Ex Libris 
 C.K. OGDEN ;
 
 METRICAL CHRONOLOGY: 
 
 IN WHICH 
 
 MOST OF THE IMPORTANT DATES 
 
 ancient anfc 
 
 ARE EXPRESSED BY CONSONANTS USED FOR NUMERALS, AND FORMED BY 
 AID OF VOWELS INTO SIGNIFICANT WORDS; 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTES, 
 
 QUESTIONS FOR THE EXERCISE OF YOUNG STUDENTS 
 
 FOURTH EDITION. 
 
 REV. JOHN HENRY HOWLETT, M.A. 
 
 Reading Chaplain of Her Majesty's Chapel Royal, Whitehall, and formerly Fellow of 
 Pembroke College, Cambridge. 
 
 " Without Chronology, History would lose its most valuable characters 
 of truth and consistency ."HALES. 
 
 LONDON : 
 LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS. 
 
 1846.
 
 LONDON : 
 PRINTKD BY A. VARNHAM, 61, STRAND.
 
 TO THE 
 
 REV. JOHN ROGERS PITMAN, M.A. 
 
 EMINENT AH A PREACHER AND A SCHOLAR, 
 
 THIS VOLUME 
 
 IS INSCRIBED, 
 
 AS A TESTIMONY OF AFFECTION, 
 
 AND 
 A MEMORIAL OF LONG AND UNINTERRUPTED FRIENDSHIP. 
 
 1059803
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 Preface vii 
 
 Rules for interchanging Computations, &c xi 
 
 Table of Numerals xiv 
 
 Explanation of the System xvi 
 
 Scripture History 
 
 Grecian History 19 
 
 Roman History ... 39 
 
 English History 64 
 
 Scottish History 119 
 
 French History 131 
 
 German History 164 
 
 Spanish History 1 79 
 
 Indian History l g f> 
 
 Ecclesiastical History 196 
 
 Memorial Lines arranged on the plan of Grey's Memoria 
 
 Technica 213 
 
 Table exhibiting the principal differences between the 
 
 common Chronology and that of Dr. Hales .... 222
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 I N the following Work, an attempt is made to improve upon 
 several Books that are in common use among young students 
 in Chronology. The utility of Dr. Grey's Memoria Technica 
 is generally acknowledged ; but pupils are often disheart- 
 ened by the labour of committing to memory his uncouth 
 and unconnected verses. Indeed, it must be confessed that 
 such lines as " Crothf, ~Dc\etok, Abaneb, Exafna, Tcmbybe, 
 ('\ruts " SLTC difficult to be learned, especially by those who 
 are unacquainted with the nature of the metre. And when 
 they have been learned, it is not easy to continue to re- 
 member with precision the letters constituting the numerical 
 part of the words ; because nearly similar sounds may be 
 produced by the combination of other letters. Thus, in 
 pronouncing the line which has just been quoted, " "Dcletok" 
 might be changed into Dclatok, " Abaneb" into Abeneb, 
 "Cyrwf" with an s into Cyrutz with a z; hereby causing 
 scarcely any perceptible difference of sound, but utterly 
 destroying all accuracy in the dates. Besides, it must be 
 observed, that as the memorial words do not belong to any 
 language, and consequently are not familiar to the mind, 
 it is puzzling to remember the exact spelling. 
 
 The System of Feinaigle, as modified in Coglan's Mne- 
 monics, though much approved by some students, is gene-
 
 Vlll PREFACE. 
 
 rally considered to be complex and cumbrous, owing to the 
 machinery of memorial words and symbols, rooms and 
 walls, floors and ceilings. The date is frequently connected 
 with the symbol by a long nonsensical sentence, which is 
 not easily remembered ; and when the same symbols are 
 applied to different histories, confusion generally ensues. 
 But another and more important objection is, that the 
 system is carried on by the aid of punning, and the asso- 
 ciation of ludicrous ideas ; which must, when applied to 
 serious and sacred subjects, necessarily produce a very in- 
 jurious effect upon young minds. 
 
 Though no similar objections can be urged against the 
 ( Poetical Chronology" of Dr.Valpy, yet it must be allowed, 
 that accuracy with respect to dates cannot be sufficiently 
 obtained by such lines as the following : 
 
 Twenty-one eighty, so the fable sings, 
 Hails Inachus, the first of Grecian kings. 
 Twenty-two hundred seventy five; behold 
 Joseph to Egypt by his brothers sold. 
 
 Here it is obvious that numerous other dates might be 
 substituted without injury to the metre ; and, therefore, 
 little aid is afforded to the memory. 
 
 In the present Work, an attempt is made to avoid the 
 preceding objections. To express the date, Feinaigle's plan 
 has been adopted of using only the consonants as substitutes 
 for arithmetical figures : the vowels serve as a cement to 
 connect the consonants, and to form words which actually 
 exist in the English language ; and which, being familiar 
 to the mind, must be more easily remembered than the 
 gibberish and barbarous dissonance of the lines in the 
 Memoria Technica. A connexion is formed between these 
 numerical words and the sentences in which the events are
 
 PREFACE. IX 
 
 expressed; and in arranging those sentences into rhyming 
 verse, consists the novelty of the present attempt. The 
 practical utility which has attended it in the Author's 
 Private Tuition, induces him to commit the Metrical Chro- 
 nology to the press. 
 
 One object of the Work is to condense much matter into 
 a small compass ; and when compared with that part of the 
 Ancient History contained in the Poetical Chronology above- 
 mentioned, it will be found to contain nearly double the 
 number of events in a much smaller number of lines. 
 
 It is obvious that, from the nature of the plan, it must 
 sometimes be a difficult task to prevent the lines from being 
 obscure and harsh. The obscurity is lessened by an expla- 
 natory note ; and the want of smoothness will be excused, 
 if the reader will bear in mind the occasional paucity of nu- 
 merical words, and the difficulty of givingthem any intelli- 
 gible connexion with the events which are to be recorded.* 
 
 To the Metrical Chronology are subjoined Historical 
 Notes, which may serve to refresh the Pupil's memory with 
 respect to those Histories, which, it is presumed, he has 
 already perused in detail ; and some general question sare 
 added by way of exercise, for the general guidance of the 
 student in preparing for examination, as well as for the use 
 of young Instructors. The more experienced Teacher will 
 
 * To avoid this difficulty, a plan has been adopted by an ingenious lady, 
 since the first appearance of this work, of using only the initial letter of each 
 word for the date ; thus the initials in the words, R-ise S-age S-ocrate* 
 (r s s), express 400, the year B. C. in which the death of Socrates occurred. 
 The defects of this plan are obvious. There is nothing to restrain the re- 
 collection to the precise words. In the above-quoted example, wise or good, 
 would not improbably occur to the mind instead of sage. Nor is there any- 
 thing to aid in remembering the exact order in which such detache.l sen- 
 tences should be placed. Whereas in the system adopted in the present 
 publication, the regular succession of events is effectually preserved.
 
 X PREFACE. 
 
 wish to form his own questions, suiting them to the capacity 
 of the pupil. 
 
 As the learned Dr. Hales has, in the opinion of many, 
 been eminently successful in rectifying Ancient Chronology, 
 both sacred and profane, a short Table is subjoined to the 
 present work, to show where he differs from the commonly 
 received Chronology ; and a few memorial verses, adapted 
 to those differences, are added for the use of those who may 
 prefer theHalesian system. 
 
 In conclusion it may be observed that the present Work 
 is suited to accompany any of the Histories which are 
 generally studied by young persons ; and it is more parti- 
 cularly adapted to Tytler's Elements of General History, to 
 the historical part of Bishop Tomline's Christian Theology 
 and to Paley's Evidences. 
 
 This fourth Edition contains additions to the Indian 
 History ; and the History in the Notes is continued to 
 the present time. 
 
 As some persons may still approve the conciseness of 
 Grey's Memoria Technica, they are presented, at p. 213, 
 with the Sacred, Grecian, Roman, and English His- 
 tories, arranged on a similar plan ; and it will appear that 
 a nearly equal degree of brevity has been attained in lines 
 much more easily to be remembered, because real words 
 are employed instead of unmeaning syllables. 
 
 The Chronological and Genealogical Tables, which were 
 subjoined to the former editions, are now published se- 
 parately. 
 
 Kensington, May, 1846.
 
 RULES 
 
 FOR INTERCHANGING THE CALCULATIONS BY DIFFERENT ERAS. 
 
 RULE I. To turn the Date B. C. into the Date from the 
 Creation A. M. 
 
 From 4004 take the given Date B. c. : the remainder is 
 the Date A. M. Thus the Deluge began 2348 years B.C. 
 From 4004 take 2348, the remainder 1656 is the year of 
 the world. 
 
 RULE II. To turn the Date from the Creation A.M. into the 
 Date B.C. 
 
 From 4004 take the given Date A. M. : the remainder 
 is the Date B. c. Thus, from 4004 take 1656, the year of 
 the Deluge, and the remainder is 2348 B. c. 
 
 RULE III. To turn the Date B.C. into the Date from the 
 Building of Rome , A. U. C. 
 
 From 754 subtract the given Date before the Christian 
 Era, and the remainder is the year of Rome. Thus, the 
 first Punic War began B. c. 264 ; from 754 take 264, and 
 the remainder 490 is the year of Rome.* 
 
 RULE IV. To turn the Date of Home, A. U. C. into the Date 
 
 B.C. 
 
 From 754 subtract the given year of Rome, and the 
 remainder is the year B. c. Thus from 754 take 490 (the 
 
 * As 264 B. c. implies the 264th or current year, therefore only 263 
 complete years are to be taken from the Roman era 753. For the purpose of 
 readier computation, the rule adds 1 to 753, and from it subtracts the given 
 date undiminished. The same principle is applied in the case of the 
 Olympiads. See Dr. Butler's " Sketch of Modern and Ancient Geography," 
 p. xxvni.
 
 Xll RULES FOR INTERCHANGING THE 
 
 year of Rome in which the first Punic War began), and the 
 remainder is 264 B. c. 
 
 RULE V. To turn the Date B. C. into the Date by Olympiads. 
 
 From 776 subtract the given date B. c., divide the re- 
 mainder by 4 ; to the quotient add 1 for the current Olym- 
 piad, and 1 for the current year of it. Thus, the Pelopon- 
 nesian War began B. c. 431 ; from 776 take 431 ; the re- 
 mainder 345, divided by 4, produces 86 1 ; which numbers 
 by the addition of 1 to each become 87' 2; i.e. the War 
 began in the 2nd year of the 87th Olympiad. 
 
 RULE VI. To turn the Date by Olympiads into the Date B. C. 
 
 From the given Date by Olympiads, subtract 1 Olympiad 
 and 1 year ; multiply the remainder by 4 ; subtract the 
 product from 776. Thus, the Peloponnesian War began 
 in the 2nd year of the 87th Olympiad : from 87 ' 2 take 
 1 1, the remainder 86-1, multiplied by 4, produces 345 
 therefore, from 776 take 345, there remains 43 1 B. c. 
 
 RULE VII. To turn the Date A. M. into the year of the 
 Julian Period*. 
 
 To the year of the World A. M. add 710; the sum is the 
 year of the Julian Period. Thus, to 1656 (the year of the 
 
 * The Julian Period, consisting of 7980 years, was contrived by the 
 learned Joseph Scaliger, to facilitate the reduction of the year of any given 
 era to that of any other era. It arises from multiplying 28, the Solar cycle, 
 by 19, the Lunar cycle ; and by 15 the Roman indiction. The peculiarity of 
 this period is, that every year of it is distinguished by three characters, 
 derived from the three cycles which compose it. The first year of the Christian 
 era coincided with the 10th year of the Solar cycle ; the 2nd of the Lunar, 
 and the 4th of the Indiction ; which years belong to the 4714th year of the 
 Julian Period: therefore the Period begins 710 years before the Creation.
 
 CALCULATIONS BY DIFFBRBNT ERAS. Xlll 
 
 Deluge from the Creation) add 710; the sum 2366 is the 
 year required. 
 
 RULE VIII. To turn the Date B. C. into the year of the 
 Julian Period. 
 
 From 4714 subtract the year B. c. ; the remainder is the 
 year of the Julian Period. Thus, from 47 14 take 2348 (the 
 year of the Deluge B. c.), and 2366 is the year required. 
 
 RULE IX. To turn the Date A. D. into the year of the Julian 
 
 Period. 
 
 Add 4713 to the year A. D. and the sum is the year of the 
 Julian Period. Thus, 4713 added to 1846 making 6559 
 is the year of the Julian Period for the present year 1846.
 
 XIV 
 
 TABLE OF NUMERALS. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 q t 
 
 n h 
 
 m g 
 
 z r 
 
 j 1 
 
 d v 
 
 c k 
 
 b w 
 
 Pf 
 
 S X 
 
 quit 
 
 Noah 
 
 magi 
 
 Zara 
 
 jail 
 
 dove 
 
 cook 
 
 bow 
 
 puf 
 
 sex 
 
 N. B. This Table (with some of the subsequent fanciful illustrations) is 
 adopted from " Coglan's Mnemonics," and is preferred to that of Feinaigle 
 as it affords greater variety in the formation of numerical words. 
 
 The following remarks may assist the memory in learning this 
 
 Table. 
 
 The letter t, being the last letter in the word unit, is selected to 
 represent the figure 1 . 
 
 t combined with q and with vowels (which in this system have 
 no numeral value), may be formed into a word : having begun, 
 you must not quit. 
 
 n has two down-strokes ; combined with h, it gives the name, 
 of the second great man, Noah. 
 
 m has three down-strokes ; combined with g, it forms the 
 word magi, the three Wise men. 
 
 r is the last letter in the word four; and, combined with z, it 
 will make the name Zara. 
 
 I, the Roman letter for 50, is here made to drop its tenfold 
 value and to stand for 5. Combined with j, it will form the word 
 jail. As the 5 has four figures on each side of it ( the cypher not 
 being reckoned), it may be considered to be in a. jail. 
 
 6 is a reversed d; which letter, combined with v, makes the 
 word dove. 
 
 7 resembles a gibbet ; on which (says Mr. Coglan), you may 
 humorously threaten to suspend the Cook, if the dinner be spoiled : 
 therefore c and k are selected. 
 
 8, being curved, is like a ribbon bow ; therefore b and w are 
 chosen.
 
 XT 
 
 9 somewhat resembles a reversed p ; it is also like pipe which 
 produces a pnf. 
 
 is represented by * and x two hissing letters. 
 
 The Table must be thoroughly committed to memory ; and for 
 that purpose the Student should be exercised in turning Dates 
 into Words and Words into Dates. A little practice will render 
 the task very easy.
 
 XVI 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE SYSTEM. 
 
 The words printed in italics are the numerical words, the con- 
 sonants of which express the dates ; thus, in the first line, 
 Creation rose sure ; Deluge drown' d the huge orb, 
 the consonants r, s, s, r, contained in the words rose sure, stand 
 for the figures 4004, according to the Table of Numerals. 
 
 To facilitate the task of remembering the word that contains the 
 date, one of the lines in each couplet always terminates with it. 
 When an unusual or quaint word occurs, it may be concluded 
 that it expresses a date. 
 
 The lines may be repeated thus at first : 
 
 "Creation rose sure' (rose sure, r, s, s, r, 4004) "Deluge 
 drown'd the huge orb " (huge orb, h, g, r, b t 2348), &c. 
 
 N. B. The words in italics in the notes explain what may ap- 
 pear obscure in the verses; for instance, the expression "rose 
 sure," in the first line, is explained by the words from Psalm 
 xxxiii., quoted in the first note.
 
 CREATION rose sure (B. c. 4004) ; Deluge drown'd the huge 
 
 orb (2348) ; 
 
 And Babel did Noah-race (2247) wholly absorb : 
 Thence Nimrod in anger (2234) rais'd Nineveh's brow ; 
 And Egyptians to Mizraim in unity bow (2188). 
 
 4004] " For he spake, and it was done ; he commanded, and 
 it stood fast." Psal. xxxiii. 9. The dates of the earliest events 
 in Sacred History are obtained from the fifth and eleventh chap- 
 ters of Genesis, by computing the ages of the Patriarchs. But 
 the Hebrew and Samaritan Pentateuch (or five books of Moses), 
 and the Greek Septuagint translation, vary in some of these ages , 
 consequently, different dates are assigned to the principal events. 
 [For an account of the Samaritans, see p. 10, note 730 ; for the 
 Septuagint, see p. 15, note 254.] 
 
 2348] That the deluge was universal, appears, first, from the 
 express declaration of Scripture ; 2ndly, from the records and 
 traditions, which occur relative to this great event, in most parts 
 of the known world ; and Srdly, from the present appearance of 
 the earth, which, from- its chas-ms and mountains, seems to have 
 undergone some mighty convulsion. Hence we may satisfactorily 
 explain why fossil substances, which originally belonged to the 
 sea, are frequently discovered on the highest eminences ; and why 
 the bones of animals are found in regions the most remote from 
 those of which they are the natives. 
 
 12247] The tower of Babel, the erection of which had wholly 
 occupied and absorbed the descendants of Noah, and the com- 
 pletion of which the Almighty prevented by confounding their 
 language, is supposed to have remained in ruins, till it was repaired 
 by Nebuchadnezzar. Its remains still exist four miles distant 
 from the village of Hillah, and are called by the natives Mujelibe, 
 or Overturned. 
 
 2234] Nimrod built Babylon, and, according to the translation 
 in the margin, Gen. x. 11, (which is considered by the learned to 
 
 B
 
 V SCRIPTURE HISTORY. 
 
 be the true meaning,) " He went out into Assyria and built 
 Nineveh." The land had previously received its name from 
 Asshur, the son of Shem. It may be supposed that Nimrod 
 was in anger at being prevented from finishing the tower of 
 Babel. 
 
 2188] Mizraim, the son of Ham, who is called Menes by the 
 pagans, and is supposed by some authors to be Osiris, founded 
 the Egyptian monarchy. After continuing 1663 years, it was 
 terminated in the reign of Psammenitus, B. C. 525, by Cambyses, 
 king of Persia, son of Cyrus the Great. It revived in the time 
 of Darius II., in 413, and continued independent under native 
 princes till 350, when Artaxerxes III. made it again subject to 
 Persia. It became tributary to Alexander in 332, and flourished 
 under the Ptolemies 290 years, till B. C. 30, when it became a 
 province of Rome, and continued subject, first, to the emperors 
 of Rome, and afterwards to those of Constantinople, till A. D. 
 641, when it was taken by the Saracens under Othman. In 
 1250 the Mameluke slaves deposed their rulers ; and in 1517 
 the country was taken by the Turks under Selim I., to whom it 
 continues subject, governed by a pasha. The present ruler, 
 Mehemet Ali, though nominally a pasha under the Turkish 
 Sultan, has become really independent, and has introduced great 
 changes, with many European arts and improvements. He is, 
 however, not a native prince : so truly has been fulfilled, since 
 B. C. 350, the prophecy of Ezekiel, " there shall be no more a 
 prince of the land of Egypt," xxx. 13. 
 
 QUESTIONS adapted to the Verses and Notes. 
 
 What date is assigned to the Creation? Whence are the 
 dates of these earliest events obtained ? What books differ re- 
 specting these dates? In what year B. C. was the Deluge? In 
 what year of the world ? What reason is there for supposing 
 that the deluge was universal ? What circumstances are explained 
 by that supposition ? How long did the tower of Babel remain 
 in ruins ? Where do remains of it still exist ? What reason is 
 there for believing that Nimrod built Nineveh as well as 
 Babylon? What were the Gentile names of Mizraim? How 
 long did the Egyptian monarchy continue, and by whom was it 
 terminated? When did it revive? How long independent? 
 When again subject? Trace its history through Alexander 
 Rome Constantinople. What change in 641 ? in 1250? in 
 1517? What its present governnent? What predictions are 
 fulfilled?
 
 SCRIPTURE HISTORY. O 
 
 PATRIARCHS. 
 
 To a point (1021) was call'd Abram ; and when Isaac] 
 
 incrcas'd, 
 
 It wipd (1806) every slur from Sarah, well pleas'd ; 
 Aged Jacob felt grief, but in Egypt it ceasd (1706) ; J 
 Yet dimly (1635) look'd coffin where Joseph was put; 
 The Exodus triumph there's nought to refute (1401) ; 
 The tribes pass the Jordan, most strange to relate (1451) ; 
 Nor quarrel (1445) when Joshua divides their estate. 
 
 1921] "By faith, Abram, when he was called from Ur in the 
 land of the Chaldeans to go into a place, which he should after 
 receive for an inheritance, obeyed ; and he went out, not knowing 
 whither he went." Heb. xi. 8. Upon the renewal of the cove- 
 nant, his name was changed to Abraham, Father of many nations. 
 1896] The birth of Isaac removed from Sarah the reproach of 
 barrenness. 
 
 1706] And Israel said, "It is enough: Joseph my son is yet 
 alive : I will go and see him, before I die." Gen. xlv. 28. 
 
 1635] Joseph took an oath of the children of Israel, that they 
 should carry his bones with them, when they should take posses- 
 sion of the promised land. " So they embalmed him, and put 
 him in a coffin in Egypt." Gen. 1. 26. 
 
 1491] A period of 215 years elapsed from the call of Abram to 
 the removal of Jacob into Egypt ; and an equal period then 
 ensued, before the children of Israel quitted Egypt, making together 
 430 years. Exod. xii. 40. 
 
 1451] The priests, by the express command of God, preceded 
 the Israelitish army with the ark of the covenant. As soon as 
 their feet touched the waters of the Jordan, the river became dry 
 ground, and all the people passed through in safety, and entered 
 the promised land opposite to the city of Jericho. 
 
 1445] Joshua, having in seven years conquered much of the 
 promised land, proceeded, by divine direction, to allot to the twelve 
 tribes their respective portions of the whole country. 
 
 When was the call of Abram, and whence ? What did his 
 change of name imply ? When was Isaac born ? When B. C. 
 and A.M. did Jacob remove into Egypt? Why did his grief 
 cease? When did Joseph die? What is remarkable respecting 
 his death ? When was the Exodus, and passage through the 
 Red Sea ? How many years elapsed from the call of Abram to
 
 4 SCRIPTURE HISTORY. 
 
 the removal of Jacob into Egypt? How many more, to the 
 Exodus ? When was the passage of the Jordan ? What circum- 
 stances attended it ? What did Joshua do, after conquering part 
 of the promised land ? and why ? 
 
 JUDGES. 
 
 Judges rul'd for three cent'ries, of honest true soul (1405) : 
 First Othniel, and Samuel last of the roll ; 
 The tunable (1285) Deborah did Canaan destroy; 
 And to Gideon the kingdom was offer 'd thro 7 joy (1245) ; 
 Rash Jephthah by sorrow was kept quite awake (1187) ; 
 And thro' Samson, the Philistines no quiet take (1117). 
 
 1285] Read Deborah's song of triumph (Judges ch. v.) when 
 the Israelites vanquished Sisera, and the host of Jabin, king of 
 Canaan. 
 
 1245] After the great victories obtained by Gideon against the 
 Midianites, the people of Israel offered to settle the kingdom on 
 him and his posterity. Judges viii. 22. 
 
 1181] Jephthah, after subduing the Ammonites, and capturing 
 twenty of their cities, mourned his rash vow, and his daughter's 
 fate. 
 
 How long did the government of Judges continue ? Who was 
 the first, and who the last of them ? When was Deborah's 
 triumph, and over whom ? When was the kingdom offered to 
 Gideon, and why ? What did Jephthah do, when, and against 
 whom ? Whom did Samson destroy, and when ? 
 
 KINGS OF ALL ISRAEL. 
 Then Saul was made king, but his mind turn'd to spoil 
 
 (1095) ; 
 Loyal (1055) David left temple for Solomon's toil (1015). 
 
 1095] " Samuel said unto Saul, Wherefore didst thou fly on the 
 spoil (of the Amalekites) ? Because thou hast rejected the word of 
 the Lord, he hath also rejected thee from being king." 1 Sam. 
 xv. 19. N. B. in the enumeration of monarchs, the given date is 
 that of the beginning of each reign. 
 
 1055] On the death of Saul, David, who had, in spite of in- 
 juries, always been loyal, was anointed king at Hebron, the chief 
 city of Judah ; but the other tribes proclaimed Ishbosheth, Saul's 
 son. After seven years of civil war, David became king of all 
 Israel. He took the castle of Mount Zion from the Jebusites ;
 
 SCRIPTURE HISTORY. 5 
 
 removed the ark of God from obscurity to a magnificent pavilion ; 
 and, in ten years, he subdued six neighbouring idolatrous nations. 
 1035] For his adultery with Bathsheba, God punished him 
 during the rest of his life, by the ingratitude, violence, rebellion, 
 and death of his children (Solomon excepted), particularly of his 
 favourite son, Absalom 1017] David's vanity in numbering his 
 people was punished by three days of pestilence, which destroyed 
 seventy thousand persons. But by his public conduct in execut- 
 ing the divine commands against idolatrous nations, and keeping 
 himself and his people firm in the worship of the true God, 
 David proved himself strictly "the man after God's own heart." 
 After reigning forty years, he caused Solomon to be anointed 
 king, and charged him to build a house to the Lord God of Israel, 
 which he himself had been forbidden to build, " because he was 
 a man of war, and had shed blood." 1 Chron. xxviii. 3. 
 
 1015] Solomon at first was distinguished for piety, wisdom, 
 and humility, 1004] He built the temple, exceeding in magni- 
 ficence every other building in the world. But, towards the close 
 of his life, he turned to idolatry, through the influence of his 
 heathen wives ; therefore God said, " I will surely rend the king- 
 dom from thee, and will give it to thy servant (Jeroboam) ; 
 nevertheless, I will give one tribe to thy son, for David my ser- 
 vant's sake." 1 Kings xi. 13. 
 
 N.B. The sceptre of Judah descended, except during the usur- 
 pation of Queen Athaliah, from father to son, till the death of 
 the Good Josiah, four years before the Babylonish Captivity. 
 
 Why was Saul rejected ? How long did he reign ? Who was 
 Saul's successor ? When did he begin to reign ? How long was 
 his reign ? How did he show his loyalty ? How long before he 
 became king of all Israel ? How was he punished for his adultery ? 
 How, for his vanity ? Why is he called " the man after God's 
 own heart?" Why did he not build the temple himself? When 
 did Solomon begin to reign ? How long did he reign ? When 
 was the temple finished ? What was his character at first ? 
 What, towards the end of his reign ? What was his punishment ? 
 What is remarkable in the succession of the kings of Judah ? 
 
 KINGS OF JUDAH. 
 
 llchoboam's not facile (975) : ten tribes backward go, 
 Whose blood in a battle Abijah made flow (958) : 
 Before Asa the idols and Ethiops/e// (955) ; 
 
 And in future (914) Jehoshaphat peaceful may dwell. 
 
 B 3
 
 D SCRIPTURE HISTORY. 
 
 975] Sehoboam, son of Solomon, by the advice of young coun- 
 sellors, returned a harsh answer to the Israelites, who sued to 
 him for a removal of some grievances. Ten tribes, being thus 
 alienated from him, transferred their allegiance to Jeroboam his 
 officer, in fulfilment of the divine denunciation. 1 Kings xi. 13. 
 
 958] Abijah defeated Jeroboam, with prodigious slaughter. 2 
 Chron. xiii. 17. 
 
 955] Asa fortified his kingdom ; conquered Zerah the Ethio- 
 pian (Osorkhon), who had invaded Judah with an immense 
 army ; and, in his zeal against idolatry, degraded Maachah, his 
 grandmother, the great encourager of it, and enjoyed a long peace 
 till the 36th year of his reign, when Baasha, king of Israel, came 
 up against Judah, and built Ramah, that he might let none go 
 out or come in to Asa. Asa not trusting to God, foolishly pur- 
 chased the aid of Benhadad, king of Syria ; therefore during the 
 last two or three years of his reign he had wars. Read 2 Chron. 
 xiv. and xv. 
 
 914] " Because Jehoshaphat walked in the first ways of his 
 father David, the Lord established the kingdom in his hand ; and 
 the fear of the Lord fell on all the kingdoms of the surrounding 
 lands, so that they made no more war against Jehoshaphat." 
 Read chapters xvii. xviii. xix. xx. of 2 Chron. 
 
 KINGS OF JUDAH continued. 
 
 Bloody Joram was led into sin by a wife (889) ; 
 Ahaziah his ride must bewail (885) with his life : 
 Of his murderous mother, Athaliah beware (884) ; 
 Little Joash,tt;eaA boy (878), was preserved with kind care. 
 
 Hear vain Amaziah, to fight beg a foe (839) ; 
 
 And Uzziah in temple, waits (810) leprosy's blow; 
 
 (Isaiah, Hosea, Joel, Amos, then shew :) 
 
 To submit to yoke-law (758) Jotham forc'd Ammon's clan; 
 
 And Ahaz to Tiglath from Pekah's yoke ran (742). 
 
 889] " Jehoram walked in the way of the kings of Israel ; for 
 Athaliah, the daughter of Ahab, was his wife." 2 Kings viii. 18. 
 He slew his six brothers, (to each of whom Jehoshaphat had left 
 considerable possessions,) and introduced the worship of Baal. 
 As a punishment for these and other enormities, he was for two 
 years afflicted with a dreadful disease, of which he died. 2 Chron. 
 xxi. 20. In this reign, the Edomites, the descendants of Esau,
 
 SCRIPTURE HISTORY. 7 
 
 " broke the yoke of Judah from off their necks," thus fulfilling the 
 prediction of Isaac (Gen xxvii. 40), 900 years after its delivery. 
 
 885] Ahaziah accompanied Joram, king of Israel, in his ride 
 from Jezreel to meet Jehu, by whom he was slain in his chariot. 
 "And lie fled to Megiddo, and died there." 2 Kings ix. 27. 
 
 884] Athaliah, after the death of her son Ahaziah, usurped the 
 throne, and massacred all those that had a right to the succession, 
 except her infant grandson Joash, who was preserved by his aunt 
 Jehosheba, and concealed in the temple by her husband Jehoiada, 
 the aged high-priest. 2 Chron. xxii. 
 
 878] The virtuous Jehoiada caused Joash to be proclaimed 
 king, when seven years of age; ordered his usurping grand- 
 mother, Athaliah, to be slain ; repaired the temple, and restored 
 the true religion. After the death of Jehoiada, 130 years old, 
 Joash listened to flatterers, and revived idolatry ; for which being 
 reproved by Zachariah, son and successor of Jehoiada, his bene- 
 factor, he ungratefully ordered him to be stoned in the court of 
 the temple. Matt, xxiii. 35. Within a year afterward, he 
 was conquered by the Syrians, oppressed by disease, and at last 
 murdered in his bed by his own servants. 2 Chron. xxiv. 25. 
 
 839] Amaziah, flushed with a victory over the Edomites, pro- 
 voked Jehoash, king of Israel, to battle, saying " Let us look each 
 other in the face." Amaziah was taken prisoner, part of the 
 wall of Jerusalem was destroyed, and the temple was plundered. 
 
 810] Uzziah, or Azariah, was a wise and religious king, till 
 towards the end of his reign ; when, elated by his prosperity 
 during fifty years, he attempted to exercise the priest's office of 
 burning incense in the temple. He instantly became a leper, and 
 continued so until his death. 2 Chron. xxvi. 21. 
 
 758] Jotham, a wise and virtuous king, built various cities, 
 fortified his country, subdued the Ammonites, and made them 
 tributary three years. 2 Chron. xxvii. 6. 
 
 742] The idolatrous Ahaz, the worst king that had hitherto 
 reigned in Judah, stripped the temple to purchase the aid of 
 Tiglath Pileser, king of Assyria, against the invasion of Rezin, king 
 of Syria, and Pekah, king of Israel, and against the Philistines ; 
 but his alii/ " distressed him, and strengthened him not." 2 
 Chron. xxviii. 20. 
 
 KINGS OF ISRAEL. 
 
 Jeroboam's vile progeny, not in peace lay (975), 
 For a failure (954) ensued, after Nadab's short sway ; 
 As a. plague (953) to them all, cruel Baasha comes; 
 Whose son Elah was slain, amid Bacchanal fumes (930).
 
 8 SCRIPTURE HISTORY. 
 
 KINGS OF ISRAEL continued. 
 
 By Zimri his captain; who, when rebels pen up (929), 
 Burnt himself in the palace ; then Omri mounts up ; 
 Ahab's blood in the foot-way (918) the clogs shall lick up. 
 
 Weep away (898), Ahaziah; let Elijah dismay : 
 Brother Joram and kindred were wip'd (896) clear away 
 By Jehu, of whom let grim Baal beioare (884) ; 
 Jehoahaz waiVd (856), when the Syrians tear. 
 
 His son Joash insulting, to Judah's king wrote (841) ; 
 Jeroboam recover'd whole (825) cities remote ; 
 Zachariah was murder'd ; another yoke came (773) [aim. 
 Thro' Shallum, who'd couch (772) from fierce Menahem's 
 
 Pekahiah's domains others covet (761), and laugh; 
 Th' Assyrians press Pekah, who serv'd idol calf (759) : 
 Hoshea then comes (730) : when on So he would count (721) , 
 Shalmaneser the realm took, and Israel's mount. 
 
 975] Jeroboam at first repaired and dwelt at Shechem : after- 
 ward, crossing the Jordan, he built Penuel, and at length made 
 Tirzah the seat of his kingdom. To prevent his subjects from 
 going to Jerusalem to worship, he set up a golden calf at Dan, 
 and another at Bethel, to be the objects of his seduced people's 
 idolatry. Concerning his vile progeny, it was predicted, that 
 " Him that dieth of Jeroboam in the city shall the dogs eat ; 
 and him that dieth in the field shall the fowls of the air eat." 
 1 Kings xiv. 1 1 . 
 
 954] Nadab, idolatrous like his father, besieged Gibbethon, a 
 city of the Philistines, and was slain there by the conspirator 
 Baasha, of the tribe of Issachar. A failure of Jeroboam's race 
 then ensued. 
 
 953] Baasha utterly destroyed the whole race of Jeroboam, 
 according to the prophet Ahijah's prediction, above quoted. 
 1 Kings xiv. 11. 
 
 930] Zimri slew his master Elah, "as he was in Tirzah, 
 drinking himself drunk," 1 Kings xvi. 9, and reigned in his 
 stead. He destroyed the whole family of Baasha ; but the army 
 which lay before Gibbethon elected Omri, one of their captains, 
 to be their king, and besieged Zimri at Tirzah.
 
 SCRIPTURE HISTORY. 9 
 
 929] Omri, "who did worse than all that were before him," 
 removed the capital of the kingdom to Samaria, a city which he 
 himself had built. 
 
 918] Ahab, " whom Jezebel, his idolatrous wife, stirred up," 
 did evil in the sight of the Lord, above all that were before him. 
 He was slain in his chariot, at the siege of the Syrian city, 
 Ramoth-gilead, and buried at Samaria. His chariot being washed 
 in the pool there, the dogs licked up his blood, according to the 
 word of the Lord, spoken by the prophet Elijah, when Ahab had 
 seized the vineyard of Naboth : " In the place where dogs licked 
 the blood of Naboth, shall dogs lick thy blood, even thine." 
 
 1 Kings xxi. 19. 
 
 898] Ahaziah, son of Ahab, lying ill in consequence of a fall, 
 sent to consult the heathen god Baalzebub concerning his re- 
 covery. His inquiry was answered by a different power. Elijah 
 the prophet went unto the king, and said, "Thou shalt not come 
 down from the bed on which thou art gone up, but shalt surely 
 die." 2 Kings i. 16. 
 
 884] Jehu, being appointed by God to extirpate the family of 
 Ahab, conspired against his sovereign Jehoram, and slew him in 
 the field of Naboth. He caused Jezebel to be thrown from a 
 window, under which she was devoured by dogs. He likewise 
 destroyed the whole family of Ahab, and all the priests of Baal. 
 
 2 Kings x. After Jehu, his four descendants reigned in regular 
 succession, according to the prediction. 2 Kings xv. 12. 
 
 856] Jehoahaz, son of Jehu, was oppressed during his whole 
 reign (seventeen years) by Hazael, king of Syria, whose cruelties 
 against the Israelites Elisha had foretold. 2 Kings viii. 12. 
 
 841] Joash replied to the challenge of Amaziah, king of 
 Judah, " The thistle that was in Lebanon, sent to the cedar that 
 was in Lebanon, saying, Give thy daughter to my son to wife : 
 and there passed by a wild beast that was in Lebanon, and trod 
 down the thistle." 2 Kings xiv. 9. 
 
 825] Jeroboam II., son of Joash, recovered Damascus and 
 Hamath. Under his reign, the kingdom of Israel attained its 
 greatest extent and power. 
 
 773] After an interregnum (as is supposed) of eleven years, 
 Zachariah succeeded, idolatrous like his ancestor Jeroboam. He 
 was the last of the race of Jehu, according to the prediction : 
 " Thy sons shall sit on the throne of Israel unto the fourth ge- 
 neration. And so it came to pass." 2 Kings xv. 12. 
 
 772] Zachariah, at the end of six months, was slain in the 
 sight of the people, by Shallum, who, after one month, was 
 himself shun by Menahem. This king, distinguished for his 
 barbarity, purchased the forbearance of Puh, king of Assyria, with
 
 10 SCRIPTURE HISTORY. 
 
 money exacted from Israel. He reigned ten years, and was suc- 
 ceeded (761) by his son Pekahiah, who, after two years, was 
 murdered by Pekah, his captain, 2 Kings xv. 
 
 730 721] ffoshea, having murdered Pekah, and, after a 
 struggle of nine years, obtained the throne, became tributary to 
 Shalmaneser, king of Assyria (son of Tiglath Pileser) ; but secretly 
 applying to So, king of Egypt, for aid, Shalmaneser invaded Israel 
 a second time, took Samaria after a siege of three years, and 
 transported most of the Israelites into Media and Assyria. Thus 
 ended the kingdom of Israel, 254 years after it had been separated 
 from Judah. 
 
 Most of the inhabitants that remained were carried away, 
 about forty-four years afterward, by Esarhaddon, grandson of 
 Shalmaneser, and their place supplied by colonies principally 
 from Cuthan, (now Chusistan,) who took the name of Samaritans, 
 and are sometimes called Cuthseans. Esarhaddon, being in- 
 formed that the people who had been sent to Samaria were 
 infested by lions, and supposing that it was from their ignorance 
 of the manner of worshipping the God of the country, sent a 
 priest of the God of Israel to teach the rites of the Hebrews. 
 The five books of Moses, thus communicated to the Samaritans, 
 and called the Samaritan Pentateuch, have been preserved to the 
 present day in the old Hebrew or Phenician character. 
 
 KINGS OF JUDAH ALONE. 
 
 Hezekiah in sickness, found heaven was kind (726) ; 
 Deep woe (698) felt Manasseh, in Babel confin'd : 
 His servants draff (643) Amon, and stab at his heart ; 
 And Josiah the Good was transfix'd by a dart (641). 
 
 Jehoahaz diets (610) in Egypt, perplex' d; 
 Jehoiakim doats (610) ; the Captivity vex'd (606), 
 (Jeremiah foretold the duration annex'd :) 
 The Chaldean made captive Coniah's life pay (599), 
 Render'd blind Zcdekiah, made his city a prey, 
 And carried to Babylon each Jew away (588). 
 
 726] Hezekiah destroyed idolatry, and celebrated a solemn 
 passover. Attempting to shake off the connexion which his 
 father had formed with Assyria, he was compelled, by an invasion
 
 SCRIPTURE HISTORY. 11 
 
 of Sennacherib, to pay much gold and silver, taken in part from 
 the temple, and its doors and pillars. During an illness, his 
 prayers procured for him a prolongation of his life and kingdom 
 for fifteen years. In sign whereof, the sun was made to go ten 
 degrees backward. His supplications were again effectual, when 
 Sennacherib, in violation of the articles of peace, having besieged 
 Jerusalem, the Assyrian army was miraculously destroyed in one 
 night. 2 Kings xix. Hezekiah having ostentatiously displayed 
 his treasures to the Babylonian ambassadors, to punish this foolish 
 vanity, Isaiah was sent to predict that these treasures would be 
 carried to Babylon, and that his sons would become the servants 
 of the Babylonian kings. 
 
 698] Manasseh, bereft of his virtuous father at twelve years 
 of age, grew up in vice. For his revival of idolatry, and for 
 his cruelty, he was carried in chains to Babylon, in the twenty- 
 second year of his reign ; but, on his repentance, God restored 
 him to his liberty and his kingdom. In his reign, Judith killed 
 Holofernes. 
 
 643] Amon imitated the impiety, but not the penitence, of his 
 father Manasseh ; and, " the servants of Amon conspired against 
 him, and slew the king in his own house." 2 Kings xxi. 23. 
 
 641] The good Josiali abolished idolatry; burned dead men's 
 bones on the altar in Bethel, as had been foretold; repaired the 
 temple, and celebrated a most solemn passover. Through the 
 exhortations and example of this good king, his subjects departed 
 not all his days from following the Lord. Going out unadvisedly 
 to battle against Necho, king of Egypt, he was mortally wounded 
 in the valley of Megiddo. Judah mourned as for a common 
 father, whose life alone kept off the Babylonish captivity. 
 2 Chron. xxxv. 25. 
 
 610] Jehoahaz, or Shallum, a younger son of Josiah, was soon 
 deposed, and carried away in chains, by Pharaoh Necho, king of 
 Egypt ; who substituted on the throne Eliakim, elder son of Josiah, 
 changing his name to Jehoiakim. 
 
 610] Jehoiakim doats in supposing, that, by burning the roll 
 of the book in which were written the prophecies of Jeremiah, 
 he should prevent the fulfilment of them. See Jerem. xxxvi. 23. 
 
 606] Nebuchadnezzar was permitted by God to take Jerusalem. 
 Jehoiakim was put in chains ; but afterward, engaging to be tribu- 
 tary , he was restored to his kingdom. After three years he rebelled, 
 was taken, and dying, on the Road to Babylon, was thrown into a 
 ditch, and "had the burial of an ass." Jer. xxii. 19. 
 
 599] Jehoiachin, or Jeconias, or Coniah, son of Jehoiakim, 
 being besieged in Jerusalem, and taken by Nebuchadnezzar, was 
 sent to Babylon, and kept there in prison thirty-seven years.
 
 12 SCRIPTURE HISTORY. 
 
 599] Nebuchadnezzar made Mattaniah, uncle of Jehoiachin, 
 king of the people who remained in Judea, and changed his name 
 to Zedekiah. Afterward, rebelling against his master, his eyes 
 were put out, and he was sent in chains to Babylon, where he 
 died in prison, 588. Jerusalem was taken the third time, the 
 city and temple were destroyed by fire, nearly the whole nation 
 was carried captive to Babylon, and the land lay desolate for the 
 appointed time of seventy years. 2 Chron. xxxvi. 21 ; Jer. xxv. 
 11, 12. 
 
 GENERAL QUESTIONS for the Kings of Judah and Israel. 
 
 Whose son was king ? When did he begin to reign ? 
 
 or. What king began to reign in the year ? How long did 
 he reign? What were the principal events? Who succeeded? 
 Explain the memorial line, if requisite. How many kings of Judah 
 were there? How many of Israel? When did the kingdom of 
 Israel end, and through whom ? How long had it existed ? 
 When and by whom were the remaining inhabitants of Israel 
 carried away ? Who supplied their place ? In what year did the 
 Babylonian captivity begin ? When and by whom was Jerusalem 
 taken the second time? What occurred to Jeconiah? When was 
 the third capture, and what were the consequences ? 
 
 THE ASSYRIAN HISTORY. 
 
 Th' Assyrian wears (840) sackcloth, t' avoid Jonah's stroke ; 
 And Arbaces caus'd Sardanapalus to croak (747). 
 Three empires arose then ; for Deioces acts (710) 
 As first king of the Medes, thro' Sennacherib's facts; 
 (Count (721) his father the king who Samaria sacks.) 
 Join'd Babylon vows (680) to Esarhaddon its faith ; 
 Nabopollasar parts them; thence Nineveh's death (612). 
 Great Nebuchadnezzar chose grass to live on (562); 
 And Belshazzar's limb (538) shook, when the hand-writing 
 shone. 
 
 840] At the preaching of Jonah, the king, (supposed by some 
 to be Pul, 2 Kings xv. 19,) and the inhabitants of Nineveh,' fasted
 
 SCRIPTURK HISTORY. 13 
 
 and repented : in consequence, the Almighty suspended the sen- 
 tence which he had ordered to be pronounced in his name. 
 
 747] The effeminate and luxurious Sardanapalus (Sardan, the 
 son of Pul), being besieged in Nineveh by Arbaces (Tiglath Pile- 
 ser), governor of Media, and Belesis (Baladan or Nabonassar), 
 governor of Babylon, burned himself and all his family on a 
 funeral pile. Here ended the first Assyrian empire; and here 
 began the era of Nabonassar, used in Eastern chronology. The 
 era of Nabonassar is derived from the canon of Ptolemy ; and is 
 useful in connecting sacred with profane history, as it begins 
 before the Jewish history ends, and continues the succession of 
 Babylonian, Persian, and Macedonian kings, till after the birth 
 of Christ. Its first year coincides with 747 B. C. Olym. 8. 2 ; 
 7 U. C. 3967 of the Julian period. 
 
 710] The three kingdoms that arose were, 1, Nineveh, or the 
 Assyrian, under Arbaces : 2, Babylon, under Belesis : and, 3, 
 afterward in 710, Media, under Deioces (Arphaxad). The origin 
 of the Median kingdom was this : Sennacherib being weakened 
 by the miraculous destruction of his army at the siege of Jerusa- 
 lem (Isa. ch. xxxvii.), Media revolted, and after some years chose 
 Deioces as king, who built Ecbatana. 
 
 721] Shalmaneser, the father of Sennacherib, we must here 
 count. 
 
 680] Esarhaddon, son of Sennacherib, availing himself of in- 
 ternal confusion, seized Babylon, and united it to his own king- 
 dom of Assyria. His son, Saosduchinus, is supposed to be the 
 Nabuchodonosor in the book of Judith. 
 
 612] Nabopollasar, general under Chinilidan, the effeminate 
 king of Assyria, seized Babylon and part of the empire. Join- 
 ing with Cyaxares, king of Media, whose grand-daughter his son 
 Nebuchadnezzar had married, he besieged and utterly destroyed 
 Nineveh. Here ended the second Assyrian empire. 
 
 562] Nebuchadnezzar proudly said, " Is not this the great 
 Babylon which I have built for the house of the kingdom, by the 
 might of my power, and for the honour of my majesty ? " A 
 voice from .heaven rebuked his pride. During seven years his 
 reason left him, and he ate grass as oxen. 
 
 538] Belshazzar, feasting with his thousand lords, his wives 
 and his concubines, profaned the gold and silver vessels which 
 had been taken from the temple of Jerusalem. The impiety was 
 immediately punished. The mysterious hand-writing on the wall, 
 as explained by the prophet Daniel, announced the decree of 
 heaven. That very night, Cyrus, who, with his Medes and Per- 
 sians, had long besieged Babylon, having turned the course of the 
 Euphrates, entered the city through the dried channel of the 
 
 c
 
 14 SCRIPTURE HISTORY. 
 
 river (thus fulfilling the predictions of Jeremiah, chap. 1. and li.), 
 and slew the impious Belshazzar and his drunken courtiers. 
 Thus terminated the Babylonian empire, (the golden head of 
 Nebuchadnezzar's image,) 209 years after its erection by Belesis, 
 or Nabonassar. 
 
 The destruction of Babylon was gradually accomplished by 
 Cyrus, Darius Hystaspes, Xerxes, Seleucus, and the Parthians, 
 B. C. 130. " It shall never be inhabited. It shall be a posses- 
 sion for the bittern, and pools of water ; and I will sweep it with 
 the besom of destruction." Isa. xiii. So spake the Lord of hosts, 
 and so it hath come to pass. 
 
 About what time did Jonah preach at Nineveh ? With what 
 effect ? Who is supposed to have been the king ? When did the 
 first Assyrian empire end ? Under what circumstances ? Of 
 what use is the era of Nabonassar? How far does it extend? 
 With what year of other eras does its first year coincide ? What 
 kingdoms then arose, and under whom ? What is supposed to 
 be the Scripture name for Deioces ? What city did he build ? 
 What was the origin of the Median kingdom ? Who was father 
 of Sennacherib? Who was Esarhaddon ? What did he effect, 
 and when ? Who is Nubuchodonosor, mentioned in the book of 
 Judith, supposed to have been ? Who was Nabopollasar ? How 
 did he become instrumental in the destruction of the second 
 kingdom of Assyria? What happened in 612, and through 
 whom ? When did Nebuchadnezzar begin to reign ? Why, how, 
 and how long, was he punished ? In what consisted the impiety 
 of Belshazzar ? When and how was he punished ? How long 
 did the Babylonian empire continue? What was the prediction 
 respecting Babylon, and through whom was it fulfilled? 
 
 AFTER THE BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY. 
 
 Thro' Cyrus to Judah, the Jews \\ithjoy move (536), 
 And for happy year look (457), under Ezra to improve : 
 This year saiv (408) the shrine of Samaritan race ; \ 
 
 Last Malachi warns that the Lord they may face (397) ; I 
 The Persian yoke ends : son of Ammon (332) shew'd grace.)
 
 SCRIPTURE HISTORY. 15 
 
 Sotcr Ptolemy's cunning Jerusalem yains (320) : 
 In their nooks (270) wrote the Seventy : Philadelphus then 
 Next notice (217) Philopator's Hippodrome show, [reigns; 
 And how Syrian Antiochus saves out of woe (198). 
 Away holy off rings Epiphanes takes (170) ; 
 Maccabaeus fights steadily (1G5) : Syrian quakes. 
 
 536] The Spirit of Jehovah, speaking by Isaiah, saith of Cyrus, 
 above a hundred years before his birth, "He is my shepherd, 
 and shall perform all my pleasure, even saying to Jerusalem, Thou 
 shalt be built, and to the temple, Thy foundation shall be laid." 
 Isa. xliv. 28. This was fulfilled at the expiration of the seventy 
 years of captivity. 
 
 457] Ezra (ch. vii.), by means of Queen Esther, procured a 
 commission from Artaxerxes Longimanus to restore the Jewish 
 worship and polity at Jerusalem. Hence began the seventy 
 weeks of years, or 490 years, predicted by Daniel (ch. ix. 24), 
 which were to elap.-e before the crucifixion of our Saviour. 
 
 408] The Samaritans not being allowed by the Jews to assist 
 in rebuilding the temple at Jerusalem, endeavoured to interrupt 
 the work, and a bitter animosity continued from that time be- 
 tween the two nations. 
 
 Sanballat, governor of Samaria, obtained leave from Darius 
 Nothus to erect a temple on Mount Gerizim, where he constituted 
 his son-in-law Manasseh the high priest. 
 
 397] The history of the Old Testament ends with Malachi, the 
 last of the prophets. 
 
 332] Alexander, approaching Jerusalem with hostile intentions, 
 was disarmed by the appearance of the high-priest Jaddua, which 
 corresponded with that of a figure which had formerly encouraged 
 him in a dream, to undertake his expedition into the East. The 
 prophecies of Daniel were likewise pointed out to him, which 
 foretold that "the king of Grecia should conquer Persia." In 
 consequence, he continued and enlarged the privileges of the Jews. 
 
 320] At the death of Alexander, Judaea fell to the share of 
 Luomedon, one of his generals ; but Ptolemy Soter, son of Lagus, 
 soon after (320) made himself master of it by stratagem. He 
 entered Jerusalem on a sabbath- day, under pretence of offering 
 sacrifice, and took possession of the city without resistance from 
 the Jews, who did not dare to transgress their law by fighting on 
 the sabbath, and carried above 100,000 of them captive into Egypt. 
 
 270] Ptolemy Philadelphus, the son and successor of Soter, 
 favoured the Jews, and commanded their Scriptures to be translated
 
 16 SCRIPTURE HISTORY. 
 
 into Greek ; which translation is called the Septuagint, from the 
 Latin word Septuaginta, 70, the number of persons said to have 
 been employed in the work. They are reported to have been shut 
 up in separate cells {nooks), and each to have rendered the whole 
 work, word for word, in the same language. 
 
 217] Ptolemy Philopator, enraged at being prevented from 
 entering the Holy of Holies, degraded and persecuted the Jews. 
 Those whom he could seize in Egypt were shut in the Hippodrome, 
 or place for horse-races, at Alexandria, to be destroyed by elephants ; 
 but God turned the wild beasts upon the spectators, and so 
 terrified the king, that he restored the Jews to their privileges. 
 
 198] Antiochus the Great, having conquered Scopas, general 
 of the Egyptian king, Ptolemy Epiphanes, at Panseas, near the 
 fountains of Jordan, subdued all Palestine, and granted con- 
 siderable privileges and favours to the city of Jerusalem. 
 
 170] Antiochus Epiphanes, son of Antiochus the Great, being 
 provoked with the inhabitants of Jerusalem for having made an 
 insurrection at the report of his death, took the city by storm, slew 
 40,000 persons, and plundered and polluted the temple. He 
 afterwards put nearly all the men of the city to death, enslaved 
 the women and the children, and made all the Jews choose 
 either idolatry or death. For three years and a half (the time 
 foretold by Daniel, viii. 11), the daily sacrifice was taken away, 
 and the temple polluted. 
 
 165] At length Mattathias, a pious and resolute priest, with his 
 five sons, collected an army of 6000 men, and eagerly undertook 
 the deliverance of his country from the Syrians, which was finally 
 accomplished by his son Judas Maccab&us. Under these princes 
 and their descendants the Jews became an entirely free state, 
 supported by good troops, strong garrisons, and alliances not only 
 with neighbouring powers, but even with Rome itself. 
 
 When and through whom did the Jews return from captivity ? 
 What prediction was fulfilled ? What did Ezra effect, and when ? 
 What prophetic period now begins ? About what time does the 
 Old Testament history end? When did Alexander visit Je- 
 rusalem ? What occurred ? At his death, who obtained Judaea ? 
 When and how did Ptolemy Soter gain Jerusalem ? Which 
 Ptolemy favoured the Jews, and what did he order ? Explain the 
 word nooks. Describe the conduct of Ptolemy Philopator to the 
 Jews. What did Antiochus the Great do for them, and when ? 
 What did Antiochus Epiphanes do against them, and when? 
 When were they delivered ? By whom ? Under the Mac- 
 cabsean princes, what did the Jews become ?
 
 SCRIPTURE HISTORY. 17 
 
 JUDAH TRIBUTARY. 
 
 To pay tribute to Pompcy became Judab's doom (63) ; 
 Great Herod arose (40) in the Maccabees' room, 
 And by murder of infants filled Bethlem with gloom : 
 Archclaus ejected, produced Roman yoke (A.D. 7) ; 
 City, temple, state cease (70), under Titus's stroke. 
 
 63] The two brothers Hyrcanus and Aristobulus, contesting the 
 succession to the Maccalueau throne, referred the dispute to 
 Poinpey, who appointed Hyrcanus high-priest, allowing him the 
 title of Prince instead of King, destroyed the walls of Jerusalem, 
 and rendered Judaea subject and tributary to the Romans. 
 
 40] Herod the Great, by birth an Idumaean, prevailed on the 
 Roman senate, through the interest of Antony and Augustus, to 
 appoint him king of Judaea; thus putting an end to the go- 
 vernment of the Maccabees, or Asmonaeans, after it had lasted 
 nearly 130 years. 
 
 Herod was, soon after the massacre at Bethlehem, smitten with 
 a most loathsome disease, and died about a year and a quarter 
 after the birth of our Saviour, a signal example of divine justice. 
 
 A.D. 7] Herod being permitted to divide his dominions among 
 his three sons, Judaea, Samaria, and Idumtea, fell to the share of 
 Arclii'Iai/s ; but the emperor Augustus banished him for his cruelty 
 and injustice, and reduced his dominions, or tetrarchy, to the form 
 of a Roman province, under a governor called Procurator of 
 Judaea. 
 
 70] The Jews, having been severely persecuted by several 
 Roman Governors, at length, in the reign of Nero, and during the 
 government of Florus, openly revolted. Then began the Jewish 
 war, which, after an obstinate resistance, and unparalleled sufferings 
 on the part of the Jews, terminated in the total destruction of the 
 city and temple of Jerusalem, by Titus, son of the emperor 
 Vespasian, the overthrow of their national polity, and, subsequently, 
 in their dispersion into all the countries of the world, in exact 
 fulfilment of our Saviour's prediction, Matt. xxiv. 
 
 When and why did Judah become tributary ? Who ended the 
 Asmonsean government ? How long had it continued ? Why, 
 how, and when, was Herod punished ? How was his kingdom 
 divided ? Why and when was Judaea made a Roman province ? 
 Why did the Jews revolt ? When and what was the termination 
 of the Jewish war ? Through whom ? What prophecy was 
 hereby fulfilled? 
 
 c3
 
 18 SCRIPTURE HISTORY. 
 
 Questions on Scripture History, to be answered from 
 the preceding Notes. 
 
 Forms of Government, $c.~\ What form of government followed 
 the patriarchial ? (a theocracy, *. e. a government by God himself.) 
 How long did this form last ? What occasioned its discontinuance ? 
 Who was Judge at the time ? How many Judges were there ? 
 How many kings of all Israel ? Who were the first kings of Judah 
 and Israel respectively ? Repeat the names of the twenty 
 sovereigns of Judah in succession, from Rehoboam to Zedekiah. 
 Mention the names of the nineteen kings of Israel. In whose 
 reign did Isaiah prophecy ? What other prophets lived at the 
 same time? When did Jeremiah prophecy? What occasioned 
 the destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar? How much 
 longer did the kingdom of Judah last than that of Israel ? By 
 whom were they respectively abolished ? Where was the capital 
 of the kingdom of Israel successively fixed ? Name the nations 
 to whom the Jews, from the time of the Babylonian captivity, were 
 successively tributary ? Under whose government were they 
 placed? Under what kings did they again become independent ? 
 How long continue so ? To whom did they then become tributary ? 
 What form of government was next established ? In whom was 
 the regal government revived ? Who was the reigning prince when 
 Christ was born? What caused the last king to be deposed? 
 How was Judaea then governed ?
 
 GRECIAN HISTORY. 
 
 (CONTEMPORARY WITH THE PATRIARCHS.) 
 
 Pelasgians from Asia first settle in Greece ; 
 
 Hellenes, lonians, ^Eolians, increase. 
 
 Ancient Sicyon by some is remov'd at one sweep (2089) ; 
 
 To build (1856), Argos then Inachus came from the deep; 
 
 By Cecrops th' Egyptian was Attica quelVd (1556) ; 
 
 And Amphictyon's council in talent (1521) excell'd ; 
 
 Thirsty Argives saw trouble (1485) by Danaus expell'd. 
 
 Letter'd Cadmus taught Thebans, thus gaining true fame 
 (CONTEMPORARY WITH THE JUDGES ;) [(1493) ; 
 Speak of Minos to Crete, and it rousd (1406) at his name ; 
 To mould (1356) all the myst'rics, Eumolpus inclin'd; 
 And 't was Sisyphus' joy, games of Isthmus to mind (1326). 
 Through Perseus* the brave shall MycenaS increase ; 
 Thirteen hundred saw Pelops leave Phrygia for Greece. 
 
 In the voyage (1263) of Argonauts demi-gods mingle ; 
 And the ears of all Athens at Theseus long tingle (1235) : 
 Seven chieftains storm Thebes, and much fame they enjoy 
 
 [(1225); 
 And the Greeks are quite weary (1 184), besieging old Troy. 
 
 The chronology of these early times is very uncertain. The 
 dates here adopted are those of Blair. The chronology of Clinton's 
 Fasti Hellenici is used from 560 B.C.
 
 20 GRECIAN HISTORY. 
 
 The first inhabitants of Greece appear to have been a people 
 called Pelasgians, of whose origin little is known. The name 
 Hellenes, which was afterwards adopted as the general deno- 
 mination of those whom we, from the Latin, call Greeks, was 
 originally that of a small people in the north of Thessaly, which 
 grew early powerful, and became the origin of many leading 
 Grecian states. Whether the original Hellenes were a Pelasgian 
 tribe, or a tribe ot a different or kindred stock, is doubtful. 
 Afterward, the Grecian nation became divided into two races, the 
 Ionian and the kalian ; and of the latter, a portion, in process 
 of time, under the name of Dorian, attaining great power, the 
 great divisions of the Greeks became three, lonians, ^Eolians, and 
 Dorians. 
 
 2089] The history of Sicyon is so uncertain, that some writers 
 entirely omit it at one sweep. 
 
 18561 Inachus, a Phoenician, son of Oceanus, or the Ocean, a 
 title which, in the language of those times, might imply that the 
 bearer carne from beyond the sea, nobody knew whence. 
 
 1 556] Cecrops quelled or civilized Attica, divided it into twelve > 
 districts or boroughs, and instituted the court of Areopagus. It 
 was held in the open air, by night and in the dark. Its decisions 
 were considered to be invariably just. The number of its judges 
 varied at different times from nine to fifty-one. 
 
 1521] The Amphictyonic council is said to have been founded 
 by Amphictyon, third king of Athens, son of Deucalion. It 
 consisted of deputies from certain states of Greece, who met twice 
 a year, in the autumn at Thermopylae, and in the spring at Delphi, 
 to settle disputes between the states, and to consult for the general 
 welfare. 
 
 1493] Cadmus introduced alphabetic writing into Greece from 
 Phoenicia. The monarchy was changed to a republic, B. C. 1190, 
 after the death of Xanthus, who was killed by the artifice of Me- 
 lanthus, afterward king of Athens ; in memory of which fraud, 
 the festival of Apaturia was instituted. 
 
 1485] Danaus arrived at Argos with a fresh colony from Egypt. 
 As the Argians were often distressed for want of water, he taught 
 them to dig wells, and was, for this and similar favours, chosen to 
 be king in the place of Gelanor, the ninth and last of the Inachidae, 
 or family of Inachus. 
 
 1406] The laws of the wise Minos remained in force in the 
 time of Plato, B. C. 348. The leading principles of his legislation 
 were the equality of the citizens, the community of the lands, and 
 the subjection of the daily life of individuals to minute regulation 
 by law. The education of the children was appointed, and was 
 principally directed to make them soldiers. The citizens lived in,
 
 GRECIAN HISTORY. '2 
 
 perfect equality, in clubs or messes, on the produce of the land 
 which belonged to the state, and was cultivated for it by numerous 
 slaves. The government was concentrated iu the council of elders, 
 and in ten magistrates called Cosmi : both these appointments were 
 held for life. The military command was at first vested in the 
 king ; but on the abolition of royalty, it was intrusted to the 
 Cosmi. 
 
 1356] Erectheus, king of Athens, introduced the Eleusinian 
 mysteries, and made Eumoljms high-priest of Ceres. The priest- 
 hood remained in his descendants, the Eumolpidae, for about twelve 
 hundred years. 
 
 1326] Sityphv*, a descendant from JapStus or Japhet, had 
 previously founded Ephyra, afterward called Corinth, from Co- 
 rinthus, son of Pelops. The Isthmian games were celebrated at 
 the Isthmus, every third, or rather fifth year; and the victors were 
 at first rewarded with garlands of pine-leaves, but afterward 
 received a crown of dry parsley. The Pythian games were 
 celebrated near Delphi, at first every ninth, and afterwards every 
 fifth year, in honour of the Pythian Apollo. The rewards were 
 certain sacred apples and garlands of laurel. The Nemsean 
 games were held at Nemaea in Argolis every year. The rewards 
 were garlands of parsley. 
 
 * Perseus, king of Argos, a descendant of Danaus, transferred 
 the seat of royalty to Mycenae. 
 
 1300] Pelops, an adventurer from Phrygia, obtained such 
 influence, chiefly by the riches which he brought from Asia, that 
 the southern peninsula was ever after called Peloponnesus, or the 
 island of Pelops. His son Atreus was, on the death of Eurys- 
 theus, the last prince of the Danaan race, chosen king of Argos 
 and Mycenae. 
 
 1263] The Argonautic expedition is supposed to have been both 
 a military and mercantile adventure, to open the commerce of the 
 Euxine. Jason, a young prince of Thessaly, was accompanied by 
 many other men of distinction from other parts of Greece ; among 
 whom were ^Esculapius, Amphion, Castor and Pollux, Hercules, 
 Laertes, Nestor, Orpheus, Peleus, Philoctetes, &c. 
 
 1235] Theseus, after passing through many extraordinary ad- 
 ventures, and making the ears of all Athens tingle with pleasure 
 at being freed from the tribute of Minos, king of Crete, laid the 
 foundation of the future glory of his country, by uniting its twelve 
 Cecropian districts and towns under one common constitution, and 
 establishing one common feast and sacrifice in honour of Athena, 
 or Minerva; calling it Panathencea, the feast of All the Athenians, 
 or people of Minerva. 
 
 1225] This Theban war, authenticated by Hesiod and Homer,
 
 22 GRECIAN HISTORY. 
 
 and made illustrious by the tragedy of ^Eschylus and the epic 
 poem of Statius, is the first instance of a league among Grecian 
 princes, and of anything approaching to regular war. After the 
 death of (Edipus, king of Thebes, his sons, Eteocles and Polynices, 
 agreed that each should reign a year alternately. Eteocles, the 
 elder, refusing to resign at the end of his year, Polynices attempted 
 to compel him, by aid of an army levied by his father-in-law 
 Adrastus, king of Argos. The command of it was divided among 
 seven chiefs, who were to attack the seven gates of Thebes. The 
 war was at length decided by the death of both brothers, in single 
 combat with each other. The sons and descendants of the heroes 
 slain in the first Theban war renewed the quarrel of their fathers, 
 and, ten years after, occasioned the war of the Epigoni. 
 
 1184] Though the detail of the Trojan war rests chiefly on the 
 authority of Homer, yet it is generally considered, in its principal 
 facts, to be true history. After a siege of ten years, the allied 
 Greeks, under Agamemnon, took Troy, by storm or stratagem, in 
 the night, and burned it to the ground. Not a vestige of its ruins 
 is now to be found. The victors, it is supposed, settled a colony 
 near the spot, and the Lydiaris occupied the rest of the kingdom. 
 
 1. With what periods is the more ancient Grecian history con- 
 temporary? What is said of the Pelasgians? the Hellenes? 
 What is doubtful respecting them? Into what races did the 
 Grecian nation become divided? What is remarked respecting 
 Sicyon? Who was Inachus, what city did he found and when? 
 When was Attica civilized, by whom, and how ? When, and by 
 whom, was the Amphictyonic council instituted ? What its nature, 
 where, and when held ? What is said of Danaus ? 
 
 2. When, and in what, did Cadmus instruct the Thebans ? 
 When, and on what occasion, did their monarchy end ? When, 
 and where, did Minos flourish, and when were his laws still 
 existing? What is recorded of Erectheus and Eumolpus? When, 
 and by whom, were the Isthmian games founded ? Mention some 
 particulars respecting them. When, and by whom, was Corinth 
 built, and what its original name? Mention particulars respecting 
 the Isthmian games, the Pythian, the Nemaeaii. What is 
 mentioned of Perseus ? of Pelops? of Atreus ? 
 
 3. When, and what, was the voyage of the Argonauts ? Mention 
 some of its heroes. When, and how, did Theseus benefit Athens? 
 When was the Theban war, and why is it remarkable? What 
 caused it, and how did it end ? What, and when, was the war of 
 the Epigoni? When was Troy taken? What credit is due to 
 Homer's account ? Mention some further particulars.
 
 GRECIAN HISTORY. 23 
 
 (CONTEMPORARY WITH THE KINGS OF ALL ISRAEL). 
 
 Heraclcidae rcturn'd, of possession quite sure (1104) ; 
 And the reign of two monarchs the Spartans endure : 
 Attic Codrus, by dying, caus'd Archons their tasks (1070) ; 
 Ionia the road to a surer (1044) home asks. 
 
 1104] Hercules, son of Amphitryon, (who claimed the throne 
 of Mycense as the gift of his father-in-law, king Electryon,) was 
 banished by the usurper Eurystheus, from his country, with all 
 his family. His descendants, the Heracleidae, who settled in 
 Doris, near Parnassus, made several unsuccessful attempts to 
 return ; till at length, at the end of a century, they took forcible 
 possession of the whole Peloponnesus, except Arcadia and Achaia, 
 and enslaved or expelled the ancient inhabitants. 
 
 1102] In the division of the Peloponnesus by the Heracleidae, 
 Lacedacmon fell to the share of Aristodemus; who dying, his 
 sons Eurysthenes and Procles reigned together. This double 
 monarchy continued in the separate branches for nearly 900 yeurs. 
 Little is known of Sparta, till Lycurgus, of the race of Procles, 
 succeeded to the throne in 884. 
 
 1070] About the time of the return of the Heracleidae, the 
 king of Boeotia offered to decide a war between himself and 
 Thymoetes, king of Athens, by single combat. Thymoetes declining 
 the challenge, Melanthus, king of Pylos, who had been driven 
 from his throne by the Heracleidse, became champion for the 
 Athenians, and the sceptre of Athens was the reward of his 
 victory ; Thymoetes, the last of the family of Theseus, being 
 deposed, Codrus succeeded his father Melanthus as king of 
 Athens. In his war with the Dorians (Heracleidse) settled at 
 Megara, the Delphic oracle was understood to say, that the 
 Peloponnesians would be victorious, if they did not kill the 
 Athenian king. Codrus therefore went disguised into the enemy's 
 camp, provoked an attack, and was slain. The Peloponnesians 
 immediately retreated. Medon, the eldest son of Codrus, being 
 lame, and a younger disputing the succession, it was proposed to 
 exclude both. The oracle however decided that Medon should 
 rule, with the title of Archon : an office for life, hereditary, but 
 responsible to the people. 
 
 1044] Attica (originally called Ionia) being overpeopled 
 through the multitude of refugees from the Peloponnesus, a 
 colony was sent to Asia Minor under Androclus and Neleus, sons 
 of Codrus, where they founded twelve cities, of which Ephesus
 
 24 GRECIAN HISTORY. 
 
 was the greatest. The exiles from JEolia, or Peloponnesus, 
 founded Smyrna, and eleven other cities. The Heracleidye, or 
 Dorians themselves, sent colonies, and founded Tarentum and 
 Locri in Italy, and Syracuse and Agrigentum in Sicily. 
 
 What events were contemporary with the kings of all Israel ? 
 What caused the expulsion of the Heracleidse? Relate their 
 subsequent history. What caused a double monarchy at Lace- 
 daemon? What its duration? What caused a change in the 
 Athenian government? Who was Codrus? Mention the cir- 
 cumstances and consequences of his death. Who was first Archon ? 
 When, and by whom, were many cities in Asia Minor built ? 
 What cities in Italy and Sicily were then built, and by whom ? 
 
 (CONTEMPORARY WITH THE KINGS OF JUDAH AND ISRAEL.) 
 Of the laws of Lycurgus let Spartans beware (884) ; 
 "Be deep (869) Carthage founded," said Dido the fair: 
 Accede (776) to th' Olympics, when complete the fourth j 
 Decennial Archons make ev'ry thing clear (754); [year;> 
 The crime (743) of Messenia, caus'd Sparta to fear : J 
 Tyrtseus arose when the labour was double (685), 
 
 (CONTEMPORARY WITH JUDAH ALONE,) 
 And annual Archons debar (684) further trouble. 
 
 The Bacchiads for Cypselus' wrongs duly pay (659) ; 
 Periander lies lowly (585) : republic has sway : 
 To Draco's stern laws Athens cannot adhere (624), 
 But of Solon's mild lips (590) they the wisdom revere ; 
 Still, in spite of his warning, Peisistratus leads (560) ; 
 Son Hippias' lot's (510) exile ; to Darius he pleads. 
 
 884] Lycurgus, whose laws, founded on those of Minos, aimed 
 at making a nation of soldiers, having caused the principal 
 Spartans to swear to observe his laws till his return, quitted his 
 country without intending to revisit it. 
 
 776] The Olympic games, celebrated at Olympia in Elis, are 
 supposed to have been first established by Hercules, B. C. 1222. 
 Having fallen into disuse, they were revived by Iphitus, prince 
 of Elis, B. C. 884. They were again neglected, till Corcebus,
 
 ORE; IAN HISTORY. 23 
 
 who obtained a victory, B. C. 776, re-instituted them; and they 
 continued to be celebrated till A. D. 1:5, the CCIst Oiunpiad. 
 The competitors contended in these games in darting or throwing, 
 wrestling, and boxing, the chariot race, horse and foot race, leaping, 
 and other manly exercises. The victors were rewarded with an 
 olive garland, and were held in high estimation. Poets and his- 
 torians also recited their works at these public meetings, and 
 obtained prizes. 
 
 754] Alcmaeon was the last perpetual Archon, and Charops 
 the first decennial. 
 
 743] The crime was committed by Aristodemus, a Messenian 
 leader, who killed his daughter to prove that she was a tit victim 
 to be sacrificed, in obedience to the Delphic oracle, to procure 
 success in the war against Sparta. The MesseniaiiF, roused to 
 enthusiasm by this act, obtained some successes ; but at last their 
 city, Ithome, was taken (724), and they submitted to the Spartans 
 about forty years. 
 
 685] In the second Messenian war, the Spartans were ani- 
 mated by the songs and orations of the lame Tyrtccus, an Athenian 
 schoolmaster; and terminated the contest by the capture of the 
 city of Eira, after a siege of ele\en years, in epite of the noble 
 efforts of Aristomenes. 
 
 684] Creon was the first annual Archon. 
 
 659] The Bacchiads, descendants of Bacchis, one of the 
 Heracleidae, formed an oligarchy at Corinth, B. C. 779, and 
 were expelled by Cypselus, who, in his infancy, had been pre- 
 served from their murderous hands, by being concealed in a corn 
 measure (cypsela), whence he derived his name. He reigned 
 undisturbed thirty years. The first sea-fight recorded in any 
 history was in his reign, between the Corinthians and their own 
 colony of Corcyra, B. C. 664 or 657. 
 
 585] Periander^ son of Cypselus, sent to consult Thrasybulus 
 of Miletus, how he should be most secure in his government. 
 The answer was similar to that which Tarquin the Proud sent 
 to his son Sextus. Thrasybulus spoke not, but merely cut off all 
 the tallest heads of corn in the field where he was walking. 
 Periander understood his meaning, and destroyed all the most 
 illustrious of the Corinthian citizens. Though tyrannical, he 
 was famed for his learning and his encouragement of learned 
 men, and was styled one of the seven wise men of Greece. Soon 
 after his death a republic was established. 
 
 624] The laws of Draco were said to be written in blood, 
 because they punished all crimes indiscriminately with death. 
 In consequence, they were soon abolished. 
 
 560] Athens, a prey to faction, surrendered her liberties to 
 
 D
 
 26 GRECIAN HISTORY. 
 
 Pisistratus, who, in spite of the efforts of Solon, established 
 himself firmly in the sovereignty; he was splendid, munificent, 
 and popular ; and transmitted a peaceable throne to his sons, 
 Hippias and Hippareluis. 
 
 510] Harmodius and Aristogeiton succeeded in restoring 
 the democracy. Hipparchus was slain ; and Hippias, being 
 dethroned, solicited the aid of Darius Hystaspes, king of Persia. 
 
 When did Lycurgus flourish, and what is related of him ? 
 When and by whom were the Olympic games first established? 
 When and by whom renewed the first and second time ? When 
 were they discontinued ? When and who was the last perpetual, 
 and the first decennial, Archon ? When began the first Messe- 
 nian war? What crime caused Sparta to fear ? What the result? 
 When was the second war, and what the events ? Who was the 
 first annual Archon, and when ? Who were the Bacchiads ? 
 When and by whom expelled? When was the first sea fight ? 
 Relate some particulars respecting Periander. When did he die ? 
 What ensued ? When did Draco flourish ? What the character 
 of his laws? What the character of Solon ? When did Pisistratus 
 live, and what did he effect ? When and by whom was the demo- 
 cracy restored ? What became of Hippias. 
 
 PERSIAN WARS. 
 
 The Athenians burn'd Sardis, waking ire of a foe (499) ; 
 But Marathon's raps (490) laid Darius' troops low. 
 Xerxes tears his rich robes (480), at Thermopylae's blows, 
 And is beat when his navy to Salamis rows (480); 
 Platsea and Mycale quite did his race up (479); [up; 
 And he rood (466) at Eurymedon, where Cimon gave chase 
 The Spartans then order (464) Messenians to go ; 
 And Cimou's at Cyprus, to Persians rare foe (449). 
 
 499] The Athenians aided the Ionian cities on the coast of Asia 
 Minor, in a revolt against Persia, headed by Histiaeus of Miletus, 
 and burned Sardis, capital of Lydia. To revenge this insult was 
 the principal object of the Persian war. 
 
 490] The army of 100,000 men which Darius sent into Attica, 
 under the command of Datis and Artaphernes, was defeated, with
 
 GRECIAN HISTORY. 27 
 
 prodigious slaughter, at Marathon, about twenty-five miles from 
 Athens, by the combined forces of Athenians and Pla titans, con- 
 sisting of about 28,000 men, headed by Miltiades. Hippias is 
 supposed to have perished there. 
 
 480] Xerxes^ son of Darius, having passed, with an immense 
 army, by a bridge of boats, over the Hellespont, into Greece, was 
 for two days stopped at the straits of Thermopyla:, by Leonidas 
 and about 4000 men. It is said, that Xerxes himself, being a 
 spectator of the contest, was so greatly alarmed for the safety of 
 his men, that he leaped thrice from his throne. The Persians at 
 length discovered a track which led to the rear of the Grecian 
 army ; but though Leonidas was left with about 1000 men, 
 (including the remnant of his 300 Spartans, with the Thespians 
 and the reluctant Thebans) still they bravely maintained the post 
 till every Spartan and Thespian was slain. Three battles between 
 the Greek and Persian fleets had been previously fought near 
 Artemisium, with no decisive result, but generally in favour of 
 the Greeks. 
 
 480] Themistocles persuaded the Athenians to trust themselves 
 to their wooden walls, or ships ; and the Grecian fleet, of only 378 
 triremes, defeated at Salamis the fleet of Xerxes, consisting of 
 considerably more than 1000. Xerxes, leaving his best general, 
 Mardonius, still to attempt the conquest of Greece, retired into 
 Thrace. Finding on his arrival at the Hellespont, that his bridge 
 of boats had been destroyed by the storms, he crossed the straits 
 in a small fishing vessel. 
 
 479] At Platea, in Boeotia, the Persian army, of about 350,000 
 men, under Mardonius, was totally defeated by the combined 
 Grecian army of nearly 110,000' men, under Pausanias and 
 Aristides. On the same day, the remainder of the Persian fleet 
 was destroyed by Leotychides the Spartan, on the shore near 
 Ifyeale, a promontory of A-ia Minor, opposite Samos. 
 
 466] Cimon, son of Miltiades, engaged with the Persian fleet 
 near the mouth of the Eurymedon in Pamphylia ; and, giving 
 them chase up the river, captured 200 galleys. Then, landing 
 his troops in pursuit of the crews who had fled to the army on the 
 shore, he vanquished the united forces : thus gaining two brilliant 
 victories, on different elements, with the same armament in one day. 
 
 464] The Messenians made a third attempt to shake off the 
 Spartan yoke. They joined the slaves, the Helots, who revolted 
 when Sparta was partly destroyed by an earthquake; but after ten 
 years, they were compelled to surrender the long-besieged city of 
 Iihome, and to quit the Peloponnesus, B. C. 455. The Athenians 
 permitted them to settle at Naupactus, on the Corinthian gulf. 
 Their descendants returned from banishment, B. C. 370.
 
 28 GRECIAN HISTORY. 
 
 449] Cimon died whilst besieging the Persians, in the city of 
 Citium ( Cito), in Cyprus. 
 
 What caused Darius to invade Greece ? Mention the time and 
 circumstances of the battle of Marathon ; of Thermopylae ; of 
 Artemisium; of'Salamis; ofPlataea; ofMycale; of Eurymedon ; 
 of the third Messenian war ; of Cimon's death. 
 
 PELOPONNESIAN WAR. 
 
 Of Peloponnesus the war's not remote (431), 
 
 By Pericles urg'd whom the pestilence smote ; 
 
 The Platseans surrend'ring, died each in his rank (427) ; 
 
 In Corcyra's sedition the nobles all sank ; 
 
 Ruin lay (425) at Sphacteria Spartans look'd blank ; 
 
 But Brasidas ran on (422) to th' Amphipolis fight ; 
 
 Through Nicias, the foes in a truce re-unite (421). 
 
 Alcibiades held then at Athens the reins (420) ; 
 
 The Melians are routed (416) no victim remains; 
 
 Athenians in Sicily fiercely retail (415), 
 
 But the natives there rout 'em (413), and doom to the soil. 
 
 The Athenians, thro' Persia, their isles scarce retain (412), 
 Andare quiet (411 ) Pisander makes Four Hundred reign ; 
 Alcibiades routs (410), spite of Mindarus brisk, 
 And returns safe to Athens, without any risk (407) ; 
 And, tho' Conon at Arginuse raised (406) up its power, 
 Thro' Lysander at ^Egos thirty tyrants are sour (404) . 
 
 Thrasybulus expell'd them : see freedom resume (401) ! 
 No sage fill'd the gap up (399), made by Socrates' doom ; 
 But first Xenophon led the Ten Thousand to rest (401) 
 From Cunaxa, where Cyrus' revolt was suppress'd. 
 
 431] The Athenians, urged by the ambitious and eloquent 
 Pericles, for fifteen years their chief commander and minister, 
 interfered in a contest between the Corinthians and their colony
 
 GRKCIAN HISTORY. 29 
 
 at Curcyra, an island on the coast of Epiras. The Spartans 
 resented this interference; hence arose the celebrated Peloponne- 
 ^iiui war, in which Sparta and Athens were the principals, each 
 supported by its respective allies. It continued nearly twenty- 
 seven years, with various alternate success, but ended in the de- 
 struction of the power of Athens. The Peloponnesians invading 
 Attica, the inhabitants crowded into Athens. A dreadful pestilence 
 was the consequence, which proved fatal to Pericles in the second 
 year of the war. 
 
 427] The inhabitants of Platted, in alliance with the Athenians 
 surrendered, after a siege of two years, to the Peloponnesians ; and, 
 being unable to say that they had done any gooQ in the war to the 
 Lacedaemonians or their allies, were barbarously slaughtered to 
 the number of 200. The nobility of Corcyra, attempting to re- 
 concile their country with the Corinthians, were treated most cruelly 
 by the Athenians. 
 
 425] The Athenian fleet under Demosthenes seized Pylos, on 
 the coast of Messenia. The Spartans, who endeavoured to retake 
 it by occupying the island of Sphacteria, were captured there by 
 Demosthenes and Cleon. 
 
 424 422] The Spartan, Brasidas, marched into Thrace, and 
 seized Amphipolis, one of the most valuable of the Athenian 
 possessions there. He routed Cleon who was sent against him, 
 but both were killed in the battle. 
 
 421] In the interval of a truce effected by Nicias for fifty years 
 with Sparta, Alcibiades, distinguished for his talents and vices, 
 projected the conquest of Sicily ; in consequence, the Peloponnesian 
 war was transferred thither in 415. Alcibiades, accused of treason, 
 was capitally condemned, but escaped. 
 
 416] The inhabitants ofMelos^&n island on the coast of Peloponne- 
 sus, failing to maintain their independence against an unprovoked 
 and most unjust attack of the Athenians, all the men were butchered, 
 and the women and children sold as slaves. 
 
 413] After five naval actions in the harbour of Syracuse, the 
 Athenian armament was totally destroyed or captured by the 
 Syracusans under the Spartan, Gylippus, and the Athenian gene- 
 ral*, Nicias and Demosthenes, were put to death. The humbler 
 cd/ttircs trcrc imprisoned in the stone quarries, where numbers 
 miserably perished. Some of them obtained their liberty by being 
 able to recite scenes from the tragedies of Euripides. 
 
 412] The islands and Grecian cities of Asia revolted from the 
 Athenians, and joined the Peloponnesian league, through the in- 
 trigues of Alcibiades with Tissaphernes and Pharnabazus, the 
 Persian satraps of Lydia and of the Hellespont. 
 
 411] Through Pisander an oligarchy of 400 was quietly 
 
 D 3
 
 30 GRECIAN HISTORY. 
 
 established ; which afterwards was succeeded by a government of 
 5000. Alcibiades was recalled in 407. 
 
 410] The Athenians, under the able conduct of Alcibiades, 
 vigorously seconded by Thrasybulus, and Thrasyllus, achieved a 
 course of victories, completely destroyed the hostile fleet, re- 
 covered much of their lost dominion, induced Pharnabazus to 
 make peace, and stopped those inexhaustible supplies on which the 
 Peloponnesians depended. 
 
 406] Arginusse, three small islands opposite Lesbos, near 
 which the Athenian fleet under Conon defeated the Peloponne- 
 sians under Callicratidas. But six out of the eight victorious 
 commanders were put to death by their ungrateful countrymen, on 
 the unjust accusation of not having done their utmost to save the 
 crews of twelve ships which had been wrecked. 
 
 404] Lysander having, in 405, by a consummate stratagem, 
 destroyed the Athenian fleet under Conon and five others, near 
 JEgos Potami, a town in the Thracian Chersonesus, ended the 
 Peloponnesian war. Three thousand prisoners were put to death. 
 The Athenians were compelled to destroy the long walls of the 
 Pirseeus, and submit to the government of thirty tyrants, the chief 
 of whom were Theramenes and Critias. 
 
 403] Thrasybulus, with about seventy men, seized Phyle, a 
 fortress on the frontiers of Attica, and afterward expelled the thirty 
 tyrants ; and, by aid of Pausanias, one of the kings of Sparta, who 
 was jealous of Lysander, restored liberty to Athens. 
 
 401] Cyrus the younger revolted against his brother Arta- 
 xerxes, successor to Darius, and was slain whilst fighting against 
 him at Cunaxa> in Mesopotamia. The 10,000 Greeks, who were 
 in the army of Cyrus when it was defeated, effected a safe retreat 
 to the Euxine, under the conduct of Xenophon, who afterwards 
 wrote the account of this retreat. 
 
 1. When and why did the Peloponnesian war begin ? When 
 end ? What the result ? What was the fate of Pericles ? Mention 
 particulars respecting the siege of Platsea, and the result ; the 
 sedition at Corcyra ; the occupation of Sphacteria ; the expedi- 
 tion of Brasidap. What is said ofNicias? of Alcibiades, and his 
 project ? 
 
 2. Give particulars of the massacre at Melos. What occurred 
 at Syracuse ? What was the fate of the Athenian generals ? of 
 the humbler captives ? 
 
 3. What part was taken by the islands and the Grecian cities 
 of Asia ? What was established at Athens ? Relate the success 
 of the Athenians under Alcibiades ? What was the result to him ?
 
 GRECIAN HISTORY. 31 
 
 What occurred at Arginusae ? Describe the treatment received 
 by MX of the victorious commanders ; the occurrences at JE^os 
 Potami, and the final consequences. 
 
 4. What did Thrasybulus effect, and when ? What philosopher 
 then died? Mention time and circumstances relative to Xeno- 
 phon and the 10,000 Greeks. 
 
 CORINTHIAN WAR. 
 
 Says Spartan Dcrcyllidas, " Boast of my peace" (397) ; 
 Persians gaped (396), seeing Agesilaiis from Greece. 
 In revenge, Artaxerxes his gold would employ (395), 
 To bribe th' other Grecians and Sparta destroy : 
 Coronea rais'd Spartan, and Cnidus the Greek ; 
 But, by peace of Antalcidas, each said " Frwoeak" (387). 
 
 397] The Spartans sent Thimbro, B. C. 399, to free the Gre- 
 cian cities in Asia Minor from the Persian yoke. As he proved 
 inefficient, his place was supplied by Dercyllidas, who obtained 
 some success against Pharnabazus and Tiss;.pliernes separately, 
 and made a truce in 397, on the terms that all Grecian cities 
 should be independent. Artaxerxes II., Mnemon, refusing to 
 ratify the treaty, in 396 Agesilaus landed at Ephesus with a 
 fresh army, plundered Phrygia, and in 395 defeated Tissaphernes 
 near the Pactolus, but was recalled from his successful career, to 
 protect his countrymen against the confederacy which the gold of 
 Artaxerxes had excited amongst the other Grecian states. 
 
 394] At Coronea, in Bceotia, Agesilaus, the Spartan king, de- 
 feated the Athenians and their allies, Corinthians, Thebans, and 
 Argians, under Chabrias ; but the latter, under Conon, had, a few 
 days before, captured the Spartan fleet at Cnidus^ a town on the 
 coast of Doris, in Caria. Pisander, the Spartan commander, was 
 slain. 
 
 387] Both parties being exhausted, a peace was concluded, 
 which derived its name from the Spartan who made it. By this 
 disgraceful peace, the Grecian cities in Asia were again subjected 
 to Persia. 
 
 What was the object of the Spartan expedition under Thim- 
 bro ? What did Dercyllidas effect ? Why was the war renewed, 
 when, and by whom ? When and what was the Corinthian war ? 
 Mention the time and circumstances of the battle of Cnidus of 
 Coronea of the peace of Antalcidas.
 
 32 GRECIAN HISTORY. 
 
 THEBAN WAR. [mown (3S2) : 
 
 Next the Spartans seize Thebes : down the natives are 
 But may keep (379) the Cadmea Olynthus o'erthrown ; 
 The Thebans at Leuctra most nobly make out (371), 
 And made up (369) to Messenia for former sad rout. 
 At Olympia lh' Arcadians may dare (364) to have striven ; 
 Mantinea was fam'd, where conquest was given (362) I 
 To Epaminondas, by fatal dart riven. 
 
 382] The Spartans, freed from a foreign foe, began to oppress 
 the smaller states. Phcebidas treacherously seized the Cadmea,, 
 or citadel, at Thebes : but it was recovered by Pelopidas and a 
 small party in 379. In the same year the Spartans under Teleutias 
 had reduced Olynthus, the most powerful among the Chalcidian 
 cities of Thrace, which had attempted to establish an independent 
 association among the northern Grecian towns. 
 
 371] The Spartans, under their king, CleombrStus, invaded 
 Boeotia, but were del'eated, with great slaughter, by the The ban 
 generals, Epaminondas and Pelopidas, near Leuctra, in Bosotia. 
 The victorious commanders, instead of being rewarded, were 
 tried for having retained the command beyond the limited time. 
 Through the firmness of Epaminondas, they were acquitted. 
 
 369] Epaminondas invaded and ravaged the Spartan territory, 
 and generously restored the descendants of the Messenians to the 
 country of their fathers. The new city of Messene was built at 
 the foot of Mount Ithome. 
 
 364] The Arcadians claiming for the inhabitants of Pisa the 
 right of presiding at the Olympian festival, seized the temple of 
 Jupiter, and applied the sacred treasury to the payment of the 
 Arcadian Eparites, a select militia of citizens from various states. 
 The Eleans, however, defeated them, the sacred ground itself 
 being the field of battle. 
 
 362] Epaminondas again invaded the Spartan territory, and 
 besieged Sparta, but was repulsed by Agesilaus, who had been re- 
 called from his victorious career against Artaxerxes. He then 
 marched to Mantinea, a town in Arcadia, where he fought one 
 of the best contested battles recorded in Grecian history, and died 
 in the moment of victory. 
 
 Mention time and circumstances of the Theban war the re- 
 covery of the Cadmea the reduction of Olynthus the battle of 
 Leuctra the restoration of the Messenians the battle of Olym- 
 ia of Mantinea.
 
 GRECIAN HISTORY. 33 
 
 PHILIP OF MACKDON. 
 
 Thcban malice (357) drove Phocians to seize sacred hoard ; 
 Philip's mark (347) was Olynthus, and Phocians were gored; 
 He was sent by Amphictyons 'gainst Locrian tribe, (346) ; 
 But he gain'd Chseronea, and at pris'ners may gibe (338). 
 
 357] The Thebans caused the Phocians to be fined for having 
 used the Cirrhaean plain in Phocis, which was said to have been 
 consecrated to the Delphian Apollo. The Phocians under 
 Philomelus seized the town and temple of Delphi, and their 
 general, Onomarchus, applied the sacred treasure to the payment 
 of his troops. He was defeated in 352 by Philip, king of Mace- 
 don, 3,000 prisoners were put to death as temple robbers, and 
 the dead body of Onomarchus was ignominiously suspended on a 
 cross. In the tenth year of the war the Phocians submitted to 
 the sentence of the Amphictyonic council, were fined, deprived of 
 their horses and arms, had their towns dismantled or destroyed, 
 and forced to live in villages not less than a furlong from each 
 other. 
 
 347] The town of Olynthus having attempted to repress Philip's 
 power, was destroyed by him, and the greater part of its people 
 sold as slaves. 
 
 Philip was appointed captain-general of the Grecian states in 
 a second Sacred war against the inhabitants of Amphissa, the 
 chief city of the Ozolian Locrians, accused of ploughing some of the 
 consecrated ground. Instead of attacking the Amphissians, he 
 seized Elatea, the capital of Phocis, and thus opened himself a 
 way into Bosotia and Attica. 
 
 338] The Athenians, roused by the eloquence of Demosthenes, 
 joined the Thebans in resisting Philip, but were totally defeated 
 by him, at Chaeronea, in Boeotia. After the victory, he is repre- 
 sented to have expressed his joy in so insolent and ludicrous 
 a manner, that Demades, one of the prisoners, said to him, 
 " Fortune has given you the part of Agamemnon, but you are 
 acting that of Thersites." 
 
 What the time (B.C. and Olymp.), and what the circumstances, 
 of the Phocian war? of the destruction of Olynihus ? of the 
 Locrian war ? of the battle of Chsronea ? What was Philip's 
 behaviour afcer the victory ?
 
 34 GRECIAN HISTORY. 
 
 ALEXANDER. 
 
 Alexander ganid (336) higher. First at Thebes the game 
 
 %(335); 
 
 How he crossed the Gramcus in memry (334) will stay ; 
 He triumph'd at Issus ; took Tyre, seat of Mammon ; 
 And conquer' d in Egypt, as son of great Ammon (332) ; 
 His aim got (331) at Arbela, and Persia's knell rung, 
 His menace (327) reached Porus; tow'rds Ganges he sprung; 
 Fever kill'd him at Babylon, marshes among (323). 
 
 336] Philip was appointed captain-general of the Greeks 
 against the Persians; but being murdered by Pausanias, the 
 enterprise devolved upon his son Alexander, afterward surnamed 
 the Great. 
 
 335] The Thebans asserting their independence against Mace- 
 donian dominion, their city was taken by Alexander, and by a 
 decree of the confederate Greeks, was levelled with the ground, 
 and the inhabitants who had escaped the previous slaughter were 
 sold as slaves. 
 
 334] The Granicus (Ousvole) a river in Mysia, famed for 
 Alexander's first victory over the Army of Darius Codomannus, 
 king of Persia, commanded by Memnon, a Rhodian. 
 
 333] Issus (Aiasse), a town in Cilicia, near which Alexander 
 defeated Darius in person, and took his mother, wife, and 
 children, prisoners. 
 
 332] In his way to Egypt he took the wealthy Tyre by storm, 
 after a most desperate siege. To effect its capture he filled the 
 channel between the shore and the island on which the city stood 
 with the ruins of a more ancient Tyre, in literal fulfilment of the 
 prophecy of Ezek. xxiv. 12. "They shall lay thy stones, thy 
 timber, and thy dust, in the midst of the water." Two thousand 
 prisoners were crucified, and the rest of the inhabitants sold into 
 slavery. He received the submission of Jerusalem, where was 
 shewn to him the prophecy of Daniel, that the king of Grecia 
 should conquer Persia. Dan. viii. 21. Egypt submitted without 
 resistance. The conqueror founded the city of Alexandria, and 
 visited the temple of Jupiter Ammon in Lybia. 
 
 331.] Darius, having lost the empire of Asia, by the defeat at 
 Gangamela, near Arbela (Erbil), in Assyria, was basely murdered
 
 CKKCIAN HISTORY. 35 
 
 by Beseus, governor of Bactriana, in 330. The traitor was after- 
 wards put to death by Alexander. Here ends the Persian empire, 
 206 years after its establishment by Cyrus. 
 
 327] Alexander crossed the Hydaspes (now Jeluni) by night, 
 and defeated Porus, a powerful Indian King; who, when captured, 
 demanded to be treated as a king. Alexander restored to him his 
 dominions, and obtained his friendship. The victor then pene- 
 trated to the river Hyphasis (now Gharra), and would have gone 
 further, but his soldiers refused to follow. 
 
 323] In his return, he divided his army into two parts : one 
 part, under Nearchus, in vessels, coasted from India to the mouth 
 of the Tygris ; the other purt Alexander himself conducted by 
 land, through numerous dangers and difficulties. In the second 
 summer of his residence at Babylon, as he was overlooking the 
 works for regulating the overflow of the Euphrates, in an open 
 boat in the unwholesome marshes, he was seized with a fever, 
 and shortly after died, in the thirty-third year of his age, and the 
 thirteenth of his reign. 
 
 What is mentioned respecting Philip's death ? Alexander's 
 appointment the destruction of Thebes ? battle of the Granicus ? 
 Issus ? the capture of Tyre? of Jerusalem ? the battle of 
 Arbela? the expedition against Porus? the return to Babylon? 
 Alexander's death ? 
 
 ALEXANDER'S SUCCESSORS. 
 
 Thirty-three share his empire till Ipsus must (301) place] 
 
 Seleucus in Syria, Cassander in Greece, \ 
 
 Ptolemy in Egypt, Lysimachus in Thrace ; 
 
 But Lysimachus, Macedon seizes unaw'd (286), 
 
 Whom Seleucus dethron'd ; the next year spread abroad 
 
 Th' Achaian league news (280), of not serving a lord. 
 
 Ceraunus in Macedon hews (280) bloody way ; 
 
 But his head the Gauls hoisted, who no yoke obey (278). 
 
 301] These four generals defeated AntigSnus, to whom Phrygia 
 and Pamphylia had been assigned, at the battle of Ipsus, iu 
 Phrygia ; and then divided the dominions of Alexander into four 
 parts, thus fulfilling the prophecies of Daniel. See Dan. vii. 6; 
 viii. 8 ; xi. 4. Under Ptolemy, and his successors of the same 
 name, Egypt became a distinguished kingdom during 270 years;
 
 36 GRECIAN HISTORY. 
 
 till at the death of the celebrated Cleopatra, B.C. 30, it was made 
 a Roman province. 
 
 280] The inhabitants of Patrae, Dyme, Tritaea, and Pharse, 
 cities in Ac"haia, began a confederacy of independence, which 
 continued powerful upwards of 130 years, under the name of the 
 Achaian league. It was most illustrious whilst supported by the 
 splendid virtues of Aratus and Philopcemen. It grew formidable 
 by the accession of neighbouring states, was attacked by the 
 .<Etolians and Spartans, and totally destroyed by the Romans in 
 146, B.C. 
 
 280] Ptolemy Ceraunus, or the Thunderer, who had gained 
 the Macedonian throne by murdering Seleucus, and the children 
 of his brother Lysimachus, was himself, nine months afterwards, 
 killed by the invading and untameable Gauls, who carried his 
 head on a pole in triumph. They were cut off to a man in the 
 second year of the invasion, 279. 
 
 Mention when and how Alexander's empire was divided at 
 first ; and how, after the battle of Ipsus. What changes ensued ? 
 What is said of Egypt under the Ptolemies ? What the date, B.C. 
 and Olymp., as well as history, of the Achaian league ? Mention 
 date and particulars connected with Ptolemy Ceraunus, and the 
 invasion of Greece by the Gauls. 
 
 CONTEMPORARY WITH THE PUNIC WARS. 
 
 Brave Aratus at Sicyon caus'd tyrants to halt (251) "j 
 Sav'd Corinth from harm (243), and the league did exalt, > 
 Tho' vEtolia and Macedon join'd in assault ; 
 Macedonian regent then lent him his hand (226), 
 An union (222) Cleomenes could not withstand. 
 
 Aratus and Philip form unions (220) in sway ; \ 
 
 Without notice (217) take Thermum, and ^Etolians slay . I 
 Philip 7'fc(210)them atLamia,tho' Rome's in fo'swa?/ (208) I 
 .ZVbs(w/(205)could subdue him Rhodians,Attalus, Greece, 
 Till Roman Flaminius drove him to peace (197). 
 
 At Thermopylae Romans strove Syrian to pen (192); 
 Philopoemen forc'd Spartans to wipe ( 1 89) out laws then ; 
 From Pydna was Perseus led captive to view (168); 
 On Corinth trod( 146) Mummius : Greek freedom withdrew.
 
 GRECIAN HISTORY. 37 
 
 251] Aratus was one of the greatest men of his time. He 
 expelled the Macedonians from his native city, Sicyon, and also 
 from Corinth, and rendered the Achaian republic one of the mot 
 powerful states in Greece. Through jealousy of Cleomenes, king 
 of Sparta, lie called in, to the assistance of the republic, the kings 
 of Macedon, \\h<; became masters and tyrants of it. He was fully 
 punished for his error by the ungrateful treatment he received 
 from the Macedonian monarch, Philip II., by whose order he was 
 poisoned, B.C. 213. 
 
 226 222] The war between Cleomenes, king of Sparta, and 
 the Achaian s headed by Antigonus, regent of Macedon, was 
 terminated by the defeat of the Spartan king at Sellasia, on the 
 frontier of Laconia, and his flight to Egypt. 
 
 220 217] Philip, king of Macedon, son of Demetrius, joined 
 the Achaians against the /Etolians, suddenly ravaged their country, 
 and plundered their city, Thermum. He concluded a peace, that 
 he might be ready for the invasion of Italy, to which he was in- 
 clined by Hannibal's success. 
 
 210 208] The war was renewed and carried on with various 
 success against Philip and the Achaians by the ^Etolians, aided 
 by the Romans and Attalus, king of Pergamus. Philip defeated 
 them in two pitched battles at Lamia in Thessaly. 
 
 205197] Philip again carried on war with various success 
 against the ^Etolians, the Athenians, and many other Grecian 
 states, aided by the llhodians and Attalus ; at last, the Romans, 
 under Titus Quinctius Flaminius, whose aid had been solicited by 
 the vEtolians, defeated Philip at Cynoscephalse, and proclaimed 
 liberty to the Grecian cities, B C. 196. Here ended the first Mace- 
 donian war ; and thus the Romans first obtained footing in Greece. 
 
 193 192] Antiochus, king of Syria, having joined the ^Etolians 
 against the Romans, was hemmed in and defeated at the straits of 
 Thermopylae, by the consul, Acilius Glabrio. 
 
 189] Philopcemen, who during forty years had been several 
 times Prcetor of the Achaians, and was called for his virtues the 
 last of the Greeks, destroyed the walls of Sparta, and abolished 
 the laws of Lycurgus after they had existed seven centuries. 
 
 168] The Romans a second time entered Greece, in a war 
 against Perseus, son of Philip. Alter four years, he was defeated 
 and taken prisoner, at Pydna ; and, after gracing the triumph of 
 Paulus /Emilius, he starved himself in prison. Macedonia then 
 became a Roman province. 
 
 146] The Achaian states, having insulted the Roman deputies, 
 were entirely defeated by the Romans under Metellus, near 
 Scarpheia, in the eastern Locris. In the same year, Mummius 
 finally routed the Achaians under Diceus, and demolished
 
 38 GRECIAN HISTORY. 
 
 Corinth; with the spoils of which Rome was adorned: and the 
 whole of Greece was reduced into a Roman province, under the 
 name of Achaia. 
 
 Mention dates and particulars connected with Aratus the 
 war of the Achaians against Cleomenes. Mention particulars of 
 the war of Achaians and Philip against ^Etolians of Achaians 
 and Philip against ^Etolians and Romans the first Macedonian 
 war. Mention dates and particulars of the war with Antiochus 
 Philopcemen against Sparta the second Macedonian war the 
 final reduction of Greece.
 
 ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 REGAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 (CONTEMPORARY WITH KINGDOMS OF JUDAH AND ISRAEL.) 
 
 Attention great Rome and her Romulus claim (753) ; 
 And the laws of wise Numa are cited (716) by fame : 
 For Tullus Hostilius the Horatii vouch (672) ; 
 And when Ancus dares (640) nobly, the Latins soon crouch. 
 
 From Tarquin the First, crown and sceptre are dated (616) ; 
 See Rome look away (578) from Servius th' ill-fated; 
 On his subjects, Proud Tarquin propos'd to lay more (534) ; 
 But when Lucrece'gan/p (509), Brutus forc'd him to lower. 
 
 The history of the seven kings and the early days of the 
 Republic is not to be considered as a true narrative of tacts, but 
 as made up chiefly from tradition. It is believed that the ancient 
 records were destroyed in the conflagration of Rome by the 
 Gauls, B.C. 389, and that the authentic history must be dated 
 from that period. 
 
 753] Romulus and Remus, twin sons of Rhea Silvia, daughter 
 of Numltor, king of Alba, were exposed in their infancy on the 
 banks of the Tiber, by order of the usurper Amulius, Numitor's 
 bruther. It is said they were nursed by a wolf, or perhaps by a 
 woman named Lupa (wolf). On discovering their origin, they 
 were enabled to restore their grandfather Numitor ; and built the 
 walls of a city, of which Romulus obtained the management by 
 killing his brother Remus. He called it Rome from his own 
 name ; made it an asylum for fugitives ; and seized the Sabine
 
 40 ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 women for wives. A war, and afterward an alliance, ensued 
 with the Sabines, whose king, Tatius, reigned at Rome, till his 
 death, jointly with Romulus. 
 
 Romulus divided his people into three tribes, each consisting of 
 10 curiae ; and into two orders, patricians and plebeians. He 
 was attended by twelve lictors, with fasces, and guarded by 300 
 young men, called Celeres. The senate consisted of 100 patricians, 
 afterwards increased to 200, by whom it is supposed he was 
 killed during a tumult. 
 
 716] Numa Pompilius, a Sabine, who had married the daughter 
 of Tatius, was chosen king; and introduced civilization by 
 cultivating religion and the arts of peace. He built the temple 
 of Janus, which was to be open during war, and closed during 
 peace. 
 
 672] Tullus Hostilius, third king, was grandson of a noble 
 Roman, who had signalized himself against the Sabines. A war 
 with the Aibans was successfully decided by a contest between 
 three twin brothers in each army. The Horatii fought for Rome, 
 the Curiatii for Alba. 
 
 640] Ancus Martius, grandson of Numa, by his daughter 
 Pompilia. He fought successfully against the Latins and neigh- 
 bouring nations, and extended his dominion to the sea, where he 
 built Ostia at the mouth of the Tiber. 
 
 616] Tarquin the Elder, the son of Demaratus of Corinth, was 
 originally named Lucumo, but assumed his surname from 
 Tarquinii, in Etruria, the place of his former residence. He 
 obtained the throne by supplanting the sons of king Ancus, to 
 whom he was guardian. He vanquished the Latins and Sabines, 
 beautified the city, laid out the Circus for public games, 
 constructed vast sewers which still remain entire, and founded 
 the Capitoline Temple. He enlarged the senate by 100 new 
 members from the Plebeian families. He assumed a crown of 
 gold, an ivory throne, a sceptre with an eagle on the top, and robes 
 of purple. At the age of 80, he was murdered by the contrivance 
 of the sons of Ancus. 
 
 578] By means ofTanaquil, widow of Tarquin, her son-in-law, 
 Servius Tullius, succeeded to the throne. After having enlarged 
 the boundaries of the city, he caused the amount, or census, of 
 the people and their property to be taken every five years (a 
 period called a lustrum), divided the whole of the citizens into 
 four tribes, and also into six curiae or classes, arranged according to 
 their property, and containing 193 centuries, so called, because 
 each century was obliged to furnish and maintain 100 men in 
 time of war. At the Comitia, or public meetings, the votes were 
 given bv centuries; and as the two richer classes contained 120
 
 ROMAN HISTORY. 41 
 
 centurk-s, they possessed the great power of the state. The two 
 grandsons of Tarquin married the two daughters of Tullius. The 
 elder brother, and the younger sister, having each murdered their 
 consort, were united in marriage, and gained the throne by mur- 
 dering Tullius. Tullia drove her chariot over her father's dead 
 body. The Romans look aivay from the siyht in horror. 
 
 509] Tarquin the Proud, to divert the attention of his people 
 from his unlawful method of obtaining the throne, kept them 
 always employed in wars or in public works. He reduced the 
 revolting Sabines, began a war with the Volscians, and gained 
 the town of Gabii by stratagem. He completed the building of 
 the Capitol, being hastened in his work by the singular circum- 
 stance attending the visit from the Sibyl and the purchase of her 
 books. When Lucretia began to relate (lisp) the mournful story 
 of her violation by Sextus, son of Tarquin II., Brutus threw off 
 his assumed idiocy. By his noble exertions, the tyrant and his 
 family were expelled from Rome, and the regal government was 
 abolished, after having continued 244 years. 
 
 What period of Sacred History is contemporary with the 
 kings of Rome? How many kings were there? What are the 
 particulars respecting Romulus* before he became kins ? When 
 B. C. and A. U. C. did he begin to reign? What were the 
 principal events? What his institutions? Who was his successor? 
 
 REPUBLIC. 
 
 (CONTEMPORARY WITH THE PERSIAN WARS.) 
 
 Two Consuls commanding, 'gainst Rome loose a foe (509) , 
 And Lartius, Dictator, relicv'd year of woe (498) ; 
 The people seek refuge (493) in Tribunes, who swell 
 At Coriolanus, who dar'd to rebel (485) ; 
 Thrice consul's robe on (482), yet down Cassius fell. 
 
 Learn Volero's law, which Plebeians recite (471) ; 
 Cincinnatus thenrw/'c? (456), whom from plough they invite. 
 
 * Similar questions may be applied to the other reigns. 
 
 E 3
 
 42 ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 The laws of Twelve Tables, Decemvirs relate (451) ; 
 But Consuls rear up (449), thro' Virginia's fate ; 
 Tho' rarer (444), when Tribunes from Soldiers are made ; 
 Two Censors ask what are your age (443), fortune, trade. 
 
 509] Two Consuls, of the Patrician order, were annually ap- 
 pointed with regal power, by the Comitia Centuriata, or Assembly 
 by Centuries. Brutus and Collatinus, the husband of Lucretia, 
 were the first Consuls. The two sons of Brutus, being detected 
 in a conspiracy to restore Tarquin, were put to death by order 
 and in presence of their father. In consequence of the expulsion 
 of the Tarquins, Porsena, king of Etruria, and the Latin states, 
 were excited to become foes of Rome. Horatius Codes, or the 
 one-eyed, alone opposed for a short time the army of Porsena at 
 the head of the wooden bridge at Rome, while his companions 
 behind him were cutting off the communication with the other 
 shore. When the bridge was destroyed, he leaped armed into the 
 Tiber and perished/ Mucius Scaevola, being taken in an attempt to 
 assassinate Porsena in his camp, thrust his hand into the fire, to 
 prove his intrepidity. Clcelia, given with other Roman maidens 
 as hostage, swam the Tiber on horseback at the head of her com- 
 panions, amidst the darts of their pursuers, and all escaped safe to 
 Rome. 
 
 4981 In the war with the Latins, the Roman people refused 
 to enlist, until compelled by a dictator, to whom the senate gave 
 absolute power. The dictator, Aulus Posthumius, gained a com- 
 plete victory near the lake Regillus, over the Latins, headed by 
 the Tarquins. 
 
 493] The people, being greatly oppressed by the patricians, 
 seceded to a mountain, thence called Mons Sacer, three miles 
 from Rome, till they obtained the abolition of their debts, and 
 the privilege of creating annual magistrates of their own order, 
 called tribunes, to protect their rights against the nobles. They 
 had the power, by a single veto, to suspend or annul the decrees 
 of the senate and the sentences of the consuls. Their persons 
 were held sacred, but their authority was confined to the limits 
 of a mile from the city. The number, at first two, afterwards 
 five, was at last increased to ten. Two sediles were also appointed, 
 to assist the tribunes, and to take charge of the public buildings. 
 
 485] Coriolanus was banished for advising that no corn should 
 be distributed to the people during a famine, unless they would 
 abolish the office of tribunes. Spurius Cassius, who had been 
 thrice consul, and victorious over the Volscians, proposed that all 
 the lands taken from the enemy, and which were then in posses-
 
 ROMAN HISTORY. 43 
 
 sion of the rich, should be equally divided among the lower 
 classes. This was the origin of the famous agrarian lato, which 
 afterwards caused continual disturbances. Spurius was convicted 
 of designing to become king, and was thrown from the Tarpeian 
 rock, 482. 
 
 471] By the law of Volero it was decreed, that the election of 
 tribunes should be made, and the chief public business discussed, 
 in the comitia (public meetings) held by tribes, and not by 
 centuries and curise. Hence the Roman constitution became a 
 democracy. (Centuries explained in Note 578.) 
 
 456] Cincinnatus, being summoned from the plough to be 
 dictator, rescued the Roman army from inevitable destruction by 
 the yEqui, whom he defeated and compelled to pass under the 
 yoke. Then refusing any part of the spoil, he retired home to 
 plough his fields. In his 80th year he was again summoned as 
 dictator against Prseneste, and after a successful campaign, again 
 retired, refusing all rewards. 
 
 451] The decemvirs were ten officers, appointed to compile a 
 body of laws from those of Greece. The result of their labours 
 was ten tables, to which, soon afterward, two more were added. 
 The decemvirs were invested with all the powers of government, 
 in place of the consuls. 
 
 449] In consequence of the iniquitous conduct of Appius 
 towards Virginia, the decemvirate was abolished, and consuls 
 were restored. 
 
 444] Military tribunes were officers, three in number, some- 
 times more, possessing consular power, and selected from the 
 patricians and plebeians. Either consuls or military tribunes 
 were appointed, according as the power of the nobility or of the 
 people prevailed, during seventy years. The principal subjects of 
 dispute were the agrarian law, and the limitation of all the higher 
 offices to the patricians. 
 
 443] Two censors, of consular dignity, were appointed to take 
 the census, or account of the citizens and their fortunes, every five 
 years, as had been originally directed by king Servius. 
 
 What period of Grecian History is contemporary with the 
 first period of the Roman republic ? What the date, B. C., U. C., 
 and Ol., and what the particulars connected with the first consuls 
 and the consular office? the sons of Brutus? Porsena? three 
 distinguished persons in this war? the first dictator? tribunes? 
 sediles ? Coriolanus ? agrarian law ? Volero's law ? Cin- 
 cinnatus? decemvirs? restoration of consuls? military tri- 
 bunes? what were the subjects of dispute? the duties of cen- 
 sors?
 
 44 ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 VEIAN AND GALLIC WARS. 
 
 (CONTEMPORARY WITH PELOPONNESIAN AND CORINTHIAN 
 
 WARS.) 
 
 The soldiers 'gainst Veii by pay were first rais'd (406) ; 
 At Camillus's mine, Veians gapd (396), quite amaz'd ; 
 From exile he came, when the Gauls burn and stab ; 
 The Capitol's saved Manlius heard the geese gabb (388) . 
 " To the rock," says Camillus, " that Manlius go bear (384) . ] 
 My voice (367) gives a Consul to the popular share." 
 Gauls, Voices, Hernici, Roman triumphs declare. 
 
 406] To prevent the frequent necessity of creating a dictator, 
 in order to force the people to enrol themselves in time of war, 
 regular pay, raised by taxes, was given to the troops. From this 
 period, the Roman system of war assumed a new aspect ; the en- 
 terprises were more, extensive, and its successes more important. 
 
 396] After a siege of ten years, the city of Veii was taken by 
 Camillus, a mine having been opened into the citadel. 
 
 388] Camillus, being unjustly accused by the tribunes of 
 having secreted some of the plunder of Veii, went into exile. 
 The Galli Senones, under Brennus, passed the Alps, and besieged 
 Clusium, in Etruria. The Romans interfering, Brennus marched 
 towards Rome, and after having defeated their army, commanded 
 by six military tribunes, near the river Allia, he captured and 
 burned the city. The Capitol was saved by the cackling of the 
 Sacred Geese, which roused Manlius, who, with his fellow-soldiers 
 beat down the Gauls that were scaling the rock. The noble 
 Camillus returned to the relief of his ungrateful countrymen, and 
 repelled the Gauls. 
 
 384] Manlius, being afterwards convicted of aspiring at sove- 
 reignty, was thrown from the Tarpeian rock. 
 
 367] The younger daughter of Fabius Ambustus, married to 
 Licinius Stolo, a plebeian, envious of the honours of her elder 
 sister, the wife of a patrician, stimulated her father to rouse the 
 lower orders to assert their equal right with the patricians to all 
 the offices of the state. After much contest, the final issue was 
 the admission of the plebeians, first, to the consulate, and after- 
 wards to the other offices. Two other laws were enacted : one for 
 the reduction of the debts of the plebeians, and the other for pro- 
 hibiting any Roman citizen from possessing more than 500 acres
 
 ROMAN HISTORY. 45 
 
 of land. Camillus recommended the adoption of these measures 
 as a remedy for dissension, and built a temple to Concord, in 
 commemoration of the event 
 
 What period of Grecian History is contemporary with the 
 Veian and Gallic war ? Why was pay given to the troops ? 
 What the effect ? What is the date, and what are the particulars 
 connected with the Veian war? Camillus ? the Gallic war? 
 The fate of Manlius? the admission of plebeians to the consulate, 
 &c.? 
 
 SAMNITE, LATIN, AND TARENTINE WARS. 
 
 (CONTEMPORARY WITH PHILIP AND ALEXANDER.^ 
 
 The Samnitcslook'd^nVtt (343) with the length of the wars ; 
 Torquatus beats Latins, but beheads the young Mars (340) ; 
 For the Caudium-moa/i5 (320), Roman vengeance was sure ; 
 And the news (280) from king Pyrrhus gave Samnites no 
 cure (274). 
 
 343] The war against the Samnites was undertaken to aid the 
 people of Capua. The Romans were defeated near Caudium, in 
 Samnium, and their whole army was made to pass under the yoke 
 formed by two spears set upright, and a third bound across them. 
 But the consul Papirius revenged the Caudium-moans the next 
 year, by compelling the Samnites to undergo the same disgrace in 
 turn, at Luceria, in Apulia. 
 
 340] During a war with the Latins, Manlius Torquatus ordered 
 his son, though victorious, to be beheaded, for fighting in single 
 combat with Metius, contrary to orders. In the ensuing battle, 
 Decius, the other consul, devoted himself to death for the army. 
 This example was followed by his son in the subsequent war with 
 the Samnites, and by his grandson in the war against Pyrrhus. 
 
 280] To assist the Tarentines. allies of the Samnites, Pyr- 
 rhus, king of Epirus, landed in Italy with a considerable array 
 and a train of elephants, but this news of aid gave no cure to the 
 Sf i HI nite woe Pyrrhus, though at first victorious at the river 
 Siris, in Lucania, by means of his elephants, over the consul 
 Laivinus, and again partially successful near Asciilum, in Apulia, 
 was at last (after the interval of a campaign of two years against 
 the Carthaginians in Sicily) totally defeated by Ctirius Dentatus, 
 near Beneventum, in Samnium. It was in the third year of the
 
 46 ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 war that the consul Fabricius generously revealed to Pyrrhus the 
 base offer of his physician, Nicias, to poison him. 
 
 274] The Samnites, being twice defeated after the death of 
 Pyrrhus, having maintained the war during 72 years, submitted 
 to the Romans, who now became masters of all Italy. 
 
 Mention date and particulars connected with the Samnite war 
 the Latin war, and the conduct of Manlius Torquatus the 
 defeat at Caudium the war with Pyrrhus the conclusion of the 
 Samnite wars the conduct of Fabricius. What is the contem- 
 porary period of Grecian History? 
 
 FIRST PUNIC WAR. 
 
 Long warfare with Carthage the Romans endure (264) ; 
 By Duilius their navies (260) great triumphs secure : 
 Honest Regulus holily (255) faith did assert ; i 
 
 But Sicily's yielded to the enemy's hurt (241); L 
 
 While Greece, learning's nurse (240) , put Rome on th'alert. ) 
 
 264] The first Punic war was caused by the Romans aiding 
 the Mamertines, a band of mercenaries from Campania, in an 
 unjust attempt to seize Messana in Sicily. The Carthaginians 
 opposed the aggression ; but the Sicilians, alarmed at their en- 
 croachmentSi joined the Romans in the purpose of expelling them 
 from the island. 
 
 262] Agrigentum, possessed by the Carthaginians, was taken, 
 after a long siege, by the joint forces of Rome and Hiero, king of 
 Syracuse. 
 
 260] The first Roman fleet, equipped in a few weeks, defeated 
 that of Carthage, at that time the greatest maritime power in the 
 world. 
 
 255] Regulus, the consul, led the Romans towards Carthage, 
 and at first was victorious ; but in a second battle, being defeated 
 and taken prisoner by Xanthippus, the Spartan (whom the 
 Carthaginians had sent for to command their army), he was sent 
 with their ambassadors to Rome, to procure peace, under an oath 
 to return to Carthage, should the treaty fail. It was rejected at 
 the urgent desire of Regulus himself, who returned to Carthage 
 and was put to death with cruel tortures. 
 
 241] Lutatius Catulus obtained a distinguished naval victory 
 over Hanno, near Lilybseum ; in consequence, the Carthaginians 
 sued for peace. It was granted on condition that they should pay 
 1000 talents immediately, and 2,200 more at the end of 10 years;
 
 ROMAN HISTORY. 47 
 
 that they should quit Sicily and the adjacent islands ; should 
 never make war against the allies of Rome, or come wi'h anv 
 vessels of war within the Roman dominions ; and lastly, : 
 their prisoners and deserters should be delivered up without 
 ransom. The first Punic war continued 24 years. At its con- 
 clusion the temple of Janus was shut for the second time. 
 
 240] At this period was the dawn of Roman literature. The 
 introduction of the regular drama at Rome from Greece by Livius 
 Andronicus produced several eminent Roman dramatists, Ennius, 
 Plautus, Caecilius, and Terence, whose first play was represented 
 B. C. 166. 
 
 Mention date and particulars connected with the beginning 
 of the first Punic war with Duilius Regulus Lutatius Catulus 
 end and duration of the war the conditions of peace intro- 
 duction of literature dramatists. 
 
 ILLYRIAN, GALLIC, AND SECOND PUNIC 
 WARS. 
 
 Queen Teutha th' Illyrian slew legates in Jiope (229) ; 
 And the Gauls, though in union (222), with Marcellus can't 
 Second Punic began : the Alps kept not away (218) [cope, 
 Noted (216) Hannibal's army from Cannae's sad day : 
 From the nation (212) Marcellus did Syracuse gain, 
 And at Zama great Scipio made them insane (202). 
 
 229] The Roman ambassadors who were sent to complain of 
 the piratical depredations of the Illyrians, were waylaid and mur- 
 dered by order of their Queen Teutha. A war ensued, in which 
 the Romans were victorious, and the greatest part of the country 
 was ceded to them. 
 
 225] The Gauls again invading Italy, were defeated with great 
 slaughter by ^Emilius. This victory was followed by another at 
 Cla^tidium, in Etruria, B. C. 222, gained by Marcellus, in which 
 he killed Viridomarus with his own hand, and gained the third 
 royal spoils that had yet been obtained at Rome. 
 
 2 IS] The second Punic war began on the part of Hannibal, son 
 of Hamilcar, who besieged Saguntum in Spain, a city in alliance 
 with Rome, and took it after a desperate resistance. 
 
 216] Hannibal, after crossing the Alps, gained four victories: 
 1, over P. Corn. Scipio, near Ticinum : 2, over Sempronius, near 
 the river Trebia ; 3, over Flaminius, near the lake Thrasy menus ;
 
 48 ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 4, over Terentius Varro, and vEmilius Paulus, at Cannae, where 
 40,000 Romans were slain. Instead of advancing to Rome, he 
 retired into winter-quarters at Capua, where his army was ruined 
 by luxury. 
 
 212] Marcellus was successful against Hannibal in Italy. He 
 also took Syracuse, which had been defended for three years by 
 the inventive genius of Archimedes the Mathematician. 
 
 202] Scipio, the younger, afterward surnamed Africanus, having 
 conquered Spain, advanced towards Carthage ; entirely routed 
 Hannibal at Zama, and compelled the Carthaginians to surrender 
 Spain, Sicily, and all the islands. This second Punic war con- 
 tinued 17 years. 
 
 Explain the line respecting Queen Teutha. By whom were 
 the Gauls defeated on their invasion ? What the success of Mar- 
 cellus? Mention date and particulars connected with the second 
 Punic war victories of Hannibal of Marcellus of Scipio Afri- 
 canus the result and duration of the war. 
 
 MACEDONIAN AND THIRD PUNIC WARS. 
 
 Philip yielded to peace (197), thro' Flaminius' blows; 
 Antiochus bends at Magnesia to foes (190). 
 Macedonian Perseus walk'd captive to view (168): 
 In a trap (149) Carthage fallen, the war did renew, 
 But soon on its ashes young Scipio trod (146) : 
 And Corinth the same year felt Mummius' rod. 
 
 197] See the note 197, p. 37. 
 
 190] Antiochus the Great, king of Syria, having joined the 
 ^Etolians against the Romans, was defeated by Acilius Glabrio at 
 the straits of Thermopylae. (See note, 193-2, p. 37.) Nearly 
 half of his fleet under Polyxenidas was taken off Myonnesus, in 
 Ionia ; and his army of 80,000 men, under his own command, 
 was entirely routed at Magnesia, on the Masander, by the consul, 
 Lucius Scipio (who from this victory acquired the surname of 
 Asiaticus). Antiochus obtained peace on condition of limiting his 
 dominions within Mount Taurus, paying largely towards the ex- 
 penses of the war, and giving up Hannibal. The aged general 
 took refuge with Prusias, king of Bithynia ; but being still pur- 
 sued by his implacable enemies, he took poison to avoid being 
 delivered into their hands.
 
 ROMAN HISTORY. 49 
 
 lf>8] Perseus, last king of Macedon, having contended with 
 the Romans for four years, was defeated by the consul Paulus 
 ^Emilius, at Pydna, in Macedonia, and led prisoner to Rome in 
 triumph. 
 
 149] A quarrel between the Carthaginians and Ma^inissa, king 
 of Numidia, an ally of the Romans, afforded the latter a pretence 
 for beginning the third Punic war. The Carthaginians strove to 
 appease the Romans by surrendering all their arms ; but too late 
 they found themselves en(rf>]><'</, and that nothing but the de- 
 struction of their city would satisfy the relentless foe. 
 
 146] Scipio ^Emilianus, son of Paulus ^Emilius. See note on 
 this year in the Grecian History. 
 
 Mention date and particulars connected with the defeat of 
 Philip by Flaminius of Antiochus by Scipio Asiaticus the 
 Macedonian war and Perseus the third Punic war the destruc- 
 tion of Carthage the continuance of the war the destruction of 
 Corinth. 
 
 NUMANTIAN, JUGURTHINE, AND CUMBRIAN 
 WARS. 
 
 After eight years NumantiansftVecmJ (14 1) and grow faint; 
 Viriathus long tries (140) to free Spain from restraint ; 
 With the stigma ( 1 33) of faction, the Gracchi some taint 
 Jugurtha defeated, by famine was teased (106) ; [(121) : 
 And the taste (101) of Rome's fury, the Cimbrians displeased. 
 
 141] The Numantian army of 4000 men routed 30,000 Ro- 
 mans under Mancmus. The war was maintained eijiht years ; 
 but Numantia was at length, after a desperate siege, destroyed by 
 Scipio Africanus in 133. The whole of Spain then became a pro- 
 vince of Rome. 
 
 140] Viriathus, a Lusitanian, who from a shepherd became a 
 robber, and afterwards a general over a numerous body of men like 
 himself, maintained the independence of Spain against the Ro- 
 mans for fourteen years. At last he was most basely taken off 
 by Csepio, the Roman general, who bribed the Spanish am- 
 bassadors, who were sent to treat for a peace, to murder their 
 master upon their return. 
 
 133] Tiberius and Caius Gracchus, the grandsons of Scipio
 
 50 ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 Africanus, by his daughter, Cornelia, were distinguished for assert- 
 ing the claims of the people. Tiberius, the elder, obtained the re- 
 vival of the Licinian law, by which no person could possess more 
 than 500 acres of land. In consequence, he and 300 of his friends 
 were killed by the senators during a tumult in the Capitol. 
 Thirteen years afterward, his brother Caius having become equally 
 obnoxious to the nobles, 3000 of his partisans were slaughtered 
 in a tumult in Rome, and he himself was slain at his own request 
 by a slave. The agrarian law was by degrees abolished. In the 
 year in which Tiberius Gracchus was killed, Attalus, king of Per- 
 gamus, bequeathed his kingdom to the Romans, which then became 
 a Roman province. 
 
 Ill] Jugurtha, grandson of Masinissa, strove to usurp the 
 crown of Numidia, by destroying his cousins, Hiempsal and Ad- 
 herbal, the sons of the late king. At length, drawing on himself 
 the vengeance of the Romans, he was defeated ; first, by Metellus, 
 and afterwards by Marius and Sylla ; and being treacherously de- 
 livered up by his father-in-law, Bocchus, king of Mauritania, he 
 was led in chains to Rome by Marius ; and afterward confined in 
 a dungeon and starved to death, B. C. 106. 
 
 101] The Cimbri and Teutones at first routed the Romans ; 
 but Marius totally defeated the Teutones at Aquse Sextiae (Aix, 
 n. of Marseilles), and, in the following year, slaughtered the 
 Cimbri at the Athesis (Adige, n. of Mantua), and ended the war. 
 
 Mention the date and particulars connected with the Numan- 
 tian war Viriathus the Gracchi the Jugurthine war the 
 Cimbrian war. 
 
 MARIUS AND SYLLA. 
 
 Italians are foes (90), till to Rome they're let in, 
 
 Spite of Marius and Sylla, who alternately win (82) : 
 
 Sertorius was keen (7*2) Spanish rebel, in fact : 
 
 Thatmarmstheslavescame(73) itwasSpartacus'ac#(71) - 
 
 Mithridates, of Pontus, contended with Rome 
 
 For twenty-six years, till he met with his doom (63) ; 
 
 After Catiline's doom (63), done (62) was Cicero's gloom. 
 
 90] The Italian, or Social war, was caused by a confederacy 
 of most of the Italian states against Rome, to obtain the rights of
 
 ROMAN HISTORY. 51 
 
 citizenship, which were at last conceded to such as should return 
 to their allegiance. 
 
 82] The alternate triumphs of Marius and Sylla over each 
 other were followed by horrible massacres and proscriptions. 
 After the death of Marius, B.C. 86, Sylla became perpetual dic- 
 tator, B. C. 82 : and, after governing well during three years, 
 voluntarily retired into private life. 
 
 73] Spartacus, a gladiator, having fled from a school of gladia- 
 tors at Capua, excited an insurrection of slaves in Italy ; but after 
 two years, was routed and killed by Crassus. 
 
 72] Sertorius, a Roman general, being proscribed by Sylla, fled 
 to Spain, and there, by his address and valour, rendered part of 
 the country independent of Rome for several years. Four Ro- 
 man armies were insufficient to crush, or even hurt him. Pompey 
 and Metellus were driven with dishonour from the field. At length 
 Sertorius was murdered at a banquet by Perpenna and others of 
 his officers. 
 
 63] Mithridates, after contending with various success against 
 Sylla, Lucullus, and Pompey, at last being deserted in his old age 
 by his army, and even by his children, tried in vain to kill himself, 
 and was indebted for his death to the sword of a by-stander. 
 
 63] The profligate Catiline, finding that his conspiracy to de- 
 stroy the government was discovered by Cicero, the consul, openly 
 took up anus, and being attacked by Petreius, the legate of the 
 other consul, C. Antonius, was slain in battle, near Pistoria, in 
 Etruria, fighting with a bravery worthy of a better cause, B.C. 62. 
 
 Mention the date and particulars connected with the Italian 
 war Marius and Sylla Sertorius the Servile war the 
 Mithridatic war the Catilinarian war. 
 
 FIRST AND SECOND TRIUMVIRATE. 
 
 A mighty Triumvirate rul'd in those days (60) ; 
 Gaul, Germany, Britain all (55) Caesar's fame raise : 
 The plains of Pharsalia rob (48) Pompey of cheer ; 
 And in Senate 'gainst Caesar conspirators rear (44V 
 But Philippi brought ruin (42), to Brutus regret; 
 And at Actium Octavius and Anthony met (31). 
 
 60] The first triumvirate consisted of Caesar, Pompey, and 
 Crassus. Caesar had the government of Gaul, Pompey that of
 
 52 ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 Spain, and Crassus that of Syria. The last, distinguished for his 
 riches and avarice, plundered the temple of Jerusalem. He was 
 slain in an expedition against the Parthians : 20,000 Romans 
 were killed and 10,000 taken prisoners. 
 
 48] In the contest for superiority which ensued between 
 Caesar and Pompey, the latter was supported by the nobles. 
 Being defeated by his great rival at Pharsalia, in Thessaly, he 
 fled to Egypt ; on the shores of which he was put to death by 
 king Ptolemy's order. Cato, being besieged in Utica, near 
 Carthage, killed himself, to avoid falling into the hands of Caesar. 
 For other events during the time of Caesar, consult the Chronol. 
 Table IV., B. C. 60. 
 
 44] Caesar, becoming perpetual dictator, though he treated 
 his enemies with clemency, and ruled with much wisdom, was 
 stabbed in the senate-house, on the Ides of March, U. C. 710, by 
 republican conspirators led by Brutus and Cassius. 
 
 42] At the battle of Philippi, in Macedonia, the second trium- 
 virate, Antony, Lepidus, and Octavius (grand-nephew of Caesar), 
 defeated Brutus and Cassius. The latter slew themselves. 
 
 31] Antony and Octavius having reduced Lepidus to a private 
 station, opposed each other. Antony was defeated in the naval 
 battle near Actium, on the coast of Epirus, principally through 
 the desertion of his paramour, Cleopatra, with her galleys, 
 during the action. He accompanied her to Egypt ; and after 
 some vain attempts again to contend with the conqueror, he 
 stabbed himself. Cleopatra likewise killed herself with the bite 
 of an asp. The victor Octavius returned to Rome, sole master 
 of the empire. 
 
 Mention date and particulars connected with first triumvirate 
 Caesar's victories battle of Pharsalia death of Caesar the 
 battle of Philippi Actium death of Antony Cleopatra. 
 
 EMPERORS. 
 
 THE AUGUSTAN AGE. 
 
 Once (27) Emp'ror, Augustus by all was held dear; 
 But his step-son, Tiberius, caus'd misery's tear( A. D. 14) ; 
 Caligula's godhead much terror did make (37) ; 
 Like a rat (41) perish'd Claudius, who Britain made quake.
 
 ROMAN HISTORY. 53 
 
 Nero played on the lyre (54), causing Christians to rue ; 
 And the head of old Galba on spear rose to view (68) ; 
 Reform'd Otho reign'd briefly, then gave a gash deep (69); 1 
 And deep (69) in the Tiber Vitellius did sleep ; 
 Vespasian's soldiers are deaffity, tho' Jews weep. 
 
 To copy (79) son Titus, is worthy the great ; 
 But Domitian, his brother, for flies laid a bait (81) : 
 To Nerva were paid (96) many honours, as due ; 
 And Trajan the virtuous was equall'd by few (98). 
 
 27] Augustus (Octavius), when emperor, by his clemency, 
 moderation, and patronage of learning and the arts, obliterated 
 the recollection of the cruelties he practised whilst he was 
 Octavius. For the events and eminent writers during this reign, 
 see the Chronological Table IV., B. C. 27. 
 
 14] Tiberius, the son of Livia, wife of Augustus, at first affected 
 great moderation ; but soon showed the natural cruelty and crafti- 
 ness of his disposition. Jealous of the fame of his nephew, 
 Germanicus, he caused him to be poisoned. Retiring from the 
 cares of government to the island of Capreae, his favourite minis- 
 ter, Sejanus, conspired against him, but was detected and executed 
 ignominiously. The emperor was afterwards poisoned or suffo- 
 cated by his new favourite Macro. 
 
 37] Caligula, son of Germanicus, among other acts of folly and 
 impiety, built a temple to himself, in which his statue of gold was 
 worshipped. He was assassinated by Cherea, a tribune. 
 
 41] Claudius, grandson of Octavia, sister of Augustus, and the 
 uncle of Caligula, put to death his profligate wife, Messalina ; and 
 was poisoned by his second, and still more infamous, wife and 
 niece, Agrippina, to make way for her son, Nero. 
 
 54] For rive years Nero ruled well, under the guidance of 
 Burrhus, his general, and Seneca, his preceptor ; but afterwards, 
 stimulated by Poppcea, his infamous empress, and Tigellinus, the 
 most abandoned man in Rome, he became a monster of cruelty 
 and licentiousness. He murdered his mother, his first wife 
 Octavia, Seneca, Lucan the poet, Petronius Arbiter, who had 
 been the minister of his pleasures, the virtuous Thrasea, and many 
 others. During a dreadful fire at Rome, Nero viewed the burning 
 city from a tower, and sang some verses applicable to the scene 
 descriptive of the burning of Troy. The conflagration was gene- 
 rally ascribed to the emperor ; but he imputed it to the Christians, 
 
 F 3
 
 54 ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 and, in consequence, persecuted them with relentless severity. 
 It is said, that St. Paul was beheaded, and S.t. Peter crucified 
 with his head downwards. This unnatural and sanguinary tyrant 
 was dethroned by his subjects. A slave despatched him at his 
 request. 
 
 68] Galba, aged 72, was chosen by the army and the senate ; but 
 becoming unpopular, through his severe discipline and imputed 
 avarice, he was, after a reign of seven months, beheaded by the 
 praetorian guards, excited to mutiny by his former favourite, Otho. 
 
 69] Otho began his reign with clemency and justice ; but his 
 army being defeated near Bedriacum, in Cisalpine Gaul, by his 
 revolting general, Vitellius, he calmly terminated the contest, by 
 stabbing himself, at Brixellum, near Mantua, after a reign of three 
 months and five days. 
 
 69] Vitellius, cruel and cowardly, beastly and gluttonous, was 
 after eight months, dethroned by the partisans of Vespasian, who 
 was successfully carrying on the war against the Jews. Vitellius 
 was massacred and thrown into the Tiber. 
 
 69] Vespasian reigned well ten years, and died universally lament- 
 ed. During his reign, Jerusalem was taken by his son Titus, 
 the temple was burned, and the city reduced to ruins, A. D. 70. 
 
 79] Titus, from his virtues, was called " the delight of man- 
 kind." In his reign an eruption of Vesuvius destroyed Hercu- 
 laneum and Pompeii. Pliny the elder perished in it. 
 
 81] The voluptuous and inhuman tyrant, Domitian, amused his 
 leisure-hours in killing flies. His cruelty was eminently shown 
 on suppressing a rebellion in Germany. The successes of his 
 general, Agricola, in Britain, threw on the Roman arms a lustre, 
 no part of which reflected on the emperor, for he used this eminent 
 commander with the basest ingratitude. After fifteen years this 
 monster perished, the empress herself conducting the plot of his 
 murder. During his persecution of the Christians, the apostle 
 John was banished to the island of Patmos, where he wrote the 
 Revelations. 
 
 96] Cocceius Nerva, a Spaniard by birth, was chosen for his 
 virtues ; but the feebleness of age rendered his reign inefficient. 
 His best acts were the suspension of persecution, and the adoption 
 of the virtuous Trajan as his successor. 
 
 98] Trajan was a native of Seville in Spain. He conquered 
 the Dacians, Parthians, Assyrians, &c., and highly promoted the 
 happiness and prosperity of all his subjects, except the Christians. 
 Conscientiously thinking that the favour of his gods would be 
 secured to his empire by restoring the sinking heathen worship, 
 he became a severe persecutor of the Christians. The celebrated 
 Ignatius, the second bishop of Antioch, was thrown to wild beasts
 
 ROMAN HISTORY. .">."; 
 
 at Rome, by the sentence of the emperor himself. To him was 
 
 likewise addressed Pliny's celebrated letter respecting the 
 Christians ? 
 
 General Questions for all the Emperors. 
 
 What was the parentage of the emperor ? When A.D. and 
 
 U.C. did he begin to reign ? What was his character ? What 
 his death ? Who succeeded ? 
 
 CENTURY II. AdE OF THE ANTONINES, &c. 
 
 Nephew Adrian,tho' milcl.caus'd the Jews all to quake (117); 
 Honour Antonine's tomb ( 1 28), for his piety's sake : 
 To a deity (161) like, Mark Aurelius rose ; 
 His son Commoclus soon brought the Romans to woes ( 1 80) . 
 
 The soldiers, who Pertinax lifted to fame (193), 
 Soon sold to rich Didius th' imperial name ; 
 Scverus caus'd Niger at Issus to fear (194) ; 
 Into Rhone cast Albums ; to Britain gave cheer. 
 
 117] Adrian, a native of Seville, abandoned the conquests of 
 his uncle Trajan, and made the Euphrates the eastern boundary. 
 He visited all his provinces, reforming abuses, rebuilding cities, 
 and establishing everywhere a regular and mild administration. 
 He raised a rampart in Britain, between the Tyne and Sulway 
 Frith ; banished the Jews from Judea ; and suspended the per- 
 secution against Christians. His reign (22 years nearly) was an 
 era of public and private happiness and splendour. 
 
 138] Titus Aurelius Antoninus, surnamed Pius, a native of 
 Gaul, succeeding by the appointment of Adrian, preferred peace 
 to conquest ; but was successful in every necessary war. The 
 British province was extended to the Clyde by his general, Ur- 
 bTcus, and some formidable rebellions were subdued in Germany, 
 Dacia, and the East. This virtuous emperor issued au edict, in 
 favour of Christians : and died, aged 74, after a reign, dignified, 
 splendid, and humane. 
 
 161] Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (the assumed name of 
 Annius Verus), surnamed the Philosopher, succeeded likewise by 
 the appointment of Adrian. Aurelius took Lucius Verus as part- 
 ner in power, who proved mean and worthless, and died after 
 reigning nine years. The incursions of the Parthians were re- 
 pulsed, and the rebellious Germans were quelled. In an expedi-
 
 56 ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 tion against the latter, Aurelius died of the plague at Vienna- 
 " He appeared " (says an ancient author) " like some benevolent 
 deity, diffusing round him universal peace and happiness ;" not, 
 however, to the Christians. The emperor, thinking pestilence, 
 earthquakes, famines, inundations, and foreign invasions in this 
 reign, to be divine punishments for permitting the neglect of the 
 heathen worship, issued rigorous edicts against the Christians ; 
 by which Justin Martyr, the aged Polycarp, and infinite numbers, 
 suffered martyrdom. 
 
 180] Commodus, son of Marcus Aurelius, famed for his skill 
 in bodily exercises, his profligacy, impiety, and capricious cruelty, 
 was murdered by means of Martia, one of his mistresses, whom 
 he had devoted to death. 
 
 193] Helvius Pertinax was chosen for his virtues and courage ; 
 and styled, for the variety of his adventures, " the tennis-ball of 
 fortune." This wise and benevolent emperor, after a reign of 
 87 days, was murdered by his praetorian guards, for trying to reform 
 their discipline. 
 
 193] Didius Julianus bought the empire from the praetorian 
 guards ; but being soon deserted by them for his cowardly and 
 avaricious character, he was beheaded by order of the senate, who 
 supported the cause of his rival, Severus. 
 
 194] Severus, after being received at Rome with acclamations, 
 defeated the two other competitors, Niger and Albinus ; the 
 former near Issus, and the latter near Lyons, after a desperate 
 battle. He then persecuted the Christians, probably because 
 they had supported Albinus. Afterwards he conquered Seleucia, 
 Ctesiphon, and Babylon ; repressed the incursions of the Cale- 
 donians into Britain ; built the stone wall across from the Tyne 
 to Solway Frith ; and died at York. 
 
 CENTURY III. 
 
 Caracalla left Geta, his brother, no quiet (211) ; 
 Few notice (217) Macrinus, or the profligate riot 
 Of Heliogabalus : the guards hate a boy (218) ; 
 And by crime, Alexander the good one, annoy (222). 
 
 Then hugely (235) tall Maximin raves to unmake (237) 
 The two Gordians, who title imperial take : 
 Pupienus, Balbinus, the soldiers destroy, 
 And choose accidentally Gordian's young boy (238) ;
 
 ROMAN HISTORY. 57 
 
 Him Philip the Arab removed in a hurry (241); 
 On Decius they harp ('249), who the Christians did worry. 
 Traitor Gallus by bribery made the Goths Imlt f _>.") 1) ; 
 In jeer (254) on Valerian, the Persian did vault ; 
 Many tyrants aspire : Galienus naught heeds (260) ; 
 Many virtues endow (268) second Claudius' deeds. 
 
 To his triumph Aurelian Zenobia hooks (270) ; 
 Nicely (273) Tacitus reign'd, a wise lover of books : 
 Probus fell by his troops, working naked (2?G) at noon ; 
 The lightning struckCarus, whose sons were soon hewn (282). 
 Dioclesian resigned having tried a plan newer (284) : 
 Two Emp'rors, two Caesars, the empire secure. 
 
 211] Caracalla, the fierce son of Severus, murdered his gentle 
 brother, Geta, in his mother's arms. He murdered his wife, 
 married his mother-in-law, and was a monster of cruelty. At 
 Macedon he assumed the name and character of Alexander, and 
 at Troy, that of Achilles. At last he was stabbed by Martial, 
 centurion of the guards, at the instigation of Macrinus. 
 
 217] Opilius Macrinus, a man of obscure birth, prefect of the 
 praetorian guards, was made emperor by them, and reigned 
 jointly with his son Diadumenianus. Part of his army disgusted 
 by his severe discipline, mutinied in favour of Heliogabalus. 
 After a severe battle on the borders of Syria, he and his son fled, 
 and were killed at Chalcedon. 
 
 218] Heliogabalus, natural son of Caracalla, was notorious for 
 his sensuality, lust, and cruelty ; and after a reign of four years, 
 the guards hate this boy, and kill him iguominiously, in his 18th 
 year. 
 
 222] Alexander Severus, a mild, benevolent, and enlightened 
 prince, was, at the age of 14, chosen by the army and the senate. 
 He defeated the Parthians and the Persians, and was successful 
 against the Germans. He was murdered by his soldiers on 
 account of his severe discipline. To his virtuous mother, Mam- 
 maea, much of the glory of his reign may be justly ascribed, 
 particularly the protection shewn to Christians. 
 
 235] Miiximin elected by the army, was eight feet and a half 
 high ; and distinguished for his valour, as well as his virtues, 
 before he became emperor, and for his cruelties afterward. He
 
 58 ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 ravaged part of Germany with fire and sword, and persecuted the 
 Christians. 
 
 237] He raved like a madman, when Gordian and his son 
 were proclaimed emperors ; but Capilianus, the governor of 
 Numidia, defeated and slew the younger near Carthage ; and the 
 elder destroyed himself. The tyrant, Maximin, was slain by his 
 soldiers whilst he slept. 
 
 238] Pupienus and Balbinus, having commanded armies and 
 governed provinces well, were chosen by the senate to reign con- 
 jointly, but were soon murdered by the praetorian guards. 
 
 238] Gordian, 16 years old, grandson of him who was killed 
 in Africa, happening to meet the guards after the murder of Pu- 
 pienus and Balbinus, was instantly elected. He repelled the 
 Goths, and Sapor, king of Persia ; and was murdered by order of 
 Philip, the praetorian prefect. 
 
 244] Philip, son of an Arab robber, was chosen by the army 
 and senate. He made peace with Persia ; celebrated the public 
 games with great splendour, and became a Christian. At length, 
 he was murdered at Verona by his soldiers, who revolted to his 
 general, Decius. 
 
 249] Decius was justly famed for his wisdom and virtues, 
 except in one instance; hoping to strengthen the empire by 
 ending the disputes between the pagans and the Christians, he 
 caused many thousands of the latter to be put to death. Being 
 defeated by the Goths, through the treachery of his general, 
 Gallus, he leapt with his horse into a quagmire, and was swal- 
 lowed up. 
 
 251] Gallus bought peace of the Goths ; but they, notwithstand- 
 ing, broke into the Eastern provinces. The Persians and Scy- 
 thians ravaged Mesopotamia and Syria. The Christians were 
 persecuted. A pestilence raged. The dissolute Gallus was killed 
 in battle in Msesia, against his revolting general, jEmilianus ; who 
 was then proclaimed emperor by his soldiers ; but they soon slew 
 him on the Senate's refusal to acknowledge his claims. 
 
 254] Valerian, aged 70, was chosen by the army and the senate. 
 Urged by his general Macrian, and the Egyptian magicians, he 
 began severe persecutions against the Christians, in which the 
 celebrated Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, perished. The Goths and 
 Persians made inroads. Being taken by Sapor, king of Persia, 
 he was used by him as a footstool for mounting his horse ; and 
 after seven years of sufferings, his eyes were put out, and he was 
 flayed alive. 
 
 260] Galienus, son of Valerian, heedless of pestilence, famine, 
 and the incursions of the northern barbarians, abandoned himself 
 to his pleasures. Many rebellions followed, and 30 usurpers (or
 
 ROMAN HISTORY. 59 
 
 19, according to Gibbon) divided the empire into as many in- 
 dependent sovereignties. The weak Galienus was at last killed 
 by his own troops. 
 
 268] Claudius II., chosen by general consent, was distinguished 
 for his moderation, valour, and piety. He defeated the Goths 
 and the Persians; and died of a fever in an expedition into 
 Pannonia, deeply regretted by his subjects. 
 
 270] Aurelian, master of the horse, was chosen by the army : 
 renowned for his valour, strength, and justice. He repelled the 
 northern nations, and defeated the celebrated Zenobia, queen of 
 Palmyra (whose prime minister was Longinus, the famous critic), 
 and led her in triumph into Rome. His severities excited some 
 conspirators to slay him. 
 
 275] The aged Tacitus was with difficulty persuaded to ascend 
 the throne. He was fond of learning, and greatly honoured the 
 works of his namesake, Tacitus, the historian. After a reign of 
 six months he died of a fever, in an expedition against the 
 Persians and Scythians. 
 
 270] Probus, a military tribune, was so distinguished by valour, 
 moderation, and clemency, that the claims of Florianus, brother 
 of Tacitus, being rejected, he was unanimously chosen. He con- 
 quered in Gaul, Dalmatia, Thrace, and Egypt; and, by his fame 
 alone, forced the Persians to sue for peace. He employed his 
 soldiers in draining the land near Sirmium, in Pannonia, his 
 native place ; and was killed by them for severely urging their 
 toil during one of the hottest days of summer. 
 
 282] Carus, praetorian prefect to Probus, was chosen by the 
 army. He was struck dead by lightning ; and his sons, Numerian 
 and Carinus, whom he had joined in the sovereignty, were hewn 
 by assassins. 
 
 284] Dioclesian, a native of Dalmatia, having defeated Carinus, 
 was elected for his merits. He shared the fatigues of empire with 
 Maximian, his general. Two assistants, Cons tantius and Galerius, 
 were afterwards added, and called Ccesars. Carausius, a general 
 in Britain, proclaimed himself emperor, and held the island seven 
 years. The Persians and northern nations were defeated. The 
 10th and lust persecution against the Christians took place. Dio- 
 clesian and Maximian, after reigning 20 years, resigned, and 
 retired into private life. Eighteen years of discord ensued. 
 
 CENTURY IV. CONSTANTINE, &c. 
 
 Constantius and Galerius came in by this measure (304) ; 
 And Constantino musd (306) about moving his treasure;
 
 60 ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 He may make (337) sons and nephews the purple assume,] 
 Bu t Constantius gain'd all, and was tortur'd withy/oow(353), 
 Which from Julian may date (361), who would idols resume ;] 
 Jovian crush'd the mad aim (363) ; and hot Valentinian 
 To Valens was giver (364) of th' Eastern dominion. 
 Meekly (375) Gratian shar'd power; Theodosius may keep 
 The whole, when Valentinian was strangled in sleep. [(379) 
 
 304] The two Caesars, Constantius and Galerius, succeeded : 
 the latter adopted Severus and Maximin, as partners in the 
 empire : Severus, to rule in Italy and Africa; Maximin, in Egypt 
 and Syria. Constantius, valiant and merciful, governed the West 
 (Gaul, Spain, and Britain), favoured the Christians, visited Britain, 
 and died at York, 306. 
 
 306] On the death of Constantius, his son Constantine was 
 proclaimed emperor by his army. Upon which, Maximian, the 
 ancient colleague of Dioclesian, resumed his former title, and 
 besieging Severus, the ruler of Italy and Africa, at Ravenna, 
 deposed and put him to death. To revenge this, Galerius, the 
 emperor of the East, invaded Italy, but was compelled to retire. 
 He then appointed his officer, Licinius, joint emperor with himself. 
 Maximin, who ruled in Egypt and Syria, claimed the same honour. 
 Maximian also shared the empire of Italy and Africa with his son 
 Maxentius. So that in A. D. 308, there were six emperors. 
 
 Maximian was forced to resign to his son Maxentius ; and 
 attempting to murder his son-in-law, Constantine, whilst he slept, 
 was allowed to choose his own death. He strangled himself at 
 Marseilles, A. D. 310. 
 
 Galerius, a bitter persecutor of the Christians, died A. D. 311, 
 of a loathsome disease, brought on by intemperance. His pro- 
 vinces in Asia were obtained by Maximin, and those in Europe 
 by Licinius. 
 
 Maxentius, aspiring to the whole sovereignty of the West, was 
 defeated by Constantine, near Rome, and drowned among the 
 fugitives, A. D. 312. 
 
 Maximin, aiming at the whole sovereignty of the East, was 
 defeated by Licinius, between Heraclea and Adriariople, and 
 perished miserably, A. D. 313. 
 
 Soon after, Constantine having publicly embraced Christianity, 
 attacked Licinius, his sole surviving colleague in the empire, for 
 persecuting the Christians ; he took him prisoner at Nicomedia, 
 (Isnikmid) and at length put him to death. Constantine, having
 
 ROMAN HlvioKV. 61 
 
 become sole emperor, established Christianity, and removed his 
 treasures and the seat of empire to Constantinople, as a m ire 
 central situation ; which city was solemnly dedicated A. D. 330. 
 
 337] Constantine divided the empire among three sons and two 
 nephews. Constantius, the youngest, getting rid of his competitors, 
 ruled feebly, allowing the Germans and Persians to make inroads. 
 Hi- appointed his cousin Julian iis ( 1 <,'snr; of whom he after- 
 wards became jealous. 
 
 361] Julian the Apostate revived the pagan worship, and vainly 
 attempted to rebuild the temple of Jerusalem. He was killed in 
 a successful battle against the Persians. 
 
 363] Jovian, captain of the domestic guard, being chosen by the 
 army, purchased a safe retreat from Persia, by surrendering five 
 provinces. During his mild and equitable reign of nine months he 
 crttshed Julian's mad aim. and re-established Christianity. 
 
 364] Valentinian, son of Gratian, was elected for his talents 
 and bravery ; and gave to his brother Valeiis the eastern part of 
 the empire. He defeated the Alemanni; and by his general, 
 Tlieodosius, repelled the Caledonians from Britain. In an expedi- 
 tion against the Quadi, Valentinian died by rupturing a blood-vessel, 
 whilst riole/itli/ ejrjtn'ssiny liis anger against the conquered foes. 
 
 364] Valens was opposed by Procopius, a relation of Julian, 
 who seized the throne, but was soon defeated and slain. Valens 
 unwisely permitted the Goths to settle in Thrace; and, in at- 
 tempting to repress their depredations, he was vanquished near 
 Adrianople, and burned alive in a cottage in which he had taken 
 refuge, 378. 
 
 375] Valentinian was succeeded in the empire of the West by 
 his son, Valentinian II., an infant, and by Gratian. aged 16. The 
 latter assumed Theodosius as hi.s colleague. Maxtmus, a Spaniard, 
 being proclaimed emperor in Britain, invaded Gaul w.th a large 
 army. The Emperor Gratian, being deserted by his troops, was 
 murdered near Paris by order of Maximus, who was himself, in 
 388, defeated and slain at Aquileia, by Theodosius the Great. 
 
 379] After the death of the virtuous Valentinian II., who was 
 s rankled by Arbogastes, Theodosius the Great, having suppressed 
 Eugenius, a usurper, governed the Eastern and Western empire 
 with great ability ; and promoted Christianity, as much by his 
 example, nuekness, and charity, as by his edicts and ecclesiastical 
 institutions. One memorable exception must be mentioned. The 
 people of Thessalonica having killed one of his officers, he caused 
 his soldiers to massacre all the inhabitants to the number of 6000. 
 For this horrible cruelty he was compelled by St. Ambrose, bishop of 
 Milan, to do open penance, and to make every possible reparation.
 
 62 ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 FINAL DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE, AND CENTURY V. 
 
 Sons Arcade and Honorius share empire so ample (395), 
 Whose general, Stilicho, sets noble example. 
 In the sacking of Rome, Gothic Alaric riots (410) ; 
 And the realm (453) by his armies Hun Attila quiets : 
 Streets of Rome with blood roll (455) Vandal Genseric's 
 
 deed; 
 
 Odoacer th' Herulian made West Emp'rors recede (476) ; 
 But no refuge (493) ; he must by Theodoric bleed. 
 
 395] Theodosius the Great assigned, at his death, separate 
 sovereignties to his sons, the East to Arcadius, and the West to 
 Honorius. 
 
 410] Alaric, king of the Visigoths, obtained the whole of Greece 
 from the feeble Arcadius (403) ; and, on invading the Western 
 empire, though once routed by Stilicho, the politic general of 
 Houorius, he at last sacked Rome, but showed much moderation 
 and clemency in his triumph. 
 
 453] Attila, king of the Huns, compelled Theodosius II., 
 Emperor of the East, son of Arcadius, to be tributary; and 
 afterwards invading Italy with 500,000 men, forced Valentinian 
 III. to purchase peace by an immense dowry to be given him with 
 the Emperor's sister, Honoria. 
 
 455] Genseric, with the Moors and Vandals, was invited from 
 Africa by the empress, Eudoxia, to take vengeance on Petronius 
 Maximus, the murderer of her husband, Valentinian III. In 
 consequence, the barbarians pillaged Rome during 14 days and 
 nights. 
 
 476] Odoacer, prince of the Heruli, subdued Italy, and spared 
 the life of the emperor, Romulus Augustulus, on condition of his 
 resigning the throne. Thus the Western Empire was extin- 
 guished, 1229 years from the building of Rome. 
 
 493] Odoacer was defeated in several battles, and, after a treaty, 
 murdered by Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, who thus acquired 
 the whole of Italy. This prince was, for his subsequent conduct, 
 styled the Great, and was famed for equity and clemency. He left 
 a peaceable sceptre to his grandson, Athalaric, during whose infancy 
 his mother Amalasonte governed wisely. This kingdom of the 
 Ostrogoths in Italy continued till A. D. 554.
 
 ROMAN HISTORY. 63 
 
 CENTURY VI. 
 
 Belisairc with his lance (527) aids Justinian's sway ; 1 
 Lo ! June (55'2) comes, when Narses did Totila slay ; 
 But he lur'd the fierce Lombards, when Alboin led way f 
 
 (568).] 
 
 527] Belisarius sustained with various success two wars against 
 the Persian kings, Kubad and Chosroes, or Nurshirvan, recovered 
 Africa from Gelimer and the Vandals in 534, and Italy from the 
 Goths, in 540, but again lost it to the heroic and generous Totila, 
 in 548. In A. D. 559, at the head of a body of undisciplined 
 citizens, he repelled and defeated 7000 Bulgarian cavalry, under 
 Zabergan, who had advanced within twenty miles of Constantinople. 
 After 40 years' service the renowned Belisarius was degraded and 
 ungratefully used by his capricious master, A. D. 561. Justinian 
 caused the old Roman laws to be reduced into a code, called the 
 Digests, or Pandects, and the modern ones were collected under 
 the name of Novelise. 
 
 552] In June, Narse?, who superseded Belisarius in command 
 of Justinian's armies, defeated and slew Totila, at Tagina, near 
 Gualdo,put an end to the kingdom of the Ostrogoths, and governed 
 Italy well fur 13 years. 
 
 568] Narses being ungratefully recalled by Justin II., successor 
 of Justinian, invited Alboin, king of the Lombards, to avenge his 
 injuries. Alboin overran and subdued the country, and made 
 Pavia the capital of his new dominions. He was assassinated by 
 order of his wife, Rosamond, whom he had insulted by sending her 
 wine in the skull of her father, Cunimund. This kingdom of the 
 Lombards was terminated by Charlemagne in 774. See French 
 History ; also Chronological Table. 
 
 The Roman empire was divided into ten primary kingdoms, 
 (the ten horns predicted by the prophet Daniel, vii. 24, according 
 to the opinion of various chronologists). 
 
 1. The Huns, from Tartary. obtained Hungary, about. . 356 
 
 2. Ostrogoths ) from the Oder. . (Meesia .... 377 
 
 3. Visigoths ) and Vistula . . jPannonia . . . 378 
 
 4. Franks, from the Rhone . . . France .... 407 
 
 5. Vandals, from the Baltic . . . Africa .... 407 
 
 6. Sueves and Alans, ditto . . . Gascoigne and Spain 407 
 
 7. Burgundians, from the Vistula . Burgundy . . . 407 
 
 8. Heruli and Turingi .... Italy 476 
 
 9. Saxons and Angles, from Holstein Britain .... 476 
 
 u j c i. nu (near the Danube, first 438 
 
 10. Lombards, from the Elbe . . { afterward Ualy \ . 568
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 FROM THE ROMAN CONQUEST TO THE BEGINNING OF 
 CENTURY III. 
 
 All (B. C. 55) Britain marks Caesar, Cassibelan's fate, 
 
 Caractacus' lot (A. D. 51), Boadicea's date (61); 
 
 The war (84) till he finish'd, Agricola fights ; 
 
 The stone wall of Severus, Tyne and Solway unites (210). 
 
 Britain is supposed to have been originally peopled from Gaul 
 by the Cimmerians, or Cimbri, descendants from Gomer, son of 
 Japhet, of whom the Celts, or Kelts, were one tribe. The 
 Phoenicians also, and the Carthaginians, had intercourse with the 
 island. 
 
 B. C. 55] Julius Caesar landed in August atLyme, near Deal, 
 after much resistance from the Britons. Having gained some 
 successes over them, and binding them to submission, he withdrew 
 at the approach of winter into Gaul. 
 
 54] Returning in the following summer, with 30,000 troops, he 
 forced the passage of the Thames, near Kingston, captured the 
 city of Cassibelan, the British prince, near St. Albans, and took 
 hostages for. the payment of an annual tribute. He received also 
 the submission of a large part of the island. 
 
 A. D. 43] The Emperor Claudius sent a large army under 
 Aulus Plautius. Joining it himself, he took Camalodunum, or 
 Maiden, the capital of Cunobellin. Vespasian and his son Titus 
 distinguished themselves in 30 battles, subduing the Isle of Wight, 
 and occupying the southern parts of Britain. 
 
 51] Caractacus, or Caradawg, a British prince, near the Severn, 
 renewing the struggle, was taken by Ostorius Scapula, and carried 
 in chains to Rome; where his noble behaviour procured him the 
 favour of the Emperor Claudius. It is said that Bran, the father 
 of Caractacus, having been led into captivity with his son, heard
 
 KNGLISH HISTORY. 65 
 
 the gospel at Rome, nnd first introduced it into Britain. The 
 first Christian church was at Glastonbury, in Somersetshire. 
 
 61] Boadicea, queen of the Iceni (Norfolk and Suffolk), 
 making a new effort to regain independence, attacked and burned 
 London, then a flourishing colony, and massacred the inhabitants ; 
 but being afterward defeated by Paulinus Suetonius, she poisoned 
 herself. 
 
 84] Agricola, who governed Britain in the reigns of Vespasian, 
 Titus, and Domitian, finally established the dominion of the 
 Romans in this island. He drove the Britons northwards, de- 
 feated their leader, Galgacus, near the Grampian Hills, and 
 secured the Roman provinces by a chain of forts between the 
 friths of Clyde and Forth. 
 
 210] The Emperor Severus erected an immense stone wall, 
 twelve feet high, eight feet thick, and strengthened with towers 
 nearly parallel to the rampart, which the Emperor Adrian had 
 raised from the Tyue to the Solway Frith, to defend the Roman 
 frontiers. [For the events from A. D. 210 to 410, see the 
 Chronological Tables IV. and V., 1st column.] 
 
 By whom is it supposed that Britain was originally peopled ? 
 What nations had intercourse with it? Mention the date and 
 circumstances of Caesar's first invasion his second of the in- 
 vasion of Claudius Caractacus. Who is said to have first intro- 
 duced Christianity into Britain ? Where was the first British 
 Christian church? Mention particulars respecting Boadicea. 
 Who was Agricola, and what did he effect? When, and how, 
 did Severus defend the Roman frontiers ? 
 
 CKNTURIES V. AND VI. THE ANGLO-SAXON HEPTARCHY. 
 
 Britain riots (410) in freedom, when Rome's call'd away; 
 But against Picts and Scots, she gave Hengist rare pay (449): 
 Tho' Arthur ne'er lags (530), Saxon kingdoms increase, 
 And in Kent, St. Augustine preach'd comfort, joy, peace 
 (597). 
 
 410] The Roman troops in Britain, indignant at the ravages 
 committed in Gaul by the northern barbarians, revolted, and 
 raised one Constantine from the ranks to be emperor ; accom- 
 panied him into Gaul, which they delivered ; and afterward ob- 
 tained possession of Spain. During their absence, the barbarians 
 assailed Britain. The natives, unable to obtain aid either from 
 Constantine or from the Emperor Honyrius, armed themselves, 
 
 o3
 
 66 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 drove the invaders from their cities, and became independent. 
 The Romans never again recovered possession of the island. 
 
 410 449] England and Wales had been divided into 30 inde- 
 pendent districts by the Romans; and after their departure civil 
 discords ensued, and produced numerous regal chiefs ; but one 
 ruler was made the supreme monarch, with the addition of a 
 council of the other chiefs. In 449, Vortigern was holding this 
 sovereignty. 
 
 449] Hengist and Horsa, two Saxon brothers, aided Vortigern 
 successfully against the incursions of the Picts and Scots ; but 
 being joined by the Jutes and Angles from Sleswick, the Saxons 
 turned upon the Britons. In 452, Hengist, however, was de- 
 feated by Vnrtigern's son, Vortimer, at Aylesford, and expelled. 
 In 457 he returned, routed the Britons at Cray ford, and obtained 
 the Kingdom of Kent (rare pay) in 465. 
 
 473] The Britons made two desperate but fruitless attacks 
 upon Hengist ; the last at Wippedsfleet. 
 
 530] Arthur, the celebrated prince in South Wales (of whom 
 so much fable is related), sustained the declining fate of his 
 country ; and, by a great victory at Badon, over Cerdic, king of 
 Wessex, repressed for a time the progress of the Saxons. 
 
 During the wars between the Britons and Anglo-Saxons, the 
 latter had established eight separate kingdoms : 
 
 1. KENT (including the Isle of Wight and the opposite coast 
 of Hampshire), by Hengist and the Jutes, in 457. 
 
 2. SUSSEX, or South Saxon, by Ella, before 500. 
 
 3. WESSEX, or West Saxon (Surrey, Hants, Berks, Wilts, 
 Dorset, Somerset, Devon, and part of Cornwall), by Cerdic, 
 in 519. 
 
 4. ESSEX, or East Saxon (including Middlesex and south part 
 of Herts), by Erchenwin, about 530. 
 
 5. EAST ANGLIA (Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge, and part of 
 Bedford), bv Uffa, before 560. 
 
 6. BERMCIA (Northumberland and South of Scotland, between 
 the Tweed and Frith of Forth), by Ida, in 547. 
 
 7. DEIRA (Lancashire, Yorkshire, Westmoreland, Cumberland, 
 and Durham), by another Ella, in 560. 
 
 8. MERCIA (from Wales to the frontiers of Wessex, Essex, E. 
 Anglia, and Deira) by Crida, in 586. 
 
 The two kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia being afterward 
 united under the title of the kingdom of Northumbria, the Saxon 
 kingdoms are generally reckoned seven, and styled the Hep- 
 tarchy. 
 
 597] Pope Gregory sent Augustine and 40 monks to preach 
 Christianity to the Kentish Saxons under King Ethelbert. They
 
 HISTORY. 67 
 
 were patronized by his Christian wife, Bertha, daughter of Chari- 
 bert, king of Paris. 
 
 When, and on what occasion, did Britain recover its freedom ? 
 How had it been divided by the Romans ? What happened after 
 their departure ? Who was Vortigern V Mention date and par- 
 ticulars connected with Hengist and Horsa. When, where, and 
 by whom was Hengist defeated ? When and where did he gain 
 the kingdom of Kent? What did the Britons afterward attempt ? 
 Mention the date and particulars connected with Arthur the 
 number, date, and names of the Saxon kingdoms. Why are 
 they generally called the Heptarchy ? When, and by whom, was 
 Christianity preached to the Kentish Saxons ? By whom was it 
 promoted ? 
 
 CENTURIES IX. X. XT. ANGLO-SAXON KINGS. 
 
 Egbert laid England's basis (800), and made the Danes 
 wince (827) ; [prince : 
 
 War was wag'd (83G) too by Ethelwolf, who shar'd with the 
 Sons Ethelbald, Ethclbert. joint monarchs walk (857) ; 
 Sword of Ethelred ieavV?(866) J when the Danes round him 
 
 [stalk. 
 
 Freedom's beacon (872) was Alfred, the Englishman's boast; 
 Son Edward the Elder stood firm to his post (901) : 
 The opener (924) of commerce was Athelstan hearty ; 
 Pious Edmund was killed by a thief at a party (941). 
 
 Northumbria feard (946) Edred. Bishop Dunstan did 
 In wrath after Edwin, Elgiva's Apollo (955) : [follow 
 Brother Edgar the peaceful drove wolves out of life (959) ; 
 Facile (975) Edward was martyr'd by step-mother's knife. 
 
 By massacre Ethelred would a, peace buy (978) ; 
 And treason caus'd Ironside Edmund to die* (10,16). 
 
 * In this and the subsequent dates the 1000 is understood.
 
 68 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 Canute Dane the whole took ( 10, 1 7). Agile ( 1 0,35) Harold] 
 
 [kill'd foes,( 
 
 But thro' Hardicanute his dead body arose (10, 40) ; [woes, f 
 Edward, Confessor, Iron-sides (10,42) brother, touch'dj 
 
 800] Egbert, king of Wessex and Sussex, compelled the other 
 Anglo-Saxon kingdoms to submit, about 827. As, however, he did 
 not incorporate them all with his own kingdom, but made some 
 of them only tributary, the propriety of styling him monarch of 
 all England is doubtful. His reign was prosperous and glorious. 
 833. Though once routed by the Danes at Charmouth, in Dor- 
 setshire, yet he was afterwards victorious against the united forces 
 of them and of the Britons at Hengstone-hill in Cornwall, in 835. 
 
 836] Ethelwolf, son of Egbert, was originally a monk. In 
 one distinguished battle at Aclea (Oakley), in Surrey, 852, he 
 routed the Danes, who had extended their incursions from the 
 Isle of Thanet, where they had wintered. He went on a pilgrimage 
 to Rome ; married Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald, king of 
 France ; and was, in consequence, compelled to divide his kingdom 
 with his rebellious son, Ethelbald. It is supposed that Ethelwolf 
 granted tithes to the clergy. 
 
 857] Ethelbald, and his brother Ethelbert, by the will of their 
 father, shared the kingdom. Ethelbald (who married his mother- 
 in-law, Judith) dying within thiee years, Ethelbert reigned alone, 
 and repulsed the ravaging Danes, who had burned Winchester. 
 
 866] Ethelred, third son of Ethelwolf, was continually engaged 
 in war with the Danes, who had obtained possession of the king- 
 doms of Northumbria and East Anglia, and had advanced to 
 Reading. He died of a wound received in battle, at Merton, in 
 Berkshire. 
 
 872 or 871] Alfred, youngest son of Ethelwolf, at first suffered 
 much from the Danes, who for a time obtained possession of his 
 kingdom. He concealed himself in Somersetshire, but afterwards 
 defeated them at Edderdune, near Westbury, compelled them to 
 be baptized, and, limiting their possessions to the north of the 
 Thames and the Ouse, forced them to recognise his supremacy. 
 After an interval of fifteen years of peace, the kingdom was again 
 ravaged by the Northmen from France under Hastings, and by 
 the East Anglian and Northumbrian Danes ; but after four severe 
 campaigns, Alfred subdued them all. He divided (or revived the 
 division of) England into counties, with their subdivisions of hun- 
 dreds and tithings ; and composed a body of laws, the foundation 
 of what is called the common law of England. He patronized 
 learning, founded the University of Oxford, repaired London, en-
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 69 
 
 couraged navigation and the arts, and was himself a most ac- 
 complished scholar. In short, he is justly regarded aa one of the 
 best and wisest of monarchs. 
 
 901] Edirard the Elder equalled his father Alfred only in 
 military talents. He suppressed a rebellion of his cousin Ethel- 
 wald, son of Ethelred, who was aided by the Danes of Northum- 
 bria, and East Anglia. He compelled them to swear allegiance, 
 and finally incorporated Mercia with Wessex. 
 
 924] Ethelward, the eldest son of Edward the Elder, dying 
 immediately after his father, Athelstan, his illegitimate brother, 
 w<is chosen. He was an illustrious and amiable character, a fa- 
 vourite among his own people and in Europe. It was his glory 
 to luive educated and enthroned Alan of Bretagne, Louis IV. of 
 France, and Haco of Norway. In 934. at Brunenburgh, in North- 
 umberland, he completely routed the joint forces of the Welsh, 
 of the Scots under Constantine, and the Anglo Danes, Northmen, 
 and Irish, under the prince Anlaf, who, like king Alfred, had 
 entered the English camp in the disguise of a minstrel. By this 
 victory, Athelstan became in reality, as in title, the FIRST MON- 
 ARCH OF ALL ENGLAND. To encourage commerce, Athelstan 
 enacted, that every merchant who had made three long voyages 
 should have the rank of lesser thane, or gentleman. 
 
 941] Edmund the Pious, son of Edward the Elder, had a severe 
 struggle with Anlaf, the expelled prince of Northumbria; but on 
 his death Edmund re-established his authority over that country. 
 He also conquered Cumbria, or Strathclyde, and conferred it on 
 Malcolm, king of Scotland, on condition of defending it against 
 invaders. Edmund caused the Scriptures to be translated into 
 Saxon. He was stabbed at a feast in Gloucester by Leolf, an 
 out-lawed robber. 
 
 946] Edmund's sons being too young to reign, his brother 
 Edred was elected. He completely subdued Eric, who had seized 
 Northumbria, and inseparably united it to his dominions in 952. 
 Edred was all his reign afflicted with a disease, which, by a 
 gradual wasting, produced his death. 
 
 955] Edwin, or Ed ivy, the Fair, son of Edmund the Pious, 
 hated the monks, and banished Dunstan, abbot of Glastonbury, 
 afterwards archbishop -of Canterbury ; who, however, revenged 
 himself by fomenting a rebellion, setting Edwin's brother, the boy 
 Edgar, on the throne, and barbarously murdering the beautiful 
 queen Elgiva. The unhappy king died about three years after, 
 the victim either of grief or assassination, 
 
 959] Edgar was young and licentious; but possessing great 
 talents for ruling, he reigned prosperously and splendidly. He 
 managed the monks discreetly. He overawed all his foreign
 
 70 
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 enemies by vigorous measures, and was enabled to indulge bis 
 inclination towards splendour and the improvement of his govern- 
 ment. He ordered a new coinage ; and, by changing the money 
 tribute from Wales into an annual tribute of 300 wolves' beads, 
 he soon exterminated the breed. 
 
 975] Edward, called from his unhappy death, the Martyr, 
 succeeded his father, Edgar, at the age of 15, by the aid of Dunstan, 
 in spite of his mother-in-law, Elfnda, who wished to raise her 
 own son, Ethelred, to the throne. The king when hunting called 
 at Corfe Castle, the place of her residence. He declined to alight, 
 but desired some refreshment, and requested to see his brother ; 
 while raising the cup to his lips, he was by Elfrida's order stabbed 
 in the back. 
 
 978] Ethelred, the Unready, son of Edgar and Elfrida, suc- 
 ceeded at twelve years of age. His kingdom being several times 
 ravaged by the Northmen, or foreign Danes, he meanly bribed 
 them to depart; and in 1002, caused all the Danes, who were 
 settled in England, to be massacred on November 13, on St. Brice's 
 day. Sweyn, king of Denmark, in the following summer, ravaged 
 the land with fire and s\vord, and continued the ravages for several 
 years. Famine and pestilence ensued. At length, in 1013, 
 Ethelred fled to his brother-in-law, Richard, duke of Normandy, 
 and Sweyn became first Northman king of England ; but, dying 
 in a few weeks, Ethelred returned, and attempted, during the 
 remainder of his reign, through his brave son, Edmund, to resist 
 the ravages of Sweyn's son, Canute, who had subjugated most of 
 the island. 
 
 1016] Edmund Ironside, the brave but illegitimate son of 
 Ethelred the Unready, contended in spite of treason and defeat 
 with such perseverance against Canute, that at length it was 
 agreed to share the kingdom between them. Edmund, who reigned 
 in the South, being soon after murdered by his two chamberlains 
 at Oxford, made way for the accession of Canute the Dane to the 
 throne of England. 
 
 1017] Canute endeavoured to secure the throne by marrying 
 Emma, the widow of king Ethelred, and sister of the duke of 
 Normandy. Though at first most cruel and tyrannical, he after- 
 wards conciliated the affection of the English by his humanity, 
 justice, and wisdom. He was feared and respected by neighbour- 
 ing nations, being king of Denmark, Norway, and England. 
 
 1035] Harold Harefoot, natural son of Canute, seized the 
 throne, but was forced by Earl Godwin and the English nobles 
 to share the kingdom with his half-brother, Flardicanute (the 
 Thames being the boundary) ; whose mother Emma, iti conse- 
 quence, ruled at Winchester during her son's absence. Alfred,
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 71 
 
 one of her English sons, and his attendants, having been bam I,, 
 
 < /th<ij>]>t<l, and nutrdcrt'd by order of Harold Hurrfoot, she and 
 the surviving English prince Edward (afterward the Confessor) 
 fled to the Continent, 
 
 1040] Hardicanutc, or Canute the Hardy, caused his brother's 
 bod if to be dug up, beheaded, and thrown into the Tliames. He 
 however, welcomed the arrival of his half-hrother Edward in 
 England. He lost the affections of the English by renewing the 
 tax of Danes^elt ; and, therefore, the day of his death, which 
 happened, two years afterward, through intemperance, was ki-pt 
 as a festival, called Hock Holiday. His death separated the crowns 
 of England and Denmark ; and Magnus, king of Norway, obtained 
 the Danish sceptre. 
 
 1042] The English now shook off the Danish yoke, and re- 
 stored the Saxon line in Edward, son of Ethelred and Emma 
 (Ironsides brother). He strengthened his cause by marrying 
 Editha, daughter of Godwin, the powerful earl of Kent ; but 
 became unpopular by introducing Normans at court, who were 
 soon banished through the ultimately successful rebellion of 
 Godwin and his son Harold. Edward took off the Danegelt ; 
 and, after a reiiiii of 24 years, on the whole peaceful and prospe- 
 rous died childless. He was the first Knglish king who touched 
 for the cure of the scrofula ; which disease was thence called the 
 'King's Evil. 
 
 What relationship was there between the king and his 
 
 immediate predecessor ? When did he begin to re'gn ? How 
 long did he reign? What were the principal events (if they 
 
 are numerous) ? What happened in the year ? What 
 
 matrimonial alliance? What wars, and what battles? Who 
 were the commanders, and what the relative numbers ? Was any 
 treaty concluded? What character is given of this king? Who 
 
 was the next king ? Explain the memorial line, if requisite. 
 
 N.B. These questions will suit the following reigns. 
 
 THK SAXON LINE SUCCEEDED BY THE NOKMAN. 
 Norman William at Hastings saw Harold lie dead (10,66) ; 
 William Rufus was weak (10,87), by an arrow he bled : 
 First Henry in prison his brother long teases (1,100) ; 
 Nor Stephen yields tamely (1,135) the crown that he seizes. 
 
 1066] Harold, son of Earl Godwin, was elected king for his 
 valour and merits, September 25. He defeated and slew his rebel- 
 lious brother, Tostig, as well as his ally the king of Norway, in a
 
 72 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 great battle at Stamford ; but three weeks afterward was himself 
 defeated and slain by his rival, William, duke of Normandy, at the 
 battle of Hastings, October 14. 
 
 1066 1067] William the Conqueror procured himself to be 
 elected king;. He at first confirmed to the English their liberty 
 and property, but disarmed them. 
 
 1069 70] A general revolt taking place on account of his 
 tyranny, he desolated the country 60 miles between the Humber 
 and the Tees; gave the principal English estates to his Norman 
 followers ; introduced the feudal system, the Norman laws and 
 language, and the curfew-bell. He depopulated above 30 miles 
 of inhabited country to make the New Forest as a place for 
 hunting. 
 
 1079] He was nearly killed by his rebellious son, Robert, who 
 attacked him without knowing him, in a sally from the castle of 
 Gerberoy, in Normandy (50 m. N. by W. from Paris). 
 
 1081] He caused a general survey to be taken of all the lands 
 in England, whence Doomsday Bo<;k was compiled, still preserved 
 in the Court of Exchequer. 
 
 1087] He died, aged 63, in consequence of an injury from 
 riding, while he was engaged in directing the burning of the town 
 of Mante in France, during a war with Philip I. 
 
 1087] September 9. William Rufus, or Red Head, second son 
 of the Conqueror, succeeded by his father's will. Aided by the 
 English, whom he deluded, he suppressed a rebellion of Norman 
 nobles, excited by his ambitious uncle, Odo, bishop of Bayeux, in 
 favour of his brother Robert. 
 
 1090] He invaded Normandy, but at length compromised with 
 Robert, and joined him in besieging their brother Henry at St. 
 Michael's Mount, in Normandy. 
 
 1095] He quelled a conspiracy in England, made to raise 
 Stephen, count of Aumale, nephew of the Conqueror, to the throne. 
 
 1096] He paid Robert 10,000 marks for his dukedom for 
 three years ; a sum which enabled that prince to join in the first 
 crusade to the Holy Land. 
 
 1097] Westminster-hall built. Lanfranc and Anselm were 
 celebrated archbishops in this reign. 
 
 1100] The tyrannical and irreligious Rufus was killed (acci- 
 dentally, it is supposed) with an arrow, while hunting in the New 
 Forest. 
 
 - ] The sea overflowed the lands of Godwin, earl of Kent, to 
 this day called the Godwin Sands. 
 
 ] August 2. Henry I., third son of the Conqueror, seized the
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 73 
 
 royal treasures and the throne, excluding his elder brother Robert, 
 absent in the Holy Lund ; courted popularity by favouring the 
 liberties of the English, and by marrying Matilda, daughter of 
 Malcolm III., king of Scots, and niece of Edgar Atheling : thus 
 uniting the Saxon and Norman lines. 
 
 1101] He compromised with his brother fora pension. 
 
 1106] Invited by the Normans, who complained of Robert's 
 bad government, he invaded Normandy, carried his brother 
 prisoner to England, and confined him 28 years in Cardiff Castle. 
 
 1118] Louis VI. of France supported the cause of Robert's 
 son; and, in a chivalric battle at Andely (20m. S. E. of Rouen), 
 Louis and 400 knights were defeated by Henry and 500 knights. 
 
 1120] His only son William was drowned in returning from 
 Normandy. 
 
 1127] He married his daughter, Matilda, first to the emperor, 
 Henry V., and then to Geoffry Plantagenet, son of the count of 
 Anjou. 
 
 1 135] At his death he left his daughter heiress to the crown, whom 
 he had previously procured to be acknowledged as his successor. 
 
 ] Dec. 1. Stephen, the count of Boulogne, son of Stephen, 
 
 count of Blois, and grandson to the Conqueror, by his daughter 
 Adela, usurped the throne. All ranks had sworn fealty to Matilda, 
 and much misery followed their perjury. 
 
 1138] He defeated David, king of Scots, who supported 
 Matilda's cause, at the battle of the Standard, near Northallerton 
 (30 m. N. N. W. from York). 
 
 1153] After a long and bloody civil war, during which Stephen 
 was taken prisoner, Matilda's son Henry invaded England, and 
 the crown was settled, by the treaty of Winchester, to descend to 
 him after Stephen's death. Canon or ecclesiastical law was 
 introduced. 
 
 HOUSE OF ANJOU OR PLANTAGENET. 
 
 Second Hal like a taylor (1,154), in penance did creep; 
 And lion-heart Richard caused Pagans to iccep (1,189) : 
 John kill'd nephew Arthur, and knelt to a pope (1,199) ; 
 The Barons united (1,216)), with Third Henry cope. 
 First Edward seized Scotland and Wales, tho' no Am (1,272). 
 Second Edward, thro' flattery's music (1,307), did sin: 
 Third Edward at Cressy could /nmce(1327)the Frenchstock; 
 Second Richard,hisgrandson J wasBolingbroke'srnocA(l 377) .
 
 74 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 1154] October 25. Henry //., grandson of Henry I., possessed 
 more foreign dominions than any of his predecessors ; having 
 inherited Anjou and Touraine from his father ; Normandy and 
 Maine from his mother: and obtaining Guienne and Poictou by 
 his wife Eleanor, the divorced queen of Louis VII.; and Brittany 
 by conquest. This wise and politic prince attempted to reduce 
 the power of the Pope and the clergy by the famous Constitutions 
 of Clarendon (in Wiltshire, 3 rn. E. from Salisbury) in 1164, but 
 he was opposed by his minister, Thomas a Becket, who was 
 murdered at Canterbury in 1170. 
 
 1172] The earl of Pembroke, surnamed Strongbow, having 
 aided Dermod, the expelled king of Leinster, and obtained con- 
 siderable power in Ireland, the king went over with an army and 
 received the submission of the whole island. 
 
 1174] Henry did penance at Beckefs tomb. The Scots, under 
 William the Lion, were defeated the same day at Alnwick. 
 
 1175] He routed his refractory barons, and compromised with 
 his rebellious sons. 
 
 1 1 89] He was forced to yield to his son Richard, who rebelled 
 in Normandy, aided by Philip II. of France. Finding his 
 favourite son, John, in the list of rebels, he cursed his children, and 
 soon died heart-broken, in the church at Chinon,in Touraine (lat. 
 47.12, long, 0. 22 E.)> where his body was stripped and left exposed. 
 
 ] July 6, Richard /., Cceur-de-Lion, the Achilles of 
 
 modern history, was son of Henry II. On his coronation-day a 
 massacre of the Jews took place, which afterwards extended to 
 several parts of the country. 
 
 1192J He engaged in the third crusade; subdued Cyprus in 
 his way ; raised the siege of Acre, and defeated Saladin, the sultan 
 of Egypt, near Askalon ; concluded a treaty ; and was wrecked 
 near Aquileia, in 1193, in returning to Europe. 
 
 1193] Richard, proceeding from the coast of Dalmatia in 
 disguise, was made prisoner near Vienna by the duke of Austria, 
 who sold him to the emperor, Henry VI., by whom he was con- 
 fined in various places. The king's brother, John, and Philip of 
 France, attempted to seize his dominions. " Dieu et mon Droit" 
 was Richard's motto. 
 
 1194] After an imprisonment of more than a year, he was 
 ransomed by his subjects. The four following years were passed 
 in a succession of wars and truces with the king of France. At 
 last, by the mediation of the Pope, a truce for five years was 
 agreed upon, in order to undertake another crusade. 
 
 1199] Besieging the castle of Chalus (12 m. W.S.W. from 
 Limoges), to compel his vassal, the count of Limoges, to surrender
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 75 
 
 some treasure which had been found hid in the earth, he was 
 mortally wounded by an arrow. 
 
 1199] April 6. John, youngest son of Henry II., seized the 
 throne, and is supposed to have murdered Arthur, the son of his 
 elder brother, Geoffry. Phillip II. seized all the foreign domains. 
 
 1207] John offending Pope Innocent III., by opposing his ap- 
 pointment of Cardinal Langcon to be archbishop of Canterbury, 
 England was put under an interdict : divine service ceased. 
 
 1213] The Pope sentenced John to be deposed ; and intrusted 
 the execution of the sentence to the king of France ; but John 
 averted the invasion, and consented to hold his kingdom under 
 the Pope. The interdict was taken off, a large compensation being 
 paid to the clergy. 
 
 1215] June 15. John was forced by the barons at Runnemede 
 t) sign Magna Charta, the bulwark of English freedom. 
 
 1216] He died, Oct. 18, from fatigue and vexation at losing 
 his baggage, treasures, &c., by a flood in Lincolnshire, while 
 engaged in an expedition against Louis the Dauphin, to whom the 
 barons had offered the crown. 
 
 ] Oct. 19. Henry III., eldest son of John, was only nine 
 
 years old at his father's death. 1217] His uncle, the earl of 
 Pembroke, the Protector, defeated the Dauphin at Lincoln, and 
 forced him to quit the kingdom. 
 
 1219] The succeeding minister, Hubert de Burgh, vainly 
 attempted to control the turbulent barons, whose factions disturbed 
 the kingdom many years. 
 
 1236 J The king, having married Eleanor, daughter of the count 
 of Provence,became unpopular by his profusion to foreign favourites. 
 
 1242] He invaded Guienne, was routed by the French king, 
 Louis IX., at Taillebourg, and lost the remainder of Poictou. 
 
 1255] The sovereignty of Sicily being promised by Pope 
 Innocent IV. for his second son Edmund, he wasted immense sums 
 in a vain endeavour to accomplish the project. 
 
 1257] He solemnly ratified the great Charter ; but, soon 
 violating his engagement, the barons, headed by his sister Eleanor's 
 second husband, Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester, extorted 
 from the king concession?, called the Provisions of Oxford, June 11, 
 1258. The regal power was vested in 24 barons. 
 
 1263] A civil war ensued. The king and his son, Prince 
 Edward, were taken prisoners by Leicester at the battle of Lewes, 
 May 14, 1264. 
 
 1264] Leicester summoned a new Parliament, in which the 
 representatives of boroughs were admitted for the first time.
 
 76 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 1265] Prince Edward, having escaped, defeated and slew 
 Leicester at the battle of Evesham, near Worcester, August 4, 
 and restored the king. 
 
 1270] The Prince, joining the crusaders in the Holy Land, 
 distinguished himself by many gallant exploits. During his 
 absence, his father died, Nov. 16, 1272, in the 64th year of his 
 age, having reigned 56 years the longest reign, till lately, in the 
 English annals. 
 
 1272] Nov. 16. Edward L, eldest son of Henry III. 
 
 1276] Forced Llewellyn, prince of North Wales, to submit. 
 
 1283] Entirely subdued Wales, and annexed it to England, 
 made his infant son, who was born at Carnarvon Castle, Prince 
 of Wales, the title ever since of the king's eldest son. 
 
 1290] Expelled the Jews from England, to the number of 15,000. 
 
 1291] Being chosen umpire between the competitors for the 
 Scottish Crown, he decides for Baliol, who swore fealty, 1292. 
 
 1296] On Baliol's rebelling and invading England, Edward reta- 
 liated, defeated him at. Dunbar, and carried him prisoner to London. 
 
 1297] During Edward's absence in France, William Wallace 
 defeated the English under Warrenne, at Stirling, September 1 1. 
 
 1298] Edward routed Wallace at Falkirk, in Stirlingshire, July 
 22, with prodigious slaughter. 
 
 1305] Wallace, being treacherously delivered up and carried 
 to London, was unjustly hanged, drawn and quartered. 
 
 1306] Robert Bruce rescued his country and was crowned ; 
 and though for a time driven into exile, yet he was again enabled 
 to oppose the English forces. 
 
 1307] Edward died near Carlisle, July 7, in advancing to regain 
 Scotland. From the useful laws which he introduced, he is styled 
 the English Justinian. 
 
 1307] July 7. Edward II., surnamed Carnarvon, succeeded his 
 father, Edward I., at the age of 24. The insolence and tyranny of 
 his successive favourites, Gaveston [1308], and the two Spencers 
 [1326], produced a civil war with his nobles. 
 
 1314] He was entirely defeated at Bannockburn, (4 m. E. of 
 Stirling) by Robert Bruce, who thus secured the independence of 
 Scotland, June 24. 
 
 1327] Edward was deposed and murdered at Berkeley Castle, 
 in Gloucestershire, by means of his wife, Isabella, and her 
 paramour, Mortimer. 
 
 1327] January 25. Edward III. succeeded his father Edward 
 II. at the age of 14.
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 77 
 
 1330] He shook off the tyrannical government of Queen Isabella 
 and Mortimer, confined the former for life in Risings Castle, in 
 Norfolk, and hanged the latter. 
 
 1333] He routed the Scots at Halidon Hill, near Berwick, and 
 placed his tributary, Baliol, on the throne. 
 
 1336] He claimed the crown of France in right of his mother, 
 Isabella, daughter of Philip IV. 
 
 1339 41] Edward made three campaigns against France. 
 The 2d commenced by his gaining a great naval victory, in which 
 he captured the whole fleet of 230 ships. Of the French, who 
 were four to one, 30,000 perished. 
 
 1346] In his 4th campaign he ravaged the country almost to 
 the gates of Paris ; effected a retreat, and crossed the river Somme 
 in face of a superior force. Aug. 26, defeated the French, 30,000 
 against 120,000, under Philip VI. of Valois, at the battle of 
 Cressy, principally through his valiant son, the Black Prince. 
 
 J Oct. 17. His queen Philippa accompanied the army that 
 
 routed the invading Scots at Neville's Cross, near Durham, when 
 their king, David Bruce, was taken prisoner. Of the queen's 
 4 commanders 3 were prelates. 1347] Her humanity saved the 
 6 illustrious citizens, when Calais surrendered to her husband. 
 
 1356] The prince made an attack from Guienne, which led to 
 the famous battle of Poictiers, Sept. 19 ; where, with 8,000. he 
 routed 40,000 French, and took their king, John, prisoner. 
 
 1367] The prince restored Peter I. to the throne of Castile, 
 having defeated his usurping brother, Henry of Trastamar, though 
 aided by the celebrated French general, Du Guesclin. 
 
 1376] The death of the prince plunged the nation in grief, and 
 broke the spirits of his father, who did not long survive. 
 
 1377] WicklifFe was punished for writing against Popery. He 
 published the first English Bible. 
 
 ] June 21 . Richard II. , son of the Black Prince, succeeded 
 at the age of 11 thoughtless, prodigal, but brave. The French 
 fleet ravaged the coast, took the Isle of Wight, and burned 
 Hastings. 
 
 1381] He suppressed in person an insurrection on account of a 
 poll-tax, headed by Wat Tyler. The contests between the king's 
 uncles, Lancaster, York, and Gloucester, embroiled all public 
 measures. 
 
 1388] The battle of Otterburne, in Northumberland, between 
 Percy, surnamed Hotspur, and the earl of Douglas, in which Percy 
 was taken prisoner, and Douglas was slain. On this battle is 
 founded the celebrated ballad of Chevy Cha.ce. 
 
 1397] He caused Gloucester to be murdered at Calais ; and 
 
 H 3
 
 /O ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 banished the duke of Norfolk, and Bolingbroke, afterwards duke 
 of Lancaster. 
 
 1399] Whilst Richard was engaged in quelling an insurrection 
 in Ireland, his cousin, Henry, duke of Lancaster, rebelled against 
 him, on account of his tyranny, cruelty, and perfidy, and obliged 
 him, at his return (after the mockery of a public entry into Lon- 
 don), to resign the crown. Richard died a violent death in Pom- 
 fret Castle, Feb. 14, 1400. 
 
 HOUSE OF LANCASTER. 
 
 Fourth Hal fill'd the gap up (1,399). The French look'd 
 
 about 'em, [(M 13 ) ; 
 
 When in Agincourt's field the Fifth Henry did rout 'em 
 
 Weak Henry the Sixth lost the land of the Rhone (1 ,422) ; 
 
 (YORK.) 
 
 Fourth Edward by murder would rivet (1,461) his throne. 
 Little Edward the Fifth and his brother York died 
 By Richard the Third : I'll rob 'em (1,483), he cried. 
 
 1399] Sept. 30. Henry IV., son of John of Gaunt, duke of Lan- 
 caster, third son of Edward III., was proclaimed king after the 
 deposition of Richard II. 
 
 1400] To gain the support of the clergy, he persecuted the 
 Lollards, or followers of Wickliffe, the first English reformer. 
 
 ] He carried on an obstinate war in Wales against Owen 
 
 Glendower, who captured the true heir to the throne, Edmund 
 Mortimer, curl of Marche, great-grandson of Lionel, second son 
 of Edward III. 
 
 1402] The invading Scots were routed at Hamildon Hill, Sept. 
 14, by the earl of Northumberland and his son Henry, surnamed 
 Hotspur ; who, offended by the king's order to surrender their 
 prisoners to him, as well as by his refusing to ransom Hotspur's 
 nephew, Mortimer, then supported the claim of the latter to the 
 throne. 
 
 1403] Aug. 3. Henry defeated them with the Scots and Welsh, 
 at Shrewsbury about 14,000 on each side. 
 
 1406] He unjustly detained as prisoner, the Scottish prince, 
 James, who had been taken by an English ship during a truce. 
 
 1403] Mar. 30. Henry died in the Jerusalem Chamber at 
 Westminster, in the 46th year of his age ; a wise and prudent 
 king, but a bad man.
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 79 
 
 14131 March 20. Henry V. eldest son of Henry IV., reformed 
 his profligate character, and strove to banish party distinction. 
 
 1415] Persecuted the Lollards, headed by Sir John Oldcastle, 
 who was afterward burned ; suppressed the conspiracy of the earl 
 of Cambridge, Sir T. Grey, and Scroop, at Southampton ; took 
 Harfleur after a siege of 38 days ; and (Oct. 25) routed the 
 French under the Constable D'Albert at Agincourt (7 miles N. 
 of Hesdin, in the Pas de Calais), with great slaughter, though 
 they were about six times more numerous. A truce for two years 
 ensued. 
 
 1418] Again invaded France during the dissensions in that 
 country. 
 
 1420] He concluded the treaty of Troves, which secured the 
 French crown to the king of England ; and married the Princess 
 Catherine, who in 1421 brought him a son, Henry VI. 
 
 1422] Aug. 31. Henry VI., the infant son of Henry V., was 
 proclaimed king of France and England his uncle, the duke of 
 Bedford, being regent, and Gloucester his deputy in England. 
 
 1429] The English were forced to raise the siege of Orleans, 
 by Joan of Arc, whom they afterward captured and burnt for a 
 witch. They were, however, gradually expelled, by Charles VII. 
 from most of their foreign possessions, before 1444. 
 
 1440] Cardinel Beaufort's ministry. 
 
 1444] The kins marries Margaret of Anjon. Suffolk's ministry. 
 
 1447] Suspicious death of Gloucester. Horrid death-bed of 
 Beaufort. 
 
 1450] Cade's rebellion suppressed. 
 
 ] The war being renewed, the English lost Normandy, as 
 
 well as Guienne (Calais alone was retained). 
 
 1451] The brave Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury, aged 80, was 
 killed in battle, at Castillon (25 m. E. from Bordeaux). 
 
 1455] Richard, duke of York, great-great-grandson of Lionel, 
 second son of Edward III., claimed the crown : defeated and took 
 the king near St. Albans, May 22, and became Protector. 
 
 1460] He was routed and slain at Wakefield (28 m. S. W. of 
 York), Dec. 30, by Margaret of Anjou ; who also defeated his 
 supporter the earl of Warwick, at St. Albaus, Feb. 17, 1461; 
 but was forced to retreat. 
 
 HOUSE OF YORK. 
 
 1461] March 4. Edward IV. eldest son of Richard, duke of 
 York, was proclaimed king, and routed the queen at Towton 
 (S.E. of Tadcaster), in Yorkshire, March 29. 40,000 Lancastrians 
 were slain.
 
 80 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 1464] His army under Warwick's brother, Montague, routed 
 Margaret and the Scots at Hexham, in Northumberland. 
 
 ] He married Lady Elizabeth Grey : in consequence he 
 
 was deserted by Warwick, who had been sent to negociate a mar- 
 riage with the Lady Bona of Savoy. 
 
 1470] Warwick forced Edward to fly to Holland, and restored 
 Henry VI. 
 
 1471] Edward slew Warwick at the battle of Barnet, Middle- 
 sex, April 14, and took the queen, after a desperate conflict, at 
 Tewksbury, May 4, in which Prince Edward was slain. His father, 
 king Henry, soon after died of grief in the Tower. (See Turner's 
 History, vol. iii. p. 335. 342, 8vo. edit.) 
 
 1475] Edward invaded France, but was induced to make a 
 truce on receiving from Louis XT. a sum of money, and a 
 promise that his son should marry Edward's daughter, Eliza- 
 beth. 
 
 1478] He caused his brother Clarence to be impeached, who, 
 being convicted, chose to be drowned in a butt of malmsey. 
 
 1483] He died from intemperance, April 9, whilst preparing 
 hostilities against Louis XI. for not fulfilling the marriage-agree- 
 ment. 
 
 ] Apr. 9. Edivard V., eldest son of Edward IV., succeeded 
 
 at 13 years of age. His uncle, Richard, duke of Gloucester, being 
 made Protector, caused Lord Hastings and some of the queen's 
 party, to be executed without trial ; persecuted Jane Shore, the 
 late king's mistress ; and seized the crown, on pretence that his 
 nephews, Edward V. and his brother, the young duke of York, 
 were illegitimate. After two months, he caused them to be 
 smothered in the Tower. 
 
 ] June 22. Richard III. beheaded his former adherent, 
 
 the duke of Buckingham, for making an insurrection in support 
 of the earl of Richmond's claim to the crown. 
 
 1484] Strove to become popular by charitable and useful works. 
 Lost his only son, 11 years old. 
 
 1485] Aug. 22. Was defeated through the treachery of North- 
 umberland and the Stanleys, and slain at the battle of Bosworth, 
 in Leicestershire, fighting against his rival, Richmond, who was 
 crowned on the field. 
 
 HOUSE OF TUDOR. 
 
 Seventh Hal joined the roses ; impostors rebel (1,485) ; 
 In Eighth Hal lies a foe (1,509), by whom Popery fell;
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 81 
 
 For young Edward the Sixth a consumption did liirk(\,5 17) ; 
 Bloody Mary made Smithfield illume (1,533) like a Turk : 
 Elizabeth oft was with jealousy yellow (1,558) ; 
 
 (HOUSE OF STUART.) 
 
 Bonny James felt dismay (1,603) at a Gunpowder fellow. 
 Then vainly (1,625) strove Charles till he headless did drop 
 Thro' Cromwell, who five years Protector did stop: [( 1 ,649) 
 Second Charles thenai;0iW!s(l,660)him, and runs for his life;] 
 Second James's avowal (1,685) producing much strife, > 
 Third William came in, by that great aid, a wife (1,689). I 
 
 1485] Aug. 24. Henry VIL, a descendant, on his mother's side, 
 from John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, by his mistress, Catharine 
 Swinford ; and, on his father's side, grandson of Sir Owen Tudor. 
 He married Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., and thus put an 
 end to the contest of the houses of York and Lancaster. 
 
 1487] He suppressed an insurrection excited by Lambert Sim- 
 nel, a baker's son, who personated Edward, earl of Warwick, son 
 of the Duke of Clarence, a prisoner in the Tower. Simnel was 
 made king's scullion. 
 
 1493] Perkin Warbeck, pretending to be Richard, duke of York 
 (who had been smothered in the Tower), assumed the title of 
 Richard IV., was supported by the. Duchess of Burgundy, sister of 
 Edward IV., and was crowned at Dublin. 
 
 1498] Perkin surrendered himself, and was afterward hanged 
 for a fresh conspiracy. 
 
 1499] Edward, earl of Warwick, who had been many years con- 
 fined in the Tower, was executed. Henry was avaricious and 
 despotic ; but by wise laws restored industry and subordination, 
 restrained the nobles and the clergy, and promoted liberty by en- 
 couraging trade and commerce. 
 
 1509] April 22. Henry VIII. succeeded his father, Henry VII. 
 He ordered the execution of Empson and Dudley, two instruments 
 of his father's rapacity ; and married Catherine of Spain, his 
 brother Arthur's widow. 
 
 1513] He joined the Emperor Maximilian against Louis XII. 
 of France, Aug. 16; gained an easy victory over the French at 
 the gates of Guisnes, near Terouenne, but did not take advantage
 
 82 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 of it. It was called the battle of the Spurs, from their use to the 
 French cavalry in its flight. He also took Terouenne, near St. 
 Omer, and Tournay on the Scheld. 
 
 1513] His general, the earl of Surrey, gained the bloody victory 
 at Flodden, in Northumberland, over the Scots, where their king, 
 James IV., and most of his nobility were slain, Sep. 9. 
 
 ] He made peace with Louis XII., and gave him his sister 
 
 Mary in marriage. 
 
 1520] Friendly meeting with Francis I., king of France, at 
 Ardres, near Calais. Splendid entertainments. 
 
 ] He received from Pope Leo X. the title of Defender of 
 
 the Faith, for writing against Luther, the Reformer. 
 
 1521] May 17. The duke of Buckingham (a descendant from 
 the duke of Gloucester, youngest son of Edward III.) was be- 
 headed for treason. 
 
 1530] Henry dismissed Cardinal Wolsey, for opposing his 
 divorce from Queen Catherine, when he wished to marry Anne 
 Boleyn. 
 
 1533] Separated, for the same reasons, from the Church of 
 Rome. 
 
 1534] Guided by Archbishop Cranmer, he was declared su- 
 preme head of the English Church. 
 
 1535] Caused the Chancellor, Sir T. More, to be beheaded, 
 for high treason. 
 
 1538] He suppressed all monasteries, and founded six new 
 bishoprics. 
 
 1539] Introduced the bloody law of the Six Articles, to regulate 
 religion. 
 
 1542] Disappointed of marrying his son Edward to Mary, the 
 young queen of Scotland, he invaded that country, and burned 
 Leith and Edinburgh. 
 
 1546] Caused the earl of Surrey to be beheaded on suspicion 
 of treason. 
 
 1547] This cruel and capricious tyrant married six wives, two 
 of whom he beheaded, and two he discarded. He died Jan. 28. 
 
 ] Jan. 28. Edward VI., son of Henry VIII., by Jane Sey- 
 mour, succeeded at nine years of age. The duke of Somerset, the 
 Protector (his mother's brother), aided by Archbishop Cranmer, 
 planned the present Constitution of the English Church. 
 
 ] Somerset invaded Scotland, and gained the victory of 
 
 Pinkey, or Musselburgh, near Edinburgh, Sept. 10. 
 
 s 1549] Several insurrections respecting enclosures were sup- 
 pressed. 
 
 ] Displeasing the nobility by siding with the people, he
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 83 
 
 was committed to the Tower, and two years afterward was beheaded. 
 Somerset House stands on the site of his palace. 
 
 1550] The earl of Warwick, his rival, afterwards duke of 
 Northumberland, presided in the Regency. 
 
 1552] The Liturgy was introduced. 
 
 1553] Northumberland persuaded the king to settle the crown 
 on his cousin, Lady Jane Grey, the duke's daughter-in-law, and 
 great-grand-daughter of Henry VII. 
 
 ] The amiable Edward died of a consumption, July 6. He 
 
 founded St. Bartholomew's Hospital and Bridewell, and improved 
 the Hospital of Christ Church and St. Thomas's, Southward. 
 
 ] July 6. Mary, daughter of Henry VIII. by Catherine 
 
 of Spain, deposed Lady Jane Grey, after reigning ten days, and 
 beheaded the duke of Northumberland. 
 
 1554] Her proposed marriage with Philip, afterwards king of 
 Spain, produced a fruitless rebellion in Kent, headed by Sir 
 Thomas Wyatt. She beheaded Lady Jane and her husband, 
 Lord Dudley, and restored the Romish religion. 
 
 1555-6] She persecuted the Protestants; burned 288, among 
 whom were the celebrated Reformers, Ridley, Latimer, and Cran- 
 mer. 9,400 clergy were deprived of their livings. 
 
 1558] Nov. 17. She died of vexation at losing Calais in the 
 war with France, and at being hated by her husband and her 
 subjects. 
 
 ] Nov. 17. Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VIII., by Anne 
 Boleyn, immediately restored the Protestant religion. She en- 
 couraged arts and manufactures, and colonized great part of North 
 America. 
 
 1560] She sent Lord Grey with an army to aid the Scottish 
 Protestants. 
 
 1578] She supported the infant republic of Holland against 
 the tyranny of Philip II. of Spain. 
 
 1587] Feb. 8. Mary, queen of Scots, who had taken refuge in 
 England from her rebellious subjects in 1568, was convicted of 
 being concerned in Babington's conspiracy against Elizabeth, and 
 was beheaded at Fotheringay Castle, in Northamptonshire. 
 
 1588] The Spanish Armada, consisting of 150 ships of war, 
 27,000 men, and 3,000 pieces of cannon, was equipped by Philip 
 for the invasion of England ; but part of it was destroyed b\ 
 Lord Howard of Effingham, and Admirals Drake, Hawkins, and 
 Forbisher; and part by storm and shipwreck. 
 
 1601] The earl of Essex was disgraced ; and, attempting to 
 excite insurrection, was beheaded, Feb. 25. He had comrais-
 
 84 KKGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 sioned the countess of Nottingham to present the queen with the 
 ring which she had formerly given him, with the assurance, that 
 the sight of it would ever recall her tenderness ; hut the countess 
 did not deliver it. Elizabeth discovered the perfidy after two 
 years, was inconsolable, refused sustenance, and soon died [1603], 
 naming the Scottish king as successor. 
 
 HOUSE OF STUART. 
 
 1603] March 24. James /., son of Mary, queen of Scots, and 
 great-grand-son of Margaret, eldest daughter of Henry VII. He 
 defeated a conspiracy by Sir Walter Raleigh and others, to place 
 on the throne Arabella Stuart, the king's cousin (daughter of 
 Charles, earl of Lennox, and great-great-grand-daughter of Henry 
 VII.). 
 
 1604] The king attempted in vain a union with Scotland. 
 
 1605] Nov. 5. He sagaciously discovered the Gunpowder Plot, 
 or the conspiracy of the Papists to blow up himself and his par- 
 liament. 
 
 1611] By his authority and encouragement, the present English 
 Bible was published. 
 
 1612] James became contemptible by his attachment to Robert 
 Carr, created earl of Somerset ; whose amour with the countess 
 of Essex led to the poisoning of Sir Thomas Overburv, and the 
 disgrace of the parties. 
 
 1617] Went to Scotland, and tried in vain to introduce episco- 
 pacy. 
 
 1618] Sir Walter Raleigh, after 13 years' imprisonment, failing 
 in his search of a gold mine in South America, was beheaded on 
 the former attainder, through the instigation of Spain. 
 
 1620] James feebly aided his son-in-law, the Elector Palatine, 
 against the emperor. The parliament remonstrated, and contended 
 about kingly prerogative. 
 
 1623] The duke of Buckingham, the new favourite, persuaded 
 the prince of Wales to go to Spain in disguise, to solicit the hand 
 of the Infanta ; but afterwards prevented the marriage. 
 
 1624] Prince Charles was contracted to Henrietta, sister of 
 Louis XIII. of France. 
 
 1625] Mar. 27. James died, after a reign ignoble to himself 
 but happy to his people, who were enriched by peace and com- 
 merce. 
 
 ] Mar. 27. Charles /., son of James, inheriting his father's 
 
 notions of kingly power, attempted to raise money without consent 
 of parliament.
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 85 
 
 1628] The Duke of Buckingham was assassinated at Ports- 
 mouth, by Felton, while preparing to embark for the relief of the 
 French Protestants nt Rochelle. 
 
 1637] John Hampden nobly but ineffectually resisted the pay- 
 ment of ship-money. 
 
 1640] Charles's forces were routed at Newburn-upon-Tyne by 
 the Scottish Covenanters, who had taken up arms against the in- 
 troduction of episcopacy. 
 
 1641] His minister, Lord Strafford, was impeached by parlia- 
 ment, and beheaded. 
 
 ] The Irish Roman Catholics rebelled, and massacred 
 
 40,000 Protestants. 
 
 1642] Charles in person demands five obnoxious members of 
 the House of Commons, Jan. 4. The king's supporters were 
 called Cavaliers, and those of the parliament, Round-Jteads. 
 
 ] Aug. 22. Charles raised his standard at Nottingham ; 
 
 fought an indecisive battle with the Earl of Essex, at Edge-hill, in 
 Warwickshire, Oct. 23. 
 
 1643] at Lansdowne-hill with Sir W. Waller, and 
 
 at Newbury with Essex. 
 
 1644] July 2. Prince Rupert was routed at Marston-Moor, 
 principally through Cromwell. 
 
 1645] Archbishop Laud was beheaded. The Marquis of Mon- 
 trose routed the Covenanters near Perth. Charles was totally 
 defeated by Cromwell at Naseby, in Northamptonshire, July 14. 
 
 1647] Seeking refuge in the Scottish camp at Newark, in Not- 
 tinghamshire, he was basely delivered up to the English parlia- 
 ment. He afterward escaped to the Isle of Wight ; but was there 
 detained prisoner. 
 
 1649] Was unlau fully tried] and beheaded at Whitehall, 
 Jan. 30. 
 
 ] Commonwealth. The kingly power and the House of 
 
 Lords were abolished. 
 
 1650] Cromwell stormed Drogheda, slaughtered more than 
 3000, and quelled the Irish royalists with extreme severity. 
 Montrose was defeated by the Scottish Covenanters and hanged at 
 Edinburgh, on a gibbet 30 feet high. 
 
 ] Charles II. trusted himself to the Scots. Their army, 
 commanded by Lesley, was routed by Cromwell at Dunbiir, in 
 Huddingtonshire, Sept. 3. 3000 slain; 9000 captured. He 
 again committed atrocious cruelties. 
 
 1651] Charles was totally defeated by him at Worcester, Sept. 
 3. After being concealed in an oak near Boscobel, in Worcester- 
 shire, he escaped to Normandy.
 
 86 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 1652] The Navigation Act produced a war with the Dutch. Van 
 Tromp, having beaten Admiral Blake, fixed a broom to his mast- 
 head, in token of sweeping the English from the seas ; but was 
 soon afterward defeated by Blake, Dean, and Monk. 
 
 1653] Apr. 20. Cromwell dissolved the Long Parliament, 
 forcibly turning the members out of doors, and thus put an end to 
 the Commonwealth of England, after it had subsisted for four years 
 and a quarter. He summoned, by the authority of his council of 
 officers, some illiterate enthusiasts as a new parliament. This 
 assembly, termed Barebones' Parliament, from its leading mem- 
 ber, a leather-seller, became the scorn of the public, and dissolved 
 itself after a few months. Cromwell then caused himself to be 
 nominated by a council of officers, as Lord Protector. His ad- 
 ministration was despotic and vigorous. 
 
 1654] His admirals, Monk and Dean, compelled the Dutch, 
 under Van Tromp, after two defeats, to yield the honour of the 
 flag, and to compensate the India company all its losses. 
 
 1655] Blake bombarded Algiers, and destroyed the Spanish 
 fleet at Santa Cruz ; whilst Penn and Venables, though they 
 failed against Hispaniola, took Jamaica. 
 
 1658] Cromwell appointed a House of Lords from among the 
 Commons (the ancient peers having declined the proffered honour), 
 but finding that he had thus lost the majority in the lower house, 
 he dissolved the parliament. A prey to chagrin, and in continual 
 fear of assassination, he fell into a mortal disease and died Sept. 3. 
 His son Richard succeeded, but resigned the following year. His 
 other son also resigned the viceroyalty of Ireland. 
 
 1659] The remains of the nominal parliament which had put 
 the king to death, termed in derision the Rump, were re-assembled 
 and afterwards dissolved, by a council of officers, who then formed 
 themselves into a Committee of Safety. 
 
 1660] To prevent anarchy, George Monk, commander of the 
 army in Scotland, marched with 6000 men into England, and 
 restored Charles II. to the throne, May 29. 
 
 ] Charles //., son of Charles I., being restored, six of the 
 regicides were executed. 
 
 1661] The Act was passed, requiring uniformity in public 
 worship. 
 
 1662] Charles married Catherine, Infanta of Portugal ; part 
 of whose dowry was Bombay. Two thousand of the Presbyterian 
 clergy, refusing to conform to this Act, were ejected from their 
 livings. (It must be remembered, that about five thousand of the 
 episcopal clergy had been expelled by the Puritans.) Dunkirk 
 was sold to the French.
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 87 
 
 1GG5] June 3. The Duke of York defeated the Dutch fleet 
 under Opdam. July 25. The English were again victorious. 
 The plague of London destroyed nearly 70,000 persons. 
 
 1666] June 1. A desperate but indecisive sea-fight for four 
 days Prince Rupert and Duke of Albemarle against the Dutch 
 Admirals, Tromp the younger and De Ruyter. Fire of London 
 br^-aii September 2. Scotch Presbyterians were defeated at the 
 Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh, Nov. 27- Much cruelty ensued. 
 
 1667] The Dutch, under De Ruyter, blocked up the mouth of 
 the Thames, and burned several ships at Chatham, June. 
 
 ] Peace of Breda. In consequence, the Earl of Clarendon 
 was disgraced and banished. 
 
 1668] The Triple Alliance between England, Holland, and 
 Sweden, restrains the conquests of Louis XIV. and brings about 
 the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. 
 
 ] The combined fleets of England and France, under the 
 
 Duke of York, the Earl of Sandwich, and D'Estrees, ultimately 
 fled from the Dutch fleet under De Wit and De Ruyter. 
 
 1673J Charles being arbitrary and favouring Papists, the Test 
 Act was passed. 
 
 ] The combined fleets, under Prince Rupert and D'Estrees, 
 
 fought three desperate but indecisive battles with the Dutch fleet 
 under De Ruyter and Van Tromp. 
 
 1678] A pretended Popish plot was disclosed by the infamous 
 Titus Gates. 
 
 ] Habeas Corpus Act, the security against false or long 
 
 imprisonment. 
 
 1679] Scottish Covenanters defeated by the Duke of Monmouth 
 at Bothwell-bridge, June 22. 
 
 ] Pretended Meal-tub plot; Dangerfield hid the forged 
 
 papers in a meal-tub. 
 
 1680] The opposers and partisans of the Crown were first called 
 Whigs and Tories. 
 
 ] Viscount Stafford was unjustly executed for a pretended 
 
 Popish plot. 
 
 1681] Charles dissolves his last parliament, held at Oxford, to 
 prevent the exclusion of his brother, the Duke of York, from the 
 throne. 
 
 1683] The Charter of London, and of other corporations, was 
 changed. The Rye-house plot to effect reform. Lord W. Russell 
 and Algernon Sydney executed for being concerned in it. 
 
 1685] The profligate, witty, capricious, and arbitrary Charles, 
 planning new attacks on popular liberty, died Feb. 6. 
 
 ] Feb. 6. James //., brother of Charles, made an avowal
 
 88 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 of his Popish principles by openly going to mass; sent to make 
 submission to the Pope ; and levied taxes without parliament. 
 
 16^5] The Duke of Argyle, exciting rebellion in Scotland, was 
 defeated and executed. 
 
 ] The Duke of Monmouth, natural son of Charles by Lucy 
 
 Walters, landed at Lyme, in Dorsetshire, assumed the title of kin?, 
 was defeated at Sedgemoor, July 6, and executed on Tower-hill. 
 Colonel Kirke and Judge Jefferies were frightfully severe to the 
 rebels. 
 
 1686] James claimed a power of dispensing with the laws, and 
 dismissed Protestant officers and men. 
 
 1687] Issued a Declaration to suspend the laws against Popery 
 attempted to appoint Papists in the Church and the Universities; 
 but met with a spirited resistance. 
 
 1688] Ordered the clergy to read publicly the Declaration 
 The Seven Bishops who petitioned against this were sent to the 
 Tower, tried, and acquitted. 
 
 ] William, Prince of Orange, son-in-law to the king, being 
 
 invited over, proceeded with a large armament, from Helvoetsluys, 
 and landed at Torbay, Nov. 5. 
 
 ] James, deserted by his officers at Salisbury, and after- 
 ward by his children, escaped to France, Dec. 23. Then ensued 
 the GLORIOUS REVOLUTION. 
 
 1689] Feb. 13. The convention-parliament declared the throne 
 vacant, and settled the crown on William and Mary, Prince 
 and Princess of Orange. The British Constitution was afterward 
 confirmed by the Bill of Rights, and religious freedom granted by 
 the Toleration Act. Presbyterian religion re-established in Scot- 
 land. 
 
 -] James, aided by the French, invaded Ireland, but besieged 
 Londonderry in vain. 
 
 ] Graham, Viscount Dundee, defeated William's troops 
 
 under Mackay, at Killicrankie, in Perthshire; but being killed in 
 the battle, July 16, Scotland submitted to King William. 
 
 1690] William defeated James at the river Boyne, near the 
 village of Dunore, July 1. The Duke of Schomberg was killed. 
 
 1691] Baron Ginckle having defeated the French general, St. 
 Ruth, at Aghrim, in Galway, July 12, and having taken Limerick, 
 Ireland submitted to King William. 
 
 1692] After the massacre of the Macdonalds at Glencoe, in 
 Argyleshire, for riot surrendering in due time, Louis XIV. pre- 
 pared a large armament in favour of James ; but the fleet, which 
 was intended for its protection, was destroyed off Cape la Hogue 
 by Admiral Russell, May 19.
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 89 
 
 1694] Bill passed for triennial parliaments. Queen Mary died 
 of the small-pox. 
 
 1695] William engaged in continental war against Louis XIV. 
 Retakes Namur. 
 
 1696] Some Jacobites were executed for conspiring to assassi- 
 nate him. 
 
 1697] Concluded the peace of Ryswick, near the Hague. The 
 national debt began. 
 
 1701] After the death of the last of Princess Anne's 17 children, 
 the crown was settled on the Princess Sophia of Hanover, grand- 
 daughter of James I., and on her Protestant heirs. 
 
 ] A grand alliance was formed to prevent the union of the 
 French and Spanish monarchies. 
 
 ] James died at St. Germaine, near Paris. Louis XIV. 
 
 acknowledging his son James as king of England, King William 
 recalled his ambassador, and prepared for war. 
 
 1 702J March 8. Died at Kensington, in consequence of a fall 
 from his horse. 
 
 THE UNION OF THE KINGDOMS. HOUSE OK BRUNSWICK. 
 
 [acquire (1,714) 
 
 Cousin (1,702) Anne was triumphant. And George did 
 The throne thro' the Hanover Princess, Sophia ; [(1,727) ; 
 From Culloden fled Stuart : Second George was our choice; 
 Third George to none cedes (1,760) in the popular voice; 
 
 [wins (1,820); 
 
 Arts and learningare cherish' d; George the Fourth applause 
 And with face that beams (1,830) kindness, Fourth William 
 
 [begins. 
 May Victoria longgrace the crown, sceptre, and mace( 18,37). 
 
 1702] March 8. Queen Anne, wife of George, Prince of 
 Denmark, daughter of James II. and Ann Hyde, Lord Clarendon's 
 daughter. England, Holland, and Germany, begin a war with 
 France and Spain, to prevent Louis XIV from placing his grand- 
 son on the throne of Spain. 
 
 ] The English and Dutch take the Spanish galleons, and 
 destroy the French fleet at Vigo. The Duke of Marlborough takes 
 Venlo, Ruremond, and Liege, in Flanders. 
 
 1704] Aug. 2. Marlborough, with Prince Eugene, signally 
 defeated Tallard and Marsin, with the Elector of Bavaria, at 
 
 I 3
 
 90 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 Blenheim, in Suabia, on the Danube. The enemy lost nearly 
 40,000 men. 
 
 1704] July 24. Gibraltar, taken by Sir George Rooke, has ever 
 since belonged to England. 
 
 1705] Barcelona was taken by the English and Allies under the 
 Earl of Peterborough. 
 
 1706] Marlborough defeated Villeroy at Ramillies, (24 m. S. E. 
 of Brussels), May 12, and left 20,000 dead on the field. 
 
 1707] May 1. Union with Scotland. 
 
 ] April 14. The Duke of Berwick, natural son of James 
 
 II., defeated the allies at Almanza (Murcia), in Spain. 
 
 1708] A fruitless attempt was made by the Pretender, Prince 
 James (who was styled the Chevalier de St. George), aided by the 
 French, to land in Scotland. 
 
 ] Marlborough defeated Vendome at Oudenarde (27 miles 
 
 W. of Brussels) near the Scheldt, June 30. 
 
 1709] Marlborough and Eugene defeated Villars at Malpla- 
 quet (7 miles S. by E. from Mons), Sept. 11, but suffered much. 
 
 1710] Dr. Sacheverel was impeached for preaching passive 
 obedience and non-resistance to regal authority. 
 
 ] The Tory party, Harley, afterward Earl of Oxford, 
 
 aided by St. John Lord Bolingbroke, and Mrs. Masham, supplant 
 Marlborough, Godolphin, and the Whigs, in the queen's favour. 
 
 1711] The Tories made a separate peace with France, dismissed 
 Marlborough, and afterward assisted at a general peace at Utrecht 
 [1713], which deprived Spain of the Netherlands and its pos- 
 sessions in Italy. St. Paul's Cathedral was finished by Sir Chris- 
 topher Wren, 1 7 10. 
 
 HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. 
 
 1714] Aug.l. George /., Elector of Hanover, son of Princess 
 Sophia. The Whigs return to power, and the Tory ministers, 
 Lords Oxford and Bolingbroke, and the Duke of Ormond, were 
 impeached for making the. peace of Utrecht. The two latter 
 absconded. Oxford, after two years' imprisonment in the Tower, 
 was discharged, through a quarrel between the Lords and Commons. 
 
 1715] The Scotch, who rebelled in favour of the Pretender, 
 headed by the Earl of Mar, fought an indecisive battle at Sheriff 
 Muir, or Dunblaine (near Stirling), with the Duke of Argyle. 
 The same day the English rebels were defeated by Carpenter and 
 Wills, at Preston, in Lancashire, Nov. 13. 
 
 1716] Scotland submits to Argyle. Lords Derwentwater and 
 Kenmuir were beheaded on To.ver-hill, and some others were 
 hanged. 
 
 1717] A controversy was occasioned by the writings of Dr.
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 91 
 
 Hoadley, the Whig bishop of Bangor, against the ifiri//c right of 
 kings. The convocation of clergy opposing him was dissolved, 
 and though it is summoned at the beginning of every new parlia- 
 ment, it never continues to sit. 
 
 1718] The Whigs, to secure their power, procure the Act for 
 Septennial Parliaments. 
 
 ] The Quadruple Alliance was formed between England, 
 
 France, Holland, and Germany, to counteract the projects of the 
 Spanish minister, Cardinal Alberoni. Sir George Byng (Lord 
 Torrington) defeated the Spanish fleet near Sicily. 
 
 1720] Philip V.,kingof Spain, submits to the Quadruple Alliance. 
 
 ] The ruinous South Sea scheme was introduced by Sir 
 
 John Blunt. 
 
 1722] A conspiracy of Jacobites being discovered, Layer was 
 executed, and Bishop Atterbury banished. 
 
 1724] Lord Chancellor Macclesfield fined 30,000/. for fraudulent 
 practices. 
 
 1725] Sir Robert Walpole, the Whig, became prime minister. 
 
 1727] Admiral Hosier's fleet, blockading Portobello, suffered 
 severely from pestilential climate. 
 
 ] June 11. George 1. dies at Osnaburg, on his way to 
 
 Hanover. 
 
 -] George II. succeeds his father George I. 
 
 1731] The Emperor Charles VI., having dissolved the Ostend 
 India Company, England accedes to the Pragmatic Sanction, by 
 which the hereditary dominions of Austria were secured to Maiia 
 Theresa, the emperor's daughter. 
 
 ] The fraudulent managers of the Charitable Corporation 
 
 were punished. 
 
 1732] Sir Robert Wai pole's proposed excise law was prevented 
 by popular clamour. 
 
 1736] The Edinburgh mob hang Captain Porte ms, for having 
 ordered the military to fire on them at the execution of a smuggler. 
 
 1737] A quarrei between George II. and the prince of Wales 
 
 1739] The convention of Pardo : the King of Spain paid 
 95,000/. to indemnify th;> English for seizures made in America 
 by his ships called Guarda Costas. 
 
 ] War with Spain, to prevent British ships being searched. 
 
 ] Admiral Vernon fulfilled his proposal of taking Porto- 
 bello with six ships. 
 
 1740] The severest frost ever known in England. 
 
 1741] The attempt to take C'arthagena failed through dis- 
 sension between Admiral Vernon and General Wentworth. 
 
 1742] Sir R. Walpole, being forced to resign, was succeeded 
 by Pulteney, Earl of Bath, and the Earl of Carteret.
 
 92 
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 1742] England, Holland, Sardinia, and Russia, support the 
 claim of Maria Theresa to succeed her father, the Emperor 
 Charles VI., against her rival, the Elector of Bavaria, Prussia, 
 Saxony, and France. 
 
 1743] Battle of Dettingen (N. lat. 49|; E. long. 8f), June 
 27. The allied army (37,000), under George II. in person, 
 defeated the French under the Duke de Noailles ; but did not 
 pursue him, through want of ammunition. 
 
 1744] A new ministry was formed under Mr. Henry Pelham 
 and his brother, the Duke of Newcastle, called the Broad Bottom, 
 from including able men of all parties. 
 
 ] A projected invasion by the young Pretender, aided by 
 
 a French fleet, was frustrated by a storm and by the fleet under 
 Admiral Norris. 
 
 ] Anson returned from his voyage round the world, having 
 
 taken a rich Spanish galleon. 
 
 ] February 11. The combined French and Spanish fleet 
 
 was defeated in Hieres Bay by Admiral Matthews, who, being 
 unsupported by Admiral Lestock, could not achieve more. He 
 was, notwithstanding, punished by dismissal from the service. 
 
 1745] April 30. Battle of Fontenoy (4 m. S.W. of Tournay) ; 
 the French under Marshal Saxe routed the allies, in spite of the 
 heroism of the English under the Duke of Cumberland (second 
 son of George II.) 
 
 ] July 27. The young Pretender landed in the N.E. of 
 
 Scotland ; defeated Sir John Cope, September 16, at Preston 
 Pans, 12 miles from Edinburgh; took Carlisle, and advanced to 
 Derby; but was totally routed at Culloden, near Inverness, by 
 the Duke of Cumberland, April 16. Much cruelty was afterwards 
 exercised. A miserable fugitive, he at last escaped to France. 
 The Scotch lords, Kilmarnock, Luvat, and Balmerino, were 
 beheaded, and 70 officers of inferior rank were hanged. 
 
 1747] The French fleet was defeated by Ansou near Finisterre, 
 and by Hawke near Belleisle. 
 
 1748] The Peace at Aix-la-Chapelle guaranteed the Pragmatic 
 Sanction, but was unpopular in England. 
 
 1750] Frederick, Prince of Wales, died. In 1752, the new 
 style ; in 1753, the Marriage Act. 
 
 1755] War with France, for striving to take English pos- 
 sessions in Nova Scotia and India : 300 French merchantmen 
 were captured in the first year of the war. 
 
 ] Colonel Monkton was successful against the French 
 forts in Nova Scotia ; but Braddock failed against Fort du Quesne. 
 It was afterwards retaken by the British, and called Fort Pitt. 
 Braddock was slain by the Indians near Pittsburg. Shirley also 
 failed against Niagara, between Lakes Ontario and Erie. Sir W.
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 93 
 
 Johnson was partially successful against Crown Point, on Lake 
 Champlain. 
 
 THE SEVEN YEARS' WAR. 
 
 1756] Continental war with France. The French took Minorca, 
 which the English had taken from the Spaniard?, in the reign of 
 Queen Anne. New administration under Pitt and Legge. 
 
 1757] Admiral Byng was shot for not fighting the French fleet 
 near Minorca. 
 
 ] The Duke of Cumberland abandoned Hanover to the 
 
 French, and (at the requisition, it is said, of the Regency of 
 Hanover) signed the singular Convention of Closter-Seven (24 
 in. N.N.E. from Bremen), by which he dissolved his army cf 
 38,000 men, dispersing it into cantonments. 
 
 ] Clive's great success in India. At the battle of Plassy 
 
 on the Hoogley (June 23), he routed and deposed Surajah 
 Dowlah, the nabob of Bengal, and substituted Meer Jaffier. 
 
 1758] The English and Hanoverians, under Prince Ferdinand 
 of Brunswick, drove the French across the Rhine, and defeated 
 them at the battle of Crevelt (6 m. N.W. of Dusseldorf). 
 
 ] The island of Cape Rreton, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 
 
 was taken by Amherst, June 17; Fort du Quesne, by Forbes, 
 November 25. 
 
 ] Abercrombie failed at Ticonderoga, a fort between Lakes 
 
 George and Champlain, but took it the next year. 
 
 1759] Fort Niagara was taken by Johnson. The British 
 attack on Martinico failed, but Guadaloupe surrendered, May 1, to 
 General Baniii^ton. 
 
 ] Quebec taken. General Wolfe, and the French general, 
 Montcalm, killed, September 13. 
 
 ] Battle of Minden (34 m. W. of Hanover, on the Weser), 
 August 1 . Prince Ferdinand, by routing the French, under the 
 Duke de Broglio, relieved Hanover and Westphalia. Lord 
 George Sackville was disgraced for not co-operating. The allies 
 afterwaids alternately beat and were beaten. 
 
 ] Tlie French fleet was defeated by Boscawen off Cape 
 
 Lagos, on the south of Portugal, August 18 ; and that under 
 Conflans defeated off Belleisle by Hawke, November 20. 
 
 1760] All Canada surrendered to General Amherst at Montreal. 
 George II. died suddenly at Kensington, October 25, aged 77. 
 
 ] George III., grandson of George II. by his son Frederick, 
 
 Prince of Wales. 
 
 ] Married Charlotte of Mecklenburgh. Made judges in- 
 dependent of the Crown.
 
 yi ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 1761J Pondicherry surrendered to Colonel Coote, after a long 
 siege, January 15. 
 
 ] June 7. Belleisle, on the coast of France, was dearly 
 
 purchased with the lives of 2000 men. 
 
 ] Mr. Pitt, unable to effect a declaration of war against 
 
 Spain, on account of the Family Compact with France, resigns, 
 and is succeeded by Lord Bute. 
 
 1762] War with Spain on account of the Family Compact with 
 France. Martinico taken by General Monkton. Portugal suc- 
 cessfully defended by General Burgoyne against the Spanish 
 invaders. The Havannah was stormed by Lord Albemarle and 
 Admiral Pococke, and taken with immense booty. 
 
 ] Manilla, chief city of the Philippines, was taken by 
 
 Admiral Cornish and General Draper, and ransomed from pillage 
 for four millions of dollars, which were never paid. 
 
 1763] Peace signed at Fontaiubleau, February 10. Great 
 Britain received Florida in exchange for the Havannah ; regained 
 Minorca ; and of her conquests retained Canada and Cape Breton ; 
 Granada and the Grenadines, in the West Indies ; and Senegal, 
 on the African coast. 
 
 ] The Earl of Bute was succeeded by Mr. George Grenville 
 
 as premier. 
 
 1764] Wilkes, member for Aylesbury, was expelled from the 
 House of Commons for his libellous paper, No. 45 of the North 
 Briton, and was afterward outlawed. 
 
 1765] General warrants declared illegal. 
 
 ] The Stamp Act, requiring a mark to be set on articles 
 
 that pay duty to the government, produced the first disputes with 
 the North American colonies. 
 
 1766] The new administration under the Marquis of Rock- 
 ingham withdrew the Stamp Act. 
 
 1767] Another administration was formed under the Duke of 
 Grafton and Mr. Pitt (created Earl of Chatham) ; to which Lord 
 North was afterwards added. 
 
 1768] Wilkes elected for Middlesex; his outlawry being 
 reversed, he was fined and imprisoned. Hyder All began war 
 with the East India Company. 
 
 1769] The Royal Academy of Arts established by the king, for 
 instructing young men in the principles of architecture, sculpture, 
 and painting. 
 
 ] Riots at Boston in America in consequence of fresh 
 
 taxation. 
 
 ] Riots occurred when Wilkes was to take his seat in the 
 
 House of Commons. He was again expelled, and three times 
 re-elected ; but Colonel Lutterell, who had obtained fewer votes,
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. '.).") 
 
 was declared the legal member. Petitions and remonstrances 
 ensue. 
 
 1769] The Letters of Junius, against the king and his ministry, 
 excite great attention. 
 
 1770] Lord North succeeds Duke of Grafton as prime minister. 
 A vain attempt was made to pacify the Americans. A dispute 
 with Spain respecting the Falkland Isles settled. Mr. Grenville's 
 Act for regulating contested elections. 
 
 1771] Lord Mayor Crosby and Alderman Oliver were sent to 
 the Tower by the Commons, for ordering the committal of their 
 messenger, who had seized a printer in the city. 
 
 ] Dreadful famine in India. 
 
 1772] The Act for restraining royal marriage!", caused by the 
 private marriages of the king's two brothers, the Dukes of Glou- 
 cester and Cumberland. 
 
 ] A supreme Court of Judicature established in Bengal. 
 
 ] A vain attempt was made by Captain Phipps to discover 
 
 the N. W. passage to Asia. 
 
 1774] The American Colonies refuse to be taxed by the British 
 parliament. The taxed tea was thrown into the sea at Boston. 
 
 ] Sep. 15. A Congress of Deputies from the American 
 
 Colonies met at Philadelphia, and voted a remonstrance to the king. 
 
 AMERICAN WAR, 17751783. 
 
 1775] April 19. First skirmish between the king's troops and 
 the Provincials took place at Lexington, in the province of Massa- 
 chusetts. The second at Concord, 6 miles further from Boston. 
 
 ] June 17. Generals Howe and Pigot forced the works at 
 
 Bunker's Hill, Boston, but lost many officers by sharp-shooters. 
 
 ] Washington was appointed commander-in-chief of the 
 
 Americans. Montgomery and Arnold, at fust successful in Canada, 
 fail against Quebec. 
 
 ] March 17. General Howe and his army were forced by 
 Washington to quit Boston. 
 
 ] July. Admiral Sir Peter Parker and General Clinton fail 
 
 in attacking Charlestown, S. Carolina. 
 
 ] July 4. The American Declaration of Independence (166 
 
 years from the settlement of Virginia). General Howe and his 
 brother, Admiral Lord Howe, take Long Island and New York. 
 
 ] Dec. 25. Washington captured 91 8 Hessians at Trenton, 
 
 in New Jersey, on the Delaware, north of Pennsylvania. 
 
 1776] Sept. 1 1 . Howe defeated Washington near Brandy-wine 
 Creek, and took Philadelphia. 
 
 ] Oct. 17- General Burgoyne surrendered his army (3,500 
 
 men) at Schuylersville, in the county of Saratoga, on Hudson's
 
 96 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 River, New York, to the American generals, Gates and Arnold, at 
 the head of 16,000 men. 
 
 1778] Oct. 30. A league was made between the French and 
 Americans. 
 
 ] April. Lord Chatham died. 
 
 ] The English Commissioners fail in attempting to treat 
 
 with Congress. 
 
 ] July 27. Running sea-fight off Ushant, between French 
 
 fleet under Count D'Orvilliers, and English under Admiral Kep- 
 pel. The latter and his second in command, Palliser, criminate 
 each other, and were both tried and both acquitted, though Pal- 
 liser received some censure 
 
 ] Indecisive campaign in America under Sir Henry Clin- 
 ton, successor to Sir William Howe. The French and English 
 fleet alternately successful in the West Indies. War transferred 
 to Southern States by the capture of Savannah, effected by the 
 British under Campbell ; and Georgia reduced. 
 
 1779] Paul Jones, a pirate, plunders on the British coast, and 
 rights some desperate battles. 
 
 1 Spain joins against England. The Spanish and French 
 
 fleets possess the British channel. 
 
 ] The militia was embodied. July. Siege of Gibraltar, 
 
 begun by the Spaniards. Sept. Unsuccessful siege of Savannah 
 by D'Estaing. 
 
 1780] Jan. 16. Sir G. Rodney defeated the Spanish fleet under 
 Don Langara, near Cape Vincent. 
 
 ] Dreadful riots began in London on account of the Popish 
 
 Bill. Lord G. Gordon tried for having instigated them, but was 
 acquitted. 
 
 ] May 12. Charlestown surrenders to Clinton. 
 
 ] Aug. 16. Lord Cornwallis defeated the American gene- 
 ral, Gates. Major Andre was hanged as a spy by the order of 
 Washington. 
 
 ] Dec. 10. War with Holland ; many of the Dutch islands 
 and colonies were taken. 
 
 1781] Aug. 5. Indecisive sea-fight with the Dutch off the 
 Dogger Bank. 
 
 ] Sep. 28. Lord Cornwallis, invested in York Town, 
 
 Virginia, by 18,000 French and Americans, assisted by a fleet of 
 35 sail. He surrendered, on Oct. 19th, at the head of 5950 men. 
 
 ] Oct. 24. Clinton appears at the mouth of the Chesa- 
 peake with 7000 men and 27 ships of the line, too late to aid 
 Cornwallis. 
 
 1782] March 17. Lord North's administration was superseded 
 by that of the Marquis of Rockingham ; and on his death, after
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 97 
 
 three months, Lord Shelburne's administration commenced ; which 
 was overpowered by the coalition of Lord North and Mr. Fox, in 
 1783. 
 
 1782] April 11. Sir G. Rodney, with 36 sail, defeats the French 
 fleet, of 31 sail, under Count de Grasse, off Dominica; 5 ships 
 captured in the action, and 4 afterwards, April 19. 
 
 ] September 13. General Elliot destroyed the French 
 and Spanish floating-batteries, used in besieging Gibraltar ; but 
 the allied powers captured Minorca. 
 
 1783] Jan. 20. Peace was concluded at Versailles with France 
 and Spain, and the independence of America was declared. 
 
 1784] Mr. Fox's bill for the regulation of the East India Com- 
 pany being rejected by the House of Lords, Mr. Pitt's administra- 
 tion commenced. His India bill was enacted. He introduced a 
 tax upon windows instead of the duty upon tea. 
 
 1785] Mr. Pitt's plans of parliamentary reform and of regu- 
 lating commerce with Ireland, were rejected, as well as the Duke 
 of Richmond's plan of fortifications. 
 
 1786] Mr. Pitt's sinking fund was established, by which a 
 million of money, from the taxes, was laid out annually in stock, to 
 pay, by degrees, the national debt. 
 
 ] Aug. Margaret Nicholson, a mad woman, attempted, to 
 
 stab the king, as he was alighting from his carriage at St. 
 James's. 
 
 1787] May 21. Warren Hastings was impeached for miscon- 
 duct in his government of India. His trial began 1788, and did 
 not end till his acquittal, April, 1795. A commercial treaty with 
 France. 
 
 ] Convicts first transported to Botany Bay. 
 
 1788] Dec. 10. The king's illness caused a regency bill to be 
 debated. 
 
 1789] The king's recovery rendered the regency unnecessary, 
 and was celebrated by great rejoicing throughout the kingdom. 
 
 ] April 23. On the thanksgiving day, the king and par- 
 liament went in state to St. Paul's. 
 
 ] Abolition of the Slave Trade was proposed in parliament 
 
 by Mr. Wilberforce. 
 
 1790] May 1. War commenced in India with Tippoo Saib, 
 the Sultan of Mysore. 
 
 1791] July 14. Riots at Birmingham, in consequence of a 
 meeting to celebrate the French Revolution ; the library, &c., of 
 the celebrated Dr. Priestley were burned. 
 
 ] Sept. 29. The Duke of York married the daughter of 
 
 the King of Prussia. 
 
 1792] April. Gradual abolition of the Slave Trade was voted.
 
 98 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 Mr. Fox's bill for ascertaining the rights of Juries in cases of 
 libel. 
 
 1792] Lord Cornwallis and General Abercrombie attack 
 Seringapatam Tippoo agrees to cede half his dominions, and 
 delivers up his two sons as hostages, March 19. 
 
 ] Thomas Paine was convicted, for writing " The Rights 
 
 of Man." 
 
 1793] Jan. 24. The bill for sending aliens away passed the 
 British parliament. 
 
 ] Vancouver's voyage to the N.W. coast of America. 
 
 WAR WITH REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE. 
 
 1793] Feb. 1. The French Convention declares war against 
 England and Holland. 
 
 ] Aug. 28. Toulon was surrendered to Lord Hood's fleet, 
 
 but was evacuated, Dec. 19. 
 
 ] The Duke of York took Valenciennes and Conde, hut 
 
 failed at Dunkirk. 
 
 1794] Voluntary associations were formed in Great Britain to 
 repel invasion. 
 
 ] May. The Habeas Corpus Act was suspended. Mar- 
 
 tinico, St. Lucie, Guadaloupe, taken by Sir Charles Gray. Cor- 
 sica receives an English form of government. 
 
 ] June 1. Lord ffotve, with 25 ships of the line, defeats, 
 
 off Ushant, the French fleet of 26, under Joyeuse, when six sail 
 of the line were taken and one was sunk. 
 
 ] Oct. 12. The Poles defeated by the Russians, Prussians, 
 
 and Austrians, in the battle of Warsaw. The next year they 
 partitioned Poland. 
 
 ] Nov. Home Tooke, Hardy, Thelwall, &c. were tried for 
 
 treason, and acquitted. 
 
 1795] Jan. Holland was overrun by the French under Pichegru: 
 the Stadtholder took refuge in England. The remnant of the 
 British troops return. 
 
 ] April 8. The Prince of Wales married Caroline, daughter 
 
 of the Duke of Brunswick. 
 
 ] Feb. 15. Ceylon taken by General Stewart and Com- 
 modore Rainier. 
 
 ] July 21. Unsuccessful expedition of French emigrants 
 
 at Quiberon Bay. 
 
 ] June 23. Lord Bridport, with 10 ships, attacked 12 
 
 French, off L'Orient, and took 3. 
 
 ] Oct. 29. George III. was shot at, in going to parliament. 
 
 Two bills passed for repressing treason and sedition.
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 99 
 
 1796] The English evacuate Corsica after having held it two 
 years. 
 
 ] March. War in Jamaica with the Maroons (descendants 
 
 of Spanish slaves) terminated. 
 
 ] Sep. 16. The Cape of Good Hope was taken by the 
 
 forces under Sir J. H. Craig, General Clarke, and Admiral Sir 
 G. K. Elphinstone, to whom the Dutch settlements in Ceylon and 
 Molucca afterwards surrendered. 
 
 ] Oct. Lord Malmesbury negotiates for peace at Paris, 
 
 hut fails, Dec. 20. 
 
 ] Dec. 26. A French fleet, with 20,000 men, under Gene- 
 ral Hoche, intended for the invasion of Ireland, was driven by 
 tempest from the coast near Bantry, with some loss. 
 
 1797] Feb. 14. Sir John Jervis defeats the Spanish fleet off 
 Cape St. Vincent (14 ships against 25), captured four sail of the 
 line, and is created Earl St. Vincent. 
 
 ] Feb. 26. Bank of England discontinues payment in 
 gold, and issues I/, notes and stamped Spanish dollars. Gold 
 seven-shilling pieces issued. 
 
 ] May 18. Princess Royal marries the Duke of Wirtem- 
 
 burg. 
 
 ] May, June. A mutiny of the British fleet at Portsmouth 
 
 and the Nore was suppressed. 
 
 ] Lord Malmesbury fails in negotiating peace at Lisle. 
 
 ] Oct. 11. The Dutch fleet, under De Winter, defeated, 
 
 and 9 sail of the line, out of 15, captured by Admiral Duncan, 
 who is created a Viscount. The king and parliament went to 
 St. Paul's to return thanks for the naval victories. 
 
 1798] Two millions and a half raised by voluntary contributions, 
 in aid of government against the threatened French invasion. 
 Volunteer corps established. 
 
 ] Arthur O'Connor, and others, tried at Maidstonefor high 
 treason. O'Coigly executed. 
 
 ] May, June. Ireland in open rebellion. Lord E. Fitz- 
 gerald taken. Aug. 22, 1000 French, under General Humbert, 
 lauded in Killala Bay, and captured the Bishop. After some suc- 
 cesses, they were defeated by General Lake, and surrendered at 
 discretion, Sep. 8. The rebellion ceased. June 5, the king re- 
 views 12,000 volunteers in Hyde Park. 
 
 ] Aug. 1. Lord Nelson with 13 sail of the line totally 
 
 defeated a French fleet of the same number at the battle of the Nile. 
 Admiral Brueys was blown up and 9 ships were taken or de- 
 stroyed. 
 
 ] Oct. 12. Sir J. B. Warren defeats French fleet pro- 
 ceeding to a second invasion of Ireland.
 
 100 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 1798] Nov. Minorca reduced by the English. 
 
 1799] May 4. Seringapatam taken by General Harris and 
 Sir David Baird : Tippoo killed. May 21, Buonaparte repulsed 
 by Sir Sidney Smith at the siege of Acre, in Syria. August. 
 Anglo-Russian expedition (Duke of York) againt Holland. 
 General Abercrombie took Helder, and the Dutch fleet in the 
 Texel surrendered to Admiral Mitchell. The expedition evacuates 
 Holland in November. 
 
 ] Income tax. Vaccination introduced by Dr. Jenner 
 
 instead of the small-pox. 
 
 1800] Royal Institution for the encouragement of science and 
 learning. 
 
 ] Aug. Sir James Pulteney fails in an expedition against 
 
 Ferrol. 
 
 ] The islands of Goree, Malta (Sept. 5), and Curac,oa, 
 
 taken by the English. 
 
 1801] Jan. 1. Union of Great Britain and Ireland. Chelsea 
 Military College founded. 
 
 ] Feb. 9. Mr. Pitt resigns, after being premier 18 years ; 
 
 Mr. Addington succeeds. 
 
 ] Mar. 21. Battle of Alexandria : the French -were de- 
 feated by Sir Ralph Abercrombie, who was killed. Mar. 23. The 
 Emperor Paul dethroned and strangled. 
 
 ] April 2. Battle of Copenhagen : the Danish fleet de- 
 stroyed by Lord Nelson. 
 
 1 May 11, Aug. 27. Cairo and Alexandria taken by 
 
 General Hutchinson. 
 
 ] July 6 and 12. Sir James Saumarez attacked the com- 
 bined French and Spanish squadron off Algeziras : he lost one 
 ship in the first engagement, but in the second, with 5 sail of the 
 line, he burned two ships, and captured one, out of nine sail of the 
 line. 
 
 ] Oct. 1. Preliminaries of peace between Great Britain 
 
 and France. 
 
 1802] March 27. The peace of Amiens. Great Britain agreed 
 to restore all her conquests, except Trinidad and Ceylon. In this war, 
 Great Britain lost 5 sail of the line ; the French and allies 74 ditto. 
 
 WAR WITH BUONAPARTE. 
 
 1803] Feb. 21. Execution of Colonel Despard and five others 
 for high treason. 
 
 ] On account of Buonaparte's ambitious views, England 
 
 refuses to evacuate Malta. After vain negotiations, Lord Whit- 
 worth, the ambassador, quits Paris, May 10, and peace was
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 101 
 
 dissolved. The British travellers in France were detained at 
 Verdun, &c. till the close of the war. 
 
 1803] June 4. The French seize Hanover. The English cap- 
 ture the islands of St. Lucia, Tobago, Demerara, &c. 
 
 ] July 23. Insurrection in Dublin, in which Chief Justice 
 Kilwardea was murdered. The Habeas Corpus Act was sus- 
 pended, and martial law proclaimed. 
 
 ] Sept. 22. General Wellesley completely defeats Row 
 
 Scindian and the Rajah of Berar, at Assaye (8 in. N.W. from 
 Jaffierabad). The comparative numbers were as one to ten. 
 Sept. The British enter Delhi, and the great Mogul puts himself 
 under the protection of General Lake. Five-shilling tokens were 
 issued by the Bank. 
 
 1804] Captain Wright, who landed Pichegru and several 
 others on the coast of France, was taken prisoner, and perished 
 in prison. 
 
 ] May. Mr. Pitt became again prime minister. Sir G. 
 
 Rumbold was seized in neutral territory, and carried to Paris. 
 
 ] July, Aug. A division under Colonel Monson failed 
 
 against Holkar, the chief of the Mahratta states in India, and 
 retreated with great loss; but Lord Lake afterwards defeated him 
 at Furrickabad. Taking refuge with Scindiah, the rajah of 
 Bhurtpore, Lord Lake unsuccessfully besieged that strong fortress. 
 At length peace was granted to Scindiah and Holkar. 
 
 ] Oct. Christophe, a negro, in St. Domingo, declares 
 
 himself Emperor of Hayti. 
 
 1805] Jan. Spain, through Napoleon's influence, declares war 
 against Great Britain. 
 
 ] Lord Melville was impeached, but acquitted. July. Sir 
 
 Robert Calder defeats Spanish fleet. 
 
 ] July. Lord Wellesley quits India, after a splendid ad- 
 ministration during seven years. 
 
 ] Oct. 21. Battle of Trafalgar : Lord Nelson, with 27 
 
 sail of the line, captured 18 and burnt 1 out of 33 ditto. He was 
 killed in the engagement. Only 4 of the captured ships reached 
 England. In consequence of a storm on the 23rd, ten ships 
 were wrecked, and the others escaped into Cadiz. 
 
 ] Nov. 4. Sir Richard Strachan takes, near Cape Ortegal, 
 4 French sail of the line escaping from the battle of Trafalgar. 
 
 1806] Public funeral of Lord Nelson at St. Paul's, Jan. 9. 
 Mr. Pitt died Jan. 23, and was honoured by a public funeral, the 
 payment of his debts, and a statue in Westminster Abbey. A new 
 administration formed, comprising the leading men of all parties. 
 
 ] Feb. 6. Admiral Duckworth destroys five French ships 
 of the line at St. Domingo. 
 
 K 3
 
 102 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 1806] June. The abolition of the Slave Trade voted by par- 
 liament. 
 
 ] July. Battle of Maida, in Calabria (9m. W.N.W. from 
 
 Squillace) : Sir John Stuart defeats the French under Regnier. 
 
 ] July. General Beresford and Sir Home Popham take 
 
 Buenos Ayres retaken in August. 
 
 ] Sept. Sir Samuel Hood captures five French frigates. 
 
 -] Sept. 13. Mr. Fox died, and was buried in Westminster 
 Abbey, Oct. 
 
 ] Oct. Lord Lauderdale fails in negociating for peace at 
 
 Paris. 
 
 1807] Jan. Retaliative order of the Privy Council against Na- 
 poleon's Berlin decree. 
 
 ] Feb. Sir Samuel Auchmuty takes Monte Video by 
 
 storm. Sir J. T. Duckworth forces the passage of the Dardanelles, 
 but soon repassed them Gnanite shot was used against him. 
 
 J March. The king removes the Whig ministry for wish- 
 ing to grant further privileges to the Roman Catholics. Mr. 
 Perceval becomes Chancellor of the Exchequer. 
 
 ] July. Whitelocke fails against Buenos Ayres was tried 
 
 in England, and dismissed. 
 
 ] Sept. 7. Admiral Gambier and Lord Cathcart bombard 
 
 Copenhagen three days and nights, and lake the Danish fleet to 
 prevent it from being employed in the service of France. Heli- 
 goland was occupied as a station of the English post-office during 
 the exclusion from the continent. 
 
 ] Mar. English expedition from Sicily against Egypt 
 
 ultimately fails. Alexandria evacuated, Sept. 
 
 ] Louis XVIII. takes refuge in England, styling himself 
 the Count de Lisle. 
 
 ] Dec. Madeira surrenders to Great Britain in trust for 
 
 Portugal. 
 
 1808] Gustavus IV., king of Sweden, prevents the debarkation 
 of British troops sent to his aid under Sir John Moore. 
 
 PENINSULAR WAR. 
 
 ] June. The Portuguese arm against the French invaders. 
 
 The Spanish Patriots solicit and receive aid from Great Britain 
 300,000/. in dollars, with arms, &c. 
 
 ] Aug. 21. Battle of Vimiera, in Portugal: Sir Arthur 
 Wellesley defeated the French under general Junot, having pre- 
 viously, on the 17th, dislodged an advanced division of the army 
 at Roli<ja. The ensuing Convention at Cintra (N.W. from 
 Lisbon) concluded by Sir Hugh Dalrymple, August 30, was dis- 
 approved in England.
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 103 
 
 1808] Sept. The Marquis de la Romana and a Spanish corps, 
 which were occupying the Danish isles under Bernadotte, were 
 conveyed to Spain in British vessels. 
 
 ] Oct. The British, under Sir John Moore, advanced from 
 
 Portugal to aid Spain ; hut meeting with little co-operation, he 
 effected a rapid retreat from Salamanca, in face of Napoleon, to 
 Corunna, where he defeated the pursuing army under Soult, but 
 lost his life, Jan. 16. The British re-embarked without molesta- 
 tion. 
 
 1809] Jan. Peace with Turkey, after two years of war. 
 
 ] The Duke of York was charged before the Commons 
 
 with malversation as Communder-in-Chief. Acquitted, March 17. 
 He resigned and was succeeded by Sir David Dundas. 
 
 ] March. Soult invaded Portugal, and took Oporto; but 
 
 was soon expelled by Sir A. Wellesley and a second army. May, 
 June. Wellesley entered Spain, and, in conjunction with the 
 Spaniards under Cuesta, from whom he received little aid, repelled 
 Joseph Buonaparte, and three Marshals, at Talavera (on the 
 Tagus, 58 miles S.W. from Madrid), with great loss, and retired 
 behind the Tagus, Aug. He was created Viscount Wellington. 
 
 ] April. Lord Cochrane destroyed part of the French 
 
 fleet in Basque Roads. 
 
 ] July 31. The island of Walcheren was taken by Lord 
 
 Chatham ; but much sickness occurring, it was evacuated, Nov. 24. 
 ] Oct. 25. Jubilee, on the king's beginning the 50th year 
 of his reign. 
 
 ] Oct. Lord Collingwood defeated the French fleet in Rosas 
 
 Bay, in Catalonia. 
 
 ] The French were deprived of the Ionian Islands. 
 
 1810] Jan. 17- Amboyna (chief of the Molucca Isles) taken 
 from the Dutch. 
 
 ] April 5. Sir F. Burdett was committed to the tower for 
 
 libelling the House of Commons. 
 
 ] Aug. The Dutch Islands of Banda, Ternate, and Java, 
 were taken. 
 
 ] Sept. 27. Battle of Busaco : Marshal Massena invaded 
 
 Portugal with 80,000 men. Wellington, having but 25,000 British, 
 30,000 undisciplined Portuguese, retired before him.; but being 
 attacked at Busaco, defeated the assailants, but lost 3,000 men. 
 The French lost from 5,000 to 6,000. He then retired to the 
 unassailable fortified lines at Torres Vedras, north of Lisbon. 
 
 ] Nov. 2. The princess Amelia dies. The king's mental 
 malady returns. 
 
 ] Dec. 3. In this year, Guadaloupe, the isles of Bourbon
 
 104 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 and of France, and settlements on Madagascar coast, being taken, 
 France did not retain one colonial possession. 
 
 1811] Feb. 6. The Prince of Wales was made regent, under 
 restrictions. 
 
 ] March 5. Battle of JBarossa, near Cadiz, where Sir T. 
 
 Graham defeated Marshal Victor. Lord Wellington advanced 
 from Torres Veclras, pursued Massena, and blockaded Almeida in 
 Portugal, on the river Coa, on the borders of Spain. 
 
 ] May 3 5. Massena, marching to relieve Almeida, was 
 
 repulsed at Fuentes d'Onore by Wellington with 32,000 against 
 45,000. 
 
 ] May. Battle between British sloop " Little Belt," and 
 
 the American frigate " President." 
 
 ] May 16. Battle ofAlbuera (20 miles S E. from Badajos) : 
 
 Marshal Beresford, joined by the Spanish generals, Castanos and 
 Blake, defeated Soult, attempting to relieve Badajos, Aug. 8. The 
 most bloody battle in the Peninsular war. The British lost 4,500 
 out of 6,000. 
 
 ] Captain Hoste defeats a superior naval force in the 
 
 Adriatic. 
 
 ] Sep. 1. A comet appeared in England. Nov. 16. Riots 
 
 among the weavers at Nottingham. 
 
 1812] Feb. The regency restrictions expired. 
 
 ] Jan. April. Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajos were stormed 
 
 and taken by Lord Wellington, in spite of Marmont. 
 
 ] May 11. Mr. Perceval, the prime minister, was shot in 
 
 the lobby of the House of Commons, by Bellingham. The Earl of 
 Liverpool succeeded as premier. 
 
 ] July 22. Battle of Salamanca : Marquis Wellington 
 
 completely victorious over Marmont, who was severely wounded. 
 
 ] Aug. 12. Madrid taken by the British, and the siege of 
 
 Cadiz raised by Soult, Aug. 25, who evacuates the south of Spain. 
 Wellington, at the approach of Joseph Buonaparte and Soult, raised 
 the siege of Burgos, and retired to the river Tormes. His army 
 suffered afterwards from the weather (Nov. 15-18) in returning 
 to Rodrigo. He became commander- in -chief of the Spaniards, 
 Dec. 
 
 ] June 18. War with America. Their general, Hull, in- 
 vaded Canada, but was repulsed and taken in Fort Detroit, between 
 Lakes St. Clair and Erie, by General Brock, who was killed in 
 the battle of Queenston, near Niagara, Oct. 13. A second army 
 under Wadsworth was routed and captured by Sheaffe, near 
 Niagara, Oct. Three British frigates were captured by three 
 American frigates of superior size.
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 105 
 
 1813] Jan. The Princess of Wales complained of restrictions 
 in her intercourse with her daughter. After investigation, the 
 restrictions were pronounced to be necessary. 
 
 ] Mar. 29. The American frigate Chesapeake taken by the 
 
 British frigate Shannon. 
 
 ] New charter of the East India Company for 20 years. 
 
 China trade alone reserved. 
 
 ] June 21. Battle of Vittoria (in Biscay) : Marquis Wel- 
 lington defeated Joseph Buonaparte and Jourdan, who lost 151 
 pieces of artillery and 2000 carriages, with all his treasure and 
 plunder. 
 
 ] June 12. Sir John Murray left his guns at Tarragona (a 
 
 sea-port in Catalonia) he was afterwards tried. 
 
 ] July, Aug. Battles of the Pyrenees, in which the Mar- 
 quis of Wellington defeated Soult. 
 
 ] Aug. Sept. St. Sebastian was stormed and taken by Sir 
 
 Thomas Graham. 
 
 ] Oct. 7. Invasion of France by Wellington. Nov. 10. 
 
 French line on the Nivelle stormed. 
 
 ] Nov. Hanover was recovered from the French. 
 
 ] Nov. British, under Sir T. Graham, sent to aid Dutch 
 
 patriots, who effect a counter-revolution, and restored the Prince 
 of Orange. 
 
 1814] Feb 25. Battle of Orthes (on the river Gave de Pau, 
 in the department of the Lower Pyrenees). The French, under 
 Marshal Soult, defeated by Lord Wellington. 
 
 ] March 12. Sir William Beresford entered Bordeaux. 
 
 ] April 10. Wellington stormed Soult's positions round 
 
 Toulouse, and was completely victorious. 
 
 ] April 14. A sortie from Bayonne : Sir John Hope 
 
 wounded and taken, and General Hay killed. 
 
 ] April 18. Napoleon having been deposed, hostilities 
 
 ceased. The Spaniards and Portuguese recrossed the Pyrenees, 
 and the British embarked at Bourdeaux. In this war the British 
 captured or destroyed 69 sail of the line, without losing even one. 
 
 ] March 28. The American frigate Essex taken by a 
 
 British frigate and sloop. 
 
 ] April 20. Louis XVIII. '& public entry into London, on 
 
 his way to France. 
 
 ] June 6. The Emperor of Russia and the King of Prus- 
 sia, with Blucher, D'Yorck, Bulow, Platoff, &c. are magnificently 
 entertained at London. 
 
 ] July 7. On the day of general thanksgiving for peace, 
 the Prince Regent and the parliament went in procession to St. 
 Paul's. Aug. 1. National Jubilee, celebrated by a fair in Hyde
 
 106 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 Park, naval engagement on the Serpentine, and magnificent fire- 
 works. 
 
 1814] The Congress at Vienna make Hanover an independent 
 kingdom. 
 
 ] Dec 25. Peace with America, signed at Ghent : mari- 
 time rights left unsettled. 
 
 1815] Jan. 3. An extension of the Order of the Bath. 
 
 ] Jan. 8. The British were repulsed with great loss by 
 
 the Americans under General Jackson, at New Orleans (capital of 
 Louisiana), and the commander, Sir E. Packenham, was killed. 
 
 ] Jan. 15. The American frigate President was chased 
 
 and taken by four British frigates. 
 
 ] March. Corn-bills riots in London. June 15. Sudden 
 
 renewal of the war. 
 
 ] June 18. Battle of Waterloo. July 7. Wellington 
 
 and Blucher enter Paris. (Refer to the French History). 
 
 ] July 15. Napoleon surrenders to Captain Maitland, 
 
 of the Bellerophon, and is conveyed by the Northumberland to 
 St. Helena, for safe custody. 
 
 ] Nov. 20. Second general pacification at Paris. See 
 
 the French History, 1815. 
 
 ] King of Candy was dethroned, and the whole of Ceylon 
 
 became subject to Great Britain. 
 
 PEACE. 
 
 1816] Riots in London after a public meeting in Spa Fields, 
 The ringleaders, Thistlewood, Watson, &c. tried and acquitted. 
 Brandreth, Ludlam, and Turner, were hanged at Derby for insur- 
 rection. The Habeas Corpus Act was suspended. 
 
 ] May 2. The Princess Charlotte was married to Prince 
 
 Saxe Coburg. 
 
 ] Aug 27. In consequence of the massacre of Christians 
 
 at Bona, on the coast of Africa, Lord Exmouth bombarded Algiers. 
 The Dey releases all European captives, and promises to abolish 
 Christian slavery. 
 
 1817] Jan. A new coinage of sovereigns and half-sovereigns. 
 ] June 18. Waterloo Bridge was opened by the Prince 
 Regent and the Duke of Wellington. 
 
 ] Nov. 6. Princess Charlotte died in child-birth. On 
 
 the day of her funeral, Divine service was voluntarily performed 
 throughout the United Kingdom. 
 
 1818] Four royal marriages; Duke of Cambridge to the Prin- 
 cess of Hesse Cassel; Princess Elizabeth to Prince of Hesse Hom- 
 burg ; Duke of Kent to Princess of Leiningen (sister of Prince 
 Leopold) ; Duke of Clarence to Princess of Meiuingen.
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 107 
 
 1818] Unsuccessful expedition under Captain Ross for discovery 
 of N.W. passage. 
 
 ] Nov. 17. Queen Charlotte died at Kew, aged 75. 
 
 ] The native princes of India submit to Marquis of Hast- 
 ings, after a vigorous campaign, and peace follows. 
 
 1819] Aug. 16. Riots at Manchester. Hunt, the leader, and 
 others, convicted and imprisoned. Public meetings, training, and 
 arming, restricted by parliament. 
 
 1820] Jan. 23. Duke of Kent died at Sidmouth. His daughter, 
 the Princess Alexandrina Victoria, next heir to the throne after 
 the Prince Regent, the Dukes of York and Clarence. 
 
 ] Jan. 29. George III. died at Windsor, in the 82nd year 
 
 of his age, and the 60th of his reign beloved, revered, and 
 lamented. 
 
 ] Jan. 31. George IV. proclaimed. 
 
 ] Feb. 23. Plot discovered in Cato-street, Edgeware- 
 
 road, to assassinate his Majesty's ministers. May 1. Five of the 
 conspirators, Thistlewood, Davidson, Ings, Brunt, and Tidd, exe- 
 cuted. 
 
 ] Aug. 17. Bill of Pains and Penalties, brought into the 
 
 House of Lords against Queen Caroline, was withdrawn, being 
 carried only by a majority of nine, Nov. 
 
 ] Sep. 7. Nearly total eclipse of the sun. 
 
 ] Sir Francis Burdett fined and imprisoned, for writing a 
 
 libellous letter to the electors of Westminster, respecting the 
 Manchester riot. 
 
 1821] July 19. Coronation of George IV. Aug. 1. The king 
 proceeds on a visit to Ireland. 
 
 ] Captain Parry returns from a voyage of discovery in the 
 
 Arctic Sea, and again sails with increased hope of finding the 
 N. W. Passage. 
 
 ] Aug. 7. Queen Caroline died at Brandenburgh House, 
 
 Hammersmith. Riots in the Park, &c. when her funeral passed 
 in its way to Brunswick. 
 
 ] Sept. 22. The king leaves London for Hanover. Re- 
 turns, November 8. 
 
 1822] Famine, during April, May, &c. in parts of Ireland. 
 Liberal subscriptions were raised by the British for the relief of 
 the starving population. 
 
 ] Aug. 10. The king sets out for Scotland. Returns, 
 
 September 1. 
 
 ] Aug. 12. Death of the Marquis of Londonderry, Secre- 
 tary of State for Foreign Affairs, by his own hand, in a fit of 
 i sanity.
 
 108 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 1822] Oct. The principal Sovereigns of Europe formed a league, 
 which they called the Holy Alliance, to check the progress of 
 revolution. At the Congress of Verona, it was resolved to restore 
 the ancient despotism in Spain. The execution of the plan was 
 entrusted to the King of France. The Duke of Wellington, on 
 the part of England, objected to the whole proceeding. 
 
 1823] Oct. Captain Parry returns, after an absence of two 
 years, having failed in his attempt to discover the N. W. 
 Passage. 
 
 ] Oct. 30. The independence of the revolted Spanish 
 
 colonies in South America was recognised by England and 
 several other European powers. 
 
 1824] Jan. 21. Sir Charles M'Carthy, Governor of the British 
 Settlement at Sierra Leone, was defeated and cruelly murdered by 
 the Ashantees, a neighbouring nation ; but his death was avenged, 
 and these savage people were soon driven from Cape Coast Castle, 
 and were finally forced to submit, Aug. 27, 1826. 
 
 ] During the long continued revolt of the Greeks against 
 
 the Turks, several volunteers from England and other countries 
 assisted the insurgents. Lord Byron having, by his poetry, raised 
 a powerful feeling in their behalf, gave his active personal aid, but 
 fell a victim to a fever at Mesolonghi, in Western Greece, 19th 
 of April. 
 
 ] Mar. 5. War with the Burmese, in consequence of 
 
 their repeated incursions on the British territories in India, and of 
 protection afforded by the British authorities to refugees from 
 Burmese cruelty. After nearly two years of hard fighting,, and 
 the capture of the cities of Rangoon and Prome, the British having 
 advanced within 45 miles of Ava, the capital, the Burmese sub- 
 mitted, yielded some territory, and paid a million sterling, Feb. 
 24, 1826. 
 
 ] July 22. The Dey of Algiers having committed fresh 
 
 cruelties against the British and other Europeans, Sir Harry 
 Neale blockaded Algiers, and forced the Dey to renew his promise 
 of good conduct. 
 
 1825] A Bill passed for extending the law in Ireland against 
 illegal societies. A Bill for repealing the remaining restrictive 
 laws against the Roman Catholics was passed by the House of 
 Commons ; but it was rejected by the Lords, principally through 
 the exertions of the Duke of York. Dec. The failure of numerous 
 speculations and joint stock companies produced great confusion 
 in the money market. The consequent commercial embarras- 
 ments continued for two or three years. A third polar expedi- 
 tion, under Captain Parry, returned unsuccessful, after the loss of 
 the Fury, Captain Hopner. A fourth expedition was sent out.
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 109 
 
 1826] Jan. 18. A rebellion having occurred on the death of 
 the Rajah of Agra, in Hindustan, the British assisted the heir ; 
 and their force?, under Lord Combermere, took the strongly-for- 
 tified city of Bhurtpore by storm, and afterwards dismantled it. 
 
 ] Dec. An expedition was sent to aid the Portuguese govern- 
 ment acting on behalf of Donna Maria, to whom her father 
 Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, had wished to transfer the Portuguese 
 throne ; but after several months, the British troops retired, find- 
 ing that the Portuguese preferred to make Don Miguel (his brother) 
 absolute king. 
 
 1821] Jan. 5. The Duke of York died "the Soldier's Friend," 
 sincerely and generally lamented. The Duke of Wellington 
 succeeded as Commander-in-Chief. 
 
 ] Feb. 17. The prime minister, the Earl of Liverpool, 
 
 being disabled by a fit of apoplexy, was succeeded, April 10, by 
 Mr. Canning, a man of commanding eloquence and enlightened 
 views. In consequence, the Duke of Wellington and six other 
 members of the cabinet resigned. 
 
 ] The Duke of Clarence was appointed to the revived office 
 
 of Lord High Admiral. On Mr. Canning's death in the following 
 August, Mr. Frederick Robinson, created Lord Goderich, became 
 premier. 
 
 ] July 6. A treaty was made between England, France, 
 
 and Russia, to stop the cruel warfare between the Greeks and the 
 Turks. In consequence the allied fleets, under Sir Edward Cod- 
 rington, prepared to force the combatants to agree to an armistice, 
 and blockaded the Turkish fleet under Ibrahim, the Pasha of 
 Egypt, in the harbour of Navarino. On his refusal to cease hos- 
 tilities, a general engagement ensued, Oct. 20, and ended in the 
 almost total destruction of the Turkish fleet, with comparatively 
 little loss to the allied. This victory led to the independence of 
 Greece. 
 
 1828] Jan. 25. Lord Goderich's administration was succeeded 
 by th;it of the Duke of Wellington, who resigned the office of 
 Commander-in-Chief. Lord Hill became " Commander of the 
 forces." 
 
 ] Apr. 28. The Test and Corporation Acts, passed in the 
 
 reign of Charles II., which made the receiving of the Lord's Supper, 
 according to the rites of the Church of England, a necessary 
 qualification for holding office, were repealed. 
 
 ] May. Sir Francis Burdett's motion in the house of Com- 
 mons, in favour of the Catholics, was carried ; but a similar one 
 was rejected by the Lords, June 9. In Ireland the agitation was 
 violent between the Brunswick Clubs, formed by the advocates of
 
 110 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 Protestant ascendancy, and the members of the Catholic Asso- 
 ciation. 
 
 1828] Oct. 4. In pursuance of a convention concluded with 
 Sir Edward Codrington, Ibrahim Pasha, with the whole Egyptian 
 armament, evacuated the Morea ; the French forces compelled 
 the Turks to do the same. On their still refusing to accede to the 
 treaty of London, the three Allied Powers recognised the inde- 
 pendence of Greece. 
 
 1829] Jan. 17. A new settlement was ordered to be made near 
 the Swan River, Australia. 
 
 ] Feb. 2. York Minster was set on fire by Jonathan 
 
 Martin, a lunatic. 
 
 ] April 13. Catholic Emancipation being now recom- 
 mended by the Duke of Wellington's administration, the bill passed 
 both houses with triumphant majorities. 
 
 ] May 21. Prince Leopold declines the sovereignty of 
 
 Greece. 
 
 1830] June 26. After a tedious illness, George IV. died at 
 Windsor, in the 68th year of his age ; and was succeeded by 
 his brother, William Henry, Duke of Clarence, by the title of 
 William IV. 
 
 ] Oct. A new system of metropolitan police was intro- 
 duced by Sir Robert Peel. 
 
 ] Nov. Dec. Great disturbances took place in the agricul- 
 tural districts, and much destruction of property by incendiaries ; 
 but special commissions having been issued for the trial of the 
 offenders, the government, by a wise union of promptitude and 
 clemencv, restored tranquillity. 
 
 ] Nov. 2. The Duke of Wellington having declared him- 
 self adverse to any Parliamentary Reform, was obliged to resign. 
 His administration was succeeded by that of Earl Grey and the 
 Whigs. 
 
 1831] Apr. 23. Earl Grey's Reform Bill (which proposed to 
 disfranchise nomination boroughs, to enfranchise many large towns, 
 and to extend the franchise of some other places), being rejected 
 by the House of Commons, the parliament was dissolved. The 
 new parliament was occupied from July till October in again dis- 
 cussing the measure. It being rejected by the Lords, Oct. 7, riots 
 took place at Derby and Nottingham. 
 
 ] May 4. A fleet was sent to the Tagus, to obtain from 
 
 the Portuguese government the redress of some grievances. The 
 required concessions were made. 
 
 ] June. The cholera morbus prevailing in Russia, all 
 
 vessels coming from the Baltic to British ports were subjected to 
 quarantine.
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. Ill 
 
 1831] Aug. 11. A hurricane desolated Barbadoes and St. 
 Lucie. 
 
 ] Sept. The British Association for the promotion of Science 
 held their first meeting at London ; to be continued annually at 
 the principal towns in the United Kingdom. 
 
 ] Sept. 9. The coronation of William IV. and his queen, 
 
 Adelaide. 
 
 ] Sept. 23. An extensive inundation of the sea occurred 
 
 at Macoa, on the coast of the Bay of Bengal, in which upwards of 
 1400 persons perished. 
 
 ] Oct. 29. Dreadful riots, attended with the destruction 
 
 of many lives and much property, occurred at Bristol, when Sir 
 Charles Wetherell, an active Anti-Reformer, attempted to hold a 
 session as Recorder. 
 
 ] Nov. 4. The cholera morbus began at Sunderland. 
 
 ] Nov. 22. A new species of societies, called political 
 
 unions, was declared by the king's proclamation to be illegal. 
 
 ] Dec. A short but desperate insurrection of the slaves 
 
 occurred in Jamaica, attended with horrible massacre, and the 
 destruction of property to an immense extent. 
 
 1832] April. The Reform Bill having again passed the House 
 of Commons, May 8, Earl Grey's administration resigned, in 
 i ii^cquence of having been out-voted on the question in the 
 House of Lords, and the king having declined to secure to them 
 u majority by increasing the number of Peers. But after an in- 
 effectual attempt of the Duke of Wellington to form a Tory ad- 
 ministration, and after much popular ferment, Earl Grey resumed 
 office, May 18, upon the understanding that he would be enabled 
 to carry the Bill. This important measure was adopted by the 
 Lords, June 4. 
 
 ] June 19. The king was struck on the head at Ascot 
 
 Races by a stone thrown at him by Dennis Collins, an expelled 
 Greenwich pensioner. The offence was punished by imprison- 
 ment for life. 
 
 ] Aug. The Tithe Composition Act rendered compulsory 
 in Ireland. 
 
 ] Nov. British and French fleet blockade Holland, to 
 compel the king of the Netherlands to settle his disputes with 
 Belgium. 
 
 1833] April 2. A temporary law (commonly called the Coer- 
 cion Act) was passed, rendered necessary by the influence of Mr. 
 O'Connell, for the more effectual suppression of disturbances 
 and dangerous associations in Ireland. 
 
 ] Aug. 14. Also an Act to alter and amend the laws
 
 112 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 relating to the temporalities of the Church of Ireland (suppressing 
 ten bisho pricks). 
 
 1833] Aug. 28. The Charter of the East India Company was 
 continued till April 30, 1835. Their exclusive trade to China to 
 cease from April 22, 1834, and their commercial business to 
 close from that day. A new presidency (of Agra) was created 
 out of that of Fort William ; and two new bishopricks (of Bom- 
 bay and Madras) were founded. 
 
 1834] Aug. 1. Slavery to be abolished throughout the British 
 Colonies, at the end of six years of apprenticeship. Twenty 
 millions sterling were paid by the nation to the persons hitherto 
 entitled to the services of the slaves. 
 
 ] April 22. A Quadruple Treaty was made between 
 Great Britain, France, Portugal, and Spain, for the guarantee of 
 the two peninsular crowns. 
 
 ] July 25. A new Central Criminal Court was esta- 
 blished, for the trial of offences committed in the metropolis and 
 parts adjoining. 
 
 ] Aug. 14. An Act passed for the amendment and better 
 
 administration of the laws relating to the poor in England and 
 Wales. 
 
 ] Nov. 14. Lord Melbourne's administration was dis- 
 solved because he was not able to secure a majority in the House 
 of Lords. 
 
 ] Dec. 9. Sir Robert Peel became First Lord of the Trea- 
 sury and Chancellor of the Exchequer. 
 
 1835] Jan. The new parliament assembled. 
 
 . ] April 8. Sir Robert Peel resigned, because he would 
 not consent that the surplus (if there should be any), after paying 
 the Irish clergy out of the tithes, should be appropriated to pur- 
 poses of general education. 
 
 ] April 18. Viscount Melbourne's administration was re- 
 stored. 
 
 ] Sept. A Bill for the regulation of the Municipal Corpo- 
 rations in England and Wales. 
 
 ] Dec. Large subscriptions were raised for the relief of 
 
 the Irish clergy. 
 
 1836] Aug. 13. An Act passed for the Commutation of Tithes 
 in England and Wales. An Act for carrying into effect the Re- 
 ports of the Commissioners appointed to consider the state of the 
 Established Church in England and Wales, with reference to 
 ecclesiastial duties and revenues, so far as they relate to episcopal 
 dioceses, revenues, and patronage. 
 
 ] Aug. 17. An Act to amend the Marriage Act in Eng-
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 113 
 
 laud and Wales ; also, for the registration of births, deaths, and 
 marriages. 
 
 1836] Contests between the governors and the inhabitants of 
 Upper and L jwer Canada ; also in Jamaica. 
 
 ] Dec. 1. A charter was granted to the London Univer- 
 sity. 
 
 ] Dec. 25. A very heavy fall of snow began on Christmas 
 
 Eve, and continued tor some days, extending over most parts of 
 the kingdom, and interrupting the usual modes of communica- 
 tion. 
 
 1837] Jan. and Feb. The influenza prevailed generally, and 
 proved very fatal, particularly in Londou. 
 
 ] The Irish Municipal Corporation Bill was passed by the 
 Commons, but was postponed by the Lords. The ministerial 
 plan for the abolition of church-rates was rejected. 
 
 ] June 20. King William IV. died at Windsor, in the 
 72nd year of his age, after a reign of seven years an honest, 
 warm-hearted, well-intentioned prince, without one personal enemy. 
 He was succeeded by his niece, Her present Most Gracious 
 Majesty, Queen Victoria, daughter of Edward, Duke of Kent, fourth 
 son of George III., and born May 24, 1819. The effect of the 
 descent of the crown to a female was the separation from it of the 
 kingdom of Hanover, after a union which had lasted nearly a 
 century and a quarter. It devolved on the Queen's uncle, Ernest, 
 Duke of Cumberland, the next male heir. 
 
 ] June. General Evans resigned the command of the 
 
 British Legion in Spain, and in consequence it was soon disbanded. 
 This body, of about 8000 or 9000 volunteers, had been fighting for 
 three years with various success in the cause of Isabella II., the 
 queen of Spain, against Don Carlos, her uncle. 
 
 ] Oct. A new criminal code was introduced into the 
 
 British empire in India, drawn up by Mr. Macaulay and other 
 Commissioners. A famine prevailed there, and caused great 
 mortality. 
 
 ] Nov. 22. The continued contests in Lower Canada, 
 headed by Papineau, the Speaker of the House of Assembly, ended 
 in open rebellion, which broke out at St. Denis and St. Charles, 
 on the river Richelieu, and was suppressed by Colonels Gore and 
 Wetherall. 
 
 1837] Dec. Another rebellion commenced at Toronto, in 
 Upper Canada, under M'Kenzie, a newspaper editor, but was 
 quelled by Sir Francis Head, the governor, and the native militia. 
 M'Kenzie then excited some hundreds of American citizens at 
 Buffalo, in New York, to attack Canada, seized Navy Island in the 
 Niagara river, but were dispossessed by Colonel M'Nabb. 
 
 L3
 
 114 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 1838] Jan. 10. The Royal Exchange was destroyed by fire. 
 
 ] The trial and conviction of five Glasgow cotton-spinners, 
 
 members of the Trades Union an association which had spread 
 through the United Kingdom for the purpose of raising the wages of 
 manufacturers and artisans, by means of intimidation and violence. 
 
 ] Jan. 20. The cold exceeded that of the preceding 18 
 
 years. 
 
 ] April. Lord Durham was sent as Governor-General to 
 
 remedy the Canadian grievances ; but having acted illegally, as was 
 supposed, in banishing some of the rebels to Bermuda, and being 
 offended at a bill of indemnity having been passed for his protec- 
 tion by the British parliament, he resigned his commission, and 
 returned abruptly. 
 
 ] May 28, 31. John Nichols Thorn, a lunatic, calling 
 
 himself Sir William Courtenay, knight of Malta, excited about 
 100 followers among the farmers and peasantry at Boughton, near 
 Canterbury, to believe that he was the Messiah, and that he was 
 sent as a political and religious deliverer. After intimidating the 
 neighbourhood for three days, and shooting a constable and 
 Lieutenant Bennet, the officer sent to quell the riot, he and many 
 of his followers were shot by the soldiers. Others of the in- 
 fatuated people were transported for life. 
 
 ] June 28. The coronation of Queen Victoria, who was 
 
 accompanied to and from Westminster Abbey by all the foreign 
 ambassadors and ambassadors extraordinary. 
 
 ] Aug. 1 . The abolition of slavery in the British colonies. 
 
 Contests arose in Jamaica respecting the rate of wages. The 
 House of Assembly, thinking their legislative rights infringed by 
 the British parliament, refused to perform their usual duties. 
 
 ] Mr. M'Neill, the British envoy to the court of Persia, 
 breaks off all communication, in consequence of the Schah's per- 
 severance in the siege of Herat, belonging to the king of Cabool, 
 in alliance with Great Britain. 
 
 ] Aug. 18. Mr. O'Connell forms a new plan of agitation 
 
 in Ireland, by establishing the Precursor Society. 
 
 ] Sept. The first meetings, in the manufacturing districts, 
 
 of the Chartists, or supporters of a document called the People's 
 Charter, which claims universal suffrage, vote by ballot, annual 
 parliaments, &c. They assembled often at night in the open air 
 and by torchlight. 
 
 ] Nov. The French Canadians, in open rebellion at Mont- 
 real, entirely defeated by General Prescott. 
 
 1839] May. Lord Melbourne resigned, confessing that his 
 administration no longer possessed the confidence of parliament. 
 Sir Robert Peel was called on to form a new ministry ; but de-
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 115 
 
 clined to proceed, as the queen refused to permit any of the Ladies 
 of the Bedchamber to be dismissed. In consequence, Lord Mel- 
 bourne and his colleagues were re-instated. 
 
 1839] June. Chartist riots at Llanidloes. Those at Birmingham 
 were attended with considerable destruction of property and the 
 loss of some lives. 
 
 ] July. On the death of Mahmoud II.. the Turkish Sul- 
 tan, the five great powers, viz., Great Britain, France, Russia, 
 Austria, and Prussia, require the Pasha of Egypt not to attempt 
 anything against the Grand Signer's son, and to resign the fleet 
 which had been treacherously surrendered to him by the Turkish 
 admiral. His army, under command of his son Ibrahim, had pre- 
 viously defeated the Turks at Nizib, in Syria. 
 
 ] May, July. For the capture of Candahar, Ghuzneh, 
 
 and Cabool, refer to the Indian History. 
 
 ] Dec. 31. The trial of the state prisoners engaged in 
 the disturbances at Newport commenced at Monmouth. John 
 Frost and others were found guilty of high treason, but their 
 punishment was changed into transportation for life. 
 
 1840] Jan. 10. After a month's experiment of the fourpenny 
 uniform postage, the penny postage came into operation. The new 
 stamps and envelopes for prepaid letters were introduced, May 2. 
 
 ] Jan. 11. A Chartist outbreak was to have taken place 
 
 at Sheffield in the night, involving the destruction of the town by 
 fire ; but it was discovered and suppressed. Slight disturbances 
 occurred in several other places in the northern counties at the 
 same time. 
 
 ] Feb. 10. The marriage of Her Majesty with her cousin, 
 Prince Albert of Saxe Coburg Gotha. 
 
 ] May 20. A destructive fire in York Minster. 
 
 ] June 10. A young man named Edward Oxford, who 
 had been a servant at a public-house, discharged two pistols, but 
 happily without effect, at Her Majesty and Prince Albert as they 
 were proceeding up Constitution Hill, near Buckingham Palace. 
 Oxford being adjudged to be insane, was sent for confinement to 
 Bethlem Hospital. 
 
 ] July 15. A treaty between England, Austria, Russia, 
 Prussia, and Turkey, to settle the contest between the latter nation 
 and the Pasha of Egypt. Sept. The allied forces capture Beyrout 
 in Syria, which was evacuated by the Egyptian army. 
 
 ] Nov. 5. Fresh insurrection in Syria against the Pasha 
 of Egypt. The Emir Beshir, chief of the Druses, places himself 
 in the hands of the allies. They capture Sidon. 
 
 ] Dec. 1. Mehemet AH accepted the terms offered by the
 
 116 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 allies, and agreed to restore the Turkish fleet, to evacuate Syria, 
 and hold Egypt as an hereditary fief under the Sultan. 
 
 1841] Feb. Upper and Lower Canada were united. In the 
 following year the inhabitants of French origin were admitted to 
 share in the British constitutional privileges. 
 
 ] May. A schism commences in the Church of Scotland, 
 
 which ends in the secession of 400 ministers and the formation of 
 a Free Church, which does not admit the authority of the state in 
 ecclesiastical matters. 
 
 ] Aug. Wooden pavement laid down in many parts of 
 
 London. 
 
 ] Aug. The national income diminishing every year, Lord 
 
 Melbourne resigned the premiership, and was succeeded by Sir 
 Robert Peel. 
 
 ] Oct. 30. A large portion of the Tower of London was 
 
 destroyed by fire, supposed to be accidental. 
 
 1842] April. Sir Robert Peel imposes a Tax of 3 per cent, on 
 Property, and reduces the Tariff or declaration of duties on exports 
 and imports; and alters the Corn Laws, substituting for a fixed 
 duty a sliding scale of duties on imported corn, varying with the 
 average price of English corn. 
 
 ] May 30. The Queen, in passing down Constitution Hill, 
 in St. James's park, was shot at by John Francis, a youth under 
 20. For the offence he was transported for life. 
 
 ] July 3. As Her Majesty was proceeding from Bucking- 
 ham Palace to the Chapel Royal, St. James's, a pistol was pre- 
 sented at her by a deformed youth, named Bean. 
 
 ] July, Aug. &c. Great disturbances in the coal districts 
 
 in the midland counties, the Staffordshire potteries, and in York- 
 shire. Large bodies of operatives proceeded from town to town, 
 compelling a general suspension of labour, for the purpose of 
 obtaining higher wages. The danger was averted by the exertions 
 of constabulary and military force. Two hundred and seventy- 
 four offenders were tried at Stafford, of whom more than two 
 hundred were sentenced to various punishments. 
 
 ] Sept. The Queen and Prince Albert visited Edinburgh, 
 
 Perth, and the highlands of Scotland. 
 
 1843] Jan 20. Mc'Naughten, intending to assassinate Sir 
 Robert Peel in the middle of the day at Charing Cross, shot his 
 private Secretary, Mr. Edward Drummond, by mistake. The 
 assassin was executed. 
 
 ] July. Disturbances in the agricultural districts of Car- 
 marthenshire and Pembrokeshire, on account of low wages and 
 the increased number of turnpikes. Their leader assumed a female
 
 ENGLISH HISTORY. 117 
 
 dress, and the name of" Rebecca/' His followers destroyed nume- 
 rous turnpike-gates and long defied detection. In October, many 
 of the offenders were tried under a special commission at Cardiff. 
 The principal culprit, a young farmer, was transported for twenty 
 years ; most of the remainder were pardoned on pleading guilty. 
 
 1843] Sept. 2-7. The Queen and Prince Albert paid a visit to 
 the king of the French at his Chateau at Eu on the coast of the 
 Department of the Lower Seine ; and, Sept 13-21, to the king of 
 the Belgians at Brussells, &c. October. The Queen visited Cam- 
 bridge and Lord Hardwick ; in November, Sir R. Peel and several 
 of the nobility. 
 
 ] Oct. Large assemblages in Ireland, called Monster 
 Meetings, for the purpose of producing a Repeal of the Union with 
 Great Britain ; after they had been long tolerated, the Irish govern- 
 ment forbade them. Mr. O'Connell and seven of the chief repealers 
 were tried for conspiracy and sedition, were convicted in February, 
 1844, and sentenced to be fined and imprisoned ; but were released 
 on the conviction being afterward (Sept. 6, 1844) reversed by the 
 House of Lords. 
 
 1844] April. The colliers in the northern countries struck for 
 an advance of wages, and, though generally peaceable, continued 
 out of employment for five months. 
 
 ] June 1. The emperor of Russia visited the Queen, and 
 stayed eight days in England. 
 
 ] July. Many incendiary fires occurred in Suffolk; thirty- 
 two persons were tried for this offence. 
 
 ] Oct. The Queen received a visit from the king of the 
 French at Windsor. 
 
 1845] Jan. 1. The Archbishop of Canterbury addressed a 
 letter to the clergy of his province on the disputes respecting the 
 uniform observance of the Rubric in the Prayer Book, and the 
 existing practice as sanctioned by usage, on which he declined 
 to give an authoritative opinion, but advised mutual forbearance. 
 Great excitement had prevailed in many churches on this subject, 
 especially at Exeter. 
 
 ] Feb. 14. The Convocation at Oxford condemned the 
 Rev. M r. Ward's book, entitled " The Ideal of a Christian Church," 
 and deprived him of his academic degree. In the course of this 
 year, more than thirty clergymen, twenty members of the Univer- 
 sities of Oxford and Cambridge, and sixty other laymen, seceded 
 to the Church of Rome. 
 
 ] Jan. The Anti-Corn-Law League endeavour to effect 
 their object by attending to the registration of votes and the pur- 
 chase of small freeholds. They also opened a bazaar in Covent
 
 118 ENGLISH HISTORY. 
 
 Garden. Goods, the free gifts of manufacturers in all parts of the 
 kingdom, were sold to the value of 20,000^. 
 
 1845] June. The Roman Catholic College at Maynooth, near 
 Dublin, which had for many years been supported by an annual 
 parliamentary grant of 8,000^., was now endowed with 30,000/. a 
 year. An Act passed for founding in Ireland (probably at Belfast, 
 Cork, and Galway) secular colleges, wholly independent of reli- 
 gious tests or creeds. 
 
 ] May 28. Two dreadful conflagrations occurred in Quebec, 
 
 destroying nearly 3,000 houses. Relief for nearly 20,000 destitute 
 sufferers was raised by subscription in most of the large towns in 
 England, by collections in the churches, and by a parliamentary 
 grant of20,000/. 
 
 ] May 15. The Queen of Madagascar having threatened 
 
 the French and English traders with expulsion, the governors of 
 the Mauritius and the Isle of Bourbon sent three ships to enable 
 the inhabitants to obtain better terms ; but the assailants were 
 obliged to retire after burning a large part of the town, but sus- 
 taining considerable loss. 
 
 ] Aug. 9. Her Majesty and Prince Albert visited their 
 
 relations in Germany. In their way back, they paid a short visit 
 to the king of the French at his chateau at En. 
 
 ] Oct. The mania for railway speculation, which had pre- 
 vailed since the beginning of the year, reached a crisis. A re-action 
 or panic ensued, affecting some of the most favourite schemes, and 
 utterly destroying those which were not well founded. 
 
 ] Nov. Much fear prevailed of a famine from the failure 
 
 of the potato crop, particularly in Ireland, and the alleged deficiency 
 in the corn harvest in England. Sir Robert Peel's colleagues not 
 agreeing with him in his proposal of opening the ports for the free 
 importation of corn, and of modifying or abolishing the corn laws, 
 all the ministers resigned. Lord John Russell being unable to 
 form an administration, Sir Robert then resumed his office, sup- 
 ported by many of his former colleagues. 
 
 How long did the dynasty continue ? How many kings 
 
 were there of that dynasty ? (Apply these questions separately to 
 the Anglo-Saxon, the Danish, the Normans, Plantagenet, Lancaster, 
 York, Tudor, Stuart, and Brunswick dynasties.)
 
 SCOTTISH HISTORY. 
 
 1. FROM THE ROMAN CONQUEST TO THE BEGINNING 
 OF CENTURY VI. 
 
 Caledonians were beat by Agricola's war (84) ; 
 And Adrian's rampart from Tynes (120) mouth reach'd far; 
 Antoninus' Clyde-wall tires (140) the foe when he fights,] 
 But he takes (170) wider range 'gainst Aurelian's rights ; 
 And stone-wall of Severus, Tyne and Solway unites (210). 
 
 Constantius beat Picts with Caledonians mix'd (306), 
 Who, guided (366) by Scots, far as London, camp fix'd. 
 For conversion of Picts, Ninian's fame will remain (432) ; 
 Three following centuries fables contain ; 
 Nor did Fergus and Scots in Argyleshire lose aim (503) ; 
 O'er the rest, Britons, Saxons, Picts, Irish- Scots reign. 
 
 84] Julius Agricola, the Roman governor in Britain during the 
 reigns of Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian, defeated Galgacus. the 
 Caledonian general, near the Grampian Hills, and established a 
 chain of forts between the Friths of Clyde and Forth. These forts 
 were afterwards, by order of Lollius Urbicus, governor under Anto- 
 ninus Pius, connected by a turf-wall, raised on stone foundations. 
 
 120] The Emperor Adrian visited Britain ; and, to secure the 
 frontiers, built a rampart 70 miles in length, called the Picts' wall, 
 between the Frith of Solway and the River Tyne. 
 
 170] The Romans, abandoning the more northern wall of An- 
 tonine, retired behind that erected under the auspices of the 
 Emperor Adrian. 
 
 208 210] The Emperor Severus, on his arrival in Britain, 
 repaired or rebuilt the wall of Adrian. The Caledonians having 
 renewed the war, he in person attempted to subdue them. Having
 
 120 SCOTTISH HISTORY. 
 
 advanced as far as Murray Frith, and partly effected his purpose 
 by conquest, though with the loss of half his army, he retired to 
 York, where he died whilst preparing to complete the subjugation 
 of the again invading Caledonians. 
 
 306] Constantius, father of Constantine the Great. The Picts, 
 now first mentioned, are supposed to have been descendants of the 
 aboriginal Celts, and to have inhabited the districts N. E. of the 
 Forth. 
 
 366] The Scots, an Irish people of Caledonian extraction, 
 assisted the Picts in invading the Roman provinces, as far as 
 London ; but were repulsed by Theodosius, a celebrated general 
 of Valentinian I. 
 
 432] St. Ninian died, a native of the country of the Novantes 
 (Wigtonshire, &c.). He is said to have converted the southern 
 Picts. Columba, in the sixth century, converted the Northern 
 Picts, established an academy in the island of lona (now Icolmkill, 
 one of the Hebrides, at the S. W. point of the Isle of Mull), and 
 monasteries in several parts of Caledonia. 
 
 The Dalriadians emigrated from a district called Dalriadia, in 
 the N. E. of Ireland, and settled in Argyleshire, under three leaders, 
 Lorn, Fergus, and Angus, the sons of an Irish chieftain. From 
 the settlement in 503, under Fergus, to their ultimate ascendancy 
 under Kenneth in 843, the history of the Scoto-Irish is very 
 obscure. 
 
 Who was Julius Agricola ? When and what were his achieve- 
 ments in Britain ? When was Adrian's visit, and what the result ? 
 What occurred there in the reign of Commodus ? What did Seve- 
 rus effect there ? Who was the Constantius here mentioned ? 
 Who were the Picts, and when first mentioned ? Who were the 
 Scots ? What were the circumstances attending their invasion of 
 South Britain ? What is the date, and what the circumstances, 
 connected with St. Ninian and Kentigern Columba ? What 
 occurred in 503 ? What period of Scottish history is very 
 obscure ? 
 
 2. KENNETH'S CONQUEST. DANISH AND ENGLISH 
 INVASIONS. 8431097. 
 
 Second Kenneth may brag (843) of subduing Picts all ; 
 Anglo-Saxons forced Donald within the Clyde's wall (855) ; 
 The Danes behead Constantine, ere they home budge (863) ; 
 Eth reigned a wee bit (881) ; rebel Grig was all fudge ;
 
 SCOTTISH HISTORY. 1 '2 I 
 
 Danish weapon (892) kill'd Donald ; Constzntmc'spious age\ 
 To Malcolm resign'd, whom the English engage, [ (903) f 
 By Northumberland's fief, to parry (944) Danes' rage. ' 
 Danish ambush caus'd blood of brave Indulf to flow (958) ; 
 Fortune turning on pivot (961) son Duff was laid low, 
 By Culen, his brother, who dead in feud lay (965) ; [slay. 
 Third Kenneth takes Strathclyde ; his pikes (370} the Danes 
 Usurpers removed, Malcolm foil'd Danish aim (10,03) ; 
 Gape (10,39) the wounds of Macbeth, whohadwonDuncan's 
 game (10,33). [home :\ 
 
 ThirdMalcolm'sZacfy ( 10,56) MargaretimprovedScotsat 
 Brother Donaldusurp'd, at Bastard Duncandidybam( 1 0,93) f 
 Was restored, then imprisoned, and blindness his doom. J 
 
 843] In the reign of Alpin began those bloody contests be- 
 tween the Scots and Picts, which ended in the expulsion or sub- 
 jugation of the latter, by his son, Kenneth II. This prince 
 became master of all Scotland beyond the northern wall ; and is 
 justly considered the founder of the Scottish monarchy, the whole 
 country being then first called Scotland. He removed the 
 seat of government from Argyleshire to Scone, in Perthshire, 
 taking with him the fatal stone, thought to be the palladium of 
 Scotland, which was carried off by Edward I., and is now under 
 the coronation-chair in Westminster Abbey. 
 
 855] Donald, brother of Kenneth, was taken by the Northum- 
 berland Saxons, who were aiding the Picts to regain their inde- 
 pendence ; but the enemy losing half their boats in crossing the 
 Frith of Forth, a peace was made. The Picts then emigrated to 
 England, Norway, and Denmark. 
 
 863] Co/ixfft/iti/H', son of Kenneth, defeated, near Leven-water, 
 in Kinross-shire, the Danes, who had been induced by the exiled 
 Picts to attempt the recovery of the Pictish territory ; but, being 
 afterward taken prisoner, he was beheaded at a place sin e called 
 the Devil's Cave. 
 
 881] Eth the Fair-haired, brother of Constantine, was soon 
 dethroned by Grig or Gregory, a rebellious northern chieftain. 
 
 882] Grig, or Gregory, under pretence of moderation, chose as 
 his colleague, Eocha, grandson of Kenneth the Great ; but, after 
 some years, they were expelled. Grig built Aberdeen. Buchanan's 
 account of his victories is supposed to be greatly exaggerated.
 
 122 SCOTTISH HISTORY. 
 
 892] Donald, son of Constantine II., succeeded ; defeated the 
 Danes near Scone ; and was slain nine years afterward, when 
 bravely repelling a Danish incursion on the western coast. 
 
 903] Constantine III., son of Eth, had to contend against 
 Edward the Elder, and Athelstan, who invaded Scotland, claiming 
 sovereignty over the southern districts. Aided by Danes and 
 Northumbrians, he landed near the Humber, and, though de- 
 feated, prevented further invasion. After reigning forty years, 
 he resigned, and became Abbot of the Culdees at St. Andrews. 
 
 944] Malcolm I., son of Donald, held Cumberland under King 
 Edmund the Pious and Edred, and was rewarded with its plunder. 
 He was slain in battle against some insurgents in Mearns. 
 
 958] Indulf, son of Constantine III., obtained from Edwy, 
 king of England, the cession of Edinburgh Castle. He was slain 
 by an ambuscade, whilst pursuing the Danes, who had landed 
 near Cullen, in Banffshire. 
 
 961] Duff, son of Indulf, was at first successful in a war 
 against his rebellious brother Culen ; but afterward, fortune 
 turning, he was assassinated at Forres. 
 
 965] Culen, another son of Indulf, was oppressive and pro- 
 fligate ; and was slain by the Thane of Fife, whose daughter he 
 had seduced. 
 
 970] Kenneth III., son of Malcolm, added to his kingdom the 
 territory of the Britons in Strathclyde. According to treaty with 
 Edgar, king of England, he repressed an insurrection in Northum- 
 berland, and defeated the Danes at Loncarty, near Perth. He 
 was murdered by means of a lady named Fenella, who invited 
 him to her castle, for the purpose of avenging the death of her son, 
 who had fallen by the hands of justice. 
 
 994] Constantine IV., son of Culen, usurped during a year 
 and half; but was slain in battle near Perth by 
 
 995] Kenneth IV. the Grim, son of Duff, who experienced the 
 same fate, from 
 
 1003] Malcolm II., son of Kenneth III. After repelling three 
 successive invasions of the Danes, he concluded a treaty, in 1014, 
 that war between them should cease during the lives of himself 
 and Sweyn. He likewise compelled the cession of Lothian and 
 Berwickshire from the Earl of Northumberland. 
 
 1034] Duncan, grandson and successor of Malcolm, was at- 
 tacked and slain by Macbeth, another grandson of Malcolm II., 
 at Bothgowan, or the Smiths' house, near Elgin, in 1039, and 
 not, as has been supposed, in his castle at Inverness. Macbeth's 
 ambition was stimulated by his wife Graoch ; whose grandfather, 
 Kenneth the Grim, had been killed fighting against Duncan's 
 grandfather. Malcolm, Duncan's eldest son, fled to England. 
 Donald, the younger, was chased to the Hebrides.
 
 SCOTTISH HISTORY. 123 
 
 1040] Macbeth, after reigning sixteen years, was dethroned by 
 Malcolm, aided by Macduff, thane of Fife, by whom Macbeth was 
 at length killed. According to Sir Walter Scott's account, 
 MaHirth was ;i firm, just, and equitable prince. 
 
 1056] Malcolm III , surnamed Cean-mohr. or Great-head, ton 
 of Duncan, married Margaret, grand-daughter of Edmund Ironside, 
 who with her family, and her brother Edgar Atheling, the heir of 
 the English throne, was escaping from England, but was driven 
 by a storm into the Frith of Forth. This marriage produced a 
 war with William the Conqueror, which ended in Malcolm's doing 
 homage for his possessions in England, 1072 In consequence of 
 disputes about the homage, he again invaded that country in the 
 reign of William Rufus, and was killed at the siege of Alnwick, 
 leaving all his children under age. The feudal system was 
 gradually introduced during his reign ; and manners were improved 
 by his English connexion. 
 
 1093] Donald Sane, brother to Malcolm Cean-mohr, seized 
 the throne, by aid of the Western Highlanders, and attempted to 
 restore barbarism and expel the English. Being in consequence 
 obliged to fly to the Hebrides, 
 
 1094] Duncan, a natural son of the late Malcolm, was crowned 
 at Scone, by means of William Rufus. Duncan was soon mur- 
 dered through Edmund, his half-brother (the second of the 
 legitimate children of Malcolm Cean-mohr), who replaced Donald 
 Bane, on condition of sharing the kingdom with him. In con- 
 sequence of a fresh expulsion of the foreigners, Edgar, the third 
 son of Malcolm, aided by an English army, deposed his uncle 
 and brother, imprisoned them both, and put out the eyes of the 
 former. Donald was the last of the Scoto-Irish kings, who had 
 filled the throne 519 years, beginning with Fergus. 
 
 [For examination applicable to the History of the Scottish kings, 
 see the History of England, page 71.] 
 
 3. SAXON LINK. 
 
 Mild Edgar lov'd peace (1,097) ; Alexander then eas'd 
 His subjects from tyrannous nobles who teasd (1,106) : 
 First David's troops found at the Standard their tomb (1, 1 24 
 
 [1,138); 
 Fourth Malcolm felt qualm ( 1 , 1 53) his own crown to assume.
 
 124 SCOTTISH HISTORY. 
 
 William's name of the Lion seem'd nought to avail (1,165) ; 
 Alexander's fierce entry (1,214) made English John pale: 
 Of his conquest o'er Haco, Third Alec may harp (1,249) ; 
 Noble( 1,825) Margaret's death gender'd contest most sharp. 
 
 1097] Edgar , thin) son of Malcolm Cean-mohr, and Margaret, 
 the Anglo-Saxon Princess, lived on good terms with the English, 
 and attended to the internal regulations of his kingdom. Not- 
 withstanding his cruelty to his aged uncle, the character of Edgar 
 seems to have been equitable and humane. His sister Matilda 
 married Henry I. of England. 
 
 1106] Alexander, another son of Malcolm Cean-mohr, was 
 instructed in letters, restrained the power of the nobles, and 
 promoted the happiness of his people. He granted much to the 
 church, and built the monastery of St. Columba on the island of 
 Inchcolm. He aided his brother-in-law, Henry I., in his wars 
 against the Welsh. 
 
 1124] David, the youngest son of Malcolm Cean-mohr, aided 
 his niece the Empress Matilda against Stephen, and was defeated 
 at the famous battle of the Standard, at Cuton-Moor, near 
 Northallerton, 1138 ; but afterwards, on ratifying a peace, he 
 obtained the earldom of Northumberland for his eldest son, on 
 condition that he should do homage to Stephen as an English 
 baron. This excellent king established towns, erected public 
 buildings ; promoted agriculture, manufactures, and commerce ; 
 enriched the church, and founded many abbeys. He also in- 
 stituted the municipal laws, called the Leges Burgorum. Overcome 
 by grief for the loss of his only son, he was found dead in a posture 
 of devotion. He was the first Scottish king that sometimes 
 resided at Edinburgh. 
 
 1153] Malcolm IV., styled the Maiden, from his effeminate 
 countenance, succeeded his excellent grandfather at twelve years 
 of age. As one of the maxims of chivalry was, that a king ought 
 not to be crowned till he had been knighted, Malcolm served a 
 campaign in France under Henry II. of England; and, during 
 his absence, nearly lost his kingdom by an insurrection. He 
 yielded to Henry II. the lands in Cumberland and Northumberland, 
 and did homage for Lothian. He showed much valour in re- 
 pressing several rebellions ; but seems to have been flexible and 
 yielding in council. 
 
 1165] William I., brother of Malcolm IV., is supposed to be 
 the first Scottish king who assumed an armorial coat, and is styled 
 the Lion, from the lion rampant on his seal. Unable to obtain 
 the restitution of Northumberland, he joined the confederacy of
 
 SCOTTISH HISTORY. 125 
 
 I It in \ lid's sons, and was taken prisoner at Alnwich. 1 174. By 
 the treaty concluded at Falaise in Normandy, he bought his free- 
 dom, by doing homage for his whole kingdom; from which sub- 
 mis.-iun he was released by Richard Cceur-de-Uon. He afterward 
 paid King John a large sum for peace, and in consideration of John's 
 destroying the castle of Tweedmouth. William maintained with 
 much spirit against the Pope the franchises of the Scottish church. 
 
 1214] Alexander II., a youth of 16, son of William, entered 
 Kiiijand to aid the barons, in 1216; but was repelled by King 
 John, who then invaded Scotland, and committed great devastation. 
 Alexander retaliated, and materially aided Louis the Dauphin 
 and the English barons against John. In 1221, Alexander married 
 his daughter Joan, sister of Henry III., and continued at peace with 
 England during the remainder of his reign ; but this wise and 
 active monarch was frequently engaged in suppressing the tumults 
 of his Celtic subjects in the north and west of Scotland. 
 
 1249] Alexander III., eight years of age, succeeded his father, 
 and next year married Margaret, daughter of Henry III., at York. 
 In 12J3, Haco, king of Norway, seized the Western Isles, and in- 
 vaded Scotland ; but was defeated by Alexander at Largs, in Ayr- 
 shire, near the mouth of the Clyde. Magnus, the wise and learned 
 son of Haco, gave up the islands, in 1266, for an equivalent and a 
 tribute; and cemented the treaty by a marriage between his son 
 Eric and Alexander's daughter Margaret. Alexander aided Henry 
 III. and Edward I. in the civil wars; and firmly supported the 
 Scottish church against the Pope. The reign of this wise and 
 good king was terminated by his being thrown from his horse over 
 a precipice, near to Kinghorn, on the coast of Fife, and instantly 
 killed. His children, Alexander and Margaret, had died before him. 
 
 1285] Margaret, the infant grand-daughter of Alexander III. 
 and daughter of Eric, king of Norwav, was acknowledged queen 
 of Scotland. A marriage was arranged for her with Edward's son, 
 the prince of Wales ; but the death of the little queen at Orkney, 
 at the age of seven years, defeated the schemes of Edward. 
 
 4. COMPETITIONS FOR THE CROWN. ENGLISH INTERFERENCE. 
 England's vassal, John Baliol, saw London in pain (1,'2.<2); 
 But by Bruce the mix'd (1,306) foes were at Bannockburn 
 Second David and Baliol alternately sway ; [slain : 
 
 But the former at Durham did much money pay (1,3'29). 
 
 The family of William the Lion being extinct, the right of suc- 
 cession reverted to the descendants of William's brother, David, 
 earl of Huntingdon. His male heirs being dead, three descendants 
 
 M3
 
 126 SCOTTISH HISTORY. 
 
 of his three daughters were competitors: 1. John Baliol, grand- 
 son of Margaret, the eldest, 2. Robert Bruce, son of Isabella, the 
 second ; 3. John Hastings, son of Adama, the youngest. 
 
 1292] Edward I., being chosen umpire, adjudged the crown 
 (after an interregnum of two years) to John Baliol, on condition 
 of his swearing fealty to him. But Baliol soon renouncing his 
 allegiance, Edward, in 1297, invaded Scotland, defeated him at 
 Dunbar, forced him to resign the kingdom into his hands, and 
 retained him two years as prisoner in the tower of London. He 
 removed to London the records of the kingdom of Scotland, 
 and conveyed to Westminster Abbey that great stone upon which 
 the kings of Scotland had been crowned at Scone, and which has 
 been used ever since for a similar purpose at the coronation of the 
 English Sovereigns. 
 
 1297] Whilst Edward was engaged in war with France, William 
 Wallace, an illustrious Scot, defeated the English troops, under 
 the earl of Warrenne, at Stirling. Afterward, he was himself routed 
 by Edward, at Falkirk, July 22, 1298, and being betrayed to the 
 English, by Monteith, sheriff of Dumbarton, he was executed at 
 London as a traitor in 1305. 
 
 1306] Robert Bruce, grand-son of the competitor with Baliol, 
 drove the English out of the kingdom. Edward, advancing with 
 an immense army again to subjugate Scotland, died at Carlisle. 
 His son, Edward II., some years afterward, with a mixed army, 
 composed of English, Irish, Welsh, and Gascons, was wholly 
 routed by Bruce, at Bannockburn, near Stirling, June 24, 1314. 
 Bruce then plundered the border-counties, overran Ireland, took 
 Berwick, and defied the Pope's excommunication. After various 
 contests with Edward II. and III., the latter, by treaty at North- 
 ampton, in 1328, renounced superiority over Scotland, and gave 
 his sister Joanna in marriage to David, the young Scottish prince. 
 When at the age of 55, the heroic Robert found his end approach- 
 ing, he entreated Lord James Douglas to convey his heart to the 
 Holy Land, in redemption of a vow which he had made to go in 
 person thither, when he should be disengaged from the English 
 wars. Douglas, in his way to Palestine, stopped to fight with the 
 Moors in Spain. Being slain, the heart of Bruce was brought 
 back and buried in Melrose Abbey. 
 
 1329] David //., son of Robert Bruce, was only five years old 
 at his father's death. Randolph, the celebrated earl of Moray, 
 became regent. 
 
 1332] Edward Baliol, son of the former king, was encouraged 
 to claim the crown on the promise of support from Edward III. : 
 and obtained his object through a romantic victory, gained in the 
 night at Dupplin, on the river Earne, by less than 3,000 men,
 
 SCOTTISH HISTOUY. 1 '27 
 
 over the Scottish regent, the Earl of Mar, at the head of 40,000. 
 IK-w.is, however, soon expelled. But David's adherents, under 
 the recent Douglas, being routed at Halidon Hill by Edward, June 
 19, 1333, Baliol was replaced. David was conveyed to France; 
 but was restored to his crown in 1338, by the regent Robert, the 
 steward of Scotland, aided by Sir Alexander Ramsay, and Sir 
 William Douglas, the celebrated kni<rht of Liddesdale. 1346. 
 David invaded England during Edward Ill.'s absence, and was 
 taken at the battle of Neville's Cross, near Durham. After a 
 captivity of eleven years, he was released, on paying much money, 
 100,000 marks. This courageous but selfish and capricious king 
 reigned 44 years, and died childless. Edward Baliol had pre- 
 viously surrendered the kingdom to Edward III., and died in 
 obscurity. Famine and pestilence were among the consequences 
 of these continued hostilities. 
 
 5. THE STUART LINE. 
 
 He makes (1,370) Robert Stuart, the heir of his hopes; 
 And with grief the Third Robert, to death himself mopes 
 (1,390); [to quake; 
 
 Captive James, to throne raisd ( 1 ,406) , caused corruption 
 Second James stabb'd the Douglas, and laws would remake 
 
 [(W37> 
 
 James the Third vainly rides (1460) from the rebels' affray ; 
 James theFourth and sadFloddenno years rubaicay[( 1,488); 
 James the Fifth died with rage when his nobles lay tame 
 
 [(1,513); 
 
 Learn (1,542) Mary's sad fate, whom we pity and blame : 
 Gowrie foes lay decoy (1,567) James the Sixth to dismay 
 
 [(1,603), 
 Whom, when crowns were united, three kingdoms obey 
 
 1370] Robert, the high steward of Scotland, son of Margery, 
 sister of David II., the last king, succeeded, according to the settle- 
 ment made in the time of Robert Bruce. His reign was spent in 
 constant hostilities with England. Among the contests between 
 the Borderers, the powerful families of Douglas and Percy took 
 the lead ; and the most distinguished battle was that of Otterburne, 
 in Northumberland, July 81, 1388
 
 128 SCOTTISH HISTORY. 
 
 1390] Robert III. was 50 years old when he succeeded his 
 father, Robert Stuart. Lame in body and feeble in mind, and 
 unable to contend against his factious nobles, he made his brother, 
 Duke of Albany, regent (the title of duke then first introduced). 
 The regent, designing to usurp the throne, imprisoned the king's 
 eldest son, the Duke of Rothsay, and starved him to death, 1402. 
 An incursion into England ended in the defeat of the Scots by the 
 Earl of Northumberland and Henry Hotspur, at Hamildon hill. 
 The king's youngest son, James, being sent for safety to France, 
 was taken on the passage by an English ship, and carried to 
 London. His father in consequence died of grief . 
 
 1406] James I., during his captivity of 19 years in England, 
 governed by his uncle the regent, Duke of Albany, and his son 
 Murdach. James on his release, 1424, having much cultivated 
 his great natural talents, strove to improve his people. But the 
 vigour of his government rendering him unpopular, he was mur- 
 dered at Perth by Sir R. Graham, the leader of a conspiracy, in 
 which the king's uncle and nephew were concerned. A Wickliffite 
 and a follower of John Huss were executed during this reign. 
 
 1437] James II., a child six years old, succeeded his father. 
 Livingston and Crichton, his guardians and governors of the 
 realm, beheaded Douglas, a factious noble. The young king at 
 14 assumed the government. Great disturbances ensued. The 
 invading English were routed at Sark, in 1448. The king at- 
 tempted a thorough reform of his people : suppressed some for- 
 midable conspiracies of the Douglas family, and stabbed the Earl 
 at a conference at Stirling in 1452. While besieging Roxburg 
 Castle in behalf of Margaret, queen of Henry VI., he was killed 
 by the bursting of a cannon, 1460. 
 
 1460] James III., only eight years old, succeeded his father. 
 After the death of his mother the regent, in 1463, he was governed 
 by flatterers, particularly the Boyds, till he married Margaret, 
 Princess of Denmark, through whom he obtained the Orknev and 
 Shetland Isles in 1469. He afterward ruled despotically ; his 
 new favourites, Cochrane and others, were hanged in 1482, and 
 he himself was imprisoned. Hostilities being renewed with 
 England, Richard, duke of Gloucester, took Berwick, which never 
 afterward returned to the dominion of Scotland. The nobles 
 forced James's eldest son, at 15, to head their rebellious army. 
 The king fled from the battle of Souchie Burn, near Bannockburn, 
 was thiown from his horse, and was murdered in a cottage by 
 some of the pursuing rebels. 
 
 1488] James IV., a great and accomplished prince. Through 
 compunction for his share in the rebellion against his father, he 
 continually wore an iron girdle. The first naval contest with
 
 SCOTTISH HISTORY. 129 
 
 England occurred in 1490, in which two Scottish ships captured 
 three of the enemy. In consequence, ship-building was encou- 
 ni-rd. James invaded England in 1496 in support of the impostor, 
 Perkin Warbeck, but afterward married Henry Vllth's daughter 
 Margaret, 1503. In the following reign, becoming the ally of 
 France, he invaded England, and was defeated by the Earl of 
 Surrey, at Flodden, in Northumberland, Sept. 9, 1513, and there 
 slain, with most of his nobles; thus ending one of the most bril-. 
 liant periods in the history of Scotland. 
 
 1513] During the minority of James V. (only a year old when 
 his father was slain) his cousin Albany ruled feebly. He assumed 
 the government at the age of 12 ; and, guided by Cardinal Beaton, 
 conferred the offices of state on able ecclesiastics, in order to abase 
 his factious nobility. Through the same advisers, he engaged in 
 war with Henry VIII., when the Scottish nobles revenged them- 
 selves by refusing to cross the borders; and afterward 10,000 
 Scots suffered themselves to be routed by 500 English. James in 
 consequence died from vexation, a few days after the birth of his 
 unfortunate daughter, Mary, queen of Scots. 
 
 MINORITY OF MARY. 
 
 1542] The Earl of Arran, the regent, at first friendly to the 
 Reformation, promoted a proposed marriage between the infant 
 queen and Prince Edward, son of Henry VIII. ; but afterward 
 opposed it, through the influence of Cardinal Beaton. In con- 
 sequence, Henry invaded Scotland, and destroyed Leith and Edin- 
 burgh. The cardinal was murdered for his persecutions by Leslie 
 and some Protestants, at the Castle of St. Andrew [1546]. This 
 fortress then became the head-quarters of John Knox and the 
 reformers, till taken prisoners, when they were chained as galley- 
 slaves. 
 
 1547] Sep. 10. Somerset, Protector of England, attempting 
 a union of the kingdoms, routed the Scots and slew 10,000 at 
 the battle of Pinkie, or Musselburg, but had not leisure to profit 
 by the victory. 
 
 1553] Arran then resigned; Mary of Guise, the queen dow- 
 ager, becoming regent, married her daughter to the eldest son of 
 Henry II. of France, 1558. The Protestants rebelled and de- 
 posed her, for impeding the Reformation, and established the 
 Presbyterian form of church government. 
 
 MARY, QUEEN. 
 
 1561] Mary, being now a widow, returned from France to 
 govern her kingdom ; married Darnley, in 1565, son of the Earl 
 of Lennox, who, through jealousy, murdered her secretary Rizzio, 
 1566, and was himself blown up by gunpowder, Feb. 10, 1567.
 
 130 
 
 SCOTTISH HISTORY. 
 
 Mary married Bothwell, stigmatized as her husband's murderer, 
 and who had forcibly carried her off. In consequence, the nobles 
 rose, in arms, imprisoned Mary in Lochleven Castle, and forced 
 her to resign the. crown to her son James, and to appoint the Earl 
 of Murray, her illegitimate brother, as regent, 1567. 
 
 MINORITY OF JAMES VI. 
 
 1568] Mary escaped from Lochleven ; but the army raised in 
 her cause being defeated by the regent at Langside, May 13, she 
 fled to England, and made Elizabeth the umpire between her and 
 her rebellious subjects. Though no decision followed, Mary was 
 detained prisoner. 
 
 1569] The Duke of Norfolk, aspiring at her hand, in vain 
 attempted her relief; and, being concerned in a second attempt, 
 was beheaded, 1587. 
 
 1570] The Regent Murray being shot by one Hamilton, whom 
 he had injured, his successor, Lennox (who caused the Archbishop 
 of St. Andrew's to be executed), was himself beheaded by the 
 queen's party. Marr, the next regent, died of grief for his 
 country's calamities in 1572. Earl Morton, who followed, was 
 forced to resign in 1577 to the young James, now 11 years old, and 
 was executed as an accomplice in the murder of Darnley, lf>81. 
 
 1582] The youthful king escaped from the Earl of Gowrie 
 and others, at Ruthven, who had seized his person, to secure him 
 from ill-advisers. 
 
 1586] Anthony Babington's conspiracy for the murder of Eli- 
 zabeth, the re-establishment of Popery, and the release of Mary, 
 hastened the fate of that unhappy queen, who was tried and be- 
 headed at Fotheringay Castle, Feb, 8. 1587. 
 
 James becoming reconciled to Elizabeth in 1588, acted in con- 
 cert with her against Philip II. of Spain, and leniently towards 
 some traitorous Catholic nobles ; married Princess Ann of Den- 
 mark. In 1594, again suppressed a Popish conspiracy, and in 
 1600 restrained the Presbyterian clergy ; was decoyed to Perth 
 by the Earl of Gowrie and his brother Ruthven, who, offering 
 violence to the king, were both slain by his attendants, ivho came 
 to his rescue. 
 
 1603] On the death of Elizabeth, James succeeded to the 
 English throne. 
 
 ADDITIONAL EXAMINATION. 
 
 Mention the five periods into which the Scottish History is here 
 divided, What is the extent of the first period ? of the second? 
 of the third? of the fourth? of the fifth? How many kings 
 are contained in the second period? in the third ? in the fourth? 
 in the fifth ?
 
 FRENCH HISTORY. 
 
 ISTOR MEROVINGIAN DYNASTY, 481 to 752. CENTURY V. 
 
 The Franks obey'd Pharamond so legend runs (420); 
 Clodion's next in the rank (427) ; and rare foe (449) to 
 Was Merovec ; whence Merovingian sons : [the Huns 
 Clovis widening his orbit (481), as Christian repaid (496) 
 His thanks to the god of Clotilda the maid. 
 
 420] The German tribes, Chauci, Cherusci, Catii, &c., near 
 the Lower Rhine and Weser, were called Franks, or Freemen, 
 from their temporary union to resist the Romans. 
 
 427] Clodion, the son of Phaiamond, is (according to Mr. 
 Gibbon) the first of the French princes mentioned in authentic 
 history. He extended his dominions from the Rhine to the Somme. 
 
 449] Merovceus, youngest son of Clodion (from whom the first 
 race of French kings are called Merovingians), aided ^tius, the 
 general of Valentinian III, in defeating Attila the Hun, at the 
 famous battle of. Chalons, in 451. 
 
 481] Clovis, son of Childeric, and arandson of Merovee, gained 
 the victory of Soissous, in 486, over Syagrms, the Roman go- 
 vernor of some of the provinces in Gaul ; and from his thus widen- 
 ing his orbit, he is generally considered to have been the founder 
 of the kingdom of the Franks. 
 
 496] Clovis, ascribing his victory at Tolbiac (24 m. from 
 Cologne), over the Alemnnni, to the god of his Christian \\ifc, 
 Clotilda (niece of Chilpeiic, King of Burgundy), was baptized, 
 with 3000 of his subjects, on Christmas-day the same year. He 
 slew Alaric, king of the Visigoths, in battle near Poictiers, in 507, 
 and obtained Aquitaine (between the Loire and the Pyrenees). 
 His further progress was prevented by the arms of Theodoric, 
 who hud established in Italy the dominion of the Ostrogoths. 
 
 Who were the Franks ? Which of their princes is first men- 
 tioned in authentic history ? Where did he lule ? Who was Mero- 
 vaeus, or Merovee? Mention the date and circumstances con-
 
 132 FRENCH HISTORY. 
 
 nected with him. Who is generally considered the founder of the 
 kingdom of France ? What were the events of the reign of Clovis ? 
 
 THE MEROVINGIAN DYNASTY CONTINUED SUCCEEDED BY 
 THE CARLOVINGIAN. CENTURIES VI. VII. VIII. 
 
 Fell the lot to (51 1 ) four sons ; of whom three must allow (558) 
 To the youngest, Clotaire, that the kingdom should bow ; 
 His four sons also shar'd; but nought could deter (614), 
 When his grand-son Clotaire join'd the realms as they were. 
 Then after third parting, France chose to admit (631) 
 First Dagobert, monarch ; whose sons again split. 
 
 Thus dividing and joining, whilst vices debase (680) 
 Pepin d'Heristel conquer'd : Thierry gave place 
 To the may'rs of the palace, like the rest of his race. 
 Charles Martel, bold actor (714), approv'd feudal plan ; i 
 His son Pepin expell'd Merovingian clan (752). 
 Wider basis (800) of empire sustain'd Charlemagne. 
 
 518 558] Theodoric, or Thierry, the eldest son of Clovis, 
 ruled in Austrasia, or Eastern France, between the Rhine and 
 the Meuse capital, Metz ; whilst in Neustria, or Western France, 
 Clodomir was king of Orleans, Childebert of Paris, and Clotaire 
 of Soissons. 534] Clotaire and Childebert conquered and shared 
 the kingdom of the Burgundians, which extended to the Alps and 
 the Mediterranean. 531] Childebert likewise avenged the cruel 
 treatment which his sister Clotilda received from her Ariait 
 husband, Amalric, the Visigoth, king of Spain. He was defeated 
 in battle near Barcelona. In him ended the race of kings de- 
 scended from the first Alaric. Dissensions and numerous murders 
 ensued. At length Clotaire became sole successor to his brothers 
 and nephews. 
 
 561] A second partition at his death produced still more horrors, 
 principally through the bloody ambition of two women ; Brunehaut, 
 queen of Austrasia, and Fredegonde, queen of Soissons. 
 
 614] Clotaire II., son of Fredegonde, became sole monarch 
 and ruled wisely, except in establishing the Mayors of the Palace, 
 with viceregal authority, in Austrasia. 
 
 631] At the death of Clotaire II., in 628, a third partition 
 took place between his sons. Dagobert ruled in Austrasia and
 
 FRENCH HISTORY. 133 
 
 Neustria, and Caribert in Aquitaine ; but Dagobert murdered him, 
 and obtained the sole dominion. His crimes were overlooked in 
 the praise bestowed upon him for his justice. During his reign 
 France rose to some consideration, and commerce began to flou- 
 rish; but all sank at his death. By a fourth partition , his son, 
 Sigebert II., was established in Austrasia, which he retained after 
 his father's death, while his brother, Clovis II., reigned in Neustria 
 and Burgundy, and became sole monarch in 655. 
 
 680] Pepin d' Heristel, mayor of the palace, after gaining some 
 distinguished victories over Thierry III., particularly at Testry, 
 in 687, governed France equitably during 28 years, allowing the 
 Merovingian prince to retain the title of king. 
 
 714 752] His natural son, Charles Martel, assumed the 
 government ; defeated the Saracens near Tours, in 732, and again 
 near Avignon, in 737 ; and introduced the feudal system. He 
 bequeathed his power to his sons, Pepin le Bref and Carloman, in 
 741. The latter resigned in 747, and retired into a convent; and 
 Pepin usurped the sovereignty, having by Pope Zachary's con- 
 sent, deposed Childeric III., the last of the Merovingian kings. 
 Their dynasty had continued 266 years, reckoning from Clovis. 
 
 752J Pepin, through gratitude, founded the temporal power of 
 the Pope, by the grant of the Exarchate of Ravenna, taken from 
 the Lombards. He bequeathed his dominions between his sons 
 Charles and Carloman. The latter dying in 768, Charles reigned 
 alone. 
 
 800] Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, strove to convert the 
 Saxons by 33 years of cruel warfare. He put an end to the 
 kingdom of the Lombards, 774. He possessed all France and 
 Germany, part of Spain, the Netherlands, and Italy ; and was 
 crowned Emperor of the West by Pope Leo III., at Rome, A.D. 800. 
 
 1. When, by whom, and how, was France divided after the 
 death of Clovis ? What ensued ? By whom and when was this 
 kingdom reunited ? When and by whom was the second partition ? 
 What were the consequences ? When and through whom was 
 there a reunion ? When, by whom, and what was the third par- 
 tition ? When and through whom was the kingdom again united, 
 and again divided. 
 
 2. What the date and circumstances connected with Pepin 
 d'Heristel? Charles Martel? Pepin le Bref? How long had 
 the Merovingian dynasty continued? What did Pepin do for the 
 Pope ? How did he bequeath his dominions ? Mention the date 
 of beginning and end of Charlemagne's reign, and its length. 
 What were his exploits against the Saxons? in Italy? What 
 the extent of his dominions? What occurred to him A.D. 900. 
 
 N
 
 134 FRENCH HISTORY. 
 
 CARLOVIKGIAN DYNASTY CONTINUED CENTURIES IX. X. 
 His son Debonnaire Louis gives way to his heirs [(840) ; 
 Like water (814) ; and Charles the Bald, Normans oft bears 
 At the beck (877) of his peers, Louis Stammerer view ; 
 'Gainst Third Louis and Carloman, woke up (879) a crew ; 
 The Diet made Charles, the Fat booby, rue (884). 
 
 Brave Eudes held the crown for that great booby boy(SS8), 
 Simple Charles by a few (898) who was used as a toy, 
 Whose path (912) Norman Rollo did greatly annoy; 
 Rodolph caus'd him a pang (923) : Stranger Louis was 
 
 [famd (936), 
 
 Lothaire met a failure (954), Lorraine when he claim'd; 
 And slothful Fifth Louis was pawd (986) and was sham'd. 
 
 814] Louis the Debonnaire, the only surviving son of Charle- 
 magne, succeeded to all the empire of his father, except Italy, 
 which he had settled on his grandson Bernard. Louis shared 
 his kingdom with his children : Lothaire reigned with himself ; 
 Pepin had Aquitaine, and Louis received Bavaria. These princes 
 rebelled against their father, and imprisoned him, because he 
 wished to provide out of their shares for his son Charles the Bald, 
 who was born after the partition. A quarrel taking place between 
 the sons, Louis the father was reinstated. 
 
 840] Charles the Bald, youngest son of Louis Debonnaire, was 
 the first who made titles and dignities hereditary. In his reign 
 the Gauls, who had hitherto spoken a corrupt Latin, and the 
 Franks, who spoke German, first began to assimilate and to use 
 one common language. The Normans, from Scandinavia, sailed 
 up the Seine and the Loire in 855, and carried off plunder and 
 captives. (For other events of this reign, see those of the German 
 emperor Lothaire, A. D. 840.) 
 
 877] Louis II., the Stammerer, son of Charles the Bald, was 
 so much at the beck of his nobility and bishops, that he was not 
 acknowledged to be king till he had bestowed upon them lands, 
 titles, and offices. 
 
 879] During the reign of Louis's sons, Louis III. and Carlo- 
 man^ Duke Boson, father-in-law of the latter, obtained Aries or 
 Provence, on the Rhone, as a separate kingdom, which flourished 
 several centuries. A crew of nobility were in such power, that 
 the king of France was reduced to a shadow of royalty.
 
 FRENCH HISTORY. 135 
 
 884] Charles the Simple, brother of the last kings, being a 
 minor, the Emperor Charles the Gros, son of Louis the German, 
 was elected king of France. He meanly ceded Friezeland to the 
 Normans, and paid them enormous ransom for raising the siege 
 of Paris. Afterwards becoming nearly insane, he was deposed in 
 a diet of the JSmpire, and forced to subsist on the charity of the 
 Bishop of Mentz. 
 
 888] Count JSudes, or Odo, was, for his brave defence of Paris 
 against the Normans, elected king of France, but afterwards, not 
 being able to depend on his army, was obliged to make a disgraceful 
 treaty with them. The nobles attempted to place Charles the 
 Simple on the throne ; but Eudes retained it, leaving it, however, 
 at his death, to the booby boy. 
 
 898] Charles the Simple wo* used as a toy by a few of his no- 
 bility, who extorted from him grants of independent principalities. 
 His path was so much harassed by the Normans under Rollo, that 
 he bought peace by giving him his daughter, and that part of 
 Neustria which is now called Normandy. 
 
 923] Charles the Simple felt the pang of being deposed and 
 imprisoned, by Heribert, count of Vaumandois. Robert, count of 
 Paris, was elected in his place ; but being killed, his son Hugh 
 the Great, or Le Blanc, caused Rodolph, duke of Burgundy, to 
 be chosen. A period of anarchy and confusion ensued. Rodolph 
 placed the drivelling Charles in a palace, where he fancied himself 
 to be still a king. 
 
 936] Louis IV., son of Charles the Simple, was famed as tlu 
 sti-anyer, from having, with his mother Edgiva, daughter of 
 Edward the Elder, taken refuge in England. He was recalled, 
 and placed on the throne by Hugh the Great, but subject to that 
 nobleman's control. He died in consequence of a fall from his 
 horse startled by a wolf. 
 
 954] Lothaire t son of Louis IV., aged 14, was permitted by 
 Hugh the Great to have the title, whilst he himself had the power 
 of king. On his death, in 955, Lothaire acted with considerable 
 vigour. After a severe war with the Emperor Otho II., he met 
 iritk a failure, a ml iras forced to yield Lorraine to his brother 
 Charles, as vassal of the emperor. 
 
 986] Louis V., son of Lothaire, was governed (pawed) by 
 Hugh Capet, son of Hugh the Great, and poisoned by his pro- 
 rligate wife. His reign, short but full of troubles, ended the 
 Carlovingian dynasty, which bad governed France 235 years, and 
 so feebly that the kingdom was latterly reduced to little more than 
 the territory immediately round Paris and Rheims. 
 [For Questions see the English History, page 71.]
 
 136 FRENCH HISTORY. 
 
 THE THIRD, OR CAPETIAN DYNASTY, 
 
 FROM THE END OF CENTURY X. TO THE END OF 
 
 CENTURY XII. 
 
 Carlovingians here end ; and the Capets bespeak 
 Our notice; for Hugh made his slothful foe weak (987) ; 
 Mild Robert for Bertha then dar'd with Pope vie (996) ; 
 See Henry, his son, Norman amity (1,031) buy. 
 
 First Philip was odious (1,060) ; but Louis the Gros 
 Was belov'd, and desir'd seeds of virtue to sow (1,108) : 
 In Crusades Seventh Louis strove conquest to make (1, 137) ; 
 Philip stews (1, 180) about Lion-heart ; forc'd John to quake. 
 
 987] On the death of his slothful foe, Louis V., Hugh Capet, 
 lord of Picardy and Champagne, was elected, though the right 
 belonged to Charles, duke of Lorraine, uncle of the last king. 
 The kingdom, torn by factions, suffered much during this reign, 
 as well as that of his son Robert. Paris became the chief seat of 
 government. 
 
 996] Robert was the victim of papal tyranny, for daring to 
 marry his cousin Bertha without dispensation from the church. 
 Being compelled to divorce her, he was subjected to the insolence 
 of his second wife, Constance. He engaged in a lingering war to 
 obtain possession of Burgundy, bequeathed to him by his uncle, 
 the late duke. The remainder of this reign was memorable for 
 pretended miracles, a general persecution of the Jews and of some 
 supposed heretics, and by a rebellion of the gentle monarch's sons. 
 
 1031] Henry I. was opposed by his mother Constance, who 
 wished her younger son Robert to reign. Henry took refuge with 
 Robert, duke of Normandy, and was reinstated by that prince at 
 the price of a large portion of territory. 1041] A dreadful famine 
 ensued. In consequence, the feudal lords of France agreed to 
 establish a truce, called the Truce of God, for a suspension of 
 hostilities of four days in every week. Henry aided William, 
 afterwards the Conqueror of England, the illegitimate son of his 
 former benefactor, the duke of Normandy, to retain his dukedom ; 
 but afterwards he had war with him. 
 
 1060] Philip /., who succeeded his father Henry at eight 
 years of age, passed a tranquil minority, under the care of Baldwin, 
 count of Flanders. Having encouraged the rebellious sons of
 
 FRENCH HISTORY. 137 
 
 William the Conqueror, he engaged in war with that monarch. 
 The profligate and worthless Philip was excommunicated by 
 Urban II. for an unlawful marriage. To repress the power of the 
 nobles, to whom he was justly odious during the latter part of his 
 reign, he associated his son, Louis le Gros, in the government. 
 Sunk in sloth and sensuality, Philip took no concern in the first 
 crusade; for an account of which see Ecclesiastical History, A.D. 
 1095. 
 
 1108] Louis VI., le Gros, son of Philip, reigned 30 years with 
 great ability ; he protected the weaker part of his subjects from 
 the oppression of the rich, granted charters to towns, and, con- 
 sequently, was almost continually engaged in petty wars with his 
 nobles. A better man never graced the throne of France. He 
 supported the cause of William, son of Robert, duke of Normandy, 
 against his uncle Henry I. of England, but was defeated at 
 Andely (on the Seine). 
 
 1173] Louis VIL, son of Louis VI., having ordered the rebel 
 town of Vitri (near the Marne) to be burned, strove to expiate 
 the cruelty by going on a crusade (2nd), in which expedition he 
 was defeated at Iconium. In 1153 he divorced, on account of 
 consanguinity, his wife Eleanor, who then married Henry Plan- 
 tagenet, afterward king of England. The history of the next 
 twenty years records little more than the wars between these 
 rival monarchs, in which Louis aided Henry's sons against their 
 father. 
 
 1180] Philip II., Augustus, son of Louis VIL, joined with 
 Richard Cceur-de-Lion and took Ptolemais, but returned in 
 disgust. He strove to obtain Richard's possessions, whilst that 
 prince was imprisoned in Germany, who afterwards defeated him 
 near Vendome in 1194. Philip next supported the cause of 
 Arthur against his uncle John ; and undertook to enforce the 
 Pope's deposition of that monarch. In 1214 he defeated the Em- 
 peror Otho IV. and the troops of King John at Bouvines, near 
 Tournay. He afterward sent his son Louis to aid the English 
 barons against that sovereign. A crusade commenced in the south 
 of France against the Albigenses, on account of religious opinions, 
 and another (the 5th) crusade proceeded against Egypt. (See 
 Ecclesiastical History, A. D. 1210 18.) Philip plundered and 
 banished the Jews, paved and greatly improved Paris, built the 
 Louvre, &c. 
 
 N3
 
 138 FRENCH HISTORY. 
 
 CAPETIAN DYNASTY CONTINUED. 
 
 FROM THE BEGINNING OF CENTURY XITI. TO THE 
 BEGINNING OF CENTURY XIV. 
 
 Eighth Louis the Lion, on the English rear hung (1,223) ; 
 And annoy' 'd (1,226) was St. Louis, in prison when flung: 
 Hardy Philip thinks Vespers exceed any case ( 1/270) ; [face. 
 Noble (1,285) Templars were burn'd before Fair Philip's 
 
 Of his minister's wealth, Louis Hutin was meter (1,314) ; 
 Fifth Philip had motive (1,316) for wishing folks neater : 
 Charles the Fourth aided Isabel and her vile minion (1 ,322) : 
 Salic Law then produced much debate for dominion. 
 
 1223] Louis VIII., son Philip II., took from the English 
 monarch, Henry III., Rochelle and many other places in France; 
 joined in the crusade against the Albigenses ; besieged and captured 
 Avignon ; and died there, either by poison or by the distemper 
 which prevailed among the besieged. 
 
 1226] During the minority of Louis IX., son of Louis VIII., 
 his mother Queen Blanch was regent. In 1244, he went on a 
 crusade against the Saracens of Egypt. After considerable suc- 
 cesses, being taken prisoner, he obtained his ransom by paying a 
 large sum, and surrendering the city of Damietta. On his return 
 to France, he reigned prosperously and wisely for 13 years; but 
 going on another crusade, against the Moors in Africa, he died of 
 the plague at the siege of Tunis. 
 
 1270] Philip III., son of St. Louis, was surnamed the Hardy, for 
 bringing the African crusade to a successful issue. The tyranny 
 of his uncle, Charles of Anjou, who had lately become king of 
 Sicily, was revenged by a massacre of 8000 French on the eve, or 
 vespers, of Easter-day. Philip, urged by the Pope, attempted to 
 re-establish his uncle in Sicily, and likewise to wrest the kingdom 
 of Arragon from Pedro III., but failed in both attempts. 
 
 1285 J Philip IV., the Fair, son of Philip III., engaged in a 
 short war, in 1293, with Edward I. of England, and in a long 
 and bloody one with Guy, the count of Flanders. After obtaining 
 possession of that country, his tyranny produced an insurrection, 
 the French were massacred, and an army of 50,000 men com- 
 pletely routed at Courtrai, 1302. Though another army was vie-
 
 I UK.NCI1 HISTORY. 139 
 
 torious at Monsen Pucelle in 1304, the Flemings obtained peace. 
 Philip convened for the first time, in 1302, the States-general, 
 ((insisting of the clergy, the nobles, and the deputies of the com- 
 mons. Quarrelled with the pope, Boniface VIII., and burned h:s 
 bull. He suppressed the Knights Templars, and caused many of 
 them to be burned for imputed crimes. He died in consequence 
 ot' a fall from his horse in hunting:. 
 
 1314] Louis X., Hutin. or the Wrangler, son of Philip IV., 
 caused his minister, Marigni, to be executed for pretended crimes, 
 but in reality for his wealth, which was confiscated to the crown. 
 To raise money for a war against Flanders, he compelled his sub- 
 jects to buy their freedom. After failing at the siege of Courtrai, 
 he returned, and died the following year, in consequence of drink- 
 ing cold water when he was heated. 
 
 1316] Philip V.j the Long, succeeded on the death of his 
 brother's son, John I., an infant, his daughter Jane being declared 
 to be excluded by the Salic law. He sent an army into Italy to 
 suppress the contending factions of the Guelphs and Ghibelins, 
 but in vain. A contagious disorder raged, which was ascribed to 
 the Jews, who were accused of having poisoned the waters, and 
 who, in consequence, were dreadfully persecuted. 
 
 1322] Charles IV., the Fair, another son of Philip IV., tried 
 unsuccessfully to reunite the empire of Germany to France, 
 through the influence of Pope John XXII. He supported his 
 sister Isabel, queen of Edward II., and her minion, Mortimer. 
 Charles left one daughter, Blanche. 
 
 THE HOUSE OF VALOIS, 1328 TO 1422. CENTURY XIV. 
 Philip Valois at Crcssy bore many a woe (1,328); 
 And Poictiers watt/*- (1,350) John, and the plague washis foe: 
 Charles the Fifth, the wise guider ( 1 ,364) so History 
 describes ; [( 1 ,380) . 
 
 And the Sixth Charles at Agincourt paid for son's gibes 
 
 1328] At the death of Charles IV., without male issue, the 
 crown devolved on his cousin, Philip of Valois ; but was claimed 
 by Edward III. of England, in right of his mother Isabella. He 
 failed at first (1339), but gained a great victory over the French 
 fleet, in the Swyn (S. of the island of Cadsand), 1340. Landing 
 in Normandy in 1346, with his son the Black Prince, he effected 
 the passage of the Somme, and with 30,000 defeated Philip with 
 120,000, at the memorable battle of Cressy, Aug. 26. He after-
 
 140 FRENCH HISTORY. 
 
 ward besieged and took Calais. Soon after this, a dreadful pesti - 
 lence, which equally desolated both England and France, induced 
 the two monarchs to conclude a truce. Towards the end of this 
 reign, Hubert, count of Dauphine, having caused the death of his 
 only child by letting him fall out of a window, was so inconsolable 
 for his misfortune that he retired into a monastery, and sold his 
 territories to Philip, on condition that the eldest son of the kings 
 of France should, in future, bear the title of Dauphin. 
 
 1350] John the Good, son of Philip Valois, was defeated by 
 the Black Prince at the famous battle of Poictiers, 1356, and car- 
 ried in triumph to London. During the confusion that ensued 
 under the government of the Dauphin, Edward ravaged France ; 
 and, after four years, released his prisoner for a great ransom and 
 many provinces. John, unable to fulfil some of the conditions, 
 through the poverty occasioned by war and pestilence, honourably 
 returned to his prison in London, where he soon died. 
 
 1364] Charles V., the Wise, was son of John. By his cele- 
 brated general, Du Guesclin, he routed Charles, king of Navarre ; 
 and dethroned Peter the Cruel, king of Castile, whom, however, the 
 Black Prince restored, after having taken Du Guesclin prisoner. 
 But in consequence of the prince's ill health, the French afterward 
 expelled the English from all their possessions and conquests in 
 France, except Bordeaux, Bayonne, and Calais. 
 
 1380] Charles VI., the Well-beloved, succeeded his father, 
 Charles V., at 12 years of ag-e. The kingdom was under a suc- 
 cession of regents, whose misconduct occasioned seditions and 
 rebellions. Charles lost his senses through a fright, and never 
 perfectly recovered his reason. Cards were either invented for 
 his amusement, or introduced from the East. During the con- 
 tinuance of civil wars between the factions of Orleans and Bur- 
 gundy, Henry V. of England claimed the crown. The Dauphin 
 replied by a silly gibe and a present of tennis-balls, as fit tribute 
 to a prince whose life had been devoted to pleasure : on which, 
 Henry invaded the country, and totally defeated the French at 
 Agincourt, 1415. He afterwards married Catharine, the king's 
 daughter, and was declared heir to the crown of France, to the 
 exclusion of the Dauphin.
 
 FRKNCH HISTORY. 141 
 
 THK HOUSK OF VALOIS CONTINUKD. CKNTURV XV 
 English Hal and Seventh Charles shared the land of the 
 
 Rhone ( 1,42-2); [throne; 
 
 Eleventh Louis, most Christian, could rivet (1,461) the 
 Eighth Charles 'gainst Italians, to rob 'em (1,483) will go; 
 And the death of Twelfth Louis was to allyear of woe ( 1 ,498) . 
 
 1422] Charles VII., surnamed the Victorious, was son of Charles 
 VI. Aided by Joan of Arc, he raised the siege of Orleans ; was 
 crowned at Rheims ; and, by slow degrees, expelled the English. 
 Fearful of being poisoned by his unnatural son Louis, he died 
 through want of sustenance. 
 
 1461] Louis XI. t son of Charles VII., was an odious compound 
 of vice, cruelty, and superstition ; yet he was the author of many 
 wise laws, and obtained from the Pope the title of Most Christian. 
 He aided the famous Earl of Warwick to restore Henry VI., and 
 ransomed Margaret of Anjou. He acquired Burgundy by the 
 death of his great opponent, Charles, duke of that province (who 
 was killed in battle against the Swiss) : and he claimed Provence 
 by the bequest of Charles, count of Maine. The barbarity of 
 public executions in this reign exceeds belief. 
 
 1483] Charles VIII., son of Louis X I , being but 14, his eldest 
 sister Anne, the lady of Beaujcu, was made regent. She punished 
 the instruments of her father's cruelties ; invaded Britanny ; and 
 married the heiress of that province to her brother Charles, as heir 
 of the house of Anjou. The I/HIK/ kintj i-laimcd Av/yy/rs, gained it 
 /y/yy/V/'/V, di'fctid'd the combined forces in the valley of for/turn. 
 near Parma ; but lost his Italian dominions ax soon as he de- 
 juirfcfl. Dying childless, the Duke of Orleans, great- grandsDn 
 of Charles V., was hc-ir. 
 
 1 498] Louis XII., Duke of Orleans, pursued his claim on Naples, 
 aided by Ferdinand of Spain, the infamous Pope, Alexander VI., 
 and his more infamous son, Borgia. Louis took Milan, and kept 
 its duke, Sforza, a prisoner for life. But the Pope and the king of 
 Spain turned against Louis, and took his share of the kingdom of 
 Naples ; the French, under the duke of Nemours and Chevalier 
 Bayard, being routed by the Spanish general, Gonsalvo. 1509. 
 Ijouis joined in the league of Cambray against the Venetians ; 
 destroyed their power by routing them at Agnadel,or Gierra-adda; 
 but the allies turned against the French, who, though victorious at 
 Ravenna, under Bayard and De Foix, soon lost Italy, as well as 
 Navarre. Louis made peace, and married Mary, sister of Henry 
 VIII. Beloved and revered as a father, the year of his death was 
 considered by his subjects as a year of woe.
 
 142 FRENCH HISTORY. 
 
 THE HOUSE OF VALOIS CONTINUED. CENTURY XVI. 
 First Francis, a warrior in chains his lot lay (1,515) ; 
 Brisk as lark (1,547), Second Henry took Calais away; 
 The young Second Francis made Huguenotsa///?ay (1,559) 
 Ninth Charles, with his mother, the massacre leads ( 1 ,560) ; 
 By third Henry, no joker (1,574), the Duke of Guise bleeds. 
 
 1515] Francis /., cousin of the late king, having conquered 
 the Milanese, contended unsuccessfully for the German empire 
 against Charles V. ; against whom he then maintained a war 
 equally unsuccessful, through unskilful generals, corrupt ministers, 
 and his unprincipled mother, Louisa of Savoy, whom he suffered to 
 usurp the control of affairs. Henry VIII. of England was courted 
 by both the contending monarchs. 
 
 1525] Francis, having quarrelled with his best general, the 
 Constable of Bourbon, who in revenge deserted to the Emperor, 
 was defeated and taken prisoner by the Constable at the battle of 
 Pavia. After being confined at Madrid, he was exchanged for 
 his two sons, after having signed a disadvantageous treaty. This 
 he broke, but renewed it, after short hostility in Italy, at the peace 
 of Cambray, 1529. 
 
 1536] War being recommenced, Francis joined with the Turks 
 under their commander, Barbarossa, who invaded Italy ; but 
 Charles having defeated the allies separately, a truce for ten years 
 was made. 
 
 .1542] War was renewed by aid of the Turks against Charles 
 V. and Henry VIII. The latter took Boulogne; and France 
 must have been overpowered, if the disorders in Germany, between 
 the Papists and the Protestants, had not forced the Emperor to 
 peace in 1544 at Crespy (in the department of the Oise, 17 miles 
 S. of Compeigne). Francis possessed great abilities and courage, 
 a generous and noble mind ; but was overmatched by his rival in 
 policy and resources. 
 
 1547] Henry //., son of Francis, persecuted the Protestants, 
 burning some of them on his marriage with Catharine of Medicis. 
 
 1550] Purchased Boulogne of the English. 
 
 1552] Aided Maurice, elector of Saxony, and the Protestants, 
 against Charles V., and took Metz, Toul, and Verdun; which the 
 Emperor was unable to regain. 
 
 1557] Aug. 10. The French army was defeated at St. Quentin, 
 under the Constable Montmorenci, by the Duke of Savoy, general 
 of Philip II. ; in honour of which victory the palace of the Escurial 
 was built.
 
 FRENCH HISTORY. 143 
 
 1558] Jan. 8. The Duke of Guise recovered Calais, which the 
 English had held from 1346. 
 
 1559] Henry II. was killed at a tournament, on the marriage 
 of his daughter imd sister, by the Count de Montgomeri, acaptuin 
 of the Scottish guard. 
 
 ] Francis //., son of Henry II., married Mary, queen of 
 Scots, whose uncle, the Duke of Guise, ruled the kingdom, and 
 persecuted the Protestants, or Huguenots. The Duke defeated the 
 conspiracy of Amboise (a town on the Loire), formed against him 
 by the Prince of Conde. and barbarously punished all the con- 
 spirators. Francis died after a reign of one yenr. 
 
 1560] Charles IX., another son of Henry II., succeeded, at ten 
 years of age. The queen-mother, Catharine of Medicis, at first 
 tolerated the Protestants; but, through the Duke of Guise, a 
 dreadful civil war commenced. A treacherous peace being con- 
 cluded, Coligni and the principal Protestants were invited to 
 Paris, and on the night of the 24th August, 1572, upwards of 
 5000 Protcstditts were massacred. Similar cruelty was executed 
 in many other places. 
 
 1574] Henry III., youngest son of Henry II., had been elected 
 king of Poland. On his accession to the throne of France, not 
 zealously supporting the Catholic league against the Protestants, 
 at the head of which was the Duke of Guise, the duke's sister said 
 ironically, " The best use I can make of my scissars is, to clip 
 the king's hair, and fit him for a cloister." Henry, being no 
 joker, was exasperated by the insult, and soon after caused the 
 duke, and his brother the Cardinal of Lorraine, to be murdered. 
 He was himself assassinated by Clement, a Dominican friar. 
 
 THE HOUSE OF BOURBON, 
 
 FKOM THE END OF CENTURY XVI. TO THE MIDDLE OF 
 CENTURY XVIII. 
 
 Great Henry the Fourth made e'en foes with/oy weep (1,589) ; 
 Thirteenth Louis for blood votcs( 1,6 1 0) thro' Richelieu deep; 
 His son, Louis Fourteenth, was fond of the drum (1,643) ; 
 And the Fifteenth was stabbed at acutely (1,715) by some. 
 
 1589] Henry IV., the next heir, descended from Robert, the 
 sixth son of Louis IX , was a Protestant. He had narrowly escaped 
 the massacre of St. Bartholemew ; had headed the Protestants, 
 and twice defeated the army of the League. After the death of 
 Henry III. he was again victorious at the battle of Ivry. (Long. 
 l28'E.,lat.48 54'N.)
 
 144 FRENCH HISTORY. 
 
 1593] To conciliate the majority of the nation, he followed the 
 advice of his minister, the great Duke of Sully, and declared him- 
 self a Catholic, to the great joy of his foes. 
 
 1598] He granted toleration to his Protestant subjects by the 
 famous edict of Naniz ; reigned usefully and splendidly, and is 
 therefore surnamed the Great. For his liberal treatment of the 
 Protestants he was assassinated by Ravaillac, a blood-thirsty 
 bigot. 
 
 1610] Louis XIII., son of Henry the Great, being a minor, his 
 weak but ambitious mother, Mary of Medicis, became regent ; 
 and, by partiality to Italians, occasioned faction and disorder, 
 which however were terminated by her minister, Cardinal 
 Richelieu. 
 
 Richelieu suppressed the conspiracy formed against him by the 
 Duke of Orleans and the queen-mother, and caused their general, 
 Montmorenci, to be executed. 
 
 1628] He overpowered, with much bloodshed, the attempts of 
 the Protestants to become independent at Rochelle. This cardinal 
 shewed great talent in war, in negociation, and in domestic policy, 
 and was the patron of science and literature. 
 
 1643] Louis XIV. succeeded his father at five years of age. 
 During the regency of his mother, Ann of Austria, and the ad- 
 ministration of Cardinal Mazarin, the Spaniards who attacked 
 Champagne were defeated by the great Conde* and Marshal Tu- 
 renne, and concluded the peace of Westphalia, 1648; in which 
 year the civil war of the Fronde commenced against Mazarin, 
 who was banished, but recalled when Louis came of age in 1652. 
 After the death of Mazarin, in 1661, Louis devoted himself to 
 business, aided by the wise Colbert. 
 
 1659] In consequence of the n,eace of the Pyrenees, which 
 ended another Spanish war, Louis married the Infanta ; whose 
 dowry being unpaid, he seized Flanders, but was checked by 
 England, Holland, and Sweden ; who at length effected the peace 
 of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1668. 
 
 1672] Louis seized Holland, but was forced to retreat by the 
 country's being inundated. Obtaining farther success, he con- 
 cluded an advantageous peace at Nimeguen in 1678. 
 
 1685] He unwisely revoked the edict of Nantz, which had 
 given toleration to the Protestants. 
 
 1689] He again fought successfully against the Emperor Leopold 
 and his allies, though defeated by sea off Cape la Hogue ; but 
 through failure of his finances after the death of his wise minister, 
 Colbert, he was compelled to an unfavourable peace at Ryswick 
 in 1697. 
 
 1701 j In the war for the succession of his grand-son, Philip V.,
 
 FRENCH HISTORY. 145 
 
 to the Spanish throne (according to the will of the preceding king, 
 Charles II., who had died childless), the French were signally de- 
 feated hy the Duke of Marlborough at Blenheim (1704), and at 
 Ramillies (1706) ; but the Duke of Vendfime conquered Count de 
 Staremberg at Villa-vitiosa, in New Castile, and restored Philip to 
 the throne of Spain. 
 
 1713] By the peace of Utrecht it was stipulated that Philip 
 should renounce all eventual right to the crown of France, and 
 his brother, the Duke of Berry, to that of Spain. 
 
 1715] Louis XIV. died. He possessed considerable talents, 
 and inordinate ambition, to which he sacrificed the real interests of 
 France; but he discerned and recompensed merit; and his reign 
 was distinguished by the talents of his generals, and by the splen- 
 dour of literature, of arts and sciences. 
 
 ] Louis XV., five years old, succeeded his great-grand- 
 father, under the regency of the Duke of Orleans, hit undo, whose 
 administration was marked by the ruinous Mississippi scheme of 
 Law the Scot. 
 
 1726] Cardinal Fleury restored prosperity by his peaceful ad- 
 ministration. 
 
 1733-38] War with the Emperor Charles VI. in behalf of 
 Stanislaus, king of Poland, father-in-law to Louis XV.; by 
 which, ultimately, France recovered Lorraine, after having been 
 deprived of it nearly a thousand years. 
 
 1741] War to prevent the succession of Maria Theresa to the 
 throne of Austria. 
 
 1743] June 26. The French, under the Duke de Noailles, 
 were defeated by the Pragmatic army under George II. at Det- 
 tingen ; but victorious under Marshal Saxe at Fontenoy, April 30, 
 1745 ; and aided the Pretender in invading England. 
 
 1748] Joined in the general peace at Aix-la-Chapelle. 
 
 1753] Violent contests about the priests' refusal of extreme 
 unction to those who did not admit the Pope's Bull against the 
 .laiiK'tiist?. The parliaments were banished. 
 
 1755] War with England respecting lands in North America; 
 which continued seven years, and in which France sustained great 
 lossis. (Refer to the English History.) 
 
 1757] Damiens, a fn/mtir. ntd nij>ti <l to assassinate the king. 
 
 1763] General peace Pondicherry regained, but other posses- 
 sions ceded. 
 
 1764] The Jesuits banished through Duke de Choiseul and 
 Madame Pompadour. The rest of this reign was calamitous. 
 The people, exhausted by long wars, loudly murmured; but were 
 disregarded by the arbitrary Louis and his profligate ministers. 
 He died of the small-pox.
 
 146 FRENCH HISTORY. 
 
 REVOLUTION BUONAPARTE BOURBONS RESTORED. 
 END OF CENTURY XVIII. AND BEGINNING OF CENTURY 
 
 XIX. 
 
 To Louis Sixteenth what misfortunes occur (1,774) ! 
 Cries the Seventeenth, "They coop me (1 ,793), and Republic 
 And after two years, a Direct'ry of Five ; [prefer :" 
 
 Buonaparte came to cuff (1,799) them ; Three Consuls then 
 
 thrive: [18,04): 
 
 Sole Consul's his wish (1,802), and next, Emperor sure 
 Louis Eighteenth restor'd, he is sent on his tour (18,14) : 
 From Elba he rush'd ; after three month's turmoil, 
 Again was dethron'd by the Waterloo toil (18,15) ; 
 After Louis, Tenth Charles to be owner (1 ,824) then seems, 
 But turns out for Louis Philippe, when Liberty beams 
 
 (1,830). 
 
 1774] Louis XVI., grandson of his predecessor, was inclined, 
 with his ministers,^ the Count de Maurepas and M. Turgot, to 
 reform abuses ; hut his court was prodigal and profligate. 
 
 1776] Chooses M. Neckar as minister. 1778. Joins the Ame- 
 ricans against Great Britain. 
 
 1782] Neckar, the popular minister, displaced for Fleury. 
 
 ] Count de Grasse defeated by Admiral Rodney, April 12, 
 
 off Dominica. 
 
 1783] Jan. 20. Peace with Great Britain concluded at Fon- 
 tainbleau. Nov. Calonne, minister. 
 
 1787] The minister, Calonne, convened an unusual assembly 
 called the. Notables, and proposed a general land-tax. Being 
 opposed by the privileged orders, who had hitherto paid less than 
 their fair proportion, he was forced to resign. The Archbishop of 
 Thoulouse succeeded, and dismissed the assembly. 
 
 ] During the king's contest with parliament respecting the 
 
 edict for raising money, he banished the Duke of Orleans, and 
 imprisoned two of the members. 
 
 1788] Second assembly of the Notables. The minister Neckar 
 recalled : the Archbishop retires. 
 
 1789] May 5. The assembly of the States-general at Versailles. 
 The three orders, nobility, clergy, and commons, quarrel: the 
 latter seized the legislative authority, and form themselves into the 
 National Assembly, June 17.
 
 FRENCH HISTORY. 147 
 
 1789] July 11. The dismissal of M. Neckar produced insurnc- 
 tious. The Bastille, once crowded with victims, hut now con- 
 taining only si:ven p-rsons, was destroyed by the mob. The king 
 recalled Neckar, and dismissed his troops from Paris. The 
 nobility and princes of the blood left France. The distinction of 
 aristocrat and democrat was introduced. 
 
 ] Oct. 6. The king and his family were brought by a 
 
 Parisian mob from Versailles. The National Assembly likewise 
 removed to Paris. 
 
 ] Nov. Provincial parliaments, &c., were suppressed, by 
 
 dividing France into 83 department*. 
 
 1790] Feb. Assignats were issued on the church and crown 
 lands. Monastic establishments and titles were suppressed. 
 
 ] July 14. Grand Confederation in the Champ de Mars, 
 
 when fidelity was sworn to the constitution. 
 
 1791] June 22. The king and his family escaped from Paris, 
 but were stopped at Varennes and brought back. 
 
 ] Sept. 14. He accepts the new constitution, prepared by 
 the National Assembly. 
 
 ] Sept. 30. A new convention called the Li-ijixlntin- 
 
 Assembly. 
 
 1792] June 20. An armed mob broke into the Tuilleries, and 
 insulted the king for having opposed two severe decrees against 
 the emigrants and cl> 
 
 ] July. First Coalition War (of Austria, Prussia, and 
 
 Ilessia) against France. 
 
 ] Aug. 10. In consequence of the approach of the Prus- 
 sian army to the frontiers, and the threatening manifesto of the 
 Duke of Brunswick, July 25, the Parisian mob demanded the 
 king's deposition. The palace of the Tuilleries was again attacked. 
 Tiie king and queen took refuge in the National Assembly. The 
 Swi^s guards were massacred. 
 
 ] Aug. 14. The royal authority suspended. The royal 
 
 family imprisoned in the Temple. 
 
 ] Sept. 2, 3. A horrible massacre at Paris of about 5000 
 aristocrat prisoners. " The reign of terror," under Robespierre, 
 commenced. 
 
 ] Sept. 21. The National Convention constituted; the 
 king deposed ; and France declared a Republic. 
 
 ] Nov. Dumouriez victorious against the Austrians, at 
 Jemappes, in the Netherlands ; and Custine penetrates into Ger- 
 many. 
 
 ] Dec. 11. The king was tried as an enemy to liberty. 
 
 1793] Jan. 14. Most unjustly condemned to death. 21. Be- 
 headed. His son, Louis XVII., a child eight years of age, wag
 
 148 FRENCH HISTORY. 
 
 consigned to the care of Simon, a shoemaker, by whom he was 
 cooped up, and compelled to work at the trade. 
 
 1793] Feb. 1. War was declared against Great Britain and 
 Holland. 
 
 ] March. Dumouriez, being defeated by the Prince of 
 
 Saxe Cobourg at Neer-Winden, in South Brabant, &c., and quar- 
 relling with the Convention, joined the Austrians. 
 
 "j Mentz retaken by the King of Prussia. Valenciennes 
 
 and Conde surrendered to the Duke of York and Prince Saxe 
 Cobourg. After dividing their armies, the duke failed at Dun- 
 kirk ; but the Prince took Quesnoi (20 m. E. by N. from Cam- 
 bray). 
 
 ] Kellerman and Massena successful in Italy, against the 
 
 King of Sardinia. 
 
 ] A civil war had raged some years in the Western or 
 
 French part of St. Domingo, occasioned by the emancipation of 
 the slaves. Horrible massacres in 1791 
 
 ] Aug. 28. Toulon surrendered to the Anglo-Spanish 
 
 fleet under Lord Hood, but was evacuated in Dec. Buonaparte 
 first distinguished there. The Spaniards invade the South of 
 France, but with little effect. 
 
 ] Aug. 10. The Second New Constitution; soon super- 
 seded by the continued Reign of Terror. 
 
 J Oct. 15. The Queen condemned by the Convention, and 
 
 beheaded the same day. 
 
 ] Oct. 31. Brissot and the Girondist party (some of them 
 
 represented the department of Gironde), were overpowered by 
 Robespierre and the Jacobins, or Mountain faction (so called from 
 occupying the more elevated benches). 20 of the Girondists 
 were guillotined. The same fate befel the Duke of Orleans, 
 Nov. 6. 
 
 ] Nov. 17. The Catholic religion was publicly suppressed, 
 
 and "the Religion of Reason" substituted. The churches were 
 plundered. A Republican calendar was established. The Sab- 
 bath was abolished, and every tenth day allowed as a day of 
 rest. 
 
 ] The Royalists sustained a desperate but fruitless siege at 
 
 Lyons : the remains of the city were to be called Ville Affran- 
 chie, the Freed City. 
 
 ] Dec. The Vendean royalists, after many severe conflicts 
 
 with Biron, Westermann, and Lechelle, were subdued with great 
 slaughter at Mans (department of Sarthe) and Savenai (18 m. 
 N.W. of Nantes). 
 
 1794] May 10. The Princess Elizabeth, sister of Louis XVI., 
 was beheaded.
 
 FRENCH HISTOKY. 149 
 
 1704] June 1. The fleet defeated by Lord Howe; six sail of 
 the line taken, one sunk. 
 
 ] June. Pichegru routed Clairfait several times in Flan- 
 ders, and Jonrdan defeated Prince Cobourg at Fleurus, near Char- 
 leroi, June 26 : the country submitted, and the allies lost their 
 conquest. 
 
 ] July 28. The monster Robespierre and his chief partisans 
 were guillotined. 
 
 ] Sept. Pichegru and Jourdan defeat Clairfait, and occupy 
 the left bank of the Rhine. 
 
 ] Oct. 18. The Convention suppressed the Jacobins. 
 Telegraphs were brought into use this year. Piedmont, Savoy, 
 and Biscay, occupied by French armies ; but settlements in India 
 and West India islands taken by England. 
 
 1795] May 10. An insurrection of the Sections of Paris against 
 the Convention was suppressed. 
 
 ] June. Louis XVII., aged 11 years, died in the Temple, 
 under deplorable and suspicions circumstances. His sister, the 
 Duchess d'Angouleme, was exchanged. 
 
 ] Sept. 23. The Tliird Constitution, consisting of two 
 legislative councils : one composed of 500 members, to propose 
 laws ; and another of 250 (the council of Ancients), to sanction 
 or reject them. The executive was committed to Five Directors, 
 Barras, Carnot. Reubel, Lepaux, and Letourneur. 
 
 ] Oct. 5. An insurrection of the Sections at Paris against 
 
 the Directory was suppressed with great slaughter by Buona- 
 parte. 
 
 ] Pichegru completed the conquest of Flanders and Hol- 
 land : the Stadtholder fled to England, and the Duke of York's 
 army withdrew ; the subdued countries were republicanised, and 
 united with France. 
 
 ] Peace with Tuscany, Holland, Prussia, Hesse-Cassel, 
 
 and Spain ; from the latter the east part of St. Domingo was ob- 
 tained; but the Cape of Good Hope, Ceylon, and many foreign 
 settlements, were taken by Great Britain. 
 
 1 796] The Archduke Charles defeated Kleber at Amberg, Aug. 
 24, and drove him from Franconia ; but could not prevent Moreau 
 from effecting his famous retreat from Suabia through the Black 
 Forest. 
 
 ] April 12. Buonaparte routed the Austrians under D'Ar- 
 
 genteau at Monte-notte, near Genoa, and under Beaulieu, at 
 Millesimo, or Montelegino; the Sardinians under Colli at Mon- 
 dovi (W. of Genoa) ; and forced the king of Sardinia to peace. 
 
 ] May 10. Defeated Beaulieu again, at Lodi, on the 
 
 Adda; overran the Milanese; revolutionized all the northern 
 
 o3
 
 150 FRENCH HISTORY. 
 
 Italian States, and extorted from them and Rome the choicest 
 works of art. 
 
 1796] Aug. 5. Defeated, at Castiglione, Wurmser, who at- 
 tempted to raise the siege of Mantua; and, Nov. 15, 16, and 17, 
 routed Alvinzi at Arcola (S. E of Verona), and again at Rivoli 
 Jan. 1797. 
 
 1 797] Forced the Pope to cede many of his dominions by the 
 treaty of Tollentino, Feb. 12. 
 
 ] Feb. 2. Forced Wurmser to surrender Mantua, overran 
 
 the Tyrol and Carniola, and drove the Archduke Charles into 
 Stiria; advanced within thirty leagues of Vienna ; and concluded 
 at Leoben, in Stiria, April 8, the preliminaries, which led to the 
 Peace of Campo Formio (in the Venetian territory), Oct 13. 
 
 ] May 31. Seized, plundered, and revolutionized Venice. 
 
 ] Two Directors, Carnot and Barthelemi, and many prin- 
 cipal persons, were deported to Guiana, in South America, for 
 anti-republican principles. 
 
 ] The three Directors, Reubel, Barras, and Lepaux, fearing 
 
 the victorious Buonaparte, propose to employ him in the invasion 
 of Egypt. 
 
 1798] The French revolutionize Rome, the Pays de Vaud, and 
 Switzerland. The latter country made a brave resistance. Aloys 
 Reding was its most distinguished defender. 
 
 ] May. 5. Buonaparte proceeded to Egypt, probably in- 
 tending to join Tippoo Saib in India, and to subvert the British 
 empire there. 
 
 ] June 12. In his way he captured and republicanized 
 
 Malta. He took Alexandria ; and, after defeating the Mamelukes 
 at the battle of the Pyramids, July 21, obtained Cairo and all 
 the Delta. 
 
 ] Aug. 1. The fleet, under Brueys, was totally defeated, 
 
 by Admiral Nelson, in the bay of Aboukir, off the mouth of the 
 Nile. Nine ships out of thirteen were taken or destroyed. This 
 success produced a Second Coalition War against France ; but, in 
 consequence, the kings of Naples and Sardinia, and the Duke of 
 Tuscany, lost their dominions ; and the Pope was carried off to 
 Valence, in Dauphine, where he died broken-hearted, Aug. 1799. 
 
 1799] March. The Austrian army under the Archduke Charles 
 was successful against Massena, in Switzerland. Their allies, 
 the Russians, under Souvaroff, defeated Moreau, at Cassano, on 
 the Adda ; captured Milan ; defeated Macdonald, June 17, at the 
 Trebia, and Joubert at Novi (N. by E. from Genoa), Aug. 15, and 
 delivered almost all Italy from the French. 
 
 ] Feb. 10. Buonaparte invaded Syria, protected by the 
 
 ferocious Ghezzar Pasha ; took Jaffa, and, March 19, massacred
 
 FRENCH HISTORY. 151 
 
 1200 prisoners in cold blood ; May 21, Was frustrated &t the siege 
 of Acre, through Sir Sydney Smith, after it had continued 60 
 days. 
 
 1799] Aug. The Anglo-Russian expedition, under the Duke 
 of York, landed at the Ilelderpoint ; took Alkmaer ; obtained the 
 Dutch fleet; but, being unsupported by the inhabitants, quitted 
 the country, Oct. The Chouan Royalists in the South of France 
 were subdued. 
 
 ] Oct. Buonaparte returned clandestinely to France, where, 
 
 by the aid of Fouche, Cambaceres, and Talleyrand, and a military 
 force, he caused the Directory to be abolished, and framed another 
 new Constitution (the Fourth) under three chief magistrates, 
 called Consuls ; of whom he was elected to be first, Cambaceres 
 the second, and Lebrun the third. 
 
 1800] May. Buonaparte, having made a show of conciliation 
 with Great Britain, effected the passage of the Alps, and defeated 
 the Austrians, under Melas, at the famous battle of Marcngo, 
 June 14, through the timely aid of Dessaix. Preliminaries of 
 peace ensued. 
 
 ] Sept. 5. Malta was retaken by the British. 
 
 ] Sept. The war in Germany and Italy being renewed, 
 
 Moreau routed the Archduke John at Hoht idhi<len, Dec. 3. An 
 armistice ensued, Dec. 25, which led to the treaty of Luneville, 
 Feb. 9, 1801. The Rhine becomes the boundary between France 
 and Germany. 
 
 1801] March 21. The battle of Alexandria: the French, 
 under Menou, were defeated by Sir Ralph Abercrombie ; but he 
 himself was killed. 
 
 ] May 31. Cairo and Alexandria were taken by the Eng- 
 lish, under Hutchinson, who expelled the French from Egypt, 
 Sept. 
 
 1802] March 27. Definitive treaty with Great Britain signed 
 at Amiens. 
 
 ] April. Buonaparte restored the Roman Catholic religion, 
 
 and instituted the Legion of Honour, May 19. 
 
 ] Was elected first consul for life, with supreme power. 
 
 He annexed Piedmont to Fiance, and finally subjugated Switzer- 
 land. The expedition under Le Clerc gains St. Domingo. Tous- 
 Miint 1'Ouverturc, the negro general, kidnapped from thence, 
 perished in prison at Chateux de Joux in France. 
 
 1 803] May. Buonaparte renewed war with Great Britain ; de- 
 tained the British visitors ; seized Hanover, June 4 ; and prepared 
 to invade England ; ceded all possessions in North America to 
 the Americans, for 60 millions of francs. 
 
 1804] Buonaparte caused Moreau, Pichegru, and Georges, to
 
 152 FRENCH HISTORY. 
 
 be tried for royalism. Moreau was allowed to retire to America ; 
 but Piehegru was murdered, and Georges was guillotined. 
 
 1804] March. Ordered Duke d'Enghien to be seized at Etten- 
 heim, ou the neutral territory of Baden, and shot at midnight, in 
 the castle of Vincennes, near Paris. 
 
 ] May 18. Was proclaimed the Emperor Napoleon, and 
 
 compelled the Pope to anoint him in the Church of Notre Dame, 
 Dec. 2. The code introduced by the Consular government he 
 now named the "Code Napoleon." 
 
 1805] March. Assumed the title of King of Italy, and crowned 
 himself at Milan, May 26. Seized Genoa, and annexed it and 
 the Ligurian Republic to France. 
 
 ] Third Coalition War (of Austria, England, Sweden, 
 
 Russia, and afterward Prussia), against Napoleon : but Prussia 
 was dilatory ; Sweden withdrew ; and the Emperor's commander, 
 Mack, was inefficient or traitorous at the siege of Ulm. 
 
 ] Oct. 21. Lord Nelson defeated the fleets of France and 
 
 Spain, under Villeneuve and Gravina, at Trafalgar; took nine- 
 teen sail ; but was killed in the engagement. 
 
 ] Nov. Four French ships of the line were taken by Sir 
 
 Richard Strachan, off Cape Ortegal. 
 
 ] Dec. 2. Battle of Austerlitz, or of the Three Emperors; 
 
 Napoleon defeated the Austro-Russian army ; took Vienna ; and 
 granted the Emperor peace at Presburg, Dec. 26, at the expense 
 of much territory. 
 
 1806] Napoleon expelled the royal family of Naples, for per- 
 mitting a British and Russian army to land ; and appointed his 
 brother Joseph king. 
 
 ] June 5. Appointed his brother Louis king of Holland. 
 
 ] July 1. Subverted the constitution of the German em- 
 pire, and introduced" The Confederation of the Rhine," by which 
 the states engaged to support him. 
 
 ] July 4. Sir John Stuart defeated the French under 
 
 Regnier, at Maida, in Calabria. 
 
 ] Sept. French squadron of five frigates was captured by 
 
 Sir Samuel Hood. 
 
 ] Oct. Lord Lauderdale, the British ambassador, fails in 
 
 negociations for peace. 
 
 ] Oct. 14. The Prussians having entered precipitately 
 into war, aided only by Saxony, a double defeat ensued at Jena 
 (Napoleon against Prince Huhenlohe), and at Auerstadt (Da- 
 voust and Bernadotte against the King and the Duke of Bruns- 
 wick.) Berlin was taken, and the Prussian power destroyed. 
 The Duke being wounded, died afterwards at Altoua. 
 
 ] Nov. Napoleon issued the Berlin Decree, declaring the
 
 FRENCH HISTORY. 153 
 
 British islands in a state of blockade, and ordering all porta to be 
 shut against them. Mortier occupied Hamburgh. 
 
 1807] Fourth Coalman ll'ttr. Russia and England, with 
 Sweden subsidized by England, strove to aid Prussia; but though 
 the Russians fought bravely, particularly at Eylau (20 m. S. of 
 Konigsburg), Feb 7, 8, and Friedland, on the Pregel (June 14), 
 Napoleon, having gained Dantzic and Konigsburg, forced the 
 King of Prussia to a humiliating submission, and persuaded the 
 Emperor Alexander to concur in all his unjust arrangements, by 
 the treaty of Tilsit (on the Niemen, or Memel). The King of 
 Sweden, attempting to resist, lost Stralsund and Rugen. Louis 
 XVIII. found refuge in England, at the Marquis of Buckingham's. 
 
 ] Nov. 19. Tiie French under Junot invading Portugal, 
 
 royal family embark for Brazil. 
 
 ] Dec 17. Napoleon's Milan Decree confiscates every 
 
 ship that submits to British search. 
 
 1808] Napoleon created a new nobility. His troops entered 
 Rome, and seized the Pope's territories, for which he was ex- 
 communicated. 
 
 ] May. Charles IV. of Spain, alarmed by tumult, having 
 abdicated in favour of his son Ferdinand VII., Napoleon decoyed 
 them to a conference at Bayonne, and there compelled them both 
 to renounce all claim to the crown. He then sent them and the 
 royal family prisoners into France, and made his brother Joseph 
 king of Spain. Tlie \Varofthc Sjxinish Patriots instantly burst 
 forth.- June. They solicited and obtained ai<l from Great Britain. 
 Their undisciplined levies under Cuesta were defeated near Castile 
 and at Rio Seco, by Bessieres ; but Castanos compelled Dupont's 
 whole army of 17,000 men to surrender at Baylen, in Andalusia, 
 July 21. In consequence, KING Joseph retired from Madrid to 
 Vittoria. Oct. Nov. The Spanish armies (under Blake, Romana, 
 &c.) were severally routed, and Morla surrendered Madrid to 
 Jox'ph Buonaparte, Dec. 4. (For Peninsular war, see English 
 History, p. 102.) 
 
 ] Aug. 24. The first memorable defence of Zaragoza by 
 
 Palafox : the French, under Lefebvre, after a siege of 63 days, 
 and after having possessed three-fourths of the city, were com- 
 pelled to a disgraceful retreat. The second siege began Dec. 20 ; 
 and after 54.000 of the besieged had perished, Palafox surrendered 
 the city to Marshal Lannes, Feb. 20. 
 
 -] Aug. 21. Portugal was relieved by Sir A. Wellesley, who 
 
 defeated Junot at Vimiera. By the highly-censured Convention 
 of Cintra (near Lisbon), Sir Hew Dalrymple permitted the French 
 to evacuate on too easy terms.
 
 J54 FRKNCH HISTORY. 
 
 1808] S3pt. 27. Conference at Erfurth, in Saxony (110 m. 
 W. of Dresden), between Emperor Alexander and Napoleon. 
 
 1809] April 12. The fleet was destroyed in Basque Roads by 
 Lords Gambier and Cochrane. 
 
 ] May. Napoleon deprives the pope of his temporal power, 
 
 annexes his territories to France, and conveys him prisoner to 
 Grenoble (27 m. S. of Chamberry). 
 
 ] April and May. Austrian War against Napoleon; who, 
 
 after the battles of Abensburg, Eckmuhl, and Ratisbon, took 
 Vienna was defeated by the Archduke Charles at Aspern and 
 Essling, after two days' of desperate conflict (May 21, 22), in which 
 the French lost 30,000 and the Austrians about 20,000. At 
 Wagram, on July 5 and 6, two battles were fought, in which about 
 25,000 were lost on each side. The Archduke Charles then re- 
 tired, because his brother, ihe Archduke. John, had not come up, 
 according to orders. The emperor, Francis II., was then compelled 
 to the disgraceful peace of Vienna, and to promise Napoleon his 
 daughter in marriage. 
 
 ] Oct. Fleet was defeated by Lord Collingwood in Rosas 
 
 Bay, on the Catalonian coast. 
 
 1810] April 2. Napoleon, having divorced Josephine, married 
 the Archduchess Maria Louisa. 
 
 ] July 9. Louis Buonaparte having abdicated the crown 
 
 of Holland, that country was annexed to France. Oct. 15. 
 Decree of Fontainbleau for burning all English manufactures. 
 
 ] Aug 21. General Bernadctte was chosen Crown Prince 
 of Sweden. 
 
 1811] Mar. 20. Birth of Napoleon's son, Charles Napoleon, 
 " King of Rome." Preparations for invading Russia. 
 
 1812] June 24. Napoleon, compelling the aid of Prussia, 
 Austria, and his Confederate States of the Rhine, crossed the 
 Niemen with 400,000 infantry, 60,000 cavalry, and 1200 pieces of 
 artillery ; defeated Barclay de Tolly at Smolensk, 17th Aug ; and 
 Kutusoif at Borodino, near the Moskwa, 7th Sept.; and entered 
 the Kremlin, or ancient palace of the Czars, at Moscow, Sept. 14. 
 But much of the city having been burned by orders of Rostopchin, 
 the governor, and provisions failing, the retreat commenced, Oct. 
 19. The division under Davoust was separately attacked by 
 Kutusoff, and nearly annihilated, between Smolensk and Krasnoi. 
 ] Nov. 26. 28. Napoleon effected the passage of the 
 Beresina, in Lithuania, but with loss of all his cannon and much 
 of his army. The wreck of it was harassed to Wilna by Admiral 
 Tchitchagoff, so that only 30,000 men remained to cross the 
 Niemen under Murat ; and they did not make a permanent halt
 
 FRENCH HISTOKY. 
 
 till they reached the Elbe. Napoleon had quitted the army at 
 Smurjjonie in disguise, Dec. 6, and fleeing through Poland and 
 Germany, arrived at Paris, December 18. 
 
 1813] He raised a fresh army of 350,000 men ; but was opposed 
 by Russia, Prussia, Sweden, and some of the confederates of the 
 Rhine, subsidized by England : {Fifth Coalition War.) 
 
 ] May 2. Indecisive battle of Lutzen (11 miles W. S \V. 
 
 of Leipsic), where Napoleon was attacked by the Russians under 
 Wittgenstein, and the Prussians under Blucher. May 21. Battle 
 of Bautzen (30 miles E. N. E. of Dresden), where Napoleon 
 attacked. An armistice took place till August, suggested by 
 Austria, who afterward declared against France. 
 
 ] Aug. 26. Blucher routed Macdonald on the river 
 
 Katzbach, and drove him from Silesia. 
 
 ] Aug. 26, 27. The battle of Dresden : the allies under 
 
 Swartzenberg, accompanied by the emperors of Russia and Austria 
 and the King of Prussia, were repulsed, and General Moreau 
 mortally wounded. But various successes followed. Van lamme's 
 corps was cut off, Aug. 30, at Culm, near Toplitz, by the Pn 
 general, Kleist ; and Ney was routed, Sept. 6, at Dennewitz, by 
 the Northern army under the Crown Prince. 
 
 ] Oct. 16/18,19. The battle of Nations at Leipzig.. 
 
 (Troops of all the European nations were engaged.) After two 
 days of hard fighting, the allies took the city the third morning, 
 two hours only after Napoleon had effected his escape. The king 
 of Saxony and all his court were captured ; as well as a French 
 garrison of 30,000 men, 22,000 sick and wounded, with the French 
 magazines, artillery, and stores. The smaller German states joined 
 the allies. 
 
 ] Nov. The Prince of Orange was restored, and pro- 
 claimed Prince of the Netherlands. 
 
 ] Dec. 2. The allied armies under Swartzenberg and the 
 
 Sovereigns begin to pas?s the Rhine, the French frontier. 
 
 1814] Jan. Napoleon successfully interrupted the advance 
 of the allies towards Paris for some time ; but being defeated by 
 Blucher at Laon, and repulsed by the allies at Arcis-sur-Aube, 
 he retired across the Marne above Vitry, manoeuvring to intercept 
 them from the Rhine, tbereby leaving the route to Paris open. 
 The allies advanced, and after storming the heights of Montmartre, 
 and Belleville, entered Paris, March 31. April 2. Napoleon was 
 deposed, but allowed to retire to Elba, and to retain the imperial 
 title. April 6. Louis XVIII. was proclaimed. 
 
 ] April 20. The king of France made a public entry 
 
 into London ; was accompanied to Dover by the Prince Regent ; 
 landed at Calais, April 24 ; and entered Paris, May 3.
 
 156 FRENCH HISTORY. 
 
 1814] May 30. Made General Peace with the allies. June 4. 
 Presented the Constitutional Charter ; by which the king pro- 
 poses laws, and chooses a Senate or Chamber of Peers, for life : 
 whilst the Chamber of deputies consists of 262 popular repre- 
 sentatives, to be convened annually. 
 
 1815] March 1. Napoleon, having quitted Elba with 1140 
 men, landed at Cannes, in the Gulf of Juan, and arrived at 
 Fontainbleau, without opposition, on the 19th. The next day he 
 suddenly presented himself, in an open carriage, to the royal army 
 at Melun ; was received with acclamations ; and entered Paris 
 in triumph the same evening. Louis XVIII. had fled the same 
 day towards Lisle, whence he afterward retired to Ghent. 
 
 ] June 15. Napoleon, being proclaimed a traitor and an 
 
 outlaw by the Congress at Vienna, opened the campaign by driving 
 back the Prussians and the Belgians from the Sambre. 
 
 ] June 16. Marshal Ney was checked by the British 
 
 army at Quartre Bras ; where the Duke of Brunswick was killed. 
 But Napoleon having the same day defeated the Prussians under 
 Blucher at Ligny, the British retired to Waterloo, and the Prussians 
 to Wavre. 
 
 ] June 18. Napoleon was defeated in the ever-memorable 
 
 battle of Waterloo by the Duke of Wellington. The numbers 
 were nearly equal. About 72,000 British, Hanoverians, and 
 Belgians, against about 80,000 French. The Prussians under 
 Blucher arrived in time to complete the rout, and continue the 
 pursuit. The French lost 40,000 killed and wounded, 14,000 
 prisoners, 225 cannon. Napoleon's carriage, plate, &c., were 
 taken . 
 
 ] June 20. He arrived at Paris, the first of his fugitive 
 
 army ; abdicated the throne after a reign of 100 days ; and after- 
 ward surrendered himself, off Rochefort, to Captain Maitland, of 
 the Bellerophon : whence he wrote to the Prince Regent, claiming 
 an asylum " like Themistocles, among the most powerful, most 
 constant, and most generous of his enemies." By the unanimous 
 agreement of the allied Sovereigns, he was conveyed, for safe 
 custody, to St. Helena, where he arrived Oct. 17, and died May 
 5, 1821. 
 
 ] July 3. Paris capitulated to Wellington and Blucher ; 
 and on the 5th they restored Louis to the throne of his ancestors. 
 
 ] Nov. 20. The second general pacification at Paris. 
 
 France was com pelled to restore much of her plunder; and en- 
 gaged to pay 28 millions sterling, and to maintain 150,000 allied 
 troops in 16 frontier fortresses for five years. 
 
 ] Labedoyere and Ney shot Lavalette escaped. Labe- 
 
 doyere had been the first to desert : and the traitor Ney, who had
 
 FRKNCH HISTORY. 157 
 
 promised his Sovereign to bring Napoleon in an iron cage to Paris, 
 had immediately joined him with his whole army. 
 
 1815] Oct. Murat was tried by a military commission in 
 Calabria, and shot (see German History, 1815). 
 
 1817] The army of observation was diminished one-fifth, and 
 in 1818 it was withdrawn. 
 
 1820] Feb 13. The Duke de Berri was assassinated. His 
 son was born Sept. 28, and styled the Duke de Bordeaux, the 
 heir to the French crown after the Duke d'Angoulfime. 
 
 ] Christophe, the black sovereign of Hay ti in St. Domingo, 
 
 shot himself on account of an insurrection. The whole island 
 submitted to President Boyer. 
 
 1823] April. Oct. The Duke d'Angoulme succeeds in his in- 
 vasion of Spain, for the purpose of relieving Ferdinand from the 
 control of the Constitutionalists. 
 
 1824] Sept. 16. Louis XVIII. died, and was succeeded by 
 his brother, Charles X. 
 
 1825] April 17. The independence of St. Domingo was con- 
 firmed, in consideration of a money-payment. 
 
 1826] Jan. 26. A treaty of navigation with Great Britain. 
 
 1827] Oct. 20. The united fleets of France, England, and 
 Russia, defeated the Turkish and Egyptian fleet at Navarino. 
 (See English History-) 
 
 1828] Jan. 4. The ministry of Messrs. DeVillele and Peyron- 
 net is succeeded by that of Prince Polignac. April 18. The French 
 army of occupation in Portugal begin to retire from the Peninsula. 
 
 ] July 17- An expedition was successful in compelling 
 
 the Turks to evacuate the Morea. 
 
 ] July 31. An expedition of men of letters and science, 
 
 with M. Champollion, jun., at their head, for the investigation of 
 the antiquities of Egypt, embarks for Alexandria. 
 
 1830] July 5. An expedition of 34,000 men and 68 ships of 
 war, take Algiers with immense booty, 1,500 pieces of ordnance, 
 and 1 2 ships of war in the harbour. 
 
 ] The Chamber of Deputies having been dissolved for op- 
 posing the royalist ministry, a new election took place, and a second 
 set of members, still more hostile than the first, was returned. 
 Charles X. issued three ordinances for the dissolution of the 
 Chamber, even before it had assembled for the disfranchisement 
 of a large portion of the electors and for further restrictions on the 
 press. The people of Paris took up arms, and after three days of 
 severe conflict in the streets of Paris (July 28 to 30), made them- 
 selves master of the capital. The king was obliged to abdicate, 
 Aug. 2, and took refuge in England, whilst the Duke of Orleans 
 was chosen King of the French, under the title of Louis Philip I.
 
 158 FHENCH HISTORY. 
 
 1830] Oct. 17. Tumults at Paris, in consequence of the in- 
 troduction of a law for abolishing the punishment of death for 
 political offences. The populace considered it as an endeavour to 
 save the lives of the late ministry of Charles X. 
 
 ] Dec. 21. Polignac, Peyronnet, Chantelauze, and Ran- 
 
 ville, the ex-king's ministers, having been found guilty of high 
 treason, were sentenced to perpetual imprisonment. M. Lafitte 
 becomes prime minister. 
 
 1831] Jan. 14. In consequence of the celebration of a funeral 
 mass to the memory of the Duke de Berri at Paris, at which had 
 been introduced a ceremony of crowning the portrait of his son, the 
 young Duke of Bordeaux, a very serious riot took place. The 
 mob attacked the churches, from which they broke down the 
 crosses and the fleur-de-lis ornaments, and also did great damage to 
 the palace of the Archbishop of Paris. 
 
 ] Jan. 22. The qualifications for being an elector of mem- 
 bers of the Chamber of Deputies was reduced from 300 to 240 
 francs, paid in direct taxes, and that of eligibility to the rank of 
 Deputy from 1000 to 500. The alteration in the qualifications, it 
 was calculated, would increase the number of electors to 210,000. 
 March 14. M. Casimir Perier succeeded M. Lafitte as prime 
 minister. 
 
 ] July 11. The French fleet under Admiral Roussin 
 
 forcibly entered the Tagus, and seized the Portuguese fleet in con- 
 sequence of the demands of the French government for satisfaction 
 for alleged injuries received by French subjects from the Portu- 
 guese authorities not being complied with. The court of Lisbon 
 submitted. Oct. 10. Hereditary peerage abolished. 
 
 ] Aug. 3. The king of the Netherlands having resumed 
 war against the revolting Belgians, France immediately sends 
 50,000 men to the assistance of Leopold, the new king of Bel- 
 gium, against the king of the Netherlands ; upon which, on the 
 13th, the latter agrees to withdraw his troops, and consents to 
 another armistice. 
 
 1832] April, May. The cholera raged very violently at Paris 
 and in many parts of France. 
 
 ] May. The premier, M. Casimir Perier, died.' An in- 
 surrection of the Carlists, or partizans of the ex-king, Charles X., 
 commenced in La Vendee and Deux Sevres, excited by the 
 Duchess of Berry in person, in behalf of her son, the Duke of 
 Bordeaux. June 5. On the occasion of the funeral of General 
 Lamarque, who had been one of Napoleon's Marshals, an in- 
 surrection of the republican party commenced at Paris, and after 
 two days' fighting was quelled by the National Guards and the 
 regular troops. Martial law was proclaimed. The artillery of
 
 KK1.NCH HISTORY. 159 
 
 the National Guard and the Polytechnic School, having joined in 
 the insurrection, were suppressed by the king's order. 
 
 1832] July 22. Napoleon's sou died of consumption at the 
 chateau of Schoeubruim, aged 21 years. From the time of his 
 father's first abdication, in 1814, he had been placed under the 
 care of his grandfather, the emperor of Austria 
 
 ] Nov. Hostilities being renewed with the king of the 
 
 Netherlands, in behalf of the king of Belgium, the French army 
 under Marshal Gerard take the citadel at Antwerp by storm on 
 December 24, after a siege of six weeks. 
 
 1833] The Duchess of Berri was imprisoned at Blaye, for 
 having attempted to excite insurrection. She was afterwards con- 
 veyed to Palermo, to her second husband, Count Palli, a Neapoli* 
 tan noble. Violent discussions iu the Chambers respecting the 
 proposed fortifications of Paris. 
 
 1834] Quadruple Treaty with Great Britain, Spain, and Por- 
 tugal, securing the Peninsular crowns. 
 
 1835] March 12. Marshal Mortier, the premier, resigns, and is 
 succeeded by the Duke de Broglie, the thirteenth change since the 
 commencement of the new dynasty. 
 
 ] July 28. An attempt was made by Fieschi, a Corsican, 
 
 to assassinate the king and his sons, whilst reviewing the troops 
 in the streets of Paris. By the explosion of the " I nfernal ma- 
 chine," 14 persons were killed and more than 18 wounded. 
 Among the former were Marshal Mortier, Duke de TreViso, and 
 several officers. The assassin and two accomplices were executed 
 the following year. As the press was thought to have excited 
 such attempts, various legal restrictions upon it, and modifications 
 of trial by jury, were introduced. 
 
 ] The disputes with the United States, respecting losses 
 
 sustained by American subjects under the Berlin and Milan decrees, 
 were settled through the mediation of Great Britain. 
 
 ] General Trezel, the commander at Algiers, was repulsed 
 
 with loss in an attack on Abd-el-Kader, a neighbouring chief. In 
 Nov., Marshal Clausel, accompanied by the Duke of Orleans, the 
 king's eldest son, and about 15,000 men, defeated the chief in 
 two battles, and burnt his capital Mascara. 
 
 1836] Feb. Abd-el-Kader again attacks; was repulsed first 
 by C:ausel, afterwards by General Arlanger. Nov. 22. Clausel, 
 With an army of 7000 men, failed in an expedition against Achmet 
 Bey's city, Constantine ; and was forced to retreat with the loss 
 of between 3000 and 4000 troops. 
 
 ] Feb. 22. A new ministry was formed by M. Thiers, 
 
 which in September resigned, in consequence of disagreeing with
 
 160 FRENCH HISTORY. 
 
 the king respecting the Spanish affairs. It was succeeded by 
 another under Count Mole*. 
 
 1836] June 25. A young man named Alibaud, attempting 
 the king's life, was immediately arrested and afterwards executed. 
 Nov. 6. Charles X. died at Gratz, in Stiria, in the eightieth year of 
 his age ; his four ministers were then liberated from prison. Dec. 
 27. Another attack upon the king, as he was guing to open the ses- 
 sion of the Chambers, was made by Meunier, a weak-minded, vain 
 youth, who was transported for life. 
 
 ] Oct. 29. An attempt at insurrection was made at Stras- 
 
 burg by some French officers, in favour of Charles Louis Napoleon 
 Buonaparte, third and only surviving son of Napoleon's brother 
 Louis, once king of Holland. The young man was sent to the 
 United States, and his military abettors were tried and acquitted. 
 
 1837] Feb. Champion, a journeyman locksmith, being arrested 
 for contriving a new infernal machine for killing the king, hanged 
 himself in prison. 
 
 ] April 16. The ministry under Mole resigned, not being 
 
 able to pass the Disjunctive Bill, a law proposing that political 
 offences of the military should be tried by the military, and not 
 the civil code. Another administration was formed under Count 
 Mole. A general amnesty was granted to all state prisoners. 
 
 ] May 30. The Duke of Orleans married the Duchess 
 
 Helena of Mecklenburg Schwerin. 
 
 ] July. The treaty of Tafna with Abd-el-Kader settled the 
 extent of the French portion of territory in the provinces of Algiers 
 and Oran. 
 
 ] Oct. 13. An army of 13, 000 men under General Damre- 
 
 mont, accompanied by the Duke de Nemours, the king's second 
 son, was successful against Constantine. The General, being killed 
 during the siege, was succeeded by General Vallee, who took the 
 city by storm, with the loss of 100 killed and 500 wounded. 
 
 1838] Feb. 12. The independence of the republic of Hay ti was 
 acknowledged. 
 
 J Railroads began to be introduced by public companies. 
 
 ] April. In consequence of disputes with the Mexican 
 
 government, the commander of the French squadron declares the 
 port of Mexico to be in a state of blockade- 
 
 ] May 17. The celebrated diplomatist, Prince Talleyrand, 
 
 died in his eighty-fifth year ; having by his flexibility and sagacity 
 maintained a conspicuous station during all the revolutions and 
 calamities of the last fifty years. 
 
 ] May 28. Hubert, a journeyman currier, was convicted 
 
 and transported for life, for a conspiracy against the king. Stenble 
 and three other accomplices were imprisoned.
 
 FRKNCI1 HISTORY. 161 
 
 1839] May 12, 13. An insurrection in Paris, the cause of 
 which did not appear, continued two days ; and was suppressed 
 after 171 persons had been killed or wounded. 
 
 1840] Feb. 21. Marshal Sou It and the rest of the cabinet re- 
 signed, on being unable to obtain the proposed allowance to the 
 Duke of Nemours on his marriage. 
 
 ] March 1. A new ministry formed under M. Thiers, 
 
 ] Aug. 6. Prince Louis Napoleon, a nephew of the late 
 
 emperor, with Gen. Montholon and forty or fifty followers, landed 
 near Boulogne, for the purpose of exciting an insurrection, and 
 overturning the existing government. Several of the party were 
 killed. Oct. 6. The prince was sentenced to perpetual imprison- 
 ment in a French fortress. 
 
 ] Sep. 7. Strikes among the working classes in Paris, 
 
 accompanied by great political excitement. Attempts were made 
 to form barricades, but were successfully opposed by the municipal 
 guards. 
 
 ] Oct. 15. An unsuccessful attempt was made by Darmes 
 
 to shoot the king as he was leaving the palace of the Tuilleries. 
 
 ] Oct. 29. The Thiers cabinet resigned in consequence of 
 
 their wish to give a more warlike tone to the king's speech on 
 opening the Chambers, than his majesty approved. A new ministry 
 formed under Marshal Soult and M. Guizot. 
 
 ] Dec. 12. 140 millions of francs were voted to defray 
 the expenses of fortifying Paris. A space triple the area of Paris 
 to be encircled by a bastioned wall thirty feet high. 
 
 ] Dec. 15. The remains of the emperor Napoleon, having 
 
 been brought from St. Helena, were deposited with great pomp in 
 the Hotel des Invalides at Paris. 
 
 1841] July. The Duke of Orleans, the king's eldest son, in 
 his 32ud year, was killed by a fall from his carriage. He was 
 popular for many noble qualities. In the following year his bro- 
 ther, the Duke de Nemours, was appointed regent in the event of 
 the present king's death, and until the heir to the throne attains 
 the age of 18. 
 
 ] Sep. 13. As the Duke of Aumale was entering Paris on 
 
 his return from Africa, an attempt was made by Francois to 
 assassinate him or one of his brothers. 
 
 1842] Sep. 8. Admiral Dupetit Thouars takes possession of 
 Otaheite and the neighbouring islands, also the Marquesas, in the 
 name of the king. 
 
 1843] Sept. 27. The visit of the Queen of England to the 
 French royal family at the Chateau d' Eu. 
 
 1844] June 1. On the death of the duke d'Angoulome, the 
 duke de Bordeaux informed the courts of Europe that he does 
 
 p 3
 
 162 FRENCH HISTORY. 
 
 relinquish his claim to the throne of France, but does not wish to 
 exercise his rights till he can be really useful to that country. 
 
 1844] July 3. An engagement between the French troops 
 and those of the emperor of Morocco at Oued Islay. 
 
 ] Aug. 14. An important victory obtained by the former 
 
 at Islay. 
 
 ] Aug. 6. The Prince de Joinville, with three ships of 
 
 the line, bombarded Tangier, and speedily dismantled the batteries. 
 
 ] Aug. 15. Also bombarded the castle and fortress of 
 
 Mogadore, and took possession of the place. 
 
 ] Sept. 6. Peace concluded with Morocco. 
 
 ] Oct. 7. The King of the French passed ten days at 
 Windsor, on a visit to the Queen of Great Britain. 
 
 1845] June 18. A tribe of Moors in Algeria, who had long 
 set the French at defiance, having taken refuge in a cavern, after 
 several vain attempts to induce them to surrender, fire was applied 
 to the entrance of the cavern, and nearly all the tribe, to the num- 
 ber of more than 500, were suffocated. 
 
 ] Aug. 19. A sudden hurricane, which lasted about a 
 minute and a half, devastated a valley near Rouen, overthrowing 
 three large factories, and killing in them, or severely injuring, 
 nearly 200 persons. 
 
 ] Sept. The Arabs under Abd-el-Kader, succeed at 
 
 different times in destroying or capturing several small detachments 
 of French troops in Algeria. 
 
 1846] April 16. Pierre Lecomte, a disappointed forest keeper, 
 snot at the king as he was riding near Fontainebleau, in a char-a- 
 banc, with the queen and several of his family. Happily no one 
 was injured. The chambers of peers and deputies, and all ranks 
 of people, expressed their joy at the sovereign's narrow escape, and 
 their detestation of the criminal. 
 
 Additional Examination. When did the French Revolution 
 begin ? When and by whom was the First New Constitution 
 formed ? (see 1791.) What new Convention in the same year? 
 What further change in 1792 ? in 1793? What change re- 
 specting religion, &c. ? What further political change in 1795 ? 
 in 1799? in 1802 ? 1804? 1814 ? What nations were 
 engaged in the First Coalition War in 1792? When did Prussia 
 and Hessia make peace? (1795.) To what peace was Austria 
 driven in 1797 ? What event led to the Second Coalition War in 
 1 798 ? What nations were engaged ? Where was peace con- 
 cluded in 1801 ? When did the war with Great Britain end ? 
 W r hen was it renewed ? What nations were engaged in the Third 
 Coalition War in 1805? What was the chief battle? With
 
 FRENCH HISTORY. 163 
 
 whom was peace concluded the same year? What were the 
 chief battles in the Prussian War in 1806? What the result ? 
 What nations were engaged in the Fourth Coalition ll'ar m 
 1807? What were the chief battles? What peace ensued? 
 'What were the principal events of the Austrian War in 1809? 
 When was the Invasion of Russia ? What the principal 
 events? What nations were engaged in the Fifth Coalition \\'<ir 
 in 1813? What were the events of it in that year? in 1814? 
 1815? What change in 1830? What change in the electoral 
 qualifications in 1831? What expedition sent out? What the 
 events in Belgium? What insurrection in 1832? What siege? 
 What relating to the Duchess of Berry in 1833 ? Give particulars 
 respecting Fieschi in 1835 the expedition under Clausel 
 against Constantine in 1836 the insurrection at Strasburg 
 second expedition against Constantine Enumerate the insur- 
 rections, and the attempts on the King's life.
 
 GERMAN HISTORY. 
 
 CARLOVINGIAN DYNASTY, 800912. 
 
 To lay basis (800) of empire, were Charlemagne's cares ; 
 First Louis, like water (814), gives way to his heirs, 
 And the eldest, Lothaire, loss of Germany bears (840) : 
 After treaty of Verdun, German Louis may brag (843) 
 That he shar'd it 'mongst sons, of whom Charles was the lag. 
 Bastard Arnulf took place of the Fat Booby Boy (888) ; 
 Carlo vingians pass (900) : sorrows Louis destroy. 
 
 For the history of Charlemagne and his son Louis I., see French 
 History, pp. 133, 134. 
 
 840] The Emperor Lothaire, eldest son of Louis I., attacking 
 his brothers, Louis of Bavaria, or the German, and Charles the 
 Bald, was defeated in a great battle at Fontenai ; and afterward, 
 by the treaty of Verdun (843), was allowed to retain the title of 
 Emperor, and some territories in France. His brother Louis 
 obtained Germany ; thus was that country finally separated from 
 the kingdom of the Franks. 853. Lothaire abdicated, and 
 became a monk. 
 
 843] Louis the German bequeathed his dominions among his 
 sons ; assigning Bavaria to Carloman ; Saxony to Louis ; and 
 Suabia to Charles, surnamed the Fat, who was afterward King 
 of France and Emperor. 
 
 N.B. Louis II. son of Lothaire, and Charles the Bald, his 
 brother, were Emperors, but did not rule in Germany. 
 
 888] Arnulf) natural son of Carloman, king of Bavaria, was 
 proclaimed Emperor in Germany, after his uncle, Charles the 
 Fat, was deposed, 890] Much of the calamity, which Europe 
 afterwards endured from the Hungarians, is to be ascribed to his 
 rash policy of inviting their hordes to settle in Bohemia. 891] 
 He defeated the Northmen, and it is said, that 120,000 of those 
 fierce invaders were chased into the river Dyle near Louvain.
 
 GERMAN HISTORY. 165 
 
 He invaded Italy, took Rome, and, by means of Pope For- 
 mosus, obtained the imperial crown in place of the Emperor 
 Lambert. Arnulf was poisoned in returning to Germany, but 
 lingered three years. 
 
 900] Louis III., surnamed the Infant, succeeded his father 
 Arnult at seven years of age. His reign was a scene of deso- 
 tion, through the invasion of the Hungarians, who imposed a 
 tribute; and he died in his nineteenth year, broken-hearted, it is 
 said, by his reiterated defeats. He was the last Emperor de- 
 scended in the male line from Charlemagne. The imperial crown 
 then became elective. 
 
 When, and by whom, was the German empire founded ? 
 Where may the history of Charlemagne and his son Louis be 
 found ? Mention the date and particulars connected with them 
 with Lothaire. When and on what occasion was Germany 
 separated from the kingdom of the Franks ? What the date and 
 particulars connected with Louis the German ? Why are not 
 the Emperors Louis II. and Charles the Bald included in the 
 list of German sovereigns ? What the date and particulars con- 
 nected with Arnulf? Louis the Infant ? When did the im- 
 perial crown become elective ? 
 
 EMPIRE ELECTIVE. HOUSE OF SAXONY, 912 1024. 
 The German Electors to Conrad swore faith (912) ; 
 Huns asking for fries (920), from First Henry got scathe. 
 Great Otho for wisdom and conquest vfasfarnd (936) ; 
 " The Saracens/ace me" (973), Second Otho exclaim'd ; 
 Few aim (983) at more feats than Third Otho, his son ; 
 Second Henry, tho' Emp'ror, of monks became one( 100,2) 
 
 912] The successors of Charlemagne confirmed their bequests 
 of their respective dominions by obtaining the concurrence of their 
 nobles. Hence arose the right of those electors in the German 
 Empire. 
 
 On the death of Louis III., they rejected Charles the Simple, 
 king of France, the next heir of the Carlovingian family, and 
 offered the crown to Otho, their former Regent, the aged duke of 
 Saxony, son of Arnulf; but, by his advice, they elected Conrad, 
 duke of Franconia. Conrad, after a turbulent reign, and buying 
 a disgraceful peace from the invading Hungarians, recommended 
 Duke Otho's son Henry as his successor, though he had sustained 
 a severe contest with him.
 
 166 GERMAN HISTORY. 
 
 HOUSE OF SAXONY. 
 
 920] Henry /., grandson of Arnulf, surnamed the Fowler, 
 from being engaged in his favourite amusement of hawking, when 
 he received the announcement of his election. Having chanced 
 to take a distinguished prisoner from the Hungarians, he would 
 consent to his being released only on condition of a truce and 
 remission of tribute for nine years. During that interval he ruled 
 wisely, and strengthened his kingdom so much, that on the re- 
 newal of hostilities in 934, he entirely defeated the barbarians 
 at Kenschberg, and relieved the empire from Hungarian fines or 
 tribute. 
 
 936] Otho the Great, son of Henry, contended for the throne 
 with his brother, the duke of Brunswick ; repressed the rebellion 
 of his own son ; reunited Italy to the empire; kept the Pope in 
 subjection; annexed Bohemia to his dominions; finally defeated 
 the Hungarians at Augsburg in 955 ; made Denmark tributary ; 
 was consecrated Emperor by the Pope, with the titles of Caesar 
 and Augustus ; confirmed to the Holy See its possessions, and 
 obtained the power of nominating the popes and investing bishops. 
 
 973] Otho //., son of Otho the Great, was surnamed the San- 
 guinary, from the blood spilt in his reign. He made an unsuc- 
 cessful expedition into France against Lothaire. He defeated the 
 Greeks in Italy, who were aiding the rebellious Pope Boniface ; 
 but his army was afterward destroyed by the Saracens, allies of 
 the Greeks, at Bassentello, in Calabria. He himself fled to the 
 coast, and surrendered to the captain of a Greek vessel, from 
 whom he afterward escaped, but died from chagrin at his defeat. 
 
 983] Otho IIL succeeded his father Otho II. at three years 
 of age. His elevation was opposed by Henry of Bavaria, but the 
 energy of his ministers defeated the measures of his rival. 
 When old enough to assume the government, he defeated the 
 invading Danes ; took Rome by assault ; settled the dissensions 
 respecting the papacy; erected Poland into a kingdom under 
 Boleslaus I., and repelled the Saracens from Italy. He is said 
 to have been poisoned either by a medical potion, or by a pair 
 of perfumed gloves sent him by the widow of Crescentius, 
 whom he had put to death for rebellion at Rome. He died 
 childless. 
 
 1002] Henry //., duke of Bavaria, was great-grandson of 
 Henry I. After a contest of thirteen years, he suppressed the 
 revolt of the marquis of Ivrea in Italy ; was crowned king of 
 Lombardy at Pavia in 1004 ; quelled troubles in Germany ; and 
 became a monk, but continued to be Emperor.
 
 OKKMAN HISTORY. 167 
 
 Whence arose the right of the German electors? What did they 
 do at the death of Louis the Child ? (For further examination see 
 p. 178.) 
 
 HOUSR OF FRANCONIA, 1024 1125. 
 
 Second Conrad's a hero (10,24) whom foes can't escape; 
 Third Henry made Pope with astonishment ijnpc (10,39). 
 Fourth Henry kiss d toe, yet made Hildebrandyu7d( 10,56), 
 But was teas' d (1,106) by Fifth Henry, a viper 
 
 1024] Conrad //., duke of Franconia, surnamed the Salic 
 from his birthplace ou the Sale, twice quelled a revolt in Italy 
 and once in Germany ; humbled the Poles and Huns ; and united 
 Burgundy to the empire. He was just, generous, and magnani- 
 mous. 
 
 1039] Henry III., surnamed the Black, son of Conrad II., 
 possessed great abilities. He settled the factions at Rome ; de- 
 posed Gregory VI., and nominated three Popes in succession. 
 He caused his infant son Henry to be declared kini of the Romans, 
 and died from vexation at the successful irruptious of the Sclavo- 
 nians into Saxony. 
 
 1056] Henry IV., the Great, son of Henry III., succeeded at 
 the age of five years. His minority was a scene of trouble and con- 
 fusion. Having in 1016 been deposed by Pope Hildebrand 
 (Gregory "VII ) for claiming the right of investiture, he was forced 
 to appear as a suppliant at his gate, and to wait there three days, 
 barefooted, in the depth of winter, before his submission was re- 
 ceived. He afterwards again contended, defeated Rodolph, who 
 had been set up as Emperor by the Saxons, took Rome, after a 
 siege of two years ; but was driven from it by Gregory's new allies, 
 Robert Guiscard and a host of Normans and Apulians, who burned 
 a large portion of the ancient city in 1084. Henry's eldest son, 
 Conrad, rebelled ; and the youngest betrayed and deposed him. 
 A dungeon was allotted him at first; scorn, beggary and house- 
 lessness were his subsequent portion. 
 
 1106] Henri/ F., the ungrateful son. He married Matilda, 
 daughter of Henry I. of England ; quarrelled with Pope Pascal 
 II., respecting the right of investiture, and took him prisoner after 
 a severe battle within the walls of Rome. The dispute was finally 
 settled by a general council at Rome, 1122.
 
 168 GERMAN HISTORY. 
 
 HOUSE OF SUABIA, 11391254. 
 
 Lothario's justice strove mischiefs to heal (1,125) [zeal ; 
 And the name of Third Conrad has stamp (1,1 39) of much 
 To a lion (1,152) compar'd, Barbarossa outstrips 
 The Pagans ; 'gainst whom the Sixth Henry equips (1,1 90) . 
 To peace ( I, 197) when compell'd, Philip's foe own'd his sway ; 
 Fourth Otho in flight from Bouvines hies away (1,208). 
 'Gainst the Saracen nation ( 1,2 1 2) Second Fred' rick prevails ; 
 Fourth Conrad, as Emperor, Germany hails (1/250) : [told ; 
 Dutch William, a healer (1,254), of the Hanse-Towns was 
 And Richard of Cornwall lack'd money to hold (1,256). 
 
 1125] Lothario II., Duke of Supplenburg, was elected, but a 
 short though bloody opposition was made by two nephews of 
 Henry V. Lothario ordered justice to be administered according 
 to the Digesta, or Code of Justinian, a copy of which had been 
 recently found in Italy. 
 
 HOUSE OF SUABIA. 
 
 1139] Conrad III., nephew of Henry V., was elected, but op- 
 posed by Henry the Haughty, Duke of Bavaria, whose family name 
 of Guelph became the appellation of the enemies of the Emperor. 
 The imperial army was under the emperor's brother Frederick, 
 Duke of Suabia ; who, being born at Heighibelin, gave to his soldiers 
 the name of " Ghibelins." Conrad, with his nephew Barbarossa, 
 was induced by St. Bernard to engage in the second crusade. 
 Being jealous of Louis VII., the king of France, he marched be- 
 fore him into the Holy Land, and was defeated. 
 
 1152] Frederick /., Barbarossa, or Red-beard, nephew of Con- 
 rad III., quieted Germany ; invaded Italy with various success ; 
 was defeated by the Venetians at sea ; after which event, the Pope 
 threw a ring into the Adriatic, as a mark of gratitude and affection. 
 Hence originated the custom, still annually performed by the Vene- 
 tians, of espousing the Adriatic. Bavbarossa was excommunicated, 
 but restored on making submission. He went with a large army 
 on a crusade, defeated the Saracens, took Iconium, and was acci- 
 dentally drowned in a petty river of Cilicia. 
 
 1190] Henry VI., son of Frederick Barbarossa, was crowned 
 by Pope Celestine III., who no sooner had placed the. crown on 
 Henry's head than he kicked it off again. Henry seized Sicily 
 in right of his wife Constantia, the heiress ; incorporated the re- 
 ligious and military order of Teutonic knights ; detained Richard
 
 GERMAN HISTORY. 169 
 
 Coeur de Lion in prison ; equipped three German armies to 
 recover the Holy Land, one of which he used to suppress a 
 Sicilian revolt. He died at Messina, poisoned, it is said, by his 
 wife, for his cruelties towards her relations in Sicily. 
 
 1 197] Philip, Duke of Suabia, governed as guardian of Frede- 
 rick his nephew. Otho, Duke of Brunswick, was set up by the 
 Pope ; but being compelled to peace, owned the sway of Philip, 
 on condition of succeeding to the throne. Philip died by assassi- 
 nation. 
 
 1208] Otho IV. invaded Italy, and was excommunicated. He 
 attacked Sicily ; leagued with his uncle John, king of England, 
 against the French, and was defeated at Bouvines by Philip 
 Augustus ; and deposed by Frederick, son of Henry VI., who, 
 through his mother, had become king of Sicily and Naples. 
 
 1212] Frederick //., son of Henry VI., went to the Holy Land, 
 obtained Jerusalem by treaty, and made a truce with the Saracens 
 for ten years. He suppressed the rebellion of his son, and passed 
 the remainder of his reign in spirited contests with the Popes. 
 After his death, great confusion prevailed in Germany and Italy. 
 
 1250] Conrad IV., succeeded his father Frederick II. in 
 Germany ; strove to obtain his inheritance in Italy ; besieged 
 Naples ; quarrelled with the Pope : and soon died. 
 
 1254] William, Duke of Holland, succeeded, who had been 
 elected in 1247, but prevented from reigning by Frederick and 
 Conrad. He endeavoured to be a healer of public troubles, but 
 failed. The towns of Lubec, Cologne, Brunswick, and Dantzic, 
 formed the Hanseatic League, for the protection of trade. (Hanse 
 signifies in the ancient German, a number of persons associated 
 by compact.) Eighty other towns afterward joined this con- 
 federacy. 
 
 1256] Richard, Earl of Cornwall, brother of Henry III. of 
 England, was chosen King of the Romans, but lacking money to 
 hold, returned to England, where he died. Alphonso X., king of 
 Castile, was chosen by part of the electors, but was unable to visit 
 Germany. The empire remained in confusion till the unanimous 
 election of Rodolph of Hapsburg, in 1273. In the interval, Den- 
 mark, Holland, and Hungary, became independent of the empire. 
 
 HOUSK OF HAPSBURG, OR ANCIENT AUSTRIA. 
 
 [(1,273); 
 
 When Electors chose Rodolph, from Hapsburg he came 
 In pain (1,2 C .)2) was Adolphus from Albert's fierce aim; 
 No few (\ ,298) of the Swiss shook his yoke from their name.
 
 170 GERMAN HISTORY. 
 
 Seventh Henry to Italy, with pomp goes away (1,308) ; 
 Fair Fredrick may tear (1,314) ; but Fifth Louis's sway 
 May none (1,322), after Vechivis, dare disobey. 
 Mark (1,347) Fourth Charles's Bull, which Electors obey ; 
 And see Winceslaus, prisoner, for others make way (1,3755) : 
 To the throne Robert rises (1 ,4 00), whom Milan's duke flouts; 
 And three Popes at Constance, bold Sigisinund routs ( i .4 10) . 
 
 1273] After 23 years of confusion, Rodolph, Count of Hapsburg, 
 was elected, because his influence and territories were too incon- 
 siderable to excite the jealousy of the German states. He quitted 
 Germany and Italy; defeated Ottocar, the usurping king of 
 Bohemia, in whose service he had been; and, by his bravery, 
 wisdom, and justice, raised the empire from misery and confusion 
 to the enjoyment of peace, policy, and riches. 
 
 1292] Adolphus of Nassau, having displeased the electors by 
 some acts of injustice, was deposed, and killed, after a desperate 
 battle, by his rival and successor, Albert, Duke of Austria. 
 
 1298] Albert /., son of Rodolph, contested successfully with 
 the Pope and some of the ecclesiastical electors. Geisler, the 
 tyrannical governor of Switzerland, ordered William Tell, for 
 refusing obeisance to his hat fixed on a pole in the market-place 
 at Altorf, to strike an apple from his son's head with an arrow. 
 Tell succeeded in the task ; and on Geisler's inquiring the pur- 
 pose of his second arrow, " It was intended for thee," replied the 
 indignant Swiss, " if I had killed my son." A revolt ensued, and 
 three of the Swiss Cantons, Ury, Schwitz, and Underwald, shook 
 off the Austrian yoke. Albert was publicly assassinated by his 
 nephew John, whose patrimony he unjustly detained. 
 
 1308] Henry VII., Count of Luxemburg, was elected after a 
 vacancy of seven months. He proceeded with pomp on the 
 Roman expedition, fought his way to Rome, where he was crowned 
 by Pope Clem. V. and imposed a tribute on all the Italian states. 
 He died at Benevento of poison, given him, it is supposed, by a 
 Dominican friar, in the wine of the sacrament. 
 
 1314] Frederick III. the Fair, Duke of Austria, son of Albert, 
 contested the empire, for eight years, with his cousin Louis V. of 
 Bavaria. After a civil war, which desolated both Italy and Ger- 
 many, Frederick was defeated at Muldorf, and finally at Vechivis, 
 where he was taken prisoner in 1322. During these struggles, a 
 small army from the three Swiss Cantons routed an immense host 
 of Austrians at the pass of Morgarteu. The rest of the Cantons
 
 GERMAN HISTORY. 171 
 
 joined the association, and after sixty pitched battles, secured their 
 independence. 
 
 l.'UT] Charles IV. grandson of Henry VII. (his father, king 
 of Bohemia, was killed at the Battle of Cre^> i !I published, 
 in 1355, the imperial constitution, termed the (!\<l<-ii Hull, the 
 fundamental law of the Germanic body, which reduced the number 
 of electors to seven, and settled on them all the hereditary offices 
 of slate. The Elector of B ivaria was added at the peace of 
 Westphalia in 1648, and the Elector of Hanover in 1692. Ho 
 alienated much of the Imperial domain to secure the election of 
 his son Winceslans. 
 
 1378] Winwaliius, son of Charles IV. was deposed by the 
 electors fur cruelty and incapacity. The good Frederick of 
 Brunswick was choi-en, but was murdered before he reached 
 Frankfort. 
 
 1400] Robert of Bavaria, descended from Rodolph I., made an, 
 unsuccessful expeditiun tn/uiiist d'/th-uzo, the Duke of Milan : 
 and endeavoured to tranquillize Germany. 
 
 1410] tSif/i.<imitiuf, son of Charles IV. summoned a general coun- 
 cil at Constance, degraded the three separate Popes who had 
 been elected by the French and Italian Cardinals, and named a 
 fourth. Martin V. (Colonna). This division is termed the '< 
 Schism of the HV.sY. The Council having burned John Huss and 
 Jerome of Prague, the Bohemians, under Zisca, resisted Sigismund, 
 in a war of 16 years. After this Emperor, the succession in the 
 House of Austria is uninterrupted. 
 
 HERKIMTAKY EMPERORS OF THE HOUSE or ArsTRix. 
 
 Second Albert Magnanimous, makes army obey ( 1 ,438) ; 
 Fourth Fred'rick's arm rears (1,440), the fierce Turks to 
 
 [dismay : 
 
 Maximilian gave refuge (1,493) to Milan when low; 
 And the Fifth Charles at Pavia subdued his late foe (1,519). 
 
 First Ferdinand strove to make factions allied (1,550) ; 
 Second Max. was a lover (1,564) of Protestant side : 
 Second Rodolph, not lucid (1,576) yields two crowns at a 
 Rjccting Matthias's envoys, caused death (1,612). [breath ; 
 
 To Ferdinand. Protestants won't duty pay (1,619) ; 
 And against the third Fcrd'nand,rft> make (1,637) an array :
 
 172 GERMAN HISTORY. 
 
 "Let Spaniards (said Leopold) duly 0&ty"(l,658) 5 [ (' 
 And with Joseph and Marlbro,' 'gainst French, the case lay 
 Acquit (1,711) the Sixth Charles of neglecting his heirs; 
 But Seventh Charles of Bavaria succeeds to his cares (1,740). 
 
 1438] Albert //., the magnanimous Duke of Austria, descended 
 from Albert I., received three crowns in the same year : those of 
 Hungary and Bohemia, by marrying the Emperor Sigismund's 
 daughter ; that of the empire, by election. He marched to repel 
 the attacks of the Turks, and died much lamented. 
 
 1440] Frederick IV., descended from Albert I., promoted tran- 
 quillity at the council of Basil ; was crowned and married the 
 same day at Rome ; and entered into a confederacy against the 
 Turks, who had taken Constantinople. 
 
 1493] Maximilian /., son of Frederick IV., married Mary the 
 heiress of Charles duke of Burgundy, whereby he acquired the 
 sovereignty of the Netherlands ; and through the marriage, in 
 1490, of his son Philip, with Jane the heiress of Arragou and 
 Castile, Spain fell afterward under the Austrian sceptre Max- 
 imilian aided the Duke of Milan against Charles VIII. of France ; 
 and, by dividing Germany into circles, and establishing the Im- 
 perial Chamber and the Aulic Council, laid the foundation of the 
 subsequent grandeur of the empire. 
 
 1519] Charles V., grandson of Maximilian, succeeded to the 
 throne of Spain, through his mother the Infanta Jane in 1516; 
 and to that of Germany, in opposition to Francis I. of France. 
 Their mutual claims upon each other's dominions were the subject 
 of perpetual hostility. Charles, by his general, the Constable of 
 Bourbon, took Francis prisoner at the battle of Pavia in 1525; 
 plundered Rome in 1527 (Constable Bourbon was killed in the as- 
 sault, and the imperial army, after practising horrible cruelties, was 
 nearly all swept off by a pestilence) ; forced the Turks to raise the 
 siege of Vienna; 1541] made an unsuccessful expedition against 
 Algiers; 1546] procured the general Council of Trent; 1552] 
 besieged the Duke of Guise in Metz ; ceded the crown of Spain 
 to his son Philip II. ; abdicated the empire, in 1556, in favour 
 of his brother, and died in retirement at Placentia in Estremadura 
 in Spain. 
 
 1556] Ferdinand /., brother of Charles V., endeavoured to 
 reconcile the Catholics, Lutherans, and Calvinists, but in vain. 
 The celebrated Council of Trent extended its sittings through 
 eight years of his reign. By his last will he directed, that, if 
 either his own male issue, or that of his brother Charles, should
 
 GERMAN HISTORY. 173 
 
 fail, his Austrian estates should revert to his second daughter 
 Anne, wife of the elector of Bavaria. 
 
 1564] Maximilian //., son of Ferdinand I., was troubled by 
 domestic commotions, and an invasion of Hungary by the Turks 
 under Solyman II. He granted toleration to the Protestants, and 
 was famed for his virtues. 
 
 1576] Rodolph II., son of Maximilian II., enjoyed a tranquil 
 reign, except during some incursions of the Turks into Hungary, 
 which were repelled by his brother Matthias. The Hungarian 
 Protestants elected Matthias as their king; and the emperor, 
 perhaps not in a lucid moment, yielded to him that kingdom, as 
 well as Bavaria. 
 
 101 2] Matthias, brother of Rodolph II., made an advantageous 
 peace with Achmet the Turkish Sultan; and attempted to re- 
 concile the Lutherans and Calvinists ; but the Bohemians revolted, 
 and tltreir the imperial MMMitMiojMr* out of a window at Prague. 
 This violence caused, in 1618, a ruinous war, which continued 
 thirty years. Matthias strove to destroy both parties ; but they 
 formed a confederacy called the Evangelic Union ; which was 
 counterbalanced by the Catholic League. 
 
 1619] Ferdinand If., urandson of Ferdinand I., a zealous 
 Catholic, defeated Frederic Elector Palatine (son-in-law of James 
 I.) whom the Protestants had made King of Bohemia, and de- 
 prived him both of his crown and his electorate. The Protestants 
 obtained the aid of Gustavus Adolphus, the heroic king of Sweden ; 
 who conquered the greatest part of Germany, but was slain at the 
 battle of Lutzen, 1632, fighting against the Imperial army under 
 Walstoin. This great general was afterwards basely assassinated, 
 by order of Ferdinand II., on a charge of treason. The Protestants 
 continued the war with success, under the management of the 
 minister Oxenstiern, till their defeat at the battle of Nordlingen, 
 1634. 
 
 1637] Ferdinand III., son of Ferdinand II. The Protestants 
 of Germany on the renewal of the war, found the most active 
 support from the Swedes under Bannier and Torstenson, and the 
 French under Turenne and Conde* ; and the Emperor was forced 
 to conclude the peace of Westphalia, 1648, which secured an equal 
 establishment of the three religions, and contributed much to the 
 future greatness and prosperity of the German empire. 
 
 1658] Leopold /., son of Ferd. III. His general Monte- 
 cuculi defeated the Turks; punished the revolted Hungarians; 
 warred with the French, who passed the Rhine after the death 
 of Marshal Turenne, 1675. The Hungarians under Tekeli, 
 aided by the Turks, besieged Vienna, but were repelled by John 
 Sobieski, king of Poland, 1683. Leopold claimed the crown of 
 
 Q3
 
 174 GERMAN HISTORY. 
 
 Spain for Charles his second son, and began the Spanish Succes- 
 sion War, 1702. 
 
 1705] Joseph /., son of Leopold, aided by Holland, Prussia, 
 Portugal, Modena, and England, continued the war against 
 France and Spain. Malborough triumphed at Blenheim and 
 Ramillies, and Prince Eugene at Turin and in Flanders. Joseph 
 disgusted the English by his slowness and selfishness. 
 
 1711] Charles VI., brother of Joseph, the last male heir of the 
 Austrian line, was forced to accede to the peace of Utrecht by 
 the treaty of Radstadt, 1714. He was successful, through Eu- 
 gene, in behalf of the Venetians against the Turks, at Peter- 
 waradin and Belgrade, and concluded the peace of Passarowitz, 
 1718. He made the Pragmatic Sanction, to secure his hereditary 
 possessions to his daughter Maria Theresa, which was guaran- 
 teed by the treaty of Vienna, 1731 1738. Another Turkish 
 war was followed by the peace of Belgrade, 1739, by which the 
 Emperor lost Servia and Wallachia. 
 
 1740] Charles VII., Elector of Bavaria, claimed in right of 
 his great-grandmother, Anne of Austria ; and was elected emperor 
 1742, by aid of Louis XV. Charles afterward lost all his con- 
 quests ; was driven out of Bavaria by Maria Theresa, the queen 
 of Hungary; but regained it in 1745, and soon died. 
 
 HOUSE OF LORRAINE, OR MODERN AUSTRIA. 
 
 First Francis no carle (1,745) ; Theresa no drivel ; 
 Second Joseph's reforming, caus'd wrath and war civil ( 1,765) ; 
 Tho' Leopold copes (1,790) not, humanity shone; % 
 
 Second Frank, doffing German, puts Austrian cap 0n(l,792). I 
 
 Tt" F 't'l FnrrHnnnrl Anj Tf ffr. ( ] WQ ft) flftf, miT)' tlO 1JTC loil 
 
 1745] Francis I., Duke of Tuscany, was husband of Maria 
 Theresa. This brave woman continued the war, aided by George 
 II. and by Holland; but was defeated at Fontenoy, 1745, and 
 joined in the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748. 
 
 1756] In the seven years' war between England and France, 
 Prussia, under the renowned Frederick, joined with England, 
 whilst Austria sided with France, till the peace at Hubertsburg, 
 1763. Francis was no carle, but the patron of literature, arts' 
 and commerce. 
 
 1765] Joseph II., son of Francis I., travelled through Europe; 
 introduced many innovations, which were unpopular: _ the 
 
 
 ' '
 
 GERMAN HISTORY. 17.J 
 
 wisest was the grant of toleration, in 1781, to the " Acatholici," 
 or dissenters from the Romish church, notwithstanding a visit 
 from the Pope. 
 
 1773] He joined with Catharine, Empress of Russia, and Fre- 
 derick II., King of Prussia, in altering the constitution of Poland, 
 and in sharing a third part of the kingdom amongst themselves, 
 under pretence of restoring tranquillity. 
 
 1778] He seized Bavaria at the death of the elector Maximi- 
 lian; but, after a war of two years with Frederick II. of Prussia, 
 was forced to withdruw. 
 
 1781] He dismantled the barrier towns in Brabant. 
 
 1785] He failed in his attempts to open the navigation of the 
 Scheldt, and to exchange the Netherlands for Bavaria. 
 
 1789] He fought successfully with Russia against Turkey; 
 but was interrupted by a civil war in the Netherlands, caused by 
 his innovations in religious affairs. The rebellious provinces 
 declared their independence, and assumed the title of the Uuited 
 Belgic States. 
 
 1790] Leopold //., brother of Joseph II., made peace with the 
 Turks ; and with difficulty regained the Netherlands and Hun- 
 gary.- 1792, he became involved in the commotions occasioned 
 by the French Revolution, and his humanity s/io/ie in admit 'ti/t;/ 
 the French emigrants. He joined with Prussia in the Convention 
 of Pilnitz asrainst France, but did not live to cope with it. 
 
 1792] Fntiicis //., son of Leopold II., attacked by the 
 French, joins with Prussia and Hessia. 
 
 ] July. The Duke of Brunswick publishes his manifesto 
 
 from Coblentz. The allies take Verdun ; but in November 
 were defeated at Gemappe, near Mons, by Dumouriez, who over- 
 ran the Austrian Netherlands ; whilst Custine, invading Ger- 
 many, took Mentz. 
 
 1793] March. The Austrians, under Clairfait and the Prince 
 of Saxe Coburg, defeat Dumouriez at Neer-Winden ; and, in 
 cunjunction with the Duke of York, take Valenciennes and 
 Conde. But the Duke afterward fails at the siege of Dunkirk : 
 the Prince, however, took Quesiioi. 
 
 1794] Pichegru, victorious in Flanders, and Jourdan in H 11:11- 
 ault, at the battle of Fleurus, June 24. The Netherlands submit 
 to the French. (For further particulars of the wars with France, 
 srethe French History.) 
 
 1795] Prussia and Hessia conclude a separate peace. Clair- 
 fait regains the Palatinate from Jourdan, whilst the war continues 
 with various success near Genoa. 
 
 ] The Emperor had joined with the Empress of Russia 
 
 and the king of Prussia in the second dismemberment of Poland,
 
 176 GERMAN HISTORY. 
 
 in 1793; and after the patriotic Polish confederacy, headed by 
 Kosciusko, in 1794, had been crushed by the Russians under 
 Souvaroff, who took Warsaw by storm, the unfortunate Stanislaus, 
 king of Poland, was removed to Russia, and the country was 
 finally divided among the three allied powers. 
 
 1796] The Archduke Charles checks Jourdan and Moreau : 
 the latter retreated skilfully through the Black Forest; but 
 Wurmser was driven into the Tyrol by Buonaparte. 
 
 1797] The Archduke was driven into Stiria by Buonaparte, 
 and forced to the Peace of Campo Formio, Oct. 1 7. 
 
 1799] March. War renewed on the Rhine, through the French 
 conquests in Italy. The Austrians join the Russians, and are 
 victorious in Italy and Switzerland. (Second Coalition War.) 
 
 1800] June 14. Melas is defeated by Buonaparte at Marengo ; 
 and the Archduke John, at Hohenlinden, by Moreau, who, by his 
 rapid march towards Vienna, produced the Peace of Luneville, 
 Feb. 9, 1801, by which the Rhine was made the boundary of the 
 French republic, and the Adige bounded the Austrian territories 
 in Italy. 
 
 1804] Francis II., makes Austria an hereditary empire. 
 
 1805] TJtird Coalition War against France. Mack capitu- 
 lates at Ulm. Napoleon (Nov.) enters Vienna, and defeats the 
 Austrians and Russians at Austerlitz, Dec. 2 (the battle of the 
 three Emperors), which led to the Peace of Presburg, Dec. 26. 
 The Emperor ceded the Venetian territories with Lucca and 
 Piombino, and acknowledged Napoleon as king of Italy. 
 
 1806] July 12. Confederation of the JRhine, Napoleon being 
 Protector. Francis II. solemnly resigned the twofold title of 
 Emperor and King of the Romans, and took the title of Hereditary 
 Emperor of Austria. Thus terminated a government which had 
 lasted a thousand years, and been uninterruptedly confided to 
 the House of Hapsburg from 1438. 
 
 1807] The kingdom of Westphalia is erected for Jerome Buona- 
 parte out of Prussian, Hessian, and Brunswick provinces. 
 
 1809] (For Austrian war against France, see History of France, 
 
 1809.) 
 
 1810] April 2. The Emperor's daughter, the Archduchess 
 Maria Louisa, marries Napoleon. 
 
 1813] War of German Patriots ; the Duke of Mecklenburg 
 declares for the allies. Hamburg and its banks plundered by 
 Davoufet, &c. 
 
 J Aug. 10. Austria declares against France. (For remain- 
 der of the war in 1813, 14, and 15, see History of France.) 
 
 1814] The congress of Vienna opens Nov. 1, and closes June 
 11, 1815. It forms a federal union of the German States, called
 
 GERMAN HISTORY. 177 
 
 the Germanic Confederation; also settles the duchies of Parma, 
 Guastalla, and Placentia, on the ex-empress Maria Louisa. 
 
 1815] Joachim Murat, who in 1808 had hucceeded Joseph 
 Buonaparte on the throne of Naples, joined with the allies in 
 1814. He sides again with Napoleon, and invades the 1'iijml 
 territories, but is defeated, May 23, near Tolentino, by the 
 Austrians under Bianchi, who restore Ferdinand IV. From Cor- 
 sica, Murat, making a descent, Oct. 8, with a few followers, in 
 Calabria, was seized near Pizzo, tried by a military commission, 
 and shot. 
 
 1816] Nov. The Federative Diet, to whom the affairs of the 
 Confederation are intrusted, begins its sittings at Frankfort on the 
 Mayne, at which Austria presides. 
 
 1820] Austrians march towards the kingdom of Naples, to 
 suppress a military revolution. 
 
 ] The Piedmontese troops revolt, and Victor Emanuel 
 abdicates the throne of Sardinia. 
 
 1821] The Neapolitan army disperse without fighting. The 
 Austrians enter Naples, and restore the former government. 
 They are equally successful at Turin, in consequence of the 
 flight of Prince Carignau the Regent. 
 
 ] The Holy Alliance of Austria, Russia, and Prussia, 
 issue a declaration at Laybach, expressing their resolution to 
 suppress all conspiracies and rebellions. 
 
 1822] Congress of Allied Powers at Verona, for settling the 
 affairs of Europe. 
 
 1835] March 2. The emperor Francis the II. died, after 
 a reign of 43 years. He was the last of the elective emperors 
 of Germany, having resigned the title on the formation of Napo- 
 leon's Confederation of the Rhine, in 1806; and he was the 
 firs-t of the emperors of Austria. During his long reign he had 
 experienced great vicissitudes of fortune, but he lived to see all 
 his provinces restored ; and he left his empire as powerful as 
 he found it. Prince Metternich had long been his prime minister, 
 and continues to hold the same office under his son and successor, 
 Ferdinand, the present emperor. 
 
 Proceedings against seditious and immoral publications. 
 
 1836] The Germanic Commercial Union was completed. 
 
 1837] The states of the Germanic Confederation agree to 
 deliver up, when required by the state, injured or threatened, 
 all persons charged with political offences. 
 
 ] March 18. The town of Pesth in Hungary was par- 
 tially destroyed by an inundation of the Danube. 
 
 1838] Sept. 7. The emperor was crowned at Milan, as Em- 
 peror of the Lombai do-Venetian kingdom ; and on the occasion,
 
 178 GERMAN HISTORY. 
 
 published a general amnesty in favour of all persons accused of 
 political offences. 
 
 1844] Dec. 3. Ronge, a Roman Catholic priest, was excom- 
 municated by the Chapter of Breslau, for publishing a letter re- 
 lative to the Holy Coat at Treves, a relic which had been recently 
 exhibited to incite religious devotion. Ronge became in a short 
 time leader of a movement which has been called in Germany the 
 "Second Reformation," "The German Catholic Church." 
 
 ] Dec. 8. An unsuccessful attempt was made to overthrow 
 
 the government of the canton of Lucerne, on account of the en- 
 couragement which had been given to the Jesuits. 
 
 What relationship was there between the Emperor and 
 
 his immediate predecessor ? When did he begin to reign ? 
 How long did he reign ? What were the principal events ? 
 
 (If they were numerous What happened in the year ? 
 
 What matrimonial alliance ? What war ? What battles, and 
 who were the commanders, and what the results ? Was any 
 treaty concluded ?) Who was the next Emperor ? Explain the 
 memorial line, if requisite.
 
 SPANISH HISTORY. 
 
 In Spain the Iberians, sons of Tubal, begin ; 
 
 Celts, Phenicians. and Greeks ; Carthaginians next win ; 
 
 To expel them the Romans conceiv'd it no sin (B.C. 202). 
 
 Yiriathus long tries (140) independency's gatiu-. 
 
 A nd Nu mantians tire out ( \ 4 1 ) in attempting to maim ( 1 33). 
 
 It is commonly believed that Spain was originally peopled by 
 colonies of Asiatic IderitOU^ the descendants of Tubal, the son of 
 Japhet. Some think that the Celts, or people of Gaul, were 
 among the first inhabitants, and thence a great part of the 
 country was called Celtiberia. 
 
 The Phenicians then got possession, and civilized the country, 
 calling it Spaneja^ a word which, according to Strabo, signifies 
 abounding in rabbits. 
 
 The Greeks established a few colonies on the coast of Spain, 
 unimportant except Saguntum. 
 
 The Carthaginians succeeded, but were obliged to surrender 
 the country to the Romans at the end of the second Punic war, 
 B.C. 202. 
 
 140] Viriathua, from Lusitania, the south-western part of 
 Spain, maintained an ineffectual struggle against Rome during 14 
 years. (See Roman History, B.C. 140.) 
 
 141 133] (For an account of the desperate but unsuccessful 
 resistance of the Numantians against the Romans, see Roman 
 History, B.C. 141.) 
 
 Sueves, Alans, and Vandals, from Baltic rose up (A.D.409) ; 
 But Visigoths reduce (467) them in Afric to sup. 
 Leovigild's laics (580) prop the Arian faction. [(712). 
 To call Moors against Roderic, was Count Julian's action. 
 
 409] On the downfall of the Roman empire, Spain was oc- 
 cupied by the Gothic tribes of Vandals and Suevi, and the Al.m>, 
 a Sclavonian people.
 
 180 SPANISH HISTORY. 
 
 467] These were driven to the mountains of Gallicia and 
 Portugal, or into Africa, by the Visigoths, who then settled in 
 Spain, and embraced the Christian religion. The heresy of Arius 
 gained the ascendancy under King Leovigild. 
 
 580] (See Ecclestiastical History, A.D. 580.) 
 
 712] The Gothic kingdom being free from foreign invasion 
 during more than two hundred years, luxury and civil dissension 
 prevailed ; and in the reign of JKoderic, Count Julian, governor of 
 Andalusia, to avenge the injury received from his master, invited 
 the Arabs, or Saracens, who had extended themselves in Mauri- 
 tania, the coast opposite to Spain, to invade the kingdom. By 
 the decisive battle at Xeres in Andalusia, an end was put to 
 the empire of the Visigoths. Muza, the viceroy of Africa 
 under the Kalif Walid, finished the conquest, and introduced 
 the Mohammedan religion. But Pelagius, or Pelayo, a prince 
 of the royal blood, retired to the mountains of Asturias, and foun- 
 ded there a Christian kingdom. The Moors in the north of 
 Spain were weakened by throwing off their dependence on the 
 Kalifs ; and much of their territory was wrested from them by 
 Alphonso the Great, king of Asturias. Navarre and Arragon, 
 roused by this example, chose each a Christian king and achieved 
 their independence. 
 
 Asturias withstood Abdurrhaman's fierce call (755) ; 
 For two centuries, arts, learning grac'd Cordova's hall ; 
 But Castile learn'd to smoke (1037) the Mohammedan race, j 
 And the Cid made Valencia a taxable ( 1 085) place ; > 
 Royal stamp (1,139) thro' Alphonso, did Portugal grace.) 
 
 755] Abdurrhaman, a prince who had escaped the massacre 
 by which his family, the Ommiades, the Kalifs of Damascus, 
 had been exterminated by the Abassides founded an independ- 
 ent kingdom at Cordova, which continued for two centuries 
 to be the seat of arts, sciences, learning, and magnificence. 
 
 1037] In the tenth century, Abdurrhaman's family being 
 extinct, the Moorish dominions were split among many petty 
 sovereigns, who were constantly at war with each other. The 
 Christians gradually encroached on them, and established three 
 flourishing kingdoms, Leon, Castile, and Arragon. 
 
 1085] During these wars arose certain independent lords 
 termed Cavalleros Andantes, or knights errant, who acted as 
 champions in deciding the quarrels of princes, or enlisting them
 
 SPANISH HISTORY. 181 
 
 selves and their vassals in their service. The most distinguished of 
 these was Rodrigo the Cid, who conquered the kingdom of New 
 Castile, for his master Alphonso VI., king of Old Castile, and 
 was rewarded by the government of Valencia. 
 
 1139] Henry, a knight of Burgundy, received, in 1095, from 
 his father-in-law Alphonso, king of Castile and Leon, the 
 government of all the districts conquered from the Moors in the 
 west. His son Count Alphonso, having defeated them in a 
 great battle at Ourique, was saluted by the army King of Portugal 
 on the field of battle. 
 
 Trastamara slew Fetor, who struck in mad vxiy (1,368) ; 
 A sister proved rival (1,465) to Fourth Henry's sway ; 
 Isabella and Ferd'nand tried recipe (1,479) fine, 
 To conquer Grenada, and make Jews repine (1,492). 
 
 1368] Henry, count of Trastamara, illegitimate brother of 
 Peter the Cruel, king of Castile, gained the throne by the help 
 of some French banditti, headed by a brave Knight, Bertrand 
 du Guesclin ; but Edward the Black Prince, who then possessed 
 Guienne, reinstated Peter, after having routed and captured Du 
 Guesclin. Edward afterwards discontinued his support of Peter, 
 because he refused the stipulated pay to the English troops. 
 The tyrant was then again defeated by Trastamara and taken 
 prisoner. When brought into his presence, he rushed unarmed, 
 in a transport of rage, on Henry, who killed him with his own 
 hand ; and thus secured for himself and his posterity the throne of 
 Castile. 
 
 14G."i] His descendant, Henry IV., was deposed by the nobles 
 for his follies and tyranny, and forced to settle the crown on his 
 .v/.v/r/- Isabella, to the exclusion of his daughter Joanna, alleged to 
 be illegitimate. 
 
 1479] After a ruinous civil war, and the death of Henry and his 
 daughter, the revolution was completed ; and the union of the 
 kingdoms of Arragon and Castile was effected by the marriage 
 of Ferdinand and Isabella. 
 
 1492] The union of these Sovereigns proved a fine / 
 for subduing Grenada. Their powers were immediately directed 
 against that city, the capital of the only remaining Moorish 
 kingdom ; and after ten years of warfare, it was taken, and the 
 Mahommedan dominion for ever abolished in Spain, after having 
 subsisted nearly 800 years. The same year the Jews were 
 pillaged or banished, on pretence that they had engrossed the
 
 182 SPANISH HISTORY. 
 
 commerce of the kingdom. The Inquisition, introduced at this 
 time (see Ecclesiastical History, 1204), exercised upon them the 
 most horrid cruelties. Thus Spain lost above 150,000 of the most 
 industrious of her inhabitants. Through the patronage of Isabella, 
 Columbus, the Genoese navigator, discovered America. 
 
 See, from Germany Charles thro 1 liquid (1,516) way, ride; 
 Second Philip gained Portugal, by laws (1,580) not allied 
 
 [(1,556); 
 
 Thro' Third Philip, Moriscoes to flight their life owe (1,598) ; 
 'Gainst Philip the Fourth, John Braganza dares (1,640) crow. 
 
 1516] Joanna, the only child of Ferdinand and Isabella, hav- 
 ing married Maximilian, the emperor of Germany, their son 
 Charles V. succeeded to the Spanish throne. (See German His- 
 tory, p. 172.) 
 
 1556] His son, and successor, Philip II., a bigoted Catholic, 
 vainly expended much blood and treasure in supporting his 
 religious party in France, and in attempting the invasion of 
 England by the Invincible Armada ; and he lost for ever the 
 Dutch Netherlands, and most of his possessions in the East 
 Indies. 
 
 1580] Sebastian, king of Portugal, was slain in Africa, in 
 battle against the emir of Morocco. His uncle and successor, 
 Cardinal Henry, dying without issue, Philip II. proved the 
 most powerful of the various claimants, and obtained the crown of 
 Portugal. 
 
 1598] His son, Philip III., banished the Moriscoes, the 
 descendants of the Moors. A million of quiet, industrious 
 inhabitants were thus lost to Spain. 
 
 1640] During the reign of Philip IV., the son of the pre- 
 ceding king, the Portuguese threw off the Spanish yoke, and 
 elected John Duke of Braganza, a descendant from the former 
 royal family. 
 
 After Charles, Philip Anjou succession war causes (1700) ; 
 Son Ferd'nandand Third Charles made in sinning no pauses : 
 Fourth Charles and Seventh Ferd'nand were decoyed in 
 
 base way, (1,808) 
 
 But the biter (1,814) was bitten thro 1 British array ; 
 A long game (1,833) Isaballa and Carlos then play.
 
 SPANISH HISTORY. 183 
 
 1665] Charles IV., having no issue, bequeathed the throne 
 in 
 
 1700] To Philip of Atijou, grandson of Philip IV. and of 
 Louis XIV. Leopold, emperor of Germany, who wag a grand- 
 son by the maternal line of Philip III., claimed for his son 
 Charles. England and Holland supported his cause, in urd< r 
 to check the ambition of Louis. Prince Eugene and the Duke 
 of Maryborough triumphed in Germany and the Netherlands, 
 but the victory gained by the French at Villa Vitiosa, in New 
 Castile, restored Philip V. to the throne. 
 
 1746-1759] The reigns of his son Ferdinand VI. and 
 grandson Charles III. were unimportant. The latter vainly 
 attempted, aided by the French, to regain Gibraltar from the 
 English. 
 
 1788] Charles IV., son of Charles III., declared war against 
 the French republic in consequence of the execution of Louis XVI., 
 in 1793; but being defeated, he made peace, and remained un- 
 disturbed during fourteen years. 
 
 1808] Family quarrels induced him to resign to his son 
 Ferdinand; but they both were decoyed to Bayonne by Napoleon, 
 under pretence of effecting a reconciliation. He then put them 
 into confinement, and sent an army into Spain, making his 
 brother Joseph king. 
 
 1814] After nearly seven years of desperate warfare, the 
 combined British and Spanish armies, under Lord Wellington, 
 expelled the French from the Peninsula, and restored Ferdinand 
 VII. He dismissed the Cortes, an assembly of Deputies from 
 the provinces, who had governed the kingdom, revhed the in- 
 quisition, and restored the former despotism. 
 
 1833] Oti his death, he was succeeded by his daughter 
 Isulirlla //., a child three years old, her mother acting as regent. 
 Don Carlos, her uncle, opposed her claim. A bloody civil war 
 ensued, which has now terminated in her favour, in conse- 
 quence of the expulsion of Carlos, Sept. 1839, and his detention 
 at Bourses in France by the French government. 
 
 1840] Sept. 1. A revolutionary movement at Madrid; the 
 popular party being joined by the troops of the line and the militia, 
 the municipal authorities were triumphant. A provisional direc- 
 tory was formed. 
 
 ] Sept. 9. Espartero, the successful general of the army, 
 addresses a letter to the Queen Regent, demanding the revocation 
 of the municipal law (which deprived the people of the right of 
 nominating the alcades of the towns, and vested it in the Queen), 
 the dismissal of the ministry, and the dissolution of the Cortes. 
 
 ] Oct. 5. The Queen Regent assents ; appoints a new
 
 184 SPANISH HISTORY. 
 
 ministry, nominated by Espartero, who enters Madrid in triumph. 
 The new ministers proposing that there should be four co-regents 
 with the Queen Regent, the latter abdicates. 
 
 1840] Dec. Espartero, Duke of Victory, expels the papal 
 nuncio from Spain. 
 
 1841] Feb. The elections at Madrid, and generally in the 
 provinces, ended in favour of the liberal party, headed by Espar- 
 tero, who was declared regent during the Queen's minority. 
 
 ] July. Queen Christina protests against the act of the 
 
 Cortes, which had deprived her of the guardianship of the Queen 
 her daughter. 
 
 ] Oct. 4. A counter-revolution broke out at Pampeluna 
 
 under general O'Donnell, and at Vittoria and other places, in 
 favour of Queen Christina. At Madrid, general Don Diego Leon, 
 having gained over some troops, attacked the palace and made a 
 desperate attempt to get possession of the young Queen's person, 
 but failed. He and the principal leaders were executed. O'Don- 
 nell and many of the insurgents took refuge in France. Queen 
 Christina's pension was suspended. 
 
 ] Nov. 13. An insurrection at Barcelona to depose Espar- 
 tero. After severe battles between the national guards and the 
 troops, the latter quitted the city, which was afterwards bombarded 
 by Espartero, and captured Dec. 4. 
 
 1843] April. Losing his majority in the Cortes, he dismissed 
 the ministry, and formed a new one, which soon resigned. An- 
 other was formed under Lopez, but was dismissed by the regent, 
 and the Cortes was dissolved. 
 
 ] June. The revolutionary party again prevail at Bar- 
 celona, Corunna, Seville, Burgos, Santiago, Cadiz, and many other 
 places. Espartero proceeded from Madrid with 8000 troops to 
 suppress the insurrection. 
 
 ] July 23. During his absence, general Narvaez, having 
 been joined by many troops of the government, entered the capital. 
 The Lopez ministry was re-established. Espartero, having failed 
 in his attempt to take Seville by bombardment, embarked in a 
 British ship ; and being prevented by the Portuguese from landing 
 at Lisbon, found refuge in England. He and his party were 
 deprived of their ranks, titles, and offices, by the new Spanish 
 government. 
 
 ] Aug. 29. A reaction was attempted at Madrid by the 
 
 regiment Del Principe, but was suppressed and punished by 
 Narvaez. 
 
 ] Nov. Several attempts to assassinate him fail. The 
 
 Cortes declare the queen to be of age. 
 
 ] Dec. The Cortes are suspended by the government for
 
 SPANISH HISToia. 185 
 
 the purpose of decreeing certain changes in the constitution, ami 
 are then re- assembled to grant a bill of indemnity for the pro- 
 ceeding. 
 
 1844] Oct. 28. The constitution of 1837 was abrogated under 
 the dictation of Narvaez, the prime minister, and a less liberal one 
 proposed. 
 
 ] Nov. 12. Martin Zurbauo, the old Guerilla chief, 
 attempted to raise an insurrection in favour of the Constitution of 
 1837 ; but two of his sons, with some others, were taken and shot, 
 as well as he himself shortly afterwards. 
 
 1845] May 18. Don Carlos, who called himself Charles V. of 
 Spain, renounced his claim to the throne in favour of his son, the 
 prince of Asturias. 
 
 R3
 
 SUMMARY 
 
 OF 
 
 ANCIENT INDIAN HISTORY, 
 
 B. C. 506206. 
 
 The Indians of old, whom Herodotus* drew, 
 
 Resembled in manners the modern Hindoo. 
 
 Darius subdued them, when Scylax sail loosd (B. C. 506) ; 
 
 Alexander spoke menace (327), and Porus reduced ; 
 
 A museum (303) of elephants Seleucus amus'd ; 
 
 To the same, Great Antiochus was not unusd (206). 
 
 506] Herodotus relates that Darius Hystaspes sent Scylax, a 
 Grecian, on a voyage of discovery from the borders of Scythia, 
 down the Indus. On his return, Darius invaded and subdued 
 India, and received thence an annual tribute, at the rate of a 
 talent of gold a day. 
 
 303] Whilst Alexander's successors were waging wars against 
 each other, Sandrocottus, an Indian of mean birth, expelled the 
 Macedonians from those Indian provinces which Alexander had 
 conquered. Seleucus, finding himself unable to recover them, 
 gave up all his claims on receiving from Sandrocottus 300 
 elephants. 
 
 206] Antiochus the Great, having conquered Bactria, crossed 
 Mount Caucasus into India ; renewed a league with the king 
 Sophagesenus, and obtained many elephants. 
 
 What Greek historian describes the ancient Indians ? Whom' 
 did they resemble ? Mention the date and particulars connected 
 with the invasion of India by Darius by Alexander its aban- 
 donment by Seleucus the league of Antiochus. 
 
 * See Herodotus, B. 3, C. 98 to 106.
 
 MODERN INDIAN HISTORY. 187 
 
 MODI.UN HISTORY A. D. 9971716. 
 
 's glory at Ghi/uee can nothing efface (997) ; 
 To fame (1,193) then at Di-lhi arose Turkish race ; 
 Zingis Khann and his sons think (l.'2'27) the world not 
 Mohammed Toghlek was manly(\ ,3'2.">) but rough, [enough ; 
 And Timour rul'd all, with his head in a muff ( 1,399). 
 
 [(1,526); 
 The Afghaun noxt rules (1,450), but yields Baber tin* land 
 
 Fatn'd Akber allied (1,556) with the Hindoos his hand; 
 Fierce Arungzeb strove to put idul (iway (1,658) ; 
 And his sons with each other had bloody affray. 
 Queen Elizabeth's charter the Portuguese vexes (1,6,00) ; 
 And Ferokhser is cited (1716) for the grant he annexes. 
 
 997] The government of Ghiznee, on the north-west of India, 
 became an independent principality under Alp-tagin, a Turkish 
 officer in the service of the king of Bokhara. Sabaktagin, Ins 
 general, succeeded, and left the throne to hi? son Mahmoud^ A. D. 
 997. He conquered a great part of India, and introduced the 
 Mahommedan instead of the Hindoo religion. 
 
 1193] Mahmoud's descendants did not retain his conquests ; 
 but in 1193 Mahommed Ghori, having recovered some of them, 
 gave the government of Delhi to one of his Turkish slaves, Kuttcb- 
 ad-din, who became king in 1205. 
 
 In the course of the ensuing 221 years there were three Turkish 
 dynasties. 
 
 1227] During the first was the invasion of Zcufjhix Khaun. 
 This monarch and his sons and grandsons extended their con- 
 quest from China to Poland. The subjection of India was 
 included. 
 
 1325] The most distinguished prince of the second or Toghlek 
 dynasty was Mohammed Toghlek, active and brave, but horribly 
 cruel. The seat of government was removed to Dowlatahud. 
 
 1399] During the reign of one of his descendants, Thnnnr-lfnij, 
 the Tartar, invaded India; and after defeating Mahmoud Toghlek, 
 he consigned Delhi to pillage, and the inhabitants to massacre. 
 In the course of 35 campaigns he conquered Persia, Tartan 1 , 
 India, Turkey, and Egypt. After his death his empire sank. 
 
 1450] An Afghaun chief, Behlot Khan Lodi, seized the throne 
 of Delhi, and restored the sovereignty to part of it* former impor-
 
 188 MODERN INDIAN HISTORY. 
 
 tance. In the reign of his son the capital was removed to Agra. 
 About this time the Deccan became independent. 
 
 1488] The Portuguese established settlements on the coast of 
 Malabar. 
 
 1526] Saber , the fifth in descent from Timour, restored the 
 grandeur of the Tartar empire, deposed the Afghaun dynasty, and 
 founded at Delhi the empire of the Great Mogul. He died in 
 1530. The Afghauns regained the sovereignty from 1542 to 
 1554. 
 
 1556] Akber, the most celebrated of all the emperors of Hin- 
 dostan, reigned 49 years. He enlarged the empire by his arms 
 or policy. He allied himself and his sons in marriage with the 
 Hindoo chiefs, introduced civil and military reforms, and en- 
 couraged and cultivated literature. 
 
 1658] Aurungzeb, Akber's grandson, deposed his father, and 
 put his brothers to death. He was an able prince, and enlarged 
 the empire in the south, over most of the Mohammedan states ; 
 but he was a bigoted Mohammedan, attempting to convert the 
 Hindoos by a capitation tax and the destruction of their temples. 
 He died in 1707, after reigning 48 years. In the space of 11 
 years after his death, five princes who attained the throne, and six 
 who were candidates for it, fell victims to the ambition of their 
 semi-barbarous competitors. 
 
 EAST INDIA COMPANY. 
 
 1600, Dec. 31.] Queen Elizabeth granted a charter to a body 
 of merchants, under the title of " The Governor and Company of 
 Merchants of London trading to the East Indies." The establish- 
 ment of course vexes the Portuguese, who hitherto possessed most 
 of the trade. 
 
 1612] By permission of Jehangir, the Great Mogul, the son of 
 Akber, they established factories at Surat and other places on the 
 western coast, though opposed by the arms of the Portuguese. 
 
 1617] They obtained some of the Spice Islands, but were 
 expelled, after experiencing horrible cruelties from the Dutch at 
 Amboyna, Feb. 1623. This treatment was unavenged by the 
 English, who were engaged in the war for the support of the 
 Elector Palatine. 
 
 1636] Boughton, a medical man, having cured the daughter of 
 the emperor Shah Jehan at Agra, obtained for the company 
 privileges of free trade. In 1642 a factory was built on the 
 Hoogley river, a few miles above the present city of Calcutta, 
 which flourished greatly till checked in 1660 by the rapacity 
 of the Soubadar.
 
 MODERN INDIAN HISTORY. 189 
 
 1652] During the Commonwealth, the trade was thrown open, 
 but Cromwell restored it to the Company in 1657 ; and a fresh 
 charter was granted to them in 1661 by Charles II. That king 
 obtained Bombay from the Portuguese, as part of the dowry of the 
 Infanta, which settlement was transferred to the Company in 
 1668. During this reign they extended their settlements on both 
 coasts of India and in the Spice Islands. James II. increased their 
 immunities, and allowed them to build. 
 
 1694] A fresh charter was granted by William III. 
 
 1698] A rival company sprung up, but was joined to the 
 original company in 1102, under the name they still retain, "The 
 United Company of Merchants trading to the East Indies." They 
 were permitted by the Mogul emperors, particularly by Ferokhter^ 
 in 1716, to purchase more territory and obtain various privileges. 
 In consequence, a fort was erected at Calcutta, and called Fort 
 William, in honour of William III. 
 
 A rival set of foreign traders arose, called the Ostend Company, 
 under the sanction of the emperor Charles VI., but it was after- 
 wards abandoned by him. (See English History, 1731.) 
 
 1720] The French East India Company was established, and 
 their chief settlement was at Pondicherry. 
 
 Trace the origin of the principality of Ghiznee. Give an 
 account of Mahmoud. What the origin of the Turkish kingdom 
 at Delhi? ll<\v in;iuy Turkish dynasties there? Give particulars 
 of the invasion during the first particulars of Mohammed 
 Toghlek of Timour-leng of the Afghauns at Delhi of esta- 
 blishments on the Malabar coast. When and by whom was the 
 Afghaun dynasty superseded? What empire was then founded? 
 Give an account of Akber of Aurungzeb and their manner of 
 treating the Hindoos. What occurred after the death of Aurungzeb ? 
 
 When and by whom was the East India Company's Charter 
 granted ? What privileges were granted in 1612? What occurred 
 at Amboyna? What was obtained by Boughton? Where was a 
 new factory built in 1642? Trace the history of the Company 
 during the time of the Commonwealth of Charles II. of James 
 II. of William III. When and what was Ferokhaer's grant? 
 What is said of the Ostend Company of the French Company? 
 
 Persian Nadir in Delhi estahlish'd his ramp (1,739); 
 And Abdallah* gave Candahar independency's stamp : 
 
 * Abdallah, an Afghaun, who had been forc.-d into the service of 
 Nadir Shah, availed himself of his master's victories, seized the
 
 190 MODERN INDIAN HISTORY. 
 
 Soubahdars * and Nabobs, petty monarchs became ; 
 
 [(1,753). 
 
 In their feuds the French mix'd ; England put in a claim ; 
 Clive (1,756) aveng'd the Black Hole, under amity's cloak 
 
 [(1,757) ; 
 
 When the British yoke came (1,773), British justice awoke. 
 From Mysorean cabin (1,782), Hyder king came to be ; 
 Tippoo copes (1,790) is twice vanquish'd, though arm'd 
 cap-a-pie (17^) ; [(1,803). 
 
 When Wellesley beat Scindia, Mogul cried "woe's me!" 
 
 territories west of the Indus, ceded by the Mogul, and erected a 
 sovereignty for himself at Candahar, which still exists. 
 
 * By the Persian invasion, the glory of the Moguls was brought 
 to an end, though they still continued to reign. The viceroys in 
 the Deccan, Carnatic, Bengal, Oude, and Agimere, as well as the 
 states of the Mahrattas, Seiks, Rohillas, and Jats, became inde- 
 pendent. 
 
 1739] Nadir Shah, or Kouli Khaun, the usurper of Persia, 
 plundered Delhi, and deposed the emperor Mahmoud or Mo- 
 hammed. He restored him afterward, but deprived him of an 
 immense quantity of treasure, as well as of the provinces west of 
 the Indus. 
 
 1753] During the contests between the native states, the French 
 and English interfered at first as auxiliaries, but soon became 
 principals ; and the English, through the victories of Clive, es- 
 tablished themselves in India, to the exclusion of all other Eu- 
 ropean powers, except for purposes purely commercial. 
 
 1756 57] Surajah Dowlah, the Soubahdar of Bengal, having 
 taken Calcutta by surprise, confined Mr. Holwell, and 145 others 
 in a very small room, called the Black Hole, where all but 23 
 perished in one night, through the heat, pressure, and want of air. 
 Clive avenged the injury, though under circumstances of duplicity, 
 by defeating Dowlah, at the battle of Plassy, and obtained a great 
 extent of territory, and nearly three millions sterling. 
 
 1773] The British Legislature prevented the recurrence of op- 
 pression and exaction, by passing Lord North's bill, in 1773, and 
 Mr. Pitt's, in 1784, and by subsequent wise enactments. The 
 affairs of India were placed under a Board of Control at London. 
 A supreme Court of Judicature was sent from England, and the
 
 MODERN INDIAN HISTORY. 191 
 
 three presidencies, Bengal, Madras, and Bombay, were put under 
 a governor-general and council. 
 
 1782] The celebrated Hyder AH, an adventurer from among 
 the lower ranks, waded through crimes to the throne of Mysore, 
 and proved a troublesome foe to the British. In 1769 he appeared 
 suddenly before Madras at the head of his cavalry, and dictated 
 peace on his own terms. In 1780 he invaded the Carnatic and 
 reduced Arcot, but was repulsed by the arrangements of the 
 governor-general, Warren Hastings. He died in 1782, and his 
 son and successor, Tippoo Saib, made peace in 1784. 
 
 1790] Tippoo Sail began a new war against the English. 
 Lord Comwallis stormed his camp before the chief city, Sering- 
 apatam, in the night of Feb. 6, 1792, and compelled him to 
 purchase peace by ceding half his dominions, divided between the 
 Mahrattas, the Nizam, and the British, and giving his two sons 
 as hostages. 
 
 1798] The Marquis of Wellesley was appointed governor- 
 general. 
 
 1799] Tippoo having confederated with the French and some of 
 the native powers to expel the English from India, lost his life in 
 the celebrated assault and capture of Seringapatam, by General 
 Harris and Sir David Baird, May 4. 
 
 1803] Scindia, a powerful Mahratta chief from Poonab, had, 
 in 1788, captured Delhi. He permitted Shah Aulum II. the 
 Great Mogul, to retain his title, but kept him in a state of vassalage. 
 This wretched monarch afterwards suffered the loss of his eyes by 
 one of his own officers. In a war in 1803. between Scindia and 
 the British, General Lake took Delhi, and the person of the Great 
 Mogul, who, at the peace which followed General Wellesley's 
 victory over Scindia at Assaye, Sept. 23, was allowed to keep his 
 imperial title and received a pension of 9000/. a year from the 
 English Company. This descendant of the mighty Tamerlane, blind, 
 old, and miserable, died in 1807, after a reign of forty-seven years, 
 distinguished by its vicissitudes and calamities. He was succeeded 
 by his son, Akber Shah, the nominal monarch of Delhi, under 
 the protection of the British Government. 
 
 What are the date and particulars connected with Nadir Shah? 
 Who was Abdallah, and when and where did he erect a severe; 
 What were the consequences of the Persian invasion ? Who 
 became independent ? What distant nations then interfered, 
 when, and with what effect? Who was Surajah Dowlah, and 
 what instance is mentioned of his cruelty ? When and by whom 
 was he defeated? What further result to the victors? When 
 and by what means has exaction in India been prevented ? What
 
 192 MODERN INDIAN HISTORY. 
 
 are the date and particulars connected with Hyder Ali ? Who 
 was his son ? When did he begin another war, and with what 
 result? When and under what circumstances did he renew the 
 contest, and with what success ? Who was Scindia, and what his 
 treatment of the Great Mogul. What was that monarch's fate 
 afterwards? What further particulars are mentioned respecting 
 his treatment by the British ? 
 
 [(18,13) ; 
 
 Next Holkar must rue (180,4) ; then the Nepaulese tug 
 The plund'ringPindarries and ftco(18,18) Rajahs shrug; 
 No longer Bhurtpore and the Burmese make head (18,26) ; 
 Folks gape (18,39) when the British o'er Indus are led. 
 At Cabul there was conquest, then murder and rout ('41) ;1 
 Ruin ('42) led to revenge, brought by Pollock about. 
 
 [out. f 
 Then ran ('42) the Chinese from Hong-kong they turn'd] 
 
 The Ameers of Scinde suffered Napier's rage ('43) ; 
 And the Sikhs felt the rod ('46) in four battles they wage; 
 
 1804] The incursions of Holkar, another Mahratta prince, were 
 repressed by Lord Lake, and all his territories occupied by a 
 British force, but they were afterwards restored. 
 
 1813] Under the government of the Marquis of Hastings, a 
 war with the Nepaulese ended by the annexation of Himihiya, a 
 mountainous country. 
 
 1818] The aggressions of the Pindarries, a set of freebooters, 
 secretly supported by the Mahratta princes, were next punished 
 by the annihilation of their hordes. 
 
 The Peshwa, the head of the Mahrattas, arid the rajah of 
 Nagpore, endeavouring to free themselves from British control by 
 treachery and murder, were compelled to submit. The result was 
 that the whole of Hindostan was brought under the control of the 
 British Government. 
 
 1826] War concluded with the Burmese. (For this and the 
 capture of Bhurtpore, see English History.) 
 
 1838] In consequence of disputes with Persia, the British 
 seized the Island of Karrak in the Persian Gulf. 
 
 1839] To secure our Indian possessions on the side next to 
 Persia, the army, under Sir John Keane, crossed the Indus, and 
 took the city of Candahar with little effort. On 23rd July, they 
 captured the strongly-fortified city of Ghiznee, after an assault of 
 
 '4c> 1
 
 MODERN INDIAN HISTORY. 103 
 
 two hours, the gates having been blown open by gunpowder. On 
 the 3rd August, Cabul, the capital of the country, surrendered 
 without any resistance, Dost Mahommed, the usurper, having fled, 
 and his army dispersed. Shah Soojah was replaced on the t! 
 
 WAR WITH CHINA. 
 
 1840] Jan. After many quarrels and outrages, and some skir- 
 mishes with the Chinese at Canton during the preceding year, 
 because the British merchants had smuggled opium into that place, 
 all trade and intercourse was forbidden by the emperor. 
 
 ] June. A British force blockaded the river and harbour 
 
 of Canton. 
 
 1841] Jan. 20. The island of Hong Kong was ceded, and the 
 Chinese Commissioner agreed to pay a large sum of money. 
 
 ] Feb The emperor refusing to ratify the treaty, hos- 
 tilities were renewed. The Bogue forts on the Canton river ^en- 
 captured by Sir Gordon Bremer. 
 
 ] May. Sir Hugh Gough having taken, after a severe 
 
 contest, the heights behind the city, the Chinese capitulated, and 
 agreed to pay six millions of dollars. The island of Chusan, mid- 
 way between Canton and Pekin, which had been occupied by the 
 British, was abandoned, great mortality having taken place among 
 the troops. 
 
 ] Aug. The war being renewed, the British forces cap- 
 tured Amoy, Ting-hae, Nmg-po, Shang-hae, and other cities on 
 the coast of China; and re-occupied Chusan. 
 
 1842] Aug. The British squadron having advanced victori- 
 ously up the river Kiang to Nankin, peace wus concluded there 
 by Sir Henry Pottinger, the plenipotentiary. The emperor agreed 
 to pay 21 millions of dollars, to throw open five ports to the British, 
 and to cede the island of Hong Kong in perpetuity. 
 
 MODERN INDIAN HISTORY, continued. 
 
 1841] Nov. Dost Mahomed, the expelled usurper of Afghan- 
 istan, having been twice defeated by the British, surrenders to Sir 
 William Me Naghten, the envoy at the Court of Shah Soojah, the 
 reigning prince. 
 
 ] Nov. 2. A general insurrection at Cabul against the 
 
 British was joined by Akbar Khan, the son of Dost Mahomed. 
 Sir Alexander Burnes and several officers were murdered ; as also 
 (Dec. 25,) Sir W. Me Naghten, by Akbar himself, whilst engaged 
 in negotiating the evacuation of the place. 
 
 1842] Jan. 6. Notwithstanding a convention that the British
 
 194 MODERN INDIAN HISTORY. 
 
 troops should retire without molestation, they were attacked in the 
 Khoord Cabul pass, and all were slaughtered, except two or three 
 fugitives, only one of whom (Dr. Brydon) escaped to Jellalahad. 
 General Elphinstone, the commander, with several officers and their 
 wives, including Lady Sale, had been left as hostages in the hands 
 of Akbar Khan. March 6. The city of Ghiznee also was sur- 
 rendered to the Afghans by Lieut.-Col. Palmer. But Sir Robert 
 Sale maintained his post through the winter at Jellalabad. 
 
 1842] April. He was relieved by 8000 troops under General 
 Pollock, after having forced the Khyber pass. Lord Auckland, 
 the Governor-general, being recalled, was succeeded by Lord 
 Ellenborough. 
 
 ] Sept. 10. Advancing from Jellalabad, and having forced 
 
 the passes in the way to Cabul, in spite of formidable resistance 
 from the Afghans, General Pollock retook that city. General 
 Nott, who had maintained his position at Candahar, being reinforced 
 by General England, recaptured Ghiznee. 
 
 ] Oct. General Pollock having destroyed the fortifications 
 
 at Cabul, and the disasters in Afghanistan having been avenged 
 upon every scene of past misfortune, the British troops were 
 withdrawn from the country. The ladies and the other prisoners 
 detained by Akbar Khan, had previously arrived in Cabul in 
 safety. Certain wooden portals, alleged to be the gates of Som- 
 nauth, in Guzerat, which in a former age had been carried away by 
 Mahmood of Ghiznee, were restored to the Indian city in great 
 triumph by Lord Ellenborough, the Governor-general. 
 
 1843] Feb. 17. The Ameers of Scinde suddenly broke off a 
 treaty with the British, and attacked the residence of the British 
 Commissioners. Sir Charles Napier defeated the Ameers at the 
 battle of Meanee. They then surrendered, and the British took 
 possession of the city of Hyderabad. Scinde was afterwards an- 
 nexed to the British empire. 
 
 ] Dec. The territory of Gwalior was invaded ; and after 
 the battles of Maharajpoor and Punniar, and the capture of the 
 fortress of Gwalior, ' the Gibraltar of the East,' the country was 
 reduced under the British power. 
 
 1844] May 6. Lord Ellenborough, the Governor-general, having 
 been recalled by the Directors of the East India Company, Sir 
 Henry Hardinge was appointed to succeed him. 
 
 On the death (in Sept. 1839) of Runjeet Singh, the aged and 
 talented maharajah (sovereign prince) of the Punjaub, his weak 
 and profligate son Kurruck succeeded. Being deposed and poisoned 
 in 1844, through the prime minister Dhvan Singh, and the rajah's 
 son, Noo Nehal, being killed by the fall of the palace gate as he 
 was returning from his father's funeral, the mother usurped for a
 
 MODKRN INDIAN HISTORY. 195 
 
 few months, but was expelled by Shere Singh, another ton of 
 Runject. He and all his family being murdered, the boy Dhuleep 
 Singh, the only remaining son of Runjeet, became rnaharajah, his 
 mother, the Ranee, being regent. 
 
 1845] Dec. After much misrule and confusion, an immense 
 army of the Sikhs, uncontrollable by the government at Lahore, 
 suddenly, without provocation, invaded the territory of the British, 
 with whom there was a treaty of peace and amity. They were, how- 
 ever, defeated by the army under Sir Hugh Gough, aided by Sir 
 Henry Hardinge, the Governor-general, in four most obstinate and 
 sanguinary battles, all near the river Sutlej : 1st, at Moodkee, 
 on the 18th Dec; 2ndly, at Ferozeshah, on the 21st and 22nd 
 December ; Srdly, at Aliwal, on the 28th December, where Sir 
 Harry Smith had the command ; 4th, at the bridge head near 
 Sobraon, on the Sutlej, on the 10th February, 1846. In these 
 four battles, the Sikhs lost three-fourths of their army, originally 
 70,000 men, besides 220 pieces of field artillery, and their ammu- 
 nition and military stores. The loss of the British, of whose force 
 one third only were Europeans, amounted to 6,259 killed and 
 wounded out of an army under 20,000. Among the officers killed 
 were two distinguished veterans, Sir Robert Sale at Ferozeshah, 
 and Sir Robert Dick at Sobraon. This last battle being dd 
 the Sikhs submitted. They finally agreed to pay half a million of 
 money ; to give up all the remaining guns that had been used in 
 the war; to surrender the territory between the river.- Sutlej and 
 Beas ; and to settle the future government of the Punjaub as the 
 British might direct. In consequence, the boy Dhuleep Singh 
 was confirmed as maharajah ; but Gholab Singh, formerly prime 
 minister, was made independent prince of the hill country bt : 
 the Ravee and the Indus, including Cashmere. 
 
 1846] April. The victorious Bristish commanders received the 
 thanks of Parliament. Sir Henry Hardinge was created Viscount 
 Hardinge; also Sir Hugh Gough, Baron Gough; and Sir Ilemy 
 Smith, a Baronet and G.C.B 
 
 Give particulars respecting Holkar the Nepaulese war the 
 Pindarries the Peshwa and the Rajah of Nagpore the Burmese 
 war the capture ofBhurtpore the achievements of the arm\ of 
 the Indus the reverses and final triumph in Afghanistan the 
 conquests in Scinde in the Punjaub.
 
 196 
 
 SUMMARY 
 
 CENTURIES I. AND II. 
 
 In Nero's dire (64) view (68) Paul and Peter must die ; 
 
 Domitian forc'd John into Patmos tojly (95) ; 
 
 Trajan's martyrs the tusk (107) of the lion defy. 
 
 The Jews went not tamely (135), ere ^Elia's rise; 
 
 And Aurelius kill'd Christians, tho' hostile to vice (167). 
 
 64 68] The first general persecution continued four years. 
 Nero endeavoured to transfer to the Christians the guilt of which 
 he himself was strongly suspected, that of having caused the 
 fire which had desolated Rome. Some of them were crucified : 
 some impaled ; some were thrown to wild beasts ; and others were 
 wrapped in garments dipped in pitch and other combustibles, and 
 burned as torches in the garden of Nero and various parts of the 
 city. It is said that about the year 65, St. Paul was beheaded, and 
 St. Peter crucified, with his head downwards. 
 
 107] Third general persecution, in which the celebrated 
 Ignatius, second Bishop of Antioch, was torn in pieces by a lion, in 
 the presence of the emperor Trajan. The persecution was revived 
 in the reign of Adrian, but was soon mitigated by that amiable 
 emperor. 
 
 135] Adrian banished the Jews, after a desperate rebellion under 
 Barchocab ; settled a Roman colony in Jerusalem, and called that 
 city jElia Capitolina. 
 
 167] Aurelius, though in many respects an excellent emperor, 
 persecuted the Christians with unrelenting rigour, during the whole 
 of his reign. Among the most distinguished martyrs were the 
 venerable Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, who was burned alive, in 
 167, and the learned Justin. The persecution at Lyons and Vienne 
 raged with great fury in 177.
 
 ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 
 
 What are the dates and particulars connected with the first 
 persecution? with the death of St. Paul and St. Peter? with 
 the second persecution ? with the third ? In who-r reign was it 
 revived ? When and by whom were the Jews banished f What 
 change did Adrian make at Jerusalem ? When and by whom was 
 the fourth persecution? How many persecutions were there in 
 the first century ? in the second ? under what emperors ? 
 
 CENTURIES III. AND IV. 
 
 Sevcrus and Maximin, Christians would crush ; 
 And Decius, Valerian, Dioclesian rush [(302) '\ 
 
 On the martyrs, whose blood down in torrents did gush 
 But conversion of Constantino pagans may tame (313) ; 
 Nice council was mainly (3'J5) for Arius' shame. 
 Grim (343) Sapor the Persian doom'd Christians to fate ; \ 
 (i< I ill (356) caves are where monks and St. Anthony sate. I 
 Th' attempt to build Temple, from Julian may date (361), f 
 At Constantinople disputes may abate (381). 
 
 202] The fifth ;/<//> rat JH -wrr/iinn, under Severus, raged seven 
 years, principally in Palestine, Egypt, Italy, and Gaul. Leonides, 
 the father of Origen, and Irenseus, bishop of Lyons, suffered 
 martydom. On this occasion, Tertullian composed his celebrated 
 Apology. 
 
 235] The sixth general persecution, under Maximin, was 
 severe, particularly in Pontus and Cappadocia. Origen was very 
 active in supporting the Christians under these fiery trials. 
 
 249] The seventh general p< went inn, under Decius, was the 
 most dreadful that had been known. Many Christians apostatized ; 
 hence arose much dissension in the church. 
 
 257] During the eighth tji/nrnl j/-Mi>ifion, under Valerian, 
 St. Lawrence of Rome, and the illustrious St. Cyprian, bishop of 
 Carthage, suffered martyrdom. 
 
 274] Tfte ninth general persecution, under Aurelian, was 
 slight. 
 
 302] Tenth and last <j< '/if n/l persecution, under Dioclesian, raged 
 most furiously. It extended to Britain, where St. Alban was the 
 first martyr. Some of the Christians were impaled alive ; some 
 
 a
 
 198 ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 
 
 had their limbs broken, and were left to expire. Some were 
 roasted by slow fires ; and some were suspended by the feet with 
 their heads downwards, and, a fire being placed under them, were 
 suffocated by the smoke. Some had melted lead poured down 
 their throats, and the flesh of some was torn off with shells ; and 
 others had splinters of reeds thrust under the nails of their fingers 
 and toes. 
 
 313] The emperor Constantine, who became a Christian in 
 312, issued edicts in favour of Christianity in that and the 
 following year ; and, after the death of Licinius in 325, established 
 it throughout the Roman empire. 
 
 325] (Ecumenical, or general councils, consisted of commis- 
 sioners from all the Christian churches. The first general council, 
 held at Nicsea (Isnik) in Bithynia, condemned the doctrine of 
 Arius of Alexandria, who considered Jesus Christ to be merely 
 the first and noblest of created beings. The Nicene Creed, or 
 Confession of Faith, was then composed. 
 
 343] It is said that sixteen thousand Christians perished in 
 Persia, by the persecution to which Sapor II. was instigated by 
 the Magi and the Jews. 
 
 356] After Constantine had relieved the Christians from perse- 
 cution, many of those in Egypt thought it right to procure to 
 themselves voluntary sufferings. They retired into caves and 
 hermitages, and there practised the most rigorous mortifications of 
 the flesh by fasting, scourging, vigils, &c. Anthony was the first 
 that formed these persons into a regular body, and prescribed the 
 monastic rules. He died in Egypt, A. D. 356, in the 105th year 
 of his age. 
 
 361] Julian, the apostate emperor, restored the heathen 
 worship, and it is said, that his attempt to build the temple at 
 Jerusalem was prevented by an earthquake and various miracles. 
 
 381] The second general council, held at Constantinople, in 
 the reign of Theodosius, condemned the heresy of the followers of 
 Macedonius, bishop of Constantinople, who denied that the Holy 
 Ghost is a person, equal in power and glory with the Father and the 
 Son. In the same reign the peace of the Church was still further 
 promoted by the public suppression of Paganism, after its claims 
 and those of Christianity had been solemnly discussed before the 
 senate by Ambrosius, bishop of Milan, and the pagan, Symma- 
 chus. 
 
 Mention the date and particulars of the 5th persecution 
 of the 6th of the 7th of the 8th of the 9th of the 
 10th. How many persecutions were there in the third century, 
 and under whom ? In the fourth ? Which were the most severe ?
 
 ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 
 
 When and by whom were they stopped ? Of whom did oecume- 
 nical or general councils consist ? When and where was the first 
 held ? What was done by it ? Mention the date and particulars 
 of the persecution in Persia of the origin of monks of Julian's 
 attempt at Jerusalem of the second general council? He 
 the peace of the Church still further promoted ? 
 
 CENTURY V. 
 
 Thro' Ncstorius at Ephcsus Councils m,-t (431); 
 They relate (451) at Chalcedon that Eutychians fret : 
 Of pillar-saint Simeon,* fifth century runi:; 
 Vandal AriansplagueOrthodox, and rol? cm (483) of tongue. 
 
 431] TJie third general council, held at Ephesus, condemned 
 the heresy of Nestorius, bishop of Constantinople, who denied that 
 the divine nature was truly united to the human nature in Christ, 
 in one person. 
 
 451] The fourth general council, held at Chalcedon, con- 
 demned the opposite heresy of Eutyches, who frits the church by 
 denying that the two natures in Christ remained distinct. 
 
 * Simeon of Syria, wishing to climb as near heaven as he 
 could, passed 37 years of his miserable life, standing motionless, 
 on the top of pillars, the height of the Irghest of which was 40 
 cubits. The Stylitae, or pillar-saints, continued this most absurd 
 superstitious practice till the 12th century. 
 
 483] The Vandal kings, who reigned in Africa, were violent 
 Arians, and persecuted the orthodox followers of Athanasius with 
 unrelenting fury, till the Vandal kingdom was subverted by the 
 arms of Belisarius, 534. Some of the orthodox, whose /< 
 Inn] been cut out by the Arian tyrant, Huneric, afterwards spoke 
 distinctly, and proclaimed aloud the divinity of Jesus. Sir John 
 Malcolm, in his sketches of Persia, vol. ii. p. 1 1">, mentions the 
 instance of Tal Khan of Khist, who had been doomed to lose his 
 tongue. The mandate was imperfectly executed, but the loss of 
 half this member deprived him of speech. Being afterwards 
 persuaded that its being cut off close to the root would enable him 
 to speak so as to be understood, he submitted to the operation, 
 and the effect was that his speech, although still indistinct and 
 thick, was yet intelligible to persons accustomed to converse with 
 him.
 
 200 ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 
 
 Mention the date and the particulars connected with the third 
 general council the fourth Simeon the pillar-saint the per- 
 secutions by the Vandal Arians possible explanation of the sup- 
 posed miracle. 
 
 CENTURY VI. 
 
 In Italy Benedict form'd monkish leagues (530) ; 
 
 They allege (553) that fifth Council was fill'd with intrigues ; 
 
 Leovigild's laics (580) Spanish orthodox tease ; 
 
 And in Kent St. Augustinepreach'd comfort, joy, peace (597). 
 
 530] Benedict of Nursia, in Picenum, retired at the age of 14 
 to Subiaco (43 miles W. from Rome), and devoted his life to the 
 most penitential austerities. The Benedictine order of monks, 
 which he founded, soon became opulent and numerous, and 
 speedily spread over all Europe. 
 
 553] After many cabals and dissensions, the emperor Justinian 
 summoned the fifth general council at Constantinople, which 
 condemned the doctrines of Origen, and also certain writings 
 called the Three Chapters, which were supposed to favour the 
 doctrines of Nestorius. 
 
 580] Leovigild, the Arian king of the Visigoths in Spain, was 
 severe in persecuting his Catholic subjects, and put his own son, 
 Hermenegild, to death, because he had rebelled against him, in 
 support of the orthodox faith. 
 
 597] (See the note under this date in the English History.) 
 
 Mention the date and particulars connected with St. Benedict 
 the fifth general council the Arian king, Leovigild St. Augus- 
 tine's mission. 
 
 CENTURY VII. 
 
 Phocas grants the Pope power, which all Christendom vex'd\ 
 Persian votary (614) captur'd Jerusalem next; [(606) ;j 
 And Mohammed, a vain one (622), took flight when per-f 
 Omar doomd (636) Holy City its churches to lose ; [plex'd.J 
 The sixth Council condemn' d the Monothelites' views (680).
 
 ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 201 
 
 606] Phocas, having ascended the imperial throne by the 
 murder of the emperor Maurice, granted to Boniface III., bishop 
 of Rome, the right of supremacy. 
 
 614] Chosrocs II., king of Persia, extended his conquests over 
 Syria, Palestine, and Egypt ; took Jerusalem ; besieged Constan- 
 tinople; but was afterward expelled by Heracliue, the Greek 
 emperor. 
 
 622] Molitnniiu'il, attempting to found a new religion at Mecca, 
 the place of his birth, was forced to escape to Medina. This flight, 
 or Hejira, is the great era among his followers. He extended 
 his religion by the sword over Mecca and the neighbouring 
 tribes. After his death, his followers conquered Syria, Persia, 
 Africa, and part of Spain ; and the Eastern Christians have been 
 oppressed by this victorious sect from the seventh century to the 
 present day. 
 
 636] The Caliph Omar, who built Bassora and burned the Alex- 
 andrian Library, took Jerusalem from the Greek Christians, and 
 destroyed their churches, or turned them into mosques. 
 
 680] T/iesixth general council, heldatConstantinople,condemned 
 the doctrine of the Monothelites, who contended, that '' in Jesus 
 Christ there were, after the union of the two natures, but one will 
 and one operation." See Mosheim's Eccles. His-t. vol. i. p. 526. 
 
 What remarkable event occurred in 606 ? Mention date and 
 particulars connected with Chosroes II. with Mohammed. Wh;it 
 is the Hejira? What occurred after Mohammed's death n Whom 
 have his followers oppressed ? What countries did they conquer '' 
 Mention date and particulars connected with the Caliph Omar 
 the sixth general council. 
 
 CENTURY VIII. 
 
 Spain is conquer'd by Moors, who at each city aim (713); 
 'Twas the choice(7'27)of Third Leo,imagr-\u>r>lii|>toblaine, 
 Pepin's grant was most clear (754), making Popes greater 
 Tho' Germans hear Boniface, Frieslanders /7/(75o): [still: 
 Saxons spurn'd monkish <wr/(785), but to Charles's sword 
 
 [bow'd ; 
 By Irene's Nice Council, image-breakers were cow'd (786).
 
 202 ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 
 
 713] The Saracens held Spain from 713 till 1491, and were 
 extirpated in 1568. They infested Italy, and the islands in the 
 Mediterranean ; founded in Africa the kingdoms of Fez, Morocco, 
 and Algiers; and, under Mohammed II., took Constantinople in 
 1453, from the Greeks. 
 
 727] The emperor Leo, the Isaurian, issued an edict to sup- 
 press the worship of images, and to remove them frum the churches. 
 A civil war ensued, and Pope Gregory II. excommunicated the 
 Emperor, who was provoked to severe retaliation upon the 
 Iconolatrae, or image worshippers. His son and grandson con- 
 tinued these violent measures, which ultimately caused Italy to 
 separate from the Grecian empire, and transfer the sovereignty to 
 Charlemagne. 
 
 754] Pepin, king of France, having defeated Aistulphus, the 
 Lombard king of Italy, forced him to give up to Pope Stephen II. 
 the exarchate of Ravenna, with Pentapolis. Thus was the bishop 
 of Rome elevated to the rank of a temporal prince. The emperor 
 Charlemagne, having subverted the Lombard kingdom in 774, 
 confirmed and enlarged the grants to the Pope. 
 
 755] Boniface, a Benedictine monk, born in England, whose 
 original name was Winfrid, is styled " The Apostle of the Ger- 
 mans," on account of the eminent success of his mission in con- 
 verting that people. By the appointment of Pope Gregory II., 
 he became archbishop of Mentz, and primate of Germany and 
 Belgium; and was murdered in his old age by some of the pagans 
 in Friesland. 
 
 785] The Saxons spurned the attempts at Charlemagne to 
 convert them by monkish missionaries ; but, after many years of 
 bloody warfare, their two celebrated chieftains, Wittekin and 
 Albion were publicly baptized, and Germany became part of 
 Charlemagne's empire. 
 
 786J The profligate empress Irene, having poisoned her hus- 
 band, Leo IV., governed during the minority of her sun Constantine. 
 She convened a council at Nice, called the second Nicene Council, 
 by which the worship of images and of the cross was restored, 
 and the Iconoclasts, or image-breakers, were cowed and intimi- 
 dated. 
 
 Mention the date and particulars connected with the Saracens 
 in Europe and Africa the emperor Leo III. and the Image- 
 worshippers Pepin's and Charlemagne's grants the conversion 
 of the Germans of the Saxons Irene and the second Nicene 
 Council.
 
 ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 
 
 CENTURIES IX., X., AND XI. IST CRUSM 
 
 Northern* lands, in tenth century, Gospel first \no\v ; 
 In the ninth, haughty Photius to Pope gave a blow (858) ; 
 'Tis ajar (10,54) lasting ages, and to schism did grow. 
 Vile (10,65) Turks seize Jerusalem, plunder their scope ; 
 But Crusaders soon ply (10,95), and it yields to the Pope 
 
 [(10,99). 
 
 * Olaus, king of Norway, who was converted in 945, propagated 
 the gospel among his subjects at the point of the sword. The 
 Orkneys, Iceland, and Greenland, were christianized by milder 
 means. In 949, Harold, king of Denmark, being defeated by 
 the emperor Otho, obtained peace on condition that he and his 
 subjects should become Christians ; in 965, Micislaus, duke of 
 Polatul, was converted by means of his wife Dumbrowka ; and in 
 987, Wlodomir, duke of Russia and Moscovy, was equally blest 
 through the persuasion of his wife Ann, the d.iughter of the 
 Grecian emperor, Basil II. The Russians voluntarily followed 
 their prince's example, but the Poles were converted by force. 
 Geysa, the chief of Hungary, became a Christian, through his 
 wife Sarolta ; and their son Stephen fully established Christianity 
 in that country. 
 
 858 1054] The emperor Michael deposed Ignatius, patriarch 
 of Constantinople, on suspicion of treason ; and caused the 
 learned but haughty Photius to be elected in his place. The new 
 patriarch was excommunicated by Pope Nicholas. The dissension 
 was increased when Photius assumed the jurisdiction over the 
 iccently converted regions of Bulgaria. New controversies were 
 continually arising, till at length, in 1054, Leo IX. being Pope, 
 and Cerularius patriarch, THE GREAT SCHISM OK THE EAST took 
 place, by which the Eastern and Western churches were finally 
 separated. 
 
 1065] The Turks, or Turcomans, a race of Tartars from the 
 regions of Mount Taurus and I mans, employed at first as merce- 
 naries by the Saracen caliphs, at length seized their empire. 
 Palestine, and its capital, Jerusalem, fell to the conquerors. 
 
 1095] Peter the Hermit excited th<- Jirst rrusade to reset; 
 Holy Land from the Turks, and was supported by Pope Urban II. 
 and the councils of Placentia and Clermont. Four bm! 
 adventurers marched into the East; but arriving with numbers 
 diminished by various causes, they were destroyed by the Sultan
 
 204 ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 
 
 Solyman. About 100,000 are supposed to have perished in this 
 tirst crusade, A new army set out in 1096. The first division 
 was commanded by Godfrey ot Bouillon ; the second under 
 various leaders Robert, son of William the Conqueror, Stephen 
 de Blois,Robert, earl of Flanders, &c. ; and the third conducted by 
 Raymond of Toulouse. They took Niceea and Antioch, and 
 entered Jerusalem. Godfrey was hailed as its king, but was 
 obliged to cede it to the Pope's legate. 
 
 Mention date and particulars connected with the conversion of 
 Norway, the Orkneys, &c. of Denmark of Poland of Russia 
 and Muscovy of Hungary Photius the great schism of the 
 East the Turkish Conquest. When and through whom was the 
 first crusade ? What befel the first crusaders? Under whom did 
 a fresh army proceed ? With what success ? 
 
 CENTURY XII 2ND AND SRD CRUSADES. 
 In the second Crusade, Bernard's rhet'ric was tried(\ ,146) ; 
 Jerusalem too weak (1,187), fell to Saladin's pride : 
 In the third war, King Richard caus'd pagans to weep (1,189) 
 And to pine (1,192), when at Ascalon bloodshed was deep. 
 
 1146] Pope Eugenius III. employed St. Bernard to excite the 
 second crusade in aid of the Christians in Palestine. This expe- 
 dition was headed by Conrad III. of Germany, and Le.wis VII. of 
 France. These princes marched separately into Asia, and were 
 both totally routed by the Sultan of Iconium. 
 
 1187] The illustious Saladin, nephew of the Soldan of Egypt, 
 defeated the crusaders at Tiberias, retook Jerusalem, and made 
 prisoner its sovereign, Guy of Lusignan. 
 
 1189] The third crusade was excited by Pope Clement III., 
 who induced Philip Augustus of France, Richard of England, and 
 Frederic Barbarossa of Germany, once more to rescue Jerusalem. 
 The emperor was accidently drowned whilst bathing in the 
 Calycadnus in Cilica, and his army mouldered away. Richard 
 and Philip took Ptolemais, or Acre. Philip then returned to France, 
 and Richard sustained the war alone ; defeated Saladin twice near 
 Ascalon, or Jaffa ; but his army being reduced through fatigue 
 and famine, he was forced to make a truce, and return to Europe. 
 
 Mention the date and particulars of the second crusade of 
 Saladin's exploits of the third crusade of the Emperor Barba- 
 rossa of Philip of France and Richard of England.
 
 ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 205 
 
 CENTURY XIII. 4xn f 5m, GTH, AND 7 T .r CRUSADES. 
 
 In the fourth, the Count Baldwin led Frenchmen insane, 
 Who on Constantino's throne, for sixty years reign [( 1 .-_' _' 
 To ensure (1,204) faith, the Pope Inquisition creates, 
 And by Montfort destroys th' Albigenses he hates (1,210). 
 
 In the fifth, the Crusaders went Egypt's hot way (1,218): 
 Fred'rick prosper'd, though Pope said " Let no one obey" 
 
 [(!,- 
 See St. Lewis wnroie (1,248) in the- six thin- wasstri| , 
 
 Ttie cause (1,270) he resum'd when for Tunis he shipp'd ; ' 
 Ptolemais's capture Crusaders' hopes nipt (1,291). 
 
 1202] The French, aided by the Venetians, engaged in the 
 fourth misade, under Baldwin, count of Flanders ; but, instead of 
 proceeding to Palestine, they besieged and took Constantinople 
 fro 11 the Greeks, 1203. They elected Baldwin emperor, who in a 
 few months was dethroned and murdered. His dominions were 
 shared amongst the principal leaders; and the Venetians, who 
 had lent their ships for the expedition, got Candia for their 
 reward. This empire of the Franks at Constantinople continued 
 till 1261. 
 
 1204] Pope Innocent III. established a commission at 
 Thoulouse to try and punish the Albigenses, inhabitants of Alhy. 
 in Languedoc, for disputing many of the Roman Catholic doctrines. 
 This commission afterwards became permanent, known by the name 
 of the Inquisition. 
 
 1210] The Count of Thoulouse, opposing this persecution, was 
 compelled by the Pope to join in a bloody crusade against his own 
 v;i-s..ls. On his again changing sides, he was, after many battle?, 
 sieges, and the most abominable barbarity, deprived of his territories 
 by Simon, earl of Montfort, in 1215. This civil war was continued 
 by the sons of the opposing chieftains till 1249. It lasted forty 
 years, and it is said, that a million of people perished. 
 
 1218] The object of th<> fifth <-n/s<i<l<, under several German 
 and Flemish nobles, was to lay waste Egypt, in revenge for an, 
 attack on Palestine, by its sultan Saphadm. Damielta was takrn ; 
 but this expedition, like all that preceded it, though it began with 
 partial success, ended in total ruin. 
 
 1228] The Emperor, Frederick II., being excommunicated by
 
 206 ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 
 
 Pope Gregory IX., for delaying to go on a crusade, ravaged the 
 papal territory, and then proceeded to the Holy Land, in spite of 
 the Pope's censures, where he prospered more than any commander 
 that had preceded him. He concluded a truce for ten years, with 
 Meledin (son of Saphadin), sultan of Egypt, and obtained from 
 him Jerusalem, and much of the Holy Land. 
 
 1248] Lewis IX., of France, with his queen, three brothers, and 
 all his knights, began the sixth crusade by an attack on Egypt ; 
 where, after some considerable successes, he was defeated and 
 taken prisoner, with two of his brothers and all his nobility. Their 
 liberty was obtained by paying a large ransom, and surrendering 
 Damietta. 
 
 1270] Lewis IX. embarked on another crusade, the seventh 
 and last, against the Moors in Africa ; where his army suffered 
 severely by a pestilence, and he himself became its victim. 
 
 1291] The capture of Ptolemais (Acre) by the Turks, terminated 
 the Crusades ; in which wars, it is computed, that two millions of 
 Europeans perished. 
 
 Mention the date and particulars connected with the fourth 
 crusade with the French emperors at Constantinople with the 
 institution of the Inquisition with the persecution of the Albi- 
 genses. Mention the date and object of the fifth crusade the 
 result. When and why was the Emperor Frederick II. excom- 
 municated ? What did he accomplish in the Holy Land ? Who 
 undertook the sixth crusade, and with what success? Mention 
 date and particulars of the last crusade. When and where were 
 the crusades terminated ? How many persons had perished ? 
 
 CENTURIES XIV. AND XV. 
 
 Pope Clement the Fifth to Avignon goes away (1,308) ; 
 Two Popes rule together, and church make obey (1,378) : 
 Bold Wickliffe dar'd mock (1,377) at the Pope's utmost ire ; 
 The council of Constance made three Popes retire (1,414) ; 
 Rated (1,416) Jerome and John, whom they doom'd to the 
 
 [stake : 
 
 English bigots roast Cobham, whom they joy'd to retake. 
 At Basil the hopes of reform are remote (1,431) : [(1,417). 
 Through the Pope, Universities rise into note.
 
 ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 207 
 
 1308] In consequence of the violence of factions, Pope Clement 
 V. transferred the seat of the Popedom from Rome to Avignon, 
 where it remained till 1378. 
 
 1 ."-78] The schism of double Popes begins (Urban VI. at Rome, 
 and Clement VII. at Avignon), and continues 38 years, till the 
 council of Constance. 
 
 1377] Wickliffe, who is styled the Morning Star of the Re- 
 formation, was denounced as a heretic by the Pope, for his writings 
 against the papal tyranny. He published the first English Bible. 
 
 1414] Three separate factions of the French and Italian 
 cardinals having elected three separate Popes, the Emperor Sigis- 
 nmnd summoned a general council at Constance, and ended this 
 dispute (which is termed THE GREAT SCHISM OK THE WEST) by 
 degrading all the three Pontiffs, and naming a fourth, Otto de Co- 
 lonna, who assumed the title of Martin V. 
 
 1416] John Huss and Jerome of Prague, disciples of Wickliffe, 
 having preached against the errors of the church of Rome, were 
 burned by the Council of Constance for refusing to retract. 
 
 1417] Sir John Oldcastle, baron of Cobham, WHS condemned 
 for heresy in 1413. He escaped into Wales; hut being retaken, 
 he was hung up by the middle with a chain, and roasted alive. 
 He was the first nobleman that suffered death for religion. 
 
 1431-49] A council was summoned at Basil by l>oj>e Martin 
 V., for the reunion of the Greek and Latin chinches, and for the 
 reformation of the Church Universal. Its sittings were continued 
 for many years ; but their endeavours were frustrated by the 
 exertions of the next Pope, Eugenius IV. 
 
 Mention the date and particulars connected with the Pope's 
 removal to Avignon the great schism of the West. What 
 Englishman first dared to write against the Pope? When, why. 
 and by whom was the council of Constance summoned ? What 
 was the result? Who were then persecuted ? Mention date and 
 particulars of Lord Cobham 's sufferings. When, why, and by 
 whom was the council of Basil summoned ? By whom wa its 
 object defeated ? 
 
 CENTURY XVI. 
 
 Martin Luther >y took ( 1 ,51 7) with Pope's traffic to cope ; 
 Second Diet of Spire, in a council lay hope (1,529) : 
 But at Smakalilo i-ai-h Protestant leagues (1,530) 'gainst 
 
 [the Pope ;
 
 208 ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 
 
 Eighth Hal was a leaguer (1,534), his wife to discharge; 
 And Loyola's Jesuits in number grew large (1,543). 
 In the Council of Trent, the Fifth Charles was the Lord} 
 
 [(1,546)4 
 
 Mary's martyrs pain lull (1,555), hoping future reward ; f 
 Knox leads (1,560) bonnie Scots with his Kirk to accord.) 
 Like a leach (1,572) thirsted Cath'rine for blood of the foe, 
 Who to Henry and Edict of Nantes, their life owe (1,598). 
 
 151 7 J Pope Leo X., requiring money to complete the building 
 of St. Peter's church at Rome, employed John Tetzel, a Dominican 
 monk, in Germany, to sell indulgences, or pardon for sins, past, 
 present, and future. This infamous traffic was vigorously op- 
 posed by Martin Luther, a professor of divinity at Wittemberg, who 
 thus laid the foundation of the glorious Reformation from Popery. 
 
 (How unjustly Hume detracts from the purity of Luther's 
 motives is proved by Maclaine's note in Mosheim's Ecclesiast. 
 Hist. vol. iii. p. 179.) 
 
 1529] The second Diet held at Spire retracted what had been 
 granted to the Lutherans by the first Diet in 1526, and referred 
 everything to a general council. The Elector of Saxony and 
 three other princes, with the deputies from the fourteen free cities 
 of Germany, protested formally, at Smalcalde in Franconia, 
 against the decision, April 19, 1529. Hence they were called 
 Protestants, a name since applied to all who renounce the super- 
 stitious communion of the Church of Rome. The Protestants 
 presented to the assembly at Augsburg a Confession of their faith, 
 written by the celebrated Melancthon, under the direction of 
 Luther, which still forms the standard of doctrine in the Lutheran 
 church. 
 
 1534] The Reformation began in England, because the Pope 
 opposed Henry's divorce. 
 
 1543] Jesuits, a famous religious order of the Romish Church, 
 were founded under the name of the Society of Jesus, by Ignatius 
 Loyola, a Spaniard of rank. Their principle was implicit 
 obedience to the Pope; and, being allowed to mix with the world, 
 they gained the confidence of princes and statesmen, and were 
 enabled to direct the policy of nations to the great end of esta- 
 blishing the papal power and influence 
 
 1546] The last general council was held at Trent, for the pur- 
 pose of checking the Reformation, and continued sitting at intervals 
 during 18 years.
 
 ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 209 
 
 1555] The year in which the illustrious English martyrs, 
 Bishops Latimer and^Ridley, were burned, is also memorable for 
 the Diet of Augsburg, which gave peace to the German Protestants. 
 
 1560] John Knox introduced the reformed religion into 
 Scotland, and caused the Presbyterian church government to be 
 established. 
 
 1572] On the night of the 24th of August, at the instigation of 
 Catharine of Medicis, a general massacre was made, by the 
 Catholics, of the Protestants in Paris, and in many parts of 
 France. Charles IX., a monster of cruelty, himself assisted in 
 the murder of his own subjects. 
 
 1598] Henry IV. of France granted toleration to the Pro- 
 testants by the famous Edict of Nantes. 
 
 What the date and object of the second Diet of Spire ? Whence 
 came the term, Protestants ? When did the Reformation in Ger- 
 many begin, and what were the attending circumstances? What 
 was the Confession of Augsburg, and by whom written ? When 
 and under whom did the English Reformation begin? When and 
 by whom was the order of Jesuits founded ? What their principles ? 
 When was the last General Council held, and for what purpose ? 
 What happened in 1555 ? What in Scotland in 1560? Mention 
 the date and circumstances of the massacre of St. Bartholomew 
 the Edict of Nantes. 
 
 CENTURY XVII. 
 
 From the Synod of Dort, th' Arm\m&ns date woe (1,618); 
 And the Hugonots. ruin to their efforts vain owe (1,628) : 
 The thirty years' war to an ending drew (1,648) slow. 
 Irish Catholics dart (1,641), nor from massacring stop; 
 And with Charles, both the church and the monarchy drop 
 Uniformity's order'd in matters divine (1,662) ; [(1,649). 
 And revoking Nantes-edict had double (1,685) design. 
 
 1618] Arminians, or Remonstrants, maintain the doctrines 
 adopted by James Harmens, or Arminius, professor of divinity at 
 Leyden, against the Calvinistic opinions: they were condemned 
 bv the Synod of Dort or Dordrecht, banished from Holland, and 
 exposed "to great persecution (among them was the learned 
 Grotius) ; but after a few years they were restored and tolerated. 
 
 T 3
 
 210 ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 
 
 1828] The Hugonots, or French Calvinist Protestants, alienated 
 by persecution, attempted to establish an independent state at 
 Rochelle. They were aided by an English fleet ; but, after 
 maintaining an obstinate siege for a year against Cardinal Richlieu, 
 their city, and all the other Protestant cities in France, were 
 stripped of their privileges, and had their fortifications destroyed. 
 
 1641] Forty thousand Protestants are said to have perished in 
 the Irish massacre. 
 
 1648] (See the notes in the German History, for the account of 
 the 30 years' war, 1618-1648.) 
 
 1662] In consequence of the Act requiring uniformity in 
 religious worship, &c., two thousand Presbyterian non-conformist 
 clergy were ejected from their livings in England in one day. 
 
 1685] The revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV. 
 had a double design. It not only deprived the French Protes-tants 
 of the free exercise of their religion, but likewise rendered them 
 incapable of retaining their silk manufactories at Rochelle, &c. 
 By this measure, France lost in exile above 500,000 of her most 
 useful and industrious subjects. 
 
 Who were the Arminians ? what was their fate ? Who were 
 the Hugonots? by whom were they aided ? what was their fate ? 
 What the date and particulars connected with the Irish massacre 
 the thirty years' war with the passing of the Act of Uniformity 
 with the revoking of the Edict of Nantes, and its double design ? 
 
 CENTURY XVIII. AND THE BEGINNING OF CENTURY XIX. 
 
 The Jesuits were crush'd thro intrigue &yohe came (1,773); 
 Half a century reviv'd them : education's the aim : 
 Religion was ras'd from French History's page (1,793), 
 But Buonaparte's wish (1,802) aid of Pope would engage. 
 Diffusing the Bible makes wiser (1,804) the poor; 
 Calcutta's first Bishop begins by a tour (1,814), 
 And two Bishops to West Indian heat we inure (1,824). 
 To ten in the colonies Britain gave rule ('36, '45) : 
 Rate ('41) one at Jerusalem tho -nuiubpr io fulk 
 
 1173] Pope Clement XIV. (Ganganelli) was prevailed on to 
 suppress the order of Jesuits, and, in consequence, obtained the 
 restitution of Avignon and Benevento. These domains had been
 
 ECCLESIASTICAL HISIoKV. 'J I I 
 
 taken from his predecessor by Louis XV. to induce him to aban- 
 don the Order, who had been aln-udy hanis-hed t'nwj most of ihe 
 countries of Europe, becsiuse, through their intrigue*, it was 
 thought, a yoke came on the councils of nations. The Or.: 
 restored in 1814 by Pope Pius VII. for the purpose of promoting 
 education. 
 
 1793] All religion was publicly abolished in France by a decree 
 of the National Convention Nov. 17. 
 
 1802] Buonaparte, when K.rst Consul, re-established the Roman 
 Catholic religion in France, but subjected the Gallican Church 
 almost entirely to the civil government. 
 
 1804] English Ecclesiastical H..st.>ry, in modern times, is 
 distinguished by the institution of many Societies for the diffusion 
 of Christian knowledge. More than thirty have been formed 
 within the last 130 years. Among those in connexion with the 
 Established Church, " the Society for promoting Chri-tian Know- 
 ledge," chartered in 1701, stands pre-eminent in magnitude and 
 utility ; whilst the " British and Foreign Bible Society," instituted 
 in 1804, and supported by Protestants of all denominations, is 
 unrivalled in its diffusion of the Sacred Scriptuns. 
 
 1814] Among the first acts of Dr. Middleton, the first excellent 
 Bishop of Calcutta, was a tour of Visitation through hi* im; 
 diocese. 
 
 1824] The Bishops of Jamaica and Barbadocs. 
 
 1836 45] In the course of nine year?. Bishops were first ap- 
 pointed at ten British Settlements and Colonies, viz., Bombay, 
 Australia, Toronto, New Zealand, Guiana, Antigua, Gibraltar, 
 Tasmania, Fredericton, Ceylon. 
 
 1841] Dr. Michel Solomon Alexander, a converted Jew, was con- 
 secrated by the Archbishop of Canterbury, " Bishop of England 
 and Ireland, in Jerusalem." Tins appointment was made in 
 conjunction with the King of Prussia, who is to nominate al- 
 ternately with the Sovereign of Great Britain. On the death of 
 Bishop Alexander, he appointed, in 1846, the Rev. Samuel Gobat, 
 an English clergyman, but a Prussian subject, to be the second 
 Protestant Bishop at Jerusalem. 
 
 When and by whom "ere the Jesuits suppressed ? What did 
 the Pope gain? Why were the Jesuits banished from most 
 countries? When, why, and by whom, were they restored.' 
 Mention the date and particulars connected with an alteration 
 of religion in France its re-establishment the institution of re- 
 ligious societies Bishopricks in the East and West.
 
 212 ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 
 
 QUESTIONS RESPECTING POPES. 
 
 Which of the Popes sent a commission to England to preach 
 Christianity ? when ? To which of them was temporal power 
 first given ? What Pope received further grants in the succeeding 
 reign ? When did Latin cease to be spoken in Italy ?* Who was 
 Patriarch of Constantinople at the time of the Greek schism ? 
 What was clone by Pope Nicholas in consequence ? What the 
 final consequence of this schism ? When did this take place ? 
 Who was Pope ? who Patriarch ? Under whose management was 
 the Popedom about 905 ? What Pope was deposed and his suc- 
 cessor appointed by Otho the Great? What happened to his suc- 
 cessor Benet V. ? What six German sovereigns have been distin- 
 guished for their resistance to the Popes ? What English ? 
 What Scottish ? To what servile act did Henry IV. of Germany sub- 
 mit ? Who was this Pope ? Did Henry afterwards resent this ? how ? 
 What was the subject of dispute between Henry V. and the 
 Pope ? What ensued from this ? Who was the Pope, and what 
 the date ? Whom did Henry V. of Germany marry ? What Pope 
 excommunicated King John ? What was the cause of offence ? 
 What institution renders the memory of Pope Innocent III. exe- 
 crable ? What was the object of this institution? Who was the. 
 brother-in-law of Henry III. of England that assisted in the con- 
 sequent persecution ? How many are said to have perished in 
 these civil wars ? Was Rome always the seat of the Popedom ? 
 What other place ? in what Popedom ? date ? cause of removal ? 
 What Scottish King was contemporary with Clement V. ? What 
 respect did he pay to him ? How long did the schism of double 
 Popes continue ? What German Emperor was crowned by Clem. V. ? 
 Name particulars connected with the death of that Emperor? 
 What is meant by the great schism of the West ? Who put an 
 end to this ? when ? and how ? Whom did he nominate Pope ? 
 under what title ? Which of the Popes died by poison prepared 
 for others ? Which of the Popes authorised the sale of indulgences ? 
 for what purpose ? 
 
 * About A. D 531.
 
 MEMORIAL LINES, 
 
 Arranged on the Plan of Grey's Memoria I 
 
 SCRIPTURE HISTORY. 
 
 1 World's Crreassure Delhitye orb Bab Noah ran- Mi/r:im note 
 
 2 Ab to a point Jac it cea^d Ex to r-}wat Jordan's a true 
 
 3 Oth true soul Sau spoil David '/// SolototV Jer Re peace In 
 
 4 Tigl. Is cares Shale-Aral Neburftc'd Cyr h'tit/ui-t/ 1'uri lay safe. 
 
 5 Ezr. relic Sara rose away Malamu Great Alec Ammon. 
 
 6 Sot Pto]egains Sepnooks Antiochus out of woe PiphloAe*. 
 
 7 Mac steadily Pomp doom Herod rose age Arche yoke Steph^ore. 
 
 8 Paul Con gaol Rome died Titucease. 
 
 Associations. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 1 The WORLD'S CReation may reassure ut of the Divine goodness 4004 
 
 The DELuge drowned the Ituye orb 234H 
 
 HA Bel occupied the Noah race ...... 
 
 Let MIZKAIM, the fir-r King of Egypt, note ebb of the Nil- . . -M-- 
 
 2 A Braham's call to a point ....... 1921 
 
 "Aged Jacob felt grief, but in Eifypt it ceased" .... 1706 
 
 After the EXodus, the Isnielid s li -:irn to repeat the song of Moses 1491 
 The passage of the JORDAN to Canaan, their true lot . . 1451 
 
 3 OTHniel, the first judge, was a man of true soul . . . 1-405 
 
 SAU1 loved the Amalekites' spoil 1U!'.' 
 
 DAVID at last ruled all 
 
 The Temple was SO LOmon's <oi7 ....'. 101J 
 JERoboam's family did not in peace lie; REhoboam's did, 1 King* 
 xiv. 2 975 
 
 4 TIGLath Pileser caused ISrael's cares 
 
 Hoshea attempted to cheat SHALmaneser .... 
 
 N I.HUchaduezzar vex'd the Jews ...... 606 
 
 The Jews leagued to return, by permission of CYRus . . . 536 
 PURIm: The Jews lay safe from the massacre .... -"i"' 1 
 
 5 EZRa restored every Scriptural relic ..... 4 J7 
 The S A M;irit:m Temple rose, away from Jerusalem . . . 408 
 
 M \ LAchi rises, the last of the prophets 400 
 
 Judea subject to ALEXamlnr the GREAT, the son of Ammon 
 
 6 SOTer PTOLEmy gains Jerusalem by stratagem 
 
 The SEPtuagint was written in separate nooks .... 
 ANTIOCHUS the Great sav'd the Jew* out of woe . 
 Antiochus EPIPHanes takes away the daily sacrifice . 
 
 7 Judas MACcabeus maintains his cause steadily .... 165 
 POMPey awards Judah's doom 63
 
 214 MEMORIAL LINES. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 HEROD the Great rose, and died the terror of his age . .40,3 
 
 A.I). 
 
 AKCHElaus being ejected, Judah fell under the Roman yoke . 
 The stones are sprinkled with STEPHen's yore .... 34 
 8 PAUL'S CONVERsion prevented him from dragging Christians 
 
 to gaol ..........35 
 
 Paul died at ROME . 66 
 
 TITUs made the glory of Jerusalem cease . ... 70 
 
 KINGS OF JUDAH. 
 
 1 Reh peace lay PJaiflow Asa/e/Z Jehofuture Jor woe wife. 
 
 2 Ahz bewail Atha beware Jashweak boy Amazi beg foe. 
 
 3 Uzziawaits Jolhclub Hazyoke ran Hezkind M.anadeep woe. 
 
 4 Amon drag Josavert Jhaz Kimdates Con Zede life pay. 
 
 Associations. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 1 REHoboam and his family in peace lay ..... 975 
 ABIjah made torrents of blood flow, 1 Chron. xiii 17. . . 958 
 
 " Before ASA the idols and Ethiups/e/Z " 955 
 
 JEHOshaphat wished to know the future, 1 Kings xxii. 7. . . 914 
 
 JO Ram had to his woe, a wife (Athaliah) ..... 889 
 
 2 AHAziah may bewail his credulity, 2 Kings ix 27 . . . 885 
 
 Let her family beware of ATHAliah 884 
 
 JOASH was at first a weak boy ...... 878 
 
 " Hear vain AMAZIah to fight beg a foe,'" 2 Kings xiv. 8 . .839 
 
 3 Leprosy awaits UZZIah 810 
 
 " JOTHam forc'd Ammonites tribute to club" .... 758 
 
 AHAZ from Pekah and Rezin's yoke ran to Tiglath Pileser . . 742 
 
 " HEZekiah in sickness found heaven was kind" ... 726 
 
 MANAsseh imprison'd at Babylon, prays in deep woe . . 698 
 
 4 His servants drag AMON to death ...... 643 
 
 JOSiah could not avert his fate at Megiddo .... 641 
 
 JehoaHAZ and JehoiaKIM have the same dates . . . 610 
 
 Nebuchadnezzar made CONiah and ZEDEkiah's life pay in prison 599 
 
 KINGS OF ISRAEL.. 
 
 1 Jerbpeace lie Nada/az'fo/re Ba plague "Elahfumes Zi pen tip. 
 
 2 Hab footway AhttMflf away Jor wip'd Jhubeware Jhaz wail'd. 
 
 3 Joash wrote Jerob whole Zachariah Shallum a yoke come. 
 
 4 Mencouch Pekacovet Pek clip Int. Hoshea comes cheat. 
 
 Associations. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 1 JEROBoam's family did not in peace lie, 1 Kings xiv. 11 . . 975 
 After NADAb & failure of his line, 954
 
 SCR1PTURK HISTORY. 
 
 215 
 
 B Aasha was iU plague 
 
 "His son ELAH was slain amidst Bacchanal/ume.v. 1 ' 1 Kings 
 xvi. 9 ... 
 
 9JC 
 
 See Omri pen up ZImri at Tirzah . . 
 2 The dogs lick AHAB's blood in Ihefnot-irny 
 AHAziah may weep utni'/ ;it Elijah's ji: 
 
 2 Kings i. 16 
 
 JORam and family wort- u-ijinl awaj hy Jehu 
 Let Baal's worshippers beware of JKHU 
 JehoaHAZ wailed when oppressed by Hazael 
 
 3 JOASH wrote an answer to Amaziah, 2 Kings xir. 9 
 JSROBOMB II. recovered the whole kin^lum . 
 After ZACIIAKIAH'SyoAe, came ^ll\\.: 
 
 4 MEN Ahem made his enemies couch before him 
 Others covet PEKAhiah's kingdom . . . 
 The Assyrians clip PEKah'a dominions . 
 
 After an INTerregnum of eleven years . . . 
 HOSHEA comes and tries to cheat Shalmaneser of tribute 
 
 9.10 
 
 918 
 898 
 896 
 884 
 M 
 841 
 8>5 
 
 761 
 
 PROPHETS. 
 
 Jonbears JolAm Ho.icaxes Is yoke-law 
 
 Mio 
 
 2 Zephrfoo/w* Jervain woe H&bdoes joy Zekiel lay pale. 
 
 3 Qblibel and D&nlull Hag Zech lines Makchi rise*. 
 
 Associations. 
 
 1 JONah bears threats against Nineveh 
 
 The threatening of JOEL, AMos, HOaea against Israel 
 waxes louder ....... 
 
 ISaiah predicted yoke law to the Jews . 
 
 MICah predicted Judah and Israel's close . . 
 
 NAhum issues the divine dial against Sim vrh . 
 
 2 ZEPHaniah dooms Nineveh ..... 
 JKKemiah foretold in vain woe to Judah . . . 
 HABakkuk doesjoif in the Lord, iii. 18 . 
 EZEKIEL lay pale when he saw the \ision, 
 
 3 OBadiah's prophecy was call'd a libel by the Edomites 
 DANiel's words lull the fears of the Jews 
 
 HAGgai and ZECHariah wrote prophrtir lines 
 MALACHI rises, the last of the prophets 
 
 
 B.C. 
 
 -10 
 
 800 
 758 
 750 
 
 715 
 
 6-28 
 605 
 595 
 
 5>5 
 400 
 
 THE BOOKS OF Till, M.W TESTAMENT. 
 1 MatthZion all Luke deem The Acts door Mark duly John 
 
 2 Thes G&\line Cor lire lib'' Rnmftnr James 
 
 3 Phil Co Piii vain Hebt/m;i PeTi Timrary. Sec Pe Ti: 
 
 4 John's Epsdeep Judecase
 
 216 MEMORIAL LINES. 
 
 Associations. 
 
 A. D. 
 
 1 Matthew wrote in Hebrew for the people of Zion . . . 42 
 St. Mark translated into Greek for all ..... 55 
 We deem St. Luke to be St. Paul's companion .... 63 
 The Acts open a door to the Gentiles ..... 64 
 Mark records duly St. Matthew's omissions . . . . 65 
 John preached love and peace. ...... 97 
 
 2 Thessalonians and Galatians come first in the line of Epistles . 52 
 Corinthians (I. II.) still live like heathens, 1 Cor. iii. 3 . .56, 57 
 Romans must trust to faith, not to the law .... 58 
 St. James insists on duty ; for which the Kphesians are extolled . 61 
 
 3 St. Paul wrote to the Philippians and Colossians, and to Philemon 
 
 not in vain ......... 62 
 
 We deem the epistle to the Hebrews written by St. Paul . . 63 
 
 The dates of the 1st Peter, Timothy, and Titus, do not vary . 64 
 
 2nd Peter and 2nd Timothy warn against future evil ... 63 
 
 4 John's Epistles show deep love ...... 69 
 
 Jude describes the church's case ...... 70 
 
 The Revelations foretell a feud in the church .... 96 
 
 APOSTOLIC FATHERS. 
 
 1 Herm Past,Clem Rom.avail Ign&ttest Polyca. Pap quotes. 
 
 2 Jus M&rtyrs Hegetakes \r?..take away Clez.taper 'Tert.kiss. 
 
 3 Mi.F.annoys Org.Thaum names Cyp.no law Arnobi.Lact. mass. 
 
 Associations. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 1 Hermas Pastor and Clemens Romanus avail as witnesses . . 65 
 Ignatius stood the test of martyrdom ..... 101 
 Polycarp quotes many of the books of the New Testament ; Papias 
 
 quotes Matthew arid Mark . . . . . . . 110 
 
 2 Justin is distinguished among Martyrs . . . . . 140 
 
 Hegesippus takes notice of the uniformity of Christian doctrine . 170 
 
 Irenseus says, " Take away errors" . . . . . . 178 
 
 Clement of Alexandria's taper burns bright .... 194 
 
 Hiss Tertullian for admiring Montanus who pretended to be the 
 
 Paraclete 200 
 
 3 Minutius Felix annoys the heathens by refuting their calumnies . 220 
 Origen and Gregory Thaumaturgus are great names . . . 230 
 Cyprian dies by no law of justice ...... 2o8 
 
 Arnobius and Lactantius produce a mass of evidence. . . 300 
 
 GRECIAN HISTORY. 
 
 1 Argbuild, Hellen Crops. CaAalls. Min Dana.loss Pelo notfem. 
 
 2 J&sannal. Thebesfotf aim Troy.twig. Herc.teaser Cud.royal.
 
 IAN HIST 217 
 
 3 Color^ar. Amphict.rose Did.wtakwoe. Lycbttook. LympeooA'rf. 
 
 4 Decen Arc clean MesB.rrim Da.capo Ann. Arc.rfo 6f^ Drac- 
 
 5 Solleaper. Pmst.lcads IlippiVufr Sard.//'. Mnra.thonra/w. 
 
 6 Therm Sarau^. Myciryr/*' Eury.ra'rfMes.rY//y Cim.rar* 
 
 T PelrpwttY. Plat Corc.ra/iA Sphact.rwiw toy. Brasran on. Nu 
 
 8 Alcib.rei/ts Mel.roi///. Sic/r/oi/. Syracu.r0M< 'em. 
 
 9 Pels Q\re.quite Cyzi.routt Ar.ginraiVrf. ^Ego Ly.yo*V sly. 
 
 10 Thrasr^*ttm#. Ciinax /r*< So.cratmi/f Dercylli my jteact. 
 
 11 Cor Pern.gap'd Coro. Cnidusr//>y;/re An.talcidas./'m irroA. 
 
 12 Phaebi^ouvi. LeucUaA^.o<// Pelo.pid^irer. Epami.^rooJ one. 
 
 13 Theb Phoci.wo/tce O.lynth/nrA. Pboc^or'rf. Chaero Phil. 
 
 14 GrB.nime.nwir Its. mamma Arb aim got. Pormenace.. 
 
 15 Ips/wisf. Achai.wcw* Ara.tusAa/f. Cleorae.wi/<wy. 
 
 16 Thcrm/io^Vf. Phlip Lami.Aite Cyno.ceph/o peace. Pydtoview. 
 
 Crinthtrod. 
 
 Associations. 
 
 1 Inachus came to build (1.856) ARGos. The HELLENes, CeCROPS, 
 
 and CADmus, packed up their all* (1.550) and migrated, the Hel- 
 lenes, under Deucalion, from Phocis into Thessaly ; Cecrops from 
 Egypt into Attica ; Cadmus from Phoenicia into Boeotia. Ml No* 
 flourished. DANAus supplied the lost (1.500) of water in Argot, by 
 pumps. PELOps came from Lydia to nab' em (1.283) in Southern 
 Greece. 
 
 2 JASon's anno/ (1.225) of the Argonautic expedition. The hot aim (1.2 13) 
 
 of the Seven Chieftains against THEBES. Not a twig (1.183) of the 
 TROY fig-tree now remains. The return of the H ERaClids was a 
 teaser (1.104) to the Peloponnesians. Royal (1.045) CO Drus was suc- 
 ceeded by Perpetual Archons. 
 
 3 COLOniesrear ( 10.44) many cities in Asia Minor. The AMPHlCTyonic 
 
 council rose (10.40> DI Do's veak woe (878). LYCurgus betook (817) 
 himself to legislation. The OLYMPic games were cook'd (776), i. e. 
 prepared. 
 
 4 DECennial ARChons made Athens clean (752). The first MESSenUn 
 
 war caused the crime (743) of Aristodemus. The war da capo (679), 
 i. e. the second. ANNual ARChone do beg (683) Creon to preside. 
 DRACo's laws daunt (621) the Athenians. 
 
 5 SOLon a leaner (594)over the privileges of the Eupatrides- PISISTratusa 
 
 leads (560). HIPPIas' lufs (510) exile. SARDis burnt by the raff 
 (499). M A U A T II ON raps (490). 
 
 6 The rows (480) at THERMopylse and SAlamis. The battles of PUtjta 
 
 and MYCale's airy cape (479). The Persians ra'</(-166) at the EURY- 
 medon. MESSenians could not rally (455) in the 3d war; therefore 
 departed. Death of CIMon, rare foe (449) to the Persians. 
 
 7 PELoponnesians remit (436) no effort. Rank (427) murder at PLATa-a 
 
 and CORcyra. At SPHACTeria ruin lay (425> BRASidas ran on 
 
 U
 
 218 MEMORIAL LINES. 
 
 (422) in pursuit of Cleon at Amphipolis. At the peace of NICias the 
 revolted towns paid the Athenians rent (421). 
 
 8 ALCIBiades held the reins (420). The MELIans were ro<ed (4 16). In 
 
 SICily was the retail (415), or renewal of the war. The SYRACUsans 
 rout 'em (413). 
 
 9 PEISander and the Oligarchy requite (411) the Athenians. AtCYZIcus 
 
 Alcibiades routs (410) the Spartans under Mindarus. At ARGINusae 
 the wrecks were not raised (406). At ^EGOspotami, LYSander, you're 
 sly (40.")). 
 
 10 THRASybulus, resume (403) power. The battle of CUNAXa gave 
 
 Cyrus rest (401). SOCRATes died without miff (399) against his 
 accusers. DERCYLLIdas boasts of ' my peace' (397). 
 
 11 In the CORinthian war the PERSians gaped (396) at Ageailaus. At 
 
 CORONea and CNIDUS Agesilaus and Conon strove for empire (394). 
 By the peace of ANTALCIDas each said ' I'm weak' (397). 
 
 12 PHCEBIdas took the Cadmea from the gown (382), or the women then 
 
 occupying it. At LEUCTra the Spartans under Cleombrotus make out 
 (371) badly. Cynocephale giver (364) of death to PELOPIDas, 
 EPAMInondas was a good one (362). 
 
 13 THEBans pursue PHOCIans with malice (357). OLYNTHus the 
 
 mark (347) of Philip's vengeance. The PHOCians were gored (346) 
 by Philip, and expelled from the Amphictyonic council. After the 
 victory at CH^ERouea PHILip may gibe (338). 
 
 14 The memoir (334) of Alexander's crossing the GRANIcus. AtlSSushe 
 
 captured Darius's mamma (333). Alexander his aim got (331) at 
 ARBela. PORus felt his menace (327). The BABylon gong (323) 
 sounded mournfully at his death. 
 
 15 After the battle of IPSus Antigonus felt a mist (301) over his eyes. The 
 
 ACHAIan news (280) was the League. ARATUS made the tyrants 
 halt (251) at Sicyon. CLEOMEnes at Sellasia proved a ninny (222). 
 
 16 THERMum taken by Philip without notice (217). PHILIP at LAMIa 
 
 hits (210) the JEtolians. His defeat at CYNOCEPHale forced him to 
 peace (197). From PYDna was Perseus led captive to view (168). 
 CoRINTH was trod (146) by Mummius. 
 
 N.B. The dates are according to the Oxford Chronological Tables of Ancient 
 
 History. 
 
 ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 1 Romclaim. Numa.ci.ted Tull. Hostvouch. Martius. Ancdares. 
 
 2 Priscdated. Serv'ija.cob Tar. quin fearer. Collati. Eruilisp. 
 
 3 Diciraff. Tribvire.pine Cass. row-year. Yabii.are cool. 
 
 4 Vo\erakes. Cincinn ruVd De.cemrules. Virgini.rare yoke. 
 
 5 Censrare one. Veimay.fume Capi.tol^aW. Cons Plebe.move 
 
 up. 
 
 6 S&mgores. Caudgot up. Decnofool Pyrrh.news Bene. 
 
 nicely. 
 
 7 Punhover. Duilli na.vies R,egu\.holily. Catulus.hearty. 
 
 8 Teuihinhope. Alps/iot. way C&nn.noted. Syrchotone Zam 
 
 hush.
 
 ROMAN HIMOKY. 
 
 9 Phlip/o/wwr. \\M\n.topes Per.eu8/o view. Carth Scini. 
 tmd. 
 
 10 Numant.tar* Viri./r/>*. Tib.Gracchus.*/iV///i J u . 
 
 11 CimbtYwfe. Itali./oej Man. Sy 11 win. Sertori.us /< 
 
 12 Spartaee^. Mith Cati.r/oowi ' Trium.ivx CV.sndan />///. 
 
 13 Pharsali.row Cae sarroar. Phlippi/v///. Act Cleo.patmalr. 
 
 14 August.wiVe Tibe.^ro^ Cali.gulwwA. Claud//'// 
 
 15 GNM0MW. Otho Vi.tell Ves.pas </<//: Tit",y,//. i) oni / 
 
 1 ROMulus makes the first cJaim(B.C 753). NUMA'lawitreci/f (716) 
 
 For TULLus HOSTiliusthe Horatii vouch (672J. 
 dares (64U) against the Latins. 
 
 2 The Capitol datnl (616) from Tarquiiiius PRISCus. SERVItuTiillitis 
 
 was the Jacob (578) or gupplanter of the family of Priscu*. TAR- 
 QUINius Superbus was leaguer (534) with Porsenna. COLLATlnu* 
 and BRUTus, the first Consuls, lisp (509) about lib.-rty. 
 
 3 Titus Lartius, the first DICTator, forces the raff (499) to enlist. TRI- 
 
 BUnes appointed when the people repine (492). CASSius and his 
 Agrarian law made many a row-year (484). The FAB1I are cool (475) 
 \vlien slaughtered by the Veientes. 
 
 4 VOLEro'a law rakes (470) the Patricians. CINCINNatm ntfd (456) 
 
 the plough. The DECEMvirate rw/e* (450). VIIUJlMns shook off 
 a rare yoke (447). 
 
 5 The CENSor was a rare one (442). VEIi when taken may fume (393). 
 
 The CAPITOL is saved when the geese gabb (388). PLEBEian CON- 
 Suls move up (369). 
 
 6 The SAMnite war yores (340). At CAUDium the Romans jr<rfup(319) 
 
 under the yoke. The second DECius was no fool (-95) for hi* flf- 
 devotion. The news (280) of PYRRHus' arrival in Italy. The battle 
 at BENEventum ended nicely (275) for the Romans. 
 
 7 In the first PUNic war the Romans hover (J64) round Sicily. Dl'IL- 
 
 LIus constructs navies (260). REGULus keeps faith hulily (255). 
 Lutatius CATULUS was hearty (241) in the cause. 
 
 8 Queen TEUTHa was in hope (229) of victory. In the second Punic war 
 
 the ALPS were a hot way (218) into Italy. The noted (216) battle of 
 CANNae. SYRaCuse defended by Archimedes, the hot one (212). The 
 battle of Z A Ma made the Carthaginians hush ('.'02). 
 
 9 PHiLIP at Cynocephale was forced to peace (197). ANTIOchiulopet 
 
 ( 1 90) Magnesia. From Pydna was PERSEUS led captive to view (168). 
 CARTHage fell into SCIPIo's trap (149), and was trod (146) down. 
 
 10 The NUMANTians were tart (141) against the Romani. VIRIathut 
 
 tries (140) independence. TIBerius GRACCHUS incur* the stigma 
 ( 133) of faction. J UGURTHa was tcas'd (106) by starvation. 
 
 11 The C'IMBri being defeated taste (101) the Aquas Sextie. Th. 
 
 LI an states are foes (90). MARIus and SYLLa alternately uin (82) 
 SERTORIUS, a keen (72) enemy. 
 
 12 SPARTAcus escaped from the cage (73) of gladiators at Capua. MI III- 
 
 ridates and CATIline meet their doom (63). The TRIUMviraU otr 
 (60). CASSIVKLAN opposes Casar in July (55). 
 
 13 The battle or row (48) at PHAKSALIa. The Compiratora roar (44)
 
 220 MEMORIAL LINES. 
 
 when they stab CjESAR. At the battle of PHiLIPpi Horace ran (42). 
 At ACTium, Antony was deserted by his mate (31) CLEOPATra. 
 
 14 AUGUSTUS wished to look nice (27) at his death. Ambassadors from 
 
 Troy (A. D. 14) offering tardy condolence to TIBErius on the death of 
 his son, he gravely condoled with them on the death of Hector. C ALI- 
 GULa pretended at first to be meek (37). CLAUDIus was poisoned 
 like a rat (41). NERo played the lyre (54) whilst Rome was burning. 
 
 15 View (68) the head of GAL8A on a spear. OTHO. VlTELLIus. 
 
 VESPASian was deaf (69) to flattery. Copy (79) TITus. DOMitian 
 for flies laid a bait (81). 
 
 BRITAIN, AND KINGS OF ENGLAND. 
 
 1 Caes July. Caract Jot Boa duty A.grictvar Se.vere^'fe. 
 
 2 Britn'ote. Hengrare.pay Arth.lags Ang. Saxo con.joy peace. 
 
 3 Egwince. Ethvtolf.wag'd Bald. Bertwalk. Ethelred.&ocfed. 
 
 4 Alfbeacon. Edw JZld.post Athels. opener. Ed Pious.party. 
 
 5 Edred./ear'6? FA.vfinfull. Edg pelf. Martyr Ed .facile. 
 
 Q Eihpeace buy. Irn EAtide. Cantook. H&ragile. Hardirose. Conf. 
 ran. 
 
 Associations. 
 
 1 July(B.C.55)CJESa,r's invasion. CARACTacus' Zo< (A.D.51). BOAdicea 
 
 did her duty (61). AGRICola ended the war (84). SEVERus hits the 
 Caledonians, and builds the stone wall. 
 
 2 BRITain riots (410) in freedom when the Romans retire. HENGist 
 
 obtained Kent as rare pay (449). ARTHur never lags (530). ANGlo- 
 SAXOn CONversion produced joy, peace (597). 
 
 3 EGbert made the Danes wince (827). ETHelWOLF wag'd (836) war 
 
 against them. EthelBALl) and EthelBERT walk (857) together. 
 ETHELRKD's wound boded (866) death. 
 
 4 ALFred was freedom's beacon (872). EDW. the ELDer kept his post 
 
 (901). ATHELStan was the opener (924) of commerce. EDmund 
 the PIOUS was killed by the robber Leolf at a party (941). 
 
 5 EDRED was/eared (946) by Northumbria. ED WIN full (955) of grief 
 
 for Elgiva. EDGar received wolves' heads instead of J peZ/'(959). 
 EDward the MARTYR was facile (975), i.e. easily persuaded. 
 
 6 By massacre ETHelred would a, peace buy (978). EDMund IRoNside 
 
 stemmed the tide (10.16) against the Danes. CANute took (10.17) 
 the throne. HARold Harefoot was agile (10.35). HARDIcanute 
 rose (10.40). Edward the CONFessor ran (10.42) in the Saxon line. 
 
 KINGS OF ENGLAND AFTER THE CONQUEST. 
 
 1 Will Con.vied Ruf.weak Hen.teases Steph.tamely He S.taylor. 
 
 2 Richotf a.wife John.tiff Hen Th.noted. Edwo kin. Ed Smask. 
 
 3 Ed Third. monk Ri Se.mock Hen. Fourmuff. He Yrout'em. HenS 
 
 rhone.
 
 KINGS OF ENGLAND. 221 
 
 4 E Price*. E Fi Rrob.'em Hen. SeptrrAr/. H OC/w/> K. Sex/rA. 
 
 5 M&rillume. \jzyel.low Jam.<//.v///<7//. First Caro.raiWy. 
 
 6 Charles Seca.voids James.f/ow/V/- WiU/V <///;. Anna his.cosam. 
 
 7 Georges acquire choice, codes Fourth George in'**. 
 
 Fo beams. Vicmace. 
 
 Associations. 
 
 1 \YILLiam the CONqueror vied (10.66) with Harold. William RUFut, 
 a weak (1.087) king. HKNry teases (1.100) hi* brother Robrrt in 
 prison. STEPHen did not yield the crown tawuly (1.135). HEnry 
 the Second, " like a taylor (1.154), in penance did creep." 
 
 1 RIC Hard aimed at a wife (1.189), Berengaria. JOHN hadai/f (I.I99) 
 with the pope. HKNry the THird oted (1.216) for his long reign. 
 EDward seiz'd Scotland and Wales, tho' no kin (1.272). EDward the 
 Second was fond of a mask (1.307). 
 
 3 EDw. 3' 1 and Wiclif the monk (1 .327). Richard the SEcond submits to 
 
 modk(1.377). HENry the FOURth wore something like a muff (1.399) 
 on his head. HEury the Fifth could rout'em (1.113} at Agincourt. 
 HENry the Sixth lost the land of the Rhone, (1.42:0 i. . France. 
 
 4 Edward the Fourth would rivet ( 1 .46 1 ) his throne by blood. Kdward 
 
 Fifth Richard 3 d would rob'em (1.483). Again* HENry SKPTimun 
 two rebel (1.485). Henry OCtavus admirea Ann Boleyn's Ksp (1.509). 
 For Edward SEXtus a consumption did lurk (1.547). 
 
 5 MARy's fires illume (1.553) Smithlidd. KLIZabeth was yellow 
 
 with jealousy. J A files felt dismay (1.603) at the sight of a sword. 
 FIRST CAROlus fought vainly (1.625). 
 
 6 CHARLES the SECond avoids (1.660) capture by flight. JAMES the 
 
 double (1.685) or second. WILliam came in by that great auf, a wife 
 (1.689). ANNA was his cousin (1.702). 
 
 7 The three GEORGKS acquire (1.714) choice (1.727) coda (1.760). 
 
 GEORGE the FOURTH wins (1.820) applause. The face of WIL- 
 LIAM the FOURTH beams (1.830) kindness. Victoria bears the 
 mace( 1.837). 
 
 CHRONOLOGY ACCORDING TO DR. HALES. 
 
 I. Forth the Universe sprang, alert at (541 1 ) God's call ; 
 Except Noah's household, the Deluge met all (3155) : 
 
 His Sons had a tour (2614), whilst Mizraim had time (2613) 
 To settle in Egypt Thebes rose from the slime. 
 
 II. No yell e'er (2554) could Babel's confusion express; 
 After Babylon, Nineveh pleas'd Nimrod no /e*(2500) : 
 King Menes in Egypt first fixed regal hearth (2412) ; 
 
 He raises (2400) great Memphis, banking Nile up with earth. 
 
 III. Abram, quit land of Charran, and one seek away (2078) ; 
 Jacob hastes to waive age (1863), Joseph's call to obey: 
 Ancient Egypt taught Moses the learning it knew (1728) ; 
 The Exode stuun'd Pharaoh, and to ruin it drew (1648): 
 
 To a leader (1564), or Judge, harass'd Israel flees ; 
 The workings of jealousy, Saul's quiet tease (1110).
 
 222 
 
 A Table exhibiting the principal Differences between the 
 common Chronology and that of Dr. Hales. 
 
 Era of the Creation ..... 
 
 Deluge ..... 
 
 Separation of the Families of Noah's Sons 
 
 Building of the Tower of Babel . . . 
 
 Nineveh built by Nimrod, about . 
 
 Menes, first king of Egypt .... 
 
 Arabian Shepherds subdue Egypt . . . 
 
 Abraham migrates from Charrau . 
 
 N.B. This difference of 157 years continues till the 
 
 time of Joshua. In the time of the Judges the 
 
 difference is reduced to 15 years. 
 The Shepherds, expelled from Egypt, settle in Pa- 
 
 lestine ........ 
 
 Ogyges' flood in Attica. . 
 
 Sesostris, king of Egypt ..... 
 
 The Argonautic Expedition ..... 
 
 Saul, first king of Israel ..... 
 
 Foundation of Solomon's Temple .... 
 
 N.B. This difference of 15 years disappears during 
 
 the reigns of the kings of Judah : principally by an 
 
 interregnum of 1 1 years after the death of Amaziah. 
 The Assyrian Captivity begins . . . . 
 
 Nineveh destroyed ...... 
 
 The Babylonish Captivity begins .... 
 
 Nebuchadnezzar destroys Jerusalem . . . 
 Belshazzar being slain by conspirators, " Darius the 
 
 Median took the kingdom " . . 
 Cyrus born ....... 
 
 succeeds Darius in Media .... 
 
 takes Babylon by siege from Nabonadius, a 
 
 revolting viceroy ...... 
 
 Nativity of Jesus Christ 
 
 Hales. 
 
 Com. 
 
 
 B.C. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 Differ. 
 
 5411 
 
 4004 
 
 1407 
 
 3155 
 
 2348 
 
 807 
 
 2614 
 
 2247 
 
 367 
 
 2554 
 
 2247 
 
 307 
 
 2500 
 
 2234 
 
 266 
 
 2412 
 
 2188 
 
 224 
 
 2159 
 
 2084 
 
 75 
 
 2078 
 
 1921 
 
 157 
 
 1899 
 
 1724 
 
 175 
 
 1796 
 
 1760 
 
 36 
 
 1308 
 
 1650 
 
 342 
 
 1225 
 
 1263 
 
 38 
 
 1110 
 
 1095 
 
 15 
 
 1027 
 
 1012 
 
 15 
 
 719 
 
 721 
 
 2 
 
 606 
 
 612 
 
 6 
 
 605 
 
 606 
 
 1 
 
 586 
 
 588 
 
 2 
 
 553 
 
 538 
 
 15 
 
 599 
 
 
 
 551 
 
 
 
 536 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 1
 
 LONDON; 
 Printed by A. VARKHXJJ, 61, Stnnd.
 
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