Superlative ; e.g.^ 
 
 altus, altior, altissimus, tall^ taller, tallest {very tall). 
 fortis, f ortior, f ortissimus, brave^ braver, bravest {very brave). 
 
 Adjectives in -er form the superlative by adding -rimus 
 to the positive. And in the formation of the comparative 
 they retain or drop the e according as it is retained or 
 dropped in the declension of the positive ; e.g,^ 
 
 miser, miserior, miserrimus. 
 
 piger, pigrior, pigerrimus ; so Acer, ftter, arid pulcher. 
 
 The comparatives and superlatives of some adjectives 
 are very irregular : 
 
 bonus, melior, optimtis. mult!, plures, pl&riml. 
 
 magnus, maior, maximus. parvus, minor, minimus, 
 
 malus, peior, pessimus. 
 
 Superlatives are declined in the same way as bonus 
 The declension of the comparative is as follows: 
 
170 
 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 
 
 altior, 
 
 -ior, -ius, taller 
 Singular 
 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut, 
 
 Nom. 
 
 altior 
 
 altior 
 
 altius 
 
 Gen. 
 
 altioris 
 
 altioris 
 
 altioris 
 
 Dat. 
 
 altiori 
 
 altiori 
 
 altiori 
 
 Ace. 
 
 altiorem 
 
 altiorem 
 
 altius 
 
 AbL 
 
 altiore 
 
 altiore 
 Plural 
 
 altiore 
 
 
 Mase. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut, 
 
 Nom. 
 
 altiorgs 
 
 altidrgs 
 
 altiara 
 
 Gen. 
 
 altiorum 
 
 altiorum 
 
 altiorum 
 
 Dat. 
 
 altioribus 
 
 altioribus 
 
 altioribus 
 
 Ace. 
 
 altiores 
 
 altiores 
 
 alti5ra 
 
 Abl. 
 
 altioribus 
 
 altioribus 
 
 altioribus 
 
 Note. PlfirCs (the comparative of multi) has some I-stem 
 endings, namely -ium throughout the genitive, and occasionally 
 -is (for -68) in the accusative of the masculine and feminine. 
 But the neuter nominative and accusative is plUra. See Sum- 
 mary of Forms, page 196. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 gladius, -i, m., sword, perveniO, pervenire, perveni, 
 
 perventum, arrive^ come, 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. lulia pulchra est; ego autem puto Claudiam esse 
 pulchriorem. 2. Cum in hostis impetus aeerrimus fieret, 
 imperator ipse equo veetus gladio nautas duos oeeidit. 
 
 3. Nam manu ipsa lupum maximum paene occidi. 
 
 4. Puellas puleherrimas fratres nostri in matrimonium 
 ducent. 5. Sine meo gladid optimo in eastra hostium 
 pervenire n5n potero. 
 
LATIN PRIMER 171 
 
 B. The Raiders Punished 
 
 "Olim," inquit avia mea, "Indl in cymbis plurimis flu- 
 men nostrum transierunt, multlsque agricolis occisis, un- 
 dique villas igni consumere coeperunt. Subito autem tres 
 venatores, qui furtim e silva venerant, Indos occiderunt 
 paucos, qui cymbas custodiebant, cymbasque ipsas paene 
 omnis saxis fregerunt. Quibus rebus factis, cum viderent 
 Indos ceteros ad ripam properare, venatores quandam 
 cymbam ceperunt parvam, et celeriter ad Insulam mini- 
 mam transierunt. Turn Indi, qui iam domum redire non 
 poterant, vehementer commoti viderunt ad flumen currere 
 equites nostros, qui per silvam iter celeriter fecerant, ut 
 agricolas adiuvarent. Itaque hostes perterriti se in aquam 
 iecerunt. Pauci ad insulas pervenerunt, et a venatoribus 
 sunt occisi; plures autem ab equitibus capti in castra ad 
 imperatorem ducti sunt." 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A. i. Let us seize the larger swords ; meanwhile the boys 
 will throw the smaller into the sea. 2. When the kings 
 of the better tribes had arrived, the sailors could not with- 
 stand the attack of the enemy's horsemen. 3. A little 
 later the voice of the poor hunter was heard in the woods. 
 Then we all climbed at once into a very tall tree ; for we 
 thought that he was being killed by bears. 4. I did not 
 hear that any Indians were living in the caves. 
 
 B. I. "The tired sailors, who had long withstood the 
 force of a very great storm," said the teacher, "now 
 wanted, together with the farmers, to cross over to the 
 island." 2. Then said the sailor to the boys, " I think 
 that the Indians do the same thing ; for they often jour- 
 ney many days on horseback without grain and water." 
 3. " When this was learned," said the soldier, " our general 
 
172 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 at once ordered us to march from the camp to the shore 
 and make a very fierce attack by night upon the ships of 
 the enemy." 
 
 EXERCISE LXVI 
 
 THE FOURTH OR T-CONJUGATION 
 
 audio 
 
 
 
 Passive Voice 
 
 
 
 
 Indicative Mood 
 
 Subjunctive Mood 
 
 
 
 Present Tense 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 1st per. 
 
 audior 
 
 audlmur 
 
 audiar 
 
 audiamur 
 
 2d per. 
 
 audiris 
 audire 
 
 audlminl 
 
 audiaris 
 audiare 
 
 audiamini 
 
 3d per. 
 
 audltur 
 
 audiuntur 
 
 audiatur 
 
 audiantur 
 
 
 
 Imperfect Tense 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 1st per. 
 
 audiSbar 
 
 audiebamur 
 
 audirer 
 
 audiremur 
 
 2d per. 
 
 audiebaris 
 audiebftre 
 
 audiebamini 
 
 audireris 
 audirere 
 
 audiremini 
 
 3d per. 
 
 audiSbatur 
 Singular 
 
 audiebantur 
 
 Future Tense 
 Plural 
 
 audirStur 
 
 audirentur 
 
 1st per. 
 
 audiar 
 
 audiemur 
 
 
 
 2d per. 
 
 audigris 
 audiere 
 
 audiemini 
 
 
 
 3d per. 
 
 audietur 
 
 audientur 
 
 
 
 Imperative Mood: Present Tense 
 Singular Plural 
 
 2d person audire audimini 
 
 Present iNli-mrrrvE 
 audiri 
 
LATIN PRIMER I73 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 castellum, -I, ti.,fort, facile, adverb, easily, without 
 
 apud, preposition, used difficulty. 
 
 with the accusative case, haud procul, adverbial 
 among, at the house of. phrase, not far away, 
 
 libenter, adverb, gladly, 
 readily. 
 
 THE COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 
 
 Adverbs, like adjectives, have three degrees of compari- 
 son ; e.g., 
 
 long€, longius, Xongissim^, far, farther, farthest {very far). 
 fortiter, fortius, fortissime, bravely, more bravely^ most 
 bravely (very bravely). 
 
 Learn also the comparison of the following adverbs: 
 
 ftcriter, ftcrius, ftcerrimg. facile, facilius, facillime. 
 
 celeriter, celerius, celerrimg. libenter, libentius, libentis- 
 diu, diutius, diutissime. sime. 
 
 Remark i. Note that the adverbs icriter and celeriter are 
 derived from adjectives in -cr (namely 4cer, celer), and that they 
 form the superlative accordingly (see Exercise LXV). 
 
 Remark 2. Observe that the comparative of an adverb is regu- 
 larly the same as the neuter singular of the comparative of the 
 corresponding adjective ; e.g., icrius, fortius, etc 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Ita in silvis ursae et lupl facillime inveniuntur. 
 2. Eques primo perterritus paene in ignem cecidit; turn 
 autem fortiter in validum venatdrem impetum fecit 
 
174 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 Castellum 
 This ruined fort is found in Palestine. 
 
LATIN PRIMER 1 75 
 
 3. Liberorum corbulae nostris^ manibus frumento com- 
 pletae erant. 4. Sine exercitu maiore imperator longius 
 iter facere non poterit-/"*^ 5. Undique invenientur agricolae 
 maesti, quorum liberi et equf ab Indis rapti sunt. 
 
 B. The Escape of the Captive 
 
 " Quadam in villa," inquit nauta, " habitabat puella 
 parva una cum matre et sororibus tribus. Olim, cum 
 agricolae omnes longissime in agros issent, subito e late- 
 bris eruperunt Indi plurimi, qui impetum acerrimum in 
 villas fecerunt. Mater et filiae ceterae facile e villa fuge- 
 runt ad castellum parvum, quod baud procul in fluminis 
 ripa coUocatum erat; ea autem puella pupam invenire 
 non potuit, nee cum ceteris fugit. Quae igitur ab hostibus 
 capta in silvam longe ducta est, ibique tris annos cum Indis 
 habitavit; turn autem equum optimum furtim rapuit, et 
 per noctem celeriter vecta, mane domum pervenit. Mater, 
 quae diu puellam mortuam putabat, laeta vocavit filias 
 ceteras (quae interim in matrimonium ductae erant), ut 
 audirent omnia, quae viderat soror et fecerat, cum apud 
 Indos habitaret." 
 
 II. Translate into Latin \ ' 
 
 A. I. While this was being done among the Indians, 
 the farmers were placing a camp not far away in the woods. 
 2. This fort will be more easily taken ; for the soldiers are 
 few, and they will not be able long to withstand the attack 
 of the Indians. 3. The voices of the worst chiefs of 
 these tribes will be heard gladly by you all. 4. Whom 
 did the farmer's wife send at night to warn the soldiers 
 who were guarding the fort } 
 
 1 When a possessive adjective precedes the noun it modifies, the word " own " 
 often needs to be added in the English translation; t^., "my (own)," "our 
 (own)," etc 
 
iy6 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 B. I. " Did the general say that he was afraid of the 
 Indians ? " asked the hunter. " He said that he was not 
 afraid himself," answered Marcus, "but that no army 
 could withstand the attack of all the tribes." 2. "Fight 
 more fiercely," cried the general; "I have learned that 
 numerous (//V. very many) Indians are hurrying through 
 the woods on horseback. Without them the enemy can- 
 not withstand our attack." 3. "Our soldiers are very 
 lazy," said my father ; " for they often hide in the forest, 
 and are not willing to carry water to the camp." 
 
 EXERCISE LXVII 
 
 THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE 
 
 The present participle of Latin verbs is active in mean- 
 ing. It is declined as follows : 
 
 
 
 vocAns, 
 
 calling 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 Afasc. Fern, 
 
 Ntni. 
 
 Masc, Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 vocftns 
 
 vocftns 
 
 vocantes 
 
 vocantia 
 
 Gen. 
 
 vocantis 
 
 vocantis 
 
 vocantium 
 
 vocantium 
 
 Dat. 
 
 vocanti 
 
 vocanti 
 
 vocantibus 
 
 vocantibus 
 
 Ace. 
 
 vocantem 
 
 vocftns 
 
 vocantes 
 vocantis 
 
 vocantia 
 
 Abl. 
 
 vocante 
 
 vocante 
 
 vocantibus 
 
 vocantibus 
 
 Inflect in the same way 
 
 habens, -entis, having, 
 mittens, -entis, sending. 
 rapiens, -ientis, seizing. 
 audiens, -ientis, hearing. 
 
 iens, euntis, going. 
 f erens, -entis, carrying. 
 nOlens, -entis, being unwilling 
 volens, -entis, being willing. 
 
LATIN PRIMER I77 
 
 VOCABUIJVRY 
 
 ftmittO, ftmittere, amisi, postrgmO, adverb, at last. 
 
 amissus, lose. urbs, urbis, f., city. 
 
 mulier, -ieris, f., ivoman. vir, virl, m., man, hus- 
 colonus, -i, M , colonist. band. 
 
 Remark. For the declension of urbs, see the note on ggns in 
 Exercise LXIII. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Turn ego perterritus Indos pessimos per agros 
 celerrime venientes vidi. 2. Qua v5ce audita, agricolae 
 irati acrius in virura obesum impetum fecerunt. 3. Nam 
 hostes, cum equites nostros per silvam fortissime prope- 
 rantes audlvissent, subito fugerunt. 4. Mllitibus ex urbe 
 euntibus dati sunt gladii meliores. 5. Imperator, cum 
 cognovisset Indos haud procul castra collocare, cum eis 
 pacem facere n5n diutius volebat. 
 
 B. A Wife Regained 
 
 Olim Indl, qui prope castellum parvum habitabant, 
 colonos parabant occldere. Itaque agricolae multl, cum 
 id cognovissent, cum uxoribus liberisque ad urbem quan- 
 dam statim properaverunt. Ceterl autem, qui fortiores 
 erant, e vIllTs fugere diu nolebant ; sed postremo, cum iam 
 undique IndT occlderent colonos vlllasque igni consumerent, 
 maesti ad eandem urbem iter facere coeperunt omnes. 
 Quo in itinere mulier quaedam, cuius vir gladium amiserat, 
 ab Indls capta est. Quam cum ad regem dQxissent, hostes 
 celerrimf in agros redierunt, ut ovis quoque et equos rape- 
 rent. Interim agricola, uxore capta, colonos ex urbe noctu 
 vocavit; qui cum Indls acerrime pugnaverunt regemque 
 
 LATIN PRIMER — 1 2 
 
178 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 occiderunt ipsum. Ita mulier postremS laeta in urbem 
 cum viro pervenit. 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : / 
 
 A. I. When the colonists on horseback arrived at 
 (///. to) the river, they very gladly received the swords. 
 2. The cries of the hunters going through the woods 
 could very easily be heard. 3. We shall find among the 
 Indians almost all the children who have been lost from 
 these towns. 4. When this had been done, the tired 
 women found sitting under a tree the boy whom their 
 husbands had brought from the city. 5. At first the 
 king was willing to send back the whole army to the 
 camp; but finally he ordered the horsemen to make a 
 fiercer attack upon the enemy. 
 
 B. I. **I shall not return without the children," said 
 the hunter to the sad mother. " The Indians have trav- 
 eled many miles through the valley, but we shall soon 
 capture them." 2. "When we saw the drunken sailor 
 hiding under the benches," said Marcus, "we at once 
 called soldiers from the fort." 3. " On all sides the enemy 
 are sending Indians into the fields," said the hunter, " so 
 that our horses may all be killed." 4. " When our general 
 had sent the wives and children of the brave colonists to 
 a larger fort," said the women, "he marched three days 
 through the hills, and suddenly made a fierce attack on 
 the enemy's largest city." 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 179 
 
 EXERCISE LXVIII 
 
 IRREGULAR NOUNS 
 
 Norn. 
 Gen. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 dens, M., god 
 
 Singular Plural 
 deus del, dii, dl 
 del deOrum 
 
 deum 
 ded dels, dils, dis 
 deum deOs 
 
 domus, F., house ^ home 
 Singular Plural 
 
 domus domfis 
 
 domlis domuum 
 
 domOrum 
 domul, domO domibus 
 domum domOs, domfis 
 
 Abl. deO dels, diis, dis domO, domu domibus 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 Ordinal Numerals 
 
 nOnus, -a, -um, ninth. 
 decimus, -a, -um, tenth. 
 
 primus, -a, -um, first. 
 secundus, -a, -um, second. 
 
 tertius, -a, -um, third. 
 
 quartus, -a, -um, fourth. legiO, -Onis, f., company^ regi* 
 
 quintus, -a, -um, fifth, ment. 
 
 sextus, -a, -um, sixth. in f ugam dO, dare, dedi, datus, 
 
 Septimus, -a, -um, seventh. put to flight. 
 
 octavus, -a, -um, eighth. nostri, -6rum, m., our men. 
 
 MODEL SENTENCk 
 
 Venator in sp€lunca latuit, n6 ab Indis capergtur. The 
 hunter hid in the cave so as not to be captured by the 
 Indians. 
 
 Rule. In purpose clauses the negative of ut is nC. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Di nos adiuvant; hostes enim perterriti flumen 
 transeunt, neque diutius ab eis domus nostrae igni consu- 
 mentur. 2. Legio tertia una cum equitibus multis fortis- 
 
l8o LATIN PRIMER 
 
 sime e castris erupit, hostibusque celeriter in fugam datis, 
 oppidum facile cepit. 3. Quod cum auditum esset, muliei 
 vehementer commota filid patris gladium dedit. 4. Colonl 
 cymbis vecti ad insulam noctu transierunt ibique ceperunt 
 Indos tres, quos in herba latentes invenerunt. 
 
 B, An Ambuscade 
 
 " Cum bellum did gestum esset cum Indis," inquit avia 
 mea, *' frumentumque omne ex agris raptum esset, saepe 
 col5norum miserorum equi quoque ab hostibus capiebantur. 
 Sed col5ni nolebant pacem fieri, et libenter cum militibus 
 per vallis coUisque iter faciebant, ut tabernacula castraque 
 Indorum igni consumerent. Olim, cum agricolae plurimi 
 una cum equitibus paucis per silvam properarent ad flumen, 
 cuius in ripa Indi castra parva collocaverant, subito e late- 
 bris hostes eruperunt, sagittisque sex col6n5s duosque equi- 
 tes occiderunt. Qua re commdtl equites fortissime fecerunt 
 impetum, hostesque celeriter in fugam dederunt. Indi au- 
 tem facile ad castra pervenerunt, nee eos capere potuerunt 
 nostri.'* 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A. I. While these things were being done, the general 
 marched quickly through the valley, so that the sixth regi- 
 ment might not be captured by the enemy. . 2. Finally 
 the Indians were put to flight, and their women and children 
 hurried to a smaller city. 3. The women very readily 
 gave arrows to certain men who had lost (their) swords. 
 4. When they learned that eight children of the colonists 
 were living among the Indians, brave hunters traveled on 
 horseback eighteen miles through the forest to the enemy's 
 camp. Four children were thus captured by our men and 
 sent back to town, but the others could not be found. 
 
LATIN PRIMER l8l 
 
 B. I. " When we had cut off the bear's head with an ax," 
 said Quintus to the girls, " I easily carried it in {lit. by) 
 my hand to the river. There we saw a sailor catching fish. 
 He wanted to cross over to certain large rocks ; and so we 
 took him into our boat, and carried him with us to the 
 island. Then we hurried home." 2. " Where is your dog, 
 boys } " asked the hunter. " I think there is a wolf in the 
 fields, and I have not seen your dog to-day." 3. " With- 
 out horsemen," said the general, " the enemy will not be 
 able to put our men to flight. I have, therefore, sent 
 the eighth regiment into the fields, so that the farmers' 
 horses might not be stolen by the Indians." 4. The 
 soldier who yesterday married the chief's daughter thought 
 that peace could thus be made very easily with the Indians. 
 
 EXERCISE LXIX 
 
 DEPONENT VERBS 
 
 In all conjugations there are verbs, otherwise regular, 
 which (aside from participles, etc.) are conjugated only in 
 the passive, and yet have active meaning throughout. 
 Such verbs are known as Deponents; see Summary of 
 Forms, page 212. The following Vocabulary includes 
 deponents representative of all conjugations. 
 
 V«CAiULARV 
 
 moror, morftrl, moratus sum, patior, pati, passus sum, aU • 
 
 dihy, tutTy, linger. I Itiv, snffrr. Often con-^ 
 
 poUiceor, poIlic€r!, pollicitus strued with the accusative 
 
 sum, pr$misi. ^ and present infinitive. 
 
 proficiscor, proficisci, profec- adorior, adoriri, adortus sum, 
 
 tus sum, set 0ut, sUrt. Bttmck. 
 
1 82 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 Remark. The principal parts of a deponent verb are three 
 instead of four because the perfect indicative of such a verb in- 
 volves in its own formation the perfect passive participle, which 
 therefore need not be given separately. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 L Translate into English : g^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 A. I. Quibus rebus cogmtis, imperator statim cum equi- 
 tibus plurimis profectus est. 2. Marcus, cum prope im- 
 peratoris domum moraretur, legidnem nonam e cymbis per 
 fluctus ad harenam properantem vidit. 3. Venator, qui 
 liberis ursam parvam poUicitus erat, herl in silva quendam 
 nautam convenit, qui in spelunca tris ursas parvas viderat. 
 4. Quod cum cognitum esset, matres non diutius pueros 
 in agris ludere patiebantur. 5. Qua voce imperatoris 
 audita, nostri omnes fortissime rivum transierunt, ut castra 
 hostium adorlrentur. 
 
 B, A Decisive Battle 
 
 " Cum multos dies libenter iter fecissemus neque potuis- 
 semus hostls invenire," inquit miles fortis, "postremo noster 
 imperator ipse Indos quosdam c5nvenit, qui dixerunt hostes 
 perterritos in silva latere. Qua re audita, castra baud pro- 
 cul collocavimus, venatoresque statim in silvam missi sunt, 
 ut hostium latebras invenirent. Quod cum factum esset, 
 hostes, qui putabant omnem exercitum nostrum iam in silva 
 esse, celerrime eruperunt e latebrls, venatoresque facillime 
 in fugam dederunt ; cum autem undique e silva currerent 
 in agros, ut ibi venatores fugientis occlderent, subit5 im- 
 perator noster equites iussit in eos impetum acerrimum 
 facere. Ita hostes plurimi a nostris occlsl sunt, ceterique 
 ab Indls sunt captl. Tum imperator, urbibus multls igni 
 consumptis, laetus cum exercitii domum rediit." 
 
LATIN PRIMER 1 83 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : / 
 
 ^. X. The enemy were perhaps helped by the gods; 
 for we attacked their camp most bravely, but could not 
 put them to flight. 2. In the houses of the best men 
 there was peace. ^. The enemy were alarmed by the 
 light of the moon, and did not set out from the city. 
 \|.. The general was unwilling to allow the seventh regi- 
 ment to delay in the forest. \. Let's promise birds to 
 the girls. 6. Don't give axes to the boys. 
 
 B. \ "When these things were heard, the women 
 gladly hurried into the farmhouse," said the hunter; "for 
 they were frightened by the force of the storm." X " ^^ 
 finally arrived at (///. to) a suitable place," said the horse- 
 man. " Then the colonists said that they were willing to 
 go themselves into the camp of the Indians ; for there was 
 no moon, and black clouds were in the sky." 3. "The 
 tribes of these chiefs will not withstand the attack of our 
 men," said the sailor ; " for the hunters will hurry through 
 the woods by night to help us." 
 
 IXKCISK 1#XZ 
 BsiieirsTKATrTs pit«9i«V]rs 
 
 
 
 hic, haec. 
 
 hoc, this 
 
 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 
 Afasc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut, 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 NetU. 
 
 Nom 
 
 hie 
 
 haec 
 
 hoc 
 
 hi 
 
 hae 
 
 haec 
 
 Gen. 
 
 huius 
 
 huius 
 
 huius 
 
 hOrum 
 
 harum 
 
 hOnim 
 
 Dat. 
 
 huic 
 
 huic 
 
 huic 
 
 his 
 
 his 
 
 his 
 
 Ace. 
 
 hunc 
 
 hanc 
 
 hoc 
 
 h6s 
 
 has 
 
 haec 
 
 Abl. 
 
 hoc 
 
 h&c 
 
 hoc 
 
 his 
 
 his 
 
 his 
 
1 84 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 iUe, ilia, illud, that 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 
 Masc, 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Moic. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 ille 
 
 ilia 
 
 illud 
 
 illi 
 
 illae 
 
 ilia 
 
 Gen. 
 
 illius 
 
 illius 
 
 illius 
 
 illOrum 
 
 illarum 
 
 illOrum 
 
 Dat. 
 
 illl 
 
 illi 
 
 illi 
 
 illis 
 
 illis 
 
 illis 
 
 Ace. 
 
 ilium 
 
 illam 
 
 illud 
 
 illOs 
 
 illfts 
 
 ilia 
 
 Abl. 
 
 iUO 
 
 iil& 
 
 ill(J 
 
 illis 
 
 illis 
 
 illis 
 
 Remark. These two pronouns are often used together in the 
 same sentence to mark a contrast ; e.g., Haec urbs magna, illud 
 oppidum parvum est, This city is iarge, that town is small, 
 
 vcx:abui-ary 
 
 c6g0, cOgere, co€gi, coftctus, cdnor, cOnari, cOnatus sum, 
 
 force ^ compel. Construed attempt ^ try. Often con- 
 
 with the accusative and strued with the present 
 
 present infinitive. infinitive. 
 
 domi, at home. postea, adverb, afterward. 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Nautae has bacas edere n5lunt. Ilia ova eTs 
 demus, ne gallinas ipsas rapere velint. 2. Postea igitur 
 venatores coegerunt nos in spelunca latere. 3. Nam puer 
 obesus prlm5 fugere conatus est; sed postremo libenter 
 humi iacuit. 4. DomI sunt mater et pater meus ; in ilia 
 urbe sunt fratres et sorores. 5. Celeriter ad iTtus perve- 
 nire c5nabamur ; sed saepe morarl coacti sum us, ne liberl 
 in silva amitterentur. Mane autem ad mare defessi 
 pervenimus. 
 
LATIN PRIMER 185 
 
 B. An Indian Victory 
 " Olim," inquit avus noster, " cum bellum miserrimum diu 
 gestum esset, llberique agricolarum undique ab Indls cape- 
 rentur, subito mane prope oppidum quoddam auditl sunt 
 hostes, qui statim domos colonorum acriter adorti sunt, 
 ignisque iacere coeperunt. Vocibus Indorum audltis, muli- 
 eres perterritae cum llberis fugerunt in domum maximam, 
 quam putabant hostis capere non posse; interim in vils 
 earum virl valid! cum Indis fortissime pugnabant. Sed 
 mox undique domus col6n5rum ignl consumebantur, nee 
 diutius impetus hostium sustinerl poterat Itaque, cum 
 iam colon! paene omnes hum! mortu! iacerent, hostes omnia 
 rapuerunt quae inven!re facile poterant, laetlque in silvas 
 redierunt iina cum liberis, qu5rum matres occiderant." 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A. I. Let's try now to catch this wolf. Afterward the 
 hunter will easily kill the bears. 2. What compels you 
 to delay longer, my son ? Why are you hiding at home, and 
 not preparing to set out for (///. to) the ship ? 3. My father 
 did not allow the boys to go. 4. The fourth regiment 
 marched three miles and suddenly attacked the Indians. 
 
 B. I. "This same hunter will to-morrow kill the chief 
 of that tribe also," said the sailor. " He has himself prom- 
 ised (it)." 2. "Those bad boys are trying to force the 
 smaller dog to run into the water," said Julia. "A little 
 later they will be punished." 3. " I see a taller tree," 
 said Quintus. " Let's climb up into it and throw branches 
 upon the heads of those lazy soldiers whom you see lying 
 in the shade not far away." 4. "When we heard the 
 hunters on horseback running through the field yester- 
 day," said the farmer, "we thought that the horsemen of 
 the enemy were preparing to attack our town." 
 
1 86 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 EXERCISE LXXI 
 
 INDEFINITE PRONOUN 
 
 
 allqui, aliqua, aliquod, some. 
 
 any 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neui. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 aliqul 
 
 aliqua 
 
 aliquod 
 
 Gen. 
 
 alicuius 
 
 alicuius 
 
 alicuius 
 
 Dat. 
 
 alicui 
 
 alicui 
 
 alicui 
 
 Ace. 
 
 aliquem 
 
 aliquam 
 
 aliquod 
 
 Abl. 
 
 aliquO 
 
 aliqua 
 
 aliquO 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Ngmt. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 aliqui 
 
 aliquae 
 
 aliqua 
 
 Gen. 
 
 aliquOrum 
 
 aliquarum 
 
 aliquOrum 
 
 Dat 
 
 aliquibus 
 
 aliquibus 
 
 aliquibus 
 
 Ace. 
 
 aliquOs 
 
 aliquas 
 
 aliqua 
 
 AbL 
 
 aliquibus 
 
 aliquibus 
 
 aliquibus 
 
 Note. The above pronoun is here treated as an adjective. It 
 may also be used as a noun, meaning " some one, something," 
 " any one, anything," etc. When so used, aliquis replaces aliqui 
 (nominative singular), and aliquid replaces aliquod (nominative 
 and accusative singular), and the feminine is lacking throughout. 
 
 Remark. Distinguish between the use of the adjectives aliqui 
 and flllus (Exercise LXII). Both words may mean "any," but 
 Ulu8 is used mostly in negative clauses. 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 aut, conjunction, or. 
 iste, ista, istud, //«>, that. 
 numquam, adverb, never. 
 
 sequor, sequi, secutus sum, 
 
 follow. 
 
LATIN PRIMER 187 
 
 NcxTE. The declension of iste is the same as that of llle 
 (Exercise LXX). 
 
 Remark. The conjunction aut is sometimes repeated in the 
 form aut . . . aut. The meaning then is " either . . . or." 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Videtisne aliquid in silva? Nos aut ursam aut 
 lupum in agro videmus. 2. Istos Indos non timebam. El 
 enim colonds numquam occidere conati erant. 3. Impe- 
 rator, cum cognovisset aliquas mulieres ab Indis cogi 
 iiberos in ignis iacere, statim ad oppidum hostium cum 
 equitibus profectus est, exercitumque omnem sequi iussit 
 4. Hie rex flet imperator exercituum omnium. llle autem 
 rex equites ducet 
 
 B. The Settlers Surprised 
 
 "Agricola quidam," inquit nauta, "olim longe in agros 
 una cum colonis ceteris ierat, equosque iam in locum tutum 
 ducebat, ne ab Indis raperentur. Cum autem in itinere 
 morarentur coloni, subito in eorum villas hostes impetum 
 acerrimum fecerunt. Tum ille vir, cum voces Indorum 
 audivisset, colonos ceteros sequi iussit, ipseque celerrime 
 domum properavit. Sed interim hostes, qui ignis iecerant 
 in domos aliquas, undique mulieres liber5sque occidebant. 
 Itaque agricola, cum postremo domum pervenisset, uxorem 
 f iliamque humi iacentes invenit mortuas ; nam uxor sagitta 
 occisa erat, caput autem filiae saxo erat fractum. Quibus 
 rebus cognitis, coloni omnibus ex urbibus statim in unum 
 locum convenerunt, multisque cum equitibus celeriter in 
 silvam profecti sunt. Ita cum dies multos iter fecissent, 
 subito noctu adorti sunt Inddrum oppidum ; moxque isti 
 hostes a nostris omnes aut capti aut occisi sunt." 
 
1 88 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 II. Translate into Latin: 
 
 A, I. Come into the tents, boys. We have bought 
 better apples. 2. Let's follow the dogs ; for I think that 
 there are little wolves in the cave. 3. The cook said that 
 he never allowed the monkey to sit on (his) shoulder. 
 4. These soldiers will guard the sheep, and will not linger 
 on the river bank. 5. Marcus went with us to the stream, 
 and I almost caught a very large fish. 
 
 B, I. ** Let's buy some dog or raven," said Marcus, 
 "/prefer doves," replied Claudia; "for they never frighten 
 the children." 2. " Afterward we shall see the fifth regi- 
 ment," said the hunter. " For the general will not allow 
 it to cross the stream without boats." 3. ** Did you see 
 any one going through the valley.^" asked the general. 
 "I saw no Indians," replied the tired colonist; "but there 
 were many horses under the trees." 4. "Often have I 
 fought fiercely with the enemy," said the brave soldier to 
 the boys ; " but now I sit gladly at home." 
 
 EXERCISE LXXII 
 
 THE GERUNDIVE 
 
 The gerundive is a passive participle conveying the idea 
 of necessity or need, ^.^., 
 
 vocandus, -a, -um, ^o be rapiendus, -a, -um, to be 
 
 called. seized. 
 
 habendus, -a, -um, to be had. audiendus, -a, -um, to be 
 
 mittendus, -a, -um, to be sent. heard. 
 
 Ordinarily the gerundive is used in connection with a 
 form of sum, and the translation varies somewhat ; e.g.. 
 
LATIN PRIMER 189 
 
 Mulier vocanda est, The woman must be called, 
 PutO mulierem vocandam esse, / think that the woman 
 should be called, 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 Ordinal Numerals 
 
 findecimus, -a, -um, eleventh, flndCvicgsimus, -a, -um, nine- 
 duodecimus, -a, -um, twelfth. teenth. 
 
 tardus (-a, -um) decimus, -a, vicgsimus, -a, -um, twentieth, 
 
 -um, thirteenth, 
 
 qu&rtus (-a, -um) decimus, -a, dfi, preposition, used with 
 
 -um, fourteenth, the ablative case, about, 
 
 quintus (a, -um) decimus, -a, concerning. 
 
 -Mm, fifteenth. petO, petere, petivi, petitus, 
 
 sextus (-a, -um) decimus, -a, look for, seek, 
 
 -um, sixteenth. pugna, -ae, f., battle. 
 
 Septimus (-a, -um) decimus, relinquO, relinquere, reliqui, 
 
 -a, -um, seventeenth. relictus, leave, desert, 
 
 duodgvicesimus, -a, -um, simul, adverb, at the same 
 
 eighteenth, time, 
 
 READING LESSON 
 
 I. Translate into English : 
 
 A. I. Simul rex istarum gentium omnium profectus est, 
 »it pacem peteret. 2. Pax petenda est ; hostes enim de hac 
 pugna iam audiverunt. 3. Milites dixerunt se putare pacem 
 petendam esse. 4. Numquam te sequemur, imperator pes- 
 sime. 5. Aut hostis adoriamur aut ad litus properemus. 
 
 B, A Bold Abduction 
 ** Domus nostra," inquit colonus, " in ripa fluminis ma- 
 xim! coUocata erat, unaque cum fratre et sororibus prope 
 aquam saepe ludebam. Olim in cymba parva vidimus In- 
 dds tres sedentes, qui piscis multos e flu mine capiebant. 
 
190 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 PUGNA 
 
 A modem artist's conception of the attack of a Roman army 
 upon a walled towo. 
 
LATIN PRIMER 191 
 
 Paul5 post autem, cum iam in harena laeti luderemus, Indi, 
 piscibus relictis, ad ripam furtim pervenerunt, fratremque 
 subito rapuerunt nostrum. Qua re perterriti magna voce 
 patrem^vocavimus. Cum autem is, vehementer commotus, 
 ex agris ad flumen cucurrisset, Indi iam ad quandam in- 
 sulam parvam cum fratre pervenerant. Itaque, militibus 
 quoque vocatis, agricolae omnes multis cymbis vecti celeri- 
 ter ad. insulam eandem transierunt. Interim autem Indi 
 in maiorem insulam fugerant, in qua erat silva atra et spe- 
 luncae multae ; itaque numquam postea fratrem vidimus." 
 
 II. Translate into Latin : 
 
 A. I. The eighteenth regiment should be helped; for 
 a very fierce attack is being made upon it by the enemy. 
 2. In the battle which we saw there, the bravest soldiers 
 were killed by our men, and the others were easily put to 
 flight. 3. The king said that hunters must at once be 
 sent into the woods, so that the enemy might not be able 
 to escape (///. flee) stealthily from (their) camp. 4. Do 
 you think that these stones must be carried to the shore 
 and thrown into the sea.^ Where did the women find 
 them ? 
 
 B, I. " Afterward," said the farmer, " we were sitting at 
 home in the shade. But the children, who were looking 
 for eggs, soon called us to see the baskets which they had 
 filled." 2. " At the same time," said the soldier to the 
 boys, " the enemy were hurrying to the river. But about 
 this battle you will soon hear at school." 3. " I saw some 
 one stealing a horse from the field," said the farmer. 
 "Run, boys; let's all try to catch him." 4. "We 
 thought that these Indians must at once be captured," 
 said the general ; " for the other tribes were now setting 
 out from the larger cities to help them." 
 
SUMMARY OF FORMS 
 
 (To round out the Summary, certain forms are included which have not been 
 treated in the Exercises of this book. All such additional forms are printed in 
 iulics, so that they can readily be distinguished from those which the student has 
 thus fiu: been required to learn.) 
 
 NOUNS 
 
 The FmsT or A-Declension 
 
 mSnsa, f. 
 
 
 81NOULAK 
 
 Plural 
 
 Norn. 
 
 mensa 
 
 mensae 
 
 Gen. 
 
 in€nsae 
 
 mensarum 
 
 Dat. 
 
 mensae 
 
 mensis 
 
 Ace. 
 
 mensam 
 
 mensas 
 
 AU. 
 
 mensi 
 
 mensM 
 
 Thb Second or O-Declension 
 hortus, M. puer, m. ager, m. vir, m. malum, n. 
 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 
 Nom. 
 
 hortus 
 
 puer 
 
 ager 
 
 vir 
 
 malum 
 
 Gen. 
 
 horti 
 
 pueri 
 
 agri 
 
 viri 
 
 mall 
 
 Dat. 
 
 hort5 
 
 puerS 
 
 agr5 
 
 vir6 
 
 malo 
 
 Ace. 
 
 hortum 
 
 puerum 
 
 agrum 
 
 virum 
 
 malum 
 
 Abl. 
 
 hortS 
 
 puer5 
 
 agrS 
 
 Plural 
 
 vir6 
 
 mal6 
 
 Nom. 
 
 hortI 
 
 pueri 
 
 agri 
 
 viri 
 
 mala 
 
 Gen. 
 
 hortonim 
 
 puerSrum 
 
 agrorum 
 
 virorum 
 
 malomm 
 
 Dat. 
 
 hortis 
 
 pueris 
 
 agris 
 
 viris 
 
 mails 
 
 Ace. 
 
 hortos 
 
 puerds 
 
 agros 
 
 vir5s 
 
 mala 
 
 Abl. 
 
 hortis 
 
 pueris 
 
 agris 
 192 
 
 viris 
 
 malis 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 193 
 
 Remark. Masculines in -us have in the singular a special voca- 
 tive form, as fifirce, coque, etc. By exception, filius and proper 
 nouns in -lus abbreviate the vocative (and genitive) singular ; e.g.^ 
 fOL So also the genitive of a few neuters in -ium. 
 
 
 
 The Third Declension 
 
 
 
 
 Consonant Stems 
 
 
 
 fl68, M. 
 
 arbor, f. 
 Singular 
 
 
 Utll8,N. 
 
 Norn. 
 
 flos 
 
 arbor 
 
 
 Ktus 
 
 Gen. 
 
 floris 
 
 arboris 
 
 
 Uteris 
 
 Dat. 
 
 flori 
 
 arbori 
 
 
 lltori 
 
 Ace. 
 
 florem 
 
 arborem 
 
 
 lltus 
 
 Abl. 
 
 fldre 
 
 arbors 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 fitors 
 
 Nom. 
 
 fldris 
 
 arboris 
 
 
 ntors 
 
 Gen. 
 
 florum 
 
 arbonun 
 
 
 litonun 
 
 Dat. 
 
 floribus 
 
 arboribos 
 
 
 lltoribus 
 
 Ace. 
 
 florgs 
 
 arborga 
 
 
 Ktor* 
 
 Abl. 
 
 floribus 
 
 arboribus 
 I-Stems 
 
 
 litoribos 
 
 
 i^is, M. 
 
 vall§s, F. mare, n. 
 
 animal, n., lith 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing creature 
 
 
 
 ^ Singular 
 
 
 
 Nom. 
 
 ignis 
 
 vallSs 
 
 mare 
 
 aninuU 
 
 Gen. 
 
 ignis 
 
 vallis 
 
 maris 
 
 animdlis 
 
 Dat. 
 
 igni 
 
 valli 
 
 mar! 
 
 animdlf 
 
 Ace. 
 
 ignem 
 
 vallem 
 
 mare 
 
 animal 
 
 Abl. 
 
 igni 
 igne 
 
 valle 
 
 Plural 
 
 mad 
 
 ammdlf 
 
 Nom. 
 
 ign«s 
 
 vallSs 
 
 marlA 
 
 ammUlia 
 
 Gen. 
 
 igniom 
 
 vallium 
 
 
 animdlium 
 
 Dat. 
 
 ignibns 
 
 vallibus 
 
 
 animilibus 
 
 Ace. 
 
 ignis 
 igncs 
 
 vallis 
 valUs 
 
 maria 
 
 ammdlia 
 
 Abl. 
 
 ignibus 
 
 LATIN 
 
 vallibus 
 PRIMER — 13 
 
 
 
 atUmaWnis 
 
194 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 Remark. Aside from the fact that its declension is complete, 
 animal differs from mare only in that it has dropped the ending 
 -e of the nominative singular. Through the loss of this ending 
 there has arisen quite a large class of neuters with the nomina- 
 tive terminating in -al or -ar. 
 
 The Fourth or U-Declension 
 exercitus, m. cornfi, n., horn 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Nom. 
 
 exercitus 
 
 exercitus 
 
 cornQ 
 
 cornua 
 
 Gen. 
 
 exercitiia 
 
 exercituum 
 
 cornus 
 
 cornuum 
 
 Dat. 
 
 exercitui 
 
 exercitibns 
 
 cornU 
 
 carnibus 
 
 Ace. 
 
 exercitum 
 
 exercitus 
 
 coma 
 
 cornua 
 
 Abl. 
 
 exercitu 
 
 exercitibns 
 
 cornU 
 
 cornibus 
 
 
 The Fifth or E-Declension 
 
 
 
 di€s, M. 
 
 , (and F.) 
 
 r«8, F. 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Singular 
 
 L Plural 
 
 Nom. 
 
 diss 
 
 diss 
 
 rgs 
 
 res 
 
 Gen. 
 
 diSi 
 
 diSrum 
 
 rei 
 
 rerum 
 
 Dat. 
 
 diSi 
 
 diSbos 
 
 rei 
 
 rebus 
 
 Ace. 
 
 diem 
 
 diss 
 
 rem 
 
 res 
 
 Abl. 
 
 m 
 
 diSbus 
 Irregular Nouns 
 
 xl 
 
 rebus 
 
 
 deus, M. 
 
 domus, F. 
 
 TiS, F. 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 
 Nom. 
 
 dens 
 
 domus 
 
 
 vis 
 
 Gen. 
 
 dei 
 
 domiis 
 
 
 — 
 
 Dat. 
 
 de5 
 
 domui, dom5 
 
 
 — 
 
 Ace. 
 
 deum 
 
 domum 
 
 
 vim 
 
 Abl. 
 
 dec 
 
 domS, domu 
 Plural 
 
 
 yA 
 
 Nom. 
 
 dei, dii, di 
 
 domus 
 
 
 vires 
 
 Gen. 
 
 deSrum, damn domuum, domSnim 
 
 vTrium 
 
 Dat. 
 
 deis, diis, dis domibus 
 
 
 vTribus 
 
 Ace. 
 
 deos 
 
 demos, domus 
 
 
 viris, vires 
 
 Abl. 
 
 deis, diis, dis domibus 
 
 
 viribus 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 I9S 
 
 ADJECTIVES 
 
 First and Second Declensions 
 
 bonus, -a, -um 
 
 Singular 
 
 Masc. Fern. Neut. 
 
 Norn, bonus bona bonum 
 
 Gen. boni bonae boni 
 
 Dat. bon5 bonae bon5 
 
 Ace bonum bonam bonum 
 
 Abl. bond bona bond 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neui. 
 
 boni 
 
 bonae 
 
 bona 
 
 bonfimm 
 
 bonarum 
 
 bonSrum 
 
 bonis 
 
 bonis 
 
 bonis 
 
 bonis 
 
 bonas 
 
 bona 
 
 bonis 
 
 bonis 
 
 bonis 
 
 miser, -era, -erum 
 
 Nom. miser misera miserum 
 
 Gen. miseri miserae miseri 
 
 Dat. miserft miserae miserS 
 
 Ace. miserum miseram miserum 
 
 Abl. miserd misera miserd 
 
 misen miserae misera 
 
 miserdrum miserarum miserdrum 
 miseris miseris miseris 
 miser&B miseras misera 
 miseris miseris miseris 
 
 piger, -gra, -grum 
 
 Nom. piger pigra pigrum 
 
 Gen. pigri pigrae pigri 
 
 Dat. pigr6 pigrae pigrS 
 
 Ace. pigrum pigram pigrum 
 
 Abl. pigrO P^gra pigrd 
 
 pigri pigrae pigra 
 
 pigrOrum pigrarum pigr&mm 
 
 pigris pigris pigris 
 
 pigrSs pigras pigra 
 
 pigris pigris 
 
 pigiia 
 
 Third Declension 
 I-Stems 
 
 
 
 
 fortis, 
 
 -is, -6 
 
 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 
 Mimu, 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Nmt. 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neui. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 fortis 
 
 fortis 
 
 forte 
 
 fortes 
 
 fortCs 
 
 fortia 
 
 Gen. 
 
 fortia 
 
 fortis 
 
 fortis 
 
 fortium 
 
 fortium 
 
 fortium 
 
 Dat. 
 
 forti 
 
 forti 
 
 forti 
 
 fortibus 
 
 fortibus 
 
 fortibus 
 
 Ace. 
 
 fortem 
 
 fortem 
 
 forte 
 
 fortis 
 fortes 
 
 fortis 
 fortSs 
 
 fortia 
 
 Abl. 
 
 fortI 
 
 fort! 
 
 forti 
 
 fortibus 
 
 fortibus 
 
 fortibus 
 
90 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 ftcer, acris, acre 
 
 Singular 
 
 Masc. Fern. Neut. 
 
 Nom. acer Scris Sere 
 
 Gen. acris acris acris 
 
 Dat. acri acri acri 
 
 Ace. acrem Screm acre 
 
 Abl. &cri 
 
 acri 
 
 acri 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 acr§s 
 
 acres 
 
 acria 
 
 acrium 
 
 acrium 
 
 acrium 
 
 acribus 
 
 acribus 
 
 acribus 
 
 acris 
 
 acris 
 
 acria 
 
 acres 
 
 acres 
 
 
 acribus 
 
 acribus 
 
 acribus 
 
 Consonant Stems 
 The Present Participle 
 
 vocans 
 
 Nom. vocans vocans vocans vocantes vocantJs vocantia 
 Gen. vocantia vocantis vocantis vocantium vocantium vocantium 
 Dat. vocanti vocanti vocanli vocantibus vocantibus vocantibus 
 Ace. vocantem vocantem vocans vocantes vocantes vocantia 
 
 vocantis vocantis 
 Abl. vocante vocante vocante vocantibus vocantibus vocantibus 
 
 The Comparative 
 altior, -ior, -ius 
 
 Nom. altior altior altius 
 
 Gen. altioris altioris altioris 
 
 Dat. altior! altiori altiori 
 
 Ace. altiarem altiorem altiiis 
 
 Abl. altiore altiore altiore 
 
 altiores altidres altidra 
 
 altiorum altiorum altiorum 
 
 altioribus altioribus altioribus 
 
 altiores altiores altiora 
 
 altioribus altioribus altioribus 
 
 Nom. 
 Gen. 
 Dat. 
 Ace. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 plUre 
 
 plfis 
 
 plus 
 
 plures 
 
 plures 
 
 plura 
 
 pluris 
 
 plurium 
 
 plurium 
 
 plurium 
 
 
 pluribus 
 
 pluribus 
 
 pluribus 
 
 plus 
 
 plures 
 
 plures 
 
 plura 
 
 
 pluris 
 
 pluris 
 
 
 pluribus pluribus pluribus 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 197 
 
 
 
 The Comparison 
 
 OP Adjectives 
 
 
 
 Regular 
 
 
 Irregular 
 
 
 Posit, 
 
 Comp. 
 
 Sup. 
 
 Posit. 
 
 Comp. 
 
 Sup. 
 
 altnt 
 
 alUor 
 
 altissimus 
 
 bODUS 
 
 melior 
 
 optimua 
 
 fortis 
 
 fortior 
 
 fortissimus 
 
 magnus 
 
 maior 
 
 mazimos 
 
 miser 
 
 miserioi 
 
 miserrimus 
 
 malus 
 
 peior 
 
 pessimus 
 
 piger 
 
 pigrior 
 
 pigerrimus 
 
 multi 
 
 plures 
 
 plurimi 
 
 
 
 
 parvus 
 
 minor 
 
 minimus 
 
 The Comparison of Adverbs 
 
 
 Regular 
 
 
 
 Irregular 
 
 
 PmU, 
 
 Comp. 
 
 s-p. 
 
 Posit, 
 
 Comp. 
 
 Sup. 
 
 longs 
 
 longius 
 
 longissimS 
 
 diii 
 
 diutius diiitissime 
 
 fortiter 
 
 fortius 
 
 fortissimo 
 
 facflc 
 
 facilius facillime 
 
 celeriter celerius 
 
 celerrime 
 
 libenter 
 
 libentius libentissime 
 
 acriter 
 
 acrius 
 
 acerrime 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Numerals 
 
 
 
 
 
 linus, 
 
 -a, -um 
 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 
 Afasc. Fern. 
 
 Neui. 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Nora. 
 
 unuB Qna 
 
 unum 
 
 uni 
 
 Gnae 
 
 una 
 
 Gen. 
 
 unitis uniua unius 
 
 un5rum 
 
 unarum 
 
 undrum 
 
 Dat. 
 
 unl uni 
 
 uni 
 
 unis 
 
 unis 
 
 unis 
 
 Ace 
 
 unum unam unum 
 
 unds 
 
 unis 
 
 una 
 
 Abl. 
 
 and una 
 
 un6 
 
 anil 
 
 ania 
 
 unia 
 
 Note. Eight other adjectives, in the genitive and dative 
 singular, have the same endings as iinus, namely : alius, alter 
 (gen.^ alterius) ; Alius, nAllus ; uter (gen. utrius), neuter (gen. 
 neutrius) ; b01us, tOtus. Of these alius has additional peculiari- 
 ties: its neuter singular, nominative and accusative, is aliud; and 
 in the genitive sin^lar it borrows alterius from altqr. 
 
198 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 
 
 duo, duae, duo 
 
 1 
 
 tr6s, tr€s, tria 
 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 
 Masc, F*m, 
 
 AMI 
 
 Mase, Fern, 
 
 Nemt 
 
 Nom. 
 
 duo 
 
 duae 
 
 duo 
 
 tr§8 tris 
 
 tria 
 
 Gen. 
 
 duOmm duanim 
 
 dudnim 
 
 trium trium 
 
 trium 
 
 Dat. 
 
 du&bns duibos 
 
 dudbui 
 
 tribus tribuB 
 
 tribus 
 
 Ace. 
 
 duo 
 duOt 
 
 duis 
 
 duo 
 
 trii trb 
 
 tria 
 
 Abl. 
 
 duSbns duibos 
 
 duObnt 
 
 tribM tribuB 
 
 tribua 
 
 
 
 List of Numerals 
 
 
 
 
 CARDINAL 
 
 
 Ordinal 
 
 
 
 I. 
 
 unns 
 
 
 primus 
 
 
 
 3. 
 
 dno 
 
 
 secundofl 
 
 
 
 3- 
 
 tr€8 
 
 
 tertios 
 
 
 
 4- 
 
 qnattnof 
 
 
 • quirtua 
 
 
 
 5- 
 
 quinque 
 
 
 quintua 
 
 
 
 6. 
 
 sex 
 
 
 aextus 
 
 
 
 7. 
 
 septem 
 
 
 aeptimna 
 
 
 
 8. 
 
 oct6 
 
 
 octarua 
 
 
 
 9- 
 
 novem 
 
 
 ndnua 
 
 
 
 10. 
 
 decern 
 
 
 decimus 
 
 
 
 II. 
 
 findedm 
 
 
 undecimua 
 
 
 
 12. 
 
 duodecim 
 
 
 daodecimus 
 
 
 
 13- 
 
 tredecim 
 
 
 tertius decimus 
 
 
 
 14. 
 
 quattuordecim 
 
 
 qoartus decimus 
 
 
 
 15- 
 
 quindedm 
 
 
 quintus dedmua 
 
 
 
 16. 
 
 sedecim 
 
 
 seztus decimus 
 
 
 
 17- 
 
 septendecim 
 
 
 Septimus decimus 
 
 
 
 18. 
 
 daodeyigintl 
 
 
 iuodevicesimus 
 
 
 
 19. 
 
 undeviginti 
 
 
 iindeyicesimus 
 
 
 
 20. 
 
 viginti 
 
 
 vicesimus 
 
 
LATIN PRIMER 199 
 
 
 
 PRONOUNS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Personal 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pirst Person 
 
 
 Second Person 
 
 
 ego 
 
 
 
 
 tu 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Singular Plural 
 
 Norn. 
 
 ego 
 
 n5s 
 
 
 t& 
 
 ▼6t 
 
 Gen. 
 
 mei 
 
 nostrum 
 nostri 
 
 
 tal 
 
 vestrum 
 yestri 
 
 Dat. 
 
 mihi 
 
 ndbis 
 
 
 tibi 
 
 vSbis . 
 
 Ace. 
 
 mi 
 
 nds 
 
 
 U 
 
 v5s 
 
 Abl. 
 
 mi 
 
 ndbis 
 
 
 ti 
 
 vSbis 
 Third Person 
 
 
 Third Person 
 
 
 
 Reflexive 
 
 
 is, ea, id 
 
 
 
 ttti (gen.) 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 
 
 
 
 Masc, 
 
 Ftm. 
 
 Neia. 
 
 
 Mi G4nd€rs 
 
 Nom. 
 
 is 
 
 ea 
 
 id 
 
 
 
 Gen. 
 
 eius 
 
 eius 
 
 eius 
 
 
 sui 
 
 Dat. 
 
 el 
 
 el 
 
 el 
 
 
 sibi 
 
 Ace. 
 
 eom 
 
 earn 
 
 id 
 
 
 Bh,sm 
 
 Abl. , 
 
 •0 
 
 •ft 
 
 Plural 
 
 •9 
 
 
 se, ses« 
 
 Nom. 
 
 eLUI 
 
 eae 
 
 ea 
 
 
 — » 
 
 Gen. 
 
 edrum 
 
 earum 
 
 eOrum 
 
 nil 
 
 Dat. 
 
 e!s, iis, Is 
 
 els, lis, is 
 
 els. lis, b 
 
 sibi 
 
 Ace. 
 
 e5s 
 
 eis 
 
 ea 
 
 
 se, sesS 
 
 Abl. 
 
 •Is,ils,l8 
 
 els, lis, is 
 
 eis. 
 
 lit, is 
 
 se, sesS 
 
 Note i. The oblique cases of ego and til serve as the reflexive 
 of the first and second persons. 
 
 Note 2. The personal pronoun is, ea, id may be used also a^ 
 an adjective meaning " this," or •* that" 
 
200 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 
 
 
 Demonstrative 
 
 
 
 
 hic, 
 
 haec, hoc 
 
 ille, 
 
 ilia, illttd 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mast, 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Afasc, 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut 
 
 Norn. 
 
 hie 
 
 haec 
 
 hoc 
 
 ille 
 
 ilia 
 
 illud 
 
 Gen. 
 
 huias 
 
 huius 
 
 huius 
 
 illias 
 
 illius 
 
 illius 
 
 Dat. 
 
 httic 
 
 huic 
 
 huic 
 
 iUi 
 
 illi 
 
 illi 
 
 Ace. 
 
 hone 
 
 hanc 
 
 hoc 
 
 Ulnm 
 
 illam 
 
 illud 
 
 Abl. 
 
 hOc 
 
 hac 
 
 h5c 
 
 Plural 
 
 ill5 
 
 ilia 
 
 iU5 
 
 Nom. 
 
 hi 
 
 hae 
 
 haec 
 
 illl 
 
 illae 
 
 ilia 
 
 GCD. 
 
 h5nim 
 
 harum 
 
 hdrum 
 
 illdnun 
 
 illarum 
 
 illSrum 
 
 Dat. 
 
 his 
 
 his 
 
 his 
 
 iUis 
 
 illis 
 
 illis 
 
 Ace. 
 
 hOs 
 
 his 
 
 haec 
 
 UlOs 
 
 ilULs 
 
 ilia 
 
 Abl. 
 
 hit 
 
 his 
 
 his 
 
 illis 
 
 illis 
 
 illis 
 
 Note. The demonstrative pronoun iste, ista, istud is declined 
 in the same way as ille. 
 
 Intensive Of Identity 
 
 ipse, ipsa, ipsum 
 
 idem, eadem, idem 
 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 
 
 Afasc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Nfta. 
 
 Afasc. 
 
 Fern, 
 
 Neut. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 ipse 
 
 ipsa 
 
 ipsum 
 
 idem 
 
 eadem 
 
 idem 
 
 Gen. 
 
 ipsitts 
 
 ipsins 
 
 ipsius 
 
 eiusdem 
 
 eiusdem 
 
 eiusdem 
 
 Dat. 
 
 ipsi 
 
 ipsi 
 
 ipsi 
 
 eidem 
 
 eidem 
 
 eidem 
 
 Ace. 
 
 ipsom 
 
 ipsam 
 
 ipsum 
 
 eundem 
 
 eandem 
 
 idem 
 
 Abl. 
 
 ips6 
 
 ipsi - 
 
 ipso 
 
 eddem 
 
 eadem 
 
 eodem 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 Plural 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r eidem 
 
 eaedem 
 
 eadem 
 
 Nom. 
 
 ipsi 
 
 ipsae 
 
 ipsa 
 
 iidem 
 idem 
 
 
 
 Gen. 
 
 ips6nmi 
 
 ipsarum 
 
 ipsSrum 
 
 eorundem 
 eisdem 
 
 earundem 
 eisdem 
 
 eSrundem 
 eisdem 
 
 Dat. 
 
 ipsis 
 
 ipsis 
 
 ipsis 
 
 iisdem 
 isdem 
 
 iisdem 
 isdem 
 
 iisdem 
 isdem 
 
 Ace. 
 
 ipsSs 
 
 ipsas 
 
 ipsa 
 
 eosdem 
 [ eisdem 
 
 easdem 
 eisdem 
 
 eadem 
 eisdem 
 
 Abl. 
 
 ipsis 
 
 ipsis 
 
 ipsis 
 
 iisdem 
 isdem 
 
 iisdem 
 isdem 
 
 iisdem 
 isdem 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 20 1 
 
 Interrogative: qui (quis), quae, quod (quid) 
 
 Singular Plural 
 
 Masc. Fern. Ntut. 
 
 Nom. qui, quis quae quod, quid 
 (ien. cuius cuius cuius 
 Dat. cui cui cui 
 
 Ace. quern quam quod, quid 
 Abl. qu5 qua qud 
 
 Note. This pronoun may be used either as an adjective or as a 
 noun. In the noun use, quis replaces qui (singular), quid replaces 
 quod, and the feminine is lacking throughout. 
 
 Relative: qui, quae, quod 
 The forms of this pronoun are identical with the forms of the Inter- 
 rogative pronoun as given above, excepting that quis and quid are lacking. 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 qui 
 
 quae 
 
 quae 
 
 quOrum 
 
 quanun 
 
 qudrum 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 qu5s 
 
 quas 
 
 quae 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 Indefinite 
 quidam, quaedam, quoddam aliqui (aliquis), aliqua, 
 
 aU- 
 
 
 (quiddam) 
 
 
 quod (aliquid) 
 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 
 
 
 Mase. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut, 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 Neut. 
 
 N. 
 
 quidam 
 
 quaedam 
 
 quoddam 
 quiddam 
 
 aliqui 
 aliquis 
 
 aliqua 
 
 aliquod 
 aliquid 
 
 G. 
 
 cuiusdam 
 
 cuiusdam 
 
 cuiusdam 
 
 alicuius 
 
 alicuius 
 
 alicuius 
 
 D. 
 
 cuidam 
 
 cuidam 
 
 cuidam 
 
 alicui 
 
 alicui 
 
 alicui 
 
 A. 
 
 
 quandam 
 
 quoddam 
 quiddam 
 
 aliquem 
 
 aliquam 
 
 aliquod 
 aliquid 
 
 A. 
 
 qu5dam 
 
 quad&m 
 
 quddam 
 
 aliqu5 
 
 aliqui 
 
 aliquS 
 
 Plural 
 N. quidam quaedam quaedam 
 c;. qudrundam quarundam qudrundam 
 I), quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam 
 A. quOsdam quasdam quaedam 
 A. quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam 
 
 Notk. 
 as nouns. 
 
 aliqui aliquae aliqua 
 aliqudrum aliquarum aliqudrum 
 aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus 
 aliqu5s aliquas aliqua 
 aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus 
 
 Both of these pronouns may be used either as adjectives or 
 In the noun use, quiddam replaces quoddam, aliquis repLces 
 
 aliqui (sing;ular), aliquid replaces aliquod, and the feminine of aliquis is 
 lacking throughout. 
 
202 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 REGULAR VERBS 
 The First or A-Conjugatiom 
 voc6, vocare, vocivi, vocatus 
 
 Present 
 
 /nperfect 
 
 Future 
 
 Perfect < 
 
 ACTIVE 
 
 PASSIVE 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 voc6 
 
 vocem 
 
 vocor 
 
 vocer 
 
 vocis 
 
 vocBs 
 
 vocaria 
 
 voceris 
 
 
 
 vocire 
 
 vocere 
 
 VOOit 
 
 vocet 
 
 vocatur 
 
 vocetur 
 
 
 voc€mu8 
 
 vocamar 
 
 vocemur 
 
 vocitia 
 
 vocgtia 
 
 vociminl 
 
 vocemini 
 
 vocant 
 
 vocent 
 
 vocantor 
 
 voccntur 
 
 vocftbam 
 
 vocarem 
 
 vocabar 
 
 vocarer 
 
 vocibis 
 
 vocarSa 
 
 vocabaria 
 
 vocareris 
 
 
 
 vocabare 
 
 vocarere 
 
 vodLbat 
 
 vociret 
 
 vocabatur 
 
 vocaretur 
 
 vocabamus 
 
 vocare mua 
 
 vocabamur 
 
 vocaremur 
 
 vocabatis 
 
 vocaretis 
 
 vocabamini 
 
 vocaremini 
 
 vocabant 
 
 vocarent 
 
 vocabantur 
 
 vocarentur 
 
 vocab5 
 
 
 vocabor 
 
 
 vocabis 
 
 
 vocaberis 
 vocabere 
 
 
 vocabit 
 
 
 vocabitnr 
 
 
 vocabimus 
 
 
 vocabimur 
 
 
 vocabitis 
 
 
 vocabimini 
 
 
 vocabunt 
 
 
   vocabuntur 
 
 
   vocavi 
 
 vocaverim 
 
 vocatus sum 
 
 vocatus sim 
 
 vocavisti 
 
 vocaveris 
 
 vocatus es 
 
 vocatus sis 
 
 vocavit 
 
 vocaverit 
 
 vocatus est 
 
 vocatus sit 
 
 vocavimus 
 
 vocaverimus 
 
 vocati sumus 
 
 vocati simus 
 
 vocavistis 
 
 vocaveritis 
 
 vocati estis 
 
 vocati sitis 
 
 vocaverunt 
 
 vocaverint 
 
 vocati sunt 
 
 vocati sint 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 203 
 
 
 ACTIVE 
 
 PASSIVE 
 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 
 [ vociveram 
 
 vocavissem 
 
 vodltus eram 
 
 vocatus essem 
 
 
 vocaveras 
 
 vocavisses' 
 
 vocatus eras 
 
 vocatus essSs 
 
 Plu- 
 
 vocaverat 
 
 vocavisset 
 
 vocatus erat 
 
 vocatus esset 
 
 perfect 
 
 vocaveramus 
 
 vocavissSmus 
 
 yocati eramus 
 
 vocati essemus 
 
 
 vocaveritis 
 
 vocavissetis 
 
 vocati eratis 
 
 vocati essetis 
 
 
 vocaverant 
 
 vocavissent 
 
 vocati erant 
 
 vocati essent 
 
 
 vocSverft 
 
 
 vocatus er6 
 
 
 
 vocaveria 
 
 
 vocatus oris 
 
 
 Future 
 
 vocaverit 
 
 
 vocatus erit 
 
 
 Perfect 
 
 vocaverimus 
 vocaveritis 
 , vocaverint 
 
 
 vocati erimus 
 vocati eritis 
 vocati erunt 
 
 
 
 
 Imperative 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 Present 
 
 voca 
 
 vocate 
 
 vocare 
 
 voca mini 
 
 Future J 
 
 vociltd 
 
 voc&tdte 
 
 vocdior 
 
 
 vocatd 
 
 vocantd 
 
 vocdtor 
 
 vocantor 
 
 
 
 Participle 
 
 
 Present 
 
 vocins 
 
 
 
 
 Perfect 
 
 
 
 vocitus, -a, 
 
 ■oa 
 
 Future 
 
 vocdtiirusy -a, -^m 
 
 
 
 
 
 Infinitive 
 
 
 Present 
 
 vocire 
 
 
 vocftrf 
 
 
 Perfect 
 
 vocivisse 
 
 
 vocdtus esse 
 
 
 Future 
 
 voc&tiirus esse 
 
 vocatum Irl 
 
 
 
 Gerund 
 
 
 Gerundive 
 
 Gen. 
 
 vocandl 
 
 
 vocandus, -a, 
 
 , -um 
 
 Gen. 
 
 vocandl 
 
 V( 
 
 Dat. 
 
 vocandd 
 
 
 Ace 
 
 vocandum 
 
 
 AbL 
 
 vocandd 
 
 Supine 
 VOCd/UfHy vocAtH 
 
204 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 The Second or E-Conjugatiom 
 habeO, habere, habui, habitus 
 
 
 ACTIVE 
 
 
 PASSIVE 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 
 habe5 
 
 habeam 
 
 habeor 
 
 habear 
 
 
 hab€8 
 
 habeis 
 
 habSris 
 habere 
 
 habearis 
 habeare 
 
 Present - 
 
 habet 
 
 habtat 
 
 habetur 
 
 habeatur 
 
 
 hab€mu8 
 
 habeamus 
 
 hab€mur 
 
 habeamur 
 
 
 habStis 
 
 habeatis 
 
 habemini 
 
 habeaminl 
 
 
 habent 
 
 habeant 
 
 habentur 
 
 habeantur 
 
 
 habSbam 
 
 habSrem 
 
 habebar 
 
 haberer 
 
 
 habebas 
 
 habSrSt 
 
 habSb&ris 
 haba>&re 
 
 habereris 
 haberere 
 
 Im- 
 
 hab^bat 
 
 habCnt 
 
 habSbatur 
 
 haberetur 
 
 perfect 
 
 habebamu8 
 
 haberemus 
 
 habebamur 
 
 haberemur 
 
 
 habebatis 
 
 haberetis 
 
 habebamini 
 
 haberemini 
 
 
 habebant 
 
 haberent 
 
 habebantur 
 
 haberentur 
 
 
 fhabCbO 
 
 
 habebor 
 
 
 
 habebis 
 
 
 habCberis 
 
 hab€bere 
 
 
 Future - 
 
 habebit 
 
 habebimus 
 
 habebitis 
 
 habebunt 
 
 
 habebitur 
 
 habebimur 
 habebimini 
 habebuntur 
 
 
 
 habui 
 
 habuerim 
 
 habitus sum 
 
 habitus sim 
 
 
 habuisti 
 
 habueris 
 
 habitus es 
 
 habitus sis 
 
 
 habuit 
 
 habuerit 
 
 habitus est 
 
 habitus sit 
 
 Perfect . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 habuimus 
 
 habuerimus 
 
 habiti sumus 
 
 habiti simus 
 
 
 habuistis 
 
 habueritis 
 
 habiti estis 
 
 habiti sitis 
 
 
 habuerunt 
 
 habuerint 
 
 habiti sunt 
 
 habiti sint 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 205 
 
 
 ACTIVE 
 
 PASSIVE 
 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 
 habueram 
 
 habuiaaem 
 
 habitua eram 
 
 habitua eaaem 
 
 
 habueris 
 
 habui«a«8 
 
 habitus eria 
 
 habitua esaes 
 
 Plu- 
 
 habuerat 
 
 habuisset 
 
 habitua erat 
 
 habitua eaaet 
 
 perfect 
 
 habueramus 
 
 habuissemua 
 
 habiti eramua 
 
 habiti easemu! 
 
 
 habueratis 
 
 habuissetis 
 
 habiti eratis 
 
 habiti easetis 
 
 
 habuerant 
 
 habuisaent 
 
 habiti erant 
 
 habiti eaaent 
 
 
 habuerS 
 
 
 habitua erd 
 
 
 
 habueris 
 
 
 habitua oris 
 
 
 Future 
 
 habuerit 
 
 
 habitua erit 
 
 
 Perfect ^ 
 
 habuerimus 
 
 habueritia 
 
 habuerint 
 
 
 habiti erimua 
 habiti eritia 
 habiti erunt 
 
 
 
 
 Imperative 
 
 
 s 
 
 INGULAR 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 Present 
 
 habS 
 
 habete 
 
 habere 
 
 habemini 
 
 Future 
 
 habitO 
 habits 
 
 habitdti 
 
 habitor 
 
 
 habenta 
 
 habetor 
 
 habentor 
 
 
 
 Participle 
 
 
 Present 
 
 habSns 
 
 
 
 
 Perfect 
 
 
 
 habitat, -a, -nm 
 
 Future 
 
 habitHruSy -a 
 
 , 'um 
 
 
 
 
 
 Infinitive 
 
 
 Present 
 
 habSre 
 
 
 hab€ri 
 
 
 Perfect 
 
 habuisse 
 
 
 habitus esse 
 
 Future 
 
 habiturus ess* 
 
 habitum frf 
 
 
 Gerund 
 
 
 Gerundive 
 
 Gen. 
 
 habendl 
 
 . 
 
 habendua 
 
 ,-a,-ttm 
 
 Gen. 
 
 habendl 
 
 . 
 
 Dat. 
 
 habendd 
 
 
 Acc. 
 
 habendum 
 
 
 Abl. 
 
 habendd 
 
 Supine 
 habituniy habitU 
 
206 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 The Third or E-Conjugation 
 mlttO, mittere, misi, missus 
 
 Present 
 
 Imperfect 
 
 Future 
 
 Perfect 
 
 AC! 
 
 ^IVE 
 
 PASSIVE 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 mittd 
 
 mittam 
 
 mittor 
 
 mittar 
 
 mittis 
 
 mittia 
 
 mitteria 
 
 mittaris 
 
 
 
 mittere 
 
 mittare 
 
 mittlt 
 
 mitUt 
 
 mittitur 
 
 mittatur 
 
 mittimoa 
 
 mittimua 
 
 mittimur 
 
 mittimur 
 
 mittitia 
 
 mittatis 
 
 mittlmini 
 
 mittamini 
 
 mittont 
 
 mittant 
 
 mittuntur 
 
 mittantor 
 
 mittebam 
 
 mitterem 
 
 mittebar 
 
 mitterer 
 
 mittebas 
 
 mitterSa 
 
 mittebaria 
 
 mitterftia 
 
 
 
 mittebare 
 
 mittergre 
 
 mittibat 
 
 mitteret 
 
 mittebatur 
 
 mitterttur 
 
 mittebamus 
 
 mitteremua 
 
 mittebamur 
 
 mitteremur 
 
 mittebatis 
 
 mitteretis 
 
 mittebamini 
 
 mitteremini 
 
 mittebant 
 
 mitterent 
 
 mittebantur 
 
 mitterentur 
 
 mittam 
 
 
 mittar 
 
 
 mittSs 
 
 
 mittiris 
 mittJre 
 
 
 raittet 
 
 
 mittetur 
 
 
 mittSmua 
 
 
 mittemar 
 
 
 mittStia 
 
 
 mittemini 
 
 
 mittent 
 
 
 mittentur 
 
 
 misi 
 
 mlserim 
 
 missus sum 
 
 missus aim 
 
 misisti 
 
 miseria 
 
 missus es 
 
 missus sis 
 
 misit 
 
 ralserit 
 
 missus est 
 
 missus sit 
 
 mlsimua 
 
 mlserimus 
 
 missi sumus 
 
 missi simus 
 
 mfsistis 
 
 miseritis 
 
 mlssi estis 
 
 missi sitis 
 
 mlsenint 
 
 mlserint 
 
 missi sunt 
 
 missi sint 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 207 
 
 
 ACTIVE 
 
 PASSIVE 
 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 
 ' miscram 
 
 mlsissem 
 
 missus eram 
 
 missus essem 
 
 
 miseris 
 
 misissgs 
 
 missus eras 
 
 missus esses 
 
 Plu- 
 
 miserat 
 
 misisset 
 
 missus erat 
 
 missus asset 
 
 perfect 
 
 mlserimus 
 
 misissemus 
 
 missi eramus 
 
 missi essemus 
 
 
 miseratis 
 
 mlsissetis 
 
 missi eratis 
 
 missi essetis 
 
 
 L miserant 
 
 misissent 
 
 missi erant 
 
 missi essent 
 
 
 mTserO 
 
 
 missua ertt 
 
 
 
 m'lsedB 
 
 
 missus eris 
 
 
 Future , 
 
 miserit 
 
 
 missus erit 
 
 
 Perfect ^ 
 
 mlserimua 
 
 mlseritia 
 
 misorint 
 
 
 missi erimus 
 missi eritis 
 missi erunt 
 
 
 
 
 Imperative 
 
 
 s 
 
 INGUIJIR 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 plural 
 
 Present 
 
 mitte 
 
 mittite 
 
 mittere 
 
 mittimini 
 
 Future 
 
 miititd 
 
 mittitdte 
 
 mittitor 
 
 
 mittitd 
 
 mittuntd 
 
 mittitor 
 
 mittuntor 
 
 
 
 Participlk 
 
 
 Present 
 
 mittSns 
 
 
 
 
 Perfect 
 
 
 
 missus, -«, -oa 
 
 Future 
 
 missuruSy -a, 
 
 'Um 
 
 
 
 
 
 Infinitive 
 
 
 Present 
 
 mittere 
 
 
 mitti 
 
 
 Perfect 
 
 mlsisse 
 
 
 missus esse 
 
 
 Future 
 
 missurus esu 
 Gerund 
 
 
 missum Irl 
 Gerundive 
 
 
 Gen, 
 
 ntittendt 
 
 
 mittendus, -a. 
 
 .am 
 
 Dat. 
 
 mittendd 
 
 
 
 
 Ace. 
 
 mittendum 
 
 
 
 
 Abl. 
 
 mittendd 
 
 Supine 
 
 
 
 
 
 missum^ missH 
 
 
2o8 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 The Third or £ -Conjugation (-16 Verbs) 
 rapid, rapere, rapui, raptus 
 
 Present 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 Future 
 
 Perfect 
 
 ACTIVE 
 
 PASSIVE 
 
 INDICATIVK 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 rapid 
 rapit 
 
 rapit 
 
 rapiam 
 npiis 
 
 rapUt 
 
 rapior 
 raperis 
 rapere 
 rapitnr 
 
 rapiar 
 rapiiris 
 rapiare 
 rapiatur 
 
 rapimua 
 
 rapitis 
 
 ^ rapiunt 
 
 rapiamns 
 
 rapUtis 
 
 rapiant 
 
 rapimnr 
 rapimini 
 rapiuntnr 
 
 rapiamur 
 rapiamini 
 rapiantur 
 
 rapiSbam 
 rapiebis 
 
 rapiSbat 
 
 raperem 
 raperit 
 
 raperet 
 
 rapiSbar 
 
 rapiebaris 
 
 rapiebare 
 
 rapiebatur 
 
 raperer 
 rapereris 
 raperere 
 raperetur 
 
 rapiebamus 
 
 rapiebatis 
 
 rapiebant 
 
 raperemus 
 
 raperetis 
 
 raperent 
 
 rapiebamur 
 rapiebamini 
 rapiebantur 
 
 raperemur 
 raperemini 
 raperentur 
 
 [rapiam 
 rapies 
 
 rapiet 
 
 
 rapiar 
 rapieris 
 rapiere 
 rapietur 
 
 
 rapiemns 
 
 rapietis 
 
 rapient 
 
 
 rapiemur 
 rapiemini 
 rapientur 
 
 
 rapui 
 
 rapuisti 
 
 rapuit 
 
 rapuerim 
 
 rapueris 
 
 rapuerit 
 
 raptus sum 
 raptus es 
 raptus est 
 
 raptus sim 
 raptus sis 
 raptus sit 
 
 rapuimus 
 rapuistis 
 .rapuerunt 
 
 rapuerimus 
 
 rapueritis 
 
 rapuerint 
 
 rapti sumus 
 rapti estis 
 rapti sunt 
 
 rapti simus 
 rapti sitis 
 rapti sint 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 209 
 
 
 ACTIVE 
 
 PASSIVE 
 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 
 rapueram 
 
 rapuissem 
 
 raptus eram 
 
 raptus essem 
 
 
 rapueras 
 
 rapuisaes 
 
 raptus er&s 
 
 raptus essSs 
 
 Plu- 
 
 rapuerat 
 
 rapuisset 
 
 raptus erat 
 
 raptus esset 
 
 perfect 
 
 rapuerimns 
 
 rapuissemus 
 
 rapti eramus 
 
 rapti essemoi 
 
 
 rapueritis 
 
 rapuissStis 
 
 rapti eritis 
 
 rapti essStis 
 
 
 rapuerant 
 
 rapuissent 
 
 rapti erant 
 
 rapti essent 
 
 
 rapuertt 
 
 
 raptus er5 
 
 
 
 rapueris 
 
 
 raptus erit 
 
 
 Future 
 
 rapuerit 
 
 
 raptus erit 
 
 
 Perfect 
 
 rapuerimus 
 
 rapueritis 
 
 rapucrint 
 
 
 rapti erimof 
 rapti eritis 
 rapt! erunt 
 
 
 
 
 Imperative 
 
 
 SIl 
 
 OCULAR 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 singular 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 Present 
 
 rape 
 
 rapite 
 
 rapere 
 
 rapimini 
 
 Future | 
 
 rapitd 
 
 rapUdte 
 
 rapitor 
 
 
 rapUd 
 
 rapiunto 
 
 rapiior 
 
 rapiurUar 
 
 
 
 Participlb 
 
 
 Present 
 
 rapiSns 
 
 
 
 
 Perfect 
 
 
 
 raptus, •«, -am 
 
 Future 
 
 raptHruSf -a, • 
 
 -trw 
 
 
 
 
 
 Infinitivr 
 
 
 Present 
 
 rapere 
 
 
 rapl 
 
 
 Perfect 
 
 rapuisse 
 
 
 raptus esse 
 
 
 Future 
 
 raptarus essi 
 Gerund 
 
 
 raptum Irl 
 Grrundivx 
 
 
 Gen. 
 
 rapiendt 
 
 
 rapiendos, •«, 
 
 -ua 
 
 Dat. 
 
 rapiendd 
 
 
 
 
 Ace 
 
 rapiendum 
 
 
 
 
 Abl. 
 
 rapiendd 
 
 SUPINB 
 
 
 
 
 
 raptum, rapt A 
 
 
 
 LATIN PRIMER - 
 
 -14 
 
 
 
2IO 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 The Fourth or I-Conjugation 
 audiQ, audire, audiyi, audltus 
 
 Present < 
 
 Imperfect 
 
 Future 
 
 Perfect 
 
 ACTIVE 
 
 PASSIVE 
 
 NDICATIVE 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 Indicative 
 
 SUBjUNCTlVP 
 
 auditt 
 
 audiam 
 
 audior 
 
 audiar 
 
 audis 
 
 audias 
 
 audiria 
 
 audiaris 
 
 
 
 audire 
 
 audiare 
 
 audit 
 
 audiat 
 
 auditor 
 
 audiatur 
 
 audlmoB 
 
 audiamas 
 
 audlmor 
 
 audiamur 
 
 auditis 
 
 audUtia 
 
 audimin! 
 
 audiamini 
 
 audiunt 
 
 audiant 
 
 audiuntur 
 
 audiantur 
 
 audiebam 
 
 audirem 
 
 audiebar 
 
 audirer 
 
 audiebas 
 
 audirSa 
 
 audiebaris 
 
 audireris 
 
 
 
 audiebare 
 
 audirere 
 
 audiebat 
 
 audiret 
 
 audiebatur 
 
 audiretur 
 
 audiebamua 
 
 audiremua 
 
 audiebamur 
 
 audiremur 
 
 audiebatis 
 
 audiretia 
 
 audiebamim 
 
 audiremin) 
 
 audiebant 
 
 audirent 
 
 audiebantnr 
 
 audirentur 
 
 
 
 audiar 
 
 
 audiSs 
 
 
 audieria 
 audiere 
 
 
 audiet 
 
 
 audietur 
 
 
 audiSmns 
 
 
 audiemur 
 
 
 audietia 
 
 
 audiemini 
 
 
 audient 
 
 
 audientur 
 
 
 audM 
 
 audiverim 
 
 audltus sum 
 
 audltus sim 
 
 audivisti 
 
 audiveria 
 
 audltus es 
 
 audltus SIS 
 
 audlvit 
 
 audiverit 
 
 audltus est 
 
 audltus sit 
 
 audlvimus 
 
 audiverimus 
 
 audit! sumus 
 
 audlti simu3 
 
 audivistis 
 
 audiveritis 
 
 audlti estis 
 
 audit! sitis 
 
 audlvenint 
 
 audiverint 
 
 audit! sunt 
 
 audtti sint 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 211 
 
 Plu- 
 perfect 
 
 ACTIVE 
 iKDicATivB Subjunctive 
 audlveram audivissem 
 audlveras audlvissSs 
 audlverat audivisset 
 
 audlver&mus audlvissemus 
 audiveratia audivissetia 
 audiverant audiviasent 
 
 PASSIVE 
 
 Indicative Subjunctive 
 
 auditus cram auditus essem 
 
 auditus eras auditus esses 
 
 auditus erat auditus esset 
 
 auditi eramus audit! essemus 
 
 audit! eratis auditi essetis 
 
 auditi erant auditi essent 
 
 Future 
 
 audlverft 
 audiveris 
 audiverit 
 
 
 
 auditus era 
 auditus eris 
 auditus erit 
 
 
 Perfect ' 
 
 audlverimus 
 
 audlveritis 
 
 audiverint 
 
 
 
 auditi erimua 
 auditi eritis 
 auditi erant 
 
 
 
 
 IMPBRATIVS 
 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 Present audi 
 
 Future {^"^'''^ 
 '"'"" {audita 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 audite 
 
 audltdte 
 
 audiuntd 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 audire 
 
 auditor 
 
 auditor 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 audimini 
 audiuntor 
 
 Present audiens 
 
 Perfect 
 
 Future audlturuSf -a 
 
 \,'um 
 
 Participle 
 
 auditus, -a, -nm 
 
 Present audire 
 Perfect audlvisst 
 Future audliurus ttu 
 
 IVPUfrnvK 
 
 audlrl 
 
 auditus esM 
 4utdUum trf 
 
 
 Gen. 
 
 GRRimo 
 
 audiendl 
 
 
 
 Gkrundivi 
 audicndus, -a, -am 
 
 Gen. 
 
 audiendl 
 
 aud 
 
 Dat 
 
 audiendd 
 
 
 Ace. 
 
 audiendum 
 
 
 Abl. 
 
 audiendd 
 
 SUPINB 
 
 audltumy audltH 
 
212 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 DEPONENTS 
 
 As an conjugations are given in full above, the corresponding depo- 
 nents are here presented largely in synopsis. 
 
 
 moror. 
 
 morftri 
 
 poUiceor, poUiceri 
 
 
 moratus sum 
 
 pollicitus sum 
 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 Indicative Subjunctive 
 
 Present 
 
 moror 
 
 morer 
 
 polliceor pollicear 
 
 Imperf. 
 
 morabar 
 
 morarer 
 
 polliccbar polliccrer 
 
 Future 
 
 moribor 
 
 
 pollicebor 
 
 Perfect 
 
 moratus sum 
 
 moratus sim 
 
 pollicitus sum pollicitus sim 
 
 Pluperf. 
 
 moratus eram 
 
 moratus essem 
 
 I pollicitus eram pollicitus essem 
 
 Fut. Perf. moratua erS 
 
 
 pollicitus er5 
 
 
 
 Imperative 
 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 plural 
 
 SINGULAR plural 
 
 Present 
 
 morare 
 
 moramini 
 
 pollicgr^ pollicemini 
 
 Future 
 
 r mordtor 
 [mordtor 
 
 
 polUcitor 
 
 morantor 
 
 pollicitor poUicentor 
 
 
 
 Participle 
 
 Present 
 
 morans 
 
 
 pollicens 
 
 Perfect 
 
 moratus, -a, -i 
 
 tun 
 
 pollicitus, -a, -um 
 
 Future 
 
 mordturusy -d 
 
 :, -urn 
 
 polliciturusy -a, -um 
 
 
 
 Infinitive 
 
 Present 
 
 morari 
 
 
 polliceri 
 
 Perfect 
 
 mordtus esse 
 
 
 pollicitus esse 
 
 Future 
 
 mordtiirus esse 
 
 pollicitUrus esse 
 
 Gerund Gerundive 
 
 Gerund Gerundive 
 
 Gen. morandi moraa 
 
 id(us, ^), -urn 
 
 pollicendi pollicendus, -a, -um 
 
 Dat. morandc 
 
 
 pollicendo 
 
 Ace. morandum 
 
 
 pollicendum 
 
 Abl. morandd 
 
 
 pollicendo 
 
 
 
 Supine 
 
 
 mordtum^ mordtu 
 
 \ 
 
 pollicttum, pollicUU 
 

 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 213 
 
 
 1 
 
 [II 
 
 
 Ilia 
 
 
 proficiscor, proficisci 
 
 patior, pati 
 
 
 profectus sum 
 
 passus sum 
 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 Present 
 
 proficiscor 
 
 proficlscar 
 
 patior 
 
 patiar 
 
 Imperf. 
 
 proficiscebar 
 
 proficlscerer 
 
 patiebar 
 
 paterer 
 
 Future 
 
 proficlscar 
 
 
 patiar 
 
 
 Perfect 
 
 profectus sum 
 
 profectus sim 
 
 passus sum 
 
 passus sim 
 
 Pluperf. 
 
 profectus eram 
 
 profectus essem 
 
 L passus eram 
 
 L passus essem 
 
 Fut. Perf. profectus erft 
 
 
 passus er9 
 
 
 
 
 Imperative 
 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 Present 
 
 proficiscere 
 
 proficiscimini 
 
 patere 
 
 patimini 
 
 Future 
 
 r proficlscitor 
 \ proficlscitor 
 
 
 Patitor 
 
 
 
 profidscuntor 
 
 patitor 
 
 patiuntor 
 
 
 
 Participle 
 
 
 
 Present 
 
 proficTsc€ns 
 
 
 patiens 
 
 
 Perfect 
 
 profectus, -a, -um 
 
 passus, -«, -um 
 
 Future 
 
 profecturusy -a 
 
 , 'Um 
 
 passurusy -«, -um 
 
 
 
 Infinitive 
 
 
 
 Present 
 
 proficisci 
 
 
 patI 
 
 
 Perfect 
 
 profectus esse 
 
 
 passus esse 
 
 
 Future 
 
 pro/eciUrus esse 
 
 PassHrus esse 
 
 
 GSRUND 
 
 Gerundive 
 
 "Gerund 
 
 Gerundive 
 
 Gen. 
 
 proficlscendl proficiscend(u8, -a), 
 
 patiendl patiendus, -a, -um 
 
 Dat. ^ 
 
 proficlscendd 
 
 -um 
 
 patiendd 
 
 
 Ace. , 
 
 proficlscendum 
 
 
 pcUiendum 
 
 
 Abl. 
 
 proficlscendd 
 
 
 patiendd 
 
 
 Supine 
 
 > profectum^ profecta 
 
 possum, passu 
 
214 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 IV 
 
 adorior. adorirl. adortus sum * 
 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 Present 
 
 adorior 
 
 adoriar 
 
 Imperfect 
 
 adori^bar 
 
 adorirer 
 
 Future 
 
 adoriar 
 
 
 Perfect 
 
 adortus sum 
 
 adortus sim 
 
 Pluperfect 
 
 adortus eram 
 
 adortus essem 
 
 Future Perfect 
 
 adortus erO 
 
 IMPERATIVK 
 
 
 • 
 
 Singular 
 
 Plural 
 
 Present 
 
 adorire 
 
 adorimini 
 
 Futuie 
 
 \adorUor 
 
 Participlb 
 
 adoriuntpr 
 
 Present 
 
 adorigns 
 
 
 Perfect 
 
 adortus, -a, -um 
 
 
 Future 
 
 adorturusj -a, -um 
 
 iNnNimrB 
 
 
 Present 
 
 adorM 
 
 
 Perfect 
 
 adortus esse 
 
 
 Future 
 
 adortUrus esu 
 
 
 
 Gerund 
 
 Gerundivb 
 
 Gen. 
 
 adorUndl 
 
 adoriendus, -a, -um 
 
 Dat. 
 
 adortendd 
 
 
 Ace, 
 
 adoriendum 
 
 
 AbL 
 
 adorUndo 
 
 Supine 
 adortum^ adortU 
 
 
 1 On the analogy of audi5 it might be expected that the perfect passive participle 
 of deponents of the fourth conjugation would end in -itas; but the commonest de- 
 ponents of the fourth conjugation form the perfect passive particijile in other ways 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 215 
 
 IRREGULAR VERBS 
 sum, esse, fui possum, posse, potal 
 
 
 INDICATIVK 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 Present 
 
 sum 
 
 es 
 
 est 
 
 sim 
 sis 
 
 sit 
 
 possum 
 
 potes 
 
 potest 
 
 possim 
 
 possis 
 
 possit 
 
 
 somas 
 estlB 
 . sunt 
 
 s&nos 
 
 sitis 
 
 sint 
 
 possumus 
 
 potestis 
 
 possunt 
 
 possimus 
 
 possitis 
 
 possint 
 
 Im- 
 
 reram 
 eras 
 erat 
 
 esaem 
 
 essSs 
 
 esset 
 
 poteram 
 
 poteras 
 
 poterat 
 
 possem 
 
 possis 
 
 posset 
 
 perfect 
 
 er&mo* 
 
 eratis 
 
 erant 
 
 essSmus 
 
 essftis 
 
 essent 
 
 poteramus 
 
 poteratis 
 
 poterant 
 
 possSmus 
 
 possetis 
 
 possent 
 
 Future 
 
 rer5 
 eris 
 erit 
 
 erimus 
 
 eritis 
 
 erunt 
 
 
 ill ill 
 
 
 Perfect 
 
 tenses regular. 
 
 Perfect tenses 
 
 regular 
 
 
 
 Imperative 
 
 
 s 
 Present 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 es 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 este 
 
 
 
 Future 
 
 estd 
 
 estO 
 
 $stdU 
 sufUd 
 
 
 
 Future 
 
 futaruSf -Oj 
 
 Participle 
 Infinitive 
 
 
 Present 
 Perfect 
 Future 
 
 esse 
 
 fmsse 
 futHrus esst 
 
 ,fort 
 
 posse 
 potuUs€ 
 
 
2l6 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 
 CO, ire, 
 
 U, itum 
 
 vol6, velle, volul 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 
 e9 
 
 eam 
 
 vols 
 
 velim 
 
 
 It 
 
 eis 
 
 vis 
 
 veils 
 
 
 tt 
 
 est 
 
 vult 
 
 velit 
 
 Present . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 imufl 
 
 eimus 
 
 volumus 
 
 velimus 
 
 
 itia 
 
 eJltis 
 
 vultis 
 
 velitis 
 
 
 eont 
 
 esnt 
 
 volunt 
 
 velint 
 
 
 Tbam 
 
 irem 
 
 volSbam 
 
 vellem 
 
 
 ibia 
 
 Ir€s 
 
 volJbis 
 
 vellSs 
 
 Im- 
 
 n>At 
 
 iret 
 
 volSbst 
 
 vellet 
 
 perfect 
 
 ibimtu 
 
 IrSmns 
 
 voUbimas 
 
 vcUemus 
 
 
 ibitU 
 
 iritis 
 
 volebitis 
 
 velletis 
 
 
 ibant 
 
 Irtnt 
 
 volebant 
 
 vellent 
 
 
 fiM 
 
 
 volsm 
 
 
 
 ibis 
 
 
 volSs 
 
 
 Future < 
 
 Ibtt 
 
 Tbimos 
 
 Ibitis 
 
 Ibnnt 
 
 
 ▼olet 
 
 volSmus 
 
 voletis 
 
 volent 
 
 
 
 rll 
 
 ierim, etc. 
 
 volui, etc 
 
 voluerim, etc 
 
 
 litl 
 
 
 
 
 Perfect 
 
 Ut 
 
 limns 
 
 Istis 
 
 iSmnt 
 
 
 
 
 Pluperf 
 
 ieram, etc 
 
 Tssem, etc. 
 
 voluersm, etc 
 
 . voluissem,etc 
 
 Fut Perf. 
 
 ierS, etc. 
 
 
 voluerd) etc. 
 
 
 
 
 IMPERATIV* 
 
 
 s» 
 
 iGULAR 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 
 
 Present 
 
 I 
 
 ite 
 
 
 
 Future 
 
 
 itdU 
 euntd 
 
 
 

 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 217 
 
 
 
 Participlb 
 
 
 
 Present 
 
 iSns, gen. euntis 
 
 volte* 
 
 
 Perfect 
 
 it(us, -a), - 
 
 um 
 
 
 
 Future 
 
 iiurusy -ay - 
 
 ■urn 
 
 Infinitive 
 
 
 
 Present 
 
 Ire 
 
 
 veils 
 
 
 Perfect 
 
 fsse 
 
 
 voluisse 
 
 
 Future 
 
 Hiirus esse 
 Gerund 
 
 Gerundive 
 
 
 
 Gen. 
 
 eundl 
 
 eund{usj -a), -um 
 
 
 
 Dat. 
 
 eundd 
 
 
 
 
 Ace. 
 
 eundum 
 
 
 
 
 AbL 
 
 eundd 
 
 
 
 
 
 mfllO, maile, mAluI 
 
 n6l6. nClle 
 
 nOIui 
 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 
 mal5 
 
 malim 
 
 ndI6 
 
 nolim 
 
 
 mSvTs 
 
 malls 
 
 non vis 
 
 nolis 
 
 Present < 
 
 mavult 
 malumus 
 
 maUt 
 malimus 
 
 non vult 
 nolumus 
 
 nolit 
 nolimus 
 
 
 mavultis 
 
 malitis 
 
 non vultis 
 
 nolitis 
 
 
 maluut 
 
 malint 
 
 nolunt 
 
 nolint 
 
 
 malebam 
 
 mallem 
 
 nolebam 
 
 nollem 
 
 
 malSbaa 
 
 malles 
 
 nolebas 
 
 nolles 
 
 Imperfect 
 
 malSbat 
 malebamns 
 
 ro^Ulet 
 mall€mus 
 
 nol€bat 
 nolebamus 
 
 noUet 
 nollemus 
 
 
 malgbatis 
 
 mall€tis 
 
 nolebatis 
 
 noUetis 
 
 
 .malebant 
 
 nULilant 
 
 Ddlebant 
 
 nollent 
 
 
 r [malam] 
 malgs 
 
 
 [nolam] 
 nolte 
 
 
 Future 
 
 malet 
 
 malimot 
 
 malitis 
 
 malent 
 
 
 ndlet 
 
 ndlSmos 
 
 noletis 
 
 ndlent 
 
 
 Perfect tenses regular. 
 
 Perfect tenses regular. 
 
2l8 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 
 
 Imperative 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 Present 
 
 
 
 noU 
 
 nolite 
 
 Future 
 
 
 Participle 
 
 ndlUd 
 HdlU6 
 
 noUtdte 
 ndluntd 
 
 Present 
 
 
 Infinitive 
 
 ndUnt 
 
 
 Present 
 Perfect 
 
 rallle 
 mdluisst 
 
 
 ndUe 
 
 ndiuissi 
 
 
 do, dare, dedl, datus 
 This verb deviates from the first conjugation principally In that its a 
 is often short in situations where the first conjugation would call for JL 
 
 ACTIVE PASSIVE 
 
 Present 
 
 Indicative 
 
 d5 
 
 dis 
 
 dat 
 
 damiit 
 
 datis 
 
 dant 
 
 dabam 
 dahia 
 
 SuBjuNcmr* 
 dem 
 dte 
 
 det 
 
 Indicative 
 
 daria 
 dare 
 datur 
 
 damnr 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 d^ris 
 dere 
 ditur 
 
 Imperfect 
 
 Future 
 
 dabat 
 
 dabimoa 
 
 dabatis 
 
 dabant 
 
 dabO 
 dabif 
 
 dabit 
 
 ditia 
 dent 
 
 dareni 
 daria 
 
 daret 
 
 darSmos 
 
 daretia 
 
 darent 
 
 dantor 
 
 dabar 
 
 dabiris 
 
 dabire 
 
 dabitor 
 
 dabimnr 
 dabamini 
 dabantur 
 
 dabor 
 
 daberis 
 
 dabere 
 
 dabitor 
 
 demini 
 dentur 
 
 darer 
 dar€ris 
 darere 
 daretur 
 
 daremur 
 daremini 
 darentur 
 
 dabimos dabimor 
 
 dabitis dabimini 
 
 dabttnt dabuntur 
 
 Perfect tenses regular (excepting that the a of datus is short). 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 219 
 
 IMPERATIVB 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 damini 
 dantor 
 
 
 tINGULAft 
 
 PLURAL SINGULAR 1 
 
 Present 
 
 di 
 
 d«l4 
 
 dare c 
 
 Future 
 
 datd 
 datd 
 
 daidte 
 
 daior 
 
 dantd 
 
 dator a 
 
 Present 
 
 dine 
 
 Participlb 
 
 
 Perfect 
 
 
 
 datus, -A, -ofll 
 
 Future 
 
 daiarus,'4if 
 
 -WH 
 
 
 Present 
 
 dare 
 
 Infinitive 
 
 dari 
 
 Perfect 
 
 dtdisse 
 
 
 dat us esse 
 
 Future 
 
 daturus esst 
 
 
 datum Irl 
 
 
 Gkrund 
 
 
 Gerundive 
 
 Gen. 
 
 dandl 
 
 
 dandus, -a, -luii 
 
 Dat. 
 
 dandd 
 
 
 
 Ace. 
 
 dandum 
 
 
 
 AbL 
 
 dandd 
 
 Supine 
 daiumydaia 
 
 
 edO, 6sse (edere), Sdi, Ssus 
 
 The peculiarities of cd6 are due to the fact that its regular forms are 
 often contracted, as in the infinitive above. Otherwise the verb con- 
 forms to the third conjugation, and only so much of it is here given as 
 is needful to display the contracted forms. 
 
 PASSIVE 
 
 Present 
 
 
 ACTIVE 
 
 NUICATI 
 
 ed5 
 
 VE SUBJUNCTI 
 
 edam 
 
 €s 
 
 edia 
 
 edia 
 
 
 «st 
 
 edat 
 
 edit 
 
 
 edimus 
 
 edimua 
 
 €8tia 
 
 editia 
 
 editia 
 
 
 edunt 
 
 edant 
 
 edor 
 
 edar 
 
 edoris 
 
 edaria 
 
 edere 
 
 edare 
 
 €stur 
 
 editor 
 
 editnr 
 
 
 edimnr 
 
 edimur 
 
 ediminl 
 
 ediminl 
 
 ednntur 
 
 edantur 
 
220 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 
 ACTIVE 
 
 PASSIVE 
 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 
 edibam 
 
 essem 
 ederem 
 
 edgbar 
 
 ederer 
 
 
 ledCbla 
 
 essSs 
 
 edJbaris 
 
 edertris 
 
 
 
 edeifs 
 
 edebare 
 
 edercre 
 
 
 ed«Mit 
 
 esset 
 
 cdJbJLtur 
 
 esaitur 
 
 Im- 
 perfect 
 
 
 ederet 
 
 
 ederttur 
 
 edSbimus 
 
 Sss^mns 
 
 edSbamur 
 
 ederemur 
 
 
 
 edergmns 
 
 
 
 
 edSbatis 
 
 edcrctis 
 
 cdebamini 
 
 ederemini 
 
 
 edibant 
 
 Assent 
 edennt 
 
 edebantur 
 
 cderentur 
 
 
 
 IllPERATIVE 
 
 
 
 SINGUUIR 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 singular 
 
 plural 
 
 Present 
 
 es(ede) 
 
 «ste (editc) 
 
 edere 
 
 ediminl 
 
 Future 
 
 istd {editd) 
 istd \editd) 
 
 istdte {editdte) 
 
 editor 
 
 
 
 eduntd 
 
 editor 
 
 eduntor 
 
 ferO, ferre, tuli, latus 
 
 ACTIVE 
 
 Indicative Subjunctive 
 
 PASSIVE 
 Indicative Subjunctive 
 
 Present 
 
 Im- 
 perfect 
 
 feriJ 
 
 feram 
 
 feror 
 
 ferar 
 
 fers 
 
 ferit 
 
 fenis 
 
 feraria 
 
 
 
 ferre 
 
 ferare 
 
 fert 
 
 fermt 
 
 fertur 
 
 feratur 
 
 ferimns 
 
 ferimos 
 
 ferimur 
 
 feramur 
 
 fertis 
 
 feratis 
 
 feriminl 
 
 feramini 
 
 fenmt 
 
 ferant 
 
 feruntur 
 
 ferantur 
 
 ferJbam 
 
 ferrem 
 
 ferebar 
 
 ferrer 
 
 ferebaa 
 
 ferr«s 
 
 ferebaris 
 
 ferreris 
 
 
 
 ferebare 
 
 ferrere 
 
 fer€bat 
 
 ferret 
 
 ferSbatur 
 
 ferretur 
 
 ferSbamus 
 
 ferrgmuf 
 
 ferebamur 
 
 ferrgmnr 
 
 fergbatio 
 
 ferretia 
 
 ferebamini 
 
 ferreminl 
 
 ferSbant 
 
 ferrent 
 
 ferebantur 
 
 ferrentur 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 221 
 
 Future 
 
 ACTIVE 
 Indicative 
 feram 
 ferSt 
 
 feret 
 
 ferSmns 
 
 feretis 
 
 ferent 
 
 PASSIVE 
 
 INDICATIVX 
 
 ferar 
 fercris 
 ferere 
 feretur 
 
 feremur 
 feremini 
 ferentur 
 
 Perfect tenses regular. 
 
 
 
 Imperative 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 PLURAL singular 
 
 plural 
 
 Present 
 
 fer 
 
 ferte ferre 
 
 ferimini 
 
 Future 
 
 fertO 
 fertd 
 
 fertdte fertor 
 feruntd fertor 
 
 Participle 
 
 feruntor 
 
 Present 
 Perfect 
 Future 
 
 feigns 
 UUarus^ -a, 
 
 -um 
 
 Infinitive 
 
 Ultaa, *«, -um 
 
 Present 
 Perfect 
 Future 
 
 ferre ferri 
 tuUsse Idtus esse 
 UUHrus esse latum frf 
 
 
 
 Gerund 
 
 Gerundive 
 
 
 Gen. 
 Dat. 
 Ace. 
 Abl. 
 
 /erendf 
 ferendd 
 ferendum 
 ferendd 
 
 ferendus, -a, 
 
 Supine 
 UUum, IdtU 
 
 .am 
 
222 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 flO, fieri, factus sum 
 
 INDICATIVB 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 
 fi6 
 
 fiam 
 
 
 Ht 
 
 Hit 
 
 
 fit 
 
 Hat 
 
 Present 
 
 
 
 
 [fimut] 
 
 fiinraa 
 
 
 [fiti.] 
 
 nitit 
 
 
 finnt 
 
 fiant 
 
 
 frib«m 
 
 fierem 
 
 
 fiebis 
 
 fierSs 
 
 Im- 
 
 fiSbat 
 
 fieret 
 
 perfect 
 
 flebimuA 
 
 fierSmna 
 
 
 nebitis 
 
 fierStU 
 
 
 n^bant 
 
 fierent 
 
 
 ffiam 
 fiSt 
 
 
 Future 
 
 jIII 
 
 
 Perfect tenses identical with those of the passive of faclG. 
 
 Imperative 
 
 SINGULAE PLURAL 
 
 Present ft fita 
 
 Participle 
 Perfect factus, -a, -um 
 
 Infinitive 
 Present fieri 
 Perfect factus esse 
 Future \_f actum irf'] futurus esse, fore 
 
WORD LIST 
 
 The numbers Indicate the Exercises in which a word is defined or used in some 
 special way. 
 
 I. ah, preposition, used with the 
 
 ablative case, 56, Rule, 
 abscidd, abscidere, abscidi, absci- 
 
 8US, 53. 
 accipid, accipere, accepi, acceptus, 
 
 54. 
 
 icer, icris, icre, 52, 65. 
 
 icriter, adverb, 52, 66. 
 
 ad, preposition, used with the accusa- 
 tive case, 12. 
 
 adiu75, adiuvare, adiiivl, adiutus, 
 
 38. 
 
 adorior, adorin, adortus sum, 69. 
 
 ager, agri, m., 10. 
 
 agricola, -ae, m., 6. 
 
 albus, HI, -am, 14. 
 
 aliqui (aliquis), aliqua, aliquod 
 (aliquid), 71. 
 
 altus, -a, -um, 39, 65. 
 
 amittd, amittere, amisi, imissus, 
 67. 
 
 ancilla, -ae, f., 19. 
 
 annas, -i, m., 48. 
 
 apud, preposition, used with the ac- 
 cusative case, 66. 
 
 aqaa. -*e, f., 4. 
 
 arbor, -oris, f., 37. 
 
 Irea, -ae, f., 3. 
 
 Iter, itra, itram, 57, 65. 
 
 tadi5, aadire, aodivi, auditus, 50, 
 51, 66, 67, 72. 
 
 lat, conjunction, 71. 
 
 aatem, postpositive conjunction, 39. 
 
 iria, -ae, f., 22. 
 
 ayis, -is, f., 48. 
 ayus, -i, m., 22. 
 
 baca, -ae, f., 4. 
 bellum, -i, n., 54. 
 bonus, -a, -um, 14, 65, 
 
 cad5, cadere, cecidi, casam, 17, 43. 
 
 caelum, -i, n., 24. 
 
 canis, -is, m. and f., 46. 
 
 capi5, capere, cepi, captas, 49. 
 
 capsa, -ae, f., 13. 
 
 caput, capitis, N., 49. 
 
 castellum, -1, n., 66. 
 
 castra, -onim, n., 56. 
 
 Cauda, -ae, f., 9. 
 
 cavea, -ae, f., 8. 
 
 celeriter, adverb, 25, 66, 
 
 cena, -ae, f., 28. 
 
 ceteri, -ae, -a, 38. 
 
 Claudia, -ae, f., 6. 
 
 coepi, 31. 
 
 c5gn5sc6, c5gndscere, cOgnOrt cO- 
 
 gnitus, 61. 
 c5g6, cSgere, coegi, co&ctas, 70. 
 collis, -is, M., 42. 
 collocd, collocare, coUociyi, coUo* 
 
 catus, 38. 
 colSnas, -i, m., 67. 
 columba, -ae, f., 18. 
 commGtus, -a, -am, 60. 
 compleO, complSre, complivl, com* 
 
 plitas, 19. 
 concha, -ae, f., 7. 
 
 223 
 
224 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 cGnor, cOnari, c5natu8 sum, 70. 
 cdnsumd, cdnsumere, c5nsumpsi, 
 
 cdnsumptus, 45. 
 conveniS, conyenire, conySni, con- 
 
 ventus, 50. 
 coquus, -i, M., 28. 
 corbuU, -ae, f., i. 
 corvus, -i, M., 30. 
 eras, adverb, 15. 
 culina, -ae, p., 28. 
 cam, conjunction, 22. 
 cum, preposition, used with the ab- 
 
 lative case, 5, ao. Rem., 49, Rem., 
 
 59, Note. 
 ciinae, -arum, f., 8. 
 cur, adverb, 7. 
 currQ, currere, cucurrf, cursum, 10, 
 
 30. 43. 
 custddiS, custddire, custddivi, cus- 
 
 t&ditua, 62. 
 C3rmba, -ac, f., 6. 
 
 dS, preposition, used with the abla> 
 
 tive case, 72. 
 decern, 47. 
 
 decimus, -a, -um, 68. 
 defessus, -a, -um, 14. 
 deus, -i, M., 68. 
 dic5, dicere, dixl, dictus, 61 ; 0^ 51, 
 
 Rem. 
 dies, diei, m. an(f f^ 59. 
 diii, adverb, 25, 66. 
 dd, dare, dedi, datus, 18, 36, 68; 
 
 cf. 12. 
 
 doceo, docere, docui, doctus, 5. 
 domus, -iis, f., 68; (domnm, 30; 
 
 domi, 70). 
 ducd, diicere, diizi, ductus, 12, 43, 
 
 64; cf. 51, Rem. 
 duo, duae, duo, 38. 
 duodecim, 59. 
 duodecimus, -a, -am, 72. 
 
 duodevicSsimus, -a, 
 duodeyigiuti, 59. 
 
 -um, 72. 
 
 S, ex. preposition, used with the abla 
 
 tive case, 10. 
 ebrius, -a, -um, 29. 
 edd, esse (edere), edi, Ssus, 28, 43. 
 ego, mei, 20, 21, Rule. 
 em5, emere, Smi, emptus, 27, 43. 
 enim, postpositive conjunction, 40. 
 e5, ire, ii, itam, 11, 22, Rem., 39, 
 
 51. 67. 
 eques, -itis, m., 64. 
 equus, -i, m., 9, 64. 
 erumpd, enimpere, SrQpI, Sruptum, 
 
 25. 43- 
 escendd, Sscendere, Sscendi, iscen- 
 
 sum, 37, 43. 
 et, conjunction, 2. 
 exercitus, -iis, m., 53. 
 
 £acile, adverb, 66. 
 
 facid, facere, feci, factus, 49, 51, 
 
 Rem. See also fid. 
 fer5, ferre, tuli, latus, 44, 51, 62, 67. 
 filia, -ae, f., 15. 
 filius, fill, M., 15. 
 fid, fieri, factus sum, 64. 
 flos, floris, M., 37. 
 fluctus, -iis, M., 53. 
 fliimen, -inis, n., 55. 
 folium, -i, N., 34. 
 fortasse, adverb, 62. 
 fortis, -is, -e, 52, 65. 
 fortiter, adverb, 52, 66. 
 frangd, frangere, fregi, fractus, 15, 
 
 43. 
 frater, -tris, m., 41. 
 friimentum, -1, n., 60. 
 fuga, -ae, f., 68. 
 fugio, fugere, fiigi, ^Z^ 48, 
 furtim, adverb, 33. 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 225 
 
 CalUiM. -*•, F., 33. 
 
 gfns, gentis, v., 63. 
 ger6. gerere, gessi, gestua, 54. 
 gUdius, -i, M^ 65. 
 gremiam, -i, n., ao. 
 
 habeS, hftMre, luibai, habitus, 2, 6, 
 15, 18, 19, 22, 25, 29 and 2nd 
 Rem., 31. 33. 54. 5 ». 58, 64, 67, 72. 
 
 habits, habiUre, habitavi, habita- 
 tiim,37. 
 
 harina, -ae, f., 7. 
 
 haud procol, adverbial phrase, 66. 
 
 herba, -ae, f., 2. 
 
 heri, adverb, 17. 
 
 hie, haec, hoc, 7a 
 
 hodie, adverb, 16. 
 
 h5ra, -ae, f., 45. 
 
 hortus, -i, M., 9. 
 
 hostia, -is, m. and p., 54. 
 48. 
 
 ibi, adverb, 16. 
 
 idem, eadem, idem, $$. 
 
 idSneus, -a, -am, 35. 
 
 igitur, postpositive conjunction, 57. 
 
 igoia, -is, m., 42. 
 
 ille, ilia, illud, 70. 
 
 imperator, -dria, m., 53. 
 
 impetua, -ua, m., 53. 
 
 in, preposition, used with the ablative 
 
 case, 2; used with the accusative 
 
 case, 10, 17; f/64,68. 
 Indi, -drum, m., 59. 
 inquit, inquiunt, 4, 7. 
 insula, -ae, p., 45. 
 interim, adverb, 26. 
 inyeniS, inrenire, inrtol, inrentna, 
 
 23» 50- 
 ipae, ipsa, ipsum, 55. 
 Iritua, -a, -urn, 34. 
 it, ea. id, 28, 59. 
 
 LATIN PRIMER — IK 
 
 late, iata, iatud, 71. 
 ita, adverb, 48. 
 itaque, conjunction, 8. 
 iter, itineria, n., 49. 
 
 iace5, iacere, iacui, 5. 
 
 iacid, iacere, ieci, iactua, 15, 48. 
 
 iam, adverb, 35. 
 
 inbed, iubere, iuaai, ioaaua, 58. 
 
 lulia, -ae, f., 4. 
 
 laetus, -a, -am, 32. 
 
 latebrae, -arum, f., 2$, 
 
 lated, latere, latui, 3. 
 
 lectus, -i, M., 20. 
 
 legid, -dnia, p., 68. 
 
 libenter, adverb, 66. 
 
 liber, -bri, m., 12. 
 
 liberi, -5nmi, m., 22. 
 
 litus, -oris, n., 37. 
 
 locus, -i, M. (plu. loca, -5rum, n.), 35. 
 
 longe, adverb, 58, 66. 
 
 longus, -a, -um, 14. 
 
 ludd, ludere, liisi, liisum, 53 ; c/. 4. 
 
 l&dus, -i, M., 12. 
 
 liina, -ae, p., 24. 
 
 lupus, -i, M., 16. 
 
 lutum, -i, N., 18. 
 
 liiz, liicis, p., 58. 
 
 maestus, -a, -am, 64. 
 
 magister, -tri, m., 12. 
 
 ma gnus, -a, -am, 14, 65. 
 
 maior, maior, mains ; see magnaa. 
 
 maid, malle, malui, 31, 47. 
 
 malum, -i, n., ii. 
 
 mains, -a, -um, 15, 65. 
 
 mine, adverb, $7. 
 
 manus, -us, p., 64. 
 
 Marcella, -ae, p., 8. 
 
 Marcus, -i, m., 4, 9, 13. 
 
 mare, -ia, n., 42. 
 
226 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 mater, -tris, f., 41. 
 matrimdnium, -i, n^ 64. 
 mazimus, -a, -urn; see magnus. 
 melior, -ior, -ius; see bonus, 
 mensa, -ae, f., i. 
 meus, -a, -urn, 21. 
 miles, -itis, m., 55. 
 milia (-ium, n.) passuum, 46. 
 minimus, -a, -um; see parvus, 
 minor, minor, minus; see parms. 
 miser, •«ra, -erum, 17, 65. 
 mitt5, mitt ere, misi, missus, 1 1, 43, 
 
 51,60,67, 72. 
 moneO, monire, monni, monitus, 
 
 ao. 
 moror, morari, moratus sum, 69. 
 mortuus, -a, -um, 51. 
 mox, adverb, 22. 
 mulier, -ieris, f., 67. 
 multi, -ae, -a, 20, 65. 
 
 Lf con|unction, 15. 
 nauta, -ae, m., i. 
 navls, -is, p., 45. 
 n6, conjunction, 68, Rule, 
 -ne, interrogative particle, 35, Rule, 
 neque (nee), conjunction, 48. 
 nidus, -i, m., ^3- 
 noctii, adverb, 63. 
 n5I5, n511e, nolui, 3i» 47, 51, 67. 
 n5n, adverb, 16. 
 nSnus, -a, -um, 68. 
 noster, -tra, -trum, 21. 
 nostri, -6rum, m., 68. 
 novem, 47. 
 nox, noctis, f., 56. 
 niibes, -is, f., 57. 
 niillus, -a, -um, 62. 
 numquam, adverb, 71. 
 nunc, adverb, 6, 35, Rem. 
 
 obesus, -a, -um, 28. 
 
 occid5, occidere, occldi, occisus, 16, 
 
 43- 
 octarus, -a, -um, 68. 
 octS, 47. 
 Slim, adverb, 19. 
 omnis, -is, -e, 60. 
 oppidum, -i, n., 17. 
 optimus, -a, -um; see bonus, 
 ovis, -is, F., 62. 
 dyum, -i, n., 33. 
 
 paene, adverb, 64. 
 
 pars, parare, paravi, paratus, 53. 
 
 parvus, a, -um, 14, 65. 
 
 passus, -us, M.; see milia passuum. 
 
 pater, -tris, m., 41. 
 
 patera, -ae, f., 28. 
 
 patior, pati, passus sum, 69. 
 
 panel, -ae, -a, 46. 
 
 pauld post, adverbial phrase, 62. 
 
 pax, paeis, f., 54. 
 
 peeunia, -ae, f., ao. 
 
 peior, peior, peius ; see malus. 
 
 per, preposition, used with the accu- 
 sative case, 23. 
 
 perterritus, -a, -um, 37. 
 
 pervenid, pervenire, pervenl, per- 
 ventum, 65. 
 
 pessimus, -a, -um; see malus. 
 
 peto, petere, petivi, petitus, 72. 
 
 piger, -gra, -grum, 17, 65. 
 
 pila, -ae, f., i ; C/.4, 
 
 piseis, -is, m., 42. 
 
 pliires, plures, pliira ; see multi, 
 and 65, Note. 
 
 pliirimi, -ae, -a; see multi. 
 
 poeulum, -i, n., 29.* 
 
 poenar. do, dare, dedi, datus, 12. 
 
 poUieeor, poUieeri, poUieitus sum, 
 69. 
 
 porta, -ae, f., 17. 
 
 possum, posse, potui, 31, 40. 
 
LATIN PRIMER 
 
 227 
 
 pott; tee paul5 post 
 
 p08tei« adverb, 7a 
 
 postrimS, adverb, 67. 
 
 primO, adverb, 64, 
 
 primus, -a, -um. 68. 
 
 procul ; see haud procol. 
 
 proficiscor, proficisci, profectus 
 sum, 69. 
 
 prope, preposition, used with the ac- 
 cusative case, 50. 
 
 properd, properare, properavi, pro- 
 peratum, 36. 
 
 puella, -ae, f., 2. 
 
 puer, -eri, m., 10. 
 
 pugna, -ae, f., 72. 
 
 pugnS, pugnare, pagnirl, pugiul- 
 tum, 52. 
 
 pulcher, -chra, -chrum, 27, 65. 
 
 pupa, -ae, f., 2. 
 
 puts, putare, putavi, patitas, 61. 
 
 qnartus, -a, -um, 68. 
 
 qnartus (-a, -um) decimus, -a, -am, 
 
 72. 
 
 quattuor, 47. 
 
 quattuordecim, 59. 
 
 -que, conjunction, 24. 
 
 qui, interrogative pronoun: see quis. 
 
 qui, quae, quod, relative pronoun, 
 49,62. 
 
 quia, conjunction, 7. 
 
 quidam, quaedam, quoddam (quid- 
 dam), 57. 
 
 quindecim, 59. 
 
 quinque, 47. 
 
 Qu'mtus, -I, M., 9, 13. 
 
 quintus, -a, -um, 68. 
 
 quintus (-a, -um) decimus, •«, -am, 
 72. 
 
 (qois) qui, quae, (quid) quod, in- 
 terrogaUve pronoun, 60; also 6 
 
 (quid). 
 
 quoque, adverb, 46. 
 
 rimus, -I, m., 34. 
 
 rapid, rapere, rapui, raptus, 32, 48, 
 
 51, 63, 67, 72. 
 reded, redire, redii, reditum, 62. 
 relinqud, relinquere, reliqui, re- 
 
 lictus, 72. 
 remittd, remittere, remisi, re- 
 
 missus, 54. 
 res, rei, f.. 59. 
 rex, regis, m., 63. 
 ripa, -ae, f., 30. 
 rivus, -i, M., 30. 
 rosa, -ae, f., i. 
 
 saepe, adverb, 44. 
 
 sagitta, -ae, f., 26. 
 
 saxum, -i, n., 17. 
 
 scalae, -arum, f., 3. 
 
 secundus, -a, -um, 68. ' 
 
 seciiris, -is, f., 51. 
 
 sed, conjunction, 8. 
 
 sedecim, 59. 
 
 sede5, sedere, sedi, sessom, 5. 
 
 sella, -ae, f., 4. 
 
 septem, 47. 
 
 septendecim, 59. 
 
 Septimus, -a, -um, 68. 
 
 Septimus (-a, -am) decimal, •«, 
 
 -um, 72. 
 sequor, sequi, secutus sum, 71. 
 sex, 47. 
 
 sextos, -a, -um, 68. 
 sextas (-a, -um) decimus, -a, -um, 
 
 72- 
 
 silva, -ae, f., 16. 
 
 simia, -ae, f., 3. 
 
 simul, adverb, 7a. 
 
 sine, preposition, used with the ab- 
 lative case, 64. 
 
 •olea. -ae, f« 4. 
 
228 
 
 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 soror, -dris, f^ 41. 
 speluQca, -ae, f., 19. 
 statim, adverb, 55. 
 Stella, -ae, f., 24. 
 stilus, -i, M., 13. 
 
 sub, preposition, used with the ab- 
 lative case, 3. 
 subitO, adverb, 37. 
 subsellium, -i, n., 12. 
 sui, sibi, 61. 
 sum, esse, fui, 2, 3, 16, 24, 30, 32, 
 
 40. 5»- 
 sustined, sustinSre, sustinul, sus- 
 tentus, 63. 
 
 taberna, -ae, f., ii. 
 
 tabernaculum, -I, n^ ii. 
 
 tabula, -ae, f., 13. 
 
 tempestas, -itis, f., 61. 
 
 teneQ, tenure, tenid» a. 
 
 tergum, -i, n., 13. 
 
 terra, -ae, f., 18. 
 
 terre5, terrere, terrui, territus, 8. 
 
 tertius, -a, -um, 68. 
 
 tertius (-a, -am) decimns, -a, -am, 
 
 72. 
 timed, timere, timui, 3. 
 transeO, trinsire, transii, transitus, 
 
 44- 
 tredecim, 59. 
 tres, trcs, tria, 38. 
 tu, tui, 20, 21, Rule, 
 tum, adverb, 12. 
 tutus, -a, -am, 32. 
 toas, -a, -am, 21. 
 
 abi, adverb, 4. 
 
 fillos, -a, -um, 62. 
 umbra, -ae, f., 5. 
 amerus, -i, m., 13. 
 fini, adverb, 59, Note, 
 findecim, 59. 
 imdecimus, -a, -am, 72. 
 undevicesimus, -a, -um, 72. 
 findeviginti, 59. 
 nndique, adverb, 63. 
 finus, -a, -um, 59. 
 urbs, urbis, f^ 67. 
 ursa, -ae, f., 19. 
 Ot, conjunction, 19. 
 fiya, ae, f^ 23. 
 uxor, -dris, f., 60. 
 
 Talidus, -a, -am, 16. 
 
 Tall€s, -is, F., 42. 
 
 Tehementer, adverb, 42. 
 
 Teh6, yehere, yfaci, yectas, 13, 43, 
 
 64. 
 Tinitor, -5ris, m., 46. 
 yeni5, venire, veni, yentum, 10, 50. 
 yester, -tra, -trum, 21. 
 yia, -ae, f., 2. 
 yicesimus, -a, -um, 72. 
 videS, yidere, yidi, yisus, 4. 
 yiginti, 59. 
 yflla, -ae, f., 41. 
 yinum, -i, n., 29. 
 yir, yiri, m., 67. 
 yis, — , p., 61. 
 yoco, yocare, yocayi, yocatus, 36, 
 
 51, 54, 56, 64, 67, 72. 
 yol6, yelle, yolui, 31, 46, 67. 
 y6x, yocis, f., 62. 
 yulpecula, -ae, f., 23. 
 
APPENDIX I 
 
 THE PRONUNCIATION OF LATIN 
 
 Alphabet. The Latin alphabet is like the English, 
 excepting that it lacks the letters j and w; moreover, k, 
 y, and z are little used in Latin. 
 
 Sounds. Latin speech sounds are of two general classes ; 
 namely, Consonant and Vowel. 
 
 Note. The letter i has two uses : sometimes it is to be read 
 as a consonant, sometimes as a vowel. It is to be read as a con- 
 sonant (a) when it stands between vowels within a word, as in 
 eiu8 ; and (d) when it begins a word and is followed by a vowel, 
 as in iam. 
 
 Consonants. The consonant sounds of Latin are ex- 
 pressed by b, c, d, f , g, h, i, k, 1, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, x, and 
 
 z. Nearly all of these letters are sounded as in English, 
 but the pronunciation of the following requires special 
 notice : 
 
 b, when followed by j, or /, 8 as in saf (never as in dusy 
 
 is sounded as / ; as in or sure). 
 
 urbs and obtineo, t as in tin (never as in ra- 
 
 c as in ^t// (never as in cent). tional). 
 
 g as in ^^/ (never as mgem). ▼ as w in wind. 
 i as ^ in yet. 
 
 Remark. The letter q is found only in the combination qu. 
 Here (and sometimes in the combinations gu and su) the letter u 
 represents t, and must be so pronounced. 
 
 229 
 
230 LATIN PRIMER 
 
 Vowels. The vowel sounds of Latin are represented by 
 a, e, i, 0, u, and y. 
 
 Note i. Vowels may be either long or short. A long vowel 
 is indicated by writing a straight line above the letter, as a. A 
 short vowel is usually unmarked ; but the sign ^ is sometimes used, 
 as a. 
 
 Note 2. By running two different vowels together into a 
 single sound, a diphthong is produced. The principal diphthongs 
 of Latin are ae, au, and ecL 
 
 The Latin vowel and diphthong sounds are as follows: 
 
 & as a m farther. 6 as <? va forty, 
 
 & as ^x in ah^m, fi as » in rude, 
 
 € as ^ in they, 6 as » in put, 
 
 e as ^ in let, 7 as German U* 
 
 I as I in machine. ac as y in try, 
 
 i as I in bit, au as ou in out, 
 
 as ^ in tone, en as ^« infeud.^ 
 
 Syllables. A Latin word has as many syllables as it 
 has vowels or diphthongs. 
 
 In dividing a word into syllables, {a) a single consonant 
 goes with the following vowel, as e-go; {b) a group of 
 consonants is usually shared between two syllables, as 
 duc-tus and sel-la. But to this last there are many excep- 
 tions, whole consonant groups sometimes being pronounced 
 with the following vowel* 
 
 Length of Syllables. Syllables may be either long or 
 short. 
 
 1 The diphthong eu is not often found. Two other infrequent combinations are 
 0€ and art, as seen in coepl and huic. These latter diphthongs have the sound of 
 Latin d-\ri and Latin U-\-l, pronounced rapidly and with stress on the second 
 vowel. 
 
 2 As a rule for printed texts, it is customary in dividing words to put with the 
 following vowel all the consonants that can be pronounced with that vowel, as 
 ca~stra and pu-gna. 
 
LATIN PRIMER 23 1 
 
 Long are (a) those which contain a long vowel or a 
 diphthong; as U, and the first syllable of sae pe or au-tem : 
 (d) those in which a short vowel is followed in the same 
 word by two or more consonants, or by either x or z ; ^ as 
 the first syllable of ten-d6,^ and ndx. But, by exception, a 
 syllable in which a short vowel is followed in the same 
 word by a mute (c, g, t, d, f, p, or b) and a liquid (1 or r) 
 is usually short.' 
 
 Short are the syllables which contain a short vowel not 
 followed in the same word by two or more consonants ; as 
 the two syllables of ro-sa. 
 
 Remark. Distinguish carefully between long vtm/f/ and long 
 syllable ^ noting (as shown above) that the vowel of a long syllable 
 may be itself short. 
 
 Accent. Latin words of two syllables are accented upon 
 the first syllable; as, m^nsa. Words of greater length are 
 accented upon the last syllable but one, if that be long, 
 otherwise upon the preceding syllable; as, col6nus, magister, 
 and pdtera. 
 
 Remark. The addition of -cum, -ne, or -que causes the accent 
 of the words to which they are joined to shift to the last syllable ; 
 as, nobiscum, vid^sne, and puelUque. 
 
 1 Both X and t stand for double consonant sounds, *■ being equiralent to r-j- j, 
 and t probably representing the sound of </ + '• 
 
 * Note that the first syllable of ten-do contains only one of the consonants whose 
 presence makes it long. According to current metrical theory, any syllable that 
 ends in a consonant is thereby closed and made long. On this basis, tin- is in 
 and for itself a long syllable. The influence of the following d lies simply in the 
 fact that its presence makes it necessary to pronounce the n with the preceding 
 vowel (for te-ndo would be unpronounceable), thus closing the preceding syllable 
 and making it long. Contrast the situation in d-neo, where the first syllable is 
 open and short, there being no following coiasonant to force the n back into that 
 first syllable. 
 
 • Because the mute and liquid (e.g., tr, pi, etc.) can both so readily be pro- 
 nounced with the following Towe), thus leaving the preceding syllable open and 
 short. 
 
APPENDIX II 
 
 COLLOQUIAL PHRASES 
 
 (Teachers who make use of this material will in some cases find it necessary to 
 explain to their classes the form and syntax of the phrase employed.) 
 
 Assent 
 
 licet, all right, scilicet, of course. 
 
 maxime v6r6, yes indeed. 
 
 Exclamation 
 
 Ain tfl ? whafs that / €heu, alas ! 
 
 ecce Mftrcum, see^ there's tugt, good ! bravo I 
 Marcus, nugfts, nonsense I 
 
 Greeting, etc. 
 
 saly€ (salvfite),^ good mornings good day^ etc. 
 
 salvum te adv6nisse gauded, Fm glad you've arrived safe, 
 
 quid agis ? (agitis ?) how do you dot 
 
 quid agitur ? how goes it f 
 
 vale (val§te), good-by, 
 
 curft ut vale&s, take care of yourself 
 
 c&r&te ut valeatis, take care of yourselves. 
 
 Request, etc. 
 obsecrd : 
 
 proper^ (properate), obsecrO, do hurry, 
 
 1 Words in black-£&ced type thus bracketed are the corresponding plurals, to be 
 used when more than one person is addressed. 
 
 232 
 
LATIN PRIMER 233 
 
 quin: 
 
 quin curris ? (currltls ?) run, will you. 
 abln hinc? (singular), begone from here. For plural, use 
 
 discMite simply. 
 
 Miscellaneous 
 
 adde (addite) gradum, hurry up, 
 
 bene est, good I , I'm glad, etc. 
 
 certum est mihi Ire, I've made up my mind to go, 
 
 ilicO, immediately, instanter. 
 
 male nArrfls (n&rrfltis), that's bad, Fm sorry to hear it, etc. 
 
 nil agis (agitis), it's no use. 
 
 nOn assis faciO (with accusative), / donU care a straw for. 
 
 quid e6 factum est ? what has become of him t 
 
 s€dul6, with right good will. 
 
 ut ita dicam, so to speak. 
 
INDEX 
 
 (All references are to pages) 
 
 a, «b : with Ablative of Ag«nt, 141, Adjectives, declension oft 
 
 Rule, 
 use of the two forms, 141, Rem. 2. 
 Ablative Case : 
 Ablative Absolute, 167, Rule and 
 
 Rem. 
 of Accompaniment, 72, Rem. 
 of Agency, 141, Rule and Rem. i. 
 of Means, 72, Rule and Rem. 
 See also in. 
 Accent: 231. 
 affected by the addition of -cuin, 
 -ne, or -que, 231, Rem. 
 Accompaniment: expressed by the 
 
 ablative with cum, 72, Rem. 
 Accusative Case : 
 
 as subject of infinitive, 147, Rem. i, 
 (in indirect discourse) 156, 
 Rule. 
 Direct Object, ao ; r/: 53, Rem. 
 domnm: with verbs of going and 
 sending, 80, Rem. 
 ' of Elxtent of Time or Space, 112, 
 Rule, 116, N. 
 of neuter nouns and adjectives; 
 
 form of, 36, Rem. 
 See also in. 
 acer: declined, 196. 
 acriter: compared, 197. 
 ad: with the accusative case, 39, 
 
 Rem. I. 
 Adjectives : 
 
 agreement of, 44, Rule and Rem. 
 comparison of, 197; r/C 169. 
 
 First and Second Declensions, 195. 
 
 Third Declension : Consonant 
 Stems (comparatives and pres* 
 ent participles), 196; I-Stems, 
 
 »9S. 
 
 Predicate Adjectives, 45, Rule, 
 165, N. 2. 
 adorior : conjugated, 214. 
 Adverbs: 
 
 comparison of, 197. 
 
 form of the comparative, 173, 
 Rem. 2. 
 Agency: expressed by the ablative 
 with i, ab, 141, Rule and Rem. i. 
 ager: declined, 192. 
 Agreement : 
 
 of adjectives, 44, Rule and Rem. 
 
 of subject and verb, 20, Rule II. 
 
 of the relative pronoun, 122, Rule 
 and Rem. 
 aliqui, aliqois : declined, 201. 
 
 meaning of, 186, Rem. 
 
 use of, 186, N. 
 alins: declension of, 197, N. 
 Alphabet of Latin : 229. 
 alter: declension of, I97» N. 
 altior: declined, 196. 
 altns: compared, 197. 
 animal: declined, 193. 
 arbor: declined, 193. 
 audi5: conjugated, 210. 
 aut: use of, 187. Rem. 
 autem : postpositive word, 99, N. 
 
 234 
 
INDEX 
 
 235 
 
 bonu : compared, 197; declined, 195. 
 
 canis: declension of, 115, Rem. i. 
 Case: defined, 15. 
 celeriter: compared, 197. 
 Circumstance : expressed by cum and 
 the imperfect or pluperfect sub- 
 junctive, 63, Rule, 
 coepi: with infinitive, 81, 82, n. 
 cdgd : with infinitive, 184. 
 collocd: with in and the ablative 
 
 case, 97, Rem. 
 Colloquial Phrases, 232. 
 Comparison : 
 
 of adjectives, 197; cf. 169. 
 of adverbs, 197; cf, 173 and Re- 
 marks. 
 Conjugation: defined, 16. 
 irregular verbs, 215. 
 regular verbs, 202. 
 cSnor: with infinitive, 184. 
 Consonant Stems: see Adjectives, 
 
 and Third Declension. 
 Consonants: 229. 
 corn&: declined, 194. 
 com (conjunction) : in clauses telling 
 circumstance, 63, Rule, 
 position in sentence, 63, Rem. 
 tenses of the subjunctive used with, 
 63, N. 
 cum (preposition) : 
 
 effect upon accent of word to which 
 joined, 58, Rem,; cf. 122, Rem. 
 with &ni, 150, N. 
 Customary Past Action: 131. 
 
 Dative Case : 
 
 Intlirect Object, 53, Rule. 
 Declension: defined, i$. 
 
 of adjectives, 195. 
 
 of nouns, 192. 
 
 of numerals, 197, 198. 
 
 Declension : of pronouns, 199. 
 
 of proper names, 24, N. 
 Definite and Indefinite Articles : lack- 
 ing in Latin, 19, Rem. 2. 
 Demonstrative Pronouns: 200. See 
 
 hie, ille, iste. 
 Deponent Verbs : 181,212. 
 
 principal parts of, 182, Rem. 
 dens: declined, 194. 
 dic6: form die, 126, Rem. 
 dies: declined, 194. 
 Diphthongs : 230 and N. 2. 
 Direct Object: 20, Rule I; </I 53, 
 
 Rem. 
 diu: compared, 197. 
 d5: conjugated, 218. 
 domum : use of the case, 80, Rem. 
 domus: declined, 194. C/ domum. 
 diie5 : form diic, 1 26, Rem. 
 duo: declined, 198. 
 
 e, ex : use of the two forms, 35, 
 
 Rem. 2. 
 edS: conjugated, 219. 
 egO: declined, 199. 
 
 accent of ablative plural, 58, Rem. 
 use of the nominative case, 60, Rule. 
 enim: postpositive word, 102, n. 
 e5: conjugated, 216. 
 
 forms of the perfect indicative, 38, 
 
 Rem. 
 est: "there is," 20^ Rem.; cf. 48, 
 
 Rem. 
 ezereitus: declined, 194. 
 Extent of Time or Space : 112, Rule, 
 
 116, N. 
 
 facile : compared, 197. 
 fACi5: 
 
 form fse, 126, Rem. 
 
 special passive of, 165, n. l. 
 ferO : conjugated, 220. 
 
23^ 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Fifth or E-Declension : 194. 
 
 gender of nouns of, 149. 
 fnias : declension of, 46, Rem. 
 fi5: conjugated, 222. 
 
 meaning of, 165, N. i. 
 
 with Predicate Noun or Adjective, 
 i65,_N. 2. 
 Tint or A-Conjugation : 202. 
 First or A-Declen$ion : 192. 
 
 gender of nouns of, 1 7. 
 1158: declined, 193. 
 fortis: compared, 197; declined, 
 
 195. 
 fortiter: compared, 197. 
 Fourth or I -Conjugation : 210; i/. 
 
 124, Rem., 214, footnote. 
 Fourth or U-Declcnsion : 194. 
 
 gender of nouns of, 131. 
 Future Perfect Tense: meaning of, 
 85, Rem. 3. 
 
 Gender: defined, 15. 
 
 first declension, 1 7 ; second de- 
 clension, 36; third declension, 
 95; fourth declension, 1 31; filth 
 declension, 149. 
 Genitive Case : 
 
 expressing ownership, 32, Rule, 
 of fnias and proper nouns in -ins 
 and neuters in -inm, 193, Rem. 
 Gerundive: 188. 
 
 Iuibe5: conjugated, 204. 
 
 imperfect tense, translation of, 78, 
 Rem. 
 hie: declined, 200^ 
 
 use of, 184, Rem. 
 Hortatory Subjunctive : 99, Rule, 
 hortas: declined, 192. 
 
 ibi : use of, 48, Rem. 
 Idem : declined, 20a 
 
 idem: derivation of, 138, Rem. i. 
 
 translation of neuter of, 138, N. 
 Identity : pronoun of; see idem, 
 igitnr : postpositive word, 145. 
 ignis: declined, 193. 
 ille : declined, 200. 
 
 use of, 184, Rem. 
 Imperative Mood: 126, 127. 
 
 formation of present passive, 141, 
 Rem. 2, 
 
 forms of the present active lacking 
 final -e, 1 26, Rem. 
 Imperfect Tense : 
 
 expressing Customary Past Action, 
 
 131. 
 general meaning of, 77, N. and 
 
 Rem. 
 of hAbed; translation of, 78, Rem. 
 of snm; translation of, 79, Rem. 
 See Subjunctive Mood. 
 in : with the ablative case, 35, Rem. 3, 
 97, Rem. 
 with the accusative case, 35, Rem. 3, 
 39, Rem. I, 50, Rem. 
 Indeclinable cardinal numerals : 118, 
 
 N., 149, 150. 
 Indefinite and Definite Articles : lack- 
 ing in Latin, 19, Rem. 2. 
 Indefinite Pronouns: 201. See qui- 
 
 dam, and aliqni 
 Indirect Discourse : 155. 
 
 use of the reflexive in, 157, N. 3. 
 Indirect Object : 53, Rule. 
 Infinitive : 
 
 third conjugation active; form of, 
 
 108, Rem. 
 use in indirect discourse, 15^ 
 
 Rule, 
 veith coepi, 82, n.; with c6g5, 184; 
 with Conor, 184; with iubeo, 147; 
 with malo, 82, n.; with n616, 
 82, N., 127, Rule; with paro, 
 
INDEX 
 
 237 
 
 InEnitive : 
 
 131 ; with patior, 181 ; with pos- 
 ■om, 82, N.; with void, 82, N. 
 with subject accusative, 147, Rem. i, 
 (in indirect discourse) 156, Rule. 
 Inflection: defined, 15. 
 Intensive Pronoun : see ipse. 
 Interrogative Pronoun : see quis. 
 ipse: declined, 200. 
 
 use of, 138, Rem. 2. 
 Irregular adjectives and adverbs: 
 
 compared, 197. 
 Irregular nouns : 194. 
 Irregular verbs : 215. 
 
 irregular present imperative active, 
 126, Rem. 
 is: declined, 199. 
 
 used as an adjective, 150, 199, N. 2. 
 use of nominative case, 74, N. 
 iste: declension of, 187, N. 
 I-Stems: see Adjectives, and Third 
 Declension. 
 
 iam : use of, 90, Rem. 
 iubed : with infinitive, 147. 
 
 libenter: compared, 197. 
 
 litus: declined, 193. 
 
 longe: compared, 197. 
 
 liiz : declension of, 148, Rem. 2. 
 
 magntis: compared, 197. 
 m&15: conjugated, 217. 
 
 derivation of, 117. 
 
 with infinitive, 81, 82, N. 
 milum : declined, 192. 
 malus: compared, 197. 
 mare: declined, 193. 
 Means: expressed by the ablative 
 
 case, 72. 
 minaa : declined, 192. 
 metis: vocative case of, 61, Rem.; 
 cf. 46, Rem, 
 
 miser: compared, 197; declined, 195. 
 mitt5 : conjugated, 206. 
 Mood: defined, 16. 
 moror: conjugated, 212. 
 multi: compared, 197. 
 
 n5 : introducing purpose clauses, 1 79, 
 
 Rule, 
 -ne : 90, Rule and Rem. 2. 
 
 effect upon accent of word to which 
 joined, 90, Rem. i. 
 Neuter: 
 
 I-Stenw, 105 N. and Remarks, 
 nouns and adjectives; form of 
 
 accusative case, 36, Rem. 
 of second declension ; genitive 
 
 singular, 193, Rem. 
 pronouns: translation of nomina< 
 tive and accusative of, 138, N. 
 neuter: declension of, 197, N. 
 n61i, nolite: use in Prohibitions, 
 
 127, Rule. 
 n515: conjugated, 217. 
 derivation of, 1 1 7. 
 with infinitive, 81, 82, N. 
 See nSli. 
 Nominative Case : 
 as subject of verb, 20. 
 of I-Stems, 105, N. 
 of personal pronouns; use of, 60, 
 
 Rule, 74, N. 
 Predicate Nominative, 45, Rule, 
 165, N. 2. 
 Nouns: 192. 
 irregular, 194. 
 
 Predicate Nouns, 45, Rule, 165, 
 N. 2. 
 
 n&Ilns : declension of^ 197, n. 
 Number: defined, 16. 
 
 indicated by verb endings, 19, Rem. 
 
 of verb of purpose clauses, 56, 
 Rem. I. 
 
a3« 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Numerals: 197, 198. 
 
 cardinal; indeclinable, 118, K., 
 
 149. 150- 
 nmic : use of, 90, Rem. 
 
 Object: Direct, JO, 53, Rem.; In- 
 direct, 53, Rule. 
 
 Order of words : in sentence con- 
 taining a ciim-clause, 63, Rem. 
 
 par6: with infinitive, 131. 
 Participles : 
 
 perfect passive; use of, 165. 
 
 present active; declension of, 196. 
 pArms: compared, 197. 
 Passive : 
 
 perfect participle of, 165 ; cf. 214, 
 footnote. 
 
 perfect tenses of, 134. 
 
 personal endings of, 141, Rem. i. 
 patior: conjugated, 313. 
 
 with infinitive, l8l. 
 Perfect Tense : 
 
 meaning of, 27, N. and Rem. 
 
 passive of, 134; cf, 165. 
 
 passive participle of, 165. 
 Person: defined, 16. 
 
 indicated by verb endings, 19, 
 Rem. 
 
 of verb in purpose clauses, 56, 
 Rem. I. 
 Personal endings : 
 
 form of passive, 141, Rem. i. 
 
 use of, 19, Rem. 
 Personal Pronouns : see ego, is, and 
 
 tu. 
 piger: compared, 197; declined, 195. 
 Place: into Which, 35, Rem. 3, 39, 
 Rem. I ; to Which, 39, Rem. i ; 
 Where, 35, Rem. 3. 
 Pluperfect Tense : meaning of, 68, N. 
 plures : see plus. 
 
 plfis: declined, 196; ^/ 170^ It. 
 polliceor: conjugated, 212. 
 Possessive Adjectives : 61. 
 
 use of, 6z, N., 175, footnote. 
 Possessive Genitive : 32, Rule. 
 possam: conjugated, 215. 
 
 derivation of, loi, Rem. 
 
 with infinitive, 81, 82, N. 
 Postpositive words: sutem, 99, n.; 
 
 enim, 102, n.; igitur, 145. 
 Predicate Adjectives and Nonas: 
 
 45, Rule, 165, N. 2. 
 Principal Parts of verbs: 89, 90. 
 
 of deponents, 182, Rem. 
 proficiscor: conjugated, 213. 
 Prohibition: 127, Rule. 
 Pronoun of Identity : see Idem. 
 Pronunciation of Latin : 229. 
 Proper names : 
 
 declension of, 24, N. 
 
 vocative and genitive of names in 
 •ins, 193, Rem. 
 paer: declined, 192. 
 Purpose Clauses : 
 
 introduced by n8, 1 79, Rule; by 
 ut, 55, Rule. 
 
 person and number in, 56, Rem. i. 
 
 subject of verb in, 56, Rem. 2. 
 
 tense of subjunctive in, 56, N. 
 
 •qiid : effect upon accent of word to 
 
 which joined, 67, Rem. 
 qui: interrogative pronoun; seequis. 
 relative pronoun, 201. 
 
 accent of ablative of, cf. 122, Rem. 
 agreement of, 1 22, Rule and Rem. 
 beginning new sentence, 159. 
 position in clause, 159, Rem. 
 quldam: declined, 201. 
 
 use of, 144, N. 
 qais: declined, 201. 
 use of, 153. 
 
INDEX 
 
 339 
 
 rapid : conjugated, 208. 
 
 Reflexive Pronoun*: 199 and N. l; 
 
 see also ■nl. 
 Relative Pronoun : »cc qui. 
 rSs : declined, 194. 
 
 Scund or E-Conjugation : 204. 
 Second or 0-Declcnsion : 192. 
 gender of nouns of, 36. 
 genitive case of, 193, Rem. 
 vocative case of, 41, 193, Rem. 
 seded: translation of the perfect 
 
 tense of, 27, Rem. 
 sSlus: declension of, 197, N. 
 Space or Time : accusative of Elxtent 
 
 of, 112, Rule; cf. 116, N. 
 Subject : 
 accusative case, 156, Rule, 147, 
 
 Rem. I. 
 nominative case, 20; </., 60, Rule, 
 
 74. N- 
 of cam-clauses; position of, 63, 
 
 Rem. 
 of purpose clauses, 56, Rem. 2. 
 Subjunctive Mood : 
 
 hortatory use, 99, Rule, 
 imperfect and pluperfect tenses 
 4 in cum-clauses, 63, Rule and N. 
 imperfect tense; form of, 99, 
 
 Rem. 2. 
 present and imperfect tenses in 
 purpose clauses, 55, Rule, 56, 
 N. 
 Bul: declined, 199; </ IS5> Rem. 
 use of; in indirect discourse, 157. 
 N. 3. i ^ 
 
 sum: conjugated, 215. 
 
 imperfect tense; translation of, 79, 
 
 Rem. 
 with Predicate Adjectives and 
 Nouns, 45, Rule. 
 Sununary of Forms : 192. 
 
 sunt: "there are,** 20, Rem.; ^48, 
 
 Rem. 
 Syllables: 
 
 division of words into, 230. 
 
 length of, 230. 
 Synopsis of the Verb : 87. 
 
 Tense: defined, 16. 
 
 of the subjunctive in cum-clauses, 
 63, N. ; in purpose clauses, 56, N. 
 Third Declension : gender of nouns 
 of, 95. 
 Consonant Stems : declined, 193. 
 I-Stems: declined, 193. 
 classes of, 105, N. 
 endings of, 105, Rem. I; <f. 163, 
 
 N. 
 neuters; formation of, 105 and 
 
 Remarks, 194, Rem. 
 plural cases of certain words, 
 163, N. 
 See also Adjectives. 
 Third or ^-Conjugation : 206. 
 
 ending of the present infinitive ac> 
 
 tive, 108, Rem. 
 verbs in -16, 208; cf. IH). 
 Time and Space: Extent of, 112, 
 
 Rule, 
 timed: translation of the perfect 
 
 tense of, 27, Rem. 
 t5tu8: declension of, 197, N. 
 transed : derivation of. III, Rem. 
 tres: declined, 198. 
 til: declined, 199. 
 
 accent of the ablative plural, 58, 
 
 Rem. 
 use of the nominatire case, 60, 
 Rule. 
 
 ftllns: declension of, 197, N. 
 
 use of, 186, Rem. 
 &ni (cum): 150, n. 
 
240 
 
 INDEX 
 
 finns: declined, 197. 
 
 urbt: declension of, 177, Rem. 
 
 nt : introdacing purpose clauses, 55, 
 
 Rule, 
 nter : declension of^ 197, If. 
 
 TAllit: declined, 193. 
 TehS : use of, 42, Rem. 
 Verbs: aoa. 
 
 agreement with subject, 20, Rule II. 
 
 deponent, 181, 212; €f. 182, Rem. 
 
 -i5 verbs, 208; cf. 1 19. 
 
 irregular verbs, 215. 
 
 of going and sending; with do- 
 mum, 80, Rem. 
 
 principal parts of, 89, 90, 182, Rem. 
 
 synopsis of, 87. 
 
 Tir: declined, 192. 
 Tis: declined, 194. 
 TOCint : declined, 196. 
 Vocatiye Case : 41. 
 
 of mens, 61, Rem. 
 
 of nouns of the second declension, 
 41, 193, Rcm- 
 
 position of, in the sentence, 41, 
 
 Rem- 
 
 TOCd: conjugated, 202; see also to- 
 
 cins. 
 Voice: definition of, 16. 
 yol5: conjugated, 216. 
 
 with infinitive, 81, 82, N. 
 Voweb: 230. 
 
 Word List : 223. r 
 
 
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