Oi 
 0' 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 7 
 3 
 
 )rnia
 
 OUTLINES 
 
 OF 
 
 TURKISH GRAMMAR,
 
 PRINTED BY BALLANTYNE, HANSON AND CO. 
 EDINBURGH AND LONDON
 
 A SIMPLE 
 TRANSLITERAL GRx\MMAR 
 
 OF THE 
 
 TURKISH LAI^GUAGE. 
 
 Cflmpileti from lJari0us ^oiirrcs. 
 WITH DIALOGUES AND VOCABULARY, 
 
 BY 
 
 EDWIN ARNOLD, M.A., C.S.L, F.R.G.S. 
 
 LONDON: 
 TRUBNER & CO., LUDGATE HILL. 
 
 1877. ■ 
 
 {All rights rese^-ved.\
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 This little book is merely a compilation formed 
 by the author in his own study of Turkish, and 
 offered to other beginners as an aid towards 
 acquaintance with that language, in the present 
 singular dearth of Turkish grammars and instruc- 
 tion books. The Eastern Problem has re-arisen 
 in an absorbing manner to give new interest to 
 a tongue spoken over so vast and important an 
 Empire ; while — apart from the advantage to the 
 politician, the journalist, the educated English- 
 man, and the traveller of some knowledge of the 
 Ottoman language — it is, for its own sake, well 
 worth a scholar's passing attention, being scien- 
 tific in structure and in composition clear, con- 
 cise, and expressive. These rules, forms, dia- 
 logues, and vocabularies are condensed from many 
 sources, with intent to convey that degree of 
 knowledge upon which a limited but useful 
 power of conversation can be built. The attempt 
 
 20247S3
 
 VI PEEFACE. 
 
 has been made to dispense w'itli tlie Oriental char- 
 acter altogether, since it is something at least to 
 learn the grammatical architecture of a spoken 
 language, and the ear then becomes a tutor to the 
 eye. The difficulty of representing the Turkish 
 letters could not have been quite overcome with- 
 out fuller details ; but further study must supply 
 })recision, and in the present unassuming sketch 
 the author aims at no credit except that of sim- 
 }>licity, and to render a small service in the great 
 matter of " Justice to Islam.'^ 
 
 LoNDOX, February 1877.
 
 (JONTENTS. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 THE ALPHABET AND ITS PRONUNCIATION 
 
 
 9 
 
 NOUNS . 
 
 
 
 
 
 lO 
 
 ADJECTIVES 
 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 NUMBERS 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 PRONOUNS 
 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 VERBS 
 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 ADVERBS . 
 
 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 ADVERBS OF QUANTITY 
 
 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 ADVERBS OF QUALITY 
 
 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 ADVERBS OF PLACE 
 
 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 ADVERBS OF TIME 
 
 
 
 
 
 47 
 
 ADVERBS OF INTERROGATION 
 
 
 
 
 49 
 
 ADVERBS OF AFFIRMATION 
 
 
 
 
 • 50 
 
 ADVERBS OF NEGATION . 
 
 
 
 
 50 
 
 ADVERBS OF DEMONSTRA 
 
 TION . 
 
 
 
 
 51
 
 Vlll CONTENTS. 
 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 ADVERBS OF NUMBER .... 
 
 . 51 
 
 ADVERBS OF ORDER . . . 
 
 . 51 
 
 ADVERBS OP DOUBT .... 
 
 • 52 
 
 ADVERBS OF COMPARISON 
 
 . 52 
 
 ADVERBS OF PROTESTATION 
 
 • 52 
 
 POSTPOSITIONS ... 
 
 . 52 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS . . 
 
 • 54 
 
 EXCLAMATIONS ..... 
 
 • 56 
 
 PART II. 
 
 PART III, 
 
 SI 
 
 VOCABULARY OF SOME COMMON WORDS 
 EXAMPLE OF SHORT LETTER 
 SIMPLE PHRASES — COMPLIMENTS 
 
 63 
 72 
 73
 
 OUTLINES 
 
 OF 
 
 TURKISH GRAMMAR. 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 PART I. 
 
 
 
 The 
 
 1 Alphabet and its Pronunciation. 
 
 Turkish 
 
 English 
 
 Turkish 
 
 English 
 
 Turkish 
 
 English 
 
 Letters. 
 
 Sound. 
 
 Letters. 
 
 Sound. 
 
 Letters. 
 
 Sound. 
 
 \ 
 
 A , 
 
 
 z 
 
 C/ 
 
 K 
 
 ^-^ 
 
 B 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 K 
 
 <-— ? 
 
 P 
 
 (^ 
 
 s 
 
 CJ 
 
 nasal n * 
 
 CI? 
 
 T 
 
 A 
 
 Sh 
 
 ^ 
 
 Gu 
 
 CL? 
 
 8 
 
 O^ 
 
 s 
 
 J 
 
 L^ 
 
 Z" 
 
 Dj ' 
 
 O-^ 
 
 z 
 
 -♦ 
 
 ^I 
 
 'H 
 
 Teh 
 
 L 
 
 T 
 
 1 
 
 N 
 
 r 
 
 H . 
 
 li 
 
 z 
 
 t 
 
 V, 0, u 
 
 t 
 
 Kh 
 
 t 
 
 soft 
 breathing 
 
 5 
 
 H 
 
 J 
 
 D 
 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 Z 
 
 i ^ 
 
 guttural 
 g and h 
 
 1 
 
 I, Y, a 
 
 J 
 
 r' 
 
 1 uJ 
 
 F 
 
 i a 
 
 La 
 
 A
 
 I. The Turkish alphabet contains twenty-eight 
 Arabic characters, foar Persian, and one only of 
 native origin — the ''deaf ?i" — (marked^) : in all 
 thirty-three ; Lam-Alif, the last, being a com- 
 pound. The letters are here shown in their simple 
 form — they alter their shape in the middle and at 
 the end of words : their pronunciation is generally 
 that here given opposite each letter. Turkish is 
 read from right to left. The vowels, supplied by 
 marks above and below the letters, are commonly 
 omitted in writing. As this sketch of the lan- 
 guage aims to teach by transcription, no time need 
 be lost over these points. Turkish, though simple, 
 is expressive and scientific in construction ; and, 
 on many accounts, a language worth studying for 
 its own sake. 
 
 NOUNS. 
 
 2. Turkish has no article, but the indefinite 
 hir, a, an, one, is sometimes used. 
 
 Turkish nouns have no gender. Distinctions of 
 sex, when not conveyed in the word itself, are 
 marked by oghlan for male and kiz for female in 
 human relations; by erhek, male, and dishi, female, 
 for animals.
 
 II 
 
 Turkish nouns have two numbers — singular 
 and plural. Their cases are formed by terminal 
 variations. The plural is made by adding lar or 
 lev to the singular — the first after a hard con- 
 sonant, the second after a soft one. 
 
 Turkish nouns are of two kinds — those endiui' 
 in a consonant, as vezir, calpak, and those in a 
 vowel-sound, as haba, father ; cajwo, gate ; dereJi, 
 village. 
 
 Declension of Consonantal Xouns. 
 
 Singular. 
 Kom. vezir, the minister. 
 
 Gtn. vezirun, ' of the njinister. 
 
 Dat. vezireh, to the minister. 
 
 Ace. veziry, the minister. 
 
 Voc. ya vezir, minister. 
 
 Ahl. vezirdan, from the minister. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 No7n. vezirler, the ministers. 
 
 Gen. vezirler uu, of the ministers. 
 
 Dat. vezirlereh, to the ministers. 
 
 Ace. vezirlery, the ministers. 
 
 Voc. ya vezirler, O ministers. 
 
 Ahl. vezir lerden, from the ministers.
 
 12 
 
 Declension of 
 
 Vowel-Nouns. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Norn. 
 
 laha, 
 
 the father. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 hahanun, 
 
 of the father. 
 
 Bat. 
 
 hahayah, 
 
 to the father. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 hahayi, 
 
 the father. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 ya hala, 
 
 father. 
 
 AM. 
 
 hahadan, 
 
 from the father. 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 hahalar, 
 
 the fathers. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 habalarim, 
 
 of the fathers. 
 
 Bat. 
 
 hahalaraji^ 
 
 to the fathers. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 hahalary, 
 
 the fathers. 
 
 Voc. 
 
 ya hahalar, 
 
 fathers. 
 
 Ahl. hahalar dan, from the fathers. 
 
 Thus vowel-nouns add nun (niji), yah, yi, and 
 dan to the nominative singuhir for genitive, 
 dative, accusative, and ablative, while consonant- 
 nouns add for the three first cases un (in), ah or 
 eh, and i or y. 
 
 There are a few exceptions, but they need not 
 occupy any space in this slight sketcji. The 
 plurals are necessarily regular, being like nouns 
 endini? in r.
 
 13 
 
 ADJECTIVES. 
 
 Turkish adjectives have no inflections, either 
 for gender or number, except when used as sub- 
 stantives. They stand before their nouns, and 
 are unchanged, in this way : 
 fSingula?\ 
 Norn, giizel el the pretty hand. 
 
 Gen. guzel eliin of the pretty band. 
 
 Dat. guzel elah to the pretty hand. 
 
 Ace. guzel ely the pretty hand. 
 
 Voc. ya guzel el O pretty hand. 
 
 Ahl. guzel eldan from the pretty hand. 
 
 Plural. 
 Nom. guzel eller the pretty hands. 
 
 Gen. guzel ellerun of the pretty hands. 
 Dat. guzel ellerah to the pretty hands. 
 Ace. guzel ellery the pretty hands. 
 Voc. ya guzel eller pretty hands. 
 Ahl. guzel ellerdan from the pretty hands. 
 Turkish adjectives form their degrees as 
 follows : — 
 
 The comparative is made by adding djeh or 
 tcheh tQ_the positive, as 
 
 guzel, handsome ; guzehljeh, handsomer. 
 (eyi) eiu, good ; eiutcheh, better.
 
 14 
 
 Or by putting c/a/^ a, more, before tlie adjective, as 
 
 buyulc, large ; daha huyulc, larger. 
 
 zenguin, rich ; daha zenguin, richer. 
 Or by the ablative, followed by the adjective, ;is 
 
 l-alemdan guzel, finer than a pen. 
 
 halpahdan hiiyiih, larger than a hood. 
 
 am henden eyi sen, thou art better than 1. 
 The superlative is made by putting the noun 
 in tlie genitive or ablative, and adding y to the 
 adjective if it end in a consonant, and sy if it end 
 in a vowel. Thus 
 
 hahanun eyiisy, best of fathers. 
 
 lieupeyun fenasy, the worst dtig. 
 
 avretlerun guzely, handsomest of women. 
 Superlatives are also expressed by placing be- 
 fore the adjective the particles en, i^el;, ziadeh, 
 ghairet, which thus all mean " exceedingly." 
 These may even be coupled, as 
 
 2'>eh ziadeh, the most. 
 
 The Turks also obtain the idea of superlative- 
 ness by doubling the adjective or adverb as 
 cumulative epithets. Thus 
 
 pel' pek, very much. 
 
 seh se/c, very often. 
 
 tchok tchok eyu adam, a very, very good man.
 
 15 
 
 Besides their primitive nouns tlie Turks com- 
 monly form nouns from verbs and adjectives. 
 Thus " nouns agent " are made by adding djy 
 or idjy to the second sing, imperative of the verb. 
 As 
 
 sevidjy^ a lover, from sev, love thou. 
 
 koortardjy, a saviour, from koortar, save 
 thou. 
 The " nouns acted " are made either by drop- 
 ping the last letters of the infinitive, as 
 
 eidm, death, from eulmeJc, to die. 
 Or by changing the inak or mek of the infinitive, 
 into sh or ish, as 
 
 almak, to receive ; alish, receipt. 
 
 gurmek, to see ; gursli, sight. 
 Or by eh or ah substituted for the k of the infini- 
 tive, as 
 
 hilmeh, knowledge, from lUmek, to know. 
 
 anmah, memory, from anmak, to remember. 
 Or by adding Ilk to the infinitive, as 
 
 hilmek, to know ; hilmeklik, knowledge. 
 
 yemek, to eat ; yemeklik^ food. 
 
 Adjectives are made from nouns — and nouns 
 also — by adding lu or ly to the nominative. 
 Thus
 
 i6 
 
 maJ, wealth ; mallu, wealthy. 
 
 gumush, silver ; giunusldy, silvered. 
 
 Venedil', Venice ; Venedikly, a Venetian. 
 
 tooz, salt ; toozltj, salt-savoured. 
 
 at, horse ; atlu, a horseman. 
 The particle clji/ denotes trade or action. Thus 
 
 hail', boat ; haihlji/, boatman. 
 
 yol, road ; yoldjy. traveller.' 
 
 etmelc, bread ; etmchljy, baker. 
 The particle Uk is added to nouns or adjectives 
 to form new substantives. Thus 
 
 gnzel, beautiful ; guzeliJc, beauty. 
 
 pasha, governor ; pashalik, the government. 
 
 dost, friend ; dostliJc, friendship. 
 
 yeni, new; yenUiJc, novelty. 
 As also for localities. Thus 
 
 donooz, pig ; donoozllh, {)ig-stye. 
 
 azum, grape ; azmlik, vineyard. 
 Diminutives are obtained by adding djek or 
 djak to nouns, and djeli, djah, or tcheh to a<ljec- 
 tives. Thus 
 
 adam, a man ; adamdjek, a dwarf. 
 
 kutchuk, small ; kiitchuktcheh, very small. 
 And from these are made terms of endearment by 
 adding ez, as
 
 17 
 
 hahadjek, little father ; habaJJaghez, clearest father. 
 atJJel', a pony ; atcljeghez, pretty little nag. 
 
 Finally, by adding siz, without, to nouns the 
 idea of deprivation is expressed, as 
 
 dosl, a friend ; dostsiz, friendless. 
 
 dja?i, life ; djajisiz, lifeless. 
 [Many postpositions are thus used.] 
 
 NUMBERS. 
 
 The cardinal numbers are — 
 
 1. bir II. Oil bir 30. otooz 
 
 2. iki 12. OR i/ii 40. I irk 
 
 3. u(ch 13. Oil utclb 50. tin 
 
 4. deui't 14. Oil deurt 60. altinish 
 
 5. besli 15. on hesh 70. yetmish 
 
 6. alti 16. Oil alti 80. sckzen 
 
 7. ^^(/i 17. Oil ytdi 90. doksan 
 
 8. s^H^; 18. 0)1 sekiz 100. ^//^ 
 
 9. dohooz 19. Oil dohooz icoo. 6m 
 
 10. o/i 20. iyir^mi 100,000. ?/?/i; 6m 
 
 iV.i)*. — In ciphering, the Turks write and read 
 figures, as with us, from left to right. 
 
 The ordinal numbers are formed by adding 
 iiidjy to the cardinal. Thus
 
 i8 
 
 hiriii'ljii, first. oonoonin({iy, tenth. 
 
 ikindjy, second. iyivmindjy, twentieth. 
 
 2itchin(Jjy, third. hiuinJjy, thousandth. 
 
 denrtincljy, foiirtli. 
 
 Tliese are declinable, as 
 
 utcMndjyhrun iki, two of the thirds. 
 
 Fractional parts are yarem, a half (or hoot- 
 chook), and tclterelc, a quarter, as 
 yarem sa'at, half an hour. 
 tcherek yol, a fourth of the way. 
 iki hootclhook ghroush, two piastres and a lialf. 
 
 The particle er or sher repeats a number, as 
 hirer, one by one. 
 ikisher, two by two. 
 
 Keri multiplies, as 
 
 iki keri, twice. 
 hesh keri, five times. 
 
 For numbers of persons, animals, and things 
 the Turks use the different words respectively 
 kislii, hash, and tana. Thus 
 
 ynz hill kishiler, 100,000 men. 
 
 ikiyuz bashler, 200 head (of cattle). 
 
 elli hi?i tana, 50,000 pieces (of clotli).
 
 19 
 
 Kat or keder answers to " fold," as 
 vtch heeler, threefold. 
 tchoJc hat, manifold. 
 
 PRONOUNS 
 
 Are — (i) personal, (2) possessive, (3) demon- 
 strative, (4) relative, (5) interrogative, (6) in- 
 definite. 
 
 K.B. — The vocative case is omitted below as 
 it is simply the nominative with ya prefixed. 
 
 I. Personal Peonouxs are 
 
 FIRST PERSON. 
 
 Singidar. Plural. 
 
 Xom. hen, I. hiz, we. 
 
 Gen. benim, of me, hizim., of us, 
 
 Dat. hana, to me. hizeh, to us. 
 
 Ace. heni, me. hizi, us. 
 
 Ahl. henden, from me. hizden, from us. 
 
 SECOND PERSON. 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Kom. sen, thou. siz, you. 
 
 Gen. senun, of thee. sizim, of you. 
 
 J)at. Sana, to thee. sizeh, to you. 
 
 Ace. seni, thee, sizi, you. 
 
 Ahl. senden, from thee, sizden, from you.
 
 THIRD PERSON. 
 
 Singular. 
 Nom. o\ o, he, she, it. 
 
 Ge7i. onoon, anoon, of him, her, &c. 
 Dat ana, to him, &c. 
 
 Ace. ani, onoo, him, &c. 
 
 Ahl. anden, ondan, from him, &:c. 
 
 Plural 
 
 Norn, anlar, onlar, them. 
 
 Gen. anlarun, onlarun, of them. 
 
 Dat. anlareJi, onlareh, to them. 
 
 Ace. aniari, onlari, them. 
 
 Ahl. onlar den, onlar dan, from them. 
 
 2. The Possessive Pronouns are the genitives 
 of the personal pnmouns. Thus 
 heidm, my ; hlzim, our. 
 seniui or senin, thy ; sizun, your. 
 onoon, his ; onlarun, their. 
 They are indeclinable. 
 
 But the Turks cut these short, and join the 
 abbreviated sign to a noun in order to denote 
 possession, using for 
 
 mine — ni, im, uni. ours — miz, iniiz. 
 
 thine — n, in, un. yours — niz, iniz. 
 
 his, her, its — i, y, u. theirs — i, y, xi.
 
 21 
 
 Examples : — 
 
 haha, father, makes babam, my father. 
 kitab, book, ,, hitabim, my book. 
 ev, house, „ evun, thy house. 
 
 kalam, pen, ,, kalamimiz, our pen. 
 huzrety worship, ,, huzretiniz, your worship. 
 cooler, slave, „ coolery, their slaves. 
 These compounds may be declined like an ordi- 
 nary substantive. Thus 
 
 carndashwiizehj to our brother. 
 dostundan, from thy friend. 
 The absolute possessives, mine, thine, &c., are 
 represented by the genitive followed by ki, as 
 benimki, mine ; seninki, thine. 
 bizimki, ours ; anlarunki, theirs. 
 3. Demonstrative Pronouns are 
 shoo, this, that. 0, that. 
 
 boo, this. ol, that. 
 
 ishboo, this. kendi, himself. 
 
 Thus, 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom. boo, shoo, ishboo, this, that. 
 
 Gen. boonoon, of this. 
 
 Dat. boonah, to this. 
 
 Ace. booni, this. 
 
 Abl. boondan, from this.
 
 22 
 
 Plural 
 
 Xom. hoonlar, these. 
 
 Gen. hoordaruR. of tbem. 
 
 Dat. hoonlar ah, to tliem, 
 
 Ace. hoonlari, " these. 
 
 Ahl. boonlardan, from these, 
 {0 and ol have already been declined as per- 
 sonal pronouns.) 
 
 Kendi has slight variations. 
 Slnx/ular. 
 
 Nam. l-endi, himself. 
 
 Gen. kendunin, of himself. 
 
 Dat. kenduyeh, Icendineh, to himself. 
 
 Ace. kenduyi, hendiny, himself. 
 Ahl. kendinden, kendooden , from liimself. 
 riural. 
 
 IS^om. kmdiler, 
 Gen. kendulerim, 
 Dat. kendulereh, 
 Ace. kenduleri, 
 Ahl. kendiderden, 
 
 themselves, 
 of themselves, 
 to themselves, 
 themselves, 
 from themselves. 
 
 4. The Relative Pronoun kill, wlio, Avliich, 
 what, is not declinable, but it is joined to per- 
 sonal pronouns sometimes for inflection, as 
 
 kill anun, of whom ; kih ondaii^ from whom.
 
 23 
 
 5- The Interrogative Pronouns are kim, 
 
 ) ? neh. 
 
 , what % 
 
 Kim 
 
 is declined — 
 
 
 
 Sing 
 
 idar. 
 
 Xom. 
 
 him, 
 
 
 who, which. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 kimnu, 
 
 
 of whom, which. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 ki77iek, 
 
 
 to whom, which. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 kimi, 
 
 
 whom, which. 
 
 Ahl. 
 
 kimden, 
 
 
 from whom, which, 
 
 
 
 Plurcd. 
 
 Kom. 
 
 kimler, 
 
 
 who, which. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 kimleruiy 
 
 ) 
 
 of whom, whidi. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 kimler eh 
 
 J 
 
 to whom, which. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 kimleri, 
 
 
 . whom, which. 
 
 Ahl. 
 
 kimler da 
 
 '', 
 
 from whom, which. 
 
 \\h, what 1 is th 
 
 us declined — 
 
 
 
 Singula7\ 
 
 Xom. 
 
 neli, 
 
 
 what. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 nehnun, 
 
 
 of what. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 nehyeh, 
 
 
 to what. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 nehy, 
 
 
 what. 
 
 Ahl. 
 
 neliden, 
 
 
 from what. 
 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Xom. 
 
 nehler. 
 
 
 what, which. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 nehlerim 
 
 ■) 
 
 of what, which.
 
 24 
 
 Dat. neldereh, to wliat, which. 
 
 Ace. nelileri, what, which. 
 
 Ahl. nehlerdan, from what, which. 
 
 Nell preceding an adjective signifies " how " — 
 neh guzel, how handsome. 
 neh mootla, how happy. 
 
 Neh also takes the possessive signs, as — 
 nehmiz vay\ what have we got % 
 
 Kanghy, ^^ \\'\\\c\\^^ (indeclinable), should also 
 be mentioned — 
 
 hanghy at, which horse ? 
 Jcanghi miz, which of us 1 
 
 6. Indeflntite Pe,onouns are 
 
 hir Jiim-<^eh, ) 
 
 . . > some one. 
 hir Jashi, ) A'-TyV?', whatever. 
 
 hehr, all. heuteun, all. 
 
 liehr hiri, \ 
 
 hehr Irss, > I each, all. 
 
 hepissi, / 
 
 hitch hir kimseh, no one. 
 
 hitch hir shey, nothing. 
 
 filcin, such an one. 
 
 ol hir, tlie other.
 
 25 
 
 hehr him 
 
 ]■ whoe^ 
 
 hehr kangJiy, 
 
 hehr neli, whatever, 
 
 These pronouns are undeclined. 
 
 VERBS. 
 
 Turkisli verbs would appear formidable if dis- 
 played in all their voices and varieties ; but these 
 are best learnt after some familiarity with the 
 spoken language. Only the very simplest forms 
 and rules will be given here. Almost all the 
 tenses are made from the second person of the 
 imperative. 
 
 All regular verbs have the infinitive in mal: if 
 the preceding syllable has o or u, or mek if it has 
 i or e, the first taking a in conjugating, the last 
 e ; as 
 
 kosamak, to fly, gives kosariin, I fly, 
 sevmek, to love, gives severim, I love. 
 
 Besides the active and passive voices, Turkish 
 has many others ; but those most necessary for 
 practical purposes are, next to the above, the nega- 
 tive, impotential, causal, reciprocal, and reflected. 
 
 To form the passive from the active, it is
 
 necessary to place // after the root of tlie verb, 
 which ill Turkish is easily recognised ; as 
 sevmek, to love ; sevihrnl', to be loved. 
 
 To form the negative, it is necessary to place 
 me or ma after the root ; as 
 
 sevmek, to love ; swmemek, not to love. 
 atmak, to throw; atmamak, not to tlirow. 
 
 To form the ini potential, it is necessary to 
 place erne or ama after the rout ; as 
 
 sevmek, to love; sevememek, not to be able to love. 
 hakamamak, to be incapable of seeing. 
 
 To form the causal, it is necessary to place dii\ 
 tir, or t after the root ; as 
 
 sevmek, to love ; sevdinnek, to cause to love. 
 okumak, to read ; okutmak, to make to read. 
 
 To form the reciprocal, it is necessary to place 
 ish after the root ; as 
 
 sevmek, to love ; sevuhmek, to love one another. 
 
 To form the reflected, ^in or in is written after 
 the root ; as 
 
 gunnek, to see ; gurinmik, to see oneself. 
 
 After this explanation, it will suffice to give 
 the active voice of one regular verb.
 
 27 
 
 FIRST CONJUGATION OF BEGULAR VERB> 
 ill mek- 
 
 Infinitive, sevniek, to love. 
 
 Indicativk Mood. 
 
 present tense. 
 Sing it lew. Plural, 
 
 sevenvi, I love. severiz, \\q love. 
 
 seversen, thou lovest. seversiz, ye love. i 
 
 sever, lie loves. severltr, they love. 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 Sinr/nlav. Plural, 
 
 severdhn, I did love. severduk, we did love. 
 
 severdin, thou didst love, severdiniz, ye did love. 
 sevtrdi, he did l<»ve. severdiler, they did love. 
 
 PRETERITE TENSE. 
 
 Singula?', 
 sevdim, I have loved. 
 
 sevdin, thou hast loved. 
 
 sevdif he has loved. 
 
 Plural, 
 
 sevduk, we have loved. 
 
 sevdin'tZj ye have loved. 
 
 sevdUer^ they have loved.
 
 28 
 
 PLUPERFECT TENSE. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 i<evmishidim, I bad loved. 
 
 sevmishidut, thou liadst k)ved. 
 
 se omisk'uH, be bad k)ved. 
 
 Plural, 
 
 fierviishiduk, we had loved. 
 
 isevmishidinez, ye bad loved. 
 
 sevmislddler, they had loved. 
 
 FUTURE TENSE. 
 
 /Singular, 
 
 .^evejeim, I shall love. 
 
 Kevejeksin, thou slialt love. 
 
 •^evejekder, he shall love. 
 
 Plural, 
 
 sevejeiz, we shall love. 
 
 sevejehsiz, ye shall love. 
 
 sevejeJclerder, they shall love. 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 present tense. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 eyer sevtrsim, if I love. 
 
 eyer seversen, if thou lovest. 
 
 eyer severse, if he loves.
 
 
 29 
 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 eyer sever S'^k, 
 
 
 if we love. 
 
 eyer seversiniz, 
 
 
 if ye love. 
 
 eyer seversele?-, 
 
 
 if tliey love. 
 
 IMPERFECT TENSE. 
 
 
 Singulai 
 
 
 eyer sevsini, 
 
 
 if I loved. 
 
 eyer sevse7i, 
 
 
 if thou lovedst, 
 
 eyer sevse, 
 
 Phiral. 
 
 if be loves. 
 
 eyer sevsek, 
 
 
 if we loved. 
 
 eyer sevsiniz, 
 
 
 if ye loved. 
 
 eyer sevsehler, 
 
 
 if they loved. 
 
 PRETERITE TENSE. 
 
 Singular, 
 eyer seimiisJdsim if I have loved. 
 
 eyer sevmishisen, if thou hast L)ved. 
 
 eyer sevmisliise, if he has h)ved. 
 
 riural. 
 eyer seimiishisek, if we have loved. 
 
 eyer sevmishisiniz, if ye have loved. 
 
 eyer sevmishiseler, if they have loved.
 
 30 
 
 PLUPERFECT TENSE. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 eyer sevseJndim, if I had loved. 
 
 ei/er sevsehidcn^ if tliou hadst loved. 
 
 eyer sevsehidi. if he had loved. 
 
 Plural, 
 eyer sevsehiduk, if we had loved. 
 
 eyer sevsehidiniz, if ye had loved. 
 
 eyer sevsehidiler, if they had loved. 
 
 FUTURE TENSE. 
 
 Singidar. 
 eyer sevedjek olursim, if I shall love. 
 eyer sevedjek olursiu, if thou shalt love. 
 eyer sevedjek olur, if he shall love. 
 
 Plural, 
 
 eyer sevedjeh olursul; if we shall love. 
 
 eyer sevedjeh olursiniz, if ye shall love, 
 
 eyer sevedjek olursaler, if they shall love. 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 srv, love thoii. sevelim, let us love. 
 
 sersiu, let him love. seveniz, love ye. 
 
 sevsinler, let them love.
 
 3f 
 
 Participles. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 Declinahle, Indeclinalle. 
 
 seven, loving. sever, loving. 
 
 PRETERITE. 
 
 Declinahle. Indeclinable. 
 
 sevdel-, loved. semnish, loved. 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 sevecljek, about loving. 
 
 Gerunds. 
 
 severlrn, in loving. sevup, having loved. 
 
 severek, while loving, sevemljeh, in loving. 
 
 DEFECTIVE VERB, im, I am. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 present tense. 
 
 Singular. Plural, 
 
 im, I am. iz, we are. 
 
 sen, thou art. siz, ye are. 
 
 dur, he is. dirler, they are.
 
 32 
 
 PRETERITE AND IMPERFECT TENSES. 
 
 
 Sinrjular. 
 
 uHm, 
 
 I Avas, I have been. 
 
 idiii, 
 
 tliou wast, (fee. 
 
 idi, 
 
 he was, ifcc. 
 
 
 rinnd. 
 
 idel', 
 
 we were, we Lave been 
 
 idiuiz, 
 
 you were, <kc. 
 
 idiler y 
 
 they were, (fee. 
 
 
 Szc. &c. 
 
 CONJUGATION OF THE AUXILIARY VERB 
 olmakj to be. 
 Indicative Mooi>. 
 present tense. 
 Singular. Plural, 
 
 im, I am. iz, we are. 
 
 sen, tliou art. siz, ye are. 
 
 dir, der, he is, dirler, derler, tliey are. 
 
 IMPERFECT TENSE. 
 
 Singidar. Plural, 
 
 idum, I was. idul', we were. 
 
 iilun, thou wast, idunuz, ye were. 
 
 idy, he was. idiler, they were.
 
 33 
 
 PRETERITE TENSE. 
 
 
 Singidar. 
 
 imishim, 
 
 I was or have been. 
 
 imishsiz, 
 
 thou wast or bast been. 
 
 imishdir, 
 
 he was or has been. 
 
 
 Plural 
 
 imishiz, 
 
 we were or have been. 
 
 imishsiz, 
 
 ye were or have been. 
 
 imishlerdir, 
 
 they were or have been. 
 
 PLUPERFECT TKNSE. 
 
 
 Sivgidar. 
 
 olmish idiim, 
 
 I had been. 
 
 olmish iduii, 
 
 thou hadst been. 
 
 olmish idy, 
 
 he had been. 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 olmish idnJc, 
 
 we had been. 
 
 olmish idunn 
 
 z, ye had been. 
 
 olmish idiler, 
 olmish idy, 
 
 J- they had been. 
 
 FUTURE TENSE. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 oloorim, 
 
 I shall or will be. 
 
 oloorsen, 
 
 tliou shalt or wilt be, 
 
 oloor, 
 
 he shall or will be.
 
 34 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 olooriz, 
 
 we shall or will be. 
 
 oloorsiz, 
 
 ye sliall or will be. 
 
 oloijrlei\ 
 
 they siiall or will be. 
 
 CONDITION \L TENSK. 
 
 
 Sinijubn'. 
 
 oloordom^ 
 
 I would be. 
 
 ohordun^ 
 
 thou wouldst be. 
 
 ohrdi/, 
 
 he would be. 
 
 
 riaral. 
 
 oloordul^ 
 
 we would be. 
 
 oloorduRuz^ 
 
 ye would be. 
 
 oloorlerdy, 
 
 tliey would be. 
 
 COMPOUND Conditional tense. 
 Singular. 
 oJoormishidiun, I would have been. 
 oloormishiduH, tliou wouldst have been. 
 oloormishid}/, he would have been. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 oloormishiduli, we would have been. 
 
 oloormishiduiiuz, ye would have been. 
 
 oloormishidiler, \ 
 
 .,7-7 > ^^^y would have been. 
 oloor milder id ij^ j
 
 35 
 
 Imperativk Mood. 
 
 Suigular. 
 ol, be tliou. 
 
 olsooiij let him, her, or it be. 
 
 riural. 
 olalem, let us be. 
 
 ohuiiz or ohm, be ye. 
 
 olsooiiltr, let them be. 
 
 Potential Mood. 
 
 present or future tense. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 oil am, 
 
 that I may be. 
 
 ollaseu, 
 
 th;it thou mayst be. 
 
 olla (ola), 
 
 that he may be. 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 ollaoo:, 
 
 that we may be. 
 
 ollasiz, 
 
 that ye may be. 
 
 ollaler, 
 
 that they may be. 
 
 
 PERFECT TENSE. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 olrnish ollam, 
 
 that I may have been. 
 
 olmish ollasen, 
 
 that thou mayst have been 
 
 olrnish olla, 
 
 that he may have been.
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 olmish ollaooz, 
 
 that we may liave been. 
 
 ohilsh oliasiz, 
 
 that ye may have been. 
 
 olmish ollaler, 
 
 that they may have been, 
 
 
 IMPERFECT TENSE. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 olaidum, 
 
 that I might be. 
 
 olaidun, 
 
 tliat thou mightst be. 
 
 olaidy, 
 
 that he might be. 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 olaiduli, 
 
 that we might be. 
 
 olaidiuiz, 
 
 that ye might be. 
 
 ohileridy, 
 
 that they might be. 
 
 PLUPERFECT TENSE. 
 
 Singular. 
 olmUh ollaidy, that I might have been. 
 
 olmish ollaiduu, that thou mightst have been. 
 olmish ollaidy, that he might have been. 
 
 olmish ollaiduk, 
 olmish ollaidunuz, 
 olmish ollaleridy, 
 
 Plural. 
 
 that we might have been, 
 that ye might have been. 
 that they might have been.
 
 37 
 
 Subjunctive Mood, 
 present tense. 
 Singular. Plural, 
 
 eyer issam, if I be. CT/e?' issel:, if we be. 
 
 eyer issea^ if thou be. eyer isse/iiz, if ye be. 
 eyer isseh, if he be. eyer isseler, if they be. 
 
 IMPERFECT TENSE. 
 
 Singular, 
 eyer olsaidam, if I were. 
 
 eyer olsaiilun, if thou wert. 
 
 eyer olsaidy, if he were. 
 
 Plural, 
 eyer olsaiduk, if we were. 
 
 eyer olsaiduhuz, if ye were. 
 
 eyer ohaidihr, if they were. 
 
 PRETERITE TENSE. 
 
 Singular, 
 eyer ohnish issam, if I have been. 
 
 eyer olmish issan, if thou hast been. 
 
 eyer olmish isseh, if he has been. 
 
 Plural, 
 eyer olmish issek, if we have been. 
 
 eyer ohnish issanuz, if ye have been. 
 eyer olmish isseler, if they have been
 
 38 
 
 FUTURE TENSE. 
 
 Siiu/ular. 
 eyer olmish oloorim, if I shall be. 
 eyer olmish oloorsen, if thou shalt be. 
 eyer olmish oloor, if he shall be. 
 
 Plural, 
 eyer olmish olooriz, if we sliall be. 
 eyer olmish oloorsiz, if ye shall be. 
 eyfT olmish oloorler, if they shall be. 
 
 Infinitive Mood. 
 olmak, to be. 
 
 Gerunds. 
 iken, being. olidjac, about tu be. 
 
 oloop, having been. oloomljeh, whilst being. 
 
 Participles, 
 present. 
 
 ollan, being. 
 
 
 PAST. 
 
 olmish, 
 
 I having been. 
 
 imish, 
 
 oldooJc, 
 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 oladjaJc, 
 
 what will be. 
 
 olmHy, 
 
 what must be.
 
 39 
 
 The verb '' to have " is expressed in Turkish by 
 tlie impersonal var dir, " there is," preceded by 
 the genitive case of the possessive pronoun. Im- 
 personal verbs have forms as follows : — 
 va?' dir, there is. j/ok- dir, there is not. 
 
 var id I/, there was. i/<^><jhidi/, there was not. 
 
 var isse/i, if there be. t/or/hissa/i, if there be not. 
 mr said//, if there had yoghsaidi/, if there had 
 
 been. not been. 
 
 var iken, there being. yo^/iiXcw, there not being, 
 with other tenses from with otlier tenses from 
 
 obnak, to be. olmamak. not to be. 
 
 CONJUGATION OF no- <//r, to have. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 present tensk. 
 
 Singular, 
 btiiini rar,'^ I have. 
 
 senun var, thou hast. 
 
 anun var, he has. 
 
 riaraL 
 bizum var, we have. 
 
 siziui var, ye have. 
 
 anlariui var, they have. 
 
 * Jd tut, '■ mine there is,"' &c.
 
 40 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 Singular, 
 heuim var idy, I had. 
 
 senun var idy, tLoii liadst. 
 
 anuTi var idy, be had. 
 
 Plural, 
 hizum var idy, we had. 
 
 sizun var idy, ye had. 
 
 a)daruFi var idy, they had. 
 
 PRETERITE, AS THK IMPERFECT. 
 FUTURE. 
 
 Singular, 
 henim oloor, I shall have. 
 
 senun oloor, thou shalt have. 
 
 anun oloor, he shall have. 
 
 Plural, 
 bizurn oloor, we shall have. 
 
 sizufi oloor, ye shall have. 
 
 aiilarun oloor, they shall have. 
 
 SECOND FUTURE. 
 
 henim oladjac, I shall have, (fee.
 
 41 
 
 benim oloordy, 
 senufi oloordy^ 
 anufi oloordy, 
 
 hizum oloordy, 
 sizufl oloordy, 
 anlariui oloordy. 
 
 senun olsoon, 
 anu/l olsoon, 
 
 hizum olsoon, 
 sizufl olsoon, 
 anlarun olsoon. 
 
 henim olaidy, 
 senun olaidy, 
 anufi olaid-y, 
 
 Conditional. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 I should have, 
 thou shouldst have, 
 he should have. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 we should have, 
 ye should have, 
 they should have. 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 Singidar. 
 
 have thou. 
 let him have. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 let us have. 
 
 have ye. 
 
 let them have. 
 
 Optative. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 that I may have, 
 that thou mayst have, 
 that he may have.
 
 42 
 
 Plural, 
 hizum olaidy, that we may have. 
 
 sizun olaidy, that ye may have. 
 
 anlar^iii olaidy, that they may have. 
 
 Peeteeite. 
 Singular, 
 henim olmisli olaidy, that I might have. 
 senun olmisli olaidy, that thou mightst have. 
 anun olmish olaidy, that he might have. 
 
 Plural, 
 hizum olmish olaidy, that we might have. 
 sizun olmish olaidy, that ye might have. 
 anlaruTi olmish olaidy, that they might have, &c. 
 
 So henim yoh dir, I have not. 
 And senun yoTc, &c., &c. 
 
 henim yoghidi, I had not, &c. 
 
 These verbs are conjugated with adjectives 
 and substantives positively, negatively, and inter- 
 rogatively after the subjoined examples : — 
 
 shashmishim, I am surprised. 
 
 zenguin dir, he is rich. ^ 
 
 cHalim iz, we are learned. 
 
 meshghool idi, he was busy« Ipa'^ ■
 
 43 
 
 fakir oloorim, 
 temiz oladjaksiniz, 
 rahat oloorler, 
 
 khahir deyil seii, 
 sikilmish deyil idum^ 
 kayermaz olmaz, 
 
 I should be poor, 
 you will be clean, 
 they should be quiet. 
 
 f^ 
 
 X^"^. 
 
 thou art not clever. 
 I was not troubled, 
 he should not be heedless. 
 
 shashmish deyil misiniz, are you not astonished ? 
 
 maghroor deyil miidy, 
 sakat olmayadjakmiim^ 
 laik olmazler mi idL 
 
 etun va7% 
 maraby var, 
 sudunuz var idy, 
 kebahlery oloor idy, 
 
 hir gidy yok, 
 aktchehniz yok, 
 hir guemimiz yoghidi^ 
 toozumiz olmayadjak^ 
 yokmi hir calpaghun, 
 yokmi idy atlarim, 
 mikrasim olmayadjakmi, 
 
 was he not haughty ? 
 shall I not be lame ? 
 should they not be 
 worthy ? 
 
 thou hast meat. 
 
 he has wine. 
 
 you had milk. 
 
 they would have roast 
 
 meat, 
 he has not a rose, 
 we have not money, 
 we have not a ship, 
 we will not have salt. 
 hast thou not a cap ? 
 had I not horses 1 
 shall I not have scissors?
 
 44 
 
 ADVERBS. 
 
 Turkish adverbs really include the adjectives, 
 which are used adverbially ; as 
 hhosh, nice, nicely. 
 eyi, good, well. 
 
 They are also made by adding ileh, with, or 
 usreli, upon, to nouns ; as 
 
 delilik-ileh, stupidly. 
 dostlik-usreh, friendly. 
 
 And by adding the Arabic an, or the Persian 
 ane^ to substantives ; as 
 
 sooret-an, apparently, from sooret, appearance. 
 akihet-an, finally, from akihet, end. 
 pederane, .paternally. 
 
 Also by afiixing djeh to express fashion or 
 nationality ; as 
 
 Inglizdjeh, in English manner. 
 Farsi-dilindjeh, m the Persian tongue. 
 
 The subjoined list will be found useful as an 
 adverbial vocabulary. 
 
 Adverbs of Quantity. 
 
 ol cadar, as much. 
 ziadsiendjeh, too much. 
 
 2Jek 2:>ek, at most. 
 hi7^ mikider, a little.
 
 45 
 
 vafran, abundantly. 
 parah imrah, by pieces. 
 yetshir, enough. 
 ifrat, excessively. 
 ghaiet, extremely. 
 elcsih, \ 
 dakhiaz^ J 
 azar azai\ little by little. 
 
 eh, ) 
 
 more. 
 
 hir az^ a little. 
 ziadeh, 
 arteh, 
 tclioc, much. 
 tchoc tchoc ^ 
 dahhiziadeh, 
 daklia tchoc. 
 
 h, y 
 
 more. 
 
 Adverbs of Quality. 
 
 hed,fena, bad, badly. 
 dostaneh, friendly. 
 eyi, good. 
 guzel, handsomely. 
 
 nafileh, uselessly. 
 ahel, \ '^itty, wit- 
 
 aJcelaneh, j tily. 
 khosh, well. 
 
 Adverbs of Place. 
 
 yahandeh, 
 
 at a distance. 
 
 en dihdah, 
 
 at the bottom. 
 
 atrafdahj 
 
 around. 
 
 eiry, 
 
 across. 
 
 euyundeh, 
 
 before, in front. 
 
 ardindah, 
 
 behind, in rear.
 
 46 
 
 ashaghdah, 
 
 
 down below. 
 
 aliindeh, 
 
 
 down, below. 
 
 lielir yerdeh, 
 
 
 everywhere. 
 
 ghairy yerdeh, 
 
 
 elsewhere. 
 
 boondan, 
 
 1 
 
 
 shoondan, 
 
 
 from, through, by this 
 
 hooradan, 
 
 
 place. 
 
 shooradjakdah, 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 andan, \ 
 oradan, V 
 ol yerden, / 
 
 
 from, through, by that 
 place. 
 
 irak, ) 
 oozac, J 
 
 
 far, distant. 
 
 boondah, 
 
 " 
 
 
 shoondah, 
 
 
 
 booradah, 
 
 
 - here, in this place. 
 
 booradjak, 
 
 
 
 shooradjaMah 
 
 J 
 
 
 euteh beru, 
 
 
 here and there. 
 
 illerudeh, 
 
 
 in advance, in front. 
 
 giierudeh, 
 
 
 in the rear. 
 
 imameh, 
 
 
 in front. 
 
 yaUn, 
 
 
 near, 
 
 berudeh, 
 boo tarafdeh, 
 
 i 
 
 on this side.
 
 
 47 
 
 orayedek, 
 
 until there. 
 
 eutedeh, 
 ol tarafdeh, 
 
 > on that side. 
 
 tashradeh, 
 
 outside. 
 
 ustundeh, 
 
 on, upon. 
 
 doghroo, 
 
 straight towards. 
 
 andah, 
 
 ] 
 
 oradah, 
 
 V there, in that pla( 
 
 ol yerdeh^ 
 
 J 
 
 sagdaJi, 
 
 to the right. 
 
 soldah, 
 
 to the left. 
 
 yokardehf 
 
 up above. 
 
 uzreh, 
 
 upon, concerning. 
 
 itcherdeh, 
 
 within. 
 
 
 Adverbs of Time. 
 
 shimdilik, 
 
 at present. 
 
 tchokdan, 
 
 a long time ago. 
 
 euileyeri, 
 
 at noon. 
 
 ol zemandehf 
 
 at that time. 
 
 daima, 
 
 always. 
 
 ol sa'at, 
 
 as soon as. 
 
 ol kadaVj 
 
 as long as. 
 
 sonra, 
 
 afterwards. 
 
 guidjeh^ 
 
 by night.
 
 48 
 
 gunduz, 
 evvel, 
 ahhshartiy 
 tchin sabah, 
 sal sal, 
 erhen, 
 
 aTihsham sabah 
 guetchinlerdeh, 
 en swira, 
 yawash, 
 shimden sonra, 
 yahindeh, 
 esshy zemandeh, 
 hakarin, 
 yazin, 
 geiizin, 
 hislmiy 
 apansiz, 
 demin, 
 hikhir, 
 
 guidj, Tcati giiidjeh. 
 shimdiden, 
 sabah, 
 shimdy, 
 sMmdiyedekj 
 
 by day. 
 
 before. 
 
 evening. 
 
 early in the morning, 
 
 every year. 
 
 early. 
 
 evening and morning. 
 
 formerly. 
 
 finally. 
 
 gently. 
 
 henceforth. 
 
 in a little time. 
 
 in olden times. 
 
 in spring. 
 
 in summer. 
 
 in autumn. 
 
 in winter. 
 
 immediately. 
 
 lately. 
 
 last year. 
 
 late, very lately. 
 
 from this moment. 
 
 morning (at). 
 
 now. 
 
 until now.
 
 49 
 
 hcHazy ha'azy, 
 
 guidjeh gimduz, 
 
 tchapooJc, 
 
 Us tisdjeh, 
 
 ziadeh, 
 
 boo gun, 
 
 yarin, \ 
 
 yarin M gun, j 
 
 yarin deyil olhir gun, 
 
 dun deyil olhir gun, 
 
 ertessy gun, 
 
 euteh gun, 
 
 sik sih, 
 
 dun, I 
 
 dun hi gun, ) 
 
 Adverbs of 
 
 neh sebehden? 
 nidjeh ? 
 neh Tcadar 2 
 Icatche ? 
 
 hatche Icerreh ? "i 
 hatche def a a ? J 
 nereyeh ? 
 nereyedek ? 
 katchian ? 
 
 now and then, 
 night and day. 
 promptly, 
 quickly, quicker, 
 sooner, 
 to-day. 
 
 to-morrow. 
 
 the day after to-morrow, 
 the day before yesterday, 
 the next day. 
 the other day. 
 very often. 
 
 yesterday. 
 
 Interrogation. 
 for what reason ] 
 how? 
 
 how much 1 what size ? 
 how many 1 
 
 how often? 
 
 towards where 1 
 until where 1 
 when ?
 
 50 
 
 neh 2 
 
 what? 
 
 nitchun ? 
 
 why? 
 
 neh shekil 2 1 
 neh vedjehileh ? ) 
 
 what kind ? 
 
 hanieh ? 
 
 where 1 
 
 neredeh ? 
 
 where ] in what place ? 
 
 Adverbs of Affirmation. 
 
 zahir, 
 
 apparently. 
 
 asslan, 
 
 absolutely. 
 
 tahkik, 
 
 certainly. 
 
 djan u guiunelden, 
 
 heart and soul. 
 
 heli, \ 
 euiler dir, j 
 
 just so. 
 
 helki, 1 
 helkideh, \ 
 
 perhaps. 
 
 cahildir, 
 
 possibly. 
 
 olsoon, 
 
 so let it be. 
 
 guertchek, 
 
 truly, seriously. 
 
 shoohehsizj 
 
 undoubtedly. 
 
 pek eyi, \ 
 pek guzel, j 
 
 very well. 
 
 evet, eved, 
 
 yes. 
 
 Adverbs of Negation. 
 
 deymedeh, 
 
 I believe not. 
 
 hasha, 
 
 God forbid.
 
 51 
 
 deyilf 
 
 no, it is not. 
 
 yoh, 
 
 no, tliere is not. 
 
 neh boo var neh ol, 
 
 neither this nor that. 
 
 neh neh, 
 
 neither, nor. 
 
 Adverbs of Demonstration. 
 
 isteh, 
 
 here, behold. 
 
 hcikah, "j 
 gueurldh, J 
 
 look, look here. 
 
 Adverbs of Number. 
 
 yuz kereh, 
 
 a hundred times. 
 
 gueru, \ 
 gueneh, j 
 
 again. 
 
 tchoh Icereli, 
 
 many times. 
 
 bir kereh, 
 
 once. 
 
 siktchah. 
 
 often. 
 
 tekrar, 
 
 once more. 
 
 bi7^ dakhi, 
 
 once more. 
 
 Adverbs of Order. 
 
 neubetan, 
 neubetileh, 
 
 alternatively. 
 
 carmacarish, 
 
 any how. 
 
 evvel, J 
 
 
 evela, V 
 
 first, in the first place. 
 
 iptida,) 

 
 52 
 
 ahihetan, 
 
 lastly. 
 
 6ir hirineh, 
 
 mutually. 
 
 sania, | 
 ihindjy, j 
 
 second, secondly. 
 
 sira ileh, 
 
 successively. 
 
 Adverbs of Doubt. 
 
 sooretan^ 
 
 apparently. 
 
 yohsah, 
 
 otherwise, if not. 
 
 helhi, 
 
 probably. 
 
 olalcih, 
 
 possibly. 
 
 Adverbs of Comparison. 
 
 guihy, 
 
 like, in the same way 
 
 nidjeli, 
 
 the same as. 
 
 Adverbs of Protestation. 
 
 liai medid Allah, 
 
 God help me. 
 
 bashim itchun, 
 
 by my head. 
 
 sahilim iichiin, 
 
 by my beard. 
 
 POSTPOSITIONS. 
 
 Instead of prepositions the Turks place certain 
 words after nouns. 
 
 Those taking the nominative are — 
 
 deh, in ; thus evdeh, in the house. 
 
 siZf without ; thus dostsiz, without a friend.
 
 53 
 
 uzreh, on, about ; thus hash iizreh, on the head. 
 as/irah, beyond ; thus deniz ashyxih, beyond 
 
 the sea. 
 Those taking the dative are — 
 
 dek, as far as ; thus ormaiiehdek, up to the 
 
 wood. 
 carslwo, against; thus hanah carshoo^ op- 
 posed to me. 
 yakin^ near; thus emmeh yaTcin, near your 
 
 house. 
 doghroo^ straight ; thus eveh doghroo guit, go 
 
 straight home. 
 guereh, according to ; thus hanah guereh, in 
 
 my view. 
 Those taking the ablative are — 
 
 maade, besides ; thus hoondan maade, except 
 
 which. 
 oozac, far ; thus dostlarendan oozac, far from 
 
 friends. 
 evel, before ; thus hir aidan evel, a month 
 
 before. 
 euturu, concerning ; thus hoondan eiituru, 
 
 about this. 
 S0717XI, after ; thus henden sonra guel, come 
 
 after me.
 
 54 
 
 hery, since ; thus iici aidan hery, two 
 months since. 
 
 euteh, beyond; thus daglilerden eiiteli^ be- 
 yond the hills. 
 To these may be appended 
 
 ara, 
 
 between, among. 
 
 ard, 
 
 behind. 
 
 ashagha, 
 
 beneath. 
 
 ileri, 
 
 before. 
 
 itch, 
 
 in, amid. 
 
 itcheri, 
 
 in. 
 
 eun, 
 
 in presence. 
 
 yer, 
 
 in place, stead. 
 
 yan, 
 
 near, beside. 
 
 tashrah, 
 
 out, beyond. 
 
 taraf, 
 
 on the side. 
 
 alt, 
 
 under. 
 
 2CSt, 
 
 upon, on top. 
 
 yocaroo, 
 
 up, above. 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 The principal are as follows : — 
 veh, and. 
 
 guiby, as.
 
 55 
 
 a7nma, 
 
 but. 
 
 amma hih, 
 
 but if. 
 
 nassilHh, zirali^ 
 
 because. 
 
 zirah kih, 
 
 because that. 
 
 nitiiljehf 
 
 consequently. 
 
 ilia, 
 
 except, but. 
 
 djiahah, 
 
 gratis. 
 
 neh, 
 
 however, neither. 
 
 eyer, 
 
 if. 
 
 eyer hih, 
 
 if ever. 
 
 lakin, 
 
 nevertheless. 
 
 ya, yakhod, 
 
 or, either. 
 
 andjak, 
 
 only, however. 
 
 ola kih, belki, 
 
 perhaps. 
 
 beidlek, 
 
 so. 
 
 heuileh hih, 
 
 so that. 
 
 beuileh sheuileh, 
 
 so and so. 
 
 hatta, 
 
 so much. 
 
 tchunki, 
 
 since that. 
 
 sanki, 
 
 suppose that. 
 
 euileh, 
 
 such. 
 
 kih, 
 
 that. 
 
 slieuileh iseh, 
 
 therefore. 
 
 inidi, 
 
 then. 
 
 ya 'any, 
 
 that is to say.
 
 56 
 
 neh kadar kih, 
 
 ■whatever. 
 
 hileh, 
 
 with. 
 
 meyer, 
 
 unless. 
 
 ta, 
 
 until. 
 
 madam kih, 
 
 whilst. 
 
 EXCLAMATIONS. 
 
 The folio win sr are most in use : — 
 
 hai, eyvah, 
 
 alas! 
 
 neh yazek, 
 
 what a pity ! 
 
 mededj halif, 
 
 help ! 
 
 pa, okli, 
 
 oh, fine ! 
 
 afferim, 
 
 well! 
 
 hakalum, 
 
 we shall see. 
 
 ai wallah, 
 
 I swear. 
 
 ha ! yok ! 
 
 not at all ! no ! 
 
 olmaz, 
 
 never ! 
 
 savool. 
 
 take care. 
 
 alargha, 
 
 make room. 
 
 haideh, 
 
 go on (to animals) 
 
 soos. 
 
 be silent. 
 
 kess sessini, 
 
 hold your tongue.
 
 PART II, 
 
 SYNTAX. 
 
 The Turks address their equals or inferiors in 
 the second person of the singular, as l-]t<u<k 
 geldin, thou art welcome ; but when speaking 
 politely, they use the second person of the plural, 
 siz, or some title of respect governing the third 
 person singular, in the following manner : — 
 Djenahiniz or hazretiniz dedi, your excellency or 
 your lordship has said. 
 
 X.B. — In complying with a wish or request, in 
 inviting to sit, to enter, to speak, or giving and 
 taking an order, the Turks very often use hoijoa- 
 roiui, from houyourmah, to command. 
 
 The Turkish construction generally resembles 
 the Latin. 
 
 - The nominative usually stands at the beginning 
 of the sentence. 
 
 D
 
 S8 
 
 It is common to put tlie dative before the ac- 
 cusative. 
 
 The adjectives must stand before the substan- 
 tives, and the genitive before the noun related 
 to it. For instance, 
 
 eyi pashanun ogloo, the son of the good pasha. 
 
 Dependent genitives precede their substantive, 
 and the latter adds an i if a consonantal, and si if 
 a vowel noun ; as 
 
 kitabin khiaghad-i, the paper of this book. 
 
 kizin haba-si, the father of the girl. 
 
 But if the meaning be indefinite, then the geni- 
 tive sign is dropped ; as 
 
 pasha ogloOj the son of a pasha. 
 
 dost ev-i, the house of a friend. 
 
 But when olmak, to be, is used, the adjective 
 follows the noun ; as 
 
 boo ad am eyi dii\ this man is good. 
 
 When expressing number by tcliok, much, the 
 verb is often placed in the singular — 
 
 tcliok adam geldi, a great many men have come.
 
 59 
 
 Questions are asked, in absence of interroga- 
 tive words, by the particle mi ; as 
 
 karndashin geldl mi, lias thy brother come ? 
 mi, 1)00 mi, is it this or that 1 
 
 In replying to questions, evet or heli, yes, and 
 yok or khair, no, are used ; but it is customary to 
 repeat the asker's verb, thus 
 Q. aghami guerdin mi, have you seen my master ? 
 ( guerdim, I have seen. 
 
 ( giiermedim, i have not seen. 
 
 When one speaks about a matter of number or 
 weight, this must stand in the nominative, and at 
 the end of the plirase — 
 
 hi?' 2^ctrtse etmek, one piece of bread. 
 
 When the continuation of time is expressed, the 
 numeral must precede the object to which it 
 belongs, as in this example — 
 
 hesh sadt okudiim, I have read five hours. 
 
 But it follows when the hour is indicated ; as 
 sadt hesh geldi, he came at five o'clock. 
 
 The Turkish verbs are generally followed by 
 the same cases of their substantives as is usual
 
 6o 
 
 in otlier languages. However, some of tliem 
 require the ablative and dative ; thus the verb korh- 
 male, to fear, takes A llahddn kork, fear God ; 
 as likewise katchmal', to escaj^e ; ikrcik etmelc, to 
 liate ; hoortarmak, to deliver ; utanmak, to be 
 ashamed. 
 
 While hacmak, to see ; henzemek, to resemble ; 
 demek, to say ; sorinak, to inquire ; voormak, to 
 strike, kill, with others, want a dative, thus 
 hana hac, look at me. 
 
 Most active and transitive verbs take a nomi- 
 native as well as accusative for the object, when 
 indeterminate ; as 
 
 sherdh itchmck, to drink wine. 
 
 But the accusative is used, if determinate or 
 joined to a pronominal termination, or if a proper 
 name ; as 
 
 evimij satdim, I have sold my house. 
 
 Yacoohy gueurdim, I have seen Jacob. 
 
 To the question katch, nekadar, how much ? 
 tlie answer of price is given in the dative ; as 
 deurt grooshah, four piastres.
 
 6i 
 
 As an example of Turkish construction, the 
 Lord's Prayer is here appended : — 
 
 GueuMer deh olan Babamiz, ismin moolax- 
 Heaveus in being our Father, Thy name sancti- 
 
 dess ohoon. MelehiooUin guelsoon. Gueukdeh 
 fied let be. Thy kingdom let come. In heaven 
 
 muraduTi nidjeh iseh yerdeh dakhi heuileh. Ilehr 
 
 thy will as it be in earth also so. Every 
 
 guiuiikih etmelcimizy hizeh hoo guiun vir. Ve 
 
 daily our bread (ace.) to us this day give. And 
 
 sootchlarimizy haghislah hizeh sootchly-olau- 
 
 our trespasses {ace.) forgive towards us to the tres- 
 
 lareh. Hem ighvayah scdma, ilia 
 
 passers {dat.) And to temptation {dat.) lead not, but 
 
 kliabisdeii coortar. Tclmn meleh, kooivali, 
 from evil (abl.) deliver. For kingdom, power, 
 
 isset, ebbed senun dir. Amin. 
 glory, eternally thine is. Amen,
 
 PART III. 
 
 VOCABULARY OF SOME COMMON 
 WORDS. 
 
 A. 
 
 abundance, holak. 
 
 abuse, fena aidet. 
 
 the acacia, sont. 
 
 account, hisah. 
 
 accustom, to, alismak. 
 
 action, amil. 
 
 adder, cava Han. 
 
 afternoon, ikindy. 
 
 agent, vakil. 
 
 agricultiire, t^iift, djU k. 
 
 ague, sitmah. 
 
 air, haica. 
 
 alone, valiniz. 
 
 all, hehr. 
 
 almond, had em. 
 
 America, Yehiidun ia. 
 
 an arierj', shak damav. 
 
 anchor, demiry. 
 
 angels, indckJer. 
 
 anger, gliu.sib. 
 
 antimony, rasfir. 
 
 apoplexy, damlah. 
 
 apothecary, ma'adjundjy. 
 
 a]>ple, elma. 
 
 apricot, kayissy. 
 
 apron, foot<ik. 
 
 arable land, ishlcnedjck tarla. 
 
 architect, mi 'mar. 
 
 armistice, mutarekth. 
 arms, silah. 
 tlie arms, col. 
 the army, askur. 
 arrival, yidiah. 
 arrival, ynelish. 
 arsenal, ter.'<aneh. 
 the ash, dish boodak. 
 ashes, kiycul. 
 Asia, Meshrac. 
 ass, (shek, huniar. 
 assault, ynrish. 
 asthma, ttk ncfeshi. 
 attention, ihtiraz. 
 autumn, sow ba/iar. 
 awake, to, oyanmak. 
 axe, balta. 
 
 B. 
 
 badger, boorsook. 
 baker, ekmekdjy. 
 barber, herbcr. 
 biirley, arpa. 
 barracks, kishJa. 
 basin, cuornah. 
 basket, zcnbil. 
 baths, hamam. 
 bay, corfez. 
 beau,.6aA.'a.
 
 64 
 
 bear, ain. 
 
 the beard, sacaL 
 
 beaver, coondooz. 
 
 bed, deusek. 
 
 bee, ari. 
 
 the beech, ca^/^ 
 
 ])eef, sighir eti. 
 
 beer, arpasoovi. 
 
 beetle, hoinoozhi beudjek. 
 
 l)egmning, ibtida. 
 
 belluws, keuruk. 
 
 the belly, earn. 
 
 better, adsi. 
 
 bird, a, koosh. 
 
 birds, wild, ijehan koosh/er. 
 
 birth, vierlut. 
 
 l)it. guiem. 
 
 black, siah. 
 
 l)lackbird, kara tanok. 
 
 to blame, zem olmak. 
 
 blind, keur. 
 
 the l)lood, can. 
 
 blotting-paper, halva 
 
 kiaghidi/. 
 blue, mavi. 
 
 -boar, wild, yeban dofiooz)/. 
 the body, voodjood. 
 a bone, giiemuk. 
 bootmaker, tchizmcdjii. 
 l)oot.s, tchezmeh. 
 bottle, shisheh. ^ 
 
 boy, oghlan. 
 the brain, bepin. 
 brambles, tsalu. 
 branch, bodak. 
 l>rass, toodj. 
 bread, etmek. 
 break of day, gainn aghar- 
 
 masy. 
 breakfast, kafealti. 
 the breast, gugus. 
 bridge, keupry. 
 bridle, ooyan. 
 bridle, uyan. 
 bronze, pirinteh. 
 
 broom, supur. 
 brown, essmer. 
 buckle, coptcha. 
 buffalo, soo sighiri. 
 bug, tahtah bity. 
 bull, boogha. 
 butcher, kasab. 
 butterfly, pervaneh. 
 button, deuimch. 
 buttonhole, ilik. 
 
 C. 
 
 cabbage, lahaneh. 
 cable, the, palainari. 
 calf, boozaghy. 
 calf (of leg), beldir. 
 camel, dcveh. 
 camel-driver, derehdjy. 
 cameleopard, surnaj>a. 
 camp , ordoo. 
 candle, moom. 
 candlestick, sheni'dan. 
 cap, fes. 
 cape, booroon. 
 cap-maker, calpaktchy. 
 carpenter, dulgher. 
 carpet, kaly. 
 carrier, hamal. 
 cat, kcdy. 
 
 caterpillar, hoc beudjeguy. 
 cavalry, atlu. 
 cavern, m aghar eh. 
 ceiling, tavan. 
 celebrated, namdar. 
 century, a, yuz seneh. 
 certain, gertsek. 
 chair, isskemJy. 
 change, to, deyistirmek. 
 charcoal, keumur. 
 chase, to, kovmak. 
 cheap, udsooz. 
 cheeks, yanaclar. 
 cheese, peinir. 
 chemist, kimiadjy. 
 chicken, pilitch.
 
 65 
 
 chimney, odjak. 
 
 chin, tcheneh. 
 
 cholic, sandjy. 
 
 choose, to, setsinek. 
 
 cinders, keuL 
 
 chiy, bait chic. 
 
 clean, temiz. 
 
 cloak, yaghmoorlik. 
 
 clock, tchaJlar aa'at. 
 
 clouds, boolootler. 
 
 coarse, kalin. 
 
 coat, esvah. 
 
 cobbler, cskidjy. 
 
 cock, khoroz. 
 
 coffee, kafeh. 
 
 coffee-house, kafeh dukiauy. 
 
 cold, sook. 
 
 cold, a, ziikiam. 
 
 colour, runy. 
 
 colt, tai. 
 
 column, dtrek. 
 
 come, to, gelmek. 
 
 command, to, huyurmak. 
 
 comi^anion, yoldas. 
 
 compass, the, poosoolah. 
 
 compassion, merhamet. 
 
 complain, to, sitiar ekmek. 
 
 conclusion, netidjeh. 
 
 confectioner, halvadjy. 
 
 consulate, consoloslik. 
 
 consumption, verim. 
 
 cook, kebabtchy. 
 
 cook, to, isinak. 
 
 copper, bakir. 
 
 copy, to, tarif ekmek. 
 
 corn-factor, oon djy. 
 
 cotton, pambook. 
 
 couch, sofah. 
 
 count, to, sajmak. 
 
 covered cart, eurtulu araba. 
 
 cow, inek. 
 
 cream, kaimac. 
 
 crescent, yarcm ai. 
 
 crocodile, thnsah. 
 
 cross road, arcoory yoJ. 
 
 crow, koozghoon. 
 cruel, yavuz. 
 cry, to, tshagirmnk. 
 cuckoo, coocoorac. 
 cucumber, khiar. 
 cunning, akili. 
 cup, bardak. 
 cui>, findjan. 
 cupboard, dolab. 
 curb, reshmeh. 
 curtain, purdeh. 
 cushion, yasdnk. 
 custom, adet. 
 custom-house, guiumruk. 
 cut, to, ke.'imak. 
 cutler, betchakchy. 
 cypress, servi aghadjy. 
 
 D. 
 
 dates (fruit), khoormah. 
 
 day, geun. 
 
 deaf, saghir. 
 
 dear (in price), pahahlu. 
 
 dear (loved), mnhbub. 
 
 deck, the, anbary. 
 
 deep, deriii. 
 
 deer, gaeik. 
 
 defend, to, arka olmak. 
 
 demand, to, sormak. 
 
 den, tchih. 
 
 departure, guidedjek rakit. 
 
 desert, tchiulluk. 
 
 desire, arzoo. 
 
 destiny, tarz. 
 
 destroy, to, bosmak, yok et- 
 
 mek. 
 dig, to, bellemek. 
 disembarkation, gucmiden 
 
 tchikmasy. 
 dish, tepsy. 
 
 dismount, to, aiden inmek. 
 dog, keupek. 
 door, kapu. 
 double-barrelled gun, iky 
 
 aghz'ytufeuk.
 
 66 
 
 doubt, shoobeh. 
 
 drawers, don. 
 
 dress, gueissy. 
 
 duck, eurdek. 
 
 duck, wild, iiehan eurdcrjuy. 
 
 dumb, dilsiz. 
 
 dust, tooz. 
 
 dwarf, djndjeh. 
 
 dyer, bouadiy. 
 
 dysentery, iteh aghrissy. 
 
 E. 
 
 eagle, caj'a coosh, kartaL 
 
 ears, the, koolacler. 
 
 earth, toprak. 
 
 earth, the, toprac. 
 
 east, the, guiun doghossy. 
 
 eat, to, yemek. 
 
 elder, the, murveir aghadjy. 
 
 elephant, ./j7. 
 
 elm, the, cara aghadiy. 
 
 elsewhere, kajvi yerde. 
 
 embassy, seferct devlet. 
 
 employraeut, manzUb. 
 
 end, son. 
 
 envelope-paijer, sarmac 
 
 kiaghidy. 
 envy, iradet. 
 equitable, saha. 
 evening, ak^ihiim. 
 ever so little, azadzak. 
 every, iradet. 
 everywhere, hehr yerde. 
 eyebrow, the, cash. 
 eyelid, the, kirpik. 
 
 F. 
 face, 2/eiiz. 
 
 fainting, yurek bailmchsy. 
 faithful, dindar. 
 falcon, doyhan. 
 far, oozak. 
 farm, bejlik. 
 fai'rier, naalband. 
 fat, semiz. 
 
 father, baha, ata, pedcr. 
 
 fear, korkoo. 
 
 feet, ayaklar. 
 
 fever, honma. 
 
 field, a, t chair. 
 
 fig-tree, iiidjir aghadjy. 
 
 fine weather, atchik hawa. 
 
 finger, pormac. 
 
 finish, to, bitirtnek. 
 
 the fir, tcham. 
 
 fire, atCfth. 
 
 fish, baUk. 
 
 flag, bairac. 
 
 flame, \dev. 
 
 flea, i)irch. 
 
 flesh, €t. 
 
 flour (wheat), oon. 
 
 a flower, tchitchck. 
 
 fly, si nek. 
 
 fog, tooman. 
 
 fold, to, cjmek. 
 
 follow, to, ardina gitmek. 
 
 folly, deliklik. 
 
 a ford, guetchid. 
 
 forehead, aln. 
 
 forenoon, Coshlook. 
 
 forest, a, orm m. 
 
 forget, to, unutmak. 
 
 forgetfulness, nisian. 
 
 fork, tchutal. 
 
 fountain, tcheshmeh. 
 
 fowling-piece, Jilintah, av 
 
 toofenky. 
 fox, dilky. 
 frog, coorbagha. 
 frost, kiraghoo. 
 fruit, yemish. 
 fruiterer, yemishdjy. 
 fruit-trees, yemish aghadjler. 
 
 garden, baghtche. 
 gardener, boostandjy. 
 girths, colanler. 
 glass, cadeh.
 
 67 
 
 glazier, djamdji/. 
 gloves, eUliven. 
 goat, ki'tchy. 
 go, to, qiimek, 
 gol<l, alto'.u. 
 goldsmith, cooyoomdjy. 
 good, eyi. 
 goose, caz. 
 gourd, cahac. 
 gout, nikriz. 
 grapes, itznin. 
 grass, ot. 
 
 grease, don yaghy. 
 green, ydchil. 
 gridiron, exrarah. 
 grocer, \dar. 
 gun, top. 
 gunpowder, har 'Ot. 
 
 H. 
 
 liail, tool no. 
 
 hair, satch. 
 
 half, yari. 
 
 half an liour, yarcm saat. 
 
 halter, yoolar. 
 
 halting plat e, dooradjac ycr. 
 
 ham, donooz jmstirmasy. 
 
 hammer, tchtkidj. 
 
 hand, el. 
 
 hare, tacshnn. 
 
 harvest time, orak zcman. 
 
 liat, C'(f/>ttc. 
 
 hatchet, haltah. 
 
 hawk, ti'hindik. 
 
 hay, iAh,.,k. 
 
 head, bush. 
 
 headache, hashaghrisy. 
 
 heart, yiirek. 
 
 heat, issidjac. 
 
 heaven, sema, geuk. 
 
 helmit, hashlic. 
 
 hen, taook. 
 
 here is [roici), ishte. 
 
 high, ynksck. 
 
 highway, olvo yol. 
 
 hill, hair. 
 
 hippopotamus, at baliguy. 
 
 hips, bel. 
 
 honey, bat. 
 
 lionour, ikrum, izzct. 
 
 hope, urn id. 
 
 horn, boynouz. 
 
 horse, at. 
 
 horse-dealer, nt hazukquiany 
 
 horseslioe. nii\ii. 
 
 hospital, bi/it'ir khanch. 
 
 hotel, konnk. 
 
 an hour, bir sa\it. 
 
 a house, t r. 
 
 hushand. codjia. 
 
 hut, kafib. 
 
 hyena, sertlau. 
 
 I. 
 
 ice, booz. 
 
 illness, khastalik. 
 indignation, d^irgunlik. 
 ink, munkeb. 
 \ in order that, itshun. 
 insect, beudjek. 
 instead of, yerinde. 
 insult, to, azarlainak. 
 in vain, bo.^yo'e. 
 iron, dcmi)'. 
 ironmonger, dem irdjy. 
 island, ada/i. 
 ivory, ^fildishi. 
 
 J. 
 Jesus Christ, Hazrety ''Issah. 
 jeweller, (Iji-rah irdjy. 
 join, to, djtm etmck. 
 joy, shdzlik. 
 jug, bardac. 
 
 K. 
 
 kettle, cazan. 
 key, anaktar. 
 kill, to, euldurmek.
 
 68 
 
 kinsman, kisim. 
 kiss, to, eupmek. 
 kitchen, matbakh. 
 knee, diz. 
 knife, bitchac. 
 
 L. 
 
 labou rer, tch ijtchy. 
 
 lady, kadeen. 
 
 lake, gueul. 
 
 lamb, coozij. 
 
 lame, topal. 
 
 lamp, candil. 
 
 lantern, faner. 
 
 larboard, sol yatiy. 
 
 latch, inundal. 
 
 late, getz. 
 
 laundress, tcliameshirdjy. 
 
 lead, coorshoon. 
 
 lean, mide. 
 
 leech, se)di(k. 
 
 lemonade, elimoonatah. 
 
 leopard, pars. 
 
 letter, mektoob. 
 
 the laurel, defneh. 
 
 liberty, azadlik. 
 
 light, aidinllk. 
 
 light, noor. 
 
 light, to strike, ateshtchak- 
 
 mac. 
 lightning, shimshck. 
 the lime, filamoor. 
 linen, bez. 
 
 linen-draper, asterdjy. 
 lion, arslan. 
 lip, doodac. 
 little, az, kalil. 
 live, to, yashamak. 
 lock and key, kUidanaktar. 
 locksmith, kiliddjy. 
 look at, to, bakmak. 
 looking-glass, ainah. 
 love, to, sevmek. 
 low, altskak. 
 
 M. 
 
 maize, misirboghdai. 
 make, to, etmck. 
 man, adam. 
 mare, kissrac. 
 market-place, tchiarshoo. 
 marry, to, evlenmek. 
 matches, kibrit. 
 meat, ct. 
 metal, ma''adcn. 
 melon, cavoon, angur. 
 merchant, bazarguian. 
 middle, oHa. 
 milk, sood. 
 millet, daroo. 
 mist, deuman. 
 money-changer, saraf. 
 monkey, meimoon. 
 moon, ai. 
 morning, sabah. 
 mortar, havan. 
 mosque, djami. 
 mother, ana. 
 mount (a horse), binmek. 
 mount, to, tsikmak. 
 mountain, dagh. 
 mouse, sitchar. 
 mouth, aghiz. 
 to move, salmak. 
 much, tchok. 
 mud, tchamoor. 
 mule, catir. 
 murderer, khirsiz. 
 mushroom, mantar. 
 musket, tufeuk. 
 mustard, khardal. 
 
 N. 
 naked , tch ihlak. 
 necessary, lazim. 
 needle, meh. 
 new, yeni. 
 news, khubber. 
 night, guidjeh.
 
 69 
 
 noon, euileh. 
 nose, booroon. 
 
 O. 
 
 oats, jioolaf. 
 obedient, meuteu. 
 ocean, buyak deniz. 
 odd 01' even, tek tchift. 
 oil, yagh. 
 olive, zeytiii. 
 omelette, kaighanali. 
 order, to, huyuormak. 
 ornament, bcztk. 
 ostrich, deveh cooshy. 
 otter, soo semury. 
 oven, fooroon. 
 ox, eukuz. 
 
 pack-saddle, semer. 
 
 pack-saddle muker, scmerdjy. 
 
 painter, tasvirdjy. 
 
 palace, xerai. 
 
 paper, kiaghkl. 
 
 l)artridge, kcklik. 
 
 passj)ort, yol emry. 
 
 pay, to, eademek. 
 
 peace, hoozoor. 
 
 peacock, taooz. 
 
 pear, cmvuO'.l. 
 
 peas, )ioohood. 
 
 pen, calem. 
 
 pencil, coorshoon calem. 
 
 pepper, hiber. 
 
 l^ersist, to, dayanmak. 
 
 pewter, callai. 
 
 pheasant, suiUui. 
 
 physician, hekim. 
 
 pigeon, wild, yeban gayer 
 
 djcn. 
 pincers, mashnh. 
 pine, the, sham. 
 pistols, tabauja. 
 pitcher, desty. 
 plague, yoomroodjac. 
 
 plain, kir. 
 
 plane, the, tchinar. 
 jdaut, to, dikmek. 
 pleasure, ztvk. 
 plunder, to, tclcf olmak. 
 poison, zchir. 
 poor, fakir. 
 poplar, the, cavac. 
 potato, ycr elmassy. 
 powder'(gun), barook. 
 pray, to, yalvarmak. 
 printer, basmadjy. 
 promise, to, ikrar ctmck. 
 pulse, the, nabs. 
 
 Q. 
 
 quantity, miktar. 
 quiirrel, tsekish. 
 question, sooal. 
 quit, to, brakmak. 
 
 E. 
 
 rabbit, ada tavshan. 
 
 radishes, toorb. ;^ 
 
 raft, a, sal. 
 
 rainbow, yaghmoor. 
 
 ram, cotch. 
 
 rat, buyitk sitchan. 
 
 reason, \ikil. 
 
 receive, to, atmak. 
 
 red, kizil. 
 
 reddish, kizlldjeh. 
 
 refuse, to, istememek. 
 
 regret, to, adsimak. 
 
 reins, dizyuin. 
 
 relate, to, nahil eimek. 
 
 reptile, beudjeh. 
 i respect, izzet. 
 
 rest, to, rahat lanmak. 
 ; rice, hirindje. 
 j rich, zenguin. 
 I rigging, the, gev.minuh 
 I allaty. 
 1 river, a, tchai, irmak. 
 
 roast meat, cainamish et.
 
 70 
 
 roast, to, kihah etmel: 
 
 rock, kaia. 
 
 roof, tcan. 
 
 room, odd. 
 
 rose, (/ul. 
 
 rudder, the, dameny. 
 
 saddle, eier. 
 
 saddle, to, derhmek. 
 
 saddle-bags, yandjook, hoorj. 
 
 saddler, seradjy. 
 
 sailor, kalioundjy. 
 
 salad, salata. 
 
 salt, tooz. 
 
 sand, coom. 
 
 sash, cooshak. 
 
 save, to, kartarmak. 
 
 sauce, salsah. 
 
 sausage, sudjook. 
 
 scissors, micrass. 
 
 sea, deuiz. 
 
 sealing-wax, muhur moomy. 
 
 seedtime, ekin rakty. 
 
 shark, keupek heliyhy. 
 
 sheep, kooioon. 
 
 ship, (juemy. 
 
 shirt, guiumlek. 
 
 shoes, j)apoosh. 
 
 shoemaker, 2^<^ipooshtchy. 
 
 shop, dukian. 
 
 shoulders, ootnooz. 
 
 shovel, atesh keruguy. 
 
 sigh, to, ai etmek. 
 
 signature, imza. 
 
 silver, guiumv.sh. 
 
 sink, to, batmac. 
 
 sister, kiz carndash. 
 
 skin, dery. 
 
 skull, bash tchanaghy. 
 
 sleep, uoyiikoo. 
 
 slippers, condoorah. 
 
 small-pox, tchitchck. 
 
 smell, to, kokmak. 
 
 smoke, tutun. 
 
 snail, halezun. 
 
 snake, ilian. 
 
 snow, k((i'. 
 
 son, oghl. 
 
 sore throat, dolina bogkai 
 
 soul, t^an. 
 
 soup, tchorha. 
 
 sparrow, a, sertcheh. 
 
 spoon, cashic. 
 
 spring, bahar. 
 
 spurs, mahmooz. 
 
 stable, akkor. 
 
 stars, the, yddizler. 
 
 stern, the, kitchy. 
 
 stirrups, uzenguy rikaih. 
 
 stockings, tchorab. 
 
 stomach, mVideh. 
 
 stone, a, task. 
 
 stove, iara. 
 
 stream, irmac 
 
 street, sokak. 
 
 suddenly, tez. 
 
 sugar, simker. 
 
 summer, yaz. 
 
 supper, aksham, yemek. 
 
 sure, emin, gertshek. 
 
 swan, coo(iIioo. 
 
 sword, kilidje. 
 
 T. 
 
 table, sofrah. 
 tablecloth, siny bezy. 
 tanner, debbagh. 
 tavern, meikhaneh. 
 tea, tchdi. 
 tears, aghlaish. 
 teeth, dish. 
 tempest, tuofan. 
 tent cords, etnab. 
 tent, tchadir. 
 thread, ipUk. 
 throat, boghaz. 
 thunder, iyildirim. 
 tiger, caplan. 
 time, zeman.
 
 71 
 
 tin, Unekeh. 
 trade, zend* at. 
 traveller, yoldjy. 
 tobacco, tootoon. 
 tobacco Ijag, tovtoon kisesy. 
 tongiie, dil. 
 too nnicli, pek tchok. 
 toothache, dish ar/hrisy. 
 touch, to, dokauiHuk. 
 turn, to, dcnnmek. 
 turtle, citptoo/jaijha. 
 twiue, sidjim. 
 
 IT. 
 uniform, hivtane. 
 usury, maamalc. 
 
 valiant, f/hairetli. 
 valise, djamedan. 
 valley, dvrch. 
 vanquish, to, (letshmck. 
 vapour, buk/iO'j)'. 
 veal, tfinah et. 
 veil, (inlhind. 
 vein, d<iii)(ir. 
 velvet, k'idife. 
 victory, zafcr, futtch. 
 vile, altshak. 
 vinegar, sirkeh. 
 vintage, }ja(j}i hozoomy. 
 viper, fnyucrek. 
 virginity, Inkirlik. 
 voyage, yoL 
 vulture, ak-haha.\ 
 
 W. 
 
 wall, divar. 
 
 want, I, bana lazim dir. 
 
 watch, to, oyanik olmak. 
 
 watchmaker, 'sa^atdjy. 
 
 water, soo. 
 
 water-bottle, tchenta. 
 
 water-closet, aydc yoly. 
 
 week, a, bir heftah. 
 
 well, kooyoo. 
 
 west, baty. 
 
 whale, kadircjha. 
 
 whip, camtchy, khoorhash. 
 
 white, bcyaz. 
 
 wick,./i7«Y. 
 
 wife, ehl. 
 
 winil, yd. 
 
 window, pendjereh. 
 
 wine, sh(i7'ab. 
 
 winter, kis/i. 
 
 wisdom, hakimet. 
 
 wish, to, istemek. 
 
 wolf, koord. 
 
 wood, odooii.\ 
 
 world, diuiia. 
 
 Y. 
 
 j'acht, safa guemy. 
 yard, the, avli. 
 year, sen. 
 yes, ecvct, beJi. 
 yesterday, dun. 
 yet, daha. 
 young, fjuendj. 
 
 zero, sifr. 
 
 zinc, tatia ma'adcni.
 
 72 
 
 EXAMPLE OF SHOET LETTER. 
 
 Siadctloo EffencUm, 
 
 Boo aksham sizeh bir ziaret ctnick 
 niicttindim. Eyer waktiniz oloorsah tezkeriyi guetirine 
 
 djc i va b vert sin iz. 
 
 Illustrious Sir, 
 
 This evening I have the intention to 
 make you a visit. If you have time to receive me, be 
 kind enough to give me an answer by bearer.
 
 SIMPLE PHRASES 
 
 COMPLIMENTS. 
 
 You are welcome. — Khosh geldin. 
 
 Good morning, sir. — Sabah khair olsoon, cffendim. 
 
 How do you do ? — Nidjesiniz ? 
 
 How is your health ? — Key jiniz iiasil dir ? 
 
 Is your .state good ? — Key jiniz cyi mi? 
 
 Thank God, I am well. — Shuknr Allahah, khoahim. 
 
 Good night. — Guedjeniz khair olah. 
 
 The same to you. — Khairah karshev. 
 
 How is your father ? — Pederunnz na.nl dir ? 
 
 Thank you, very well. — Khosh hooldook, pek eyi. 
 
 He is not well . — Eyi deil dir. 
 
 He is dying. — Eulur. 
 
 He is dead. — Eiddi. 
 
 How is your mother? — Validehuniz nasil dir ? 
 
 She is hetter. — Shi/a hooldi. 
 
 May her head be preserved. — Bashini sagh olsoon. 
 
 I am much obliged. — Memnounnm effendim. 
 
 May God reward you.— ^^/aA berekiat virsoon. 
 
 What o'clock is it ? — Sa^at katchta ? 
 Nearly eight o'clock. — So' at sekizeh vareyar. 
 Open the curtains. —Purdurlari ash. 
 
 E
 
 74 
 
 What trouble I give. — Nch zakmct virirum. 
 
 It is nothing. — Hitch bir shay yok. 
 
 What news is there ? — Neh khuhbar var ? 
 
 No news. — Klmbbar yok. 
 
 Is there good news? — Eyi khuhbar var mi ? 
 
 The news is splendid. — Khubbar guzel dir. 
 
 It is bad news. - Fena khubbar var. 
 
 From whom did you hear it ? — Kiimlcn ishitdlniz mi ? 
 
 I have not heard it. — Ani ishitniedum. 
 
 It is untrue. — Yanlish dir. 
 
 I am glad. — Khoshnudini. 
 
 Is it possible ? — Mumkin mi dir ? 
 
 It is a strange thing. — Bir adjaib muslahat dir. 
 
 To-day I have much business. — Tshok ishim var boo 
 
 gun. 
 Give me some fresh water. — Bir az taza soo guctir 
 
 bana. 
 Fill me a pipe. — Bir chibook doldur. 
 Please take it, sir. — Bouyouroon, effendim. 
 How is the weather ? — Hawa nasil dir ? 
 It is hot. — Hawa rakid dir. 
 It is cloudy. — Boolanik dir. 
 It rains. — Yaghmoor yaghayoor. 
 It is very dusty. — Tshok toz dir. 
 It is very cold. — Pek soouk dir. 
 It is dark. — Karanlik dir. 
 The moon shines. — Mehtab var. 
 It is noon. — Eidlen dir. 
 Let us go to a cafd. — Bir kafeyeh guidelim. 
 Take my cloak. — Koorkiim id. 
 Yes, sir. — Evvet, effendim. 
 Come here, waiter. — Oghlan, guel boorayah. 
 What do you wish ? — Neh istersiniz ? 
 Bring us coifee. — Bizeh bir kafeh guetir.
 
 75 
 
 Will you have a cigarette 1—Bir chigara istcr-mi- 
 
 siniz ? 
 Have you tobacco l—Tutuuuniz var mi ? 
 No. — Khayr. 
 What a pity. — Nehyazik. 
 I have some. — Benini var. 
 
 Bring us two pipes. — Bizeh Ucl nargillch guctir. 
 Very well, sir. — Pek eyi, ejfcndini. 
 Take this for yourself, wMiGX.—Oghlan dl sana hir 
 
 bakshish. 
 Thanks, sir. — Ey wallah, cffoulim. 
 So, let us '^o. — Olsoon, giddim. 
 I am going home. — Eceh gideiim. 
 I must leave you. — 8izch tcrk cf/ncly-i/n. 
 Your servant, sir. — Bcndcniz i/n, cjfcndiin. 
 ( loodbye. — Vidua . 
 CJocl speed you. — Allali yol virrh. 
 God be with you. — Allah hitrndjrh olsoon. 
 
 Is your master at home ? — Aghan evindch mi ? 
 
 He is, sir. —Evdch, soolta)iim. 
 
 Some one wants to see you. — Sizch bir kimschistcyar. 
 
 Who is it ? — Kim dir. 
 
 Let him come in. — Gelsoon itcheru. 
 
 Rest yourself a moment. — Bir az istirahat idcrsiniz. 
 
 Holloa ! is any one here ? — Ya! hoo bir kimseh var mi ? 
 
 Make haste. — Tiz eileh imdi. 
 
 Which road must I take ? — Kanghi yoli tootmahjim '/ 
 
 How must we go to it? — A)ia yetishmcyeh nasil 
 
 gitmeli iz ? 
 Where does that road lead? — Ya boo yoli nercych 
 
 guetirir ? 
 It leads to the Bosphorus. — Karadcniz Boghazch 
 
 guetirir.
 
 76 
 
 Is it far from this? — Boondan oozalc mi? 
 
 About four miles, — Boondan takminen ntch mil. 
 
 I am much obliged. — Niz j)ek memnoonim. 
 
 It is very late. — Pck gnidje dir. 
 
 How far is it to Ailrianople ? — Boondan Edrcnycdeh 
 
 latch mil var dir ? 
 One hour's journey. — Bir saUdlik yol. 
 Arc there robbers ? — Khcrsiz var mi ? 
 Tliere is no fear day or night. — Guidje ve guiiindiiz 
 
 Korku yok dir. 
 Are the roads good ? — Yollar guzcl mi ? 
 Well, friends, let us continue our journey. — Shimdy 
 
 dostlarim, yolimizch gidelem. 
 Farewell. — KJwshdjch kalin. 
 God thank you, gentlemen. — Allah razi olah, cffen- 
 
 diUHm. 
 
 Summon the \i\.\\<Wor(}i.—Konakdjy tchagir. 
 
 Have you good rooms and beds? — Eyi odalariniz re 
 
 dooshckiniz var dir ? 
 Yes, sir. — Evvet, effendim. 
 Let us alight. — Inelem. 
 
 Where is the ostler ? — At-oghlan neredch dir ? 
 Fake our horses to the stable. — Atlaremizeh akhorah 
 
 trhekdir. 
 I want refreshment, what have you ? — Ta'am etmek 
 
 istenm, neh~niz var ? 
 What would you like, pray? — Neh istersiniz, boo- 
 
 yooronn ? 
 Have you a fowl ? — Taook-iniz var mi ? 
 Biing a well-cooked cutlet. — Bir eyi pishmish 
 
 kulbasti virun. 
 Will you not have potatoes? — Yerclmahsi hooyoormaz 
 
 misiniz ?
 
 77 
 
 No, that is enough.— Khaii', ol ydishir. 
 
 Bring me some wine. — Bana hir az sharah guctir. 
 
 Have you fruit ? — Mhjve-niz var mi? 
 
 Bring somc.—Guetii' hir az. 
 
 This wine is good. — Boo sharab eyi. 
 
 The meat is not well dressed.— -£^^ cyi pish-me-mish. 
 
 Where are our servants? — KJiituiutkiarkr -imiz 
 
 khaiidch devlcr ? 
 Supper (table) is ready. —Sofra kooroolmis-h dir. 
 Bed is better than supper.— Z>oo67if/i- bona sofraden 
 
 cyi dir. 
 Light the gentlemen.— Ejfendiicreh moom tutnn. 
 (Jood night. — G uidjchfiiz khciyr olali. 
 What is to pay t—Boordjoomiz nch kadar dir ? 
 Give Avhat pleases you. — Istcdiyitiizi verin. 
 Give me twenty-five piastres. — Yirmi bcsh ghoroush 
 
 vcrin. 
 Waiter, here are twenty paras. — Ya ogldan, Cd mna 
 
 yirmi -para. 
 May God repay you. — Allah inayct eilcych. 
 
 Do not answer me. — Djcicab yok. 
 
 I am angry. — Durilmish im. 
 
 It is nothing. — Hitch bir shay yok. 
 
 Hold your tongue. — Soosiniz. 
 
 I am not pleased with you. — Sizden khooshhnud dcil- 
 
 im. 
 Is there any hot water ? — Kainar soo var mi? 
 Give me some soap. — Bir az saboon vir. 
 Light the fire. — Ateshi yak. 
 Pour out cold water. — Soonk soo denk. 
 Are my boots clean? — Tchismelerimi terniz ? 
 What coat will you have to-dvLY t—Kanghi eshabi 
 
 guiersiniz boo g^iiiin ?
 
 78 
 
 (Jive nic my cap. — Kidpmjhimi vcr. 
 
 Let us go out. — Tchikalun. 
 
 Breakfast is ready. — Kahfch alti hazir. 
 
 Does the water hoil ? — Soo kainar mi ? 
 
 Bring two cups and saucers. — Bana iki tass ilch zarf 
 
 guetir. 
 Take more cream. — Daha kaimak dl. 
 Bring new-laid eggs. — Taza yoomoortah rjuctir. 
 "What have we for dinner to-day ? — Booguiiui ycmek- 
 
 dch neh-miz var ? 
 Have we any fish ? — BaliffJihniz I'cir mi? 
 There is game.— Shi kiar var. 
 At what hour do you wish to dine t—ScCat katchdeh 
 
 yemckdeli istcrmisiniz ? 
 Dinner is ready. — *So/r« koroolmish dir. 
 I will take some roast meat. — Kebabdcn bir azalirim. 
 It is delicious. — Bck Iczetloo dir. 
 I drink to your health. — ^Ashkinizch itchiurem. 
 Best wishes. — ' Afietlcr otsoon. 
 
 Where are you going ? — Neredyeh gideyorsiniz ? 
 
 Is there a boat t—Kaik boldoon mi ? 
 
 Here it comes.— Ishte .^ gueliur. 
 
 Is all ready ? — Hchr shay hazir mi ? 
 
 All ready, sir. — Hazir dir, effendim. 
 
 Please get into the boat. — Kaikah guirin booyooroon. 
 
 Give way, my lads. — Hai kardashlarim, tshek doghroo 
 
 Shall we go on shore ? — Inelim mi ? 
 
 Have we anymore wine ? — Dakhi sharabimiz var mi ? 
 
 I hope it Avill not rain. — Allah vireh yaghmayaidi. 
 
 I do not think it will rain. — Deimedch ki yagha. 
 
 I have no powder. — Barootim yok dir. 
 
 Here it is. — Ishte dir. 
 
 Have you bullets? — Koorshiinin var mi ?
 
 79 
 
 Is there any game in this country? — Boo ctrafdeh av 
 
 var mi ? 
 This wood is full of game. — Boo orman av top toloo 
 
 dlr. 
 Fire. — Atiniz. 
 
 I have hit it. — Ben oordoom. 
 Give the servants tlie game to carry. — Toofcukleri 
 
 khismetkiarlaruh vinut uz guctirsunlcr. 
 
 Let us enter this shop. — SJioo duJcianch guirclim. 
 
 What do you look for? — Nch ararsiniz ? 
 
 I want some fine cloth. — Bir giizcl tchioka isterim. 
 
 Here is excellent cloth. — Ishte bir eyi tchioka. 
 
 I want a dark colour. — Kooyoo rengi isUrim. 
 
 How do you sell it? — Katchia virirsiniz ? 
 
 Three piastres a yard. — Utch groushah arshootii. 
 
 Is it true what is .said of the Vntihn'!— Pashadai ufuru 
 
 didiklcri gucrtclick mi dir? 
 AVhat is said \—Nch dirlcr ? 
 That he is disgraced. — il/' azool olinish didilcr. 
 His fall will be cause of much trouble to many. — 
 
 A nun niazool oldooghy tshok adanuih zurar 
 
 guctund'. 
 You are quite right. — Gucrtclick sen. 
 Well ! let us go. — Ey, gidelim. 
 
 PRINTED BY BALLANTV.NE, HANSON' AND CO. 
 EDINBURGH AND LONDON.
 
 UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 
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